PR O C E E D I N G S

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VICTORIA RESTITUTE

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TRINIDAD,

Founded

1887

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^ l a veil 1894

CONTENTS :

Report for 1893
Bye-laws
Articles of Association
Balance Sheet — 1893 - ** -

„ „ 1891 and 1892

Report for 1892
Guppy on Edible Molluska
Hart on Ventilation | : /
Rake on Butterflies -| c -

R 24 1894

Mirror

Office,

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^icfopicc* Ipsfifufe, * ^ppipicfed,

1894 .

The Victoria Institute of Trinidad (founded 1887)
is now in full working as may be seen by the copy sent
herewith of the first part of its .Journal of Proceedings.

The Scientific Association of Trinidad, which had many
correspondents abroad, and exchanged publications with
several societies, is amalgamated with the Victoria Institute,
and its books, (fee., are deposited in the Victoria Institute
Building as public property.

The Institute wishes to renew and extend the system of
exchanges formerly in operation with its predecessor the
Scientific Association, and will, therefore, feel indebted for
any contribution your Institution, may be pleased to make
towards the completion of its set of the publications of your
Institution.

Port-of-Spain, Trinidad,
2nd April , 189 Jf.

I

l

i

VICTORIA INSTITUTE,

TRINIDAD.

REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1893.

presenting the Second Annual Report of the Victoria
J, Institute, the Committee of Management have to congratu-
late the Members upon the steady, if slow and gradual,
progress made during the year in carrying out the objects of the
Institute. Some particulars of the origin and progress of the
scheme under which the Institute was founded were given in the
first Report of the Committee. We supplement these by the
following observations :

The Victoria Institute was founded in 1887 as a Memorial
of the Jubilee year of the Queen’s reign. It was designed to
supply a long-felt want in the public institutions of the island.
That want was that of a central scientific institution for purposes
not only of original research, but of scientific and technical
instruction. The attainment of such an object was never lost
sight of by the Scientific Association, which from its foundation
in 1863 until it ceased to exisUiir~l .Ttnade that one of its

aims, On the 10th March,.

a resalu tion^fe^>assed by the

APR24 1894

•^Az/UDELP^

2

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

Association that a Memorial should be presented to the Governor
for the establishment of a public museum. A Memorial was
accordingly drawn up, and it was duly presented to the Governor
by a deputation consisting of Dr. de Verteuil and Dr. Mitchell,
Members of the Association. At the final meeting of the
representatives of the Association, which took place in 1887 at
the Public Library, it was decided that the property of the
Association then in deposit at the Library, should be handed
over to the Victoria Institute so soon as the latter should come
into active being. We have now to report that the books
formerly belonging to the Scientific Association, have been duly
handed over as directed by this bequest, and are now deposited at
the Museum as public property. They thus form the nucleus and
commencement of a scientific library. A library of this sort is
s much required.* There are a few other books in deposit at the
Museum, but these are too limited in number and scope to supply
the requirements. It would be desirable if it could be arranged
for that the books obtained from Dr. Leotaud’s library should be
deposited at the Museum, and these would require some expendi-
ture for rebinding. A very favourable offer was made some
time ago of a collection of scientific works worth more that .£600,
together with a collection of shells and other zoological and
geological objects, worth at least as much more, for the value of
the books alone, and we hope that this collection may yet be
secured.

At the first meeting of the Committee of the Institute, held
on the 15th July, 1887, the Chairman (S. H. Gatty, Attorney-
General) by authority and direction of the Governor, “opened
“ the meeting with some remarks as to the object with which
“ the Committee had been nominated, and as to the necessity
“ that existed for an institution such as it was proposed to

* Mr. Alexander Miller, a member of the Committee, has been good
enough to deposit in the library for the use of Members, a copy of the
Encyclopedia Britanica

ANNUAL REPORT, 1893.

3

“ establish. He stated that it would be the work of the Com-
“ mittee to decide as to the lines upon which the Institute
“ should be constituted, and to raise funds to erect the necessary
“ building, and that the expenses in connection with the ad-
<( ministration of the Institute would be defrayed bj- the
“ Government.”

The objects of the Institute as laid down in the Memo-
randum of Association, drawn up under the authority and with
the approval of Government are as follows :

(a) The collection and diffusion of information on agri-

cultural, commercial and scientific subjects.

(b) The formation and maintenance of a museum of agri-

cultural, commercial products, raw and manufactured
including a dep6t for the transmission of samples to the
Imperial Institute, and to international and inter-
colonial exhibitions.

(c) The formation and maintenance of a museum of natural

history and of the arts and sciences.

(i d ) The establishment and maintenance of rooms for the use
of the Medical Board, the Agricultural Board, and of
the Science and Art Department of the Institute, sub-
ject to such conditions and terms as may be from time
to time determined upon by the Committee, such rooms
to be available for Meetings and Lectures, under the
regulations and bye-laws of the Institute, and to
acquire and hold such lands as may be necessary for the
above purpose.

(e) The publication periodically or otherwise, of a J ournal
or other papers, with a view to carry out the indica-
tions under subhead (a)

(/) The doing of all such other things as may be conducive
to the extension, or incidental to the attainment of the
above objects.

4

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

In response to the invitation of the Government, and in
reliance upon the promises of substantial support given at the
initiation of the movement for the establishment of the Institute
a sum of over $6,000 has been raised and expended upon the
erection of a building, and upon furniture and fittings.

The public natural history and other collections are lodged
in the Victoria Museum under the care of the Institute. These
at present consist of the collection of Birds given to the Colony
by Dr. Leotaud, the collection of shells given by Governor
Keate and the reptiles given by Dr. Court. The birds are
numbered in accordance with a list — but it would be preferable
if the names were attached to the specimens. The shells are
affixed to tablets and are named. The specimens are mostly
very fine, but the collection is almost entirely East Indian and
very few West Indian shells are represented. We ought to
have a good collection of West Indian and especially Trinidad
shells. The reptiles are entirely unnamed. There are also
some specimens of Indian antiquities and a few miscellaneous
objects in the museum. The Field Naturalists’ Club has done
very creditable work in procuring and preparing the specimens
of Vertebrata which are deposited in the Museum. The Museum
can thus exhibit a few of our native animals. Of economic pro-
ducts the show is very limited or rather nil and this is a depart-
ment which will require some expenditure on it for it is unlikely
that any one will make a collection of such things on the mere
chance of getting it paid for, when there are more alluring fields
of research yet un worked.

In order to carry out the various functions laid down in the
minutes, memoranda and program of the Institute as already
stated, courses of lectures on science and art have been estab-
lished and it is intended as soon as possible to start classes for
technical instruction. The means at the disposal of the com-
mittee are insufficient to enable them to meet the expenses of
these lectures and to provide the necessary apparatus for efficient

ANNUAL REPORT, 1893

5

instruction in science and art. The maintenance of the present
small staff of the Museum consisting of a clerk, a porter and
Lecturers and the current and regular expenses of the lectures
and meetings amount to at least three times the amount of the
subsidy from Government and there is nothing to provide
for repairs and renewal of building, apparatus for scientific and
technical instruction, furniture and fittings, or for an appropri-
ation towards the extinction of the debt due by the Institute.
Besides which the Museum Building requires certain absolutely
necessary additions, for instance, latrines, and a workshop in
which specimens belonging to the collections can be repaired,
mounted or prepared for preservation and exhibition. It is also
highly desirable that the grounds of the Museum should be
properly fenced and laid out in a neat manner. The scheme of
lectures and meetings already referred to has been arranged and
is now in full work. It is, however, much to be regretted that
the attendance at these lectures and meetings is far below what it
ought to be. The terms on which admission is granted to the
the lectures are so liberal that any person in the island desirous
of attending the lectures can in one way or another easily
do so. The lectures arranged for under the scheme laid down in
the bye-laws of the Institute are six courses of six lectures each
annually, in all thirty-six lectures. Besides these, occasional
lectures on subjects not included in the regular program may be
given. The lectures are chiefly intended for instruction in the
elementary principles of Agriculture, Chemistry, Geology and
Natural History. In addition to these lectures the scheme
includes twelve evening meetings annually at which questions
of science and practice may be discussed and original papers read.
The annual payment for associates of the Institute is ten shillings
and for this sum each associate is intitled to attend all lectures
and evening meetings of the Institute and to make use of the
museum and reading-room. The subscription of members of the
Institute is Five Dollars annually and for this they are intitled
to attend the evening meetings and to vote at the election of

6

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

members of the Board of Management. They are further in-
titled to two tickets for every lecture. They can, if they wish
hand one or both of these tickets, to any one. Any person wish-
ing to attend the Lectures, -may, therefore, be enabled to do so
in any one of three ways :

1 . He may become a member or an associate.

2. He may procure a ticket from a member.

3. Failing these, he can obtain admission to any Lecture
on payment of one shilling, or to any course of six
Lectures on payment of live shillings.

The following is a list of the Lectures given at the Institute
since the scheme was started

Date,

1893.

14 August
21 „

28 „

11 September
18 „

25 „

9 October
16 „

23 „

30 „

13 November
20 „

27 „

11 December
18 ..

Subject.

Geology

Agriculture

Geology

Agriculture

Geology

Agriculture

Geology

Agriculture

Geology

Agriculture

Geology

Agriculture

Botany

Zoology

Botany

Lecturer.

R. J. L. Guppy
P. Car mod y
R. J. L. Guppy
P. Carmody
R. J. L. Guppy
P. Carmody
R. J. L. Guppy
P. Carmody
R. J. L. Guppy
P. Carmody
R. J. L. Guppy
P. Carmody
J. II. Hart
FI. Caracciolo
J. H. Hart

Evening meetings were held, and papers read as follows :

4 Sept. Introductory Statement, explanatory of
the Scheme of Meetings and Lectures,
and of the advantages of the popular
cultivation of scientific knowledge. R. J. L. Guppy

ANNUAL REPORT, 1893.

