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‘aT Proceedings and Transactions of

The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for this publication is:—
“Proc. Brit. ent, nat. Hist, Soc.”’

Vol. 3

'ublished at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

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~ MAY 1970 Vol. 3 Part |

——_——

Proceedings and [Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for this publication is :—
“Proc. Brit. ent,.nat. Hist. Soc.”

JAN 281971
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PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1970 1

THE COLEOPTERA OF THE BAILIWICK OF GUERNSEY
Additions and corrections to the List. (Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1966:101—5)

By Horace R. LAST

On 15th May 1968, by kind permission of Mr. L. J. Matchan, I visited the
island of Brechou and spent four or five hours collecting beetles. The island is
just off the west of Sark and is 1200 yards long by 250 yards wide. The day was
sunless and collecting was not easy.

As far as records can be traced, only two species have been recorded from
Brechou, by Mr. Hirst in 1902, and these were included in my previous list.

The following list comprises all of these records, except the two referred to
above and also a few additional records from Guernsey and adjoining islands
where they have contributed to the further completion of the list. The majority
of these have been furnished by Dr. R. LePelley (of Guernsey) to whom I wish
to express my grateful thanks; other records have been sent to me by Mr. R. T.
Thompson who has very kindly identified the weevils and the Olibrus genus; Mr.
A. E. Gardner has also identified a large number of specimens and I wish to
record my appreciation of their help in the compiling of this further list. Mr.
Thompson has also supplied useful information and Mr. Shayer (Société
Guernsiaise) was also once again very helpful. Mr. Thomspon has also pointed
out that Anthrenus sarnicus Mroc., should now be included in the main list as it
has been recorded in the London area and on Salisbury Plain (1967). Another new
species to the list is Necrobia rufipes (Deg.). On 14th July 1968, the Liberian ship
President Garcia ran aground in Saints Bay. The vessel carried a cargo of copra
which was infested with N. rufipes and a large number of beetles came ashore and
caused much concern as a possible tomato pest but they soon disappeared;
whether or not they are breeding in Guernsey is not yet known.

The increased numbers of species for the individual islands are now, Guernsey
626, Alderney 168, Sark 137, Jethou 28, Brechou 40; ten old records by Luff
have been confirmed and 12 new species added, and allowing for one deletion, the
grand total for the Bailiwick now stands at 1,111 species. Where a species is new to
any particular island the record is followed by the first letter of the name of the
island as in the original list, those with an asterisk are new additions entirely.

List OF SPECIES

Nebria brevicollis (F.), B (Last) Abax parallelepipedus Pill. & Mit., B
Notiophilus quadripunctatus Dej., B (Last)

(Last) Odontonyx rotundatus (Payk.), B (Le-
Bembidion harpaloides Serv., B Pelley)

(LePelley) Merabletus foveatus (Fourc.), B (Last)

*Badister unipustulatus Bon., B (Last) — gy ye] F.). B (Last
Harpalus tardus (Panz.), B (Last) xytelus rugosus (F.), B (Last)

Peis (Out), Bast) Astenus procerus (Gray.), B (Last)

affinis (Schrank) Rugilus rufipes Germ., B (Last)
(aeneus (F.)), B (Last) Quedius semiobscurus (Marsh.), B (Last)
* Bradycellus harpalinus (Serv.), G. (Le- abrocerus capillaricornis (Grav.), B
Pelley) (Last)
Amara communis (Panz.), v. convexior | Conosomus testaceus (F.), B (Last.)
Steph., B (Last) Tachyporus formosus Matth., B (Last)

Pterostichus madidus (F.), B (Last) solutus Er., B (Last)

2

* 4theta(Acrotona) fungi (Grav.), S (Side)
B (Last)

Drusilla canaliculata (F.), B (Last)

Aleochara (Homoeochara) sparsa Heer.,
S (Side)

Saprinus semistriatus (Scriba), G (Le-
Pelley)

Pachylopus maritimus (Steph.), G
(LePelley)

Rhagonycha fulva (Scop.), G (LePelley)

*Necrobia rufipes (Deg.), G. (LePelley)

Adelocera murina (L.), B (Last)

Cardiophorus erichsoni Buys., B (Last)

Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.), B (Last)

Agriotes pallidulus (1ll.), G (LePelley) B
(Last)

Brachypterus glaber (Steph.), B (Last)

Meligethes erythropus (Gyll.), B (Last)

* Corticaria elongata (Gyll.),G (LePelley)

* Stilbus testaceus (Panz.), G (LePelley)

Rhyzobius litura (F.), B (Last)

* Adalia decempunctata L. G (LePelley)

Coccinella undecimpunctata (L.), G
(LePelley)

Anthicus florialis (L.), B (Last)

Cylindronotus laevioctostriatus (Goeze),
B (Last)

Typhaeus typhoeus (L.), B (Last)
Geotrupes pyrenaeus Charp., J (R. Long) |
vernalis (L.), B (Last)

Aphodius nitidulus (F.), G (LePelley)
rufipes (L.), G (LePelley)

* Cryptocephalus fulvus Goeze, G |

(LePelley)

|

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Chrysolina banksi (F.), G. (LePelley)
*Phaedon cochlearia (F.), G (LePelley) |
regnianum Tott. G (LePelley) |
*Tongitarsus succineus Fond., B |
(LePelley) |
gracilis Kuts., G (LePelley)
rubiginosus (Foud.), B (LePelley)
Sphaeroderma testaceum (F.), G
(LePelley)
Psylloides napi (F.), G (LePelley) |
Apion curtirostre Germ., A (Thompson) |
rufirostre (F.), A (LePelley)
*radiolus Kirby, A (LePelley)
aeneum (F.), A (Thompson)
pomonae (F.), G (LePelley)
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (F.), B (Last)
Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus (Beck), B
(Last)
Sitona lepidus Gyll., G (Last)
Caulotrupis aeneopiceus (Boh.), B (Last)

Additional species so far not recorded from the u.k. or from any other Channel

Island:

Atemeles pubicollis Bris. G. Petit Bot 5.ix.24 (W. E. China). |
This specimen is in the General Collection of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
In Junk it is recorded from mid Europe and Spain but according to Winkler, it

is not common.

12 Winkworth Road,
Banstead,

Surrey.

3rd January 1970.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 3

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ON SCOTTISH PTINIDS
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SOUTH-EAST REGION

By BRIAN MorRISON
D.A.F.S. Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory,
Pitlochry, Perthshire

The earliest record I have of ptinids in Scotland is the mention of Prinus fur L.
in Stewart’s List of Insects found in the Neighbourhood of Edinburgh, a paper read
to members of the Wernerian Society in 1909. It was in lists such as this and in
occasional notes in natural history periodicals that most of the native and intro-
duced ptinids first became known to the entomological public during the nine-
teenth and early twentieth century. Many of the records are from dwelling houses,
and this, in addition to the close resemblance the ptinids bear to the wood-eating
anobiids, has no doubt been responsible for the assumption that the former also
have wood-eating habits. For example, in Burmeister’s Manual of Entomology
(1836) we read ‘. . . others devour and bore into the hard stem; to those belong the
Ptini, Anobia, and in general the entire family of Deperditora, the Cerambycina,
and the bark beetles Hylesinus, Bostrichus, Apate, etc.’. That there is some founda-
tion for this statement is clear from remarks made by later investigators. Picard
(1919), writing of Ptinus lichenum Marsham says that this species ‘perfore l’écorce
et le bois sec a la fagon des Anobium’ ; and Shapiro (1948) states that occasionally
larvae of most pest forms bore in sound timber but it is unlikely that they are
feeding.

It seems probable that both the Anobiidae and the Ptinidae arose from the
same evolutionary stock and that the ptinids gradually moved away from the
wood-eating habit with the result that today the majority of species of this family
feed on animal and plant remains and only a few such as Prinus palliatus Perris
and P. lichenum retain their former close association with a woody environment,
although even in the case of these insects the wood is usually of a decayed nature.
The basic difference in larval eating habits between the anobiid and ptinid beetles
was recognized by Stephens and his contemporaries who, although including both
groups within the one family, Ptinidae, were careful to separate them on morpho-
logical grounds and by the fact that the known Prinus larvae were found on dried
animal and vegetable matter rather than in wood.

In 1834, some time after the publication of Stewart’s list, the first volume of a
work entitled Entomologia Edinensis appeared, in which descriptions of all the
known species of beetle found in the Edinburgh area were given. These included
four ptinids and the authors made the following comments:

Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. Found in old woods, in houses, etc.

Ptinus fur L. Not infrequent in old wood in houses.

Ptinus crenatus F. (= Tipnus unicolor Piller & Mitterpacher)

In such places as the two preceding species, occurring
occasionally about Edinburgh and in other parts of
Scotland.

Ptinus lichenum Marsham (mentioned simply as occurring in the Raehills

area).

The association with wood will be noted.

In 1853, Andrew Murray of Conland, a lawyer, published his Catalogue of the
| Coleoptera of Scotland in which he quotes from the last-mentioned work but adds
‘three further species to the Scottish list. By this time, the genus Anobium had
finally been separated from Prinus and related genera and had been placed in the
newly-created family Anobiidae. Murray’s new species were:

4 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Ptinus hololeucus Fald. (= Niptus hololeucus) Plentiful in houses in Edinburgh.

Gibbium scotias F. (=G. psylloides de Czempinski) Arlary in Kinross-shire
among a parcel of dried plants from India.

Mezium sulcatum F. (probably = M. affine Boield.) Edinburgh, among a con-

signment of decapods from Australia.

Of the others, he‘again quotes P. sexpunctatus as being found on old wood in
houses, and remarks that P. crenatus (= T. unicolor) is ‘the commonest of the
species’.

Between the time the catalogue made its appearance and the late 1930s, there
are many reports of the occurrence of new species, probably all introduced, as
well as of those already known. Ptinus tectus Boield, Trigonogenius globulus
Solier, and Ptinus pusillus Sturm were first recorded in Britain about the turn of
the century, while Pseudeurostus hilleri Reitter was said to be widespread in
Scottish grain stores in 1938. It was the arrival of these immigrant ptinids and
their frequent presence on stored food products (by which means they were un-
doubtedly introduced) which led to a number of studies being made into their
life history and food requirements, notably by Howe and his colleagues at the
Pest Infestation Laboratory at Slough. These studies confirmed that the natural
food of most ptinids was probably animal or plant refuse but they also provided
a possible clue to the reason for the association of ptinids with ‘wood in old
houses’. Howe noted that if the relative humidity of the ptinid environment fell
below 40 per cent, the beetles did not breed. This information is supported by the
common experience of those who keep these insects, that the cultures do very
much better if a supply of moisture is provided in the container. Now, since
dampness in walls and on wood is a feature of old houses which are often in-
adequately heated, it is quite feasible that such conditions serve to attract ptinids
which then become much more obvious to the inhabitants. In conversations with
staff of Edinburgh Corporation’s Health Department I learned that both P. tectus
and N. hololeucus are particularly in evidence in houses with leaking roofs, and
even in perfectly sound buildings both species are often found in baths and wash-
basins. I have found T. globulus and T. unicolor in the same situations. That this is
not the complete answer is indicated by the fact that even in the most modern
multi-storey flats ptinids can be found on carpets and in corners. Here the
attraction may be food particles, although ptinids are known to occur in places
where diligent searching has failed to reveal any obvious food material so that it
is likely that some other factor may be involved.

The ptinids which have become stored products pests are mostly species which
have been introduced into this country within the last hundred years or so, and in
the south-east of Scotland six species are found fairly regularly wherever food
material is manufactured or stored. The information given in the table below is
derived partly from reports on premises made over a period of 20 years up to
1966 and partly from my own observations during the five and a half years I
spent with the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland as a food
infestation inspector in that region. It should be mentioned that, from an econo-
mic point of view, ptinids are regarded more as a nuisance than as serious pests,
since beetles are rarely found in any quantity on food which has been in store
for short periods and is in good condition. Consequently, during inspections, they
tend to be noted in passing rather than specifically looked for; and because of
this, the information which has been recorded may not be as complete as would
have been the case had the beetles in question regularly caused serious damage.

One other factor which complicates the issue is the question of identification.

|

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 5

Not only do the males and females of any one given species sometimes differ in
size, shape, and colour, but several species are very similar to one another.
Probably the best illustration of the kind of difficulty which can arise is the recent
discovery that Ptinus latro F. is, in fact, a triploid form of Ptinus clavipes Panzer
(=P. hirtellus Sturm). Fortunately, the species dealt with in this paper are fairly
easily identifiable, even to the non-specialist. The possible exception is P. fur
which, on occasion, may have been confused with some closely-related insects.

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF
PREMISES FROM WHICH THE VARIOUS SPECIES OF
PTINIDS HAVE BEEN RECORDED

N.
Type of Total IP: holo- te Te IPE Pe
premises inspected tectus leucus globulus unicolor fur hilleri

Farms 182 55 9 5 26 24 _—

Provender
Mills 16 16 14 9 8 7 6

Provender
Stores 16 12 7 4 Z 2 —
Warehouses 28 27 19 18 11 13 8
Maltings 28 27 27 21 8 6 8
Bakeries 9 5 4 — — —_ —
Flour Mills 6 6 5 4 3 1 2
Oatmeal Mills 3 3 3 1 — 1 —

Of the six species listed, two, namely P. fur and T. unicolor might be considered
as native to this country since both have been recorded as common as far back as
the early nineteenth century. The others have without doubt been introduced
since then. Consequently, it is interesting to note how widely distributed they
have become. The table gives some idea of the number and range of types of
premises from which ptinids have been collected in south-east Scotland. From
discussions I have had with inspectors in other areas, it seems that similar results
would be obtained in surveys made elsewhere.

To understand how such a wide distribution could be effected in such a rela-
tively short time, it is necessary to investigate the means by which distribution
might be carried out and also the conditions in the new environment which enable
these insects to breed successfully.

As has been stated already, most of the ptinids undoubtedly reached us on
imported food, and even today inspectors occasionally discover fresh infestations
on newly-arrived cargoes from different parts of the world. These cargoes are
normally discharged into a dock shed or warehouse to await distribution to other
premises. It is the complex interlinking of distribution centres with final destina-
tions that provides the means by which insects of all kinds are carried to the
remotest corners of the land. The diagram overleaf illustrates some of the re-
lationships involved.

In several cases there is two-way traffic and this ensures a thorough mixing of
insect populations.

Once the insects have been introduced into their new environment, man un-
wit¢ingly helps them to become firmly established. One of the most interesting

6 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

PROVENDER MILLS
A SHIPS

Sheth caemmen eaies MALTINGS =——__—_—__> WAREHOUSES

ace

FLOUR MILLS
<a
BAKERIES OATMEAL MILLS

/

DWELLING HOUSES

features of our insect fauna is the presence of several sub-tropical species which
seem to have become very successful in many of the coldest areas of the country,
to such an extent, in fact, that they are now of major economic importance.
Trogoderma granaria Everts and Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. are examples.
This comes about because stored products insects are more often affected by
micro-climates inside food masses rather than by weather conditions outside a
building, and since so much of the processing of food materials involves high
temperature, insects have been able to establish themselves simply by living in or
near processing machinery. Beetles which originated in more temperate climates,
such as P. tectus (possibly a Tasmanian species) may be able to complete their
life-cycle in a much shorter time and this results in an increase in the growth-rate
of the population.

Having discussed briefly the factors involved in distribution, I would like now
to consider the frequency of occurrence of each of the six species in different kinds
of premises. Referring again to the table, it will be noted that the beetles can be
divided roughly into two groups according to the overall frequency of occurrence
in all types of premises. The first group consists of P. tectus, N. hololeucus, and
T. globulus. The last-named insect is the most uncommon of the three, but was
found in larger numbers and slightly more often than any of the second group:
T. unicolor, P. fur, and P. hilleri. Undoubtedly P. tectus is the commonest of all
the ptinids represented and this may be partly due to the fact that it can pass
through its life-cycle twice in one year. Apart from the farms, it was recorded
from almost all the premises visited, and its presence was often first made known
by the sight of a large number of small hemispherical cocoons on a bag of meal or
flour which had lain in store for several months or even years. Further investiga-
tion would usually reveal the white grubs and the dull brown adults.

The attraction of finely divided food material such as meal may again reflect
the importance of moisture to the ptinids. Since a given volume of such material
will have a greater surface area than the same volume in a solid mass, the former
provides a greater area on to which water molecules might be adsorbed. In con-
ditions of high humidity such as one gets in a provender mill this might be an
important environmental factor. This theory would also account for the appear-
ance of ptinids in such substances as salt and sodium bicarbonate which, by
themselves, can have little food value, but which readily absorb moisture from the
air.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 7

Niptus hololeucus has been described as locally common, and while I have not
come across it so frequently as P. tectus, it nevertheless has been collected from
almost as wide a range of premises as that insect. I have often seen it in large
numbers in maltings or premises where malt culms and other malt residues
were stored. A curious feature of such populations is the apparent scarcity of
larvae. Other entomologists with whom I have spoken have also commented on
this.

The last member of the first group, 7. globulus, is another insect sometimes
found in large numbers where it occurs. Specimens vary greatly in colour from a
light grey with darker markings, through shades of brown to almost wholly black
or very dark grey. This species is less common than the two preceding, but has
similar habits.

All the beetles of the first group were often found in aggregations, occasionally
_ of several dozen insects, and this behavioural character stands in marked contrast
_ to the situation found among beetles of the second group. These were in most
cases discovered as single specimens, although P. hilleri would sometimes be
found in groups of four or six, rarely more. Whether this means that species of
the second group have been overlooked in some premises or that they are indeed
less common, is difficult to say, but if the latter is true, it may be that they are
being ousted by the more successful introduced insects.

In my own experience both P. fur and T. unicolor were to be found more often
on dusty walls and floors than on bags of stored food material, and in farms,
empty grain bins would usually contain one or two individuals of P. fur walking
slowly up the side walls while 7. unicolor could be collected from the walls and
ceiling of the grain tunnel which houses the conveyor that transports the grain
from the bins to the drier. Pseudeurostus hilleri, on the other hand, has not been
recorded from the farms whose reports I have studied, and this in itself is some-
thing of a mystery, for a D.S.1.R. report published in 1941 specifically states that
this species was ‘widespread in Scottish grain stores’, the information being based
on a survey undertaken in 1938-9. I can offer no explanation for this.

P. fur, T. unicolor, and P. hilleri could perhaps best be described as occurring
fairly regularly in small numbers but not very common. In view of the fact that
the first two species can be regarded as native to this country and that T. unicolor
was once described as ‘the commonest of the species’ (i.e. the commonest ptinid
then known—1853), a field study of the habits and food requirements of both
native and immigrant ptinids might well give some interesting information on
competition between them. Much has been done in the laboratory, but I believe
if we are to understand the changes which have taken place in our ptinid popula-
tions over the past hundred years, this must be supported by a thorough field
investigation. Such an investigation might be of more academic than practical
value, but on the other hand it might give us deeper insight into the complex
problems which arise when introduced animals of any group become established
in a new environment and start to spread.

Finally, I should like to make a brief note of some other species of ptinid which
have also been recorded in Scotland. Prinus pusillus has been seen occasionally in
widely separated districts, but would appear to be much less common than it is
in England. Ptinus exulans was found on a consignment of Australian oats in
‘Leith in 1949 and Prinus villiger has been taken on cargoes from Canada.
Gibbium psylloides was discovered in three premises in Leith between 1946 and

1957 and has also been recorded in the Glasgow area, as has Mezium affine.
| *

8 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Apart from the reports on premises contained in the files of the Infestation
Branch of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, much of the
information for this paper was obtained by looking up records in books and
periodicals dating back to the early years of the last century and I am grateful to
Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, for his help in
this and other matters. Ishould liketo thank also, members of thestaff of Edinburgh
Corporation’s Health Department for information on the occurrence of ptinids
in dwelling houses, and my former colleagues in the Infestation Branch for giving
me the benefit of their experience of store products pests.

REFERENCES

Stewart, C., 1909, List of Insects found in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, Memoirs
of the Wernerian Society 1 p. 566.

Stephens, J. F., 1827-1835, Illustrations of British Entomology (Mandibulata), vol. 3,
p. 229.

Wilson, J. and Duncan, J., 1834, Entomologia Edinensis 1:215-i7, Blackwood,
Edinburgh.

Shuckard, W. E., 1836, A Manual of Entomology (translated from the German of Dr.
Hermann Burmeister), E. Churton, London, p. 355.

Murray, A., 1853, Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Scotland, p. 58-9, Blackwood and
Son, Edinburgh.

Pickard, F., 1919, La faune entomologique du figuier, Ann. Serv. Epiphyt. 6:34-174.

Shapiro, L. D., 1948, Ptinids & Dermestids destructive to wood, Ent. Obozr., 30:
53-59.

Howe, R. W., 1959, Studies on beetles of the Family Ptinidae XVII, Bull. Ent. Res.
50 (2).

JOINT COMMITTEE FOR THE CONSERVATION OF
BRITISH INSECTS

The Royal Entomological Society called a meeting on 21st June 1968 to set up
an independent, broadly based committee for the conservation of insects,
following the dissolution of both its own Conservation (Insect Protection)
Committee and the Entomological Liaison Committee of the Nature Con-
servancy. At its first meeting, on Ist November 1968, the scope and representation
of the new committee was widened so that it now consists of representatives of
the Royal Entomological Society, British Trust for Entomology, British Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society, Amateur Entomologists’ Society, British
Butterfly Conservation Society, a representative of the Keeper of Entomology,
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and regional representatives. The Forestry Commis-
sion send an observer, and the Nature Conservancy and Society for the Promo-
tion of Nature Reserves are also represented. Mr. N. D. Riley, c.B.£., has
accepted the chairmanship of the Committee.

The Committee’s terms of reference are:
1. To prepare a register of species requiring conservation and to investigate
their status.
2. To consider what form of conservation (if any) would be the most suitable
in any given case.

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 9

3. To act as a forum for the consideration of any matters relevant to items
1 and 2 above.

4. To initiate and promote any action that appears necessary for the purpose
of securing the conservation of threatened species or habitats, including
the promotion of legislation.

5. To act in liaison with the Nature Conservancy, the Conservation Com-
mittee of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves and other
appropriate bodies in all matters concerning the conservation of British
insects and their habitats.

Populations of insects are threatened by many factors in our modern, industri-
alized society. These threats may be summarized as:

1. Destruction of habitat. This is an important factor which is under the control
of man. It has been estimated that between 1951 and 1971 750,000 acres of agri-
cultural land will have been taken for building in England and Wales.

2. Changes in land use. Forestry, when it concentrates on the production of
conifers, is particularly harmful to insect populations, and so are many aspects of
agricultural improvement, such as the destruction of hedgerows, ploughing-up of
old pasture and the draining of fens and marshes. Neglect or abandonment of
former management practices, such as the coppicing of woodland and grazing of
chalk grassland has an adverse effect on populations of some species. Public
pressure on the countryside for recreation also affects populations of insects, and
this is likely to increase considerably in the future.

It is particularly important to manage wisely for the conservation of insects
and other forms of wild life those areas of countryside which have not been
changed greatly, so that they can be properly enjoyed by all.

3. Toxic chemicals and pollution. Pesticides (including herbicides) undoubtedly
affect many insects adversely. The threats to wild life posed by the use of pesti-
cides are sufficiently serious for a government committee to be considering the
restriction of use of certain especially persistent substances which can contamin-
ate the environment well away from the point of application.

The chemical pollution and heating of rivers, streams, lakes and ponds fre-
quently kill aquatic insects on a large scale. Atmospheric pollution from in-
dustrial sources may destroy the food or habitat of insect species unable to adapt
quickly to change.

It is the task of the new Joint Committee to advise and co-operate with the
conservation movement as a whole in finding solutions to these problems.
Particular attention will be given to species of national rarity and those in special
need of conservation.

The problem of overcollecting is also one which causes the Committee serious
concern. Entomologists of all lands are being brought into disrepute by the
actions of a number of collectors, mainly lepidopterists, who are plundering rare
and local insects without regard to the need to conserve our insect fauna. Both
Trusts for Nature Conservation and members of natural history societies who
wish to protect colonies of rare and local species have expressed their disapproval
of such activities in strong terms. Certain species inhabiting well-known areas,
which attract both local entomologists and those from other regions, either on
holiday or ona special trip, are subject to a disproportionate amount of collecting
which cannot be tolerated if the colonies are to survive. There is little doubt that
if the activities of these entomologists continue in this way the goodwill of the
County Trusts for Nature Conservation, other organizations in the countryside,
and those interested in other branches of natural history, will be alienated, and

10 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

such goodwill as at present exists will not be extended to entomologists in general.
The committee urges all entomologists, of whatever depth of interest, to:
(a) give serious thought to their collecting requirements and the need to
conserve our more local species,
(b) encourage fellow entomologists to do likewise,
(c) and, in the case of butterflies, to pursue their interests, in a!l stages of the
insects, with the aid of photography whenever possible.
Ail entomologists are invited to bring matters of conservation interest to the
attention of the Committee.
For further information contact: Dr. M. G. Morris (Hon. Sec. Joint Committee
for the Conservation of British Insects), 41 Queen’s Gate, South Kensington,
London, S.W.7.

THE CONSERVATION OF BLACK AND BROWN HAIRSTREAKS
By J. A. THOMAS

The Black Hairstreak (Strymonidia pruni L.) and the Brown Hairstreak (Thecla
betulae L.) are both very local woodland butterflies, although their foodplant,
blackthorn, is widespread and common. S. pruni is known only ina few Midlands
woods whilst 7. betulae is found very locally over a large area of the southern
half of Britain and Ireland.

The widespread destruction of woodland habitats throughout Great Britain
threatens both species with extinction, and their most hopeful prospect of sur-
vival in our fauna is probably on Nature Reserves. There are three supporting
S. pruni already and several with T. betulae. Most reserves require careful manage-
ment to maintain suitable conditions for such species of special interest on them,
and many of usare concerned at our lack of knowledge about the factors regulating
the distribution and numbers of these butterflies. Once this problem has been
solved it shouid be possible to maintain some sites under optimum conditions to
ensure the survival of large and healthy populations of S. pruni and T. betulae
on a few Reserves although they are disappearing from many former localities.
To this end I have been awarded a three year National Environment Research
Council grant to investigate the problem at Monks Wood Experimental Station.

Blackie briefly examined the case of S. pruni in 1952. He considered its range
to be delimited by the need for ancient forests on boulder clay of altitude below
400 ft. These must contain large quantities of blackthorn, have an annual rainfall
of around 26 to 30 inches, and an average mean temperature of about 48°F. My
preliminary investigations largely concur with his conclusions, although any
clays, not necessarily boulder clay, will suffice. In addition cold dry winters and
warm sunny summers seem more important than the average annual temperature,
and the blackthorn must be mature and relatively sheltered from gales. The range
of T. betulae suggests the need for a long warm summer for its lengthy period of
growth and maturation. As yet there is insufficient data to explain why both
insects are so scarce and restricted within their overall ranges; S. pruni, for
example, occurs only in limited areas within the few woods it inhabits.

The success of this research project requires the help of fellow entomologists,
and already many have been extremely co-operative. I would greatly appreciate it
if entomologists familiar with either insect in Great Britain or abroad, would
contact me. Not only is it important to establish where the butterflies occur and

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970 11

where they do not, but also to discover any fluctuations in their status over the
years, and all aspects of their Natural History that have been recorded. Dis-
closures of new localities would be treated with strict confidence should that be
requested. In addition experiments to test theories require specimens of all stages
of both insects, and should anyone have live British specimens of either species,
I would be extremely grateful to receive any surplus stock he could spare.

Finally, this programme requires the intensive study of populations of both
species in Monks Wood Reserve, which includes population counts using marked
individuals. Such studies need completely undisturbed colonies and the collecting
of S. pruni and T. betulae is not being permitted in this wood over this period.
It is hoped that disappointed collectors will appreciate the need for such an action
until more is known about both species, and until a conservation programme is
planned ensuring large populations of both butterflies in the Reserves they
inhabit.

REFERENCES
Blackie, J. E. H., 1952, Entomologist, 85:93—4.

Monks Wood Experimental Station,
Abbots Ripton, Hunts.
30th October 1969.

OBITUARY
R. A. JACKSON

The news of the death of Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N. on September 16th 1969
came as a shock to many members of this Society.

To the writer it came as a great shock as he first met Rex on December Sth 1901
and had kept in close touch with him over the years.

To say he was a keen lepidopterist is to put it mildly for I know full well from
our schooldays together how indefatigable he was, especially during the collecting
season.

It is true that on passing into the Navy with flying colours in 1902, he had not
quite the opportunities that came to him in his retirement, but when he did retire
after a period at the Admiralty he energetically made up for lost time.

This I suffered on his many visits to this part of Kent, for after a somewhat
tiring day in the Warren at Folkestone or Dungeness I would find myself being
whipped off to Hamstreet Woods for a late night sitting. It was however always
an experience and there was usually some comic interlude during the day.

His old straw boater, surely a relic of his schooldays, and his monocle always
caused comic incidents—too many to mention—to those who had the great
experience of a day’s collecting with him.

On being posted to the Admiralty during the second war in 1939 he immedi-
ately joined the Society and became a very active member. He was honoured with
the Presidency in 1945 and was re-elected in 1946.

During these years he was always most assiduous in his activities for the good
name of the South London, as it then was, and he steered it through the somewhat
difficult period of change of habitat. Henever missed an exhibition and always
had an exhibit of interest.

He was also a member of the Royal Entomological Society and served on the
Council for a time as well as having a long period with the Protection Committee.

12 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970

On retiring from the Admiralty he was awarded the c.B.F. and became domi-
ciled at Codford St. Mary where he held open house to all collectors.

There was another side, and perhaps to those who knew him only as an ento-
mologist it may come as a surprise, that he was a bit of an athlete, for he played
hockey for the Navy and also for his County, Hampshire.

Though very keen on cricket he was perhaps never a great performer but he
excelled at croquet and played in many tournaments.

Yet another of the Old School has passed away and by many he will be sadly
missed.

We offer our sympathies to his son, daughter-in-law and grandson.

C. A. W. DUFFIELD.

A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON NORELLIA R.-D.
(DIPT., SCATOPHAGIDAE)

By P. J. CHANDLER

Ina recent paper (1969, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 2 (4):120-4) recording the
occurrence of a species of Norellia as new to Britain, it was stated that we were
awaiting the results of Mr. J. R. Vockeroth’s enquiries concerning the type
specimens of Cordilura spinipes Meigen before we could confidently assign a name
to the flies taken by us. We have now been informed by Mr. Vockeroth that an
examination of the male and female of spinipes in Meigen’s collection by L.
Matile of the Paris Museum has established that they belong to the same species
as our British specimens. Thus Norellia spinipes (Mg.) is the correct name for the
British fly. There is no reasonable doubt that pseudonarcissi Desvoidy is a
synonym of spinipes, unless N. tipularia F. occurred as far north as Paris, the
probable type locality. N. pseudonarcissi is the type species of the genus and this
status is now therefore best given to spinipes.

Mr. Vockeroth considers that the recent introduction of N. spinipes into
Britain is unlikely, since the only specimens known to him other than those taken
by us in Britain are Meigen’s syntypes. Even if Desvoidy’s specimens were the
same species, the flies taken by us are the first for 130 years.

The opportunity may be taken here of recording a further locality for Norellia
spinipes. During the Society’s field meeting at Cosford Miil, 11.v.69, on the edge
of Thursley Common, Surrey, I observed several males of N. spinipes on the
leaves of a white and yellow flowered cultivated variety of the daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus L.). This was growing as a naturalised colony on a bank beside
a path in damp mixed woodland on acid soil. Two males were taken from these
plants; I have also taken several males, on 15.v.69, on the same daffodil colony,
where I found it previously at Hollybush Hill, Bucks. The occurrence of the fly at
Cosford, 16 miles from the Sheepleas and twice as far from the Buckinghamshire
localities, suggests that N. spinipes may be of more general occurrence in S.E.
England than we had realised. The record is also further confirmatory of the
association of the fly with daffodils.

Weston Research Laboratories Ltd.,
644, Bath Road, Taplow,
Maidenhead, Bucks.

1st December 1969

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 13

PROCEEDINGS

10th JULY 1969
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. David More.

The following new members were declared elected: Mrs. E. M. Bankes, Mr.
T. Willett-Whittaker, Mr. J. M. Douglas, Mr. R. Lane, Mr. K. G. W. Evans and
Mr. L. K. Evans.

EXHIBITS

Mr. & Mrs. T. G. HowartH—A fully grown larva of Eriogaster lanestris L.
(Lep., Lymantriidae) found at Beer, Devon, 29.vi.69.

Mr. S. A. WiLLiAMs—A single example of the very local Atheta cambrica
(Woll.) (Col., Staphylinidae), taken by sieving fine stones and sand on the banks
of the river Hodder at Dunsop Bridge, Yorks., 1.vii.69.

Mr. C. G. RocHE—A collection of 38 species of the social wasps (Hym.,
Vespidae) from Singapore, Malaya and Borneo. Of particular interest were:
(1) Provespa anomala Sansure and P. nocturna van der Vecht. Provespa is a genus
of three species of nocturnal wasps. (2) Vespa analis tyrannica Smitt, a subspecies
which has previously been recorded only from Singapore, and not from there for
50 years or more. The exhibited example, however, was taken in Johore, southern
Malaya.

Dr. P. J. L. RocheE—Hemiptera from Sabah of two families, neither of which is
represented in Britain or north-west Europe. (1) Enicocephalidae: four species,
not yet identified as the Old World Enicocephalidae, are currently being revised by
Dr. Pavel Stye of Prague. (2) Leptoporidae: a new and unidentified species of the
genus Valleriola.

Col. A. M. EmMmetr—Specimens of an unidentified Dechtiria (Lep., Nepti-
culidae) taken at Wicken Fen, Cambs., 28.v. and 2.vi.69.

Dr. M. G. Morris—(1) A pupa of Lysandra coridon Poda (Lep., Lycaenidae)
reared from a larva taken at Pewsey Downs National Nature Reserve, 5.vi.69.
(2) Preserved larvae, a living pupa in cocoon and set adults of Phytonomus dauci
(Ol.) (Col., Curculionidae); the larvae were found at Tuddenham, Suffolk,
16.vi.69, in association with Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit. (Common Storks-
bill).

24th JULY 1969
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

A welcome was extended by the President to Mr. & Mrs. Wickham from
South Africa.
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. R. B. Davis.

EXHIBITS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—A selection of eight coloured drawings of lepidop-
terous larvae, the work of the late Mr. Norris of Crowborough.

14 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1970

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—A male and a female Hammerschmidtia ferruginea Fall.
(Dipt.). A very rare Syrphid restricted in the British Isles to northern Scotland.
These specimens were taken in the Grantown-on-Spey district where it has been
taken occasionally from 1905 onwards. The flies were found visiting the flowers
of Wild Rose and Cow-Parsnip.

Comdr. W. GILCHRIST—Two Apatele alni L. (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae in their
last, black and yellow, instar. These were bred from a female taken at Basing-
stoke, Hants.

Col. A. M. EMmMet—Drawings of the larval mines of a nepticulid larva new to
Britain; Nepticula nitidella Heinemann, taken at Wicken Fen, Cambs. The insect
was originally and provisionally identified by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs and confirmed
by Dr. Joseph Klimesch.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worss said that at Pirbright during the recent hot weather
exceptional numbers of Lepidoptera had arrived at the light trap; the previous
evening over 100 species had been recorded before midnight. He added that
Apatura iris L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) was out in good numbers, and that Limenitis
camilla L. and Argynnis paphia L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) were also well out.

Talking on immigrant Lepidoptera, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said that early in
July he had recorded four Nycterosea obstipata F. (Geometridae); between five
and 20 Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (Pyralidae) had been seen each night; and one
Laphygma exigua Hibn. (Noctuidae) had been noted. A number of Plusia gamma
L. (Plusidae) had also been seen. He questioned if these were in fact primary
migrants, or if they were the offspring of insects which had arrived in this country
back in May.

It was rarely possible to be sure, said Mr. T. G. Howarth, but as a guide it
could be said that when a number of different species occurred at the light on the
same occasion it was reasonable to suppose these were primary migrants; but if a
number of one species occurred without other migrants being present one might
then assume them to be secondary migrants.

Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and a single Nycterosea obstipata F. was also
reported by the President from north Bucks.

Mr. G. Prior read a paper ‘The Naturalist and the Countryside Acts’ which
resulted in a lively and interesting discussion.

11th SEPTEMBER 1969
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

The President welcomed Dr. Wewalka and Dr. and Mrs. Schroder.

The death was announced of Mr. W. O. Steel and Mr. O. T. Rich.

The following new members were declared elected: Mr. M. D. Darby and
Mr. R. G. S. Williams.

EXHIBITS

The PResIDENT—Living larvae of Stauropus fagi L. (Lep., Notodontidae).

Dr. WEwWALKA—Coleoptera collected on the Stanford-le-Hope, Essex, field
meeting; and Dytiscidae and Elateridae from Turkey.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—An extreme aberration of Plusia jota L. (Lep.,

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 Plate |

(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter)

ANNUAL EXHIBITION Ist November 1969

1. Maniola jurtina L. ab. postaurolancea Leeds, Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm;
2. Aglais urticae L. ab., Mr. B. W. Weddell; 3. Anthocharis cardamines L. a
female aberration, Mr. B. Elliot; 4. Coenonympha pamphilus L. ? gynandro-
morph, Mr. D. H. Walker; 5. Catocala fraxini L. female, Mr. A. J. Wightman.

Plate II PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter)

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, Ist November 1969

6. Apamea monoglypha Hufn. ab., Mr. D. W. H. ffennell; 7. Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. |
ab., Mr. J. Briggs; 8. Melanchra persicariae L. ab., Mr. B. W. Weddell; 9. Amathes |
c-nigrum L. ab., Mr. B. Goater; 10. Plusia iota L. ab., Mr. R. F. Bretherton; '
11. Hypena obesalis Treits., Mr. G. S. Woollatt; 12. Cryphia divisa Esp., Mr.

T. W. Harman; 13. Scoliopteryx libatrix L. ab., Mr. J. Roche.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1970 Piate III

(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter)

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, Ist November 1969

14. Biston strataria Hufn. ab., Mr. Austin Richardson; 15. Deuteronomos alniaria
L. ab., Mr. J. Briggs; 16. Crocallis elinguaria L. ab., Mr. J. L. Messenger; 17.
Crocallis elinguaria L. ab., Mr. B. W. Weddell; 18. Chiasmia clathrata L. ab.,
Mr. D. W. H. ffennell; 19. Depressaria silesiaca Hein., Mr. E. C. Pelham-
Clinton; 20. Spilosoma lubricipeda L. ab., Mr. N. L. Birkett; 21. Ourapteryx
sambucaria L. ab., Mr. H. E. Chipperfield

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. sOc., 1970 1S

Plusidae) found, along with a typical example, in a light trap at Bramley, Surrey,
3.vii.69. A large silvery-white patch fills the lower portion of each wing, there are
four silver spots arranged vertically near the margin and the ground colour is an
unusually pale strawberry. The wing shape and pattern of lines are, however,
those of P. jota. So far no description of any similar aberration has been traced
for the species, though a form somewhat resembling it is known in P. gamma L.

Dr. T. N. D. Peet—Three males and three females of Ostrinia nubilalis Hiibn.
(Lep., Pyralidae) from Merrick Square, Southwark, S.E. London, taken between
June and July 1968. The insect was of frequent occurrence there.

Dr. B. J. MACNuULTY—Two examples of Dendrophagus crenatus Payk. (Col.,
Cucujidae) from the Abernethy forest, Inverness-shire, 27.vili.69. The beetles
were taken from beneath the bark of cut Scots Pine branches. When disturbed
the insect flings its antennae forward and takes up the stance of a collembolan,
and the resemblance and behaviour;is quite striking, though it is much larger.

Mr. P. MatrHews—A window display model of the Golden Emperor moth.
This model with half a dozen others was shown in the window of Jaeger recently.
The model was copied from life and was made of aluminium, sprayed with
polyurethane and then hand painted.

COMMUNICATIONS

The following members showed a selection of slides primarily of entomological
and botanical subjects: Mr. E. P. WiLTsHireE, Dr. T. N. D. PEET, Mr. C. O.
HAMMOND, Mr. M. W. F. TweepieE and Mr. E. S. BRADFORD.

25th SEPTEMBER 1969
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. W. A. Vickers.
EXHIBITS

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A male Nebria nivalis (Payk.) (Col., Carabidae) taken by
Mr. G. Vine on Carn Dearg Mor, at 2,337 ft. on Monardhleath mountains, Inv.,
13.vii.69.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD recalled taking two examples of Tineola bisselliella Him.
(Lep., Tineidae) in our meeting rooms in June this year. One, he said, died to-
wards the end of July and the second died on 13th August. He commented on the
length of time these moths had remained alive.

During the course of his recent duties Mr. T. G. HowARTH said he had received
a letter and a colour photograph of a Polyxenus species of butterfly which had
been seen near New Blossomfield. Since he was uncertain of the identity he sent
the photograph to Dr. Clark at Liverpool, asking at the same time if any had been
released. Dr. Clark replied that two had been released on 22nd June and two more
on 24th June. New Blossomfield is some 140 miles from Liverpool.

Issoria lathonia L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) was reported to have been seen at
Tal-y-wern, Machynlleth by Mr. D. Leatherdale on 3rd September said Mr.
P. N. Crow.

Mr. C. O. HAmmonp reported Volucella zonaria (Poda) (Dipt., Syrphidae)
at Wood Green, N. London; the species had occurred there three times in the

16 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970

past four weeks. He said that since the insect had been noted over several years
it could be assumed to now be established there. Mr. S. WAKELY added that he
had taken the fly at buddleia in Camberwell, S. London.

A noctuid, suspected to be new to Britain, had been taken in N. Wales some
nine to ten days ago, reported Mr. P. N. Crow.

A male Orgyia antiqua L. (Lep., Lymantridae) was reported by Mr. B. Goater
to have been seen on Golders Green station, N. London. Mr. S. N. A. Jacogs
said he had seen the species at Bromley, Kent, and Mr. E. P. WILTSHIRE said that
last summer he had noticed the species outside the Whitehall Theatre in Central
London.

Referring to microlepidoptera, Col. A. M. Emmet said that Cosmopteryx
druryella Zell. (Lep., Cosmopterygidae) was common at Wicken Fen, Cambs.

A series of three slides were shown of peloric foxgloves, Digitalis purpurea L.
by Mr. B. GOATER.

Mr. V. J. Scott gave a talk on fungi which he illustrated with some excellent
coloured slides, and which was followed by a discussion.

9th OCTOBER 1969
A Vice-President, Mr. B. GOATER, in the Chair.
The death was announced of Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N.
EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GoAaTER—(1) Living larvae of Eupithecia millefoliata Roéssl. (Lep.
Geometridae) from Dungeness, Kent, taken on 5.ix.69. The larvae were local,
occurring quite commonly on some patches of old heads of Achillea but not on
others. (2) Amathes c-nigrum L. (Lep., Noctuidae), an aberration on which all
three stigmata on the forewings were absent. A faint black streak occurred in the
region of the claviform; anterior to this was a narrow black rectangle running
from the antemedian line to the region of the reniform, and there was a paler area
between this and the costa; other markings were typical, including the black mark
in the apex of the wing. The specimen was taken at mercury vapour light at
Chandler’s Ford, Hants, 28.viii.69.

Col. A. M. Emmet—First bred specimens of Coleophora tamesis Waters (Lep.,
Coleophoridae) from West Galway, Ireland, with cases; and for comparison
specimens of C. taeniipennella H.-S., also with cases.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—A copy of the British Journal of Photography containing
pictures of a tachinid fly ovipositing on a larva.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. B. GoATER reported that he had received a small parcel from the Shetland
Isles, together with a request to identify and comment upon the unusual moth
therein, which had been found on Collafirth Hill, North Mainland, 19.ix.69, and
which had laid a number of eggs in a sweet jar before dying. The specimen was a
battered female Catocala fraxini L, (Lep., Plusiidae), a species new to Shetland.

A number of unusual second brood moths were reported by Mr. R. F.
BRETHERTON to have been found in his light trap which included Laspeyria flexula
Schiff. (Plusiidae) found two nights previously. Mr. J. L. MESSENGER reported
Hyloicus pinastri L. (Sphingidae) in his trap.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970 17

Lithophane leautieri Boisd. (Lep., Noctuidae) was reported to have been seen
in Surrey recently, and Mr. Goater said it had occurred at Winchester, Hants and
other inland localities. Dr. C. G. M. p—E Worms added Oxfordshire and Wiltshire.
It was suggested by Mr. Bretherton that the species might be found wherever
Cupressus macrocarpa Gord. blossomed, whilst Mr. S. WAKELY recalled beating
the first larvae.

A melanic example of Amathes c-nigrum L. (Lep., Noctiudae) was recorded
from Woking, Surrey, by Dr. de Worms.

THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—1st NOVEMBER 1969

Exhibits of macrolepidoptera, if probably no less numerous than in previous
years, seemed to be less bulky. There were fewer long series of individual species,
and also fewer assemblages illustrating the whole range of the exhibitor’s collect-
ing during the season. Emphasis was more on the selection of specimens notable
for their rarity, unusual geographic origin, or aberrational interest. The standard
of presentation and labelling was improved, though there is still room for a
clearer indication of the exhibitor’s name, and for more notes about the special
interest of the insects shown.

Among the exhibits of insects caught in the British Isles the migratory species
were even more in evidence than last year. Some of the most notable were a
Hypena obesalis Treits. (PI. 2, fig. 11), possibly only the second British specimen,
taken by Mr. G. S. Woo.tatrT at Chobham, Surrey, on 14th September; a Plusia
confusa Steph. found by Mr. R. I. Lorimer and Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms in
Orkney, of all unexpected places; a magnificent Daphnis nerii L. obtained by
Mr. C. R. Haxby near Bradford, Yorks., on 8th October; a pair of Eublemma
ostrina Hiibn. from Mr. D. W. H. FFENNELL’s light trap at Martyr Worthy, Hants,
on 15th and 23rd May; a Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff (gilvata F.) taken with
other migrants by Mr. A. RICHARDSON in Cornwall on 13th September, he also
showed a white-barred aberration of Biston strataria Hufn. (PI. 3, fig. 14); and a
belated exhibit by Mr. C. W. S. Grson of a Plusia acuta Walk. from Sherborne
Dorset, 25.ix.67. Also of much interest were at least six Plusia orichalcea F. from
widely scattered places, one as far north as Oxfordshire, and a number of Cosym-
bia puppillaria Hiibn., and Lithophane leautieri Boisd. from inland localities; the
former is possibly, the latter certainly, resident on the south coast, but this year
there was a remarkable appearance of them far from the coast at about the same
time in mid-October. One or two exhibitors showed selections of all the migra-
tory species, common as well as rare, which they had seen in particular periods or
localities. This is a practice which might well be extended, since it can throw light
on the scope and direction of the various waves of migration.

Striking aberrations were also numerous; a probably unique example of Plusia
jota L. (PI. 2, fig. 10) with large white patches and marginal spots on the forewings
caught at Bramley, Surrey by Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON; a rather similar Plusia
gamma L., also from Surrey, by Mr. G. S. WOOLLATT; an albino Euplexia lucipara
L. by Mr. B. SKINNER; two Zygaena filipendulae L. ab. flava Robson by Mr.
R. C. Dyson, from Wales; and several fine forms of Aglais urticae L., including
one by a junior exhibitor, Mr. Malcolm Tremewan, and another by Mr. B. W.
Weddell (Pl. 1, fig. 2) taken by Mr. David Coney at Lacock, Wilts. Unusual
melanic forms were also in evidence; a brown Selenia lunaria Schiff., by the
PRESIDENT; an extreme Abrostola triplasia L. by Mr. S. Coxey; an almost totally

18 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 |

black Chiasmia clathrata L. (P1. 3, fig. 18) by Mr. FFENNELL who also showed an
unusual Apamea monoglypha Hufn. (Pl. 2, fig. 6); two examples of Deuteronomos
alniaria L., entirely chocolate-brown except for the thorax and base of the fore-
wings, from Westmorland (PI. 3, fig. 15) and Surrey, a form apparently not
previously recorded; an extreme speckled Crocallis elinguaria L. (PI. 3, fig. 16)
by Mr. J. L. MESSENGER; another, quite different form, was shown by Mr. B. W.
WEDDELL (PI. 3, fig. 17) with a Melanchra persicariae L. (Pl. 2, fig. 8), both at
mercury vapour light at Trowbridge, Wilts.; and notable forms of Amathes
c-nigrum L. and Ochropleura plecta L., by Mr. B. GOATER and Dr. C. G. M.
DE Worms. Mr. Goater’s case also included an Amathes c-nigrum L. of particular
interest (P!. 2, fig. 9).

A nice example of Maniola jurtina L. ab. postaurolancea Leeds (PI. 1, fig. 1)
from the New Forest was among the material shown by Mr. A. D. A. RUSswuRM.
Mr. B. Elliot showed a female Anthocharis cardamines L. (P\. 1, fig. 3) and Mr.
D. N. WALKER, a Coenonympha pamphilus L. which appeared to be a gynandro-
morph (PI. 1, fig. 4). A female Catocala fraxini L. (Pl. 1, fig. 5) appeared among
Mr. A. J. WIGHTMAN’S insects; it was taken at Ham Street, in 1954, by Mr. W. J.
PopHAM. Among aberrations he had taken at Beetham, Westmorland, Mr. J.
BriGGs exhibited Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (PI. 2, fig. 7).

An example of Cryphia divisa Esp. (Pl. 2, fig. 12) was taken by Mr. T. W.
HARMAN at mercury vapour light at Worth; Mr. J. Roche showed a striking form
of Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Pl. 2, fig. 13); and Mr. N. L. Birkett’s Spilosoma
lubricipeda L. (Pl. 3 fig. 20) was a most unusual form, as was the Ourapteryx
sambucaria L. (Pl. 3, fig. 21) shown by Mr. H. E. CuHrpPERFIELD; Dr. H. D. B.
KETTLEWELL illustrated the genetic and temperature factors involved in the
Callimorpha jacobaeae L. ab. coneyi Watson, Abraxas grossulariata L. ab.
varleyata Porritt, various aberrations of Arctia caja L. and Colias croceus Fourc.
f. schirberi Oberthur; and Mr. R. W. WATSON showed further results from his
breeding of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. and a number of aberrations of butterflies.

Activities on the Continent were very well represented by exhibits of butterflies
from Scandinavia (Sir GEORGE JOHNSON), from Germany and Malta (Dr. N.
BirKETT), from central Europe (Mr. L. Evans), the Tyrol (Mr. G. Prior),
Trieste (Dr. L. G. HiGGins), and Crete (Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON); and Mr. P. W.
Criss showed a collection of European Erebia. From further afield there was a fine
show of West African Lepidoptera by Dr. B. J. MACNUuLTY, of butterflies from
Kenya (Mr. P. CALDERARA), Morocco (Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms) and the West
Indies (Mr. T. J. G. Homer), as well as of Zygaenidae from Turkey (Mr. W. G.
TREMEWAN) and of various oriental species (Mr. J. A. C. GREENWoop). Mr. S. R.
BOWDEN showed more results of his breeding experiments with various races of
Pieris napi L.

Several exhibits contained insects found on the Society’s field meetings, includ-
ing an interesting series of Coenonympha tullia Mill. from the joint meeting with
the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society at Whixal Moss, Salop, on
28th June. There were also several showings of Irish Lepidoptera, among them a
lovely series of dark blue Hadena caesia Schiff. from Co. Clare, by Mr. W. REID,
and some Luperina nickerlii Freyer s.sp. knilli Boursin from the Dingle peninsula,
with some light and dark examples of L. testacea Schiff. taken at the same time,
for comparison.

General interest was provided by some fine photographs of Lepidoptera at
rest, given to the Society by Mr. P. A. GODDARD, enlarged colour photographs by
Mr. G. E. Hyde, and remarkable paintings of larvae recently presented to the
Society by the widow of Mr. DE LA MARE Morris. Finally, to encourage accurate

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 19

recording, there were once again maps and diagrams illustrating the progress of
the National Biological Records Centre’s distribution mapping scheme for

_ macrolepidoptera, to which many members are contributing.

The microlepidoptera were well represented. Exhibits consisting wholly or
largely of the smaller moths were shown by the President and Messrs. E. S.
Bradford, H. E. Chipperfield, H. N. Michaelis, E. C. Pelham-Clinton, S. Wakley
and Col. A. M. Emmet, while six other members included some micros (mainly
pyrales) in their cases. In general the Society’s microlepidopterists, though few in
number, are very active and constructively engaged in the study of distribution
and life-histories. Upwards of 400 species were on display; these included one
species new to the British Isles, eight new to one or other of the constituent
countries of the British Isles, and two bred from larvae previously unknown to
science. There were also several scarce migrants and local rarities.

Many of the most interesting moths were in Mr. Pelham-Clinton’s exhibit of
Scottish specimens. This included examples of Depressaria silesiaca Hein. bred
from Achillea; the larvae were taken in Inverness-shire and the species is new to
Britain. There were also bred specimens of Nepticula dryadella Hof. from the Isle
of Rhum and of Leucoptera orobi Staint. from Aviemore, Inv., both new to
Scotland, and of Bucculatrix capreella Krogerus, also from Aviemore, whose larva
was previously unknown; its foodplant is Achillea millefolium L. Among his other
moths were Eana penziana Thunb. Glyphipterix schoenicolella Staint. and Ochsen-
heimeria bisontella Zell. from Rhum. Mr. Michaelis included Lobesia littoralis
Westw. and Roeslerstammia erxlebella F. from Lochinver in Sutherland in his
exhibit, whilst Mr. M. J. Leech showed Catoptria permutatella H.-S. from Moray.

From Scotland we jump to East Anglia—an indication of a sad gap in our
members’ activities, for apart from the Scottish, Welsh and Irish exhibits, virtu-
ally all came from south-east of a line from the Wash to Portland Bill. Mr. J. E.
Chipperfield showed some pyrales from Walberswick in Suffolk; these included
Galleria mellonella L., Dioryctria abietella Schiff., Nephopteryx formosa Haw.,
N. palumbella F., Evergestis extimalis Scop. and Crambus hamellus Thunb.
Among the Tortricidae he had Lozotaeniodes formosana Fr6l., while Col. A. M.
Emmet showed Laspeyresia zebeana Ratz. bred from a larch gall taken at
Tuddenham on the field meeting which had this species as one of its principal
objectives.

Col. Emmet also showed over 80 species of microlepidoptera from Wicken Fen,
Cambs., nearly half of which do not appear in the published lists for that well-
known locality. Among the additions were Choristoneura diversana Hibn.,
Gypsonoma aceriana Dup., G. minutana Hiibn., Elachista apicipunctella Staint.,
Yponomeuta vigintipunctata Retz., Coleophora albidella H.-S. Nemapogon corti-
cella Curt. Nepticula continuella Staint., N. splendidissimella H.-S. and Dechtiria
turbidella H.-S. To this list must be added Bucculatrix cidarella Zell., taken and
exhibited by Mr. E. S. Bradford. D. turbidella is of interest, as it was first recorded
from Britain only 20 years ago and hitherto, it is believed, only from Middlesex.
Col. Emmet also showed mines in hawthorn leaves, supported by drawings by
Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs, of Nepticula nitidella Hein.; this moth is new to Britain and
the mines were first found this summer at Wicken Fen. Since it is single-brooded
the moths, if bred, will not emerge until next spring. Other well-known Wicken
specialities were included in the President’s and Col. Emmet’s exhibits, such as
Pandemis dumetana Treits., Acleris lorquiniana Dup., Aristotelia morosa Miuhl.,
A. suffusella Dougl., A. lutulentella Zell. and Brachmia inornatella Doug}.
Another Cambridgeshire moth, this time from Maddingley, was Dechtiria
quinquella Bed.

20 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1970

The best species from Essex were Mr. Bradford’s Exoteleia dodecella L. from
Debden and Col. Emmet’s Bucculatrix crataegi Zell. from Benfleet. Mr. Brad-
ford’s Hertfordshire exhibit included several pests of stored products, suchas Ecto-
myelois ceratoniae Zell., Ephestia elutella Hibn., and (bred from pomegranates)
Cryptoblabes gnidiella Mill. He also showed Narycia marginepunctella Steph.,
Acentropus niveus Ol. (taken far from water), Lobesia littoralis Westw., Epithectis
mouffetella Schiff. and a bred specimen together with cases of the seldom seen
Coleophora cespititiella Zell. (agrammella J.H.W.). All these were from Boreham
Wood. An unidentified moth which he took at Bricket Wood was determined
during the exhibition as an unusual aberration of Epinotia brunnichana L. He
showed two plumes from Buckinghamshire, namely Pterophorus tetradactylus
L. from Watlington and Oxyptilus parvidactylus Haw. from Cadsden. He also
showed Coleophora hemerobiella Scop. from Middlesex, while Col. Emmet
showed a series of Pammene fasciana L. from Snareswood in that county; the
latter aroused some interest because they were found emerging from pupae situ-
ated in the living bark of oak—an unfamiliar habitat. Mr. Wakley displayed
several species taken at his home in Camberwell, some of them unexpected moths
for the London district. These included Lobesia littoralis Westw., a much darker
form than the examples shown by others from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and
Hertfordshire. His other specimens included Achroia grisella F., Homoeosoma
cretacella Roéssl. and Caloptilia stigmatella F.

Kent, as usual, was well represented. Col. Emmet and Mr. Wakely, who often
hunt in couples, both displayed bred specimens of Ethmia terminella Fletch.
from Lydd, Elachista gangabella Zell. (taeniatella Staint.) from High Halstow and
E. mergerlella Staint., Stomopteryx taeniolella Zell. and (notably) Acrolepia
perlepidella Staint. from Trottiscliffe. That, too, was the locality of Hypercallia
citrinalis Scop. shown by Mr. Bradford, who also had Hysterosia inopiana Haw.,
Ptocheuusa paupella Zell and Coleophora siccifolia Staint. from Chesterfield near
Whitstable. Biggin Hill produced Microstega hyalinalis Hibn., Olindia schumach-
erana Don., Acompsia cinerella Clerck and Nemotois minimella Zell. (Emmet).
The same exhibitor showed series of Pammene trauniana Schiff. and Cosmopteryx
eximia Haw. from localities in Kent, but the gentleman who discovered them
does not permit their disclosure. Two good pyrales were Mr. T. W. Harman’s
Evergestis extimalis Scop. from Worth and Pyrausta funebris Stroem. from
Church Wood.

Surrey produced fewer species than usual. An interesting moth was Bradford’s
Coleophora albitarsella Zell. taken as a larva on the field meeting at White
Down in October 1967 and emerging after overwintering twice. Mr. Wakely
showed the scarce Parectopa ononidis Zell. bred from a larvae taken at Riddles-
down during the field meeting expressly dedicated to that quarry. He also showed
the pine-feeding Exoteleia dodecella L., Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. and Cedestis
farinatella Dup. from Oxshott, which was also the locality of Col. Emmet’s
Amphisbatis incongruella Staint. The latter also exhibited Nepticula speciosa
Frey. from Mickleham.

If Surrey micros were scarce, those from Hampshire were more numerous than
in recent years. From the mainland Mr. Wakely showed Coleophora squamosella
Staint. (Chilbolton Down) and the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz Adela cuprella Thunb.
(North Baddesley) and Nascia cilialis Hiibn. (Gosport), whilst Mr. L. W. Siggs
had the rare migrants Diasemia ramburialis Dup. and Palpita unionalis Hiibn.,
which were among the moths attracted to his mercury vapour light trap at
Minstead in the New Forest. The Isle of Wight produced specimens, almost all
bred, from four exhibitors. Mr. Pelham-Clinton showed the salt-marsh form of

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1970 21

Clepsis spectrana Treits (costana F.) and Pammene germarana Hibn. (he showed
specimens of this moth from Kent as well). Mr. E. S. Bradford and Col. Emmet
showed specimens of Prerophorus spilodaciylus Curt., from Freshwater; Mr.
Wakely and Col. Emmet showed Coleophora pyrrhulipennella Zell., from Gods-
hill; Mr. Wakely had Agonopterix atomella Schiff., from Gurnard, and Pseudo-
swammerdamia combinella Hiibn., from Niton; while Col. Emmet exhibited
two very local moths, Grapholita gemmiferana Treits and Metzneria litiorella
Dougl., from Luccombe Chine and Niton respectively. Among his other moths
were Mirificarma lentiginosella Zell. from Gurnard and Elachista paludum Frey
from Godshill.

Dorset, as usual, was amply represented by specimens from Portland. Its well-
known specialities were on show, viz.: Epischnia bankesiella Rich. (Agassiz and
Chipperfield), Agdistis staticis Mill (Chipperfield) and Meesia richardsoni Wals.
(the President and Col. Emmet). Other moths shown by one or more of the same
quartet included Nephopteryx semirubella Scop., Metzneria lapella L., M. carli-
nella Staint., Scrobipalpa ocellatella Boyd, S. seminella Pierce, Telephila schmidi-
ella Heyd., Elachista subocellea Steph., Scythris senescens Staint. and Teichobia
verhuellella Staint.

Cornwall was represented by the very rare migrant Uresiphita polygonalis
Schiff. taken by Mr. Austin Richardson on the Lizard peninsula.

As in 1968 Wales produced some interesting specimens. Pride of place goes to
Mr. Michaelis’ Caloptilia sulphurella Haw. from Glan Conway in Denbigh,
which is new to the principality. From the same locality he had Clepsis rurinana
L., Epagoge grotiana F., Clavigesta purdeyi Dirr. and Nemapogon arcella F.,
while from the nearby Eglysbach came Parornix scoticella Staint. The neighbour-
ing county of Caernarvon afforded Acleris literana L. and Nemapogon granella L.
(bred from birch polyporus) from Ro-wen and Bucculatrix demaryella Staint.
from Trefriw. The Rev. Agassiz also showed Clepsis rurinana L. and Pterophorus
spilodactylus Curt. from the same general area. Mr. Leech had specimens of
Pyrausta funebris Stroem from Tre-R-ddoll and Mr. Pelham-Clinton showed
Caloptilia semifascia Haw. from Tintern.

The west of Ireland again proved its attraction to lepidopterists. The most
interesting specimen from the Burren was Lithocolletis insignitella Zell., which
is new to Ireland. The mines in clover were noticed by Dr. J. D. Bradley and were
then collected by several other entomologists; from these single moths were bred
by Col. Emmet (the one on display) and Mr. Pelham-Clinton. The latter also
showed a bred series of Pammene spiniana Dup. and the former the well-marked
local race of Pempelia dilutella Hibn., Catoptria margaritella Hiibn., Laspeyresia
gallicana Guen., Lobesia littoralis Westw., Pyrausta sanguinalis L. and Eana
penziana Thunb. The last species was also shown by Mr. R. F. Bretherton, the
grey hues of these Burren specimens differing markedly from the contrasted
black and white coloration of examples from elsewhere.

Finally, Col. Emmet showed a number of specimens from Ballyconneely and
its neighbourhood in west Galway, which included several species new to Ireland.
In this category were bred series of Coleophora adjunctella Hodgk., Lithocolletis
sorbi Frey., L. quinqueguttella Staint. and Ancylis inornatana H.-S. (the last-
named species was emerging at the time of last year’s exhibition and one or two
of the moths were then displayed). Seventeen of the other species shown were new
to the vice-county of west Galway, the most interesting of which was a short
series of Coleophora tamesis Waters bred from Juncus articulatus L.; the larva
was previously unknown. There was also a bred series of Microsetia stipella
Hiibn., the first fully authenticated Irish examples, though the larvae were

22 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

recently observed in the Burren. Other species of interest were Pammene spiniana
Dup., Agonopterix yeatiana F., Elachista exiguella Frey, Argyresthia semifusca
Haw., Lyonetia clerkella L., Stigmella rosella Schrank and S. hybnerella Hubn.;
the last species does not appear to have been recorded from Ireland for over a
century.

Among the Coleoptera this year there were only five exhibits. An interesting
collection of local and rare species was displayed by Mr. J. Cooter which included
an example of Dictyopterus cosnardi (Chev.) from Goodwood, Sussex, 25.v.69,
which is only the third example to have been taken in the British Isles. Other
noteworthy species were: Achenium depressum (Grav.) from Pagham Harbour,
Sussex, 13.viii.66; Xantholinus tricolor (F.) from Nethy Bridge, Inv., 10.vi.66;
Trachys pumila Ill., from Goodwood, Sussex, 25.v.69.

Mr. D. Appleton showed 24 species of Coleoptera among which was Ptero-
stichus aterrimus Herbst which he first took on 2.vi.69 in a marshy area in the
New Forest. The species used to be a fenland insect, but has not been recorded in
England since Hudson-Beare took it at Stalham, Norfolk in 1910, though it is
still to be found in Ireland; Mr. Coulter also exhibited an example. He also
showed an example of Stichoglossa semirufa Er. which he took in the New
Forest, 3.v.69. This is only the second British specimen, the first being taken by
Fowler in Essex in 1898. Mr. A. A. Allen confirmed the identification.

An extremely interesting exhibit was presented by Mr. A. E. Gardner, which
illustrated Coleoptera associated with wasp and hornet nests. Besides the well-
known, though seldom met, Metoecus paradoxus L. which was borrowed from
the Coulson collection, he showed the following species: from a hornet’s nest, a
series of Velleius dilatatus F., bred June 1969 from larvae found 23.xi.68 at Denny
Wood in the New Forest, Hants.; Cryptophagus micaceus Rey, a series also from
Denny Wood, 22.x.67. From the nest of a tree wasp, Vespula sylvestris Scop.
Cryptophagus micaceus Rey. From the nest of the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris
L., Quedius ochripennis Menet, a single example, Oxshott, Surrey, August 1916,
ex Ashby coll.; Cryptophagus pubescens Sturm, Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.,
9.x.60, and Denny Wood, 12.x.69. He also showed a nest and examples of the
Hymenoptera concerned.

Phytobius canaliculatus Fahr. taken in the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland, in
September 1969, was shown by Dr. M. G. Morris, who discovered this species
was capable of swimming on the surface of the water.

Mr. S. A. Williams showed the following Staphylinidae Col. from Horton
Kirby, Kent: Ischnopoda coarctata Er., I. constricta Er., Carpelimus incongruus
Steel, Proteinus macropterus Gyll., Atheta elongatula Gray. s.sp. bacanica
Brundin, Neobisneus villosulus Steph. and Stenus biguttatus L.

Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HuNT exhibited some 40 selected items from his Museum
of Early Entomological Materials, amongst which were: (1) a specimen box with
butterfly design on the lid, c. 1850; (2) a bull’s-eye lanthorne, c. 1860; (3) an
assembling tin (donated by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs); (4) a sugaring tin, c. 1895;
(5) a pair of net forceps (donated by Mr. T. J. Honeybourne); (6) a curious
cylindrical mahogany pin box, with swivel top and aperture for selecting size;
(7) an iron relaxing tin, with spring catch, Deyrolle, Paris, c. 1890 (donated by
Mr. E. Janmoulle); (8) an ornate zinc and lamp-glass larva cage; (9) an elegant
brass magnifier, with folding stem and turned ivory handle, c. 1830; (10) metal
creosote cups, used by William West of Greenwich, c. 1875; (11) a double larva
breeding cage, with decorative pokerwork design, date and history unknown
(donated by Mr. A. L. Goodson); (12) 19th century pin sample cards (donated by
Messrs. G. Campbell and A. E. Gardner); (13) a pin from the Linnaean collection

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1970 23

(donated by Mr. P. E. S. Whalley); (14) various types of early larva collecting
boxes (donated by Messrs. R. F. Birchenough, M. Schaeffer and E. J. Trundell).
He further exhibited a number of items lent by courtesy of the Royal Entomo-
logical Society, including an insect transporter and a turned brass pinning stage,
used by W. G. Blatch; a pair of net forceps, used by William Jones; and some
early net Y-pieces. Also, a brass chloroform bottle, lent by courtesy of the Royal
Scottish Museum, through Mrs. E. C. Pelham-Clinton; and a British Museum
type pinning stage, kindly lent by Mr. P. E. S. Whalley.

An example of the Brown-banded Cockroach, Supella supellectilium Serv.
found in a loaf of bread at Sheffield on 1.x.69, was shown by Mr. P. J. CHANDLER.
This is the first record for the north of England.

The Zoological Society of London showed a large and interesting selection of
live tropical spiders, centipedes, stick insects and preying mantids. These, as usual
were attractively displayed and evoked considerable interest.

13th NOVEMBER 1969
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. B. E. Pickton,
J. O. Clifford, R. C. Revels, and D. Goddard.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. Emmet—(1) Cases of Coleophora wockeella Zell. (Lep., Coleo-
phoridae) taken on Stachys officinalis L. (betonica Benth.) on the Hants.-Surrey
border 13.ii.69. (2) Two oak leaves from Maddingley, Cambs. One containing
seven Dechtiria quinquinella Bed., (Lep., Nepticulidae), four D. subbimaculella
Haw. and one Lithocolletis species. The other containing three Dechtiria subbima-
culella Haw., one Lithocolletis species and one feeding believed to be Ptycholoma
lecheana L. (Lep., Tortricidae).

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT—Two associated species of Coleoptera: Platypus
cylindrus F. (Platypodidae) and its predator Colydium elongatum F. (Colydiidae),
both from Normandy, France. The two species were common in Normandy in
oak and beech, but sometimes occurred in apple.

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Referring to Mr. de Rougemont’s exhibit Mr. A. E. GARDNER said Colydium
elongatum F. was, in this country, confined to the New Forest, Hants, and was
considered rare. He had found it on a number of occasions and suspected its
movements to be nocturnal. On several occasions he had found the species by
torchlight at night. In his opinion the distribution in the New Forest was wider
than popularly supposed, and certainly extended beyond Denny Wood. Mr.
DE ROUGEMONT added that in his experience the species always occurred in felled
timber and usually when the bark was loose. In Normandy he said the species
did not occur in forests, but usually in hedgerows, etc.

Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) was reported to have been seen by
Mr. T. G. HowartTH at Beer, Devon, 9.xi.69, and Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss said he
had seen one recently in Ashdown Forest, Sussex.

A Clouded Yellow, Colias croceus Fourc. (Lep. Pieridae) was reported to have

24 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC,, 1970

been seen during the first week in November. Mr. B. GOATER said Vanessa cardui
L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) had been noted on the north Norfolk coast recently.

At Exmouth on 9.x.69 Mr. F. T. VALLINs had seen a single Colias croceus
Fourc. flying up the estuary. Following the insect’s flight he discovered a clover
field in which were some nine or ten examples of the same species. He also re-
ported an enormous number of Vanessa atalanta L. at Budleigh Salterton, Devon,
10.x.69 on a small patch of Ivy blossom. Some 50 or more examples were
estimated to be present.

A discussion took place on the Annual Exhibition during which the President
said that several years ago the migrant Palpita unionalis Hiibn. (Lep. Pyralidae)
was regularly recorded. He had seen no recent records and asked if anybody had
seen the species recently. Mr. S. A. KNILL-JONES said he had taken the species
for the past six years. An opinion was expressed that species such as this were
regularly recorded until the novelty wore off and were then ignored.

A discussion took place on Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt’s exhibit of historical
equipment, apparatus and materials; and it was suggested that any such items
would be welcomed by the Society and would be passed on to either the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), which Mr. T. G. Howarth said already had some of this
kind of equipment, or to Mr. Chalmers-Hunt.

27th NOVEMBER 1969
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. K. N. Bascomb,
D. E. Wilson, J. Culplin, R. W. Rowley, I. Watkinson, G. E. Harnes, C. W. D.
Gibson and Mrs. S. J. L. Mansfield.

EXHIBITS

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT—A series of Cerocoma schreberi F. (Col., Meloidae)
and one example of C. schafferi L., taken at Venelles, France during August 1969,
with a drawing of the antennae of C. schafferi.

Mr. C. F. Rivers—Larvae of Danaus plexippus L. (Lep., Danaidae) reared on
greenhouse grown plants. Attempts to rear this species on an artificial media are
meeting with success.

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Mr. RIveERs reported taking two Lithophane leautieri Boisd. (Lep., Noctuidae)
at light in his garden at Oxford on 21st October last; Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON also
reported captures of this insect at Swindon and in Surrey on about the same date
and he thought that this pointed to a migration.

Mr. Rivers also asked that any diseased insects might be sent to him at the
Insect Pathology Unit, Department of Forestry, South Parks Road, Oxford, for
diagnosis.

Mr. B. Goater said that the preparation of a county list of Lepidoptera for
Hampshire and the Isle of Wight was well under way and he would be glad of any
further records.

Mr. J. HEATH of the Biological Records Centre at Monks Wood Experimental
Station then gave a most interesting talk on ‘Recording Britain’s Insects’.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 25
11th DECEMBER 1969
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

The President congratulated our member J. D. Bradley on gaining a PH.D.
(C.SC.).
The following new members were declared elected: Mr. B. J. Lampit and
Mr. M. W. Beresford.
EXHIBITS

Mr. G. M. DE RouGEMoNT—A gold Victorian brooch set with an opal and five
specimens of Desmonota variolosa F. (Col., Chrysomelidae), a South American
species often used in jewellery in those days.

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Dr. B. J. MACNUuLTYy gave a talk on ‘Outline Life Histories of some West
African Lepidoptera; Arctiidae, Syntomidae and Cycnidae’, which he illustrated
with coloured transparencies.

8th JANUARY 1970
The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. H. Symes.
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. Atabar Kudrna.

EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GOATER—Two species of pyralid Lepidoptera, both taken at mercury
vapour light at Mill Hill, Middx.; Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell., 23.viii.55, and
Cadra parasitella Staud., 22.v.60.

COMMUNICATIONS

A series of coloured transparencies illustrating aspects of the past season’s
collecting were shown by Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms.

A brief discussion took place on the status of Endromis versicolora L. (Lep.,
Bombycidae) in Scotland; and another on Cadra parasitella Staud. (Lep.,
Pyralidae).

FIELD MEETINGS

FLEAM DYKE, CAMBRIDGESHIRE—3rd May 1969
Leader: Col. A. M. EMMET

The meeting had a dual purpose—to look for the imagines of Eucosma pauper-
ana Dup., which was taken at Fleam Dyke in 1930 and 1931, and to collect the
galls made by Laspeyresia zebeana Ratz. on larch in the Tuddenham district of
West Suffolk. Nine members attended, six of them lepidopterists, the other three
being coleopterists. It was decided to look for L. zebeana first as E. pauperana
would be more likely to be found flying in the afternoon.

26 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970

The L. zebeana galls were not difficult to find, though many of them were out
of reach; however, almost all were the old mines which are hard and woody,
unlike those tenanted, which are soft to the touch. Two fresh galls were found
which produced one moth and a female example of the parasite Scambus linearis
Ratz. (Hym., Ichneumonidae). The identity was determined by Mr. J. H. Kerrich
of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), who states: ‘At one stage, /inearis was placed
in synonymy with sagax Htg., but is now thought to be a good species. A good
series of specimens of both sexes is greatly desired. There is no male associated
with the few females placed as /inearis in the British Museum collection.’ The
specimen has, accordingly, been given to the British Museum.

A number of other larvae was taken, principally on Pinus sylvestris L. These
included Pseudoecoccyx posticana Zett., Cedestis farinatella Dup. and Ocnero-
stoma friesii Svenssen. An imago of the last species was taken, already emerged.
As far as is known, no O. piniariella Zell. were bred (the two species have only
recently been separated).

The lepidopterists moved on to Fleam Dyke in mid-afternoon. Though the
ground seemed suitable enough, with wild rose, the foodplant, in plenty, no
specimens of Eucosma pauperana Dup. were seen. A few junipers produced larvae
of Eupithecia sobrinata Hibn. and Dichomeris marginellus F.

COSFORD MILL, SURREY—1I1th May 1969
Leader: Mr. J. L. MESSENGER

After a wet and unpromising night the weather gradually improved throughout
the day and the meeting took place in fine and quite warm conditions, with
occasional brief periods of sunshine.

Thirteen members and two guests attended though not all were able to be
present throughout the whole of the day. In the morning the party divided into
two halves, making it possible to work both sides of the lake and the wooded
hinterland.

The spring and overwintering butterflies appeared in reasonably good numbers
during the short periods of sunshine around midday. Eight species were recorded;
the most interesting of which were Polygonia c-album L. and Pararge aegeria L.;
but moths were unexpectedly scarce, only a few specimens of the commonest
geometers being seen. This may have been due to the very wet conditions of the
previous night which had probably forced them into the remoter sheltered places
from which they were not easily disturbed.

Larvae were also scarce, but the microlepidopterists found those of a number
of common species, and larvae of Cedestis gysseleniella Zell. were turned up
feeding in pine needles.

Diptera were in profusion, feeding on laurel blosson and at the many wild
flowers which thrive on the steep wooded slopes which surround the lake. A
number of interesting species were recorded including Myopa testacea L., Brachy-
opa scutellaris R.-D., and Sphegina clunipes Fall., but the great event of the
meeting was the capture by Mr. P. Chandler of three examples of Norellia
spinipes Meig., a species new to the British list and which is associated with
daffodils (see 1969 & 1970 Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 2(4):120-4, 3(1):12).

Coleoptera were scarce and no records of interest were produced.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970 27

At the close of a most enjoyable day our hosts, Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Loarridge,
entertained the large party to a most excellent tea in their delightful waterside
home.

GODALMING, SURREY—24th May 1969
Leader: Mr. ALAN E. STUBBS

The area visited by a party of seven members, was the marshy ground and
woods by the River Wey a mile east of Godalming. A still warm start to the day
seemed full of promise, but rain fell for half an hour at the start of the meeting,
so that sweeping and disturbing geometers had little success. However by lunch
time the sun was out and insects were in good numbers in the afternoon.

In the morning the path on high ground through woodland was followed. An
elm log bearing Polyporus squamosus Fr. yielded the fungus feeding flies Droso-
phila confusa Staef. and Helomyza variegata Loew. Two crane flies were taken
which are new to the locality list, Tipula pabulina Meig. and T. pseudovariipennis
Czizek. The only geometer was Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff.

On some open marshy ground Epirrhoe alternata Mill. and Chiasmia clathrata
L. were frequent and a specimen of the sawfly Arge cyanocrocea was taken on
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. flowers.

In the afternoon attention was paid to the sandy margins of the River Wey.
Here it was pleasing to find the large damselfly Agrion splendens Harris common-
ly, where alders and open bank alternated, and several nymphal skins were found
on the vegetation along the bank. A single specimen of A. virgo L. was found
where alders formed denser shade and Pyrrhosoma nymphula Sulz. frequented
the more open parts. The most notable member of the river fauna was the crane-
fly Hexotoma fuscipennis Cart., a species associated with upland shingle streams
until found here two years ago.

A ditch beneath alder contained a good show of flowering Marsh Marigold,
Caltha palustris L., and sweeping at this spot yielded a number of Ptychoptera
scutellaris Meig., a fly whose larva breeds in shallowly submerged mud. The
only previous Surrey record is from Bookham Common (L. Parmenter, 1966,
Lond. Nat., 45:57); a national survey has shown this species to be particularly
scarce in the south-east.

Where open marshes bordered the alders along the banks of the river, Rhagio
notata (Meig.) were in good numbers, mostly males, and scattered individuals
were also found in wood glades. This fly was formerly thought to be restricted
to upland districts, which in the west Pennines shows a preference for limestone
mountains. A specimen of the micropezid fly, Calobata ephippium F., was found
beside the river in the shade of alders, a species which appears to be scarce in
Surrey.

Though the lepidopterists faired poorly, with species such as Anthocharis
cardamines L. providing welcome interest, the general impression of the locality
was very favourable, the rain being blamed for the reluctance of the geometers to
fly. The area is certainly very rich in diptera, including several ‘upland’ species and
continuing studies should reveal further distributional misfits. To would-be
entomological visitors, it should be mentioned that the most productive season
is over by mid-July.

28 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

ALICE HOLT, HANTS.—8th June 1969
Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD

Eleven members attended this meeting which coincided with a spell of excel-
lent weather. In spite of the activities of the Forestry Commission, who have
replaced large areas of oak and other deciduous trees by plantations of conifers,
much attractive woodland survives and provides something of interest to all.

Only nine species of butterflies were seen on the wing, including worn specimens
of Clossiana selene Schiff. Full-fed larvae of Quercusia quercus L. were beaten
from oak, presumably the last still feeding as most, if not all, produced female
butterflies. Several larvae of both Copper Underwings were found, and it was felt
that the differences between Amphipyra pyramidea L. and A. berbera Rungs were
not difficult to detect at this stage.

The area near the smaller pond was worked for Odonata by Mr. Hammond
who recorded the following species: Libellula quadrimaculata L., L. depressa L.,
Orthetrum cancellatum L., Cordulia aenea L., Erythromma najas Hanse.,
Coenagrion puella L., Enallagma elegans V. d. Lind., Pyrrhosoma nymphula
Sulz. and Agrion splendens Harris.

No other member has reported identifications of special interest.

HOLME FEN NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE, HUNTINGDON—
14th June 1969

Leader: Dr. M. G. Morris

Although it was a warm, dry day only one member (and his family) joined the
leader at Holme Station. It was decided to go to Woodwalton Fen before lunch
to work the poplars for Sesia apiformis Clerck, but this was unsuccessful although
old borings were plentiful. Beating various shrubs under the poplars (Populus x
canadensis Moench var. scrotina (Hartig) Rehder) produced several specimens of
the weevil Dorytomus filirostris Gyll., still a very local, though probably spread-
ing, species.

Back at Holme Fen after lunch a good turn-out of members of the Huntingdon-
shire Fauna and Flora Society emphasized the disappointing attendance by our
own Society. The wide drove leading to Stilton Rough was worked, without many
insects being in evidence. The acid (red) peat here contrasts markedly with the
more alkaline fen peat at Wicken Fen and over most of Woodwalton Fen. The
luxuriant growth of Rumex acetosella agg. supported such insects as the butterfly
Lycaena phlaeas L., and the weevils Apion haematodes Kirby and Rhinoncus castor
F. The moth Lithina chlorosata Scop. and the delphacid leafhopper Ditropis
pteridis Spinola were disturbed or swept from bracken, Preridium aquilinum .L.
Kuhn.

Towards the end of the meeting the party went to the Decoy, the only Hunting-
donshire locality for Sphagnum. Here the extremely local Luzula pallescens Sew.
was seen. On the way back to the cars beating Birch, so abundant at Holme Fen,
produced several common geometrid larvae and an example of the ‘longhorn’
beetle Leiopus nebulosus L.

Some members of the Societies took the opportunity of examining the famous
‘Holme Fen Post’ before going on to the house of Mr. I. McPhaill, the Reserve
Warden. Here, an excellent tea was provided by Mrs. McPhaill. After an inter-

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1970 29

esting discussion about the Reserve and other matters over tea the party finally
dispersed, having had an extremely pleasant, though rather unproductive day.

WICKEN FEN, CAMBRIDGESHIRE—2Ist June 1969
Leader: Col. A. M. EMMET

It was disappointing that a meeting held at such a famous and productive
locality was attended by only four members, all predominantly microlepidopter-
ists. The activities fell into three phases: first, the search for larvae; second,
netting imagines during the evening flight; and third, after dinner at the local
pub, the use of lights on the fen. It was a pity that a sharp fall in temperature
made the third phase relatively unproductive.

One of the objects was to search for the larva of Ancylis paludana Barr. and
Sorhagenia rhamniella Zell. The season however, was a late one, and although the
larva of the former was easy to find, they were too small to be worth taking, as
no one had access to fresh supplies of the foodplant, Lathyrus palustris L.; there
were even one or two late imagines of the first brood still on the wing. Numerous
spinnings on Frangula alnus Mill. were taken in the hope of finding the second
species, but all turned out to contain larvae of Ancylis apicella Schiff.; again we
were too early. :

Among the interesting imagines captured were: Lithacodia fasciana L., Eustrotia
bankiana F., Eupithecia pygmaeata Hiibn., Phragmataecia castanaea Hibn.,
Phalonidia manniana F.R., Ancylis diminutana Haw., Endothenia ustulana Haw.,
Telphusa notatella Hiibn., Cosmopteryx druryella Zell., Bucculatrix alnella Vill.,
B. cidarella Zell. and Nemophora metaxella Hibn.

BRECK, SUFFOLK—29th June 1969
Leader: Mr. B. GOATER

The weather was very warm and sunny for most of the day, and it was a pity
that only two members of the Society and their families joined the leader at
Mildenhall, with the object of exploring new ground in this very rich and interest-
ing area.

While waiting for the party to assemble, those present found widespread
evidence of the activities of Sesia apiformis Clerck in the bases of old poplar
trees, though no moths and no recent pupa cases were detected.

The morning was spent working the area of pine and heath beside the All
about half a mile beyond the roundabout at Barton Mills. Plenty of Ematurga
atomaria L. were flying amongst the heather, and a few Anarta myrtilli L. were
dashing about and settling on the heather shoots. Bupalus piniarius L. was
abundant and rather variable amongst the pines, from the foliage of which a
larva of Panolis flammea Schiff. was beaten. A pair of Nightjars flew out of the
bracken, but a search of the area revealed neither eggs nor young birds. Respects
were paid to the now well-known colony of Orchis militaris L.; the flowers were
past their best, but nevertheless made an impressive and beautiful sight.

The stretch of waste ground beside the River Lark was disappointing from the
entomologists’ point of view; the only insect of any note which occurred was
Homoeosoma sinuella F.

30 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

After lunch the party moved on to some disturbed ground near Tuddenham
which abounded in Breckland weeds, themselves a fascinating study. They in-
cluded Crassula tillaea L.-Garland along the side of a well-worn path, abundant
Sedum acre L., Scleranthus annuus L., Filago germanica (L.) L. and Arenaria sp.
Both Verbascum nigrum L. and V. thapsus L. were common and supported the
larvae of Cucullia verbasci L. By grubbing about under Erodium cicutarium (L.)
L’Heérit., the party came across several larvae of the weevil Phytonomus dauci
Ol., looking remarkably like those of a lycaenid at first glance. Ceuthorhynchus
asperifoliarium Gyll. was found under Echium vulgare L. and also C. erysimi
F., Apion haematodes Kirby (frumentiarum (Payk.)) occurred under Rumex
acetosella agg. in the light, sandy, soil. The Echium, which grew in a wide swath
over 200 yards long, was a fine splash of colour; a few of the plants had white
flowers. A specimen of Hadena bicolorata Hufn. (Hecatera serena F.) was found
on one of the heads, but we were disappointed not to see any Heliothis viriplaca
Hufn.

CHIPPENHAM FEN, CAMBS.—13th July 1969
, Leader: Mr. B. GOATER

This was another hot and humid day, and the three lepidopterists who attended
the meeting found plenty to interest them even if it was hard to summon the
energy to set off in pursuit. Diptera were much in evidence and it seemed a pity
that no specialist in the Culicidae and Tabanidae could have been present, to
repay some of the attention the females of those groups were paying to the
human intruders.

The commonest butterfly was Aphantopus hyperantus L., then Ochlodes venata
Br. and Grey. Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., P. napi L., Maniola jurtina L. and
one Strymonidia w-album Knoch were seen. Along the grassy rides, Eustrotia
bankiana F. was fairly common and one E. uncula Clerck was taken. Rivula
sericealis Scop. was common and very fresh, and several Lithacodia fasciana L.
(Jaspidia pygarga Hufn.) were disturbed from the trunks of trees. Wherever
Eupatorium grew in heavy shade, there we were certain to find Perinephela
lancealis Schiff. Other species recorded were Lygephila pastinum Treits., Plusia
gamma L., Ectypa glyphica L., Sterrha muricata Hufn., Scopula immutata L.,
Epirrhoe alternata Mill., Lomaspilus marginata L., Deilinia exanthemata Scop.,
Alcis repandata L., Haritala ruralis Scop., Evergestis pallidata Hufn., Eurrhypara
hortulata L., Crambus perlellus Scop., C. hortuellus Hiibn., Agriphila culmella L.
and Pterophorus pentadactyla L.

The fen is wonderfully rich in plants (hence the variety of insect life); a great
abundance of Juncus subnodulosus Schrank was noticed, quantities of Cladium
mariscus (L.) Pohl, Carex spp., a fine show of Dactylorchis praetermissa (Druce)
Vermeul. and a few scattered specimens of Selinum earvifolia (L.) L. were among
those which caught the eye.

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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
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CONTENTS

Annual Exhibition Report

Chandler, P. J.,. A Supplementary Note on Norellia
R.-D. (Dipt., Scatophagidae)

Field Meetings

Joint Committee for the Conservation of
British Insects

Last, H. R., The Coleoptera of the Bailiwick of
Guernsey

Morrison, B., Notes and Observations on Scottish
Ptinids with particular reference to the south-east
Region

Obituary: Capt. R. A. Jackson
Proceedings

Thomas, J. A., The Conservation of Black and
Brown Hairstreaks

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but
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Conversazione Room at the British Museum
(Natural History). Frequent Field Meetings are
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welcome at all meetings. The current Programme
Card can be had on application to the Secretary.

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1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901

19902
1903
1904
1905
1906-7
1908-9
1910-11
1912-13
1914-15
1916-17
1918-19

1920-1
1922

1923-4
1925-6

1927-8

1929
1930
1930
1931

Past Presidents

R. WELLMAN (dec.).
B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.).

P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).

T. WILLIAMS (dec.).
STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.).
FICKLIN (dec.).

V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.).

T. R. BILLupPs, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. R. WELLMAN (dec.).

W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.).

R. SouTH, F.E.S. (dec.).

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

T. R. BILLups, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.).

W. H. TUGWELL, PH.C. (dec.).

C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.).
E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.).

T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.).

R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.).

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. (dec.).

A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.).

W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.).

H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S.,

L.R.C.P., F.E.S. (dec.).

F. NoApD CLARK (dec.).

E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.).

A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.).

H. MAIN, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.).

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.).

W. J. KAYE, F.E.S. (dec.).

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).

B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.).

Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S., (dec.).

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.

(dec.).

K. G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.).
E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.).

N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.

(dec.).
E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
F.E.S. (dec.).

H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.).
F

(

K

J.
A.
J.
J.
R.
A.

. B. CARR (dec.).

. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.

GA BRAIRIB-SCs, (62.52,
F.E.S. (dec.).

1932
1933

1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940

1941
1942
1943
1944

1945-6

1947
1948
1949
1950

1951

1952
1953
1954

1955
1956
1957

1958

1959
1960
1961

1962
1963
1964
1965
1966

1967

1968
1969

Editorial

Editor: F. D. Buck, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.).

C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., PH.D.,
A.LC., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.

T. R. EAGLES

E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

M. NIBLETT.

F. J. COULSON.

F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.

E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S. (dec.).

F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

S. WAKELY.

R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG.

STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J.,
F.R.E.S.

Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N.,
F.R.E.S.

L. T. Forp, B.A. (dec.).

Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.).

J. O. T. Howarpb, M.A. (dec.).

Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,
K.B\Es, C.Bi,) McG.,, DsFiCcACH- Ge
F.R.E.S.

T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.,
ESZASe

E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.

F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J.,
F.R.E.S.

F. D. BucCKk, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S.

B. P. Moore, B.SC., D.PHIL.,
F.R.E.S.

N. E. HICKIN, PH.D., B.SC.,
F.R.E.S.

F. T. VALLINS, A.C.I.I., F.R.E.S.

R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC.,
F.R.E.S. (dec.).

A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.

J. L. MSSSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S.

C. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S.

R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

J. H. GREENWOOD, O.B.E.,
F.R.E.S.

R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A.,
F.R.E.S.

B. GOATER, B.SC., F.R.E.S.

Capt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.O., R.N.

Assistant Editors: T. R. Eagles, M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
A. E. Gardner, F.R.E.S.

Papers Panel:
T. R. E. Southwood, B.sc., PH.D., A.R.C.S., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. Uffen, F.R.E.s.

———

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Reproduction by Shell Research Limited. Photographs by D.J.Carter

Homoeosis and related phenomena in the Small Copper Butterfly,
Lycaena phlaeas L.

Unilateral underside homoeosis (Specimen 7)
Bilateral underside homoeosis (Specimen 25)
Bilateral underside homoeosis (Specimen 26)
Upperside homoeosis (Specimen 28)

Underside heteromorphosis (Specimen 38)
Underside heteromorphosis (Specimen 42)
Underside heteromorphosis (Specimen 43)

Form with pale areas on underside (Specimen 45)

OADM BWN Re

or a key to the specimen numbers see Robertson, T.S., Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. soc. 1969, 87-89

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 31

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Capt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.C., R.N.

In 1969 we seem to have sustained an unusually high number of deaths and it
is my sad duty to say something of those members who have passed on:

Mr. A. G. Carolsfeld-Krause, one of our Danish members who joined the
Society in 1950, was, of course, very well known to all microlepidopterists as
the leading authority on the Nepticuloidea. He was always most helpful in the
identification of mines, and his kindness and advice will be much missed.

Mr. G. W. Cruttwell, a lepidopterist who joined the Society in 1950, was a
solicitor in Frome for most of his life. He collected in that district and in Wilt-
shire where he once took the Long-tailed Blue.

Mr. Edgar J. Hare, c.B.£., joined the Society in 1902 and in 1953 was made a
Special Life-member. A lepidopterist who right up until his death was a keen
collector—a great character who went out of his way to help and encourage the
young.

Captain Reginald A. Jackson, C.B.E., R.N., joined the Society in 1940 and was
President for the years 1945-6. He was an ardent lepidopterist all his life. His
son has most kindly presented to the Society his father’s entomological diaries,
which are of great interest and of considerable scientific value, and his collection
of moths.

Captain D. G. Marsh, who joined the Society in 1930, was a keen lepidopterist
who in his earlier days collected butterflies. He then turned his attention to moths,
amassing a very representative collection before turning his attention to micros.
A feature of his collection was his wonderful setting.

Mr. Charles Mellows joined the Society in 1946 and was for many years a
master at Bishop’s Stortford College where he did a lot of collecting locally. He
used to go annually to the Norfolk Broads and had an expert knowledge of the
Lepidoptera in that area.

Mr. David More, who joined the Society in 1951, lived near Rayleigh in Essex,
had a wide experience in collecting. He was by profession an expert in antique
silver and was a Colonel in the Territorial Army.

Mr. L. Parmenter, a life member, joined the Society in 1946. He was a keen
dipterist and has probably done as much as any man to encourage the study of
flies through the help and encouragement he gave to young dipterists.

Major General A. L. Ransome, C.B., D.S.0., M.C., joined the Society in 1946,
he was essentially a butterfly collector who specialised in the ‘blues’ of which he
had a fine collection including some outstanding aberrations.

Mr. H. Ray joined the Society in 1946; he lived in Hampshire and was a keen
collector of butterflies.

Mr. O. T. Rich died at an early age, he was little known in this country, but
in Denmark, where he lived, he was one of the leading lepidopterists.

Mr. Harold Symes M.A. (OxON), who joined the Society in 1950, lived in
Bournemouth and was an outstanding naturalist, full of wisdom, knowledge
and observation, and with the great gift of being able to communicate his con-
clusions to others. His articles, mostly in the Entomologist’s Record, on rearing
larvae, are some of the most helpful ever written.

You have heard the reports of the Council, of the treasurer, and of the other
officers, which give a summary of the year’s activities, and there is little more for
me to say on these matters.

There is one point which causes me some concern and that is our membership
which has only increased by two, though we had 46 new members. It is encouraging

7AR IT iarykh ‘AP
d ruc '

HE PTT OU ELA ~_-
INSTITUTION viral i

32 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

that a high proportion of the new members are young; this is vital and the
strength and future of our Society depends entirely upon attracting and keeping
a steady flow of young entomologists. This also puts a high responsibility upon
your Council to ensure that we offer lectures and field meetings which the
younger members want.

In two years’ time the Society will be celebrating its centenary and we are
already planning for this event. At present it is still in the exploratory stage, we
have asked members for suggestions and also for contributions and promises
of donations, so that we can have some idea of what we can afford—it is no good
planning a trip to the moon if we can only afford a visit to Southend pier. To
those who have already contributed and sent Bankers Orders, I offer the sincere
thanks of the Council, and to those who have not yet made up their minds I
hope they will let us know how much they will be able to contribute when the
time comes, so that we can plan accordingly.

You have heard of the Professor Hering Memorial Research Fund and I
think that it is a great honour and tribute to this Society that we should have
been chosen to administer this fund. As soon as the final details have been
agreed, members will, of course, be fully informed and it is likely that a Special
Meeting will have to be convened to approve them, and possibly to amend the
rules of the Society to take account of this fund.

One of the pleasant features of the President’s Annual Address is that it gives
him an opportunity to express to the officers and council of our Society not only
your appreciation and thanks, but his own, and I can assure you it is only when
you become President that you realise how much is owed to our officers. Mr.
D. A. Odd in his first year as secretary has attended to our many and varied
wants with the efficiency and zest that you would expect; Mr. R. F. Bretherton,
our treasurer, has looked after our finances with great skill, and I am sure that
he will be the first to acknowledge the help given by Mr. F. T. Vallins in the
essential but thankless task of collecting and sometimes chasing subscriptions,
and my very personal thanks to Mr. Vallins for acting as secretary at Ordinary
meetings and doing his utmost to keep me on the rails.

With the regrettable departure of Mr. Wiltshire to live in France, we were
indeed fortunate that Mr. F. D. Buck agreed to resume as Editor and he has done
a splendid job in getting us up-to-date with our publications.

The hours spent by our curator, Mr. A. E. Gardner, in arranging our collec-
tions and incorporating new material are phenomenal and we all owe him and
Mr. L. Christie a great debt of gratitude.

Under Mr. S. A. Williams’ able care the library continues to expand and
flourish. The standard set for indoor meetings has always been high, but I think
that in 1969 we have been particularly fortunate in having some outstanding
talks and we are indeed grateful to Mr. David Carter and also to our lanternists,
Mr. M. Shaffer and Mr. L. Christie, without whom many of our talks would lose
much of their value.

Mr. G. Prior arranged an attractive and varied series of field meetings which
were much enjoyed; I would remind members that it would help him a lot if they
will come forward with ideas for field meetings and, still more important, offers
to lead them.

The special amenities for those members attending ordinary meetings of the
Society include the refreshments provided by Mrs. Helen Howarth and her
husband—it is hard work and a true labour of love which is very much appre-
ciated, as is also the generous donation to the Centenary Fund.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 33

MICROLEPIDOPTERA ADDED TO THE BRITISH LIST SINCE
L. T. FORD’S REVIEW

Now I come to the hardest part of the President’s year of office, on what
subject should I address you? I have no scientific knowledge, little practical
experience and cannot even take a photograph, so I have decided to carry on
where that very distinguished microlepidopterist, the late Mr. L. T. Ford, left off.
When he delivered his Presidential Address (1949, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc. 1947-8 :48-58), he reviewed the microlepidoptera which had been added to
the British List since the publication of Meyrick’s Revised Handbook of British
Lepidoptera in 1928. To-night I propose to consider briefly those species of
microlepidoptera which have been added to the British List since Ford’s review.

It is of interest that in the 20 years ending in 1947, Ford found some 68 species
to discuss, tonight I am considering 109.

I have taken as the datum line Heslop’s Check-list of the British Lepidoptera
published in 1947 and for the genera to which the species belong I have followed
the order in which they appear in this check list.

Synclita obliteralis Walker., Ent. Gaz., 19:155 (1968). Examples of this species,
which was originally endemic to the U.s.A., were found in the Enfield area,
where it had evidently been imported in pond weed from the United States,
though it is not known from which area.

Parapoynx obscuralis Grote., Ent. Gaz., 19:107 (1968). This species is also
endemic to the U.s.A. and specimens were bred from larvae imported in pond
weed from Maryland in 1967 by a grower in Hemel Hempstead.

Maruca testulalis Geyer., Ent. Rec., 80:242 (1968). Two specimens were bred
in 1967 at the East Malling Research Station from larvae feeding in pods of
French beans, part of a consignment received from Malawi, Africa.

Hellula undalis F., Ent. Gaz., 19:111 (1968). A female specimen was captured
at light on 28.ix.67 by the late Mr. E. J. Hare. It has a wide distribution in
Europe, Africa, parts of Asia, and islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Hymenia recurvalis F., Ent. Gaz., 3:57 (1952). This pretty pyrale was first taken
by the late Robin Mere at Haslemere on 5.ix.51 and another example was taken
later that year at Swanage. Its range is given as Palaearctic, Asia from Syria
to Japan, the whole Oriental and Australasian regions.

Pachyzancla aegrotalis Zell., B. P. Beirne, British Pyralid and Plume Moths,
p. 136. This species was recorded by Gregson as having been captured near
Bolton, Lancs., in 1889.

Perinephela perlucidalis Hiibn., Ent. Gaz., 8:162 (1957). This is another pyrale
whose first capture was recorded by Robin Mere; he took it at Woodwalton
Fen in June 1951 and at first thought it was a worn Opisbotys fuscalis Schiff.,
it was not until 1956 that it was identified as P. perlucidalis. The moth is
evidently well established in Woodwalton Fen and has also been taken in
Kent.

Pyralis manihotalis Guen., B. P. Beirne, British Pyralid and Plume Moths, p. 116.
Larvae of this species which may be a form of P. pictalis Curt. were found
feeding on Indian skins, bones and hides in Dundee in 1943.

Aglossa ocellalis Led., B. P. Beirne, British Pyralid and Plume Moths, p. 113. A
specimen was found in 1943 in Glasgow in a cargo of West African palm
kernel.

Nephopteryx albicilla H.-S., Ent. Gaz., 16:13 (1965). This moth was taken in
June 1964 near Tintern, Monmouthshire. It occurs in Germany, France and
Switzerland when the food plant is Salix, lime, hazel and alder also being cited.

34 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

It may well be breeding in the woods near Tintern, possibly feeding on Tilia
cordata Mill. (Small-leaved Lime). The male is readily distinguishable from
Laodamia fusca Haw. by the colour of the head and scapes, those of fusca
being black and those of albicilla white.

Trachonitis cristella Hiibn., B. P. Beirne, British Pyralid and Plume Moths,
p. 98. There is some doubt about this species: according to Bankes, Barrett’s
Acrobasis rubrotibiella F.R. from Portsmouth, Hants, was T. cristella, but
the specimen may have been of Continental origin.

Mussidia nigrivenella Rag., B. P. Beirne, British Pyralid and Plume Moths, p. 103.
An example of this African species was found in a London warehouse in 1930.
The larva feeds on cereals and cacao beans.

Euzophera bigella Zell., Ent. Gaz., 19:155 (1968). A larva was found feeding on
an Italian peach in Edinburgh in 1955 by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton and was
successfully reared. The type locality is in Italy and it is also recorded from
France, Belgium and Turkestan.

Euzophera osseatella Treits., Ent. Gaz., 14:100 (1963). A moth which had been
bred from a larva found in a consignment of Egyptian potatoes at Grange-
mouth, Scotland, in June 1962, was identified as E. osseatella by Mr. P. E. S.
Whalley.

Lamoria anella Schiff., 1 can find no record of a British example of this moth.

Crambus leucoschalis Hamps., Entomologist, 92:176 (1959). This moth was taken
at Plymouth in 1920, but it was not until 1959 that it was identified. The insect
is a native of the drier parts of Africa and little is known of its life history.

Catoptria osthelderi de Lattin, Ent. Rec., 75:141 (1963), Ent.:Gaz., 18:91 (1967).
A specimen captured in Kent in July 1962 by Dr. P. J. Roche proved to be
osthelderi, indistinguishable from C. permutatella H.-S. except by the exam-
ination of the genitalia. It is fairly widely distributed on the Continent.

Catoptria speculalis Hiibn., Ent. Gaz., 18:94 (1967). On examining a series of
C. permutatella H.-S. in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) one specimen labelled
“W. Reid, Perth, July 1890’ proved to be C. speculalis, a species recorded from
the Alps, the Apennines, Jugoslavia and Transylvania.

Ancylolomia tentaculella Hiibn., Ent. Rec., 64:273 (1952); 65:148 (1953). This
moth was taken at Dungeness, Kent, in July 1935, and remained unidentified
until after another example had been taken by the late Canon T. G. Edwards
and Mr. S. Wakely at Dymchurch, Kent, in July 1952. It is a south European
species and little seems to be known of it.

Crombrugghia laetus Zell., Ent. Rec., 75:11 (1963). This plume was first taken
by Mr. G. H. Youden near Ashford, Kent, in September 1961 and a second
specimen by Mr. H. N. Michaelis in the Great Orme area in 1968. There has,
in the past, been some confusion between C. /aetus and C. distans Zell., but
it appears that other specimens in British collections thought to be C. /aetus
were in fact C. distans. It is likely that both these moths were migrants.

Pterophorus icterodactylus Mann., Ent. Gaz., 4:135 (1953); 6:124 (1955);
16 :124 (1965); 19:82 (1968). This plume was first taken by the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) expedition to the Burren in 1952 where it is well established. It
has also been recorded from Cornwall.

Oidematophorus bowesi Whalley, Ent. Gaz., 11:29 (1960). This moth was taken
by the late Mr. A. J. L. Bowes at Ashford in Kent, but it was not discovered
until 1960 when his collection was examined in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) by Mr. P. E. S. Whalley. It is well established in Kent where it feeds
on Golden Rod.

Eugnosta lathoniana Hibn. This species seems to have crept into the British List;

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 35

it was mentioned by Stephens but there is no authentic British specimen.

Homona menciana Walker, Entomologist, 97:275 (1964). Three moths were
reared from larvae and pupae found on Camellia plants imported from Japan
in 1964. This insect is recorded as a pest of tea in the Far East.

Ptychollmoides aeriferana H.-S., Entomologist, 85:170 (1952). This was first
taken at Westwell, near Ashford, Kent, by the late Dr. E. Scott at the end of
July 1951. The larvae feed on larch and it is described as an alpine species in
France. It is resident here and has spread to other localities in the south.

Amelia unitana Hibn., Ent. Gaz., 15:75 (1964); 16:16 (1965). Two specimens
taken in the Burren in June 1961 proved to be A. unitana; it is closely related to
A. paleana and examination of a long series in the Museum collection showed a
number of specimens from Morpeth, Northumberland. Mr. Michaelis also
took a number on Malham Tarn, Yorks., in July 1956.

Adoxophyes orana F. R., Ent. mon. Mag., 87:259; Entomologist, 85:1 (1952);
86:264 (1953); Ent. Rec., 81:95 (1969). This moth was first recorded in
England at the East Malling Research Station in 1950. Since then it has been
recorded from Camberwell, Blackheath, Westcliff-on-Sea, Bromley and last
year from Walberswick in Suffolk. Abroad it is a considerable pest of fruit
trees in Holland, Belgium and parts of France.

Cnephasia gueneana Dup., Ent. Gaz., 12:18 (1961). A specimen was bred in
April 1960 by Lt.-Col. W. B. L. Manley from a larva found in some anemones
and jonquils imported from the south of France.

Epichoristodes acerbella Walker, Ent. Gaz., 20:72 (1969). This moth was found
in an Edinburgh house freshly emerged from a flower of Chincherinchee sent
from South Africa.

Acleris abietana Hiibn., Ent. Rec., 79:151 (1967). This moth, which has a wide
continental distribution, was taken by Mr. D. L. Coates on 11.x.65 in his
mercury vapour light trap at Aberfoyle, Perthshire; as he took another example
in the following spring it is possible that this species is resident in that area.

Laspeyresia pactolana Zell., Ent. Rec., 78:134, 167 (1966). This moth was taken
at mercury vapour light in Alice Holt Forest, Hants, by Mr. A. E. Sadler on
12.vi.65. It is a well-known species on the Continent, where the larvae are
said to feed on the bark of Picea abies (L.) Kurst. (Spruce).

Grapholita prunivorana Rag., Ent. Gaz., 10:62 (1959); Ent. Rec., 70:70 (1958).
This species first came to notice when it was taken by the late Canon Edwards
and Mr. Wakely in June 1957 at Dungeness. Previous records from Kent in
1922 had been misidentified. The larva feeds in the fruits of Prunus and
Cerastus, but so far as is known it has not yet been found in this country.

Pammene agnotana Reb., Ent. Rec., 75:13 (1963). This small dark tortricid was
first taken by Mr. F. M. Struthers at Newlands Corner, Surrey, in April 1961.
There appears to be no other British record.

Pammene aurantiana Staud., Ent. Gaz., 9:60 (1958), Ent. Rec., 69:205, 282,
287 (1957); 70:28 (1958); 72:34 (1960). Two specimens were taken at Dover
in July 1944, but were not identified until 1957. It is locally plentiful in Kent
and Surrey and has been bred from larvae in the seeds of Acer pseudoplatanus
L. (Sycamore).

Pammene herrichiana Hein. (nimbana H.-S.). This is a species which has been
mixed up with P fasciana L. (juliana Curt.). and has only recently been
separated by Dr. Nikolaus Obraztsov.

Rhyacionia hastana Hiibn. Another moth which has crept into the British list of
which there is no authentic British record.

Ancylis geminana Don., Ent. Gaz., 10:73 (1959). This is a synonym of A.

36 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

biarcuana Steph., now separated from A. inornatana H.-S., synonym subar-
cuana Dougl., and diminutana Haw.; like diminutana the larva feeds on sallow
and has a wide range extending to the west of Ireland.

Apotomis infida Hein., Ent. Gaz., 14:39 (1963). This moth was detected by
Dr. J. D. Bradley in 1963 from material in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
collections: it had been taken in Perthshire in 1919. The insect is superficially
very similar to A. semifasciana Haw.

Argolamprotes micella Schiff., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1965(2):42.
One taken by Mr. A. Kennard at mercury vapour light at Ide, Devon, 17.vii.62,
appears to be the only occurrence of this species in Britain. It is fairly wide-
spread on the Continent where the larva is said to feed in May and June on
Rubus spp. principally raspberry, and probably feeds on the pith.

Monochroa hornigi Staud., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1963(2):59, 70,
pl. vu. A comparatively rare and local species occurring in Central Europe
and associated with Polygonum spp. (knotgrass), a single specimen of which,
the only record for Britain, occurred in a mercury vapour light trap at Buck-
ingham Palace on 17.vi.63.

Recurvaria piceaella Kearfott, A.E.S. Bull., 25:88. This moth was taken at light
by Mr. P. A. Goddard on Stanmore Common on 20.vii.65. It is a North
American species but may well be established on garden conifers in this
country. It was first taken in 1952 by Mr. W. E. Minnion and a single specimen
was also taken by Mr. A. A. Allen on Blackheath.

Scrobipalpa clintoni Povolny, Ent. Gaz., 19:113 (1968). This is a new species, the
pupae of which were first detected by Mr. R. R. Askew in the stems of Rumex
crispus L. (Curled Dock) growing in Argyllshire in 1966.

