.

...

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PHILADELPHIA.

I. V. WILLIAMSON LIBRARY FUND.

Feb. 16, 1875, Mr. I. V. Williamson presented $25,000.40 to
constitute a fund for the purchase of Scientific Books.

Alot to be loaned on any condition.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL & ACCLIMATISATION
SOCIETY OF VICTORIA.

\

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE,

Zoological inxh ^crlimafisafa ^oricig

OF VICTORIA,

AND

REPORT OF THE ANNOAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY,

HELD 23rd FEBRUARY, 1874.

44 #mms fmf omnia iellns.”

VOLUME III.

MELBOURNE :

STILLWELL AND KNIGHT, PRINTERS, COLLINS STREET EAST.

1874.

QL\

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i 4

< LIST OF THE OFFICEES

OP THE

igoologkal $ ^alhnatisation Sorietg

OF VICTORIA.

| atom :

$is &xtdhixt% j$ir <15. <Jf. $ofoeu,
|)rrsibent :

ALBERT PURCHAS, Esq.

$ier-|]rrsibtufs :

F. R. GODFREY, Esq. | PROFESSOR STRONG.

|jou. Creasurrr:

DR. JOSEPH BLACK.

Members of ijje Council:

CURZON ALLPORT, Esq.

DR. THOMAS BLACK.

HON. J. J. CASEY.

ROBERT HAMMOND, Esq.
FREDERICK G. MOULE, Esq.

CHARLES RYAN, Esq.
WM. ROBERTSON, Esq.
GEORGE SPRIGG, Esq.
H. P. VENABLES, ESQ.,
J. B. WERE, Esq.

LA.

SAMUEL WILSON, Esq.

t. iSetreturg :

ALBERT A. C. LE SOUEF, Esq.

Collator :

MR. A. 0. SEGERBERG.

|jon. $eterinarg Surgeon:

MR. GRAHAM MITCHELL.

iaxliff:

FRANCIS MEAKER.

OFFICE OF THE SOCIETY— 69 TEMPLE COURT .

CONTENTS.

List of Officers 5

Report of the Council 9

Rules and Objects 24

List of Animals and Birds in the Zoological Gardens,

Royal Park 29

List of Donors to the Zoological and Acclimatisation

Society, 1873-4 30

Stock acquired during the year 1873-4, by purchase or

exchange 31

Stock sold, presented, or exchanged by the Society during

the year 1873-4 , 31

Animals liberated previous to 1870 32

Animals sent away 34

Report on the Fish Breeding Ponds 37

Additions to the Lists of Principal Timber Trees, &c.,

READILY ELIGIBLE FOR VICTORIAN CULTURE. By BARON

Ferd. von Mueller 47

Ostrich Farming. By Dr. Atherstone - - - - - 96

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

It is with considerable satisfaction that the
Council of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society
submits its Tenth Annual Report to the subscribers.
The Council is "lad to find the effort to establish a

O

Zoological Garden at the Royal Park in connection
with acclimatisation has met with the decided approval
of the public, as evidenced by the largely increased list
of members and number of visitors during the past year.
The zoological collection is steadily increasing, several
additions having been made since the last annual
meeting. His Excellency Sir Henry Barkly has
kindly undertaken to procure a pair of elands,
and Mr. James McLachlan has promised to obtain
some tigers from Java, for the Society. The
Council is determined to lose no opportunity to
extend its collection, and only requires to receive a
larger subsidy or increased subscriptions to provide
more suitable accommodation for the larger animals,
as well as to construct a reptile house, which was
contemplated last year, but which, from the necessity
for artificial heat and the consequent expense, could
not be earned out. The garden has also been very
much improved and beautified, new walks have been
opened up, and considerable additions made to the
flower-beds.

The most notable work of the past year has been
the construction of the trout ponds for breeding
purposes at Wooling, Mount Macedon, somewhat

10

REPORT.

similar to the ponds at New Norfolk, in Tasmania.
The cost of construction was £357 11s. lid., i?300
of which amount was voted to the Society during the
last session of Parliament as a special grant for the
work. There are two ponds ; one for salmon trout and
the other for brown trout. They are supplied from the
waters of Riddell’s Creek, and are finished in a com-
plete and substantial manner. The thanks of the
Council are due to Mr. Curzon Allport, one of their
body, for furnishing plans, and for the practical
interest he has taken throughout ; also to Mr. Gerard
Blackburn, engineer of Gisborne, who superintended
their construction, and to Mr. William Robertson, of
Wooling, on whose property the ponds are situated,
and who has from the first taken a deep interest in
the work. The ponds are now stocked with young
fish (salmon trout and brown trout), and as soon as
these become productive it will be a comparatively
easy matter to stock all suitable streams in the
colony. The Council hears, from time to time,
of the capture of large trout in the different creeks
stocked some years since by the Society ; one a
short while ago was killed, which weighed upwards
of 9 lbs.

Another work of equal importance has also been
carried to a successful issue since the last general
meeting, namely, the formation of a pheasant breeding
establishment in connection with the Society. It is
situated in the ranges, about forty miles to the south-
east of Melbourne, and so far the experiment
has succeeded admirably, the birds thriving there
remarkably well. The Council trusts that, through
its instrumentality, pheasants will before long become

REPORT.

II

abundant in the portions of the colony suited to
their habits. A large number of pheasants’ eggs have
likewise been distributed to subscribers during the
past year. The Council would here desire to record
its warm thanks to its first President, Mr. Edward
Wilson, who has from the first taken an interest in
the game breeding farm, and contributed largely
towards its expenses. Mr. Wilson has for years
past been anxious to see our forests stocked with
game, and it is hoped that his wish will now be
realised. Mr. Wilson’s munificent donation does not
appear in the Society’s books, as the money was given
privately to the Hon. Secretary to expend.

The Society’s ostriches have lately been removed
to Mr. Officer's station, Murray Downs, Swan Hill,
where it is thought they will thrive better than on
the Wimmera, it being Mr. Officer’s intention to hatch
the eggs in an incubator, which he is procuring from
the Cape of Good Hope, similar to that used on the
ostrich farms there. The Angora goats still continue in
Mr. Samuel Wilson’s charge ; that gentleman has
lately removed them from the Wimmera to his
estate of Ercildoun, near Ballarat. The flock has
increased since the last annual meeting, from 108 to
173 head. Several male goats were sold during last
year, and the Society has now 50 pure males for sale.
The stock liberated in 1873 consists of deer ; hares
sent to different parts of Victoria and other colonies ;
pheasants, Californian quail, French partridges, and
100 English skylarks obtained from Nelson, N.Z., &c.
A large number of carp and some perch and trout
have also been distributed.

The Society’s silver medal has been awarded to

12

REPORT.

Charles Lyall Grant, Esq., of Shanghae, and James
McLaclilan, Esq., late of Java, but now of Cheltenham,
England ; and the bronze medal to Captain J ones, of
the ship Superb, and Mr. Millett, second officer of the
P. and 0. Company’s steamer Bangalore, for services
rendered to the Society. The Council is likewise
much indebted to Mr. Robert Scott of the Murrum-
bidgee, and Mr. George E. Jemmett, second officer of
the ship Shannon, who during the past year have
brought out valuable birds from England, at consider-
able trouble and expense to themselves, and presented
them to the Society.

The balance-sheets for the past year are laid before
the meeting, showing an expenditure of £2136 18s. lid.
inclusive of the sum expended on the construction of
the fish ponds. The Council feels that the success of
the Society, and the satisfactory improvement in the
gardens and stock, is mainly due to the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. Le Souef, whose active interest and careful super-
vision has raised the Society to its present position in
public estimation.

Before concluding this report, the Council desires to
return its best thanks to Mr. Frederic R Godfrey,
for the able manner in which he has discharged the
duties of President of the Society during his year of
office. In conformity with rule 4, the following
Members retire from the Council, being the three
who have attended the fewest meetings. Messrs.

J. B. Were, Robert Hammond, and Dr. Joseph Black,
these gentlemen are eligible for re-election. The
meeting has also to elect, by ballot, a President and
two Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

REPORT.

13

The Chairman, in moving the adoption of the
report, said that he had much pleasure in stating
that since the last Annual Meeting His Excellency
Sir George Bowen had consented to accept the office
of Patron of the Society ; and in suggesting that an
addition be made to that effect, he was glad to find
that the position of the Society had materially improved
since the change in its constitution, made nearly two
years ago (which, it was anticipated by some of the
members, would prove disastrous to its prosperity
and success), came into operation ; and that from
the improvement in the subscription list and the
increased number of visitors to the gardens, it was
plain that the Society stood high in the estimation
of the public. This was no doubt due to the
admirable manner in which the gardens had been
improved and managed by the curator, and to the
interesting additions made to the zoological collection.
He considered that Melbourne had now reached a
position of importance sufficient to render a zoological
collection not only necessary but self-supporting ; but
at present the Society was placed in an uncertain
position with respect to the Government grant, for
which it depended entirely on the good will of the
Members of Parliament. Though it was no doubt
true that the subscription list was increasing, and the
Society improving in public estimation, yet he believed
it was impossible that it could maintain its present
zoological collection — or indeed keep up an existence —
from that source alone, without a grant from the
Government ; and he would like the members of the
Society and those who were interested in its welfare
to consider this matter, in order that steps might be

14

REPORT.

taken to place the Society in a more independent
position, and to make its attractions so great as to
ensure its becoming at some future day self-supporting
and popular, like the zoological societies of Europe.

Mr. J. B. Were seconded the motion for the adoption
of the report, with the addition suggested by the
Chairman, which was carried.

The Balance-sheet showed that the receipts for the
past year amounted to i?2,090 Os. Id., while the
expenditure, including d?300 for the fish-ponds at
Mount Macedon, amounted to £2 , 136 18s. lid.

A ballot was then taken for the election of Office-
Bearers, with the following result : —

President.

Albert Purchas, Esq.

Vice-Presidents.

F. R Godfrey, Esq. Professor Strong.

Messrs. J. B. Were, R Hammond, and Dr. Joseph
Black, were re-elected Members of the Council.

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the Presi-
dent, Hon. Treasurer, Hon. Secretary, and other
Office-Bearers, for their exertions on behalf of the
Society during the past year, and the proceedings
terminated.

gutouni nf Ponies rtaibtii aab-jjaitr bjr% goalagfral # ^alimatisation Sacutg of iitteia.

During the period ist January to 30 th June , 1873.

BALANCE SHEET.

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d 03 rt Ci

SQ 92 O fa

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•“ fi 8

BLACK, M.D., Hon. Treasurer.

iccoimi ofltom.es meibcir ani> paitr bj) % Zoological d glcdimaiisaftoit Sociefg of Victoria.

During the period i st July to 31 st December, 1873.

16

BALANCE SHEET.

r> BLACK, M.D., Hon, Treaturer.

LIFE MEMBERS

Aldworth and Co., Sandhurst

£10 10

0

Jenner, Hon. C. J., M.L.C. £10 10

0

Armitage, George, Ballarat

10 10

0

Jones, Lloyd, Avenel

10 10

0

Armstrong, W., Hexham. .

10 10

0

Joshua Bros., William-street

10 10

0

Alfrey, Ernest H., Fernihurst .

10 10

0

Lyster, W. S., Melbourne

10 10

0

Ayrey, Charles, Warranuke

10 10

0

Landells, G. J. , Lahore, India . .

Services

Barkly, His Excellency Sir Henry 42

0

0

Layard, C. P., Colombo . .

Services

Bear, Hon. J. P., M.L.C.

21

0

0

Layard, E. L., Cape Town

Services

Bear, Thomas H., Heidelberg ..

10 10

0

Learmonth, Thomas, Ercibdan-

Black, Dr. Thomas, Melbourne

riley, Portland

10 10

0

Club

10 10

0

Londesborough, The Right Hon-

Black, W., Belfast

10 10

0

orable Lord, Carlton Gardens,

Borough Council of Sandhurst . .