7

2 Oct. On the Molluska used as Food in
Trinidad ; with Exhibition under the
Microscope of Slides of Dentition of
Molluska. R* J* L- Crnppy

6 Nov. On Ventilation in the Tropics J. H. Hart

4 Dec. On the Study of Butterflies B. N. Rake, M.D.

On the 6th November the Committee approved of a program
for the lectures and Meetings of the Institute up to March, 1894.
inclusive. This program includes the continuation of Mr. Hart’s
Lectures on Botany, and of Mr. Caracciolo’s Lectures on Zoology
and three Lectures on Music proposed to be given by Mr.
Doorly. It was then suggested that upon the completion of the
courses of lectures now arranged for, Mr. Carmody should be
asked to give a course of six Lectures on Chemistry and another
course of six Lectures on Agriculture ; and that Mr. R. J . L.
Guppy should be asked to give a course of six Lectures on
Zoology, and another course of six Lectures on Geology ; and
further that Mr. Hart should be asked to give another course of
six Lectures on Botany. This, with the Lectures already
arranged for on the program referred to (which has been printed
and is in the hands of Members) would complete the arrange-
ments for the year 1894.

To this report is appended a List of the Members of the
Institute. Should any inaccuracies be found in this List, the
Committee will be glad if they are brought to the notice of the
Secretary.

During the year the Institute has lost by death one Mem-
ber, the Honourable Henry Fowler, Colonial Secretary of
Trinidad. Mr. Fowler was one of the original subscribers to
the funds of the Institute. As Administrator of the Govern-
ment, he presided at several meetings of the Committee of
Management, and at a special general meeting of the Institute
held so lately as the 26th September, 1893. Mr. Fowler took
some interest in natural science — he collected Indian antiquities
in British Honduras, and also in Trinidad, and some specimens
collected by him are in the cases of the Museum. He died on
the 27 th November.

R, J. LECHMERE GUPPY.

VICTORIA INSTITUTE,

TRINIDAD,

1894 .

BYE-LAWS,

PART I.— The Board op Management.

1. — The Board of Management (hereinafter called the
Board) shall meet at the Victoria Museum on the last Wednes-
day in each month at half-past four o’clock in the afternoon, or
at such times as may from time to time be duly fixed.

2. — Not less than twelve hours’ notice of any meeting of the
Board shall be given by the Secretary to each member thereof.

3. — The nature of the business to be transacted at each
meeting shall be stated in the notice thereof.

4. — The quorum of the Board shall be four.

5. — No Bye-Law of the Board shall be repealed, suspended
or altered except at a meeting of the Board at which not less
than seven members are present.

PART II. — The Museum.

G- — The Museum shall be open every day from 8 till 6
o’clock, except Sundays, Christmas Day and Good Friday.

7 • — Admission to the public shall be free, except on such
days as the Board may from time to time order otherwise,

BYE-LAWS.

9

8. Visitors will be required to sign their name in the
Visitors Book kept at the Museum for that purpose.

9. — Every person committing any offence against good
order, or infringing any of the regulations made by the Board,

shall be liable to be removed summarily or otherwise dealt with.

*

10. — When the use of the Museum after the hour of six

o’clock in the evening shall be required for lectures, scientific
meetings or other purposes connected with the objects of the
Institute, the following payments shall be made to the funds of
the Institute : 1. Where the persons using the building are

members or associates, the sum of two shillings and sixpence,
which shall be paid to the caretaker as his fee. 2. Where the persons
using the building are not members or associates a sum of not
less than five shillings, as may be determined by the Board
in each case — such sum to include the caretaker’s fee of two
shillings and sixpence, and a further sum to defray the cost of
lighting and other expenses.

11. Application for the use of the Museum must be made
to the Secretary, who, on being satisfied that the objects of the
meeting are in accordance with the objects of the Victoria
Institute, may grant permission for such use. Otherwise, the
Secretary shall refer the matter to a meeting of the Board. In
any case, he shall report to the next meeting of the Board.

12. — All Members of the Institute whose subscriptions are
not in arrear have the right of attending all meetings and
lectures held or given in the Victoria Museum, and of making
use of the Library and Reading Room whenever the same shall
be open.

13. — Every Member pf the Institute shall have the privilege
of introducing one friend at evening meetings of the Institute,
on entering the name of such friend in a book to be kept for the
purpose,

10

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

14. — No stranger or non-member shall at any time be
introduced to any meeting or lecture, nor can any stranger make
use of the Library or Reading Room except in accordance
with bye-laws or rules and regulations made or approved by
the Board.

15. — The Board will receive as gifts or as a deposit on loan
objects of a kind suitable for exhibition in the Museum.

16. — Objects given to the Institute shall be recorded in a
book to be kept for that purpose by the Secretary and each gift
shall be duly acknowledged. All articles given to the Museum
shall form part of the general collection of the Institute and
shall be subject to all rules and regulations made from time to
time for the control, preservation and exhibition of the same.

17. — Articles deposited on loan can only be received or
removed subject to the regulations from time to time made in
respect of such articles.

18. — Persons depositing articles on loan must supply a
detailed inventory of such articles and such inventory shall be
filed by the Secretary. The condition of any articles shall where
necessary be noted in such inventory.

PART III. — Associates.

19. The Board may admit as associates any persons they
may think fit. Every such associate to pay annually the sum
of ten shillings due in advance on the 24th May in each year,
or if elected between 1st December and 1st May to pay five
shillings for the intervening period ; and ten shillings annually
thereafter.

20. — Subject to the assent of the Board any number of
associates may constitute themselves a separate branch or section
of the Institute and have regular nights for meeting. They may
also have the use of the building on special evenings, due con-
^deration being paid to the objects of the Institute Lad to the
claims of other branches or sections of the Institute.

BYE-LAWS.

11

21. — No associate shall have any voice in the management of
the Institute or in the election of members of the Board.

22. — No associate whose subscription is in arrear can be
present at any lecture or meeting of the Institute.

23. — Associates can withdraw from the Institute under
restrictions similar to those applicable to members under the
Articles of Association.

PART IV. — Lectures.

24. — The fee for admission of non-members to lectures given
under the auspices of the Institute shall be one shilling for each
person for each lecture or five shillings for each course of six
lectures.

25. — Every member of the Institute shall be entitled free of
charge to two tickets for each lecture.

26. — From time to time the Board shall appoint suitable
persons not exceeding at any time six in number to give lectures
in the following subjects.

I. Agriculture and Applied Science.

II. Geology.

III. Botany.

IV. Zoology.

V. Chemistry.

VI. History, Literature and Music.

27. — Each such Lecturer to give one or more courses of
six lectures each annually and to be allowed from the funds of
the Institute a sum of Five Dollars for each Lecture and an extra
sum of Five Dollars on the completion of a course of six lectures.

28. — All previous bye-laws are hereby repealed and rescinded.

The above Bye-laws were passed at a Meeting of the Committee ,
held on 7th February , 189 f

JOHN F, CHITTENDEN,

Secretary.

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

OF

The Victoria Institute of Trinidad .

(INCORPORATED.)

1. For the purpose of Registration, the number of members
of the Institute is declared to be unlimited.

2. These Articles shall be construed with reference to the
provisions of “ The Companies’ Ordinance, 1869,” and 11 The
Limited Companies’ Ordinance, 1890.” Terms used in these
Articles shall be taken as having the same meanings as they
have when used in those Ordinances.

3. The Institute is established for the objects set forth in
the Memorandum of Association.

4. The Institute shall be styled “ The Victoria Institute of
Trinidad (Incorporated).” It is herein, for brevity’s sake called

The Institute.”

THE BOARD OF MANAGEMENT.

5. The business of the Institute shall be* managed by a
Board to consist of the Patron (who shall be the Governor of
the Colony for the time being if he will consent to act) and
twelve members. The Governor shall be entitled to nominate
one member of the Board (being a member of the Institute)
for each £50 annually contributed by the Government to the

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION.

13

Funds of the Institute, exclusive of any sum granted bo the
Secretary as Correspondent of Imperial Institute, &c., such
nominated members not to exceed five. All other elections to
the Board shall be by vote at the Annual General Meeting,
except as provided in Article 7.

6. At the first and at each succeeding Annual General
Meeting of the Institute all the members of the Board shall
retire, but be eligible for re-election.

6. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the management,
the Board shall have power to fill such office until the next
Annual General Meeting of the Institute. But the Board shall
have full power to act notwithstanding any vacancy shall not
have been filled up.

8. The Board shall meet whenever convenient or necessary
and shall appoint such committees as it may deem expedient. It
may associate with such committees any member or members of
the Institute with full power to act and vote on those Committees.

9. The Patron or in his absence the President or one of
the Vice-Presidents, shall preside at all meetings of the Board
of Management. In the absence of the Patron, President and
Vice-Presidents the meeting shall elect a Chairman.

The Patron, President or Chairman of any meeting shall in
all cases in which the votes are equal have a casting vote in
addition to his original vote.

10. At each Annual Meeting the Board shall present a
Report of its proceedings and a statement of the accounts of the
Institute, audited, and signed by the President or Vice- Presi-
dents and Secretary, and in the absence of the President, or Vice-
President or both, then by the Secretary.