Scrobipalpa murinella H.-S., Ent., Gaz., 15:79 (1964). Five examples of this
species were collected amongst patches of Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
(Cat’s Ear) in the northern part of the Burren in the early summer of 1962;
subsequently moths were bred from larvae found in September mining the
leaves and stems. The species occurs locally on the Continent.

Scrobipalpa psilella H.-S., Ent. Gaz., 16:9 (1965). This moth had been mis-
identified, the first, taken on Dartford Heath, Kent, in 1850 was determined
as S. artemisiella Treits.; the second, taken at Benfleet, Essex, in 1897, as S.
instabilella Dougl.; and another on Erith Marsh, Kent, in 1926, as S. accu-
minatella Sire.

Nothris congressariella Bruand, Ent. Gaz., 9:126 (1958); Ent. Rec., 71:35 (1959).
This moth was taken on Tresco, Scilly Isles, in May 1957 by the late Mr.
R. M. Mere; it is found in France, especially in the south, and on the Atlantic
seaboard. It is undoubtedly a resident on Tresco.

Stomopteryx polychromella Reb., Ent. Gaz., 4:37 (1953). This moth was found
by the late Mr. L. T. Ford near Bexley station, Kent. A species widely distri-
buted in North Africa; this specimen was no doubt accidently imported,
possibly as a pupa with esparto grass.

Anacampsis blattariella Hiibn., Ent. Gaz., 12:115 (1961). Dr. N. Sattler while
studying the synonymy of A. populella Clerck found that Hiibner (1796) under
the name blattariella figured the species now generally known as betulinella
Vari. The older name has therefore been re-established.

Anarsia lineatella Zell., Ent. Gaz., 10:57 (1959). This was bred by Mr. R. W. J.
Uffen from a larva found in an imported apricot in August 1957. It is stated
to be rather common in France, and occurs throughout temperate and
southern Europe.

Oegoconia deauratella H.-S., Ent. Rec., 78:243 (1966). This species was separated

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 37

from O. quadripuncta Haw., by Mr. P. A. Goddard in 1965. It is probably fairly
widely distributed, but I think only in the south and east. I have taken it at
Thorpeness.

Brachmia dimidiella Schiff., another species of which there is no authentic
British record.

Pleota aristella L., recorded as an uncertain British species by Stephens in 1829.
There is no authentic British record.

Tubuliferola josephinae Toll, A. E. S. Bull., 25:88 (1966). This moth was taken
in daylight on 19.vii,j65 by Mr. P. A. Goddard on Stanmore Common. This
species is closely allied to 7. flavifrontella Hiibn., and it was only in 1956 that
the two were separated by Toll. Dr. J. D. Bradley tells me that there are
specimens in the Bankes collection taken at Aviemore in June and July 1908.

Sorhagenia rhamniella Zell., Ent. Gaz., 14:41 (1963); Ent. Rec., 78:11 (1966),
81:20 (1969). This moth was first discovered in Wicken Fen by Lt.-Col. A. M.
Emmet in August 1965; in 1968 he was able to find the larval spinnings in the
terminal leaves of Frangula alnus Mill. (Alder Buckthorn) in mid-June. The
species previously known as S. rhamniella was in fact S. lophyrella Dougl.

Sorhagenia janiszewskae Reidl., Ent. Gaz., 14:43 (1963); Ent. Rec., 78:9 (1966).
This moth was taken by Dr. Bradley and Mr. Arthur Smith in Ashdown
Forest in September 1962. In 1965, Mr. S. Wakely was successful in finding
larval spinnings on Frangula alnus Mill, and bred through a series as did Mr.
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt from larvae taken in Blean Woods, Kent.

Sorhagenia lophyrella Dougl., Ent. Gaz., 14:42 (1963). Both this and the previous
species have been mixed up in British collections under S. rhamniella. The
moth seems to be fairly widely distributed, Witherslack, Saffron Walden,
Kent, Norfolk and Surrey.

Mompha subdivisella Bradley, Ent. Gaz., 2:173 (1951). Though this moth was
taken in 1894, it was not until 1950 that Dr. Bradley, examining the European
species belonging to the genus Mompha, described it as a new species.

Mompha nodicolella Fuchs., Ent. Rec., 63:49 (1951). The moth, bred on 5.x.50
by Mr. Wakely, proved to be the first authentic British specimen. The previous
record from Westerham, Kent, proving to be M. subbistrigella Haw.

Blastobasis phycidella Zell., Ent. Rec., 61:113 (1949). This moth was taken by
the late Mr. W. Fassnidge at Southampton in April 1930, but it was not
identified until 1949 when Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs discovered the mistake. There
is no other known British occurrence.

Depressaria silesiaca Hein., Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1969(2):39. Dis-
covered as new to Britain by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, who took larvae on
Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow) at Aviemore, Inv., and reared the insect.

Agonopteryx prostratella Constant, Ent. Rec., 71:27 (1959). This species was
first taken by Mr. R. Fairclough at light in Ashdown Forest in August 1957.

Elachista exiguella Frey, Ent. Gaz., 3:189 (1952). This moth was taken in the
Burren in 1951 and again in the Scilly Isles in June 1957. It does not seem to
have been known outside Switzerland, and is closely related to E. stabilella
Frey. and E. nigrella Haw.

Elachista adscitella Staint., Ent. Gaz., 14:156 (1963). This name had been used as
a synonym of E£. mergerlella Staint., and has now been shown to be a distinct
species.

Elachista unifasciella Haw., Ent. Gaz. 14: 155 (1963). Like the last species has also
been used as a synonym for E. megerlella and has now been shown as a distinct
species.

Mendesia farinella Thunb., Microscope, Jan. 1950. The single known British

38 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

specimen is in the Hawkshaw collection bearing the data label ‘Dover, 27.v.97’
was misidentified as E. argentella Clerck, and was not correctly identified
until 1950.

Ocnerostoma friesei Svens., Opuscula Entomologica, 31:196. This species has
been separated from O. piniariella Zell. by I. Svensson. We await with interest
a paper which is being prepared by Mr. Chalmers-Hunt on its distribution in
Great Britain.

Coleophora hornigi Toll (C. albicornuella Bradley), Ent. Gaz., 7:148 (1956).
This widespread species was erroneously thought by all British authors from
Stainton to Ford to have been described by Zeller under the name C.
paripennella. It is closely allied to C. ahenella Hein. and resembles it in size and
colouration; they may be readily separated by the antennae which in ahenella is
white with a sharply defined fuscous ring on each segment from base toapex.

Coleophora politella Scott, Ent. Gaz., 13:179 (1962). Scott’s collection is said
to have been incorporated into that of Walsingham via Douglas, but no
specimens have been found labelled as this species. Toll, Materialy do Fizjograffi
nr. 32 Eupistidae Polski, p. 89 (1952) reinstated politella as a good species and
the larval cases figured by Toll fit closely to the original description given by
Scott (1861). A. Sich, Ent. Rec. 26:248-9 (1914) and H. J. Turner bred moths
varying from ochreous to fuscous from both nut and alder. Sich concluded
that there was no significance in the colour differences noted by Scott in
describing politella and Stainton in describing bicolorella, which latter has long
been known under the prior name binderella Koller. Toll figured differences
in the genitalia which would be ascribed to variation or to differences in
mounting. Politella is therefore most likely not a distinct species.

Coleophora alnifoliae Barasch. Mr. R. W. J. Uffen’s original discovery of this
species, and the next, remains unpublished because of doubt of their dis-
tinctness. This species begins feeding on birch and alder in autumn and feeds
up in the spring, producing moths in July-August or overwintering again.
Frequent in south-east England from Norfolk to Hampshire and doubtless
beyond.

Coleophora milvipennis Zell. This is a relatively common species occurring in
the south of England from Kent to Somerset (it may even be more widespread).
The larvae feed in a bivalved case on birch in the autumn. Formerly it was
confused with C. limosipennella Dup., but the case of milvipennis is more slender
and makes an angle instead of being parallel with the surface of the leaf.

Coleophora clypeiferella Hofm., Ent. Rec., 66:272 (1954); 70:28 (1958); 72:144
(1960). This moth was recorded at Camberwell by Mr. Wakely in August
1953. On the Continent it is stated to feed on the seeds of Chenopodium. It
has also been taken in South London, Dover and larvae found and reared
from Mortlake, Surrey.

Coleophora serpylletorum Hering., Ent. Rec., 81:2 (1969); Proc. S. Lond, ent.
nat. Hist, Soc., 1964:20 and 1967:71 (plate II). This moth was found by the
late Robin Mere and Messrs. Pelham-Clinton and Michaelis on the Great
Orme in 1964. The larva feeds on Thymus drucei Ronn. (Common Wild
Thyme), and the erect dark brown case, built from the leaves of Thyme, is
usually found on the underside of the leaf towards the tip of a spray where
a few brown leaves may indicate the presence. The larva ceases to feed about
mid-June.

Coleophora lassella Staud., Ent. Gaz., 3:190 (1952). This moth was collected in
the Burren in 1951, from West Cork in 1952, from County Kerry in May 1962
and also from Jersey and Southampton. Dr. Bradley has shown C. gotlandica

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 39

Benander to be a synonym of /assella (teidensis Walsingham) which throws an
interesting light on its distribution, previously it had been known from only
three examples from Teneriffe, one from Belgium and one from Gotland.

Coleophora trochilella Dup., Ent. Gaz., 11:34 (1960); 13:184 (1962); 17:221
(1966). Specimens under the name troglodytella Dup. in Ford’s collection have
been examined by Dr. Bradley and have proved to belong to trochilella, one
of the ‘troglodytella’ group making silken cases and blotching the leaves of
many Compositae. Readily identifiable only by the genitalia.

Coleophora derivatella Zell. Ent. Gaz., 11:31 (1960). This species was bred from
larval cases on Eupatorium collected in the Burren by Dr. Bradley in July
1952. It was later found to be a synonym of the prior C. troglodytella Dup.

Coleophora ramosella Zell., Ent. Gaz., 11:32 (1960). This moth was taken at
light in the Burren in July 1952. The larvae feed on Solidago virgaurea L.
(Golden Rod) in the spring, yielding imagines in June and July.

Coleophora peribenanderi Toll, Ent. Gaz., 11:36 (1960). Specimens in this country
have been misidentified as C. therinella Tengst. and should be peribenanderi,
which is the common species feeding on thistles in the autumn. Little is known
of the true therinella here, but the species has been taken in Norfolk and Kent
and Mr. Uffen associated his example with Eupatorium.

Coleophora adspersella Benander, Entomologist, 91:125 (1958); Ent. Rec., 81:4
(1969). This moth was taken at light by Col. C. W. Mackworth-Praed on
28.vi.57 at Burley in the New Forest. The larva feeds on Atriplex and Cheno-
podium and the moth has a wide distribution, extending as far north as Wales.
It seems to prefer coastal localities but is also found inland.

Coleophora sternipennella Zell., Entomologist, 92:120 (1959); Ent. Rec., 72:136
(1960); 81:5 (1969). This moth was bred in July 1955 from larvae on
Chenopodium album L. collected by Mr. Wakely in October 1954 from Camber-
well. It is widely distributed in the London area and has also been taken from
salt marshes in North Wales on Atriplex littoralis L.

Coleophora versurella Zell., Entomologist, 92:27 (1959); Ent. Gaz., 11:31 (1960);
Ent. Rec., 81:5 (1969). Discovered on Chesil Beach, Dorset, by Dr. Bradley
and Mr. D. S. Fletcher in 1958. It feeds on Atriplex littoralis L. (Grass-leaved
Orache) on salt marshes and Chenopodium on waste ground near the coast
from North Wales to the Thames and Central London, also the Breck.

Coleophora cerasivorella Packard is the species figured by Pierce and Metcalfe
as C. nigricella Steph. It blotches the leaves of hawthorn and is common.

Coleophora coracipennella Hiibner is the true nigricella Stevens, Dr. Bradley
infers by studying British Museum material, but Mr. Uffen has never had it
submitted to him for identification, so it may be less common now than it
was 100 years ago.

Coleophora pappiferella Hofm., Ent. Gaz., 13:171 (1962). This insect was taken
by Dr. Bradley in the Burren in May 1961. The cases have been found there in

_ July on Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. (Cat’s Foot).

Coleophora granulatella Zell. There is no authentic British record known of
this species.

Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder (C. marginatella sensu Bankes). Cases on
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Spreng (Bearberry) have recently been taken by Mr.
Pelham-Clinton in Inverness-shire.

Coleophora squamosella Staint., Ent. Gaz., 13:181 (1962). Dr. Bradley has shown
C. erigerella Ford to be conspecific with squamosella under which earlier
name it must now stand.

Acrocercops hofmanniella Schleich. This species has never been taken in Britain.
*

40 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Stainton figured this moth in his Natural History of the Tineina 8:Plate V.,
fig. 3, in mistake for A. imperialella Mann. He called attention to the mistake
in the Entomologist’s Annual for 1878, pp. 147-9.

Parornix leucostola Pelham-Clinton, Ent. Gaz., 15:51 (1964); 18:69 (1967).
Seven examples of this species were collected by Mr. Pelham-—Clinton in the
Invernaver Nature Reserve in Sutherland in June 1963. A subsequent visit
for larvae showed that Dryas octopetala L. (White Dryas) is the foodplant.

Parornix alpicola Wocke, Ent. Gaz., 18:69 (1967). Larvae of this species were
taken by Dr. Bradley and Mr. Pelham-Clinton at the Invernaver Nature
Reserve from Dryas octopetala L. (White Dryas) in August 1964; the species
is very similar to P. /eucostola.

Bucculatrix capreella Krog. (merei Pelham-Clinton), Ent. Gaz., 18:155 (1967).
This species was discovered in September 1966 when Mr. G. E. Woodroffe,
who was collecting with Mr. Pelham-Clinton, knocked a pair out of Alder
near Aviemore, Inv. At first they were thought to be a new species and were
named merei in honour of our late President, Mr. Robin Mere, but this name
is now a synonym of capreella.

Tinea columbariella Wocke, Entomologist, 83:169 (1950). This moth was first
discovered in this country when Mr. Woodroffe and Mr. B. J. Southgate
bred considerable numbers from larvae found in the nests of house sparrows
in 1950.

Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala., Ent. Rec., 74:11 (1962). The mines were
found by Mr. Wakely in the Mickleham area in September 1961 on Acer
pseudoplatanus L. (Sycamore). At this time the species‘ was known to occur
only in Germany and eastern Czecho-Slovakia, but has since been found
in France.

Stigmella samiatella Zell., Ent. mon. Mag., 88:286 (1952). Mines were taken by
the late Mr. L. Parmenter at Box Hill on 21.ix.52, it has also been found in
Hants, Dorset and Kent.

Stigmella nanivora Petersen has been known from Perthshire for many years;
it is probably a subspecies of S. betulicola Staint.

Stigmella fulvomacula Skala and Stigmella ulmicola Hering, Ent. Gaz., 14:36
(1963). Mines of these elm feeding species were detected by Mr. R. H. Richens
in 1963; both are fairly widely distributed in the south and east of England.

Stigmella ulmiphaga Preissecker, Ent. Rec., 14:38 (1963), another elm feeder
uncovered by Mr. Richens’ researches from material found in Essex. It has
also been taken at Bere Regis, Dorset, by Mr. S. C. S. Brown in 1969.

Stigmella ulmifoliae Hering, Ent. Rec., 74:122 (1962); Ent. Gaz., 14:37 (1963).
Mines were taken by Mr. Jacobs in leaves of sucker elm bushes near Stratford-
on-Avon in September 1950; it has also been found in Essex, Hants and
Dorset.

Stigmella aceris Frey., Ent. Rec., 74:41 (1963). Mines were taken in August
1949, on a well grown Acer campestre L. (Maple) at Malling, Kent, by Mr.
Jacobs.

Stigmella aeneella Hein., Ent. Rec., 76:23 (1964). The mines were first found by
Mr. Brown in Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Wild Service Tree) and Sorbus
aria agg. (White Beam) in 1953 in Dorset; while in 1961 he found further
mines in apples in his garden in Bournemouth, it has since been taken in Kent,
Lancashire and Oxford. This species has long been confused with S. oxycan-
thella Staint., which feeds on hawthorn and is double brooded while aeneella
feeds mainly on apple and is single brooded.

Stigmella vossensis Gron., Ent. Rec., 74:193 (1962). Mines were found by Mr.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 4I

Pelham-Clinton in the Black Wood at Rannoch in 1958. The only other known
locality is Voss in Norway. The mine is in Betula pubescens Erhr. (Brown
Birch).

Stigmella crataegella Klim., mines on hawthorn in 1962 from Bournemouth
were identified as this species by the late Mr. Carolsfeld-Krause.

Stigmella paradoxa Frey. (nitidella Hein.). Mines taken in July 1969 at Wicken
Fen by Col. A. M. Emmet and have since been noted at several localities in
Cambridgeshire, Essex and Kent, as well as in the Burren. The larva makes a
blotch with a dark central patch of frass in the leaves of hawthorn.

Nepticula serella Staint., Ent. Gaz., 13:174 (1962). Recently removed from
synonymy with N. poterii Staint, and reinstated in the British list as a good
species. It has been taken in Ireland along the river Caher.

Nepticula oxysorbi Skala, mines taken in Bournemouth in 1962 and at Bromley,
Kent, on Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rowan) in 1964 have been identified by the
late Mr. Carolsfeld-Krause as N. oxysorbi.

Nepticula dryadella Hofm., Ent. Gaz., 17:164 (1966); 18:69 (1967). The moth has
been bred from larval mines which are to be found plentifully on Dryas
octopetala L. (White Dryas) in the Burren. Mr. Pelham-Clinton has also taken
it in Sutherland.

Nepticula dulcella Hein., N. fragariella Heyd. and N. gei Wocke, are all probably
subspecies of N. aurella Staint., but much more study on them is necessary.
Nepticula obliquella Hein., this species was thought by Ford to be a subspecies
of N. vimineticola Frey., but it is a good species, the genitalia being quite
different from both vimineticola and salicis Staint.; the mines are also different.

Dechtiria turbidella H.-S., Ent. Gaz., 1:39 (1950). The late Mr. Ford took these
moths on Stanmore Common: he named them Nepticula marionella, now
proved to be a synonym for D. turbidella. In 1969, Col. Emmet found it at
Wicken Fen; the larva mines the leaves of Populus alba L. (White Poplar).

Dechtiria subapicella Staint., is a synonym for D. argyropeza Zell.

Trifurcula grisseella Wolff, Ent. Gaz., 13:174 (1962). A single example was
collected by Mr. Pelham-Clinton in the Burren in May 1961. The life history
is unknown and the species is otherwise known only from a single specimen
taken at Asserbo in the north of Sealand, Denmark.

I am greatly indebted to a number of people who have kindly helped me with
this paper: Dr. J. D. Bradley, PH.D., F.R.E.s., Mr. S. C. S. Brown, F.D.S., F.R.E.S.,
Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.£.s., Colonel A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., Mr.
S. N. A. Jacobs, F.R.E.s., Mr. H. N. Michaelis, Mr. M. Shaffer, Mr. R. W. J.
Uffen, F.R.E.s., and Mr. S. Wakely.

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1969

The Society has had another successful year and various items will be referred
to in this report.

The membership at the end of December 1969 was 582, the same figure as at
December 1968, the new membership is made up as follows: ordinary 13,
country 19, junior 14, total 46. During the year 34 members resigned or had their
membership cancelled through non-payment of subscriptions. Deaths amounted
to 12, a high rate. A number of members were transferred from junior to either
ordinary or country membership.

Mr. D. A. Odd has undertaken the heavy work of honorary secretary. It has,
however, not been possible for him to attend Ordinary Meetings during the year,
and thanks are extended to Mr. F. T. Vallins for acting as his deputy on these

42 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

occasions. Mr. E. P. Wiltshire had served as acting editor during most of 1968.
He had to resign to take up a post abroad. The Society thanks him for his
valuable work. In January, Mr. F. D. Buck was approached to take up the
position again, and at the February meeting of the Council was elected, subject
to his acceptance. We are pleased to say that he agreed to accept, and in con-
sequence the publication of the Proceedings was speeded up, and we thank him
for his valuable work.

Our new treasurer, Mr. R. F. Bretherton, has carried out his work with his
usual efficiency, and the Society is grateful to him for accepting this position.
During the year, a fine gift of £1,800 was received by the Society from Frau
Hering in memory of her late husband, Prof. E. M. Hering. The money is to be
used to set up a Trust Fund, the interest from which is to be used for the
benefit of the following subjects: Leaf Miners, Diptera (particularly Tripetidae),
Lepidoptera (particularly microlepidoptera), general Entomology. A special
committee has been formed to administer the fund. Thanks have already been
extended to Frau Hering on behalf of the Society for this generous gift. The
indoor programme of 20 meetings was arranged by Mr. D. J. Carter and thanks
are due to him for the very varied and interesting subjects. Most of the meetings
were well attended.

The field meetings were organised by Mr. G. Prior and, unhappily, some were
not as well attended as could have been expected. Thanks are given to the leaders,
including those who arranged teas and who so kindly invited members to their
homes.

The Annual Dinner was held at Flemings Hotel on Friday, 31st October, and
was well attended by members and friends.

The Annual Exhibition on Saturday, Ist November, was again held in the
Conversazione Room of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and attracted a large
number of members and friends. There were fewer exhibits but the standard was
high and our thanks are due to the Director of the Museum for the use of the
room, to his staff for the assistance provided and to Mr. T. G. Howarth for
making the necessary arrangements and who, with Mr. D. J. Carter, helped in
attending to the photography of outstanding specimens.

The Society’s Christmas card was designed by Mr. Alan Palmer, the subject
being a Christmas rose, and the Society thank him for his excellent drawing.
Miss K. Brookes has again been a hard worker in organising and arranging the
sales in conjunction with other members and friends. Our thanks go out to all
of them.

The serving of light refreshments at our ordinary meetings was again continued
by Mrs. T. G. Howarth with the help of Mrs. D. Lewis of the Alpine Club, who
has assisted us in many ways during the year.

All our members have received a letter of appeal for support for the Centenary
Fund. Up to the present £352 has been donated or promised, and it is hoped that
further contributions will be made during the next two years.

CURATOR’S REPORT

Nearly all the store boxes containing the A. M. Massee collection of British
Coleoptera have been received from the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and work
has continued transferring the specimens to the 40—drawer cabinet. Mr. F. T.
Vallins kindly offered to tackle the onerous task of re-arranging the Society’s
collection of microlepidoptera and to incorporate the F. J. Coulson and R. F.
Richards material.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 43

The collection is being accommodated in Hill units and the nomenclature
follows the revised edition of Kloet and Hincks list of British Insects. All
synonyms are included and we are indebted to the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz for
making photostat copies of the list available.

Considerable progress has been made already and we should be grateful for
this valuable and practical help.

Work has also continued on the re-arrangement of the Hemiptera-Homoptera
which it is hoped will be completed during 1970. It will then be possible to start
work on our collections of Odonata, Neuroptera, Trichoptera and Orthoptera.

Mr.J.C. Felton has continued to work on the Hymenoptera, Mr. F. J. Chandler
on the Diptera, and Mr. S. A. Williams on some of the more obscure genera of
the Staphylinidae (Col.).

During the year Hill units have been purchased and two small cabinets which
were surplus to our requirements have been sold.

One microscope has been placed on loan and it is pleasing to report that
members continue to use the collections and facilities which are available.

The thanks of the Society are due to the following members for notable
accessions: Mr. A. E. Gardner (Coleoptera), Mr. B. Goater (Lepidoptera),
Mr. C. MacKechnie-Jarvis (Coleoptera), Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie (Lepidoptera),
Mr. F. T. Vallins (Lepidoptera) and Mr. S. A. Williams (Coleoptera).

Although the Society’s collection of British macrolepidoptera is very nearly
complete, it is thought that members might like to help fill the few remaining
gaps during the coming season. Insects required are as follows: Colocasia coryli
L. ab. melanotica Haverk., Luperina nickerlii Freyer s.sp. knilli Boursin, Trisateles
emortualis Schiff., Thalera fimbrialis Scop., Scopula strigaria Hiubn., Eupithecia
Phoeniceata Ramb., Amathes agathina Dup., Hydraecia hucherardi Mab.,
Nonagria neurica Rueb., N. dissoluta Treits., Arenostola Pygmina Haw., A.
fluxa Hiibn., Oria musculosa Hiibn., Lithophane leautieri Boisd., Cucullia
gnaphalii Hiibn., Heliothis maritima Graslin, Plusia gracilis Lempke, P. ni
Hubn., Venusia cambrica Curt., Euphyia luctuata Schift., Eupithecia valerianata
Hiubn. and E£. palustraria Doubl.

Mr. L. Christie, the assistant curator, has continued to render his usual
valuable help with the task of repapering cabinet drawers.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT

I am pleased to report another satisfactory year for the library in which a
record number of books were borrowed and several important gifts were received.
A much used section of the library is that containing the notebooks, and we are
very pleased to receive from Mrs. L. Parmenter the notebooks belonging to her
late husband, the eminent dipterist. These comprise several large parcels, which
will be of great use to members when they have been catalogued.

Mrs. F. de la Mare presented a fine collection of lovely water colours, mainly
lepidopterous larve, painted by her late husband. A small number were exhibited
at the Annual Exhibition this year and it is hoped to show more next year.

Another plastic blind was purchased and again Mr. A. E. Gardner kindly
agreed to fix it in position over the open shelves.

Most of the bound serial publications have been transferred from the book-
cases to these shelves, and the vacant space filled with new books. Several
duplicate copies of the Entomologist have been sold to a member to make room
for new books.

The new firm of binders has returned eight volumes all of which were bound

44 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

to the Council’s satisfaction, at a lower price and far quicker than the previous
binders, whom we have used for many years.

Many new books were kindly presented by members, including a large number
of reprints of scarce and important works donated by Mr. E. W. Classey. The
following books were added to the library: Freude, Harde and Lohse, Die
Kafer Mitteleuropas, Vol. 8; Hinton, H. E., A Monograph of the Beetles Associated
with Stored Products, Vol. 1, purchased; M. Jee, Guernsey’s Natural History,
presented by Dr. J. L. Newton; Cornwell, P. B., The Cockroach, presented by
F. D. Buck; Tweedie, M. W. F., Pleasure from Insects, presented by S. N. A.
Jacobs; Pelley, R. H., Pests of Coffee, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; McMillan,
N. F., British Shells, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Burton, M., Animal Partner-
ships, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Chapman, R. F., The Insects Structure
and Function, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Hammond, C. O., Flies of the British
Isles, presented by the author; and the following, mostly reprints, all presented
by E. W. Classey: Needham, J. G., Traver, J. R. and Yin-Chi Hsu, The Biology
of Mayflies; Balduf, W. V., The Bionomics of Entomophagous Coleoptera;
Baker, C. F., Invertebrata Pacifica; Pierce, F. N., Metcalf, J. and Bierne B. P.,
Genitalia of British Lepidoptera; in 7 vols.; Holt, A. V.. Why Not Eat Insects ?;
McLachlan, R., A Monographic Revision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera of the
European Fauna; Crowson, R. W., A Natural Classification of the families of
Coleoptera; Haworth, A. H., Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum; Meyrick,
E., Exotic Microlepidoptera, Vols. 1-5; The Entomologist, Vol. 1; Verrall, G. H.,
British Flies, Vol. 8; Baynes, E. S. A., A Revised Catalogue of the Irish Macro-
lepidoptera; Lucca, C., Birds of the Maltese Islands; Curtis, W., A Short History
of the Brown-tail Moth. A number of separates have also been gratefully
received.

We continue to receive the usual publications.

I am grateful for the help given by the assistant librarians, Miss C. Wagner
and Mr. R. M. Williams.

EDITOR’S REPORT

When your editor resumed office in April 1969 he was faced with a publication
position that was almost 12 months in arrears and no 1967 index published. He
is pleased to be able to report that by January this year publication is right up to
date. This would have been completely impossible without the goodwill and
willing co-operation of the Assistant Editors and Papers Panel. The pressure on
them since April last has been such that the Society really should not expect and
was something of an embarrassment to your editor who applied this pressure
on your behalf. Since they responded so generously and were unstinting in their
efforts it is to be hoped that we do not have to ask them to perform a similar
rescue operation.

Our first task was to get the Haggett paper into the hands of the members and
a concerted effort was made in this direction; it appeared in June. It consisted of
72 pages and 10 coloured plates. Copies were immediately sent to Mrs. Margaret
Mere who expressed her satisfaction with the production and hoped we thought
it all worth while. Your editor wrote to Mrs. Mere and conveyed the Society’s
thanks to her for providing the financial support which made publication of this
extremely valuable work possible.

In view of the fact that the Society had now published 128 pages and the 10
coloured plates it was deemed sensible to close the year’s publication and proceed
immediately with that for the current year. Accordingly volume 2, part 1, was

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 45

put in hand, and this appeared in June containing 30 pages and four black and
white plates. In this part we published an important new arachnid discovery,
some hitherto unpublished information about the early stages of Trisateles
emortualis Schiff., and some remarkable new information about fleas.

Part 2 followed in August with 40 pages, 6 black and white plates and two
coloured plates of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. aberrations. For these two coloured
plates the Society is indebted to Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs and The Entomologist’s
Record to whom we have had previous cause to be grateful.

In October, Part 3 appeared with 32 pages and 2 black and white plates, this
part included a valuable paper by T. S. Robertson on ‘Homoeosis and Related
Phenomena in the Small Copper Butterfly’.

Part 4, dated December, was despatched to our Secretary very late in the
month and he was therefore unable to despatch before January. This contained
32 pages, 1 black and white and 1 coloured plate. It included another very
competent paper by Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis in his series on Aricia. This is the paper
for which the coloured plate was printed and which was financially supported
by a number of our members to whom the Society offers its grateful thanks. In
this respect the Society was able to help Mr. Hgegh Guldberg, a Danish lepidop-
terist and colleague of Mr. Jarvis, by printing him a supply of the coloured
plates for use with a paper on a very closely allied aspect of the same species to be
published in the Natura Jutlandica series. He was not only grateful for the
Society’s help but admired the quality of the plates, which to a large extent was
due to the excellence of the original photography.

During the year we completed and despatched the 1967 and 1968 indexes.
Thus we completed the year in a happy position having published a total of
206 pages, 13 coloured and 13 black and white plates, plus 28 pages of index.

TREASURER’S REPORT 1969

My predecessor, Mr. Wheeler, has asked me to point out certain minor
typographical errors which crept into the printed version of the Accounts for
1968 (Proceedings, vol. 2, part 2, pages 49-51), which were adopted at the
Annual General Meeting a year ago. In the Balance Sheet, left-hand column,
1967, line 7, a minus sign should be inserted before 19 10. In the Christmas
Cards Account, fourth column, 1967, the first figures should read £73 4 4
(instead of £73 5 4); and in the fifth column, last line, the date should read
1968 instead of 1969. In the Treasurer’s Report, on page 48, line 14, ‘from’
should replace ‘for’; and in line 30, ‘stocks’ should be deleted. On page 52, line 4,
the total should read ‘£150 19 2.’

The Accounts for 1969 have been approved by our auditors, Mr. A. G.
Stoughton-Harris and Mr. J. L. Messenger, but, as usual, there has not been
time to circulate copies before this meeting. I will therefore describe the salient
points.

The total Balance Sheet shows a remarkable increase of some £1,836, to
£6,996. The largest item of increase is the generous gift of £1,800 received in the
last days of the year from the widow of the late Professor Hering to form
the capital of a research fund in memory of her husband. This gift has come to the
Society through the good offices of our member, Mr. K. A. Spencer. It is now
for us to administer it wisely. Another welcome increase is in the Centenary
Fund. Largely in response to the special appeal, donations during the year
amounted to £252. These are now earning interest, and have brought the Fund
up to £272; in addition, but not shown in the Balance Sheet, a further £80 may

46 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

be expected over the next three years from members’ bankers orders. The
Housing Fund has received some small donations and has earned £50 in interest:
the balance now stands at £896. The Reserve Fund has been temporarily swollen
to £834, largely because I have transferred to it the unused balance—£335, plus
accumulated interest—£77—of Mrs. Mere’s gift to help the publication of plates
of the larvae of British Lepidoptera and the relevant text. Members received
during the year a fine instalment of these in the 1968 Proceedings, Part 2. The
remainder of the gift was not drawn upon for the 1969 Proceedings, but will be
available to pay for further publications of them in 1970 and later.

Finally, the General Fund has been increased to £2,658 by an excess of income
over expenditure for the year of £158. This looks better than it really is. The
provision made by my predecessor in the 1968 Accounts for the cost of producing
the 1968 Proceedings proved to be considerably more than was needed when the
bills came to be paid in 1969; and some of this saving has been used to reduce
the grant from General Income to the Publications Account in 1969. For 1969
alone there was a small excess of expenditure over income of about £30. On
general working we are not at present quite paying our way, and, in a period of
sharply rising costs, this is not good enough. The main trouble lies in the Publica-
tions Account. It cost some £830 to produce and distribute the four Parts for
1969 and, though we received welcome gifts of £75 towards the Aricia plate and
useful receipts from sales, this is more than we can afford on a continuing basis.

The main item of decrease is in the liability to Sundry Creditors, which is much
reduced because of a much smaller provision for bills not received before the end
of the year for the Proceedings.

On the assets side, our investments were increased by the purchase of a further
165 Premier Investment Trust Ordinary shares for £250. Our investments are
valued at cost at £3,493; their market value at the end of 1969 was some 20 per
cent above this. Our Bank Savings Account stood at £2,927 at the end of the
year; £1,800 of this is represented by Frau Hering’s gift, and I have, on the
advice of the Finance Committee, since invested this, together with a further
£500. Our bank balance on current account increased during the year by £142,
to £357. Sundry debtors also rose by £60 to £129. This was mainly due to a
larger claim on the Inland Revenue for tax repayments, and to larger out-
standings from sales of the Proceedings. The value of stocks of ties and Christmas
Cards has been reduced by the policy adopted in 1968 of writing down progres-
sively the remainder of purchases of these items made before 1968, and of
excluding later purchases from valuation in the Accounts; it is now less than £90.

In the general Income and Expenditure Account, there has been a big reduction
in secretarial and stationery expenses, thanks to the skill and energy of our
Secretary, Mr. Odd. On the other hand, the Curator has spent more than usual—
some £70—on cabinets; besides bringing immediate benefit, this is probably a
good investment. On the income side, interest on investments and on bank
savings account are well up, but subscriptions, necessarily the core of our
resources, are slightly down, from £1,043 to £1,036, from a total membership
which is practically unchanged.

The special accounts have had a mixed year. Of the Publications Account I have
already spoken. The Annual Dinner made a loss of 7/—, which is about as close
to balance as one can get! The Librarian made some judicious sales of unwanted
periodicals, as well as receiving the usual income from entrance fees, and £20
was added to the balance of the Library Fund. The Ties Account shows a small
loss, and there has been some difficulty in discovering just how many ties we
hold! Christmas Cards, on the other hand, vigorously managed by Miss

47

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50 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Kathleen Brookes, did very well. Receipts from sales exceeded costs during the
year by more than enough to cover the writing down of the pre-1968 stock, and
the Account shows a small profit in place of last year’s considerable loss.

To sum up, the Society’s cash position is strong, and its investments and
special funds are all doing well. But we do badly need a substantial rise in member-
ship, and thus in subscriptions, to enable us to cover the full cost of publishing
Proceedings on the scale we should like, as well as of running the day-to-day
activities of the Society.

In conclusion, I should like to say how much I value the support I have had
from Mr. Vallins as Assistant Treasurer. He has the particularly arduous task
of looking after the subscriptions. Iam also very grateful for the help given to me
by Mr. Stoughton-Harris, despite an attack of the prevalent influenza, and by
Mr. Messenger, in the production of these accounts. I have also had much good
advice from Mr. J. A. C. Greenwood, Mr. J. L. Messenger and Mr. A. S. Wheeler
as members of the Finance Committee.

OBITUARY

GEORGE HENRY WILSON CRUTTWELL 1891-1959

George Cruttwell was born at Denton, Norfolk, and was educated at Walton
Lodge, Clevedon, and Bradfield College, Berkshire. In 1916, he married Miss
Sybil Marguerite Burney, only daughter of Mr. Ernest le Seuer, Griffier of
Jersey.

George started his career at Frome where he became articled to the firm of
solicitors, Messrs. Cruttwell, Daniel & Collings. At the outbreak of the first
World War he joined the 4th Battalion of the Berkshire Regiment, going to
France in April 1915. In 1916 he was wounded at the Battle of the Somme and
in the following year was appointed Captain-Instructor to No. 11 OCB.

After the war, in April 1919, he returned to his old firm at Frome and became
a partner in the business. Apart from his work as a solicitor, he held numerous
appointments in the town of Frome and was Deputy Coroner for S. E. Somerset
from 1941-1945.

He had a keen interest in cricket, first playing for Frome in 1908. Between the
wars he was instrumental in arranging for first-class county games to take place
in the town, and both he and his wife played a large part in the organisation of
the annual Cricket Week. After the war, when he had moved from Frome to
Old Ford, he joined the St. Ivel Club, which he captained for a number of year

George was an enthusiastic collector of |Lepidoptera, an interest probably
inherited from his father, Canon C. T. Cruttwell. Although for a long time he
specialised in the butterflies, most particularly in the varieties of the blues, in
later years he became more confined to the immediate locality of his delightful
house and garden at Old Ford, where his mercury vapour moth trap brought him
a number of rare and rewarding prizes.

He made regular annual visits to the exhibition of the Society and will be
sadly missed by his many friends and associates in the entomological field.

D. E. NEWMAN

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 SI

FIELD MEETING 1969

FAVERSHAM, KENT—19th July 1969
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

The weather for this meeting, attended by four members, was very warm, with
almost continuous sunshine. Conditions might have been better had the sun not
_ been so bright and harsh. There was also a steady breeze most of the time, which
was not conducive to entomology. Nevertheless, the day proved quite productive.

Several hours were spent along the Faversham Creek, where amongst the
Lepidoptera taken, was a specimen of Myelois cribrumella Hiibn. Thymelicus
lineola Ochs. was seen as well as T. sylvestris Poda, and a number of Plusia gamma
L. were disturbed. Other Lepidoptera seen were: Pieris napi L., Maniola jurtina
L., M. tithonus L., Vanessa atalanta L., Aglais urticae L., Cilix glaucata Scop.,
Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Haritala ruralis Scop., Crambus hortuellus Hiibn.,
Agriphila straminella D. & S., Anthophila fabriciana L. and Poraswammerdamia
lutarea Haw. Larval cases were found of Fumaria casta Pall.

The local beetle Oxyporus rufus L. was taken, and two interesting grass-
hoppers were noted, Conocephalus dorsalis Lat. and Roeseliana roeselii (Hagen-
bach).

After a break for refreshment it was decided to pay a visit to Oare Creek a few
miles away. Here many of the things seen at Faversham were again met. In
addition Epiblema scutulana Schiff. and Parornix anglicella Staint. were seen and
_ numbers of Crambus perlellus Scop. were noted including form warringtonellus
- Staint. and some darkly marked specimens approaching that form.

Diptera reported from the saltmarsh were: Liogaster splendida Meig., one
male, and Hercostomus germanus Weid. Machaerium maritimae Hal. was very
numerous and a single Pachygaster atra Panz. was beaten from willow.

On the way back to Faversham a short stop was made to visit Ham Marshes,
where a specimen of Lomaspilis marginata L. was taken. Also seen were several
Ebulea crocealis Hibn., a specimen of Pieris brassicae L., and several coleophorid
larval cases were taken from Pulicaria dysenterica L. Bernh. which proved later
to be parasitized.

CHILTERN ESCARPMENT, OXFORSDHIRE—26th July 1969
Leader: Mr. G. PRIor

Nine members and friends assembled for a meeting on a day that was fine and
warm but not very sunny. In the morning the party worked in the old disused
chalk pit on the north side of the Christmas Common to Watlington Road. It was
a welcome sight to see so many Lysandra coridon Poda flying in an area where in
previous years only two or three had been seen at this time. On the other hand
Melanargia galathea L., Aphantopus hyperanthus L. and Coenonympha pamphilus
L. were there but in restricted numbers as compared to the previous year. The
geometrids which usually abound in this area were disappointingly low in
number and variety.

After lunch the party moved along the Icknield Way to the A40 and spent the
rest of the day in the National Nature Reserve on Bald Hill at the invitation of the

52 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Nature Conservancy. This place is remarkable for the quantity of Juniper,
Juniperus communis L., growing here. The wild, unspoiled nature of this area
provided rather more moths for the lepidopterists who made up the party. This
reserve is a place that should be visited again by the Society, perhaps at an earlier
time of the year, and should prove rewarding to the micro enthusiasts.

The following lepidoptera were recorded: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L.,
P. napi L., Melanargia galathea L., Pararge megera L., Maniola jurtina L.,
Aphantopus hyperantus L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Vanessa atalanta L.,
V. cardui L., Aglais urticae L., Lysandra coridon Poda, Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Euproctis similis Fuessl.,
Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Plusia gamma L., Sterrha trigeminata Haw., S.
emarginata L., Colostygia pectinataria Knoch, Lyncometra ocellata L., Epirrhoe
alternata Miill., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Pyrausta purpuralis L., Opsibotys
fuscalis Schiff., Udea lutealis Hiibn. U. olivalis Schiff., Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn.,
FHraritala ruralis Scop., Crambus perlellus Scop., Agriphila culmella L., A. inquina-
tella Schiff., A. tristella Schiff., Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw., Agapeta hamana L.,
Pandemis cinnamomeana Treits., P. heparana Schiff., Archips oporana L.,
Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F., Cnephasia chrysantheana Dup., Dichrorampha
petiverella L., Laspeyresia aurana F., Lathronympha strigana F., Eucosma cana
Haw., Epiblema scutulana Schiff., Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Telphusa vulgella
Hiubn., Euspilapteryx aurogutella Zell. and Ypsolophus parenthesellus L.

CADSDEN, BUCKS.—3rd August 1969
Leader: Mr. G. PRIoR

Eight members and friends met at Wendover station on a day promising to be
wet and windy. The rain which was falling when the party moved off ceased by
the time the collecting ground was reached and the day then became progres-
sively sunny and warm. The area of woodland and scrub has a profuse and varied
flora, and is also noted for its wealth of insects. During the morning Capt. J.
Ellerton successfully demonstrated to other members how to search out and find
Eupithecia haworthiata Doubl. in the flower heads of Clematis vitalba L. (Old
Man’s Beard). The large number of Lysandra coridon Poda on the wing was again
a very welcome sight, as were the several Gonepteryx rhamni L. seen flying. Several
species were noted that do not appear in Sir Eric Ansorge’s Macrolepidoptera of
Buckinghamshire as occurring in this spot.

This is an excellent locality for geometers, and nineteen species were recorded.
Our President and Mr. E. S. Bradford were also fortunate in turning up several
interesting micros, and the following coleoptera were recorded: Coccinella
septempunctata L. and Adalia decempunctata L.

Lepidoptera noted included the following species: Pieris brassicae L., P. napi
L., P. rapae L., Gonepteryx rhamni L., Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pam-
Philus L., Aphantopus hyperantus L., Melanargia galathea L., Vanessa cardui L.,
V. io L., Aglais urticae L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
Lysandra coridon Poda, Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey,
Macrothylacia rubi L., Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Zygaena filipendulae Schiff.
s.sp. anglicola Tremewan ab. cytisi Hiibn., Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff., Hydraecia
oculea L., Hypena proboscidalis L., Plusia gamma L., Phytometra viridaria
Clerck, Sterrha aversata L., S. dimidiata Hufn., S. biselata Hufn., Xanthorhoe
spadicearia Schiff., Colostygia pectinataria Knoch, Euphyia bilineata L. Melanthis

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 53

procellata Schiff., Epirrhoe alternata Miull., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., O. bipunc-
taria Schiff. s.sp. cretata Prout, Anaitis efformata Guen. Eupithecia haworthiata
Doubl., Abraxas grossulariata L., Deilinia pusaria L., D. exanthemata Scop.,
Ennomos quercinaria Hufn., Biston betularia L., Chiasmia clathrata L., Eurrhypara
hortulata L., Nomophila noctuella Schiff., Pyrausta purpuralis L., P. aurata Scop.,
P. nigrata Scop., Udea ferrugalis Hiibn., U. lutealis Hibn., Haritala ruralis
Scop., Microstega hyalinalis Hiibn., Agriphila culmella L., A. geniculea Haw.,
Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop., Crombrugghia distans Zell., Pseudargyrotoza
conwagana F., Grapholita compositella F., Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Carcina
quercana F., Argyresthia nitidella F., Ypsolophus sequellus Clerck.

HORSELL COMMON, SURREY—10th August 1969

Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD

In the absence of Dr. C. G. M. de Worms who was scheduled to lead the party,
Mr. J. A. C. Greenwood kindly consented to take the field meeting on this date,
which fortunately turned out to be one of those very sunny and warm days which
have been a feature of this wonderful summer. It attracted no less than 20 mem-
bers and friends who reported a very good day’s collecting with as many as 17
species of butterflies being recorded in the area of Horsell Common, which was
very thoroughly surveyed, mainly in the region towards the Ottershaw road in
the vicinity of the bog and Bleak House Inn. The heather was in full bloom which
helped to attract the lepidoptera which, among the moths, were represented by
that local heathland geometer Selidosema brunnearia Vill., of which five were
noted; also by many Plusia gamma L., while other day fliers included Anarta
myrtilli L., Pachyenemia hippocastanaria Hiibn., Lycophotia varia Vill. and Lygris
testata L.

Among the more interesting butterflies noted were Vanessa cardui L., Polygonia
c-album L., Nymphalis io L., Plebejus argus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
Gonepteryx rhamni L., Maniola tithonus L., Eumenis semele L., Pararge megera
L., Lycaena phlaeas L. and Celastrina argiolus L.

KNOLE PARK, KENT—24th August 1969
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

This proved a disappointing meeting, although held on a fine day. There were
no coleopterists present to explore the beetle fauna of the old trees. The lateness
of the date and the slow rise of temperature after a cool night deprived us of
finding any of the Diptera and Aculeate Hymenoptera that might breed in these
trees.

On the acid grassland of the open parts only two species of grasshoppers were
stridulating by midday. Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L. Polyom-
matus icarus Rott., Maniola jurtina L., Pararge aegeria L., Plusia gamma L.,
Agriphila tristella Den. and Schiff. and A. inguinatella Den and Schiff. were
about, but Nomophila noctuella Schiff., which has been taken abundantly at light
traps in many places this season, was not seen at all.

54 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

THURSLEY, SURREY—30th August 1969

Leader: ALAN E. STUBBS

A group of the members attended the meeting. Most attention was paid to the
bog and adjacent heathland and considerable interest was shown in the dragonfly
management being carried out by the Surrey Naturalists’ Trust on their reserve.
The clearance of ditches and construction of new ponds was seen to have been
very successful and dragonflies were abundant.

Mr. C. O. Hammond commented on the dragonflies as follows: “By far the most
plentiful dragonfly was Sympetrum danae Sulz. (scotium Leach) although S.
striolatum Charp. was in fair numbers. It was pleasant to find several males of
Orthetrum coerulescens F. still enjoying the late summer sunshine. One or two
pairs of Aeshna juncea (L.) were seen in cop at the usual breeding spot by
Pudmore pond. Ceriagrion tenellum de Vill. has established itself well and several
males were still on the wing. Lestes sponsa (Hanse.) was, as usual, very common
by ponds and over the heath.’

At an area of peaty mud with Juncus articulatus L. some of the most interesting
finds were made. Several Pogonota hircus Zett. were observed among the Juncus
stems, a cordylurid fly which was regarded as a northern species until found on
southern bogs in recent years. The larval food plant, if any, is unknown, but
Carex rostrata Stokes has been regarded as likely since it has often been taken on
this plant as at Thursley. This occurrence of P. hircus was well isolated from
Carex rostrata. Two uncommon craneflies were taken here; Pilaris scutellata
Staeg. and Erioptera nielseni de Miejere, together with the commoner species
Limnophila meigeni Verrall, Erioptera fuscipennis Meig. and Molophilus occultus
de Meijere. Small ephydrid flies and small deltocephalid Homoptera were very
abundant. An example of Nymphula nymphaeata L. was found which had probably
bred in the Potamogeton polygonifolius Pourr. growing in the adjacent ditch.

On the edge of the bog several examples of the Tassel Gall were found on
Juncus acutifiorus Hoffm. The gall consists of a tuft of reddish foliaceous out-
growths from the inflorescence and despite its striking form, the stunted shoot
results in the gall being inconspicuous among the low vegetation. The psyllid
homopteron, Livia juncorum Lat., is the causative agent. A pale cream-coloured
syrphid larva was found in the gall and was still alive in a tube containing the
gall the following January.

Several interesting flies were found on the heathland, including Nephrotoma
scurra Meig. and Tachina larvarum L., and at the edge of the bog, Prionocera
turcica F., Neoascia dispar Meig. and Chrysogaster macquarti Loew were
found.

The experimental plots for heather management were visited, but the weather
was not suitable to encourage many species to be active.

A piece of alder carr along the edge of a stream provided a last good find: a
specimen of the cranefly Dicranota subtilis Loew which according to the Handbook
for the Identification of British Insects is not found further south than Shropshire.
Perhaps it was a good year for this species since in July a male was taken at
Welford, Berks., and in September single examples were taken at Godstone,
Surrey, and Over Wallop, N. Hants, in all cases by streams as is the habit with
the genus.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 55
STANFORD-LE-HOPE, ESSEX—7th September 1969
Leader: Mr. R. TOMLINSON

Four people attended this meeting all assembling at the railway station. Eric
Bradford from Boreham Wood, Ron Payne from Westcliff, Gunther Wewelka,
a young Austrian coleopterist from Vienna, and the leader.

As last year, an inspection of the ceiling and walls of the station waiting room
was made; this revealed a total of nine species of Lepidoptera, attracted there
during the previous night by the station lights. These were Cleora rhomboidaria
Schiff., Leucania impura Hiibn., Luperina testacea Schiff., Amathes c-nigrum L.,
Phlogophora meticulosa L., Mamestra brassicae L., Amphipyra pyramidea es
Mesographe forficalis L. and Notocelia uddmanniana L.

We motored round to Mucking Church where we went on to the fairly extensive
reed-beds of Mucking marsh. Bradford searched for mined leaves along a black-
thorn hedge, whilst the two coleopterists sifted just as diligently through Phrag-
mites litter on the edge of the reed-bed.

Three carabid beetles taken in this manner were: Dromius melanocephalus Déj.,
Pterostichus vernalis Panz. and Agonum thoreyi Dej.

After about an hour there we drove on to the nearby ‘Golden Gates’ area.
Here the following Orthoptera were found: Tetrix undulata Sowerby, T. vittata
Zett., Conocephalus dorsalis Lat. and Pholidoptera griseoaptera Deg.

Lepidoptera seen here were: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., Pararge aegeria L.,
Coenonympha pamphilus L., Gortyna micacea Esp., Rivula sericealis Esp.., Monopis
rusticella Hibn., Agriphila inquinatella Schiff., A. tristella Schiff., Bactra lanceo-
lana Hibn., Agonopteryx alstroemeriana Clerck, Cataclysta lemnata L., Antho-
Phila fabriciana L., Hypena proboscidalis L., Calothysanis amata L. and we found
larvae of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. on Ragwott.

Seed-heads of Juncus sedge containing larval cases of Coleophoridae were
collected and Bradford also obtained a number of oak leaves that contained a
lepidopterous inmate on just one lobe of each leaf.

More beetles taken here included Amara convexiuscula Marsh. swept from
Atriplex, Carabus granulatus L. from a stump of wood, and Prerostichus nigrita
F., Dromius quadrinotatus Panz. and D. linearis Ol. under the bark of dead
Salix, and Calathus fuscipes Goeze and Bradycellus verbasci Dufts. under
stones on gravelly soil. Also recorded was the fly Platycheirus fulviventris Mac-
quart and the sawfly Nematus salicis L.

It was an enjoyable meeting and was not marred by the dreadful rainstorms that
hit last year’s meeting here.

BOOKHAM COMMON, SURREY—2Ist September, 1969
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

Nine members and children enjoyed a fine day on Bookham Great Common.
Some members beat the bushes on the plain for caterpillars, but did not find large
numbers despite the abundance of moths in high summer. Other members looked
for micro moth larvae in the stems and leaves of various plants. Two members
sampled the Diptera and found them plentiful, but had no very notable species to
report at the time of capture.

The leader discussed with the National Trust’s warden the area of Bayfield
Plain that has been cleared of scrub. It is being swiped in July every two or three

56 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

years to check the re-encroachment of hawthorn. The month of treatment may
explain why Angelica is the dominant umbellifer on this part, where in the leader’s
recollection the earlier-flowering Heracleum used to flourish best before the
invasion by scrub. The flowering herbs are growing well on this plot.

Swiping as late as July could destroy the crop of seeds attacked by many micro-
lepidoptera and other insects. Their ability to colonize this area should be studied
over the years of a cycle of maintenance.

Three tiny cases of Coleophora siccifolia Staint. were found peppering the leaves
of a hawthorn on a woodland ride with tiny mines or already spun to its twigs for
the winter. Other micro larvae were of: Acrocercops brogniardella F., empty com-
munal mines on oak; Bedellia somnulentella Zell. on Calystegia sp.; Lithocolletis
tristrigella Haw., mine with cocoon, Stigmella marginicolella Staint. and S.
ulmicola Hering, all on elm near the station; Diurnea fagella F. on oak and Iso
phrictis tanacetella Schrank in Achillea ptarmica L. heads beside the main path
from the station.

Lepidoptera in flight or disturbed were: Vanessa atalanta L., Aglais urticae L.,
Polygonia c-album L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Pararge aegeria L., Pieris
brassicae L., Plusia gamma L., Hypena proboscidalis L. and Anthophila fabriciana
ee

Apatele tridens Schiff. larvae on sallow were from second instar to fully fed. A
colony of Phalera bucephala L. larvae on oak was two-thirds grown. An Apatele
rumicis L. larva was fully fed. No list of the other caterpillars seen is available.

The large gall of Cynips quercusfolii L. was noted beneath the mid rib of an oak
leaf.

WORPLESDON, SURREY—27th September 1969
Leader: Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON

Eleven members and friends met at Worplesdon station at 7 p.m. Though the
train disgorged no additions, three of the party had come by car from as far
afield as Croydon. Unfortunately, as on the previous experimental evening meet-
ing in April, weather conditions were unpropitious; a clear sky, a large moon,
and a rapid drop of temperature to near freezing point.

The party worked the heath and mixed woodland around the Jolly Farmer Inn
on Whitmoor Common, with the help of two mercury vapour and two actinic
lights and a round of sugared trees. The lights attracted about two dozen examples
comprising nine species of Lepidoptera: Aporophyla lunula Stroem, Agrochola
circellaris Hufn., A. lychnidis Schiff., Anchoscelis litura L., Citria lutea Stroem,
Cirrhia icteritia Hufn. Conistra vaccinii L., Phlogophora meticulosa L., Nomophila
noctuella Schiff. Rather surprisingly, the sugar yielded a dozen insects, including
four Anchoscelis helvola L., which was not seen at light. None of the rarer species
which might be expected here on a good night turned up in such hopeless con-
ditions and the members of the party, showing varying degrees of resistance to
cold, had completely dispersed by about 10 p.m.

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 Sy)

PROCEEDINGS

22nd JANUARY 1970s

98th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
(with which was combined the ordinary meeting)

The President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N., in the Chair

The President welcomed to the Meeting Dr. Boucek from Prague and Mr. and
Mrs. D’Abrera from Melbourne.

The following new members were declared elected: Miss V. I. Dick, Mr. F. N.
Mawer and Mr. J. T. Scanes.

EXHIBITS

Mr. A. E. Stusss—Two species of Diptera. (1) Copromyza pedestris Meig.
(Sphaeroceridae) a wingless species taken in Phragmites litter at Leckford, N.
Hants, 13.xii.69. (2) Lipsothrix ecucullata Edwards (Tipulidae), one of two males
taken in July 1969 at Corrishalloch National Nature Reserve, Ross and Cromarty,
The species was previously known in Britain only from the holotype male taken
in Sutherland and a male in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) taken by G. Hosie
near Rannoch, Perth.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT said he had recently purchased some fruits of the
plant Abelmoschus esculentus L. and had found a larva of the moth Earias
huegeli Rogenhoffer (Noctuidae), After cooking these he found they were not
fit to eat because of the number of larvae in them.

Several small pink lepidopterous larvae were reported to have been found in
almonds by Mr. F. D. Buck. He asked if anyone knew the species. Mr. S. N. A.
Jacoss said that if they had a spot and bristle on the second thoracic segment
they were likely to be Ephestia elutella Hiibn. (Pyralidae) or if they had a spot
and bristle on the anal segment it would probably be Plodia interpunctella Hubn.
(Pyralidae). Mr. E. S. BRADFORD said he had bred Myelois ceratoniae Zell.
(Pyralidae) from almonds.

The PRESIDENT announced that Mr. E. W. Classey had donated to the Society
a copy of the Entomologists’ Compendium by Moses Harris and a number of
back numbers of the Entomologist and Entomologist’s Record to be sold at 10/—
per volume for the benefit of the Centenary Fund.

The Treasurer, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, read a report on the Society’s finances
and moved its adoption. The report was seconded by Mr. E. W. CLAssgey and
carried.

The Council’s Report was presented by Mr. D. A. Opp who moved the
adoption. Mr. J. M. CHALMERS—HUNT seconded the report which was carried.

Mr. A. S. WHEELER presented the Librarian’s Report, Mr. A. E. GARDNER the
Curator’s Report and Mr. F. D. Buck the Editor’s Report.

The PresIpENT declared the following officers and ordinary members of
council elected for the ensuing year: President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, B.SC., PH.D.,
F.R.I.C., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.; Vice-Presidents, Capt. J. ELLERTON, DS.C., R.N., and

58 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 }

Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A.; Treasurer, R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B.E.,
M.A., F.R.E.S.; Secretary, D. A. ODD, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.; Editor, F. D. Buck,
A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.; Curator, A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.; Librarian, S. A.
WILLIAMS, F.R.E.S.; Lanternist, M. SHAFFER; Ordinary Members of Council,
R. G. CHATELAIN, E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S., D. J. CARTER, A. S. F. RIPPON,
C. O. HAMMOND, F.R.E.S., C. MACKECHNIE JARVIS, F.L.S., M. G. MORRIS M.A.,
PH.D., F.R.E.S., D. O’KEEFFE, M.I.0.M., K. A. SPENCER, B.A., F.R.E.S., B. GOATER,
B.SC.

Under bye-law 25(b) Mr. R. S. Tuas raised the question of the decision not }
to publish the complete Annual Exhibition report. The President explained that
the Council had carefully considered this matter and had reluctantly decided |
against publication because of the very high cost.

Capt. ELLERTON read his Presidential Address on microlepidoptera added to
the British List (see p. 31).

A vote of thanks to Capt. Ellerton for his services during the past year com-
bined with a request for permission to publish his Address was moved by the
incoming President, Dr. B. J. MACNuLtTy. In his reply Capt. ELLERTON agreed
to the request.

Mr. A. S. F. RIPPON moved a vote of thanks to the Officers and Council which
was seconded by Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss and carried by acclamation. Mr. D. A.
ODD replied.

From the Chair the PRESIDENT moved a vote of thanks to the auditors which
was carried unanimously.

12th FEBRUARY 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. H. E. Webb.
The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. D. J. Driscoll.
M. W. Decourcy Tresenter, E. N. Maserus, P. J. Renshaw and D. B. Tyler.

EXHIBITS

The PRESIDENT—Clivina fossor (L.) (Col., Carabidae) from Edale, Derby.,
21.vi.69. The insects were found under stones which had fallen from a dry-
stone wall. Both Fowler (1887, Col. Brit. Is., 1:20) and Joy (1932, Pract,
Handbk, Brit. Beetles, 1:331) describe it as common and widespread. However
this was the first time the exhibitor has found the species, though he had frequently
searched under stones and dung (Fowler, /oc. cit., records dung) in many parts of
the country without turning it up.

Mr. F. D. Buck—A single example of Stenopteryx hirundinis L. (Dipt.,
Hippoboscidae) from Tiptree, N. Essex, 8.viii.69. The insect was found in the
house. The species is not uncommon, but since it is flightless and of retiring
habits, is seldom seen. It is parasitic on House Martins, Delichon urbica (L.),
and according to Mr. A. M. Hutson of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), is
widely distributed throughout the palaearctic region, being found as far east as
Japan and spreading as far south as North Africa and the Himalayas. Its
northern range is not so clearly defined, but in Britain it occurs throughout the
breeding range of the House Martin. There is an excellent line illustration of
the species by Mr. C. O. Hammond in Coe (1949, Handbk. Iden. Brit. Insects
9(1);34, fig. 92).

Mr. A. E. Stussps—(1) Molophilus ater (Meig.) (Dipt., Tipulidae), a smal

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 59

black cranefly with abbreviated wings, a female taken 2.vi.55 at Rhin Fawr
Montgomery, with, for comparison, a fully winged black species M. bihamatus,
de Meij., male from Godalming, Surrey 2.vi.67. The latter is a rare species not
previously recorded from Surrey. (2) Sicodus submorio Collin (Dipt., Empidae).
A female taken at Godalming, Surrey, 8.vi.68, by sweeping densely shaded marsh
vegetation. The species was described as new by J. E. Collin in 1961 (British
Flies, vol. 6) and was then known only from Hereford, Suffolk and Italy.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. A. E. GARDNER reported that Mr. F. T. Vallins had donated a number of
double sided glass drawers which would be useful for exhibition purposes.

Referring to the exhibit by Mr. Stubbs on the 22nd January (see page 57)
Mr. F. D. Buck said that a variety of dipterous species could be found in grass
tufts, some of which were rarely found elsewhere.
_ The Wallcreeper, Tichodroma muraria (L.), a European bird, was reported to

be in a quarry at Swanage. He said it had been there since September last and
was the seventh British record, the last being in Lancs.

Mr. R. Foord gave the second part of his talk on “The British Orthoptera’
which he illustrated with coloured transparencies, and which was followed by a
discussion.

26th FEBRUARY 1970

A Vice-President, Col. A. M. Emmet, in the Chair
The following new members were declared elected; Messrs. C. M. Barksdale
and S. G. Kirby.
EXHIBITS

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—A female Ephialtes imperator Kreichbaumer (Hym.,
Ichneumonidae) taken on a tree stump at Grantown-on-Spey, Moray, 13.vii.69.
This is the largest insect in the genus of some 40 species and can equal in size the
well-known Rhyssa persuasoria (L.).

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss reported that a working party of five members attended
at Trottiscliffe and did some excellent work clearing scrub.

A report was given on the situation regarding the fencing and ploughing of
Ditchling Common.

An early date, 21st February, was cited by Mr. J. L. MESSENGER for Dasycampa
rubiginea Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae); Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss said he had observed
Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lep., Plusiidae) on 25th February; Mr. G. Prior
reported a Nymphalis io L. (Lep., Nymphalidae); and Mr. E. S. BRADFORD,
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hibn. (Lep., Tortricidae).

Col. A. M. Emmet said that Coleophora wockeella Zell (Lep., Coleophoridae)
larvae had commenced feeding again, and he added that Mr. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt’s larvae had also started to feed again.

A discussion took place on ‘Field Meetings, Past, Present and Future’, which
was opened by Col. Emmet, who gave the following five purposes for holding
‘field meetings: (1) to augment collections; (2) to see if species still occurred, to
‘look for new species and to record known species in the area; (3) instruction;
(4) social contacts; and (5) habitat improvement and conservation. He also
‘suggested that the types of meetings would fall into the following four types:

60 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970:

(1) ordinary meetings (Saturday or Sunday): (2) weekend meetings; (3) joint
meetings with other societies; and (4) night collecting.

Because of members varied interests, Mr. A. E. Stuspss thought we should
maintain as wide a variety as possible in our field activities. Mr. E. W. CLASSEY
believed that the entomology of reserves could be regarded as a sixth purpose
of these meetings, and Mr. F. D. Buck thought attention should be paid to
providing information useful to the defence of those areas at risk, to which
Mr. Stubbs added that we should need much more ecological information.

Commenting on recording, Col. Emmet thought there was two kinds of
recording: (1) full recording as attempted by the Monks Wood organisation; and
(2) the recording of rare and valuable species.

It appeared from the discussion that the key to our field activities lay in the
leaders available.

12th MARCH 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
The death was announced of Mr. C. N. Hawkins.
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. P. R. Meredith.
EXHIBITS

The PrestipENT—The following chrysomelid Coleoptera: Chrysolina cerealis
L. from Snowdon, 2.viii.69; C. fastuosa Scop. from Long Mountain, Mont-
gomery, 6.viii.69, very commonly on Stachys arvensis (L.) L.; Gastroidea viridula
Deg., from Canaston Bridge, Pembs., 12.vii.69, on Rumex.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera taken near Lyndhurst, Hants.,
7-8.iii.70: Heptaulacus testudinarius (F.) (Scarabaeidae), under dung on sandy
soil; Cicones variegatus (Hell.) (Colydiidae), Rhyncolus truncorum Germ. and
R. lignarius (Marsh.) (Curculionidae) under beech bark. Also Phloiotryia
rufipes (Gyll.) (Serropalpidae), a female dug out of dead oak near Lyndhurst,
20.vii.69.

Mr. T. G. HowartH—A post card containing postage stamps from Jugo-
slavia illustrating Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

COMMUNICATIONS

A new gull to Europe was reported by Mr. A. E. GARDNER. It was Fryer’s
Gull an American species which had been seen in the Portsmouth area for the
past two weeks.

An example of Limenitis camilla L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) was reported to have
been seen in Ruislip on 29.vii.69 by Mr. M. E. M. Majerus.

A talk was given by Mr. A. G. M. Batten ‘A Philatalic approach to Ento-
mology’ which he illustrated with coloured transparencies.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 61

OUR MEMBERSHIP

Members will have recently received a new list of members, revised to 21st
February 1970. It is hoped to keep this up-to-date for some years by the circu-
lation of annual corrigenda slips, as the turnover of members, and especially of
addresses, is large.

The new list contains 575 names, compared with 562 in the previous list,
which was revised to Ist July 1967—a time of year when our membership is
usually rather larger than in February. It also contains a geographical list of
members’ addresses, which was last provided, for a total of 496 members, in
1960 (Proceedings, 1959, xxvi-xxxiv). The Society now has members resident in
every county in England except Norfolk, Northumberland and Nottinghamshire,
in eight counties in Wales, and eight in Scotland, with two members each in
Ireland and the Channel Islands. Outside the British Isles we have 35 members,
spread over 21 countries. The centre of gravity is, however, still very much in the
south-east, with London (76) and Surrey (73) running neck and neck and Kent
(60) not far behind; with Bucks, Essex, Herts and Middlesex included, over half
our membership is in the Home Counties.

It is interesting to compare this distribution with that of the (smaller) member-
ship of 1960. The spread was somewhat less wide. We had then no members in
Hunts., Rutland, Shropshire, Staffs., or the Channel Islands (though there was
one in Notts.); and only two Welsh and five Scottish counties were represented;
our membership abroad (29) was proportionately about the same. The Home
Counties bulked rather larger—S5 per cent against 52 per cent; and within this
there were both absolutely and relatively more members with addresses in London
itself (83 against 76). We have lost membership rather markedly since 1960 in the
old entomological centres of Warwickshire (a fall from 15 to 8), Lancashire
(9 to 5) and Yorkshire (9 to 7); but there have been notable increases in Berkshire
(13 to 22), Derbyshire (1 to 7), Northants (6 to 11) and Dorset (5 to 9).

Of the present members over 170 were elected from 1965 onwards, a
further 106 in 1960 to 1964, so that nearly half have had less than ten years
membership. A further 232 date from the previous two decades, and 64 go back
before the second world war. Our senior member, Capt. N. D. Riley, was
elected in 1908.

The balance of members’ interests can also be surveyed from the list. Of
course, many members state several interests, some of the categories overlap,
and some members change their interests after they have joined the Society
without asking for correction of their original entry, so that close analysis is not
possible. About 730 entries appear in the new 1970 list. About 100 of these are
general, with entomology much in the lead, followed by natural history, nature
photography, ecology, genetics, marine life and systematics. Of about two
dozen different specified interests, Lepidoptera account for 400, Coleoptera for
67 and other insect orders together for a similar number; ornithology for ten,
botany for 13 and reptiles and crustacea for 6. Relatively the balance seems to
have changed hardly at all since 1960. Certainly, despite the dominance of the
lepidopterists in mere numbers, there is no lack of variety in the tastes of
members.

R. F. BRETHERTON

62 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

OBITUARY

HARRY E. WEBB 1885-1970

Harry was born in London where he lived and worked all his life until only
two years ago when he gave up his house in Hendon and went to live alternately
with his two sons in Hampshire and in Buckinghamshire.

As a young man he worked in the City of London and developed a great
affection for the City which remained with him all his life. He was a religious man,
and had a keen appreciation of good music.

Just after the First World War he joined the Idris Table Water Company and
remained with them until he retired in 1950. For the next five years, until he was
70, he returned to the City, working for a printing company, retiring finally
in 1955.

It was as a boy Harry developed his interest in Lepidoptera, an interest
probably acquired from his uncle who was a keen lepidopterist residing in
Bedfordshire. His interest lapsed however, until his younger son showed a liking
for these insects in the early 1940’s, and his enthusiasm fully returned when this
son took Limenitis camilla L. on Stanmore Common in 1942. Harry treated his
hobby very much as a relaxation, which probably accounts for why he did not
appear much in print. He was happiest with his breeding cages, and had no
small success in filling his cabinet in this way with choice specimens. His last
attempt at breeding, quite recently, was with the valesina Esp. strain of Argynnis
paphia L.; unfortunately it was not attended by success.

It was in 1945 that he joined our Society and immediately became an active
member keenly interested in the well-being of the ‘South London’. Harry was
first elected to the Council in 1948, and again served in 1950-1 and 1953-4. His
enthusiasm for field work led him to accept appointment as Assistant Secretary
for Field Meetings in 1951 and 1952; a job he did with outstanding success,
organising coach trips to less accessible localities such as the New Forest,
Saulcey Forest, Folkestone Warren, etc.—and filling the coaches.

Finally he served as our lanternist in 1955. This was the year of his retirement,
and finding his income restricted combined with failing eyesight, he attended
fewer and fewer meetings, greatly to our regret.

Harry was a quiet sort, with an old-world charm and a capacity for making
friends that is rarely seen. He had a delightful sense of humour that made his
company such a pleasure—he was in fact a happy man who always seemed to
be making the very best of life.

His interest in Lepidoptera lives on in his youngest son and two grandsons who

have his excellent collection to guide them.
B.D BR:

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
We regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and new prices have
been agreed. These are as follows :—

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A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

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SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS
Bretherton, R. F., Our Membership

Council’s Report
Curator’s Report
Editor’s Report

Ellerton, J., Microlepidoptera Added to the
British List since L. T. Ford’s Review

———P residential Address
Field Meetings
Librarian’s Report

Obituaries: G. H. W. Crutwell
H. E. Webb

Proceedings
Treasurer’s Report

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society's Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes
place this year on November Ist in the
Conversazione Room at the British Museum
(Natural History). Frequent Field Meetings are
held at weekends in the Summer. Visitors are
welcome at all meetings. The current Programme
Card can be had on application to the Secretary.

/ Ys ee }
ee,

yy 7—____—
AUGUST 1970 Vol. 3 Part 3

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for this publication is :—
“Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.’

NASON.
Lp JAN 281974
hij é CiBRARIES.
(Xs

Price: Thirteen Shillings

Officers and Council for 1970

President:
B. J. MacNulty, B.SC., PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:
J. Ellerton, D.s.c., R.N.
A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., M.A.

Treasurer :
R. F. Bretherton, C.B., M.A.

Secretary:
Curator:
A. E. Gardner, F.R.E.S.

Librarian:
S. A. Williams, F.R.E.S.

Lanternist :
M. Shaffer

Ordinary Members of Council:

R. G. Chatelain C. MacKechnie Jarvis, F.L.s.

E. W. Classey, F.R.E.S. M. G. Morris, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S.
D. J. Carter D. O. Keefe, M.1.0.M.

B. Goater, B.SC. A. S. F. Rippon

C. O. Hammond, F.R.E.S. K. A. Spencer, B.A., F.R.E.S.

Editorial
Editor: F. D. Buck, A.M.1.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors: T. R. Eagles, M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
A. E. Gardner, F.R.E.S.

Papers Panel:
T. R. E. Southwood, B.SC., PH.D., A.R.C.S., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. Uffen, F.R.E.s.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 63

PIERIS NAPI L.: SPECIATION AND SUBSPECIATION
(LEP., PIERIDAE)

By S. R. BOWDEN

There are very good reasons for pursuing the study of animal speciation in
butterflies. The distribution of their forms is known probably better than for any
other animals, because not only are they conspicuous but thousands of collected
or bred specimens can be made accessible with little trouble. The Pieris napi-
bryoniae-melete superspecies offers special advantages: it is now distributed over
an immense area, yet individual populations are sedentary enough to allow the
persistence of local subspecies. The wing patterns are made up of separate
elements, often under rather simple genetic control, and combinations of these
(some very extreme) characterise visible phenotypes, which then facilitate the
recognition of the more important cryptic characters. Residence in the northern
temperate zone has exposed the group to enforced range-changes during the
fluctuating climates of the last million years and the artificial ecological disasters
of the last ten thousand; study is concentrated on the effects of these changes in
promoting speciation.

Six years ago Ford (1964) put the commonsense view of what had appeared the
central problem (the ‘semispecies’ status of P. bryoniae Ochsenheimer), although
his treatment had to be in part superficial. Warren (1963, 1965, 1967, 1969) based
a series of studies on the androconial scales, which obliged him to separate, as
species or ‘hybrid species’, taxons which had previously been assigned only sub-
specific rank. Meanwhile the experimental breeding work of Lorkovié and of
the present author proceeded all too slowly.

My own contribution has been made almost entirely by pairing non-sympatric
subspecies in captivity and noting the magnitude of the effects of the resulting
genetic imbalance. Sterility or inviability of the F,, F, or F; hybrids, protero-
gyny or excessive proterandry, sexual mosaicism and irregularities of mitosis are
among the phenomena met with. If disturbances are only slight, one imagines
that the subspecies concerned are capable of re-integration; if they are great,
barriers to inter-population pairing can be expected to rise progressively and we
have at least incipient species.

It is nevertheless frequently impossible to decide finally whether allopatric
populations represent separate species or geographic subspecies of a single
polytypic species. Nor is it particularly important that the line should be
‘correctly’ drawn, when the subspecies are not in contact. Even within a sub-
species, partly isolated local demes differ genetically; if every grade of difference
justified a name, some populations would have as many as a royal prince. In the
Pieris napi group we have an aggregate of subspecies and clines, with every degree
of reproductive isolation between its units—barring the experimentally fatal one
of complete F, inviability. Names such as Pieris (napi) bryoniae adalwinda are
trying to accomplish more than names should be asked to do. Those interested
will discover from sources other than the label, that Pieris napi does include
separated populations whose reproductive isolation would be almost complete,
and would tend to increase still further, if they could be brought together in
natural conditions. For the present I still follow Mayr et al. (1953) in treating non-
sympatric taxons as subspecies within species, when there is any choice. But in
many cases they can equally well be taken as semispecies within superspecies. In
either case the conventional trinomial will indicate both close relationship and
allopatry: the precise nature of the relationship may remain to be discovered.
In the end every case will have to be reconsidered on its merits.

*

64 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

It is evident that this short survey, which can deal with only a few questions in
general terms, will not be the final treatment of its subject. If central Asia were as
tightly packed with entomologists as Kent or Connecticut we might soon know a
great deal more. But even if Asia becomes more accessible, no one can visit it in
the Pliocene, or even in the last interglacial. The surviving fauna probably offers
no more than hints of the evolution of present Pieris; these hints we must do our
best to take. We have not yet adequately investigated present relationships in
south-east Europe or western North America—leaving aside the Atlas of north-
west Africa. There is much to be done, before human encroachment on the
remaining wilderness puts whole subspecies in peril. Meanwhile, conclusions are
provisional.

The name Pieris napi is comprehensive enough, but it cannot be extended to
cover (say) P. ergane Geyer, although this has been shown by various authors,
from Lorkovié (1928) to Warren (1961), to belong with napi rather than with
rapae L. Good reasons exist for separating also at least virginiensis Edwards,
melete Ménétriés and perhaps bryoniae as species. Melete indeed seems to have
its own ‘bryoniae’ forms, as in the Sikkim mountains. But most local subspecies
of all these share some diagnostic characters with a near-sympatric subspecies of
undoubted napi. For example, the visible characters in which Swiss bryoniae
resembles the adjacent P. napi napi outnumber those in which the latter resembles
eastern North American P. napi oleracea Harris. One possible explanation would
postulate widespread introgressive hybridisation in the remote past, but in this
form the suggestion is too vague to be useful.

Some authors (Petersen 1955, Lorkovié 1962, Ford 1964) have at times written
almost as if visible characters constituted the essence of the species, though
obviously they do not believe this. In the case of the ‘species’ bryoniae, the
distinguishing features usually taken are: in the females ochreous ground-colour
and heavy radial marking, in the males an all-white underside ground occurring
apparently as a balanced polymorph (f. subtalba Schima). Miller and Kautz
(1939) however already illustrated napi-like bryoniae females. It has indeed been
suggested that napi-bryoniae is everywhere potentially dimorphic in the female,
and that local selection-pressures have determined the pigmentation of each
population. This view leaves an author free to allot to bryoniae insects showing
no elements of the characteristic Alpine phenotype (all Nearctic napi, Edwards
1881 and Miiller and Kautz 1939; Corsican napi, Warren 1963).

The low-level bryoniae localities in the Austrian Alps (e.g. M6dling) are in-
habited by a breeding population (ssp. flavescens Wagner) comprising a wide
variety of napi-bryoniae ‘modifications’ (Miller and Kautz 1939). These reproduce
the phenotypes obtained in the F, and back-crosses when high-altitude bryoniae
is hybridised with napi, and Petersen (1955) concluded that they indeed repre-
sented a hybrid swarm. They could alternatively be regarded, however, as an
incompletely differentiated bryeniae; in behavioural characters they are said to
resemble ssp. bryoniae.

It is as well to be clear what one means when speaking of hybrid populations,
especially in respect of time-scale. Very commonly hybridisation between two
subspecies, previously geographically separate, has produced a wide zone of
mixed forms and a cline is established, which imitates the pattern developed by
local adaptation of a single subspecies to a wide range of environmental con-
ditions. Similar adaptation must usually occur in the hybrid cline also and control
its extent; in principle hybridisation will still be continuing but its extension may
be imperceptible. If, however, the hybridisation is between incipient species, we
may expect mechanisms of sexual selection to build up and halt it. How long such

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 65

a process will take we have little idea; it may be of the order of 10,000 years.

At Médling a hybrid population could be considered to have been established
in the early post-glacial and to have persisted ever since, without (or more
probably with) constant minor introgression by napi. As the ‘bryoniae’ visible
characters are genetically dominant they will not soon be swamped by moderate
crossing with napi; the balance is likely to be determined by selective influences
on various gene-combinations (of which we know almost nothing).

At other places, in the southern Alps, such as Petersen’s (1955) experimental
site at Monte Mottarone, the hybridisation is supposed to be that of the present
day, with rigorous altitudinal selection largely eliminating the apparent hybrids
every season.

In Carinthia, on the other hand, ssp. neobryoniae Sheljuzhko presents a differ-
ent picture. The butterflies are generally larger than typical ssp. bryoniae and
napi, which is not the case at Médling. We should expect F, hybrids to be hetero-
tic, but the resulting increase in size would be lost in subsequent generations. All
re-combinations of the ‘napi’ and ‘bryoniae’ characters are present, with f.
subtalba probably more general than in any single-brooded bryoniae. Some of the
differences from ssp. flavescens might be accounted for by supposing that neo-
bryoniae derives from hybridisation of bryoniae with the Mediterranean ssp.
meridionalis Heyne instead of with the central European ssp. napi. But if so the
inter-breeding must have occurred long ago, and it would be safer to regard the
parental napi as quite uncertain. In the case of neobryoniae the hybridisation
hypothesis may well be mistaken.

Since f. subtalba is not encountered in the north Scandinavian ‘bryoniae’
(P. napi adalwinda Fruhstorfer) and is found in only part of the Swiss Alps, one
can surmise that it was not present in the pre-glacial or late-glacial napi-bryoniae
of Europe. It seems to exist farther east in the ochsenheimeri Staudinger of
Turkestan, a small insect otherwise having some remarkable resemblances to
neobryoniae. Thus the neobryoniae stock may have possessed much of its present
character before reaching Europe, and may indeed always have had females
dimorphic in respect of marking and of ground-colour. It would naturally be
incorrect to say that neobryoniae is derived from ochsenheimeri.

Although hybrid populations may certainly be found between contemporary
subspecies which have come into secondary contact, I have not found the concept
(Warren 1966, 1967, 1969) of the ‘hybrid species’ useful. The term seems to imply
teproductively successful pairing between distinct species, which in the wild is
impossible by the usual definition: if interspecific hybridisation takes place, it
fails reproductively on account of the reduced Darwinian fitness of the hybrids.
If ‘hybrid species’ is applied merely to the product of an episode of reticulate
evolution at the subspecies level, followed by a period of relative isolation from
further introgression, the conception becomes difficult to define and even more
difficult to apply convincingly to a particular case. Gene-interchange between
original subspecies will soon produce a newly integrated gene-pool which will in
itself be unrecognisable as hybrid. I do not think, for example, that any unitary
population maintaining itself in nature will constantly show teratological andro-
conial scales solely on account of hybridisation thousands of generations before.
Warren’s argument seems to be: ‘Hybrids produce many deformed scales; this
is incontrovertible proof that butterflies with many deformed scales are hybrids.’
It does not follow, and there must be another factor, since some very wide F,
hybrids (e.g. European bryoniae x New Hampshire oleracea) produce perfectly
developed symmetrical scales (Warren 1967).

Deformed scales do occur when for any reason the insect is almost, but not

66 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

quite, capable of forming a perfect imago. Many artificially obtained hybrids
are in this condition, but so sometimes are individuals of pure subspecies subject
to mildly unfavourable environmental conditions—which when more extreme
cause general thin scaling or even crippling. However, one need not suggest that
many of the specimens on which Warren has worked were crypto-cripples. If
one refers to Dixey’s (1932) study of pierine androconia, one finds spinous pro-
jections on the cornua of the scales illustrated for Pieris ajaka Moore, davidina
Oberthur and oleracea Harris. In the related genus Pereute, all the species have
sharply pointed cornua, often unsymmetrical. They cannot all be hybrids?
Warren’s argument would seem to need modification. But if I find it hard to
follow Warren in all his conclusions, the difficulties do not destroy the value of
his work, to which I cannot do justice here. Androconial shape is in Pieris a
character of the highest taxonomic value; the startling differences between the
subgenera are evidence of this.

As a convention for indicating probable descent the ‘hybrid species’ can be
applied only with caution. Even the post-glacial history of butterflies is a matter
of inference only. Except where a subspecific name has been given to a point ona
cline, no present subspecies has evolved from another present subspecies. The
time-scale is a long one, measured for full species usually in hundreds of thous-
ands of years, but populations are very fluid except when steadily contracting.

We should minimise the dependence of nomenclature on theories of descent.
Petersen (1958) took the opposite view, and elevated supposed common ancestry
even above reproductive community. He allotted the north Scottish forms of napi
to acline napi x bryoniae, though no pure ‘bryoniae’ now existed on their northern
side; all the Irish napi he supposed to have evolved from a glacial bryoniae in
nearly complete isolation, so that their name had to be Pieris bryoniae britannica
Verity. It will be inconvenient if we have to move a subspecies from one species
to another according to our current opinion of its migratory ability or of past
changes in sea-level. Name-changes are always regrettable.

Reading earlier studies bearing on the palaeogeography of the Pieridae (e.g.
Verity 1928, 1947, Miller & Kautz 1939, Ford 1945, Beirne 1943 and 1952,
Warnecke 1958, Wiltshire 1962), one is finally convinced of the essential correct-
ness of their main conclusions, flimsy though the arguments necessarily seem at
first to be. I can contribute little original on this subject: I am willing to accept
as well-founded the supposition that Pieris originated as early as the Miocene
(Zeuner 1942) in the ancient Angara-land or central Asia, speciated there through
the Pliocene and later, spreading west and east to occupy, at some time or another,
the greater part of the Holarctic. The Asiatic territory has varied in climate and
vegetation, but it largely escaped the rigours of the Pleistocene, as indeed did
much of Alaska. The Beringian land-bridge (also unglaciated) was frequently
wide. The distribution of napi subspecies in America results from the past
geography of Beringia-Alaska and the effects of the great glaciations (Rand 1948,
Howden 1969). Human influence on this group has apparently been slighter.

It will probably not be too difficult eventually to construct a scheme for the
origins of the North American napi, using evidence that is still accessible. The
specialised P. virginiensis, with its almost European-type underside veining (and
with the subtalba morph apparently fixed), is probably much the oldest stock and
may have been more widely distributed in pre-glacial times, if not recently. Pieris
napi oleracea, showing resemblances to present-day Asiatic forms, but also
important differences, probably spread into America in one of the interglacials
or earlier and has ebbed and flowed with the glacial phases. In the west venosa
Scudder, with its much stronger upperside markings, macdunnoughii Remington

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 67

and the very odd marginalis Scudder may perhaps be grouped with oleracea,
though clearly their histories have differed greatly. The third group comprises the
bryoniae-like populations of the north.

It is likely that these last have a distinct origin: they much resemble the
Scandinavian adalwinda and it is not unreasonable to suppose that the present
circumpolar arctic populations were formerly one; they escaped glaciation in
various refugia, including Beringia and perhaps the Greenland area. Petersen
(1963) indeed refers them all to a single subspecies, which he calls P. bryoniae
frigida Scudder and I should call P. napi hulda Edwards (if frigida is properly an
oleracea or mixed form). The close resemblance of all the arctic forms is attested
by the confusion attached to Verity’s types of arctica and pseudobryoniae (Miiller
and Kautz 1939:61-63), but the use of a single subspecific name may not be
justified.

In America the north-south run of the mountain chains must have allowed a
rather free movement of Pieris populations in response to the expansion and
contraction of the area under the ice-sheet, but in central and northern Europe
southward movement was limited by east-west ranges which were themselves
glaciated. It is likely that the only pre-glacial mapi which survived in western
Europe occupied a varying territory in southern England, France and the inter-
vening Channel-land (when it was exposed by eustatic changes in sea-level).
This survivor may have been a dark-female insect forced down from the north—
though such southward movement is conjectural. In the interglacial periods a
more southern napi also may have moved up into France; in one such inter-
glacial (or in the Allergd interstadial of the last glaciation) it entered Ireland
from the south and was cut off there when the sea-level rose. Though other butter-
flies may have continued to enter Ireland by a persisting land-connection to
Scotland, it is unlikely that many napi did so. Great Britain itself remained open
to land-route immigration until about 10,000 years ago and so received in
addition a api immigration of slightly different constitution (possibly a later
wave which entered Europe from the east when the Ukrainian route became
passable).

Adalwinda-like napi now survives in the British Isles chiefly in Scotland and
north and western Ireland, apparently everywhere attenuated by the introgression
of white napi from the south. As in Scandinavia, there is no reproductive isolation
from southern English napi, and there seems to be no biological justification for
referring any Irish or Scottish napi to another species. Ssp. britannica (type from
Co Cork!) will cover both Irish and Scottish, or the name thomsoni Warren
(1968b) can be used for the Scottish subspecies—there are differences, perhaps in
part associated with the more extreme climate of central and eastern Scotland,
though how significant these are is still uncertain.

The position in Scandinavia has been well studied by Petersen (1947, 1949).
A supposedly pure adalwinda still exists in the north, the clines of southward
character-variation are long and an intermediate population has been given a
separate subspecific name (bicolorata Petersen). It does not appear likely that
isolating mechanisms are developing; the hybrid butterflies may be supposed to
fit their hybrid environments (Anderson 1948).

Similarly in America the arctic insects referred to P. napi hulda are perhaps not
even now reproductively isolated from the more southern subspecies (oleracea,
etc.), so that clines exist in respect of the frequency of the distinctive characters,
for example the breadth or the sharp definition of the underside veining. Warren
(1968a) has described what appears to be a group of local forms on such a cline
in south Alaska, under the name of Pieris passosi. If hulda and oleracea are

68 PROC. BRIT, ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC., 1970

incipient species, the possibilities at any one locality are that adaptation of the
hybrids will secure their permanence, or that isolating mechanisms will become
more effective—and the pure species will then become sympatric or one will drive
out the other. Local investigations are very desirable. Part of the nomenclatorial
confusion which has affected supposed subspecies such as frigida may derive from
the unsuspected naming of mixed colonies.

Typical Alpine bryoniae differs from adalwinda (or hulda) not only in appear-
ance but also in a greater sexual isolation from napi napi. If bryoniae is less
isolated on the south side of the Alps than on the north, as Petersen (1955) has
shown, this does not necessarily imply that bryoniae resembles ssp. meridionalis
more than it resembles ssp. napi. Stronger isolating mechanisms in the north
could result from earlier contact there, providing a longer period for sexual
isolation to develop. One supposes that the territory of bryoniae waxed and
waned with the glaciers, but that the insect almost always remained attached to
fir-woods and preferentially to a single food-plant (Biscutella), whereas adalwinda,
like typical napi, was less specialised. It is even now too early to form a clear idea
of the relation of bryoniae to the other subspecies; much more information is
needed concerning the ‘bryoniae’ of the Tatra, Carpathians and,Caucasus, and
particularly about the obscure napi-like subspecies of the Balkans, now being
investigated by Lorkovié and by Warren. Here, as elsewhere, we have to consider
the possibility that landscape alterations brought about by human activity in the
last 10,000 years may have induced range-changes and so made opportunities
for new hybridisations.

No single criterion should be used alone to decide relationship between allo-
patric subspecies. Where there are differences in chromosome-number, fixed
within the subspecies, these may be regarded as almost self-sufficient—for
example in P. napi napi n=25, in P. virginiensis n=26 (Maeki & Remington
1960). But the chromosome-number of European bryoniae varies, even within
single populations, from 25 to 28; in addition there is a variable small number of
supernumerary m-chromosomes. This karyotypic heterogeneity can hardly be a
mere consequence of the hybridisation with napi of some other insect of higher
haploid number, since it is retained in certain Jugoslav populations of near-napi
phenotype, whereas experimental bryoniae-napi hybrids rapidly lose the extra
chromosomes when back-crossed to napi (Lorkovié 1970).

The solution of the enigma may lie in investigations among Anatolian, Persian
and trans-Caspian populations. Pieris melete from Hokkaido has been reported
(Maeki 1953) to have 27 to 31 pairs of chromosomes. One would like, too, to
know n for the Atlas subspecies, especially segonzaci Le Cerf.

Thus for the European lepidopterist the centre of the Pieris napi controversy
remains in bryoniae, though the problem is now different from that of even ten
years ago.

SUMMARY

Discussion on the degree of separation of taxons within the Pieris napi group
continues. The author prefers, for the present, to bring allopatric subspecies
under wide species and retain the conventional trinomial. The speciation pro-
cesses with whose results we are faced took place in the Pliocene and Pleistocene
and are accessible only by inference from palaeogeography and the characters
of surviving populations; human interference in the Recent has had minor effects.
It is not possible to regard the whole of the group as conspecific, yet adjacent
subspecies of different ‘species’ sometimes possess more characters in common
than extreme geographic subspecies of one species. Visible characters, which

PROC. BRIT, ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC., 1970 69

must be used in taxonomy, do not constitute the essence of the species.

Hybrid populations may be of several kinds, according to the time-scale in-
volved. Some may present only the appearance of hybridity. The concept of the
‘hybrid species’, if it is retained, needs closer definition; there is no one certain
means of recognising a hybrid population when the gene-pools have been re-
integrated. Nomenclature should not rely too exclusively on theories of descent,
which are liable to frequent change.

The accepted views of the origin and spread of Pieris are probably essentially
correct. In America P. virginiensis is a survivor from a very early immigration.
Oleracea and other subspecies crossed the Bering land-bridge from Asia more
recently. The circumpolar dark-female taxa had a common origin and became
widespread in the north during interglacials; refugia were available in Beringia-
Alaska and perhaps elsewhere.

The British Isles contain, in the north and west, remnants of the arctic dark-
female napi. The lands were invaded from the south by two waves of whiter napi,
which now occupy most territory. Likewise in Scandinavia there is a long cline,
with a pure arctic form in the north and no reproductive isolation. Similar graded
populations seem to exist in North America.

European bryoniae and neobryoniae remain enigmatic. Their variably high
chromosome-number, shared by some adjacent quasi-napi, should be sought
also in the Near East and Asia.

REFERENCES

Anderson, E., 1948, Hybridisation of the habitat. Evolution, 2:1-9.
Beirne, B. P., 1943. Distribution and origin of the British Lepidoptera. Proc. R. Irish
Acad., 49, B:27-59.

, 1952. The Origin and History of the British Fauna. London.

Dixey, F. A., 1932. The plume-scales of the Pierinae. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 80:57-75.

Edwards, W. H., 1881. On Pieris bryoniae Ochs. and its derivative forms in Europe
and America. Papilio, 1:84-99.

Ford, E. B., 1945. Butterflies. London.

, 1964. Ecological Genetics. London.

Howden, H. E., 1969. Effects of the Pleistocene on North American insects. Ann. Rey.
Entomol., 14:39-56.

Lorkovié, Z., 1928. Analiza pojma i varijabiliteta vrste na osnovi ispitivanja nekih
lepidoptera (with German summary). Glasn. Soc. sci. nat croat., 38: 1-64.

——, 1962. The genetics and reproductive isolating mechanisms of the Pieris napi-
bryoniae group. J. Lepid Soc., 16:5-19, 105-27.

——, 1970. Karyologischer Beitrag zur Frage der Fortpflanzungsverhiltnisse siid-
europaischer Taxone von Pieris napi L. (with English summary). Biol. Glasn.
In press.

Maeki, K., 1953. Chromosome number of some butterflies. Jap. J. Genetics, 28:6-7.

Maeki, K. and C. L. Remington, 1960. Studies of the chromosomes of North American
Rhopalocera. J. Lepid. Soc., 14:37-S7.

Mayr, E., Linsley, E. G. and Usinger, R. L., 1953. Methods and Principles of Systematic

Zoology. New York.

Miller, L.and Kautz, H., 1939. Pieris bryoniae O. und Pieris napi L. Vienna.

Petersen, B., 1947. Die geographische Variation einiger fennoskandischer Lepidop-
teren. Zool. Bidr. Upps., 26:329-531.

——, 1949. On the evolution of Pieris napi L. Evolution, 3:269-78.

——., 1954. Some trends in the speciation of the cold-adapted Holarctic fauna. Zool.

Bidr. Upps., 30:233-314.

——, 1955. Geographische Variation von Pieris (napi) bryoniae durch Bastardierung

mit Pieris napi. Zool. Bidr. Upps., 30:355-97.

7O PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

—, 1958. Pieris napi and Pieris bryoniae, two ‘Siamese twin species’. Uppsala Univ.
Arsskr. in 6:224-30.

—, 1963. Breakdown of differentiation between Pieris napi L. and bryoniae Ochs.
and its causes. Zool. Bidr. Upps., 35:205-62.

Rand, A. L., 1948. Glaciation, an isolating factor in speciation. Evolution, 2:314-21.

Verity, R., 1928. Essay on the origins of the geographical variations of the Rhopalo-
cera in Europe. ... Ent. Rec., 40:97-101.

——, 1947. Le Farfalle Diurne d’ Italia, 3. Firenze.

Warnecke, G., 1958. Origin and history of the insect fauna of the northern Palaearctic.
Proc. 10th int. Congr. Ent. (1956), 1:719-39.

Warren, B. C. S., 1961. The androconial scales and their bearing on the question of
speciation in the genus Pieris. Ent. Tidskr., 82:121-48.

—— , 1963. Pieris bryoniae dubiosa Rober, and . . . variation in the androconia of Pieris
species. Ent. Rec., 75:125-9.

—— ,, 1965. Affinities and distribution of various Pierid species. Ent. Rec.,77:121-9.

— , 1966. Nature and origin of certain races of .. . Pieris. Ent. Rec., 78:57-65.

—, 1967. Supplementary data on androconial scales of some Holarctic . . . Pieris.
Ent. Rec., 79: 139-43.

——, 1968a. On the Nearctic species of the bryoniae- and oleracea-groups of .. .
Pieris. Ent. Rec., 80:61-6.

—, 1968b. On an unstable race of Pieris adalwinda . . . in Scotland. Ent. Rec.,
80: 299-302.
—, 1969. On the discovery of a fourth hybrid race among Palaearctic . . . Pieris.

Ent. Rec., 81:225-31.

Wiltshire, E. P., 1962. Theories of the origin of the west Palaearctic and world faunae.
Ent. Rec., 74:29-39.

Zeuner, F. E., 1942. Two new fossil butterflies of the family Pieridae. Ann. Mag. nat.
Hist. (11), 9:409-16.

53, Crouch Hall Lane,
Redbourn, Herts.
4th April 1970

FIELD MEETING

CHOBHAM COMMON, SURREY—17th May 1969
Leader: Mrs. F. M. MURPHY

The leader and her husband were joined by another member, who hailed from
the north, and took a surprisingly cheerful view of the dull, windy weather and
the intermittent rain. We walked down to the stream in the Long Arm and
collected in the bog nearby. After lunch we went to the boggy area near
Burrowhills.

Of the spiders taken Dipoena inornata (O.P.-Camb.) and Singa sanguinea
C. L. Koch were very local and Zilla diodia Walck. is uncommon.

Spiders recorded were: Phuruolithus festivus C. L. Koch, Euophrys frontalis
(Walck.), Theridion pallens Blackwall, Araneus redii (Scop.), Dictyna arundicanea
(L.), Drassodes lapidosus (Walck.), Clubiona reclusa O.P.-Camb., Salticus
cingulatus (Panz.), Lycosa hortensis Thorell, Pirata hygrophilus Thorell, Episinus
angulatus (Blackwall), Dipoena inornata (O.P.-Camb.), Theridion vittatum
C. L. Koch, T. sisyphium (Clerck), Tetragnatha obtusa C. L. Koch, Zilla diodia
Walck., Singa sanguinea C. L. Koch, Gongylidium rufipes Sundervaal, Pocadic-
nemis pumila (Blackwall), Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall), Bathyphantes
pullatus (O.P.-Camb), and Poeciloneta globosa (Wider).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 7I
ZYGAENA FABRICIUS (LEP., ZYGAENIDAE) FROM TURKEY
By W. G. TREMEWAN

In July, 1969, I was very fortunate to join an entomological expedition to
Turkey, which was being led by Mr. Douglas Cottrill. Our main objective was to
collect Rhopalocera and the genus Zygaena. In addition, a large number of insects
of other orders, mainly Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, were collected
and these are now preserved in the British Museum (Natural History) collections.

Although we occasionally relied upon hotels for accommodation and food,
much of our time was spent in a caravan which we had taken across Europe,
consequently we were able to collect in more remote areas than otherwise might
have been possible. However, we were disappointed to find the Taurus Mountains
in the neighbourhood of Maras very poor for all groups of insects and, as the
vegetation in the southern part of Turkey generally was burnt brown with the sun,
combined with the almost total absence of plants in bloom, we came to the con-
clusion that it would have been more profitable in this area at an earlier date. The
best collecting locality was near the village of Beynam, some 40 km to the south
of Ankara, where no less than nine species of Zygaena were recorded from one
mountain slope. Here, many species of Rhopalocera were taken and other orders
were well represented.

One of our biggest disappointments in Turkey was the paucity of insects of all
orders in many areas and one had to drive many miles and spend much time
before a good locality was found. Similar observations were made by Guichard
& Harvey (1967:228). As elsewhere, much of the Turkish landscape is rapidly
changing and it is inevitable that much of its ecology will alter with the rapid
expansion of towns and villages in some areas, and with improved methods of
agriculture. Large scale afforestation in many areas is also destroying many
interesting localities.

Although brief ecological notes and descriptions of biotopes are given below,
it might be appropriate here to mention a few general remarks on field observa-
tions. In Turkey, all species of Zygaena are extremely active and many have a
fast and direct flight, consequently a net is a necessity to facilitate their capture.
Almost without exception most species were observed to feed as imagines at a
white-flowered scabious, tentatively determined as Scabiosa ucranica L., and were
rarely observed visiting other flowers. During the late afternoon and evening
many species, but especially carniolica Scopoli, were observed to rest on these
scabious flowers in preference to other vegetation. The biology of the Turkish
Zygaena is little known and as we found no larvae it is difficult to ascertain the
foodplants. Cocoons of only carniolica and laeta Hiibner were found and these
species do not as a general rule spin high up but conceal their cocoons amongst
the vegetation near the ground. Even filipendulae Linnaeus appears to conceal its
cocoon as an hour’s searching revealed none in a locality where the species was
abundant.

The following notes, which supplement those of Holik & Sheljuzhko (1953 et
seq.) and Tremewan (1968; 1969), are based on the material collected by Mr.
Douglas Cottrill, his two sons David and Robin, and myself. I am indebted to
them for their untiring efforts in obtaining many specimens for me. Most of the
material, including the types, is now preserved in the W. G. & S. M. Tremewan
collection; the remainder is in the D. Cottrill collection.

Although much of the material is referable to named subspecies, there are six
new and distinct subspecies which are here described. As noted below, some
species, including punctum Ochsenheimer and J/aeta, form local races which in my

**

ae? PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

opinion are not worthy of separation; they are here referred to the nearest sub-
species.

Zygaena laeta akschehirensis Reiss
1929, Int. ent. Z., 23:151

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 14-16.vii.69, seven males, one
female.

ANKARA: Bala, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 13.vii.69, one male, one female (in
copula).

Holik & Sheljuzhko (1953:223) stated that the populations of Asia Minor
form local races which are all near to ssp. orientis Burgeff, described from
Bogdanzi and Nicolic in the Dojran Lake district of Macedonia. At present, I
can see no justification in describing the Ankara specimens as new for, apart
from forming local races, as stated above, the species varies little over the whole
of its range in Turkey. The populations of /aeta occurring south of Ankara are
therefore referred to ssp. akschehirensis Reiss, described from the Aksehir region.

Bionomy

Collected east of the village of Beynam on the northern slopes of a range of
mountains to the south of Ankara. This area proved to be the richest in Zygaena
species, no less than nine species being captured here. The species purpuralis
Briinnich and araratensis Reiss were taken on the previous trip by Cottrill
(Tremewan, 1968:55), making the total of eleven species for this area; in spite
of intensive searching neither were observed in 1969.

A pair of /aeta in copula were found sitting on the cocoon of the female on 14th
June; the cocoon was spun up on a grass stem. A second cocoon found on the
same day was attached to a grass-head. From a cocoon found on the 12th July,
a number of the hymenopterous parasite Brachyneria intermedia (Nees) eventu-
ally emerged.

The larva feeds on Eryngium and two species, E. campestre L. and E. dichoto-
mum Desf. were common.

The terrain near the village of Bala, which lies to the east of Beynam, is sirnilar
to that of the latter, but flowers were not so abundant, neither was the area so
good for insects generally.

Zygaena punctum anatoliensis Reiss
1929, Int. ent. Z., 23:148

ANKARA: Bala, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 11-13.vii.69, three males, four
females.

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 1-16.vii.69, seventeen males,
three females.

ANKARA: Lalahan, 23 km east of Ankara, ca 850 m, 15.vii.69, two males, one
female.

ANKARA: Elmada, east of Ankara, ca 1800 m, 15.vii.69, one male, two females.

Z. punctum Ochsenheimer is widely distributed in Asiatic Turkey and tends to
form local races. However, the specimens recorded above are all referred to ssp.
anatoliensis Reiss, described from the neighbourhood of Aksehir, 1000-1500 m,
and have the characteristic confluent and suffused forewing streaks of this sub-
species.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC., 1970 73

Bionomy

An active species, occasionally visiting the white-flowered scabious (Scabiosa
ucranica), but more often taken on the wing. Eryngium, the foodplant of the
larva, was noted in all localities.

Zygaena punctum Ochsenheimer ssp.

KIRKLARELi: Yenibedir, south-east of Liileburgaz, 29.vi.69, four males, four
females.

Differs from ssp. anatoliensis Reiss in the dull red coloration of the forewing
streaks and hindwings; the confluence of the forewing streaks is not so strong
and is without the suffusion of red scaling.

Bionomy

Captured on uncultivated ground along the roadside. Eryngium campestre
and E. amethystinum L. were common.

Zygaena araratensis Reiss ssp.
1935, Int. ent. Z., 29:139

Sivas: Saylar Pass (north side), south-west of Sivas, ca 1850 m, 19.vii.69, two
females.

One female is aberrant and has the forewing streaks suffused and confluent, so
that the ground colour remains only as a narrow border from the middle of the
costa to the base of the inner margin.

Zygaena diaphana anadoluica ssp. noy.

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 1-14.vii.69, thirteen males,
twenty-five females.

Male: 27-32 mm wingspan. Forewing ground colour bluish black with a slight
greenish sheen; forewing streaks and hindwings light crimson, streaks broad,
occasionally confluent; hindwing border represented only at apex, or absent.

Female: 29-33 mm wingspan. Similar to the male, but forewing ground colour
occasionally dusted with yellowish scaling, sheen stronger; forewing streaks
broader, more often confluent; hindwings similar to those of the male. Tegulae
black mixed with whitish, black only in the male.

Holotype male, allotype female, Beynam, 2.vii.69.

Paratypes: 12 males, 24 females, Beynam, 1-14.vii.69; 1 male, Beynam,
25.vi.67; 1 female, Beynam, 14.vii.67.

This very distinct subspecies differs from the nominate subspecies from Hadjin
(Saimbeyli), 2000 m, in the thicker scaling, stronger and less translucent colora-
tion, and the larger size.

Bionomy

Occasionally captured whilst in flight, but also at rest on herbage or visiting
various flowers. In Europe the larva of this species feeds on Pimpinella saxifraga
L.; a Pimpinella species was noted in abundance in the Beynam locality.

Zygaena diaphana Staudinger ssp.

Sivas: Saylar Pass (north side), south-west of Sivas, ca 1850 m, 19.vii.69, two
males, seven females.

According to this rather limited material, similar to the specimens from Beynam.

14 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Bionomy
A Pimpinella species was growing in abundance where the specimens were
captured and is probably the foodplant of the larva.

Zygaena formosa eximia ssp. nov.

ANKARA: Bala, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 11—13.vii.69, thirteen males, four
females.
ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 12-16.vii.69, three males.

Male: 22-26 mm wingspan. Antennae, head and thorax black; patagia white,
sparingly mixed with rose-pink, tegulae black with white tips; abdomen black
with a rose-pink belt on two or three segments, legs greyish white. Forewing
ground colour black with a slight bluish or greenish sheen, forewing spots rose-
pink, edged with whitish cream, spots 1 and 2 confluent, spot 2a absent or
vestigial, spots 3 and 4 separate but confluent by the cream edging; in five
specimens confluent; hindwings rose-pink, hindwing border black, present only
at apex and as a tooth-shaped mark between apex and tornus.

Female: 24-27 mm wingspan. Similar to the male but edging of forewing spots
broader, less pink coloration in the patagia; tegulae whiter than those in the male.

Holotype male, allotype female, Bala, 11.vii.69.

Paratypes: 12 males, 3 females, Bala, 11—-13.vii.69; 3 males, Beynam, 12-16.vii.
69.

Compared with the nominate subspecies from Amasya, the new subspecies
differs in the broader whitish cream edging of the forewing spots, the patagia
which are whiter than in ssp. formosa Herrich-Schaffer, the narrower hindwing
border, and the legs, which are greyish white compared with brownish yellow.

Bionomy

This species flies with a rapid flight close to the ground and is not easily
captured. Only occasionally to be seen at rest on the white flower heads of
Scabiosa ucranica.

Zygaena ganymedes freyeriana Reiss stat. nov.
1933, Ent. Rdsch., 50:221, pls. 1, 2

Corum: north-east of Corum, ca 770 m, 21.vii.69, one male, seven females.
TOKAT: Kuzilinig Pass (north side), south of Tokat, ca 1150 m, 19.vii.69, one
female.

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 2-16.vii.69, two males, two
females.

ANKARA: Bala, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 11.vii.69, five males, three females
(including a pair in copula).

ANKARA: Lalahan, 23 km east of Ankara, ca 850 m, 15.vii.69, three males, four
females.

ANKARA: Elmadag, east of Ankara, ca 1800 m, 15.vii.69, two males, three
females.

Reiss separated this species from ganymedes Herrich-Schaffer by the greyish or
whitish scaling on the antennae, this scaling occurring from the base of the
antenna to just before the club. Holik & Sheljuzhko (1956: 128) pointed out that
this greyish scaling is not always present. According to the series of specimens
recorded above it is in fact a very variable character and is strongly represented
in nine specimens only out of a series of 33; an examination under the microscope

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 15

of all specimens in which the greyish scaling appears to be absent shows it to be
present.

The four specimens (two males, two females) which I previously recorded
from Beynam (Tremewan, 1968:55) as ganymedes have ‘black’ antennae; it is
now apparent that they should be referred to freyeriana. The male recorded from
Sirikli, near Merzifon (Amasya) (Tremewan, 1969:109) was correctly determined
and has greyish antennae.

The study of this material raises doubts as to whether freyeriana is specifically
distinct from ganymedes; in my opinion it is no more than a subspecies.

The specimens show some variation in the breadth of the yellowish cream
edging of the forewing spots; in a female from Elmadag the cream edging is
suffused and confluent within the spot area.

Bionomy

An active species, but frequently to be taken when visiting flowers of Scabiosa
ucranica. Staudinger (1879:324) recorded the larval foodplant as Astragalus
echinus DC.; in all the biotopes where the species was found, an Astragalus
species was noted.

A female from a pair captured in copula at Corum oviposited on 23rd July.
The ova were deposited in a single layer and, unlike those of British species, were
not laid flat but on end, the transparent pole being uppermost. Ovoid in shape,
pale yellow in colour, one pole (uppermost) transparent, abdominal scales of
female adhering to ova.

The ova hatched on 31st July but most of the larvae, which were offered
Trifolium and Lotus corniculatus L. and only accepted the latter, died in the first
instar. About half the larvae were given to Dr. G. Reiss who, at the time of
writing, has only one larva left and this is now in hibernation.