10 10

0

London

37 10

6

Box, H., Little Collins-street

,

Lyall, W

10 10

0

West

10 10

0

McEachem, D., Kangaroo

10 10

0

Boyd and Currie, Collins-street

Mein, G. A., Moolpa, N.S.W. ..

10 10

0

West

10 10

0

Mackinnon, L., “Argus” Office

Services

Bright Brothers, & Co., Flinders-

Mackenzie, John

10 10

0

lane

10 10

0

Macintosh, Alexander

10 10

0

Brown, Lindsay, Garramadda,

Marshall, Captain D. S. . .

Services

Wahgunyah

10 10

0

Martin, Dr., Heidelberg

10 10

0

Canterbury, His Excellency

Matheson, J., Bank of Victoria . .

21 0

0

Viscount

10 10

0

McGill, A

10 10

O'

Campbell, Finlay, Raywood

10

10

0

McGregor, Samuel, Belfast

10 10

0

Catto, John, Newbridge, Loddon

10

10

0

McHaffie, John, Phillip Island . .

10 10

0

Chambers, H. J., St. Kilda

Services

McMullen, J., Union Bank

21 0

0

Cooper, Sir Daniel, London

37

2

0

MoKellar, Hon. T., M.L.C.

10 10

0

Coppin, G. 8., Richmond..

10

10

0

Molloy, W. T., Hawthorn

10 10

0

Creswick, Borough Council of . .

10

10

0

Mueller, Baron Von, Botanic

Cumming, G., Mount Fyans

10

10

0

Gardens

10 10

0

Cumming, W., Toorak

10

10

0

Municipal Council of Ballarat W.

20 0

0

Curr, E. M., Queen-street

10

10

0

Murray, S., Dunrobin

10 10

0

Dalgety and Co , Little Collins-

Nicholson, Germain, Collins-

street

10

10

0

street East

10 10

0

Docker, F. G., Wangaratta

10

10

0

Officer, C. M., Brighton

10 10

0

Edols, John, Ingleston

10

10

0

Officer, S. H., Murray Downs,

Falconer., J. J., Bank of Austral-

N.S.W

10 10

0

asia

20

0

0

Officer, W., Zara, N.S.W

10 10

0

Fellows, The Hon. T. H

10

10

0

Purchas, Albert, Kew

Services

Firebrace, R. T

10

10

0

Ritchie, J., Streatham

10 10

0

Fraser, Simon, Cornelian Creek . .

10

10

0

Rostron, John R., Navarre

10 10

0

Fussell, R. S. R., Fou Chou

Rusden, G. W., Brighton..

10 10

0

dols. 50

11

0

10

Russell, A., Matuwalloch . .

10 10

0

Glass, R. J., Waiparella

10

10

0

Rutledge, William, Belfast

10 10

0

Hervey, The Hon. M

10

10

0

Salmon, J., E. S. and A. C. Bank SI 0

0

Hoffmann, W., Bush Back,

Sargood, King and Sargood,

Essendon

25

0

0

Flinders-street

10 10

0

Highett, Miss

10

10

0

Shoobridge, E., Valleyfield, Tas-

Jamieson, Hugh

10

10

0

mania

c

10 10

0

18

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Simpson, Hon. Robert, Toorak £10 10 0
Sladen, Hon. C., Birregurra . . 10 10 0
Sloan, W. S., Fou Chou, dols. 50 11 0 10
Spowera, Allan, “Argus” Office 10 10 0
Stanbridge, W. E., Daylesford .. 10 10 0
Staughton, S. T., Little Collins-

street West 10 10 0

Strachan, J., London Chartered

Bank 21 0 0

Stewart, J. , Emerdale, Streatham 21 0 0
Sumner, T. J., 24 Flinders-lane

West 10 10 0

Taylor, W., Ovemewton, Keilor 10 10 0

Templeton, Hugh, Fitzroy Services

Ware, Joseph, Caramut .. ..10 10 0

Wilson and Mackipnon, Collins-

street East . . . . 42 0 0

Wilson, Edward, “ Argus” Office 21 0 0

Wilson, Samuel, Wimmera . . 10 10 0
Winter, James, Toolamba, Mur-
chison 10 10 0

Winter, Thomas, Winchelsea . . 10 10 0

Winter, S. P 10 10 0

Youl, James, A., Clapham Park,

London . . . . . . Services

LIFE MEMBERS, 1873.

Amess, Samuel, William-street £10 10 0
Bushell, C., Chiltern . . . . 10 10 0

Bowen, His Excellency Sir George 10 10 0
Calvert, John, Colac . . . . 10 10 0

Currie, J. L., Lara 10 10 0

Chirnside, A., Werribee Park .. 10 10 0
Fleming, J. W., Brunswick . . 10 10 0
Fisher, C. B., St. Kilda .. .. 10 10 0

Henty, Edward, St. Kilda road . . 10 10 0
Latham, E. , Carlton Brewery . . 10 10 0
Murphy, J. R., St. Kilda road . . 1 • 10 0
North Eastern Agricultural and

Horticultural Society .. 10 10 0
Shaw, Thos.. jun., Camperdown 10 10 0
Ware, J., Yalla-y-Poora .. . . 10 10 0

Winter, W., Stanhope .. .. 10 10 0

Wilson, John, ^Woodlands .. 10 10 0
Wilson, John, Gala, Lismore . . 10 10 0
Watson, J. B., Sandhurst.. .. 10 10 0

ANNUAL

Anderson and W right, Flinders-lane £1 1 0

Aitkins, Thos. 110

Anderson, A., Wallaloo . . ..110

Adam, J. (of Lawrence and Adam)

William -street .. .. .. 1 1 0

Alcock and Co., Russell-street .. 110
Atkin, C. A., Hotham . . ,.110

Alexander, T. B., Frankftirt House,

Abbotsford . . . . -.110

Allport, C., Chancery-lane ..110
Adams, J. and W., St. Enochs . . 2 2 0

Allen, J., Crusoe 110

Aspinall, G. Sandhurst . . -.110

Australian Mortgage Land and

Finance Company lt 2 2 0

Borough Council Kilmore . . ..220

Banks, Bros., Bed & Co., Flinders-lane 2 2 0
Briscoe and Co., Collins-street .. 2 2 0

Blair, Dr., President of the Medical

Society, Collins-street . . . . 1 1 0

Bates, Hon. W., M.L.A .. .. 1 1 0

Baines, E., Little Collins-street .. 2 2 0

MEMBERS.

Black, Dr. J., Bourke-street . . £2 2 0
Bright Bros., Flinders-lane ..110

Blair, Jas., Toorak 110

Bury, Leech and Co., Queen-street 2 2 0
Barry, D. M., Brunswick .. .,110

Benn, J., Flinders-lane .. .,110

Bindon, Judge, St. Kilda . . ..110

Buckley and Nunn, Bourke-street 2 2 0
Barwise, John, Elizabeth-street ..110
Bowyer, E., Cheaveley .. ..110

Buckley, E., Newbridge .. ..110

Beaney, Dr. J. G., Collins-street . . 110
Breese, J. C., Brunswick .. ..110

Booth, S. B., Kyneton .. ..200

Blair, W. G., Kyneton .. .. 110

Bell, J.. Garden Gully, Sandhurst 110
Buckley, J., Sandhurst . ..110

Buncle, J., Hotham .. ..110

Bligh and Harbottle, Flinders-lane 2 2 0
Crosby, W., and Co., Queen-street 110
Clarke, W., and Co., Elizabeth-st. 1 1 0
Carter, E., Collins-street . . ..110

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Cornwell, A., Brunswick ..

£1

1

0

Gumer, H. F., Crown Solicitor . ,

£1

Cumming, Hon. J., M.L.C., Toorak

2

2

0

Godfrey, F. R., M.L.A., Mt.Riddley

1

Clarke, J. L., Elizabeth-street ..

1

1

0

Green, J. R. & Co., Gertrude-street

2

Chenery, Alfred, Delatite . .

2

2

0

Graham, Hon. James, M.L.C.,

Chenery, Mrs., Delatite

2

2

0

Little Collins-street . .

1

Chomley, A. W. , Temple-court . .

1

1

0

Gordon and Gotch, Collins-street

1

Cleeland, J., Bourke -street

1

1

0

Godfrey, W., Collins-street

1

Carson, John, Collins-street

1

1

0

Gordon, G., C.E., Collins-street ..

1

Cuthbert, Henry, Ballarat

1

1

0

Gunn, William, Kangaroo Flat . .

1

Clendinning, Dr., Ballarat

1

1

0

Grice, R., Flinders-lane

1

Christie, L. S., Ballarat

1

1

0

Hickling, F. J., Warrnam’oool ..

1

Campbell, Jas., Ballarat . .

1

1

0

Howitt, Dr. Godfrey, Caulfield . .

1

Catto, J., Collins-street

1

1

0

Haddon, F. W., “Argus ” Office . .

2

Clarke, W. J., Collins-street

2

2

0

Hunt, Thos., Kilmore

1

Croaker, Scott, & Co., Collins-street

1

1

0

Highett, Hon. W., M.L.C.,

Craine, Thos., Princes Bridge

1

1

0

Richmond

2

Campbell, Allan, Brighton

2

2

0

Haige, H., Elizabeth-street ..

1

Cock, Robert, Kyneton

1

1

0

Henderson, T., Royal Park

1

Clothier, S.. Eaglehawk ..

1

1

0

Haiper, R., Flinders-street

1

Caldwell, J. T., Eaglehawk

1

1

0

Heath, R. M , Kilmore

1

Currie, George, Kaarimba
Canterbury, His Excellency Vis-

1

1

0

Hughes, J., Lonsdale-street
House, Samuel, and Co., Queen-st.

1

2

count

io

0

0

Hunt, Dr. Brunswick-street

1

Daley, John, Spring-street

l

1

0

Hyne, J. F., Royal Park

1

Danks, John, Bourke-street

l

1

0

Halstead and Kerr, Elizabeth-st.

1

De Beer, S., Queen-street

l

1

0

Ham, C. J. and T., Swanston-st.

1

De Pass Brothers, Collins-street . .

i

1

0

Hudson, Dr., Ballarat

I

Dight, W. S., Aibury

l

1

0

Hepburne, B., Ballarat

1

Edwards, H., Bourke-street ..

i

1

0

Hurry, H., Kyneton

1

Evans, G., “Argus” Office

2

2

0

Hardy, Alex., Kyneton .. ..

I

Ellis, Joseph, Royal Park . .

1

1

0

Hinsby, T. G., Kyneton

1

Elliott, G., Kangaroo Flat. .

1

1

0

Holdswortk, J., Sandhurst

1

Fynn, J., Kilmore

1

1

0

Helm, J. A. C., Sandhurst

■1

Fleetwood, T. P., Chancery-lano . .
Fanning, Nankivell and Co.,

1

1

0

Horwood, Joel, Sandhurst. .
Hoffmeyer, C. H., Sandhurst

1

1

Flinders-streot

2

2

0

Hay, A. and J. H., Eaglehawk . .

1

Foy, Mark, Smith-street

1

1

0

Hadley, J. C., Sandhurst ..

1

Fitch and French, Flinders-lane . .

1

1

0

Hall, Sam., Strathulloch .

1

Findlay, J., Towong

2

2

0

Hart, H. J., Queen-street . .

1

Foxcroft, John, Elizabeth-street . .

1

1

0

Inglis, Daniel, Flinders-street

1

Fiskin, A., Queen-street . .

1

1

0

Ingamells, J., Royal Park

1

Fairchild, J. R., William-street . .
Fraser, Hon. Alex., M.L.C., Collins-

1

1

0

Irving, J. L. and Co., Elizabeth-
street

1

street

1

1

0

Jacobs, F., and Co., Queen-street

1

Fletcher, G. A., Sandhurst

1

1

0

Johnston, E., Elizabeth-street

1

Frew, George, Royal Park

1

1

0

James, Dr., Collins-street ..

1

Froggatt, G. W., Sandhurst
Goldsborough, R., and Co., Bourke-

1

1

0

Joshua Bros., William-street
Jones, H., Gold Broker, Sandhurst

2

1

street West

Grimwood, Thos. S., Elizabeth-

2

2

0

Jackson, Henry, Sandhurst
Jackson, George H., Sandhurst ..