11. The Board shall have pow'er to appoint such officers as
way be found necessary for the due conduct of the business of

14

PROCEEDINGS eF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE,

the Association, with annual salaries or otherwise, to engage
professional assistance, and to remunerate all persons employed
by them ; and, subject to the provisions of the Memorandum of
Association and these Articles, to appoint their own meetings,
fix their own quorum, and regulate their own proceedings, to
manage and superintend the affairs of the Institute, and act in
the name of the Institute, and for that purpose to order the seal
of the Institute to be fixed to any Petition, Memorial, or other
Document, and generally to execute all powers and functions
of the Institute not hereby conferred upon General Meetings of
the Institute.

12. The Board shall have power to make, alter, or revoke
Bye-laws for carrying on the business of the Institute, provided
always that the Bye-laws in force shall not be repugnant to the
Memorandum of Association or Articles of Association.

lo. The Board shall have the sole disposal and control of all
revenues accruing to the Institute ; but if the liabilities exceed
the assets for three successive quarters, or the deficiency exceeds
one hundred pounds, the Governor shall have authority to assume
control of the expenditure, and to appoint an officer to supervise
the expenditure until such time as the accounts are brought to
an equal balance.

14. As soon as practicable after the Annual General Meet-
ing of the Institute Jhe Board shall meet and elect from among
themselves a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a
Treasurer. The election of the Secretary and Treasurer shall be
subject to the approval of the Governor and they shall hold
office during the pleasure of the Governor.

15. The Board shall have power to admit a class of
Associates with such privileges as the Board may from time to
time determine.

16. The Board may elect as correspondents such persons
not permanently resident in the Island as are likely to contribute
towards the advancement of the objects of the Institute.

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION.

15

MEMBERSHIP.

17. A candidate for Membership must be proposed by two
members, and must sign a written application for election and an
agreement to be bound, if elected, by the Memorandum and
Articles of Association. This application shall be brought before
the Board at their next or some subsequent meeting, and the
Board may admit the candidate as a member. Such admission
together with the payment of proper subscription, will con-
stitute membership. In case of serious misconduct his expul-
sion must be determined by a vote of two-thirds of Members
present at a General Meeting called for the purpose.

18. The annual contribution of every member of the Insti-
shall be five dollars. This amount shall be payable on election
and on the 24th day of May in each year : Provided that
Members elected after the 30th November in each year shall
only pay one half the above sum until the ensuing 24th of May,
upon which the full annual amount of contribution will become
due and payable. No member whose annual contribution is in
arrear for more than six months shall exercise any of the privi-
leges of membership until he has paid up all contributions due
by him.

19. Subscribers of £25 will be entitled to a life membership,
and subscribers of smaller sums to proportional jmivilege. This
will be retrospective in all cases where claims are recognized
within six months of the date of the opening of the Institute.

20. A member must give notice to the Secretary one month
before the expiration of his subscription year of his wish to
retire, or he will be liable for the subscription for the ensuing
year. Having given such notice and paid up all contributions
due by him he shall no longer be a member of the Institute.

16

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE.

21. There shall be an Annual General Meeting on such day
in each year, as the Board shall from time to time determine, to

(a.) Receive the Report of the Board of Management ;

(ft.) Receive the statement of accounts ;

(c.) Elect the Board of Management for ensuing year ;

(d.) Consider, and if necessary take action, with reference to
any business or motion of which due notice may have
been given, not being inconsistent with the Memoran-
dum and Articles of Association.

22. Special Meetings shall be convened by the Secretary (1)
whenever he may be instructed by the Board so to do, and
(2) on the requisition in writing of not fewer than six members
of the Institute. The requisition and notices shall state the
object of the meeting, and no other business shall be entertained.

23. Meetings of the Institute shall be presided over by the
Patron, President or Vice-President. In their absence the mem-
bers present shall elect a Chairman, who shall on all occasions,
have an additional or casting vote. Seven members shall form a
quorum.

24. No less than seven days’ notice of each meeting and its
objects shall be given to members in writing unless in cases of

special urgency, the necessity for which to be determined by the
Board.

^.5. Questions shall be determined by the majority of mem-
bers present and voting, unless a poll be demanded in writing
and signed by six of the members present, in which case a poll
shall be taken of the whole Institute.

26. A poll of the whole Institute shall be taken by means
of \ oting papers, sent to all members entitled to vote, by post,
to their registered addresses, and stating the question to be voted
upon, and the time, to be fixed by the Chairman of the meeting,

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION.

17

within which the voting papers are to be returned. Any voting
papers not returned within that time shall be rejected. The
voting papers shall be addressed to the Secretary to be laid
before the Board, and their Report which shall be final, shall
be communicated to the members, and shall be entered on the
Minutes.

27. No Resolution of any Annual Meeting, or of a Special
Meeting shall be rescinded except by Special Meeting convened
for that purpose.

28. The author of every paper published by the Institute
shall be entitled to have without charge twenty-five copies of
each such paper.

29. Lectures and Conversaziones and Entertainments may
be given in the rooms and under the management of the Institute,
and the Board of Management of the Institute shall have power
to make Rules and Regulations for such and for the admission
thereto of persons not being members of the Institute.

MINUTES.

30. Correct minutes of the proceedings of the Institute and
of the Board of Management shall be kept by the Secretary,
and such Minutes shall be open to the inspection of the members
at all convenient times.

ALTERATION OF ARTICLES.

31. These Articles may be altered by Special Resolution of
the Institute, passed according to the provisions or 1 me
Companies’ Ordinance, 1869.'’

^ ■

■

Memorandum of Association

OF

The Victoria Institute of Trinidad .

(INCORPORATED.)

1. The name of the Association shall be “The Victoria
Institute of Trinidad (Incorporated) 75 hereinafter called “The
Institute.”

2. The registered office of the Institute shall be the “ Vic-
toria Museum.”

3. The objects for which the Institute is established, are

(a.) The collection and diffusion of information on
Agricultural, Commercial and Scientific Subjects.

(b.) The formation and maintenance of a Museum of
Agricultural and Commercial Products, raw and
manufactured, including a depot for the trans-
mission of samples to the Imperial Institute and to
International and Intercolonial Exhibitions.

(c.) The formation and maintenance of a Museum of
Natural History, and of the Arts and Sciences.

(d.) The establishment and maintenance of rooms for
the use of the Medical Board, the Agricultural
Board, and of the Science and Art Department of
the Institute, subject to such conditions and terms
as may be from time to time determined upon by

MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION.

19

the Committee. Such rooms to be available for
Meetings and Lectures, under the Regulations and
Bye-laws of the Institute, and to acquire and hold
such lands as may be necessary for the above
purpose.

(e.) The publication periodically or otherwise of a
J ournal or other papers with a view to carry out
the indications under Sub-head (a).

(f) The doing of all such other things as may be con-
ducive to the extension, or incidental to the
attainment of the above objects.

4. The Income and Property of the Institute from whatever
source derived shall be applied solely towards the promotion of
the objects of the Institute as hereinbefore set forth. No por-
tion thereof shall be paid or transferred directly or indirectly by
way of dividend, bonus or otherwise howsoever by way of profit
to the members of the Institute. Provided that it shall never-
theless be lawful for the Institute to pay such salaries or other
remuneration as may be duly authorized to the officers and ser-

them to the Institute.

b. The preceding paragraph contains the condition on which
a License is granted by the Governor to the Institute under
The Limited Companies’ Ordinance, 1890.”

6. The building with its furniture and all properties therein
contained shall be vested in the Board of Management as trustees
for the public.

' * -ff upon the winding up or dissolution of the Institute
there remains after the satisfaction of all its debts and liabilities
ai1 y property whatsoever, the same shall not be paid to or dis-

20 PROCEEDINGS OP THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

tributed among the members of the Institute, but shall be given
or transferred to seme other Institution or Institutions having
objects similar to the objects of the Institute to be determined by
the members of the Institute at or before the time of dissolution,
or in default thereof, by the Governor in Executive Council.

8. Accounts shall be kept of the receipts and expenditure of
the Institute by the Secretary, and of the matters in respect of
which such receipts and expenditure take place ; and of the
property, credits and liabilities of the Institute ; and these
accounts together with all necessary vouchers in support thereof
subject to any reasonable restriction, in respect of the time and
manner of such inspection shall be open to the inspection of any
member.

9. The Accounts of the Institute shall be examined and
audited once at least in every year, and the correctness of the
balance-sheet ascertained and certified by two Auditors annually
elected by the members of the Institute.

BALANCE SHEET, 1893,

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22

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

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; ,D TJ ^ d A

Report of the Committee of the
Victoria Institute

For the year ending 31st December , 1892 .

The Committee has the honour to present the first annual
lp poit on the working of the Victoria Institute.

The inception of the present scheme dates back to June,
^ hen Sir W illiam Robinson, K.C.M.G., proposed to mark
the Juoilee of Her Majesty’s reign by the foundation of an In-

stitute for the

encouragment of commerce, agriculture, art, etc.

ail( i to provide a Museum for the permanent exhibition of our
Jmmercial samples, Natural History, Geological, and Minera-
® lcal s P 8c imens and other productions of the country, and to
1 ' JVl de a Meeting place for scientific societies and other bodies
teiesbed in the welfare and prosperity of the Island.

Subf

and

scriptions were invited by Sir W. Robinson, K.C.M.G.,
sum amounting to $3,918.52 was received, from persons
^ tested or resident in the Colony, and deposited in the
w] >n ^ a ^ T* ail k. The sum having fallen short of that expected
n the scheme was originally proposed, it was decided to make

a be

ginning with the funds in hand, and the following gentlemen
SCri J ed to the Articles and Memorandum of Association, and
0 q' ee GC ^ i neor porate themselves under the Companies
finances, 1869 and 1890

H Ro 'oins°n., K.C.M.G.
1 i T^ mann > Esq.

Er U I^ Wilson - C.M.G.

]j j • Chittenden.

Edo. ar T Gu PPy> Esq.