Zygaena carniolica amasina Staudinger
1879, Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 14:326

Amasya: AkGren, east of Amasya, 20.vii.69, two females (worn).
Corum: north-east of Corum, ca 770 m, 21.vii.69, four males, fifteen females.

One female from AkGren has the red abdominal belt two segments broad; the
abdominal belt of the other is five segments broad.

The specimens from east of Corum also show considerable variation in the
abdominal belt which varies from two to five segments broad in both sexes.
The cream edging of the forewing spots is also variable and in three females is
suffused and almost obliterates the dark ground colour.

Bionomy
Taken in both localities feeding at the flowers of Scabiosa ucranica.

Zygaena carniolica tokatensis ssp. nov.

TOKAT: Kaizilinis Pass (north side), south of Tokat, ca 1150 m, 19.vii.69, six males,
eleven females.

Sivas: Camlibel Pass (south side), north of Yildizeli, ca 1646 m, one male, ex
pupa, 20.vii.69.

Sivas: Saylar Pass (north side), south-west of Sivas, ca 1850 m, 19.vii.69, one
male.

Male: 25-27 mm wingspan. Differs from ssp. amasina Staudinger and ssp.
atatuerki ssp. nov. in the smaller forewing spots, the reduced whitish cream

76 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

edging, and the colder and duller, almost crimson coloration of the forewing
spots and hindwings. The abdominal belt varies from two to three segments
broad dorsally and is not well represented on the underside.

Female: 25-30 mm wingspan. As in the male.
Holotype male, allotype female, Kizilinis Pass, 19.vii.69.
Paratypes: 5 males, 10 females, with the same data.

The two specimens from Sivas are provisionally referred to this subspecies.
The male from the Saylar Pass is similar but the abdominal belt is considerably
broader. The male ex pupa from the Camlibel Pass is probably an aberration and
has yellow edging to the forewing spots of which spots 5 and 6 are confluent,
while the red abdominal belt is reduced and mixed with black.

It is worth noting that Holik & Sheljuzhko (1956:218) considered that, accord-
ing to the material available to them, the populations from near Tokat were not
referable to ssp. amasina.

Bionomy

Captured near the top of the Pass on the north side. The species frequented
rough ground between the roadside and cultivated areas; all specimens were
taken in the late afternoon at rest on flower heads of Scabiosa ucranica. On the
Camlibel Pass two cocoons were collected; the moth from one of these had
already emerged, from the other a male emerged on 20th July.

Zygaena carniolica atatuerki ssp. nov.

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 12-16.vii.69, 58 males, 24
females (including one female ex pupa, 13.vii.).

ANKARA: Bala, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 11—16.vii.69, 23 males, eight females.

Male: 25-30 mm wingspan. Differs from ssp. amasina Staudinger by the reduc-
tion of the cream edging of the forewing spots and the generally brighter vermi-
lion coloration of the forewing spots and hindwings.

Female: 25-30 mm wingspan. As in the male.

Holotype male, Beynam, 14.vii.69; allotype female, Beynam, 12.vii.69.

Paratypes: 57 males, 22 females, Beynam, 12-16.vii.69; 7 males, 1 female,
Beynam, 14.vii.67; 23 males, 8 females, Bala, 11—16.vii.69.

This new subspecies was provisionally placed under ssp. amasina Staudinger
(Tremewan, 1968: 56) but further material has shown that it differs in the breadth
of the cream edging of the forewing spots, which is narrower than that in ssp.
amasina. This cream edging is variable, however, and in four females is suffused
and confluent. The abdominal belt also varies from two to seven segments broad
dorsally. A female, ex pupa, 13.vii. from Beynam, has segments 2-4 yellowish
brown, the remaining segments except the eighth being dark pink.

Bionomy

This was the commonest species at Beynam, and in this locality and at Bala,
was taken feeding at the flowers of Scabiosa ucranica, where it also rested during
the late afternoon and evening. Although nine cocoons were found spun up on
grass stems, and one on a leaf of Eryngium, it is evident that the majority were
concealed amongst the herbage near the ground. A single cocoon was found in
the Bala locality.

From one cocoon a number of the hymenopterous parasite Monodontomerus
viciellae Foerster emerged.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 yfyf

Zygaena carniolica suavis Burgefft
1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 16:62

Maras: Maras to Géksun, ca 60 km from Maras, 7.vii.69, three males, four
females (worn).
Described from Maras, Hadjin (Saimbeyli) and Zeitun (Siileymanli).

Bionomy
These worn examples were taken at the flowers of Scabiosa ucranica in a small
patch of uncultivated ground surrounded by newly planted vineyards.

Zygaena loti anatolica Burgeft
1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 16:37

KonyA: south of Karaman, 5.vii.69, one female (worn).
This female is in very poor condition, the forewings being almost devoid of
scales; the only obvious characteristic is its small size—wingspan 24 mm,

Zygaena loti beynamensis ssp. nov.

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 1-14.vii.69, four males, four
females.

Male: 26-29 mm wingspan. Nearest to ssp. anatolica Burgeff but differs from
this subspecies and ssp. pontica Holik & Sheljuzhko in the forewing spots which
are more inclined to confluence; spots 1 and 2 confluent with spots 3 and 4, spots
5 and 6 separate from or narrowly confluent with spot 1 which is extended along
the costa.

Female: 28-30 mm wingspan. The females are remarkable for the reduction in
confluence of the forewing spots when compared with the males.

Holotype male, Beynam, 1.vii.69; allotype female, Beynam, 12.vii.69.

Paratypes: 3 males, 3 females, Beynam, 1—14.vii.69; 3 males, 2 females, 25.vi.—
1.vii.67.

This new subspecies was provisionally referred to ssp. pontica Holik & Shelju-
zhko (Tremewan, 1968:56). It should be noted that Holik & Sheljuzhko (1955:
146) stated that the Ankara populations appeared not to belong to ssp. anatolica
Burgeff.

Zygaena loti Denis & Schiffermiller ssp.

Sivas: Saylar Pass (north side), south-west of Sivas, ca 1850 m, 19.vii.69, one
male, seven females.

Differs from ssp. pontica Holik & Sheljuzhko from Amasya in the thicker
scaling and the brighter, less translucent red coloration of the forewing spots
and hindwings. In the male and two females the forewing spots are confluent.

Zygaena dorycnii wagneriana Reiss
1929, Int. ent. Z., 23:151

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 12-16.vii.69, three males, two
females.
Konya: south of Karaman, 5.vii.69, one male.
Konya: Sertavul Pass, south of Karaman, ca 1600 m, 5.vii.69, one male.

These specimens are provisionally referred to ssp. wagneriana Reiss, which was
described from Sultandagi near Aksehir, 1300-1700 m.

Bionomy
This is one of the most active species of Zygaena that we encountered and,
because of its wild and rapid flight, sometimes at a great height, is often very

78 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

difficult to capture. It was rarely to be seen visiting flowers or at rest on herbage.
When seen on the wing its dark appearance rendered it easily distinguishable
from filipendulae.

Zygaena dorycnii Ochsenheimer ssp.

AmasyA: Akoren, east of Amasya, 20.vii.69, five males, two females.
Corum: north-east of Corum, ca 770 m, 21.vii.69, one male (worn).

These specimens probably represent an undescribed subspecies, the description
of which awaits further material. They differ from the specimens from Ankara
and Konya in the warmer red coloration of the forewing spots and hindwings,
and in the larger forewing spots. The forewings are longer and broader, especially
in the females. The abdominal belt is one segment broad dorsally; one male has
a suffusion of red scaling on the dorsal surface of the abdomen anterior to the
belt.

This species was recorded by Staudinger (1879:322) from Amasya and Tokat
as peucedani Esper; the above specimens appear to be the first to be noted since
that date.

Bionomy

The Amasya specimens were collected near the village of AkGren; because of
their rapid flight and the rough terrain only about half of the total number seen
was taken.

Zygaena filipendulae superflua ssp. nov.

NevsEHir: 8 km west of Urgiip, ca 1200 m, 10.vii.69, 33 males, 28 females.

Male: 29-35 mm wingspan. Forewing spots confluent in pairs, in eleven males
spots 5 and 6 separate, spots and hindwings bright crimson; hindwing border
variable but well represented, occasionally broad at apex and between apex and
tornus; forewing ground colour with a strong green or blue-green sheen. An
aberrant but worn male has the forewing spots confluent in pairs while spot 2 is
connected to spot 4 by a broad, red bar.

Female: 29-37 mm wingspan. In only two females are spots 5 and 6 completely
separate; the general tendency is for the forewing spots to be large and confluent
in pairs; in two females there is a slight suffusion of red scaling connecting the
pairs. Forewing ground colour with a strong greenish sheen, forewing spots and
hindwings light crimson, hindwing border very narrow or absent.

Both sexes have a strong suffusion of red scaling in the spot area on the
underside.

I consider specimens with spots 5 and 6 confluent, and 3 and 4 narrowly
separated, to be representative of the subspecies.

Holotype male, allotype female, 8 km west of Urgiip, 10.vii.69.

Paratypes: 32 males, 27 females, with the same data.

Differs from ssp. anodolitia Reiss, described from Aksehir, in the greater
tendency for spots 5 and 6 to be confluent, and in the somewhat broader hind-
wing border.

Bionomy

The specimens were collected in a small marshy area where Juncus and other
bog vegetation grow. The species was abundant at the flowers of a thistle
(?Cirsium sp.) and several pairs were noted in copula. No cocoons were seen
even when a search was made low down in the herbage under pairs in copula.
It is evident that the cocoon is spun low down and well concealed and this

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 79

appears to be true for all the Turkish populations of filipendulae. The foodplant,
Lotus corniculatus L., was abundant but confined to the marshy area.

Zygaena filipendulae anodolitia Reiss
1929, Int. ent. Z., 23:152

ANKARA: Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 1—2.vii.69, two males, seven
females.

Although I originally referred the Beynam populations of filipendulae to ssp.
anodolitia Reiss (Tremewan, 1968: 56), this additional material suggests that they
represent a new subspecies. The description awaits further material.

This appears to be a variable subspecies in which the forewing spots are en-
larged and confluent in pairs. In two worn females the spots are very large and
confluent.

Bionomy

This species occurred in two localities near Beynam but did not appear to be
abundant. In both localities it frequented damp areas at the bottom of small
valleys where the vegetation was lush and green compared with the surrounding
countryside. Only here was the foodplant Lotus corniculatus to be found growing.
Occasionally filipendulae strayed away on to the drier ground but such specimens
were usually worn. No cocoons were noted.

Zygaena filipendulae akdaghi Holik & Sheljuzhko
1958, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 48:185
AmasyA: AkGren, east of Amasya, 20.vii.69, five males, seven females.

Described from Akdag, Amasya. The specimens from Ak6ren agree with the
original description of ssp. akdaghi Holik & Sheljuzhko except that the hindwing
border is somewhat broader.

Bionomy
The specimens were taken feeding at the blossoms of bramble (Rubus sp.)
growing beside a small stream in open pine woods.

Zygaena filipendulae Linnaeus ssp.
Sivas: Camlibel Pass (south side), north of Yildizeli, ca 1646 m, 19.vii.69, one
female (worn).
Forewing spots confluent in pairs, hindwing border well represented.

Zygaena filipendulae daghana Holik & Sheljuzhko
1958, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 48:185

CANKIRI: Pass on road from Giivem to Cerkes, 17.vii.69, two males, one female.
Bo.u: Lake Abant, ca 1000 m, 23.vii.69, two males, one female.

The Cankir1 specimens agree with the original description of ssp. daghana
Holik & Sheljuzhko, described from Kastamonu, except that the red suffusion of
scaling is well represented in the spot area on the underside of one male.

The Bolu specimens are similar and were captured in a similar biotope.

Bionomy
In both localities the specimens were collected in damp clearings in pine woods
where the foodplant, Lotus corniculatus, was present.

80 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Zygaena filipendulae Linnaeus ssp.

KiIRKLARELi: Yenibedir, south-east of Lileburgaz, 29.vi.69, two males, one
female.

Bionomy
Collected in a damp area along the roadside where Lotus corniculatus was
growing.

Zygaena lonicerae Scheven ssp.

AmasyA: Akoren, east of Amasya, 20.vii.69, one male, two females (worn).

Z. lonicerae Scheven is apparently either rare or overlooked in Turkey, and
there are very few records. According to Holik & Sheljuzhko (1958:217) the
species is sparingly distributed in Asia Minor. Lederer (1855:241) stated that the
species was found by Kindermann near Amasya and Tokat; there do not appear
to be any further records from these areas until now.

The specimens have long, narrow forewings; forewing spots of normal size,
hindwing border broad from apex to before tornus.

Bionomy
Taken flying in the same area as Z. dorycnii Ochsenheimer.

Zygaena lonicerae Scheven ssp.

CANKIRI: Pass on road from Giivem to Cerkes, 17.vii.69, one female.

This is apparently the first record of this species from the province of Cankir1.
Differs from the Amasya specimens in the broader forewings, with a more
rounded apex.

Bionomy
Taken where the food plant, Lathyrus pratensis, was growing beside a stream
running through a clearing in pine woods.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Iam indebted to Dr. J. F. Perkins and Mr. T. Huddleston for the determination
of the hymenopterous parasites, and to Mrs. L. A. Ferguson for her help in
determining a number of plants.

REFERENCES

Lederer, J., 1855, Beitrag zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Cypern, Beirut und einem
Theile Klein-Asiens, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, 5:177—254, pls. 1-4.

Guichard, K. M. & Harvey, D. H., 1967, Collecting in Turkey 1959, 1960 & 1962, Bull.
Br. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent., 19(4):223-—250.

Holik, O. & Sheljuzhko, L., 1953, Uber die Zygaenen-Fauna Osteuropas, Kleinasiens,
Irans, Zentralasiens und Sibiriens, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 43: 102-26.

——,, 1955, Ibidem, 44/45:26-158.

——,, 1956, Ibidem, 46:93-239.

——,, 1957, Ibidem, 47:143-85.

——, 1958, Ibidem, 48: 166-285.

Staudinger, O., 1878/9, Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasien’s, Horae Soc. ent. Ross.,
14: 176-482.

Tremewan, W. G., 1968, On a small collection of Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaeni-
dae) from Turkey, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1:54-6.

—, 1969, Further records of Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae) from Turkey,
Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 2:103-6.

PROC. BRIT, ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 81

LARVAE OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED
BY BUCKLER

PART XI
Compiled and illustrated by G. M. HAGGETT

This part contains descriptions of the larvae of two moths that share a similar
and equally remarkable history in Britain, in that both had not been recorded for
over 100 years. But whereas Coenophila subrosea Steph. had been formerly locally
plentiful within the Huntingdonshire fens before drainage, the records of Trisa-
teles emortualis Schiff. were so few as to be suspect. In very recent years both
species have been rediscovered in Britain and found to be breeding in numbers,
C. subrosea in a very different habitat in west Wales, but 7. emortualis in the
same district that produced the original records. One of the two Zygaena species
also in this part had also been lost for a number of years and this has now been
found again in a locality about as far removed from the original as could be in
Britain.

Collectors have always shown their great surprise not that such happenings
should ever occur, but that they should occur so frequently in a country where
the lepidopterous fauna was reckoned to be so well known. In fact we now expect
the opposite because the very appearance of such insects as T. emortualis and
Xanthorhoe biriviata Borkh. in the most densely populated part of the country
merely underlines just how little explored are the many facets of this ever-
changing fauna and how absurd it is to think that every environment has been
investigated. Only in very modern times have we begun to understand how the
discovery of almost any localised insect is due to chance and that for every dis-
covery made how many others still await that chance.

Coenophila subrosea Stephens Rosy Marsh Moth

The rediscovery in Britain of C. subrosea is probably the most spectacular of all
the astonishing post-war collecting surprises. It is all the more remarkable for
having been found in a part of the country so far removed from the old fenland
locality, and in so different a habitat. Students of the origins of our lepidopterous
fauna could have supposed that the former fenland populations had been
remnants of the one-time Doggerland and able to survive in Britain only in
alkaline peat-fen conditions (e.g. Beirne, 1953, Ent. Gaz., 4:297) in contrast to
the more usual acid moorland sites which the insect frequents today throughout
its extensive range abroad; and now the moth has again been found in Britain in
abundance in a maritime Welsh acid peat-bog.

At the time of writing Borth bog remains the only locality that is well worked,
but there are similar situations in Merionethshire and Cardiganshire, so it will be
surprising if other breeding grounds are not discovered, although it must be
remembered that it is only in a very restricted area of the fenlands that the species
was formerly found. Actually the original 1965 specimen was taken further north,
near Penrhyndeud, but it must be accepted that as this first moth was taken near
a railway goods yard accidental transportation was possible. Gardiner (1968,
Ent. Gaz., 19:251) suggests the possibility—albeit on circumstantial evidence—
that Weaver’s 1828 specimen could have come from Wales.

At first it was thought that these Borth moths were smaller and greyer than the
old fen insects, but the great many Welsh examples reared and caught since have
produced a range of size and colour shades; although the Welsh ones are

82 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

frequently smaller than the best of the preserved fen moths (and only the best
remain in collections today) the colour range of bred Welsh specimens in predom-
inantly some shade of red or pink that includes deep rose and velvety claret.
In Gardiner’s review (loc. cit.) two long-standing literary inaccuracies are
corrected. First the date of the fenland discovery is established as 1828 and not

1837. Second the former fenland distribution is clarified to exclude Cambridge- |

shire, all Whittlesea data being referred to Whittlesea Mere in Huntingdonshire.

Gardiner points out that Hulme (1958, Ent. Rec., 70:41—43) found records of the |

species from Derbyshire after the last specimens were recorded from Hunts.;
there were indeed two of these Derbyshire records, both from Easton, one in 1857
and the other a few years later.

Gardiner also discusses foodplants and regards Myrica gale L. as the only
likely wild food of the larva in Britain; he also suggests the burning of fen vegeta-
tion to be the most likely cause of the moth’s disappearance rather than drainage.
Wightman and Odd however, have noted at Borth that burning of the Bog
Myrtle along with the superficial bog overgrowth may actually be beneficial to this
species; these two workers have spent a deal of time in the last two years explor-
ing Borth bog from all directions both in daylight and at night, and they have
formed the opinion that the larvae of C. subrosea are only to be found in plenty
in those parts of the bog that are from time to time swept by fire and thus kept
open. They found large areas that appeared suitable but which were overgrown
as a result of the fire not reaching them and on such terrain they found many
larvae of other species, but none of this; and on areas where the fires had been
fairly recent and the old growth of Myrica badly burned there was still plenty of
young growth down in the wet moss. The moth is at present in extraordinary
abundance, it is subject to attack by several hymenopterous parasites and
Chalmers-Hunt (1969, Ent. Rec., 81:179) has recorded some of these and a virus
disease.

Like other Amathes larvae (for this species belongs sensibly to that genus) the
overwintered larva of subrosea comes up after dark to feed, and on favourable
evenings can be found actually in fading daylight. At Borth it feeds in spring on
the young leaves of Myrica but it takes readily in captivity to smooth-leaved
varieties of willow. In the last century the larva was collected from Myrica and
willow.

No account has been given of the early larval instars for whenever eggs have
been obtained the resulting larvae have died when young. Mr. J. Newton reared
17 larvae from the egg but they all died by early April probably because of
substitute food. These he says were never truly quiescent, they nibbled occasionally
at common dock. They were one-half to three-quarters of an inch long at
mid-January. Larvae have been found at Borth in early May while still very
small, others half-grown at the same date. Sadler found larvae from a quarter
grown to three-quarters grown on 27th April 1968 (Ent. Gaz., 20:64). The
peak time for the larger larva at Borth appears to be late May and early June,
but Odd found a fully grown one as late as 27th July. G. Warnecke (1926,
Ent. Zeit., 40: 173-189), Agrotis subrosea Steph. on the Continent, its forms, dis-
tribution and biology, has given the most thorough account. He discussed colour
variation at length and listed the distribution which ran from Siberia to Sweden,
Germany and France. He illustrated the egg and listed the following foodplants:
Andromeda polifolia L., Vaccinium uliginosus L., Ledum palustre L. (Marsh Rose-
mary), Myrica gale L., Populus tremula L. (in captivity) and Calluna. He wrote
‘the larvae hatch in autumn and overwinter whilst small. They appear (as other
noctuid larvae) to feed during the winter whenever conditions are favourable so

( Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1970 Plate 1V

Figs. 1-4 Coenophila subrosea Steph.
Figs. 5-9 Trisateles emortualis Schiff.

bi
= - =“
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a
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i
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- 7 : ‘Wo t
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ai
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‘ - = za
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oi
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. 7
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; atte _

PROC. BRIT., ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 83

that development within the species is not uniform’. He gave these times of
appearance of larger larvae: end of May on Ledum, Vaccinium and Andromeda;
11th June, Hambourg; 21st-22nd June, Pommern. Warnecke discussed the
probable causes of distribution and linked this with occurrence of foodplants
after the Ice Ages and said that apart from the former occurrence in the English
fens the species was found on peat bogs. He thought that subrosea was expanding
its range westwards and he listed in order the years and localities in which the
moth was first discovered from the Baltic and Prussia 1886-90 to Liineburg
1923. He concluded that subrosea, as other scarce species, had occasional periods
of plenty. The Borth colony would seem to indicate that this species has always
had wide but very localised distribution and that no expansion has necessarily
taken place.

De Worms (1968, Ent. Gaz., 19:83) has given a summary of the literature and
reviewed the history of subrosea in Britain. His reference to Schultz should be
corrected to Ent. Rec., 37 (not 39).

Description of last instar of larva. An extremely handsome larva that measures
38 mm long at full growth. It has a cylindrical body with pronounced taper from
the small head and constricted pro- and mesothorax, the third thoracic ring is
swollen and the rest of the body is plump and firm, the segmental divisions weak
so that the body has a smooth and even profile. There is sharp taper from the
ninth abdominal ring and the remaining rings are very small. The prolegs are
small and borne on weakly developed cushions. The skin is very smooth and soft
bearing only sparse, tiny, pale, short hairs.

The body colour is pinkish inclined to rosy or purple and tinged with yellow;
along the dorsum it is mottled with fine black irrorations that become intensified
towards the subdorsal stripes and there form a pair of conspicuous deep black
dashes on each abdominal ring, and a dark band along the thorax. Between the
subdorsal stripe and the subspiracular band the skin is coloured first rust and
then dark pinkish purple caused by the pink ground colour being heavily speckled
in black. The bold mediodorsal stripe is clear primrose, broader at the beginning
of each ring, constricted at the centre and broad again at the posterior edge;
the stripe is edged in black, and runs unbroken from the head across the pro-
thoracic plate to the anal plate. Subdorsals also bold primrose, slightly broader
than the mediodorsal, the edges a little ragged and dramatically edged above by
the black dashes, margined below in deep orange. The subspiracular band is
extremely broad on the abdomen, is clear cream with a darker sinuous shadow at
its centre; it begins on the prothorax as a narrow stripe but swells quickly on the
third thoracic ring; it is continued down the sides of the anal claspers; on its
lower side the band is edged in the dramatically contrasting colour of deep,
dark brown. Spiracles small, black, oval, set at the centre of each ring in the
upper edge of the subspiracular band. On the ventral surface the body is a warm
flesh tint with the prolegs suffused rose-pink.

Head pale grey-brown, smooth with soft short hairs, flattened in front, the
mouthparts also pale with a reddish brown ring around the ocelli. There are
two widely spaced vertical brown stripes in front, broadest above and tapering to
a streak each side of the clypeus. True legs grey-brown and small. Prolegs flesh
pink and rosy. Anal claspers tiny, flesh pink. Prothoracic plate grey-brown,
weakly sclerotised, crossed by strongly developed primrose dorsal and subdorsal
Stripes, fine black freckling at the sides, anal plate similar.

The ground colour may be very pale and the black subdorsal markings greatly

_ reduced, while in other examples the ground colour is darkened and the subdorsal

84 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

dashes joined to form a continuous black stripe and the purplish lateral band is
also intensified.

This larva is undoubtedly correctly classified in that group of genera that link
Amathes to Triphaena for it possesses the shape, small head, swollen thorax,
markings pattern and broad lateral band that are common to them all, indeed
it is only the well-pectinated antennae of the male moth that has argued separation
from Amathes. The larva is not at all unlike A. depuncta L. or Cerastis rubricosa
Schiff.; superficially it could pass for Lygephila pastinum Treits., but hardly
Ceramica pisi L. as has been suggested.

Figures—Plate IV, figs. 1-4. All last instar, one soon after the last moult. Borth,
north Wales, on Myrica gale L. from Bernard Skinner, 17.v.68 and from
A. J. Wightman, 8.vi.69.

Trisateles emortualis Schiff. Olive Crescent

There are numerous instances amongst the British Lepidoptera of species
becoming plentiful for a few years and then disappearing for a long while, and
even for so long that a generation or two of collectors may pass before the insect
is found again. There are several explanations of this, not least significant being
the changing fashions of collectors and their collecting grounds. The species
T. emortualis is rather more unusual than most in that far from being formerly
common only three specimens had ever been seen in Britain, these all in the short
period 1858-9 and in the Chilterns district; and nothing was ever known of the
life history. To these must be added the instance of a previously unrecorded moth
in 1910 at Stonor, also in this same area (Greenwood, 1967, Ent. Rec., 79:116).
Since its rediscovery in 1962, however, the moth has been seen in some quantity
in the Chilterns, especially since 1967 when considerable numbers have been
taken at mercury vapour light and in 1969 a specimen was caught near Haywards
Heath in Sussex (1970, Ent. Rec., 82:30). Also in 1967 the larva was reared from
the egg and finally larvae and pupae were both found wild in 1967 and 1968. The
high degree of research and sophisticated collecting techniques that are forcibly
applied by the collector of today can account for the relative ease with which
discoveries are now made, and the strength of local insect populations revealed,
but it still comes as a surprise that such a moth could remain undetected for so
long in a part of the country that is very accessible and where there is a relatively
high resident population of collectors.

An account of breeding this species and of the discovery of wild larvae and
pupae is given by B. R. Baker (1969, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 2(1):5-8)
with illustrations of larvae and comparison of the pupal cremaster with that of
Zanclognatha nemoralis F.; the characteristic feeding habits of the larva are well
illustrated and show the peculiar skeletonising effect of leaving the veins uneaten.
Baker was able to confirm that dead oak leaves were eaten rather than beech, as.
indeed other writers on the continent had found; Baker’s experience in rearing
the larva from the egg suggests the principal food to be oak leaves that have
fallen in the current year rather than older leaves of previous years.

I am especially pleased to record my gratitude to Mr. Baker for his generous
supply of larvae, also to applaud the success of his brilliant field work.

Comparison with other British deltoid larvae. In Britain T. emortualis is unique
in being the only brown larva of this group of moths that has but two pairs of
functional prolegs. Other larvae that have similar colour and markings are
Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treit., and Herminia barbalis Clerck, but both of these

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 85

have four pairs of prolegs and both species are only half-grown in September and
then hibernate. The larva of H. barbalis is otherwise very similar to emortualis and
it also feeds on decaying oak leaves after hibernation, but during the autumn it is
obtainable by beating green foliage. The larva of Paracolax derivalis Hiibn. is
still rather small by the autumn, is black and has four pairs of prolegs. The larva
of Z. nemoralis F. pupates in the autumn, as does emortualis, but it has a distinct
dark dorsal stripe and four pairs of prolegs.

A general note on brown deltoid larvae. Those deltoid larvae that are brown are
adapted to living and hiding amongst dead and decaying foliage and especially
among the litter of fallen deciduous leaves under high forest. They are sluggish
and not well equipped for climbing as indeed they have little need. The cuticle of
the body and head is soft and velvety, being covered in a dense pile of very short
fine hair that does not shine or reflect light. The body segments are soft and
flattened beneath, and this feature, together with a well-developed lateral flange,
enables the larva to flatten itself closely to the smooth surface of a dead leaf and so
escape detection. Movement is habitually slow and sluggish but larvae can be-
come very active when subjected to bright light.

Description of last instar larva. Measures to 18 mm long at full growth. The
shape of the body is cylindrical, much flattened on the ventral surface, it is
broadest until fully grown at the second and third thoracic rings and rather con-
stricted at the first abdominal division, but at full growth the fifth and sixth
abdominal rings are quite as broad as the thorax. All rings are broader than long
and there is very little taper until the last two. There is a well-developed lateral
flange on the thorax and first three abdominal rings.

The ground colour is mostly some shade of sienna, shaded in flesh-pink,
orange or ginger and dusted darker brown. The intersegmental folds of the
abdomen are soft orange. The overall appearance of the larva is warm and
fulvous. The only ornamentation that is apparent to the naked eye is a series of
dusky, or quite black, blotches placed in pairs on the dorsum at the intersegmental
folds between all abdominal rings, and these are darkest on the first four rings.
These blotches are roughly squared but teased forward as a little streak that
reaches onto the next ring; the intersegmental fold between the marks is clear
orange. In the heaviest marked example there is a further dark blotch at the
centre of each abdominal ring dorsum and a weak cross figure can be seen that
links the central blotch to the pair on each side of it. The eighth abdominal
ring is paler than the rest and on each side of its dark dorsal central mark there
is a tawny orange patch. On the sides of all abdominal rings there is a dusky streak
extending obliquely downwards from the dorsal intersegmental blotch and these
streaks are best developed on the first six rings; in some specimens all the streaks
are very weak.

Under a modest lens a delicate white mottling can be traced. There is a very
fine, weak mediodorsal stripe beginning on the posterior half of the first thoracic
ring that continues right onto the anal ring; the central dorsal blotch can be seen
as a darkened streak within this stripe; the stripe is finely edged in milky brown
and bordered again outside in dark brown. There is a rudimentary subdorsal
stripe composed of a similar series of lines and this also runs the full length of the
body. Ventrally the larva is shaded blue-grey with pink skin folds. The skin of the
dorsum is studded with strong black warts that each carries a solitary fine black
bristle. The spiracles are small, black and oval, no larger than the adjoining warts
except the pairs on the eight abdominal and thoracic rings where they are larger
and placed much higher up the side of their ring.

86 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Head globular, large, broadest at the bottom, the epicranial suture marked by a
fine pale line, pinky-brown to dark olive in colour, smooth but not shining,
carrying fine hairs in front, mouthparts of the same colour, lobes of the head
mottled with a fine reticulation. True legs and prolegs pinky-grey, there being
only two functional pairs and these are borne on rings five and six of the abdomen,
there is a very tiny and rudimentary pair on ring four. The cuticle is covered in a
velvety pubescence and it is not differentiated into prothoracic and anal plates,
the only ornamentation these rings display are black warts. The front edge of
the prothorax can appear as a pale rim.

Before it becomes fully grown the larva has a striped appearance due to better
defined dorsal and subdorsal stripes; the colour is then a more uniform darker
brown and the orange penultimate body ring is more swollen than any other.
Amongst five larvae sent to me by Mr. Baker, which he had especially selected
from many to show the range of variation, one was a pale greenish yellow and its
sole markings were tiny black warts and pairs of weak dorsal blotches. The other
larvae were some shade of warm brown, two had well-developed dark dorsal
blotches and lateral stripes, the others had these features but poorly expressed.
One larva had a series of delicate crosses along the dorsum.

The illustration in Hofmann (1893, Die Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas,
Pl. 38, fig. 14) is not well coloured and depicts a larva that has coarse bristles.

Figures—Plate IV, fig. 5-9, all last instar, on dead oak leaves, collected in Bucks.,
by B. R. Baker. Figures 12.ix.68.

Dysstroma truncata Schiff. s.sp. concinnata Stephens Arran Carpet

Dr. E. A. Cockayne had a very special interest in this insect and published
detailed accounts of both the moth and the larva. In Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc., 1931-2:16, he dealt with the early stages and compared the larva with D.
truncata Hufn.; his note in Amat. Ent., 5(38):26 (1941) is a summary of his
earlier work, while in Ent. Rec., 65:273 (1953) he explored the differences between
Scottish and Irish specimens in the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection
and his principal findings are here quoted.

‘To sum up my conclusions I think concinnata Stephens is a subspecies of
truncata and not a distinct species and consider that it inhabits the high ground of
Arran, the neighbouring mainland, and South Uist in the Outer Hebrides. I do
not think the Lewis specimens are worth separating though they are less uniform
in size and in the appearance of the hindwing. Oressigena Wild is a synonym of
concinnata Stephens. In Orkney there is a peculiar race which deserves a sub-
specific name. Specimens from the Highlands of Scotland and the mountains of
southern Ireland are on the whole very similar and are brighter and more boldly
marked than most English ones, but cannot always be distinguished from them.
In our Irish series there is a higher percentage of blackish specimens. The use of
the name concinnata for either race is incorrect and neither has been named.’

This summary rejected the view that Irish specimens from Achill Island
belonged to concinnata. Because of the doubt that has always surrounded the
identity of concinnata, reports of this insect from western Scottish islands, the
Scottish mainland and from Ireland cannot with certainty be referred to this or
truncata (or even citrata L. in some cases). Huggins (1960, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1959: 182) confirms that Kerry moths are truncata and says that when
Baynes bred the Kerry insect under normal conditions it became double brooded.

D. S. Fletcher (1953, Ent. Gaz., 4:227) gives useful references, and in the 1961
edition of South (Moths Brit. Isles) he briefly reviews the moth’s status. The

|

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist Soc. 1970 Plate V

Figs. 1-2. Dysstroma truncata Schiff. s.sp. concinnata Steph.
Figs. 3-5 Zygaena viciae Denis & Schf. s.sp. argyllensis Tremewan
Figs. 6-8 Zygaena loti Denis & Schf. s.sp. scotica Rowland-Brown

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 87

genitalia are described and figured by Pierce (1914, Gen. Brit. Geometridae),
also by Tams (1941, Amat. Ent., 5(38):13). C. N. Hawkins discussed the pupa in
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-2:21. Prout in Seitz Suppl. Pal. Geom.
(1934) quotes Rayward ‘there are no differences in the genitalia which can be
depended upon as good characters’ for the separation of concinnata from truncata
but goes on to say ‘the occurrence of the two allies side by side but with different
life-cycles and without any intermingling, is sufficient evidence for Arran of
biologically distinct species’.

According to Cockayne the larva of concinnata hibernates as a small larva and
eats heather in the wild state, but thrives on strawberry leaves in captivity. Itisa
single brooded insect.

Buckler’s figures c and d, Vol. 8, plate 143 of truncata show a form similar to
concinnata except that the shade of green is much too pale. Almost any brood of
truncata may produce a small proportion of red marked individuals of varying
red intensity and extent.

I am much indebted to Mr. Austin Richardson who loaned me larvae for
figuring, these had been forced to maturity during December on leaves of garden
strawberry.

Description of last instar larva. Cockayne’s original description made from 12
specimens is as follows.

‘The full-grown larva is slender and tapers towards the anterior end varying
in length between 22 mm and 25 mm. The dorsal surface has a ground colour of
cerro green (Ridgway) with a continuous narrow central line of much darker
green starting on the third thoracic somite. In one larva this dark central line is
bordered on either side by an incomplete whitish green line, most distinct near
the ends of the somites. According to Buckler the larva of citrata has the dark
central line bordered with white, but not that of truncata. On either side of the
ground colour of the dorsal region there is a distinct subdorsal stripe. This is
pure white on the three thoracic somites; on the first thoracic it is sharply curved
with the convexity inwards; on the second the subdorsal stripes are a little further
apart and on the third still further apart, and on both these somites they are
slightly curved with the concavity inwards. On the abdominal somites the sub-
dorsal stripes are well defined, but tinged with yellow on the more anterior ones
and with pale green on the more posterior. There is a broad continuous lateral
stripe of Hay’s maroon (Ridgway), or of a colour a little lighter or darker, starting
in three larvae on the first and in the rest on the second or third thoracic somite.
This stripe becomes broader in the middle of each somite where it may even
touch the subdorsal stripe, and narrower at the inter-segmental areas, where the
concavity formed below is filled in with very pale green. In most the lateral is
separated from the subdorsal stripe by green colour. The ventral surface is green
of a slightly paler tint than the dorsal, with a narrow central yellow line and with
a thin greenish white line on each side of the anterior part of each somite ending
at a point just posterior to the first pair of tubercles. Each intersegmental fold
appears as a narrow yellow transverse line. In one larva heavily marked with
maroon the four ventral tubercles of each somite are ringed with maroon, and
there is a short line of the same colour in the middle of the venter between the
first pair of tubercles, running forward to a point slightly anterior to them; in
another larva still more heavily marked there are in addition extensions of
maroon from the lateral stripes to all the rings around the ventral tubercles,
excepting those on the first and second abdominal somites. In these two larvae
two broad maroon bands run transversely between the first pair of prolegs and

88 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

two narrower ones cross the venter between the first and anal pair. In one larva
the lateral stripe is narrower and redder than in the rest, absent on the first and
second thoracic, and reduced to a few specks of colour on the anterior part of the
sixth and seventh abdominal somites where there is a thin white line above and a
greenish white stripe below. On the eighth it is represented by a large, and on the
ninth by a small, red spot. In most of the larvae the prothoracic plate has maroon
markings; the first two pairs of legs in the majority are green and the third pair
maroon; in two the maroon of thejlateral stripe does not extend onto the base of
the third pair but in the rest it does so, and in two of the most heavily marked all
three pairs of legs and their bases are maroon. The whole of the first pair and the
anterior half of the anal pair of prolegs are maroon even in the most lightly
marked, and in the most heavily marked the whole of the anal pair is of this
colour. The processes on the anal pair of prolegs are white or pale green dorsally
and in every case deep pink laterally on both inner and outer aspects. The anal
flap is divided almost equally into a central portion of cerro green and two very
pale green lateral portions, the central being slightly the wider. The tubercles are
white contrasting strongly with the maroon stripe and green ground colour and
the setae appear to be dark red; the spiracles are white. The head including the
mouthparts varies from cerro to a blackish green and has maroon markings.’

Figures—Plate V, figures 1-2 last instar ex female, Isle of Arran, from Austin
Richardson. Reared on cultivated strawberry leaves, figured 12.xii.59.

Zygaena loti Denis & Schiff. s.sp. scotica Rowland-Brown
Slender Scotch Burnet

The 1961 edition of South (Moths Brit. Isles, Ser. I1, p. 330) contains the first
accurate account of this burnet given in a British work under its correct name of
loti. The name /oti was first introduced into British literature as a result of the
researches of W. G. Tremewan (1958 and 1960, Ent. Gaz., 9:189 and 11:185),
until then the moth had been called achilleae Esper. The full history of the species
in Britain has since been given by Tremewan (1968, Ent. Gaz., 19:203) wherein
are chronicled the excursions and specimens collected since the discovery here of
the species in 1907. It seems that very few attempts had been made, for while the
moths had been found to be quite numerous when finally located, it had always
proved to be exceedingly local and for many years there had been confusion,
even controversy, as to its precise identity. The synonymy of the Scottish sub-
species is discussed by Tremewan (Joc. cit. 208).

Discovered first at Morvern on the Scottish mainland, today the only authenti-
cated localities are on the islands of Mull and neighbouring Ulva. Records from
other western Scottish islands require confirmation.

The larva has been hatched from the eggs of captured females on several
occasions, de Worms 1961, Grosvenor 1929 and 1931, Cockayne 1940, and
Edelsten 1946, but most of these larvae died during the winter and those that
were still alive in the spring then died before feeding. Like some other zygaenid
larvae of northern and alpine habitats this species is known to pass more than one
winter in the larval stage; the commonly accepted explanation of this is that
varying length of larval life ensures that different individuals of the same parents
may emerge in different years and so maintain randomness of gene distribution
in a very localised colony insect of specialised habitat. Few accurate observations
are recorded of the behaviour of these larvae during hibernation; Tremewan is
one of the few observers to witness the pattern of the hibernating zygaenid larva,
and he has found that a moult is made just prior to diapause and again soon after

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 89

activity is recommenced, with no more than a minimum of feeding taking place
before the spring moult. In those species that pass more than one winter as a
larva he has found that the second diapause is begun immediately after the spring
feed and moult so that the larva hibernates for the second time in one instar later
than that of the previous winter. The sole instance of a larva having been found
wild is Bretherton’s record for Morvern in 1961. When reared in captivity the
larva has eaten Lotus corniculatus L. and Tremewan records (loc. cit., 215) that
the moth is found where this plant grows with Erica and Calluna. The cocoon was
first described accurately by Edelsten from a specimen reared in captivity in 1946,
it was not found wild until 1967 when Tremewan confirmed on the Island of Mull
that the cocoon was spun on the ground.

In October 1967 Tremewan gave me two larvae of Joti which he was rearing
from eggs laid by a female moth caught by him in Mull that summer. These two
larvae passed the winter in a cool place indoors and remained, in their brown
skins, right through the following summer; during the winter of 1968 the larvae
were kept in a container surrounded by damp cotton-wool and placed within a
plastic box. Early in spring 1969 one died and the other was given into the care
of my mother who found that when over-wintering this species, and also Z. viciae
Denis & Schiff., it was helpful to maintain moisture all winter so that the hiber-
nating larva did not dessicate, and to aid the larva to moult when it resumed
activity. The most convenient way of achieving this is to place the larva in a tin
and keep this in an airtight container that is packed with damp cotton-wool. My
mother found when rearing these two species that they liked to rest on damp moss
and that they would spend much time closely examining the moss with the
mandibles and apparently sucking moisture. Both species remained inactive for
long spells and both fed up avidly during the last instar. This larva of /oti became
active during the latter half of April and moulted on 8th May, apparently without
having eaten or passed frass since coming out of hibernation; it passed the last

/ moult on 23rd May. It disliked bright light.

In both the first (1909) and 1939 editions of South (series II, plate 1, fig. 5) there

_is an illustration of a larva called Z. achilleae copied from Hofmann 1893 Die

' Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas (plate 9, fig. 21), but this is quite unlike any
‘instar of Joti, and instead looks more like an unnatural representation of viciae.
‘The description that accompanies this figure (Hofman, p. 36) is certainly in-

applicable to Joti and the foodplants are decidedly unlikely for this species.
Meyrick (1927, Revised Handbook) also gives a description that appears based
on this same figure and is equally incorrect for Joti.

I am grateful to Mr. Tremewan for supplying me with larvae of this species
and for much information on both of the zygaenids described in this work.

Description of the hibernating larva. During hibernation the larva assumes the
colour of pale fawn or ochre tinged with pinkish or purplish brown throughout.
The dense forked bristles are strong and black. There is a blurred but conspicu-
ous dorsal stripe of dulled maroon and a pair of scalloped subdorsal bands that
consist of a prominent black dot at the anterior margin of one ring linked to a
purplish black prominence at the posterior edge of the preceding ring.

In the next instar as the larva comes out of hibernation the colour is still

\purplish brown and the dorsal and subdorsal stripes remain similar in form and
colour to those of the previous instar, but instead of being uniformly pinky brown

on the sides of the body the larva now develops a yellow patch below each of the
dorsal prominences. The prominences themselves and also the paired black spots
are much enlarged.

go PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Description of the last instar larva, Length, when stretched, 20 mm. The body
thickset and fleshy with very little taper at either end, the rings extremely narrow
and about four times as high as broad when the larva is contracted, the inter-
segmental divisions very pronounced and the dorsal surface steeply arched
between.

The dorsum is a lustrous, velvety blue-grey with deep green suffusion, and this
shades at the sides to a soft rich emerald, and paler still below the row of spiracles. |
There is no subdorsal line, instead a row of bold luminous yellow patches where
the dorsal grey meets the lateral green, each patch being rather flattened at the
posterior edge where it adjoins the next ring. There are ten pairs of these patches
that occur on each ring from the second thoracic. Each patch has immediately
above it and adjacent to it a sharply defined jet-black spot, and close to this but
situated on the very anterior edge of the following ring is a larger oval spot also
deep black. A pair of such black spots is present also on the prothorax where
there is no yellow patch. There is a broad ill-defined dark purplish mediodorsal
stripe.

Head very small and rectractile, when the larva is contracted what appears
to be a dark head is in fact the prothorax. The head is uniformly black but has its
palpi and labrum soft and grey. True legs yellowish green tipped with black,
prolegs and anal claspers pale yellowish green. Spiracles black, oval, centred in
white, each spiracle situated at the lower edge of a fleshy green cushion of the
quilted skin. The body hairs are so fair as to appear white, and are branched in
the usual zygaenid pattern.

In Britain the larva of Joti can be confused in appearance only with those of
purpuralis Briinn., or exulans Hohe. Z. purpuralis has a pale dorsal line that is
lacking in Joti, its black lateral spots are smaller and single, whereas the larger
spots of Joti are paired with one on each of two adjoining rings. This same differ-
ence in spotting may also hold good between Joti and exulans, which look very
similar in colour and pattern, but our only reliable source of description of the
latter is from Buckler’s Swiss larvae and his description is not detailed enough.
The problem of identification of the wild larva is eased by the limited ocurrence
of exulans which has never been found in western Scotland or the Isles, or indeed
anywhere away from its Braemar home.

Figures—Plate V, figures 7-8, last instar in its second year, figured 2.vi.69;
figure 6, hibernating larva, 10.ii.69, reared on Lotus corniculatus L. Loch

Tuath, Isle of Mull, ex female taken by W. G. Tremewan.

Zygaena viciae Denis & Schiff. s.sp. argyllensis Tremewan
New Forest Burnet

The burnet moth that formerly occupied a restricted part of the New Forest in
Hampshire was the subspecies anglica Reiss, and was commonly called meliloti
Esper, but this insect is now lost from Britain and instead the Scottish population
is described as a separate subspecies argyllensis Tremewan (1967, Ent. Gaz.,
18:159). Discovery of the Argyllshire colony dates only from 1963 when F. C.
Best first found it (1963, Ent. Gaz., 14:149) and so far few people know its
location. The Argyll insect is described by Tremewan in its habitat together with
an account of finding the wild cocoon. Earlier Tremewan (1966, Ent. Gaz.,
17: 187) had given a very full history of Z. viciae anglica in the New Forest with
an exhaustive list of literary references.

During the years when s.sp. anglica was found in the New Forest a great deal
of collecting notes were recorded in numerous journals. The insect was bred from

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 gI

the egg on a number of occasions; the early stages were well-known and the larva
adequately described, but there appears to be only one instance of the larva being
found wild and this is Tremewan’s record (1966, Ent. Gaz., 17:197) of Lyle who
took a dozen fully fed larvae on 28.v.11 and who accurately described the cocoon
and its location. Tutt 1899, Brit. Lep., 1:465), gave a very detailed description of
the larva and its structure, also a mention (from a continental source) that the
larva of viciae was to be found in numbers in the shade but only singly in sun-
shine. The larva is well described also by Barrett (1900, Lep. Brit. Isles, 2:124),
but the illustration on plate 59, fig. 1c, is very poor. It would be remarkable had
Buckler left no figure of this species for the moth was plentiful in the New Forest
during his time and he lived not far away at Emsworth. Tremewan recalls (1966,
Ent. Gaz., 17:188) that Briggs sent a larva to Buckler and it may be his illustra-
tion that was copied for Barrett’s work although no figure was ever given in
Buckler’s own posthumous volumes. The figure given by Wilson (1880, Larvae
Brit. Lep., Pl. 10, fig. 4) is grotesquely unlike this species or any other. Stokoe
(1958, Caterpillars Brit. Moths, p. 144) describes the larva and illustrates the
eggs. A similar description (and probably the origin of the last) was printed in the
1909 and subsequent editions of South (Moths Brit. Isles), and in the 1909 and
1939 editions was given an illustration (series 2, plate 1, fig. 5) after Hofmann of
the larva called achilleae, but which is instead much more like an unnatural figure
of Z. viciae.

Tremewan (1965, Ent. Gaz., 16:119) has described the egg and habit of laying,
and several writers have commented on the larval habit of over-wintering twice.
Tremewan tells me that it is rare for any zygaenid larva to hibernate more than
twice and in his experience larvae that do not feed up after their second winter
will soon die. However Z. exulans has gone on record as hibernating up to four
times.

I am indebted to Mr. F. C. Best for sending me a quantity of eggs laid on 9th
July 1968 by a female taken in cop. in the west Argyll colony discovered by him
in 1963. The eggs hatched on 21st July and although the young larvae began to
feed well enough they were soon reduced in numbers by a parasitic fungus. By
the autumn there were only four survivors and at the following spring only one
larva had begun to feed. This time of life is especially tricky for larvae in captivity
and once again I am pleased to record my gratitude to my mother who nursed
this particular larva through to full growth as she has done with so many other
difficult species. This larva was kept in a glass-topped tin containing wood-wool
and tissue paper and enclosed within a polythene box packed with damp cotton-
wool. The box was placed in an unheated room all winter and brought into a
sunny, gently warmed room during March. The first activity was noted on 16th
March and feeding began three days later. Moults were passed on 7th, 14th and
26th April, and the larva was fully grown by 4th May.

The larva spent long periods motionless both during the moult and between
moults, but it could for short spells be very active; during the last two instars it
was an avid feeder on small stems as well as leaflets. It was only ever offered Lotus
corniculatus L. Tremewan described (1965. Ent. Gaz., 16:123) how young larvae
ate Lotus, Lathyrus pratensis L., Trifolium pratense L., T. repens L., they accepted
Vicia cracca L. but not readily.

Description of last (seventh) instar larva. Measures to 22 mm long when con-
tracted, rather longer with the head and thorax extended. In shape very thickset
with squat rings that are much taller than broad and rather squared, and rapid
taper at the prothorax and on the last two abdominal rings which are especially

92 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

squared anteriorly. Apart from the sharp taper at each end the body is of uniform
width both dorsally and laterally.

The general colour is a rich luscious emerald green tinged with blue and yellow,
the dorsal and lateral bands being pale cobalt. The pattern is simple, the central
dorsum of each ring comprising a broad rhomboid figure, the shape of those on
the prothorax being more rounded, each figure is constricted at the anterior
margin of its ring and its edges are but slightly curved outwards to end squarely
at the posterior margin, the edges are finely etched in black and comprise the
finely-drawn tail of a conspicuous black dot set on the anterior edge of the ring.
These dots are bolder on the fifth abdominal ring and start on the mesothorax.
Immediately below this spot there is a large semi-circular patch of brilliant
chrome yellow placed vertically against the posterior edge of the preceding ring,
and the patches are linked to one another by a pale blue band. There is a broad
dorsal stripe of dulled cobalt that has no sharp edges but which merges into the
adjoining darker green, and at the posterior margin of all rings except the last two
the pale colour is extended to form a narrow transverse streak. The last two rings
are more ochreous as also is the prothorax.

There is no hard prothoracic or anal plate but the fleshy anal flap is bilobed.
The head is very small, black, shining and retractile, the bases of the palps and
mouthparts are blanched. The skin is soft and fleshy except at the intersegmental
divisions, and it is freckled with tiny black dots that are not visible to the naked
eye; the skin is deeply quilted and has large fleshy lateral cushions. The true legs
are greyish with strips of black chitin on the outer surface. Prolegs pale yellow-
green, the crochets black. Spiracles tiny, oval, black, the centre pale, placed low
down beneath the lateral cushion, and centrally on the ring. There are short, pale,
fine, spiny hairs set and grouped in the typical zygaenid pattern. Ventrally the
larva is plain dark green.

The general appearance is of a soft, velvety caterpillar with a pale indistinct
dorsal stripe and a series of broad squared dorsal figures set off by pairs of jet-
black dots and luminous yellow lateral patches.

Figures—Plate V, figure 3, penultimate instar, 20.iv.69; figures 4-5, last instar,
4.v.69. Reared ex ova from female, West Argyll, F. C. Best. On Lotus cornicu-
latus L.

PROCEEDINGS

9th APRIL 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. P. W. Cribb.
EXHIBITS

The PREsIDENT—(1) Melanargia galatea L. (Lep., Satyridae) from Pendrey,
Carm., 8.vii.68. The colony here was first noted in 1943, but although looked
for in 1944 and in 1945 was not found. It was again discovered in 1968 about
two miles from the original spot. As the original find in 1943 was in a drive ina
young pine wood these may have been strays from the true colony found in
1968. This is the most westerly colony known to the exhibitor, who knew only
two other localities in Wales, one near Bridgend and another close to Caerwent.
(2) Panaxia dominula L. (Lep., Arctiidae) from Otterbourne, Hants., 29.vi.69.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 93

These Hampshire examples seem rather black on the forewings compared with
some examples he had from Kent.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera. (1) A pair of Xantholinus
semirufus Reitt. (Staphylinidae) taken on the sandhills at Braunton Burrows,
N. Devon, 28.iii.70. (2) A series of Ptinus fur (L.) (Ptinidae) taken with Enicmus
minutus L. (Lathridiidae) in a recently vacated honey-bee hive at Kentisbury,
N. Devon, 29.iii.70. Although P. fur is quite catholic in habitat sites and has
been recorded from wasps nests, it does not seem to have occurred in bee-hives
before.

Mr. A. S. F. RIPPON—A book The Sources of Invention, which he donated to the
library, in which were several references to instances of important medical
discoveries arising out of genetic work in entomology.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Hibernating larvae of Coleophora anatipennella
Hiibn. (Lep., Coleophoridae) from Chestfield, Kent, on twigs of Prunus spinosa
L.; also containers in which they have been kept out of doors under natural
conditions.

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT announced the titles of three books presented to the library
by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs.

Mr. C. F. Rivers read a paper on ‘Insect Virus Diseases and Pest Control’
which he illustrated by coloured transparencies and a cinematograph film. The
talk was followed by a lengthy discussion.

23rd APRIL 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
SPECIAL MEETING

From the Chair, the President moved the following resolution:

‘That authority be given to the Trustees of the Society to administer the Erich
M. Hering Memorial Research Fund as set out in the regulations governing the
fund, such details having been circulated to all members.’

The motion being put, was carried without dissent.

The President then proposed the following regulations governing the fund:

1. The Fund shall consist of (a) the sum of £1,800 given to the Society by Frau
Hering on 27th December 1969 and (b) such further sums as may be allocated
or transferred to it, whether from the income of the Fund or otherwise.

2. The capital of the Fund shall be invested in the names of the Society’s Trustees,
and its capital and income shall be administered within the general Trusts of
the Society.

3. All expenses relating to the capital of the Fund shall be payable, at the dis-
cretion of the Society, either out of the capital or the income of the Fund.

4. The income only shall be used for the promotion of entomological research
with particular emphasis on:

(a) Leaf-miners.

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae.
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera.

(d) General entomology.

94 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of the
candidates and of the subjects proposed.

5. The Council of the Society shall appoint a Management Committee of not
less than four members. This will normally consist of the President and
Treasurer ex officio and others to be appointed annually.

6. The Management Committee shall be responsible for giving due publicity to
the Fund, for managing its income, and for making awards from it, subject
to Frau Hering’s wish that awards shall not be restricted to residents of the
United Kingdom. They will make a report to the Society’s Annual Meeting
and to the Council at other times as necessary.

7. These Regulations, having been adopted by a Special Meeting of the Council
under Bye-law 26, shall not be altered, nor shall additional regulations be
made, except by a similar Special Meeting.

The motion was carried without dissent.

23rd APRIL 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Mr. I..M. White, Mr. B. L.
D’Abrera and Mrs. L. M. D’Abrera.

EXHIBITS

The PRESIDENT—Pediacus depressus (Herbst) (Col. Cucujidae) from Suffolk.
Pupae were obtained under the bark of old cut oak trunks, 27.v.69. The bark was
so old it could be peeled off easily with the hands in long strips. The imagines
emerged during June 1969. He also showed P. dermestoides (F.) from Epping
Forest, 14.x.61, for comparison.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera taken in the New Forest,
Hants, 11-12.iv.70: Carabus arvensis Herbst ssp. anglicus Mots. (Carabidae),
from a sandy heath; a series of Prerostichus aterrimus (Herbst) (Carabidae) from
a sphagnum bog; Philonthus atratus (Grav.) (Staphylinidae) from a sphagnum
bog; and a pair of living Meloe proscarabaeus L. (Meloidae) taken by Mr.
D. Appleton on St. Katherine’s Point, I.o.W., 18.iv.70.

Col. A. M. EmmMet—Larvae and mines of Acrolepia perlepidella Staint. (Lep.,
Plutellidae) on Inula conyza DC., taken at Wrotham, Kent, 23.iv.70.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. A. E. GARDNER suggested that Dr. MacNulty should take another look
at his Pediacus depressus Herbst, using the latest key as he suspected they might
be D. dermestoides.

Mr. L. W. Gee gave a talk on ‘The River Dart’ which he illustrated with
coloured transparencies.

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Rae a

ae

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 Plate V1

Fig. 1. Rhadinopasa hornimani Druce

Fig. 2. Nephele aequivalens Wlk. Pale form

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 95

OUTLINE LIFE HISTORIES
OF SOME WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA

Part III Sphingidae
By B. J. MACNULTY
INTRODUCTION

This is the third paper in the series and for general introductory remarks and
notes on terminology the reader is referred to Part I.1 The order of genera follows
that of Seitz? as in Parts I and II. However, the publication of Carcasson’s recent
list* has necessitated considerable revision and all the name alterations have been
made. Nevertheless the Seitz order has been preserved as far as possible since this
work is more available in libraries than Carcasson.

The Sphingidae because of their large size, their strong flying power and wide
distribution are perhaps the best and most completely known family of
Lepidoptera. Thus many of the larvae have been found and the imagines bred out.
Despite this and despite the occurrence of numerous blown specimens in museums,
descriptions of larvae are in general remarkably rare in the literature and many of
these are only given as additions to descriptions of imagines and are at best very
superficial.

Pinhey in his valuable book® quotes many previously unpublished larval des-
criptions, which I understand he obtained direct from the naturalists mentioned.
I admit that I have drawn freely on this work to supplement and fill in gaps in my
own notes and the availability of this work has contributed greatly to my own.

I have also used Sevastopulo’s descriptions as quoted by Carcasson; these are
generally the best in existence with a wealth of detail not found elsewhere; detail
which often contains the invariant characters in otherwise very variable larvae.

Finally I have been able to examine larvae in the national collection at the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), after the descriptions in this paper had been written.
In most cases the descriptions have agreed well with the preserved specimens.

It is pertinent, since I have freely quoted published descriptions of larvae which
I have not myself seen, to remind readers that in my own descriptions the head is
treated as segment 1, whereas many authors treat the head separately and number
from the segment posterior to the head. Their segment | is then my segment 2.
In quoting I have not altered the author’s wording, so care must be taken over
comparing segments.

LIFE HISTORIES
Herse convolvuli L.

A very difficult larva to describe accurately, as not only does it havea green and

brown form but these, particularly the latter, vary considerably. Readily available
descriptions ®” are hardly sufficient to lead to unequivocal identification. Good
descriptions which have been given®® whilst enabling the larva to be distinguished
from other British or European specimens do not pinpoint, or may not even
mention, those characters which enable it to be distinguished from other tropical
species.
Light form. Green with black spiracles. There are black subdorsal lines running
from segments 2 to 11 where they end in the base of the caudal horn. On each
of segments 5 to 11 there are lateral dark brown stripes lined on the ventral side
in white which run posteriorly upwards into the subdorsal lines. Gibbs reports
that the lateral stripes may be yellow, and that the ground colour may also be
yellow.

96 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Dark form. This form is basically a deep purple brown which superficially looks
black. All the markings that in the green form are black are very pale pink or
cream in the dark form.

In both forms the head varies from creamy to toffee brown in basic colour.
The sutural line is a thin black one. On each side of the face there is a broad black
vertical band, and a similar lateral band. The caudal horn, at any rate in the last
instars, is black or reddish brown and may or may not be tipped with white; it is
posteriorly concave and the apical third lies in a plane parallel to the dorsum.
Occasionally there is a faint median dorsal line from segments 5 to 11. Gibbs
reports this line may be white or yellow. There is every variety of form as to the
amount of black on the larva and a complete gradation of forms between the
light and the dark. Many have been described.!°:1* However, the subdorsal lines
and lateral stripes can always be detected although they may rarely be reduced to
rows of dots. Likewise the bars on the face and the shape of the caudal horn in
the last instars appear invariant.

In Nigeria the species fed on Ipomoea cairica, Newboldia laevis and on one
occasion was found on Dissotis rotundiflora.

Acherontia atropos L.

This species is also very well known; the description is therefore restricted to

such points as are necessary for identification or are used in the key. The descrip-
tions have been checked against those of previous workers.® 79.1114,15
Light form. The larva usually has a ground colour of some shade of green
varying to yellowish, particularly in the final instar; in early instars the ground
colours may be blue. There is a diffuse median dorsal line of the same colour as
the lateral stripes, on segments 5 to 11; this is well marked in the young larva but
may become evanescent in the final instar. On each of segments 5 to 11 lateral
stripes run posteriorly upward from the anterior edge of the segment at a level
just below the spiracles and run into the dorsal medial line close to the posterior
edge of the segment. These stripes are bright yellow below and vary above from
light electric blue to deep brown-purple. The spiracles are black. The caudal horn
is short, stout, yellow, and granular. The larva is heavily spotted above the lateral
stripes with violet spots. The head varies in colour with the body and has a broad
black band round the sides; a thin black line runs down each side of the face. The
legs on segments 2 to 4 are black with large white spots.
Dark form. The larva is very variable. The head is dirty yellow with dark mark-
ings as in the light form. Segments 2 to 4 may be pinkish white dorsally with deep
chocolate sides or the colour pattern may be reversed. There is a single or double
median dorsal line, there may or may not be subdorsal broken black lines on
segments 5 to 11. The prolegs on segments 7 to 10 are often black and there may
be a bright orange line near the pad. The lateral stripes on segments 5 to 11 are
black, brown, or very dirty lavender. The colour below these stripes is usually
pale whitish pink. The caudal horn is pinkish white and in the young larva is
concave posteriorly in the basal half, apically concave anteriorly. As the larva
approaches maturity this apical anterior curve becomes shorter and is almost
completely lost.

It has many food plants;° in West Africa it has been found on Solanum torvum,
Clerodendron splendens and Clerodendron paniculatum*® and on one occasion on
Lantana camara. The pupal stage in Nigeria lasts from two to three weeks to as
long as ten weeks. Although this larva was found more commonly than any other
Sphingidae never in four years did I succeed in attracting the adult to the mercury
vapour lamp. It was the only hawk moth that I failed to trap in this manner.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 97
Coelonia mauritii Butler (fulvinotata Butler)

The larva, which is very inadequately described in Pinhey® and Seitz,? is
extremely variable.

Light form. The head of the larva is pale green; the suture appears as a very
fine dark line. There is a black line down each side of the face. Down the side of
the head there is a yellow band and behind this a black one. The legs are black
with numerous yellow dots. Anteriorly on segments 3 and 4 there are small para-
dorsal projections and three or four much smaller ones behind these. Segment 2
bears only the smaller projections. On segments 5 to 12 there is a broad brown or
reddish dorsal band which usually continues through segments 2 to 4 but may be
absent from these. Posteriorly on each segment a band arises from the dorsal
band and runs diagonally down the side ending at the anterior edge at about the
level of the spiracles; this line divides anteriorly and is usually edged with yellow.
At the junction of the dorsal and lateral panels on segment 12 the long caudal
horn, which is apically and dorsally concave, arises; it is of the same colour as the
dorsal band. The spiracles are black. In the fully mature larva the green may be
almost entirely replaced by bright saffron yellow. This may have a camouflage
effect amongst the flowers of the numerous food plants. Examples in which the
dorsal band and the lateral stripes are green have been noted.

Dark form. The dark ferm is exceedingly variable but is basically black or brown
dorsally, and laterally above the lateral stripes, and white or pinkish cream
ventrally and below the lateral stripes; but white may replace the brown and vice
versa to an almost unlimited extent. However the dorsal brown band can usually
be detected at least as a pair of dark lines, and the lateral stripes are dark brown
sometimes tinged with purple. Almost invariably the area above the prolegs and
below the lateral stripes is white or cream so that each of segments 5 to 12 appears
to bear a white lateral triangular mark. Segments 2 to 4 which bear projections in
the light form are sometimes in extreme forms nearly all white dorsally with deep
chocolate sides and sometimes the reverse. The legs are black with pale yellow
dots. The prolegs are usually deep black and may have an orange line just above
the foot. The head is creamy or pale leather brown in colour and the caudal horn
white with a black tip.

The larva has a wide range of food plants.® In West Africa I have found it on
Lantana camara, Clerodendron splendens, C. paniculatum, Newboldia imperialis,
Solanum torvum and Lycopersicum esculentum whilst Seitz records it in South
Africa on Dahlia and probably other Heliantheae.

Pupation takes place in a loose cocoon woven three to four inches below the
ground and the imago emerges in between three and four weeks.

Xanthopan morgani Walker

I have not taken this larva myself but Carcasson* reports as follows: ‘body
clothed in fuzz of white setae. Head and body blue green. A series of seven white
Vs with apices on dorsum pointing backwards. Spiracles black surrounded by a
white ring. Horn stout, black, armed with pale lilac spines slightly down curved.
Legs deep pink, ringed basally with black. Prolegs green with a black band.
Claspers broadly edged with black. Anal flap vermilion, black tipped.’ Food
plants are given as Anona senegalensis and Ibaria sp (Anonaceae).

Blown larvae in the British Museum do not have a fuzz of white setae (the
setae may well have been lost in preservation), but the larvae are very similar to
C. mauritii but differ in that the paradorsal lines on segments 2 to 4 are covered
with sharp little thorn-like spines.

98 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970
Rhadinopasa hornimani Druce

A green larva with the head and anal segment (segment 13) having the appear-
ance of fine pale coloured leather (Fig. 1). The spiracles are purple and there is no
caudal horn. There is a mediodorsal, two pairs of paradorsal, lateral pairs of
supraspiracular and lateral pairs of subspiracular rows of very short lavender
spikes. All these rows have a small irregular zigzag. The food plant is Spondeas
monbin. It is reputed to feed on Millettia aboensis but I have not found it on this
although it will nibble the leaves.

The pupation takes place in an earthen cocoon six to eight inches below the
ground. The imago emerges in between three and four weeks.

There does not seem to be a dark form of this larva.

Libyoclanis oweni Carcasson

The head is in the form of an isosceles triangle with an apex of about 30°. There
is a bright green line round the edge of the head which is otherwise coloured
similarly to the dorsum. The sides of the head are covered with numerous small
white spots.

Laterally the larva is olive green growing lighter towards the dorsum which
is pale yellow or white above the paradorsal line. The paradorsal lines which vary
in colour from purple to rust red arise at the apex of the head and diverge rapidly
on segments 2 to 4, they then run to the posterior of segment 11 where they are
more supraspiracular lateral than paradorsal. Here they meet a line which runs
from the very short caudal horn across segment 11 to the ventral area immediately
below the spiracle on segment 10; this line, coloured as the paradorsal one, is
etched in white ventrally. On segment 12 the red or purple colour is strong
becoming evanescent anteriorly on segment 11 and on segment 10 whereas the
white is evanescent on segment 12 and prominent on segments 11 and 10. The
caudal horn is also purple or reddish. The spiracles are pale yellow.

There does not appear to be a dark form of the larva.

The larva feeds on Macrolobium macrophyllum resting on the stem of the food
plant close to the underside of the leaves against which it is almost invisible.

The larva makes a very loose cocoon in the earth or in the debris at the foot of
the food plant. The adult moth appears in about eight weeks.

Libyoclanis bicolor R. & J.

I have a specimen of this moth from Gold Coast which was collected by Mr.
M. Leech. The larva does not appear to have been described.

Pseudoclanis postica Walker

The granular larva is green with a green triangular head which has a well-
marked white line down each side. The dorsum is a whitish green with a medio-
dorsal line which is edged each side with a white line. There are pale paradorsal
lines. The lateral stripes, of which there appear to be only six, are white and very
faint. Commencing at segment 5 these stripes run posteriorly and dorsally from
the lowest point on the side below the spiracle, above the spiracle on the next
segment joining the paradorsal line at the posterior edge of this segment. The
stripe arising from segment 10 goes right through into the base of the caudal
horn. On segment 11 between the lateral stripe and the paradorsal line is a red
streak. The caudal horn, which is straight, is deep navy blue with pale blue spots.
The spiracles are bright blue. The anal flap and anal claspers are dark green and

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 99

Anterior margin Anterior margin

Edge yellow
al Red

Anterior margin

Anterior margin

Dark green yellow
sometimes red

Inside
ry of circles:
° yellow
r)
~ 6
(7)

Paradorsal lines
yellow or white

Fig. 3. Basic dorsal marking on Temnora livida Holl.
Fig. 4. Basic dorsal marking on Temnora funebris Holl.
Fig. 6. Basic dorsal marking on Temnora sardanus W\k.

Fig. 7. Basic dorsal marking on Temnora reutlingeri Holl.

100 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

are covered with large blue tubercles. The larva ate Alchornea cordifolia, but I
suspect the true food plant to be a species of Psychotria; Pinhey quotes Morus,
Ficus, Chaetacme spp., Chlorophora spp., Loranthus, Trema and Celtis species.

Seitz? gives a very similar description except the white markings are described
as yellow and the tubercles on segment 13 are not mentioned. Pinhey gives a
similar description to Seitz and also mentions the tubercles on segment 13; he
quotes also larvae bred by Poncelet which were slightly different in ground
colour and showed minor colour differences.

The pupal stage lasts three to four weeks.

Platysphinx constrigalis Walker

This is green larva with bluish sides. There is a faint brown mediodorsal line
outlined in yellowish green. From the apex of the triangular head to the posterior
of segment 4 are two prominent paradorsal white lines. The lateral stripes are
white, and run through parts of three segments. The first runs from just above the
ventral surface at the anterior margin of segment 4 and diagonally across segment
4 and 5 ending paradorsally just inside the anterior margin of segment 6. The
stripe running ventrally on segment 4 and that on segment 10 are much more
clearly marked than the remainder and are dorsally edged with purple. Other
stripes run parallel arising on segments 5 to 10 respectively. The last stripe runs
into the base of the caudal horn which is yellow with a black base and is sharply
ventrally concave. The anal flap is covered with small greyish black dots. The
leaves of Alchornia cordifolia or Macrolobium macrophyllum are eaten but the
larva is known to have other food plants.

Pupation takes place in an earthen cocoon below ground and the imago may
emerge at any time between four and eight weeks later.

Platysphinx stigmatica phyllis R. & J.

Pinhey refers to a description by Capener, Rodney Wood, Poncelet and a
specimen in Transvaal Museum.

A collective description would be as follows:
Light form. Head triangular or conical, green with yellow stripe continued onto
thorax. Body is pale green with a dark green median dorsal stripe; there are seven
yellow or white lateral oblique stripes partly edged with white or magenta. At
base of yellow caudal horn a black-edged, black-dotted patch. On some specimens
alternate lateral stripes are often missing, the number being reduced to three,
across segments 3 to 5, 6 to 8 and 9 to i1 reaching base of horn.
The larve feeds on Ostryoderris stuhlmanni, Millettia, Mundulea, and Ptero-
carpus angolensis.

Rufoclanis rosea Druce (Polyptychus roseus Druce)

The larva is pale green covered all over with very small white (or sometimes
pale yellow) tubercles. The blue triangular head has a blue point into which the
paradorsal lines run and there is a white line down each side of the face. There are
white or very pale lemon yellow paradorsal lines. Each of segments 4 to 11, if
examined closely can be seen to be divided into nine separate rings each bearing
a ring of raised tubercles which form the general colour pattern on the larva.
The tubercles forming the paradorsal lines are enlarged laterally on rings 7 to 9 of
each segment and the colour spreads a variable distance around them; on the
dorsal side the tubercles are edged in black. On each segment (4 to 11) there
is a white patch posteriorly on the paradorsal lines and in the centre of this patch
there may or may not be a pink dot. Occasionally the white patch and black

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 IOI

edging are missing so that the pink dot alone remains. The seven lateral stripes
are white but evanescent and may be completely absent except for the one on
segments 11 and 12 which is usually well marked. There is a very faint medio-
dorsal green line and an equally faint green dorsal V mark on each segment. The
caudal horn is bright blue, black tipped and covered with minute tubercles.

The food plant is Urena lobata. Pupation takes place in a loosely woven cocoon
an inch or two below the ground or sometimes in vegetable debris below the food
plant. The imago emerges after eight or nine weeks but has been known to appear
after as little as ten days.

Adriasa contraria (Polyptychus contrarius Walker, retusus R. & J.)

The larva in many respects is similar to the previous one. It is dark green
covered with bright yellow very small tubercles. The paradorsal lines are yellow
well-marked on segments 2 to 4 but evanescent on the remainder. The side stripes
are yellow the front starting low down on segment 3 and ending mediodorsally at
the posterior of segment 6. The second stripe arises on segment 4 and ends on
segment 6. The remaining stripes run parallel to the second, the last running into
the caudal horn. The horn is bright yellow, strongly concave ventrally, with a
large velvet black patch near the base. There is a yellow mediodorsal line. The
triangular head has a very high conical point which is raised well above the level
of the dorsum. The spiracles are usually yellow, but may be orange. Pinhey says
that Barnes reports the larva as green with lateral mauve stripes.

The larvae feed on Newboldia imperialis, and on Markhamia napoleoni.

The pupal habit is similar to that of the previous species and the imago usually
appears between seven and nine weeks after pupation but may emerge much
earlier.

Neopolyptychus pygargus R. & J.

I have not seen this larva but Poncelet quoted by Pinhey described it as
follows: The head is large, pale blue and the body mainly green, beautifully
marked with pinkish violet dorsolateral patches except that the one on the first
thoracic segment directly behind the head was pale bluish. There are seven pairs
of patches in all each finely speckled with white. Laterally and directly below each
violet patch is a large white spot. There is a violet lateral line which reaches the
caudal horn which is also violet and straight. On terminal segments running down
from the horn is a white stripe.

The food plant is quoted as Julbernardia globiflora.

Neopolyptychus serrator Jordan (Polyptychus serrator Jordan)

I have again not seen this larva. Carcasson* quotes Sevastopulo: ‘The head
triangular, green, speckled with white. A bright green dorsal stripe with raised
white spots broadening from a point behind head to the 10th somite then tapering
to base of horn. A double white dorsal line. Green dorsal stripe edged laterally
with white. Lateral areas below dorsal stripe pale lilac then blue-green. A series
of oblique whitish lines from 4th to 11th somites. Legs pinkish. Venter and pro-
legs blue-green, a median white neutral line. Horn slightly down curved, blue-
green with a few minute ventral tubercles.’ The food plant is given as Maesopsis
eminii Eng. (Rhamnaceae).

Neopolyptychus compar R. & J. (Polyptychus compar R. & J.)

Another larva not seen; the species does not seem to have been reported from
West Africa. The description is Dukes quoted by Pinhey, ‘Head, triangular dull

102 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

blue but tinged with green in lower half. Body: apple-green dorsally, the dorsal
area bordered on either side with a narrow pale yellow stripe. On each segmental
joint these stripes are broken by pure white irregularly shaped patches each patch
with a pale red semicircular spot above, the tiny moles in these pale red spots
being tipped with dark red. The number of white patches vary, some larvae having
four or five on each side, others less and some only one patch midway along the
body, but in all cases the middle patch is the largest. On the sides the colour is
darker green with five very indistinct oblique yellow stripes. From the base of the
horn a wide pure white stripe runs obliquely down each side, the upper edges of
these stripes being finely bordered with dark red. Horn medium length, slightly
curved in purple red. The spiracles are narrowly ringed red. The skin is rough in
texture and covered with minute hardly discernible whitish moles.’

The food plant is given as Brachystegia spiciformis and the pupal period about
20 days.

Polyptychoides grayi Walker (Polyptychus grayi Walker)

Pinhey® quotes Rothschild & Jordan, and Poncelet, and Townsend. The bluish
green head is triangular and in the young larva has a sinuous projection on top.
The body varies in colour from apple to bluish green and is covered with small
tubercles mostly black or yellow but those on the legs and part of the last segment
pink. There are two tubercular dorsolateral lines extending from behind the head
to the horn. Between each segment there is a pink triangle on the dorsolateral
line (this may be absent in some cases). Legs are black. The horn is yellow or
orange or greenish with orange tubercles; it is short and down-curved. There are
nine oblique lateral stripes. From base of horn are two yellowish lines edged
anteriorly with grey running obliquely down.

The larva feeds on Cordia and Celtis species.

Falcatula falcata R. & J. (Polyptychus falcata R. & J.)

Once again I have not seen this larva and I quote from Pinhey’s® report of
Poncelet’s description. The head is triangular, deep green with an inverted V-
shaped yellow mark down the front. The body is granular and yellowish green in
colour. A yellow dorsolateral stripe runs from head to horn and there is a faintly
marked green mid dorsal line. There are paired dorsal bluish spots on each
segment (Poncelet says these are red in very young larvae), ten pairs, the last
extended as blue lines edged with yellow, which reach the horn. Horn yellow with
more than the basal half above ornamented with dark blue tubercles. There are
six faint lateral yellow stripes on the body.

The food plant is quoted as Erythrina abyssinica and Sclerocaraya caffra.

Pseudoandriana mutatus Walker (Polyptychus mutatus Walker)

This species has not been reported from West Africa. Pinhey® quotes Duke.
Body granular dull greyish blue in colour (but may be reddish) finely speckled
with white. Horn long slender, black. The head is edged in reddish brown. Head,
body and horn are covered with fine pimples. The larva feeds on Baphia species.

Acanthosphinx gussfeldti Dewtz

Of a sage green colour the skin of the larva is divided into a series of small
irregular quadrilaterals by a fine network of thin black lines. The spiracles are
deep red. There is a spiracular row of long sharp horn-like yellow setae, one
anteriorly on each segment, those on segments 2 to 4 being smaller than the rest,
and also a subspiracular line of much smaller setae, two or three to each segment.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 103

Each segment is divided into nine rings. On each of segments 5 to 10 there is a
long broad-based yellow horn-like seta placed supraspiracularly on ring 6 of each
segment and one on each succeeding ring and also on rings 1 and 3 of the pos-
terior segment (there being no such seta on ring 2). These setae run diagonally
from the supraspiracular seta on ring 6 of one segment to the seta placed para-
dorsally on ring 1 of the next posterior segment forming a large irregular tri-
angular yellow patch. The setae posteriorly on segment 10 and anteriorly on
segment 11 form a paradorsal row. There are similarly formed patches on seg-
ments 3 and 4, and also on segment 2 where most of the setae are missing or very
small. On segments 12 and 13 similar setae occur but do not form regular patches.
Setae on segments 2 to 10 are yellow, those on segments 11 to 13 are bright red. The
caudal horn which has several thorns or branched setae arising from it is bright
red and scarcely longer than the other setae; it is only slightly curved. The anal
flap and claspers are a deep reddish brown. The head is rounded and a pale brown
colour. The food plant is called by the local inhabitants Awoliwa. The larva
pupates in the soil and my specimen emerged after two and a half to three weeks.

Lophostethus demolini Angas

The very large larva is pale yellow green paling dorsally almost to white,
though some specimens are also green on the dorsum. The head is a bright
orange colour without markings. Segments 3 to 11 with six rows of steel blue
barbed spines each of a length equal to about half the body thickness; the base of
these spines is white. Two rows are paradorsal and four, two to each side, are
lateral. The upper ones of the lateral rows continue on to segment 12 and the
lower two on to segment 13. The spines of the paradorsal and upper lateral rows
arise in the middle of the segment, but those of the lower lateral row towards the
front of each segment. There is also a paraventral row of shorter barbed spines
each side situated centrally on each of segments 2 to 13. The legs are black with
two orange stripes, one at the tip. The prolegs are steel blue at base with two
very short spines and there is another spine centrally on the green portion of the
leg. The anal flaps are steel blue with two spines at the top one behind the other,
the posterior one about half the length of the other. The spiracles are white. The
caudal horn is also metallic blue up to twice the length of the spine, down-curved,
pointed and heavily barbed. Segment two has a steel blue ring anteriorly with six
very small conical spines corresponding to the rows of spines on the other
segments. Behind this ring in the paradorsal position are two almost invisible
spines. Pinhey says head is green with black stripes and that there is a creamy
yellow patch below the lateral spines. The larvae I had appeared only to eat in
daylight. Food plant was a species of Ficus but Milletia aboensis was eaten in
captivity. Seitz mentions Hibiscus tiliaceus as a food. Pinhey gives H. pandurae-
formis, Dombeya spp., Corissa spp., Andersonia, Crewia occidentalis and a number
of the Sterculiaceae.

The pupa is formed in a tough cocoon four or five inches in the earth. The
imago emerges about three weeks later.

Cephonodes hylas L. ssp. virescens Wallgr.

Pinhey® states that the larva is very variable, that the Indian race is green and
white and the African one is black and yellow. Larvae taken by myself were
_ green, white, black and yellow and would seem to be an intermediate form.

West African larvae: Larva 1. Early instars have a dark green back with paler
green sides. Paradorsal lines are white with one large lateral black dot below this
on each of segments 3 to 12. The caudal horn is long and black. Anteriorly

*

104 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

segment 2 is raised and yellow. In the final instar the ground colour is pale apple
green with a pale grey-blue dorsal line. Paradorsal lines are white and the black
lateral dots are almost joined into a broad lateral band. Spiracles are pink ringed
in a broad white patch which is surrounded by a red-brown ring. The caudal horn
is black sharply curved downwards towards tip, with base yellow; anal claspers
yellow horny with raised tubercles; tubercles occur also on the anal flap. Segment
2 is yellow with yellow tubercles. This corresponds roughly with Duke’s descrip-
tion of the Indian form.

Larva 2. Is very pale green with a dark black dorsal line and broad white para-
dorsal ones, below which are black lateral bands. The spiracles are white with a
surrounding white patch bordered by a pink circle, and the whole encompassed
by a yellow-ochre patch. Posteriorly there is a black vertical lateral line on each
segment. There is also a sublateral broken black line on each side. Legs are black
and the prolegs blue-green with a yellow band. The horn is black and the anal
flap yellow. Segment 2 is horny and yellow with small raised pimples.

Larva 3. As Larva 2 but with a white dorsum and paradorsal broken green lines
consisting of widely spaced short thin vertical stripes. Caudal horn black with a
yellow base. On segment 12 anterior to the horn a black line runs from dorsal
line to the lateral black line.

There is considerable variation from larva to larva from nearly all black to
nearly all white and green. The yellow segment 2 with raised pimples and yellow
claspers seem to be nearly invariant.

West African larvae were found exclusively on Oxyanthus brevi-floris but
Pinhey gives Burchellia, Gardenia, Kraussia, Poretta and Vaqueria species. The
time spent in the pupa can vary considerably, being as little as five days or as long
as 42; the average seems to be 10 to 16 days.

Deilephila nerii L.

The general colour of the larva is green. There is a large lateral eye spot on
segment 3; this is often surrounded by a black ring with a white ring outside it.
The centre of the eye is deep blue when larva is kept in poor light but turns to
pale pink when larva is in bright light. There is a lateral white line which starts
between segments 4 and 6 and runs to segment 12. There is also a very thin latero-
dorsal line which runs into the yellow waxy-looking horn. There is a white vertical
lateral line anteriorly on each of segments 6 to 9 (sometimes also on segment 5)
with several white spots just posterior to it. Just below the dorsolateral line is a
row of three to six white spots. This description agrees with that of Pinhey.®

There is also a rare dark form in which the whole larva is a deep golden orange
covered with a variable amount of black, both dorsally and laterally. There is a
thin dorsal black line from segments 2 to 12. The white markings on the side are
more extensive than in the light form, many of the spots being replaced by thin
vertical lines. The spiracles are nearly always surrounded with a ring of orange.

The caudal horn in the full-grown larva of both forms is short, thick, slightly
rugose and bent through a right angle.

Stokoe’ illustrates a form intermediate between the two described above.

Has many food plants.12 In West Africa was usually found on Gardenia, and
Oleander. In West Africa the pupal stage occupies about ten days.

Nephele comma Hopffer form derasa R. & J.

The West African form is derasa R. & J.
There are two forms of the larva: green and dark brown. Both are almost in-
distinguishable from Nephele accentifera Beauv.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 105

Light form. Pale or dark green covered with very small white spots. Head green
with a broad yellow stripe down each side and a pale cream thin inverted V on
face. A yellow or white lateral line runs from segment 5 or 6 (sometimes from
segment 3) widening posteriorly, into the base of the caudal horn. The caudal
horn is slightly concave anteriorly and has a dark bluish dorsal spot just before
the apex. In the young larva the yellow lateral stripe is often very faint or missing.
On the anal claspers there is a dark green equilateral triangle. The legs are white.
There is a pale creamy lateral triangular patch similar to that described for the
dark form, bounded by the paradorsal line on segments 11 and 12, but sometimes
restricted to 12.

Dark form. The general colour is dark chocolate-brown. Segment 2 is reddish
brown, the head greenish brown, the yellow stripes quite distinguishable. The legs
are white. There is an indistinct dark dorsal band of varying width. Segments 1 to
6 are heavily spotted with small white dots. A lateral dark line runs from segment
6 to the posterior of segment 10. In some cases this line is faintly pink. From the
end of this line on segment 10 as apex, there is a pale triangle bounded by two
lines, one pale pink running into the dorsum at the caudal horn, and the other
posterio1ly downward to the ventral aspect of segment 13. From the apex of the
triangle down to a line running from the base of the caudal horn perpendicular to
the other side of the triangle the colour is pinkish white. The remainder of the
posterior of the larva is a dirty green with numerous yellow spots. The caudal
horn is blunt, slightly concave posteriorly, with pink sides, and a whitish tip.

R. Wood (in Pinhey®*) agrees with this description except for the lighter pos-
terior triangle; he says the spiracles are white but all my specimens had dark
spiracles.

Poncelet (in Pinhey*) considers that the brown form is the larva of comma
whereas the green form produces derasa. Both my forms produced derasa.

Poncelet reared his larva on Diplorhyncus cardylocarpus. It is also reported to
eat Carissa. The West African larvae fed on Macrolobium macrophyllum. The
pupal stage lasts about 15 days.

Nephele oenopion continentis R. & J.

In general the colour is brown or red-brown. The head is dark chocolate and
very small. The dorsum is red-brown with scanty dark mottling. Laterally the
larva is deep chocolate and there are dark paradorsal lines which are just distin-
guishable against the lateral coloration. There is a faint trace of a triangular pale
lateral patch on segments 11 and 12 but it may not always be distinguishable.
The caudal horn is strongly curved downwards and black in colour. When
alarmed or at rest, segments 2 to 4 are retracted into segments 5 and 6 which
swell out into the shape of a hood so that the larva takes on the appearance of a
small cobra.

The food plant is referred to by the Ibo as Awoliwa but I have not yet suc-
ceeded in identifying it.

The larva pupates in earth or in the debris at the foot of the food plants. The
imago emerges after about two and a half weeks.

Nephele accentifera Beauv.

Although the moth is not uncommon in West Africa the larva was not found.
Pinhey® reports the following descriptions adding that the larva is said to be stout
with front segments rather enlarged.

“According to Duke it can be dark brown or dull green. In the dark form the
sides are paler and there is a diffuse oblique lateral pale orange stripe from leg of

106 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

segment 2 along the body becoming nearly dorsal further back. Last two segments
pale orange at sides and below, this area edged above with a black stripe; showing
above as a black V with its point resting on the base of the horn. Horn black and
thick. Head oval, brown with paler stripes. In the green form of larva the pattern
is similar.

“Poncelet showed the author [Pinhey] illustrations of three different forms of
larva. In each form the thoracic segments of the larva were grossly expanded into
a flattened hood-iike structure and since the larva poses with the front part of its
body raised upwards, head stretched forward to the limit, the obvious appearance
is that of a small cobra! In the brown form of larva the hood is triangular and
only extends from the second and third thoracic segments. Body deep brown with
an oblique yellowish subdorsal stripe on the fore part of the abdomen and a pale
triangular patch on the terminal segments. Horn stout brown almost straight
with a small dorsal spine or tooth at the tip. In another form of larva the head and
body are pale bluish green: the stripe at the front of the abdominal segments and
the edges of the posterior triangle are whitish. In this form the ““‘hood”’ is rounded
and stretches out from ail three thoracic segments. Horn much shorter violettish.
The third form of larva is more like the brown one but is variegated and more
blue-grey than brown: marked with fine dark lines running criss-cross along the
sides of the body rather like the veins on some dead leaves. The pale forward
stripe on the body is variegated brown and white. Larvae loaned by Transvaal
Museum have the front segments narrowed not enlarged; a pale lateral stripe
starting on fourth segment travels back dorsally to end in a dark V below the horn;
the latter is stout and short; a pale lateral triangle is seen on the last segment.’

Larvae in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), are similar but the green ones are
very faded and much of the fine detail is lost. They do not show any marked
difference from the description already given except that in the dark form there
are between 6 and 8 fine dark transverse dorsal lines on each of segments 5 to 12,
sometimes also on segments 2 to 4. These stripes also appear to occur in the light
form but the larvae have been too badly damaged in preservation to be sure. The
larva can be distinguished from Nephele comma in the final instar by the caudal
horn which is short, broad and somewhat blunt with a small dorsal spine at the
tip whereas in comma the horn is longer, thinner and bluntly pointed. Also the
horn in accentifera tends to be purple whereas in comma it is brown o1 black. The
dorsal stripe in accentifera is more marked on all segments whereas in comma it
can rarely be seen except on segments 2 to 4. Also the dark V mark on the dorsum
on segments 11 and 12 with the point on the caudal horn in accentifera has the
arms at a wider angle, broader and darker than in comma. The transverse dorsal
lines on the segments of accentifera seem to be absent in comma.

Nephele rosae Butler

The larva occurs in two forms.
Light form. The head is green with a pale inverted V mark rising from sides of
mouth to vertex, with a broad lateral white or more often yellow stripe. Body
laterally green, lighter anteriorly, and darker posteriorly. Dorsum white with
some green and a thin dorsal green line. A white lateral band arises subventrally
and anteriorly on segment 6 and runs diagonally into the dorsum at middle of
segment 8 widening considerably so that at the dorsum it spans more than half a
segment. There is a suggestion of a similar but much narrower cream band
running from segment 5 to segment 7. A lateral white band runs from the an-
terior of segment 8 to the posterior of segment 10 where it splits in two lines, the
upper of which runs laterally into the base of the caudal horn; the lower line runs

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 107

diagonally to the anterior subventral edge of the anal clasper. Above the upper
line the dorsum is marked with green. Between these two lines the whole of
segment 11 is covered with a series of close-set very fine white lines which are
continuous over the dorsum. The whole of segments 12 and 13 are more or less
white over green. The pale yellow caudal horn is long, thin, erect from a small
hump and curved anteriorly over the apical half. The legs are pink. Spiracles
small, black.

Dark form. The ground colour varies from a dark chocolate to very reddish
brown. The head is chocolate with a dark chocolate band down centre. There is a
dark, often broken dorsal line. The lateral diagonals running across segments 5 to
7, 6 to 8, 7 to 9 are white and broken up into many small spots and lines and look
very much as if they were white paint smudges. The lateral line arising anteriorly
on segment § is deep chocolate or black. The apex of the triangle formed by
the dividing lines at segment 10, is on segment 11 ivory white and may be faintly
pink. A white edge may run into base of caudal horn. On each segment there may
be six to eight pale brown dorsal spots. The caudal horn, shaped as the light form,
is a deep blue-black. The legs are deep brown. One specimen showed a short,
thin, vertical lateral line on segment 2.

Sevastopulo (in Carcasson*) describes the larva of Nephele rosae ssp illustris
Jordan as very similar to the light form above, the main differences being a
purplish dorsal line wider posteriorly, the stout purplish horn and the legs being
blackish set in yellow patches.

The larva spins a very loose cocoon in the debris on the surface of the ground
and the pupal stage occupies ten to fifteen days.

Nephele aequivalens Walker

As usual there are both light and dark forms of the larva which is difficult to
describe accurately since all the markings are very variable.
Dark form. The general colour of the larva is dirty brown. The head is a pale
brown with pinkish bands down the side and a small black triangle outlined in
pink in the centre of the face. On each segment there are paradorsal lines ending
anteriorly and posteriorly in black spots; these lines vary greatly from larva to
larva and even from segment to segment; they may be almost evanescent, re-
duced to the end spots or the spots may be absent. There is a brown dorsal line
well-marked on segments 2 to 4 but often very faint on segments 5 to 11. On each
of segments 5 to i1 there is a circular dorsal dark cream circle from which a
cream-coloured dash protrudes anteriorly. The edges of this mark may be ill
defined on some segments. There are broad diagonal lateral cream bands running
downwards anteriorly on each segment; these diagonals start and finish on the
posterior and anterior segment respectively. On segments 11 and 12 the para-
dorsal lines run into the base of the caudal horn which is short, tubercular and a
dirty brown mottled with darker marks. On segment 13 just behind the horn there
is a velvet black patch. All spiracles are dark black.
Pale form (Fig. 2). The basic colour is pale apple-green, and the head is green
marked as the dark form but in pale purple. There is a dorsal line on segments 2
to 12, well marked on 2 to 4 but very faint on the remainder. The paradorsal lines
are purple and, except on segments 11 and 12, broken (being reduced to a bar
across the segmental joints) on segments 2 to 10; it is almost complete but rather
faint on segments 2 to 4. There are two purplish not too well-marked lateral
bands and a faint suggestion of purple diagonal bands on segments 5 to 11. The
tubercular caudal horn is short, broad and straight, coloured pale yellow with
brownish or dark purple mottling.

108 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

There is a picture in the British Museum collection of a larva bred on Funtumia
elastica which is almost identical to fig. 2, except that there appear to be a number
of lateral tubercles and pimples on the British Museum photographed specimen.

The food plants are Macrolobium macrophyllum, and Chrysophyllum albidum
but the larva is known to occur on other plants.

The pupal chamber is usually made about four inches underground sometimes
more and the pupal stage lasts 17 to 18 days.

Temnora livida Holl.

A pale apple-green larva, with the head and second segment a darker green.
The head which is a darker green than the rest of the larva has a white or pale
green line running vertically from the apex to half way down the face where it
splits into an inverted V ending at each side of the mouth. Down each side of the
face is a white or faintly green line which towards the apex runs into the white
paradorsal line which runs the whole length of the larva into the base of the
caudal horn. On segment 2 the dorsum is a dirty green quite different from the
other green on the larva with a dark dorsal transverse line posteriorly which
approximately matches the colour of the head. There is a very faint green dorsal
line of variable thickness from apex of head to base of caudal horn; on this dorsal
line at the anterior of each of segments 5 to 11 there is a small red mark in the
shape of a chess pawn with its base anterior to the segment (Fig. 3). There is a
faint and ill-defined dorsal diamond pattern, the subsections of which occur at the
red pawn marks. Down each of segments 5 to 11 are side stripes running diagon-
ally from the anterior margin at paradorsal line to the posterior one subventrally.
The diagonal is formed of a dark green line with a thin pale green one below it.
The caudal horn is of medium length thick and curved ventrally through 90°.
The legs are reddish, and the spiracles black.

The larva feeds usually on Psychotria but has also been found on Harungana
madagascarensis. The pupal stage lasted only a week.

Temnora funebris Holl.

The general colour is a dark olive-green with a pinkish flush. The dorsum has a
dark patch on each segment consisting of a rhomboid with a small pale dot
posteriorly; there is also a small dark mark in the centre on the anterior of each
segment. A pale pink dorsal line runs from apex of the head to the caudal horn.
The head has two pinkish lines down the side which continue straight into the two
pink paradorsal lines that run into base of the caudal horn. Segments 2 to 4 are
dark olive. Pale lateral stripes on segments 5 to 11 run diagonally from anterior
edge of each segment at the paradorsal line to the subventral posterior edge.
Faint criss-cross markings on the dorsum in form of a cross on each segment, the
centre of the cross being at centre of dark patch (Fig. 4).

The species feeds on Psychotria. The larva pupates in debris at foot of food
plant and the pupal stage lasts between seven and ten days.

Temnora fumosa Walker

Sevastopulo! describes the larva as follows. ‘Head green rounded. Body pale
green speckled along the secondary segmental divisions with white. A subdorsal
white line edged above with darker green. The ground colour paler below the
dorsal area. Legs pale green ringed with black. Prolegs and venter pale green.
Horn stout, slightly down curved, greenish blue with minute black tubercles.
Spiracles white with the central slit black. Becomes suffused with purple when
preparing to pupate.’ The larva feeds on Camellina.® I have not found the larva

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 109

in West Africa, although the moth is not uncommon. It seems probable that a
dark form also exists.

Temnora sardanus Walker

Carcasson‘ reports that the early stages of this moth are unknown. The larva
is yellow-green in general colour (Fig. 5). The head is green with a yellow line
edged in very dark green at each side of the face. This line runs with a faint break
between the head and segment 2 into a yellow paradorsal line, edged dorsally in
dark green which runs the whole length of the larva into the base of the caudal
horn. On each of segments 3 to 11 there are transverse rows of small yellow
tubercles between the segmental folds; dorsally between the paradorsal lines,
segment 3 has four or five rows of four or six tubercles, segment 4, three rows of
four tubercles followed by three rows of six, segment 5 has seven rows with
tubercles varying in number between four and six and the remainder have eight
rows containing seven or eight tubercles each. The rows are continued laterally
with three or four tubercles per row. There are bright, thin, yellow diagonal
stripes on segments 3 to 11 each arising anteriorly at the segment edge below the
paradorsal line at one third the distance between it and the subventral surface;
the diagonal runs downwards posteriorly through the spiracle, which is dark
green, to the posterior edge at the subventral surface. There is a yellow dorsal
mark anteriorly on each segment in the shape of an inverted ‘*Y’ on each of
segments 4 to 11 with a suggestion of the mark on segment 12. The space in the
inverted V of the Y is coloured dark green (Fig. 6). This dorsal mark obscures
some of the small yellow tubercles. The dorsum of segment 2 and of segment 12
anterior to the horn are also coloured dark green. The anal flap is edged with a
thin yellow line. The caudal horn is yellow, thin pointed and straight; it is
covered with small tubercles which are black towards the base.

The larva feeds on Psychotria and pupates in the loose vegetable debris on the
surface of the ground. The pupal stage lasts about 12 to 15 days.

Temnora reutlingeri Holl.

The general colour is a deep purplish red-brown. Head purple with faint pink
lateral lines running into paradorsal lines. The paradorsal lines are pale pink on
segment 2, which is darker than the rest and on which the lines are well-marked,
and segments 3 and 4 on which the lines are fainter. From the centre of segment 7
to the centre of segment 10 the dorsum is a bright green with paradorsal lines
yellow green. In the centre of the dorsum of each of segments 8, 9 and 10 there is
a mark which approximates to a stylised flower (Fig. 7) in red surrounded by an
edge of yellow. On each of segments 6 to 11 there are faint pink diagonal lateral
stripes running from the paradorsal area downwards to meet the posterior of the
segment subventrally. The food plant of this species is Psychotria and also
Harungana madagascarensis. The pupal chamber is spun up amongst the debris
below the plant and the imago emerges after about two weeks.

Pseudenya benitensis Holl.

When very young shortly after hatching, the larva is green without noticeable
markings and has a yellow caudal horn. This larva was found close to the empty
eggshell but it was not known how long it had been hatched. Two days later
segments 4 and 5 had turned black as had the horn which had a white tip.

Final Instar. The general colour is green, the head green, with purple-brown on
the face above the mouth parts. Segment 2 with dorsum white is laterally a deep
purple-brown almost black. Segment 3 is dorsally green with two purple-brown

Ilo PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

spots and laterally a deep chocolate or purple-brown, otherwise both segments 3
and 4 are the same, chocolate or dark purple-brown sides, the dorsum slightly
lighter with paradorsal pale cream lines. The whole of the dorsum is covered with
a regular pattern of white, pale pink or cream dots. The legs are purple-pink. The
dorsum widens slightly on segment 4 which is coloured similarly to segment 3
anteriorly, the dark markings suggesting a pair of wings, but there are two large
white spots touching in the centre and two just above the eye. There is a lateral
eye just below the dorsum in the shape of a very brown blotch with a dark blue
spot at the centre. This eye can become obscured by the anterior purple area. The
second eye coloured as that on segment 4 lies on segment 5 just below the para-
dorsal line. Laterally the posterior half of the segment is white.

The dorsum on segments 6 to 11 is pale green and there are two paradorsal lines
composed of a pale purple band shading through pink into white. Laterally these
segments are pale green. On segment 6 just at the anterior edge just below the
paradorsal line there is a blue eye edged in black then pink and finally white very
close together. On segments 7 to 11 there are very broad purple-blue lateral
diagonals running from below paradorsal line one third from anterior edge down-
wards to posterior edge at sublateral line; through these segments runs a broad
purple-brown sublateral line, dark purple above the prolegs otherwise blue. The
prolegs are white with purple spots. Segment 12 has a purple-black dorsum from
which arises a very broad posteriorly concave deep purple-lilac caudal horn with
a white tip. The horn is covered with very small tubercles. Segments 13 and 14 are
dorsally green with a deep purple line in centre. The flaps of the anal prolegs are
deep purple. The larva feeds on Psychotria and remains 10 to 20 days in the pupal
stage.

Sphingonaepiopsis nana (Boisduval)

In 1957 in Port Harcourt the larva of this moth was exceedingly common. I had
over 200 brought to me and saw many more in the field. It is quite variable and I
give descriptions of four of the outstanding forms in the final instar.

Light Forms.

A. The head is blue-green and the general body of the larva yellow-green.
There are paradorsal lines of thin yellow with a dark green line adjacent
to it dorsally which run from segment 2 into the base of the caudal horn. A sub-
lateral white band with a thin black line above it runs from segment 2 to the anal
claspers which are white. Segment 2 has a lateral white spot anteriorly just below
the paradorsal line. The spiracles are white ringed with a very fine black line. The
legs and prolegs are green. The caudal horn is long (equal to a quarter of the
larval length) erect slightly curved upwards at the tip, and coloured black with
orange sides at the base.

There are a number of variations which occur severally and in combinations:

the paradorsal lines may be white, the lateral spot on segment 2 yellow; the sub-
lateral band is often yellow and the black line above it can be replaced by one of
small orange spots.
B. The larva is similar to A with the following differences. There is a thin brown
dorsal line from segments 2 to 12 broadening somewhat on segments 11 and 12.
Dorsally segments 5 to 11 are divided in half, the anterior is green and the
posterior is brown or yellow. The latter half bears two (one each side of dorsal
line) dark brown marks in the form of an inverted V or an X (looking forward
towards the head). The paradorsal line is broken and yellow with the dorsal green
edging replaced by brown.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Plate VII

Fig. 5. Temnora sardanus Wk.

wy

“he
Tt

Fig. 8. Euchloron megaera L. Blown larvae in British Museum (Nat. Hist.)

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 III

Dark Forms

C. This form of the larva is a deep chocolate-brown with a brownish head with
paradorsal lines and sublateral bands yellow. The caudal horn as in descrip-
tion A.

D. A striking black larva, with a bright white subdorsal band. The head is grey-
green, the legs pink, the caudal horn as previously described and a longitudinal
orange stripe on the anal flap.

Sevastopulo (in Carcasson*) describes the larva as follows:

‘Penultimate instar: head small dull orange-brown. Body blackish brown; a
black dorsal line and a subdorsal stripe orange brown on the 2nd somite and on
the anterior half of the third somite, thereafter composed of minute white dots.
3rd and 4th somites each with a transverse series of six white dots; the abdominal
somites each with two subdorsal white dots the anterior slightly nearer the sub-
dorsal line than the posterior. Legs orange, venter and prolegs blackish brown,
feet orange. Anal flap with an orange lateral stripe. Horn long straight erect black
with an orange basal line on each side, freely movable along axis of body.

‘Final instar: very similar to above; subdorsal stripe extending to 3rd somite,
white dots tinged with orange. Traces of a dull orange-brown sublateral line
speckled with white. Spiracles orange. Horn laterally compressed slightly con-
stricted at base, apically blunt.’

It is obvious that the larva is extremely variable. However, it is usually easily
recognised by its small size, approximately one inch long when fully grown. The
caudal horn seems to be invariant in size, shape and colour.

The larva feeds on Rubiaceae chiefly species of Galium. The pupal stage varies,
most imagines emerging after about seven days but a few require 15 to 20 days.

Atemnora westermanni Boisduval

I have found the imago but never seen the larva. Sevastopulo describes the
East African form as follows:

‘Mature larva: thoracic segments tapering sharply to a small round green
head. Body rather stout green; a fine blue-black dorsal line entire on somites 2 to
4 interrupted at rear of each somite from 5 to 11. Dorsal area sprinkled with white
dots which form rough oblique dorsolateral stripes, the one on 7 and 8 terminating
laterally in four large creamy white dots. A dark olive-green oblique stripe edged
~ below with whitish green from the subdorsal area of the 10th somite to the base of
the horn. Horn stout down-curved, dull-slate blue, with two large cream lateral
spots at base. Spiracles very dark blue. Legs pink, venter and prolegs green.’

The food plant® is Strychnos sp.

Basiothia charis Boisduval

Although the imago was taken on several occasions the larva was not found.
Pinhey® quotes Townsend’s description of a larva already enclosed in a cocoon
and probably discoloured and describes a larva in the Transvaal Museum.

Townsend’s description indicates ‘a blackish brown larva with many wavy
black longitudinal lines. Head black; horn fairly long, white with black pimples.
Eyespots circular very dark grey above, black towards sides. Each has an oval
ochreous thread-line in the circle; and inside the oval in the front eyespot, a white
horizontal line.” The Transvaal Museum larva is reported as ‘chocolate with head
paler more reddish, the horn browner and slender, short yellow dorsolateral and
lateral stripes on thorax (segments one to three) and a yellow stripe down last
segment descending from horn. Yellow spiracular dots. Eyespots on 4 and 5

112 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

purplish black, that on four marked with cream in upper half.’ It is reported to
feed on Vernonia.°®

A very poorly preserved small larva in the British Museum agrees the details
given by Townsend and described from the Transvaal Museum larva.

Basiothia medea F.

Again although the moth was not uncommon in Southern Nigeria the larva was
not found. The following descriptions are all reported from Pinhey:* According
to Rothschild and Jordan the larva has seven triangular patches down the back
which are brown dorsally, yellowish at sides; the spot on the eleventh segment is
elongated and reaches on to the horn. Townsend describes it as a delicate blue-
green with rough surface. Eye spot at first bright green in the centre, ringed with
lemon yellow, with a black dash above and below. When full grown it is greener;
eye-spot in the centre very dark blue almost black. The next segment has a pink
and white kidney-shaped spot. There are elliptical pink spots along the sides and
above these are conspicuous black triangles. Horn black, on a reddish base. Feeds
in Kenya (Townsend) on Pentanisia and Pentas, in South Africa on Richardsonia
and Spermacoce. A Transvaal Museum larva has the fourth segment swollen; a
short thin horn. In a brown form the markings are similar; with whitish lateral
stripes; spiracles white. It is a younger larva and the horn is longer and more
slender. James M. Stark said of the larva ‘pinkish brown minutely spotted white
with white stripes running from back (dorsum) to spiracles; skin folds under
spiracles white. Underside fawn. Tail a quarter inch, soft dark brown, head dark
brown.” No eyespots on body. Poncelet found two forms on a very small cruci-
ferous plant. A green form, head and body pale green, black eye-spot on first
abdominal (fourth body) segment, eight brown dorsolateral triangles each edged
outwardly with white, the last triangle joining the base of the horn. The other
form was all brown.

The British Museum has three blown larvae one green, one brown and the
other black. Only the brown form will be described in detail as the markings on
the other two are the same, but those on the black form are more difficult to
distinguish. The head and general body colour are pale brown. There is a faint
paradorsal line. On each side of the dorsum on segments 4 or 5 to 12 there is a
dark chocolate triangular patch; corresponding to this just below the paradorsal
line is a thin dark chocolate line. (The dark patches on the back could be con-
sidered as irregularly circular dorsal-subdorsal patches through which the pale
paradorsal band runs. Under certain circumstances each of these could appear as
an eye.) Anteriorly the patches on segment 5 and the triangular patches are joined
by a chocolate band. Also on segment 5, in the paradorsal band is a very dark eye-
spot. There are supra- and subspiracular brown lateral lines and on segments 7 to
11 chocolate roughly triangular patches. The caudal horn is thin straight and
pointed, dark brown or black in colour. In the green form the supra- and sub-
spiracular lateral lines are absent. The paradorsal lines are pale pink and only
visible in the dark patches. There is a pale broad chocolate band on segments
2 to 4. In the pale form chocolate and brown markings appear to be replaced by

shades of green and yellow.

Euchloron megaera L.

I have not seen the larva of this beautiful hawk moth myself and the only des-
cription I can find is that of Pinhey® of a dried specimen in the Transvaal Museum,
‘reddish pink shaped like a Hippotion with segments 4 and 5 swollen. A red-

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 113

centred white eye-spot on segment 4; a laterodorsal white stripe. It feeds on Grape
Vine and Ampelopsis.

There are two reasonably well-preserved blown larvae in the British Museum
collection which have enabled further details to be added (Fig. 8).
Dark form. The general colour of the larva is dark chocolate-brown, with paler
brown markings and areas. The chocolate-brown head has a pale creamy brown
(possibly cream in life) band running as a continuation of the mediodorsal line
down the front of the face widening over the basal half until it is the width of the
mouth parts. The dark chocolate mediodorsal line is continuous on segments 2 to
6, and 11 to 12, but broken anteriorly on other segments. At intersegmental folds
the dorsum is paler brown. The creamy paradorsal lines edged dorsally a deep
chocolate are broken or may be reduced to a short dash on segments 7 to 10 but
are continuous through segments 11 and 12 into the base of the caudal horn;
pale continuous lines edged dorsally dark on segments 2 to 4, but none on seg-
ments 5 and 6. There are dorsal eye-spots anteriorly on segment 5 dark above
creamy on lower half (the dark portion is probably deep blue in life). There are
five pale side stripes the first running ventrally on the anterior of segment 5 to
meet the dorsal line at the joint between segments 6 and 7; the remainder run
parallel to this each starting on the next segment posteriorly and the last ending
on the joint between segments 10 and 11. At the junction of these stripes with the
paradorsal line there is often a marked white circular patch in both light and dark
form. Spiracles black with pale brown ring. The caudal horn is vestigial strongly
down curved and purple in colour.
Pale form. This is very similar to the dark form with dark green substituting for
chocolate and pale green or white for the paler areas. The caudal horn is how-
ever unchanged, the line down the face is dark green and the upper portion of the
eye is scorched or absent in the blown specimen (this is probably pink in life). It
is probable that laterally and dorsally the larva is suffused with pink—but a live
specimen would be needed to confirm this.

Hippotion osiris Dalm.

Seitz? mentions that the larva is similar to that of celerio. Pinhey® says general
colour is normally brown although Seitz quotes the colour as green. I have only
found the dark form for certain in West Africa.