1

1

street

1

1

0

King, S. G., Hotham

2

Gray, C., Nareeb Naroeb

2

2

0

Kinnear, R. H., Lower Moira

1

Gunst, Dr., Collins-street ..

1

1

0

Keep, E., Elizabeth-street . .

1

Grant, John, Collins-street

1

1

0

Kronheimer C. E., Queen-street . .

c 2

1

19

i o

1 0

2 0

1 0

1 0

1 .0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

2 0

1 0

2 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

2 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

2 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

2 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

20

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Knochenhauer, C. E., Swanston-
street

King, A. H., Ballarat East
Kelly, M. F., Bridgewater
Knight, A. H., Korougah
Kininmonth, Jas., Barunah Plains
Keighley, E., Golden-square, Sand-
hurst

Kirkwood, H., Eaglehawk..
Lamach, J. M., Kilmore ..

Long, D. R., Bourke-street
Lee, B. , Bourke-st-eet
Lindley, A. B., Royal Park
Lambert, T. Lonsdale-street
Lawrence, J. B. (of Lawrence and
Adam), William-street
Lang, T., and Co., Elizabeth-street
Learmonth, W., Ballarat ..

Lister, Charles, Bourke-street
Lewis, W. , Beaufort
Longford, Dr., Kyneton ..
Lansell, George, Sandhurst
Laing and Webster, Flinders-lane
Le Poor Trench, Ballarat
Lewis and Tait, Sandhurst
M'llwraith, John, Little Collins-st.
M'Naughton, Love and Co., Flin-
ders-lane

McDougall, C., Brunswick. .
McCoy, Professor, University
McCulloch, Sellar andCo., Queen-st.
McLean, N. and Son., Swanston-st.
McEwan, Jas., and Co., Elizabeth-
street

McFarland, R., Bourke-street
McDougall, Jas., Carlton ..
McVean, John, Poliah
McKellar, Hon. Thos., M.L.C.,
St. Kilda-road . .

McPherson and Co., Sandhurs

McIntyre, J., Sandhurst ..
Mackay and Co., Sandhurst
Malleson and England, Queen
Murphy, E. J., William-street
Martin, G„ and Co., Market-*
Martin, P. J., Flinders-lane
Matheson, J., Collins-street
Moule, F. G., Market-street
Martin, T., Brunswick
MannaUack, T., Brunswick’
Maplestone, H., Royal Park
Muir, W. P., Collins-street
Michaelis, M., Lonsdale-street
Myers, J., and Son, Cairnban]

£1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

0 o

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

Munckton, J. R., Coliban Estate . . £1 1 0
Maguirie and Cohen, Conally,

N.S.W

Murphy, J. R., St. Kilda-road ..
Moloney, Dr., Lonsdale-street
Moorhead, Captain, Sandhurst ..
Macgillivray, Dr., Sandhurst
Mann, J. R., and Son, Eaglehawk
Matheison, J., Eaglehawk
Moore Bros., Sandhurst
Nelson, Jones J., Sandhurst
Newell and Co., Collins-street
Nicholson, Germain, Collins-street
O’Connor, J. D., Kilmore ..
Overend, Best, Royal Park
Oldfield, L., Royal Park ..

Oddie, Jas., Ballarat
Oliver, John, Reedy Lake . .

Oliver, R., Coliban Park . .

Perry, John, Lonsdale-street
Paterson, W., and Co., Queen-st.
Power, T. H., Collins-street
Paterson, Ray, Palmer and Co.,
Flinders-lane

Pearson, A. O., Fliuders-street ..
Paterson, W., Collins-street
Plummer, Dr., Sandridge ..

Piers, R. K., Kyneton
Ploos Van Amstel, J. W., Collins-st.
Ryan and Hammond, Bourke-street
Rocke, W. H., Collins-street
Rosser, Charles, Brunswick
Robertson, George, Little Collins-st.
Rudall, J. T., F.R.C.8., Collins-st.
Rucker, W. F. A., Collins-street ..
Rudd, A. P., Flemington . .

Rosier, J. W., Elizabeth-street ..
Rosser, E., Brunswick

Robertson, W., M.L.A

Robertson, W., Wooling . .
Roberts, J. S., Sandhurst ..

Reade, George, Eaglehawk
Rowe, Dr. J. P., Mount Battery . .
Ross, Henderson and Fick, Sand-
hurst

Skene, Hon. W., M.L.C., Toorak
Scott, J. R., Sandhurst .. ..

Sprigg, W. G., Market-street
Spurling, W., Kilmore
Stevenson and Elliott, Lonsdale-st.
Sloane, W. and Co., Collins street
Sargood and Son, Flinders-street
Sands and M'Dougall, Collins-st.
Sanderson, J., and Co., William-st.

2 2 0
2 2 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
110
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
2 2 0
1 1 0
110
1 1 0
1 1 0

2 2 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
110
1 1 0
2 2 0
1 1 0
2 2 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
2 2 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
2 2 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
2 2 0

110
2 2 0
110
110
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
2 2 0
2 2 0
1 1 0

HONORARY MEMBERS.

21

Stanford and Co., Bourke-street .. £1
Smith, C. and J., Albert-street . . 1

Sprigg, George, St. Kilda . . . . 1

Steavenson, J. , Railway Department 2
Smale, A. W., Queen-street . . 2
Simson, Hon. R., .Vl.L.C., Toorak 2
Straw, T., Brunswick . . . . 1

Swallow and Ariell, Sandridge . . 1

Strong, Professor, University . . 1

Somner, W., Swanston-street .. 1

Staaghton, H., Exford . . . . 1

Smith, George, Ballarat . . . . 1

Sharp, John, Collins-street . . 1

Shuter, Charles, P.M., Greendale. . 1

Stillwell and Knight, 78 Collins-
street east . . . . . . 1

Salmon, J., Collins-street .. .. 1

Sanders, J. T., Sandhurst .. .. 1

Sayer, Charles, Sandhurst . . . . 1

Smith and Robertson, Sandhurst 1

Steward, J., Eaglehawk .. .. 1

Thomas, J., Kilmore .. .. 1

Taylor, T. H. , Cliancery-lane . . 1

Twentymah, R., Flinders-street .. 1

Twentyman, T. , Emerald Hill . . 1

Terry, A. , Royal Park . . . . 1

Thomson, C. J., P.M., Kyneton .. 1
Taylor, J., Stone Granite Works,
Sandhurst 1

1 0
1 0
1 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0

Thunder, A., Sandhurst ... . . £1

Trumble, H., Eaglehawk . . . . 1

Tipper, W., Sandhurst .. .. 1

Tipper, J. R., Sandhurst . . . . 1

Taylor, Jas., California gully .. 1

Vahland and Getzschman, Sand-
hurst 1

Venables, H. P., Education Office 1

Wilson, H., Kilmore .. .. 1

Woods, John, Smith-street . . 1

Watson, George, Burnett-street, St.

Kilda 1

Wilson, Edward, “Argus” Office.. 2
Welch, Henry P., Queen-street .. 1

Wilshin and Leighton, William-st. 1
Watkins, W., M.L.A., Gertrude-st, 1
Wood, J., and Son, Wellington-st. 1

Whitney, Chambers & Co., Swan-

ston street 1

White, J. H., Collins-street .. 1
Wilson, Dr. J. P., Cragiebum . . 1
Watson, Thomas, Swanston-street 1

Watson, Thomas, Garden Gully,

Sandhurst 1

Watson, John, Garden Gully,

Sandhurst 1

Wells, G. E., Sandhurst .. . 1

Weddell, J. G. , Sandhurst . . . . 1

Wakley, R. S., Sandhurst . . 1

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0
2 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

1 0

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Allport, Morton, Hobart Town.
Blanchard, W., Collins Street West.
Bouton, A., Yahoue, New Caledonia.
Buckland, Dr. F., London.

Chalmers, Dr., New Zealand.

Cleeland, J., Albion Hotel, Bourke-street.
Coste, Professor, Huningue.

Drouyn, de Lhuys, Paris.

Francis, Francis, London.

Gillanders & Arbuthnot, Calcutta.
Godfrey, Captain J. B.

Grote, Arthur, Calcutta.

Howitt, Ed.

Jolimton, Clement, Crown Lands Office.
Jones, Captain, “Superb."

Madden, Walter, Office of Mines.

Mathieu, A., Yahoue, New Caledonia.
Merry man, Captain, “ Essex.”

Michaelis, Moritz, Elizabeth Street.
Michael, Major, Madras.

McQueen, Captain, “ Martha Birnie.”
Mullick, Rajendro, Calcutta.

Officer, Sir Robert, Hobart Town.
Ramel, Monsieur, Paris.

Ridgers, Captain, “Sussex.”

Robinson, J., Calcutta.

Salt, Sir Titus, Saltaire, England.
Scholstein, Adolp., Flinders Lane West.
Sclater, Dr. P. L., London.

Shinner, Captain, “Northumberland.”
Smith, Captain, “Dover Castle.”

Squire, Surgeon John, Dinapore.

St. Hilaire, G., Bois de Boulogne, Paris.
White, J. H., Collins Street West.
Conrad, Captain, ship “ Herzog Ernst.”
! Grant, Charles Lyall, Shanghai.

22

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST.

Stackpool, Captain, ship “ Shannon.”
Cooper, Captain, ship “ Carlisle Castle.’
Consul for Austria.

„ Belgium.

,, Brazil.

,, Chili.

,, Denmark.

„ France.

,, German Empire.

Consul for Hawaii.
,, Italy.

Netherlands.

Peru.

Portugal.

Russia.

Spain.

Sweden and Norway.
United States.

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS,

To loth May , 1874 .

2 2

Anderson & Wright, Flinders-lane £1 1
Amess, Samuel, William-street .. 11
Ayrey, C., Warranuke .. .. 10 10

Black, Dr. J. , Bourke-street
Banks, Bros., Bell & Co., Flinders-
lane

Briscoe and Co. , Collins-street
Barnes, W., Brunswick
Baines, E. , Little Collins-street . .
Bindon, Judge, St. Kilda . .

Bligh and Harbottle, Flinders-lane 2
Curtain, J., M.L.A., Elgin.street 2
Crosby, W., Queen-street . .

Crooke, Dr., Gertru de-street
Cornwall, A., Brunswick ..

Dempster, A., Royal Park .

Elkington, J., Educational Office .
Edwards, Henry, Bourke-street . . *
Evans, Gowen, “Argus” office .. 2

Fanning, Nankivell and Co., Flin-
ders-street

Frew, G., Royal Park
Finlay, John, Emerald Hill
Foy, Mark, Smith-street
Fynn, John, Kilmore , .

Fox, W., Tallarook .. .. ”

Fergusson and Moore, Flinders-lane
Fleetwood, T. P., Chancery-lane
Goldsbrough, R., and Co., 'Bourke-
street

Grice, R. , Flinders-lane
Gibson, R., Royal Park
Glew, J ohn, Brunswick
Heath, R. M. , Kilmore
Hunt, Thos., M.L.A., Kilmore
Hoddle, R. Bourke-street . .

Hay , William, Boomanoomana

2 2
1 1
2
1
1
1
2

1 0

0

0

2 0
1 0

10 10

Inglis, D., Flinders-street ..

James, J. R., Royal Park ..

Jacobs, F., and Co., Queen-street
Larnach, J. m. D., Kilmore
Lobb, W. J., M.L.A., Brunswick
Laing and Webster, Flinders-lane
Long, D. R., Bourke-street
Manallaok, Thos., Brunswick .. .
Mcllwraith, J., Little Collins-street 1
McNaughton, Love & Co., Flinders
lane

Murphy, E. J., William-street . .
Martin, George, Market-street . .
Malloson and England, Queen-st.

Martin, P. J., Flinders-lane
Matheson, J., Collins-street
McDougall, C., Brunswick .

Martin, T., Brunswick

McCoy, Professor, University . .
O’Connor, J. D., Kilmore
Officer, C. M., Brighton ..