H o Tn PP> Esq.

Car aceiolo, Esq.

J. H. Hart, Esq., E.L.S.

Prof. Carmody, F.I.C., E.C.S.
Syl. Devenish, Esq., M.A.

C. W. Meaden, Esq.

The Hon. Eugene Cipriani.

L. A. Seheult, Esq.

L. de Verteuil, Esq.

24

PROCEEDINGS eF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

Having obtained a site from the Government on lease for
99 years at a nominal rental this Committee proceeded to erect
a suitable building.

The designs and estimates of Messrs. Turnbull, Stewart &
Co., were approved, and a sum of $6,600 was agreed to be paid
for the building, and the opening ceremony took place on the
17th September, 1892.

A sum of $3,980 ha 3 been paid on account of the building,
and a balance of about $2,800 remains to be paid. An agree-
ment has been made with the Government by which a loan of
£500 will be obtained towards the payment of this balance.

The Institute may at present be said to include undci
different sections the local branch of the British Medical
Association, the Central Agricultural Board, the Trinidad I ield
Naturalists’ Club, the Musical Society and the Literary Societ).

The Museum contains the Leotaud collection of birds, the
Keate collection of East Indian Shells, formerly deposited in the
Council Chamber, and the collection of the Field Naturalists
Club.

Various scientific and literary journals have been received,
and are laid on the table of the reading room.

Up to the time of the opening of the building the only
members of the Institute were the original subscribers, and the
subscribers to the Articles of Association. Since that date
several members have been elected.

Every effort has been made by means of advertisements and
direct application to call the attention of original subscribers to
the privilege of membership as laid down in the Articles of
Association, but with two or three exceptions no reply has been
received.

It is contemplated during the current year to institute a
course of readings on various subjects.

A list of donations to the Museum will be included in the
next report.

JNO. F. CHITTENDEN.

Balance Sheet for the Year ended 81st December , 1892.

ANNUAL BALANCE SHEET, 1892.

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Memo by A uditcr.— Counterfoils of subscriptions received to be produced. Item marked (f) no voucher.

Proceedings of the Victoria Institute.

Monday, 4th September, 1893.

Sylvester Devenish , M.A ., Vice-President , in the Chair.

The Secretary (R. J. L. Guppy) made a statement
explanatory of the scheme of lectures and meetings approved of
by the Committee of Management. There were to be six courses
of six lectures each annually on Agriculture, Chemistry, Zoology,
Botany, Geology, and on History, Literature and Music. There
were also to be twelve evening meetings annually for the
discussion of scientific and practical questions — at these meetings
original papers might be read and objects exhibited.

The speaker then pointed out the immense advantages
derived from the cultivation of a knowledge of nature and of the
laws and properties of forces and objects. The student of nature
pursues knowledge for the gratification he obtains from it and
not from the hope of any material reward. His results often of
great value he makes a present of to the practical man. The cost
of the hobbies of the student are repaid a thousand-fold by his
discoveries. As an instance of this among many others the
speaker referred to the observations of zoologists that birds of
prey were useful and not injurious to man — the experience of
Scotch farmers had proved this. A book prepared by the United
States Ornithological department showing the habits of owls and
hawks was exhibited in further support of the statement.

Monday, 2nd October 1893.

Sylvester Devenish , M.A., Vice-President in the Chair .
The following paper was read ; —

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSKA USED AS FOOD IN
TRINIDAD. •

By R. J. Lechmeke Guppy.

I have thought that a short paper on the Mollusks used as
food in Trinidad might not be altogether devoid of interest for
the members of this Institute. I have therefore put together
roughly these few imperfect notes on the subject and they may
be considered a sort of supplement to the papers I have written
on. the Molluska of Trinidad.

The use of Molluska as an article of food no doubt extends
to the highest antiquity. Of the Molluska generally it may be
said that they are all eatable but their degrees of palatability are
very varied. One species of periwinkle cannot be eaten because
it is viviparous and the young have a hard shell before birth.
The Roman snail {Helix pomatia ) was formerly considered a
delicacy ; in Europe it is indeed still eaten in large numbers.
Whelks, periwinkles and mussels are sold in immense quantites
in London and other large towns and they form a wholesome and
cheap food. So also the cockle and the ormer ( lialiotis ) are
largely consumed. The scallop is more of a luxury not being
quite so abundant. I have not mentioned the oyster yet, it is
always placed first in the list in point of gastronomical interest.
But so it is in price and hence in Europe, it is the rich man’s and
not the poor man’s Mollusk— England cannot, supply her own
market in this article and the shores of foreign countries includ-
ing those of Portugal and North America have to be laid under
contribution to supply her wants.

Land shells are not I believe consumed in England. They
S L11 find favor on the continent of Europe, though the} aie
as fashionable as they once were. The favorite snail of

2S

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

Romans, Helix pomatia, is not found commonly in Britain, but
Hdix adspersa is : and of this snail a French writer (M. Tou-
px.Oj.ley i ells us that an average of 60,000 are consumed in four
months of each year by a population of 18,000, and this number
at 40 centimes the hundred (a price he has never known to vary)
comes to 2,400 francs. According to his opinion which appears
to he shared by many persons no other dish is so excellent as one
of these snails arrange' d la bordelaise . These snails are
co. lecmd in the He de Re duringthe vine harvest or afterwards,
and the vine planter takes as much care to collect his snails as
he does with his grapes. But M. Toupiolle did not find this
same species of snail so palatable when collected in any other
than his native part of France (the He de Re before mentioned).
He concludes by saying that at the time of writing he had already
laid in his Winter store of snails and his two meals a day con-
sisted solely of this delicacy.

Bm I must come nearer home for if I were to dilate to you
upon the consumption of Mollusks in Europe I should exhaust
my time and your patience. I know little of what the modern
inhabitants of North America think of Molluska as an article of
xxl oeyond the oyster and the clam which are both marine and
occtvoion ally imported here, the former in ice and the latter
m tins. But there is no necessity for any such importation as
1m. e plenty of our own. of quality equal or superior to the
ore Li article. Of oysters w r e have two or three kinds — I will
ait , emme ._o call them species — the smaller of these are probably
. y( ^ ^ Uu somehow one does not get them in town as good as
iewmndo and elsewhere, and this may possibly be because

^ t 1 as fresh. The poorer classes seem to have a

prejudice against the oyster as food— yet in others of the West
Blancis it is freely consumed, as we learn from a paper by
T ’ >etlU 011 tae ec ^ e Molluska of Guadeloupe and Martinique.

deheious mollusk 1 have ever eaten is Asaphis deflorata
1 * n ^ eau ,s Paper as Capsa rugosci ; he does not think

i y of it, possibly it may be on account of its abundance at

GUPPY EDIBLE MOLLUSKA.

29

cc

Martinique. However this mollusk, like all others except the
oyster, requires to be well cooked to he palatable. Some other
bivalves are common in the market, notably Mytilus brcisiliensis
and Venus granulata. These are plentiful on muddy bottoms in
the Gulf. Other species of Venus are eaten, but are not found in
quantity. The North American clams belong to the genus Venus,
though placed by some systematists in a separate division ”(or
subgenus) from our species. The chipchip (Donate) miscalled
Tngonia by E. L. Joseph and (following him) by Kingsley, is
largely harvested on sandy beaches. The origin of the error in
the name doubtless is that one of our bivalves common on the
east coast but rare in the Gulf belongs to a group called Trigona,
but I have not ascertained that it is eaten nor does it live between
tide marks as the Donate does. A portion of the sea beach
between the Nariva Cocal and the mouth of the Ortoire is chiefly
composed of fragments of this bivalve washed up from below low
water mark. It is a very different shell from Trigonia which in
the living state is confined to Australian seas though in former
geologic ages its distribution was world-wide, including the West
Indies and Europe.

The large bivalve named Pinna is collected for food chiefly
in the neighbourhood of San Fernando. I have never met with
anyone who could give me any account of its qualities. The
commoner bivalves of which I have already spoken though not
great delicacies, yet are sufficiently palatable to form an occa-
sional dish at our tables. Some of them are greatly improved by
being kept in salt water for a time that they may rid themselves
of the sand they ingest with their food.

Among univalves those most commonly used as food here
are Pyrula melongcnci and P. morio. I do not And that these
are as good eating as the bivalves.

Nearly all the freshwater molluska And consumers. The
large Ampullaria urceus is devoured in quantities by the country
people and if the smaller kinds such as Amp. effusci and cornu -

30

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

ai ietis are less sought after it is principally because the quan-
tity of food they yield is less. I am told that our only large
freshwater bivalve ( Anodon leotaudi) is also eaten in quantity
but I have never had the luck to see more than two full sized
specimens during all the years I have hunted moluska.

* ^ tim no ^ aware that our land shells are eaten. Trne they
are not \ ery common, with the exception of those of small size
which v ould not be worth while collecting for food. The most
abundant of a sufficient size are three species of Bulimus ; the
large Bulimus oblongus is the first of these. Doubtless it was
eaten heie in former times as it still is on the continent. Drouet
in his account of the mollusks of French Guiana says (on the
report of M. Eyries) qiie la chair est passablement comacS niais
il declare lux avoir trouve un gout aromatique asset agr Sable,
The othei two, Bulimus (Orthalicus) undatus and Bulimus vin-
centinus would no doubt be palatable eating, but I have no infor-
mation on the point.