This larva has an orange-red head. Segments 2 to 4 are pale pink with broad
black lateral bands and a very broad broken dorsal one. A very thin black medio-
dorsal line can be traced through the whole length of the larva to segment 12.
Segment 5 bears a grey blue eye-spot in which there are six whitish dots; this is
surrounded by a broad very dark black ring. There is a suggestion of a second eye-
spot on segment 6 but this is obscured by the colouring. Each of segments 5 to 11
is deep blue-black with a paradorsal posterior pink spot and a thin pink supra-
spiracular lateral line. The black on the segment is made up of many fine wavy
black longitudinal lines. There are a number of very small pink lateral spots
randomly scattered and a suggestion of a pink diagonal side stripe running
ventrally and anteriorly. The anterior and posterior edge of each of these segments
is pale pink.The legs are orange and the prolegs white or pink. Segment 12 anterior
to caudal horn black, posteriorly pink; segment 13 and anal flap and claspers
mainly pink. The caudal horn is very short, cream coloured.

Several blown larva in the British Museum are identical to the above descrip-
tion except that, almost certainly as a result of blowing, black is replaced by dark
brown and pink by white.

Pinhey’s® description as far as it goes agrees with the above, but he adds that

II4 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

when the larva is young the horn is long and black. However, his illustration is not
in the least like the West African larva or those in the British Museum.

The larva feeds on Jpomea involucrata, Ipomea cairica and Anchomenes difformis
in West Africa. Pinhey reports Grape-vine, Fuchsia, Impatiens, Cissus, and
Richardsonia as food plants.

The pupal stage lasts about two weeks.

Hippotion celerio L.

The larva is extremely variable but since the moth occurs not only in Africa but
in most of the tropical and subtropical areas of the old world including Australia
and is a regular immigrant to much of Europe, it is not surprising that it has been
described many times. Buckler® and Tutt! give good descriptions of the larva and
the former gives a good illustration of the brown form. Pinhey® shows an illustra-
tion which is a fair approximation to the green form. Stokoe” however provides
no illustration and in my opinion the larva could not be identified from his
description. South however gives a good illustration of the dark form.t? In West
Africa both light and dark forms occur.

Light form. The half-grown larva is pale green with a yellow-green head with a
yellow band just over the mouthparts. A dark green mediodorsal line runs from
segment 2 to the base of the caudal horn on segment 12. There are yellow para-
dorsal bands arising on segment 3 which run the whole length of the body into the
base of the caudal horn on segment 12. Anteriorly on each of segments 7 to 11 on
the ventral side of the paradorsal line is a black spot. Laterally on each of seg-
ments 6 to 11 there are between three and five short vertical black lines situated
mainly below but also above the paradorsal line, and above the level of the
spiracles. Spiracles are white surrounded by a black ring, with the centre slit
black. The eye-spot on segment 5 is greyish blue in the centre with six or seven
darker spots, surrounded by a thin white ring outside which is a broad yellow ring
enclosed by a thin black line. Another eye-spot occurs on segment 6 much smaller
and is entirely yellow surrounded by a thin black line. The caudal horn is long,
about a third the length of the larva and coloured black. It is readily movable
over the back. The legs are pink, and the prolegs yellowish or green.

The fully grown larva is more emerald green than yellow-green, paradorsal lines
are white, and there is a faint broken subspiracular lateral line from segments 3 to
12. There are also seven diagonal lateral stripes on segments 5 to 12 each stripe
commencing at the midpoint of the paradorsal line on one segment and running
downward anteriorly through the next segment and finishing on the subspiracular
line on the next one. The caudal horn is thin black and straight. The thin vertical
black lines on segments 6 to 11 occur on both sides of the paradorsal line. The
eye-spot on segment 5 is now about four times the size of that on segment 6.

Dark form. The dark form of the larva is very similar to the light one except
that the ground colour is some form of brown, the band and lines are brown or
pink. The eye-spots on segment 5 still however have colour dots in the centre of
the eye. The caudal horn appears to be the same and the short vertical lines
adjacent to the paradorsal lines are still present. Most of the obvious variations
occur.

In West Africa larva has been found feeding on Ipomoea involucrata, Ipomoea
cairica, and Anchomenes difformis whilst Pinhey® reports Grape Vine, Cissus,
Impatiens and Rumex as well as these.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 II5

Hippotion eson Cramer

The larva has both a green and a brown form. The markings and general des-
cription of each is the same except that in one the markings are brown or brown-
ish and in the other green or greenish. Only one description, that of the brown
form is given. If the green form is kept in the dark for more than 24 hours it
usually changes to the brown one.

The head of the larva is brown, and sometimes with a whitish mark on the face.
There are very thin black-brown mediodorsal and paradorsal lines from segments
2 to 12 and the paradorsal lines end in the base of the caudal horn. On segments
2 to 4 there are broad spiracular lateral bands of dark brown and a similar rather
broad mediodorsal one; there are also a few thin brown lines between the medio-
dorsal lines and the lateral bands. The large eye-spot on segment 5 is dark blue-
black or sometimes deep chocolate, surrounded by a dirty brown-green ring
which is finally enclosed by a black line. (In the green form this eye is composed
of a dark green centre, a paler green ring with the outer line dark green.) The eye-
spot on segment 6 is a dirty pink surrounded by a dark line. Slightly anterior to
the centre of each of segments 7 to 11 there are two short transverse lines arising
from the paradorsal lines. A subspiracular lateral line runs from segment 6 to 12.
The dorsum is dark between the paradorsal lines and on segment 12 anterior to
the caudal horn there is a markedly dark patch. Laterally the colour is pinkish
brown from segment 6 posteriorly. There are very faint pale lateral diagonal lines
on segments 5 to 12. Each diagonal starts in the middle of a segment just below
paradorsal line and runs downwards anteriorly meeting the subspiracular line at
the midpoint of the next segment. Immediately below each diagonal between the
segmenta! joint and the subspiracular line there is a dark brown slightly curved
triangle. Spiracles in pale portion of side, dirty cream with inner slit black. The
legs are pink, the prolegs grey with claspers pinkish. The caudal horn darkish
dorsally but otherwise a dirty cream in colour, slightly bent dorsally.

In West Africa the larva was found on Ipomea involucrata, Ipomea cairica, and
Anchomenes difformis. Pinhey reports Arum Lily, Grape Vine, Fuchsia, Ampel-
opsis, Richardia caladium and Impatiens as food plants.

The pupal stage takes about two weeks.

Hippotion balsaminae Walker

The larva in the penultimate instar is a bright green with a bluish or blue-green
thin mediodorsal line. The head is green. From segment 6 to 12 there is a broad
white paradorsal line ending in the side of the caudal horn with an orange dot;
the dorsal side of this line is edged with dark green from segment 6 to segment 11
and on segment 12 in black. The spiracles are white vertically oval and surrounded
by a thin black line. A large eye-spot on segment 5 has a dark green centre sur-
rounded by a yellow band, the whole being encircled with a thin black line; the
circular shape is less perfect than in other species. The second eye-spot on segment
6 is pale yellow surrounded by a thin black line; it is elliptical with the major axis
longitudinal. The legs are pale pink. The caudal horn is thin slightly curved ven-
trally and coloured black with a white tip. The whole of the body from segment
6 to 12 is covered with short longitudinal dark green dashes. There are very faint
suggestions of lateral green side stripes passing anteriorly downward.

The fully grown larva is very similar to the above but the dorsum is often
darker than the rest of the larva, the white side stripes are plainer and the para-
dorsal lines fainter. On each of segments 6 to 12 there is a posterior small white
spot just above paradorsal line and occasionally a half eye-spot on the dorsal side
of this line coloured blue black. Forelegs pink.

116 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Pinhey® reports the larva is green with a brown middorsal line with small black
eye-spot on segment 5* and a red one on segment 6 both encircled by a white
line. Carcasson* says larva is unknown.

The West African larvae were found to feed on Anchomenes difformis, Ipomoea
involucrata and Ipomoea cairica. Pinhey® gives Jussiaea repens and possibly
Impatiens as the food plant.

The pupal stage lasts between two and three weeks.

Theretra orpheus H.-S.

The imago occurs not uncommonly in West Africa but the larva was not found,
probably because of the general inaccessibility of the food plants which according
to Pinhey® are epiphytic orchids such as Angraecum, Ansellia atricana and
Polystachys. Pinhey® describes a larva in the Transvaal Museum as yellow (green
in life) with very broad brown dorsal band interrupted by V-shaped chevron-like
marks as in a fish-bone pattern; a brown lateral band across the spiracles. Head
round and brown, horn unfortunately broken off. Eye-spot on 4 brown ringed,
then yellow with the pupil black in forward half, brown postdorsally with a few
white dots in the pupil.

Centroctena rutherfordi Druce

Pinhey® does not mention this species so it probably has not been recorded
from South and Central Africa. Carcasson‘ says the early stages are unknown.
This rather extraordinary larva I have only seen in a dark form. It may occur as a
green one though for reasons stated later this is doubtful.

The head is grey with a number of dark lines (see Fig. 9). The back of the head
is brown with two paler bands each side edged with a thin dark line; this band
passes paradorsally through segments 2, 3 and 4 to the large eye-spot on segment
5. There is a dark brown dorsal line on segments 2 to 5. Segments 3, 4 and 5 are
much swollen. Dorsally segments 4 and 5 are dark grey and segment 5 has a very
thin black paradorsal line. On segments 2 to 4 there is a supraspiracular lateral
dark brown band with a thin very dark brown band each side of it and one down
the middle, with five or six vertical brown lines across them, some of which extend
across the paradorsal line. (The result is a fish net effect over the dorsum and
upper parts of the sides.) There is also a pale cream or pinkish serrate spiracular
band. There is a subspiracular lateral band composed of numerous dark brown
dots which can be traced the whole length of the larva although it is obliterated
by darker markings in parts. Segment 5 is otherwise pale cream or slightly pink
on the lateral and paradorsal areas.

On segments 6 to 11 there are broad paradorsal white bands from which five
broad lateral white diagonals, one on each of segments 6 to 10, run anteriorly
downwards to finish subventrally on the anterior segment. At the junction of the
diagonal with the paradorsal line is a faint yellow spot. Otherwise segments 7 to
10 are laterally black roughly in the shape of a triangle the tip of which shades
into the paradorsal line as a pinkish faintly olive extension. In the centre of each
segment 6 to 10 laterally about the spiracular level there is a broad white or cream
vertical band in length about half the larval height. Segment 11 is mainly cream
with a number of scattered, short, deep brown dashes and a broad band running
posteriorly sharply downward from the anterior supraspiracular segment edge
to just meet the posterior edge subventrally. Segment 12 is humped and swollen
but there is no caudal horn. The whole of the dorsum from segment 6 posteriorly

* Pinhey says segments 4 and 5 have eye-spots. But he does not count the head as
segment I so the segment number has been corrected to this nomenclature.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 117

is covered with 20 to 24 thin longitudinal broken dark brown lines over a faint
greenish background. On the anterior of each of segments 6 to 11 there is a short
mediodorsal black line; these bands become very faint in segments 12 and 13
where the dorsum is nearly white. On segment 5 there is a large eye-spot anteriorly,
very dark in the centre with a pale ring round it, the whole enclosed in dark line.
The eye appears to stand out from the head.

The larva feeds on Ipomoea cairica, a plant which grows over the ground and in
this situation the superficial resemblance to a very young Gaboon viper is very
striking, and probably acts as a protective coloration against lizards and other
possible predators. The pupal stage occupies two to three weeks.

DISCUSSION

Although the larvae of Sphingidae are, because of their size and usually con-
spicuous habits, probably as well known as any group of larvae, it is surprising
to find that except for those hawk moths which occur in temperate regions
relatively few have been adequately described. Superficial description may ade-
quately identify a non-variable larva such as Sphinx ligustri, but for tropical
species, which often have two or three markedly different forms plus a number
of minor but important variations, as well as exceedingly similar appearance not
only between closely related species but also between species occupying similar
habitats, only the most accurate observation and comparison suffices adequately
to distinguish between them. My own early descriptions I found eventually to be
quite unsatisfactory but was fortunately able to repeat nearly all of them.

The most invariant features of the sphingid larvae appear to be, the head,
which except for apical horns or protuberances that often vanish in maturity,
usually does not change throughout the larval existence and the caudal horn
which although it may change from instar to instar is a feature that does not
change certainly in the final instar through all the larval variations.

The caudal horn seems to be invariant in colouring and in structure, but the
curvature may not be so. There seems to be some variation, certainly it changes
from instar to instar.

The head markings are also a good guide and seem to be completely stable
although just how far they are the same in light and dark forms needs to be
determined.

Any structural features of the body such as spines, setae, tubercles, pimples and
often spiracles seem permanent and have proved most helpful in separating
closely allied species.

Once again a key has been given as a conclusion to this paper. Pinhey also gives
a key to the Eastern and Central African hawk moths, but this covers only a few
of the West African species. The question of trying to fit the West African species
into Pinhey’s key was considered, but it was thought that insufficient data was
available on some aspects of the larvae described by Pinhey to enable certain
West African species to be unequivocably separated by this key. Also I am not
myself convinced that Pinhey’s characters for splitting the larvae into two divi-
sions are always sufficiently obvious. A key to the West African larvae has been
provided. Owing to the very good descriptions by Sevastopulo quoted by
Carcasson it has been possible to include in the key a number of West African
larvae which I have not myself seen. Any larva of a species occurring in West
Africa for which sufficient description has been found has been included in order
to make the key as complete as possible, and the description quoted in the text.
How successful this has been only time will tell. The obvious task for the future is
to incorporate Pinhey’s and the present key into a single whole. To this end I

118 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

would be pleased to receive specimens of preserved larvae from anywhere in
Africa south of the Sahara and particularly colour transparencies of these larvae.

That one day it will be possible to make a single key for the whole of the hawk
moth larvae seems at the moment doubtful, so similar are some larvae evolved in
similar biological micro-environments that it is likely that any key will to a
greater or lesser extent depend on a geographical separation.

Preserved larvae are not always very helpful in obtaining good descriptions;
blown larvae have so often lost all colour, the horn and head are so often
scorched that they are useless. Freeze dried material appears excellent, although
I have only seen palaearctic material. Larvae preserved in spirit can be good but
often the liquid alters the larval colours. Good coloured transparencies, showing
dorsal and lateral aspects, plus a good view of the face are most helpful. In their
present form the two keys will probably not cover unusual larval varieties.

Just how much variation occurs even in structural features is a completely un-
known factor but there are hints that these occur. Pinhey’s descriptions of N.
accentifera larvae show variation in shape of the thoracic segments and in the
shape of the ‘hood’ effect and some variation in length of horn (length of horn
particularly if the end is blunt may be misleading as the tips are very easily
broken).

The larvae of many closely allied species show great similarity. H. convolvuli,
A. atropos, C. mauritsii and X. morgani are obviously closely related; Polyptychus
larvae are remarkably similar and those of the Hippotion obviously belong to a
single generic group. The greatest variation within a group occurs with the
Nephele and Temnora where it can be difficult to assign a larva to the correct
genus, it could be that there is a third genus mixed in with them.

The plant names given by myself are taken from Hutchinson & Daziel'® but
where I have quoted from another author they are as given by him.

In conclusion I would like to thank the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for access
to their collections, and particularly Mr. Hayes for his help in checking
identification of the imagines of several species.

KEY TO LARVAE OF
WEST AFRICAN SPHINGIDAE
(Larvae assumed to be in the final instar)

1 a_ Larva with an eye-spot on segment 4 or 5. ; ‘ j 34
b Larva without an eye-spot : 2

2 (1)a_ Larva with numerous long spines or short setae 3
Larva without long spines or short setae 6

3 (2)a_ Body covered with a fuzz of white setae. Caudal horn
black with pale lilac spines ; . XX. morgani

b Body without white setae. Caudal horn without pale

lilac spines. Many short spines on paradorsal lines on

segments 2 to 4 : ‘ 4
4 (3)a_ Spines long and black with short branches. Caudal horn
similar . 5 ; : : f ‘ ; . L. demolini
b Spines not so ; 5
5 (4)a_ Spines long, simple, mostly yellow: those « on segments
11 to 14 red - ; A. gussfeldti
b Spines pale lavender, quite short. Caudal horn absent _R. hornimanni
6 (2)a Head round o1 oval : é : ‘ c ; ; 7

6 Headtriangular . ‘ : 5 : . : P 20

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 119

7 (6)a
b
8 (a

9 (8)a

10 Q)a
b
iienG)Ya

b
12 (1l1)a

b
13 (12) a

b
14 (13) a

b
15 (13) a

b
16 (15) a

17 (15) a

Head with vertical stripes dark. : ; 3 : 8
Head without stripes or stripes pale coloured ‘ é : 11
Segments 2 to 4 plain smoothly rounded, not swollen so
as to appear thicker than segments 5 to 12. Caudal horn
smooth . ; H. convolvuli
Segments 2 to 4 either appear swollen and thicker than
segments posterior to them or not smooth. Caudal horn
not as above . : 9
Segments 2 to 4 tubercular, lumpy or - with ‘sharp setae.
Horn black or dark brown, slender end very slightly
tubercular. ‘ 10
Segments 2 to 4 smooth but swollen. Horn very ‘short,
coloured as body covered with large tubercles often

tipped with black or a colour darker than the body ._ A. atropos
Segments 2 to 4 with large tubercle-like lumps and a few
narrow ones like short blunt broad spines . ; C. mauritii
Segments 2 to 4 and sometimes 5 and 6 with paradorsal
line covered with short broad-based sharp setae . X. morgani*
Horn very long (4 of body length), completely black.
Mature larva very small . : S. nana
Horn not so long in comparison to body. Larva larger . 12

Segments 2 to 4 flat on top and apex of head tending to
be flat, giving thoracic portion of larva a square look.
Pale bands on sides of head running into paradorsal

linesgar a : , ; : : 3 : é ‘ 19
Larva not so . ; 13
Head laterally and/or segment 2 thickly covered with

small yellow pimplest . ; z 14
Head and segment 2 without small yellow ‘pimples F : 15
Segment 2 and anal claspers yellow. No lateral bands

on head. 4 2 C. hylas

Segment 2 and anal claspers red brown or ‘coloured as
body. Head with yellow lateral bands. Legs white. N. comma derasa
Larva with a lateral pale triangular patch on segments
11 and 12 4 : : : : f : : 16
Larvae without such a patch , ‘ - 17/
Caudal horn short, broad, blunt with a small ‘apical
dorsal spine. Colour purple. Mediodorsal line clear on
segments 2 to 12. Dorsal V on segments 11 and 12, point
at base of horn darker with arms at a wider angle N. accentifera
Caudal horn, longer, thin and bluntly pointed, brown
or black. Dorsal line evanescent on segments 5 to 12.
Dorsal V on segments 11 and 12 with a narrower angle

and lighter . 4 N. rosae
Two large cream lateral spots at base of slate blue
caudal horn . : f j 5 p ‘ A. westermanni

* Only appears here when bulk of setae on body have been removed by rough

handling.

+ On the pale form these may not show up well since whole body is covered with
pimples, but they are more numerous on segment 2.

120

b
18 (7) a

19 (12) a
b
20 (19) a

b
21 (20) a

22 (21) a

23) (Gra

b
24 (23) a

b
25 (23) a
b
26 (25) a
b
27 (26) a
b
28 (25) a
b
29 (28) a

b
30 (29) a

b

31 (26) a

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Larva without such spots : 18
Caudal horn short, stout, rounded and tubercular, deep
brown in colour with darker mottling. or eae with
black tubercles. Head normal size. N. aequivalens
Caudal horn moderately long black strongly concave
ventrally. Head rather small, and at rest retracted so
that segments 4 and 5 become swollen giving the larva

a cobra-like appearance . : . _N. oenopion continentis
Larva with clear dorsal pattern at least on segments 8
tovlOnae : 2 20

Larva without such a pattern read without latecal
bands. Paradorsal line white, edged dorsally green Temnora fumosa
Segments 5 to 11 with a small red mark anteriorly on
dorsal line; mark in shape of a simple chess pawn, its
base anterior to segment. (Fig. 3) Paradorsal line white . T. livida
Dorsal marks not as above : : 21
On each segment (2 to 11) faint criss-cross marking, the
centre of the cross being a dark rhomboidal patch (Fig.
4). Paradorsal line pink. . ; : ; ; . TT. funebris
Dorsal marks not as above : ; 22
Each of segments 4 to 11 with a yellow dorsal mark
anteriorly in the shape of a “Y’ with the open end of the
V placed at anterior edge of the segment (Fig. 6) . . TT. sardanus
At least each of segments 8 to 10 with a red mark in the
form of a stylised flower (Fig. 7). The mark is sur-

rounded by a diffuse yellow edge ; T. reutlingeri*
Apex of head of larva raised noticeably above level of

segments 2 to 4. Very sharply pointed ; ; 3 : 24
Apex of head of larva relatively blunt ; , i DS)
Caudal horn, average size, yellow, sharply concave

ventrally : : Andriasa contraria
Caudal horn very small almost absent } : . L. oweni
Caudal horn yellow ! ; ; : é : : 28
Caudal horn not yellow . : ; 3 : : 26
Caudal horn blue or violet ; 5 ; : E : 31
Caudal horn not blue or violet : : Di
Caudal horn black, long and slender. ‘ Paljntgohie mutatus
Caudal horn purple red . ; ; . Neopolyptychus compar
Lateral oblique stripes yellow . F : F 29
Lateral oblique stripes white. : ‘ Planysphins constrigalis
Paired dorsal blue spots (red in young larva) on each of

segments 2to1l . : 2 ; 3 F. falcata
Paired dorsal blue spots absent F 30
At base of caudal horn, a patch of black dots enclosed

in a black ring 2 . Platysphinx stigmatica
Larva covered with black or yellow pimples except on

last segment where some of pimples are red Polyptychus grayi

Larva with white or purple lateral patches

* Temnora larvae tend to turn purple when kept in the dark or when about to
pupate, this may mask the dorsal marks and/or alter their colour. There is an alterna-
tive for sections 17 to 20 given at the end of this Key.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 I2I

b
32 (31) a

b
33 (32) a

34 (l)a
b
35 (34) a
b
36 (34) a
b
37 (35) a
b
38 (36) a
b
39 (38) a

b
40 (39) a
b

41 (40) a
b
42 (40) a

b
43 (41) a

b

19 (12)a
b

20 (19) a
b

Larva without such patches. Oblique side stripes white.

Lilac area below paradorsal line F . WN. serrator
Larva with seven pinkish violet dorsolateral patches,

each with a white lateral spot directly below ; . N. pygargus
Lateral patches white : : 33

Between one and five lateral patches i in paradorsal line
each with a small red spot arn ape adjacent to it
dorsally N. compar
Normally ten lateral patches on paradorsal line. Each
patch consisting of two to four separate ovals; the
anterior patches are the most divided. No red spot

above patches : ; : N. rosea
Larva with caudal horn vestigial or absent, ‘ : : 35
Larva with caudal horn well formed : : 36
No caudal horn at all. Segments 5 and 6 greatly swollen.
Head grey with brown marks . 5 C. rutherfordi
Very minute pink or purple caudal horn : ; : : 37
Larva with one eye-spot . : : E : : T. orpheus
Larva with two eye-spots. : ; 38
Head unmarked red orange in colour, Caudal horn

straight ; H. osiris
Head not as above. Caudal horn purple strongly con-
cave ventrally. ; . EE. megaera

Caudal horn purple tipped with white. Side stripes well
marked broad and purple oblique ventrally and

posteriorly . : . P. benitensis
Caudal horn not purple, side stripes not purple , : ae 39
Caudal horn yellow, short and stout with a thick black

ring near apex : : : : : : : D., nerii
Caudal horn not yellow . 3 : : : : ; 40
Caudal horn entirely black : ? : : : : 41
Caudal horn white and black . : ; 42

Larva with dorsal triangular patches on segments 4 or 5
to 12. Patches are coloured brown or deep black becom-

ing yellow or white toward the edges ’ : : B. medea
Larva without such dorsal triangular patches. : H. celerio
Caudal horn black with apical third white. Spiracles

bright white. H. balsaminae
Caudal horn different . : 43
Caudal horn white covered with black pimples. Spiracles

yellow B. charis

Caudal horn oypith “dirty white sides, dorsally body
coloured, runs into dark, body-coloured triangle on
dorsum of segment 12. ears pte lighter than

background . F ; : Hi. eson
ALTERNATIVE KEY TO TEMNORA

Paradorsal lines yellow . : 2 ‘ : T. sardanus

Paradorsal lines not yellow. , 3 : : : 20

Paradorsal line white é : 21

Paradorsal line pink or pinkish on segments Di fainter
on3and4 . : ; ; : is } : : 22

122 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

21 (20) a Head without a lateral band along the side : : T. fumosa
b Head with a white lateral band 3 , 3 j T. livida

22 (20) a Head without a lateral band . ; 3 : T. reutlingeri
b Head with a pink lateral band . j : ‘ . TT. funebris

REFERENCES

1. MacNulty, B. J., 1966, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1966(3) :69-84.

2. Seitz, A., 1930, Macrolepidoptera of the World, 14.

3. MacNulty, B. J., 1967, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat Hist. Soc., 1967(1):1—12. |

4. Carcasson, R. H., 1967, Revised Catalogue of African Sphingidae J. East Afr. Nat.

Hist. Soc. & Nat. Mus., 26(1).

5. Pinhey, E., 1960, Hawkmoths of Central & South Africa, Longmans.

6. South, R., 1961, The Moths of the British Isles, Series 1, p. 32, Frederick Warne.

7. Stokoe, W. J., 1948, The Caterpillars of the British Moths, Series I, p. 39, Frederick
Warne.

8. Poulton, E. B., 1888, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888:515.

9. Buckler, W. Larvae of British Butterflies & Moths, 2:226.

10. Newman, L. W., Entomologist, 8:272.

11. Tutt, J. W., 1904, A Natural History of British Lepidoptera, 4, Swan Sonnenchein.

12. Boisduval, J. A., (Doubleday’s Translation), Entomologist, 6:561.

13. Stuart, 1896, Ent. Rec., 7:226.

14. Newman, L. W., 1841. Entomologist, 2:281.

15. Chauvette, Zoologist, 9:3242.

16. Roche., P, Private Communication.

17. South, R., 1930, The Moths of the British Isles, Series I, 1, Frederick Warne.

18. Hutchinson, J. and Daziel, P. J. M., 1928, Flora of West Tropical Africa, London.

PROCEEDINGS
14th MAY 1970

A Vice-President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. D. Lonsdale,
S. T. Farmer and R. U. Vane-Wright.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EmMmet—(1) The first British example of Stigmella paradoxa Frey
(nitidella Hein.) (Lep., Nepticulidae), bred from Crataegus, Wicken Fen, Cambs.,
24.iv.70. (2) Representatives of lepidopterous species which should be taken on
the field meetings on 16th and 17th May: Euyponomeuta stanella Thunb.
(Yponomeutidae), which could be looked for as larvae on Sedum telephium L.
at Dovedale; and on Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. at Great Hucklow, Lozotaenia
fosterana F. (Tortricidae), Rhopobota ustomaculana Curt. and Olethreutes
mygindana Schiff. (Olethreutidae), Coleophora visitella Gregs. (Coleophoridae),
Phyllonorycter junoniella Zell. (Lithocolletidae) and Fomoria weaveri Staint.
(Nepticulidae).

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—The uncommon and very local Homeless Bee, Nomada
leucophthalma (Kirby) (Apidae), parasitic on Andrena clarkella (Kirby) and

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 123

A. apicalis Smith (Hym., Apidae); both early species. Taken on Chobham
Common, 3.v.70.

Mr. A. E. Stusps—Three species of Bombylidae (Diptera) taken in Morocco
in August 1968.

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT—The following Coleoptera (Carabidae): Badister
sodalis (Duft.), two examples from Knole Park, Kent, 8.v.70; Masoreus wetterhali
(Gyll.), a single example from Deal, Kent, 10.v.70; and Harpalus azureus (F.)
also from Deal, 10.v.70.

COMMUNICATIONS

It was announced that Mr. E. W. Classey had presented to the Society a number
of journals for sale to the members at 10s. each, the proceeds going to the
Centenary Fund.

Commenting on the season, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said that since the temp-
erature had risen a little at night he wondered if there had not been a minor
influx of migrants. On the evenings of 2nd and 3rd May a female Agrotis ipsilon
Hufn. (Lep., Noctuidae) and an example of Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (Lep.,
Pyralidae), both migrant species, had come to his mercury vapour light at
Bramley, Surrey.

Col. A. M. Emmet discussed the six oak-feeding species of Nepticulidae (Lep.)
which at one time had been grouped under Stigmella atricapitella Haw. He had
recently bred 10 or 12 examples and could tell from external characters, without
referring to the genitalia, that he had four of the species and may very well
breed all six. He said the mines were different too, and suggested that micro-
lepidopterists might breed this moth and carefully note the larval habits and
mines in relationship to the species which eventually emerged.

Referring to Mr. Bretherton’s remarks about a migration, Mr. G. Prior said
that he had received a report of two or three Colias croceus Fourc. (Lep., Pieridae)
being seen at Northwood, N. London, though he had not seen them.

Professor H. E. HINTON F.R.S. gave a talk on ‘A Scanning Electron Microscope
Study of Structures Producing Colour in Insects’, which he illustrated with
slides of electron micrographs of microsculpture, etc. He afterwards answered a
great many questions on structure and techniques.

28th MAY 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. N. G. Turok,
T. Moxham, M. R. Britton.
EXHIBITS

The PRESIDENT—Ischnodes sanguinicollis (Panz.) (Col., Elateridae) taken at
Kennet, Suffolk, on poplar which was rotten inside. The imagines appear to
leave the inside of the tree and hide in bark crevices; but only in those that have
been hollowed out and are inhabited by woodlice. These are not old coleopterous
larval burrows occupied by woodlice; they are the wrong shape and as many as
three /. sanguinicollis were found in a single burrow. They rest at the point of
the burrow furthest from the entrance. None were found away from the wood-
lice, except the original example which was beaten from the foliage of the same
tree earlier in the year.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—Second instar larvae of Stauropus fagi L. (Lep.,
Notodontidae) which were eight days old and bred from a Chiddingfold female.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN—A single living example of Phyllonorycter junioniella

124 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

Zell. (Lep., Lithocolletidae) taken on the Dovedale, Derby, field meeting during
the week end 16th and 17th May. He also showed some leaf litter in which were
the larvae of Endotricha flammealis Schiff. (Lep., Pyralidae) from London, W.6,
to illustrate the natural habitat of the species.

Mr. D. Stimpson—The living young of a scorpion of the genus Buthus. These
were three and a half weeks old and the progeny of a female taken in Augillas,
Murcia, in southern Spain.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—Xylophagus ater Meig. (Dipt., Xylophagidae), a female
of one of the four British species of the genus, none of which is common. The fly
closely resembles Dictenidia bimaculata L., a tipulid fly, but the reddish legs
make it a good mimic of some of the ichneumon flies. The exhibited example
was taken at Charterhouse, Godalming, 26.v.70.

Mr. A. E. Stusss—A male Cheilosia maculata Fall. (Dipt., Syrphidae) taken
at Box Hill, Surrey, 24.v.70. This is mainly a western species, few records are
available for the south-east, and none for the London area. A special search of
the foodplant, Allium ursinum L., at Box Hill revealed the species to be locally
frequent; at least 14 individuals being found.

Mr. P. L. Coox—(1) Meloe violacea Marsh (Col., Cantharidae), a living
female, one of several seen on a river bank on a hillside near Loch Awe, Argyll.,
24.v.70. With, for comparison, M. proscarabaeus L., taken by Mr. D. Appleton
on the Isle of Wight. (2) A living Tetropium gabrieli Weisse (Col. Cerambycidae)
taken as a pupa in a spruce log, Inverliever Forest, Argyll., 21.v.70. The beetle
emerged on 23rd May. The species was previously unrecorded north of Leicester-
shire.

COMMUNICATIONS

Referring to the possibility of this being a good year for butterflies, Mr. R. F.
BRETHERTON said that Leptidea sinapis L. (Pieridae) seems to have made a come
back at Chiddingfold, Surrey, where he had recently seen a number, mostly
males. A week earlier he had also seen the species in Herefordshire.

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT said that he had recently obtained a larva of
Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lep., Cossidae) by the river at Bungay, Suffolk.

Agreeing with Mr. Bretherton, Mr. A. S. F. Rippon said that on the edge of
Reading, Berks., where considerable earth disturbance had been taking place by
public works, he was surprised to see Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep., Lycaenidae)
was beginning to emerge in some numbers. Mr. T. G. HowartTH also reported
this species to be abundant in the New Forest, Hants, and in south Devon where
he had also seen Leptidea sinapis L. The latter though was not common, there
being only some half-dozen noted. From the south of Devon he also reported
Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Lycaenidae), Pararge aegeria L. (Satyridae), Gonep-
teryx rhamni L. (Pieridae) and Erynnis tages L. (Hesperiidae).

The PRESIDENT said that Celastrina argiolus L. was now on the wing in Epping
Forest and in the Lee valley Anthocharis cardamines L. (Pieridae) was flying in
some numbers.

The status of Celastrina argiolus L. in Surrey was interesting recalled Mr.
Bretherton. After the hard winter of 1962 the species was scarcely seen; but the
numbers began to build up again and the insect now appears to be becoming
common once more.

The irregularity of occurrence of Hamearis lucina L. (Nemeobiidae) was
discussed by the President who said that in company with J. A. Downes and
L. H. Ennis he had looked for this butterfly at Mickleham, Surrey, from 1930
onwards, finding only a few; but in 1946 it became quite common and then

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970 125

declined. It now seems to have disappeared from this part of Surrey. He won-
dered if it might not re-appear in the future. Mr. Bretherton said he had seen this
insect in the Cotswolds in company with Mr. J. L. Messenger, and had also
noted some at Gomshall, Surrey. Mr. F. T. VALLINS reported that he had not
seen the butterfly at Mickleham for the past 15 years. A suggestion was made
that the modern interest in home wine making could account for this decline;
a vast amount of cowslip flowers are needed for cowslip wine.

Mr. F. T. Vallins also reported rearing some British born Lycaena dispar
Haw. s.sp. batavus Oberth. (Lep., Lycaenidae) having now got them through to
pupae feeding on ordinary dock. He said that Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. was
oniy necessary if breeding continuation was desired.

Commenting on Mr. Uffen’s Endotricha flammea Schiff., Mr. E. S. BRADFORD
said he had never found more than the odd example in leaf litter and commented
on the short pupal period, 10 days in the example he had bred.

11th JUNE 1970
A Vice-President, Capt. J. ELLERTON, in the Chair
The death was announced of A. E. Curtis and of I. R. P. Heslop.

EXHIBITS

Capt. J. ELLERTON—Larvae of Catocala fraxini L. (Lep., Plusiidae) ex ovis
from a Shetland migrant, given him by Mr. B. Goater.

Mr. B. GoaTeR—(1) Stems of Viburnum lantana L. containing exit holes and
empty pupae in situ of Aegeria andrenaeformis Lasp. (Lep., Sesiidae). (2) Young
larvae in their second instar of Apatele euphorbiae Schiff. s.sp. myricae Guen.
(Lep., Noctuidae) ex ovis from a female taken at rest in Scotland at the end of
May. (3) The lower jaw of an Angler fish (Lophius).

Mr. C. O. HAamMMoND—Two dipterous species taken on the field meeting at
Gomshall, Surrey, 31.v.70: Apemon marginata (Meig.) (Mycetophilidae), one of
the largest of the fungus gnats, and the only British species of this small genus;
Limonia (Dicranomyia) ornata (Meig.) a tipulid associated with Petasites, the
beautifully marked wings make the species unmistakable.

Mr. P. L. Cook—Three species of Elateridae and one species of Cerambycidae
from Windsor Park and Windsor Forest: Elater rufipennis Steph., two examples
on hawthorn blossom, 28 & 29.v.70; E. nigerrimus Lacordaire, two examples in
red-rotten oak, one in a log, and another in a standing tree, all in pupal cells,
2.v.10; Megapenthes lugens Redt., four examples, one male and three females,
27 to 29.v.70; Anaglyptus mysticus (L.) ab. hieroglyphicus Herbst, a single
example on hawthorn blossom, 28.v.70.

COMMUNICATIONS

Several members commented on the effect that the prolonged period of
fine weather had had on the season. Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms remarked that there
had been an enormous influx of night flying Lepidoptera to light, and that
Apatele alni L. (Noctuidae) was enjoying an excellent year; Mr. B. GOATER said
that on 10.vi.69 he had recorded 64 species of macrolepidoptera from his mercury
vapour light trap at Bushey, Herts, and this year’s total stood at 128. Referring
to migrants, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON had detected evidence of a small influx on
9th June, on which date Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (Noctuidae) Plusia gamma L.

126 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1970

(Plusiidae) and Nomophila noctuella L. were noted in his mercury vapour light
trap at Bramley, Surrey. Mr. P. W. Cribb said that Vanessa cardui L. (Nymph-
alidae) was now common on the Isle of Wight.

Capt. J. Ellerton announced the gift of three books to the Society by Mr.
S. N. A. Jacobs and thanked him for his generosity.

Mr. P. W. Criss gave a talk on ‘Reinforcement of Threatened Lepidoptera’
which he illustrated with coloured slides of high quality. It provoked an animated
and prolonged discussion.

BOOK REVIEW

AFRICAN NOTEBOOK by Norman E. Hickin. Demy 8vo, 160--xiv pp.
Hutchinson, 45/-.

Many entomologists aspire to a journey through tropical Africa but it is un-
deniable that others prefer to enjoy the atmosphere more remotely. Dr. Hickin’s
“African Notebook’ will appeal to both categories and his readers will profit
from the informative and widely ranging subject matter of which entomology
forms a part.

The book is written in narrative style and is clearly addressed to a general
readership. It relates to a journey with members of his family, but the author
also draws upon earlier experiences in Africa, which he modestly discounts. His
excellent drawings provide a welcome departure from the more usual photo-
graphs and are of outstanding quality. An extensive bibliography is included.
Inevitably, such a work does not possess the intimacy and lyrical style of ‘A
Forest Refreshed’ but nevertheless it should appeal particularly to those about to
visit the African continent for the first time. The book is well produced and is
excellent value.

C. MACKECHNIE JARVIS.

Roeseliana roeselii (Hagenbach) (Salt., Tettigoniidae) in Essex. Whilst working
in the Chelmer valley reserve of the Essex Naturalists’ Trust I swept in some num-
bers a cricket, one of which I took for determination. Mr. A. E. Gardner was
good enough to identify the insect as Roeseliana roeselii (Hagenbach). I drew the
attention of Mr. G. Pyman to the existence of the species on the reserve. He had
also found the cricket on the reserve and was able to add several other localities to
the county distribution and I was able to unearth others. The distribution now
appears to be Benfleet, Two Tree Island (ENT reserve), Upminster, Foulness,
Brentwood, Chelmer Valley (ENT reserve), Little Baddow (between Chelmer
Valley and ENT reserve, on wasteland in vicinity of Little Baddow reserve),
Fingringhoe Wick (ENT reserve) and Colne Point (ENT reserve). Thus the species
seems to be established at several points right round the Essex coast and to have
spread well inland.—F. D. Buck, ‘Seirotrana’, New Road, Tiptree, Colchester,
Essex., 23rd October 1970.

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
We regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and new prices have
been agreed. These are as follows:—

5 ok eye f LS ns Lr Senta:
1919-20 OF 0 1936-37 110 0 1957 3 O02
1922-23 i100 1937-38 Zee OnO* 1958 210 O
1923-24 110 0 1945-46 2 0R20* 1959 210730
1924-25 1107-0 1946-47 210 O* 1960 2ZAGAO
1925-26 110 0 1947-48 3.08) 0* 1961 210 0
1927-28 AD 1948-49 3 0)) OF 1962 210 0
1928-29 2/0. 10* 1949-50 3020* 1963, Part 1 18 0
1929-30 220 80 1950-51 110 0 1963, Part2 1 0 O
1930-31 1-10) (0* 1951-52 3.0), 0* 1964 10 6
1931-32 ZEAOe0 1952-53 3) Ole O* 1965 1. 47.0
1932-33 fe10270 1953-54 11050 1966 lesenG
1933-34 110 0 1954-55 S10) Ox 1967 1420)
1934-35 110 0 1955 210 0 1968 ace Sar O
1935-36 110 O 1956 2100 1969 210-6
All other numbers are out of print, but when available mint or
1st Class secondhand uy cc.) ae O70

Other secondhand copies when available according to condition.
* These copies are very scarce and contain papers in great demand. Member’s
discount cannot therefore be allowed.

A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Book Review 126

MacNulty, B. J., Outline Life Histories of some
West African Lepidoptera, Part III, Sphingidae 95

Proceedings 122

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society's Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes
place in the autumn in the Conversazione Room
at the British Museum (Natural History). Frequent
Field Meetings are held at weekends in the
Summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.
The current Programme Card can be had on
application to the Secretary.

INDEX FOR 1970

Jt does not follow that because a page is referred to once only that there is not more
than one entry

Albinism, 17
Annual Exhibition, 17, Pl. I, I, II
Coleoptera of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, The—H. R. Last, 1
Conservation of Black and Brown Hairstreaks, The—J. A. Thomas, 10
Council’s Report, 41
Curator’s Report, 42
Editor’s Report, 44
Field Meeting, Reports, 25, 51, 70
Alice Holt, 28
Bookham Common, 55
Breck, the, 29
Cadsden, 52
Chiltern Escarpment, 51
Chippenham Fen, 30
Chobham Common, 70
Cosford Mill, 26
Faversham, 51
Fleam Dyke, 25
Godalming, 27 ALI OM A
Holm Fen Nature Reserve, 28 i
Horsell Common, 53 i Me
Knowle Park, 53

Stanford-le-Hope, 55 VMIAY 101071
Thursley, 54 \ Pl }
Wicken Fen, 29 \ /
a Werplesdon: *e ae Nei aie lee oe
ynandromorphs, Pl. I, 181 NID RANIC ST”
Hering Memorial Research Fund, 93 ie ea

Hybridisation, 63, 64, 65, 66
Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, 7
Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler—G. M. Haggett, 81
Librarian’s Report, 43
Microlepidoptera added to the British List since L. T. Ford’s Review—J. Ellerton, 35
Notes and Observations of Scottish Ptinids with particular reference to the South-east
Region—B. Morrison, 3
Obituaries, 11, 50, 62
Cruttwell, G. H. W., 50
Jackson, R. A., 11
Webb, H. E., 62
Our Membership, 61
Outline Life Histories of some West African Lepidoptera, Part III, Sphingidae—B. J.
MacNulty, 95
Pieris napi L.: Speciation and Subspeciation (Lep., Pieridae)—S. R. Bowden, 63
President’s Address, 31
Proceedings, 13, 57, 92, 122
Special Meeting, 93
Supplementary Note on Norellia R.-D. (Dipt., Scatophagidae)—P. J. Chandler, 12
Treasurer’s Report, 45
Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae) from Turkey—W. G. Tremewan, 71

CONTRIBUTORS AND
EXHIBITORS

Agassiz, D. J. L., 20, 21
Appleton, D., 22

Batten, A. G. Ms 60

Birkett, N. L.,

Bowden, Ss R, 8, 63

Bradford, E. se 1, 163195205 21esSi5
57, 59, 93, 125

Bradley, J. Ds 21

Bretherton, Re F. (Treasurer), 14, 16,
78s 210 24545556; 61s, 123; 124,
125

Briggs, J.,
Buck, F. D. * Editor), AS 575,995) 55) 005
62, 126

Calderara, Bers
Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 22
@handler; PB: J:, 12, 23
Chipperfield, H. E., 18, 19, 21
Classey, E. W., 60

Cookie E124; 125
Cooter, J., 22

Grows Pa Ne lS;
Duffield, C. A. W., 11

Dyson, R. C., 17
7, 1G), Pil, Bile Us)

Ellerton, 1

Elliot, ae

Emmet, a 13; 145/116; 195, 20; 21);
835 25, "50, 59, 60, 94, 122) 123

ie 18

D. W. H., 17, 18

Gibson, C. W. S., 17

Gilchrist, W., 14

Goater, B., 16, 17, 18, 24, 25, 29, 30, 125

Goddard, P. A., 18

Greenwood, J. es LSS

Haggett, G. M.,

Hammond, C. he 15459. 122-1242
125

Harman, T. W., 18, 20

laxbiyan@ sively

Heath, J., 24

Higgins, L. G., 18

Hinton, H. E., 123

Homer, T. J. Ge 18
Howarth, i. iG.; iS 14, 15, 23, 60, 124
16523559

Hyde, G. 1B 18°

Jacobs, S. N. A.,

Johnson, Sir George, 18

Kettlewell, H. B. D., 18

Knill-Jones, S. A., 24

Teas tap elepince el

Leech, M. J., 19, 21

Lorimer, R. i 17

MacKechnie Jarvis, G&G

MacNulty, B. J. ieee 14° 185 25
58, 60, 92, ae 95, 123, 124

Matthews, P:, 15
Messenger, J. L., 16, 18, 26, 59

Michaelis, H. N., 19
Morris, de la Mare, 18
Morris, M. G., 12, 22, 28
Morrison, B., 3
Murphy, Mrs. F. M., 70

| Newman, D. E., 50

Peet. T. N. D:, 15
Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 19, 20, 21
Prior, G., 14, 18, 51, 52, 59, 123
Reid, W., 18
Richardson, A., 17, 21
Rippon, A. S. F., 93, 124
Rivers, C. F., ce

Roche, G. C.,

Roche, P. J. a “3, 18

Rougemont, G. M. den23 24525555

122, 124
Russwurm, A. D. A.,
Scott, V. J., 16
Siggs, L. W., 20
Skinner, B., ae

Stimpson, D.
Stubbs, A. E., oa 54, Sis DO OUsml2as
10

124

Thomas, J. A.,

Tomlinson, R., 8

Tremewan, M.,

Tremewan, W. en 18, 71

Tweedie, M. Ww. ia 115)

Uffen, R. W. J., 53. 55, 123

WVallins) Be de. 2455125

Wakely, S., 16, 17, 19, 20, 21

Walker, D. N., 1

Watson, R. W.,

Weddell, B. We

Wewalka, Dr.

Wightman, AS Fs 18

Williams, S. A., 13, 22, 43

Wiltshire, E. P., 15, 16

Woollatt, G. S., 17

Worms: C..Gs Made sl3 14 cet 8s0255
1

18

ARACHNIDA

angulatus, Episinus, 70
arundinacea, Dictyna, 70
Buthus, 124

cingulatus, Salticus, 70
diodia, Zilla, 70

festivus, Phrurolithus, 70
frontalis, Euophrys, 70

| gibbosus, Oedothorax, 70

globosa, Poeciloneta, 70

| hortensis, Lycosa, 70

hygrophilus, Pirata, 70

| inornata, Dipoena, 70

lapidosus, Drassodes, 70
obtusa, Tetragnatha, 70
pallens, Theridion, 70
pullatus, Bathyphantes, 70
pumila, Pocadicnemis, 70
reclusa, Clubiona, 70
redii, Araneus, 70

rufipes, Gongylidium, 70
sanguinea. Singa, 70

sisyphium, Theridion
vittatum, Theridion, 70

BIRDS

Fryers Gull, 60

House Martin, 58

House Sparrow, 40
muraria, Tichodroma, 59
Nightjar, 29

urbica, Delichon, 58
Wallcreeper, 59

COLEOPTERA

aeneopiceus, Caulotrupes, 2
aeneum, Apion, 2

aeneus = affinis), Harpalus, 1
affine (?sulcatum), Mezium, 4, 7
affinis (aeneus), Harpalus, 1
anglicus, C. arvensis, ssp., 94
Anobia, 3

Anobiinae, 3

Anobium, 3

anxius, Harpalus, 1

Apate, 3

arvensis, Carabus, 94
asperifoliarium, Ceuthorhynchus, 30
aterrimus, Pterostichus, 22, 94
atratus, Philonthus, 94
azureus, Harpalus, 123
bacanica, A. elongatula, ssp., 22
banksi, Chrysolina, 2
bifoveolatus, Trachyphloeus, 2
biguttatus, Stenus, 22
Bostrichus, 3

brevicollis, Nebria, 1
cambrica, Atheta, 13
canaliculata, Drusilla, 2
canaliculatus, Phytobius, 22
capillaricornis, Habrocerus, 1
castor, Rhinoncus, 28
Cerambycina, 3

cerealis, Chrysolina, 60
clavipes, Ptinus, 5

coarctata, Ischnopoda, 22
cochlearia, Phaedon, 2
communis, Amara, 1
constricta, Ischnopoda, 22
convexior, A. communis, v., 1
convexiuscula, Amara, 55
cosnardi, Dictyopterus, 22
crenatus, Dendrophagus, 15
crenatus, Ptinus (unicolor, Tipnus), 3, 4
curtirostre, Apion, 2
cylindrus, Platypus, 23

dauci, Phytonomus, 13, 30
decempunctata, Adalia, 2, 52
Deperditoria, 3

depressum, Achenium, 22
depressus, Pediacus, 94
dermestoides, Pediacus, 94
dilatatus, Velleius, 22
Dytiscidae, 14

Elateridae, 14

ili

elongata, Corticaria, 2
elongatula, Atheta, 22
elongatum, Colydium, 23
erichsoni, Cardiophorus, 2
erysimi, Ceuthorhynchus, 30
erythropus, Meligethes, 2
exulans, Ptinus, 7
fastuosa, Chrysolina, 60
filirostris, Dorytomus, 28
floralis, Anthicus, 2
formosus, Tachyporus, 1
fossor, Clivina, 58
foveatus, Metabletus, 1
frupaentar ate (=haematodes), Apion,
0

fulva, Rhagonycha, 2

fulvus, Cryptocephalus, 2

fungi, Atheta (Acronota), 2

fur, Ptinus, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9

fuscipes, Calathus, 55

gabrieli, Tetropium, 124

glaber, Brachypterus, 2

globulus, Trigonogenius, 4, 5, 6, 7

gracilis, Longitarsus, 2

granaria, Trogoderma, 6

granulatus, Carabus, 55

haematodes (frumentarium), Apion, 28,
30

haemorrhoidalis, Athous, 2
harpalinus, Bradycellus, 1
harpaloides, Bembidion, 1
hieroglyphicus, A. mysticus, ab., 125
hilleri, Pseudeurostus, 4, 5, 6,
hirtellus (clavipes), Ptinus, 5
hololeucus, Niptus (Ptinus), 4, 5, 6, 7
Hylesinus, 3

incongruus, Carpelimus, 22
laevioctostriatus, Cylindronotus, 2
latro, Ptinus, 5

lepidus, Sitona, 2

lichenum, Ptinus, 3

lignarius, Rhyncolus, 60
linearis, Dromius, 55

litura, Rhyzobius, 2

lugens, Megapenthes, 125
macropterus, Proteinus, 22
madidus, Pterostichus, 1
maritima, Pachylopus, 2
melanocephalus, Dromius, 55
micaceus, Cryptophagus, 22
murina, Adelocera, 2
mysticus, Anaglyptus, 125
napi, Psylloides, 2

nebulosus, Leiopus, 28
nigerrimus, Elater, 125
nigrita, Pterostichus, 55
nitidulus, Aphodius, 2

nivalis, Nebria, 15
ochripennis, Quedius, 22
Olibrus, 1

palliatus, Ptinus, 3

pallidulus, Agriotes, 2
paradoxus, Metoecus, 22
parallelepipedus, Abax, 1
pomonae, Apion, 2

procerus, Astenus, 1
proscarabaeus, Meloe, 94, 124

psylliodes (scotias), Gibbium, 4, 7
Ptini, 3

Ptinidae, 3

Ptinus, 3

pubescens, Cryptophagus, 22
pubicollis, Atemeles, 2

pumila, Trachys, 22

pusillus, Ptinus, 4, 7
pyrenaeus, Geotrupes, 2
quadrinotatus, Dromius, 55
quadripunctatus, Notiophilus, 1
radiolus, Apion, 2

regnianum, Phaedon, 2
rotundatus, Odontonyx, 1
rubiginosa, Longitarsus, 2
rufipennis, Elater, 125

rufipes, Aphodius, 2

rufipes, Necrobia, 1, 2

rifipes, Phloiotrya, 60

rufipes, Rugilus, 1

rufirostre, Apion, 2

rufus, Oxyporus, 51

rugosus, Oxytelus, 1
sanguinicollis, Ischnodes, 123
sarnicus, Anthrenus, 1
schafferi, Cercoma, 24
schreberi, Cercoma, 24

scotias (=psylloides), Gibbium, 4
semiobscurus, Quedius, 1
semirufa, Stichoglossa, 22
semirufus, Xantholinus, 93
semistriatus, Saprinus, 2
septempunctata, Coccinella, 52
sexpunctatus, Ptinus, 3, 4
sodalis, Badister, 123

solutus, Tachyporus, 1

sparsa, Aleochara (Homoeochara), 2
succineus, Longitarsus, 2
sulcatum (?=affinis), Mezium, 4
sulcatum, Otiorhynchus, 2, 4
surinamensis, Oryzaephilus, 6
tardus, Harpalus, 1

tectus, Ptinus, 4, 5, 6, 7
testaceum, Sphaeroderma, 2
testaceus, Conosomus, 1
testaceus, Stilbus, 2
testudinarius, Heptaulacus, 60
thoreyi, Agonum, 55

tricolor, Xantholinus, 22
truncorum, Rhyncolus, 60
typhoeus, Typhaeus, 2
undecimpunctata, Coccinella, 2
unicolor, Tipnus (=crenatus, Ptinus), 3,
unipustulatus, Badister, 1
variegatus, Cicones, 60
variolosa, Desmonota, 25
verbasci, Bradycellus, 55
vernalis, Geotrupes, 2

vernalis, Pterostichus, 55
villiger, Ptinus, 7

villosulus, Neobisneus, 22
violaceus, Meloe, 124

viridula, Gastroidea, 60
wetterhalii, Masoreus, 123

DICTYOPTERA

Brown-banded Cockroach, 23
supellectilium, Supella, 23

DIPTERA

ater, Molophilus, 58

ater, Xylophagus, 124

atra, Pachygaster, 51
bihamatus, Molophilus, 59
bimaculata, Dictenidia, 124
clunipes, Sphegina, 26
confusa, Drosophila, 27
dispar, Neoascia, 54
ecucullata, Lipsothrix, 57
ephippium, Calobata, 27
ferruginea, Hammerschmidtia, 14
fulviventris, Platycheirus, 55
fuscipennis, Erioptera, 54
fuscipennis, Hexotoma, 27
germanus, Hercostomus, 51
hircus, Pogonota, 54
hirundinis, Stenopteryx, 58
larvarum, Tachina, 54
macquarti, Chrysogaster, 54
maculata, Cheilosia, 124
marginata, Apemon, 125
maritimae, Machaerium, 51
meigeni, Limnophila, 54
nielseni, Erioptera, 54
Norellia, 12

notata, Rhagio, 27

occultus, Molophilus, 54
ornata, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 125
pabulina, Tipula, 27
pedestris, Copromyza, 57
pseudonarcissi, Norellia, 12
pseudovariipennis, Tipula, 27
scurra, Nephrotoma, 54
scutellaris, Brachyopa, 26
scutellaris, Ptychoptera, 26, 27
scutellata, Pilaris, 54
spinipes, Norellia (Cordilura), 12, 26
splendida, Liogaster, 51
submorio, Sicodus, 59
subtilis, Dicranota, 54
testacea, Myopa, 26
tipularia, Norellia, 12
turcica, Prionocera, 54
variegata, Helomyza, 27
zonaria, Volucella, 15

FERNS

aquilium, Pteridium, 28
bracken, 28

FISH

Angler Fish, 125
Lophius, 125

FLOWERING PLANTS

abies, Picea, 35

aboensis, Millettia, 98, 103
abyssinica, Erythrina, 102
acetosella, Rumex, 28, 30
Achillea, 16, 19

acre, Sedum, 30

acuparia, Sorbus, 41

alba, Populus, 41

albidum, Chrysophyllum, 108
album, Chenopodium, 39
alder, 27, 33

Alder Buckthorn, 37

alnus, Frangulus, 29, 37
amethystinum, Eryngium, 73
Ampelopsis, 113, 115
Andersonia, 103
Andromeda, 83

anemone, 35

angelica, 56

angolensis, Pterocarpus, 100
Angraecum, 116

annuus, Scleranthus, 30
apple, 45

Arenaria, 30

aria, Sorbus, 40

articulatus, Juncus, 21, 54
arum, lily, 115

arvensis, Stachys, 60
Astragalus, 75

atricana, Ansellia, 116
Atriplex, 39, 55
aucutifiorus, Juncus, 54
Baphia, 102

Bearberry, 39

beech, 60, 84

betonica (officinalis), Stachys, 23
birch, 21, 28

Biscutella, 68

blackthorn, 10

bramble, 79

Brown Birch, 41

buddleia, 16

Burchellia, 104

caffra, Sclerocaraya, 102
cairica, Ipomea, 114, 115, 116, 117
caladium, Richardia, 115
Calluna, 82, 89

Calystegia, 56

camara, Lantana, 96, 97
Camellia, 35

Camellina, 108

campestre, Acer, 40
campestre, Eryngium, 72, 73
cardylocarpus, Diplorhynchus, 105
Carex, 30

carvifolia, Selinum, 30
Cat’s Ear, 36

Cat’s Foot, 39

Celtis, 100, 102

Cerastus, 35

Chaetacme, 100
Chenopodium, 39
chincherinchee, 35
cicutarium, Erodium, 13, 30
Cirsium, 78

Cissus, 114

Common Dock, 82
Common Wild Thyme, 38
communis, Juniperis, 52
conyza, Inula, 94
cordata, Tilia, 34

Cordia, 102

cordifolia, Alchornia, 100
Corissa, 103, 105
copmculatys: Lotus, 75, 79, 80, 90, 91,

Cow Parsnip, 14
cracca, Vicia, 91
Crataegus, 122
crispus, Rumex, 36
Curled Dock, 36
daffodil, 12
Dahlia, 97
dichotomus, Eryngium, 7
difformis, Anchomenes, a 115, 116
dioica, Antennaria, 36, 39
drucei, Thymus, 38
dysenterica, Pulicaria, 51
echinus, Astragalus, 75
Echium, 30

elm, 40, 56

eminii, Maesopsis, 101

Erica, 88

Eryngium, 72, 73, 76
esculentum, Lycopersicum, 97
esculentus, Abelmoschus, 57
Eupatorium, 30, 39

Ficus, 100

foxglove, 16

Fuschia, 114, 115

gale, Myrica, 82

Galium, 111

Gardenia, 104

germanica, Filago, 30
globiflora, Julbernardia, 101
Golden Rod, 34, 39
Grape-vine, 113, 114
Grass-leaved Orache, 39
hawthorn, 19, 39, 40, 41, 56
hazel, 33

heather, 29

Heliantheae, 97

Heracleum, 56
hydrolapathum, Rumex, 125
Ibaria, 97

Impatiens, 114, 115, 116
imperialis, Newboldia, 97, 101
involucrata, Ipomoea, 114, 115, 116
ivy, 24

jonquil, 35

Juncus, 54, 55, 78

Juniper, 26, 52

Knotgrass, 36

Kraussia, 104

lantana, Viburnum, 125
Ledum, 83

lime, 33

littoralis, Atriplex, 39

lobata, Urena, 101
Loranthus, 100

Lotus, 91

macrocarpa, Cupressus, 17

macrophyllum, Macrolobium, 98, 100,

105, 108

madagascarensis, Harungana, 108, 109

maple, 40

mariscus, Cladium, 30

Marsh Marigold, 27

Marsh Rosemary, 82
militaris, Orchis, 29
millefoliata, Achillea, 19, 37
Millettia, 100

monbin, Spondeas, 98

Morus, 100

Mundulea, 100

Myrica, 82

napoleoni, Markhamia, 101
nigrum, Verbascum, 30

oak, 20, 23, 56, 60, 84, 85, 86, 94
occidentalis, Crewia, 103
octopetala, Dryas, 40, 41
officinalis (betonica), Stachys, 23
Old Man’s Beard, 52
Oleander, 104

pallescens, Luzula, 28
palustre, Ledum, 82

palustris, Lathyrus, 29
panduraeformis, Hibiscus, 103
paniculatum, Clerodendron, 96, 97
Petasites, 125

Phragmites, 55, 57
Pimpinella, 73, 74

pine, 29, 79, 92

polifolia, Andromeda, 82
polygonifolius, Potamogeton, 54
Polygonum, 36

polystachys, 116
pomegranate, 20

poplar, 28, 29

populus x canadensis, 28
Poretta, 104

praetermissa, Dactylorchis, 30
pratense, Trifolium, 91
pratensis, Lathyrus, 80, 91
Prunus, 35

pseudonarcissus, Narcissus, 12
pseudoplatanus, Acer, 35, 40
Psychotria, 108, 109, 110
ptarmica, Achillea, 56
pubescens, Betula, 41
purpurea, Digitalis, 16
Ragwort, 55

raspberry, 36

repens, Jussiaea, 116

repens, Trifolium, 91
Richardsonia, 114

rostrata, Carex, 54
rotundiflora, Dissotis, 96

sallow, 36

saxifraga, Pimpinella, 73

Scots Pine, 15

scrotina, Populus x canadensis, 28
senegalensis, Anona, 97
Small-leaved Lime, 34
spiciformis, Brachystega, 102

Vi

spinosa, Prunus, 9

splendens, arenes 96, 97
strawberry, 87, 88
Strychnos, 111

stuhlmanni, Ostryoderris, 100
subnodulosus, Juncus, 30
Sycamore, 35, 40

sylvestris, Anthriscus, 27
sylvestris, Pinus, 26

Tassel Gall, 5

telephium, Sedum, 122
thapsus, Verbascum, 30
tiliaceus, Hibiscus, 103
tillaea, Crassula, 30
torminalis, Sorbus, 40
torvum, Solanum, 96, 97
Trema, 100

tremula, Populus, 82
Trifolium, 75

ucranica, Scabiosa, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77
uliginosus, Vaccinium, 82
ursinum, Allium, 124
uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos, 39
Vaccinium, 83

Vaqueria, 104

Veronica, 112

virgaurea, Solidago, 39
vitalba, Clematis, 52
vitis-idaea, Vaccinium, 122
vulgare, Echium, 30

White Beam, 40

White Dryas, 40, 41

White Poplar, 41

wild rose, 14

Wild Service Tree, 40
willow, 51, 82

Yarrow, 37

FUNGI

Polyporus, 21
squamosus, Polyporus, 27

HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA

Enicocephalidae, 13
juncorum, Livia, 54
Leptoporidae, 13

pteridis, Ditropis, 28

HYMENOPTERA

analis, Vespa, 13

anomala, Provespa, 13
apicalis, Andrena, 123
clarkella, Andrena, 122
cyanocrocea, 27

Homeless Bee, 122

hornet, 22

imperator, Ephialtes, 59
intermedia, Brachyneria, 72
leucophthalma, Nomada, 122
linearis, Scambus, 26
nocturna, Provespa, 13

persuasoria, Rhyssa, 59
Provespa, 13

quercusfolii, Cynips, 56

sagax, Scambus, 26

sylvestris, Vespula, 22
tyrannica, V. analis, ssp., 13
viciellae, Monodontomerus, 76
vulgaris, Vespula, 22

LEPIDOPTERA

abietana, Acleris, 35

abietella, Dioryctria, 19

accentifera, Nephele, 104, 105, 118, 119
acerbella, Epichoristodes, 35

aceriana, Gypsonoma, 19

aceris, Stigmella, 40

achilleae, (loti), Zygaena, 88, 89, 91
acuminatella, Scrobipalpa, 36

acuta, Plusia, 17

adalwinda, P. napi, ssp., 63, 65, 67, 68
adscitella, Elachista, 37

adjunctella, Coleophora, 21

adspersa, Coleophora, 39

aegeria, Pararge, 26, 53, 55, 56, 124
aegrotalis, Pachyzancla, 33

aenella, Stigmella, 40

aenopion, Nephele, 105, 120
aequivalens, Nephele, Pl. VI, 107, 120
aeriferana, Ptychollimoides, 35
agathina, Amathes, 43

agnotana, Pammene, 35

agrammella (=cespititiella), Coleophora,

20
ahenella, Coleophora, 38
ajaka, Pieris, 66
akdaghi, Z. filipendulae, ssp., 79
akschehirensis, Z. laeta, ssp., 72
albicilla, Nephopteryx, 33, 34
albicornuella (=hornigi), Coleophora, 38
albidella, Coleophora, 19
albitarsella, Coleophora, 20
alnella, Bucculatrix, 29
alni, Apatele, 14, 125
alniaria, Deuteronomos, Pl. III, 18
alnifoliae, Coleophora, 3
alpicola, Parornix, 40
alstroemeriana, Agonopteryx, 55
alternata, Epirrhoe, 27, 30, 53
amasina, Z. carniolica, 75, 76
amata, Calothysanis, 55
Amathes, 82, 84
anadoluica, Z. diaphana, ssp., 73
anatipennella, Coleophora, 93
anatolica, Z. loti, ssp., 77
anatoliensis, Z. punctum, ssp., 72, 73
andraenaeformis, Aegeria, 125
anella, Lamoria, 34
anglica, Z. viciae, ssp., 90
anglicella, Parornix, 51
anglicola, Z. filipendulae, ssp., 52
anodolitia, Z. filipendulae, ssp., 78, 79
antigua, Orgyia, 16
apicella, Anylis, 29
apicipunctella, Elachista, 19
apiformis, Sesia, 28, 29

araratensis, Zygaena, 72, 73

arcella, Nemapogon, 21

arctica, P. napi, ssp., 67

arctostaphyli (marginatella), Coleophora,
39

argiolus, Celastrina, 53, 124

argus, Plebejus, 53

argyllensis, Z. viciae, ssp., Pl. V., 90

argyropeza (subapicella), ‘Dechtiria, 41

aristella, Pleota, 37

artimisiella, Scrobipalpa, 36

atalanta, Vanessa, 23, 24, 51, 52, 56

atatuerki, Z. carniolica, ssp., 76

atomaria, Ematurga, 29

atomella, Agonopteryx, 21

atricapitella, Stigmella, 123

atropos, Acherontia, 96, 118, 119

aurana, Laspeyresia, 32

aurantiana, Pammene, 35

aurata, Pyrausta, 53

auroguttella, Euspilapteryx, 52

aurotella, Nepticula, 41

aversata, Sterrha, 52

balsaminiae, Hippotion, 115, 121

bankesiella, Epischnia, 21

bankiana, Eustrotia, 29, 30

barbalis, Herminia, 84, 85

batavus, L. dispar, ssp., 125

benitensis, Pseudenya, 109, 121

berbera, Aphipyra, 2

betulae, Thecla, 10, 11

betularia, Biston, 53

betulicola, Stigmella, 40

betulinella (=blattariella), Anacampsis,
6

beynamensis, Z. loti, ssp., 77
biarcuana (genimana), Ancylis, 36
bicolor, Libyoclanis, 98

bicolorata, Hadena (serena, Hecatera), 30
bicolorata, P. napi, ssp., 67

bigella, Euzophera, 34

bilineata, Euphyia, 52

bipunctaria, Ortholitha, 53
bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia, 53
biriviata, Xanthorhoe, 81

biselata, Sterrha, 52

bisontella, Ochsenheimeri, 19
bisseliella, Tineola, 15

Black Hairstreak, 10

blattariella (betulinella), Anacampsis, 36
bowesi, Oidematophorus, 34
brassicae, Mamestra, 55

brassicae, Pieris, 30, 51, 52, 55, 56
britannica, P. bryoniae, ssp., 66, 67
britannica, P. napi, ssp., 66, 67
brogniardella, Acrocercops, 56
Brown Hairstreak, 10

brunnearia, Selidosema, 53
brunnichana, Epinotia, 20
bryoniae, Pieris, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69
bucephala, Phalera, 56

caesia, Hadena, 18

caja, Arctia, 18

c-album, Polygonia, 26, 53, 56
cambrica, Venusia, 43

camilla, Limenitis, 14, 60

cana, Eucosma, 52

capreella (merei), Bucculatrix, 19, 40
cardamines: Anthocharis, Pl. I, 18, 27,
124

cardui, Vanessa, 24, 52, 53, 126
carlinella, Metzneria, 21

carniolica, Zygaena, Gis TB USS 4/7/
casta, Fumaria, 51

castanaea, Phragmataecia, 29

celerio, Hippotion, 114, 121
cerasivorella, Coleophora, 39
ceratoniae, Ectomyelois, 20, 25, 57
cesptiiete (agrammella), Coleophora,

charis, Basiothia, 111, 121

chenopodiata, Ortholitha, 51, 52, 53

chlorosata, Lithina, 2

chrysantheana, Cnephasia, 52

cidarella, Bucculatrix, 19, 29

cilialis, Nascia, 20

cinerella, Acompsia, 20

cinnamomeana, Pandemis, 52

circellaris, Agrochola, 56

citrata, Dysstroma, 86

citrinalis, Hypercallia, 20

clathrata, Chiasmia, PI. III,

clerkella, Lyonetia, 22

clintoni, Scrobipalpa, 36

Clouded Yellow, 23

clypeiferella, Coleophora, 38

c-nigrum, Amathes, P. II, 16, 17, 18, 55

columbariella, Tinea, 40

combinella, Pseudoswammerdamia, 21

comma, Nephele, 104, 106

compar, Neopolyptychus (Polyptychus),
101, 120, 121

compositella, Grapholita, 53

concinnata (oressigena), D. truncata,
ab., 86, 87 Pl. V

coneyi, C. jocobaeae, ab., 18

confusa, Plusia, 16

congressariella, Nothris, 36

constrigalis, Platysphinx, 100, 120

continentis, N. aenopion, 105, 120

continuella, Nepticula, 19

contraria, Adriasa, 101, 120

contrarius (retusus), Polyptychus, 101

convolvuli, Herse, 95, 118, 119

conwagana, Pseudoargyrotoza, 52, 53

coracipennella, Coleophora, 39

coridon, Lysandra, 13, 51, 52

corticella, Nemapogon, 19

coryli, Colocasia, 43

costana, (=spectrana), Clepsis, 21

crataegella, Stigmella, 40

crataegi, Bucculatrix, 20

crenata, O. bipunctaria, 53

cretacella, Homoeosoma, 20

cribrumella, Myelois, 51

cristella, Trachonitis, 34

crocealis, Ebulea, 51

croceus, Colias, 18, 23, 24, 123

culmella, Agriphila, 30, 52, 53

cuprella, Adela, 20

cytisi, Z. filipendulae, ssp., 52

daghana, Z. filipendulae. ssp., 79

davidina, Pieris, 66

deauratella, Oegoconia, 36

185°271,,53

Vili

Dechtiria, 13

demaryella, Bucculatrix, 21

demolini, Lophostethus, 103, 118

depuncta, Amathes, 84

derasa, N. comma, fs 115

derivalis, Paracolax, 85

derivatella, Coleophora, 39

diaphana, Zygaena, 73

dilutella, Pempelia, 21

dimidiata, Sterrha, 32

dimidiella, Brachmia, 37

diminutana, Ancylis, 29, 36

dispar, Lycaena, 125

dissoluta, Nonagria, 43

distans, Crombrugghia, 34, 53

diversana, Choristoneura, 19

divisa, Cryphia, Pl. II, 18

dodecella, Exotelia, 20

dominula, Panaxia, 92

dorycnii, Zygaena, 77, 78, 80

druryella, Cosmopteryx, 16, 29

dryadella, Nepticula, 19, 41

dulcella, Nepticula, 41

dumetana, Pandemis, 19

efformata, Anaitis, 53

elinguaria, Crocalis, ae ae 71S

elutella, Ephestia, 20, 5

emarginata, Sterrha, 53,

sae en Trisateles, 43, 81, Pl. IV, 84,
8

Erebia, 18

ergane, Pieris, 64

erigerella, Coleophora, 39

erxlebella, Roeslerstammia, 19

eson, Hippotion, 115, 121

euphorbiae, Apatele, 125

exanthemata, Deilinia, 30, 53

exigua, Laphygma, 14

exiguella, Elachista, 22, 37

eximia, Cosmopteryx, 20

eximia, Z. formosa, ssp., 74

extimalis, Evergestis, 19, 20

fabriciana, Anthophila, 51, 55, 56

fagella, Diurnea, 56

fagi, Stauropus, 14, 123

falcata, Falcutala (Polyptychus), 102, 120

farinatella, Cedestis, 20, 26

farinella, Mendesia, 37

fascianas Lithacodia (pyrgarga, Japidea),
, 30

fasciana ee Pamnene. 20, 25

ferrugalis, Udea, 5

ihipendalae, eR Io2e lense
| 79,8

Raeiale Thalera, ae

flammea, Panolis, 2

flammealis, Peden 124, 125
flava, Z. filipendulae, 17
flavescens, P. bryoniae, ssp., 64, 65
flavifrontella, Tubuliferola, 37
flexula, Laspeyria, 16

fluxa, Arenostola, 43

forficalis, Mesographe, 55
formosa, Nephopteryx, 19
formosa, Zygaena, 74
formosana, Lozotaenoides, 19
fosterana, Lozotaenia, 122

fragariella, Nepticula, 41

fraxini, Catocala, Pl. I, 16, 18, 125

freyeriana, ioe ganymedes, ssp., 74, 75

friesii, Ocnerostoma, 26, 38

frigida, P. bryoniae, ssp. 67, 68

fulvinotata (—mauritii), Coelonis, 97,
118, 119

fulvomacula, Stigmella, 40

fumosa, Temnora, 108, 120, 122

funebris, Pyrausta, 20, 21

funebris, Temnora, 99, 108, 120, 122

fusca, Laodamia, 34

fuscalis, Opsibotys, 33, 52

galathea, Melanargia, 51, 52, 92

gallicana, Laspeyresia, 21

gamma, Plusia, 14, 15, 17, 50, 51, 52,
5351560125

gangabella (taeniatella), Elachista, 20

ganymedes, Zygaena, 74, 75

gei, Nepticula, 41

geminana (biarcunana), Ancylis, 35

gemmana, Pammene, 21

gemmiferana, Grapholita, 21

geniculea, Agriphila, 53

gilvata (=polygonalis), Uresiphita, 17

glaucata, Cilix, 51

glyphica, Ectypha, 30

gnaphalii, Cucullia, 43

gnidiella, Cryptoblabes, 20

Golden Emperor Moth, 15

gotlandica (=lassella), Coleophora, 38

gracilis, Piusia, 43

granella, Nemapogon, 21

granulatella, Coleophora, 39

erayi. Polytychoides (Polyptychus), 102,
1

grisella, Achroia, 20

grisseella, Trifurcula, 41
grossulariata, Abraxas, 18, 53
grotiana, Epagoge, 21

gueneana, Cnephasia, 35

gussfeldti, Acanthosphinx, 102, 118
gysseleniella, Cedestis, 26

haman, Agapeta, 52

hamellus, Crambus, 19

hastana, Rhyacionia, 35
haworthiata, Eupithecia, 52, 53
helvola, Anchoscelis, 56
hemerobiella, Coleophora, 20
heparana, Pandemis, 52

herrichiana (nimbana), Pammene, 35
hippocastanaria, Pachycnemis, 53
Hippotion, 112, 118

hofmanniella, Acrocercops, 39
hornigi (albicornuella), Coleophora, 38
hornigi, Monochra, 36

hornimani, Rhadinopasa, P. VI, 98, 118
hortuellus, Crambus, 30, 51
hortulana, Eurrhypara, 30, 53
hucherardi, Hydraecia, 43

huegeli, Earias, 57

hulda, P. napi, ssp., 67, 68
hyalinalis, Microstega, 20, 53
hybnerella, Stigmella, 22

hylas, Cephonodes, 103, 119
hyperanthus, Aphantopus, 30, 51, 52
icarus, Polyommatus, 52, 53, 124

icteritia, Cirrhia, 56

icterodactylus, Pterophorus, 34

illustris, N. rosae, sD: 107

immutata, Scopula, 3

imperialella, ee 40

impura, Leucania, 55

incongruella, Amphisbatis, 20

infida, Apotomis, 36

inopiana, Hysterosia, 20

inornatana (subarcuana), Ancylis, 21, 36

inornateila, Brachmia, 19

inquinatella, Agriphila, 52, 53, 55

insignitella, Lithocolletis, 21

instabilella, Scrobipalpa, 36

interpunctella, Plodia, 57

io, Nymphalis, 52, 53, 59

iota, Plusia, Pl. II, 17

ipsilon, Agrotis, Pl. II, 18, 123, 125

iris, Apatura, 14

jacobaeae, Callimorpha, 18, 52, 55

janiszewskae, Sorhagenia, 37

josephinae, Tubuliferola, 37

jota, Plusia, 14, 15, 17

juliana (=fasciana), Pammene, 35

junionella, Phyllonorycter, 122, 123

jurtina, Maniola, Pl. I, 18, 30, 51, 52

knilli, L. nickerlii, ab., 18, 43

lacunana, Olethreutes, 52, 53

laeta, Zygaena, 71, 72

laetus, Crombrugghia, 34

lancealis, Perinephela, 30

lanceolana, Bactra, 55

lanestris, Eriogaster, 13

lapella, Metzneria, 21

lassella (gotlandica, teidensis), Coleo-
phora, 38

lathnoniana, Eugnosta, 34

lathonia, Issoria, 15

leacheana, Ptycholoma, 23

leautieri, Lithophane, 16, 24, 43

lemnata, Cataclysta, 55

lentifinosella, Mirificarma, 21

leucoschalis, Crambus, 34

leucostola, Parornix, 40

libatrix, Scoliopteryx, Pl. II, 18, 59

ligustri, Sphinx, 117

limnosipennella, Coleophora, 38

lineatella, Anarsia, 36

lineola, Thymelicus, ay |

literana, Acleris, 21

Lithocolletis, 23

littoralis, Lobesia, 19, 20, 21

littorella, Metzneria, 21

litura, Anchoscelis, 56

livida, Temnora, 99, 108, 120, 122

lonicerae, Zygaena, 80

lophyrella, Sorhagenia, 37

lorquiniana, Acleris, 19

leu Agehilleae), Zygaena, 77, Pl. V, 88,

Eceineds Spilosoma, Pl. III, 18
lucina, Hamearis, 124

lucipara, Euplexia, 17

luctuata, Euphyia, 43

lunaria, Selenia, 17

lunula, Aporophyla, 56

lutarea, Poraswammerdamia, 51

lutea, Citria, 56

lutealis, Udea, 52, 53

lutulentella, Aristotelia, 19

lychnidis, Agrochola, 56

macdunnoughii, P. napi, ssp., 66

manniana, Phalonidia, 29

mannihotalis, Pyralis, 33

margaritella, ‘Catoptria, 21

marginalis, P. napi, ssp., 67

marginata, Lomaspilus, 30, 51

marginatella (= arctostaphyla), Coleo-
phora, 39

marginellus, Dichomeria, 26

marginicolella, Stigmella, 56

marginipunctella, Narycia, 20

maritima, Heliothis, 43

maronella, Nepticula (=turbidella,
Dechteria), 41

mauritii (fulvinotata), Coelonia, 97, 118,
119

medea, Basiothia, 112, 121

megaera, Euchloron, P. VII, 112, 121

megera, Pararge, 52, 53

mellonella, Galleria, 19

menciana, Homona, 35

merei (=capreella), Bucculatrix, 40

mergerlella, Elachista, 20, 37

meridionalis, P. napi, ssp., 65, 68

metaxella, Nemophora, 29

meticulosa, Phlogophora, 55, 56

micacea, Gortyna, 55

micella, Argolamprotes, 36

millefoliata, Eupithecia, 16

milvipennis, Coleophera, 38

minimella, Nematois, 20

minutana, Gypsonoma, 19

Mompha, 37

monoglypha, Apamea, PI. II, 18

montana, Xanthorhoe, 27

morgani, Xanthopan, 97, 118, 119

morosa, Aristotelia, 19

moufetella, Epithectis, 20

murificata, Sterrha, 30

murinella, Scrobipalpa, 36

musculosa, Oria, 43

elas Pseudoandriana (Polyptychus),
1

mygindana. Olethreutes, 122

myricae, A. euphorbiae, ssp., 125

myrtilli, Anarta, 29, 53

nana, Sphingonaepiopsis, 110, 119

nanivora, Stigmella, 40

RADI, Pieris, 18, 30, 51, 52, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69

nemoralis, Zanclognatha, 84, 85
neobryoniae, P. bryoniae, 65, 69
Nephele, 118

Nepticulidae, 123

nerii, Daphnis, 17

nerii, Deilephila, 104, 121
neurica, Nonagria, 43

ni, Plusia, 43

nickerlii, Luperina, 18, 43
nigrata, Pyrausta, 53

nigrella, Elachista, 37
nigricella, Coleophora, 39
nigrivennella, Mussidia, 34

nimbana (=herricheana), Pammene, 35
nitidella, Argyresthia, 53

nitidella, Nepticula, 14, 19

nitidella (paradoxa), Stigmella, 41, 122

niveus, Acentropus, 20

nostosls: Nomophila, 14, 53, 56, 123,

1
nodicolella, Mompha, 37
notatella, Telphusa, 29
nubilalis, Ostrinia, 15, 52
nymphaeata, Nymphula, 54
obesalis, Hypena, Pl. IT, 11, 17
obliquella, Nepticula, 41
obliteralis, Synclita, 33
obscuralis, Parapoynix, 33
obstipata, Nycterosea, 14
ocellalis, Aglossa, 33
ocellata, Lyncometra, 52
ocellatella, Scrobipalpa, 21
ochroleuca, Eremobia, 52
ochsenheimeri, P. napi, ssp., 65
oculea, Hydraecia, 52
oenopion, Nephele, 105, 120
oleracea, P. napi, 64, 66, 67, 69
olivalis, Udea, 52
ononidis, Parectopa, 20
oporana, Archips, 52
orana, Adoxyophyes, 35
oressigena (=concinnata), D. truncata,

ssp., 86
orichalcea, Plusia, 17
orientalis, Z. laeta, ssp., 72
orobi, Leucoptera, 19
orpheus, Theretra, 116, 121
osiris, Hippotion, 113, 121
osseatella, Euzophera, 34
osthelderi, Catoptria, 34
ostrina, Eublemma, 17
oweni, ‘Libyoclanis, 98, 120
oxyacanthella, Stigmella, 40
oxysorbi, Nepticula, 41
pactolana, Laspeyresia, 35
paleana, Amelia, 35
pallidactyla, Platyptilia, 51
pallidata, Evergestis, 30
paludana, Ancylis, 29
paludum, Elachista, 21
palumbella, Nephopteryx, 19
palustraria, Eupithecia, 43
pamphilus, Coenonympha, Pl. I, 18, 51,

SY SEE Bb B15
paphia, Argynnis, 14
pappiferella, Coleophora, 39
paradoxa (nitidella), Stigmella, 41, 122
parasitella, Cadra, 25
parenthesellus, Ypsolophus, 52
Pareute, 66
paripennella, Coleophora, 38
parvidactylus, Oxyptilus, 20
passosi, Pieris, 67
pastinum, Lygephila, 30, 84
paupella, Ptocheuusa, 20
pauperana, Eucosma, 25, 26
pectinataria, Colostygia, 52
pentadactyla, Pterophorus, 30
penziana, Eana, 19, 21
peribenanderi, Coleophora, 38

perlellus, Crambus, 30, 51, 52

perlepidella, Acrolepia, 29, 94

perlucidalis, Perinephela, 33

permutatella, Catoptria, 34, 19, 34

persicariae, Melanchra, Pl. II, 18

petiverella, Dichrorampha, 52

phlaeas, Lycaena, 28, 52, 53

phoeniceata, Eupithecia, 43

phycidella, Blastobasis, 37

phyllis, P. stigmatica, ssp., 100

piceaella, Recurvaria, 36

pictalis, Pyralis, 33

Pieris, 64, 66, 67, 69

pinarius, Bupalus, 29

pinastri, Hyloicus, 16

piniariella, Ocnerostoma, 20, 26, 38

plecta, Ochropleura, 18

plexippus, Danaus, 24

politella, Coleophora, 38

polychromella, Stomopteryx, 36

polygonalis (gilvata), Uresiphita, 17, 21

Polyptychus, 118

Polyxenus, 15

pontica, Z. loti, ssp., 77

populatella, Anacampsis, 36

Bes taurolances, M. jurtina, ab., Pl. I,
1

postica, Pseudoclanis, 98
posticana, Pseudococcyx, 26
poterii, Stigmella, 41
proboscidalis, Hypena, 52, 55, 56
procellata, Melanthia, 53
pronubana, Cacoecimorpha, 59
prostrata, Agonopteryx, 37
pruni, Strymonidia, 10, 11
prunivorana, Grapholita, 35
pseucedani, Zygaena, 78
pseudobryoniae, P. napi, ssp., 67
pseudoplatanella, Stigmella, 40
psilella, Scrobipalpa, 36
punctum, Zygaena, 71, 72, 73
puppillaria, Cosymbia, 17
purdeyi, Clavigesta, 21
purpuralis, Pyrausta, 52, 53
purpuralis, Zygaena, 72

pusaria, Deilinia, 53

pygarga, Jaspidea (fasciana, Lithacodia),
30

pygargus, Neopolyptychus, 101, 121
pyramidea, Amphipyra, 28
pygmaeata, Eupithecia, 29
pygmina, Arenostola, 43
pyramidea, Amphipyra, 55

pyrina, Zeuzera, 124
pyrrhulipennella, Coleophora, 21
quadripuncta, Oecogonia, 37
quercana, Carcina, 53

quercinaria, Ennomos, 53

quercus, Quercusia, 28
quinqueguttella, Lithocolletis, 21
quinquella, Dechtiria, 19, 23
ramburialis, Diasemia, 20
ramosella, Coleophora, 39

rapae, Pieris, 30, 52, 55, 64
recurvalis, Hymenia, 35

repandata, Alcis, 30

retusus (=contrarius), Polyptychus, 101

reutlingeri, Temnora, 99, 109, 120, 122
rhamni, Gonepteryx, 52, 53, 124
rhamniella, Sorhagenia, 29, 37
rhomboidaria, Cleora, 55
richardsoni, Meesia, 21

rosae, Nephele, 106, 107, 119, 121
rosella, Stigmella, 22

Rosy Marsh Moth, 81

rubi, Macrothylacia, 52
ribiginea, Dasycampa, 59
rubricosa, Cerastis, 84
rubrotibiella, Acrobasis, 34
rumicis, Apatele, 56

| ruralis, Haritalia, 30, 51, 52, 53

rurinana, Clepsis, 21
rusticella, Monopis, 55

capedords: Centroctena, Pl. VII, 116,

salicis, Nepticula, 41

sambucaria, Ourapteryx, P. III, 18
samiatella, Stigmella, 40
sanguinalis, Pyrausta, 21

| sardanus, Temnora, 99, 109, 120, 121,
| SPL van

schmidiella, Telephila, 21
schoenicolella, Glyphipteryx, 19
schriberi, C. croceus, f., 18
schumacherana, Olindia, 20

| scotica, Z. loti, ssp., Pl. V., 88
| scoticella, Parornix, 21

scutulana, Epiblema, 51, 52
segonzaci, P. napi, ssp., 68
selene, Clossiana, 28

semele, Eumenis, 53
semifascia, Caloptilia, 21
semifasciana, Apotomis, 36
semifusca, Argyresthia, 22
seminella, Scrobipalpa, 21
semirubella, Nephopteryx, 21
senescens, Scythia, 21
sequellus, Ypsolophus, 53
serella, Stigmella, 41

coer Hecatera (bicolorata, Hadena,),

sericealis, Rivula, 30, 55

serpylletorum, Coleophora, 38

serrator, Neopolyptychus (Polyptychus),
101, 121

siccifolia, Coleophora, 20, 56
silesiaca, Depressaria, Pl. III, 19, 37
similis, Euproctis, 52

sinapsis, Leptidea, 124

| sinuella, Homoeosoma, 29
sobrinata, Eupithecia, 26

somnulentella, Bedellia, 56

| sorbi, Lithocolletis, 21

spadicearia, Xanthorhoe, 52

speciosa, Nepticula, 20

spectabilis, Catoptria, 34

spectrana, Clepsis, 21

Sphingidae, 95

spilodactylus, Pterophorus, 21

spiniana, Pammene, 21, 22

splendidisimella, Nepticula, 19

squamosella (erigerella), Coleophora, 20,
39

stabilella, Elachista, 37

stanella, Euyponomeuta, 122
staticis, Agdistis, 21

sternipennella, Coleophora, 39
stigmatella, Caloptilia, 20
stigmatica, Platysphinx, 100, 120
stipella, Microsetia, 21

straminella, Agriphila, 51

strataria, Biston, Pl. III, 17
strigana, Lathronympha, 52
strigaria, Scopula, 43

suavis, Z. carniolica, ssp., 77
subapicella (— argyropeza), Dechtiria, 41
subarcuana (=inornatana), Ancylis, 36
subbimaculella, Dechtiria, 23
subbistrigella, Mompha, 37
subdivisa, Mompha, 37

subocellea, Elachista, 21

subrosea, Coenophila, 81, 82, Pl. IV, 83
subtalba, P. bryoniae, f., 64, 65, 66
suffusella, Aristotelia, 19
sulphurella, Caloptilia, 21
superflua, Z. filipendulae, ssp., 78
sylvestris, Thymelicus, 51, 52
taeniatella (= gangabella), Elachista, 20
taeniipennella, Coleophora, 16
taeniolella, Stomopteryx, 20

tages, Erynnis, 124

tamesis, Coleophora, 16, 21
tanacetella, Isophrictes, 56
tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha, 84
teidensis (lassella), Colcaphors, 39
Temnora, 118, 120, 12

tentaculella, Ree teas 34
terminella, Ethmia, 20

testacea, Luperina, Se 5S3e995
testacea, Lygris, 53

testulalis, Manica, 33
tetradactylus, Pterophorus, 20
therinella, Coleophora, 39
thompsoni, P. napi, ssp., 67
tithonus, Maniola, 51, 53
tokatensis, Z. carnolica, ssp., 75
trauniana, Pammene, 20

tridens, Apatele, 56

trigeminata, Sterrha, 52
Triphaena, 84

triplasia, Abrostola, 17

tristella, Agriphila, 52, 53, 55
tristrigella, Lithocolletis, 56
trochilella, Coleophora, 39
troglodytella, Coleophora, 39
truncata, Dysstroma, 86, Pl. V, 87
tullia, Coenonympha, 18
turbidella (maronella), Dechtiria, 19, 41
uddmanniana, Notocelia, 55
ulmicola, Stigmella, 40, 56
ulmifoliae, Stigmella, 40
ulmiphaga, Stigmella, 40

uncula, Eustrotia, 30

unifasciella, Elachista, 37
uniomalis, Palpita, 20, 24

unitana, Amelia, 35

urticae, Aglaia, Pl. I, 17, 51, 52, 56
ustomaculana, Rhopobota, 122
ustulana, Endothenia, 29

vaccinii, Conistra, 56

valerianata, Eupithecia, 43

xii

| varleyata, A. grossulariata, ab.,
| venata, Ochlodes, 30, 52

| venosa, P. napi, ssp., 66

| verbasci, Cucullia, 30

| verhuellella, Teichobia, 21

| versicolora, Endromis, 25

| versurella, Coleophora, 39

varia, Lycophotia, 53 a

viciae, Zygaena, Pl. V, 89, 90, 91

| vigintipunctata, Yponomeuta, 19

vimineticola, Nepticula, 41
virescens, C. hylas, ssp., 103
virginiensis, Pieris, 64, 66, 68, 69
viridaria, Phytometra, 52
viriplaca, Heliothis, 30

visitella, Coleophora, 122
vossensis, Stigmella, 40

vulgella, Telphusa, 52
wagneriana, Z. dorycnii, ssp., 77
w-album, Strymonidia, 30
warringtonellus, C. perlellus, f., 51
weaveri, Fomoria, 122
wockeella, Coleophora, 23, 59

| yeatiana, Agonopteryx, 22
| zebeana, Laspeyresia, 19, 25, 26

Zygaena, 71, 72, 81
Zygaenidae, 18

MOSSES, LICHENS AND
LIVERWORTS

pallescens, Luzula, 28
Sphagnum, 28, 94

ODONATA

aenea, Cordulia, 28

cancellatum, Orthetrum, 28
coerulescens, Orthetrum, 54
danae (scoticum), Sympetrum, 54
depressa, Libellula, 28

elegans, Ischnura, 28

juncea, Aeshna, 54

najas, Erythromma, 28
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma, 27, 28
puella, Coenagrion, 28
quadrimaculata, Libellula, 28
scoticum (=danae), Sympetrum, 54
splendens, Agrion, 27, 28

sponsa, Lestes, 54

striolatum, Sympetrum, 54

virgo, Agrion, 27

REPTILIA
Gaboon viper, 117

SALTATORIA

dorsalis, Conocephalus, 51
griseoaptera, Pholidoptera, 55
roeselii, Roeseliana, 51, 126
undulata, Tetrix, 55

vittata, Tetrix, 55

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for this publication is:—
‘Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.’

Vol. 4.

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

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a FEBRUARY 1971 Vol. 4 Part 1

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

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Ms ‘Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.’

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MAY 101971.

LIBRARIES

Price: £0°55

Officers and Council for 1971

President:
A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., M.A.

Vice-Presidents:
B. J. MacNulty, B.SC., PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.
Prof. H. E. Hinton, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.S., F.R.E.S.

Treasurer:
R. F. Bretherton, c.B., M.A.

Secretary:
P. J. Baker, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.

Curator:
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Librarian:
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Lanternist:
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Ordinary Members of Council:

E. S. Bradford B. Goater, B.SC.

R. G. Chatelain D. C. Grange

D. J. Carter A. S. F. Rippon

Capt. J. Ellerton, D.s.c., R.N. K. A. Spencer, B.A., F.R.E.S.

K. G. W. Evans L. J. D. Wakely, C.M.G., O.B.E., M.A.

Editorial
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R. W. J. Uffen, F.R.£.s.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 I

PROCEEDINGS

25th JUNE 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—4Zegeria spheciformis Schiff. (Lep., Sesiidae), taken at
bramble blossom on Thursley Nature Reserve, Surrey, 22.vi.70.

Mr. F. D. Buck—(1) An article regarding Conservation Year extracted from
Printing World for 10th June, showing how the process engravers, V. Siviter
Smith & Co. Ltd., used by the Society for the blocks we require for our Proceed-
ings and Transactions, are taking their own steps to ensure the noxious chemicals
used in block making do not cause pollution of any kind. (2) A short series of
Coccinella divaricata Ol. (Col., Coccinellidae) from Little Baddow, Essex,
7.vi.70; with for comparison, C. septempunctata L. He commented on the differ-
ences between the two.

Mr. J. D. INGHAM—A living example of Volucella zonaria Poda (Dipt.,
Syrphidae), taken in his garden at Colliers Wood, S.W. London.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND reported that on Thursley Common, Surrey, on 22.vi.70
he had recorded 15 species of dragonfly.

A newspaper cutting from The Times of 24th June referring to the use of a
chemical substance by Brazilian wasps to repel ants, was quoted by Mr. D.
STIMPSON.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss said that Aegeria spheciformis Schiff. used to be obtained
at Flatford Mill, Suffolk; and Mr. A. Stusss added that he had obtained an
example on Wisley Common, Surrey.

Mr. F. T. VALLINS read a letter from Miss W. M. A. Brooke asking for
information about the control of a noctuid moth larva. Mr. T. G. HowARTH
said it appeared to be what the Americans called the ‘Army Cut Worm’, and
added that Agricultural Advisory Services would be able to provide economic
advice.

Commenting on the exhibit of Volucella zonaria Poda, Mr. Hammond said it
was an extremely early date on which to find the species.

Slides of entomological subjects were shown by Mr. P. A. GopDARD and
Mr. O. KUDRNA.

9th JULY 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair.

The death was announced of Mr. D. A. Odd.
The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. G. R. Turner,
J. D. Ingham and P. A. Goddard.

EXHIBITS

Dr. B. J. MAcCNuLty—A short series of Cryptocephalus moraei (L.) (Col.,
Chrysomelidae) taken on the Cadsden, Bucks., field meeting, 4.vii.70.

2 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Col. A. M. EMmMet—(1) A living imago of Coleophora wockeella Zell. (Lep.,
Coleophoridae) reared from larvae taken in November 1969 at Dunsfold, Surrey.
A larval case was also shown. (2) Three examples of Amelia unitana Hibn.
(Lep., Tortricidae) reared from larvae taken at Dovedale, Derby., on the field
meeting of 16th May together with specimens of A. paleana Hiibn. for compari-
son. (3) Laspeyresia leguminana Zell. (Lep., Olethreutidae) taken at Wicken Fen,
Cambs., 24.v.70. (4) An example of Dechtiria turbidella H.-S. (Lep., Nepticulidae)
believed to be the first reared in this country. The mines were found in fallen
leaves of a species of poplar in early November 1969 at Wicken Fen. An example
of the mine was also shown. (5) Blastotere laevigatella Zell. (Lep., Yponomeu-
tidae) reared from a larch twig taken at Ballinahinch, Co. Galway, and is new
to Ireland.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—Three examples of Lycaena dispar Haw. ssp. batavus
Oberth. (Lep., Lycaenidae) which Mr. F. T. Vallins had reared from Wood-
walton stock.

Dr. J. L. NEwTtoN—Two examples of Thanasimus rufipes (Brahm) (Col.,
Cleridae) from Aviemore, Inv., June 1970, with for comparison, 7. formicarius
(re):

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWooD—Illustrations of butterflies used in continental
advertising.

Mr. P. L. Cook—Leptura sexguttata F. (Col., Cerambycidae) taken in the
New Forest, Hants, 20.vi.70, including a black aberration taken on bramble
blossom.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. B. GOATER said that during Whitsun he had obtained pupae of Amathes
alpicola Zett. (Lep., Noctuidae) at Aviemore, Inv. One female had emerged
deformed and had been kept live in a box. Later a male had partially emerged
from the pupal case and had to be helped out of the discarded skin. This was
also deformed, and was placed in the same box as the female. They subsequently
paired and the female eventually laid about 200 ova. The first instar larvae had
now emerged and were feeding on birch.

Apatura iris L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) was reported to be on the wing in west
Sussex by Dr. A. H. B. Rypon, it had been in flight for several days. A lot of
Limenitis camilla L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) were on the wing with them, but were
worn. He thought that the L. camilla acted as a form of protection for the A.
iris inasmuch as though the species was larger and the male noticeably so, the
female was much closer in appearance.

Commenting on Mr. Bretherton’s Lycaena dispar Haw. ssp. batavus Oberth.,
Mr. T. G. HowartH said that he had recently seen the type series of the San
Quentin race, and these were probably larger than ours. Mr. Bretherton then
said the area in which the San Quentin race had been found was now colonised
by a smaller race, and contrary to other races of the species appeared to feed
on almost any dock. Also this race is double brooded and the second brood
is noticeably smaller than the first.

Thanasimus formicarius (L.), which as Dr. Newton had said, is usually associa-
ted with conifers, does on occasions, said Mr. F. D. Buck, occur in numbers on
deciduous trees. Such was the case in Epping Forest where the species occurred
plentifully on an elm on Fairmead, where it was preying on Scolytus scolytus
(F.) (Col., Scolytidae). Mr. P. L. Cook added that he had taken the insect on
oak in the New Forest.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 3

With reference to Col. Emmet’s Laspeyresia leguminana Zell., Mr. E. S.
BRADFORD asked if the moth did in fact cause the burr on the tree or did it just
take advantage of the situation. Col. Emmet thought the burrs much too large
to be caused by the insect; but Mr. P. A. GoDDARD said we should not rule out
the possibility of the insect being the prime cause. It could be responsible for a
hormonal change which could produce a chain reaction.

A series of coloured slides of Hiibner’s illustrations were shown by Mr. T. G.
HowartTH, showing how confusing the two species Colias hyale L. and C. australis
Verity (Lep., Pieridae) can be. He made the point that Hiibner confused C. hyale
with the then unknown C. australis. It was Hiibner’s figures from which those
for South were taken.

23rd JULY 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair.
EXHIBITS

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—Queens of Vespula austriaca (Panz.) (Hym., Vespidae),
the Cuckoo or Wood Wasp, taken at the curling pond, Grantown-on-Spey,
Moray., 7—10.vii.70. This rare wasp is an inquiline in nests of Vespula rufa (L.),
the Red Wasp, which it closely resembles.

Mr. T. J. G. Homer—(1) An example of Heliothis nubigera H.-S. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) which flew into the smoking room of a vessel s.s.w. of the Canary
Islands and about 100 miles west of Cape Blanco, in the N.z. Trade Wind Belt.
(2) A large hemipteron, believed to be an ‘assassin bug’ from Santos, Brazil,
which had prominent spade-like projections on the tibia which gleam in the
brilliant sunshine.

Mr. A. E. Srusss—(1) Vidalia cornuta (Scop.) (Dipt., Trypetidae), an exotic-
looking species which in the male bears a pair of horn-like processes on the front
of the head, which also bears dorsal spines. It is a leaf-miner of Eupatorium
cannabinum L. (Hemp Agrimony). The male exhibited was taken at Leckford,
N. Hants, 25.v.70. (2) Tenthredo scrophulariae L. (Hym., Tenthredinidae), a
handsome wasp-like sawfly which is local in southern England. It was taken
on its foodplant, Scrophularia nodosa L. (Figwort), at Leckford, 25.v.70.

Col. A. M. EmmMet—A mine of what is believed to be Scoliaula quadrimaculella
Boh. (Lep., Nepticulidae) in the petiole of a leaf of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
(Alder). The mine was taken at Chippenham Fen, Cambs., 22.vii.70.

Mr. D. StimpsonN—A Dysdera spider, possibly crocata C. L. Koch, female taken
by Mrs. T. G. Howarth, at Beer, Devon, 12.vii.70. The species feeds almost
exclusively on woodlice.

COMMUNICATIONS

Commenting on microlepidoptera, Col. A. M. Emmer said that Stathmopoda
pedella L. (Lep., Hetiodinidae) was still in Chippenham Fen. Working in the fen
the previous day (22nd) he had taken a number of small Leucoptera (Lep.,
Lyonetiidae) which he thought might be L. orobi Staint., but the colour of the
hindwings did not appear to be correct. There are a few species, very difficult
to differentiate, to which these specimens might belong, but none of the recorded
food-plants for any of them was present.

In Ireland at the end of June, said Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms, he had taken

4 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Perizoma taeniata Steph. (Lep., Geometridae) at Killarney, and had seen a
number of dark Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (Lep., Nymphalidae) in the Burren,
Co. Clare.

In Britain, he said, it had been a good year for Limenitis camilla L. Argynnis
paphia L. and Apatura iris L. (Nymphalidae, ) whilst in certain parts of the country
Colias croceus Fourc. (Pieridae) was on the wing in numbers. He had noted
Celastrina argiolus L. (Lycaenidae) in fair numbers in East Anglia, where he had
recorded over 100 species of Lepidoptera at mercury vapour light in one night,
having Cossus cossus L. and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Cossidae) on the sheet at the
same time.

In his mercury vapour light trap at Southwold, Suffolk, Dr. de Worms said
he had obtained several Hadena compta Schiff. (Noctuidae), and he reported
Strymonidia w-album Knoch (Lycaenidae) to be more plentiful this year, its
localities included such places as Whippendell Wood, Herts.

Capt. J. ELLERTON reported Hadena compta Schiff. from Bucks., whilst
Celastrina argiolus L. was recorded from Wood Green, N. London, by Mr. C. O.
HAMMOND; the west of Ireland by Col. Emmet; Colchester, Essex, by F. D.
Buck; and Aviemore, Inv., by Dr. B. J. MACNULTY.

At Lamarsh, N. Essex, Mr. Buck reported a mercury vapour light in use for
only a couple of hours on 18.vii.70 attracting 50 species of Lepidoptera. He
added that on the same evening Lampyris noctiluca (L.) (Col., Lampyridae) was
discovered in an adjacent field in some numbers. One was caught, and on
examination proved to be a pair in cop. Even in the light of the mercury vapour
lamp they continued to glow brilliantly and only ceased when they eventually
parted.

An enquiry regarding the status of Maculinea arion L. (Lep., Lycaenidae)
prompted Mr. T. G. Howarth to report a few seen.

A discussion on ‘Collecting or Conservation’ was opened by Dr. MacNulty,
who first said he did not like the title of the discussion; it implied one or the other,
whereas without collecting we would be ignorant of what to conserve. He believed
it to be a very rare case when collecting alone threatened the existence of a
species. In his opinion the main trouble was earth-moving equipment and in-
secticides. With this last remark Mr. E. S. BRADFORD agreed.

Mr. F. D. Buck said that collecting was valid if proper recording accompanied
it. In the past entomologists had failed inasmuch as recording had been slack.
We still had to lose the stigma acquired long ago when overcollecting for sale
was rife. He also believed we should conserve by habitat, covering as wide a
field as possible.

Collectors must, in the opinion of Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, give much more
thought to what they take, and how many examples. It should be the positive
aspect that should be preached and publicised. Many insects are now in small
and restricted localities, populations of which can be badly damaged by careless
and thoughtless collecting.

Collecting, he continued, has a bad name due to a false parallel with past
practices and earlier activities among ornithologists in particular. He was quite
convinced that collecting was absolutely necessary, but with proper care and
attention to the situation.

Mr. P. A. GoDDARD said we do not help ourselves to acquire a good image
if we collect in ways that do not further the aims of conservation. Light traps
were such a means and spoiled the state of the insects caught in them; it was
better to collect in the actual habitat, or rear the insects. The onus lay, in his

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 5

opinion, on the entomologist to do nothing that he does not know will do no
harm to the status of an insect. Light traps he thought, did nothing in the cause of
conservation, and he deplored the use of them.

In reply, Mr. Bretherton asked what damage was done by light traps, and what
evidence there was of such damage. He had operated a light trap in one area
over a prolonged period and allowing for fluctuating populations could detect
no decline in numbers.

Taking a mercury vapour light to an area being worked, said Mr. Buck, was
an effective way of sampling the area for these species which are attracted to
light. It had to be used properly and sensibly in conjunction with other means of
collecting, but did provide the entomologist with a valuable tool. Mr. Bretherton
added that this method of collecting had provided considerable distribution
knowledge; and Mr. T. J. G. Homer, in support, cited the case of Stauropus
fagi L. (Notodontidae) and pointed out that much can be missed without the
use of a mercury vapour light.

Our President said that before the use of mercury vapour light the same few
spots were visited for individual species, but now a wider distribution was proved,
a wider choice of localities was available producing less concentrated collecting.
He added that many people who objected so strongly to collecting used flytraps
and sprays in their homes and gardens without restraint.

Conservation of areas was the theme of Mr. D. Stimpson and Dr. MacNulty
said that many of our nature reserves are amongst the worst pieces of countryside.

There are, said Mr. A. E. Srusss, some 20,000 species of insects in this country,
and we can take specific measures to conserve only a few. There is indeed little
if any threat to most of them, providing suitable habitats are available. He
agreed that many of our reserves are poor countryside entomologically, since
they were chosen on the other criteria, and even a current review by the Nature
Conservancy has little entomological data to hand. He continued by saying
that we were providing very little information to help those involved in conserva-
tion; advice on localities and management is what is required.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss observed that good intentions were not good enough,
and that it was useless to reserve an area only to turn it into a glorified car park
and have it trampled underfoot.

Blean Woods was a locality quoted by Dr. MacNulty, once famous for many
species, which had become a spot where one might pick up the odd example of
species which were once there in numbers. Under pressure from the late Dr. A.
M. Massee the wood had been coppiced as it was in the old days, and once more
the specialities increased in numbers.

Mr. Buck said it was not good enough just to conserve countryside, we had to
attempt to conserve something tangible. This in turn would mean proper manage-
ment, continual, and probably on a rotational basis; and, in some cases, warden-
ing. All this means time and money, neither seemingly readily forthcoming
from naturalists generally in the quantity necessary. Mr. Stubbs pointed out
that there was a conservation corps and added that ‘public open space manage-
ment’ was quite anti-conservation.

A concern was expressed by Mr. W. PARKER about the way reserves arbitrarily
prohibited collecting. As reserves became more numerous and the collecting
areas dwindled collecting would appear to become restricted to the favoured
few, and in this way difficulties would be placed in the way of the field worker.

Experience of the way this problem was tackled abroad was given by Dr. C. G.
M. de Worms, who said that in several European countries very large areas,

6 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I

sometimes hundreds of square miles, were designated national parks, and in
them collecting was rigidly prohibited without a special permit.

Mr. Buck said he could see nothing wrong with the present collecting restric-
tions in our reserves. Genuine field workers were seldom refused a permit, but
it was usually obligatory for the permit holder to submit details of material
recorded to the reserve authority. In his opinion a not unreasonable proviso. In
short the collector had to have a purpose and finally supply some results of
his work.

A critical point on which we must all come to terms, said Mr. Stubbs, is that
if we agree with the necessity for conservation, we must help the conservationist.
Mr. Homer added that he had experienced nothing but co-operation in obtaining
permits.

Earth movers were not, Mr. G. Prior thought, the prime villains, they were
merely preparing the way for development which would take place with or
without their use. The greatest menace was trampling people, they did a vast
amount of damage to wild life. He believed many of our reserves were reserves
because nobody really wanted to use the land for any other purpose. He was
concerned about the management factor and believed it would be seen in terms of
parks and gardens only.

Mr. T. G. Howarth regretted that the needs of entomologists are scarcely
catered for by Nature Conservancy and he.thought they should attempt to
obtain reserves in areas where the entomologists had indicated threatened
species. There was, he believed, a great deal of public sentimentality about birds
and a complete indifference, if not loathing, about insects.

Referring to the management of reserves, he said Blean Woods was probably
the only reserve set up specifically for a butterfly; but it required the initiative
and drive of the late Dr. Massee to get management started in a proper manner to
ensure the objective was secured.

He quoted a case where Maculinea arion L. was lost in a locality because of
the failure to manage a private reserve.

Mr. Homer drew attention to Gussetts Wood, Bucks., with a high lepidop-
terous population, covering many species. He believes the wood is so rich in
this respect because of a glade, cut by the Electricity Authority for pylons, right
through the wood, permitting the growth of fringe flora allied with beech woods.
It was an instance of accidental management, but if the glade were to disappear,
he was sure the numbers of lepidopterous species would be reduced.

10th SEPTEMBER 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair.
EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EmMmMet—The following microlepidoptera from East Wretham,
Norfolk: Falseuncaria degreyana McLach. and Cochlidia erigerana Wals.
(Phaloniidae), and Coleophora tricolor Wals. (Coleophoridae).