Osborne, James, Merton Lodge,

Els tern wick

Overend, Best, Brunswick .

Perry, J ohn, Lonsdale-street
Peterson, W. and Co., Queen -street
Paterson, Ray, Palmer and Co.,
Flinders-lane

Ryan and Hammond, Bourke-st.

Rowe and Stodart, Miller’s Ponds
Rocke, W. H. Collins-street
Russell, Hon. P., M.LC, Brighton

road •• •• .. ..10
Rosser, Mrs. Charles, Brunswick.. 1
Ritchie, J . , Streatham . . . . io

Sprigg, W. G. , Market-street . . 1
Stevenson and Elliott, Lonsdale-st. 1

.. 1

1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0

10 0
1 0
0 0
1 0
1 0

DONATIONS.

23

Simson, Jolm, Waverly, Kew . . £1 1
Swallow and Ariel, Sandridge . . 11

Sloane, W., and Co., CollinB-street 1 1
Sprigg, G., St. Hilda .. ..11

Smith, C. and J., Albert-street .. 11

Sargood, Son and Co., Flinders-st 2 2
Sands and McDougall, Collins-street 2 2
Sanderson, J., and Co., William-st. 1 1
Stanford and Co., Bourke street .. 11

Strong, Professor, University . . 11

Taylor, J., Kilmore 11

Tinning, J., Brunswick .. ..11

Terry, A., Royal Park .. ..11

Taylor, W., Keilor £2 2 0

Taylor, T. H., Chancery-lane ..110
Twentyman, R., Flinders-street ..110
Vetter, John, Echuca . . ..110

Wilson, Henry, Kilmore . . ..110

Watson, George. Bumet-street, St.

Kilda 110

Wilson, Edward, “ Argus” office 2 2 0

Welch, Henry P., Queen-street ..110

Wood, J., and Son, Wellington-

street, Collingwood . . ..110

Wilshin and Leighton, William-st. 110

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Objects of
Society.

Membership.

THE RULES AND OBJECTS

OF THE

%ooIogiml & lUflimafisatmir Stfntfn

Go

OF VICTORIA.

. The objects of the Society shall be the introduction,
acclimatisation, liberation, and domestication of innoxious
animals and vegetables, whether useful or ornamental ;-
the perfection, propagation, and hybridisation of races
newly introduced, or already domesticated the spread of
indigenous animals, .fee, from parts of the colonies where
they are already known, to other localities where they are
not known;— the procuring, whether by purchase, gift, or
exchange, of animals, .fee.;— the transmission of animals, Ac,
rorn the colony to England and foreign parts, in exchange
for, others sent thence to the Society ;-the collection and
maintenance of zoological specimens, for exhibition or other-
wise; the holding of periodical meetings, and the publica-

fennwf / 6P °? “ V transa ': ti0n9 > for the I lur P ose of spreading
e ge of acclimatisation, and inquiry into the causes of

success or failure;— the interchange of reports, Ac., with
undred associations in other parts of the world, with the view,
by correspondence and mutual good offices, of giving the
widest possible scope to the project of acclimatisation , -the

n°ersn mnS h reWardS ’ h ° n ° rary 0r in ‘™Bically valuable, upon

szzzr render vaiuabie ^ * *• — *

whth 1 ®" bscrlbe [ of 0116 guinea or upwards annually,
which shall be payable in the month of January, shall be 'a

RULES.

25

Member of the Society ; and contributors, within one year,
of ten guineas or upwards shall be Life Members of the
Society ; and any person who may render special services to
the Society, by contribution of stock or otherwise, shall be
eligible for life membership, and may be elected as such by
the Council, or by any annual general meeting.

3. All the property of the Society shall vest in the Property ^
Council for the time being, for the use, purposes, and benefit Council,
of the Society.

4. The Society shall be governed by a Council of twelve Ex^tive
Members, to include a President, two Vice-Presidents, and an
Honorary Treasurer, who shall annually retire from office, and Council,
three other Members (viz., those who have attended the fewest
Meetings of the Council proportionately since their appoint-
ment) shall also retire annually, but shall be eligible for
re-election, subject to Rule 13. Provided that if any sum of
money be voted to the Society by Act of Parliament, or trusts
conferred upon the Council by the Government, then it shall be
lawful for the Chief Secretary for the time being to appoint,

if he consider it expedient, any number of gentlemen, not
exceeding three, to act as Members of the Council, and they
shall have all the privileges as if otherwise duly elected.

5. In case of a vacancy occurring by the death, resignation, vacancy in
or non-attendance Of any Member of the Council for a period of how sup-
tWO months, without leave of the Council, the remaining
Members shall, in due course, appoint another Member of the
Society to be a Member of the Council in the place and stead

of the Member who shall so resign or absent himself ; but
such new Member shall be nominated at an ordinary meeting
of the Council prior to the meeting at which he is elected.

6. In case of a vacancy occurring by the death or resig- council to
nation of the President, Vice-President, or Hon. Treasurer, vacancies,
the Council may appoint from amongst themselves, or the

other Members of the Society, a person to fill the^vacancy so
occurring, and the person elected shall hold officej only until
the next Annual Meeting ; but shall be eligible_for re-election

26

RULES.

for the subsequent year. Provided that such vacancy shall
not be filled up unless seven days’ notice in writing shall have
been sent to each Member of the Council, stating the vacancies
which it is proposed to fill up.

Eligibility of 7. No person shall be eligible as a Member of Council
ofCouncii unless he be a subscriber to the funds of the Society of at
least one guinea per annum; and any Member of Council
whose subscription shall be in arrear for three months after
his subscription is payable, shall cease to be a Member of
Council . Provided that this rule shall not apply to persons
who may have become Life Members of the Society, by a
payment of ten guineas, or who may be Honorary Members of
the Society; and provided also, that a month’s notice in
writing shall be sent to the Member before his place can be
filled up.

Meetings of 8. The Council shall meet at least once a month, three
Members to form a quorum, and transact the business of the
Society.

P °Dutfes of 9 ' Tlie ^ 0uncil s ^ a1 ^ have the sole management of the
Council, affairs of the Society, and of the income and property thereof,
for the uses, purposes, and benefit of the Society ; and shall
have the sole and exclusive right of appointing paid servants,
as a Manager or Secretary, Collector, and such other officers*
clerks, and labourers, and at such salaries as they may deem
necessary, and of removing them if they shall think fit, and
shall prescribe their respective duties. And such Council shall
have power to consider and determine all matters, either
directly or indirectly affecting the interests of the Society, and
if they shall think fit so to do, shall bring the same under the
notice of the Members of the Society, at any general or
special, meeting ; and to make such bye-laws as they may deem
necessary for the efficient management of the affairs and the
promotion of the objects of the Society, and for the conduct
of .the business of the Council: Provided the same are not
repugnant to these rules; to appoint one or more sub-
committees, for any purpose contemplated by these rules ; and

RULES. 27

generally to perform such acts as may be requisite to carry
out the objects of the Society.

10. The Society shall have power to associate itself with Branch So-

J . , , - , t» t cieties, &c.

other Societies with similar objects,- and to iound -Branch.

Societies.

11. Minutes shall be made, in books kept for the purpose, Minutes of
of all proceedings at general and special meetings of the inga-
Members, and minutes shall also be made of the proceedings

of the Council at their general and special meetings, and of the
names of the Members attending the same, and such minutes
shall be open to inspection by any Member of the Society
at all reasonable times.

12. All subscriptions and other moneys received on Moneys to be
account of the Society shall be paid to the Treasurer, or some TreLurer.
person authorised by him in writing, who shall forthwith

place the same in a bank, to be named by the Council, to the
credit of the Society ; and no sum shall be paid on account
of the Society until the same shall have been ordered by the
Council, and such order be duly entered in the book of the
jiroceedings of the Council ; and all cheques shall be signed by
the Treasurer as such, and be countersigned by the President,
or one of the Vice-Presidents, or by the Chairman of the
meeting at which such payment is authorised.

13. An annual meeting shall be held in the month of Amniai
February of each year, and the Council shall report their
proceedings during the past year, and shall produce their
accounts, duly audited, for publication ; and the meeting shall
elect by ballot the office-bearers for the ensuing year, and fill

up any vacancy which may exist in the Council : Provided that
no person shall hold the office of President or Vice-President,
for two years successively.

14. The Council may, and upon receiving a requisition in SpeciaiMeet-
writing, signed by twelve or more Members, shall convene a Members
special meeting of the Members, to be held within fifteen days

after the receipt of such requisition : Provided that such
requisition, and the notices convening the meeting, shall

28

EULES.

specify the subject to be considered at such meeting, and that
such subject only shall be discussed at such meeting.

^Members ^ ounc ^’ or an 7 general meeting of the Society,

may admit, as Honorary Members, any ladies or gentlemen
who may have distinguished themselves in connexion with the
objects of the Society, and at such meeting any other business
of the Society shall be transacted, of which one day’s previous
notice shall have been given to the Secretary by any Member
desirous of bringing the same forward.

16. No Medal of the Society shall be awarded to any
person except by the vote of at least seven Members of
Council present at a Council Meeting, and after notice of
motion for awarding such Medal shall have been given at the
next preceding meetiug of the Council.

P °Jter t0 17 ' Jt sha11 be lawful for any annual or special meeting

Rules. of the Society to alter, vary, or amend the rules ; or to sub-
stitute another for any of the same ; or to make any new rule
which may be considered desirable ; if and after a notice
specifying the nature of such alteration, variation, amendment,
substitution, or new rule, shall have been given to the Secre-
tary fifteen days before the holding of such meeting. And
such alteration, variation, amendment, substitution, or new
rule shall be valid if carried by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the Members present at such meeting.

LIST

OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS

IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, ROYAL PARK.

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

4

1

1

1

2

2

15

1

1

ANIMALS.

African Lion

Felis Leo.

African Lioness 1
Hunting Leopard — Felis Jubala.

Panther or Leopard — Leopardus Farius.
Silver Jackall — Canis Mesomelas.

Native Dogs . — Canis Dingo.

Marsupial Wolf— Thylacinus Cynocephalus.
Tasmanian Devil — Sarcophilus Ur sinus.
Native Cats — Dasj/urus Fiverrinus.

Tiger Cat — Dasyurus MacuUdus.

Moongus — Herpestes Griseus.

Beelbah — Paragalea Lagotis.

American Black Bears — Ursus Americanus.
Chacmas, or Ursine Baboons — Cynocepha-
lus Porcarius.

Monkeys of different varieties.

Native Bear — Phascolarctus Cinereus.
Wombat — Phascolmys Plalyrhinus.

1 Wombat — Lasyorhinus McCoyi.

3 Red Kangaroos — Osphranter Rufus.

4 Large Kangaroos — Macropus Major.

1 Bennett’s Kangaroo — Halmaturus

Bennetti.

5 Yellow footed Rock Wallabys — Petrogale

Xanthopus.

2 Gloved Wallaby — Halmaturus Manicatus.
1 Black Wallaby — Halmaturus Ualabutus.
4 Kangaroo rats — Bettongia CunicuUts.

3 Opossums — Phalangista Falpino.

42 Deer of different varieties.

4 Sheep of different varieties.

5 Brahmin cattle.

45 Angora goats.

156

BIRDS.