On the 8th January, 1864, I read to the Scientific Associa-
° n in id ad a jiaper on a shell deposit near the road from

oit of Spain to St. Joseph. This shell deposit had been noticed
the Geological Report on Trinidad and had been considered to
a raised beach. An examination of it, however, had led me to
_ * e ' 6 ^ WaS ra ^ ier a kitchen-midding of the aborigines.

eposn has now entirely disappeared — it occupied the site
o w at is now the Government quarry at Laventille, a little
urther out from town than the sawmill. I gave a list of the
luskan remains in this deposit and as it shows pretty well

* u i • S ^ ec ^ es were in demand as food among the former
it ants of the island, I reproduce it with some correction : —

Pyrulamelongena Venus flexuosa

3 j mono „ .

i 3 » . , . „ cancellata

Tasciolaria tulipa t ,

Purpura bispinosa ”

Tritonidea auriculata n P ec orma

Donax dentieulata Ostrea frona

, . Area listen

» striata

GUPPY" — EDIBLE MOLLUSKA.

31

In my paper on the Tertiary Microzoic Rocks of Trim a
I referred parenthetically to a question that had more t an once
been put to me as to the nature and origin of the shells oun
scattered over the surface of the soil in Naparima and ot er pai s
of Trinidad. These are generally recent shells an av « , n0
connexion with the formations on which they are founc . 1 '

luska taken on or near the shore have been came, up
country for food and the shells have been thrown about. In

few cases fossil shells are found on the surface, but this occurs

only where there is some exposure of a shell-bearing stratum and
although in a few instances this happens the most common ong‘
of the shell-heaps and scattered shells found here and there
throughout the country is that I have indicated.

Specimens of the dentition of various mollusks were exhibited

under microscope; also specimens of the molluska mentioned

in the paper as used for food.

32.

PROCEEDINGS eF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

Monday, 6tii November, 1893.

Sylvester Devenish, M.A . , Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following paper was read : — /

ON VENTILATION IN THE TROPICS.

By J. H. Hart, F.L.S.

In approaching this subject, it may be thought by some
that it can hardly have come within my sphere of study. Some
apology is due to members therefore, to show my reason for
taking up and dealing with such a subject.

Although the subject of ventilation is one which is generally
considered to belong to the Builder, the Architect, the ' San-
itary Engineer, or the Medical Officer, yet as a Horticulturist,
who had for many years to deal with the ventilating of structures
into which it was essential that a free current of air should be
maintained as well as a given temperature, I claim it can be
shown that ere we can properly understand our work, we must
ha\ e, not only a practical but a theoretical knowledge of the
principles of ventilation, for without such knowledge, plant
culture, especially under the artificial conditions which exist in
temperate climates, must prove a lamentable failure. In fact, the
only successful men are found to be those who have a thorough
knowledge of the principles and practice of ventilation. If it be
asked, what has this to do with tropical ventilation ? I reply that
a entilation of the kind I have stated, is carried on with the greatest
delicacy of tieatment in structures where a tropical climate is
maintained night and day. S 0 that in fact although I did not
actually reside in the tropics until 1875, still from the year 1862
o. 31 years ago, my experience in connection with the practice of
ventilation and a tropical climate, first commenced.

Th^ ventilation of structures covering or containing an
artificial tiopical climate is necessary for many reasons. 1st plants
o not thrive in a place where the air is stagnant or still. The
son is easily seen when you remember the am all quantity

II A RT V UNTIL AT I ON

33

of Carbon dioxide and other elements contained in a en al1
space, showing that numerous cubic feet of air arc necessary to
pass in currents over the surface of the leaves to allow of the
Carbon dioxide being abstracted, for use in their internal

economy.

Ventilation is also necessary to remove any noxious gases
that may arise from decomposing or heated material inside the
structure or from any accumulations of vitiated air generated b)
the heating apparatus or other causes. I have seen nitrogen in
the form of ammonia completely destroy the young leaves of the
£ ra pe vine in a single night, and where fermenting material is
u ^ed for any purpose, it is essentially necessary that the system
°f ventilation should be sufficient to remove any of these gases
which may arise in. excess of the actual requirements of cultiva-
tion for although nitrogen in excess is pernicious, it is known to the
cultivator that the presence of free ammonia in suitable quan-
tities tends greatly to the healthy development of plants, and in
Horticultural structures is freely applied in an artificial manner.
To sum up, ventilation is necessary to preserve the health of
plants, to assist their growth, to avert any danger which may
ar * se through the absorption of noxious gases, and to maintain
an equable temperature suited generally to their development.

In the same way that ventilation is necessary to plant life,
80 a lso is it necessary to human or animal life and for the exactly
the same reasons (viz.) to preserve the health, to supply the gases
111 due proportion necessary to the existence of life— to avert
danger through the inhalation of noxious gases, and to maintain
ari equable temperature suitable for the comfort of the body.

Thus it is seen that ventilation is as necessary to plants as
to animals, the gases which are necessary to plants are those
expired by animals, and the gases given olf by plants are necessary
to animals, the animal being dependent on the vegetable and the
vegetable being dependent on the animal, together with the
mineral kingdom, for its supplies.

34

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

The ways and means of ventilating plant structures are
many, but there are cases where they remain inoperative, are bad
in plan, or prove ineffective, through improper application of
them.

Tiie chief agent in ventilation, causing the movement of air,
is heat. It is a well known axiom that heated air rises and cold
air descends, and it is upon this principle that the ventilation of
Horticultural structures and dwelling houses should be carried
out.

Perhaps it would be improper for me to condemn in strong
terms the general plan of buildings found in Trinidad. Yet, if
they are examined, with a view of testing their system of venti-
lation I fear that many would prove defective. In fact tho
builder (in numerous cases) following in the main the teachings
of European architecture, succeeds in erecting buildings, which
for a tropical climate are merely so many heat traps and models
of discomfort -although quite suitable for other countries.

I do not say this is the case everywhere, but I would point
om that this styie of l)uilding is much too general in this Island.
I have seen a building put up in Trinidad, in which I should be
sorry to condemn even a cat to li ve, much less a human being.

Ii we build a roof on the following plan, (shewn on Black-
board) we have what I should call, a very efficient heat trap, and
one wmeh could not be better devised for •accumulating and
storing heat, for it is impossible to imagine hew at any other
time than during a strong breeze, the heated air could escape fast
enough to render the building comfortable. Apologies for this
kind of construction, and which admit its faults, are found in the
tiny dormer windows which are placed (it is said) for purposes of
ventilation, as the roof surface can easily be proved (by recording
the temperature) to be several degrees higher than it should be.
Again I have heard an engineer say, “Oh, ceil the room and then
it will be alrignt.” Ceiling certainly tones down the effect of the

II ART VENT! L ATI OX.

35

cone of heated air which is so often boxed up in the apex of the
roof like the heated salamander of a French cook over an omelet.

That roofs closed at the apex arc not suited to tropical
climates, can also be readily proved.

The Horticulturist who deals with structures which are
partly heated by artificial means, and partly by the sun, has to
provide means whereby be can regulate the temperature within
one or two degrees Fahrenheit, notwithstanding a sudden outburst
of the sun, perhaps on a clouded day, when he has had to keep
his heating apparatus going to maintain the temperature ; which
outburst would without ventilation result in a rapid rise of
temperature. To obviate this difficulty he has to have resource
to ventilation, which he first affords, where ? At the base of his
building, “Oh, no ! his thermometer tells him better V He first
allows the heated air to escape, and makes at the same time
provision for the admission of cooler air by establishing a gentle
downward current. Affording an outlet to the heated air at the
apex of the roof causes but little draught (as great a danger to
the health of plants as to that of animals) but only so much as
can be drawn in by the openings afforded in the lower part of the
house — or by the counter downward current of cool air which is
sure to enter by the opening at the top of the roof.

Ventilation, by its. allowing a passage of air and causing
evaporation, produces a cooling effect upon the atmosphere of a
dwelling — but any direct ventilation which causes a strong current,
of air through a room in one direction is to he avoided as danger-
ous as it abstracts too great an amount of heat from uncovered or
covered parts of the body, or surface of plants, and is apt to cause
the individual who sits in such a position to “ take cold” and the
plant to he what Horticulturists call “ chilled.” If therefore we
are not to use such currents, what is the next best thing to do.
Such currents we know are quite too common, being the result
of construction being left to persons unacquainted with the
first principles of ventilation.

36

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

Sometimes the contractor, willing to carry out his order,
lias as a matter of economy to neglect affording proper ventila-
tion, but we fear in a great many instances the blame is to be
attached to the proprietor or owner, and his own indifference in
these matters, when giving orders to the builder results in bad
ventilation.

In some institutions in neighbouring colonies the principles
of ventilation adopted are those which I should most strongly
advocate in all tropical countries, namely roof ventilation at the
highest point. (Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Hospitals, etc.)

This system is being adopted in Port-of-Spain in the larger
Merchant’s stores, as a matter of necessity, shown by the large
lantern roof provided, but why not in our private dwellings, as
well as in the trading place of the Merchant?

The early Spanish colonists understood the building of com"
fort able dwellings much better than colonists of the present day 5
and the Spanish Casa is to-day a cool and comfortable resting place
while a few yards distant, the house of the modern colonist is as
I said be i ore a model of discomfort — and yet the house of the
Spanish colonist has not the appearance at first sight of being
well ventilated — but if examined we find that it really is well
and scientifically ventilated.

The House is built in foim of a quadrangle ( described on
blackboard ). 3 his affords shelter from sun or wind at any time of

of the day, and from any point of the compass. The rafters of
the roof arc first covered, as described by Dr. Chittenden in a
recent article on “ Margarita,” with a covering of canes, of the kind
known in Trinidad as “ wild canes’* or white Roseau (Andro.
2 )ogon Sacchar aides ) — over this a covering of clay, and on this the
ridge and furrow red tiles are used, which are raised in places to
afford ventilation between the tiles and the clay, so that the heat
of the sun never penetrates through the roof, thus avoiding
the deadly pall of heated air which would otherwise accumulate
at times when the sun is shining.