Mr. M. R. GrssonN—Lepidoptera from Ireland as follows. New county records:
Comacla senex Hiibn. (Arctiidae) from Knockbay marshes, Waterford, 4.viii.70,
one was taken at dusk flying above the marsh and another an hour later sitting
on arush top; Procris statices L. (Zygaenidae) from Ballysteige Burrows, Kilmore
Quay, Wexford, 11.vii.70, in flight by day; Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. (Geomet-
ridae) from Cappoquin, Waterford, 17.vii.70, beaten from beech; Euphyia

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I |

unangulata Haw. (Geometridae) from Ballyduff, Waterford, 30.vii.70 and
Cappoquin, Waterford, 16-17.vii.70, at tilley light. Other interesting records:
Eumenis semele L. (Satyridae) from Inch, Kerry, three brightly marked examples,
23.vii.70; Lycaena phlaeas L. (Lycaenidae) from Ballyduff, Waterford, an ex-
ample with the left forewing albinistic, 30.vii.70; Zygaena filipendulae L.
(Zygaenidae) from Inch, Kerry, two examples with one pair of spots confluent,
two examples with two pairs of spots confluent, and two examples confluent to
a greater degree, 23.vii.70; Celaena haworthii Curt. (Noctuidae) from Knockbay
marshes, Waterford all at tilley light, 4.viii.70; Plusia bractea Schiff. (Noctuidae)
from Kilmacthomas, Waterford, two examples at tilley light, 13.vii.70; Chloro-
clystis debiliata Hiibn. (Geometridae) from Cappoquin, Waterford, two exam-
ples beaten from Bilberry, 16.vii.70; and Alcis repandata L. ab. conversaria
Huibn. (Geometridae) from Cappoquin, Waterford, a single example at tilley
light, 17.vii.70.

Mr. N. Turok—Procraerus tibialis (Lac.) (Col., Elateridae) an example
found in a rottimg tree near Brookman’s Park, Herts.

COMMUNICATIONS

Comdr. W. L. R. E. GiLcurist reported that the Hampshire County Trust
has acquired the Basingstoke canal and they would be pleased to receive sugges-
tions regarding treatment and management.

Referring to his exhibit of Coccinella divaricata Ol. (Col., Coccinellidae) at
the meeting on 25th June this year (see p. 1), Mr. F. D. BucK said he had received
a communication from Mr. G. Pyman saying that now he could recognise this
insect he had seen it at mercury vapour light in the Little Baddow district of
Essex. At the same time Mr. Pyman had said that Lampyris noctiluca L. (Col.,
Lampyridae) was becoming very numerous in the area.

A talk ‘Photographing Animals in Zoos and Elsewhere’ was given by Mr. M.
SHAFFER, Which he illustrated with coloured transparencies.

24th SEPTEMBER 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair.

The death was announced of Mr. Trevor Trought.
The following new members were declared elected: the Rev. Canon C. E.
Wigg, and Messrs. J. D’Arcy, M. J. Hoare, E. F. G. McLean and T. Myall.

EXHIBITS

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—A male Sympetrum flaveolum (L.) (Od., Libellulidae),
a migrant dragonfly which, on arrival, favours rushy ponds. This example was
taken at Ockley Common, Surrey, 17.viti.70, when many others were present.

Dr. B. J. MACNuLTY—A series of Aradus betulae (L.) (Hem., Aradidae) bred
from last instar nymphs taken at Glen Affric, Inv., in June 1970. This species
has been taken in the British Isles only once previously by Mr. P. Harwood at
Rannoch, Perth, in July 1921.

Mr. B. GoATER—Three very rare aberrations of Agrotis exclamationis L.
(Lep., Noctuidae). (1) Bilateral gynandromorph, right side female, Bushey,
Herts., June 1970. (2) The ab. virgata Lempke, Bishops Waltham, Hants, 1943,
taken by the late Capt. R. A. Jackson. (3) An aberration with all stigmata

absent from Catisfield, near Fareham, Hants, 1965, taken by Mr. R. J. Dickson.
*

8 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Col. A. M. Emmet—(1) Young larvae of Coleophora tricolor Wals. (Lep.,
Coleophoridae) in seedheads of Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy (Basil-thyme).
The life-history of the larvae after hibernation is not known; they probably
feed on grasses. (2) Larvae of Coleophora clypeiferella Hofm., feeding on the
seeds of Atriplex. The larva constructs a case out of a hollowed seedhead, and is
extremely difficult to see. When full-fed it leaves the case and pupates in the
ground. (3) A young larval case, believed to be of Coleophora laripenella Zett.,
taken on Atriplex plants where adults of this species were plentiful in July.
As far as is known, C. Jaripennella has not yet been reared in this country. All
the exhibited larvae originated from the Breck district.

Mr. F. D. Buck—A sprig of holly with prickles extending onto the centre of
the leaf, from Copford, Essex, about which he requested information. Mr.
B. GOATER said it was Ilex ferox, a cultivated species.

COMMUNICATIONS

Commenting on recent Lepidoptera, Dr. C. G. M. DE Worws said that at
Hope Cove near Salcombe, S. Devon, the previous week-end (19th and 20th
September) butterflies had been numerous. There had been a lot of fresh Pieris napi
L. (Pieridae), Vanessa atalanta L., V. cardui L. (Nymphalidae), Pararge aegeria
L. (Satyridae) and a late Celastrina argiolus L. (Lycaenidae) observed. There
had also been an unexpected invasion of Plusia gamma L. (Noctuidae); he
added that Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed had recorded this species in numbers
in the New Forest, Hants, on the same night. He also recorded Antitype xantho-
mista Hiibn. and Leucania I-album L. (Noctuidae). At Slapton, S. Devon, he
said a female Herse convolvuli L. (Sphingidae) had been taken, and the previous
night Eupithecia phoeniceata Ramb. (Geometridae) had occurred.

A paper was read by Mr. K. M. Harris on ‘The Biology of Gall Midges’
which he illustrated with coloured transparencies, and which was followed by a
discussion.

8th OCTOBER 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss—Mines, unfortunately empty, of Nepticula spinosella
de Joannis (Lep., Nepticulidae) from Box Hill, Surrey. This species was added
to the British list earlier this year by Col. A. M. Emmet.

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT announced the award of £100 from the Hering Memorial
Research Fund to Herr Hugo Andersson of Sweden to assist his research into
African and Indian Diptera of the family Chloropidae.

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worss said that Mr. D. ffennel had taken in his light trap
near Winchester, Hants, the following Lepidoptera: a single example of Catocala
fraxini L. (Noctuidae), two Herse convolvuli L. (Sphingidae), a Heliothis armigera
Hiibn. (Noctuidae), and, on 28.ix.70, some 200 Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (Noctuidae).

Referring to the last mentioned species Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said he had
taken 33 examples in his trap at Bramley, Surrey in one night, but he had found
Plusia gamma L. (Noctuidae) to be scarce.

Plate 1

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

1. Pronotum of Pediacus dermestoides (F.)

2. Pronotum of Pediacus depressus (Herbst)

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 9

A colour film ‘Origin of the Hawaian Islands’, supplied by Dr. E. C. Zimmer-
man, was shown.

22nd OCTOBER 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Dr. P. A. Boswell and
Messrs. P. E. Cook, C. E. Dyte, C. Edwards, A. G. Lawson, M. J. Mowbray,
T. Wilkinson, and M. Shaw.

EXHIBITS

The PREsIDENT—Referring to his exhibit of 23rd April (see Vol. 3, p. 94)
and Mr. A. E. Gardner’s caution under Communications for the same date;
Dr. MacNulty said he had re-checked the identification of the specimens against
the key and description in Die Kafer Mitteleuropa, 7:95—6 (1967), and also against
Mr. A. A. Allen’s recent publication (1956, Ent. mon. Mag., 92:212). Allen used
the sculpture of the elytra and the shape of the latero-basal angle as distinguishing
features. That of Pediacus depressus (Herbst) (Col., Cucujidae) has a definite
thorn-like prominence (PI. J, fig. 2), whereas in P. dermestoides (F.) this pro-
jection is reduced to a sharp beak (PI. I, fig. 1) and may be even further reduced
to a sinuosity immediately prior to the latero-basal angle. According to Allen,
P. depressus is punctate on the elytra with traces of striae and is almost shining,
whereas P. dermestoides is quite matt and the elytra are practically impunctate.
Dr. MacNulty, however, thought that the elytral sculpture was not very reliable
and varied greatly from specimen to specimen. In any case it was difficult to see.
Under high magnification there appeared to be puncturation in both species and
although it was more marked in P. depressus it seemed doubtful if this is of
much help in separating the species. The degree of shininess depends very much
on the type and angle of the lighting and raises doubts rather than aids identifi-
cation.

Finally the prothorax is P. depressus (Die Kafer Mitteleuropa) is quadrate
(Pl. I, fig, 2) whereas in P. dermestoides it is obviously transverse (PI. I, fig.
1). In addition Dr. MacNul!ty said he felt that the basal portions of the lateral
margin in P. dermestoides was less concave than in P. depressus and that the
whole thoracic outline was smoother.

He reported that in June he had taken further dermestoides in the New Forest,
Hants., on recently cut beech. He suggested that neither was restricted to pine
but would occur on any wood in a suitable state. Pine was more often found in
cut condition nowadays than other trees since felling was rarely replanted.

He believed these observations confirmed the identification and the new county
record for P. depressus in Suffolk.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A series of Axinotarsus marginalis Lak. (Col., Mala-
chiidae) from Bere Forest, S. Hants., 12.vii.70.

COMMUNICATIONS

A letter was read from Dr. P. J. Roche, asking for volunteers to receive and
identify material, particularly Diptera and Hymenoptera, from the Seychelles.

As Dr. C. G. M. de Worms was prevented by illness from giving his talk on
‘South and East Africa Revisited’, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON showed coloured
slides of field meetings and of larvae and adults of various British Lepidoptera.

10 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971
ANNUAL EXHIBITION
7th November 1970

The Annual Exhibition was held in the Conversazione Room of the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.). There were between 85 and 90 exhibitors, of whom over
70 included Lepidoptera in their exhibits; but a few others showed the possibili-
ties of displays of other Orders. The large attendance raised the temperature of
the room to almost tropical level during the afternoon.

Among the macrolepidoptera, the most striking feature was the large number
and high quality of the aberrations of British Rhopalocera, headed by the
Society’s own exhibit, arranged by the Curator, of two drawers of Lysandra coridon
Poda from the Bright Collection. Outstanding aberrations taken in the field were
Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. bervinensis Smith (Capt. A. P. GAINSFORD) (PI. II, fig. 8),
a bilateral gynandromorph of Erebia aethiops Esp. and a Pieris rapae L., (PI. U1,
fig. 9), with the underside heavily suffused with black (A. D. A. RusswurM and
G. M. MIDDLETON), an extreme Lysandra bellargus Rott., ab. obsoleta Tutt, a
Polyommatus icarus Rott. female with straw-coloured lunules (R. M. CRASKE),
and a Leptidea sinapis L. ab. ganarew Frohawk (K. N. BAsKcoms). Good forms
of Aphantopus hyperantus L. were also shown (Rev. J. N. MARCcON, R. F.
BRETHERTON and M. Leecn). R. B. and R. W. Watson, and also R. C. REVELS
and P. W. Criss, showed fine selections, mostly bred, of aberrations of several
species; and R. M. Tusps four generations of Lysandra coridon Poda ab. syn-
grapha Kefer, and a bred Apatura iris L. approaching ab. lutescens Schultz.
Caught aberrations of Anthocharis cardamines L., Pararge aegeria L., Coenonym-
pha pamphilus L. and Lysandra coridon Poda were exhibited by B. W. WEDDELL
on behalf of Maj.-Gen. C. G. Lipscomp, and of Vanessa atalanta L. and Lycaena
Phlaeas by N. A. RICHARDSON. Commdr. G. W. HARPER showed a fine example
of Aglais urticae L. ab. nigra Tutt (PI. II, fig. 2); Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm and
Mr. H. G. M. MIDDLETON exhibited the Fabriciana cydippe L. on plate HU, fig. 4,
among several other aberrations of the same species, and Mr. Middleton also
showed an interesting Melitaea cinxia L. (PI. II, fig. 3) from Brading, I.o.W.
Another M. cinxia L. with a pattern similar to the aberration eos Frohawk of
M. athalia Rott. (PI. II, fig. 5) was bred by Mr. P. W. Crisps from I.o.W. stock.
Amongst some insects from the collection of Mr. F. Johnson shown by R. B. and
R. W. WATSON was a female example of Pararge megera L. with all spots en-
larged and lanceolate (PI. II, fig. 6). For Major-Gen. C. G. Lipscoms and Mr.
B. L. WEDDELL showed a Lysandra coridon Poda ab. ultrafowlerimargino B. & L.
(Pl. II, fig. 7). A Maniola tithonus L. female (PI. III, fig. 10) figured in the exhibit
of Mr. B. G. WITHERS.

Aberrations of Heterocera were also prominent; a possibly unique black form
of Plusia gamma L. (PI. U1, fig. 13) and a Spilosoma lubricipeda L. with a dusky
tornus (B. W. WEDDELL on behalf of D. BROTHERIDGE) and another (PI. III, fig. 11)
streaked form approaching ab. walkeri Curt. was shown by Mr. H. E. CuHiIpPer-
FIELD, Ellopia fasciaria L. ab. prasinaria Schiff. (Rev. D. J. L. AGAssIz), an
albinistic Biston strataria Hufn. (I. A. WATKINSON) (PI. III, fig. 12), a yellow
Arctia caja L. (H. E. CHIpPpERFIELD), a uniformly brown Cepphis advenaria
Hiibn. (B. SKINNER), a biscuit-coloured Discestra trifolii Hufn. (R. F. BRETHERTON).
Unusual forms of Colotois pennaria L. were shown by J. A. C. GREENWOOD
(Pl. III, fig. 15) and by Dr. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, who also contributed one of
the several fine forms of Panaxia dominula L. exhibited. Ranges of variation
were shown by many exhibitors, one of the most striking being a series of Mimas

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 Plate Il

(Photograph by Mr. D. J. Carter

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 7th November 1970
1. Vanessa virginiensis Drury, A. P. Gainsford; 2. Aglais urticae L. ab. nigra Tutt, G. W.
Harper; 3. Melitaea cinxia L., H. G. M. Middleton; 4. Fabriciana cydippe L., H. G. M.
Middleton; 5. Melitaea cinxia L. (underside), P. W. Cribb; 6. Pararge megera L., R. W.
Watson; 7. Lysandra coridon Poda ab. ultrafowlerimargino B. & L., B. L. Weddell; 8. Lycaena
phlaeas L., A. P. Gainsford.

Plate III PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971.
|

- %

(Photograph by Mr. D. J. Carter

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 7th November 1970

9. Pieris rapae . (underside), A. D. A. Russwurm; 10. Maniola tithonus L. (female), B. G.
Withers; 11. Spilosoma lubricipeda L., H. E. Chipperfield; 12. Biston strataria Hufn.,
I. A. Watkinson; 13. Plusia gamma L., D. Brotheridge; 14. Agrotis exclamationis (halved
gynandromorph), B. Goater; 15. Colotois pennaria L., J. A. C. Greenwood; 16. Phyllon-
orycter dubitella H.-S., D. J. L. Agassiz.

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 II

tiliae L. from Kent (B. K. West). Gynandromorphs were represented by a
magnificent Agrotis exclamationis L. (B. GOATER) (PI. III, fig. 14), who also
showed five Catocala fraxini L. ab. maerens Fuchs from among 22 adults which
he had bred from eggs laid by a female taken in Shetland in 1969.

Rare immigrants were fewer than last year, reflecting a poor season for them in
1970, though the display was reinforced by a few of the late captures in 1969,
which included a Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff. from Monmouthshire, 13.x.69
(G. A. N. Horton), Palpita unionalis Hubn. from Beetham, Lancs, and Plusia
orichalcea F., Heliothis armigera Hiibn., Cosymbia puppillaria Hubn., Palpita
unionalis Hiibn., Diasemia ramburialis Dup., all from Slapton, South Devon,
September 1969 (G. A. CoLE). Among the arrivals in 1970, the best were an
Eromene ocelleus Haw. trapped at Bursledon, Hants, in January (1. A. WATKIN-
SON) and a spectacular female Vanessa virginensis Drury (huntera F.) (Pl. IIL,
fig. 1), caught on buddleia at Yelverton, Devon, 18.ix.70 (Capt. A. P. GAINSFORD).
There was one Plusia ni Hiibn., caught in Dorset in August (B. G. WITHERS),
one Acherontia atropos L., Slapton, Devon, 9/10.ix.70 (G. A. CoLe), two Helio-
this armigera Hibn., from Martyr Worthy, Hants, 28.ix.70 (D. FFENNELL) and
from Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, possibly the northernmost British record
(G. W. Harper), and a few Herse convolvuli L. and Rhodometra sacraria L.
from Cornwall, Devon, Hants and Kent in September and October (J. A. C.
GREENWOOD, G. A. CoLe, L. W. Siccs, R. HAywarp, T. W. HARMAN). A pale
Eurois occulta L. from Clay Cross, Derbyshire, 30.viii.70 (J. CULPIN) was prob-
ably a migrant from Scandinavia; and it may be suspected that the single exam-
ples of Eustrotia bankiana F. (olivana Schiff.) exhibited from Walberswick,
Suffolk (H. E. CHIPPERFIELD) and Kent (S. Coxey) were also immigrants. Several
of the exhibitors noted that their immigrants were caught during gale-force winds.

Several members showed selected series of species from particular areas,
such as Monmouthshire (G. A. E. NorTON), the West Midlands (L. J. Evans),
Shetland and Orkney (A. RICHARDSON), North Hampshire (Cmdr. W. GILCcnristT),
Awbridge, Hants (S. A. KNILL-JONEs), Ireland (C. G. M. DE Worms). Some of
the moths were noted as probably new county records, such as Dasypolia templi
Thunb., Pyrford, Surrey, 29.x.70 (J. A. C. GREENWooD), Thera juniperata L.
for Gloucestershire (A. RICHARDSON); Or as occurring in surprising surroundings,
such as Hadena bombycina Hufn. on the sea-shore at Looe in Cornwall (R. C.
Dyson) and Oria musculosa Hibn. in the New Forest, Hants (L. W. SicGs).
Other members exhibited particular species or groups. Particularly interesting
were the comparative series of Erebia aethiops Esp. from the two remaining
English localities (C. R. HAxsy), the bred series and photographs of the earlier
stages of Amphipyra pyramidea L. and A. berbera Rungs (G. M. HaGcett),
and the life-histories of Sesia apiformis Clerck and Sphecia bembeciformis
Hiibn. (B. R. BAKER). An unusual breeding was that of Aegeria muscaeformis
Esp. (J. V. BANNER). The superiority for the cabinet of bred specimens stood
out from the series shown by D. O’KEEFE and R. G. CHATELAIN. Too many of the
exhibitors of the results of general collecting during the season still fail to indicate
clearly why what they show is interesting, either to themselves or the public.

Continental and exotic Lepidoptera, especially Rhopalocera, were well
represented, both by general displays and by some species of special interest.
Among the latter was a striking long-tailed male of the silk-moth Antistathmop-
tera daltonae Tams, taken in the East Usambara mountains of Tanzania early
in 1970, believed to be only the third specimen ever taken (Dr. A. A. Myers); also
photographs of a new African saturnid, Argema kuhnei Pinhey, from Zambia,

12 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

and a Morpho rhetenor of an unusual form from Guyana (L. W. BurGeEss). The
more general exhibits from Europe included selections, mostly of butterflies,
from Portugal (J. A. C. GREENWooD), Spain, France and Switzerland (Maj.-Gen.
Sir GEORGE JOHNSON), Spain (P. W. Criss), west France (E. N. ARCHER), south
of France (P. CALDERARA) and Corsica, with excellent maps (M. SHAW), central
Italy (C. G. M. DE Worms), Sicily (L. G. Hicains), the Black Forest in Germany
(J. and G. MANSELL), Tirol, Italy and France (G. A. N. Horron), and central
Greece, with what are probably the first examples recorded for that country,
of Aphantopus hyperantus L. (R. F. BRETHERTON). Tropical butterflies (T. J.
Homer), and also some from North America (Dr. D. A. Davies and J. H. PAYNg).

A disturbing exhibit was that of road casualties picked up by L. H. and P.
FARWELL on a two-mile stretch of road in the New Forest on 2.viii.70, consisting
of 172 individuals of 14 species of butterflies and nine moths. Perhaps not sur-
prisingly the Grayling (Eumenis semele L.), whose habit is to settle on the ground,
accounted for nearly a quarter of the total, which nonetheless seems very high.
Planning of conservation was illustrated by photographs and maps of the past
history and present status of the ‘blues’, Maculinea arion L., Cupido minimus
Fuessly, Lysandra coridon Poda, L. bellargus Rott., in Gloucestershire, a survey
which is being undertaken by the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation
(J. MUGGLETON). Since the exhibit recorded the probable extinction in the County
of the first and last of these species, it may have come too late. The collection
of more general information, necessary for conservation as well as for other
purposes, was encouraged again this year by the charts and maps showing the
progress of the BioLoGicAL REcorD UNiT’s distribution mapping scheme for
the British Macrolepidoptera and, most recently, for European Rhopalocera.

Photographs were used to support many exhibits, but photography as an art
in itself was illustrated by some fine colour work by G. E. Hype and by black
and white prints by R. C. REveELS. Many members also make coloured slides,
but displays of these at the exhibition is difficult. Finally, BRIAN HARGREAVES’
exhibit of some of the plates from the recently published Field Guide to the
Butterflies of Britain and Europe (Collins), and of some of those prepared for the
forthcoming book on the British Tortricidae, showed that the older arts of
drawing, painting and colour printing can still compete with the camera.

Ten members exhibited cases in which microlepidoptera featured prominently,
and several others included a sprinkling of the smaller moths among their
macrolepidoptera. There were two species new to the British list and several which
had not previously been recorded from their country of origin: viz. eight were
new to Ireland, two to Wales and one each new to England and Scotland.

The species new to Scotland was Scrobipalpa murinella H.-S., bred from
larvae taken in Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn., on the island of Rhum by E. C.
PELHAM-CLINTON. From the same island he showed specimens of Opsibotys
terrealis Treits. bred from Solidago and reared examples of his eponymous
Scrobipalpa from the neighbouring island of Arran, a new locality for S. clintoni
Polovny. Inverness-shire was the county of origin of bred examples of a number
of interesting species shown by J. M. CHALMERS-HuNnT. These included the
scarce Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder (both set specimens and living larvae),
C. vitisella Gregs., C. glitzella Hofm. and C. idaeella Hofm., together with the
tortricids Epinotia nemorivaga Tengst, Olethreutes arbutella L. and Petrova
resinella L. From Aberdeenshire Mr. PELHAM-CLINTON showed Catoptria
permutatella H.-S. and a bred specimen of Depressaria silesiaca Hein., a species
which he added to the British list in 1969.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 13

From Aberdeenshire we once more make a mighty leap this time to Derby-
shire, apart from an example of Palpita unionalis Hiibn. taken in Lancashire by
Mr. S. Coxey in 1969. It is indeed unfortunate that the British Entomological
Society seems at present to be unable to explore the microlepidoptera of southern
Scotland and the north of England. The Derbyshire material was bred by Col.
A. M. Emmet and was the result of the Society’s field meeting there last May.
The most interesting species were Amelia unitana Hiibn., Caryocolum viscariellum
Staint., Coleophora vitisella Gregs. and Fomoria weaveri Staint.

The same member showed a number of scarce species from Norfolk. These
included the plume Crombrugghia distans Zell. and the phaloniids Cochylidia
erigerana Wals. and Falseuncaria rubellana Hiibn. (degreyana McL.). He also
had two specimens of the rare Coleophora tricolor Wals., while Mr. CHALMERS-
Hunt exhibited living larvae of that species feeding on grass; the early stage of
the larva, when it feeds in the seed capsules of Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, has
been known for several years, but its switch to grasses, though suspected, had
not hitherto been proved.

Suffolk was represented by several species taken at Walberswick by H. E.
CHIPPERFIELD. These included Adoxophyes orana F.R., its most northerly
record to date, and the first specimen of Ethmia bipunctella F. to be recorded
from Suffolk for over a hundred years. Mr. Chipperfield also showed bred
specimens of Acrolepia assectella Zell., which is now well established in East
Anglia and is a potential pest in leeks and onions; Mr. S. WAKELy had specimens
from the same stock. Mr. CHALMERS-HUNT had examples of Coleophora lari-
pennella Zett and C. clypeiferella Héfm., rare species which he captured on the
same ground near Icklingham. Mr. M. J. LEECH showed a specimen of Calamo-
tropha paludella Hiibn. taken in the east of the county.

Specimens from north Essex included Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Ratz., Epino-
tia cinereana Haw., E. nanana Treits., Tinea lanella P. & M. and the pretty little
Nepticula aeneofasciella H.-S. exhibited by Col. EMMEtT, while the south of the
county supplied his Eucosma heringiana Jackh. and Mr. E. S. BRADFORD’S
Hedya salicella L.

Cambridgeshire was represented mainly by moths from the fens or bred by
Col. Emmet. Specimens of Agriphila selasella Hiibn. proved that this moth has
not, as had been feared, become extinct at Wicken, and a specimen of Cydia
leguminana Lien. came from the exact spot where Lord Walsingham had first
found it just over a century ago. The ‘neps’ from this locality included both bred
and captured specimens of Stigmella paradoxa Frey (nitidella Hein.), being the
first British examples of this new addition to our fauna, the first British-bred
specimen of Dechtiria turbidella Zell. and an example of D. intimella Zell.
Maddingley was the locality for D. quinquinella Bed. and Chippenham Fen
provided Stathmopoda pedella L., Phyllonorycter geniculella Rag., Monopis
weaverella Scott and Bohemannia quadrimaculella Boh. Specimens of the last
named insect were also present in the exhibit by Mr. Chalmers-Hunt.

Mr. Bradford showed a number of species from Hertfordshire, including
Sitochroa verticalis L. Phycita roborella L., Euzophera pinquis Haw., Olethreutes
bifasciana Haw., Teleiodes alburnella Zell., Coleophora binderella Koll. and
Lampronia capitella Clerck; the last species being taken at light, which is unusual.
Col. Emmet exhibited Eustaintonia pinicolella Zell. from Bucks., Elachista
trapeziella Staint. from Oxfordshire and Aethes rutilana Hiibn. from Berkshire;
the last of these species has become exceedingly rare with the decline of juniper
in the south of England, but these examples dispel fears that it has become extinct.

14 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Micros from Middlesex included Gypsonoma oppressana Treits., Epinotia
bilunana Haw., Teleiodes alburnella Zell. and Phyllonorycter geniculella Rag.
shown by Mr. Bradford, a series of Mompha nodicollella Fuchs from south
London, bred by Col. Emmet, and examples of the same species taken at light by
Mr. S. Wakely.

Kent was well represented. The species included bred specimens of Acrolepia
perlepidella Staint. shown by Mr. Bradford and Col. Emmet, specimens, mostly
bred, of Eucosma aemulana Schlag. (latiorana H.-S.), Hysterosia inopiana Haw.,
Aethes margaritana Haw. (dipoltella Hiibn.), Cochylidia subroseana Haw., and
Recurvaria leucatella Clerck (Mr. Bradford); bred specimens of Leioptilus
bowesi Whal; specimens, all bred, of Depressaria ultimella Staint. (from Sium
latifolium L.), Elachista adscitella Staint., Coleophora fuscocuprella H. S. (from
birch), C. miivipennis Zell., Phyllonorycter anderidae Flet., Nepticula obliquella
Hein. and N. assimilella Zell (Col. Emmet); and a specimen of Evergestis exti-
malis Scop. together with bred Coleophora orbitella Zell. (Mr. Chalmers-Hunt).

Surrey provided, among other species, examples bred by Mr. Bradford of
Coleophora palliatella Zinc., a moth seldom seen in recent years. Mr. Chalmers-
Hunt showed the handsome Commophila aeneana Hiibn., while he and Col. Emmet
both had specimens of Coleophora wockeella Zell. which had not previously
been bred for over thirty years. The latter also showed specimens of Nepticula
speciosa Frey and Etainia decentrella H.-S. Mr. Wakely’s exhibit included
specimens of Eupoecilia ambiguella Hiibn. bred from larvae found at Holmwood.

Mr. R. C. Dyson showed an interesting case of Pyraies from which Anania
funebris Stroém., taken in the Eastbourne district, may be selected for mention.
Also from Sussex came Col. Emmet’s Cydia internana Guen., Leucoptera wailesella
Staint. and a bred series of Phalonidia alismana Rag.

Some of the best microlepidoptera in the exhibition were taken in Hampshire.
Mr. D. W. H. FFENNELL and the Rev. D. J. L. AGAssiz showed series of
Phyllonorycter dubitella H.-S. (Pl. Ill, fig. 16) bred from Salix caprea L. in the
Winchester district. This species is new to the British list. Another notable exhibit
was the first English specimen of Coleophora lassella Staud., previously recorded in
Britain only from the Burren. It was taken by the Rev. Agassiz at Southampton.
The larval foodplant is still unknown, and when this is discovered the moth
may well be found to be more widely distributed in the British Isles. Mr. I. A.
WATKINSON showed an example of the rare migrant (or accidentally imported)
Pyrale Euchromius ocelleus Haw. from his home at Burlesdon in the same
district. He also had a series of Phyllonorycter anderidae Fletcher, bred from
mines found six feet up; the species usually favours seedlings a few inches from
the ground. Also from Southampton, together with one from south Devon, were
The Rev. Agassiz’s examples of Monochrea elongella Hein. (servella sensu Meyr.).
The same member showed the seldom seen Parocystola aeroxantha Meyr.,
taken at Torquay in Devon.

The counties of Herefordshire and Monmouthshire are rich in Lepidoptera
and provided several of the rarer species in the exhibition. Mr. Chalmers-Hunt
showed the beautiful Oecophora bractella L. from the Wye Valley, which was
also the locality for Mr. Pelham-Clinton’s Salebriopsis (Postsalebria) albicella
H.-S. and Col. Emmet’s Elachista trapeziella Staint. Dr. Net. HorTON exhibited
the scarce migrant Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff. which he had taken at Usk
in October 1969, and Mr. ffennell showed an albino specimen of Rhopobota
unipunctana Haw. (naevana Hibn.) f. geminana Steph. from the Black Mountains.

Mr. H. N. MIcHAELIs’ exhibit from north Wales included two species new to

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 15

the Principality. There, both from Caernarvon, were Cochylidia implicitana
Wocke taken at Bangor by Mrs. M. J. Morgan, and the psychid, Acanthopsyche
atra L. (opacella H. S.), represented by the larval case which Mr. Michaelis
himself found at Llyn Bodgynedd. Among his other moths from the same
neighbourhood were Pyrausta cingulata L., Epischnia ahenella Schiff., a soft
grey form of Eana penziana Thunb. form colquhounana Barr., Cydnia dorsana
F., and Teleiodes decorella Haw. (humeralis Zell.), the last two being not at all un-
common in that district. He showed Epinotia rubiginosana H.-S. from Anglesey and
Mr. ffennell exhibited Clepsis rurinana L. (semialbana Guen.) from north Wales.

The west of Ireland again provided its attraction for entomologists and no
fewer than eight species new to the country were on show. Three of these were
from the Burren, namely Bucculatrix frangulella Goeze, shown by Mr. Pelham-
Clinton, Clepsis rurinana L. shown both by him and Mr. ffennell, and Stigmella
luteella Staint., bred by Col. Emmet. Other Burren species included bred series
showing unusual forms of Acleris schalleriana L. (Mr. Pelham-Clinton and Mr.
ffennell), an unusually pale Scoparia ambigualis Treits. (Mr. Pelham-Clinton)
and a bred Bucculatrix demaryella Staint. (Col. Emmet).

Amongst some 30 species from West Galway shown by Col. Emmet were five
new to Ireland. These were bred Argyresthia laevigatella H.-S., and Heliozela
resplendella Staint. and captured H. stanneella Staint., H. betulae Staint. and
Stigmella ruficapitella Haw. This exhibit also included bred examples of Coleo-
phora tamesis Waters. and C. albidella H.-S., the latter having been hitherto
only doubtfully recorded from Ireland. Among his other species from this locality
were Ebulea crocealis Hubn. (rare in [reland), Pammene splendidulana Guen.,
P. argyrana Hiibn., P. rhediella Clerck, Ancylis uncella Hein. (uncana Hibn.),
A. geminana Don., A. subarcuana Doug}. (inornatana H.-S.), an unusual pale
form of Mniophaga umbrosella Zell., Elachista subalbidella Schlag., Coleophora
murinipennella Dup., Parornix scotinella Staint., Caloptilia populetorum Zell.,
Phylloporia bistrigella Haw. and Stigmella aucupariae Frey., most of which
constitute new records for the vice-county.

An interesting specialised exhibit, furnished by Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, comprised
a number of different forms of Acleris cristana Schiff. bred from females taken
in Huntingdonshire, Surrey and Sussex. The rarest forms shown were xantho-
vittana Desy., fulvopunctana Sheldon and attaliana Clark and there were, besides,
several aberrations which have not yet been described.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss showed drawings of the mines of three new or little-known
Stigmellidae; these were Dechtiria spinosella Joan., Nepticula ulmariae Wocke
and Dechtiria turbidella H.-S., together with the mine of D. argyropeza Zell. for
comparison with the last named. The fine paintings of British Tortricidae by
Mr. B. Hargreaves for the forthcoming work on that group made microlepidop-
terists look forward eagerly to its publication by the Ray Society, due in about
two years’ time.

There appeared to be only four exhibitors who showed Coleoptera, or included
them in their exhibits. Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS showed an interesting case of Staphy-
linidae in which he takes an especial interest, and which comprised: Quedius
plancus Er., Deinopsis erosa (Steph.) Atheta extima Sharp and Ancyrophorus
aureus Fauvel, from flood refuse in the New Forest; Philonthus ventralis Grav.,
from a compost heap near Lyndhurst, Hants, September 1970; P. umbratilis
Grav. and P. punctus Grav., from the muddy banks of a small pond on the Isle
of Grain, Kent, October 1970; Gyrophaena hanseni Strand, sieved from fresh
fungi in the New Forest, October 1970; Thinobius linearis Kraatz. sieved from

16 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

fine sand on the banks of a stream in the Forest of Bowland, Yorks, May 1970;
Amischa cavifrons Sharp, beneath stones near Malham Tarn, Yorks., at 1,500 ft.,
May 1970; Atheta scotica El., in flood refuse on the banks of the river Wye,
Hereford., May 1970; Carpelimus unicolor Sharp, under seaweed, etc., Yarmouth
harbour, I.o.W., July 1970; Oligota apicata Er., in small bracket fungus, I.o.W.,
July 1970; Atheta luridipennis Mann., on the banks of a small stream, near
Blackgang, I.o.W., July 1970.

A Procraerus tibialis (Lac.) (Elateridae) from Brookmans Park, Herts.,
constituting a new county record, was shown by Mr. N. TuROK.

Mr. D. APPLETON’s substantial exhibit, all of which were significant insects,
contained the following which were of particular merit: Necrodes littoralis L.,
from a dead badger in the New Forest, 1.viii.70; Lomechusa paradoxa Grav.,
with ants, I.o.W., 22.iii.67 and 23.v.70; Acritus homoeopathicus Woll., in fungus
on the site of a wood fire in the new Forest, 8.viii.70; Silvanus bidentatus F.,
under the bark of a fallen oak bough, New Forest, 22.v.70; Prionychus ater
F., bred from larvae taken in rot hole in a felled oak, New Forest; Trox scaber
L. in deer offal, New Forest, 8.viii.70; T. sabulosus L., in the remains of a jay,
Botley Wood, Fareham, 8.v.65; Odontaeus armiger Scop., swept after dark,
Portsdown Hill, 18.vii.70; and Acalyptus carpini Herbst, swept from a boggy
area in the New Forest, 12.viii.67.

Very seldom do we see those unusual insects belonging to the Stylopidae which
are usually regarded as part of the Order Coleoptera. Fowler calls them ‘aberrant
Coleoptera’, but Kloet and Kincks in their 1945 Check List place them in a
separate Order Strepsiptera. Mr. G. E. Else showed some undetermined examples
in connection with Andraena bees from Blackgang, I.o.W., and Halictus bees
from Portsdown, Hants.

A number of local and rare Diptera from Ireland were shown by Mr. P. J.
Chandler, many of which were new to the country or had been recorded from
the odd example only.

An interesting exhibit of fungi and Odonata was presented by Dr. D. A. L.
Davis. These had been prepared by the freeze drying technique. Of special
interest were Antogaster gigantica Fraser, a giant oriental dragonfly, and a male
specimen of Hemianax ephippiger (Burm.) taken live late at night during 1969
at Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Mr. G. R. Else exhibited a selection of British Hymenoptera taken during
the past season, mainly in Hampshire and included parasitic relationship between
various insect Orders.

Living examples of the Surinam Cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.)
were shown by Mr. A. E. Gardner. This is a subterranean species which does
considerable damage to greenhouse plants.

Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Heath showed among several living insects a number of
species of praying mantis.

The Hemiptera were well represented this year and great interest was shown
in Mr. O. Kudrna’s living specimens of the giant reduvid, Triatoma phyllosoma
one of the largest blood-sucking bugs in the world.

Dr. B. J. MacNulty provided an outstanding exhibit of the aradid bug, Aradus
betulae (L.). A series of adult and penultimate instar larvae were shown, all bred
from larvae found in June 1970 under loose bark of an old birch stump at
Glen Affric, Inv. Photomicrographs were also included of this species known
previously from only the examples taken by the late P. Harwood at Loch Rannock
in July 1921.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I 17

Of the interesting Hemiptera-Heteropters shown by Dr. M. G. Morris special
mention should be made of the following species: Geotomus punctulatus (Costa),
May 1970, Lands End, Corn.; Emblethis verbasci (F.), May, 1970; Lands End;
Lasiacantha capucina (Germ.), September 1970, the Lizard, Corn.; Physatocheila
costata (F.), May 1970, New Forest, Hants; and the rare macropterous form of
the female of Mecomma dispar (Boh.) taken in Bedfordshire in June 1970.

Special mention should also be made of the excellent album of photographs
shown by Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie.

12th NOVEMBER 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Specimens of the moth Enarmonia saltitans Westw.
(Olethreutudae) reared from the familiar jumping beans which were imported
into this country last year, 1969.

Col. A. M. Emmet—(1) Phyllonorycter dubitella (Lep., Lithocolletidae)
recently added to the British List which he had separated from the series of P.
salcicolella Sirc. in his collection. The two species are not easy to separate and
his remarks were of a provisional nature. He was however quite satisfied that
he had P. dubitella from Darton and Saffron Walden in Essex, from Lee Wood
in Somerset and Stapleford in Lincs. He thought perhaps that P. dubitella
might prove to be the commoner of the two species. (2) Leaf mines of Tischeria
dodonea Heyd. (Lep., Tischeriidae), a distinctly scarce species close to 7. com-
planella Hiibn., the mines were taken at Dunsfold, Surrey.

COMMUNICATIONS

A letter from Mr. A. E. G. Best was read by Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON. In it
Mr. Best said he had noticed at least 20 examples of Lycaena phlaeas L. (Lep.,
Lycaenidae) near Sedlecombe, Sussex, on 20th October this year. The day was
cold, but sunny, and followed a ground frost which had not cleared by mid-day
in shady areas. One pair was seen to be in cop, the female obviously having only
just emerged; the wings were damp and appeared to be still expanding. In replying
to Mr. Best Mr. Bretherton had said the species did on occasions produce a
third brood, and Mr. Best had then informed him that he had seen another
example on 8th November.

Continuing Mr. Bretherton said that he had run his light trap at Bramley
for the past ten days which, though mild, were windy, during this time he had
taken a single example of Axylia putris L. (Lep., Noctuidae). He thought that
this too might be a third-brood specimen.

The PRESIDENT announced the gift of three books to the library by Mr. S. N. A.
Jacobs, and another work of three volumes donated by Mr. K. A. Spencer.

A discussion took place on the Annual Exhibition and the meeting concluded
with a report of the Dunsfold field meeting by Col. A. M. Emmet.

26th NOVEMBER 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. D. A. Davies,
J. F. Gaitens, E. L. Hill and C. D. Side.

18 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WiLtt1AMs—Coleoptera from Gressingham, Lancs., taken under
stones on the banks of the river Lune, the Carabidae: Bembidion prasinum
(Dufts.), 14.v.65; B. atrocoeruleum Steph., 3.vi.67; B. lunulatum (Fourc.),
5.ix.66; B. fluviatile Dej., 3.vi.67; B. decorum (Panz.), 14.v.65; B. punctulatum
Drap., 14.v.65; and from flood refuse the following Staphylinidae: Thalassophilus
longicornis (Sturm), 5.viii.66; Lathrobium angusticolle Lac., 5.vili.66; Scopaeus
gracilis (Spark), 5.viii.66. Also Meotica exilis (Er.) (Staphylinidae), a single
example taken in flood refuse in the New Forest, Hants, 14.xi.70.

Sir Eric ANSORGE—An un-named aberration of Diarsia rubi View (Lep.,
Noctuidae) from Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera (Staphylinidae) taken in the
nest of the ant Lasius fuliginosus (Lat.) (Formicidae) at Mallard Wood, New
Forest, Hants, 14.xi.70: Zyras humeralis (Grav.), Z. funestus (Grav.), Z. cog-
natus (Mark.), Oxypoda vittata Mark., and Gyrohypnus myrmecophilus (Kies.).
From the nests of the Wood Ant, Formica rufa L. (Formicidae), at Mark Ash
and Brockenhurst. New Forest, 15.xi.70, the staphylinid Coleoptera: Quedius
brevis Erich., Notothecta flavipes (Grav.), N. anceps (Er.) Thyasophila angulata
(Er.) and Oxypoda formiceticola (Mark.), and the scymaenid beetle Scydmaenus
tarsatus Mill. Also shown were living queens of the hornet, Vespa crabro L.
(Hym., Vespidae), taken from a nest at Mark Ash, 14.xi.70.

Col. A. M. Emmet—(1) Mines of Dechtiria intimella Zell. (Lep., Nepticulidae)
from Debden, Essex, showing larva still feeding and the ‘green island’ in a fallen
leaf. (2) A mine believed to be of Stigmella nitens Fologne (Lep., Nepticulidae)
taken at Debden, Essex, in July 1970. This species is new to the British list. Also
shown were the mines of Nepticula fragariella Heyd (? aurella F.) (Lep.,
Nepticulidae) for comparison.

COMMUNICATIONS

Referring to his exhibit of Phyllonorycter dubitella (Lep., Lithocolletidae) of
12th November, Col. A. M. Emmet said he had sought the opinion of Dr. J. D.
Bradley and Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton and was now satisfied that only two of
his examples were in fact that species. He found the published key was misleading.

The ‘green islands’ of the Stigmellidae in the leaves they were mining were
referred to by Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON. He said he had noticed some on oak leaves
and asked what the species might be. Col. Emmet said they could be several
species, but added the most likely was Dechtiria quinquella Bed. “Green islands’
of a similar nature were often made by galls said Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss, particu-
larly the long narrow ones in beech leaves.

Talks were given by Mr. A. E. GARDNER and Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS on ‘Coleop-
tera Collecting and Mounting Techniques’. The talks were followed by a dis-
cussion.

10th DECEMBER 1970
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. W. J. C. Tonge.
The following new members were declared elected: Capt. A. P. Gainsford’
and Mr. N. W. Gilroy Scott.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 19

EXHIBITS

Mr. C. MAcKECHNIE JARVIS—(1) Actocharis readingii Sharp (Col., Staphy-
linidae), a small apterous species only 14 mm. in length, named by Sharp in
1870 from examples in various British collections captured years before by J. J.
Reading in Plymouth. It occurred at Falmouth in 1886 and at Braunton about
1907. M. Cameron and J. H. Keys captured it again at Plymouth in numbers in
1900 and supplied the collectors of that period. There appear to be no published
records since. The exhibited insect was taken sparingly on and under seaweed
below the high water mark on the beach on the north coast of St. Mary’s,
Isles of Scilly in June 1970. (2) Longitarsus rutilus (Ul.) (Col., Chrysomelidae).
In a recent paper on the genus by the late D. K. Kevan (1967, Ent. mon. Mag.,
103: 83--104) the status of this beetle is reappraised and after a century of un-
certainty, firmly re-established as British on the evidence of five examples in the
Power collection and three in that of Waterhouse, nearly all taken last century. I
have taken the insect on Scophularia scrorodonia L. on the Island of Tresco
in the Scillonian archipelago, in small numbers during several seasons’ collecting,
which indicates that it is well established there.

Dr. J. Newron—A reprint of a paper originally presented to a medical
symposium by W. Buttiker on lepidopterous parasites on secretions of the human
eye.

COMMUNICATIONS

Referring again to the microlepidopteron Phyllonorycter dubitella (Litho-
colletidae) which he exhibited on 12th November (p. 18), Col. A. M. EMMer
said that Dr. J. D. Bradley was having difficulty separating this insect from P.
salcicolella Sirc. He thought they might yet prove to be one species.

The mine of Stigmella nitens Fologne which he showed on 26th November
(p. 18) was confirmed as that species by Mr. J. Kilmesch.

A talk was given by Col. A. M. EMMET on ‘Breeding Certain Species of Micro-
lepidoptera’. This was followed by a lively discussion.

Autumn Plusia gamma L. (Lep., Noctuidae). Dr. C. G. M. Worms’ remarks on
this species during the meeting of 24th September (p. 8) draws my attention to
the fact that whilst the Colchester Natural History Society had their mercury
vapour light out in the grounds of Copford Hall, Essex, with the kind permission
of Mr. Brian Harrison, M.P., during the same week-end, a number of Plusia
gamma L. were noted. These were however, all in very fresh condition, which
suggested they were most likely recently emerged progeny of spring migrants.—
F. D. Buck, ‘Seirotrana’, New Road, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, 3rd October
1970.

Nymphalis io L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) and Hibernation. On the 28th December a
friend, Mr. E. Arrowsmith, also of Wolverhampton, was rather startled to see a
Nymphalis io L. fluttering about in his garden. Mr. Arrowsmith caught this
butterfly and handed it to me. I quickly introduced it into a breeding cage and,
by placing a piece of black material over the cage and storing it in a cool place,
I was pleased to see that the specimen returned to a state of hibernation.
BERNARD J. LAmpitt, 34 Humphreys Road, Low Hill, Wolverhampton, Staffs.
9th January 1971.

20 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

FIELD MEETINGS

BASING FOREST and HECKFIELD HEATH, HANTS—18th April 1970
Leader: Mr. W. GILCHRIST

It was very nice to see at least two dozen members attend this field meeting,
in spite of weather which alternated between sunny periods and long, heavy
showers. There was a south-westerly wind, force 1 to 2, and the temperature
was 13°C.

Basing Forest was entered shortly before midday, and several early geometers
were seen: Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh., Anticlea derivata Schiff., Ectropis
biundularia Borkh. and Earophila badiata Schiff. During one of the sunny spells
several Archiearis species were seen, but as the wood they were in contained
both aspen and birch it was not possible to say which they were. Butterflies
seen were: Pieris rapae L., Gonepteryx rhamni L., Polygonia c-album L. and
Nymphalis io L.,

Mr. R. W. J. Uffen reported Eriocrania sparrmannella Bosc., and other micros
seen were Diurnea fagella F. and a larva of Haritala ruralis Scop. Mr. C. O.
Hammond saw few syrphid flies about, although Volucella bombylans (L.) was
seen by several members.

Wild flowers were not much in evidence yet, although violets, primroses,
lily of the valley, wild daffodil and Sedum telephium L. were seen.

I am grateful to Mr. B. Goater for the list of bryophytes observed, the nomen-
clature being in accordance with Richards, and Wallace, An Annotated List of
British Mosses, 1950. The list is not exhaustive, but consists of those species
which can be identified with confidence in the field. It does, however, include
species which illustrate the characteristic flora of loamy deciduous woodland:
Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.), Polytrichum formosum Hedw., Fissidens taxifolius
Hedw., Caratodon purpureus (Hedw.), Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.), Dicrano-
weissia cirrata (Hedw.), Dicrannum scoparium Hedw., Mnium hornum Hedw.
M. undulatum Hedw. Aulocomnium androgynum (Hedw.), Thuidium tamaris-
cinum (Hedw.), [sothecium myosuroides Brid., Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.),
Eurhynchium striatum (Hedw.), E. confertum (Dicks.), E. praelongum (Hedw.),
Pseudoscleropodium purum (Hedw.), Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., Rhytidia-
delphus triquetrus (Hedw.), R. squarrosus (Hedw.).

Several migrant birds were also seen or heard; Blackcap, Chiffchaff, Willow
Warbler and Swallow. A Great Spotted Woodpecker and several Long-tailed
Tits were also observed.

In the afternoon the party moved several miles up the Basingstoke to Reading
road to Heckfield Heath. Moths seen here included Xylocampa areola Esp.,
Eupithecia abbreviata Steph., Colostygia multistrigaria Haw. and Archiearis
parthenias L.

The meeting ended in a search for clearwings in birch trees on the heath.
Aegeria spheciformis Schiff. was present in large numbers and Aegeria culici-
formis L. workings were also seen.

Coleoptera recorded by Mr. de Rougemont were as follows: Carabus prob-
lematicus Herbst s.sp. gallicus Géhin, Dyschirius globosus (Herbst), Bembidion
lampros (Herbst), Acupalpus dubius Schil., Bradycellus harpalinus (Serv.),
Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (F.), P. vernalis (Panz.) Agonum obscurum (Herbst),

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 21

A. assimile (Payk.), Dromius melanocephalus Dej., Agabus chalconatus (Panz.),
Drusilla (= Astilbus) canaliculata (F.), Atheta (Acrotona) fungi (Grav.), A.
(Philhygra) gyllenhali (Thoms.), Cypha (=Hypocyptus) longicornis (Payk.),
Conosomus testaceus (F.), Tachyporus chrysomelinus (L.) Philonthus splendens (F.),
Xantholinus linearis (Ol.), Lathrobium punctatum (Fourc.), L. multipunctum
Grav., L. terminatus Grav., Ochthephilum fraticorne Payk., Stenus rogeri Kraatz,
S. impressus Germ., Pselaphus heisei Herbst., Cervlon histeroides (F.), Melanotus
rufipes (Herbst), Chrysolina staphylea (L.), Lochmaea capreae (L.), Chalcoides
aurata (Marsh.), Strophosomus melanogrammus (Forst.), Otiorrhynchus singu-
laris (L.).

Bryophytes recorded show the contrast of species from the acid heath of
Heckfield with the loam of Basing Forest, these include: Polytrichum piliferum
Hedw., P. juniperinum Hedw., P. commune Hedw., Campylopus flexuosus
Leucobryum glacum (Hedw.), Pohlia nutans (Hedw.), Acrocladium cuspidatum
(Hedw.) and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.).

BIRCH WOOD and TROTTISCLIFFE, KENT—26th April 1970

A practical introduction to the study of microlepidoptera
in the field, part 1

Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

This is the first of the field meetings this year intended as a guide to the incipient
microlepidopterist. On this occasion, the Society had the honour of acting as
host to the Amateur Entomological Society, a number of whose members was
welcomed by the leader among those who assembled at 10.30 a.m. at Bromley
South station. The weather was neither windy nor cold, though showers were
unfortunately fairly frequent. However, in an April considered the coldest and
wettest on record for a good many years, it was felt that conditions could have
been far worse.

The party, which included a number of beginners as well as several experienced
microlepidopterists, set off in seven cars from the venue for Birch Wood (near
West Wickham), a locality which despite its name consists of mixed deciduous
woodland and an old larch plantation. Along the edge of this plantation, larval
cases of Coleophora laricella Hiibn. were abundant, attached to young larch
shoots, but the cases were still quite small owing to the extreme lateness of the
season; and a number of tortricoid larvae—probably those of Spilonota lariciana
Hein. and Zeiraphera diniana Guen., since both occur here—were also noted in
the spun shoots or larch. Larval workings of Blastotere laevigatella HS. were
detected in moderate numbers by breaking off the tips of the terminal twigs of
larch; and several of these larvae were noticed to have completed their growth
from having formed a few inches from the tip, the exit hole and its significant
covering of silk preparatory to pupating. As usual, some B. /aevigatella mines
had been torn open and the larvae extracted, probably by tits.

Several of the long subtriangular cases of Talaeporia tubulosa Retz. (pseudo-
bombycella Hiibn.) were taken on tree trunks; but examination of a patch of
Stellaria holostea L. failed to reveal the larva of Caryocolum tricolorella Haw..,
which spins together the shoots, or either of the two Coleophora species associated
with this plant.

The party then drove in convoy some 15 miles to Trottiscliffe, where after

22 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

suitable refreshment at the Vigo Inn searching began along the banks bordering
the Pilgrim’s Way. The date was ideal for the larvae of an Elachista sp., most
of which were full-grown and fairly plentiful in the leaves of Brachypodium
sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. We then moved to the chalk down above, where the
early stages of a number of local micros were seen. Notable among these were
the larvae of Agonopterix nanatella Staint, in their curious tubular habitations
in the leaves of Carline Thistle, Carlina vulgaris L., formed by drawing the two
edges of a leaf together with silk; the beautiful pupa of Elachista cinereopunctella
Haw., attached externally to the base of the leaf of its foodplant Carex flacca
Schreb. (glauca Scop.); and the larvae of Acrolepia perlepidella Staint. in the
mined leaves of Inula convza DC. Upon the underside of a leaf of J. conyza was
also observed a small case of Coleophora conyzae Zell., readily detectable at
first by the brownish patch on the leaf’s upperside. The latter is normally abund-
ant by late April.

After what was generally acclaimed to have been an enjoyable and instructive
day, the party of fifteen broke up about 5.30 p.m.

CHOBHAM COMMON, SURREY—3rd May 1970
Leader: Mrs. F. M. MurpPHy

Ten members and their friends attended the meeting. The day, which followed
weeks of cold, wet weather, proved to be very hot and sunny. In the morning
some of the party went over towards Sunningdale golf course, and the rest
went down to the Long Arm; both parties found Adela cuprella Thunb. adults
flying.

In the afternoon the remaining members went to the south side of the common
near Burrowhill. Adela cuprella Thunb. was found in this area also. Mr. C. O.
Hammond found an interesting solitary bee, Nomada leucopthalma (Kirby). Two
immature examples of the rare spider Oxyopes heterophthalmus Lat. were seen
in the afternoon. The presence of this spider on Chobham Common was first
discovered by a member of the Society. The beetle Carabus arvensis Herbst
ssp. silvaticus Dej. was taken and the foliowing spiders were recorded: Dictyna
arundinacea (L.), Clubiona compta C. L. Koch, Xysticus cristatus (Clerck),
Euophrys frontalis (Walck.), Evarcha arcuata (Clerck), Lycosa pullata (Clerck),
Trochosa terricola Thor., Araneus redii (Scop.), Cercidia prominens (West.),
Monocephalus fuscipes (Blackwall), Erigone atra (Blackwall), Centromerita
bicolor (Blackwall) and Lepthyphantes zimmermanni (Betrt.).

DERBYSHIRE—16th-17th May 1970
Leader: Col. A. M. EMMET

The purpose of this meeting was to collect larvae of microlepidoptera with a
local or northern distribution. It was attended by about a dozen members, half
from the north midlands and the rest from the south.

The main objective on the first day was Euyponomeuta stanella Thunb., whose
larva feeds on Orpine. Sedum telephium L. Dovedale is the only known locality
for this species in Britain, but before going there the party examined the largest
stand of Orpine in the district, which is located on a disused railway track at
Tissington. The search there having proved unsuccessful, a move was made to

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 23

Dovedale itself, where the Orpine was still very small and consequently difficult
to find. No trace of E. stannella was detected, but this need not mean that it is
extinct in the area; the larvae may have been confined to certain patches of the
foodplant which were undetected, or alternatively, it may have been too early in
what was, up till then, a very late season.

The search for larvae of other species was successful. The most interesting
find was Amelia unitana Hitibn., whose larvae were feeding on Wood Garlic,
Allium ursinum L. The identity of the species was not recognised at the time and
few were taken; from these three imagines were reared. Spinnings on Red Campion,
Silene dioica (L.) Clairy., produced Caryocolum viscariellum Staint. and a second
species which was not identified or bred. A bush of Bird-cherry, Prunus padus
L., was found to be festooned with webs of Yponomeuta evonymella L. Although
fresh supplies of the foodplant, at any rate for the southerners, would be hard
to come by, larvae were taken and some were reared successfully on plum,
though the moths were undersized. Success was only achieved where both species
of Prunus were at first provided together and where after the supply of Bird-
cherry was exhausted, its pungent remains were still kept in the breeding container.
Sundry other larvae were found in Dovedale, but these were of species of general
distribution and therefore of no special interest.

On Sunday, the 17th May, the meeting transferred its activities to Great
Hucklow where, at a height of over 1,000 ft, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. grows
plentifully. The backwardness of the season was even more apparent at this
altitude, and tortricid larvae in spinnings were unusually small for the time of the
year. The normally common Phyllonorycter (Lithocolletis) junoniella Zell. was
very scarce, possibly because the mines were too underdeveloped to be easily
detected. Other species of larvae taken on Cowberry were Rhopobota ustomacu-
lana Curt., Lozotaenia fosterana L., Olethreutes mygindana Schiff., Coleophora
vitisella Gregs. (both first-year larvae and second-year pupae) and Fomoria
weaveri Staint. Vacinium myrtillus L. furnished larvae of Rhopobota naevana f.
geminana Steph. and Apotomis sauciana Fr6l.

The larvae of macrolepidoptera were not neglected and those taken included
Scopula ternata Schrank, Entephria caesiata Schiff., both bred, and Amathes
castanea Esp. Among imagines netted in flight were Ancylis myrtillana Treits.,
which was on the wing only up toabout noon, and Argyrotaenia pulchellana
Haw., which started to fly after about 4 p.m.

Miss K. Hollick, a well-known local botanist, kindly helped with advice on
localities for Orpine. She also suggested that the party should look out for
Vaccinium x intermedium Ruthe, the cross between V. vitis-idaea L. and V.
myrtillus L., at Great Hucklow, as it had not hitherto been recorded from that
locality. The cross was duly found by Mr. R. W. J. Uffen and a voucher specimen
has been placed in the Derby Museum where the county botanical records are
kept.

GOMSHALL, SURREY—30th May 1970
Leader: Mr. ALAN E. STUBBS

A party of five spent the morning on a piece of common land at the eastern
edge of the village. Alder woods and marshes here line a small stream and an
open area of rough grassland lies adjacent.

Attention was paid mainly to the streamside and alder woods. The weather

24 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I

was rather poor for Lepidoptera and Euchoeca nebulata Scop. was one of the
few species flying. An unsuccessful search was made for Xanthorrhoe biriviata
Borkh., though the habitat conditions were ideal and a strong colony lies only a
few miles away; this moth is most active in the afternoon so perhaps we were too
early. Sweeping herbage along the stream bank yielded two craneflies which are
rare in south-eastern England: Limnophila verralli (Berg.) and Dicranota subtilis
Loew.; plus two local species Thaumastoptera calceata Mik. and Ptychoptera
lacustris (Meig.). The scatophagid fly Cnemopogon apicalis (Meig.) and the fungus
gnat Apemon marginata (Meig.) were among the interesting species found at the
edge of the wood. In the latter area the acalypterate fly, Palloptera saltuum (L.),
was common on the foliage of a young willow, mostly in a teneral condition
suggesting a breeding site close by; it is exceptional to find more than the odd
individual of the species. In total there were 30 species of tipulid flies at this
locality—ten per cent of the British fauna, which is exceptional for such a small
area. The previous week a local farmer said he would like to plough the land,
but his wishes were frustrated by common land status.

During lunch-time discussion mention was made of a patch of Butterbur,
Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaert., Mey. & Schreb., growing by the waterworks at
Shere. This is a rare plant for Surrey, so the opportunity was taken of searching
for Limonia ornata (Meig.), a scarce cranefly associated with this plant. Several
of these attractively marked flies were found flying about the leaves of the plant;
this is only the second record for the county following its discovery at Box Hill in
1969, the first record for south-east England.

Attention was transferred to Hackhurst Downs where a most profitable after-
noon was spent in the Juniper area owned by the National Trust and subject to
management advice by Surrey Naturalists’ Trust. The area was very good for
microlepidoptera, the records for which are not yet available. Among the inter-
esting species of Diptera were the cranefly Limonia nigropunctata Schum.,
flying frequently in the scrub areas, the robber fly Leptarthrus brevirostris
Meig., the empid Rhamphomyia atra Meig., the acalypterates Lauxania cylin-
dricornis (F.) and Lyciella platycephala (Loew.) and the scatophagid, Cordilura
pubera (L.). One of the more unusual observations was on the membracid
homopteron Centrotus cornutus (L.). Three individuals were found on the bare
soil of a destroyed nest of the ant, Lasius flavus (F.), and close by another example
sat on another nest.

HOLMWOOD, SURREY—7th June 1970
Leader: R. FAIRCLOUGH

The attendance on this hot Sunday was seven, including the leader. It was
hoped to have taken Clysia ambiguella Hiibn., but though the Frangula alnus
Mill. bushes were worked by those who were anxious to see this moth, the search
was unsuccessful. Drooping shoots of the bushes were collected in the expecta-
tion of breeding Sorhagenia janiszewski Riedl. Large numbers of Gonepteryx
rhamni L. larvae were seen, some very large, while the 1969 imagines were
still on the wing. Other species noted were: Anthocharis cardamines L., Polyom-
matus icarus Rott., Celastrina argiolus L., Erynnis tages L., Pterostoma palpina
Clerck, Zanclognatha nemoralis F., Acornutia nana Haw., Ptycholoma lecheana
L., Eulia ministrana L., Roeslerstammia erxlebella F. and Telphusa proximella
Hiibn.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I 25

STANFORD-LE-HOPE, ESSEX—14th June 1970
Leader: Mr. R. TOMLINSON

Three members and three visitors met at the railway station and found five
species of fairly common moths on the station. We drove to Mucking Church,
where Ron Payne found some interesting flies on the ivy on the church wall.
Eric Bradford checked the blackthorn thickets, whilst one of our visitors, Graham
Glombels, swept for Hemiptera among the grass and nettles bordering the reed-
beds. After a couple of hours or so we drove to the nearby ‘Golden Gates’
locality where we had lunch. Two of the visitors had by then wandered off
birdwatching and were not seen again that day.

The day had been warm and mostly cloudy, and with strong winds from
an easterly direction. A successful collecting day, particularly in the case of
Diptera and Lepidoptera. The following insects were noted:

DieTerA: Syrphus albostriatus Fall., Helophilus versicolor F., H. frutetorum
F., Trophidia scita Harris, Platycheirus fulviventris Macquart, Syrphus composi-
tarum Verrall, Pipezia noctiluca L., Eumerus strigatus Pall., Chrysotoxus bicinctum
L. and Chrysops relictus Meig.

HEMIPTERA: Stenotatus binotatus (F.), Capsus ater (L.), Psallus varians H.-S.,
Lygocoris populinus L., Liocoris tripustulatus (F.), Cylleloris histrionicus Phylus
melanocephalus L., Peraeocoris olivaceus F. and Leptopterna dolobrata L.

LEPIDOPTERA: Pieris brassicae L., Pararge aegeria L., Coenonympha pamphilus
L. Aglais urticae L. (larvae on nettles), Mimas tiliae L., Malacosoma neustria
L. (larvae), Philudoria potatoria L. (larvae), Saturnia pavonia (larvae), Fumaria
casta Pall. (larvae), Hepialus lupulina L., Melanchra persicariae L., Caradrina
morpheus Hufn., Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn., Calothysanis amata L.,
Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff., Ostrinia nubilalis Hiibn., Sitochroa verticalis L.,
Crambus pratellus L., Pseudoargyrotoza conwaygana F., Aleimma loeflingiana L.
{one pupa), Tortrix viridana L. (several pupae), Laspeyresia nigricana F., Epinotia
trimaculana Don., Apotomis pruinana Hiibn., Hedya salicella L., Olethreutes
lacunana Schiff., Telphusa fugitivella Zell., T. luculella Hiibn., Chrysoclista
linneella Clerck, Carcina quercana F. (several pupae), Phthophila fabriciana L..,
Argyresthia pygmaeella Hiibn., Yponomeuta padella L. (several larvae), Nemotois
degeerella L., and two species of Nepticulidae, one of which was Dechtiria
albifasciella Hein., the other species, taken in numbers at present remains
unidentified. Finally two Ypsolophus cocoons taken from the trunk of an oak by
Eric Bradford produced ichneumons.

WISLEY COMMON, SURREY—2I\st June 1970
Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD

The wonderful weather did not offset the decision by British Railways to
close the whole railway complex in the area for the day and to replace it by
bus services of uncertain timing. Partly as a result of this confusion there was an
attendance of only four.

Some time was spent in the hope of seeing other members, and those present
then made a short tour before deciding to disperse and leave the secrets of
Wisley to be explored by a better attended meeting.

However, it was possible to record with pleasure a specimen of Limenitis
camilla L., which was not only early but had not been recorded from Wisley by
any of those present. A number of common species were also seen.

26 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

WHITE DOWNS, SURREY—1Ith July 1970
Leader: Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON

On an unpromising morning, only four members attended; but the weather
improved as the collecting ground was reached about 11 a.m., and it later
became sunny and warm. The barer chalk slopes on the east side of the Effingham-
Abinger road were worked before lunch and those on the west side, which are
becoming much overgrown by scrub, afterwards.

Only 12 species of Rhopalocera were seen, but most of these were abundant.
They included several dozen Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (aglaia L.), which has
recently been rare in Surrey, and many hundreds of Aphantopus hyperantus L.,
among which a dwarf male of ab. caeca Fuchs was secured. Heterocera proved
difficult to disturb from the still wet vegetation, but there were many unusually
small Zygaena filipendulae L., and pyrales and plumes were much in evidence. A
notable find was a pair of the clearwing Dipsosphecia scopigera Scop. at rest on a
blossom of Crepis at about 11.30 a.m. Unfortunately no more could be found,
despite much searching and sweeping, through many other blossoms were occu-
pied by a species of Hymenoptera which is presumably mimicked by the clear-
wing.

The ground and weather for this meeting deserved a better attendance than it
received. Coleopterists and dipterists in particular would have found, and no
doubt identified, many interesting species.

ARUNDEL PARK, SUSSEX—2nd August 1970
Leader: Mr. D. STIMPSON

Four members attended this meeting which took place on an extremely hot
and sunny day.

The party entered the park by the north-west gate and after a quarter of a mile
or so turned north across a meadow and worked patches of scrub and a group of
trees.

There were plenty of insects about but nothing of special note was taken. A
female Lucanus cervus (L.) was found under bark.

After lunch the party moved downhill towards the river. There were many
felled beeches which were of interest to the coleopterists present and indeed on the
lower slopes quite a large area of woodland had been felled.

Out in the open on a patch of thistles Gonepteryx rhamni L. were so numerous
that a number could have been taken with one sweep of the net. Also flying were
Vanessa atalanta L., V. cardui L., Nymphalis io L. and Aglais urticae L. in some
numbers.

The lepidopterists took a number of moths such as Lygris mellinata F.,
Euphia bilineata L., Ortholitha chenopodiata L. and Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck,
but again nothing of special interest was noted.

After working the lower slopes the party worked back to the cars and the last
thing noted was Polygonia c-album L. at rest just outside the park gates.

The day was too hot and sunny for many insects to be active and although
the meeting did not produce anything of real note a pleasant day was passed by
all present.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 27

HACKHURST DOWNS, SURREY—9th August 1970
Leader: Mr. L. J. D. WAKELY

The sun never quite got through, but the two lepidopterists attending found
Aricia agestis Schiff., Polyommatus icarus Rott. and Lysandra coridon Poda in
fair numbers along the more open parts of the hillside. Other species of butterfly
noted were Pieris rapae L., Pararge megera L., P. aegeria L., Coenonympha
pamphilus L., Aphantopus hyperantus L., Vanessa cardui L., Nymphalis io L. and
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. No other kind of entomologist turned up.

FAVERSHAM, KENT—22nd August 1970
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

From weather reports and remarks made by two of the five members who
arrived for the meeting a wet day was expected. Although it looked threatening
at times we were fortunate that it held off and eventually proved rather pleasant
with occasional sunshine

The greater part of the day was spent along Faversham Creek itself. One area
of Ham Marshes was visited for a short time but nothing of note was seen.
An interesting observation was of a rather energetic geometrid larva. When
first seen it was hanging by a thread about nine inches below a leaf. It was then
seen to climb up the thread, at a speed which surprised the witnesses.

Lepidoptera seen or taken during the day were: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae
L., P. napi L., Pararge megera L., Maniola jurtina L., M. tithonus L. Coenonympha
pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Thymelicus sylvestris
Poda, Smerinthus ocellata L. larva on Salix, Phalera bucephala L. several colonies
of larvae were found some of which were on Salix, Callimorpha jacobaeae L.
larvae not common on Senecio jacobaea L., Fumaria casta Pall. several larval
cases found, Amathes c-nigrum L., Procus furuncula Schiff., Plusia gamma L.,
Rivula sericealis Scop., Calothysanis amata L., Euphyia bilineata L., Anaitis
plagiata L., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Euphithecia centaureata Schift., Nomo-
Phila noctuella Schiff., Haritalia ruralis Scop., Agriphila culmella L., A. geniculea
Haw., A. tristella Schiff., Platyptilia gonodactyla Schiff., Aethes smeathmanniana
F., Dichrorampha simpliciana Haw., Enarmonia formosana Scop., Olethreutes
lacunana Schiff.

Hog’s Fennel, Peucedanum officinalis L., of which there is a good growth
along Faversham Creek, was inspected for Agonopteryx putridella Schiff. Al-
though many larval spinnings were found and dissected none were tenanted and
the moth was not discovered. It was perhaps, a bit late to find it on the wing.

The carcase of a dead swan was seen on the Ham Marshes which might have
been productive to members interested in other Orders, but nobody present
seemed desirous to explore it.

THURSLEY, SURREY—6th September 1970
Leader: Mr. ALAN E. STUBBS

Eight members joined the meeting on a very pleasant if not too productive
day on Thursley Common.

We were met by the warden and conservation officer of Surrey Naturalists’

28 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Trust and examined the progress being made with the dragonfly management
on their reserve. It was late in the season to see these insects at their best, but
cleared pools and ditches were settling down very well. The species seen were
Aeshna juncea (L.), Orthetrum coerulescens (F.), Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.),
S. danae (Sulz.) and Lestes sponsa (Hanse.). Several Sericomyia silentis Harris,
a handsome, large brown and yellow hoverfly, were seen in this area.

At the edge of the common larvae of Ceramica pisi L., Apatele rumicis L., and
Biston betularia L. were found and Pararge aegeria L. was flying in a pine/molinia
area. Several interesting insects were found at the edge of a deciduous woodland
area in the middle of the common, including blister mines of the trypetid fly,
Acidia cognata Wied. in the leaves of Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara L., and a
specimen of Limonia morio (F.) (subject to confirmation), the first record of
this cranefly in Surrey.

Along one of the rides across the heath, the fly Scatopse fuscipes Meig, was
found at a standing dead pine trunk without bark. Several were running in and
out of cracks in the trunk about five feet above the ground, and others were
hovering close by. This behaviour seems odd since the larvae are recorded from
dung and a less certain record is from rotting onions.

ADDINGTON, SURREY and WESTERHAM, KENT—20th September 1970

A practical introduction to the study of
microlepidoptera in the field, part 2

Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

For this outing on the last day of summer and the warmest September day
since 1959, the weather was perfect, with continuous sunshine and calm yet
unoppressive conditions.

We started on the well-known, entomologically rich, flowery fields that adjoin
Featherbed Lane, Addington. This is a splendid locality for the very local and
beautiful Phalonia flaviciliana Westw., and accordingly we collected seed-heads.
of its foodplant Scabiosa arvensis L. for the full-grown larva which feeds inside
a seed capsule spun to a dead head.

The cases of Coleophora nutantella Mihl. and those of C. spissicornis Haw.
were taken on the seed-heads of Silene vulgaris (Moensch.) Garcke and flower-
heads of Trifolium pratense L. respectively. Mr. J. Roche spotted a single case of
C. artemisicolella Bruand on a seed-head of Artemisia vulgaris L.—quite a
feat as the cases are difficult to find; and a number of cases of the gelechiid
Thiotricha subocellea Steph. were collected from the seed-heads of Origanum
vulgare L.

On the hedge bordering this field, Rhamnus catharticus L. leaves spun pod-
fashion, each contained a larva of Ancylis unculana Haw. (cerasana Hibn.);
and the following nepticulid species were noted mining leaves: Dechtiria pul-
verosella Staint., on crab apple; Nepticula oxyacanthae Frey, on hawthorn; and
on the higher ground, tenanted larval mines of N. poterii Staint. were quite
common on Poterium sanguisorba L.

After refreshment at the Cricketers Arms, Addington, Col. Emmet suggested a
drive of some ten miles to the south-east to a wood near Westerham in Kent, to
look for more nepticulid larvae. Nepticula myrtillella Staint., which the leader
had taken there on Vaccinium myrtillus L. on 4.ix.65, and had since been taken

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 29

by Col. Emmet in numbers, was the main goal, and many were noted in the leaves,
but the species is very local.

After an enjoyable and interesting day, those present dispersed at about
6.30 p.m.

OUTWOOD COMMON, SURREY—3rd October 1970
Leader: Mr. K. G. W. EVANS

The unhappy weather conditions undoubtedly accounted for the fact that the
train at Salfords station failed to disgorge the dozens of members expected. How-
ever, the leader and Laurie Evans were received by three members of the Croy-
don Natural History Society.

Substantial quantities of sugar were liberally dispensed and one mercury
vapour and one actinic light were set up in positions known to be usually
rewarding.

Although the night was moonless and there was little wind, the sugar, carefully
prepared to well proven recipes, failed dismally to produce effective results.
Attending were: Allophyes oxyacanthae L. (15), Catocala nupta L. (1) and Hypena
proboscidalis L. (2).

During the rounds of the sugar and when passing the churchyard the party
became a little disconcerted on hearing eerie sounds uncomfortably similar to
heavy breathing. This was eventually traced, with some relief, to a pair of large
Barn Owls occupying a narrow window in the church.

The lights were maintained until about 12.45 a.m. and the results were:
Amathes c-nigrum L., Leucania pallens L., Allophyes oxyacanthae L., Episema
caeruleocephala L., Agrotis segetum Schiff., Agrochola macilenta Hibn., A. lota
Clerck, A. lychnidis Schiff., Anchoscelis helvola L., A. litura L., Citria lutea
Stroem., Dryobotodes eremits F., Griposia aprilina L., Tiliacea aurago Schiff.,
Gortyna flavago Schiff., G. micacea Esp., Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff., Conistra
vaccinii L., C. ligula Esp., Hypena proboscidalis L., Opisthograptis luteolata L.,
Dysstroma truncata Hufn. and Colotois pennaria L.

DUNSFOLD, SURREY—S8th November 1970
Leader: Col. A. M. EMMET

The meeting was attended by 14 members. The main quarry was Coleophora
wockeella Zell., whose larva had been rediscovered in the area in 1969 after a
lapse of some 30 years. A search of the wood where larval cases had been taken
the previous autumn proved unproductive, for only a single example had been
found by lunchtime. The party therefore moved to Botany Bay Wood, a mile
or so away, where C. wockeella proved to be relatively plentiful. About 50 cases
were found and distributed among the party. The larval feeding-places were
conspicuous enough, but the cases were sometimes difficult to see, as many had
attached themselves to stems for hibernation.

Many other leaf-mining larvae were found, the most interesting of which was.
Tischeria dodonaea Heyd., which was almost as numerous as its common relative
T. complanella Hiibn. Unfortunately about 90 per cent were parasitised. Other

30 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

larvae noted or taken included Scrobipalpa acuminatella Sirc., Parornix betulae
Staint., Stigmellidae of the Stigmella atricapitella Haw. group, S. betulicola
Staint. and/or S. luteella Staint., S. regiella H.-S., Nepticula salicis Staint., N.
aurella Staint., Dechtiria argentipedella Zell., D. subbimaculella Haw., D. intimella
Zell. and Fomoria septembrella Staint. Mines in Agrimonia eupatoria L., some
of which were still tenanted, were probably of Nepticula fragariella Hein. Vacated
mines which were noted included Stigmella basiguttella Hein. (relatively plentiful
for an uncommon species), Dechtiria albifasciella Hein. and Heliozela betulae
Staint.

Solidago virgaurea L. was widespread and certainly harboured Coleophora
virgaureae Staint. Some members collected the heads on the chance of their also
holding phaloniid or plume larvae. The seed-heads of Pulicaria dysenterica (L.)
Bernh. were found to contain larvae tentatively identified as /sophrictis bifractella
Dougl. Spongy galls were common on oak leaves and were collected for the
species of Pammene that feed within. Phyllonorycter mines were in plenty on
several foodplants, but there was hardly time to attend to them. Nevertheless
mines of P. emberizaepennella Bouch. were taken on Lonicera as well as mines
in the leaves of Salix caprea L., in case any should turn out to be the newly
discovered P. dubitella H.-S.

It was unfortunate that there were no coleopterists, dipterists of hymenop-
terists present, as many mines made by the larvae of these Orders were observed.
However, quite a large bag of leaves containing parasitised lepidopterous larvae
was subsequently handed over to the hymenopterists at the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.).

BOOK REVIEWS

Wings Across the Meadow. By Jo Brewer. 9 in. x 6in., 190 pages, J. M. Dent &
Sons Ltd., 1970. 35s.

This book presents the life-history of the Monarch butterfly in a narrative,
non-technical, form. The author has obviously taken considerable pains to
ensure factual accuracy and has produced an eminently readable book.

Though most of our members would probably prefer their entomology less
wordy, even if it could perhaps be no more scientifically accurate, our younger
friends and relatives would really enjoy this work if they have any interest in
natural history at all—the romantic approach should appeal to them.

The book is copiously illustrated throughout the text with artistic pencil
sketches of many natural history subjects besides the Monarch. It is beautifully
printed by offset lithography from the original American text.

Anyone with a gift problem to solve might consider this book.

Rearing Stick Insects. Dy. 8vo. 20 pp. A.E.S. Leaflet No. 20. 6s.

This booklet covers the breeding and rearing of the Common, Madagascan
and Corsican Stick Insects particularly, and provides details of other species
liable to be available. It deals fully with the life-history and breeding cages, and
offers suggestions for experimental studies.

A key is given for imagines and the older nymphs and another for the eggs
to generic level; with this last named is an excellent plate of the eggs showing
their characteristics.

1919-20
1922-23
1923-24
1924-25
1925-26
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30
1930-31
1931-32
1932-33
1933-34
1934-35
1935-36

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
We regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and new prices have
been agreed. These are as follows :—

eis
0

me PO TO ON NO
oO

d.

1936-37
1937-38
1945-46
1946-47
1947-48
1948-49
1949-SO
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955

1956

*

*

SS SS S'S CroiSra SSeS

All other numbers are out of print, but when available mint or
Ist Class secondhand

Other secondhand copies when available according to condition.

Bean ea? A La Sea:
[e100 1957 3,00
2 ORO 1958 PM s(0,
2 OesOe 1959 210 O
DeLOkO® 1960 210020
8-70). /0* 1961 210 O
3 10-105 1962 210 0
371007, OF 1963, Part 1 18 0
110 O 1963, Part2 1 O O
Sie Oe O* 1964 10 6
35 -0)205 1965 i 4570
ORO 1966 IS ea6
35 100* 1967 a eO
DOM 0 1968 SP one
7 Me) 1969 210 6
1970 Be ele)
4 0 0

* These copies are very scarce and contain papers in great demand. Member’s
discount cannot therefore be allowed.

A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA

by:

FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

by LT:

FORD, B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL

HISTORY SOCIETY

Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Annual Exhibition 10
Book Reviews 30
Buck, F. D., Autumn Plusia gamma L. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) 19
Field Meetings 20 |
Lampitt, B. J., Nymphalis io L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) |
and Hibernation 19
Proceedings Ly.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes
place in the autumn in the Conversazione Room
at the British Museum (Natural History). Frequent
Field Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to
the Secretary.

JULY 1971

Vol. 4 Part 2
bee
“B e52)

Ew,
Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and

Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for this publication is:-—
‘Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.’

Xs ATHSUW a
3A:

SEP 211971

LigRaRit>

Price: £0°70

1872-4
1875-6
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886-7
1888-9
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901

1902
1903
1904
1905
1906-7
1908-9
1910-11
1912-13
1914-15
1916-17
1918-19

1920-1
1922

1923-4
1925-6

1927-8
1929
1930
1930
1931

1932

Past Presidents .

J. R. WELLMAN (dec.).

A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.).

R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.).

A FICKLIN (dec.).

V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.).

T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. R. WELLMAN (dec.).

W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.).

R. SouTH, F.E.S. (dec.).

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

T. R. BILLUPs, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.).

W. H. TUGWELL, PH.c. (dec.).

C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.),

E,. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.).

T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.).

R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.).

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. (dec.).

A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.).

W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.).

H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S.,

L.R.C.P., F.E.S. (dec.).

F. NOAD CLARK (dec.).

E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.).

A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.).

H. MAIN, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.).

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.).

W. J. KAYE, F.E.S. (dec.).

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).

B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.).

Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.).

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.
(dec.).

. G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.).

J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.).

ED RUMEY. b-2-S.,)F.E:S,

H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
(dec.).

A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
F.E.S, (dec.).

. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.).

B. CARR (dec.).

. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S. (dec.).

. G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. (dec.).

H. L. GroOsVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.).

ZAK

a f,Omr ms

1933

1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939

1940

1941
1942
1943
1944
1945-6

1947
1948
1949
1950

1951

1952
1953
1954

1955
1956
1957

1958

1959
1960
1961

1962
1963
1964
1965
1966

1967
1968

1969
1970

Editorial

Editor: F. D. Buck, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors: T. R. Eagles, M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
A. E. Gardner, F.R.E.S.

Papers Panel:

T. R. E. Southwood, B.SC., PH.D., A.R.C.S., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. Uffen, F.R.E.s.

C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., PH.D.,
A.1.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.

T. R. EAGLES

E. E. SyMS, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

M. NIBLETT (dec.).

F. J. COULSON (dec.).

F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S. |
(dec.). |

E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., |
F.R.E.S. (dec.).

F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

S. WAKELY.

R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG.

STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.

Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N.,
F.R.E.S. (dec.).

L. T. Forp, B.A. (dec.).

Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.).

J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A. (dec.).

Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,
K.B.E., C.B., M.C., D.F.C., A.F.C.,
F.R.E.S.

T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.,
F.Z.S.

E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.

F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J.,
F.R.E.S.

F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S.

B. P. MOORE, B.SC., D.PHIL.,
F.R.E.S.

N. E. HICKIN, PH.D., B.SC.,
F.R.E.S.

F. T VALLINS, A.C.I.I., F.R.E.S.

R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC.,

F.R.E.S. (dec.).

. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.

. L. MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S.

. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S.

. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

J. A. C. GREENWOOD, 0O.B.E.,
F.R.E.S.

R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A.,
F.R.E.S.

B. GOATER, B.SC., F.R.E.S. |

Capt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.O., R.N.

B. J. MACNULTY, B.SC., PH.D.,
F.R.1.C., F.R.E.S.

POD

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 31

PROCEEDINGS

14th JANUARY 1971
The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—A coloured print of a photograph by Mr. J. B. Fisher
of Gortyna borelii Pierre ssp. lunata Freyer (Lep., Noctuidae), a species new to
Britain taken by him in Britain. Three specimens were taken and the determina-
tion of the first verified by M. Boursin, who expressed no surprise at its appear-
ance on this side of the North Sea, having Gortyna hucherardi Mab., a reasonably
near relative, in mind.

Mr. F. D. Buck—A series of advertising leaflets depicting Coleoptera and
Hemiptera in colour.

Mr. C. O. HaMMOND—A living example of Chrysopa carnea Steph. (Neur.,
Chrysopidae), the only British species of the family which may be found in the
imago stage all through the year. The colour changes to a dull brown during
hibernation. The exhibited insect was taken at light at Wood Green, N. London,
SAIL FAL

Mr. M. CLIFTON—Syntomus stenoptera Zerny and §S. consimilis Hamps.
(Lep., Syntomidae), two species occurring in similar habitats in the same area.
from the Kurura Forest, Kenya, but which do not usually meet. §. stenoptera
occurs along shaded paths where the trees meet overhead. S. consimilis on the
other hand is found along wide paths with the trees well back providing no
overhang. The larvae of both species are grass feeders in the early stages feeding
on the dead rotting grass at the bottom of the clump, in the later stages feeding
on the green grass blades further up. In captivity they take readily to flowers of
the Compositae. The example of S. consimilis shown feeding on groundsel.

COMMUNICATIONS

Xylena vetusta Hiibn. (Lep., Noctuidae) was reported by Dr. C. G. M. DE
Worws to have been taken by Mr. Wanstell in his moth trap at Brentwood that
morning.

Mr. R. Mew, ina letter, recorded rearing Acherontia atropos L. (Lep., Sphingi-
dae) from an egg which he had found on the upper side of a leaf on an ash tree
in the south of France on 22nd July last. It hatched the next day and was fed on
ash until it pupated on 4th October, the moth emerging, slightly damaged, on
8th November. At the time when the egg was found a number of other eggs in a
similar situation were also found, but all had hatched and no larvae could be
found.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss remarked on a reproduction of a mural from the tomb
of Tutankhamen on the jacket of a book of his grandson’s. It included butterflies
clearly identifiable as Danaus chrysippus L. (Danaidae).

Coloured transparencies were shown by Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms, Mr. M. W. F.
Tweebiz, Mr. C. O. HAMMOND and Mrs. F. MurPHY.

*

32 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC. 1971,
28th JANUARY 1971

99th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
(with which was combined the ordinary meeting)

The President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WiLLiaAMs—Aleochara ruficornis Gray. (Col., Staphylinidae), a
single example sieved from flood refuse collected in the New Forest, S. Hants,
Bexie7O:

Mr. M. CLirToN—An unidentified male ascalaphid from Africa showing a
remarkable Y-shaped process on the second segment of the abdomen.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—(1) A Eupithecia centaureata Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae)
found flying in the living room of a block of flats in Holloway, London, N.7.,
23.i.71. (2) A gelechiid moth bred from a larva found feeding on tomato fruit
bought in Boreham Wood, Herts., which emerged 27.1.7].

Mr. A. E. Stusss—A box of insects from Nairobi, Kenya.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. A. E. StusBs commented on a threat to Benfleet and Hadleigh marshes

A male Alsophila aescularia Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae) was reported to have
been seen recently in Wimbledon, S.W. London; and Mr. E. S. BRADFORD said
that a few days previously he had noticed bees were active in N. Finchley,
London, N.12.

Mr. R. F, BRETHERTON announced that Mr. & Mrs. T. G. Howarth had donated
£10 10s. to the Centenary Fund from the proceeds of teas provided before the
meetings.

The Treasurer, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, read his report on the Society’s finances
and moved its adoption. Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt seconded the report which
was carried.

The Council’s report was presented by Mr. B. GOATER who moved the adoption;
the report was seconded by Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms and was carried.

The Editor’s Report was presented by Mr. F. D. Buck and seconded by
Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss; the Librarian’s Report by Mr. S. A. WILLIAMs and seconded
by Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss; the Curator’s Report by Mr. A. E. GARDNER and
seconded by Mr. B. SKINNER. All were carried.

The President declared the following officers and Ordinary Members of
Council elected for the ensuing year: President, Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D.,
M.A., F.R.E.S.; Vice-Presidents, B. J. MACNULTY, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S.,
and Prof. H. E. HINTON, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.S., F.R.E.S.; Treasurer, R. F. BRETHERTON,
C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S.; Secretary, P. J. BAKER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.; Editor, F. D.
BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.; Curator, A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.; Librarian, S. A.
WILLIAMS, F.R.E.S.; Lanternist, M. SHAFFER; Ordinary Members of Council,
E. S. BRADFORD, D. J. CARTER, R. G. CHATELAIN, Capt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.C.,
R.N., K. G. W. EvANS, B. GOATER, B.SC., M.I.BIOL., D. C. GRANGE, A. S. F.
Rippon, K. A. SPENSER, PH.D., F.R.E.S., L. J. D. WAKELY, C.M.G., O.B.E., M.A.

Under bye-law 25(b) Mr. P. N. Crow asked about the security of tenure at

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 33

the Alpine Club. In reply Mr. R. F. Bretherton and Mr. A. E. Gardner reassured
him.

Dr. B. J. MACNULTY read his Presidential Address on acarine associations with
insects (see p. 45).

A vote of thanks to Dr. MacNulty was moved by Col. A. M. Emmet, the
incoming President, with which he coupled a request for permission to publish
the Address just given. In his reply Dr. MacNulty agreed.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN proposed a vote of thanks to the Officers and Council
which was seconded by Mr. R. Tusss and carried. Dr. M. G. Morris replied.

A vote of thanks to the Auditors was proposed by Mr. P. N. Crow and secon-
ded by Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN. The vote was carried by acclamation.

COUNCIL’S REPORT 1970

1970 was European Conservation Year. Dr. M. G. Morris and Mr. A. E. Stubbs
have represented the Society on several occasions at meetings of outside bodies
which have been concerned with arrangements for it. Thanks to the initiative
of Mr. G. Prior, mobile exhibits with a conservation theme were constructed as
a joint project with the Amateur Entomologists’ Society and have been displayed
in public libraries in and around London. One of the Society’s Ordinary Meetings
was devoted to a thoughtful discussion of the relation between collecting and
conservation, which has been summarised in the Proceedings.

The Society’s membership has resumed its growth, from 582 at the end of
1969, to 600 at the end of 1970, made up of 6 Honorary and 2 Special Life,
275 Ordinary, 272 Country and 45 Junior members. It is encouraging that a
high proportion of the new members are Junior. There was, however, a loss
of members through death, resignation or cancellation of membership. A new
list of members and their addresses, revised to 21st February 1970, with a
geographical analysis, has been circulated.

The programme for Ordinary Meetings, arranged by Mr. D. J. Carter, has been
both varied and interesting, and the attendance has usually been high. As in
the past, Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Howarth, helped by Mrs. Lewis of the Alpine Club,
have contributed much to the sociability of these evenings by their service of tea
and biscuits. Attendance at Field Meetings, arranged by Mr. G. Prior, has ranged
from 2 to 21, the season ended with a very successful hunt for micro-lepidoptera
at Dunsfold on the day after the Annual Exhibition. The reasons for the uneven
popularity of the Field Meetings are not clear, and Mr. Prior would welcome
ideas for improvement.

At a Special Meeting on the 23rd April, the Society adopted regulations to
govern the Professor Hering Memorial Research Fund, thus following up the
generous gift by Frau Hering, widow of the late Professor E. M. Hering, which
was recorded in last year’s Report, of a capital sum to assist research in the fields
of entomology in which Professor Hering was particularly interested. Conditions
for awards from the Fund were advertised in the leading entomological journals,
and in November, the Management Committee was able to offer an award of
£100 to Mr. H. Andersson, of Lund, Sweden, to help him in the study of Indian
and African Chloropidae.

The Annual Exhibition was again held in the Conversazione Room at the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.)—a privilege for which the Council is grateful to

34 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I

the Trustees. There were some 90 exhibitors and a very full attendance, which
was justified by the high standard and varied interest of the exhibits. The Society
itself exhibited at the exhibitions of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society and of
the Schools Natural History Society.

The Christmas Card, figuring a dragonfly, was again designed by Mr. Alan
Palmer, and notably successful arrangements for its advertisement and sale were
made by Miss K. H. Brookes.

The Annual Dinner, on 6th November, was again held at Fleming’s Hotel. It
was attended by 71 members and guests.

A further supply of the Society’s ties has been bought. These are still available
to members at the price of 25/-.

All four parts of the Proceedings for 1970 were distributed before the end
of the year. Council congratulates the Editor on thus completing the process of
catching up, which he began in 1969. Council gratefully acknowledges the receipt
of a grant of £75 from the Royal Society, mainly in respect of the papers on
‘A Biological Study of Aricia artaxerxes ssp. salmacis (Stephens)’, and on
‘Homoeosis and related phenomena in the Small Copper Butterfly, Lycaena
Dhleaes (L.)’.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins, a distinguished Special Life Member, died in February.
He bequeathed to the Society £100 to be used for such general purposes as the
Council might direct. It has been added to the Housing Fund.

The Centenary Committee has been actively considering plans for 1972.
A welcome flow of gifts to the Centenary Fund has continued. The Council
particularly wishes to acknowledge the gift by Mr. E. W. Classey of back-numbers
of entomological journals. The sale of these to members has already provided
a considerable addition to the Fund.

The Council and the Society have suffered heavy loss by the illness and,
death at the end of June, of the Hon. Secretary, Mr. D. A. Odd, who in his short
tenure of the office had made several improvements in the Society’s admini-
stration. During the remainder of the year, the Society has been without a
Secretary, the work being shared mainly between Mr. R. F. Bretherton, Mr. B.
Goater, and Mr. F. T. Vallins. The Council is pleased, however, to nominate
Mr. P. J. Baker to this rather onerous post for the forthcoming year, and wishes
him all success.

The success of the Society depends entirely on the help which is so generously
given by a great number of members, both office-holders and others. The Council
wishes to thank all of them. It hopes that in the coming year, even more may take
part in the day-to-day running of the Society.

EDITOR’S REPORT 1970

We completed publication for the year under review by publishing part 4,
late in November. With this part, we produced 126 pages, with 5 monochrome
and 3 coloured plates, plus an index of 11 pages to the previous year’s volume.

Among the papers published was another part of Mr. Haggett’s ‘Larvae of the
British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler’, which was financed by Mrs. Mar-
garet Mere’s memorial fund to her late husband. With this, we have published
as much of the work as Mr. G. M. Haggett has ready. He is working on the
next pair of plates. The Society’s thanks are once more due to Mrs. Mere who
has made this possible; Mr. Haggett joins us with his personal appreciation.

Also published was a paper by Mr. S. R. Bowden on the speciation of Pieris
napi L.; a review of the microlepidoptera added to the British list since L. T.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I 35

Ford’s review 21 years ago; and another part to the West African larvae series,
among others.

In part 2 we published a coloured plate to the paper by T. S. Robertson,
(1969, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 2: 76-102). This plate was printed and
supplied to us by Shell Research Ltd. Our thanks are due to them for their
generosity.

It is expected that we shall publish the index to the volume for 1970 with
Part 1 of Volume 4 during February.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT 1970

I am pleased to report a satisfactory year for the library, during which a
record number of books were borrowed and several interesting gifts were received.
An important and increasingly used part of the library is that containing the
notebooks. We were, therefore, very pleased to receive from Frau Hering the
notebooks and papers belonging to her late husband, the distinguished dipterist.
These comprise several large parcels, which now need to be catalogued. Several
hundred record cards containing details of the capture of his British Coleoptera
were donated to the Society by Mr. R. O. S. Clarke. Valuable separates have also
been presented.

During the year, our binders have bound ten volumes of our serial publications,
including our own journal. We are now up-to-date with the popular ones. It is
regrettable that the binders have increased their charges by 15 per cent, with a
further increase likely in 1971. It appears, however, that our present binders’
charges are in line with those of other firms.

The Maidstone Museum borrowed many of our British Journals to assist
them in compiling the new list of Kent Coleoptera. These have now been returned.

Mr. R. M. Williams resigned as Assistant Librarian during the year and his
position taken by Miss B. A. Spark, and I am grateful to both for their assistance.
Mr. G. S. E. Cross has also been of great help in arranging our unbound foreign
journals.

The additions to the library are as follows: Brewer, Jo, Wings in the Meadow,
presented by F. D. Buck and S. N. A. Jacobs (two copies); Hering, Erich M.,
Bestimmungstabellen der Blattiminen von Europa einschilesslich des Mittelmeer-
beckens und der Kanarischen Inselm, 3 volumes, presented by K. A. Spenser;
Jewkes, John, Sawers, David and Stillerman, Richard, The Sources of Invention,
presented by A. S. F. Rippon; Lever, R. J. A. W., Pests of the Cocoanut Palm,
presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Nash, T. A., Africa’s Bane the Tsetse, presented
by S. N. A. Jacobs; Spencer, K. A., (editor), Letters on Leaf Miners by Erich
M. Hering, purchased.

CURATOR’S REPORT 1970

Mr. F. T. Vallins completed re-arranging the Society’s collection of Micro-
lepidoptera early in the year. This is accommodated in 25 drawers of Hill units.
The nomenclature follows the revised edition of Kloet and Hincks’ list of British
Insects.

We are greatly indebted to Mr. Vallins for carrying out this onerous task
so efficiently and quickly. We are also grateful to the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz for
making photostat copies of the list available.

Work has continued on the re-arrangement of the Hemiptera-Homoptera.
Nine drawers have been completed; these represent over half the required number.
The F. J. Coulson collection is being incorporated; the nomenclature follows the

**

36 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

latest Kloet and Hincks’ list. When the opportunity has arisen, work has also
continued on the Dr. A. M. Massee collection of British Coleoptera.

Mr. J. C. Felton has finished checking the identifications of our British Hymen-
optera, and Mr. F. J. Chandler has continued to give valuable assistance with
the Diptera. The collections of Coleoptera have been frequently consulted, and
specimens were loaned to Dr. M. G. Morris, to Messrs. C. MacKechnie Jarvis,
and S. A. Williams for critical examination. Mr. P. M. Hammond has studied
the Scydmaenidae and Mr. R. D. Pope a section of the Coccinellidae.

During the year, one Hill unit has been purchased and our two microscopes
have been placed on loan. Specimens from the Society’s collection were exhibited
at the Annual Exhibition and the School’s Natural History Society Exhibition.

The residue of the Capt. R. A. Jackson collection of British Lepidoptera was
presented to the Society by his son, Col. B. W. Jackson. This very considerable
number of specimens in immaculate condition is a valuable addition for which
we are most grateful.

The thanks of the Society are also due to the following members for notable
accessions: Sir Eric Ansorge (Lepidoptera), Mr. S. M. Atkins (Lepidoptera),
Mr. A. E. Gardner (Coleoptera and Lepidoptera), Mr. B. Goater (Diptera and
Lepidoptera), Mr. D. O’Keeffe (Lepidoptera), Mr. P. A. Selden (Lepidoptera),
Mr. F. T. Vallins (Lepidoptera), Mr. S. Wakely (Lepidoptera), Mr. A. J. Wight-
man (Lepidoptera), and Mr. S. A. Williams (Coleoptera).

My best thanks are due to my assistant Mr. L. Christie for his continued
valuable help.

TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1970

Our auditors, Mr. A. G. Stoughton-Harris and Mr. J. L. Messenger, have
approved the accounts for 1970. As there has not been time to circulate copies,
I will briefly mention the main points.

On the assets side of the Balance Sheet, our investments, valued at cost, have
risen to £5,784 as a result of the purchase last January, at a cost of about £2,300,
of securities for the Hering Memorial Research Fund and for the General Fund.
Share prices generally have had a bad year, and the market value of our older
holdings was somewhat lower at the end of the year than at the beginning,
though still well above cost. The new purchases, however, which were nearly
evenly divided between equities and redeemable fixed interest stocks, almost
exactly retained their market value. Cash at the bank was, of course, reduced by
these purchases, but our balances on current and savings accounts together
still stand at £1,279, which is a very strong position. Sundry debtors have
increased, mainly because of a larger claim on the Inland Revenue. The process of
writing off old stocks of Christmas cards and ties, which was begun in 1968, is
nearing completion: the remainders now stand at £30 and £15 respectively.

On the liabilities side, the Housing Fund has been increased by the allocation
to it of £100 bequeathed to the Society by our late Special Life Member, Mr.
C. N. Hawkins, and of £50 from interest. It now stands at £1,046—still some way
from enough to buy us a house. The Centenary Fund has risen during the year
by £166, to £438; of this increase £51 has come from the sale of old periodicals
generously presented by Mr. E. W. Classey, £92 from cash gifts, and the rest
from interest. The balance of the Library Fund has been slightly reduced. The
Hering Memorial Research Fund has not yet had a full year’s income from its
investments, but provision has been made in the accounts for an award of £100
from it, which has not yet been taken up. The Reserve Fund has gained £42 in

37

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC., 197I

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40 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

interest, but has been reduced by the transfer to the Publications Account of
£146 from the balance of Mrs. Mere’s gift for publication of plates of the larvae
of British Lepidoptera, a further instalment of which appeared in the 1970
Proceedings; over £200 still remains for use in future years.

Finally, the balance of the General Fund has been again increased by a
surplus on the General Income and Expenditure Account. At £174, this is much
better than I budgeted for last spring; and it has been secured after covering a
large grant to the Ties Account for the purchase of new stock and also a non-
recurrent item of £59 for publicity during Conservation Year. The surplus is
mainly the result of a reduction of £107 in the grant needed by the Publications
Account, and of a rise of £44 in subscriptions, which reflects a welcome resump-
tion of the growth in membership; our administrative expenses are also slightly
down. This is due to careful planning by many officers to avoid unnecessary
expenditure and to keep costs down. I am very grateful to them for this.

Of the special accounts, the Publications Account shows, as I have said, a
much reduced deficit. Some of this reduction is apparent rather than real, in
that we have this year covered much of the cost of one part of the Proceedings
by drawing part of Mrs. Mere’s gift from reserve. We have also benefited from
a grant of £75 from the Royal Society and from a useful increase in sales, which
reflects a growing appreciation of the quality of our publications. Finally, the
Editor is to be congratulated on some determined operations to keep down the
costs of printing and blocks. Christmas Cards have had another good year.
Altogether, Miss Brookes and her helpers sold about 3,800 cards of all vintages,
and receipts exceeded expenditure in the year by £29, which was more than enough
to cover the writing down of old stocks. The Ties Account has to carry the cost
of a new stock of the maroon and green colours, which only arrived in September,
and I hope that in 1971 we can make rather better arrangements for selling them
to members.

All in all, we have had a very good year financially. I do not expect quite the
same success in 1971. In 1970, by good luck and good management, we have
been insulated from the current inflation. That cannot go on indefinitely; printing
and postage costs must rise sharply in 1971. But the growth in membership is
very helpful, and if we can keep this up we shall not come to much harm.

I have again had meticulous support from Mr. F. T. Vallins as Assistant
Treasurer in charge of subscriptions, and I am very sorry that owing to his recent
illness he cannot be here tonight. I also thank the auditors for the promptitude
with which they have dealt with the accounts, and I am grateful for the help
I have received from Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs, Mr. J. L. Messenger, Mr. J. A. C.
Greenwood, and Mr. A. S. Wheeler, as Trustees and as members of the Finance
Committee.

REPORT ON THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND, 1970

At its February meeting Council appointed a Management Committee for
the Fund, consisting of the President, Dr. B. J. MacNulty (ex officio); the Hon.
Treasurer, Mr. R. F. Bretherton (ex officio); Capt. J. Ellerton and Dr. K. A.
Spencer. At a Special Meeting held on 23rd April the Society adopted regulations
for the government of the Fund. These were published in the Proceedings and
Transactions, vol. 3, part 3, pages 93-4.

An announcement setting out the conditions for awards from the Fund, and
inviting applications not later than 30th September 1970, was published during

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 41

the summer in five British entomological journals. Six applications were received,
one of them after the closing date, for assistance towards the cost of publication
of colour plates illustrating lepidopterous diseases of lemon trees; for a visit from
abroad to study the taxonomy of certain Diptera in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.); for the purchase by the Society for long loan of books on leaf-miners;
for research into the effects of temperature on pigmentation in Precis octavia
(Lep., Nymphalidae); for the study by trap sampling of the distribution of
certain micro-lepidoptera in various parts of North Wales; and for the compila-
tion of lists of Rhopalocera and Heterocera to be found in a Sussex nature reserve.

After considering the applications in relation to the priorities set out in the
announcement of the purposes of the Fund, the Management Committee on
1st October offered an award of £100 to Mr. Hugo Andersson, of the Zoological
Institute, Lund, Sweden, towards the cost of a visit to London for the purpose of
studying the collections of Indian and African Chloropidae in the British Museum
Natural History, as a sequel to field studies of this group of insects. Mr. Andersson
has accepted the award, and hopes to make the visit about April, 1971.

It is intended that applications for awards in 1971 should be invited early in
the summer.

11th FEBRUARY 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair
The death was announced of Mr. A. J. Wightman.

EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Ocypus olens (Miill.) from Darenth Wood, Kent, 31.iii.65
and Oligota flavicornis (Lac.) (Col., Staphylindae), to illustrate the great difference
in size found in the family.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) Deleaster dichrous (Grav.) (Col., Staphylinidae)
from the Coulson Collection, a rare species found in association with the nests of
the water vole and also under leaves in damp situations. (2) A short series of
Micralymma marinum (Stroem.) (Col., Staphylinidae) taken in the fissures of
rocks below the high-water mark at Spalrick Bay, I.o.M., 10.viii.69. At high
tide these rocks are covered by two or three fathoms of water.

COMMUNICATIONS

A doubt was expressed by Mr. F. D. Buck on the specific association of
Deleaster dichrous (Grav.) and the water vole. He had seen the insect in gravel
on the beach at St. Margaret’s Bay, Kent; a most unlikely habitat for a water
vole. The paucity of records for this beetle was hardly conducive to any firm
conclusions regarding its habitat except that it favoured a damp situation.

Mr. T. G. HAworTH announced that he had obtained for the Society from the
Rank Organisation, a copy of the film ‘Where have all the Butterflies gone’, in
which a number of our members had taken part.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS read a paper on ‘Rove Beetles’ which he illustrated with
coloured transparencies. The paper was followed by a discussion.

42 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I

25th FEBRUARY 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMeET, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Mr. R. T. Mew and Mr.
A. J. Fairclough.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. Emmet—Shoots of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) showing vacated
and tenanted mines of Blastotere glabrella Zell. (Lep., Yponomeutidae), or less
probably, B. illuminatella Zell., from Debden. in Essex. Either species would be
a new county record.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—A stereo slide of a Nymphalis antiopa L. (Lep., Nymph-
alidae) taken with a Pentax stereo-beamsplitter accessory screwed onto a stan-
dard 55mm lens; viewed through the Pentax mirror viewer.

Mr. J. A. C. GREENwWoop—An enlargement of a photogtaph of an Aglais
urticae L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) taken by Col. Scott.

COMMUNICATIONS

Commenting on the season, Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said he had seen recently
some Achyla flavicornis L. (Lep., Thyatiridae), some Conistra vacinii L. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) and a few species of Orthosia. Some spring moths, he added. were as
much as two or three weeks early.

A discussion on ‘Insect Photography’ was opened by Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie,
who followed his remarks with a number of coloured transparencies by way of
illustration. The following members also took part in the discussion and showed
examples of their work: Mr. E. S. Bradford, Mr. D. Goddard, Mr. C. O. Ham-
mond, Mrs. F. M. Murphy, and Mr. R. W. J. Uffen.

11th MARCH 1971
The President, Col. A. M. Emmet, in the Chair

The President welcomed Mr. and Mrs. Heinemann, from New York, to the
meeting.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMMet—The grass Dactylis glomerata L., growing in a pot and
mined by Elachista unifasciata (Lep., Elachistidae), which mined in a peculiar
manner for the genus. The mine is rather like that of a Lithocolletis, the larva
spins silk inside the blade of the grass causing it to pucker and form a sort of
tube. The exhibited insects were taken on the North Downs at Featherbed Lane
on the Surrey/Kent border.

Dr. K. A. SPENCER—Agromyzid flies to illustrate his talk.

COMMUNICATIONS

A letter from C. E. M. Dale, a post graduate student of Manchester University,
was read. He requested help with specimens of Noctua pronuba L. (Lep., Noc-
tuidae) for ecological and genetical research.

A talk on ‘Agromyzidae’ was given by Dr. K. A. SPENCER, which he illustrated
with coloured transparencies and diagrammatic slides.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 43

BOOK REVIEWS

A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. By Lionel G. Higgins and
Norman D. Riley, with colour illustrations by Brian Hargreaves. 380 pp. + 60
colour plates, 371 distribution maps, end papers. Collins 1970. 42s.

This book is the first comprehensive guide, with colour illustrations, to the
European butterflies. It is the culmination of the combined experience, both in
the field and in the museum, of two authors who need no introduction.

The format is excellent and comprises a chapter on how to use the book,
introduction, check-list of species, glossary, descriptive text, bibliography, and
distribution maps. The layout of the text is both lucid and concise, the authors
having reduced the descriptions to a minimum, obviously relying a great deal
upon the excellent and well reproduced illustrations of the artist, Brian Hargreaves.
The scientific and English names are followed, where possible, by the common
names in French, German, Swedish and Spanish. Then follows the world range
of the species, scientific name, author and date, type locality, the condensed
description, flight (time of appearance), habitat, distribution, variation, and
the names of similar species. The habitat section includes notes on the larval
foodplants, when known. Of special value are the key characters that are to be
found on the caption pages opposite the plates. The end papers will be very use-
ful and should enable the beginner to place any specimen at family level without
much difficulty.

A very sensible and objective view is taken in dealing with the vast number of
subspecies which in a volume of this size, could not be dealt with adequately,
and only what are termed the ‘major subspecies’ are accounted for. This ob-
jective approach to the subspecies or geographical races will no doubt cause
considerable controversy, however, as will the ‘lumping’ together of taxa which
have generally been accepted as distinct species, e.g. Melanargia galathea and
lachesis, and Pieris napi and bryoniae. It is assumed that these and other changes
In nomenclature which, to quote the authors (p. 13), ‘we hope are final’, are new
and appear for the first time in this book; if this is so it is unfortunate and,
in the opinion of the reviewer, should not have been made in such a general
textbook. This kind of information should be published as a separate paper
in one of the entomological journals devoted to such literature.

It is pleasing to find that the European Mapping Scheme is mentioned, the
record cards for the European butterflies having been based on the check-list
in this book. The check-list in its present form, however, serves no useful purpose
for neither authors and dates nor synonymy are included.

The beginner will find the glossary extremely useful, in spite of the typographi-
cal errors—‘hononym’ for homonym, ‘image’ for imago and ‘priform’ for
piriform. The definition of homonym is not clear, and the statement under
synonym that ‘only the first published name is valid’ I find amusing when in
the past such a large number of valid names have been suppressed by taxonomists
in favour of better-known junior synonyms, merely to satisfy personal whims.

I found the abbreviations in the descriptive text somewhat annoying at first but
these can be mastered very quickly and without undue stress.

The introduction is both interesting and explanatory. It is stated, however,
that the gland cells at the base of the androconia produce scents which are believed
to be attractive to the females, i.e., implying that they are directive. I would
have thought that the scent produced in such gland cells in the male is of an
aphrodisiac nature and stimulates the female to copulate.