26 English Pheasants — Phasianus Colchicus.

8 Golden Pheasants — Chrysolophus Pictus.

15 Japanese Green Pheasants — Phasianus
Fersicolor.

1 Reeves’s Pheasant — Syrmaticus Reeves.

8 Silver Pheasants — Phasianus Nycthemerus.
6 Emus — Dromaius Nava : Hollandie.

8 Native Companions — Grus Australasians.
1 White Cran e—Herodias Syrmitophorus.

1 Black-backed Water Hen — Parphyrio
Melanotus.

1 Nankeen Night Heron — Nysticorax Cale-
donicus.

1 Kagu — Rhimchaetus Jubatus.

2 White Swans — Cygnus Olor.

2 White Swans — Cygnus Buccinator.

2 Black Swans— Cygnus Atratus.

4 Cape Barren Gees e—Cdreopsis Novce Hol-
landioe.

2 Bar-headed Geese — Anser Indicus.

3 Egyptian Geese — Chenalopex JEgyptiaca.

3 Magpie Geese — Anserenas Melanoleuca.

4 Paradise Ducks — Casarca Fariegato,.

5 Mandarin Ducks — A ix Galericulata.

60 Ducks of different vcrieties.

5 Australian Eagles — Aquila Andax.

4 Hawks of different varieties.

1 Owl — Bubo Bengalensis.

1 Owl — Sti~ix Casta no ps.

3 Ravens — Corms Corax.

2 Laughing Jackasses — Dacelo Gigas.

4 Macaws — Ara Araganza.

40 Parrots, different varieties.

17 Cockatoos of different varieties.

1 Crowned Pigeon — Gaura Coronata.

2 Wonga Wonga Pigeons — Leucosarcia

Picata.

7 Bleeding Heart Pigeons — Calcenas Luzo-

nica.

20 Doves of various sorts.

2 Curassows — Crax Alector.

8 Blackbirds — Tardus Merula.

44 Canaries— Carduelis Canaria.

4 Satin Bower Birds — Ptilonorhynchus
Holosericeus.

3 White Stone Plovers — lEdicnemus Gral-

larius.

1 Native Turkey— Oris Australasianus.

1 Australian Magpie — Gymnorhina Leu-
conoia.

1 Maori Hen, the Weka rail— Ocydromus
Australis.

1 Malee Hen or Lowan —Leipoa Ocellata.

1 Red Legged Partridge —Cdccabis Rufa.

4 English Partridges — Perdix Cindreus.

4 Californian Qmxil—Callipepla Calijorniea

2 Pea Fowl — Pavo Christalus.

329

AT MR. SAMUEL WILSON’S ESTATE, ERCILDOUN.

140 Angora goats.

The Ostriches have been removed to Mr. Officer’s Station, Murray Downs.

30

LIST OF DONORS.

LIST OF DONORS TO THE ZOOLOGICAL AND
ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY, 1873-4.

Amess, Mr. — 2 Laughing Jackasses, 3 Black Swans.

Atkin, C. A., Hotham. — 2 Iguanas, 2 Freshwater Turtle, 2 Quail.

Brownless, Dr. — 1 Bandicoot.

Ballarat Fish Acclimatisation Society. — 22 English Perch.

Ballarat, Municipal Council of. — 1 Pair White Swans.

Benbow, Mr., Rush worth.— 2 Kangaroos.

Bell, Alfred, Bourke Street. — 1 Wallaby, 1 White Hawk.

Botanic Gardens, from.— 2 Monkeys, 1 Kangaroo Rat, 1 Emu, 1 Native
Companion.

Bathe, Dr. Dandenong. — 1 Dingo.

Carson, Miss Marian. — 1 Kangaroo.

Clarke, J. W. — 1 brace Hares.

Campbell, J. Glencoe. — 2 Black Swans.

Chirnside, Messrs. — 1 Dingo.

Elliott, George, Deniliquin. — £ Kangaroos.

Ford, Mr., Town Clerk of Sandhurst. — 1 Eagle.

Gingell, Mr., Bairnsdale — 1 Hawk.

Godfrey, F. R., Mount Ridley — 1 Plover, 1 Large Lizard.

Gaskin, Mr., Temple Court. — 2 Moloch Lizards.

Gibbe, Master Henby, Glenvale. — 1 Kangaroo.

Grant, Charles Lyall, Shanghae.— 8 Golden Pheasants, 1 Reeves Pheasant.
Hendy, Mr., Merriang. — 1 Eagle, 1 Mopoke.

Hickford, Mr., Brunswick. — 1 Stone Plover.

Haines, Mrs. — 1 Fallow Deer.

Henty, Mr., Muntham. — 2 Kestrils.

Jones, Lloyd, Avenel. — 1 Porcupine Anteater.

J emmett, G., Ship Shannon. — 8 Blackbirds.

Kissley, George, Nimar.— 4 Kangaroos, 1 Native Companion, 1 Black Swan
16 Magpie Geese, 1 pair White Cranes, 4 Mopokes, 1 Plover.

Miller, Captain, Ship Suffolk. — 1 Raven.

Murray, Mr., Pinjarrah, West Australia.— 1 Black Cockatoo.

Minnett, Mr. — 1 Porcupine Ant Eater.

Metters, James, Lonsdale-street. — 1 Monkey.

Messeter, Mr. Richmond. — I Kangaroo.

Molesworth, Robert. — 1 Mallee Hen or Lowan.

Moody, Leslie, South Yarra. — 1 Monkey.

McEachern, D., Hotspur. — 2 Emus.

Officer, S. H., Murray Downs — 2 Emus, 1 Kangaroo.

Officer, C. M., Brighton. — 1 Native Companion.

Oliver, Mr., Coliban Park. — 2' Kangaroo Rats.

Ogilvie, Charles, Port Augusta.— 20 Moloch Lizards.

Purchas, Albert, Kew. — 1 pair Pheasants.

Purves, Mr., West Melbourne.— 1 Iguana.

Raddenberry, J. — 2 Porcupine Ant Eaters.

Scott, Robert, Murrumbidgee.— 4 English Partridges.

Staughton, Mr., Exford. — 1 Kangaroo.

Shann, Mr., Bank of Victoria,—! Dingo.

Schomburgk, Dr., Adelaide. — 1 Port Lincoln Wombat, 1 Ibis, 1 Deer
Spence, Mr. — 1 Porcupine Ant Eater.

Sumner, Hon. T. J., Stoney Park.— 1 Silver Pheasant.

STOCK SOLD, &c.

31

Terry, Miss, Royal Park.— 1 Kangaroo Rat.

Turner, Mr., Toorak. — 1 Platypus.

Wall, Mr., Emerald Hill— 1 Kangaroo.

Worthington, Mr., Avenel. — 1 Emu.

Weir, Mr., Stratford. — 4 Black Swans.

Ware, Master G. J. W. — 1 Flying Squirrel.

Zoological Society of London. — 2 Macaws, 1 pair Trumpeter Swans, 1 pair
Ducks.

l

STOCK ACQUIRED DURING THE YEAR 1873-4, BY
PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE.

3 Angora Goats — exchange.

1 American Black Bear — exchange.

4 Black tailed Parrakeets— purchase.

32 Canaries — purchase.

40 Califoi'nian Quail — exchange.

2 Chacma or Ursine Baboons — exchange.
9 Cockatoos — purchase.

8 Mandarin Ducks — exchange.

4 Magpie Geese — purchase.

16 Parrots — purchase.

1 Platypus — purchase.

1 Satin Bower Bird — purchase.

1 Tasmanian Marsupial Wolf— purchase.

STOCK SOLD, PRESENTED, OR EXCHANGED, BY THE
SOCIETY DURING THE YEAR 1873-4.

4 Angora Goats — exchange.

2 do. do. presented to the Western Australian Government.

6 do. do. sold.

2 do. do. presented to Mr. Kissley of the Nimar.

4 Black Swans — presented to James McLachlan, Esq.

6 do. do. exchange.

4 do. do. presented to Captain Bailley, of Galle.

1 Cape Barren Goose — presented to Professor McCoy.

8 Cockatoos — exchange.

1 Dingo — exchange.

3 Emus — presented to Captain Cooper, ship Carlisle Castle.

2 do. presented to the Hon. J. J. Casey and Sir Charles G. Duffy for the Zoological Society

of Dublin.

2 Emus — presented to James McLachlan, Esq.

2 do. presented to Charles Lyall Grant, Esq., Shanghae.

3 Egyptian Geese — presented to the Municipal Council of BaUarat.

2 Eagles — presented to the Hon. J. J. Casey and Sir Charles G. Duffy, for the Zoological
Society of Dublin.

4 Hares— exchange.

7 do. presented to the West Australian Government.

2 Hog Deer — presented to Mr. Gill of Seymour.

4 Indian Black Duck — presented to the Municipal Councirof Ballarat.

6 Kangaroos — exchange.

2 do. presented to Charles Lyall Grant, Esq., Shanghae.

2 do. presented to the Zoological Society of London.

1 do. presented to Captain Cooper, ship Ca rlisle Castle.

4 Kangaroo Rats — exchange.

16 Magpie Geese — exchange.

2 New Zealand Paradise Ducks — presented to the Municipal Council of Ballarat.

2 do. do. exchange.

3 Native Companions — exchange.

2 White Swans— presented to the Municipal Council of Sandhurst.

1 Tasmanian Devil — exchange.

In addition to the above a number of male Angora Goats were sold by Mr. S. Wilson.

32

ANIMALS LIBERATED.

ANIMALS LIBERATED PREVIOUS TO 1870.

AT THE BOTANICAL GARDENS.

6 California quail I 4 English robins

80 English wild ducks 8 Turtle doves

35 Java sparrows | 50 Mainas

18 Canaries
18 Blackbirds
14 Thrushes

10 Hares
22 Pheasants
8 Ceylon partridges
5 Indian partridges
4 Chinese partridges

AT PHILLIP ISLAND.

70 Chinese quail
23 Tasmanian quail
6 Starlings

10 Algerine sand grouse
6 Wild ducks

6 Skylarks
6 California quail
4 Thrushes
4 Blackbirds
1 Pair white swans

4 Pheasants

AT SANDSTONE AND CHURCHILL ISLANDS.

| 4 Skylarks | 4 Thrushes

AT YARRA BEND.

6 Thrushes | 4 Skylarks

NEAR SYDNEY.

9 Thrushes , 4 Skylarks | 10 Blackbirds

AT SUGARLOAF HILL.

5 Ceylon elk j 3 Axis deer

4 Hares
20 Mainas
6 Starlings
60 English sparrows
40 Chaffinches

AT WILSON’S 'PROMONTORY.
4 Axis deer

AT THE ROYAL PARK.

2 Thrushes
20 Greenfinches
15 Yellowhannners
200 Java sparrows
6 Blackbirds

20 Siskin finches
6 Powi birds
3 Partridges
6 Pheasants
10 English robins

5 English sparrows
2 Paradise ducks

12 Hog deer

AT BALLARAT.

20 Java sparrows
2 Egyptian geese

AT BUNEEP.
13 Fallow deer

4 Indian black duck

4 Guinea fowl

AT CAPE LIPTRAP.

4 Ceylon peafowls
10 Pigeons

12 Goats
3 Geese

AT AUCKLAND ISLANDS.

12 Rabbits |

3 Pigs

6 Fowls
3 Ducks

ANIMALS LIBERATED.

33

AT WESTERNPORT.

7 Sambur deer

AT THE WIMMERA.

35 Axis deer

AT YERING.

5 Axis deer

AT PLENTY RANGES.

10 Pheasants. j 4 Jungle fowls. | 7 Guinea fowls.

LIBERATED IN THE BUSH IN 1870.

8 Hog deer | 30 Pheasants I A number of doves

10 Pea fowl Several brace of hares 25 Skylarks

20 Guinea fowl

A large number of hares were likewise distributed in 1870 in various parts of the
country, and upwards of 100 Angora goats were disposed of.

LIBERATED IN THE BUSH IN 1871.

150 Guinea fowl | Several brace of hares

15 Pheasants | 3 Deer

And 2,400 trout fry placed in different streams.

A number of hares were likewise distributed in various parts of the country.

LIBERATED IN THE BUSH IN 1872.

50 Pheasants I 17 English robins

20 Guinea fowl j A number of Californian quail.

1,700 carp, a number of English perch, and several hundred trout fry placed in
suitable streams and reservoirs.

In addition to the above, 54 pheasants have been sold and distributed to Members
of the Society.

LIBERATED IN THE BUSH IN 1873-4.

100 Pheasants
100 Skylarks
40 Californian quail

9 Pea fowl
30 Hares
5 Deer

16 Doves
12 Guinea fowl
9 French Pai tridges

More than 2000 Carp and a number of English Perch have likewise been distributed,
also about 800 Brown Trout.