HART VENTILATION.

37

Contrast the Spanish system with ours. They have a shaded
open court yard admirably suited for creating a rising whirl-
pool of air and they have a deliciously cool shaded retreat, within
a roof secured from the heat of the sun.

Dwellings in Trinidad have none or but few roof openings,
as a rule ; they have but the shade of outside galleries, and
the roofs are constructed with the heat attracting black slate
which is closely nailed to the lathed or close boarded rafter
frame, without a particle of ventilation, or in some cases, but a
very poor attempt at it.

I said in describing the Spanish court yard, that it created
a “whirlpool of air.” This may be rather a curious expression
but it is the best which I can think of. There is certainly in
these places a whirl-pool or cyclone of ascending air and I think
I may say without contradiction that this is the best form of
tropical ventilation, namely, that which is created by a gentle,
though rapidly ascending current of air — formed by a circling
motion. If we observe carefully in our daily walks we shall find
in the tropics that such currents are common out-door occur-
rences, and I am of opinion that the nearer we can imitate them
artificially for the ventilation of our homes, the greater comfort
we shall attain.

The reason of the creation of these currents will probably be
given by some lecturer later on when treating on Physics or on
Meteorology ; but I shall not attempt it to-night— but will con-
clude with giving you my ideal of a house ventilated for use as a
habitation in a tropical climate* — ventilation as shown in the
Stevenson’s screens shows how a fail' estimate of the outside tem-
perature of the air can be obtained.

This screen, although by no means perfect, has been almost
generally adopted by Meteorologists, as the best extant ; and

*Here the author described a house with a roof opening at the top
with spiral mechanical ventilations and double roof and drew a sketch on
the blackboard.

38

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

being made of the same size, the results obtained from the en-
closed thermometers are directly comparable ; which is of the
highest importance when recording temperatures.

We often hear our friends say “ oh, it was 92 J downtown
to-day — what was it at the Gardens?” — our reply is generally that
it is much lower — “oh, but then St. Anne’s is cooler.”— “No, my
friend, I don’t think St. Anne’s is cooler when we consider the
general heat contained in the air, but St. Anne’s is certainly
cooler when we consider the radiated heat of the many buildings
which Port-of-Spain contains.”

The temperature shown by a thermometer in a building greatly
depends upon the position in which it is placed, and two similar
thermometers which read when 'placed side by side exactly the
same, will, when put into different buildings read different degrees
of heat, simply owing to the fact that they are placed in positions
not comparable, but when placed in a Stevenson’s screen, the
real temperature, that is to say, the temperature of the air, mixed
with the radiated heat of the earth’s surface, is more correctly
ascertained.

The temperature of the Stevenson’s screen being lower, shows
that the system on which it is built gives a due amount of venti-
lation, and we are thus shown that with a certain amount of
ventilation given in a proper manner we can render our dwellings
much more comfortable and conducive to health.

Direct sunshine should never be allowed to enter any part
of a house, except during the very early morning or evening,
when the rays are not powerful enough to raise the temperature
to any appreciable extent.

Correct currents of air can be maintained through a house
if the system followed by the Stevenson’s screen is adopted,
without creating any discomfort to the inmates, and a cooler
temperature can be maintained without aff actual or direct
draught. Where the single jalousie creates a distinct draught or
straight current, the double jalousie creates a circulating current

II ART VENT! L ATION

39

which should be the ruling idea in all ventilation either for
dwellings, public offices, plant structures, places of business, or
even the prison cell.

I again apologize for bringing this subject to your notice,
bat I feel that it is .a neglected one, and one to which greater
attention should be given, and if given I am satisfied that
European and other residents would in general maintain better
health. The facts are it is not the climate alone, but the way
we adapt ourselves to the conditions which surround us, which at
times have a most pernicious effect upon the health in the tropics.
The effect being, not from the heat actually, but from the way
in which we accept the inevitable parts of our immediate sur-
roundings as being at variance with early training and conse-
quently make ourselves uncomfortable and unhappy, when apleasant
acquiescence in tropical customs would render life more enjoyable
and the climate would then be deemed more healthy.
Ventilation is necessary especial!} 7 in the tropics in the basements
oi dwellings to prevent the growth of destructive fungi which
causes the wood to “ dry rot.” This air from the basement should
never be carried into the d wellings, but the entrances should be
effected ata higher level, as air at the surface of the earth is likely to
contain more pernicious gases than that taken from a higher level.

1 have brought the subject forward with a view of raising
discussion, and I am well aware that I have treated it very im-
perfectly, but it is a subject in which everyone is interested as it
affects us all, and I trust that if no good arises from my few
•remarks, more may arise from a better ventilation of the subject.

40

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

Monday, 4tii December, 1893.

Sylvester Demnish , ALA., Vice-President , in the Chair.

The following ]3aper was read :

NOTES ON THE STUDY OF BUTTERFLIES.

By Beaven Rake, M.D.

The object, as I understand it, of the pajDers which are read
at the Victoria Institute on the first Monday in each month is
not so much to present any comprehensive or systematic view of
a subject, as to suggest a few thoughts or relate a few facts or
observations which may provoke discussion. [ must therefore
ask the indulgence of any entomologists who may be present
if my remarks to night appear somewhat threadbare and
fragmentary.

Butterflies have always been loved by the painter and the
poet, and to the Naturalist and Scientist they are especially
interesting from the illustration they afford of various natural
laws. Thus the same species may be widely distributed over the
earth s surface, showing only slight variations brought about by
differences of climate, of soil or of food material.

In the Himalayas I noticed that among the commonest
butterflies were the Clouded Yellowand the Painted Lady, insects
which I had last seen on the Hampshire downs. I was also
agreeably surprised one day by a member of the beautiful genus
Parnassius , which took me back to a ramble through one of the
Norwegian valleys, when Parnassius Apollo was one of the insects
recorded in my note book. Only a few weeks ago near Chicago
I noticed a Danais which evidently came very near our Trinidad
species, and flying over the falls at Niagara was a specimen of
the Camberwell Beauty, esteemed such a rarity in England.
Charles Kingsley, in one of those short essays which he knew
so well how to write, calls attention to the relation between
geological formation and certain rare plants, thus explaining
theii apparently erratic distribution in the British Isles, His

RAKE — BUTTERFLIES'.

41

remarks apply also to butterflies, for though the larvae of many
butterflies have two or three food plants, it is usually the case
that each species of larva feeds on one particular species of plant.
It is thus evident that the distribution of butterflies must be
indirectly affected by geological formation. This is a very large
subject, and one that requires very careful observations and
systematic field notes on the part of naturalists.

My object, however, to-night is to bring before you a few
rough notes on the habits of Trinidad butterflies, in the hope
that I may learn something from the discussion which follows,
and that I may perhaps stimulate more members to study this most
interesting section of the Lepidoptera.

The tendency of modern scientific research is to break down
existing barriers and to show that alleged distinctions between
groups in the animal kingdom are purely artificial. This is well
illustrated in the case of butterflies and moths.

The classical distinguishing features of butterflies are three
in number :

1. The antenna? end in a more or less gradually formed

club.

2. The fore and hind wings are not linked together by a

bristle at the base.

3. The flight is generally diurnal.

With reference to the first and third distinctions it is only
necessary to refer to two common Trinidad moths. We all know
the beautiful Urania leilus or Green Page, whose green and gold
bands flash in the sun as it flies swiftly over cane fields and
savannahs. This insect was regarded by the older writers as a
butterfly, for it has thickened antenme and it always flies by day.
It is now placed among the moths.

The second insect is also well known as the banana sucker
( Castnia liens). It may often be seen darting about by the road
side with a peculiar erratic flight. It has large clubs at the
ends of the antenna? and is a day flyer. The larva does much

42

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

damage to bananas. This insect was also long regarded as a
butterfly, but is now placed among the moths in the family
Castniidce next to the Urctniidce.

Many other examples of day flying moths with thickened or
clubbed antennae might be given, e.g., several of the Sphinges or
Hawk moths and the beautiful little Burnet moths often seen in
English pastures.

The second distinction also does not separate butterflies from
moths, for in many moths the fore and hind wings are not linked
together by a bristle at the base.

It is thus evident that there is no hard and fast line between
these two groups, but for the present it is convenient to include
the first five families of Lepidoptera under the term Butterflies.

We may now briefly consider these five families as they
occur in Trinidad.

The first and lowest family of butterflies is known as the
JTymphalidce, and is distinguished by the fact that the front pair
of legs is more or less rudimentary. This is by far the largest
family of butterflies and includes nearly half the known species.
It is therefore not surprising that in Trinidad we find it very
largely represented.

In the lowest sub-family is the common Danais or Marti-
nique Soldier as it is called locally. This butterfly may often
be seen flitting lazily over grass land. It has a very slender body
and broad, tawny wings. Two species arc at present known in

Trinidad.

Other genera belonging to this sub-family and well repre-
sented here are Ithomia and Tithorea. The former includes those
small delicate butterflies with narrow wings so often seen flit-
ting feebly through woods and shady places. One species is
quite transparent and is seen with difficulty against the dark
foliage and under-growth where it- is usually found. Tithorea
includes two species — harmonia and flavescens. The latter was

RAKE — BUTTERFLIES.

43

first named by Mr. Kirby from specimens sent home by Mr.
Broadway. It is locally known as the Sweet Oil. Both species
are striped with yellow and black and are often seen flying
round clumps of bamboos. They appear to mimic the dead yellow
leaves of the bamboo, and with these leaves as a back ground
they are often difficult to make out.

Mechanitis polymnia is another exceedinglycommonand vari-
able butterfly belonging to this group, and is found in the same
localities as the two preceding genera. It is about the size of
Ithomia and has yellow and black markings somewhat like those
of Tithcrea.