***

44 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

In the citation of the scientific names I found the absence of a comma between
the author and date irritating. I condone, however, the absence of brackets
around authors; although their inclusion where necessary conforms with the
Zoological Code, they serve very little purpose in nomenclature.

The distribution maps, although necessarily small, show at a glance the breed-
ing range of each species. The order of the maps would have been better if the
species had been so arranged that one read the captions from top to bottom
instead of across the page.

Two indexes are provided, one of English names and one of the scientific
names. That of the English names is usable in spite of not being completely
cross-referenced; that of the scientific names is of very little use for, apart from a
lack of cross-referencing, the species’ names are merely arranged alphabetically
under their respective genera. While such a system may well work after the
reader has learnt the generic and specific combinations, it is at present almost
impossible to find a given species if it has been placed in an unfamiliar genus.
It is to be hoped that future editions will incorporate a fully comprehensive index.

The book is marred by the number of typographical errors, one such error
even occurring on the spine, and the quality of type-setting does not come up
to the usually high standard that one associates with the publishers.

It is a pity that a small paragraph on conservation was not included in the
introduction, especially as this book was launched in European Conservation
Year.

In spite of these minor criticisms I cannot praise the book too highly. The
professional approach combined with the easy-to-read text and excellent illus-
trations will no doubt make this book one of the best sellers of its kind for many
years. It is a book that anyone interested in natural history should possess let
alone collectors and more serious students of butterflies. At such a modest
price it is one that all can afford. My congratulations to the authors, artist and
publishers.

W. G. TREMEWAN.

Beetles in Merioneth. Since the publication of ‘A Preliminary List of the Coleop-
tera of Merioneth, North Wales’ (Skidmore and Johnson, 1969, Ent. Gaz.,
20:139-225), a number of records from this county have been brought to the
notice of the authors. It was suggested that I should bring all these together in
the form of a supplement to their paper.

Before I complete this I should be glad to receive any further information
from other collectors who did not know that the first list was being prepared.
Observations made by visiting entomologists on holiday in Wales are not always
published and interesting records may be lost.

Additional information on the beetles of the eastern half of the county would
be particularly welcome; and, to quote Skidmore and Johnson, ‘there is a dearth
of records for indoor species and pests of stored food products’.—Mrs. M. J.
MorGawn, University College of North Wales, Dept. of Agriculture and Forest
Zoology, Memorial Buildings, Bangor, Caernarvonshire, 14th August 1970.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 45
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

B. J. MACNULTY, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.I.C., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.

I first attended a meeting of this society at the Annual Meeting 40 years
ago, joining the same year (1931). The membership was then 251; it now stands at
600, or an average annual increase of six per cent. However the growth has not
been steady, but static, except for two short periods, one just after the war,
when membership doubled, and about 1960 when another 100 members were
added. If we could only maintain a six per cent annual increase in membership
any future financial troubles would be overcome. What this society needs for a
secure future, is a membership of 1,000. As an example of what can be done
I should mention Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm, who for many years has introduced
two or three new members to the society annually. I thank him on your behalf
for the effort he has made over the years.

In 1931 the average attendance at meetings was 37. The average for 1970 is
scarcely larger. Hence our attendances have not kept up with our increase in
membership. However in 1931 we had 208 ordinary members, and today 275,
which perhaps reflects our transition from a local to a national society, but the
annual increase is less than one per cent. There is room for improvement here.
Subscriptions increased fourfold in the period from 12/6d to £2.12.6, but are still
remarkably cheap for a national society.

One further change, in 1931 we held 11 field meetings compared with 28 this
year. So the total attendance is probably as high as ever.

I thank the officers and members of the council both collectively and individu-
ally for the hard work they put in during the year. Administratively it has been
a difficult period. Mr. Odd was taken ill in April and died in July after a short
illness. His death was sudden, unexpected and a great loss to the society, and I
must in particular thank Mr. Bretherton and Mr. Goater for keeping the secretary-
ship working during the rest of the year. I must thank also Mr. Baker for volun-
teering to take over the onerous but rewarding job of secretary.

During the year the society lost 8 members by death:

Mr. H. Symes, M.A. Oxon., joined the society in 1950. He was a keen lepidop-
terist and worked mostly in the Oxford district and the New Forest.

Mr. H. E. Webb, who died in February, joined the society in 1945 and for the
next ten years was a most active member. He served six years on the council,
was Field Meetings secretary in 1951 and 1952, and lanternist in 1955. After his
retirement, failing eyesight led to his gradual disappearance from our meetings.
I have very happy personal memories of him—he was a great asset to the society
which is the poorer for his passing.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins, joined the society in 1924. In the thirties he was one of
the most prominent amateur entomologists in the country. Alone and in
collaboration with his great friend Dr. E. A. Cockayne, he started a series of
researches on the pupal development of British Lepidoptera, much of which
appeared in our Proceedings. He greatly missed his collaboration with Cockayne
which ceased owing to the war and transferred his interest to Coleoptera. After
the war he continued his frequent attendance at our meetings until some five
years before his death, when he suffered greatly from illness. He was President
of the society in 1930 and served many times on the Council. A solicitor’s clerk
in private life, his legal help to the society was invaluable. In the thirties one of
the great services to the society was the nurturing of young entomologists which
Hawkins and Cockayne made their metier. They gave freely many hours after

46 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

meetings teaching us the elements of our knowledge. We do not seem to have
their like today.

Mr. A. E. Curtis, joined in 1937, but rarely attended meetings. He was a
lepidopterist and specialised in the Eupithecia most of which he succeeded in
breeding.

Mr. I. R. P. Heslop, joined the society in the same year as myself. He was for
many years a District Officer in Nigeria. He will be remembered for the Check
List of British Lepidoptera, and his book on the Purple Emperor butterfly.

Mr. D. A. Odd, who joined in 1938, died in July whilst secretary and his cheerful
and forceful presence at Council meetings was greatly missed as was his efficient
administrative service. By his death the society has lost a very able worker from
whom we had hoped to have many years of faithful service.

Mr. T. Trought, who died last April, joined the society in 1950. A Warwick-
shire country member, he did not attend many meetings.

Mr. W. J. C. Tonge, did not join the society until 1968 and died in June 1970,
so he was a member for only two years.

Since this has been European Conservation Year, I must add a few words on
Conservation. Conservation already means hands off—a negative solution;
which unfortunately appears to work in the short term with birds and animals,
because hunting is what threatens so many dwindling species. Proper conserva-
tion is maintenance of environment. Protection, particularly of micro-environ-
ment, is needed and this means the encouragement of very very careful study of
all aspects of existence, the effect of change and the necessary reasonable collec-
ting that must go with it. Even the slightest upset to the environment can do
untold damage; myxamatosis removed the rabbit; and now our chalk Downs,
once vast reserve sheep cropping areas and the source of much of our more
interesting fauna and flora, are well on the way to becoming hawthorn and
bramble jungles.

We know far too little about the full life histories and inter-relationships of
most of the invertebrates. Future entomologists will have to spend much more
time on field studies to elucidate such factors if we are to know how to conserve,
and this society, as the premier field society in the country, should lead in this
work.

Much land that is given to conservation is useless or an incumberance to the
owners. Rarely is there any money to conserve the area, and the public I fear are
only in favour of conserving prettiness and then only at no inconvenience or
cost to themselves. Finally there is a great danger that Conservation will be
caught up in the anti-pollution campaign, and true conservation lost because
prevention of pollution will be considered sufficient.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ACARI-INSECTA
ASSOCIATIONS

Three years ago, I found at Loch Rannoch in a Boletus about 30 Bolitophagus
reticulatus (L.) (Col. Tenebrionidae) all infested with mites. Each mite was beetle
shaped and fitted into one of the reticular impressions of the elytra or head.
As a result I recalled that in the past Polyommatus icarus Rott. and Maniola
jurtina L. not infrequently bore red mites and were often heavily infested, and
that I had not noticed such infestations recently. A search for infestations on
these butterflies was negative, and it was two years before three infested specimens
of Melanargia galathea L. were received from Dunstable downs, but I still cannot
find any infested M. jurtina or P. icarus.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 47

Meanwhile I searched popular literature for mention of mites on insects.
Neither Ford’? nor Imms* refer to Acari but Imms mentions that Geotrupes
often carry mites. Although Butler* mentions the acarine disease of the honey bee,
he gives no details. Free & Butler® referring to bumble bees give several interesting
references. Lucas* quoting McLachlan, says red mites occur on the wings of
Sympetrum striolatum (Charp), but McLachlan refers to mites on Sympetrum
mexidionale (Selys)® as well as on S. striolatum™ ®. Corbet® refers to the larval
stage of a mite on dragonflies and Longfield’® mentions a red mite on legs of the
same group of insects, but it is not clear whether they refer to the same mite.
For Diptera, Colyer & Hammond! record that mites attack Asilidae, associate
with Sphaeroceridae and Scatophagidae and that Cecidomyidae are predatory on
mites.

This preliminary research indicated that mites associate quite widely with
insects and field observations soon indicated how very little we know about these
interesting associations, and led me to a serious search of the literature.

CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF ACARI

Any study of mites associating with insects requires sufficient knowledge of
their structure to enable specimens to be classified if not identified, and to enable
the mites to be distinguished from other small invertebrates.

Mites!* belong to the Phylum Arthropoda Sub-phylum Chelicerata Class
Arachnida Sub-class Acari. There are two super orders, Acari-anactinochaeta
and Acari-actinochaeta. The first has setae all of which are isotropic, the latter
have some setae which are anisotropic and therefore birefringent.

The evolutionary development of mites has resulted in a different number of
segments to the body, and to a different arrangement of these parts and their
names to that used in the Insecta. The body of the mite is divided into four
parts!” (Fig. 1): (a) The oral opening and mouth parts are known as the gnatho-
soma; (b) The region of the pairs of legs I and II, the propodosoma; (c) the region
of the pairs of legs III and IV, the metapodosoma; and (d) the posterior region,
the opisthosoma. The propodosoma and the metapodosoma together form the
podosoma. The metapodosoma and the opisthosoma together make up the’
hysterosoma. The whole body minus the gnathosoma is the idiosoma. Wharton
and Baker? include two other sections, the prosoma comprising the whole body
minus the opisthosoma, and the proterosoma comprising the gnaphthosoma
and propodosoma. Just behind the fourth pair of legs between the metapodosoma
and the opisthosoma the mite is sometimes narrowed.

It is outside the scope of this paper to go more closely into the structure of
mites, but I must draw attention to the gnathosoma which is used to separate the
seven orders. The Notostigmata inhabit the Mediterranean basin, Central Asia
and N. and S. America. The Tetrastigmata have been found in the islands of the
Indian Ocean, New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand. Neither order has been
found in the British Isles. The remaining five orders may be distinguished as
follows:

1. METASTIGMATA Gnathosoma with a barbed hypostome (this is the end
of the pedipalpal coxae). (Fig. 2).

2. MESOSTIGMATA Pedipalpal apotele represented as a tined setae-like
structure plus a tectum to the gnathosoma. (Fig. 3)

3. ASTIGMATA Pedipalps small, two-segmented, and pressed to infra
capitulum. (Fig. 4)

48 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

mala

Y
setae 3~ | trochanter
hypostome

deutersternur

basis capituli

external mala-

chelicera

pedipalp

Fig. 1. Body of mite showing divisions: G=Gnathosoma; Po=Podosoma;
P=Propodosoma; H=Hysterosoma; M=Metapodosoma; I=Idiosoma; O=
Opisthosoma.

Fig. 2. Gnathosoma of Metastigmata.

Fig. 3. Gnathosoma of Mesostigmata.

Fig. 4. Gnathosoma of Astigmata

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 49

rutellum tarsi tibial claw

tarsus ,
jateral lip

Fig. 5. Gnathosoma of Cryptostigmata.
Fig. 6. Gnathosoma of Prostigmata.

4, CRYPTOSTIGMATA Gnathosoma with conspicuous rutella (setae) and cheli-
cerae chelate and dentate. Pedipalps 3—5-segmented.
(Fig. 5)

5. PROSTIGMATA Gnathosoma without rutella, chelicerae rarely chelate-
dentate. Pedipalps 3—5-segmented. (Fig. 6)

LIFE HISTORIES

The details of life histories of most mites are still unknown. The basic pattern
is known but individual histories can be complex with considerable reaction
to the environment. Under favourable conditions the life cycle may be short but
in adverse ones additional stages of development may occur with one or more
diapauses which can last until conditions change. Mating behaviour is similar to
that of Arachnida and as versatile. Both Arrenotoky and Thelytoky occur and
ordinary biparental mating also. Many species practise all three methods of
reproduction depending on circumstances. Arrenotokous males can mate with
the mother and do.

In some, if not all, mites biparental offspring are always females.

The general life cycle which may vary is: The egg is laid by the female, and
from it hatches the hexapod larva which, after feeding, goes through a pupal
stage, and then the three morphologically different nymphal stages, protonymph,
deutonymph and tritonymph, followed by adults. However, there is much varia-
tion and some nymphal stages are replaced by pupae. Long diapauses often
occur.

MESOSTIGMATA There are usually four active stages, larva, protonymph,
deutonymph and adult. Ovaviviparity occurs in some species.
(Certain Uropodina produce a phoretic nymph.)

METASTIGMATA Have only a larval, one nymphal stage and an adult; but in
some moulting occurs and the nymph may have as many
as eight instars.

CRYPTOSTIGMATA Seems the most normal order, with four active immature
stages, larva, proto, deuto, and tritonymph.

50 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

PROSTIGMATA In this order four different types of life cycle occur. Only
larval and adult stages follow the egg in the Tarsonemina.
(It is suggested that nymphal stages are passed within the
larval skin.) The Parasitengona have a larva and one active
nymph, whereas the Tetranychoidea have a larval and two
nymphal stages. Many families have a full four-stage life
history.

ASTIGMATA May have the deutonymph missing, or it may be replaced
by a non-feeding active or inactive hypopial stage.

THE ACARI-INSECTA ASSOCIATION

Some 12 years ago this society had a lecture on this subject by Dr. G. O.
Evans," but no record, beyond the title, has survived. I have carried out an
extensive literature search from 1885 to 1968. Prior to 1890 we are entering the
dark ages as regards studies of the Acari, although there are a few records of
associations with insects. Of the many references found, 25 relate to general
association between Acari and Insecta.'**" Most of the interesting work has come
from America, Australia and the germanic areas of Europe, except for ants
where, largely owing to the work of Donisthorpe, we seem to have held our own.
There was a great interest in Acari on Insecta between 1900 and 1914. Subse-
quently the main interest was directed to the Acarine or Isle of Wight disease of
honey bees; however, more general observation began to increase during the 30’s
until by 1950 there was, at any rate abroad, lively interest in the subject.

The usual explanation of the presence of mites on insects has been phoresy.
Undoubtedly this is true at times but when really careful observation is made of
an association a very close symbiotic relationship is often found.

HYMENOPTERA
1. Genus Apis. start with honey bees because it was a disease in bees caused by
a mite that encouraged study of the Acari by other than specialists. The mite
Acarapis woodii Rennie (Fig. 7) invades the large trachea leading from the first
thoracic spiracles. The fringe of hairs which protect the thoracic spiracles are
flexible in newly emerged bees and only become hard and stiff and thus an effec-
tive barrier to mites after a few days, so that only bees less than nine days old are
susceptible to infection. The female lays eggs in the tracheae, these produce
larvae which feed on the haemolymph of that bee; they then moult to adults.
The mites thus multiply extremely rapidly, and a partial blockage of the respira-
tory system occurs which together with the destruction of tissue severely weakens
the bee and either results in death or renders it useless as a contributor to the
general life of the hive. The mite can only live for a few hours in the absence of
live bees. Since 1918 there has been a steady publication of papers on the sub-
ject.42-88
2. Bees (other than Apidae) and Wasps. The remainder of the Hymenoptera
produce relatively small numbers of records,®*-!2° but many of the cases have
been so well investigated that their importance more than makes up for their
paucity. There are two types of association; mites that are found in the nests,
and those that are truly parasitic on the inhabitants. The former must undergo
a phoretic period on the hosts to get from one nest to another and many will
transfer to flowers as part of their life history. Some of these species appear to
be truly symbiotic.

The most interesting and best investigated of acari-insecta relationships are
those between certain solitary wasps (Eumenidae) and mites (Ensliniellidae) and I

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I 51

at a

\ eget |
}
\)

Fig. 7. Acarapis woodii Rennie. Cause of the Isle of Wight disease in bees.

quote one research to illustrate the methods used, and the surprising symbiotic
behaviour revealed.

The Association between the Wasp Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer) and the
acarine mite Ensliniella trisetosa (Cooreman)

Many vespid wasps habitually harbour characteristic deutonymphs. Out of the
possible acarine-wasp pairs, Cooper®’? chose the association of Ensliniella
trisetosa Cooreman (Fig. 8) with the wasp Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer) for his
excellent study. The males bearing mites are common enough and have loads
of up to three or four hundred mites. Females bearing mites are however much
rarer and usually carry only four to six—or at the most 14 to 19 deutonymphs.
The nymphs always occupy certain very well-defined areas on the wasp which
are referred to as acarinaria.

The acarinarium is a term introduced by Roepke1!” whose meaning was exten-
ded, first by Bequaert!!! and later by Cooper,®’ to include any surface or anatomi-
cal feature of an insect, enclosed or not, external or internal, that regularly serves
as an abode for mites. (In wasps and bees the first abdominal segment is fused
with the metathorax becoming part of the notum and is called the propodeum.)

The propodeal acarinaria of the male wasp is indicated in Fig. 9. Laterally
it extends over the shaded areas. The left-hand figure indicates the lateral part
and the right hand the posterior acarinaria which are joined at the posterior end
of the lateral acarinaria. The posterior one has a distinct and marked concavity
ending in a deep pit above the valvula. Many wasps have an almost totally
enclosed chamber. These areas are much smoother and the pubescence is short
and decumbent whereas elsewhere the surface is coarsely punctured and the hairs
are long and erect. The hairs on the acarinaria are streamlined towards the rear.
The propodeal acarinaria of the female are similar to those of the male.

A careful survey showed that 83 per cent of the males carried deutonymphs on
the propodea but only 12 per cent of the females. The maximum found on any

52 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Fig. 8. The mite Ensliniella trisetosa Cooreman symbiot of the wasp Ancistro-
cerus antilope.

Fig. 9. Thorax of A. antilope showing propodeal acarinaria.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I 53

male was 400 with a mean of 134, whereas on the females the numbers were 19
and 4:3 respectively. The lateral acarinaria are always occupied first, and the
mites are distributed equally on the left- and right-hand sides. When there are
only a few mites the concavity is treated quite separately. Details of distribution
and numbers of mites are given in Table 1. The packing of the mites depends on
their numbers.

The posterior acarinarium is divided into two halves by a lengthways carina
and when only a few deutonymphs are present each half is treated as a separate
acarinarium. The method of packing depends on the number of mites present,
The Congenital Acarinarium of the male wasp. A little known fact of the mite/
wasp association, first recorded by Bequaert,!°’ is that many deutonymphs are
carried internally within the seventh abdominal segment. In A. antilope the
deutonymphs carried internally are restricted to a broad shallow space between
the combined internal surfaces of the eighth plus ninth sternites and the ventral
surface of the phallus. The phallus and related musculature divides the chamber
in two. In the male nearly all the mites are in the ventral chamber, where the
maximum number found was 238, with a mean of about 37. The mites in the
genital chamber can emerge only when the abdomen is opened.

Cooper showed by counting mites and assessing the age of the wasp from its
condition that the following scheme was true for variation for load of deuto-
nymph on male wasps.

Relative Age Change in Nature of Loading
of Male Wasp Mite Load
MOUNR sels ac Me oassaceat se dope ats Load of mites very large

All on Propodeal acarinarium
Loss of mites from total
Older mbistiin tehanen sets “‘~>>=~Mite load less; both propodeal and
Genital Acarinaria
Loss of mites from total

Nd GR essed Qh che made a Mite load small. Propodial load nil or
very small. Genital chamber 95-100 %
loaded

Loss of mites from total
MetyiOldiguscn) says. Bien bites No mites or a few lifeless ones in
Ventral Genital Chamber

Male wasps start life with a large propodial load of deutonymphs which are
transferred to the genital chamber during life and are finally totally lost.

Further investigations proved that the deutonymphs were not lost or trans-
ferred purely due to the passage of time, by mechanical disturbance, by the
presence of other wasps, by overloading, or purely by opening of the genital
chamber. (Checked by surgery.) Visits to flowers had no effect nor did any other
stimulus.

Subsequently it was shown that male and female wasps are equally frequently
infested, that young or newly emerged females carried no mites, whereas old ones
normally have deutonymphs in the genital chamber, that no female has been
found bearing large numbers of mites on propodeal acarinaria only, and it was
possible to show the following conclusions, illustrated in Table I overleaf.

The major site of mites in the male is on the propodeal faces first, then in
the ventral genital chamber. The major site in the females is the dorsal ventral
chamber. Finally the deutonymphs in the female genital chamber seem to be

54 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

TABLE I
Distribution of mites on Acarinaria of A. antilope
Male Wasps Female Wasps
Loading of | A
Deutonymphs Max Mean ¥Y% Total Max Mean % of Total
Mites Mites
Total 407 158 100 135. 45:3 100
Propodeal Faces 407 121 76:5 +0°3 14 0-76 1:7+0°3
Posterior Face 130 30 19-0+0-3 10 0:06 0-1+0-07
Right Face 138 46 28-4+0-4 14 0:4 0:9+0-2
Left Face 139 45 28:9+0-4 10 0:3 0-7 0-2

Genital Chamber 226 37:4 23°6+0°3 132 44-6 98:3+0:3
Dorsal Chamber 23 0-7 0-4+0:04 131 40-5 89-:3+0-7
Ventral Chamber 203 36:7 23:2+0-3 18 4-1 9:0+0°6

approaching ecdysis. Cooper concludes that the transfer occurs during mating
and shows subsequently that this is so. Cooper states also that there is a mechan-
ism by which in the nest mites are only released during egg laying onto cells in
which male wasps are going to develop.

Finally Cooper gives a list of related wasps which also carry deutonymphs of
mites, suggesting a similar relationship, and that just as the mite obviously
depends on the wasp—the reverse is probably true also.

A similar case investigated by Cooreman and Crevecour,!” is the association

of the mite Vidia concellaria with the hymenopteron Cerceris arenaria L. The
larva of Vidia concellaria eats the remains of the Curculionidae on which the
wasp larvae feed, but only after the wasp larva has pupated outside the beetle.
The deutonymph enters the nest or cell from the adult wasp and changes to the
tritonymph and then to an adult whilst clinging to the legs of the paralysed
Curculionidae, where the eggs are laid and hatch within 24-48 hours. The larvae
feed on the beetle remains for two or three days, change into protonymphs, enter
diapause within the beetle carcases, and later change to deutonymphs, which
remain dormant until the hymenopteron breaks out of the cocoon, when they
swarm on to it and the cycle recommences. Thus 15 days are spent actively and
about 11 months in diapause.
3. Formicoidea (Ants). The interest in ants at the turn of the century has resulted
in more records of the association between mites and these insects!**1* than
there are with any of the other Hymenoptera. In Britain Donisthorpe'® lists
35 species of mites found with ants, occupying every possible type of relationship,
but does not give any details of their life cycles, which seem to be largely unknown,
although he had mites in observation nests. Many of the mites appear to be
associated with only one or perhaps two species of ant.

DIPTERA

Many Diptera/mite associations are found in the literature,1”°-**? but few from
British workers, nor are there any detailed investigations as to the nature of the
association.

However, Greenberg!”$ detects a definite pattern in the resting places of the
hypopi of Myianoetus muscarum on the flies Musca domestica L., Muscina stabulans
(Fall) and Stomoxys calcitrans L. He also showed that the mites are attracted by a
volatile substance produced by and feed on the same material as the flies. On

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 55

Fig. 10. The mite
Microlichus uncus
Vitzthum, parasitic
on Hippoboscid flies.

transfer from the fly to the feeding site, they are active for about two weeks,
becoming trytonymphs after two days and adult one day later. Fully fed mites
congregate at the posterior end of fly pupae until eclosion when the deutonymphs
transfer to the emerging fly. Most mites remain with the fly and die there, even
when opportunity to transfer to a food site occurs. Greenberg’s notes suggest a
phoretic relationship, but the behaviour seems so parallel to that of certain
wasps that the relationship may be much closer than it appears.

There are also species of mites parasitic on the Hippoboscid flies!?72° which
parasitise birds. These mites (Fig. 10) do not seem to breed unless they have fed
on the flies, and a complex mite-fly-bird association seems likely.

ORTHOPTERA

Although the literature references?4*-262 are relatively few, they are frequently
more complete because the insects are often economic pests.
1. Blattidae Cockroaches are regularly attacked by mites.245> 248- 250, 252-254
Cunliffe? has studied the association of Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus Tragardh
with Blatella germanica (L), and Blatta orientalis L. The mites are found in nearly
any place frequented by cockroaches. The eggs are laid anywhere and hatch after
eight to ten days. The larva is very fast moving and attaches itself to a cockroach
as soon as possible. It feeds actively for four to six days, there is then a rest
period of two to three days before the nymphal stage. The nymph lives for six
or seven days after which it drops off the cockroach and pupates anywhere under
debris. During this period of three or four days the mite is quite helpless. The
adult lives for about three weeks and lays two or three batches of eggs.

56 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Cunliffe proved that mites actually fed on the cockroach, and not on debris
and particles attached to the cockroach, by using radioactively labelled food.
2. Acridiidae (Locusts and short-horned grasshoppers) From the amount of
research that has been carried out on locusts, it is not surprising that mites have
been recorded on the insect and the outline life history is known fairly completely,
at any rate, for one of the most widely distributed mites Eutrombidium rostratus
(Scop.). The mass of eggs is laid usually in the soil; up to 5000 eggs can be laid
over several weeks by a single female. Hatching occurs after two or three weeks
and the larvae seek a grasshopper on which they feed for a period of 8-14 days,
but if dislodged after as little as three days they can develop into nymphs. The
larva drops to the ground and passes in succession without further feeding through
a nymphochrysalis resting stage, a nymph, and an imago-chrysalis before becom-
ing an adult. The resting stages occur in the soil. The Podapolipidae which infest
Locusta migratoria (L) and other grasshoppers, are highly specialised, the adults
being virtually sexually differentiated larvae. The mites have a life history which
is complex and closely bound up with the host. An excellent account of the life
of P. diander Volkonsky has been given by Volkonsky.?®

Mites have also been reported as infesting Mantidae,*#° and no doubt if sought
will be found to associate with most groups of the Orthoptera. There seems to be
no record of mites on British Orthoptera.

ODONATA

Surprisingly the first reference to mites on dragonflies is in an English jour-
nal,?* when McLachlan’ described red mites on Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.)
and S. meridionale (Selys). Krendowsky?®? described the red mites on Sympetrum
meridionale as the larva of Arrhenarius papillator, Mull. The few investiga-
tions?®*-282 made are of very high quality, mostly by Munchberg26-267 269 270,
272, 276-278 and British workers.273275 Campion2®! and later Tillyard?8° drew com-
pletely wrong conclusions concerning the associations.

The main contributions to the British Odonata-mite relationship occurs in the
papers of Killington and Bathe.?73-275 In the first paper they showed that the
British species of Leptus which they found on eight species of British dragonflies
was not continental L. ignotus Oudemans, but a separate species L. killingtoni
Turk. It was thought to be mainly phoretic as, although most dragonflies were
infested, there was rarely more than one mite on each dragonfly.

The second paper dealt with the mites Arrhenurus leucharte Piersig A. ornatus
George and A. neumanni Piersig, whose life histories, as revealed by their asso-
ciation with dragonflies, are very similar. The authors did not note the egg
stage but report from Soar and Williamson that these are found on submerged
plants and stones. The newly hatched mites appear to seek mature dragonfly
larvae (they are only found on last instar larvae) and hide under the wing pads.
When the imago starts to emerge the mites transfer rapidly to it. Wherever they
arrive on the dragonfly they make their way to the metasternum. Here they feed
for up to ten days. The hosts appear to suffer no inconvenience. When fully fed
the mites are lethargic and if disturbed drop off the dragonfly. The authors failed
to elucidate further details of the life cycle but these have been described by
Munchberg. The time cycle is approximately, parasitic larva, five to seven days,
free moving stage six to seven days, nymphochrysalis four to five days, nymphal
stage 35-36 days, and finally the teleiochrysalis seven to ten days; 57-65 days in
all.

The third paper concerns Limnocharis aquaticus (L) which they conclude is a
casual infestation occurring when the dragonflies touch the water.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 57

Killington and Bathe expected to carry out further work but nothing has been
published. The area in which they worked was a small one round Poole in Dorset,
and no work seems to have been done elsewhere in the British Isles.

ISOPTERA

Mites have been recorded from termites and their nests in China, and Central
and South America.?°*:?®! They do not seem to have been noted elsewhere even
Kofoid28* makes no mention of Acari associations.

HEMIPTERA

Very few mites seem to have been reported from Hemiptera,?°?-*°? these are all
fairly recent records and all bar four refer to Heteroptera. I have two records from
Heteroptera but the mites have not yet been identified.

LEPIDOPTERA

Mites have been found on Lepidoptera on a number of species, but the records
are single, and when we consider that probably 60-70 per cent of all entomolo-
gists, amateur and professional, study Lepidoptera, it is very surprising to find
that the records are remarkably few.*°*-*58 I recall that formerly in August,
infestation of red mites was by no means rare on Satyridae and Lycaenidae.
There are, however, not many references to the red mites; Stallwood?® recently
mentions red mites on Melanargia galatea L., and Blackie*!* refers to red mites
on Eumenis semele L on Box Hill. The earliest reference is in Insect Miscellanies,
p. 27, 1830, which mentions the harvest bug, probably Leptus phalangii F, as
infesting many insects particularly M. galatea some so heavily that they could
hardly fly. Specimens which I have had this year, have proved to carry Leptus
schedeingi (Ouds). Both Leptus and Atomus parasiticus (Degeer) are true para-
sites of Lepidoptera.

Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw) is a bright red mite sometimes common in
barns and stables, which has been found on Lepidoptera but never on Rhopalo-
cera.*°> Swan’s**6 original specimens came from a ‘phalaena’ which was heavily
infested under the wings. It has only rarely been recorded on Lepidoptera where,
unlike other mites, it travels as an adult. The second record was by Bold?3¢ who
found it on a small common moth. Edward Newman**’ referred to Bold’s record
in a later paper in which we found the now important words ‘Nothing is more
common than for insects to be infested with minute acari’. The mite has been
found on a number of moths.%° 320,384, 335 Tt js generally considered that these
associations are phoretic.

Pyemates (= Pediculoides) ventricosus Newport, the hay itch mite (Fig. 11)
preys on the early stages of some Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. It has many hosts.

Recently a most interesting mite infesting certain moths has been discovered
by Treat?!® and named by him Myrmonyssum phalaenodectes. Wherever the
fertile female mites arrive on the body, they go by an erratic course to the neck
(Fig. 12). Here they may feed on the soft membranes in the area. The time spent
on the neck depends on the mite’s need to feed and readiness for egg laying.
When ready the mite leaves the neck and proceeds down the centre of the body
directed by the contours of the thorax and the pattern of hairs until she reaches
the brush at the posterior border. This acts as the base of a triangle produced by
the forewings of the moth at the centre of the transverse trough (Fig. 12). This
journey from the neck to the trough takes about two minutes. There may be a
long pause here until after much probing the mite decides to approach the left
or right ear. Having reached the entrance to the tympanic recess, she returns to
the cross road at the junction of the thorax and transverse trough seven, eight

58 PROC. ENT. BRIT.. NAT..HIST. SOC., 197I

Fig. 11. The Hay Itch mite, P. ventricosus.

or more times at intervals of about ten minutes (obviously marking out a path)
before finally entering the ear.*!°3!2 Any other mites follow faithfully the path
trodden by the first. Either right or left ear is attacked and the moth’s reaction
to sound is unimpaired. Very rarely both ears are infected, the moth is then
deaf.*1%

The eggs are laid within a few hours on the conjunctiva (Fig. 13) and when
several females are ovipositing, the egg mass may fill the entire recess and
overflow. As soon as eggs are laid the tympanic membrane is broken and the
mites enter the tympanic sac. Eggs hatch in from 40-50 hours at a temperature
of 18—25°C. The larvae emerge and burrow through the egg mass to the deeper
parts of the tympanic recess and into the tympanic air sac, where they feed from
the trachial membrane. Both proto and deutonymphs are found here. Males and
young females with some earlier stages occupy the counter tympanic cavity. It
seems that pairing takes place in this cavity. Males assume readiness for copula-
tion on the female deutonymphs awaiting emergence of the adults. Fertile females
leave a mature colony through the tympanic cavity (via the counter tympanic
orifice) and take up residence near the mouth parts of the host, from where they
no doubt escape to flowers, etc. During the infestation a fecal mat is formed
largely shutting off the tympanic orifice. This is formed by the mites coming
to defecate at the entrance to the tympanic recess. The exudate congeals on the
setae forming a sticky mat.

In certain species of moth the nodular sclerite,?8 has modification likely to
provide a protection to the tympanic membrane against invasion by mites or
other parasites. Only two invasions amongst such species have been noted and
these were unsuccessful.

The mite, which seems to have a world-wide distribution*"*, is transferred to
and from the host via flower heads at which the moths feed from time to time.
What happens to it during the period when the moths are in the early stages is

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 59

Fig. 12. Thorax of moth
showing route of M.
Phalaenodectes to the ear,
indicating various infestation
sites. XXXX, area Occupied
by mites and route from
neck to ear. TR=Tympanic
Recess; CTC= Counter
Typanic Chamber.

Counter
Tympanic

Fig. 13. Diagram of moth ear.

60 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I

not known. The mites appear to have a complex social order within the tympanic
regions,*16

Although the mites described on Lepidoptera are relatively few, they are
probably much more common than is realised, because the hairs on the specimens
hide the mites. Careful examination of collections might well increase the records.

COLEOPTERA

There have been more ‘sightings’ of Acari on Coleoptera than in any other
order,***-48° but little investigation of the association has occurred. Some investi-
gation has been made on infestation of Ips species in America.**! 364

Investigations*?® were carried out during the first world war on the mite
Acarophinax tribolii Newstead and Duval infesting grain beetles (Tribolium). The
female mites feed only on the adults and pupae where the cuticle is thin, and then
engorge themselves on the beetle eggs, becoming so swollen as to be incapable of
walking. In this species, unlike P. ventricosus, the whole body swells uniformly.
After three days the gravid female dies and up to 14 young females emerge from
the genital orifice. They are apparently mated before emerging by a single male
produced. The male has only been found dead, within the body of the gravid
female after the young females have departed, or close by.

Numerous species of mites have been recorded on dung beetles, Hyatt®”! has
published a list of species occurring on Geotrupes stercorarius (L). I myself have
found several mites (Table II) not previously recorded on the dung beetles.

TABLE II
Mites associated with Dung Beetles (Aphodius)
New Forest near Beaulieu Road Station 25.7.70

Beetle Mite
A. sphacelatus (Panz) | _Macrocheles glober (Miiller) 1 Q2Macrochelidae
Parasitus intermedius (Berlese) 1 DN Parasitidae
Saintdidieria sp.A. 1 DN Halolaelapidal

A. haemorrhoidalis (L) Scuvabis inexpectatus (Ouds) 1 93 DN Eviphididae
Humerobatis rostrolamellatus

(Grandjean) 1 adult Ceratozetidae
A. fossor (L.) Saintdidieria sp.B 1 DN
Scarabapis inexpectatus (Ouds) 1 DN
Rhopalanoetus lanceocrinus 4 hypopi Anotidae
(Ouds) (Lyndhurst 26.5.70)

Little is known about the life histories of any of these mites. They have no
known economic or medical importance.!? They are supposed to feed on dung
and the other commensurates of dung, and to use Coleoptera only as phoretic
vehicles. However to breed them is exceedingly difficult. Perhaps normally at
least one stage in the life cycle of the mite takes place, in the beetle burrows,
where the beetle larvae feed on stored dung.

Mites also heavily infest Necrophorus species.

Cooreman and others report mites on Chrysomelidae and Carabidae, and I
have found mites on Bembidion species and other beetles (Table III) but there are
too many cases of association, some of which appear to be unique, for all to be
merely phoretic.

Many deutonymphs are found as hypopi, a fasting form assumed in unfavour-
able conditions. In this form they ride on insects, particularly beetles, from one

Fig. 15. Hypopus attached by stem to host.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 61

TABLE III
Mites associated with Beetles
Beetle Mite Data
Elater balteatus L. Méicrosejus truncicola Trigirdh 1 DN Oxshott 9.5.70
Microsejidae
Silpha thoracia Poccilochirus subterraneus Muller
1 DN Parasitidae Aviemore June 1970
Histeridae Saintdidieria sp.B. 1 DN Beaulieu Road

Scarabaspis inexpectatus Ouds 1 DN Hants 25.7.70

site to another. Figure 14 shows the two commonest forms of hypopus, the left
one attached to their hosts by suckers, and the right one by means of a stalk
exuded anally. Fig. 15 shows a specimen on Aphodus sphaecelatus Panz. This
type of hypopus is found on a number of beetles. Cerambycidae can be very
heavily infested with mites known only in the hypopal stage.

The mite which I found on Boletophagus reticulatus L. was determined as
Schweibea boletophagi Turk and Turk (described in 1952). Nothing is known
about the life history of the mite. I believe it lives in the tunnels in fungi along
with the beetle’s larva and keeps down the fungal growth occurring on the frass.
The hypopi can be vitalised by dropping them onto a wet glass slide. But putting
them with the beetle in wet conditions does not have the same effect.

In addition to the insects already discussed mites have also been recorded
from Mantidae,**° Aphidae,*-* Anopleura,*** Aphaniptera,“* Plecoptera**®-**°
and Dermaptera.**°

I hope that in this brief survey I have succeeded in convincing you that Acari-
Insecta associations are, far more than phoresy, of great biological significance
and worthy of serious study.

The following reference section is fairly complete as far as major contributions
are concerned. Three books on mites, An Introduction to Acarology, The Terres-

Fig. 14. Hypopi indicating method of attachment to host.

62

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

trial Acari of the British Isles, in course of publication by the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), and The British Hydrocharina Vol. 1-3. Ray Society, are of con-
siderable value in the study of Acari.

Finally I must thank Mr. K. H. Hyatt of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for
his help in identifying mites, and the trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
for permisssion to reproduce Figs. 1-7, 10, 11, and 14 from The Terrestrial
Acari of the British Isles Vol. 1.

CRN DARwWN

14.
SE

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18.
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24.
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26.
Ais
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29%

30.
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32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Si
38.
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64

92.

93),

94.

95%

96.

97.

98.

99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
NWilit.
112°
M32
114.
1S:
116.
IZ
118.
119.
120.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

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Bohart, R. M., 1952, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 54:38.

Stammer, H. J., 1951, Zool. Anz., 146:137.

Green, J. & Wilkinson, W., 1951, Ent. mon. Mag., 87:143.
Rayment, T., 1949, Vict. Nat. Mus. Melbourne, 66:118.
Cumber, R. A., 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc., 24:119.

Cooreman, J., 1948, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg., 24:1.
Cooreman, J. & Crévecour, A., 1948, Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 84:277.
Lavoipierre, M., 1946, Nature London, 158:130.

Crévecour, A., 1945, Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 81:62.
Bequaert, J., 1944, Ent. Amer. (New Series), 23:255.

Van Eyndhoven, G. L., 1943, Ent. Ber. Gravehnage, 11:247, 251.
Turk, F. A., 1942, Ent. mon. Mag., 78:51.

Veuve, L., 1930, Amer. Mus. Nov. N.Y., No. 432:1; & 434.
Bequaert, J., 1925, Trans. Amer. ent. Soc., 57:57.

Roepke, W., 1920, Tigd. Schy. ent., 63:14.

Hull, F. E., 1917, Vasculum, 3:102.

Oudemans, A. C., 1912, Bull. Sci. France-Belgique Paris, 46:87.
Vitzthum, H., 1910, Mikrocosmos Stuttgart, 4:37.

Green, E. E. & Perkins, R. C., 1904, Spolia Zeylem, 1:117.
Green, E. E., 1903, Ent. mon. Mag., 13:232.

Perkins, R. C., 1901, Ent. mon. Mag., 10:37.

Oudemans, A. C., 1902, Tijdschr. Ent., 45:1.

Wasmann, E., 1899, Dtsch. ent., 2:411.

FORMICOIDEA

121:
122.
123;
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.

Wisniewski, R., 1966, Pr. Kom. Nauk. roln. lesn. Poznan, 21:253.
1965, Pr. Kom. Nauk. roln. lesn. Poznan, 17:537.
Hunter, P. E. & Hunter, C. A., 1964, J. Kansas ent. Soc., 37:293.
Krantz, G. W., 1962, J. Kansas ent. Soc., 35:349.
Rettenmeyer, C. W., 1962, J. Kansas ent. Soc., 35:358.
Sellnick, M., 1962, Acaralogia, 4:520.
Samsinak, K., 1957, Acta Soc. ent. Bohem., 54:396.
Vitzthum, H., 1941, Z. ParasitKde Berlin, 12:307.
Storkan, J., 1940, Vesk, Ceskol. Zool. Spolnec Prabe, 8:166.
Jacot, A. P., 1939, Phillip J. Sci. Manilla, 69: 433.
Balogh, J., 1938, Folici ent. Hung., Budapest, 3:106.
Vitzthum, H., 1935, Zool. Anz. Leipzig, 112:1.
Donisthorpe, H. St. J., 1927, The Guests of British Ants, Routledge, London.
Menozzi, C., 1923, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital. Genova, 55:72.
Shultz, H., 1922, Arb. biol. anat. Berlin, 11:169.
Vitzthum, H., 1919, Zool. Anz. Leipzig, 50:158.
Oudemans, A. C., 1916, Ber. Ned. ent. Ver., 4:266.
Banks, N., 1915, Psyche Boston, 22:60.
Buxton, R. A., 1915, Ent. Rec., 27:184.
Szonhalth, K., 1914, Allatl. Kozlen Budapest, 12:22.
Donisthorpe, H., St. J., 1912, Ent. Rec., 24:34.
Silvestri, F., 1912, Bol. Lab. Zool. gen. Agric. R. Scuola Agric. Portici, 6:222.
Donisthorpe, H. St. J., 1911, Ent. Rec., 23:58.
Donisthorpe, H. St. J., 1911, Ent. Rec., 23:169.
Donisthorpe, H. St. J., 1911, Ent. Rec., 23:236.
Donisthorpe, H. St. J., 1911, Ist Int. Congr. Ent. Brussels, 1910, 2:199.
Crawley, W. C., 1911, Ent. Rec., 23:22.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 65

148.
149.
150.
151.
152:
153°
154.
155:
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.

172.
173%
174.

Silvestri, F:, 1911, Bol. Lab. Zool. gen. Agric. R. Scuola Agric. Portici, 5:192.
Kneissl, L., 1910, Z. Wiss. Insekten Biol. Berlin, 6:288.

Silvestri, F., 1910, Bol. Lab. Zool. gen. Agric. R. Scuola Agric. Portici, 5:55.
Wheeler, W. M., 1910, Psyche, Boston, 17:1.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J., 1910, Ent. Rec., 22:15 & 82.

Karawajew, W., 1909, Trans. Caspian Rev. Russ. ent., St. Petersburg, 9:227.
Donisthorpe, H., 1909, Ent. Rec., 21:17, 287.

Newell, W., 1908, J. econ. Ent. Concord, 1:262.

Donisthorpe, H., 1907, Hastings Nat., 1:1965.

Donisthorpe, H., 1907, Ent. Rec., 19:4, 254.

Kneissl, L., 1907, Z. Wiss. Insecten Biol. Berlin, 3:190.

Karaviev, V., 1906, Kiev. Zap. Obse., 20:200; 209.

Berlese, A., 1904, Maniplus, 2:299.

Berlese, A., 1903, Zool. Anz., 27:12.

Wasmann, E., 1903, Zool. Anz., 25:66.

Leonardi, G., 1900, Prospet. Acari of Italy, VII, 848.

Wasmann, E., 1899, Dtsch. ent. Z., 411.

Hasselt, E., 1898, Tidschi. Ent., 41:66.

Janet, C., 1897, Etudes sur les formes les guépes et les abeilles, Vol. 13, Limoges.
Janet, C., 1897, Etudes sur les formes, les guépes et les abeilles, Vol 14, Limoges.
Bostok, E., 1897, Int. J. Micro., 6:296.

Trouessart, E., 1896, Bull. Soc. ent. France, No. 10:235.

Moniez, R., 1895, Rev. biol. Nord. France, 6:201.

Wasmann, E., 1894, Kritisches verseichnise der Myrmekophilen und Termitophilen
Arthropoden Berlin, F. L. Dames.

Moniez, R., 1892, Rev. Biol., 4:377.

Michael, A. D., 1891, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 4:638.

Parfitt, E., 1881, Ent. mon. Mag., 18:43.

DIPTERA

175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192%
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.

Hill, R. S., Wilson, N., & Corbet, C. B., 1967, J. med. Ent., 4:102.
Mauri, R. & Hepper, H. C., 1967, Revta. Soc. ent. Argent., 29:1966.
Corbet, P. S., 1961, Ent. Gaz., 12:24.
Greenberg, B., 1961, Nature, London, 190:107.
Southcott, R. V., 1961, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 85:133.

1960, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 84:163.
Greenberg, B. & Carpenter, P. D., Science, 131:738.
Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H., 1959, Biol. Jaab., 27:98.
Feider, Z., 1959, Stud. Cercet. St. Acad. Vamine Fil. Iasi Biol. St. Agric., 10:261.
Davies, D. M., 1959, Can. J. Biol., 37:353.
Davies, D. M., 1959, Proc. Int. Cong. Zool., 15:660.
Feider, Z., 1958, An. St. Univ. ‘Alcaza’ Jasl, 4:303.
Barr, A. R., 1958, J. Parasit., 44:301.
Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H., 1957, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12), 10:283.
Samsinak, K., 1956, Mem. Soc. Zool. Techecosl, 20:353.
Hiregaudau, L. S., 1956, Indian Vet J., 33:134.
Feider, Z. & Sucia, I., 1956, An. St. Univ. Al. Jasl, 2:163.
Munchberg, P., 1956, Z. ParasitKde., 17:330.
Munchberg, P., 1956, Zool. Anz., 156:314.
Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H., 1955, Rev. Zool. Bot. afr., 52:252.
Theodorides, J., 1955, Vie et Mileu,5:455.
Womersley, H., 1954, Stud. Inst. Med. Res. F.M.S., No 26, 108.
Munchberg, P., 1954, Arch. Hydrobiol, 49:414.
Munchberg, P., 1954, Z. ParasitKde., 16:414.
Furman, D. P. & Tarshis, I. B., 1953, J. Parasit., 39:70.
Bequaert, J., 1953, Ent. Amer. Brooklyn, 1:33.
Womersley, H., 1953, Rec. Canterbury N.Z. Mus., 6:233.
Mitra, R. E. & Mitra, S. D., 1953, Z. ParasitKde., 15:429.

66

203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
Zils
DADs
213%
214.
ZS:
216.
Zils
218.
Pao).
220.
221s
222.
223;
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233;
234.
235:
236.
237.
238.
239:
240.
241.
242.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Ash, J. & Hughes, T. E., 1952, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12), 5:73.
Smith, K. V. G., 1951, Ent. mon. Mag., 87:63.

Imamura, T., 1951, J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Zool., 10:274.
Green, J. & Wilkinson, W., 1951, Ent. mon. Mag., 87:143.
Imamura, T., 1950, Annot. Zool. Jap., 24:54.

Johnsen, P., 1950, Ent. Med., 25:278.

Smith, K. V. G., 1950, J. Soc. Brit. Ent., 3:211.

Johnsen, P., 1949, Ent. Med. Kebenhagen, 35:278.

Keegan, H., 1946, Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc. Menasho, 65:69.
Bonvier, G. P., Gashen, H., 1944, Mitt. Schweiz. ent. ges., 19:191.
Grenier, P., 1943, Bull. Soc. Path. exot. Paris, 36:105.

Womersley, H., 1942, Rec. S. Aust. Mus. Adelaide, 7:169.

Pavlov, P., 1941, Riv. Parassital Roma, 5:251.

Vitzthum, H., 1941, Z. ParasitKde., 12:144.

Vitzthum, H., 1941, Z. ParasitKde., 12:362.

Mira, G., 1940, Bull. Idrobiol. Caccici & Pescae Africa Irent. Ital., 1:29.
Lawrence, R. F., 1940, J. Ent. Soc. S. Afr.,3:109.

Koehler, P., 1939, Physis Beunos Aires, 17:473.

Besseling, A. J., 1939, Thor. ent. Ber. s’Gravenhage, 10:143.
Barbier, N. A., 1939, 7th Int. Cong. Ent. Berlin, 2:1024.

Leger, L. & Motas, C., 1938, Trav. Lab. Hydrobiol, Grenoble, 20:25.
Munchberg, P., 1937, Microkosmos Stuttgart, 30:141.

Munchberg, P., 1936, Arch. Hydrobiol., 33:313.

Oudemans, A. C., 1935, Ann. Parasit. Paris, 13:5.

Collart, A., 1934, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg., 10:1.

Feng, C. C., 1933, Lingham Sci. J. Canton, 12 Supplement No. 23.
Boyd, E. M., 1922, J. Res. Army Med. Corps: London, 38:450.
Graham-Smith, G. S., 1916, Parasitology, 8:440.

Ewing, H. E., 1913, Ent. News Philadelphia, 24:17.

Hadwen, S. & Hewitt, G. G., 1911, Can. Ent., 43:141.

Trojan, E., 1908, Arch. Natg. Berlin, 74:1.

Bryant, L., 1908, Paris, C.B. Soc. Biol., 65:706.

Sargeant, E., 1907, Paris, C.B. Soc. Biol., 62:443.

Newstead, R., Dutton, J. & Todd, J. L., 1907, Ann. Trop, Med. Liverpool, 1:3.
Trouessart, E. K., 1906, Paris Bull. Soc. Zool., 31:128.

Dye, L., 1905, Arch. Parasit., 9:51.

Laveran, A., 1904, C.R. Soc. Biol., 56:57.

Gas, N. & Laveran, A., 1904, C.R. Soc. Biol., 56:56.

Laveran, A., 1903, C.R. Soc. Biol., 54:233.

Fenizia, C., 1903, Boll. Nat., 22:55.

ORTHOPTERA

243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251%
252:
253.
254.
255s
256.
225i
258.

Schaeffer, C. W., Peckham D. B., 1968, Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 61:1475.
Naudo, M. H., 1967, Acaralogia, 9:30.

Womersley, H., 1961, Trans. roy, Soc. S. Aust., 84:11.
Womersley, H., 1960, Trans. roy. Soc. S. Aust., 83:21.
Lombardini, G., 1958, Redia, 43:295.

Pritchard, A. E., 1956, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 49:204.
Womersley, H., 1956, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 79:104.
Daniel, M. & Samsmak, K., 1955, Zool. Zh., 34:1242.
Kishida, K., 1953, Psyche, 69:124.

Cunliffe, F., 1952, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 54:153.
Rochrich, R., 1951, Ann. Epiphyt., 2:479.

Keegan, H. L., 1944, J. Parasit., 30:181.

Volkonsky, M., 1940, Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algerie, 18:321.
Harris, W. V., 1940, E. Afr. Agric. J., 6:43.

Lawrence, R. F., 1940, J. Ent. Soc. S. Afr., 3:173.
Vitzthum, H., 1940, Z. ParasitKde., 11:457.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 67

259. Popova, A. A., 1932, Bull. Plant Protect. St. Leningrad Serl, No. 3:131.
260. Zolotarev, E., 1930, Bull. N. Caucasian Plant. Protect., St. T6—7, 239.
261. Wehrle, L. P & Welch, P. S., 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer., 18:35.

262. Jarvis, T. D., 1906, Can. Ent., 38:349.

ODONATA

263. Mitchell, R., 1968, Ecol., 49:40.

264. Mitchell, R., 1961, Anim. Behav., 9:220.

265. Munchberg, P., 1960, Arch. Hydrobiol., 56:425.

266. Munchberg, P., 1959, Microcosmos, 48:361.

267. Munchberg, P., 1958, Z. ParasitKde., 18:243.

268. Cooreman, J., 1955, Expl. Parc. Nat. Albert. Musce. de Witte, No. 85, 1.
269. Munchberg, 1955, Microcosmos, 44:110.

270. 1953, Zool. Jb. System, 82:47.

271. Imamura, T., 1951, J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Zool., 10:106.
272. Munchberg, P., 1951, Arch. Hydrobiol., 45:378.

273. Killington, F. J., and Bathe, E. C., 1947, Ent. mon. Mag., 83:116.

274. 1947, ibid 83:145.
275: 1946, ibid 82:257.
276. Munchberg, P., 1937, Arch. Hydrobiol., 31:209.

Qi. 1936, Arch. Naturgesch. Leipzig (NF), 5:93.

278. 1935, Arch. Hydrobiol., 29:1.

279. Wasenberg-Lund, C., 1918, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kbh., 70:1.
280. Tillyard, R. J., 1917, The Biology of Dragonflies, Cambridge.

281. Campion, F. W. & Campion, H., 1909, Entomologist, 42:242.

282. Krendowsky, M., Trud. Obshch. Ispuit. Priv. Kharkoy., 12:221.

ISOPTERA

283. Benoit, P. L. G., 1964, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 70:174.

284. Samsinak, K., 1964, Entom. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden, 32:33.

285. 1961, Acta. Soc. Ent. Sch., 58:193.

286. Kofoid, C. A., 1934, Termites & Termite Control, 2nd Ed., University of
California Press.

287. Silvestri, F., 1903, Redia, 1:172.

288. 1903, Bull. Mus. Turino, 17:19.

289. Wasmann, E,.1903, Zool. Anz., 25:60.

290. 1899, Dtsch. ent. Z., 411.

291. 1894, Kritisches Verzeichniss der Myrmekophilen und Termitophilen

Arthropoden, F. L. Dames, Berlin.

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA

292. Newell, I. M. & Ryckman, R. E., 1966, Hilgardia, 37: 403.

293. Anderson, R. C., 1968, J. med. Ent., 5:459; 473.

294. Baker, E. W. & Johnson, D. E., 1959, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 61:275.
295. Crisp, T. D., 1959, Irish Nat. J., 13:88.

296. Feider, Z., 1957, An. St. Univ. Al Cuza Jose N.S. (2), 3:219.

297. Imamura, T., 1952, Zool. Mag. Tokyo, 61:227.

298. Cunliffe, F., 1952, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 54:143.

299. Andre, M., 1951, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 23:253.

300. André, M., 1941, Rev. Franc. Ent., Paris, 8:188.

HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA
301. Carle, P., 1967, Revue Zool. agric. appl., 66:16.

TRICHOPTERA
302. Crowell, R. M., 1967, Can. Ent., 99:730.

68 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

LEPIDOPTERA

303. Prasad, V., 1968, Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 61:611.
304. Treat, A. E., 1967, J. Lepidopterists Soc., 21,:169.
305. Van Eyndhoven, G. L., 1964, Beaufortia, 11:53.
306. Treat, A. E., 1961, Acaralogia, 3:147.

307. Braun, R., 1960, Kosmos Stuttgart, 56:219.

308. Schroder, H., 1959, Natur u Volk, 89:17.

309. Treat, A. E., 1958, Ecology, 39:629.

310. 1958, Nat. Hist., 67:366.
Sie 1958, Proc. 10th Int. Cong. Ent. Montreal, 2:475.
Si2" 1957, Trans, New York Nat. Hist. Soc., 65:41.

313. Roeder, K. D., & Treat, A. E., 1957, J. Exp. Zool., 134:127.
314. Treat, A. E., 1955, J. Parasit., 41:555.

Sis 1955, Lep. News, 9:55.

316. 1954, J. Parasit, 40:619.

317. Stallwood, B. R., 1952, Entomologist, 85:21.

318. Blackie, J. E. H., 1951, Entomologist, 84:132.

319. Green, J. & Wilkinson, W., 1951, Ent. mon . Mag., 87:143.
320. Cooreman, J., 1946, Lambillionea, 46:70.

321" 1954, ibid 45:10.

322. 1945, ibid 45:19.

323. Anon, 1943, Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 54:41.

324. Kishida, K., 1940, Ovo. Obuts. Zasshi, 12:113.

325. Kamel, A., 1935, 6th Int. Cong. Ent. Madrid, 2:567.

326. Swan, D. C., 1934, J. Agric. S. Aust., 37:1289.

327. Kishida, K., 1929, J. Imp. Agric. Exp. Stat. Tokyo, 1:96.
328. Eggers, F., 1919, Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 41:273.

329. O’connor, F. W., 1919, Trans. Soc. trop. Med. London, 13:10.
330. Cockle, J. W., 1914, Can. Ent., 46:332.

331. Smith, W. W., 1902, Trans. N.Z. Institute, 34:199.

332. Thon, K., 1901, Ann. Hoffman Wien, 16:31.

333. Giard, A., 1901, Bull. Soc. ent. France, 205.

334. Haller, G., 1881, Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges, 6:147.

335. Berlese, A., 1881, Art. v. Ist. Ven 13 Sci. Lett. Art. (5), 8:37.
336. Bold, J. J., 1844, Zoologist, 2:68.

337. Newman, E., 1844, Zoologist, 2:681.

338. Shaw, G. & Nodder, 1794, Vivarium Maturae (Naturalists Miscellany), 6:187.

COLEOPTERA

339. Thewk, S. E. & Enns, W. R., 1968, Acaralogia, 10:215.

340. Springett, B. P., 1968, J. Anim. Ecol., 37:417.

341. Kinn, D. N., 1968, Acaralogia, 10:191.

342. Baker, E. W., 1968, Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 61:968.

343. Butler, L. & Hunter, P. E., 1968, Fla. Ent., 51:187.

344. Sevastyanov, V. D., 1967, Zool. Zh., 46:351.

345. Feider, Z., 1967, D. Anal. Stiint Univ. Al I Cuza (Ser. New) (Stint. nat. Biol.)
13:40.

346. Thomas, T. et al, 1967, Fla. Ent., 50:268.

347. Krantz, G. W., 1967, Acaralogia, 9: Suppl. 1.

348. Kinn, D. N., 1967, ibid., 9:488.

349. Kadzhaya, G. Sh. & Sevastyanoc, V. D., 1967, Soobsdich Akad Nank. gruz S.S.R.
48:195.

350. Hurlbatt, H. W., 1967, Acaralogia, 9:497.

351. Beaver, R. A., 1967, Entomologist, 100:9.

352. Starzyk, J. R., 1967, Przegl. Zool., 11:51.

353. Southcott, R. V., 1966, Aust. J. Zool., 14:687.

354. Fain, A., 1966, Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 102:249.

355. But'er, L. & Hunter, P. E. A., 1966, Acaralogia, 8:525.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 197I 69

356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
S710
Bi:
373.
374.
37/5:
376.
377.
378.

39%
380.
381.
382.
383.
384.

385.
386.
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392.
393.
394.
3953
396.
397.
398.
399.
400.
401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
409.
410.
411.

Samsinak, K., 1966, Zool. Anz., 176:124.
Ramsey, G. W., 1966, Nature London, 210:845S.
Spies, A. & Ryke, P. A., 1965, Mems. Inst. Invert creut. Mocamb, 7A:221.
Costa, M., 1964, Israel J. Zool., 13:133.
Costa, M., 1964, J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool., 45:25.
Hunter, P. E. & Davies, R., 1963, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 65:287.
Griffiths, D. A., 1963, Acaralogia, 5:61.
Ryke, P. A. J., 1961, Acaralogia, 3:250.
Linguist, E. E. & Bedard, W. D., 1961, Can. Ent., 93:982.
Theodorides, J., 1961, Ann. Parasit, 35:488.
Womersley, H., 1960, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 93:21.
Samsinak, K., 1960, Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, 13A:1959.

1960, Cesk. Parasit., 7:297.
Rapp, A., 1959, Zool. Jb. (Supplement), 86:303.
Lavoipierre, M., 1959, Ann. Parasit., 33:1958.
Hyatt, K. H., 1959, Ent. mon. Mag., 95:22.
Samsinak, K., 1958, Acta Soc. ent. Cech., 55:258.
Hicks, E. A., 1958, Jowa St. Coll. J. Sci., 33:103.
Womersley, H., 1958, Trans. Roy. Soc. Aust., 81:115.
Ryke, P. A. J. & Myers, M. K. P., 1957, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12), 10:593.
Lombardini, G., 1957, Redia, 42:283.
Samsinak, K., 1957, Acta. Soc. ent. Bohem., 54:180.
Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H. & Audy, J. R., 1957, Stnd. Inst. Med. Res. Kuala
Lumpur, No. 28, 24:153.
Hicks, E. A., 1957, Proc. Iowa. Acad. Sci., 64:614.
Borland, J. G., 1956, J. Kansas ent. Soc., 29:29.
Cooreman, J., 1955, Expl. Parc. Nat. Albert Musse de Witte, No. 85, 1.
Womersley, H., 1956, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 79:104.
Theodorides, J., 1955, Vie et Mileu, Suppl. 4, 1:310.
Hirschmann, W. & Ruhm, W., 1954, Nach. Naturw. Mus. Asch. Affent. No. 43,
41.
Womersley, H., 1954, Stud. Inst. Med. Res. F.M.S., No. 26, 108.
Cooreman, J,, 1953, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg., 29:31.

1952, Bull. Inst. Sci. nat. Belg., 28:1.

1952, Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 88:234.
Shaw, S., 1952, Naturalist, No. 843, 170.
Tragardh, I., 1951, Ark. Zool., N.S., 1:361.
Cooreman, J., 1951, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg., 27:1.
Green, J. & Wilkinson, W., 1951, Ent. mon. Mag., 87:143.
Goux, L., 1950, Bull. Soc. zool. France, 75:218.
Judd, W. W., 1950, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer., 43:608.
Cooreman, J., 1950, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg., 26:35.
Keegan, H., 1950, J. Parasit., 36 Sect. 1,511.
Cooreman, J., 1950, Inst. Roy, Sci. nat. Belg., 26:1.
Lombardini, G., 1949, Redia, 34:67.
Devantoy, J., 1948, Feuille Nat. Paris, N.S. 3:85.
Tragardh, D. I., 1948, Ent. Tidskhr, 69:123.
Redikortev, V. V., 1947, Ent. Obozr, 29:247.
Doetschmann, W. H., 1947, J. Mammal Baltimore, 28:299.
Graber, H., 1947, Zool. Nachr. Half. Deuts. Pflauzeuschutzdieust., 1:7.
Johret, P., 1946, Entomologiste (Paris), 2:35.
Tragardh, I., 1946, Ent. Medd. Kjobinh, 24:369.
Jolivet, P., 1945, Entomologiste (Paris), 1:141.
Bonvier, G. & Gaschen, H., 1944, Mitt. Schweiz Ent. Ges., 19:191.
Krishna-Agyar D. N. & Margabando, V., 1944, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 44:461
Lombardini, G., 1944, Redia, 30:1.

1943, Agric. Colon. Firenze, 37:67.
1942, Agric. Colon. Firenze, 36:46.

7O PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

412. Van Eyndhoven, G. L., 1942, Vers. Wetensch. Med., 78 Winterwerg Med. Ent.
Wer., 36.

413. Womersley, H., 1942, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 66:85.

414. Lombardini, G., Missioni Biol. Seignon-Orio Arts R. Acad. Ital., 12 Zool. 6.

415. 1941, Agric. Colon. Firenze, 35:146.

416. Womersley, 1941, Rec. Aust. Mus. Adelaide, 7:51.

417. Lombardini, G., 1940, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 72:10.

418. Lawrence, R. F., 1940, J. ent. Soc. Afr., 3:109.

419. Lombardini, G., 1940, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 72:102.

420. Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E., 1940, Pub. Inst. Pasteur, Guigare, No. 20, 1.

421. Eckstein, K., 1939, Forst. Archiv., 15:268.

422. Lombardini, G., 1938, Mem. Soc. ent. Ital., 17:44; 118.

423. Pearce, E. J., 1936, Ecol. Monog. Durham N.C., 6:455.

424. Leech, J. G., Orr, L. W. & Christensen, C., 1934, J. agric. Res., 49:315.

425. Campos, F., 1930, Rev. Col. Rocafuerte Guaycilquil, 12:7.

426. Vitzthum, H., 1926, Treubia Batavia, 8:1.

427. Pearce, E. J., 1922, Ent. mon. Mag., 58:37.

428. Koenike, F., 1918, Arch Hydrobiol, 12:373.

429. Newstead, R. & Duvall, H. M., 1918, Roy. Soc. Pests (War) Committee, No. 2.

430. Nordenskiold, E., 1915, Helsingfors Medd. Soc. Fauna & Flora Form, 41:95.

431. Piatakov, M., 1915, Rev. Russ. ent. Petrograd, 15:125.

432. Tullgren, A., 1912, Leiden Wates Mus. Jentiuk, 34:259.

433. Distant, W. L., 1908, Zoologist (4), 12:77.

434. Green, E. E., 1908, ibid., 159.

435. Smith, W. W., 1902, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 34:199.

436. Tragardh I., 1902, Zool. Anz., 25:617.

437. Maskell, W. M., 1893, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 25:199.

438. Canestrina, G., 1885, Atti. Inst. venet., 2:719.

439. 1884, Bull. Soc. Zool., 107.
MANTIDAE

440. Vitzthum, H., 1940, Z. ParasitKde., 11:457.
APHIDAE

441. Feider, Z. & Agekian, H., 1967, Trav. Mus. hist. nat. Gr. Antipa, 7:71.
442. Vitzthum, H., 1912, Z. Wiss. Insecten Biol. Berlin, 8:61; 94; 129; 179; 231; 289.

ANOPLEURA (Mallophaga)
443. Radford, C. D., 1949, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 118:933.
APHANIPTERA (Fleas)

444. Fain, A., 1966, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 73:159.
445. Fox, C., 1909, Ent. News, 20:216.

PLEGOPTERA

446. Vitzthum, H., 1941, Z. ParasitKde., 12:144.

447. Imamura, T., 1950, Annot. Zool. Japan, 24:54.

448. Womersley, H., 1953, Rec. Canterbury N.Z. Mus., 6:233.
449. Munchberg, P., 1954, Arch. Hydrobiol, 49:414.

DERMAPTERA
450. Radford, C. D., 1953, Parasitology, 42:239.

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PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 77
‘PIERIS NAPY IN AMERICA: RECONNAISSANCE
(Lep., Pieridae)
S. R. BOWDEN

A European lepidopterist interested in the Pieris napi L. group of butterflies
obtains only a very inadequate idea of its possible evolution if he neglects its
representatives in North America. He may, too, tend to regard P. napi napi as
typical in more than the taxonomic sense—an impression which is a fortuitous
consequence of Linné’s residence in the territory of this particular subspecies.
Perhaps he should, instead, try regarding ssp. napi as another of the marginal
forms existing today.

Until recently the Nearctic subspecies, including even Pieris virginiensis
Edwards, were all referred to P. napi, or in certain cases to P. bryoniae Ochsen-
heimer. Miiller and Kautz (1939), indeed, possibly following a misguided con-
tention of Edwards (1881), attributed them all to bryoniae. It was not until 1960
that Maeki and Remington found that virginiensis had one more pair of chromo-
somes (n=26) than napi (n=25), and so removed doubts about its specific
distinctness, which should already have been obvious enough. More hazardously,
Warren (1963) distinguished no less than six species in the Nearctic region:
bryoniae, napi, oleracea Harris, mogollon Burdick, venosa Scudder and virginiensis.
In a later (1968) rearrangement he made the number nine. Since he separated
these specifically, on the sole evidence of their androconial scales, it is clearly
desirable to determine what other characters can be adduced to confirm or
perhaps modify his conclusions. Whether the many subspecies, finally assembled
in suitable order, are brought under one, two, six or more species is likely to be a
matter of personal choice; in this group, though relationships can be imputed,
specific status is ultimately almost indefinable.

In trying to reach tentative conclusions on subspecific and specific affinities we
can take account of many criteria, though how these should be weighted is not
self-evident. The adult can be examined for characteristic melanic markings
above and below. The pterin pigments present can be identified and in reasonably
fresh specimens estimated physicochemically. Androconial scale shapes (with
their normal range of variation) and certain elements of wing-shape, etc., can be
compared. All these data can be obtained from dried material, as can the distri-
bution of natural hybrids, if sufficiently wide collections are available.

The application of other criteria, of equal or greater import, demands the use
of living stocks: larval and pupal characters, food-plant preferences, chromo-
some-number and other karyological data, and particularly the consequences
of hybridisation. These consequences may include irregular mitosis or meiosis,
inviability or infertility of F, or F; hybrids, proterogyny or excessive proterandry,
disturbed sex-ratio or even complete failure of one hybrid sex to mature. Refusal
of butterflies of different napi-bryoniae subspecies to pair naturally in captivity
would strongly indicate wide separation, but in our experience some pairings
always take place. No single criterion is acceptable in isolation until it has been
found to be a regular contributor to consensus.

Thus an adequate study of European and American napi butterflies and their
interrelationships would take many years to complete, even without necessary
experiment on the intervening Asiatic insects. The present account relates only to
the initial stages of a continuing reconnaissance: the breeding in England of
three Nearctic subspecies—Pieris virginiensis, P. napi oleracea and P. napi
marginalis Scudder. The availability of these I owe to the persistence and patience

72 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

of Mr. S. A. Hessel of Washington, Conn., and Mr. C. W. Nelson of Portland,
Oregon.

BREEDING OF P. VIRGINIENSIS

A female virginiensis was taken on 12.v.62 by Mr. Hessel at Washington, Conn.
A week later I received by air the dead female and part of the eggs that she had
laid. These were hatching on arrival, and at first the larvae fed on the Dentaria
diphylla Michx. leaves sent with them. They would only nibble at Alliaria petio-
lata Bieb. and Hesperis matronalis L. I also tried (but did not persist with)
Cardamine pratensis L. I took the larvae with me to France and some days later
found Dentaria bulbifera L. growing, but by this time the last of the larvae had
died.

Mr. Hessel had retained some eggs and reared the larvae. The resulting 17
pupae he sent over to England in September, together with rhizomes of Dentaria
diphylla. The plants appeared above ground in my Hertfordshire garden in
March 1963, soon after the melting of the snow in that year. It was clear that they
would feed on only a small number of larvae to maturity, nor have I been able
since to induce the plants to spread. Substitute food-plants had to be located
and confirmed as suitable.

From the beginning of June 1963 I was able to obtain Dentaria bulbifera, by
courtesy of the Hertfordshire naturalist, Mr. R. F. Turney, who showed me a
woodland locality about ten miles away in the Chess valley where this little-known
species grows wild. Both species of Dentaria are plants of the early spring, and
die down inconveniently early. Later that month I had to take larvae to Angus,
and some still remained when the Dentaria which I carried in tins deteriorated;
but here I found that Cardamine pratensis could be used. In 1964 Cardamine
also failed me, when the Redbourn meadow where it grew was sprayed with
weed-killer. In these early years I depended almost entirely on Dentaria bulbifera,
and breeding was confined to its season, but in 1965 I tried watercress (Nastur-
tium) and this proved satisfactory, though larvae would not eat it while there was
even the most miserable Dentaria as an alternative.

I have described elsewhere (1971) the ruthless experiments that I made with
these and other food-plants. Although the virginiensis females actually laid
preferentially on Alliaria, the larvae would never continue to eat it.

In April 1963 I took six pupae out of cold storage. Pupae of virginiensis are
distinguished from those of P. napi napi by marked differences of proportion:
in particular the alar projections are much more prominent in relation to the
noticeably more slender body, the frontal tubercle is more elongated and the slen-
der thoracic keel has a bulbous profile. This pupal disparity alone is almost
convincing evidence of specific separation from napi—but probably in the past
virginiensis pupae have been compared with oleracea rather than with European
napt.

When the butterflies emerged in mid-May their almost complete lack of upper-
side marking made it difficult to determine their sex while they were under only
partial restraint. Females have more rounded wings, with sometimes traces of
the marking normal in P. napi napi, and are generally more ochreous, at least
below. Subsequent examination of external genitalia showed that in fact no mis-
takes were made.

Two females and two males caged together produced about 200 eggs on
Dentaria diphylla and Alliaria: successful rearing was mainly on Dentaria bulbi-
fera.

The larvae of P. virginiensis are distinguished from those of P. napi napi most

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I197I 73

conspicuously by the absence of the bright yellow encircling the spiracles. These
yellow rings are absent also in ssp. oleracea and marginalis, though even P. rapae
carries yellow adjacent to the spiracles.

In all, 25 sound pupae were obtained, of which only five were of the green form.
All lay over the winter and butterflies emerged well in May and June 1964,
eight or nine days after removal from cold storage.

A further generation was then bred from a pair of June butterflies. The female
laid about 60 eggs in less than a week and disappeared. The larvae hatched well,
but food supplies were inadequate and rearing losses were therefore high.
After two males and one female had emerged without diapause (17.vii to
2.viii.64) and one green pupa had blacked off, only four pupae remained for stor-
age over the winter.

Meanwhile Mr. Hessel had obtained eggs from four or five females in Connecti-
cut and sent over 21 pupae in early June 1964: these were all in diapause. In
1965 further broods were raised from a pair of these and by caging two males
with three females from the four pupae mentioned above.

Six more broods were reared in 1966-67, largely on watercress. One 1966
brood produced a few ‘summer’ specimens.

The virginiensis phenotype

P. virginiensis has an extremely fragile appearance; in size it seems very variable
—often much smaller than the 49mm which it attains on occasion. Coloration
and marking are as described by Hovanitz (1963).

The upperside is milk-white in both sexes, a colour appreciably less pure than
that usual in ssp. oleracea and ssp. napi. The hindwing underside is slightly
ochreous, especially in the female, but completely lacks the light lemon-yellow
pigmentation found in European wild-type napi and in oleracea; in this respect
it resembles the morph subtalba Schima found in some bryoniae populations
(Bowden 1966).

Both sexes usually carry dark scales at the forewing apex; these lie along the
vein-ends and do not unite into a continuous patch. There is also dusky scaling
at the base of the wings, along part of the costa and of the main veins. In addition,
some females show rather faintly the forewing pattern characteristic of European
napi females—two dark spots on the outer part of the discal area and a streak
along the hind margin (Hovanitz 1963 calls this the ‘rapae-type’ pattern).

The hindwing-underside vein-marking is an important character in P. vir-
giniensis. This marking, almost distinctive of the P. napi group of butterflies,
takes different forms in the various species and subspecies. Basically, it com-
prises a border of dark scales on each side of the hindwing veins. In most
European subspecies, black and yellow scales are mingled, and the proportion of
black diminishes away from the vein; there is usually a sprinkling of black
over the vein itself. The distinctive sharp oleracea marking will be described
below. Not only does the breadth of the marking vary in different subspecies;
it may (in some) taper towards the outer margin. In both respects there is also
individual variation within the subspecies.

In virginiensis the vein-marking is rather broad, with indefinite edges, and
continues more lightly over the lines of the veins themselves. The marking
usually, but not always, tapers towards the margin as in European napi; some-
times indeed it becomes broader towards the margin and leaves only thin streaks
of background colour between the veins. Though the dark scales vary in colour
very few (even on the upperside) are black—trather, a pale brownish grey.

In the occasional summer emergence the male may show a definite discal

74 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

spot, and both sexes lose almost completely their underside vein-marking. Both
these modifications are in line with those found in non-diapause napi elsewhere.
Hovanitz (1963) says that the appearance of virginiensis does not change during
the seasons, but this is not strictly correct, even as a statement of univoltinism.
Nevertheless, ‘weather conditions’ as such are not mainly responsible, either in
virginiensis or in oleracea.

BREEDING OF P. NAPI OLERACEA

In 1963 Mr. Hessel bred large numbers of this species from New Hampshire
females. Most of the butterflies emerged at the end of June, but in early Septem-
ber he kindly sent 13 pupae expected to over-winter. Four died before cold
storage in December.

The remainder were brought out in early May 1964 and produced four males
plus three females, which were all used for breeding. The butterflies were not
too easy to sex; however, all the determinations were in fact confirmed after death.

One pair was caged for pure oleracea. The male died after three days, and the
female laid only 25 eggs. Alliaria was supplied as food. Several larvae died or
failed to grow, and alternative plants were tried: Sinapis arvensis L. (Charlock),
Sisymbrium officinale L. (Hedge Mustard) and Dentaria. The nine butterflies
obtained after diapause were all small except one male. Apart from one female,
all were used in unsuccessful attempts to breed further and to hybridise with
virginiensis and with European bryoniae.

The larvae of oleracea lack the bright yellow circumspiracular rings of napi
and the pupae depart from the virginiensis shape (in the direction of ssp. napi)
to a surprisingly small extent. Scudder (1889) compared the early stages of
oleracea and European napi, but for Scudder oleracea included virginiensis, so
his comparison is to that extent uncertain. However, he made a good case for
specific separation of his ‘oleracea’ from napi on morphological grounds.

Early in July 1965 a further 34 pupae were received from Mr. Hessel. Nearly all
were of the green form; the single buff pupa was the only one that proved to be in
diapause. Pairings were made to obtain three large broods, as well as hybrids
with virginiensis to be described in a separate paper.

In 1966 two more broods of oleracea were obtained, but these were affected by a
refrigeration failure in 1967 and subsequent pairings produced no fertile eggs.

Ssp. oleracea is less selective in its food requirements than virginiensis: it can
be reared conveniently on Hesperis. Sisymbrium and Nasturtium are also suit-
able, but Alliaria is not, though at least some of the larvae eat a little more of it
than virginiensis will.

The oleracea phenotype

This subspecies is usually appreciably larger than virginiensis, frequently
attaining a spread of about 53mm.

The ground-colour of the upperside is a rather pure white in both sexes; the
underside of the hindwings and of the forewing-tips has a light, rather greenish,
yellow ground. Whether the subtalba morph occurs anywhere in the range of
oleracea do not know.

The usual spot-markings of European napi are almost absent in oleracea,
though in an occasional female there is a ghost of the European pattern. Both
sexes normally have dark scales lying along the vein-ends of the forewing apex,
and some dark marking of the main forewing veins occurs particularly in the
over-wintering brood.

On the underside of the hindwing, in this same brood, the dark veining is

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 75

narrower, denser and has a more definite edge than in P. napi napi; typically
the vein itself is left nearly clean, though in the more heavily marked specimens
it may be submerged in brownish black. Tapering of the markings towards the
margin is less than in ssp. napi. In its narrowness the marking is reminiscent of
several related pierids of eastern Asia, but its characteristic division by the pale
line of the vein (in the spring emergence) reappears fully only in South American
Tatochila species, as far as I am aware; although Tatochila is close to Pieris,
the androconia show them to belong to distinct groups.

In the non-diapause generations the vein-marking diminishes and at the same
time is reduced to a single strip which may not be much wider than the vein;
indeed in typical summer specimens this marking disappears completely or
almost completely.

The underside of the forewing does not carry the one or two black spots usual
in napi. Over-wintered individuals have the forewing underside veins lined with
black; when this forewing marking is very heavy it begins to take on the special
character of the hindwing pattern: that is, the almost unmarked vein has a dark
line on each side of it.

BREEDING OF P. NAPI MARGINALIS

The stock, derived from eight wild females, was provided in July 1966 by Mr.
C. W. Nelson of Portland, Oregon (see also Bowden 1970a: the course of the
subsequent breeding is set out in that paper). There was no difficulty in main-
taining marginalis in England. Watercress was used as food from the beginning.
Though unable to live long on Alliaria, the larvae can be reared easily on Hes-
peris as well as on Cardamine and Sisymbrium. Its requirements seem therefore
to be similar to those of ssp. oleracea.

The marginalis phenotype

The adult marginalis shows marked differences from oleracea. Both sexes are
more or less tinged, even on the upperside, with lemon yellow, and this extends
to the disc of the forewing underside; the underside of the hindwings and of the
forewing-tips is brighter yellow than in oleracea. Especially perhaps, in non-
diapause broods, the upperside of the forewing-tips is frequently bordered with
lemon, and this may in females extend to the whole outer margin. While some
males, even when fresh, are nearly white above, at the other extreme females
are occasionally sulphur-yellow.

The underside vein-markings in the ‘summer’ broods are reduced or absent,
as in oleracea; in the spring emergence it can be seen that the veining is of the
oleracea pattern but much less intense—the black scales are sparser.

The forewing-tip rarely has a rather weak black patch on the upperside. A
very few ‘summer’ males develop a black discal spot. Female markings are basic-
ally similar to those of European napi, but the radial marginal streaks character-
istic of ssp. napi are absent, and the upper discal spot is usually weaker than the
lower. There may be no upper spot, or even no spots at all, but there is, even
then, some development of a diffused black streak along the forewing hind margin.

The pupa of marginalis resembles that of European napi or bryoniae rather
closely.

DISCUSSION
A previous paper (1970b) has discussed in general terms some aspects of the

Holarctic speciation of the Pieris napi group. On the principle that, when doubt
remains, a subspecies is to be retained in napi rather than split off as a separate

76 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

species, all the Nearctic taxa can be referred provisionally to napi, with the
exception of P. virginiensis. A reassessment should be made after a more com-
prehensive study, whose conclusions can be expected to stand. Nevertheless,
if I had encountered oleracea or marginalis without previous knowledge, it
might never have occurred to me that they could be conspecific with napi.

At least three more American subspecies need investigation before American
‘napi’ can be dealt with as a whole. These are venosa Scudder of California,
hulda Edwards of Alaska and a south-western population (preferably the high-
altitude macdunnoughii Remington of Colorado).

Meanwhile it can be proposed that the following macroscopic adult characters
be used in the recognition of the various taxa:

Underside veining (1) diffuse and broad,
(2) narrow and sharply defined.
Hindwing underside ground-colour (1) bright yellow,
(2) pale greenish yellow,
(3) white or ochreous white (‘subtalba’).

Upperside ground-colour in female (1) white,
(2) light citron-yellow,
(3) ochreous yellow.

Upperside marking (1) evanescent,
(2) resembling that of napi napi
(a) napi-streak absent in female,
(b) napi-streak present in female,
(3) resembling that of napi adalwinda, with bryo-streak
present in female,
(4) other.

Summer emergence (1) normally none,
(2) with much reduced marking above and below,
(3) with strong marking above.

(The napi-streak, absent in P. rapae, is that on vein Cuyp, joining the anterior
edge of the second discal spot to the margin. The bryo-streak, characteristic of
P. bryoniae, joins the centre of the same spot to the margin.)

None of these visible characters seems to be primarily adaptive, though they
may be genetically linked with adaptations (even the supposed adaptation of
female bryoniae and adalwinda to absorb radiation is questionable). Nor are
they in any sense a direct consequence of local environments.

In addition it will be shown later that two quantitative characters can be applied:
relative antenna-length and a group of parameters derived from measurements
of the pupa. These again are (within limits) selectively rather neutral characters,
and should serve to suggest past relationships. We have at the moment insufficient
data for their statistical treatment and profitable discussion, but they seem to
bring closer certain geographically adjacent subspecies which one would other-
wise Separate specifically: European napi and bryoniae; American virginiensis and
oleracea. On the other hand they distinguish oleracea, marginalis and napi.

Some experiments involving hybridisation of P. virginiensis and P. napi
marginalis with European napi have been reported (1966, 1970a). These, with
others yet to be published, enable the dominance-relationships of the distinctive
adult characters to be established. They also provide evidence of varying degrees
of genetic imbalance in hybrids, which may be critically important in deciding
where lines should be drawn between species and subspecies.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 aa

SUMMARY

Study of the relationships of Nearctic Pieris must be based on a large number
of characters, many of which are not available unless the various subspecies
are bred in captivity. Pieris virginiensis, P. napi oleracea and P. napi marginalis
have been bred in England and their distinctive characters noted. All could be
raised on Nasturtium officinale but none on Alliaria petiolata.

REFERENCES
Bowden, S. R., 1966. Polymorphism in Pieris: ‘subtalba’ in P. virginiensis. Entomologist
99 :174-182.
——, 1970a. Polymorphism in Pieris: f. sulphurea in P. napi marginalis. Entomologist
103 :241-249.
——, 1970b. Pieris napi L.: speciation and subspeciation. Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc. 3:63—70.

, 1971. American white butterflies and English food-plants. J. Lepid. Soc. 25:6-12.

Edwards, W. H., 1881. On Pieris bryoniae Ochs. and its derivative forms in Europe
and America. Papilio 1:84-89.

Hovanitz, W., 1963. The relation of Pieris virginiensis to P. napi: species-formation in
Pieris? J. Res. Lepid. 1:124—-134.

Maeki, K. and C. L. Remington, 1960. Studies of the chromosomes of North American
Rhopalocera 2. J. Lepid. Soc. 14:37-57.

Miller, L. and H. Kautz, 1939. Pieris bryoniae O. und Pieris napi L. Vienna.

Scudder, S. H., 1889. Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada. Cambridge,
Mass.

Warren, B. C. S., 1963. The androconial scales of the genus Pieris 2: the Nearctic
species of the napi-group. Ent. Tidskr. 84:14.

——,, 1968. On the Nearctic species of the bryoniae- and oleracea-groups of the genus

Pieris. Ent. Rec. 80:61—-66.

53, Crouch Hall Lane,
Redbourn, Herts.
9th September 1971

Lepidoptera in Spain. The months of January and February 1971 were spent
near Almeria on the south coast of Spain and it was noticeable that the date of
flight sometimes varied considerably from that published by Higgins & Riley
(1970, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe), as the following
data show. The Higgins and Riley flight periods are shown in parentheses.

Papilio machaon L., first seen 24th February when one was taken, after this
three or four were noted every day up to the Ist March. All were on cultivated
land, mostly tomatoes and potatoes, near the nea. (April/May—July/August.)

Iphiclides podalirius L., three seen on coast road on rocky hillside on 16th
February, three more were seen and one taken on 17th February. (Mar/Septem-
ber.)

Zerynthia rumina L., common on rocky hillside and along ravine coming down
to the beach, on 25th February. No females seen. (February/May.)

78 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Pieris brassicae L., two examples seen on 14th February, thereafter common.
(April/May.)

Pieris rapae L., first seen on 17th January and then one or two daily up to Sth
February and thereafter common. (March or later.)

Pontia daplidice L., a few from 26th February onwards. (February/March.)

Euchloe belemia Esp., fairly common from 17th February onwards. (February/
March.)

Colias crocea Geoff., first seen on 16th January, then one or two daily up to
31st January. Three female form helice Hiibn. seen ovipositing on 6th February.
From then on several males every day. (April/May.)

Gonepteryx cleopatra L., one on 17th January, two on 8th January, one on
25th January, two on 2nd February; after 25th February fairly common. No
females seen. (May/June.)

Nymphalis polychloros L., one at 1,000 ft in an olive grove in good condition
on 23rd February. (June/July.)

Vanessa atalanta L., one on 22nd January, one on 31st January, one on 2nd
February and one on 26th February; all seemed in fine condition. (May/October.)

Aglais urticae L., one on 22nd January, two on Sth February, one on 6th February,
two on 9th February, one on 22nd February, two on 25th February and one on
lst March. These looked like newly hatched specimens. (May or later . . . hiber-
nated specimens March/April.)

Vanessa cardui L., two on 14th January, two on 15th January, one on 16th
January, one on 26th January, one on 2nd February and one on 7th February.
All were worn and faded. (April onwards.)

Pararge aegeria L., first seen on 21st February, thereafter common. (March
or later.)

Callophrys rubi L., two on 23rd February at 1,000 ft on damp earth. (March
or later.)

Lycaena phlaeas L., one on 21st February, one on 25th February and two on
26th February. (February/March.)

Lampides boeticus L., two on 18th January, one on 23rd January, three on
26th February and three on 27th February. All worn and faded. (Throughout
summer.)

Glaucopsyche melanops Boisd., on 23rd and 25th February, fairly common
thereafter. (April/May.)

Cyaniris semiargus Rott., one female on 25th February and one female on
27th February. (End June/July/August.)

Polyommatus icarus Rott., two males on 24th February and one male on 27th
February. (April or later.)

Carcharodus alceae Esp., several on 26th February, thereafter fairly common.
(April/May.)

A. E. G. Best, Hillside, Westfield, Hastings, Sussex,
3rd April 1971.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 719
SPHINGIDAE (LEP.)—EAST VERSUS WEST AFRICA

By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S.

MacNulty’s comprehensive paper on ‘Outline Life Histories of West African
Sphingidae’ (1970, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 3:95—122) reveals some inter-
esting differences between the two sides of the Continent. I would, however, ask
him to include the family name of the various food-plants recorded in future
papers; I can find no reference in any of my botanical literature to the names
Newboldia and Anchomenes for example, and so am at a loss to know how these
plants fit into the general pattern.

Shape of the head and horn in any particular instar seem to be the only
invariables in variable larvae, and even the horn shape can be altered by an
accident in an earlier instar. I once thought that the colour of the spiracle was a
constant, Bell & Scott (Fauna of British India, Moths, 5) use it to distinguish the
very similar larvae of Cephonodes hylas L. and C. picus Cr.; but the larva of
Herse convolvuli L. can have the spiracle black or red, and West African Andriasa
contraria Walker have them yellow, whilst East have them bright green or blue.

ereunder my notes on some of the species included in Dr. MacNulty’s paper.

Herse convolvuli L. I agree that this is an extremely variable larva, particu-
larly in the dark form. In East Africa the green form is reasonably constant,
although I had one which lacked any black on the head, the black spots in which
the spiracles are set, the black legs and the black tip to the horn. The normal
green form has the head green marked with black and the horn orange-yellow
with a black tip. Bell & Scott, Fauna of British India, Moths, 5, give a very com-
plete description and some good figures of the various larval forms. It is also
recorded as feeding on Dolichos, Phaseolus, Arachis (Papilionaceae), Helianthus
(Compositae) and Bambusa (Gramineae), but I am very doubtful of the correct-
ness of the last. The egg is extremely small compared to the size of the moth
and is a much bluer green than most sphingid eggs.

Acherontia atropos L. We have three larval forms in East Africa; green
with bluish markings, yellow with lavender, and a brown form. The green and
yellow forms seem to be separated by an unstable blue pigment, blown green
larvae are almost indistinguishable from yellow, and when a number of larvae
are reared together they are yellow in the last instar, whilst larvae reared singly
and wild larvae are usually green. The brown form seems to be genetic in origin,
but I have never reared it ab ovo. Its habits are completely different from the green
and yellow forms, feeding at night and hiding beneath clods of earth by day, it
can often be found climbing the trunks of the food-trees in the early evening and
descending shortly before dawn. Contrary to what Dr. MacNulty writes, I have
found the brown form very constant in East Africa. I have published a list of the
food-plants in 1970 (Ent. Rec., 82:272). I have had one case of spiral segmenta-
tion (1966, Entomologist, 99:185) which resulted in a double horn. Contrary to
what has sometimes been recorded, the female does not require to fly long
distances between the laying of each egg; I have had captured females laying
50 or 60 eggs in one night when confined in quite a small receptacle. The imago
does come to mercury vapour light in East Africa.

Coelonia mauritii Butler. Here again I have found the two East African
forms, green and brown, very constant. I have not found the yellow form, which,
presumably, is caused by the absence or breakdown of the blue component of
the normal green pigment. I published a list of food-plants in 1970 (Ent. Rec.
82:272).

*

80 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Xanthopan morgani Walker. Carcasson’s description is a transcript of mine,
and the figure is a rather poor reproduction of one of my photographs, which
clearly shows the white fuzz of setae. ‘Jbaria’ is a printing error for ‘Uvaria’.

Pseudoclanis postica Walker. The food-plant in East Africa seems to be Ficus
spp. (Moraceae), although other Moraceae are also quoted. Pinhey’s record of
Loranthus seems doubtful, it would be by no means the first occasion when the
parasite has been recorded as the food-plant instead of the host, and vice versa.
I have recorded the horn as being reddish purple with blue-green tubercles
laterally, and the spiracles as being blue with a black rim.

Andriasa contraria Walker. There seem to be considerable differences
between East and West African larvae. Mine had the spiracles either blue or
bright green, versus the West African yellow, and lacked the ‘velvet black patch’
at the base of the horn, which in East African larvae is either pale green or
yellowish versus bright yellow in West Africa. The generic name is incorrect as
‘Adriasa’.

Cephonodes hylas L. ssp, virescens Wallgr. A very variable larva. Full
description and figures can be found in Bell & Scott (Fauna of British India,
Moths, 5). East African food-plants belong to the Rubiaceae, and it can be a
pest on Coffee, but Spathodea nilotica (Bignoniaceae) is also recorded. The most
obvious characteristic is the tuberculate, swollen ‘collar’ on the somite immedi-
ately behind the head, my first, MacNulty’s second.

Deilephila nerii L. 1 am always doubtful of Gardenia (Rubiaceae) as a food-
plant of this species. It is true that it feeds on Cinchona (Rubiaceae), but I think
Gardenia is more likely to be the Mock Gardenia of gardeners, Tabernaemontana
coronaria (Apocynaceae), with almost scentless flowers and shiny leaves. In
East Africa this is preferred to Oleander (Nerium). There are some very doubtful
food-plants on record—Mangifera (Anacardiaceae), Jasminum (Oleaceae) and
Bambusa (Gramineae)—Mangifera is possibly a misidentification of Conopharynga
and Jasmine for Landolphia or Carissa (all Apocynaceae), but what has been
taken for Bamboo I cannot even guess. South’s figure in the first edition of Moths
of the British Isles, 1, shows a larva in the prepupational livery.

Nephele comma Hopffer. In East Africa feeds mainly on Landolphia (Apocy-
naceae). Spiracles of my larvae were blue-grey. If green larvae invariably pro-
duced derasa and brown comma, there would be a good case for considering them
two distinct species, but most Nephele appear to have a green and a brown larval
form, and the Indian N. didyma F. also has two forms, one with and one without
the silvery stigma.

Nephele accentifera Beauv. Larvae were found in Kampala feeding on the
ornamental Cryptostegia grandiflora (Asclepiadaceae) but ate Carissa grandiflora
(Apocynaceae) in captivity. It has also been recorded on Ficus spp. (Moraceae).
Whilst the larva, as stated by MacNulty, is not unlike that of comma, there is a
considerable difference between the pupae of the two species, that of accentifera
having a far more pronounced ‘duck’s bill’ proboscis sheath.

Having always considered the food-plants of Nephele as being parallel to those
of the Danaidae, i.e. Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Moraceae, the inclusion
of Caesalpinaceae (Macrolobium) and Sapotaceae (Chrysophyllum) is somewhat
unexpected.

Temnora fumosa Walker. Ihave since had a dark larva, feeding on an uniden-
tified rubiaceous shrub. Camellina is Pinhey’s record; what it looks like and to
what family it belongs, I do not know.

Sphingonaepiopsis nana Boisd. The larval description appearing under this
name in Carcasson, and quoted by MacNulty, applies, unfortunately, to Sphin-

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I197I 81

gonaepiopsis ansorgei Roths. The mistake arose from the fact that Carcasson
had always insisted that ansorgei did not occur on the Kenya Coast, and the
identity of the bred imagines was never checked against Museum specimens.

The two larvae are very different, that of S. nana is very variable with a fairly
small, tapering, round horn, whilst that of S. ansorgei is invariably blackish,
with the horn laterally compressed, giving it the shape of a paddle or a longi-
tudinal section through an Indian club. The larva of S. ansorgei is remarkable
in that it does not void its frass in the usual pellet form, but in long sticks, often
almost an inch in length, the length of frass remaining protruding from the anus
until it breaks off. Both species feed on Oldenlandia (Rubiaceae).

Basiothia medea F. Kenya larvae are some shade of green or brown. I would
describe the markings as black quarter circles above an elliptical pinkish spot.
Food-plants are Pentas and Oldenlandia (Rubiaceae). Although a dusk flyer,
imagines emerge from the pupa shortly after dawn.

Basiothia charis Boisd. Ihave never bred this species, but Vernonia (Composi-
tae) to me seems a most unlikely food-plant.

Euchloron megaera L. The ocellus in the green form is divided obliquely,
the upper portion bluish-lilac, the lower white. There is no lateral and dorsal
pinkish suffusion as suggested by MacNulty. In the brown form, the upper part
of the ocellus is blackish, the lower white. It is a strange coincidence that many
of the species with an exceptionally short horn in the final instar have a dis-
proportionately long one in the earlier.

Hippotion osiris Dalm. The early instars may be green or brown but, in my
experience, the final is always dark. This is another larva with a very long
horn in the early instars and a mere pin-point in the final. Seitz’s description is
almost certainly based on some other species, the minute pin-point horn of
H. osiris compared to the longish horn of H. celerio makes any suggestion of
similarity ridiculous. Other recorded food-plants are Oxygonum (Polygonaceae)
and Spathodea (Bignoniaceae). I have never found it on anything but /mpatiens
(Balsaminaceae). It is strange that this species, as well as H. celerio, H. eson and
H. balsaminae, should feed on Ipomaea (Convolvulaceae) in West Africa but not
in East. Is the family Ampelidaceae lacking in West Africa? Centroctena ruther-
fordi Druce is also recorded from Ipomaea, whilst its congener imitans Butler
feeds on Cissus and other Ampelidaceae in East Africa.

Hippotion celerio L. Good figures and descriptions are also to be found in
Bell & Scott (Fauna of British India, Moths, 5). Other recorded food-plants are
Commicarpus pentandrus, Boerhavia (Nyctaginaceae), Beta (Chenapodiaceae),
Spermococe (Rubiaceae), Gossypium (Malvaceae), Cryptocoryne (Aroidae) and
Zea mays and Sorghum (Gramineae). Boerhavia, which belongs to the same
family as Bougainvillea, is the favourite East African food-plant.

Hippotion eson Cramer, Early instars may be green or brown but, in my
experience, the final is always dark brown. I published a list of food-plants in
1970 (Ent. Rec. 82:272).

Theretra orpheus H.S._ My description differs slightly from that quoted, and
is: Head greenish yellow. Body with a dark sepia dorsal stripe, beginning as a
line on the 1st somite and broadening to the 4th, and then tapering again to the
base of the horn. This stripe containing a blackish median line and with a series
of pale V-shaped marks, their apices directed forwards, from the 5th to the 10th
somite. The dorsal stripe bordered by a broad whitish stripe shading into very
pale pink below, below this again a broad sepia stripe. Venter, legs and prolegs
greenish. Thoracic somites with a whitish sublateral stripe. 4th somite with a
subdorsal ocellus consisting of a shiny, blackish brown pupil speckled with white,

82 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

enclosed in a yellowish ring with a surrounding black line. Spiracle white rimmed
with pinkish and with a pinkish transverse band. Horn blackish brown, smooth
and shining, carried straight behind with a slight upward curve. Anal flap centred
with sepia. It feeds on the roots of epiphytic orchids.

Centroctena rutherfordi Druce. I have not bred this species, but on the
analogy of C. imitans Butler I agree that there is not likely to be a green form
of larva. The description of the larva of C. imitans, which was also unknown until
recently, is as follows: Head olive-buff, with four short black streaks from the
posterior margin and three inverted T-shaped marks on the lower half. Ist and
2nd somites, the lateral area of the 3rd and 4th, as well as the dorsum anteriorly
of the 3rd, pale pinkish ivory with a reticulate pattern of black lines. Dorsal area
of the 4th, and the posterior portion of the 3rd, somite olive with a central black
line, which is continued to the 10th somite and is almost invisible amongst the
dorsal striae. The ocellus on the 4th somite large, shining black, with a fine
whitish ring, which is, in turn, ringed with blackish. A fine white curved line
above the ocellus in the olive dorsal area. Somites 5 to 10 with the dorsal area
white, densely, but finely, striated longitudinally with blackish-olive. 11th and
12th somites pinkish, the blackish striae finer and sparser. 5th to 10th somites
with a broad white lateral stripe, shading into deep pink above and pale yellow
below. The sublateral area grey, minutely streaked with black, and encroaching
into the lateral stripe in a series of triangular, backward-directed serrations, the
apices of which are continued as a fine black line. Lateral and sublateral areas
of somites 11 and 12 similar to the dorsal. Spiracles chalky white. Horn a minute
olive-brown tubercle. Legs greyish, the joints black. Prolegs coloured as the
sublateral area. Anal claspers as somites 11 and 12. Venter pinkish, streaked
and speckled with black. Shape of the 4th somite somewhat swollen, then tapering
to the head. A very fine snake-mimic, when the first three somites are retracted.

The early instars are quite different with the head and body pale green. The
4th somite ocellus a black spot encircled by a narrow whitish ring, which is in
turn encircled by a wider purplish one. A very fine purple-brown subdorsal line
from the ocellus to somite 10, and the lateral area with very fine, oblique, purple-
brown lines. Horn long and black. The ocellus and purple-brown lines do not
appear until the 3rd instar.

Mombasa, 2/st March 1971

The Lepidoptera of Essex. The Essex Naturalists’ Trust is preparing a distribution
of the Lepidoptera of Essex and are anxious to have the fullest possible coverage.
Records are invited and should be sent to either the present writer or to Mr. G.
Pyman, ‘Treyarnon’, The Ridge, Little Baddow, Chelmsford, Essex. For the
greatest value records should be as full as possible, but should at least have a
locality which can be translated into a 10km square reference, the date of capture
(or observation), if not imago, the stage and the collector’s name.—F. D. BUCK,
‘Seirotrana’, New Road, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, 28th January 1971.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 83

SOME ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAUNA
IN A TIDAL MARSH TO WOODLAND TRANSITION

By R. E. STEBBINGS

LOCATION

The area examined was the upper estuary of the river Fal about 6-5 km south-
east of Truro and one kilometre west of Ruan Lanihorne. The estuary lies in a
typical south Cornish ria system with wooded and steeply rising valley sides to
about 50 m. Aspect is north-east (landward) to south-west (seaward).

The marsh is approximately 14-5 kin from the sea and brackish water of up to
0:20 per cent chlorinity floods it on extreme spring tides. During the past 200
years very rapid silting has occurred owing to the clay workings to the north
and west of St. Austell. Large quantities of kaolinitic silt with a substantial
quartz fraction was washed down the river Fal and became deposited in its upper
estuary. Within the last 200 years the river was tidal to Tregony some 4 km inland
from the present high-water mark of ordinary tides. This rapid siltation provided
high-level mud flats on which upper estuary salt marsh developed. Succession to
tidal woodland was equally rapid and almost 3 km of the wocdland in the valley
below Tregony is now above the limit of tidal flooding.

METHODS

A detailed levelling survey of this estuary, carried out by the Coastal Ecology
Section of the Nature Conservancy in September 1965, was related to Ordnance
Datum (Newlyn). This survey measured the heights of the topographical features
and also the stem base levels of all plant species encountered. From the results
it was found that distinct changes in the zonation occurred at certain levels. Thus
it was convenient to divide the marsh into three zones based on levels and faunal
sampling was related to them. Vegetation was found to be colonising the mud
flats at +1-52 mo.D. and the first zone was +1-50 to 1-90 m. The next zones
were + 1-91 to +2:°30 mand 2:31 m+.

Fauna was collected by sweep netting, butterfly netting, pitfall trapping and
hand searching. Collecting was carried out from 28th to 30th June 1966 during
very hot and humid weather, and pitfall traps were set between 28th June and
19th July 1966.

HABITAT STRUCTURE AND VEGETATION ZONES

The study area ranged from bare mud (at + 1-50 mo.D.) through salt marsh and
salt pasture to oak woodland (at +2-60 m o.D.) all of which was subject to
periodic tidal flooding. The maximum height to which flooding has been recorded
was about +4:20 m o.p. This corresponds to a ground submergence depth
of 1-60 m at the marsh-woodland boundary. However, this submergence occurs
notably during the highest tides such as the equinoctial tides in March and
September and lasts only one to two hours either side of high water. Parts of
the marsh remained submerged for much of the year in the form of stagnant
pools which were replenished by rain water. These pools were relatively sterile
as regards macro fauna and flora and this may have been due to the highly
stagnant reducing conditions.

The three zones were typified by a distinct flora. As the level increased so
did the number of species and their diversity.

The lowest zone (Zone 1), from which eight plant species were recorded, was
dominated by Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. Also locally common were
Agrostis stolonifera L. and Scirpus maritimus L.

84 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

The seaward edges were clonal in character with isolated clumps of Puccinellia
and Scirpus. Landward from these Agrostis stolonifera was growing, often in
pure stands and was particularly dense, matted and hummocky to a height of
50 cm.

In the mid zone (Zone 2), 32 species were found with predominantly Agrostis
stolonifera, Scirpus maritimus, Juncus maritimus Lam., J. effusus L. and Festuca
rubra L. It was this zone that contained the stagnant pools with Scirpus maritimus
as the only emergent species. Parts of this zone were also extremely hummocky
up to 60 cm high, caused partially by the occasional grazing by cattle.

The upper zone (Zone 3) included at least 86 plant species with many locally
dominant species. The most abundant species and those from which most
fauna was collected were: Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca rubra, Agropyron repens
(L.) Beauy., Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaert., Salix atrocinerea Brot., Angelica
sylvestris L., Epilobium angustifolium L., Ulex europaeus L., Rubus fruticosa agg.
and Urtica dioica L. Isolated young trees were growing over much of the marsh
upstream from Sett Bridge, and towards the woodland boundary formed scrub
areas. The general height of the vegetation increases from about 60 cm through
a herb level at 150 cm to scrub rising to about 15 metres.

In addition to the main plant zones (which have been numbered habitats
1 to 3 in the fauna species list), two other habitats were sampled separately.
Habitat 4 was the stone wall and causeway known as Sett Bridge, and habitat 5
was the stagnant water pools.

RESULTS

In general the faunal species recorded were representative of any marshland
ecosystem in southern Britain and were not indicative of saline or brackish
conditions. However, the spider Erigone longipalpis Sund. is confined to salt-
marshes and the mollusc Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith) is invariably found in
tidal or brackish pools.

Although the collections were by no means exhaustive it was interesting to
note how the number of plant and animal species increased as the level increased.
In the lowest zone where eight species were recorded, 48 species of invertebrate
were found. The mid zone contained 32:83 plant to animal species and the
upper zone 86:142. However, although no measurements of densities were made
there was a large increase in population numbers of Hemiptera and Orthoptera
as the level increased. Other groups including Araneae did not show any obvious
increase in density.

Certain records deserve special note. In September 1965 I found a sizable
population of adults with characteristic egg sacs of the spider Argiope bruennichi
Scop. This animal was first found in the Christchurch (Hampshire) area in 1942
and is now known to be fairly common throughout Bournemouth and around
Poole Harbour. The most western previous record was Weymouth. It would be
interesting to know whether the Fal has a relic population of this common
European species.

Two other county spider records were made in July 1966, a male each of
Araneus gibbosus Walck. and Xysticus lanio Koch, and both these were associ-
ated with the lowest seaward zone. Three females of the rare spider Theridiosoma
gemmosum Koch were found in the marsh-woodland boundary.

The one specimen of the fly Syntormon mikii Strobl. was particularly interesting
since it is a Mediterranean species, having been recorded from Spain, Corsica,
Crete and Greece. It has been found once before in Britain (Collin, 1913, Ent.
mon. Mag. 49:131).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 85

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

F. Horsman was responsible for collecting and identifying the Araneae and
these were checked by Dr. P. Merrett. I wish to thank Dr. N. W. Moore, Dr.
M. Service, R. E. Baker and Mrs. A. F. Stebbings, all of the Nature Conservancy,
for identifying or checking part of the collection. I am also particularly grateful
to many workers in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for identifying much of this
material.

RECORDED SPECIES
Habitats: 1. Marsh +1:50—1-:90 m o.p. 2. Marsh 1:91—2:30 m o.p. 3. Marsh

2:31+0.p. 4. Stone Wall. 5. Stagnant Water Pools.

Habitat

OLIGOCHAETA
Dendrobaena octoedra Savigny 3
Biomastros eiseni Levinsen
Allolobophorus sp. 3

CRUSTACEA
(MALACOSTRACA)

AMPHIPODA ISOPODA

Gammarus sp. 1&4
Asellus aquaticus Deg. 4
Oniscus asellus L. 5
Philoscia muscorum Scop. 3&5

Metoponorthus cinguendus

Kinsham 5
Armadillidium vulgare Lat. 5
Sphaeroma rugicauda Leach

INSECTA
COLLEMBOLA
Bourletiella insignis Reut. 1
Sminthurus fuscus L. 4

OTHOPTERA
Pholidoptera griseoaptera Deg. 3
Leptophyes punctatissima Bosc. 2 & 3
Chorthippus parallelus Zett. 2&3

ODONATA

Pyrrhosoma nymphula Sulz. 2 & 3
Ischnura elegans y.d. Lind. 2
Coenagrion puella L. 12&3

Enallagma cyathigerum Charp.
1,2&3
Agrion virgo L. 2
splendens Harris 3
Aeshna cyanea Mill. 2
Sympetrum striolatum Charp. 3

HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA)
Anthocoris nemoralis F. 1
Pithanus maerkeli H.-S. 2D
Calocoris norvegicus Gmel. 1
Stenotus binotatus F. 1
Stenodema calcaratum Fall. 3

laevigatum L. 1

Leptopterna dolabrataL. 1,2 &3
Capsus ater L. 2&3
Hydrometra stagnorum L. 4
Gerris thoracicus Schum. 4
gibbifer Schum. 4
lacustris L. 4
Saldula sp. 1
Notonecta glauca L. 4
Corixa nigrolineata Fieb. 4
sahlbergi Fieb. 4
punctata Ul. 4
HEMIPTERA (HOMOPTERA)
Aphrophora alni Fall. 3
Philaenus spumarius L. 2&3
Jassus lanio L. 1
Cicadella viridis L. 2&3
Delphacodes ?pellucida F. 3
EPHEMEROPTERA
Ephemerella ignita Poda 3
TRICHOPTERA
Limnephilus lunatus Curtis 4
Leptocerus bilineatus L. 3)
LEPIDOPTERA
Pieris rapae L. (6) 3
napi L. (7) 3
Anthocharis cardamines L. (9) 3

86

Habitat
Maniola jurtina L. (22) 3
tithonus L. (23) 3

Aphantopus hyperantus L. (26) 2 & 3
Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey (76) 3
Notodonta ziczac L (110)
Callimorpha jacobaeae L. (191)
Euclidimera mi Clerck (615)
Epirrhoe alternata Mill. (795)
Agriphila culmella L. (1139)

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DIPTERA

Tipula lateralis Meig.
Limonia morio F.
Limnophila discicollis Meig.
Erioptera stictica Meig.
Anisopus fenestralis Scop.
Pericoma trivialis Eaton
Chaoborus crystallinus Deg.
Mochlonyx culiciformis Deg.
Chironomus sp.
Culicoides obsoletus Meig.
punctatus Meig.
Bibio hortulanus L.
Sciara sp.
Chloromyia formosa Scop.
Rhagio scolopacea L.
Haematopota pluvialis L.
Tabanus bromius L.
Dioctria linearis F.
Empis livida L.
Dolichopus nubilus Meig.
Syntormon mikii Strobl.
Eutarsus auriculus Meig.
Megaselia sp.
Eristalis tenax L.
Helophilus pendulus L.
Syritta pipiens L.
Xanthogramma pedissequum Harris
Syrphus luniger L.
Rivellia syngenesiae F.
Nemopoda nitidula Fall.
Sepsis punctum F.
Tetanocera elata F.
Drosophila ? simulans
Oscinella ? hortensis
Cetema neglecta
Scatophaga stercorarium L.