200 Pheasant Eggs were likewise distributed to members of the Society.

D

34 *

ANIMALS SENT AWAY.

ANIMALS SENT AWAY.

85 Kangaroos
5 Mountain ducks
200 Murray codfish
32 Black swans
20 Australian quail
14 Eagle hawks
85 Magpies

4 Rosella parrots
8 King parrots

16 Cockatoos

5 Bingos

3 Talegallas
1 Tasmanian deyil

2 Eagles

24 Emus
30 Kangaroos
12 Black swans

3 Cape Barren geese
1 South Australian

wombat

4 Native geese

3 Kangaroos
3 Black swans

3 Water

TO LONDON.

30 Waterhens
4 Kangaroo rats
10 Wombats
2 Cranes
7 Wood ducks

2 Kangaroo dogs

3 Echidna

26 Laughing jackasses
40 Shell parrots
6 Mallee pheasants
36 Lowry parrots
12 Opossums
9 Emus

TO DUBLIN.

I

TO PARIS.

3 Curlews

1 Native crane

8 Murray turtles

2 Wombats

17 Australian quail

4 Laughing jackasses

2 Bronze-wing pigeons

TO ST. PETERSBURG.

2 Laughing jackasses
2 Wallabies

TO AMSTERDAM.

I

40 Black ducks
40 Teal

22 Wonga pigeons
31 Bronze-wing pigeons
8 Swamp magpies

2 Iguanas

7 Land rails

4 Sugar squirrels

3 Coots

5 Native companions
Some Yarra fish

16 Magpie geese

2 Emus

8 Goatsuckers
2 Native companions
14 Rockhampton finehes
1 Iguana
4 Opossums
20 Black ducks
20 Teal

3 Emus

Australian quail

2 Cape Barren geese

TO ROTTERDAM.
2 Waterhens

2 Kangaroos

2 Wonga pigeons
2 Black swans

TO HAMBURGH.

2 Bronze-wing pigeons J 2 Kangaroo rats

3 Native Companions
2 Paradise ducks

TO PHILADELPHIA.

3 Magpie Geese
1 Wild dog

4 Kangaroo ratir
2 Kangaroos

2 Black swans
2 Magpie geese

TO COLOGNE.
2 Curlews

2 Waterhens?

ANIMALS SENT AWAY.

35

24 Black swans

TO COPENHAGEN.
2 Black swans

TO CALCUTTA.

16 Rosella parrots

6 Bronze-wing pigeons

12 Emus

10 Kangaroos

6 Laughing jackasses

2 Eagles

4 Opossums

20 Shell parrots

6 White cockatoos

1 Dingo

52 Magpies

7 King parrots

1 Wombat

TO MAURITIUS.

2 Black swans

1 2 Eagle hawks

2 Laughing jackasses

1 Kangaroo

9 Fowls

4 Wallabies

2 Cape Barren geese

| 7 Magpies

TO BOURBON.

8 Black swans
TO SICILY.

6 Black

swans | 14 Native ducks

'

TO RANGOON.

2 Black swans |

6 Black Swans

TO JAVA.

2 Cape Barren geese

| 1 Kangaroo

TO BURTENZONG.

2 Black swans

2 Cape Barren geese

| 1 Kangaroo

6 Angora goats

TO SYDNEY.
2 Egyptian geese

10 Thrushes

2 Brush kangaroos

6 English wild ducks

4 Larks

2 Silver pheasants

1 Mallee hen

4 Starlings

2 Canadian geese

10 Blackbirds

2 Ortolans

TO ADELAIDE.

13 Angora goats

2 Thrushes

1 Fallow deer

2 Blackbirds

3 English pheasants

7 Silver pheasants

1 Brahmin Bull
4 Angora gaots |

TO WEST AUSTRALIA.
7 Hales

| 2 Deer

D 2

ANIMALS SENT AWAY.

36

TO HOBART TOWN.

«

3 Angora goats I 4 Egyptian geese

9 Native bears 4 Hares

Wild ducks, Indian &'English |

3 Thrushes
0 Magpies

48 Wild rabbits |

TO NEW ZEALAND.

4 Opossums
10 Brace of hares

TO FOO CHOW.

2 Kangaroo

Indian and English
wild ducks

| 2 Parrots

TO NEW CALEDONIA.

238 Sparrows | 12 Laughing jackasses

TO SHANGHAI.
2 Kangaroos.

TO YOKOHAMA.

I

2 Emus

2 Kangaroos

I

J

A REPORT

ON THE

FISH BREEDING PONDS

OP THE

ZOOLOGICAL AND ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY
OF VICTORIA,

AND

INTRODUCTION OF FISH INTO THE RIVERS OF
THE COLONY.

By CURZON ALLPORT.

The following are extracts from a description of the
ponds which appeared in the Australasian SJcetcher in
April last, the frontispiece to this report being, by
permission of the proprietors, taken from the illustra-
tion in that paper : —

“ The ponds are upon the private property of Mr. William
Robertson, at Wooling, near Gisborne, about 40 miles from
Melbourne. An area has been enclosed of about two acres of
land, prettily situated upon a stream which takes its rise in
the neighbouring spurs of Mount Macedon. A water race,
supplied from this stream for Mr. Robertson’s saw-mill, takes
in its course a bend away from the stream, approaching it
again at a lower point, and an oval space is thus formed,
which, after falling a few feet from the level of the race,
continues almost a flat to the bank of the stream, which here
runs a cold, clear, fern-hidden brook, some 15ft. or 20ft.
below. This space, which is above all danger from floods, has
been cleared and planted with English grasses, and in its
centre are the ponds.

38

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

There are two ponds, each being about 70ft. long by 40ft. in
width, and shelving to a depth of about 5ft. in the deepest part ;
they are pitched with rough stone, artificial caves or hides
being made for the fish. Above each pond there is what is
termed a rill, along which water flows before entering the
respective ponds. These rills are about 4ft. wide at the lower
end, where they enter the ponds, and about 8in. or 9in. deep,
shoaling gradually to 2in. or 3in. at the upper end ; they are
serpentine in form to give greater length, being about 66 yards
long. Into the upper one water is admitted from the mill
race, and this flows through the whole length of rills, and
through the ponds. The ponds are also supplied directly from
the race. The upper race and ponds are tenanted at present
by some 200 or 300 brown trout, which were hatched in
October last from ova obtained from Tasmania, while the
lower pond is occupied by English salmon trout, hatched at
the same time from ova similarly obtained. It is intended to
keep 25 or 30 parent fish in each of the ponds, leaving them
to deposit their ova naturally in the rills which are made for
the purpose, means being taken to prevent the access of large
fish from the ponds after the ova have been deposited ; ova
and young fish will afterwards be distributed throughout the
colony to stock suitable streams/’

Owing to the great attention w*liich Tasmania has
absorbed, and deservedly so, in fish acclimatisation in
Australasia, comparatively little is known of what has
been done in Victoria, but real and substantial progress
has nevertheless been made, notwithstanding that there
have been mistakes and much delay, while those
who have been doing the work have been content
to do it quietly and unknown, in order that they
should be less interfered with and their endeavours
should succeed.

Victorian rivers are not, so far as the writer is
aware, adapted for salmon, and, unlike Tasmania,
comparatively few are adapted for salmon trout.

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

39

but for the brown or English trout its streams have
been proved to be well adapted, and when our ponds
have reached the age of those in Tasmania, and
Victoria has made up the valuable time which has been
lost, results equal, if not superior, to those in the sister
colony should be seen.

When the first salmon and trout ova arrived from
England en route to Tasmania, in April, 1862, three
boxes of salmon ova were retained, as a safeguard
and experiment. The ova were hatched at the
Victoria Ice Company’s Works, under the care of the
then Secretary of the Society, and the fry were placed
by Mr. Ramsbottom in the Badger Creek, a tributary
of the Upper Yarra, since when nothing authentic is
known of them. The gentleman in whose charge they
were placed prior to then being turned out, and who
has been a salmon fisher in Scotland, declares that he
has since heard salmon leaping in that tributary.
Would he were right !

Of salmon trout more will be said presently in con-
nection with the ponds. The books of the Society
show that in 1863, in remitting monies to England
towards the expense of a second shipment of salmon
ova, instructions were given to Mr. Youl to send
salmon trout ova also.

The trout ova which arrived on the occasion
referred to were procured by Mr. Frank Buckland and
Mr. Francis Francis from the best trout streams in
England, for Mr. Youl, and were sent by him as a
present to Mr. Edward Wilson, in this colony, who, at
Mr. Ramsbottom’s earnest request, very wisely allowed
them to go to Tasmania, proper appliances being ready
there to receive and hatch them — it being promised

40

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

that Victoria should receive a fair share of the
produce ; a promise which has been faithfully and
amply performed.

From the ova thus sent to Tasmania about 300
young fish were obtained, and these formed the total
stock of English trout there.

The first ova and young fish received from Tasmania
were lost — the ova, with the apparatus in which they
were placed, near Sunbury, being carried away by an
unusually high flood ; the young fish were lost owing
to their care and management not being understood.
The next supply of young fish were turned out, and
have bred. With the later supplies, more especially
during the last few years, better progress has been
made ; but, no doubt, little has been done compared
to what would have been the result had breeding
ponds been constructed, as they shoul^ have been, at
first.

The supplies from Tasmania were distributed on
arrival, either to local societies or to private individuals,
or, in the case of young fish, direct into suitable
streams, but each year, until the last, when the ponds
were constructed, ova were retained by the Society and
hatched at the Society’s gardens, in the Royal Park, at
Melbourne, in a house and apparatus built for that
purpose and supplied with water from the Yan Yean
reservoir. The experience gained by this course was
useful, but the result not always satisfactory ; one year
the per centage of loss tirould not exceed 20, but
in others there would scarcely be more than that per
centage saved. This was attributable to the uncertain
water supply, the distance the water had to travel
through pipes, and the occasional rise in temperature.

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

41

These reasons, and the distance from suitable streams,
made the Council of the Society abandon hatching
at the gardens.

The increasing demand from all parts of Southern
Australia and New Zealand upon Tasmania for ova
and fish, and its own requirements, necessarily pre-
vented an annual supply being continued ; and
therefore it became necessary, if Victorian streams
were to be stocked, that breeding ponds should be
established in the colony.

Mention ma} r appropriately be here made before
mentioning the ponds, of the success which has
already been achieved with the supplies referred to.
Young fish have been plaeed by the Society in the
Watts’ River and other headwaters of the Yarra ; in
Riddle’s Creek, and other streams which empty them-
selves into the Deep Creek and Saltwater River ; in
the head waters of the Coliban, which flows north-
wards to the Murray ; in the head waters of the Broken
River, which take their rise in the north-eastern
division of the colony ; at Kilmore, in the same divi-
sion ; in Dario tt’s Creek, in the western division ; in
waters near Stawell, in the north-western division ;
and in streams taking their rise in the Dandenong
Ranges to the south ; and also in the Y an Yean
Reservoir.

The above is independent of the distribution by
local societies, and in speaking of their success special
mention is to be made of the society at Ballarat,
which will probably next year distribute ova from its
ponds. It successfully hatched trout during the
seasons 1871-2-3. The young fish were distributed
into more than twenty streams of the western

42

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

district, and those turned out in 1871 have without
doubt multiplied during 1873.

The streams of the colony have not yet been thrown
open for trout fishing, and therefore but few instances
can be given of the success of the fish turned out.
While lowering the water recently in the race which
supplies the Society s ponds, more than a dozen young
fish were seen, weighing from half a pound downwards ;
these are the produce of fish turned into the stream
about four years ago. Near Ballan a trout was caught
weighing over nine pounds, and near Gisborne several
have been caught approaching that size. In Lake
Learmonth, in Beales Swamp, and in other waters
where fish have been placed by the Ballarat Society,
trout turned out in 1872 have, through accident, been
caught. These were found to weigh from two to three
pounds when but thirteen months old, affording
perhaps the best proof of the fitness of Victorian
waters for them.