All this group of Danaince has a pungent odour which
renders them distasteful to birds. For this reason they are
mimicked by many other species of butterflies which are without
this protective smell, and which would otherwise fall easy victims
to their enemies.

The next sub-family is that of the Satyrince , well known in
Europe by its common representatives, the Meadow Brown, Gray-
ling and Ringlets. In Trinidad it is represented by three genera —
Euptychia, T ay yetis and Pierella. Eupiychia must be familiar
to us all from its common example, the little dingy brown butter-
fly with eyes of various sizes on the under surface of the wings
which comes down in such numbers to feed on decaying mangoes
or other fruit. There are many species of Euptychia in Trinidad,
some of them with a beautiful steel blue sheen on the wings,
others marked with white, but all of them with eyes on the
under surface.

Pay yetis includes the larger dark brown butterflies which
come out in the dusk and are found flying through shady brush
wood. One of the commonest species — Taygelis Andromeda — is
locally known as Night. There are several other species here.

Of the genus Pierella we have one species — dracontis. It
is an insect of rare beauty. The fore wings are dingy brown,
but the hind ones are wonderfully dappled with blue, black and

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

'white. It is usually found under cacao trees, darting in and out
of the bushes with rapidity. When settled on the dead cacao
leaves it is almost impossible to distinguish it. These remarks
apply to most of the Satyr ince in Trinidad. They are well protected
when at rest, by the harmony of their colour with that of the
dead leaves on which they settle, and added to this their flight is
so uncertain and so cleverly arranged in and out of the low brush-
wood among which they live, that to the collector they seem
endowed with preternatural intelligence.

The next two sub-families — the Morphinoe and Brassolince
much resemble one another. The former is represented in
Trinidad by the beautiful Morpho Peleides which is so often seen
flying along shady streams or roads, its wings of electric blue
flashing in the gleams of sunshine which penetrate the foliage
overhead.

The Brassolince are confined to tropical America. They are
represented in this island by three species of Caliga, a significant
fact which is only one of the many indications that Trinidad is
a part of the American Continent. These butterflies are popularly
known here as Owls. They fly alongjthe roadsides in the dusk
apparently lazily, but when pursued their flight quickens with
remarkable rapidity. I found them especially common in the
Naparima cane fields. The Caligos are large insects very like
the Morpkos, but far less brilliant. They are generally
brown, more or less suffused with blue or purple. On the under
surface of the hind wings are large and handsome eyes.

The sub-family Acrceince may be passed over, as it only
contains one Trinidad species of no particular interest.

The Heliconince are a very interesting sub-family. A very
common Trinidad representative is Heliconius melpomene. It is
a black, narrow winged insect with a broad red band across the
fore wings. The caterpillars of this butterfly are very destructive.
I nearly lost a passijiora from their ravages and it was not till I
had noticed that Heliconius melpomene was constantly hovering

RAKE — BUTTERFLIES

45

about the plant, that I was able, by destroying the parent insect
to prevent further damage.

The Eeliconince have a feeble flight and being without
a pungent flavour protect themselves against birds by mimicking
the Danaince. Thus Heliconius eucrate mimics Mechanitis
polymnia .

The last sub-family of JVywiphalidoe is the Eymphrilince.
Its members are so numerous that I can only refer to a few of
the more conspicuous ones.

First we have the handsome Dione vanillce, or Flambeau as
it is called here, which resembles the European fritillaries. The
upper surface of the wings is a rich tawny colour spotted with
black, while the under surface is thickly spotted with silver — far
more so than in the European representatives. The butterfly is
often found resting with wings closed, on blades of grass.

The striking family of the Vanessce which includes the Euro-
pean Red Admiral, Peacock, Painted Lady and Tortoise-shells so
happily linked with memories of our boyhood is but poorly
represented in Trinidad. We have but three butterflies belonging
to this family. One of these is Junonia genoveva , our solitary
representative of a genus widely distributed through Asia and
Africa. It is marked with brown and yellow, and has two black
eyes near the margin of each wing. It is common along dry
roads or pastures. The other two belong to the genus Anartia .
One of these Anartia jatrophoe, is of various shades of grey with
black spots, and is called here the Biscuit. The other one —
Anartia amalthca— is black, broadly banded with red in the
middle of the wings and spotted with white towards the margins.
Both these species are extremely common and may nearly always
be seen flitting over herbage along the road-sides. Their habits
recall those of the small Tortoise-shell at home.

Callicore marchalii is a striking bisect. The upper surface
of the wings is velvety black with green markings. On the under
surface, the fore wings are scarlet at the base, while the hind

46 PROCEEDINGS eF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

wings have two pairs of black spots, each pair enclosed by can oval
black figure, and both then enclosed by black concentric circles.
From the peculiar markings described above these butterflies are
called Eighty-eights, a name which has come to us from the
English residents in Brazil. It is difficult to understand the
object of these markings, for though the dark colour of the upper
surface of the wings serves to conceal the butterfly when flying,
the grotesque markings on the under surface render it very
conspicuous when at rest with the wings closed.

Another common member of this family in Trinidad is
Gynoecia divce, commonly known as the Zebra. It has a jerky
irregular flight, and when after thus successfully eluding the
collector, it settles on a tree trunk with its wings closed, the
brown and grey stripes on the under surface of the wings so closely
resemble the bark that detection is extremely difficult. The
upper side of the wings is brown, with a broad yellow band
running obliquely across.

Ageronia feronia is also very commonly met with here.
Locally it is known as the Guinea bird. It at once attracts
attention by the crackling noise which it makes with its wings
during flight. The upper surface of the wings is beautifully
tesselated with black and grey, and when the butterfly settles, as
it is so fond of doing, with open wings on a hog plum, sandbox
or other tree with rough grey bark, it is very hard at a distance
to distinguish the butterfly from the bark. It seems to mimic
its surroundings with the upper surface of the wings, while
Gyncecia dirce does the same with the under surface.

The beautiful Ageronia Areihusa shows much less of this
mimicry and is far more local. Indeed I have only seen it on
one or two trees in the Maraval valley 7 where its blue and black
upper surface at once distinguished it from the grey bark of the
tree.

Didonis biblis is often seen in the woods hovering over
bushes. It is brownish black with a broad red sub-marginal
band on the hind wings.

RAKE BUTTERFLIES

47

Victorina steneles, which is a common South American
butterfly, is also frequently met with in Trinidad. It is brown
with a broad grpen band, entire on the hind wings and broken
into spots on the fore wings. There is also an outer row of green
spots. Indeed so much does green predominate that when the
insect is flying swiftly overhead, it presents the appearance of an
entirely green butterfly.

A remarkable insect is Hypolimnas misippn-s, a common
butterfly on the North coast of South America, and also occurring
in Trinidad. It has doubtless been introduced from Africa or
the East Indies where it is also common, for no other species of
this genus is known to occur in South America. The male is
black with a bluish white spot on each wing and is very conspi-
cuous. The female is a tawny insect, almost exactly like the
common Danais chrysippus.

Protogonius ochraceus is a butterfly of somewhat singular
form. The wings are long and black and brown in colour.
I he fore wings are arched and have sharp projections in the
middle of their outer margins. The hind wings have rather long
expanded tails. This butterfly seems to be local in Trinidad. I
have only met with it in St. Ann’s Valley.

The genus Siderone is represented in Trinidad by two or
three species. The fore wings are pointed, while the hind wings
are rounded, and slightly dentated with a short projection at tho
anal angle. These butterflies are rapid flyers and are known
here as Shoemakers. The under surface of all the species
resembles more or less a dead leaf, so that detection is difficult
when the insect settles on tree-trunks or on the ground. This
protective mimicry of dead leaves is further assisted by the fact
that there is considerable variability in the species. The upper
surface of the wings is often brilliantly marked with red and
blue.

%

The next family of butterflies — the Erycinidce — differ from
tue last in the fact that the front pair of legs is rudimentary in

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

the male, but fully developed in the female. The species are
of small size and delicate formation. They are of much interest
but need not detain us long to-night as for the most part they
are not conspicuous insects. The family is represented in Europe
by one species only, the so called Duke of Burgundy fritillary.
This butterfly which superficially resembles the true fritillaries is
not uncommon on the continent but decidedly local in England,
occurring in the New Forest and certain other localities. One of the
commonest members of the family in Trinidad is Lymnas Jarbus
locally called the Under-leaf from its habit of sitting on the
under surface of leaves with its wings spread out flat. I must
not omit to mention here the beautiful little Anteros for mom
a tiny butterfly brown on the upper surface of the wings, and on
the under surface cream coloured with massive projecting gold
spots looking as if drops of molten gold had fallen on the wings-

The third family of butterflies the Lycamidce is distinguished
by having the front legs perfect in the female and front tars 1
more or less imperfect in the male. It is well known in Europe as
containing the blues, the coppers and the hair streaks. We have
no coppers in Trinidad and of the blues we have only two—
Lycoe.ua hanno and Lycoena cassius — both small and insignificant
The former is commonly seen flying over grass.

But of the Theclas or hairstreaks there are very numerous
species in Trinidad. I find twenty one species of Theda in my
list. They are very various in their marking but most of them
have tails on the hind wings. Their habits are like those of
the European Theclas. They may often be seen especially
towards evening flitting round trees, often high up and out of
reach. The most beautiful Trinidad species is Theda Many as ,
a large insect with wings of the most brilliant blue on the upper
surface. This species is more often seen near the coast and is
especially common i# Tobago.

We now come to the Papilionidoe the most highly developed
of the true butterflies. This family is distinguished by the fact that

RAKE BUTTERFLIES.