COLEOPTERA
Elaphrus uliginosus F. 1
cupreus Dufts. 2

PROC. BRIT, ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Habitat

Loricera pilicornis F.
Clivina fossor L.
Bembidion unicolor Chaud.
lunulatum Geof.
Pterostichus vernalis Panz.
nigra Schal.
nigrita F.
anthracinus Ill. 1, 2 &
strenuus Panz. 1,2 &
diligens Sturm. 1, 2 &
Agonum viduum Panz.
moestum Duft.
marginatus L.
ruficorne Goeze
fuliginosus Panz.
Dromius linearis Ol.
Hygrotus inaequalis F.
Hydroporus planus F. 2 &
Agabus sturmii Gyll.
bipustulatus L.
Ilybius fuliginosus F.
Colymbetes fuscus L.
Dytiscus semisulcatus Mill.
marginalis L.
Gyrinus natator L.
Ochthebius viridis Peyron
Hydraena riparia Kug.
Helophorus brevipalpis Bedel
walkeri Sharp
Cercyon lugubris Ol.
atomarius F.
Hydrobius fuscipes L.
Anacaena globulus Payk.
limbata F.
Enochrus bicolor F.
Necrophorus interruptus Steph.
vespillo L.
Catops coracinus Kellner
Sciodrepa watsoni Spence
Oxytelus rugosus F.
Stenus juno Payk.
nitidiusculus Steph.
bifoveolatus Gyll.
Paederus riparius L. 1&
Xantholinus fracticornis Mill.
Philonthus fuscipennis Mann.
Staphylinus caesareus Ceder.
parumtomentosus
Stein. 3
Quedius fuliginosus Grav. 3

WWE NY WWW WWWWWNFPHKHPHPHPKEHNAAHAPAHRHAAHPHADN WWWWWWWWWW

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Habitat
Tachyporus chrysomelinus L. 2
formosus Matthews 2
Tachinus rufipes Deg. 3&4
Atheta sp. 2&3
Aleochara lanuginosa Grav. 3
Lampyris noctiluca L. 2&3
Cantharis fulvicollis F. 1
fulvicollis v.
flavilabris Fall. 1
thoracica Ol. 1
Rhagonycha fulva Scop. 2&3
testacea L. 3
Cytilus sericeus Forst. 3
Atomaria atricapilla Steph. 3
Subcoccinella
vigintiquattuorpunctata L. 72
Coccidula scutellata Herbst. 3
Coccinella septempunctata L. 3

Propylea quatuordecimpunctata L.
1,2&3
Geotrupes stercorosus Scriba 2)
Leptura maculata Poda 3
Clytus arietis L. 3
Hapsidolema cyanella L. 2&3
melanopa L. 2&3
Phaedon armoraciae L. 1
Galerucella lineola F. 3
tenella L. 3
Aphthona nonstriata Goeze 3
Crepidodera transversa Marsh. 3
aurata Marsh. 3
Apion loti Kirby 3
viciae Payk. 2
dichroum Bedel 1
Polydrusus cervinus L. 4
Sitona cambricus Steph. 2&3
lineatus L. 2&3
flavescens Marsh. 3
Curculio pyrrhoceras Marsh. 3

Hypera rumicis L.

Ceuthorhynchus floralis Payk. 1
pollinarius Forst. 3
contractus Marsh. 1
Nanophyes marmoratus Goeze 3

HYMENOPTERA

Eutomostethus luteiventris Klug 3
Pachynematus kirbyi Dalhbom
2&3
Pristiphora sp. 3
Ichneumon sp. 3

87

Habitat
Ctenichneumon castigator F. 3
Stenolabus vitratorius Grav. 3
Tryphon sp. 3
Rhorus sp. 3
Synergus reinhardi Mayr.
Myrmica ruginodis Ny]. 3
scabrinodis Nyl. 3
Lasius fuliginosus Lat. 3
niger L. 2&3
Vespula vulgaris L. 2&3
rufa L. 3
Rhopalum clavipes L. 3
Andrena nana Kirby 2&3
Bombus terrestris L. 2&3
agrorum F. 2 & 3
Apis mellifera L. 2&3
ARACHNIDA
ACARINA

Poecilochirus necrophor Vitz.
Macrocheles near glaber. Mill.
Balaustrium (s.1.) sp.
Johnstoniana errans Johnston
Calyptostoma velutinum Mill.

ARANEAE
Dictyna arundinacea L. 3
Zelotes latreillei Simon 2 & 3

Clubiona reclusa O.P. Cambridge 3
stagnatilis Kulezynaki

1&3
lutescens Westring 3
Misumena vatia Clerck 3
Xysticus cristatus Clerck 3
lanio Koch 1
Philodromus dispar Walck.
Heliophanus cupreus Walck. 3
Lycosa pullata Clerck 2&3
prativaga Koch LR QS8C53
armentata Clerck 1,2 &3
nigriceps Thorell 2
Trochosa terricola Thorell 1,2 & 3
Arctosa leopardus Sundervall 2
Pirata piraticus Clerck 1,2&3
hygrophilus Thorell 2
Pisaura mirabilis Clerck 1,2&3
Agelena labyrinthica Clerck 3
Theridion simile Koch 3
ovatum Clerck 3
bimaculatum L. 3

88 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I971

Habitat Habitat
Robertus lividus Black. Dy Bathyphantes approximatus
Tetragnatha extensa L. 1&3 O.P. Cambridge DISCS
montana Simon 3 gracilis Black.
Pachygnatha clercki Sundervall 1,2&3
1&3 Lepthyphantes tenuis Black. 1 & 3
Meta segmetata mengei Black. 3 peltata Wider 3
Araneus gibbosus Walck. 1 Linyphia triangularis Clerck 3
diadematus Clerck 1
cornutus Clerck 1,2 &3 MOLLUSCA GASTROPODA
pare PECTINIBRANCHIA
cucurbitinus Clerck 3 P. rene ene St 1
Theridiosoma gemmosum Koch 3 PICTODVISUS/EUnSE Sue
Argiope bruennichi Scop. 2&3 PULMONATA
Gnathonarium dentatum Wider Limnaea truncatula Mill. 4
1&2 Planorbis spirorbis L. 4
Hypomma bituberculatum Wider 1 Succinea putris L. 4
Pocadicnemis pumila Black. 3 Vertigo pygmaea Draparnaud 5
Oedothorax fuscus Black. I sg F Lauria cylindracea da Costa 5
retusus Westring 2 & 3 Balea perversa L. 5
Lophomma punctatum Black. 2 & 3 Clausilia bidentata Stré6m. 5
Diplocephalus permixtus Hygromia hispida L. 5
O.P. Cambridge 1&3 Cepaea nemoralis L. 5
Erigone dentipalpis Wider 1&3 Helix aspersa Mill. 5)
atra Black. QS 3 Euconulus fulvus Mill. 5
longipalpis Sundervall 1 & 2 Oxychilus cellarius Mull. 5

PROCEEDINGS

25th MARCH 1971

The President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair
The President welcomed to the meeting Dr. de Jong from Holland and Mr.
Alan Creaser, Secretary of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMMet—Examples of the mines of the eight British birch-feeding
species of Nepticulidae (Lep.), commenting on the points of distinction.

Mr. R. W. J. UrFFEN—Hawthorn twigs containing pupae of Spuleria flavicaput
Haw. (Chrysoclista aurifrontella Hiibn.) (Lep., Cosmopterygidae) taken by the
President at Saffron Walden, Essex. Mr. Uffen found that the black elongate
holes from which the moth emerges and from which the larva extrudes its frass
are always on the underside of the twigs, where they are easily overlooked.

Mr. T. J. G. Homer—A series of Sphingidae and Noctuidae, and a butterfly
from Colombia.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A series of Epurea distincta (Grimmer) (Col., Nitidulidae)
bred from the Tinder Bracket fungus, Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. found on alder at

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 89

Leckford, N. Hants, 14.iii.71. This species was added to the Hampshire list by
Mr. S. A. Williams who found two examples in dry litter in the same locality in
1969.

COMMUNICATIONS

Details were given of unsuccessful attempts by J. E. Cooper to assemble the
Pepper Tree moth, Nudaurelia krucki Hering (Saturnidae).

Mr. M. P. CLIFTON reported a young pyrrhocorid bug found feeding on a dead
fly on a recent collecting trip to the Karure Forest, near Nairobi, Kenya. As far
as Mr. Clifton knows this is the first record of a member of this group of Hemiptera
feeding on anything other than plant sap. The fly, a muscid, appeared to have

“been knocked down by rain the day previously, and it was in a small depression
on the path which was still damp. To check whether the bug was actually feeding
on the fly, it was moved slightly three times, until it was out of the depression;
the bug moving away each time and then returning to the fly, not to the damp
depression. Finally the proboscis was seen to enter the fly. Both the fly and the
bug were collected in spirit and are now in the collection of the National Museum,
Nairobi.

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms reported two Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff. (Lep.,
Noctuidae).

A talk was given by Dr. C. G. M. de Worms, illustrated by slides, entitled
‘South and East Africa Revisited’.

22nd APRIL 1971
The President, Col. A. M. Emmet, in the Chair
The death was announced of Capt. J. Ellerton, R.N.
EXHIBITS

Mr. F. D. BuckK—An example of Trigonogenius globulus Solier (Col., Ptinidae)
poured from a bottle of Piesporter on 4.iv.71. It was quite dead and perfectly
relaxed, and had obviously been inside the bottle. It was suggested that it entered
the bottle with the cork.

Mr. A. E. Stusss—Two species of Elachiptera (Chloropidae) from Leckford,
N. Hants, 19.11.71. E. brevipennis (Meig.), a species with reduced or absent
wings, found in dead grass tufts in fenland. The series illustrated a range of
variation. E. uniseta Collin, a rare species with fully developed wings, originally
described from five examples reared from a Reed Bunting’s nest found in Black
Park, Bucks. The British Museum (Nat. Hist.) has three examples from Orford,
Suffolk, and Mr. P. J. Chandler has taken it at Old Slade Nature Reserve, Bucks.
The single example exhibited was swept from Carex growing in a fenland ditch.

Mr. N. Turok—Stenus guynemeri du Val. (Col. Staphylinidae) taken at
Langdale, Ambleside, Lancs.

Mr. T. N. D. PEET—A case of Charaxes butterflies taken in Uganda over the
past year, mostly on bait of rotten pineapple or banana.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—(1) A leaf of Quercus ilex L. containing a larva of
Stigmella suberivora Staint. (Lep., Nepticulidae) from Folkestone, Kent, 5.iv.71.
(2) The lichen Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. (Lepraria (Crocynia) aeruginosa auct.),
the pabulum of Jnfurcitinea argentimaculella Staint. (Lep. Tineidae), from
Folkestone, Kent, 4.iv.71.

90 PROC. ENT. BRIT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

Dr. J. NEwroN—An undetermined Cicada (Hem., Cicadidae) from Singapore.
Mr. P. A. Boswet_—Workers of the ant Leptothorax nylanderi (Forst.) from
Wisley Heath, Surrey, 18.iv.71, found nesting in the bark of a conifer stump.

COMMUNICATIONS

Col. A. M. Emmet said his Spuleria flavicaput Haw. (Lep., Cosmopterygidae)
had emerged in some numbers, among them being a parasite. However, Mr. E. S.
BRADFORD has some larvae indoors, but as yet none had come out.

Commenting on the season Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said that he had recently
been in the Lake District with Mr. J. L. Messenger and in spite of the nights
being cold and clear there were plenty of insects at light. In Surrey on 24th April
he had noted Odontosia carmelita Esp. (Lep., Notodontidae), and he further
reported Polyploca ridens F. (Lep., Thyatiridae) to be numerous. He added that .
in Wiltshire Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep., Lycaenidae) had been noted on 13th
April and had also been seen in Huntingdonshire the previous week. On the
outskirts of the New Forest Anthocharis cardamines L. (Lep., Pieridae) had been
reported.

Referring to his comments on 25th February (p. 42) on the microlepidoptera
in spruce shoots Col. A. M. Emmet said that the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz had
suggested, after consulting a paper by Friese, that it was not possible for any of
the larvae to be Blastotere illuminatella Zell. (Lep., Yponomeutidae). However,
said Col. Emmet, four moths had emerged; two answered the description of
B. illuminatella and two that of B. glabratella Zell; but the Rev. Agassiz had
pointed out there were two other continental species in the genus which might
be expected to occur in this country and there may well be some confusion over
Our species.

A report was given by Mr. A. E. Stubbs on a recent meeting of the Joint
Committee for the Convervation of British Insects in which he said two sites
were causing the Committee some concern. (1) Staines Moor on which gravel
extraction was proposed; and (2) an area near the Seven Sisters on the Sussex
coast where a large country park was proposed. An appeal was made to all
members for details of any rare species in these areas. In the case of the latter site
efforts were being made to protect areas of high entomological value.

With reference to Mr. Buck’s exhibit, Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss said he had seen
this species in some numbers at the head of grain elevators in the London Docks,
in bags of dust. Mr. Buck said this is what he believed to be a normal type of
habitat, adding that Mr. S. Wakely used to take this insect in a printing works in
Finsbury, and he himself had obtained it in another printing works in Holborn.
In each case dusty situations provided the habitat. This he believed would be the
kind of conditions in a wine bottler’s cork store and it was possible that the beetle
was infesting this particular store and could thus have been on the cork when
inserted into the bottle.

The exhibit of the Charaxes prompted a member to point out that the European
species C. jasius L. would come to ripe figs and was possibly just as susceptible
to offal as its African congenors.

Surprise was expressed by Col. Emmet that Mr. Bradford’s Stigmella suberivora
Staint. were still feeding. His moths had begun to emerge on 4th April, and now
all, some 15 examples, had emerged. There were no parasites. He added that half
the cocoons were pinkish and the others were white.

A talk was given by Mr. M. CLIFTON, ‘Life in East Africa’, which he illustrated
with coloured transparencies, and which was followed by a discussion.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 9I
13th MAY 1971
A Vice-President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Margaret Noble, Mr.
T. H. Fisher, Mr. A. F. C. Gisborne, Mr. J. A. G. Milne, Mr. W. G. Kettle,
Mr. A.C. Pont and Mr. J. Porter.

EXHIBITS

Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT—A post-hibernation larva of Coleophora tricolor

Wals. (Lep., Coleophoridae) now feeding on grass; in the autumn it was feeding
“on Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy (Basil-thyme).

Mr. A. E. Srusss—Limnophila (Idioptera) pulchella Meig. (Dipt., Tipulidae).
A cranefly showing marked sexual dimorphism, the male having a predominantly
yellowish body and normal wings, while the female is black with very short wings.
The specimens were taken at Warmwell, Dorset, 27.iv.71. This is a local species
recorded mostly from northern counties. The only published record for the
south appears to be for the New Forest, though the exhibitor has taken it at
Thursley, Surrey.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Geotrupes stercorarius (L.) (Col., Scarabaeidae) collo-
quially known as the ‘Lousy Watchman’, the mites with which the specimen was
infested illustrating the reason for its popular name. The example came from
Boreham Wood, Herts.

Mr. R. I. VANE-WRIGHT—Examples of Antirrhea (Lep.), showing a remarkable
range of scent organs, including a specialised area on the forewings with reduced
scales.

Mr. D. A. BosweLt—Workers of Myrmecina graminicola (Lat.) (Hym.,
Formicidae), taken in the Gully, Durdham Down, Bristol, 2.v.71.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following carabid Coleoptera taken in flood
refuse from the Oberwater, New Forest, Hants, 24.iv.71: Elaphrus uliginosus
F. and Trechoblemus micros (Herbst). Both these species appear to be new records
for the New Forest.

COMMUNICATIONS

In his remarks on the Lepidoptera of the season Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMsS
said that in the New Forest, Hants, the previous week-end Anthocharis carda-
mines L. (Pieridae) was abundant and that Celastrina argiolus L. (Lycaenidae)
was common. Mimas tiliae L. and Hyloicus pinastri L. (Sphingidae) had both
been taken at mercury vapour light, and Cerura vinula L. and Harpyia furuncula
(Notodontidae) and Semiothisa liturata Clerck (Geometridae) had been seen.

During the past week or so at Arundel, Sussex, reported Mr. M. CLIFTON, the
Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides Scop.) had been seen.

On the slope near the station at Sandy, Beds., Mr. R. W. J. Uffen had seen, dur-
ing the winter, some cases of Coleophora saturatella Staint. (Lep., Coleophoridae)
in the broom. On the evening of 12th May he had found a single case containing
a living larva, but could find no more. He had swept the broom and had a
quantity of sweepings hoping he would rear some more; but the infestation
of the plants with other micros is severe. The existence of this particular coleo-
phorid should be more apparent on the site in another two weeks or so.

Mr. G. Prior said that his light in Park Wood, Ruislip, Middx. recently
produced Lithina chlorosata Scop. (Lep., Geometridae) and Mr. R. F. BRETHER-
TON also reported it from his mercury vapour light at Birtley Green, Surrey.

A talk on ‘The Stereoscan and its applications to the study of insects’ was given

92 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I

by Mr. R. I. VANE-WRIGHT. The talk was illustrated by slides of the equipment
and of photomicrographs produced by it and was followed by a lively discussion.

27th MAY 1971
A Vice-President, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GoaTER—Empty pupa cases of Aegeria tipuliformis Clerck (Lep.,
Sesiidae) in situ in stems of blackcurrant from Bushey, Herts.
Mr. M. SHAFFER—An example of a tenebrionid beetle, Tentyria sypria Kraatz

found in a street in New Malden, Surrey, 27.v.71. It was determined by Mr.’

J. D. Brendell of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) who suggested it may have
been brought over with vegetables or fruit which are being imported in large
quantities this year from Cyprus.

He also showed an example of the narcissus fly, Merodon equestris F. v.
narcissi (F.) (Dipt., Syrphidae), found on 23.v.71 at New Malden. The larvae
were found to be attacking daffodil bulbs.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. E. P. WILTSHIRE reported having captured six examples of Spialia sertorius
Hoffmansegg (Lep., Hesperidae) on chalk slopes at Rogerville on the outskirts
of Le Havre, France, 9 & 19.v.71. Higgins & Riley (1970, A Field Guide to the
Butterflies of Britain and Europe, p. 324) state that this skipper butterfly is
absent from north France. This capture, is, therefore, of interest as it shows that
iS. sertorius does in fact reach the English Channel in the Seine area. The nearest
previous record in France known to Mr. Wiltshire is the Forest of Vaudreuil,
just south of Rouen and the Seine valley, made in 1903 by L. Dupont. Its habitat
appears to be restricted.

A talk ‘Butterflies and Flowers in the Pyrenees’ was given by Mr. M. W. F.
Tweedie, which he illustrated with coloured transparencies.

10th JUNE 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. A. C. E. Allen,
L. P. Muirhead, P. Whitton and M. R. Young.

EXHIBITS

The PrREsIDENT—A living nepticulid (Lep.) new to the British List, Dechtiria
spinosella Joan. The mines of this species were first taken by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs
near Torquay, Devon, but not recorded. Two years ago the exhibitor found mines
in the leaves of Prunus spinosa L. at Benfleet, Essex; and last year mines con-
taining larvae were obtained from the same locality. These were now emerging,
the exhibited specimen coming out on 5th July. The larvae spun up in four
conditions: on tissue lining the container, in sawdust, in a mixture of peat and
sand, and in sphagnum. It was from this last that the moths were emerging; to
date none had emerged from any of the other conditions.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 93

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—A living larva, fairly full-fed, of Papilio alexanor
Esp. from Greece.

Mr. A. E. Stusss—Two species of uncommon Diptera. (1) Bibio venosus
Meig. (Bibionidae). A male and female taken 1.v.71 in Windsor Forest, Berks.
Females were swept from woodland rides whilst the males were on the wing
eight feet or more above the ground. (2) Chyliza extenuata Rossi (Psilidae). Two
males from Leckford, N. Hants, 4.iv.71. They were swept about the base of a
hedge at the edge of chalk grassland containing their food-plant, broomrape.
Collin says the larvae live in the swollen underground stem of Orobanche rapum-
genistae Thuill, though O. elatior Sutton is the commonest species in this
locality. Collin records the species from Hants, Surrey, Suffolk and Co. Wicklow;
it must clearly be very local in view of the scarcity of good stands of broomrape.

Mr. D. O. CHANTER—(1) Black and white photographs of West African
Lepidoptera: Herse convolvuli L. (Sphingidae), feeding at a spider lily; and a
larva of Lachnocnema bibulus F., a predatory lycaenid, feeding an ant. (2)
Examples of four colour forms of the African butterfly Acraea encedon L.,
together with breeding data which suggests that the forms infuscata and com-
mixta may be genetically linked.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera: (1) Living examples of
Hylobius abietis (L.) (Curculionidae) from the New Forest, Hants, 6.vi.71.
(2) A series of Mordella aculeata L. (Mordellidae) found in numbers on the
flowers of Ranunculus near Fareham, S. Hants, 4.vi.71. (3) A series of Trichophya
pilicornis (Gyll.) (Staphylinidae) found between pine planks in the New Forest,
5.vi.71. This species, associated with pine and sawdust from freshly cut trees,
has been increasingly scarcer during the last two decades.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Larvae of what was thought to be Coleophora peribenan-
deri Toll., taken at Chestfidd, Kent, 29.v.71, feeding on Carduus acanthoides L.

COMMUNICATIONS

An extract from Habitat was read by Mr. G. Prior giving details of a directive
issued to the Forestry Commission proscribing the felling of deciduous and
ornamental trees in the New Forest except under particular circumstances.

Attention was drawn to an investigation into land held by the Ministry of
Defence. Suggestions were invited regarding release or otherwise of land held
by this Ministry. Contact should be made with the Information Office of the
Council for Nature.

Commenting on Mr. Bradford’s exhibit, Col. A. M. Emmet said Coleophora
therinella Tengst, a closely allied species, feeds in spring; C. peribenanderi Toll
does not.

A paper was given by Prof. P. M. SHEPPARD on ‘The Control of Pupal Colour
in some Papilios’ which he illustrated with slides.

24th JUNE 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

The PRESIDENT—Six species of microlepidoptera taken in the Burren, Co.
Clare, during May 1971: Nepticula dryadella Hof. and Trifurcula griseella Wolff
(Nepticulidae), Coleophora pappiferella Hof. (Coleophoridae), Scrobipalpa

94 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

murinella H.-S. (Gelechidae), Epinotia nemorivaga Tengst. and Olethreutes
arbutella L. (Olethreutidae).

Mr. R. W. J. UrFEN—Hypercallia citrinalis Scop. (Lep., Oecophoridae) taken
in the Burren, Co. Clare, where it was feeding on Milkwort.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A series of Pycnomerus fuliginosus Er. (Col., Colydiidae)
taken under a birch bark in Epping Lower Forest, 13.vi.71.

COMMUNICATIONS

Concerning Col. Emmet’s remarks during the previous meeting (p. 93), Mr.
R. W. J. UFFEN said that he had noted the odd example of Coleophora periben-
anderi Toll. (Lep., Coleophoridae) feeding in the spring; he had no direct know-
ledge of C. therinella Tengst.

Mr. F. D. Buck said that on 31.v.71 he was working tidal litter on Colne
Point, Essex, in which he found a number of examples of Leptothorax nylanderi
(Forst.) (Hym., Formicidae). At the meeting of 22nd April (p. 90) Mr. P. A.
Boswell exhibited the species from under bark. It was Mr. Buck’s experience
till that time that the species occurred only under bark.

This year, in the opinion of Col. A. M. EmMMET, must be exceptionally good
for Nepticula sorbi Staint. (Lep., Nepticulidae) which mines the leaves of Sorbus
aucuparia L. He had seldom seen so many. However, it was nearing the end of
its season and he expected that in a week or so it would disappear.

A talk was given by Mr. R. Harris on ‘Freeze Drying in Exhibition and
Research’ which he illustrated with freeze-dried specimens and slides of apparatus
and examples of work. The talk was followed by an interesting discussion.

8th JULY 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. Emmet—(1) A living larva of Stigmella paradoxa Frey (Lep.,
Nepticulidae) feeding in hawthorn, taken at Wicken Fen, Cambs. Other localities
recorded for the species are: Chippenham Fen and Madingley, Cambs. and the
Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland. (2) Larvae taken at Chippenham Fen, 4.vi.71, which
were thought might be Caloptilia hemidacty! ella F. A possible alternative might
be C. rufipennella Hiibn, a continental species as yet unrecorded in the British
Isles. The larvae were in cones on sycamore leaves and three had been found;
also one presumed to be a cocoon. Since they had been taken one had spun up
and another was in the process of doing so.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—(1) Three examples of Merodon equestris F. (Dipt.,
Syrphidae) to show extreme variation unusual in Diptera. (2) Females of Psilota
anthracina Meig. (Dipt., Syrphidae), a very rare fly, closely resembling a small
bluebottle, taken in Richmond Park, 3.vi.71, a new county record for Surrey.
As in Windsor Forest, the species was taken at hawthorn blossom.

Mr. A. E. Stupps—Three species of rare syrphids (Diptera): a male Xylota
lenta Meig., Foxhold, Newbury, Berks., 17.vi.71, sitting at the base of a partially
dead beech tree; a male Brachyopa insensilis Collin, Wisley Common, Surrey,
28.v.71, on an elm trunk seepage where larvae (almost certainly of this species)
were also found; a female Brachyopa pilosa Collin, South Hawk, Godstone,

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., I97I 95

Surrey, 31.v.71, crawling from shaded grass at mid-day and probably breeds
in dead beech trees at least 200 yards away.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following species of Coleoptera: Oedemera nobilis
(Scop.) (Oedemeridae) from West Wittering, Sussex, 2.vii.71; Mycetoporus
clavicornis Steph. (Staphylinidae), Melandrya caraboides (L.) (Melandryidae)
and Axinotarsus marginalis Lap. (Malachiidae) from the Forest of Bere near
Fareham, Hants, 2.vii.71; Synchita humeralis (F.) (Colydiidae), Laemophloeus
bimaculatus (Payk.) (Cucujidae), Tillus elongatus (L.) (Cleridae) and Tomoxia
biguttata (Gyll.) (Mordellidae) from beech, Mycetophagus quadriguttatus Mill.
(Mycetophagidae) from beefsteak fungus, Ctesias serra (F.) (Dermestidae) on
beech at night, Pseudocistela ceramboides (L.) dug out of rotten beech, Apion
scutellare Kirby (Curculionidae) swept from dwarf furze, Stenochorus meridianus
(L.) and Leptura sexguttata F. (Cerambycidae) on flowers of wild rose, Leiopus
nebulosus (L.) (Cerambycidae) on beech and Criocephalus ferus Muls. (Ceram-
bycidae) evening flight from the New Forest, Hants, 3-4.vii.71.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. J. LABDON reported the occurrence of Trisateles emortualis Schift. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) at mercury vapour light at Peas Pottage, Sussex.

A letter, from Mr. W. St. J. Wildridge, was read reporting a good year
for Strymonidia pruni L. (Lep., Lycaenidae) in Bucks. He also recorded Antho-
charis cardamines L. and Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep., Pieridae) in flight in
July. Both Mr. A. E. Stupss and Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said they had noticed
G. rhamni L. in flight during the current month.

Adding to the Burren information given at the last meeting, Mr. R. W. J.
Uffen said the plants of Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea L.) from that part of
Ireland were quite unlike those we know from the south and south-east of
England, having tough, thick leaves and short stalks. He had gathered some to
feed Coleophora ramosella Zell. (Lep., Coleophoridae) and had sleeved some
upon the plants. Examining them a week or so ago he found the plants doing
very badly. In the crevices at the woody base of the plants and in the soil he
found tiny larvae, the progeny of Pyrausta funebris Stroem. (Lep., Pyralidae).
When given English Golden Rod they attacked the leaves near the base and
killed the plant. Believing the larvae to be in danger of running out of food,
they were given Michaelmas Daisy leaves. These they refused when fresh, but some
24 hours later they attacked these plants and have now fed to nearly full
growth on stale Michaelmas Daisy. It would now be of interest to see how our
English P. funebris feed. Mr. Uffen suspects they feed quite low down on the
plant.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss remarked that Stigmella paradoxa Frey. could be confused
with a sawfly, though he thought the mines looked different from those of the
sawfly. One of the cocoons of the other insect, the larger, he thought looked
remarkably like a braconid.

Slides were shown by Messrs. P. A. GODDARD, E. S. BRADFORD, M. W. F.
TWEEDIE and C. O. HAMMOND.

96 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

22nd JULY 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. L. H. Evans,
Kean Seng and J. Wilton.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMmMet—(1) Two examples of Pieris napi L. (Lep., Pieridae); one
from West Galway, Ireland, with a very distinct yellow colour, sometimes called
form hibernica Schmidt, and the other a typical form for comparison. E. S. A.
Baynes says there are two kinds of yellow form; one the result of temperature
variation, and the other the result of inbreeding. Feral yellow forms are quite
scarce. (2) A series of microlepidoptera leaf mines in hawthorn: (a) to illustrate
the difficulty in determining the colour of leaf-mining larvae; (b) Nepticula
pygmaeella Haw. (Nepticulidae); (c) Scythropia crataegella L. (Yponomeutidae);
(d) Bucculatrix crataegi Zell. (Lyonetiidae); (e) B. crataegi and S. crataegella
in the same leaf; and (f) B. crataegi and N. pygmaeella in the same leaf. (3) A
living example of Coleophora laripennella Zett. (Lep., Coleophoridae) which
emerged that day. The species is one of a group of coleophorid Atriplex seed
feeders, and is a species which probably only occurs in the Breck district of
East Anglia; it appears to be the least common of this group in the genus.
Searching with Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt for this species produced only C.
clypeiferella Hofm., but afterwards cases of C. laripennella appeared amongst
both their captures of C. clypeiferella. A similar thing happened when working
with Mr. R. W. J. Uffen. Coleophora laripennella was found, 17.vii.71, freshly
emerged flying freely. The normal habit of the larva is to overwinter in the debris
at the base of the plant and climb up in the spring, but this year there were no
signs of the cases. It is possible, Col. Emmet suggested, that this species is not
the rarity it is believed to be, but is most secretive in its habits.

Commenting on the exhibit Mr. UFFeN said he had carefully sifted debris
taken from the base of the food-plant and could find no C-. Jaripennella at all;
yet one moth had just emerged.

Mr. CHALMERS-HUuNnT said he had kept his C. c/ypeiferella in a bag and in the
spring found he had C. Jaripennella cases as well. The cases of the latter species
he reported to be quite distinct from any other coleophorid case he knows.

Mr. R. W. J. UrreN—A living larva of Pyrausta funebris Stroem (Lep.,
Pyralidae) which had just changed to its bright yellow, pre-pupal colour; nor-
mally the feeding larva is green.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—Two examples of Calioptilia hemidactylella F. (Lep.,
Lithocolletidae) from the collection of the late William Fassnidge. He referred
to Col. Emmet’s exhibit at the previous meeting (p. 94) when attention was
drawn to reference to the species by S. C. Scarsdale Brown’s paper in which it
was stated ‘the species does not seem to have been taken for many years’. Col.
Emmet mentioned that the last record he could find was some 50 years before
Brown’s paper. The two specimens bred by Fassnidge bear the dates 5 and 6.ix.46
and are marked ‘e.I.’, showing they had been reared by him. Fassnidge and Brown
were close friends and the dates therefore raise something of a problem. He
stated that in his opinion the insects had been reared and set aside for identifi-
cation. It will be remembered that Fassnidge had been accidentally shot and
severely injured, and he was not as active as formerly, otherwise he would have
consulted Brown, and the specimens would have received attention in Brown’s

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 97

paper. Mr. Jacobs also exhibited a drawing of a sycamore leaf which Col.
Emmet had given him, containing four mining positions of a caloptiliid larva
which might well be that of Caloptilia hemidactylella.

Mr. P. A. BosweLL—Living workers and a queen Leptothorax tuberum (F.)
(Hym., Formicidae) from the Avon Gorge. This species, he said, will tolerate
arid conditions.

COMMUNICATIONS

The question of the colour of a larva might be made easier, said Mr. E. S.
BRADFORD, if a colour chart could be devised; but Mr. F. D. Bucx said in these
critical areas most people’s colour vision varies to the extent that charts would
be of doubtful value. Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN believed the major problem was
describing the colour of a larva within the mine.

A new county record for Jnfurcitinea argentimaculella Staint. (Lep., Tineidae)
was given by Mr. E. S. Bradford. He said he had found the species in Hertford-
shire in a lichen on stones by the side of a pond. His attention had been attracted
by the appearance of the lichen, which seemed to have spider’s webs over it and
there were also small white patches. He suspected the species, and the lichen,
had been introduced with the rocks when the pond had been constructed. He
proposed further investigation.

Referring to microlepidoptera going over two years before emerging, Mr.
Bradford said he now had two Coleophora species which had gone into the
second year. He also discussed parasites from Coleophora.

Mr. N. Turok said the Hampstead Natural History Society were contemplating
introducing Vanessa io L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) on to Hampstead Heath, since
the insect appears to be absent. He asked for advice and a discussion followed.

It was suggested by one member that the old part of Highgate cemetery might
provide a reserve of wild life for Hampstead Heath. Foxes, for instance, were
reported from the area, and this could provide a haven for them.

Commenting on the disappearing lepidopterous fauna of London, Mr. Uffen
said that a decade ago he used to find Lycia hirtaria Clerck (Geometridae) in the
Chiswick area, but had not seen it for the past five years. Another moth to
disappear is Chrysoclysta lineella Clerck (Cosmospterygidae) which used to occur
on the limes. A parasite of this species also noted has gone with the moth. Mr.
Uffen’s own particular theory was that with the introduction of all-night sodium
street lighting the moths have ceased to fly, and thus have failed to breed.

This last-named insect, said Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss, used to be found in Fen-
church Court in the City of London, with the braconid parasite, but he could not
say if it was still there.

The species was shown to him, said Col. E. M. Emmet, by Mr. S. Wakely
at Crystal Palace. He was in that area a short while ago and could find only
empty pupa cases, but he had the impression that the species was still there.

Mr. Bradford said that just after the war he had seen Phalera bucephala L.
(Notodontidae), Mamestra brassicae L. (Noctuidae) and Menophra abruptaria
Thunb. (Geometridae) in the Holloway area of London, but these do not appear
to be occurring there now.

Mr. Jacobs said the habit of Lycia hirtaria Clerck to overwinter several years
might encourage the hope that the species has not really disappeared.

98 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971
9th SEPTEMBER 1971

The President, Col. A. M. Emmet, in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. T. R. Eagles and of Mr. P. Cue.
The following new members were declared elected: Mr. K. W. Mardle and
Mr. T. R. Sinclair Price.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EmMmet—Caloptilia rufipennella Hiibn. (Lep., Lithocolletidae), a
species new to Britain, bred ex larvae from sycamore from Chippenham Fen,
Cambs. (see exhibits 8th July p. 94). For comparison C. elongella was also
shown. The exhibitor pointed out that C. rufipennella could also be confused with
C. betulicola Her., but since the differences between that species and C. elongella
were so slight there was no point in exhibiting both. The differences between
this new British species and C. elongella can be summarised as follows: C.
rufipennella is smaller, 11-12 mm as against 16-19 mm. The wings, in general,
are more chestnut or mahogany than is usual in elongella, though this is variable.
The underside of the abdomen in rufipennella is silvery-white but in elongella
it is yellowish. The anterior legs of rufipennella are clothed with long ornamental
scales which are darker than the forewings, while these are the same colour as
the forewings in the other species.

C. rufipennella does not appear to be unusually rare in the Chippenham area,
in fact the cones are quite common. The species does not appear to be localised
because the quite distinct vacated cones have been noted in the Barton Mills
area.

Dr. B. J. MACNuLTy—(1) Aradus betulae L. (Hem., Arabidae) bred from
nymphs taken in Glen Affric, Inv., 7.viii.71. Five nymphs in all were found,
one of which was lost in the field and three imagines were bred. Since on both
this and the previous occasion when the exhibitor found this species woodlice
were present, the final nymph was put in with woodlice to see if the bug fed on
them. Unfortunately the woodlice ate the bug. Two examples were presented to
the Society. (2) A series of Leptura sanguinolenta L. (Col., Cerambycidae), one
from Abernethy Forest and the rest from Loch Charlich, near Aviemore, Inv.

Mr. A. E. Stusps—The following Diptera: Ctenophora bimaculata L. (Tipu-
lidae), a male taken near Taunton, Somerset, 6.vii.71, where it was swept from a
shaded ditch under pollarded willows; Nephrotoma crocata L. (Tipulidae), a
female taken 2.vi.71 on Thursley Common, Surrey, on the edge of pine woods;
Oxycera pulchella Meig. (Stratiomyidae), a female swept from a ditch on the
marshes at Benfleet, Essex, 1 .viii.71; Stratiomys longicornis Scop. (Stratiomyidae),
males and females swept from a ditch on the marshes at Benfleet, 2.vi.65.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) A series of Omophron limbatum F. (Col., Carabidae)
taken at Rye, Sussex, 3.ix.69. This interesting species, first recorded in Britain
in 1826, was rediscovered by R. A. Farrow in May 1969 (1970, Ent. mon. Mag.,
106:219). (2) A series of Quedius auricomus Kies. (Col., Staphylinidae) taken in
moss under a waterfall on the Brecon Beacons, Breconshire, at 2,800 ft on
30.viii.71.

Mr. C. MAcCKECHNIE JARvisS—The following Coleoptera: Lebia crux-minor
L., a species known to Marsham (1802) as a British insect. It has been taken in
a number of English counties, singly, with the notable exception of Dr. Power’s
remarkable capture of 26 examples between May and August 1856. The dis-
covery in Ireland is due to Edwin Bullock who took one example near Killarney
in 1914. As far as the exhibitor is aware it has not been recorded in Ireland since.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 99

The exhibited specimen was swept at Lough Dearg, Co. Clare, in June 1971.

Adistemia watsoni (Woll.) (Lathridiidae) was first recorded as British in 1912
by G. C. Champion who found it in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Prof. H. E.
Hinton recorded it in numbers, also from the British Museum, in 1941. No
other records have been traced so it would appear that the three exhibited
examples are the first to be found in the open in this country. These were taken
at intervals during the summer in spent hops and malt, which in small quantities,
had been placed in the garden of the exhibitor’s Chelsea house, after boiling in
beer-making.

Lithostygnus serripennis Broun (Lathridiidae), a beetle known from a number
of captures in this country, mainly in houses, since its discovery here by C. E,
Stott at Reigate in 1928. It was first described from New Zealand. The three
examples exhibited were taken singly over the space of two years, crawling near
skirtings in an old house in London, N.W.1.

R. W. J. UrreEN—a female Tenthredo omissa (Forst.) (Hym., Tenthredinidae)
from Sawbridgeworth Marsh, Herts, 30.viii.71, a new county record. Also
T. marginella F. from Juniper Valley, Box Hill, Surrey, 8.viii.71, for comparison,
T. omissa is of darker appearance than J. marginella because of the duller and
smaller yellow markings. The rusty-brown hind tarsi of T. omissa are concolorous
with the tip of the tibiae, whilst the tarsi of 7. marginella are black.

COMMUNICATIONS

Referring to the previous meeting Mr. S. R. BOWDEN asked if the Pieris napi
L. exhibited was not in fact form flava Kane and not ab hibernica Schmidt
(properly sulphurea Sch6yen). From the descriptions he gave it was agreed it
was indeed f. flava.

Commenting on Lepidoptera Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said that in a wood near
Plaistow, Sussex, on 27.viii.71 he had caught a second brood example of Clossiana
selene Schiff. (Nymphalidae). It was a very small female, only 40 mm approxi-
mately, with the ground colour a darker brown, and the black markings more
extended, than is normal in the first brood.

At Wisley, in the Royal Botanical Society’s gardens, on 4.ix.71, the buddleia
was, he continued, smothered with Aglais urticae L. (Nymphalidae); also
Vanessa atalanta L. and Nymphalis io L. (Nymphalidae) and Celastrina argiolus
L. (Lycaenidae) were present. Of particular interest, however, was an example of
Lampides boeticus L. (Lycaenidae) settled on a flower in the Long Border.
Judging from the weather charts for the period Mr. Bretherton thought the
insect may have come from the direction of Spain. It is one of the rarest of our
immigrant butterflies, with less than a hundred records in all.

On returning home to Bramley, Mr. Bretherton also said, he saw a battered
female Thecla betulae L. (Lycaenidae) on his buddleia. Though the larva of this
species is locally common in the South and Midlands, the imago has retiring
habits, and he had never before seen an imago in the district, or elsewhere.

Mr. J. L. MESSENGER reported taking Rhodometra sacraria L. (Lep., Geome-
tridae) at Witley, Surrey, on 3.ix.71 and had heard of several more being seen in
Devon. It therefore looked as though there had been a minor migration.

This year, said Mr. G. Prior, he had seen no Colostygia pectinataria Knoch
(Lep., Geometridae) in June, but had noted examples of the second brood at
Ruislip, Middx. recently.

Referring to his remarks at the previous meeting (see p. 97), Mr E. S. BRAD-
FORD said he went back to the locality in Herts. a few days later and found
several Infurcitinea argentimaculella Staint. (Lep., Tineidae) on the lichen. He

100 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

added that he had now discovered unmistakable signs of the moth in Surrey
at St. Marthas, though as yet he had seen no actual specimens to confirm their
presence.

With reference to Lampides boeticus L., Mr. 8S. N. S. Jacops said Mrs. Mus-
pratt had commented that, after the war, the larvae formed a large part of their
diet, being in imported French peas.

DISCUSSION ON NOMENCLATURE

The discussion was opened with some general remarks by the PRESIDENT.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN said a distinction must be made between nomenclature
and classification. A considerable part of the nomenclature problems arise out
of the difficulty of defining what constitutes a genus; that which one person
regards as a single genus another may regard as several, or even part of another;
and therefore the parameters of the genus could well vary according to the
person working within the family concerned.

Mr. F. D. Buck defended the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature
saying that while various people, including himself, found fault with certain
aspects of the rules, they were after all the rules. If one ignored them or acted
contrary to them the logical result could only be complete anarchy. Many
problems in the past were a direct result of non-compliance with the rules.
Redress regarding both the rules themselves and problems of individual taxa
arising out of the correct application of an otherwise good rule, lay in the hands
of individual workers. In the first case complaints and suggestions can be lodged
with the International Commission for their consideration at the next meeting;
and in the second case application can be made to the Commission for a name to
be placed on the Official List if a reasonable case can be made.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON also drew attention to the availability of nomina
conservanda which he combined with a condemnation of those taxonomists who
deliberately searched for evidence to upset existing names, particularly those of
long standing. He also objected strongly to those books published with an index
compiled on a generic basis, an objection which met with much agreement from
the meeting. Another matter which troubled Mr. Bretherton was that there
was no provision within the rules for infra-subspecific nomenclature. Therefore,
some authors used subspecific names very sparingly, while others gave subspecific
status to minor geographical races, which, though they needed to be identified,
did not deserve that status. Mr. Buck could see no reason why the rules as
they now stand could not be applied direct to this level of nomenclature, the
problem was no different to that at either specific or generic level, and he could
not understand why workers did not apply them in this way.

In Mr. S. R. Bowpen’s opinion the rules are not difficult to understand and,
Mr. Bowden added, the species is often just as difficult to define as the genus.
He cited cases in support. However he did suggest that when the rules lead to
nonsense they should be disregarded.

Mr. S. N. S. Jacoss believed we should leave the rules to the professionals,
and in the interests of order, work to those that are devised.

It was suggested by one member that the problem of defining the genus or
species could eventually be resolved by an analysis of the DNA. This did not find
a great deal of support and Dr. B. J. MACNULTYy pointed out that though two
DNAS may be alike chemically they could in fact be different, and operate con-
siderably differently because one, or more, amino acid goes into the molecule
differently. To think in terms of DNA was, he believed, a mistake; though in
time he thought chemistry might be of some help. A question whether DNA

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971 IOI

could, or could not, be extracted from a dried specimen produced a negative
answer.

Dr. J. D. BRADLEY gave an account of the workings of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. There were, he said, not less than 18
commissioners, selected internationally, most being elected at five-year intervals
when the Commission meets. There is also a small permanent secretariat whose
office’ is at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). From time to time they publish
‘Opinions’ in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The ‘Opinions’ are mostly
in legal jargon, and it is not unknown for the Commission to reach a wrong
conclusion. A rule may be changed at a Commission meeting providing a good
case can be made and approved at a Zoological Congress. The rule of limitation
(Article 23 (b)), for example, was found to be impractical and was abrogated,
so we are now back to the strict application of the rule of priority (Article 23
excluding (b)), pending a possible re-introduction of a limitation rule in a more
workable form.

Dr. Bradley went on to say there were difficulties in the application of the
priority rule, and explained that where the type was lost and where the type, or
type series, referred to a different species to that hitherto generally known for
that taxon, complications arose.

On these last points however, Mr. Buck said the remedy was clearly in the
hands of the researcher, and persistent difficulties arose in the majority of cases
because the researcher did not take the necessary steps to resolve the problem
and place the taxon on a firm basis. These steps were, in the case of the lost type,
the selection of a neotype; and in the case of the type, or type series, being
different from the insect generally known by the name in question, an application
to have that name by which the insect is currently known placed on the Official
List. He also thought eventual stability would be obtained through the priority
rule and the careful use of the Official List; and that much quicker than the
laissez faire method so often practised though less often openly advocated.

It was further stressed by Dr. Bradley that genuine transfers of species from
genus to genus cannot be avoided, and not only does the problem of the gender
of the trivial name arise, but synonymy and homonymy often complicate the
issue.

A suggestion was made that the rule requiring trivial name to agree in gender
with the generic name arose because originally most taxonomists had a classical
background, and that since original descriptions were then composed in Latin
the grammatica accuracy of the generic/trivial combination was then natural.
It now appears to be an anachronism.

Benfleet and Hadleigh marshes in danger : a report from the Society’s representative
on the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects. All entomologists
familiar with the Essex marshes will know the salt and freshwater marshes and
adjacent scrubby slopes between South Benfleet station and Hadleigh; it is one
of the regular field excursion localities of this Society. A Country Park is now
planned for the area. Whether this is a threat or an advantage remains to be

102 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1971

seen, but the entomological interest is certainly in danger until our needs are
taken into account.

I first became aware of a threat in 1967 when a local farmer informed me he
hoped the area would be made into a golf course within a few years. However,
the first direct threat emerged at the first meeting of the Joint Committee in
November 1968 when we were told of an imminent public inquiry concerning
proposals to tip rubbish over Hadleigh marsh. The locality is scheduled as a
Site of Special Scientific Interest and the Nature Conservancy requested ento-
mological information to incorporate into its evidence for the enquiry. We later
heard that the proposal had been rejected by the Minister. The Country Park
concept has been in the air for well over a year, but at the seventh meeting of
the Joint Committee, in January 1971, we were informed that the project was
likely to be implemented within the next two to three years.

Having been concerned with gathering information at the time of the tipping
proposal, I have agreed to act as co-ordinator for the Committee in assembling
entomological information.

The Country Park scheme is essentially orientated towards amenity. The
County Council wishes to carry out a number of ‘improvements’ which will give
greater access and enjoyment for the public. Full plans are not yet available, but
the type of improvements we have to consider are access roads and paths, car
parks, toilets, snack bars, picnic sites, play areas, boating lakes and a golf
course. Inevitably much of the area is liable to extreme modification.

The Country Park will, however, include an area set aside for natural history
purposes—possibly a reserve. Essex Naturalists’ Trust have been considering
botanical/ornithological areas, but one cannot expect that all entomological
interests will be automatically coincident. There are clearly a number of widely
dispersed areas of entomological value and the future of the ponds and ditches
is particularly worrying. It seems likely that a single block of ground will suffice,
but we need to ensure that special measures are included in the plans to safe-
guard outlying areas. A golf course for instance could be designed so as to leave
critical spots as rough ground—though the question of personal safety is another
matter.

The future is not necessarily bleak, since concessions are open and there may
be opportunities of reserve management which would not otherwise be available.
However, entomological information is urgently required—the location and
habitat requirements of scarce species, the location of areas with species for
the main habitat types, recommendations for management of the selected areas
(applying particularly to scrub grassland), and any other matters which seem
relevant. The greater the weight of information, the more likely we are to be
seriously heard. If you can help, please remember that generalised information
is of little use; close demarcation on the ground is the objective, so sketch
maps are very useful.

This opportunity marks a new era for the Society, when the entire membership
is given the chance of defining their conservation interests in a site, with the
prospect of a reserve and management. Entomologists have all too often not
been consulted on a conservation issue of this sort in the past. One hopes that
those who know the Benfleet and Hadleigh marshes will help to ensure that
future generations of entomologists have no criticism over the loss of a first-
rate locality —ALAN E. Strusss, 91 Clitherow Avenue, Hanwell, London, W.7.,
28th January 1971.

A Coleopterist’s Handbook

A symposium by various authors edited by
G. B. WALSH, B.S., M.R.S.T., and J R.. DIBB, F.R.E.S.

‘
The Handbook describes the tools and apparatus and methods of collecting British
Beetles; their habitats, commensals and pre-adult stages: how to record, photo-
graph, make a personal collection and conduct a local survey.

Twenty full-page plates illustrative mainly of pre-adult stages (including seven
reproductions of rare engravings) and fifty line-drawings and diagrams. 112 pp. and
index.

from

Amateur Entomologists’ Society

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS AGENT
137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham,
LONDON, S.W.16
(Please do not send money with order: an invoice will be sent)

The Society’s Publications

A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.
Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Best, A. E. G., Lepidoptera in Spain gi]
Bowden, S. R., ‘Pieris napi’ in America:

Reconnaissance 71
Buck, F. D., The Lepidoptera of Essex 82
Proceedings 88

Sevastopulo, D. G., Sphingidae (Lep.)—
East versus West Africa 79

Stebbings, R. E., Some Ecological Observations on
the Fauna in a Tidal Marsh to Woodland

Transition 83
Stubbs, A. E., Benfleet and Hadleigh Marshes in
Danger 101

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes
place in the autumn in the Conversazione Room
at the British Museum (Natural History). Frequent
Field Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to
the Secretary.

.<

)

BES5a)
£ nt,

PNDEX FT ORSI9ST1

a
It does not follow that because a page is referred to once only that there is not more than
one entry

Annual Exhibition, 10
Biological Record Unit, 12
Biology of Gall Midges, The—K. M. Harris, 8
Book Reviews, 30, 43
Breeding Certain Bprcicd of Microlepidopters—Col. A. M. Emmet, 19
Bright Collection, The,
Butterflies and Flowers i s the Pyrenees—M. W. F. Tweedie, 92
Coleoptera Collecting and Mounting Techniques—A. E. Gardner &

S. A. Williams, 18
Council’s Report, 33
Curator’s Report, 35
Editor’s Report, 34
Field Meeting Reports, 20, 118

Addington, 28

Alderstead Heath, 122

Arundel Park, 26

Basing Forest & Heckfield Heath, 20

Birch Wood & Trottiscliffe, 21

Blean Wood, 120

Bookham Common, 126

Breckland, 119

Cadsden, 125

Chobham Common, 22, 118

Derbyshire, 22

Dunsfold, 29

Effingham, 118

Faversham, 27

Gomshall, 23

Hackhurst Downs, 27

Ham Street, 120

Hatfield Park, 127

Holmwood, 24

Knole Park, 128

Outwood Common, 29

Stanford-le-Hope, 25, 123

Thursley, 2

Watlington Hill, 125

Westerham, 28

White Downs, 26, 121

Wicken Fen, 121

Wisley Common, 25
Freeze Drying in Exhibition and Research—R. Harris, 94
‘green island’ feeding, 132
gynandromorph, 10, 11
Hunting Insects with a Camera—D. E. Kimmins, 134
Introduction to the Study of Acari-Insect Associations—B. J. MacNulty, 46
Librarian’s Report, 34
Nomenclature, A Discussion on, 100
Origin of the Hawaian Islands—E. C. Zimmermann, 9
Photographing Animals in Zoos and Elsewhere—M. Shaffer, 7
‘Pieris napi’ in America: Reconnaisance—S. R. Bowden, 71
ar (Lep., Pieridae) in America: Genetic Imbalance in Hybrids—S. R. Bowden,

Presidential Address, 45

Proceedings, 1, 17, 31, 88, 129

Professor Hering Memorial Research Fund, 40, 134

Some Ecological Observations on the Fauna in a Tidal Marsh to Woodland
Transition—R. E. Stebbings, 83

Sphingidae (Lep.)—East versus West Africa—D. G. Sevastopulo, 79

Stereoscan and its application to the study of Insects, The—R. I. Vane-Wright

Treasurer’s Report, 36

CONTRIBUTORS AND
EXHIBITORS

Agassiz, Rev. D. J. L., 10, 14

Ansorge, Sir Eric, 18

Appleton, D., 16

Archer, E. N., 12

Baker, B. R., i

Baker, C. R.S.,

Banner, J. V., 11

Baskcomb, K. ING:

Best. Awe: G- 77-8

Boswell, P. A., 90, 91, 97, 129, 131, 134

Bowden, S. R., 71, 99, 100, 103

Bradford, Es 9-5 Sy 4alosl4. e277, 32,
42, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 125,
127, 130

Bretherton, R. F., 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12,
718526532. 910955995 1O0stSs:
IZ 130131

Brotheridge, D., 10

Bucksb. Dr 15 2 4.55163
41, 82, 89, 90, 94, 97,
1See133

Burgess, L. W., 12

Calderara, P., 12

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 12, 13, 14, 21,
28, 91, 96, 120, 130, 133

Chandler, P. J., 1

Chanter, D. C., 93

Chatelain, R. G., 11

Chipperfield, H. E., 10, 11, 13

Clifton, M., 31, 32, 89, 90, 91

129

I), Sil,
i06, "ior, 130,

Dyson, R. C., 11

Ellerton, Capt. J., 4

Else, G. E., 16

Emmet, Col. A. M. (President), 2, 3,
Gussie wliy plea On 22529 42e

88, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 121, 129, 130,
(Bi 3225133)

Evans, K. G. W., 29, 122

Evans. 0-5 iit

Farwell, P., 12

ffennell, D., 11, 14, 15

Firmin, J., 133

Flairclough, R., 15, 24

Gainsford, Capt. A. P., 10, 11

Gardner, A. E., 9, 16, 18, 41, 81, 91, 93,

94, 95, 98, 129, 130, 131
Gibson, M. R., 6
Gilchrist, Cmdr. W., 7, 11, 20
Goater, B., 2, 7, 92, 133
Goddard, P. A., 1, 4, 42, 95, 130
Gresnwood, A Ce 2 1OMIEI225:

Haggett, G. M., 1

1
Hammond, C. O., 1, 3, 4, 7, 31, 41, 42,
94, 95, 132, 133

Harman, T. W., 11

Harper, Cmdr. G. W.,

Harris, K. M., 8

Harris, R., 94

Haxby, @ R11

Hayward, R., 11

Heath, G. E., 16

Higgins, L, G., 12

Homerm i. 35 5; 6,02588

Horton, Dr. N., 11, 12, 14

Howarth, T. G., 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 41

iy. desiGrgb eel?

Ingham, J. D., 1

JacobsyiSaiNeALs 13755183 15.01 8snsle9 0:
95, 96, 97, 100, 130, 133

Johnson, F., 10

Johnson, Maj.-Gen. Sir George, 12

Kettlewell, Dr. H. B. D., 10

Kimmins, D. E., 134

Knill-Jones, S. A., 11

Kudrna, O., 1, 16

Labdon, J., 95

Lampitt, B. J., 19

Leech, M: J., 105.13

Lipscomb, Maj.-Gen. C. G., 10

MacKechnie Jarvis, C., 19, 98

MacNulty, Dr. B. J., 1, 4, 5, 7, 16, 45,

10, 11

98, 100
Mansell, G., 12
Mansell, J., 12

Marcon, Rev. J. N., 10

Messenger, J. L., 99

Mew, R., 31

Michaelis, H. N., 14, 15

Middleton, G. M., 10

Morgan, Mrs. M. J., 44

Morris, M. G., 16, 119

Muggleton, J., 12

Murphy. MrsaPe M.. 2253157425 Use
1

Murray, D. H., as

Myers, Dr. A. Ae 11

Newton, Drew: Ls i 19, 90

Norton, G. A.

O'Keefe, D., ia

Parker, W., 5

Payne, J. H., 12

Peet, T. N. D., 89

Pelham-Clinton, E. C.,

Prior, G., 6, 91,.93;99

Revels, R. C., 10, 12

Richardson, A., 11

Richardson, N. A., 10

Roche, P. J., 9

Rougemont, G. M. de, 134

Russwurm, A. D. A., 10

Rydon, Dr. A. H. B., 2

Sevastopulo, D. G., 79

Shaffer, M., 7, 91

Shaw, M., 12

Siggs, L. W., 11

Skinner, R., 10

Spencer, Dr. K. A., 42

Stebbings, R. E., 82

Stimpson, D., 1, 3, 5, 26

Stubbs; Awe ul iahioeOy 22.922 noo-
90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98, 101, 126, 131

1255

Tomlinson, R., 25, 123

Tremewan, W. G., 43

Tubbs, R. M., 10

Turok, N., 7, 16, 89, 97

Tweedie, M. W. F., 17, 31, 42, 92, 95

Uffen, R. W. J., 42, 88, 95, 96, 97, 99,
100, 131

Vallins, F. T., 1

Vane-Wright, R. I., 91, 92

Wakely, L. J. D., 27

Wakely, S., 13, 14

Watkinson, I. A., 10, 11, 14

Watson, R. B., 10

Watson, R. W., 10

Weddell, B. W., 10

West, B. K., 11

Wild, E. H., 132. 133

Williams, S. A., 15, 18, 32, 41, 128, 129,
134

Wiltshire, E. P., 92

Withers, B. G., 10. 11

Worms, C. G. M. de, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11,
12, 31, 42, 89, 90, 91, 93

ARACHNIDA

Acari-actinochaeta, 47

Acari-anactinochaeta, 47

albomaculatus, Lithyphantes, 118

amentata, Lycosa, 118

antica, Wideria, 119

approximatus, Bathyphantes, 88, 118,
120, 121

aquaticus, Limnocharis, 56

arcuata, Evarcha, 22

armentata, Lycosa, 87

arundinacea, Dictyna, 22, 87, 118, 119,
120

Astigmata, 47, 48, 50

atra, Erigone, 22, 88

Balaustrium, 87

bicolor, Centromerita, 22

bifrons, Dismodicus, 120

bimaculatum, Theridion, 87, 120

bituberculatum, Hypomma, 88, 118, 120

boletophagi, Schweibea, 61

bruennichi, Argiope, 84, 88

brunnea, Agroeca, 118

clathrata, Linyphia, 119

clercki, Pachygnatha, 88, 120

compta, Clubiona, 22

concellaria, Vidia, 54

concinna, Centromerita, 118

cornutus, Araneus, 88

corticalis, Clubiona, 118

cristatus, Xysticus, 22, 87, 118

crocata, Dysdera, 3

Cryptostigmata, 49

cucurbitinus, Araneus, 88, 120

cupreus, Heliophanus, 87

dentatus, Gnathonarium, 88, 118

dentipalpis, Erigone, 88

diadematus, Araneus, 88

diander, Podapolipidus, 56

dispar, Philodromus, 87

*

ill

diversa, Clubiona, 119
Dysdera, 3

electus, Zelotes, 119
Ensliniellidae, 50

ericaceus, Lepthyphantes, 119,
erranus, Johnstoniana, 87
extensa, Tetragnatha, 88
flavipes, Heliophanus, 119
frontalis, Euophrys, 22, 119
fuscipes, Monocephalus, 22
fuscus, Oedothorax, 88
gemmosum, Theridiosoma, 84, 88
gibbosus, Araneus, 84, 88
glaber, Macrocheles, 60, 87
gracilis, Bathyphantes, 88, 120
heterophthalmus, Oxyopus, 22
hortensis, Linyphia, 118
hygrophilus, Pirata, 87, 120
ignotus, Leptus, 56

impigra, Linyphia, 120
impressum, Theridion, 119
inexpectatus, Scarabaspis, 60, 61
inexpectatus, Scuvabis, 60
intermedius, Parasitus, 60
killingtoni, Leptus, 56
labyrinthica, Aglena, 87
lanceocrinus, Rhopalanoetus, 60
lanio, Xysticus, 84, 87
lapidosus, Drassodes, 119
latitans, Pirata, 120

latreillei, Zelotes, 87

leopardus, Arctosa, 87

220

lepidopterorum, Cheletomorpha, 57

leporina, Gnaphosa, 118
Leptus, 56, 57

leucharte, Arrhenurus, 56
lividus, Robertus, 88
longipalpus, Erigone, 84, 88
ludicrum, Peponocranium, 119
lutescens, Clubiona, 87
mengei, Lepthyphantes, 119
mengei, M. segmentata ssp, 88
Mesostigmata, 47, 48, 49
Metastigmata, 47, 48, 49
Microsejidae, 61

mirabilis, Pisaura, 87
montana, Linyphia, 118, 120
montana, Tetragnatha, 88
muscarum, Myianoetus, 54
necrophor, Peocilochirus, 87
neumanni, Arrhenurus, 56
nigriceps, Lycosa, 87, 119
nodosa, Wideria, 118
Notostigmata, 47

ovatum, Theridion, 87
paltata, Linyphia, 118, 120
papillator, Arrhenarius, 56
parasiticus, Atomus, 57
peltata, Lepthyphanes, 88
permixtus, Diplocephalus, 88

phalaenodectes, Myrmonyssus, 57, 59

phalangii, Leptus, 57
phalerata, Asagena, 119
pictum, Theridion, 120
piraticus, Pirata, 87
Podalipolipidae, 56

podapolipophagus, Pimeliaphilus, 55

prativaga, Lycosa, 87

prominens, Circidia, 22

Protostigmata, 49, 50

pullata, Lycosa, 22, 87, 118, 120

pullatus, Bathyphantes, 120

pumila, Pocadicnemis, 88, 120

punctatum, Lophomma, 88

pusillus, Zelotes, 119

ramosus, Agyneta, 121

reclusa, Clubiona, 87, 120

redii, Araneus, 22

retusus, Oedothorax, 88

rostratus, Eutrombium, 56

rostrolamellatus, Humerobatis, 60

ruprestris, Heioneta, 119

Saintdidieria, 60, 61

saltator, Attulus, 119

schedeingi, Leptus, 57

segmentata, Meta, 88

signifer, Drassodes, 119

similis, Theridion, 87, 119

stagnatilis, Clubiona, 87

subterraneus, Poccilochirus, 61

subtilis, Agyneta, 119, 121

tenuis, Lepthyphantes, 88, 120

terrestris, Clubiona, 118

terricola, Trochosa, 22, 87

thoracica, Enoplognatha, 119

triangularis, Linyphia, 88

tribolii, Acarophinax, 60

trisetosa, Enaliniella, 51, 52

truncicola, Microsejus, 61

uncinata, Dictyna, 120

uncus, Microlichus, 55

vatia, Misumena, 87

velutinum, Calyptostoma, 87

ventricosus Pyemates (=Pediculoides),
57, 58, 60

walckenaerium, Uloborus, 118

woodii, Acarapis, 51

zimmermanni, Lephyphantes, 22

BIRDS

Barn Owl, 29
Blackcap, 20
Chiffchaff, 20

Great Spotted Woodpecker, 20
Jay, 16

Long-tailed Tit, 20
Pigeon, 128
ralloides, Ardeola, 91
Squaco Heron, 91
Swallow, 20

Swan, 27

Willow Warbler, 20

COLEOPTERA

abietis, Hylobius, 93
aculeata, Mordella, 93
aeneus, Meligethes, 122
aequata, Atheta, 128

affinis, Psylloides, 120, 122, 123
agaricinum, Scaphisoma, 128
alternata, Oxypoda, 128
anceps, Notothecta, 18
angulata, Thyasophila, 18
angusticolle, Lathrobium, 18
anthracinus, Pterostichus, 86
Aphodius, 60, 128

apicata, Oligota, 16
apricans, Apion, 123
araneiformis, Barypithes, 122
argentatus, Phyllobius, 122
arietis, Clytus, 87

armiger, Odontaeus, 16
armoraciae, Phaedon, 87
arvensis, Carabus, 22, 129
assimile, Agonum, 21

ater, Prionychus, 16

Atheta, 87

atomarius, Cercyon, 86
atratus, Meligethes, 122
atricapilla, Atomaria, 87
atrocoeruleus, Bembidion, 18
aurata, Chalcoides, 21, 87
aureus, Ancyrophorus, 15
auricomus, Quedius, 98
balteatus, Elater, 61
Bembidion, 60

bicolor, Bibloporus, 128
bicolor, Enochrus, 86
bidentatus, Silvanus, 16
bifoveolatus, Stenus, 86
biguttatus, Notiophilus, 122
biguttatus, Tomoxia, 95
bimaculatus, Laemophloeus, 95
bipunctata, Nitidula, 119
bipustulatus, Agabus, 86
bipustulatus, Malachius, 122
brevipalpis, Helophorus, 86
brevis, Quedius, 18
brunnicornis, Meligethes, 122
caesareus, Staphylinus, 86
calcaratus, Phyllobius, 120
cambricus, Sitona, 87
campestris, Cicindela, 134

cenanedeeus Drusila (=Astilbus), 21,
1

capreae, Lochmaea, 21
caraboides, Melandrya, 95
carduorum, Haltica, 129

carpini, Acalyptus, 16
castanoptera, Atheta, 128
cavifrons, Amischa, 16
ceramboides, Pseudocistela, 95
cervinus, Polydrusus, 87, 120
cervus, Lucanus, 26

chalconatus, Agabus, 21
chrysomelinus, Tachyporus, 21, 87
clavicornis, Mycetoporus, 95
coenosus (tristis), Aphodius, 119
cognatus, Zyras, 18

complanata, Eurynebria, 129, 130
contractus, Ceuthorhynchus, 87
coracinus, Catops, 86

coruscus, Phalacrus, 123
crassicornis, Atheta, 128

tcrux-minor, Lebia, 98
cupreus, Elaphrus, 86, 119
cuspidata, Anomognatha, 128
cyanella, Hapsidolema, 87
cypria, Tentyria, 92
decorus, Bembidion, 18
dejeani, Dorytomus, 122
denticolle, Megarthrus, 123
depressus, Pediacus, 9, Pl. II
dichroum, Apion, 87, 120
dichrous, Deleaster, 41
diligens, Pterostichus, 86
discolor, M. viridescens ab., 122
distinctata, Epurea, 88
divaricata, Coccinella, 1, 7
dubius, Acupalpus, 20
dulcamarae, Laria, 122
ebeninum, Apion, 123
elongatus, Tillus, 95

ericae, Micrelus, 119

erosa, Deinopsis, 15

exilis, Meotica, 18

extima, Atheta, 15

ferrus, Criocephalus, 95
fimetarius, Philonthus, 128
flavescens, Sitona, 87
flavilabris, C. fulvivollis var., 87
flavipes, Notothecta, 18
floralis, Ceuthrohynchus, 87, 122
fiuviatile, Bembidion, 18
formicarius Thanasimus, 2
formiceticola, Oxypoda, 18
formosus, Tachyporus, 87
fossor, Aphodius, 60

fossor, Clivina, 86
fracticorne, Ochthephilus, 21
fracticornis, Xantholinus, 86
fulvicollis, Cantharis, 87
fuliginosus, Agonum, 86
fuliginosus, Ilybius, 86
fuliginosus, Pycnomerus, 94
fuliginosus, Quedius, 86
fuliginosus, Stenocaris, 122
fulva, Rhagonycha, 87
funestus, Zyras, 18

fungi, Atheta (Acrotona), 21
fuscipennis, Philonthus, 86
fuscipes, Hydrobius, 86
fuscus, Colymbetes, 86

gallicus, C. problematicus var., 20

Geotrupes, 47

glaber, Brachypterus, 122
globosus, Dyschi!ius, 20
globulus, Anacaena, 86
globulus, Trigonogenius, 89
gracilis, Scopaeus, 18

gregaria, Atheta, 128

grossa, Pimelia, 134
guynemeri, Stenus, 89
gyllenhali, Atheta (Philhygra), 21
haemorrhoidalis, Aphodius, 60
hanseni, Gyrophaena, 15
harpalinus, Bradycellus, 20
heisei, Pselaphus, 21
Histeridae, 61

histeroides, Cerylon, 21

homoeopathecus, Acritus, 16
humeralis, Synchita, 95
humeralis, Zyras, 18
hyperici, Chrysolina, 123
hypochoeridis, Cryptocephalus, 123
impressus, Stenus, 21
inaequalis, Hygrotus, 86
interruptus, Necrophorus, 86
joyioides, Gyrophaena, 129
juno, Stenus, 86

labiata, Cryptocephalus, 123
labile, Gymnetron, 120
lampros, Bembidion, 20, 122
lanuginosa, Aleochara, 87
limbata, Anacaena, 86
limbatum, Omophrum, 98, 123
linearis, Dromius, 86

linearis, Thinobius, 15
linearis, Xantholinus, 21
lineatus. Sitona, 87

lineola, Galerucella, 87
littoralis, Necrodes, 16

litura, Rhyzobius, 122, 123

longicornis, Cypha (—Hypocyptus), 21

longicornis, Thiasophilus, 18
loti, Apion, 87

lugubris, Cercyon, 86

lunulatum, Bembidion, 18, 86
luridipennis, Atheta, 15

macros, Trechoblemma, 91
maculata, Leptura, 87
maculicornis, Phyllobius, 119, 122
mannerheimi, Deporaus, 122
marginalis, Axinotarsus, 9, 94
marginalis, Dytiscus, 86
marginatus, Agonum, 86
marinum, Micralymma, 41
marmoratus, Nanophyes, 87
melanarius, Amalorrhynchus, 120
melanocephalus, Dromius, 21
melanogrammus, Strophosomus, 21
melanopa, Hapsidolema, 87
melanostictus, Ceuthorhynchus, 120
meliloti, Apion, 122

meridianus, Stenochorus, 95
miniatum, Apion, 122

minima, Gyrophaena, 128
minutus, Limonium, 123
modeeri, Hippuriphila, 120
moestum, Agonum, 86

moraei, Cryptocephalus, 1
morbillosus, Carabus, 134
multipunctum, Lathrobium, 21
murina, Isomira, 123

murinus, Dermestes, 119
myrmecophilus, Gyrophaena, 18
nana, Gyrophaena, 128
nasturtii, Drupenatus, 120
natator, Gyrinus, 86

nebulosus, Leiopus, 95
Necrophorus, 60

nigra, Pterostichus, 86
nigriceps, Lithocharis, 130
nigripes, Phyllotreta, 122
nigrita, Pterostichus, 86
nitidiusculus, Stenus, 86

nobilis, Oedemera, 95

noctiluca, Lampyris, 4, 7, 87

nodicornis, Phyllotreta, 119

nonstriata, Aphthona, 87

obliqua, Bolitochara, 128

oblongopunctatus, Pterostichus, 20

obscurum, Agonum, 20

obtusus, Tachyporus, 122

olens, Ocypus, 41

ovalis, Proteinus, 128

Oxytelus, 128

pallida, Cantharis, 119

pallidicornis, Atheta, 128, 129

palustris, Notiophilus, 122

paradoxa, Lomechusa, 16

parumtomentosus, Staphylinus, 86

parvulus, Phyllobius, 123

pascuorum, Gymnetron, 120, 122, 123

Phalera, 129

picipes, Oligota, 128

picirostris, Miccotrogus, 123

pilicornis, Loricera, 86

pilicornis, Trichophya, 93

plancus, Quedius, 15

planus, Hydroporus, 86

polita, Chrysolina, 123

pollinarius, Ceuthorhynchus, 87

pomaceus, Phyllobium, 120

posthumus (=pumilio),
Ceuthorhynchus, 119

prasinum, Bembidion, 18

primulae, Eusphalerum, 122

problematicus, Carabus, 20

pubescens, Epitrix, 120

pulicarius, Brachypterolus, 122

pumilio (posthumus), Ceuthorhynchus,
119

punctatus, Lathrobium, 21

punctipennis, Phloeonomus, 128

punctulatus, Bembidion, 18

punctus, Philonthus, 15

pygmaea, Hapalaraea, 128

pyri, Phyllobius, 119, 122

pyrrhoceras, Curculio, 87, 122

quadricorne, Siagonium, 128

quadridens, Ceuthorhynchus, 120

quadriguttatum, Mycetophorus, 95

quattuordecimguttata, Calvia, 122

quatuordecimpunctata, Propylea, 87

quisquilius, Crypticus, 119

readingsii, Actocharis, 19

regensteinensis, Sitona, 119

reticulatus, Bolitophagus, 46, 61

riparia, Hydraena, 86

riparius, Elaphrus, 119

riparius, Paederus, 86

rogeri, Stenus, 21

rubi, Anthonomus, 120

ruficornis, Agonum, 86

ruficornis, Aleochara, 32

ruficornis, Grammoptera, 122

rufipes, Melanotus, 21

rufipes, Tachinus, 87

rufipes, Thanasimus, 2

rufomarginatus, Leistus, 128

rugosus, Oxytelus, 86

vi

rumicis, Hypera, 87

rutilis, Longitarsus, 19
sabulosus, Trox, 16
sanguinolenta, Leptura, 98
scaber, Trox, 16

scolytus, Scolytus, 2
scotica, Atheta, 16
sculpturatus, Oxytelus, 128
scutellare, Apion, 95
scutellata, Coccidula, 87
semisulcatus, Dytiscus, 86
septempunctata, Coccinella, 1, 87
sericeus, Cytillus, 87

serra, Ctesias, 95
serripennis, Lithostygnus, 99
sexguttata, Leptura, 2, 95
silvaticus, C. arvensis, 22
singularis, Otiorrhynchus, 21
sphaecelatus, Aphodius, 60, 61
splendens, Philonthus, 21
splendidulus, Gabrius, 128
staphylea, Chrysolina, 21
stercorarius, Geotrupes, 91
stercorosus, Geotrupes, 87
strenuus, Pterostichus, 86
sturmi, Agabus, 86
tarsatus, Scydmaenus, 18
tenellus, Galerucella, 87
tereticollis, Polydrusus, 122
terminatus, Lathrobium, 21
testacea, Rhagonycha, 87 |
testaceus, Conosomus, 21

thoracica, Cantharis, 87

thoracica, Silpha, 61

tibialis, Procraerus, 7, 16

torquatus, Eusphalerum, 119

tortrix, Dorytomus, 122

transversa, Crepidodera, 87

Tribolium, 60

tristis (=coenosum), Aphodius, 119
troglodytes, Ceuthorhynchidius, 123

ulicis, Apion, 119

uliginosus, Elaphrus, 86, 91

umbratilis, Philonthus, 15

unicolor, Anthobius, 119

unicolor, Bembidion, 86

unicolor, Carpelimus, 16

urticae, Brachypterus, 122

ventralis, Philonthus, 15

vernalis, Pterostichus, 20, 86

veronicae, Gymnetron, 120

vespillo, Necrophorus, 86

viciae, Apion, 87

viduum, Agonum, 86

ice cy aa Subcoccinella,

villosulum, Gymnetron, 120
violacea, Necrobia, 119
virens, Apion, 120
viridescens, Meligethes, 122
viridiaeris, Phyllobius, 122
viridicollis, Phyllobius, 119
viridis, Ochthebius, 86
vittata, Oxypoda, 18
vulneratus, Diastictus, 119
walkeri, Helophorus, 86

~

watsoni, Adistema, 99
watsoni, Sciodrepa, 86
zenkeri, Aphodius, 128

COLLEMBOLA

fuscus, Smerinthus, 85
insignis, Bourletiella, 85

CRUSTACEA

aquaticus, Asellus, 85

asellus, Oniscus, 85
cinguendus, Metoponorthus, 85
Gammarus, 85

muscorum, Philoscia, 85
rugicauda, Sphaeroma, 85
vulgare, Armadillidium, 85

DERMAPTERA
riparia, Labidura, 129

DICTYOPTERA

Blattidae, 55

germanica, Blatta, 55
preying mantis, 16

Surinam Cockroach, 16
surinamensis, Pycnoscelus, 16

DIPTERA

albicinctata, Calythea, 126, 127

albostriatus, Syrphus, 25

anthracina, Psilota, 94

apicalis, Cnemopogon, 24

Asilidae, 47

atra, Rhamphomyia, 24

aul. Drymonoeca (Eutarsus), 126,
A

auriculus, Eutarsus, 86
bicinctum, Chrysotoxus, 25
bimaculata, Ctenophora, 98
bombylans, Volucella, 21
brevipennis, Elachiptera, 89
brevirostris, Leptarthrus, 24
bromius, Tabanus, 86
calceata, Thaumastoptera, 24
calcitrans, Stomoxya, 54
Cecidomyidae, 47
Chironomos, 86

cognata, Acidia, 28
compositorum, Syrphus, 25
conopseus, Doros, 133
Cordylura, 24

cornuta, 3

crocata, Nephrotoma, 98
crystallinus, Chaoborus, 86
cylindricornis, Lauxania, 24
culiciformis, Mochlonyx, 86

Vii

discicollis, Limnophila, 86
domestica, Musca, 54
Elachoptera, 89

elata, Tetanocera, 86
equestris, Merodon, 92, 94
extersaria, Chyliza, 93
fenestralis, Anisopus, 86
formosa, Chloromyia, 86
frutetorum, Helophilum, 25
fulvipennis, Tipula, 126
fulviventris, Platycheirus, 25
fuscimana, Chymomyza, 127
fuscipes, Scatopse, 28
griseola, Pherbellia, 126
hortensis, Oscinella, 86
hortulanus, Bibio, 86
incisurata, Fannia, 126
insensilis, Brachyopa, 94
lacustris, Ptychoptera, 24
lateralis, Tipula, 86

lenta, Xylota, 94

linearis, Dioctria, 86

livida, Empis, 86
longicornis, Statromyia, 98
lucorum, Pseudolimnophila, 126
luniger, Syrphus, 86
marginata, Apemon, 24
megaselia, 86

mikii, Syntormon, 84, 86
modesta, Neoplatyura, 126, 127
morio, Limonia, 86

morio, Scatopse, 28

narcissi, M. equestris, 92
neglecta, Cetema, 86

nigra, Opetia, 126
nigropunctata, Limonia, 24
nitidula, Nemopoda, 86
noctiluca, Pipezia, 25
nubilis, Dolichopus, 86
obsoletus, Culicoides, 86
ornata, Limonia, 24
pedissequum, Xanthogramma, 86
pendulus, Helophilus, 86
permundus, Phagocarpus, 127
pilosa, Brachyopa, 94
pipiens, Syritta, 86
platycephala, Lyciella, 24
pluvialis, Haematopota, 86
pubera, Cordilura, 24
pulchella, Limnophilus, (Idioptera), 91
pulchella, Oxycera, 98
punctatus, Culicoides, 86
punctum, Sepsis, 86

relictus, Chrysopa, 25
rufipes, Physocephalus, 127
saltuum, Palloptera, 24
Scatophagidae, 47

Sciara, 86

scita, Trophidia, 25
scolopacea, Rhagio, 86
signatus, Pachyophalmus, 127
silentia, Sericomyia, 28
simulans, Drosophila, 86
Sphaeroceridae, 47
stabulans, Muscina, 54
stercorarium, Scatophaga, 86

stictica, Limnophila, 86
strigatus, Eumerus, 25
subtilis, Dicranota, 24
syngenesiae, Rivellia, 86
tenax, Eristalis, 86
trivialis, Pericoma, 86
trivittatus, Helophilus, 127
uniseta, Elachiptera, 89
venosus, Bibio, 93
verralli, Limnophila, 24
versicolor, Helophilus, 25
zonaria, Volucella, 1

EPHEMEROPTERA
ignita, Ephemerella, 85

FLOWERING PLANTS

abies, Picea, 42

acanthoides, Carduus, 93

alba, Silene, 123

album, Lamium, 124

alder, 88

alnus, Frangulus, 24

amplexicaule, Lamium, 124

Anchomenes, 79

angustifollium, Chamaenerion
(=Epilobium), 84, 124

apple, 125

aquilinum, Pteridium, 124

Arachis, 79

arvense, Cirsium, 124

arvense, Trifolium, 124

arvensis, Acinos, 8, 91

arvensis, Anagallis, 124

arvensis, Knautia, 125

arvensis, Myosotis, 124

arvensis, Scabiosa, 8, 28

arvensis, Sinapis, 74, 123

arvensis, Sonchus, 124

Asparagus, 124

asper, Sonchus, 124

Atriplex, 8

aucuparia, Sorbus, 132, 134

bamboo, 80

Bambusa, 79

Basil-thyme, 8, 91

beccabungae, Veronica, 120

beech, 18, 94, 95, 126, 133

Beta, 81

birch, 14, 20, 94, 118, 126, 127, 131

Bird-cherry, o8

Birdseye Speedwell, 124

Black Bryony, 124

Black Horehound, 124

Black Poplar, 127

Blackthorn, 124

Bluebell, 124

Boehavia, 81

Bougainvillea, 81

bracken, 120, 124

bramble, 2, 122

broom, 91, 124

Vili

Buckshorn ¢ laniain, 124
buddleia, 9

bufonium, hid 124
bulbifera, Dentaria, 72
Burdock, 124

Butterbur, 24

Camellina, 80

canina, Rosa, 124
cannabinum, Eupatorium, 3
caprea, Salix, 14, 30
Cardamine, 72, 75
Carissa, 80

Carline Thistle, 22
catharticus, Rhamnus, 28
Celery-headed Buttercup, 123
chamaefrys, Veronica, 124
Charlock, 74, 123
cinchona, 80

coffee, 80

Coltsfoot, 28

Common Birdsfoot, 124
Common Buckler Fern, 124
Common Catsear, 124
Common Fleabane, 124
Common Forget-me-not, 124
Common Mallow, 125
Common Speedwell, 124
Common Vetch, 124
communis, Juniperus, 125
communis, Tanus, 124
Conopharynga, 80
conyza, Inula, 22

Corn Poppy, 123

Corn Sowthistle, 124
coronaria, Tabernaemoniana, 80
coronopus, Plantago, 124
Cowberry, 23

Crab Apple, 28

Creeping Buttercup, 124
Creeping Cinquefoil, 124
Creeping Thistle, 124
Crepis, 26

Cryptocoryne, 81
Cut-leaved Cranesbill, 124
Dentaria, 72, 74, 105
diffusa, Parietaria, 124
dilatata, Dryopteris, 124
dioica, Antennaria, 12
dioica, Bryonia, 124
dioica, Silene, 23, 123, 124
dioica, Urtica, 84
diphylla, Dentaria, 72
dissectum, Geranium, 124
Dog Rose, 124

Dolichos, 79

Doves-foot Cranesbill, 124
draba, Cardaria, 123
dulcamara, Solanum, 124
dysenterica, Pulicaria, 30, 124
effusus, Juncus, 84

elatior, Orobanche, 93
Elderberry, 124

elm, 2, 129
Enchanter’s Nightshade, 124
Epilobium, 128

eupatoria, Agrimonia, 30

europaeus, Ulex, 84

farfara, Tussilago, 28

ferox, Ilex, 8

Ficus, 80

Fiddle Dock, 124

Field, Scabious, 125

flacca (glauca), Carex, 22
Foxglove, 124

fragilis, Salix, 129
fructicosa, Rubus, 84

furze, dwarf, 95

Gardenia, 80

glauca (=flacca), Carex, 22
glaucum, Chenopodium, 123
Glasswort, 131

glutinosa, Alnus, 3, 84
Golden Rod, 95
Gossypium, 81

graminea, Stellaria, 123, 124
grandifiora, Carissa, 80
grandiflora, Cryptostegia, 80
Great Willow Herb, 124
Ground Ivy, 124

Hairy Tare, 124

Hares-foot Clover,

124
hawthorn, 28, 88, 94, 96, 123, 126, 127

Hazel, 126

heather, 118

hederacea, Glechoma, 124
Hedge Mustard, 74, 123
Hedge Parsley, 127
Helianthus, 79

Hemlock, 124

Hemp Agrimony, 3
Henbit, 124

Herb Bennet, 124
Hesperia, 74, 76, 108
hirsuta, Vicia, 124
hirsutum, Epilobium, 124
Hoary Cress, 123

Hog’s Fennel, 27
Hogweed, 124

holly, 8

holostea, Stellaria, 21
Honeysuckle, 124

Hop, 124

hybridus, Petasites, 24
ilex, Quercus, 89
Impatiens, 81
intermedium, Vaccinium, 23
Ipomaea, 81

jacobaea, Senecio, 27
Japonica, Torilis, 127
Jasminum, 80

Juniper, 14, 24, 125
lanceolata, Plantago, 124
Landolphia, 80

larch, 2, 21

latifolium, Sium, 14
Lesser, Stitchwort, 123, 124
Lily-of-the-Valley, 20
Linaria, 129

Lonicera, 30

lupulus, Humulus, 124
lutetiana, Circaea, 124
Macrolobium, 80

maculatum, Conium, 124

Mangifera, 80

maple, 122

maritima, Glaux, 124

maritima, Puccinellia, 82

maritimum, Tripleurospermum, 124

maritimus, Juncus, 84

maritimus, Scirpus, 82, 84

Marsh Bedstraw, 124

matricaroides, Matricaria, 124

matronalis, Hesperis, 72

mays, Zea, 81

Michaelmas Daisy, 95

minus, Arctium, 124

molle, Geranium, 124

moschata, Malva, 124

Mouse-ear, Hawkweed, 124

Mugwort, 124

Musk Mallow, 124

myrtillum, Vacinium, 23, 28,

Nasturtium, 74, 108

Nerium, 80

nettle, 25

Newboldia, 79

nigra, Ballota, 124

nigra, Sambucus, 124

nilotica, Spathodea, 80

nodosa, Scrophularia, 3

non-scripta, Endymion, 124

nudicaulis, Teesdalia, 119

oaks 25 116; 185.25, 119,120, 1263 127:
129, 131, 133

Oak-leaved Goose-foot, 123

officinale, Pseucedanum, Di

officinale, Sisymbrium, 74, 77, 123

officinalis, Asparagus, 124

Oldenlandia, 81

oleander, 80

oleraceus, Sonchus, 124

Orpine, 22, 23

Oxford Ragwort, 124

Oxygonum, 81

padus, Prunus, 23

palustre, Galium, 124

palustris, Hottonia, 119

Pellitory-on-the-Wall, 124

pentandrus, Commicarpus, 81

Pentas, 81

Pepper Saxifrage, 127

periclymenus, Lonicera, 124

perpusillum, Ornithopus, 124

persica, Veronica, 124

petiolata, Alliaria, (Pt

Phaseolus, 79

pilosella, Hieraceum, 124

pine, 28, 122

poplar, 2

portulacoides, Halimione, 123

pratense, Trifolium, 28, 124

pratensis, Cardamine, 72

Prickly Sowthistle, 124

Primrose, 20

Prunus, 23

Puccinella, 84

pulchra, Rumex, 124

purpurea, Digitalis, 124

pusillum, Geranium, 124
pyramidalis, Anacampsis, 126
Pyramid Orchid, 126
radicata, Hypochoeris, 124
Ranunculus, 93
rapum-genistae, Orobanche, 93
Red Campion, 23, 123, 124
Red Clover, 124

repens, Agropyron, 84
repens, Ranunculus, 124
repense, Trifolium, 124
reptans, Potentilla, 124
rhoeus, Papaver, 123
Ribwort Plantain, 124
Rosebay Willowherb, 124
rubra, Festuca, 84

rubra, Spergularia, 123
Salicornia, 131

Salix, 27

sallow, 122

Sand Spurry, 123
sanguisorba, Poterium, 28
sativa, Vicia, 124

Scarlet Pimpernel, 124
Scentless Mayweed, 124
Scirpus, 84

scoparius, Sarrothamnus, 124
scorodonia, Scrophularia, 19
scorodonia, Teucrim, 124
Sea Beet, 123

Sea Milkwort, 124

Sea Purslane, 123

seleratus, Ranunculus, 123
serpyllifolia, Veronica, 124
silaus, Silaum, 127
Sisymbrium, 74, 75

Slender Tare, 124
Small-flowered Cranesbill, 124
Smooth Sowthistle, 124
Solidago, 12

sorbi, Aucuparia, 94
Spathodea, 81

Spermococe, 81
sphondylium, Heracleum, 124
spinosa, Prunus, 92, 124
spruce, 42

squalidus, Senecio, 124
stononifera, Agrostis, 82, 84
sycamore, 94, 127
sylvaticum, Brachypodium, 22
sylvestris, Angelica, 84
sylvestris, Malva, 123
telephium, 20, 22

tenuissima, Vicia, 124
thapsus, Verbascum, 125
Thyme-leaved Speedwell, 124
Toad Rush, 124

trifoliata, Menyenthes, 119
urbanum, Geum, 124
ursinum, Allium, 23
Vernonia, 81

virgaurea, Solidago, 30, 95
vitis-idaea, Vaccinium, 23
vulgare, Ligustrum, 131
vulgare, Origanum, 28
vulgaris, Artemisia, 28, 124

vulgaris, Beta, 123
vulgaris, Carline, 20
vulgaris, Hippurgia, 119
vulgaris, Silene, 28
White Bryony, 124
White Campion, 123
White Clover, 124
White Deadnettle, 124
Wild Angelica, 27

Wild Daffodil, 20

Wild Rose, 95

willow, 24

Wood Garlic, 23
Wood-sage, 124

Woody Nightshade, 124

FUNGI

Beefsteak fungus, 95
Boletus, 46
ignarius, Fomes, 88
Tinder Bracket, 88

HETEROPTERA

alni, Aphrophora, 85

assassin bug, 3

ater, Capsus, 25, 85

betulae, Aradus, 7, 16, 98, 120
binotatus, Stenotus, 25, 85
calcaratum, Stenodema, 85
capucina, Lasiocantha, 17
centronotus, Cornutus, 24
cicada, 90

convergens, Dictyla, 119
costata, Physatocheila, 17
dispar, Mecomma, 17
dolobrata, Leplouienna: 25, 85
exigua, Delphax, 119

ferrugata, Lepiopierng 119
gibbifer, Gerris, 85
glandicolor, Cymus, 119
glauca, Notonecta, 85

grisea, Elasmucha, 122
haemorhoidalis, Acanthosoma, 128
histrionicus, Cylleloris, 25
lacustris, Gerris, 85
laevigatum, Stenodema, 85
lanio, Jassus, 85

maerkeli, Pithamus, 85
melanocephalus, Phylus, 25
nemoralis, Anthocoris, 85
nigrolineata, Corixa, 85
norvegicus, Calocoris, 85
olivaceus, Peraeocoris, 25
pellucida, Delphaciodes, 85
phyllosoma, Triatoma, 16
populinus, Lygocoris, 25
punctata, Corixa, 85
punctilatus, Geotomus, 17
quadripunctatus, Calocoris, 119
reticulata, Ulopa, 119

rufipes, Acompis, 119
sabuleti, Ischnodemus, 119
sahlbergi, Corixa, 85
Saldula, 85

spumarius, Philaenus, 85
stachydis, Dicyphus, 119
stagnorum, Hydriometra, 85
thoracica, Harpocera, 119
thoracicus, Gerris, 85
tripustulatus, Liocoris, 25
varians, Psallus, 25
verbasci, Emblethis, 17
viridis, Cicadella, 85

HYMENOPTERA

agrorum, Bombus, 87
Andraena, 16

antilope, Ancistrocerus, 51, 52, 53, 54
Apis, 50

arenaria, Cerceris, 54
austriaca, Vespula, 3
brunneus, Lasius, 131
castigator, Ctenichneumon, 87
crabro, Vepula, 18

crocea, Hemichron, 131
Cuckoo Wasp, 3

Eumenidae, 50

flavus, Lasius, 24
Formicoidea, 54

fuliginosus, Lasius, 18, 87, 120
graminicola, Myrmecina, 91
Haliticus, 16

hornet, 18

Ichneumon, 87

kirbyi, Pachycnematus, 87
leucopthalmus, Oxyopes, 22
luteiventris, Eutomostethus, 87
marginella, Tenthredo, 99
melanaspis, Pteronidea (Nematus), 131
mellifera, Apis, 87

nana, Andrena, 87

niger, Lasius, 87

nitidulus, Formicoxenus, 134
norvegicus, Vespa, 127
nylanderi, Leptothorax, 90, 94
omissa, Tenthredo, 99
Prostiphora, 87
punctumalbum, Macrophys, 131
quercuscalis, Andricus, 132, 134
reinhardi, Synergus, 87
Rhorus, 87

rufa, Formica, 18, 134

rufa, Vespula, 3, 87

ruginodis, Myrmica, 87
scabrinodis, Myrmica, 87
scrophulariae, Tenthredo, 3
sylvestris, Vespa, 127
terrestris, Bombus, 87
Tryphon, 87

tuberum, Leptothorax, 97
vitratorius, Stenolabus, 87
vulgaris, Vespula, 87

Wood Ant, 18

Wood Wasp, 3

xi

LEPIDOPTERA

abbreviata, Eupithecia, 30

accentifera, Nephele, 80

aceriana, Gypsonoma, 121

achetana, Ancylis, 125

acuminatella, Scrobipalpa, 30

adalwinda, Pieris, 76

adscitella, Elachista, 14

advenaria, Cepphis, 10

aegeria, Pararge, 8, 10, 25, 27, 28, 78,
118

aemulana (latiorana), Eucosma, 14

aeneana, Commophila, 14

aeneofasciella, Nepticula, 13

aeroxantha, Parocystola, 14

aescularia, Alsophila, 32

aestivaria, Hemithea, 125

aethiops, Erebia, 10, 11

aethiops, Xenolechia, 118

affinitata, Perizoma, 122

affinitata, Phalonia, 123

agestis, Aricia, 27, 122

aglaia (—charlotta), Mesoacidalia, 26

ahenella, Epischnia, 15

albedinella (boyerella), Bucculatrix, 121

albescens, C. jacobaeae ab., Pl. V

albicella, Salebriopsis (Postsalebria), 14

albidella, Coleophora, 15

albifasciella, Dechtiria, 25, 30, 127

albulata, Asthena, 125

alburnella, Teleiodes, 13, 14

alceae, Carcharodus, 78

alexanor, Papilio, 93

alismana, Phalonia, 14

alpicolor, Amathes, 2

alternata, Epirrhoe, 86

amata, Calothysanis, 25, 27, 127

ambigualis, Clysia, 24

ambigualis, Scoparia, 15, 122, 123, 124

ambiguella, Eupoecilia, 14

anatipennella, Coleophora, 125

anderidae, Phyllonorycter, 14

angelicella, Parornix, 127

angustella, Schiffermuelleria, 121

angustiorana, Batodes, 125, 127

ansorgei, Sphingonaepiopsis, 81

antiopa, Nymphalis, 42

antiqua, Orgyia, 133

Antirrhea, 91

apiformis, Sesia, 11

aprilina, Griposia, 29

arbutella, Olethreutes, 12, 94

Archiearis, 20

arctostaphyli, Coleophora, 12

arcuella, Olethreutes, 120

areola, Xylocampa, 20

argentimaculella, Infurcitinea, 89, 97,
99

argentipedella, Dechtiria, 10, 30
aneialuss Celastrina, 4, 8, 24, 90, 91, 99,
119

argus, Plebejus, 130
argyrana, Pammene, 15
argyropeza, Dechtiria, 15
arion, Maculinea, 4, 5, 12

armigera, Heliothis, 8, 11
artemisicolella, Coleophora, 28
arvensis, Acinos, 13

assectella, Acrolepia, 13

assimilella, Nepricula, 14

atalanta, Vanessa, 8, 26, 78, 99, 133
athalia, Melitaea, 10, 120

atomaria, Ematurga, 118

atra (opacella), Acanthopsyche, 14
atricapitella, Stigmella, 30
atriplicella, Scrobipalpa, 123
atriplicis, Coleophora, 125
atropos, Acherontia, 11, 31,
attaliana, A. cristana, f., 15
aucupariae, Stigmella, 15
aurago, Tiliacea, 29

aurana, Laspeyresia, 125, 126

aurata, Pyrausta, 126

aurella (? fragariella), Nepticula, 18, 30

79

aurifrontella, Chrysoclista (=flavicaput,

Spuleria), 88
aurulentella, Argyresthia, 125
australis, Colias, 3
badiana, Ancylis, 119
badiata, Earophila, 20
badiipennella, Coleophora, 129
balsaminae, Hippotion, 81
bankiana (olivana), Eustrotia, 11,
basiguttella, Stigmella, 30, 127
basirubra, C. jacobaeae, ab., Pl. VI
batavus, i dispar, ssp., 2
belemia, Pontia, 78
bellargus, Lysandra, 10, 12, 122
bembiciformis, Sphecia, 11
berbera, Amphipyra, 11
bergmanniana, Croesia, 124
berovinensis, L. phlaeas, ab.,
betulae, Heliozela, 15, 30
betulae, Neofaculta, 119
betulae, Parornix, 30
betulae, Salebria, 118
betulae, Thecla, 99
betularia, Biston, 28
betulicola, Caloptilia, 98, 128
betulicola, Stigmella, 30
bibulus, Lachnocnema, 93
bifasciana, Olethreutes, 13
bifractella, Isophrictes, 30
bilineata, Euphyia, 26, 27, 126
bilineata, Eupithecia, 122, 123
bilunana, Epinotia, 14
binderella, Coleophora, 13
bipunctaria, Orthosia, 126
bipunctella, Ethmia, 13
bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia, 125
biriviata, Xanthorrhoe, 24
bistrigella, Phylloporia, 15
biundularia, Ectropis, 20
boeticus, Lampides, 78, 99, 100
bombycina, Hadena, 11
borrelii, Gortyna, 31, 135
bowesi, Leioptilus, 14
boyereila (=albedinella), Bucculatrix,

121

bractea, Plusia, 7
bractella, Oecophora, 14

xii

brassicae, Mamestra, 97

brassicae, Pieris, 25, 27, 78

bryoniae, Pieris, 71, 75, 76, 103, 107,
LOSS TI2INB Ss 116.) 7

bucephala, Phalera, 27, 97

caeca, A. hyperantus ab., 26

caeruleocephala, Episemus, 29

caesiata, Entephria, 23

caja, Arctia, 10

c-album, Polygonia, 20, 26

calthella, Micropteryx, 119

camilla, Limenitis, 2, 4, 25

capitella, Lampronia, 13

cardamines, Anthocharis, 10, 24, 85, 90,
91, 95, 119

cardui, Vanessa, 8, 26, 27, 78

carmelita, Odontosia, 90

carpinata, Trichopteryx, 20

casta, Fumaria, 25, 27, 118

castanea, Amathes, 23

celerio, Hippotion, 81

centaureata, Eupithecia, 27, 32, 122

cerasana, Pandemis, 125

cerasana (=unculana), Ancylis, 28

Charaxes, 89, 90

charis, Basiothia, 81

charlotta (aglaia), Mesoacidalia, 3, 26

chenopodiata, Ortholitha, 26, 27, 125

chlorosata, Lithina, 91

chrysantheana, Cnephasia, 124

chrysippus, Danaus, 31

chrysonuchellus, Nemophora, 119

cinereana, Epinotia, 13

cinereopunctella, Elachista, 22

cingulata, Pyrausta, 15

cinxia, Melitaea, 10, Pl. Il & V

citrinalis, Hypercallia, 94

clathrata, Chiasmia, 123

cleopatra, Gonepteryx, 78

clintoni, Scrobipalpa, 12

clypeiferella, Coleophora, 8, 13, 96

c-nigrum, Amathes, 27, 29

Coleophora, 21, 97

colquounana, E. penziana f., 14

comma, Nephele, 80

communana, Cnephasia, 123

complanella, Tischeria, 17, 29

compta, Hadena, 4

coneyi, C. jacobaeae ab., Pl. V

consimilis, Syntomus, 31

contigua, Hadena, 121

contraria, Andriasa, 79, 80

conversaria, A. repandata, ab., 7

convolvuli, Herse, 8, 11, 79, 93

conwaygana, Pseudoargyrotoza, 25,
122591281255 126

conyzae, Coleophora, 22

coridon, Lysandra, 10, 12, 27, 125,
Pl. Il

cornella, Argyresthia, 121

corylifoliella, Lithocolletis, 127

cossus, Cossus, 4

crataegella, Scythropia, 96

crataegi, Bucculatrix, 96

costipunctata, Epiblema, 119

cramerella, Lithocolletis, 127

cribrumalis, Zanclognatha, 25

cribrumella, Myelois, 124

cristana, Acleris, 15

crocea, Colias, 78

crocealis, Ebulea, 15

croesella, Adela, 121

cuculatella, Nola, 125

culiciformis, Aegeria, 20

culmella, Agriphila, 27, 86, 127

cuprella, Adela, 22, 118

curtisellus, Prays, 124

cydippe, Fabriciana, 10, Pl. II

cytisella, Paltodora, 120

daltonae, Antistathmoptera, 11

daplidice, Pontia, 78

debiliata, Chloroclystis, 7

decentella, Etainia, 14, 127

decolorella, Blastobasis, 125

decolorella (humeralis), Teleiodes, 14

degeerella, Nemotois, 25, 123

deereyana ( =rubellana), Falseuncaria,

demaryella, Bucculatrix, 15

derivata, Anticlea, 20

didyma, Nephala, 80

diniana, Zeiraphera, 21

dipoltella (—margaritana), Aethes, 14

dispar, Lycaena, 2

distans, Crombrugghia, 13

distinctaria, Bapta, 118

dodonea, Tischeria, 17, 29

dominula, Panaxia, 10

dorsana, Cydnia, i4

dryadella, Nepticula, 93

dubitalis, Scoparia, 123, 124

dubitella, Phyllonorycter, 14, 17, 18. 19,
30, Pl. IT

Elachista, 22

elongella, Caloptilia, 98

elongella (servella), Monochroa, 14

elpenor, Deilephila, 127

embrizaepennella, Phyllonorycter, 30

emortualis, Trisateles, 95

encedon, Ancraea, 93

eos, M. cinxia, ab., 10

eremitis, Dryobotodis, 29

erigerana, Cochlidia, 6, 13

erxlebella, Roeslerstammia, 24

eson, Hippotion, 81

euphrosyne, Clossiana, 120

evonymella, Yponomeuta, 23

exclamationis, Agrotis, 7, 11, 122, 123,
Pl. Il

extimalis, Evergestis, 14

fabriciana, Anthophila, 123, 125

fagella, Diurnes, 20

fagi, Stauropus, 5, 121

faginella, Lithocolletis, 126, 127

farfara, Epinotia, 125

farfarea, Epiblema, 126

fasciaria, Ellopia, 10

fasciunculus, Procus, 124

ferchaultella, Luffia, 121

ferrugata, Xanthorhoe, 26

filipendulae, Zygaena, 7, 26

fimbriata, Lampra, 118

xiii

feeheriela (=simpliciella), Glyphipteryx,

flava, P. napi, f., 99, 108
flavaginella, Coleophora, 125
flavago, Gortyna, 29
flavicaput, Spuleria (aurifrontella,
Chrysoclista), 88, 90
flaviciliana, Phalonia, 28
flavicornis, Achyla, 42
flostlactella Nepticula, 126
fluctuata, Xanthorhoe, 122, 127
fluctuosa, Tethea, 120
formosana, Enarmonia, 27
fosterana, Lozotaenia, 23, 124
fragariella (?amella), Nepticula, 18, 30
frangulella, Bucculatrix, 15
fraxini, Catocala, 8, 11
fugitivella, Telphusa, 25, 125
fuliginosa, Phragmatobius, 118
fulvopunctana, A. cristana f., 15
fumosa, Temnora, 80
funebris, Anania, 14
funebris, Pyrausta, 95, 120
furuncula, Harpyia, 91
furuncula, Procus, 27
fuscalis, Opsibotys, 125
fuscedinella, Coleophora, 118
fuscocuprella, Coleophora, 14
fuscoviridella, Glyphipterix, 119
galathea, Melanargia, 46, 57, 125
gamma, Plusia, 8, 10, 19, 27, 125, Pl. If
ganarew, L. sinapis ab., 10
geminana, Ancylis, 14, 15, 23
geminana, R. naevana, f., 23
geminana, R. unipuncta f., 14
geniculea, Agriphila, 27
geniculella, Phyllonorycter, 13, 14
gibosella, Psoricoptera, 120
glabratella, Blastodere, 42, 90
glitzella, Coleophora, 12
glomerata, Dactylis, 42
gonodactyla, Platyptilia, 27
Grayling, 12
griseella, Trifurcula, 93
gueneeana, Dichrorampha, 126
hamana, Agapete, 123, 125
haworthii, Celaena, 7
helvola, Anchoscelis, 29
hemargyrella, Nepticula, 127
hemidactylella, Caloptilia, 94, 96
heparana, Pandemis, 125
heringi, Dechtiria, 132
heringiana, Eucosma, 13
hibernica, P. napi f., 96, 99
hirtaria, Lycia, 97
hortuellus, Crambus, 122, 123
hostilis, Nephopteryx, 120
hucherardi, Gortyna, 31
hulda, P. napi ssp., 104
humeralis (=decorella), Teleiodes, 15
huntera (=virginiensis), Vanessa, 11
hyale, Colias, 3
hyalinus, Microstega, 125
hybernella, Stigmella, 127
hybridella, Cochylia, 124
hylas, Cephonodes, 79, 80

hyperantus, Aphantopus, 10, 12, 26, 27,
96, 125

ibipennella, Coleophora, 118

icarus, Polyommatus, 10, 24, 27, 46,
12225

idaella, Coleophora, 12

ignobiella, Nepticula, 127

illuminatella, Blastotere, 42, 90

imitans, Centroctena, 81, 82

implicitana, Cochylidia, 15

incerta, Orthosia, 122

indigata, Eupithecia, 122

inopiana, Hysterosia, 14

inornatana (=subarcuana), Ancylis, 15

internana, Cydia, 14

internana, Grapholita, 119

intimella, Dechtiria, 13, 18, 30

inturbata, Eupithecia, 122

inversa, C. jacobaeae ab., Pl. V

10, Neeophals, 19, 20, 26, 27, 97, 99,
11

ipsilon, Agrotis, 8

iris, Apatura, 2, 4, 10

Jjacobacae, Callimorpha, 27, 86, Pl. V,
VI

janiszewski, Sorhagenia, 24

jasius, Charaxes, 90

jungiella, Grapholita, 119

junioniella, Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis), 23

juniperata, Thera, 11

jurtina, Maniola, 27, 46, 86, 122, 125

kuhnei, Argenus, 11

lacunana, Olethreutes, 25, 27, 122, 124,

125
laevigata, Argyresthia, 15
laevigatella, Blastotere, 2, 21
l-album, leucania, 8
lanceolana, Bactra, 123
lanella, Tinea, 13
lapponica, Nepticula, 127
Large Elephant Hawk, 127
laricella, Coleophora, 21
lariciana, Spilonota, 21
jlaripennella, Coleophora, 8, 13, 96
lasella, Coleophora, 14
latiorana (—aemulana), Eucosma, 14
lecheana, Ptycholoma, 24, 122
leguminana, Cydia, 13
leguminana, Laspeyresia, 2, 3, 121
Leucoptera, 3
libatrix Scoliopteryx, 122
ligula, Conistra, 29
ligustri, Sphinx, 121
linearia, Cosymbia, 6
lineella, Chrysoclista, 25, 97
lineola, Coleophora, 125
Lithocolletis, 42
litura, Anchoscelis, 29
litura, Semiothisa, 91
loeflingiana, Aleimma, 25
lota, Agrochola, 29
lubricipeda, Spilosoma, 10, Pl. III
luculella, Telphusa, 25
lunata, G. borelii ssp., 31
lutarea, Poraswammerdamia, 123, 124

lutealis, Udea, 127

luteolata, Opisthograptis, 29

lupulina, Hepialus, 25

lutea, Citria, 29

luteella, Stigmella, 15, 30

luteolata, Opisthograptis, 19

lutescens, A. iris ab., 10

lutulenta, Aporophyla, 29

Lycaenidae, SH)

lychnidis, Agrochola, 29

machaon, Papilio, 77

macilenta, Agrochola, 29

maerens, C. fraxini ab., 11

mansuetella, Micropteryx, 119

margaritana (dipoltella), Aethes, 14

marsinals, i napi ssp; 7U 275; 76,775
114, 116

nanan Erannis, 122

marginata, Lomaspila, 122

marinella, Scrobipalpa, 93-4

masculella, Incurvaria, 121

masseyi, P. argus, 130

mauritii, Coelonia, 79

medea, Basiothia, 81

megaera, Euchloron, 81

megera, Pararge, 10, 27, 119, 120, Pl. II

melanopa, Glaucopsyche, 78

mellinata, Lygris, 26

mergelella, Elachista, 121

messingiella, Eidophasia, 125

metallicus, Nemotois, 125

meticulosa, Phlogophora, 118

mi, Euclidimera, 86

micacea, Gortyna, 29

milvipennis, Coleophora, 14

minimus, Cupido, 12

ministrana, Eulia, 24

mogollon, Pieris, 71

montanata, 25, 122

morgani, Xanthopan, 80

morosa, Aristotelia, 121

morpheus, Caradrina, 25

multistrigaria, Colostygia, 20

murinella, Scrobipalpa, 12

murinipennella, Coleophora, 15

muscaeformis, Acperias 11

musculosa, Oria,

mygindana, here 23

myrtillana, Ancylis, 23

myrtillella, Nepticula, 28

naevana (=unipunctata), Rhopobota,
a WB 7

nana, Acornutia, 24, 121, 122

nana, Sphingonaepiopsis, 80, 81

nanana, Epinotia, 13

nanatella, Agonopteryx, 22

napi marginalis x napi, Pieris, 115

napi oleracea x bryoniae, Pieris, iT

napi oleracea x napi marginalis, Pieris,
114

napi, Pieris, 27, 71-7, 85, 96, 99, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 113, 115,
NOS gS WN)

nebulata, Euchoeca, 24

nemoralis, Zanclognatha, 24, 122

nemorivaga, Epinotia, 12, 94

neobryoniae, P. bryoniae ssp.,
115, 116
Nephele, 80
Nepticulidae, 88
neustria, Malacosoma, 25
ni, Plusia, 11
nigra, A. urticae ab., 10, Pl. II
nigrata, Pyrausta, 126
nigricana, Laspeyresia, 25
nigrocostana, Endothenia, 121
nitens, Stigmella, 18, 19
nitidella (—paradoxa), Stigmella, 131
niveus, Acentropus, 123
noctuella, Nomophila, 27
nodicolella, Mompha, 14
notatella, Telphusa, 123
nubigera, Heliothis, 3
nubilalis, Ostrinia, 25, 124
nupta, Catocala, 29
nutantella, Coelophora, 28
obliquella, Nepticula, 14
obscurana, Pammene, 121
obsoleta, L. bellargus ab., 10
occulta, Eurois, 11
ocellana, Spilonota, 125
ocellata, Smerinthus, 27
ocelleus, Eromene, 11
ocelleus, Euchromius, 14

oleracea, P. napi ssp., 71, 73, 74, 75, 76,

TOF OS TOR MAM sls sel i4=
INS WIGS aly

oleracea x napi, Pieris, 109

olivalis, Udea, 124

olivana (=bankiana), Eustrotia, 11

opacella (=atra), Acanthopsyche, 14

oporana, Archips, 124

oppressana, Gysonoma, 14

orana, Adoxophyes, 13

orbitella, Coleophora, 14

orichalcea, Plusia, 11

ornata, Scopula, 122

orobi, Leucoptera, 3

orpheus, Theretra, 81

Orthosia, 42

osiris, Hippotion, 81

oxyacanthae, Allophyes, 29

oxyacanthae, Lithocolletis. 127

oxyacanthae, Nepticula, 28

padella, Yponomeuta, 25

paleana, Amelia, 2, 123

pallens, Leucania, 29

palliatella, Coleophora, 14

pallidactyla, Platyptilia, 123

palpina, Pterostoma, 24

paludella, Calamotropha, 13

Pammene, 30

pamphilus, Coenonympha, 10, 25, 27,
1225125

paphia, Argynnis, 4

pappiferella, Coleophora, 93

paradoxa (nitidella), Stigmella, 13, 94,
OS, 1S), 1227/

parthenias, Archiearis, 20

pascuellus, Crambus, 122

pavonia, Saturnia, 25

pectinataria, Colostygia, 99, 126

104, 107,

XV

pedella, Stathmopoda, 3, 13,
pennaria, Colotois, 10, 29, PL. III
penziana, Eana, 15
peribenanderi, Coleophora, 93, 94, 125
perlellus, Crambus, 125
perlepidellus, Acrolepia, 14, 22
permutatella, Catoptria, 12
persicariae, Melanchra, 25
petiverella, Dichrorampha, 125
phlaeas, Lycaena, 7, 10, 17, 27, 78, 120,
7 Tes TI
phoeniceata, Eupithecia, 8
Phyllonorycter, 30
picus, Cephonodes, 79
Pieris, 75
pimpinellata, Eupithecia, 122
pinastri, Hyloicus, 91
pinguis, Euzophera, 13
pinicolella, Eustaintonia, 13
pisi, Ceramica, 28
plagiata, Anaitis, 27
plumbagana, Dichrorampha, 122
podalirius, Iphiclides, 77
polychloros, Nymphalis, 78
polygonalis, Uresiphita, 14
populella, Anacampsis, 124
populetorum, Caloptilia, 15
porcellus, Deilephila, 121
postica, Pseudoclanis, 80
potatoria, Philudoria, 25
poterii, Nepticula, 28
prasinaria, E. fasciaria ab., 10
pratellus, Crambus, 25, 122
proboscidalis, Hypena, 29
procellata, Melanthis, 122
pronuba, Noctua, 42
proximella, Telphusa, 24
pruinana, Apotomis, 25, 123, 125
pruni, Strymonidia, 95
pseudobombycella (tubulosa),
Talaeporia, 21
pulchellana, Argyrotaenia, 23, 118
pulverosella, Dechtiria, 28, 125
punctinalis, Pseudoboarmia, 122)
puppillaria, Cosymbia, 11
pusaria, Deilinea, 122
putridella, Agonopteryx, 27
putris, Axylis, 17, 123
pygmaeella, Argyresthia, 25, 122
pygmaeella, Nepticula, 96, 127
pyramidea, Amphipyra, 11
quadrana, Eriopsela, 122
quadrimaculella, Bohemannia, 13
quadrimaculella, Scoliaula, 3, 13
quercana, Carcina, 25
quercifoliae, Dechtiria, 132, 133
quercus, Quercusia, 120
quinquella, Dechtiria, 13, 18, 133
ramburialis, Diasemia, 11
ramosella, Coleophora, 95
rapae, Pieris, SH LOW20 QIAISA76n 85.
1095122,.126) 027, PIS iit
raskiella, Mompha, 128
ratzeburgiana, Zeiraphera, 13
regiella, Stigmella, 30
reliquana, Lobesia, 119

repandata, Alcis, 7

resinella, Petrova, 12

resplendella, Heliozela, 15

rhamni, Gonepteryx, 20, 24, 26, 95

rhediella, Pammene, 15

rhetenor, Morpho, 12

ridens, Polyploca, 90

roborella, Phycita, 13

rubellana (degreyana), Falseuncaria, 13

rubi, Callophrys, 76

rubi, Diarsia, 18

rubiella, Lampronia, 121

rubigana, Phalonia, 126

rubiginea, Dasycampa, 89

rubiginosana, Epinotia, 15

rufescens, Brachmia, 122, 125

ruficapitella, Stigmella, 15

ruficornis, Chaonia, 118

rufipennella, Caloptilia, 94, 98

rumicis, Apatele, 28

rumina, Zerynthia, 77

ruralis, Haritalia, 20, 27, 125, 127

rurinana (semialbana), Clepsis, 15

rutherfordi, Centroctena, 81, 82

rutilana, Aethes, 13

sacraria, Rhodometra, 11, 99

salicella, Hedya, 13, 25

salicis, Nepticula, 30

salicolella, Phyllonorycter, 17, 19

salicorniae, Coleophora, 131

saligna, Phyllocnistis, 129, 131

saltitans, Enarmonia, 17

sambucaria, Ourapteryx, 123

sannio, Diacrisia, 122

saturatella, Coleophora, 91

Satyridae, 57

sauciana, Apotomis, 23

schalleriana, Acleris, 15

scitella, Leucoptera, 127

scopigera, Dipsosphecia, 26

scotinella, Parornix, 15

Scrobipalpa, 12

segetum, Agrotis, 29

selasella, Agriphila, 13

selene, Clossiana, 99, 127

semele, Eumenis, 7, 12, 57

semialbana (=rurinana), Clepsis, 15

semiargus, Cyaniris, 78

senex, Comacla, 6 .

septembrella, Fomoria, 30

sericealis, Rivularis, 122, 271

sertorius, Spialia, 92

servella (=elongella,) Monochroa, 14

silesiaca, Depressaria, 12

simpliciana, Dichrorampha, 27

simplicielia (fischeriella), Glyphipteryx,
121

sinapis, Leptidea, 10

Small Copper, 127

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 127
smeathmanniana, Aethes, 27
sobrinata, Eupithecia, 125

sorbi, Nepticula, 94

spadicearis, Xanthorhoe, 122
sparrmannella, Eriocrania, 20
sparsana, Acleris, 127

Xvi

speciformis, Aegeria, 1, 20

speciosa, Nepticula, 14

spinosella, Dechtiria, 8, 15, 92

splendidissimella, Nepticula, 121

splendidulana, Pammene, 15

stabilis, Orthosia, 122

stanella, Euyponomeuta, 22, 23

stannelle, Heliozela, 15

statices, Procris, 6

stenoptera, Syntomus, 31

straminea, Stenodes, 123

strataria, Biston, 10, Pl. III

stratiotata, Parapoynix, 124

striana, Celyphus, 123, 125

striatipennella, Coleophora, 121

strigana, Lathronynpha, 122

subalbidella, Elachista, 15

subarcuana (inornatana), Ancylis, 15

subbimaculella, Dechtiria, 30, 132

suberivora, Stigmella, 89, 90

subocellea, Thiotrichia, 28

subroseana, Cochylidia, 14

subtalba, P. virginiensis. f. 106, 107,
108, 109, 117

subtochracea, P. virginiensis f., 106

subumbrata, Eupithecia, 122

succedana, Laspeyresia, 118, 119

sulphurea, P. napi f., 99, 104, 106, 107,
109, 111, 115, 116

swammerdamella, Nemophora, 119

sylvestris, Thymelicus, 27, 125

syngrapha, L. coridon ab., 10

taeniata, Perizoma, 4

tages, Erynnis, 24

tamesis, Coleophora, 15

Tatochila, 75

tedella, Epinotia, 123

templi, Dasypolia 11,

ternata, Scopula, 23

terrealis, Opsibotys, 12

tetradactylus, Pterophorus, 125

therinella, Coleophora, 93, 94

tiliae, Mimas, 10-11, 25, 91, 121

tipuliformis, Aegeria, 92

tithonus, Maniola, 10, 27, 86, Pl. HI

transparens, C. jacobaeae ab., Pl. V

transversata, Philereme, 126

trapezella, Elachista, 13, 14

tricolor, Coleophora, 6, 8, 13, 91

tricolorella, Caryocolum, 21

trifolii, Discestra, 10

trimaculana, Epinotia, 25

trimaculella, Nepticula, 127

tripuncta, Schiffermuelleria, 121

tristella, Agriphila, 27

truncata, Dysstroma, 29

tubulosa (pseudobombycella),
Talaeporia, 21

turbidana, Apotomia, 118

turbidella, Dechtiria, 2, 13, 15, 121

uddmanniana, Notocelia, 123

ulmariae, Nepticula, 15

ulmi, Stigmella, 130

ulmicola, Stigmella, 131

ulmifolia, Stigmella, 130

ulmivora, Stigmella, 130

Xvil

ultimella, Depressaria, 14
ultrafowlermargino, L. coridon ab.,
Pl. I

umbrosella, Mniophaga, 15
unangulata, Euphyia, 6-7
uncana (=uncella), Ancylis, 15
uncella (uncana), Ancylis, 15
unculana (cerasana), Ancylis, 28
unifasciata, Elachista, 42
unionalis, Palpita, 11
unipunctana (naevana), Rhopobota, 14
unitana, Amelia, 2, 13, 23
urticae, Aglais, 10, 25, 26, 42, 78, 99,
IGS WS A UL
urticana, Argyroploce, 122
ustomaculana, Rhopobota, 23
vaccinii, Conistra, 29, 42
variegana, Acleris, 125
venata, Ochlodes, 86, 122
venosa, P. napi ssp., 71, 104
verbasci, Cucullia, 125
verticalis, Sitochroa, 13, 25
vetusta, Xylena, 31
vinula, Cerura, 91
virescens, C. hylas ssp., 80
virgata, A. exclamationis ab., 7
virgaureae, Coleophora, 30
virginensis (huntera), Vanessa HiT J
virginiensis, Pieris, 71, 72, 7
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116,
117
virginiensis x bryoniae, Pieris, 107
virginiensis x napi oleracea, Pieris, 108
virginiensis x napi, Pieris, 104
viridana, Tortrix, 25
viridella, Adela, 119
viscariellum, Caryocolum, 135,23
visitella, Coleophora, 13
vitalba, Horisma, 122
vitisella, Coleophora, 12, 23
vulgella, Telphusa, 125
wailesella, Leucoptera, 14
w-album, Strymonidia, 4
walkeri, Lubricipeda, 10
weaverella, Monopis, 13
weaveri, Fomoria, 13523
wockeella, Coleophora, 2, 14, 29
xanthomista, Antitype, 8
xanthovittana, C. cristana, 15
Ypsolophus, 25
ziczac, Notodonta, 85

MAMMALIA

badger, 16
deer, 16
water vole, 41

MOLLUSCA

aspersa, Helix, 88

bidentata, Clausillia, 88
cellarius, Oxychilus, 88
cylindracea, Lauria, 88

fulvus, Euconulus, 88

hispida, Hygromia, 88
jenkinsi, Potamopyrgus, 84, 88
nemoralis, Cepaea, 88
perversa, Balea, 88

putris, Succinea, 88

pygmaea, Vertigo, 88
spirorbis, Planorbis, 88
truncatula, Limnaea, 88

MOSSES, LICHENS
& LIVERWORTS

aeruginosa Cancels Lepraria
(Crocynia), 8
androgynum, Ree: 20
cirrata, Dicranoweissia, 20
commune, Polytrichum, 21
confertum, Eurhynchium, 20
cupressiforme, Hypnum, 20
cuspidatum, Acrocladium, 21
flexuosus, Campylopus, 21
formosum, Polytrichum, 20
glacum, Leucobryum, 21
heteromalla, Dicranella, 20
hornum, Mnium, 20
incana (aeruginosa), Lepraria
(Crocynia), 89
juniperinum, Polytrichum, 21
myosuroides, Isothecium, 20
nutans, Pohlia, 21
piliferum, Polytrichum, 21
praelongum, Eurhynchium, 20
purpureus, Ceratodon, 20
purum, Pseudoscleropodium, 20
rutabulum, Brachythecium, 20
schreberi, Pleurozium, 21
scoparium, Dicrannum, 20
squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus, 20
striatum, Eurhynchium, 20
tamariscinum, Thuidium, 20
taxifolius, Fissidena, 20
triquetrus, Rhytidiadelphus, 20
undulatum, Atrichum, 20
undulatum, Mnium, 20

NEUROPTERA

carnea, Chrysopa, 31

ODONATA

Aeshna, 132

coerulescens, Orthetrum, 28
cyanea, Aeshna, 85
cyathigerum, Enallagma, 85
danae, Sympetrum, 28
elegans, Ischnura, 85
ephippiger, Hemianax, 16
flaveolum, Sympetrum, 7
gigantica, Antogaster, 16
juncea, Aeshna, 28
meridionale, Sympetrum, 47, 56

XViil
mixta, Aeshna, 132 punctatissima, Leptophyes, 85
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma, 85 undulata, Tetrix, 121

puella, Coenagrion, 85
splendens, Agrion, 85

sponsa, Lestes, 28 TRICHOPTERA
striolatum, Sympetrum, 28, 47, 56, 85
virgo, Agrion, 85 bilineatus, Leptocerus, 85

lunatus, Limnephilus, 85

SALTATORIA
VERMES

Acridiidae, 56
griseoaptera, Pholidoptera, 85 Allolobophora, 85
maculatum, Myrmeleotettix, 119 eiseni, Biomastros, 85
migratoria, Locusta, 56 octoedra, Dendrobaena, 85

parallelus, Chorthippus, 85

, bee

Lente yen,
m, 13 i.