On the subject of trout in Beale’s Swamp, a Ballarat
observer writes : —

“ We were seated on the embankment of this huge reser-
voir, watching a shoal of minnows in the clear water at our feet.
The sun had dipped behind a dense cloud, and the faintest
breeze gently stirred the dull, heavy atmosphere of the
sultry evening, when a sudden and unaccountable movement
of the minnows attracted our attention. The shoal were off
like a shot ! Two flashes of lightning, some three feet below
the surface, with streaks of silver and gold ! A cheer arose.
All well knew what it, meant— ‘ big speckled fellows in
Beale’s!’ We sat on the embankment until the sun dis-
appeared, when we were again and again rewarded by sights
of the fish. First one rather shy fellow came up, took a gnat
and a look round, then, as if half-frightened at his own

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

43

temerity, vanished to digest his dinner. Then a second, a
lazy one, popped up, tried the flies, and as if saying to him-
self, ‘ Who’s afraid 1 ’ indolently rolled himself over and over
on the surface, showing his spotty splendour with great effect.
Half-a-dozen more came up, and then ensued a regular fish
corroboree — the trout rolling and tumbling about most play-
fully, and appearing to vary their menage now with flies and
now with well fed minnows. We left the water at dusk, well
satisfied with the glorious success of our acclimatisation in
Beale’s Swamp.”

The fish in the ponds have thriven well, and are
now five to six inches long, and must be gradually
turned out to prevent overcrowding.

The ponds, which are designed upon the system
adopted at Stormonfield, with such improvements as
have been suggested by experience in Tasmania, were
made from plans prepared by the writer, and carried
out under the superintendence of Mr. Blackburn, the
Shire Engineer of Gisborne. After nearly twelve
months trial, no fault has been found or improvement
suggested. The expense of construction was met by a
special vote by the Victorian Parliament. The success
which has so far attended the experiment is, however,
mostly due to Mr. Robertson, who not only granted
the site, but has, at his own cost, undertaken the care
and management of the ponds, under the control and
superintendence of the Society.

The ponds being situated near one of the main lines
of railway, fish and ova may be easily and rapidly
distributed to all parts of the colony.

The second or lower pond at Wooling has been
devoted to, and is at present occupied by, some 200
salmon trout, hatched from ova presented by the Tas-
manian Salmon Commissioners to the Society, and are

44

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

the first salmon trout which have been introduced into
the colony. They differ from the salmon in that although
they visit the sea when available, they will live and
breed without doing so ; thus a yearly supply of young
fish may be obtained. For sport and the table the
salmon trout are by many deemed equal to the true
salmon. Like the salmon, the young change from the
par state to the smolt, and with the exception of those
retained for breeding purposes, will be allowed to leave
the pond when they arrive at that stage. They will
gain access to the sea by the Deep Creek and Salt-
water River ; and if, as is believed, they succeed and
return to fresh water, probably the result will be
known sooner than has been the case in Tasmania, for
not only are the waters through which they must pass
narrower, but the fish can hardly pass up the fish
ladders which they must ascend without being seen.

No time should now be lost in obtaining an Act of
Parliament, similar to the Trout Act in Tasmania,
embodying in it such clauses of the Salmon Act there
as will be required for the protection of the salmon
trout.

The next place must be given to the English perch :
The history of their original introduction is not
generally known, and may be interesting, as the result
is almost incredible. During four successive years
prior to 1861 attempts were made to introduce the
perch to Tasmania from England, but it was not until
December of that year that a fifth attempt succeeded,
when— as in prior attempts— at Mr. Morton Allport’s
request and sole expense, the writer brought out under
his personal charge and landed live fish, which were
placed in ponds expressly built for them by Mr. Allport.

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

45

More fish were obtained by him the following year,
from whence have sprung the immense supply now in
Tasmania and Australia. To him, therefore — and to
Mr. Joseph Allport, in whose gardens the ponds were
built, and to whose unremitting care and attention i-
due the successful rearing' of the parent fish — is the
credit of stocking many thousands of acres of water,
specially adapted for perch, and unfit perhaps for other
valuable fish.

In the introduction of perch to Victoria, mention
has again to be made of the Ballarat Society ; and,
in connection with it, of the Messrs. Seal, of Ballarat
Perch distributed by them now teem through the
southern, the western, and the northern districts of the
colony.

In Lake Wendouree, at Ballarat, no less than 0 tons

have keen caught during last season, yielding a large
money value, some of the fish being of unusual size.
The Ballarat Society has preserved a perch, caught in
December last in that lake, which weighed 3.1 lb. This
fish was three years old. Another fish ms caught
there during the early part of this year (1874) which
weighed 4 lb.

Visitors from England, who fished in the lake last
season say the sport there is superior to that in some
Ot the best waters in England.

All the fish throughout the district spoken of are the

1868 U< t fJV** MeS CaUgU in Tasrna nia, in
1868, by Mr. Morton Allport, and sent by him as a

present to Messrs. Seal. Without them, Wendouree

lut r r t S1 !r lar might perha f’ 3 h ftve remained
y WkCh th6y W6re > “ ** P^dise,” to the present

46

FISH BREEDING PONDS.

From Tasmania, and from Ballarat, the Society have
received frequent supplies of perch, which have been
distributed in various parts of the colony.

A pond was constructed at the Society’s Gardens in
the Royal Park for perch.

Prussian carp have been introduced by the Society.
Tench also, and it is said Dace.

Roach have been introduced and caught in the
Yarra, while those who prefer beauty to usefulness may
indulge in a little fly fishing for goldfish in the same
stream, where they are to be caught from 1 lb. weight
upwards and downwards.

In concluding this report, it may be of use to those
who have occasion to transport young fish, to describe
an improvement which the Society adopts, on the plan
suggested by the Tasmanian salmon commissioners
in their reprint of Frank Buckland’s “ Hints on Fish
Hatching and Fish Culture.” It is to enclose all but the
top of the tin in which the fish are carried, in an open
net of wire, and over that with a tight-fitting canvas,
such as buckets are made of; the space between the tin
and the canvas being filled with water. The water in
which the fish are is thus kept much cooler than it
otherwise would be, especially in this climate.

Another improvement is to place a false bottom in
the tin, concave in shape, so as not to present any
cievice or corner into which fish may get; to pierce the
false bottom with minute holes from the upper side,
and to connect the space between the false and true
bottom with a valve and piston at the side, to act
as an air pump, to be worked with the fingers and
thumb.

June 1874.

ADDITIONS

TO THE

LISTS OF THE PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES
AND OTHER SELECT PLANTS,

READILY ELIGIBLE FOR

VICTOKIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE,
(Issued in 1871 and 1872 by the Acclimatisation Society).

OFFERED BY

BARON" FERD. YON MUELLER,

C.M.G., M. & Ph.D., F.R.S.

In the first two volumes of the Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, notes on about
300 of the most important timber trees, and on about 700
species of other industrial plants were promulgated, with a
view of affording some additional aid to colonists within our
own territory, and perhaps also to inhabitants of other countries
of a clime similar to ours, for choosing among the many
thousands of predominantly utilitarian plants such species as
can likely be grown to advantage in our geographic zone.
On the occasions when these writings were issued, it was
promised to offer from time to time supplements, comprising
plants which in the first instance might have been overlooked,
or which through more extended researches or new discoveries
might have since become known or appreciated.

The first instalment of these additions is now submitted
to the Society’s supporters, and further supplemental notes
may find their way perhaps also to publicity through the
volumes of the Acclimatisation Society, so far as the scope

48

ADDITIONS

of its publications affords space for such purposes. Some
difficulty was again experienced on this occasion, not only in
the selection of the plants to be recommended, but also in the
limitation of the notes on any particular species. But not
every plant placed here is actually to be regarded as of proved
extensive industrial value ; or as of established remunerative
cultural yield j on the contrary, in the majority of instances
they are only brought forward as recommendable for unbiassed
new and local tests by enlightened culturists. In reference
to the narrow boundaries, within which this and the two
former treatises have been held, it may be observed that, until
more voluminous writings of these kinds can appear through
special public provision, the very brief data, now additionally
brought together, may helpingly tend to the extension of
cultural experiments, to the augmentation of our foreign
intercourse for scientific industrial and mercantile purposes,
and to the increase of our rural wealth.

Melbourne, May 1874.

Aberia Caffira, Hooker.

The Kai- Apple of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub serves
for hedges. The rather large fruits are edible, and can be
converted into preserves. Allied South African species are
A. Zeyheri and A. iristis (Sonder).

Acacia Arabica, Willdenow.

Throughout Africa, also in South Asia. This small tree can be
utilized for thorny hedges, as also A.Seyal (Delile) and A. tortilis
(Forskael). They all furnish the best Gum Arabic for medicinal
and technical purposes. The Lac-Insert lives also on the foliage,
and thus in Sind the Lac is mainly yielded by this tree.

Acacia Concinna, Candolle.

India. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge shrub. The
pod contains Saponin. So is likewise A. latronum (Willd.), a
hedge bush.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

49

Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott.

The Espino of the present inhabitants of Chili, the Cavan of
the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard wood,
resisting underground moisture. The plant is well adapted for
hedges. The pods, called Quirinca, serve as cattle food
(Dr. Philippi).

Acacia falcata, Willdenow.

East Australia. One of the best of trees for raising a woody
vegetation on drift-sand, as particularly proved at the Cape
of Good Hope. Other species serve the same purpose, for
instance — A. pycnantha, A, saligna, A. cyanophylla, A. salicina.

Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller.

South Queensland. Desirable for culture on account of the
excellence of its easily worked wood.

Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow.

Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height, about 60
feet. A kind of Myall, with hard dark prettily grained but less
scented wood.

Acacia harpopRylla, F. v. Mueller.

Southern Queensland, where this tree, according to Mr. Thozet,
furnishes a considerable share of the mercantile wattle-bark for
tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. O’Shanesy, brown,
hard, heavy and elastic, used by the natives for spears.

Acacia horrida, Willdenow.

The Doornboom or Karra-Doorn of South Africa. A formidable
hedge bush with thorns three inches long, readily available for
impenetrable hedge copses. It exudes also a good kind of gum.
So A. Gir affix (Burchell).

Acacia lophantha, Willdenow.

South West Australia. One of the most rapidly growing trees
for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed localities, but
never attaining to the size of a real tree. It produces seeds
abundantly, which germinate most easily. For the most desolate
places, especially in desert tracts, it is of great importance to
create quickly shade, shelter and copious vegetation. Cattle
browse on the leaves. The bark contains only about 8 per cent,
mimosa-tannin ; but Mr. Rummel found in the dry root about
10 per cent, of saponin, valuable in silk and wool factories.

Acacia pendula, All. Cunningham.

New South Wales and Queensland. Generally in marshy tracts
of the interior. One of the Myall trees.