49

both sexes have six perfect legs. It is divided into two sub-
families, the Pierince and the PapiKdninoe. In the former sub-
family occurs the genus Dismorphia which is interesting as
mimicking Mechanitis and other genera of Danamce. These
butterflies are black and yellow or white with black borders.
Some of them resemble the delicate European Wood White.

The small white or yellow black bordered butterflies which
are so common in Trinidad belong to the genus Eurema. There
are many species and some are very local. One species I have
only found in two places, where a certain kind of sensitive plant
grows, viz. : at Maraval and Carenage. Very possibly the
larva only feeds oil this plant.

Of the genus Pieris including the true whites, we have only
one species in Trinidad — Pieris nionuste. It is more common in
dry places near the coast e.g. at Chacachacare or the Pitch Lake,
though it is not infrequently met with inland.

The Brimstones are represented in Trinidad by Catopsilia
a genus of which we have several species in Trinidad. The com-
mon yellow Catopsilia eubule may often be seen coming down in
flights of six or a dozen to drink at the margin of streams or
pools and often with it may be see one or two specimens of the
rich orange Catopsilia argante.

The second sub-family is represented in Trinidad by six or
seven species of the great genus Papilio. Some of these must be
familiar to everyone.

The commonest species are sEneides and Cymochles. These
insects when they have recently emerged from the chrysalis and
before they have had time to get rubbed are very handsome.
The wings are black with large patches of green red or white
variously arranged, according to the species. The sexes also differ
considerably. These two species are commonly seen hovering
round bamboo clumps or low bushes. The local name is Cattle-
heart.

Another Papilio which is not uncommon along the hedges

50

PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

in open ground is Poly damns or the black page. The wings are
brown with a yellow margin to the hind ones. Neither of the
above three species has tails.

Papilio thoas, or the Bamboo Page as it is called, is also
common here. This is a very wide spread species, extending
from the southern states of North America to Brazil. This
handsome species has tails and somewhat resembles the European
Machaon. Bike the foregoing species it hovers round flowers and
bushes much as humming birds do.

Besides these common Papilios there are three or four rarer
species in Trinidad.

One of these, the beautiful Papilio cirgesilaus , I have seen
two successive years in almost the same spot on the Marava.
river. Each time I only saw a single specimen. I have never
met with it elsewhere. The fact of its being seen in successive
years, and the specimen each time being apparently fresh, would
suggest that the species probably breeds at Maraval, the 100.1
plant perhaps being very local. It seems strange, however, that
more specimens are not seen there.

The fifth family of butterflies comprises the Hespcriid& oi
Skippers. This is an isolated family, having no great affinity with
the other butterflies or the moths. Its chief characteristics are
that the body is robust ; the head broad ; the antennae inserted
widely apart and often hooked, and the hind tibise spurred,
skipper must be familiar to all of us. As their name implies they
move rapidly from flower to flower, seeming almost to jump rather
than fly.

This family is very largely represented in tropical America,
severe hundred species being known. Trinidad is rich in skipper-
idr. Gatty and I obtained some fifty species, besides many othei
not yet determined. There are probably many more to be
here, possibly some of them new species.

Tn size, form and colour there is wonderful variety, from ^
large common tailed Thymrte to the tiny brown skippers which

BAKE BUTTERFLIES.

51

look more like moths than butterflies. Many of the Trinidad
skippers are yellow, brown, or black and white, but some of them
are richly marked with red or blue.

These rough notes may be summed up as follows : — •

1. The study of butterflies is one which i3 easily pursued,

and much enhances the pleasure of travel.

2. The habits of the different families and genera are very

characteristic, so much so that the mere flight of a
butterfly will often give a fairly accurate indication
of its place in the series.

3. Some butterflies are extremely local in Trinidad as

elsewhere e.g. a yellow and black Ileliconius which
I have seen only at the Pitch Lake: Riordina
lysippus of which a single specimen was taken at
Carenage : Anteros formosus seen in one place at
Diego Martin, and several butterflies obtained nowhere
but in St. Ann’s Valley.

4 .For this reason remote districts and valleys should be
carefully explored whenever opportunity offers for
new species may thus be discovered e.g., Tithorea
flavescens. I was told in the British Museum that
the Trinidad butterflies were worked out but this
assertion T think is is not borne out by our experi-
ence here.

o. All butterflies belonging to genera such as Eurema ,
Dismorphia or Ileliconius should be carefully collected
also all skippers. New species may very likely be
discovered in this way.

6. Protective mimicry is very fully illustrated in the but-
ter flies of Trinidad e.g.

(a.) Mimicry of one species distasteful to birds by
another not so protected as in the case of mimicry
of various- Danaince by Ileliconincv , Dismorphia ,
Hypolimnas and others.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

(6.) Mimicry of surrounding objects e.g.> trunks of trees
by Ayeronia feronia when at rest with wings open,
or by Gyno&cia or Siderone when wings are closed;
bamboos or dead leaves by Titkorea , Euptychia ,
Pierella and many others.

(c). Protection by variability in the same species as
in Siderone.

7. The study of the butterflies of Trinidad only confirms
what geology ha 3 already shown us, viz : that this
island was once part of South America.

My best thanks are due to Dr. W. M. Crowfoot, of Beccles,
for kindly naming the Trinidad butterfllies which I have
sent him.

The above paper was illustrated by specimens of the
butterflies named.

1894

Clje inform Jfnstitute of Crinibafr

Founded 1887

PATRON : His Excellency Sir F. Napier Broome, K.C.M.G.,

Board of Management

Sir John Goldney, President
Sylvester Devenisli, M.A., Vice-President.

Beaven Neave Hake, M.D., Vice-President.

J. F. Chittenden, Secretary.

B. J. L. Guppy, Treasurer.

Edgar Tripp*

Henry Caracciolo.

John Hinchley Hart, F.L.S.

Francis H. Lovell, C.M.G.

II. Clarence Bourne,

F. Alphonse Ganteaume.

William C. L. Dyett.

F. W. Urich, F.E.S.

Year of Election. List of Members.

1894 Agostini, J Leon, The Avenue, St. Ann Road.

1890 Alston, Henry McCaul, M.B., Santa Cruz.

1890 Bock, Carl 0. 6, Brunswick Square.

1893 Boland, Charles Laurent, 42, St. Ann Road.

1893 Bourne, H. Clarence.

1892 Broadway, W. E. Botanic Gardens.

F Caracciolo, Henry, Customs Warehouse.

F Carmody, Patrick, F.C.S., F.I.C., 24, Pr. Clarence Str.
1890 Centeno, Leon, Coblentz , St. Ann.

54

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE.

1890 Chantrell, The Hon. Henry William
F Chittenden, J ohn Franks, 5, Frederick Street.

F Cipriani, The Hon. Eugene, 21. St. Ann Road.

1892 Creagh-Creagh, G. Marine Square.

1892 Damian, C. F. G„ M. D., 8, York Street.

F Devenish, Sylvester, M. A., 29, Barrack Street.

1892 Doorly, Rev., Wilshire Stukeley.

1893 Dyett, William C. L., 1 Wellington Terrace.

1890 Fitzsimons, Robert Henry, St. Clair House.

F Ganteaume, Francis Alphonse,

1893 Goldney, Sir John, St. Ann.

1894 Goodwille George, Errol Park, St. An n

F Guppy, Lechmere, jnr., Piedmont House, San Fernando.

F Huppy, Robert, M. A., Piedmont House, San Fernando.

F Guppy, Robert John Lechmere, C.M.Z.S., 26, Queens Ter.

F Hart, J ohn Hinchley, F.L.S., Director, Botanic Gardens.

1892 Hewlett, W. G.

1894 Hobson Charles H. D., Belmont.

L F Hoffmann, Hugo.

1892 Knox, Charles Francis, M.R.C.S., Tranquility.

1893 Lamy, Joseph Arnold, Town Hall.

1892 Langford C. W. 2a St. Ann Road.

1893 Legge, Lionel Edward, 9, St. Joseph Road.

1894 Lovell, Francis H., C.M.G.

1893 MacCarthy, J. W., La Brea.

1894 Maingot, Andrew P., 2, St. Vincent Street.

1892 Miller Alexander, 16, Frederick Street.

1894 Milner, Arthur S., Colonial Hospital.

1892 Mole, Richard Richardson, Lower Prince Street.

1893 Maingot, Ferdinand, F.G.S., 10, Clarence Street.

1892 Potter Thomas I.

1890 Rake, Beaven Neave, M.D., Loyola, Maraval.

1890 Riddell, Alexander, San Fernando

1894 Rust, Randolph T. H.

1890 Seccombe, George S., Lunatic Asylum, Belmont.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

55

F Seheult, L. A.

1894 Siegert, Luis B. C., 3 Wellington Terrace.

1893 Smart, Edward R. 32, Tranquillity.

1893 Smith, Adam

1892 Speir, William, 6, Brunswick Square.

1892 Strong, Henry, St. James Street.

Tanner, John Edward, C.M.G., M.I.C.E.

1892 Todd, James, 9, St. Ann Road.

1892 Toppin, Joseph Stanley
F Tripp, Edgar

1892 Urich, F. W., F.E.S 7 ., 15, Cambridge' Street.

1893 de Vertenil, Hon. Louis Antoine Aime, CMC MD

8, Clarence Street. ’ ’ }

F de Yerteuil, Ludovic, Philipine House, South Haparima.

Wilson, The Hon. Lieut.-Colonel David, C.M.G.

1893 Woodlock, Arthur, M.D., 30 First East Street. '

1894 Wilson, Edwin Connell

1893 De Wolf, James Andrews, M.D., 12, Clarence Street.

It is particularly requested that all errors and omissions

in the above list may be pointed out to the Secretary without
delay.