;\ Ss; x
(AICHOPTERA@
i rie, 29

nih

VEREMESR

= 652) Ent.

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aS

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 Plate V

From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. Russwurm.

Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae U..
1. ab. transparens Watson ¢ 3. ab. inversa Watson 2
2. ab. albescens Cockayne 3 4. sinis. ab. coneyi Watson dex. typical 3
(Shown at the Annual Exhibition, 7th November 1970 by Mr. R. W. Watson)

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 103

‘PIERIS NAPY (LEP., PIERIDAE) IN AMERICA:
GENETIC IMBALANCE IN HYBRIDS

By S. R. BOWDEN

As has been shown more than once (e.g. Ford 1964, Bowden 1970b), the
species problem in the Pieris napi L. group of butterflies is to some extent an
unreal one: no artifice with semi-species and the like will produce a biological
species-concept wholly appropriate to the group, because every grade of separation
exists, between barely distinguishable demes with tenuous geographic boundaries
at one extreme and fully distinct sympatric species at the other. Nor can we apply
to allopatric populations even the test of frequency of fertile inter-pairing in
natural conditions. But real or unreal, the problem can still bedevil nomenclature.

Huxley (1942) noted that though some reduction of fertility between two
divergent stocks might be due directly to the accidents of divergence, it would
subsequently be carried further by selection; the zone of intergradation (in
certain bird groups) was found to be narrowest where the two forms were pre-
sumed to have been longest in contact, and where therefore selection to reduce
biological waste had had most opportunity to be effective. Bowden (1956)
thought that Swiss Pieris bryoniae Ochsenheimer hybridised less successfully
with the adjacent P. napi than with that of England, with which it had had no
previous contact.

Remington (1968), considering many cases of butterfly hybridisation but not
including Pieris, elaborated and illustrated the view that related populations in
secondary contact tend to hybridise unless they are already very distinct indeed,
but where differences are moderate a sexual barrier is gradually built up, so that
only where previous separation has been relatively short can the populations merge.

This would provide a basis for a criterion of specific status where the taxa in
question have come into contact. If sympatry is leading to increased genetic and
sexual barriers between them, the populations are to be taken as already belong-
ing to distinct species; if not, not. This test is formally more precise than some
previously suggested: but its value is mainly theoretical. It too is not directly
applicable to geographically separated subspecies, which present the most diffcult
questions, and it might require extensive experiment or observation over a long
period, in any individual case. Its use to the taxonomist in the short term is thus
very limited. It is to be noted that it fixes speciation at a rather earlier stage than
the ‘full speciation’ of some systematists (which cannot be defined exactly), but
does not depart essentially from Jordan’s dictum (1896), that a ‘variety’ becomes
a species at the point when it is no longer possible for the diverging form to
coalesce with the parent stock.

Differences capable of leading ultimately to ‘full speciation” are of more than
one kind, but the most fundamental are those that render hybrids inviable or
infertile. Hybridisation in captivity allows us to assess such differences. Individual
butterflies vary so much, however, that a negative result should not be regarded as
final except after repeated trials, and these are not always possible; on the other
hand positive results cannot altogether be explained away even if they are
exceptional. Even among viable and fertile hybrids, the slight proterandry normal
in adult emergences may suffer gross disturbance; this not only indicates genetic
imbalance but may also in nature reduce Darwinian fitness (Bowden 1953).
With diapause disturbances unisexual lethality is sometimes associated.

Thus in spite of their known limitations, experiments such as those now re-
ported, as well as suggesting relationships, also provide means of estimating the

104 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

relative likelihood of a positive isolation gradient if the populations were to meet.

However, no absolute measure of the probability can thus be obtained.

Some tentative conclusions will be drawn regarding the three Nearctic taxa
treated here, but still on the conservative principle that when there is any doubt a
subspecies is to be retained in napi rather than split off as a separate species.
A re-assessment should be made after a wider study including at least ssp. venosa
Scudder of California, hulda Edwards of Alaska and one of the southern high-
altitude populations (such as macdunnoughii Remington of Colorado), and
taking into consideration larval characters, pupal shape, imaginal proportions,
melanic markings of adult, androconial scales and (if possible) distribution of
apparent natural hybrids.

It may be thought surprising that no account is given here of the pairing
behaviour of the parents of hybrid broods. For various reasons I did not think I
could provide usable information:

(1) Only rarely at this time was it possible to watch the butterflies continuously,
and a large proportion of the pairings which must have taken place were not
seen at all.

(2) Pairings may occur in much less than one hour, but even within a pure sub-
species may be delayed for three days or more. A female may strongly reject a
conspecific male, but later accept him. Individual differences in libido are
probably mainly responsible.

(3) Libido is affected by age, state of nutrition, temperature and illumination,
none of which could be wholly controlled in the circumstances prevailing.

(4) It is difficult to obtain any reliable measure of the preference of a butterfly
among possible mates, even in ad hoc experiments (cf. Petersen and Tenow
1954). Tests in which no choice is permitted are in one sense inescapably
unrealistic.

In spite of these difficulties, adequate information on the behaviour of males
in the presence of females of a different subspecies could be very helpful. For
example, a succession of similar males might show no interest, but when removed
to another cage pair immediately with females from a more closely related popula-
tion. The majority of cases will of course be more equivocal : cautious interpretation
is always necessary. It is hoped that Dr. Lorkovi¢’s observations on American and
American-European pairing will soon be available.

SOURCES OF PURE STOCKS

Material of Connecticut P. virginiensis Edwards and of New Hampshire
P. napi oleracea Harris was provided initially by Mr. S. A. Hessel; Oregon
P. napi marginalis Scudder came from Mr. C. W. Nelson. Without their great
help this work would have been impossible. The rearing of the pure subspecies has
been described and discussed elsewhere (1971b).

Swiss P. bryoniae bryoniae and Carinthian P. b. neobyroniae Sheljuzhko were
originally obtained for me by Dr. F. Benz and by Herr H. Deschka, to whom
once more I offer my thanks.

HYBRIDS, P. VIRGINIENSIS x P. NAPI

In both 1963 and 1964 female virginiensis were paired with British napi, in the
course of experiments on the genetic control of underside pigmentation (Bowden
1966).

In 1963 Head’s bright yellow napi (f. sulphurea Schéyen) was used in the F,
(1963-f and -g), as well as in the subsequent back-crosses (1963-/; 1963-i and -y). In

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 105

1964 Scottish (Angus) wild-stock napi was used for the F, (1964-m) and Head’s
form subsequently (1964-j; 1964-i! and -i‘).

In all these broods the larvae continued to accept Alliaria and could, without
disadvantage, be reared to maturity on this plant; this was so even for larvae of
1963-f, which had been on Dentaria for a time (the refusal of Alliaria by American
subspecies has been discussed earlier: 1971a). In all the F, hybrids larval losses
were extremely low.

VN BrRoop 1963-f

This was from female 1962-V5 paired with males from 1962-1.

Thirty-two males emerged without diapause, followed after a few days by
three females. Fourteen malformed pupae as well as nine pre-pupae died, and
three pupae which appeared to be overwintering were dead by mid-November;
of these last (all slightly misshapen) two were female and one undeterminable.

VN Broop 1963-g¢

The eggs were laid by female 1962-V6, caged with males from 1962-u‘!,

Twenty-four males emerged 27.vi to 3.vii.63, followed by seven females
3.vii to 8.vii.63. Of three faulty pupae examined, two were definitely female,
the third uncertain. Five other pupae died, none quite normal, and four pre-
pupae collapsed and blackened. By 13.vii nine pupae were apparently lying
over. However, on 20.x.63 four females were found emerged and crippled,
with two more caught in their pupal skins by imperfect discoloured wings.
Three pupae were dead then or shortly thereafter (two which were sexed were
both females).

VN BRoopD 1964-m

Female 1963-V20 was caged with four white Angus males, and there was at
least one pairing. Twelve eggs were laid before the female was dead, possibly
drowned in a heavy thunderstorm. One laggard larva died. Four males emerged
16-17.vii.64, followed by six females 18—23.vii.64.

FEMALE DELAYED ECLOSION AND INVIABILITY IN VN

Though the male hybrids were considerably larger than typical virginiensis, and
even rather larger than the napi used, the development of the females was much
disturbed. In all three broods the separation of male and female emergences was
complete, and in 1963-¢ some females were delayed for months, though apparently
not in full diapause. In 1963-f only two good females were obtained, against 32
males. On the other hand brood 1964-m, though again completely proterandrous,
showed no sign of female inviability; the mapi stock was of course different, but
this kind of discrepancy may be expected to result not uncommonly from con-
cealed individual differences in the parents. Breeding to test viability and fertility
is best repeated several times.

SUMMARY OF VN
1963-f 1963-g 1964-m

Males eclosed 32 24 4

Others By, 28 6
made up as follows

Females, good or fair p2 7 6

Females, crippled or caught in pupa 1 6 —

Deaths as pre-pupa ) 4 a

Deaths as malformed pupa 17 11 —

106 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972
VN PHENOTYPES

These F, insects, which ran up to 58mm in size, followed napi on the upperside;
on the underside the quasi-subtalba of virginiensis prevailed. The males did not
always develop a discal spot; male f18 was quite without this, and correspondingly
the underside of the forewing was unspotted. The perfect or nearly perfect
females included three with upperside hindwing vein-ends strongly marked with
grey-black and at least seven others more lightly marked. The normal underside
pattern of virginiensis is rather less defined than that of napi: however there is,
in both, considerable mixing of dark and pale scales along and across the veins.
The hybrids were perhaps intermediate; the underside ‘veining’ always tends to
be reduced in non-diapause napi butterflies of whatever origin, and these hybrids
were no exception. The background colour was without the lemon-yellow pig-
ment; the females were ochreous below, as expected, but (surprisingly) many of
the males also were tinted with ochre on the underside of the hindwings—an
appearance quite unknown in European males of f. subtalba. The intensity of the
male ochreous pigmentation, though occasionally strong, never equalled that of
Kautz’s female type of subtochracea (Miller and Kautz, 1939: Plate 13, fig. 10).
In both sexes there was a normal orange lunule at the base of the hindwing costa.

(VN)*

No F, eggs could be obtained when two females of 1963-2 were caged with
three males of 1963-f, though at least one pairing was seen and the females lived
for about three weeks. It seems unlikely that F, hybrids can exist.

N.VN sroop 1963-7

Three males of 1963-f were caged with a British female of Head’s form.
She laid 26 eggs and died within ten days. Thirteen of the eggs were infertile
(or died) and there were losses also in the larval, prepupal and pupal stages.
Three males emerged, all white and subtalba.

N.VN Broop 1964-7

Males ml and m2 were caged in mid-July with three British sulphurea
females which, however, within nine days had all met with accidents. There
were nevertheless probably two pairings and over 100 eggs were obtained.
Losses in the early stages were very few, and between 25 and 31.vili.64 23 males
emerged, followed by four males and five females between 1 and 13.ix.64.
Fifteen of the 32 butterflies were subtalba, the rest were not.

During the spring and summer of 1965 the 61 over-wintering pupae were
brought out of 1°C at intervals, the first batch of 29 as early as 20.11.65. Of
these, eight males and one female emerged by 7.iv, followed by two females on
11 and 13.iv.65; shortly after this 14 remaining pupae were returned to 1°C till
21.v.65. Two females emerged on 11 and 13.vi.65 and the other 12 pupae were
returned to 1°C from 27.vii to 1.xi.65. One pupa now coloured (as white,
non-subialba male), but the butterfly did not emerge. Six remaining pupae
were kept at 1°C from 15.iii to 3.xi.66, when two were still alive, but all were
dead by 28.xii.66.

Thirteen+ 19 other pupae were withdrawn on 8.vi and 16.vi.65. Eclosions
were I1 male+five female, without proterandry, and the subsequent history of
the remaining pupae was similar to that of the batch of 29, detailed above.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 107

VN.N

This reciprocal back-cross was not obtained: a female from 1964-72 was not
seen to pair with the napi males provided and produced no eggs.

N.VN PHENOTYPES

These have been listed, counted and discussed in respect of the subtalba and
wild-type morphs in Bowden, 1966. Markings followed the European napi
pattern. The ochreous tinge on the underside of the swbtalba males, when notice-
able, was very faint.

Male 1963-72 had on the upper side of a forewing five narrow streaks of bright
sulphurea. Somatic mosaicism of this kind is thought to be due to faulty mitosis,
particularly probable in wide hybrids, leading to local losses of the whole or
part of one chromosome—in this case that carrying the dominant swbtalba gene S,
so that s® in the homologous chromosome is expressed.

N.(N.VN) BROODS AND PHENOTYPES

The double back-cross was essential in the investigation of ‘swbtalba’ in
virginiensis. For an account of the broods 1963-y, 1963-7, 1964-i!, 1964-i anda
description of the resulting phenotypes (all subtalba or sulphurea, with no wild-
type), see Bowden 1966. Apart from 1963-y all were numerous broods and both
sexes emerged well both before and after diapause. There was nevertheless a
strong tendency in 1963-i for males to emerge before diapause, and a slight total
deficiency of females: the numbers were:

before diapause 125 males+42 females
after diapause 9 males+51 females

In brood 1963-i, two subtalba butterflies male 776 and female i211 showed
respectively a multiple streak of sz/phurea colour on the right forewing upperside,
and about eight small adjacent patches of bright yellow under the right hindwing.
In 1964-i, male i#29 carried a yellow streak on the right forewing upperside.

The 1966 paper recorded and discussed not only the ochreous colour found in
virginiensis and hybrid males, but also the occurrence of a very pale clear yellow
on the hindwing undersides of subtalba males and females of 1963-7. We have
as yet nothing to add to the account then given.

HYBRIDS, P. VIRGINIENSIS x BRYONIAE

P. virginiensis resembles P. bryoniae in several respects: particularly its
tendency to univoltinism and its high chromosome number (n=26), possibly
also its possession of the morph subtalba. it seemed likely that hybridisation
would be easier than with napi. The possibility has still not been adequately
explored, but two experiments have not been encouraging.

VK Broop 1963-h

The two males used with female 1962-V 12 were non-subtalba individuals of
ssp. neobryoniae of Karnten stock. Two days after caging fertile eggs appeared,
but after nine days the female was dead and there were only six eggs. Probably
one larva ate another. Four males and one female emerged without diapause.

All were quasi-subtalba and the white males were more or less ochreous on the
underside of the hindwings. with only a few black scales bordering the main veins.
The males all had discal spots, even when (as in one case) the apical patch was
reduced very much as in typical virginiensis and some bryoniae. The female was

108 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

flava above, with napi marking nearly normal but without napi- or bryo-streak;
the rather strongly ochreous underside showed very little vein marking.

VB BROOD 1967-z

Nine Swiss bryoniae males were placed in a hanging cage with virginiensis
females 1966-vil (marked) and 1966-z9, 10, 16, as well as two bryoniae females of
a different brood (these were removed as soon as they were paired). There was
at least one virginiensis pairing (after three days); the females were never
separated as intended, as all were dead after five days.

After discarding some infertile eggs, we obtained five larvae with slight
yellow rings round the spiracles. One bled as a pre-pupa and died.

Three females emerged without diapause; these had pale bryoniae-like upper-
sides, and weak marking on ochreous and pale ochreous subtalba undersides.
An over-wintering pupa was sent to Dr. Lorkovic.

HYBRIDS, P. VIRGINIENSIS x P. NAPI OLERACEA

This cross was attempted in both directions. There was no difficulty in obtaining
pairings, but these by no means ensured fertility in eggs.

OV FAILURES

In July 1965 two females of 1965-O were caged with three males of 1964-V.
There was at least one pairing, and eggs were numerous, but all infertile.

In May 1966, female 1965-oi/11 was caged with three virginiensis males,
1965-u1, 2, 3. No pairing was seen, and about 12 eggs were all infertile.

VO BROOD 1965-g!

In mid-July two females of 1964-V were caged with three males of 1965-O.
One pairing was seen, and soon eggs appeared on Alliaria and Hesperis;
towards the end Nasturtium was used. There were considerable losses in the
early hatches, especially on Alliaria, before the larvae were transferred to
Nasturtium; thereafter losses were very few. Sixty-three butterflies emerged
without diapause, but of these 12 were crippled and others thin-scaled and very
weak.

Three over-wintering pupae (including one green) were sent to Dr. Lorkovi¢
in March 1966.

VO Broop 1965-q#

The brood was obtained in the same way as qi. All 49 butterflies emerged
without diapause.

VO BRroop 1966-d

Two females of 1965-v were caged with males 1965-02, 3, 4in July. About 25
eggs produced 17 larvae. Immediate eclosions were five females from green
pupae, and 11 buff pupae lay over the winter. These were involved in a refriger-
ation failure in the following July, but males emerged from all.

VO Broop 1966-f

Female 1965-v9 was caged with male 1965-0110 on 1.v.66. No pairing was
observed on this very favourable day, so male oi/12 was added. Eggs brought in
up to 13.v.66 were all infertile, but of subsequent eggs to 16.v only seven were
infertile, and 29 larvae were transferred from Alliaria (some of which they had
eaten) to watercress. There were a few losses in the early stages but 19 butter-

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 109

flies emerged, of which three were crumpled or otherwise crippled. The three
best females and three best males were chosen to attempt the F, (see below).

(VO)? FAILURES

These six insects were caged together on 2.vii.66 and a pairing obtained by
2 p.m. the same day, but the males died after two, two and six days and no eggs
were laid before the last two females died about the middle of the month.

VO PHENOTYPES

The uppersides were near the milk-white shade characteristic of virginiensis,
with minimal markings (except for a few of the females). The undersides were
always quasi-subtalba, often slightly ochreous in both males and females. On the
other hand the underside vein marking was narrow, as in oleracea, though it was
not sharply defined and extended over the veins themselves. Many ‘summer’
specimens had little or no vein marking.

Generally, and even apart from the weaklings in 1965-gi and qii, the butterflies
looked as flimsy as virginiensis, though often larger.

IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL HYBRIDS

Hovanitz (1963) discussed the specific separation of virginiensis and napi oleracea.
He chose to regard virginiensis as subspecifically rather than specifically distinct,
partly at least on the ground of the existence of intermediate populations—

‘In New York state and other points in the vicinity, or close to the southern
limits of oleracea, there are populations which in some cases appear to be more
closely related to virginiensis than to oleracea, and in other cases are more
closely related to oleracea with occasional individuals similar to virginiensis. . . .
Populations are rather clearly either oleracea or virginiensis as the case may be,
with only occasional examples of intermediates giving some hint of the nature
of introgression at the line of contact.’

Hovanitz does not specify the criteria by which the supposed hybrids are to be
recognised, but it is possible that he attaches too much weight to the appearance
of a faint so-called ‘rapae-type’ upperside pattern in the female. This character is
quite untrustworthy, being found (though unequally) in probably all American
subspecies.

As we have shown, virginiensis and oleracea carry each a dominant character
not shared by the other. This is true at least wherever f. subtalba is absent from
oleracea. In consequence, all spring-brood F, hydrids should have white or faintly
ochreous (not light greenish yellow) hindwing undersides with narrow vein
marking. Straight F, hybrids probably never occur, but half the back-crosses (in
either direction) should be recognisable by their possession of this atypical
combination of characters. It follows that if significant introgression into any
local population is taking place, the fact can be established with fair certainty
by sampling the fresh butterflies in spring. The summer emergence of both species
has much-reduced underside vein marking, so that in this generation oleracea x
virginiensis cannot easily be distinguished from virginiensis. In general appearance,
including departure from perfect white, the F, hybrids resemble virginiensis,
but these characters are too vague to contribute much to diagnosis.

HYBRIDS, P. NAPI OLERACEA x NAPI (British)

Ssp. oleracea was crossed with British napi of form sulphurea, though in one
direction only, and subsequently direct F, and F; broods were obtained.

IIo PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

NO sroop 1964-1

Three yellow females of 1963-p were caged with male 1963-01; males O2
and O4 were added six days later. No pairings were seen, but eggs began to
appear after another three days and ultimately amounted to 30 or more. A few
failed to hatch, but 25 pupae were obtained. Twelve males emerged 30.vi. to
5.vil.64 and the remaining 13 pupae were cold-stored from October.

The following spring three males emerged on 22.v and 23.v, followed by eight
females from 27 to 31.v.65 and a final male on 31.v. The last pupa remained
undeveloped; periods of three months at 1°C, one month at 27°C and eight
months at 1°C failed to initiate development and the pupa died when brought
again to room temperature.

Brood 1964-n thus followed the proterandrous pattern already seen in
virginiensis-napi hybrids.

ON FAILURES

A female 1963-O3 was caged 16.v.64 with three yellow males of 1963-p,
but this female died early without laying.

At the same time female OS was caged with two such males, but she died in
two days.

The failure to obtain the ON cross was possibly fortuitous. No further
attempts were made.

NO PHENOTYPES

Both males and females had napi-like uppersides. The hindwing undersides
were bright yellow, as in British napi. The summer-brood males had narrow vein
markings, with the line of the vein itself invaded by dark scales.

The spring-emergence male n13 had a very heavy brown-black, rather broad
and pervasive veining; on the upperside marking resembled that of api, with a
discal black spot, though the apical patch was rather reduced. The females had a
less intense black veining, still invading the vein-line.

(NO)? BRoop 1965-m

Late in May two males and two females of 1964-1 were caged together.
Though the males died early, one female lived for a month and the other nearly
as long. Well over 200 eggs were laid, and about 100 pupae were ultimately
obtained, most of which produced butterflies. But many eggs were infertile
and there were considerable larval losses, apparently from varied causes.

Emergences the same summer were 20 females plus eight males: a reversal of
the proterandrous tendency of the F, hybrids. In the spring the sexes emerged
together and the sex-ratio was restored.

(NO)? PHENOTYPES

The most frequent marking combination was that found in NO—a xzapi
upperside with an oleracea-like hindwing underside, the spring emergence
generally showing very intense black underside veining.

Of 40 males and 42 females, 16 males and ten females were bright yellow above
(the excess of yellow males does not reach significance). About two-thirds of the
‘white’ females were not pure white, being slightly ochreous or even showing a
resemblance to the ‘pale yellow’ of Thompson (see Bowden 1970a). It was not
possible to score these at all precisely. They did not occur among the NO females
and at present they are not easily explained.

Napi-like uppersides were 52, to oleracea-like 25; undersides were napi-like 23,

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 III

oleracea-like 52. It was not possible to examine all, but 73 butterflies showed the
following combinations:

napi/napi 22
napi/oleracea 26
oleracea/oleracea 24
oleracea/napi 1

This last specimen indeed appeared intermediate in character both above and
below. Many others were difficult to allot, particularly in respect of hindwing
underside marking, and part may have been in some measure intermediate. The
underside of the forewing always followed the facies of the upperside.

The ‘oleracea’ phenotype could be supposed due to a recessive gene controlling
the nearly unmarked upperside, plus a dominant gene controlling the sharply
marked underside veining. If these segregated independently, the above classes
should have numbered 14, 41, 14, 4 specimens. If however a single gene was
recessive in respect of one character and dominant for the other, or if two respons-
ible genes were closely linked, we should expect the classes to number 18, 36, 18,
0. On either expectation, the second class (‘napi’ above, ‘oleracea’ below) is
under-represented in our sample, suggesting that individuals carrying mixed
determinants for wing marking are at a disadvantage. However, if we eliminate
the oleracea/napi class from consideration and neglect the doubtful insect placed
in it, x°=4-67 with 2 degrees of freedom and P is slightly less than 0-1, so that
Statistical significance is marginal.

The genetic and environmental control of the oleracea characters, reduced
upperside marking and sharply defined underside veining, is being studied further
in complex back-crosses of an oleracea x napi F, to napi; this work will be reported
later.

(NO)? Broop 1966-pi

The sulphurea female 1965-m53, napi-like above but with ‘sharp’ underside
marking, was caged with three white oleracea-like males of the same brood,
which were rather small but vigorous. There was a pairing next day (21.viii.66)
and moderate numbers of eggs were brought in over three weeks. However,
about 80 of these were infertile or died. About 20 larvae died, mostly while
still rather small but including one pre-pupa.

In October two males emerged. Two pupae blacked off during the winter
and a third male emerged the following summer.

(NO)? BRoop 1966-pii

The caging of sul/phurea female m67, oleracea-like above and below, with the
white napi-like male m52 was rather more successful. The female lived three
weeks and laid many eggs. However, over 120 of these were infertile or died,
and there were about 25 deaths spread over the larval, pre-pupal and pupal
stages, so that only about 30 adults were obtained.

Of these, six females emerged that autumn; after diapause there was no
tendency for the nine females to precede the 15 males or vice versa.

(NO)? PHENOTYPES

The p! males were all white above, p‘l and 2 being marked like napi, pi3 like
oleracea. In 1966-p# there were ten white and five yellow males and five white and
nine yellow females; the ratio 15 white to 14 yellow is consistent with heterozyg-
osity of male m52. The undersides, in both p! and pi, carried veining nearly

*

112 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

always narrow and rather sharp, but dark scaling usually extended over the vein
itself.

HYBRIDS, P. NAPI OLERACEA x P. BRYONIAE (Swiss)
This cross was made in one direction only; the reciprocal was not attempted.
BO BrRoop 1965-n

On 4.ix.65 a supposed female 1965-01 was caged with three bryoniae males
of Engelbergertal stock. On 7.ix a re-examination showed the oleracea butterfly
to be a male; the bryoniae males were therefore removed and three brvoniae
females substituted, two of which lived till 16 and 21.x.65 respectively. Large
numbers of eggs were laid, of which about 60 failed to hatch, for the most part
by infertility. Larval and pupal losses were very few.

Five females and three males emerged in early November, without
proterandry, and 225 pupae lay over the winter at 1°C. Twelve were sent on
10.iii.66 to Dr. Lorkovic for chromosomal examination, and 18 to Dr. Benz on
24.x.66. The remaining pupae were brought out in batches from April to
November and produced 191 specimens, the majority very fine, with normal
proterandry. Three males and three females were sent to Mr. B. C. S. Warren,
who examined the androconia of the males (Warren 1967).

Another BO association, using three small 1964-0 males with two dryoniae
females, produced only a few infertile eggs.

BO PHENOTYPES

As often happens with F, hybrids, brood 1965-n was very uniform in appearance,
showing the most prominent dominant characters of the two parent species.
In the males, the apical patch was always dissected into mere lines of black
scales following the veins, and the discal spot was usually small. The females
carried the full bryoniae marking appropriate to the generation, though the fore-
wings were not so completely obscured as in our Engelbergertal bryvoniae and
the scaling was greyer (less brown). The few ‘summer’ females were slightiy more
ochreous above than those that had over-wintered; the latter were of quite a
pale ochre.

The underside veining was of the sharply defined oleracea pattern. Jn the over-
wintered insects the central lines, immediately over the neuration, were generally
conspicuously pale as in oleracea; the ‘summer’ females were narrowly veined,
without the pale central lines.

(BO)? BRoop 1966-/!

On the evening of 25.vi.66, three females and three males of 1965-7 were
caged together. By 10 a.m. next morning there were two pairings (the unpaired
female and one male were removed elsewhere, where they paired and produced
about 100 eggs which were infertile or died). Over 100 eggs were laid in eight
days, after which the surviving female was killed. Most of the eggs proved
infertile and only three larvae hatched, of which one failed to grow. Two buff
pupae over-wintered, but one blacked off. The other yielded a large female with
oleracea-like underside and greyish bryoniae-patterned upperside.

(BO)? BRoop 1966-j#

Three females and three males of 1965-n were caged together in July. After
five days about 260 eggs were brought in, and the males were removed (see
below). In a further two weeks about 365 more eggs were laid. None hatched.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 113

The removed three males were caged with four more n females. One pairing
was observed. The eggs first brought in were infertile. The cage was rather
neglected, and when after three weeks it was cleared, nearly 400 eggs were
found. Only 28 larvae hatched: some, but not all, had pale yellow circum-
spiracular rings. There were losses in larval, pre-pupal and pupal stages. Four
males and one female matured in September-October; five pupae over-
wintered, but only one of these produced a butterfly—a male. Three of the six
butterflies were crippled, including a male which had shown slight spiral
segmentation as a larva.

(BO)? FAILURES

The few F, hybrids thus proved extraordinarily difficult to obtain. Two
complete failures have been described above; in still another cage 3 females and
4 males produced about 150 eggs in 16 days, but none hatched.

(BO)? PHENOTYPES

The j# butterflies, as far as it was possible to examine them, had oleracea-
pattern undersides (narrow veining on light yellow). The upperside apical patch
in the males was reduced to black scaling along the veins, but two of the five had
discal spots. The one female was pale ochreous, with light grey bryoniae-markings.

The female representing 1966-7! also had a whitish ‘brvoniae’ upperside with
somewhat reduced markings; again the underside veining was narrow.

The numbers were too small for any deductions to be made from the frequency
of the different forms.

BO.O BROOD 1966-k

This and the following brood were intended to elucidate aspects of the in-
heritance of the ‘bryoniae’ pattern: in particular, whether ‘napi’ phenotypes can
be segregated from it when no true napi is present.

In late June, three females of 1965-7 were caged with three males of 1965-o/".
Two of the males survived less than five days, and about this time one female
escaped. When about 175 eggs had been brought in (eight days) the remaining
females were killed. Only 13 or 14 larvae hatched, there were no observed losses
and 13 pupae over-wintered.

The pupae were involved in a refrigeration failure, but apart from one which
died all produced butterflies (six females plus six males) about 20.vii.67.

O.BO BRoop 1966-/

Simultaneously three females of 1965-oii/ were caged with three males of
1965-n. There was a pairing next morning but the insects deteriorated rapidly
and only six eggs appeared. These produced two larvae, but one disappeared.
The single pupa was involved in the refrigeration failure (July 1967); it gave a
male entirely of oleracea pattern, crippled by confined emergence.

BACK-CROSS PHENOTYPES

Predominantly ‘oleracea’ patterns were to be expected, and in fact appeared.
Female k4 had a bryoniae upperside, similar to that of female j‘1, not departing
very much from the typical F, phenotype. The other females had no bryoniae
nor even nvapi pattern; the uppersides varied in the degree of shading of the
veins with brown-black but only one showed a dark streak along the forewing
hind margin.

The numbers, unfortunately, were not large enough to support the implication

114 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

that the entire bryoniae pattern is controlled by a single gene. However, though
fertility was low, the back-crosses were many times better in this respect than the
F, hybrids and with sufficient concentration of effort the experiment could be
successful.

HYBRIDS, P. NAPI OLERACEA x NAPI MARGINALIS

It was originally expected that these subspecies would be fully fertile together,
and the cross was attempted in one direction only. Even so, of two attempts one
(using female 1966-M5 with males 1965-0'6, 29, 30) produced only infertile
eggs.

MO sroop 1966-n

In July a single female 1966-M‘*3 was caged with males 1965-0/28 and 39.
Many eggs were obtained. One larva and two pupae perished. Twenty-nine
butterflies (including two cripples) emerged 31.viii to 19.ix.66, leaving 22 pupae
to over-winter. Only one of these was green; it died when the others yielded
adults in June 1967.

From 31.vili to 4.ix.66 emerged six females and two males; from 5 to 19.ix
emerged three females, 13 males and four unrecorded. After diapause, 11
females emerged on 12.vi, three females and six males on 13.vi, and one male on
14.vi.67. The brood was thus definitely proterogynous.

MO PHENOTYPES

All in 1966-7 were white above, not showing the pale primrose-yellow of pure
marginalis. All were below the average size of the parent subspecies, but too much
significance should not be attached to this, as at least one of the small F, brood t
(see below) was large.

Most of the ‘summer’ emergence had little or no underside vein marking, but
two females were slightly so marked. The ‘spring’ undersides had the marking
narrow but not dense; they might be considered intermediate between oleracea
and marginalis, or more like the latter.

Above, the males had only a few black scales at the apices; one had a faint
discal spot. The females showed a faint napi-like pattern, but with the lower
discal spot tending to be stronger than the upper (though not to the same degree
as in marginalis). Spring-emerged females had more or less dusky scaling on main
radiating veins.

(MO)? BRoopD 1966-f

In September of the same year female n7 was caged with male 8; next day
male 714 was added. The female survived for 17 days and produced perhaps
about 80 eggs. From these there were, originally, 14 larvae, soon reduced to
nine. The last (seventh) pupa formed on 31.x.66. Three males emerged in
November and four pupae were cold-stored from 29.x1i.66. These gave one
male, two females and one apparently unmarked crumpled cripple, the sex of
which was not determined.

(MO)? FATLURES

In view of the unexpectedly low fertility of the 1966-t eggs, further trials
were made using the ‘spring’ insects of 1966-7.

On 14.vi.67 two females were caged with two males. After two days both
females and one male were dead. On 17.vi two more females were added and on
19.vi the three butterflies looked well. One female was dead on 21.vi, when 41

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 115

eggs were brought in (but in these little or no development took place). The
male died on 24.vi, and by 29.vi the remaining female was moribund. During
this time only 43 more eggs were obtained; many of these were examined
microscopically and found to be infertile.

Also on 14.vi.67, two further 1966-n of each sex were caged together. A
pairing was observed next day, but all the butterflies were dead by 17.vi
evening and the two eggs were infertile.

On the evidence of these experiments, oleracea and marginalis could be regarded
as at least approaching full specific separation. The F, itself appeared to be weak.

(MO)? PHENOTYPES

Uppersides were white. Two of the males showed slight discal spots but there
was little apical marking. The vein marking on the underside of the hindwing was
narrow but not dense, sometimes allowing the vein to appear as a pale line. The
two spring-emerged females resembled marginalis below; in one the veining was
rather reduced. The upperside marking of the females was very much as in the
MO brood; in one, the main veins were rather strongly outlined in black.

HYBRIDS, P. NAPI MARGINALIS x NAPI (European)
P. napi marginalis x napi (Irish)

The IM and MI crosses, and the resulting phenotypes, have been described
elsewhere (Bowden 1970a).

P. napi marginalis x napi (British f. sulphurea)

The NM, MN, (MN)? and M.NM crosses, and the resulting phenotypes,
are described in the same paper. In F, crosses with the recessive bright yellow f.
sulphurea, marginalis retained its usual lemon-yellow tinge, which however did not
re-appear when a wild-type partner was used.

P. napi marginalis x P. bryoniae neobryoniae

The KM cross (female neobryoniae x male marginalis) was made successfully,
but attempts to obtain MK failed. Nor did (KM)? prove possible, though there
were at least two pairings. As described (Joc. cit.), the subtalba form (heterozygous
in the neobryoniae) was inherited in the usual way in the KM hybrids. The KM
females were somewhat ochreous, and carried attenuated bryoniae markings also
derived from the neobryoniae.

P. napi marginalis x P. bryoniae bryoniae

A Swiss bryoniae female paired within 24 hours with a marginalis male (of
brood 1968-0), but weather conditions in early August were bad and a total of
four such females and three males produced only seven eggs (1968-1). Six larvae
hatched and five pupae all over-wintered. In 1969 one pupa blacked: one sexual
mosaic (showing bryoniae female marking on an ochreous background on the
greater part of the right wings) and one male emerged. Two pupae were still
undeveloped in December 1969 and died in the following spring.

PHENOTYPES OF EUROPEAN HYBRIDS OF marginalis

The retention of the pale sulphur upperside colour occurred only in hybrids with
nnpi of f. sulphurea; otherwise the upperside was white. This followed from the
dominance-series of the alleles concerned (Bowden 1970a).

In the F, the strong European napi pattern appeared fully. This was so even for
the crosses with the very heavily marked Irish subspecies. Inthe back-cross M.NM,

116 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

both ‘napi’ and ‘oleracea’ types of upperside were found. The underside vein
marking of the F, hybrids seemed to be intermediate between the parent forms,
which are not always very distinct in this respect. The hindwing underside of
the BM mosaic showed, as expected, a more golden yellow on the female areas.

PROTERANDRY AND PROTEROGYNY

The IM hybrids suffered from retardation of females so extreme that only one
emerged, even after a 12-month ‘diapause’; the other female pupae remained
undeveloped and eventually died. In the reciprocal cross MI there was a pre-
ponderance of females before diapause and 9 males emerged after it.

The sulphurea NM hybrids also produced only male butterflies before diapause;
in the spring no immediate development of either sex took place when the pupae
were brought out of —5°C. On the other hand in the reciprocal cross seven males
and nine females emerged and one male lay over the winter.

In the neobryoniae (KM) cross the whole brood lay over and was then definitely
proterandrous.

In all these cases we have proterandry (sometimes disastrous) when marginalis
is the male parent. On the other hand when female marginalis is paired with male
oleracea (brood 1966-7) the brood is definitely proterogynous.

The disturbances in marginalis crosses with napi are thus in the same direction
as those encountered in bryoniae-napi hybrids (Bowden 1953, 1957).

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

Comparing ssp. oleracea with ssp. napi, one notices of course the conspicuous
phenotypic differences. Further, the napi 2x oleracea 3 brood was strongly
proterandrous (as napi 2°xbryoniae 3 has been found to be). However, a
relatively large F, was easily obtained, and subsequently F; broods, though these
last were unhealthy. In contrast the luxuriant bryoniae ° x oleracea 3 hybrids
gave an almost completely inviable F,. We conclude that reproductively oleracea
is fairly close to napi and may perhaps be included in the same species. But it
would not be unreasonable to separate it, in the expectation that the barriers
would increase if contact were made.

Marginalis, though certainly approaching specific separation from oleracea,
may be regarded as still conspecific with it—unless additional evidence can be
adduced. The F,; hybrids are not very distinctive. The marginalis 2 x oleracea 3
brood was proterogynous, as bryoniae 2 x napi 3 broods are. The disturbances of
diapause development in European napix marginalis were extreme. In the
Irish 2° x marginalis 3 brood the females, with one late exception, failed to
develop at all; the reciprocal cross was almost normal. The cross British f.
sulphurea 2x marginalis 3 behaved as the corresponding Irish cross; again the
reciprocal was normal. Considered by themselves, these results almost justify
the summary detachment of marginalis from napi (including oleracea 2).

Crossings bryoniae 2 x marginalis $ produced a total of two adults. This
leaves the relation with bryoniae rather indeterminate, but a sexual mosaic in the
F, speaks for possibly wide separation (cf. Bowden 1958).

The experiments on marginalis reported more fully elsewhere (1970a) show
that it is homozygous for a recessive gene controlling sepiapterin pigmentation
(which may give rise to a polymorphism in adjacent subspecies).

The relation of P. virginiensis to European bryoniae was not adequately
investigated: it was with some difficulty that a few F, hybrids were obtained with
ssp. bryoniae and with ssp. neobryoniae. But if virginiensis belongs in any sense

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 BY]

to the bryoniae branch of napi, we must probably be prepared to go back to the
Pliocene for the parent stock.

Virginiensis hybrids with British napi were weak even in the F,. A large pro-
portion of the females were crippled or quite inviable. Selected hybrids paired,
but there were no eggs. Back-crosses to napi were obtained only when the female
was napi, and again produced a significant deficiency of females. Faulty mitosis
was detected in both F, and back-crosses.

Virginiensis x oleracea succeeded only when the female was_ virginiensis.
There was weakness in the fairly large F, broods, and no F, eggs could be
obtained, though pairings took place.

These results confirm that virginiensis is certainly a separate species. The
underside ‘subtalba’ character (dominant) and vaguely defined broad veining
(recessive) facilitate determination as against oleracea of the eastern States.
Hybrids, if they do occur naturally, should be easily recognisable, particularly
in the spring emergence.

CONCLUSION

The three American taxa treated here are individually widely separated from
European napi. Their separation from one another is less, though certainly that of
virginiensis from oleracea reaches specific level. The evidence for specific separation
of marginalis is at present incomplete.

REFERENCES

Bowden, S. R., 1953. Timing of imaginal development in male and female hybrid
Pieridae. Entomologist 86:255—264.

——, 1956. Hybrids within the European Pieris napi L. species group. Proc. S. Lond.
ent nat. Hist. Soc. 1954-55: 135-159.

——, 1957. Diapause in female hybrids: Pieris napi adalwinda and related sub-species.
Entomologist, 90:247-254, 273-281.

——, 1958. Sexual mosaics in Pieris. Lepid. News 12:7-11.

——, 1966. Polymorphism in Pieris: ‘subtalba’ in P. virginiensis. Entomologist 99 :174—

182.

——, 1970a. Polymorphism in Pieris: f. sulphurea in P. napi marginalis. Entomologist
103 :241-249.

——.,, 1970b. Pieris napi L.: speciation and subspeciation. Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.
3:63-70.

——, 197la. American white butterflies and English food-plants. J. Lepid. Soc.
25 :6-12.

——., 1971b. ‘Pieris napi’ in America: reconnaissance. Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.
4:71-77.

Ford, E. B., 1964. Ecological Genetics. London.

Hovanitz, W., 1963. The relation of Pieris virginiensis to P. napi: species-formation in
Pieris? J. Res. Lepid. 1:124-134.

Huxley, J., 1942. Evolution: the Modern Synthesis: London.

Jordan, K., 1896. On mechanical selection and other problems. Novit. Zool. 3:426—-525.

Miller, L. and H. Kautz, 1939. Pieris bryoniae O. und Pieris napi L. Vienna.

Petersen, B. and O. Tenow, 1954. Studien am Rapsweissling und Bergweissling . . .
Isolation und Paarungsbiologie. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 30:169-198.

Remington, C. L. 1968. Suture-zones of hybrid interaction between recently joined
biotas. Evolutionary Biology 2:321—428.

Warren, B. C. S., 1967. Supplementary data on the androconial scales of some Holarctic
species of Pieris. Ent. Rec. 79:139-143.

53, Crouch Hall Lane, Redbourn, Herts.
25th October 1971

118 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

FIELD MEETINGS

EFFINGHAM, SURREY—24th April 1971
Leader: Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON

Eight members and friends met outside Effingham station at 7 p.m. As on the
previous evening meeting here in 1969, conditions were very bad; a strong north
wind, after 24 hours of rain which had only ceased in the afternoon.

After members had obtained some warmth and refreshment in the ‘Lord
Howard’, two lights were operated and much blackthorn, in full blossom, was
searched on both sides of the road. Hardly a moth was seen to fly, and the main
quarry, the Sloe Carpet, Bapta distinctaria H.-S., was not found, although it
had been taken there a few days earlier. The lights yielded only half a dozen
moths each. In all, thirteen species were seen, the only one worthy of note being
Phlogophora meticulosa L., the date for it being very early, and it may have been
an immigrant. There were also a number of noctuid larvae, including several
Lampra fimbriata L.

The party dispersed at about 10.30 p.m., warmed by exercise if not by success.

CHOBHAM COMMON, SURREY—Ist May 1971
Leader: Mrs. F. M. Murpuy

Ten members and friends attended this meeting. The morning was spent in
and around the bog just east of the Gracious Pond woodland. Immature speci-
mens of the spiders Uloborus walckenaerius Lat. and Gnaphosa leporina (L.
Koch) and numerous Agroeca brunnea (BI.) egg sacs were seen among the heather.

After lunch the party moved to the Long Arm. Lithyphantes albomaculatus
(Deg.) was taken from a web in rather sparse dead heather on a recently burnt
area. The moth Phragmatobius fuliginosus L. was taken from heather. Adela
cuprella Thunb. which has been found on previous field meetings was not seen
all day. This may be partly explained by the weather which, though sunny at
times, was cold and windy.

Mr. E. S. Bradford recorded the following Lepidoptera: Chaonia ruficornis
Hufn. on the pavement near the station, Nymphalis io L., Pararge aegeria L.,
Aglais urticae L., Ematurga atomaria L., Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw., Laspey-
resia succedana Schiff., Fumaria casta Pall. larval case on grass, Coleophora
ibipennella Zell. and C. fuscedinella Zell. larva taken on birch.

Col. A. M. Emmet recorded Xenolechia aethiops Westw. on the wing and
bred the following from birch: Coleophora ibipennella Zell., Apotomis turbidana
Hiibn. (picana Frol.) and Salebria betulae Deg.

Spiders noted were: Dictyna arundinacea (L.) males, Clubiona corticalis
(Walck.) male, C. terrestris Westr. male, Xysticus cristatus (Clerck) male and
female, Lycosa pullata (Clerck) female, L. amentata (Clerck) male, Lithyphantes
albomaculatus (Deg.) female, Wideria nodosa (O.P—C.), Gnathonarium dentatum
(Wid.), Hypomma bituberculatum (Wid.) female, Centromerita concinna (Thor.)
female, Bathyphantes approximatus (O.P-C.) female, Linyphia montana (Clerck)
female, L. peltata Wid. male and L. hortensis Sund. female.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 Plate VI

From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. Russwurm.

Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae L.
land 2. ab. basirubra Watson gd 3and 4. ab. basirubra Watson &¥¢

(Shown at the Annual Exhibition, 7th November 1970 by Mr. R. W. Watson)

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 119
BRECKLAND, SUFFOLK AND NORFOLK—23rd May 1971
Leader: Dr. M. G. Morris

Ten members and friends met at the Barton Mills roundabout on a dull day
during which, however, the rain held off.

In the morning the party visited Thetford Heath National Nature Reserve, by
kind permission of the Nature Conservancy. The heath is now managed by sheep
grazing, the grassland having grown up following the myxomatosis outbreak in
1954. Insects were rather scarce, but some interesting species were taken. Mr. E.S.
Bradford reported the following Lepidoptera: Celastrina argiolus L., Lobesia
reliquana Hibn., Laspeyresia succedana Schiff., Glyphipterix fuscoviridella Haw.,
Crambus chrysonuchellus Scop., Neofaculta betulea Haw., Adela viridella Scop.,
Nemophora swammerdamella L., and Elachista argentella Clerck.

Immature examples of the cricket Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.) were
found on short turf. The only Heteroptera recorded were nymphs of Leptopterna
ferrugata (Fall.), by sweeping, and Calocoris quadripunctatus (Vill.), on oak.
Auchenorhyncha were also scarce, only the common Ulopa reticulata (F.) and
Delphax exigua Boh. being noted.

Some good Coleoptera were taken, the prize being a single example of Diastic-
tus vulneratus (Sturm.), found by grubbing near an old bird carcase. Other species
recorded included: Anthobium unicolor (Marsh.), Dermestes murinus L., Nitidula
bipunctata (L.), Necrobia violacea (L.), Aphodius coenosus Panz. (tristis Zenck.),
Crypticus quisquilius (L.), Apion ulicis (Forst.), Phyllobius viridicollis (F.), P.
maculicornis Germ. abundant on an isolated oak, P. pyri (L.), Sitona regenstein-
ensis (Herbst), Micrelus ericae (Gyll.) and Ceuthorhynchus pumilio (Gyll.) (post-
humus Gerim.), as usual on Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R. Br.

Mr. and Mrs. Murphy found two spiders often associated with sand dunes,
Zelotes electus (C.L.K.) and Attulus saltator (Sim.); they also recorded the follow-
ing species: Dictyna arundinacea (L.), Drassodes lapidosus (Walck), D. signifer
(C.L.K.), Zelotes pusillus (C.L.K.), Clubiona diversa (O.P.-C.), Heliophanus
flavipes C.L.K., Euophryx frontalis (Walck), Lycosa monticola (Clerck), L. nigri-
ceps Thor., Asagena phalerata (Panz.), Theridion impressum L. Koch, T. simile
C.L.K., Enoplognatha thoracica (Hahn), Wideria antica (Wid.), Peponocranium
ludicrum (O.P.-C.), Agyneta subtilis (O.P.-C.), Heioneta ruprestris (C.L.K.),
Lepthyphantes mengei Kulcz., L. ericaceus (B\.) and Linyphia clathrata Sund.

After lunch the party went to Thompson Common, Norfolk, permission
having been obtained for the Society by the Nature Conservancy’s Assistant
Regional Officer for Breckland. The Common is botanically very varied and con-
tains much interesting marshland vegetation. Among the more unusual plants
seen were Menyanthes trifoliata L., Hippuris vulgaris L. and Hottonia palustris L.

Lepidoptera recorded included the following: Anthocharis cardamines L.,
Pieris napi L., Pararge megera L., Micropteryx calthella L., M. mansuetella Zell.,
Glyphipterix fuscoviridella Haw., Ancylis badiana Schiff., Epiblema costipunctana
Haw., Grapholita jungiella L.,G. internana Guen. and Laspevresia succedana Schiff.

The Heteroptera, taken from their usual foodplants, included Acompus rufipes
(Wollf), Ischnodemus sabuleti (Fall.), Cymus glandicolor Hahn, Dictyla convergens
(H.-S.), Harpocera thoracica (Fall.), Dicyphus stachydis Reut. and Calocoris
quadripunctatus (Vill.).

Coleoptera, particularly the phytophagous species, were abundant, the following
species being noted: Elaphrus cupreus Dufts., E. riparius (L.), Eusphalerum tor-
quatum (Marsh.), Cantharis pallida Goeze, Phyllotreta nodicornis (Marsh.),

120 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

Hippuriphila modeeri (L.) was abundant, Epitrix pubescens (Koch), Psylloides
affinis (Payk.), Apion virens Herbst, A. dichroum Bedel, Phyllobius pomaceus Gyll.,
P. calcaratus (F.), Polydrusus cervinus (L.), Anthonomus rubi (Herbst), Ceuthor-
hynchus melanostictus (Marsh.), C. quadridens (Panz.), Amalorrhynchus melan-
arius (Steph.), Drupenatus nasturtii (Germ.), Gymnetron pascuorum (GyllL.), G.
labile (Herbst), G. villosulum Gyll. and G. veronicae (Germ.), the last being par-
ticularly abundant on its foodplant Veronica beccabungae L.

The spider fauna was rich, with the following species being noted: Dictyna
arundinacea (L.), D. uncinata Thor., Clubonia reclusa O.P.-C., Lycosa pullata
(Clerck), Pirata hygrophilus Thor., P. latitans (Bl.), Theridion pictum (Walck.),
T. bimaculatum (L.), Pachygnatha clercki Sund., Araneus cucurbitinus Clerck,
Dismodicus bifrons (Bl.), Hypomma bituberculatum (Wid.), Pocadicnemis pumila
(BI.), Oedothorax tuberosus (Bl.), Porrhomma pygmaeum (B1.), Meioneta saxatilis
(Bi.), Bathyphantes approximatus (O.P.-C.), B. pullatus (O.P.-C.), B. gracilis (Bl.),
Lepthyphantes tenuis (Bl.), L. ericaeus (B\.), Linyphia montana (Clerck), L. peltata
Wid. and L. impigra O.P.-C.

The members who attended the meeting had an interesting and enjoyable day
and saw some rich and varied countryside, grass-heathland and fen being the two
most important types represented in the Breckland.

BLEAN WOODS AND HAM STREET, KENT—29th May 1971
Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

A fine day with almost continuous sun favoured the ten lepidopterists who
met at the Fox and Hounds, Herne Common, an old inn with entomological
associations dating back to the 1860's.

Throughout the day, the party worked some of the extensive woodland adjoin-
ing the inn, known as West Blean Wood and Thornden. Of the butterflies seen,
both sexes of Clossiana euphrosyne L. were plentiful and in good condition, and
full-grown larvae of Quercusia quercus L. were beaten in numbers from the oaks.
The larva of Mellicta athalia Rott. was found, but no imagines were seen, so it
was presumed the insect was not yet out; and among the other butterflies observed
were Lycaena phlaeas L. and Pararge megera L.

Of the numerous microlepidoptera noted, some of the more interesting were
Pyrausta funebris Stroem and Olethreutes arcuella L., several of each were flying
in the sun. Larvae of Paltodora cytisella Curt. were frequent in the shortened
side shoots of bracken; and from a larva beaten from oak, the leader was delight-
ed to breed an example of the local gelechiid, Psoricoptera gibbosella Zell.

The original intention was for this to be an overnight two-day meeting, but
owing to the postal strike, booking arrangements to put up locally so as to be
able to work the area the following day had to be abandoned. At the close of the
day therefore, the leader and several members of the party decided to drive into
the Weald and to operate mercury vapour lights at Orlestone Woods, Ham Street.
Despite a cool night with two short rain spells, there was a fair concourse at the
lights, and among the more interesting species attracted were the beautiful Terhea
fluctuosa Hiibn., and the local aspen-feeding pyralid Nephopteryx hostilis Steph.

Among the other Orders at Blean Woods, Mr. I. A. Watkinson took an ex-
ample on Vetch of Lasius fuliginosus (Lat.), and a new record for this interesting
ant for Blean. Curiously, most of the recent records of this species from around
this area seem to be from Vetch plants. The same observer also took Tetrix

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 I2]

undulata (Sowerb.) the commonest of the tetrigids in this country. We are in-
debted to Mr. John Felton for both the determinations.

WICKEN FEN, CAMBS—6th June 1971
Leader: Col. E. M. EMMET

In spite of early rain which was followed by cool, overcast weather, 17 members
were present. They were rewarded by the quality, if not the quantity, of their
captures.

Of the macrolepidoptera, Eustrotia bankiana F. was plentiful in its satellite
colony at the head of the main drove; there was no time to visit its headquarters
in the heart of the fen.

The microlepidopterists did well. Seven species were added to the list for the
fen, namely Schiffermuelleria angustella Hubn., Incurvaria masculella Schiff.,
Luffia ferchaultella Steph. (larval cases), Elachista megerlella Staint., Argyresthia
cornella F., Endothenia nigricostana Haw. and Acornutia nana Haw. The presence
of six other species for which there had been no recent records (in most cases
for more than a century) was confirmed. These were Lampronia rubiella Bjerk.,
Adela croesella Scop., Glyphipteryx simpliciella Steph. (fischeriella Zell.), Coleo-
Phora striatipennella Nyl., Schiffermuelleria tripuncta Haw. and Pammene
obscurana Steph.

The last of these species is a distinct rarity. It was recorded from Wicken by
Lord Walsingham some time prior to 1878 and, as far as is known, has not been
seen there since. Its life-history is unknown in Britain, but continental writers
state that the larva feeds in birch catkins. The field meeting specimen was netted
near birches by Mr. L. K. Evans and generously presented to the writer.

Two moths in particular were looked for, but found only in small numbers
owing to unfavourable weather. These were Dechtiria turbidella H.-S. and
Laspevresia leguminana Zell. Among the many other species taken and noted
were Nepticula splendidissimella H.-S. and Bucculatrix albedinella Zell. (boyerella
Dup.). Various larvae were taken, from which imagines were subsequently
bred. These included Luffia ferhaultella (see above), Aristotelia morosa Mihl.
and Gypsonoma aceriana Dup.

Mr. and Mrs. Murphy were there to study the spiders. They state: “At Wicken
everything is upside down, rare spiders are common and a number of the common
ones are rare or at least unrecorded.’ They noted nearly 50 species, of which three
were new to both to the fen and to Cambridgeshire. These were Agyneta subtilis,
O.P.-Camb. A. ramosa Jackson and Bathyphantes approximatus (O.P.-Camb.).

WHITE DOWNS, SURREY—12th June 1971
Leader: Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON

Five members attended this evening meeting, which continued until after
midnight. Conditions were bad; chilly, with some rain, after a deluge in the late
afternoon and a cold, wet week.

evertheless, with the help of four lights about 60 species of Lepidoptera
were seen, including three hawk moths, Sphinx ligustri L., Mimas tiliae L., and
Deilephila porcellus L.; Stauropus fagi ., Hadena contigua Schiff., and the

122 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

chalk-down specialities Scopula ornata Scop., Melanthia procellata Schiff. and
Horisme vitalbata Schiff. Six species of butterflies were found at rest, including
Lysanadra bellargus Rott. and Aricia agestis Schiff., and also two female Diacrisia
sannio L. No Tortricidae or Tineidae were flying, and the soaking conditions
made searching for larvae impracticable. These results do not do justice to a
locality which in good weather is very rewarding.

ALDERSTEAD HEATH, SURREY—20th June 1971
Leader: Mr. K. G. W. EVANS

A combined meeting with the Croydon Natural History Society produced an
attendance of ten despite the drizzle and, at times, heavy showers that marred the
morning.

For the lepidopterists the chief quarry was Eupithecia indigata Hiibn. which
occurs here but, despite much searching of the pine trunks, none was found.

Macrolepidoptera were in short supply and the list comprised: imagines—
Coenonympha pamphilus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Pieris rapae L., Ochlodes
venata Br. & Grey, Agrotis exclamationis L., Rivula sericealis Scop., Zanclognatha
nemoralis F., Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff., X. fluctuata L., X. spadicearia
Schiff., Perizoma affinitata Steph., Lomaspilus marginata L.., Deilinia pusaria L.,
Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. Larvae—Orthosia stabilis Schiff., Scoliopteryx
libatrix L., Erannis marginaria F. and Eupithecia centaureata Schiff. were found
on sallow, Orthosia incerta Hufn. on bramble, and on maple two larvae of
Eupithecia inturbata Hibn. both, unfortunately, infested with a hymenopterous
parasite.

Microlepidoptera proved to be more numerous with Crambus pratellus L.,
C. pascuellus L., C. hortuellus Hiibn., Scoparia ambigualis Treits., Argyrotoza
conwagana F., Argyroploce urticana Hibn.,Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Ptycho-
loma lecheana L., Lathronympha strigana F., Acornutia nana Haw., Eriopsela
quadrana Hiibn., Dichrorampha plumbagana Treits., Brachmia rufescens Haw.
and Argyresthia pygmaeella Hibn.

Coleoptera provided by far the most rewarding collecting, mostly by beating
and sweeping, and the following interesting list developed: Notiophilus palustris
(Dufts.), N. biguttatus (F.), Bembidion lampros (Herbst), Tachyporus obtusus (L.),
Eusphalerum primulae (Steph.), Calvia quattuordecimguttata (L.), Rhyzobius
litura (F.), Brachypterus urticae (F.), B. glaber (Steph.), Brachypterolus pulicarius
(L.), Laria dulcamarae Scop., Meligethes atratus Ol., M. brunnicornis Sturm.,
M. viridescens (F.) and ab. discolor Reitter, M. aeneus (F.) Malachius bipustulatus
(L.), Grammoptera ruficornis (F.), Psylloides affinis (Payk.), Phyllotreta nigripes
(F)., Apion meliloti Kirby, A. miniatum Germ., Deporaus mannerheimi Hummel,
Barypithes aranaeiformis (Schrank), Polydrusus tereticollis (Deg.), Phyllobius
maculicornis Germ., P. pyri (L.), P. viridiaeris (Laich.), P. argentatus (L.),
Curculio (Balanobius) pyrrhoceras (Marsh.), Stenocarus fuliginosus (Marsh.),
Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyll.), Ceuthrohynchus floralis (Marsh.), Dorytomus
dejeani Faust. and D. tortrix (L.)

The only hemipteron recorded was Elasmucha grisea (L.).

After lunch the party moved to Riddlesdown, a few miles away. A search was
made for Eupithecia subumbrata Schiff. and E. pimpinellata Hibn., for both are
known to occur here, but neither species appeared. Beating yielded many
Euphyia bilineata L. Butterflies were seen: Maniola jurtina L., Polyommatus icarus
Rott. and Coenonympha pamphilus L.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 123

The list of Coleoptera included: Megarthrus denticollis (Beck), Rhyzobius litura
(F.), Phalacrus coruscus (Panz.), Isomira murina (L.), Chrysolina polita (L.),
C. hyperici (Forst.), Cryptocephalus labiatus (L.), C. hypochaeridis (L.), Psylliodes
affinis (Payk.), Rhagonycha limbata Thoms., Limonius minutus (L.), Apion
apricans Herbst, A. ebeninum Kirby, Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyll.), Miccotrogus
picirostris (F.), Ceuthorrhynchideus troglodytes (F.) and Phyllobius parvulus (Ol.).

STANFORD-LE-HOPE, ESSEX—3rd July 1971
Leader: Mr. R. TOMLINSON

Ten people met at Stanford-le-Hope station at 10.30 a.m. for the joint meeting
of our Society and the South Essex Natural History Society. These included four
of our members: Dr. B. J. MacNulty, Mr. E. S. Bradford, Mr. G. Prior and the
leader: Mrs. N. Mansbridge and Miss N. Scarfe from the s.£.N.H.s. and four
visitors.

The party drove to Mucking Church, parked and ventured along the footpath
between the reed-beds to a local fishing lake, the ‘Warren’. Later several of the
party repaired to the Linford ‘George & Dragon’ for refreshment and lunch; by
then we had been joined by two other people.

In the afternoon we drove to Langdon Hills, a few miles away, and worked our
way through Coombe Wood. Afterwards as most of the party went their several
ways Mr. Bradford and Mr. Prior went home with the leader to sort through the
mercury vapour light trap captures of the previous night, which he does not re-
lease until dusk the next evening to save them from the depredations of the local
bird populace.

It was a cloudy, mild day, and not an unsuccessful meeting, particularly for
plants and microlepidoptera.

The following species were recorded:

MUCKING:
Lepidoptera:

Agrotis exclamationis L., Axylia putris L., Euphyia bilineata L., Ourapteryx
sambucaria L., Chiasmia clathrata L., Acentropus niveus Ol., Scoparia dubitalis
Hiibn., S. ambigualis Treits., Crambus hortuellus Hiibn., Agapeta hamana
L., Platyptilia pallidactyla Waw., Phalonidia affinitana Dougl., Stenodes
straminea WHaw., Amelia paleana WHibn., Pseudoargyrotoza conwaygana
F., Cnephasia communana H.-S., Notocelia uddmanniana L., Epinotia
tedella Clerck, Bactra lanceolana Hiibn., Apotomis pruniana Hibn., C elypha
striana Schiff., Telphusa notatella Hiibn., Scrobipalpa atriplicella F.R., Anthophila
fabriciana L., Poraswammerdamia lutarea Haw. and Nemotois degeerella L.

Flowering plants:

Ranunculus scleratus L. (Celery-headed Buttercup), Papaver rhoeus L. (Corn
Poppy), Sinapsis arvensis L. (Charlock), Cardaria draba L. (Desv.) (Hoary Cress,
Sisybrium officinale (L.) Scop. (Hedge Mustard), Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. (Red
Campion), S. alba (Mill.) Krause (White Campion), Stellaria graminea L. (Lesser
Stitchwort), Spergularia rubrn (L.) J. & C. Pressl. (Sand Spurry), Chenopodium
glaucum L. (Oak-leaved Goose-foot), Beta vulgaris L. (Sea Beet), Halimione
portulacoides (L.) Aell. (Sea Purslane), Malva sylvestris L. (Common Mallow),

124 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

Geranium molle L. (Dove’sfoot Cranesbill), G. dissectum L. (Cut-leaved Cranes-
bill), G. pusillum L. (Small-flowered Cranesbill), Sarothamnus scoparius (L.)
Wimmer (Broom), Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover), T. repens L. (White
Clover), 7. arvense L. (Hare’sfoot Clover), Ornithopus perpusillus L. (Common
Bird’sfoot), Vicia hirsuta (L.) (S. F. Gray) (Hairy Tare), V. tenuissima (M. Bieb.)
Schinz & Thell. (Slender Tare), V. sativa L. (Common Vetch), Potentilla reptans
L. (Creeping Cinquefoil), Rosa canina L. (Dog Rose), Epilobium hirsutum L.
(Great Willow-herb), Conium maculatum L. (Hemlock), Heracleum sphondylium
L. (Hogweed), Bryonia dioica Jacq. (White Bryony), Rumex pulchra L. (Fiddle
Dock), Anagallis arvensis L. (Scarlet Pimpernel), Glaux maritima L. (Sea Milk-
wort), Veronica persica Poir. (Common Speedwell), Ballota nigra L. (Black Hore-
hound), Lamium album L. (White Deadnettle), L. amplexicaule L. (Henbit),
Plantago lanceolata L. (Ribwort Plantain), P. coronopus L. (Buckshorn Plantain),
Sambucus nigra L. (Elderberry), Senecio squalidus L. (Oxford Ragwort), Arctium
minus Bern. (Burdock), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Creeping Thistle), Tripleuro-
spermum maritimum (L.) Koch (Scentless Mayweed), Matricaria matricarioides
(Less.) Porter, Hypochoeris radicata L. (Common Cat’sear), Hieracium pilosella
L. (Mouse-ear Hawkweed), Asparagus officinalis L. (Asparagus), Juncus bufonius
L. (Toad Rush), Parietaria diffusa Mert & Koch (Pellitory-of-the-Wall), Artemisia
vulgaris L. (Mugwort), Sonchus arvensis L. (Corn Sowthistle), S. oleraceus L.
(Smooth Sowthistle), S. asper (L.) Hill (Prickly Sowthistle) and Solanum dulca-
mara L. (Woody Nightshade).

COOMBE WOOD, LANGDON HILLs:
Lepidoptera:

Scoparia dubitalis Hibn., S. ambigualis Treits., Archips oporana L., Croesia
bergmanniana L., Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Anacampsis populella Clerck
(bred), Poraswammerdamia lutarea Haw. and Prays curtisellus Don.

Flowering plants:

Ranunculus repens L. (Creeping Buttercup), Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. (Red
Campion), Stellaria graminea L. (Lesser Stitchwort), Ma/va moschata L. (Musk
Mallow), Geum urbanum L. (Herb Bennet), Rosa canina L. (Dog Rose), Prunus
spinosa L. (Blackthorn), Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (Rosebay
Willowherb), Circaea lutetiana L. (Enchanter’s Nightshade), Heracleum sphondy-
lium L. (Hogweed), Humulus lupulus L. (Hop), Mvyosotis arvensis (L.) Hill
(Common Forget-me-not), Digitalis purpurea L. (Foxglove), Veronica chamaedrys
L. (Birdseye Speedwell), V. serpyllifolia L. (Thyme-leaved Speedwell), Glechoma
hederacea L. (Ground Ivy), Teucrium scorodonia L. (Wood-sage), Galium palustre
L. (Marsh Bedstraw), Sambucus nigra L. (Elderberry), Lonicera periclymenum L.
(Honeysuckle), Pulicaria dysenterica (Common Fleabane), Hieracium pilosella L.
(Mouse-ear Hawkweed), Endymion non-scripta (L.) Sarcke (Bluebell), Preridium
aquilinum (L.) Kiihn (Bracken), Drvopteris dilatata (Hofftm.) A. Gray (Common
Buckler Fern) and Tamus communis L. (Black Bryony).

STANFORD-LE-HOoPE in lJeader’s mercury vapour light trap:
Lepidoptera:

Procus fasciuncula Haw., Parapoynx stratiotata L., Scoparia dubitalis Hubn.,
Udea olivalis Schiff., Ostrinia nubilalis Hiibn., Myelois cribrumella Hiibn.,
Cochylis hybridella Hiibn., Lozotaenia forsterana F., Cnephasia chrysantheana

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 125

Dup., Spilonota ocellana Schiff.. Epiblema farfara Fletch., Epinotia trimaculana
Don., Ancylis achatana Schiff., Apotomia pruniana Hibn., Celypha striana Schiff,
Telphusa fugitivella Zell., Brachmia rufescens Haw., Blastobasis decolorella Woll.,
Coleophora anatipennella Hiibn., C. lineola Staint., C. peribenanderi Toll, C.
flavaginella Zell., C. atriplicis Durr. and Eidophasia messingiella F.R.

WATLINGTON HILL, OXON.—17th July 1971
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

As no one met the leader at Henley station on this very pleasant day he pro-
ceeded alone to Watlington Hill and the area of the Pilgrim’s Way where previous
field meetings had taken place.

Some time was spent collecting leaf mines and one of the interesting things
found were mines of Stigmella paradoxa Frey. in the leaves of hawthorn, which
proved to be a new county record for this moth. Mines of Lyonetia clarkella L.
were also found in hawthorn leaves, and in apple, where a number of leaves were
taken containing the blotch mines of Dechtiria pulverosella Staint.

Eight species of butterfly were seen, Aphantopus hyperantus L. seeming the
more plentiful. Several Lysandra coridon Poda, all in fairly fresh condition, were
observed, and other species noted during the day were: Maniola jurtina L.,
Coenonympha pamphilus L., Melanargia galathea L., Aglais urticae L., Polyom-
matus icarus Rott. and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda.

Two well-eaten plants of Verbascum thapsus L. (Mullein) were found, contain-
ing one full-fed larva of Cucullia verbasci L. in each, and from the amount of
frass around, a number of larvae had been busy on the plants. An example of
Eupithecia sobrinata Hiibn. and one of Argyresthia aurulentella Staint. were
tapped out of Juniperus communis L. (Juniper).

Other species of Lepidoptera seen or taken during the day were: Nola cuculla-
tella L., Callimorpha jacobaeae L., larvae, Plusia gamma L., Hemithea
aestivaria Hiibn., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Asthena albulata Hufn.,
Opsibotys fuscalis Schiff., Haritalia ruralis Scop., Microstega hyalinalis
Hiibn., Crambus perlellus Scop., Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop., Pterophorus
tetradactylus ., Agapeta hamana L., Pandemis heparana Schiff., P. cerasana
Hiibn., Batodes angustiorana Haw., Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F., Acleris
variegana Schift., Dichrorampha petiverella L., Laspeyresia aurana F., Olethreutes
lacunana Schiff., Telphusa vulgella Hiibn., and Anthophila fabriciana L., plus
several species not yet identified.

CADSDEN, BUCKS.—25th July 1971
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

Two members convened for this meeting which began with weather that was
cloudy, somewhat windy, and very near to rain for the greater part of the day;
but it did brighten and become more pleasant during the afternoon with some
sunshine. It was during these sunny periods that the leader had the interesting,
but frustrating, task of trying to photograph specimens of Nemotois metallicus
Poda. on the flower-heads of Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. (Field Scabious). With a
breeze swaying the heads of the flowers it was a little difficult keeping things in
focus and some dark oaths were uttered. However, the resulting transparencies

126 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

were well worth the frustration. A number of this moth appeared when the sun
shone and it was a pleasing sight to see them around the scabious. On one or two
occasions the leader had the interesting experience of watching a female laying
her eggs in the flower-heads.

A number of leaves containing mines were collected from beech, hawthorn
and hazel; the leaves from hazel later produced Nepticula floslactella Haw.
Several specimens of Euphyia bilineata L. were disturbed during the day and
single specimens of Philereme transversata Hufn., Colostygia pectinataria Knoch
and Ortholitha bipunctaria Schiff. were observed. Only one butterfly, Pieris rapae
L. was seen.

Other Lepidoptera noted were: Laspeyresia aurana F., Lithocolletis faginella
Zell., Pseudoargyrotoza conwagana F., Dichrorampha gueneeana Obrat., Pyrau-
sta nigrata Scop., P. aurata Scop., Phalonia rubigana Treits. and Epiblema farfarae
Fletcher.

Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. (Pyramid Orchid) was in flower and a
number were seen.

BOOKHAM COMMON, SURREY—15th August 1971
Leader: Mr. ALAN E. STUBBS

This meeting was the first to be held entitled ‘Introduction to the study of
Diptera in the Field’. Despite dull weather, twelve members, friends and visitors
from the Amateur Entomological Society attended.

Apart from 15 minutes’ sunshine midday, the weather was dull, but Diptera
were readily obtained. The good display of umbelliferous flowers was a strong
attraction for Diptera on the plains as hoped, and provided plenty of scope for
syrphids and other showy species. Sweeping produced good hauls of the smaller
groups. The woodland was on the whole too dark under overcast conditions, but
some useful additional species were found there, as well as round the Isle of
Wight pond. Representatives of most families were available for study and overall
the locality proved ideal for a meeting of this sort.

Bookham has the largest recorded dipterous fauna in Britain, largely due to
the efforts of our late member Mr. L. Parmenter, there being some 1,140 species
listed. During the course of the meeting ten further species were added.

It is interesting to note that most of the additional records came from managed
areas. In the list below, Central Plain refers to the area near the station which was
cleared of scrub by the Conservation Corps in the early 1960’s. This area has a
profusion of flowers between scattered bushes and is in excellent condition ento-
mologically, though ultimately further management will be required. The dense
oak woodland along Hollow Path, heavily thinned in recent years by the National
Trust working party, is still recovering, but there should be an improvement in a
few years’ time.

It was the cut ends of a stack of oak logs (?cut last winter) that provided two
of the ten new species listed below: Pseudolimnophila lucorum (Meig.) (Tipulidae),
a single example in the shaded marsh below the Isle of Wight pond; Tipula fulvi-
pennis Deg. (Tipulidae), a male on Hollow Path; Neoplatyura modesta (Winn.)
(Mycetophilidae), a male swept off birch on Central Plain; Drymonoeca (Eutarsus)
aulica (Meig.) (Dolichopodidae), two males swept on Central Plain; Opetia
nigra Meig. (Platypezidae), a single example swept on Central Plain close to
the station; Pherbellia griseola (Fall.) (Sciomyzidae), a single female on

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 127

Central Plain; Chymomyza fuscimana (Zett.) (Drosophilidae), approximately
ten examples found on logs on Hollow path; Fannia incisurata (Zett.)
(Muscidae), a single example on logs on Hollow Path; Calythea albicincta (Fall.)
(Anthomyidae), one on Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (Hedge Parsley) on
Central Plain.

Neoplatyura modesta, Drymonoeca aulica, Chymomyza fuscimana and Calythea
albicincta are probably also new county records and certainly new to the London
area (sensu LNHS).

Among the more interesting ecological observations was the abundance of the
trypetid fly Phagocarpus permundus Harris on Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz &
Thellung (Pepper Saxifrage). The fly was only found on the occasional patch
of this plant, all others being apparently ignored. Niblett found it widespread
on the Common, but always in low numbers; here it was possible to sweep
through a few plants and find a dozen flies in the net. Its larvae live in hawthorn
berries.

The more pleasing species found on Central Plain included the syrphid Helo-
Dhilus trivittatus (F.), the conopid Physocephala rufipes (F.) and the calliphorid
Pachyophthalmus signatus (Meig.) on parsnip flowers.

Despite the title of the meeting, other groups of insects were not ignored. It is
encouraging to report drones of both species of tree wasps, Vespula sylvestris
(Scop.) and V. norvegica (F.) on Wild Angelica flowers. The latter wasp is particu-
larly local in Surrey. Lepidoptera included a second brood Clossiana selene
Schiff. (Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary), a Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper)
with joined spots on the forewing and a full grown larva of Deilephila elpenor L.
(Large Elephant Hawk); all found on Central Plain.

HATFIELD PARK, HERTS.—28th August 1971
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

The seven members who met at Hatfield station for this meeting were mainly
microlepidopterists, who spent a very interesting day in the extensive area of
Hatfield Park, only a small part of which was explored by the party.

Leaf mining and Lepidoptera attracted a lot of attention and numerous leaves
were collected from various trees. Those taken from hawthorn contained mines
of Leucopetra scitella Zell., Nepticula pygmaeella Haw., and either Stigmella
hybnerella Hiibn. or Nepticula ignobilella Stiant. Perhaps the most interesting
find on hawthorn was a number of mines of Stigmella paradoxa Frey. which is a
new species for Herts. A few leaves on birch were found to contain mines of
Nepticula lapponica Wocke and Nepticula hemargyrella Koll. Leaves mined by
Stigmella basiguttella Hein. and Dechtiria albifasciella Hein. were collected from
oak and several nearby saplings of black poplar were inspected and leaves taken
which had been inhabited by Nepticula trimaculella Haw. One cocoon found on
the trunk of a sycamore was thought to be that of Etainia decentella H.-S.

Two species of butterfly, Lycaena phlaeas L. and Pieris rapae L. were observed
during the day and the following moths either seen or taken: Agriphila culmella
L., Batodes angustiorana Haw., Lithocolletis oxyacanthae Frey., L. faginella Zell.,
L. corylifoliella Haw., L. cramerella L., Acleris sparsana Schiff., Rhopobota
naevana Hiibn., Udea lutealis Hibn., Haritalia ruralis Scop., Calothysanis amata
L., Parornix anglicella Staint. and Xanthorhoe fluctuata L.

128 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

Some vacated cones on birch were considered to be those of Caloptilia betuli-
cola Her., and mines of Mompha raschkiella Zell. were noted on Epilobium spp.

A shieldbug which seemed to be fairly common was Acanthosoma haemorr-
hoidalis L.

KNOLE PARK, KENT—12th September 1971
Leader: Mr. S. A. Williams

A dry and very warm day with very little wind was enjoyed by the party of 18
members and their families who attended this meeting. The occasion provided
an opportunity to demonstrate in the field some of the methods used in the
collecting of beetles that were discussed at a recent indoor meeting at the Society’s
rooms.

The morning was spent searching the abundant deer and horse dung for the
species of Aphodius and Oxytelus. A search was made for Leistus rufomarginatus
(Dufts.) under stones lying in the shade of trees near the main entrance, it having
been taken there last year; however we were unsuccessful this time.

After lunch a demonstration of the leader’s ‘autokatcher’ was arranged and
although great interest was taken and several runs made, the net, fixed to the roof
of a motor car caught few beetles, although several Diptera were tubed by Mr. A.
Stubbs.

A move was then made towards the central part of the park where fallen beech
and oak trees could be expected. The party soon settled itself around a small
group of perhaps six oak logs and the remainder of the day was spent stripping
the bark and working several species of fungus living on the dead wood and in the
immediate vicinity. The party dispersed at 4 p.m. after a very pleasant and re-
warding day.

The beetles taken were as follows: Siagonum quadricorne Kirby & Spence,
Proteinus ovalis Steph., Hapalaraea pygmaea (Gyil.), Phloeonomus punctipennis
Thom., Oxytelus sculpturatus (Grav.), two species of Oxytelus not yet on the
British list, Philonthus fimetarius (Grav.), Gabrius splendidulus (Grav.), Oligota
picipes Steph. in the usual biotope of a dead and dried out pigeon, Gyrophaena
nana (Payk.), G. minima Er., Bolitochara obliqua Er., Atheta pallidicornis (Thom.),
A. gregaria (Er.), A. aequata (Er.), A. castanoptera (Mann.), A. crassicornis (F.),
Drusilla canaliculata (F.), Oxypoda alternana (Grav.), Anomognathus cuspidatus
(Er.), Bibloporus bicolor (Denny), Scaphisoma agaricinum (L.) and Aphodius
zenkeri Germ.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 129

PROCEEDINGS

23rd SEPTEMBER 1971
The President, Col. A. M. Emmet, in the Chair

The President welcomed to the meeting Dr. Hiroshi Kuroko, Associate
Professor in the University of Osaka, Japan.
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. S. D. Mackey.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMmMet—(1) A series of Falseuncaria degreyana McLach. (Lep.,
Phaloniidae) from East Wretham, Norfolk, taken flying over Linaria, one of its
foodplants; it is also reputed to feed on plantain. Apart from East Anglia it has
been recorded from Portishead, Somerset; but Col. Emmet is somewhat doubtful
of this because the terrain is so different from the East Anglian localities favoured
by this species. (2) The feeding habits of Phyllocnistis saligna Zell. (Lep., Litho-
colletidae) in the shape of leaves and twigs of Salix fragilis L. The exhibitor said
that Ford’s description of the mine was, in his experience, not entirely accurate.
Most of the larval life he found was spent in the thin bark of the twigs. The mine
certainly commenced in the leaf, but after a little wandering it struck the midrib
and then turned straight down the midrib through the petiole of the leaf into the
twig, spending the major part of its larval life in this pabulum. When nearing
pupation it entered another leaf through the petiole, folded over the leaf and
pupated within the fold. The insect always mines the underside when in the leaf.
The moth is bivoltine, the second brood being on the wing about the present time
of the year. It hibernates as an imago and produces the first brood of the year in
the spring. Phyllocnistis saligna Zell. is quite local, but was abundant in a small
area at Chippenham, Cambs., just outside the fen.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Gyrophaena joyioides Wusthoff. (Col., Staphylinidae),
taken in fungi growing in Blean Wood, Kent, 9.ix.71; and Atheta pallidicornis
(Thoms.) (Col., Staphylinidae), taken in Knole Park, Kent, 11.ix.71, ina species of
white bracket fungus on oak.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—An elm leaf with three vacated mines of Coleophora
badiipennella Dup. (Lep., Coleophoridae) from Enfield Road, Middlesex. The
leaf containing the small mines was collected on 21st August and the larvae left
the mines during the first week of September. Their first cases were made from
the oval pieces cut from the mined areas of the leaf.

Dr. P. A. BosweLt—Insects from the southern end of the French Atlantic
coast; all exhibiting some cryptic coloration: Eurynebria complanata (L.) (Col.,
Carabidae), a Phalera species (Col., Tenebrionidae), Labidura riparia (Pallas)
(Derm., Labiduridae) and an un-named homopteron.

Mr. C. R. B. BAker—Living adults of Haltica carduorum Guer. (Col.,
Chrysomelidae) from a stock originating from Nantes, France. Beetles from this
source were released in two areas in Britain in 1969 and 1970 as part of a study of
the biological control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Creeping Thistle). Releases
were made by Dr. R. Blackman at Silwood Park, Berks, and by Dr. M. F.
Claridge at three sites near Cardiff. Imagines, eggs and larvae were found on the
release sites in 1969 and 1970, but none has been seen this year.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) Carabus arvensis Herbst (Col., Carabidae), a green
example taken on Setley Plain in the New Forest, Hants, 12.ix.71.(2) A short series

130 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

of Lithocharis nigriceps Kraatz (Col., Staphylinidae) taken in vegetable litter near
Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants, 12.ix.71. This species, of oriental origin, was
first recorded in Britain by A. A. Allen (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98 : 260).

COMMUNICATIONS

A brief account of his attempt to pursue studies of a new syrphid in N. Wales
was given by Mr. P. N. Crow. He also said he had taken a female form of
Plebejus argus L. (Lep., Lycaenidae) somewhat like the aberration masseyi Tutt
which used to occur in Westmorland until 1926, when a severe frost at the end of
May wiped out the insect including the beautiful female form.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON Said this form from N. Wales had in fact been described
many years ago. The PRESIDENT added that Mr. H. N. Michaelis used to take
this form in N. Wales and Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, who knew the form from
Great Orme Head, said it was smaller than ab. masseyi.

Commenting on the Eurynebria complanata (L.) exhibited, Mr. F. D. Buck said
it had a distribution often referred to as ‘lusitanian’, i.e., Portugal, the north
Spanish coast, the western French coast, the Devon and Cornwall peninsula, the
Gower coast and Ireland. Examples from the Iberian peninsula and the Biscay
coast were usually very much paler; and though the insects become darker when
dead, he had seen set specimens taken by Dr. B. P. Moore from the south-western
corner of Europe which were considerably paler than any British specimens he
had seen.

Referring to Dr. B. J. MacNulty’s exhibits and notes at the meetings of 24th
September 1970 (4 :7) and 9th September 1971 (4 : 98), Mr. A. E. GARDNER drew
attention to a note on the capture of Aradus betulae (L.) (Hem., Aradidae)
by Mr. P. Skidmore at Knockinfin Farm, near Tomich, E. Inverness-shire,
and Guischachan, also E. Inverness-shire. The note (1962, Ent. mon Mag.,
98 : 264) was above the name of Dr. A. M. Massee.

The President’s exhibit produced the remark from Mr. S. N. A. JAcozs that
he could see one living larva in the mines.

A talk on the Gelechiidae (Lep.) was given by Mr. E. S. BRADFORD and Mr.
P. A. GODDARD. The talk was illustrated by coloured transparencies and followed
by a discussion.

14th OCTOBER 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMerT, in the Chair

The death was announced of Air Marshal Sir Robert Saundby.
The following new members were declared elected: P. J. Attewell, K. M.
Gravener, A. Lewvonich, A. Lynn-Jones and E. H. Wilde.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EmMmet—An elm mining nepticulid, Stigmella ulmivora Fol., which
he believed may prove to include both S. ulmifolia Hering and S. ulmi Skala.
The mines of all three reputed species are different; S. u/mivora disperses its frass,
filling the mine; S. u/mifolia leaves its frass in the centre of the mine; and S.
ulmi leaves its frass in the form of blobs. All three have been bred and no
differences can be detected in the imagines. The genitalia have not yet been
examined, but in this genus the genitalia intergrade so much that a much longer
series must be examined. It was pointed out that it is not unique for a single

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 131

species to have several forms of mine. There is another species which mines elm,
S. ulmicola Hering in which the frass in the mine is packed in thick arcs, but the
exhibitor has not bred this insect and is unable to pass an opinion on it.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren-—Three species of sawfly (Tenthredinidae) larvae:
Pteronidea (Nematus) melanaspis (Hart.) on sallow, Hemichrea crocea (Geoff.)
on birch, both from Oxshott, Surrey; and Macrophya punctumalbum (L.) on
Ligustrum vulgare L. from Thornwood, near Epping, Essex. He also showed cases
of Coleophora salicorniae Wocke (Lep., Coleophoridae) cut from the tips of the
stems of Sa/icornia and attached to the sides of other stems for further feeding.
These were taken at Fingringhoe, Essex, just outside the Essex Naturalists’ Trust
reserve, 9.x.71, though it is thought likely that the species does occur within the
reserve. The actual species of Salicornia was not determined, but the larvae were
found only on the Glasswort above high-water mark. The larva mines up the
centre of the stem to reach the seeds, it then cuts off the tip which it uses as a case
which it fixes to the side of a stem to continue feeding. A case is not used until the
final instar. At the termination of the final instar the larva, still in its case, falls to
the ground, when it leaves the case and pupates in the mud.

Mr. P. BosweLt—Lasius brunneus (Lat.) (Hym., Formicidae), a species which
in this country lives in live oak and which was taken at Old Woking, Surrey. In
France the exhibitor has known the species to live in the ground, though usually
associated with wood.

COMMUNICATIONS

Referring to his exhibit at the previous meeting (p. 129), Col. A. M. EMMeT
said he had now bred ten examples of Phyllocnistis saligna Zell.

Commenting on the performance of his light trap over the past two months
Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said it was the poorest in the eight years he had operated a
trap at Bramley, Surrey. It was he said an unfavourable two months as far as
weather conditions were concerned, but there had been nights when a good catch
might have been expected, and even these were poor in comparison. He offered,
as a possible explanation, the high proportion of ichneumons that figured in his
catch.

Mr. F. D. Buck who had been out with a light in the Colchester area on
several occasions during these two months agreed that the nights were mainly
unpropitious and the catches were very poor, but he had not noted any quantities
of ichneumons.

Another member reported poor catches in Devon and a high proportion of
ichneumons.

It was thought by Mr. A. E. Stusss, that certain conditions favoured certain
kinds of insects; one night the predominant Order might be Diptera, another
Trichoptera, and yet another ichneumons. This did not convince Mr. Bretherton.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER said that Lasius brunneus (Lat.) had infested the oak
timbers in a pre-war house at Esher, Surrey, to the extent that the owner eventu-
ally left. It had cost a considerable amount of money to eradicate them.

Windsor Forest was, according to Mr. Stubbs, the classical locality for L.
brunneus. He was surprised to beat the ant out of birch on Wisley Common,
Surrey, in some numbers.

The PRESIDENT made the following announcement regarding the Professor
Hering Memorial Research Fund: After considering applications received by
30th September 1971, the Management Committee has made awards to: Miss
J. M. Ruse, Depatrment of Zoology, University of Manchester, to help her

132 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

research on the biology of leaf miners and their parasites on Sorbus aucuparia
and related host plants; and to Mr. P. R. Cobb, Editor of the Proceedings of the
Heacham and West Norfolk Natural History Society, for continuation of his
work on the life-cycle and distribution in Britain of the gall-wasp Andricus
quercuscalicis Burgsdorff. The Committee seek further applications for considera-
tion before 31st March 1972, in time for the collecting season.

Mrs. F. M. Murpny gave a talk on spiders which she illustrated with coloured
transparencies and which was followed by a discussion.

11th NOVEMBER 1971
The President, Col. A. M. EMMET, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Miss M. L. M. Archer and
Miss J. E. Marshall, and Messrs. G. Ventom, F. W. Taylor and C. D. Warren-
Smith.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EmMet—A species of microlepidoptera (Nepticulidae) new to Great
Britain. Last year when collecting Dechtiria subbimaculella Haw., a species which
makes a unique mine in that it slits the skin of the mine through which it ejects
the frass, leaving the mine comparatively clean, it was found there were two quite
different kinds of mine. In some there was no slit; furthermore there was a differ-
ent larva in each type of mine. In the mine without the slit the larva had a light
reddish brown head, whilst in the other kind of mine the head was dark brown.
The result of consulting the Hering herbarium in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
indicates the mine without the slit to be Dechtiria quercifoliae Toll., though there
is some possibility it might be D. heringi Toll. The mines of these ‘green island’
feeders in fallen leaves are not easy to determine when the material is not fresh,
but the insect is most likely to be D. quercifoliae Toll.

Examples of both types of mine were exhibited, from material taken at Quen-
don, Essex. The unslit mines have also been found at Maddingley and Wicken
Fen in Cambs. and in localities in Hants. Although mines with the slit have been
found in Epping Forest and at Woodford in Essex the other type has not been
present.

COMMUNICATIONS

The presence of large numbers of Aeshna mixta Lat. (Od., Aeshnidae) at Pett
Level near Hastings, Sussex, 6.x.71, was reported by Mr. C. O. HAMMOND. He
pointed out the habit of the Aeshna species of claiming territory which they defend
against intruders and said there were so many present that the dragonflies were
only a few yards apart. He thought they may have been migrating into this
country and added that he saw only two females ovipositing.

With reference to the ‘green islands’ occupied by larvae in fallen leaves, a theory
was put forward that trees injected a substance into the leaves which turned the
colour and dried them. The larvae feeding in these ‘green islands’ blocked off the
veins preventing this substance entering the area where the larvae were feeding,
thus creating the ‘green island’. Col A. M. EMMET, however, asked how this could
happen in those cases where the ‘green island was completely surrounded by
withered leaf.

An alternative suggestion was made by Mr. E. H. Wi1LD who thought the change

PROC. BRIL. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972 183

in colour and the drying was due to loss of moisture from the tissue cells, and the
respiration of the larva in the ‘green island’ provided sufficient moisture to retain
colour and texture.

It was, however, pointed out that the pimple gall on beech leaves was also
associated with a ‘green island’, which complicated the matter.

A remark by Mr. C. O. Hammond that some butterflies were on the wing later
this year, when he cited Vanessa atalanta L. (Nymphalidae) in flight, |.xi.71,
prompted Mr. E. H. Wild to record the same species in Dorset late in October,
and Mr. B. Goater to record a substantial flight of this butterfly emigrating from
Cornwall in late October.

To this Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt added that he had seen Orgyia antiqua L.
(Lymantriidae) on 23.x.71.

Commenting on the exhibit of Col. Emmet, Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss said that an
interesting thing about the new mine was that after leaving the egg the larva had
crossed the mid rib.

A discussion took place on the Annual Exhibition during which the President
read a letter from Mr. J. Firmin, strongly criticising the heavy collecting of
Gortyna borrelii Pierre evidenced by the Annual Exhibition. Members spoke
against this kind of excessive collecting and Mr. F. D. Buck expressed the Essex
Naturalists’ Trust’s grave concern about both the insect and its foodplant. There
was no voice raised in defence of long series collecting and the meeting could be
regarded as unanimously in agreement with Mr. Firmin. In concluding the dis-
cussion the President called for the utmost retraint when working for this, or any
other, very localised species.

25th NOVEMBER 1971
The President, Col. A. M. Emmet, in the Chair

The President opened the meeting by welcoming Dr. Lazlow Gozamany, from
Budapest, who is at present working on Tineidae (Lep.) at the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.).

The death was announced of Dr. Roger Clarke.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. P. R. Cobb, R. J.
Dickson, G. R. Else, M. S. Marshall, R. M. Pyle and P. A. Sokoloff.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMMet—Dechtiria quinquella Bed. (Lep., Nepticulidae) and com-
mented on the mystery of the spots on the larvae in this species, during which he
read a letter from Mr. D. W. H. ffennell on the same subject.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—A male Doros conopseus (F.) (Dipt., Syrphidae) taken
between Benfleet and Leigh-on-Sea, 9.vi.49. This insect has been taken in the same
locality by G. H. Verrall, 18.vi.1871 and by Moses Harris in 1771. Subsequent
captures in this locality are: A. M. Low, a female, 7.vi.52; C. O. Hammond, a
female, 11.vi.60; and R. M. Payne, 13.vi.71. Single examples have been taken in
the Wyre Forest, Worc.; Gianvilles Wootton, Dorset; near Lewes, Sussex;
Grange-over-Sands and Witherslack, Lancs.; Aberdaron, Caern.; Cossington
and Loxley Wood, Somerset; and Mickleham, Surrey. The dates of capture
range from 27th May to 18th June.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcops—Drawings of mines in oak, which Col. Emmet said were
Dechtiria quercifoliae Toll. (Lep., Nepticulidae) which had been confirmed by
J. Klimesch.

134 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1972

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS on behalf of Mr. D. H. MurRAY—Two species of Coleop-
tera from North Africa; Pimelia grossa F. (Tenebrionidae) from Hammamet,
Tunisia, 15.v.71; and Carabus morbillosus F. (Carabidae) also from Hammamet,
30.iv.71. Also shown was the English carabid beetle Cicindela campestris L. bred
from the larva taken in the New Forest, Hants., and which emerged 17.viii.71.

Mr. P. A. BosweLtL—Workers, both living and dead, and a live queen of
Formicoxenus nitidulus (Nyl.) (Hym., Formicidae) taken in the nest of Formica
rufa L. (Hym., Formicidae) at Wisley, Surrey, 7 & 13.xi.71. Few workers of F.
rufa were found: it might possibly be easier to find F. nitidulus if it were looked for
later in the year.

Mr. G. M. pE RouGEMONT—The ant Formicoxenus nitidulus (Nyl.) from
Wisley, Surrey, 7 and 13.xi.71.

COMMUNICATIONS

The President announced a donation of £20 had been received from Mr. and
Mrs. T. G. Howarth, being the profit made from the light refreshments which they
have been good enough to arrange and serve for the benefit of members at
the meetings.

Mr. D. E. Kimmins gave a talk on ‘Hunting Insects with a Camera’ which he
illustrated with coloured transparencies, and which was followed by a discussion.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that, as a

result of applications received by 30th September 1971, awards have been made to
Miss J. M. Ruse, Department of Zoology, University of Manchester, to help her
research into the biology of leaf miners and their parasites on Sorbus aucuparia
and related host plants; and to

Mr. P. R. Cobb, Editor of the Proceedings of the Heacham and West Norfolk

Natural History Society, for continuation of his work on the life-cycle and

distribution in Britain of the gall-wasp Andricus quercuscalicis (Burgsdorft).

Further applications are invited for awards to be made after 31st March 1972,
for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on:

(a) Leaf miners

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Micro-Lepidoptera

(d) General Entomology
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of the candidates
and of the plan of work proposed.

It is envisaged that awards would be made to assist travelling and other
expenses, necessary for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at
conferences, or for exceptional costs of publication of finished work. In total
they are not likely to exceed about £120 in 1972.

Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research in any
part of the world may qualify.

Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan of
research, and of the precise objects for which an award is sought, to R. F.
BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green,
Bramley, Guildford, Surrey, early in 1972 and in any case not later than 31st March.

A Coleopterist’s Handbook

A symposium by various authors edited by
G. B. WALSH, B.S., M.R.S.T., and J R.. DIBB, F.R.E.S.

The Handbook describes the tools and apparatus and methods of collecting British
Beetles; their habitats, commensals and pre-adult stages: how to record, photo-
graph, make a personal collection and conduct a local survey.

Twenty full-page plates illustrative mainly of pre-adult stages (including seven
reproductions of rare engravings) and fifty line-drawings and diagrams. !12 pp. and
index.

from

Amateur Entomologists’ Society

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS AGENT
137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham,
LONDON, S.W.16
(Please do not send money with order: an invoice will be sent)

The Society’s Publications

A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.
This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.
Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Bowden, S. R., ‘Pieris napi’ (Lep., Pieridae)

in America: Genetic Imbalance in Hybrids 103
Field Meetings 118
Proceedings 129
Prof. Hering Research Fund 134

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes
place in the autumn in the Conversazione Room
at the British Museum (Natural History). Frequent
Field Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to
the Secretary.

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by the Anchor Press Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

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