E

50

ADDITIONS

Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.*

Victoria and South Australia. Though frequent in many parts
of our colony, this tree, known as the Golden Wattle, deserves
even here extensive cultivation, mainly for the sake of its bark,
rich m tannin. It is of rapid growth, will succeed even in sandy
tracts, and yields seeds copiously, which germinate with the
greatest ease. It is never a large tree. By improved methods the
fragrant oil of the flowers could doubtless be fixed, though its
isolation might be difficult and unremunerative. Experiments
m the writer’s laboratory have shown that the perfectly dried
bark contains about 25 per cent, of mimosa-tannin The
aqueous infusion of the bark can be reduced by boiling to a dry
extract, which in medicinal and other respects is equal to the
best Indian catechu, as derived from Acacia catechu and A. sundra
It yields approximately 30 per cent., about half of which or more
is mimosa-tannic acid. This catechu is also of great use for
preserving against decay articles subject to exposure in water, such
as nets, fishing lines, &c. While according to Mr. Simmons the im-
port of the bark of oaks and hemlock-spruce into England becomes
every year less, and while the import of sumach and gambir
does not increase, the annual demand has, since the last 20 years
become doubled. Probably no other tanning plants give so quick
a return m cultivation than our Acacia pycnantha and particularly
A. ducurrens. To the latter, the Black Wattle is already alluded

“ th ? ***** trees ; the following additional notes
may farther show the importance of this neglected tree. The
ng ish price of the bark ranges generally from £8 to £11 It
vanes, so far as experiments under my direction have shown, in
its contents of tannin from 18 to 33 per cent. In the mercantile
bark the percentage is somewhat less, according to the state of
its dryness— it retaming about 10 per cent, moisture. Any bare
barren unutilized places might here be sown most remuneratively
with the seeds of this Wattle Acacia, to secure a regular and
con muons supply of the bark, which necessarily must fall off
under the indiscriminate arrangements of obtaining the bark
from the natural localities of growth. The return would be
within very few years. l£ lb. of Black Wattle bark gives 1 lb. of
eather, whereas 5 lb. of English Oak bark are requisite for the
same results, but the tannin principle of both is not absolutely
identical The bark of the variety passing generally as the
Silver Wattle (Acacia dealbata, Link), is generally of less value

° te » eye m/ etCbing ° Bly LaJf the P rice of ttat of the Black
Wattle. The tannin of these Acaci® yields a grey precipitate
with the oxyd salts of iron, and a violet colour with sub-oxydes •
it is completely thrown down from a strong aqueous solution by

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

51

means of concentrated sulphuric acid. The hark improves by
age and desiccation, and yields about 40 per cent, of catechu,
rather more than half of which is tannic acid. Bichromate of
potash added in a minute quantity to the boiling solution of
mimosa-tannin produces a ruby-red liquid, fit for dye purposes,
and this solution gives, with the salts of sub-oxyde of iron, black
pigments ; and with the salts of the full oxyde of iron, red-brown
dyes.

Acacia saligna, Wendland.

South West Australia, where it is the principal tree chosen for
tanner’s bark. It is a widely spreading small tree, fit for avenues.
The bark contains nearly BO per cent, of mimosa-tannin.

Achillea moschata, Wulfen.

Alps of Europe. The Genipi or Iva of the alpine inhabitants.
This perennial herb ought to be transferred to our snowy moun-
tains. With the allied A. nana (L.) and A. atrata (L.), it enters
as a component into the aromatic medicinal Swiss tea. Many
species of this genus, including the Yarrow, are wholesome to
sheep. A. fragrantissima ( Reichenbach ), is a shrubby species
from the deserts of Egypt, valuable for its medicinal flowers.

Achras sapota, Linn6.

The Sapodilla Plum of West India and Central Continental
America. It is not improbable that this fine evergreen tree
would produce its delicious fruit in East Gippsland within
Victorian boundaries, as tall palms and many other plants of
tropical type occur there. Moreover Achras Australis , a tree
yielding also tolerably good fruit, occurs as far south as Kiama
in New South Wales, where the clime is very similar to that of
many forest regions of Victoria. Other sapotaceous trees, pro-
ducing table fruit, such as the Lucuma mammosa (the Marmalade
tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Clirysophyllum Cainito (the Star apple),
all from West India ; and Lucuma Caimito of Peru might also be
subjected to trial culture in our warmest forest valleys ; so
furthermore many of the trees of this order, from which gutta-
percha is obtained (species of Isonandra, Sideroxylon, Ceratophorus ,
Cacosmanthus, Bassia, Mimusops and Imhricaria ), may prove hardy
in our sheltered woodlands, as they seem to need rather an
equable htimid mild clime than the heat of the torrid zone.

Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon.

South Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appellations :
Queule, Nuble and Arauco . Wood durable and beautifully
veined. Fruit edible.

E 2

52 ADDITIONS

Agarious Caesareus, Schaeffer.

In the spruce forests of Middle and South Europe. Trials
might he made to naturalize this long-famed and highly delicious
mushroom in our forests when spruce-fir plantations are made.
It attains a width of nearly one foot, and is of a magnificent
orange colour. Numerous other edible Agarics could doubtless
be brought into these southern colonies by the mere dissemina-
tion of the spores at apt localities. As large or otherwise
specially eligible may here be mentioned A. cxtinctorius L.,
A. melleus Vahl., A. deliciosus L., A. giganteus Sowerby, A. Car-
darella , Fr., A. Marzuolus Fr., A. eryngii Cand., A. splendens
Pers., A.odorus Bulliard, A. auricula Cand., A. oreades Bolt.,
A., esculentus Wulf, A. mouceron Tratt ., A. socialis Cand., all
from Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species
from other parts of the globe.

Agrostis rubra, LinnA ( A . borealis , Hartmann.)

Northern Europe, Asia and America. A perennial grass called
Red-top, and also Herd-grass in the United States of North
America. Mr. Meehan places it for pastoral value among grasses
cultivated there next after Pkleum pratense and Poa pratensis
(the latter there called Blue Grass), and before Dactylis glomerata
(the Orchard Grass of the United States).

Aira csespitosa, Linn6.

Widely dispersed over the globe. A fair fodder-grass, best
utilised for moist meadows.

Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham.

The Siris Acacia of South Asia. Available in the warmer parts
of our colony as a shade-tree. It produces also a good deal of
gum.

Allium roseum, Linn6.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This, with Allium
Neapolitanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible
roots, according to Heldreich.

Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro.

Cochmchina, on the highest mountains ; thus, this tree would
probably prove hardy here. The precious Aloe-wood, so famed
for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal properties, is derived
from this tree.

Anthistiria avenacea, F. v. Mueller.

New South Wales and Queensland. A nutritious perennial
pasture grass.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

53

Amarantus Blitum, Linne.

South Europe, North Africa, South West Asia. This annual
herb is a favourite plant among allied ones for spinage ; but not
only species of, this genus, but also many other Amarantaceas
serve as culinary herbs.

Aponogeton distachyon, Thunberg.

South Africa. This curious water-plant, introduced already,
might be naturalized in our ditches, swamps and lakes, for the
sake of its edible tubers. The scented flowering portion affords
spinage.

Aralia cordata, Thunberg.

China. The young shoots provide an excellent culinary
vegetable.

Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.

North-West America. An evergreen tree, attaining a height of
150 feet. It belongs to the coast-tract exclusively, Wood
exceedingly hard. The tree requires a deep loamy soil
(Bolander) ; it would here be valuable at least as a highly
ornamental garden plant.

Aristolocbia Indica, Linn6.

Tropical Asia and Polynesia. A perennial climber ; the leaves
famed as an alexipharmic. Can only be grown in places free
from frost.

Aristolochia recurvilabra, Hance.

The green Putchuck of China. A medicinal plant, largely
obtained at Ningpo. The present value of its export is from
£20,000 to £30,000 annually.

Artemisia Cina, Berg.

Kurdistan. This herb furnishes the genuine Santonica seeds
(or rather flowers and fruits), as a vermifuge of long established
use. Some other Asiatic species yield a similar drug.

Artemisia Mutellina, Yillars.

Alps of Europe. This aromatic, somewhat woody plant deserves
to be established in our snowy regions.

Artemisia Pontioa, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, West Asia. More aromatic and less
bitter than the ordinary wormwood. Many other species of this
genus deserve attention of the culturist.

Arundo Ampelodesmos, Cyrillo.

South Europe, North Africa. Almost as large as A. Gynerium .
The tough flower-stems and leaves readily available for tyiDg.

54* ADDITIONS

Asparagus acutifolius, Linne.

In all the countries around the Mediterrean Sea, also in the
Canary Islands. Although a shrubby Asparagus, yet the root-
shoots, according to Dr. Heldreich, are collected in Greece, and
are tender and of excellent taste, though somewhat thinner
than those of the ordinary herbaceous species. The shrub
grows on stony rises, and the shoots are obtained without
cultivation. A. aphyllus L. and A. horridus L., according to Dr.
Reinhold, are utilized in the same manner, and all may probably

yield an improved produce by regular and careful culture.

%

Asparagus laricinus, Burchell.

South Africa. Dr. Pappe observes of this shrubby species, that
with some other kinds of that country, it produces shoots of
excellent tenderness and aromatic taste.

Astragalus pamassi, Boissier.

{A. Cylleneus, Heldreich). Greece. This small shrub furnishes
there almost exclusively the commercial Tragacanth. It ascends
to elevations of 7000 feet, becomes therefore alpine.

Atalantia glauca, J. Hooker.

New South Wales and Queensland. This desert-lemon is men-
tioned here to draw attention to the likelihood of its improving
in culture, and to its fitness of being grown in arid land.

Atriplex nummularium, Bindley.

From Queensland through the desert-tracts to Victoria and
South Australia. One of the tallest and most fattening and
wholesome of our pastoral salt-bushes, and although a native
plant even here highly recommendable for artificial rearing, as
the spontaneously growing plants, by close occupation of the
sheep and cattle runs, have largely disappeared, and as this
useful bush even here in many wide tracts does not exist.
Atriplex spongiosum, F. v. Mueller.

Through a great part of Central Australia, extending to the
west -coast. Available like the preceding, and like A. halimoides,

A. holocarpum and several other species for saltbush culture.

A vena elatior, Linne.

Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. This tall grass should not
be passed altogether on this occasion, although it becomes easily
irrepressible on account of its wide creeping roots. It should
here be chosen for dry and barren tracts of country, it having
proved to resist our occasional droughts even better than Rye-
grass. The bulk yielded by it is great, it submits well to

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

55

depasturing, and gives two or three crops of hay annually : it
is however not so much relished by animals as many other
grasses.

Averrhoa Carambola, Linn6.

Insular India. Dr. Hooker having found this small tree on the
Upper Indus as far as Lahore, it may reasonably be anticipated
that success would attend its rearing in the warmest and moistest
parts of our colonial territory. The fruit occurs in a sweet and
acid variety ; the former is raw available for the table, the other
for preserves. That of A. Bilimbi (Linne) is of similar use.

Azima tetracantha, Lamarck.

From South India to South Africa. A hedge-bush, growing
freely in every kind of soil.

Baccharis pilularis, Candolle.

California. This evergreen bush, like B. consanguinea, is grown
for hedges, used also for garlands, wrappers of flower bouquets
and many decorative purposes, as cut branches do not wither
for a considerable time. It attains a height of 15 feet (Professor
Bolander).

Backhousia citriodora, F. v. Mueller.

South Queensland. Though only a small tree it is well worth
cultivating for the fragrance of its lemon-scented foliage.

Balsamodendron Ehrenbergi, Berg.

Deserts of Arabia. This tree yields the Myrrha resin, but perhaps
some other species may produce the same substance. Professor
Oliver unites this with the following Bpecies.

Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth. [B. Gileadense,
Kunth,)

Arabia and Nubia. This species furnishes Mekka or Gilead
Balsam. B. Capense (Sonder) is a closely allied species from
extratropical South Africa. Many other Balsam shrubs deserve
introduction.

Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker.

Scinde and Beludschistan. Yields the Bdellium resin.

Basella lncida, LinnA

India. Perennial. This spinage-plant has somewhat the odour
of Ocimum Basilicum ; other species serve also culinary purposes.

Basella rubra, LinnA

From South Asia to Japan. This annual or biennial herb serves
as a spinage of pleasant coloration.

56 ADDITIONS

Benincasa cerifera, Savi.

India. This annual plant produces a large edible gourd, which
in an unripe state forms part of the composition of many kinds
of currie.

Berberis Asiatica, Roxburgh.

Himalaya. One of the best among numerous species with edible
berries. Among these may specially be mentioned B. lycium
(Royle) and B. aristata (Candolle), which also yield valuable
yellow dye wood (Dr. Rosenthal).

Berberis Darwinii, Hooker.

Chiloe and South Chili. Considered one of the most handsome
of all shrubs for garden hedges. Several other evergreen Berbery
shrubs serve the same purpose.

Betula lutea, Michaux.

The yellow or grey Birch of North-East America. Adapted for
moist forest land. In size and most other respects similar to

B. lenta.

Bongardia Rauwolfi, C. A. Meyer.

From Greece through Turkey to the Caucasus. A perennial
herb, the leaves of which are utilized like culinary sorrel.

Boswellia papyrifera, A. Richard.

Morocco, Nubia, and Abyssinia, forming entire forests about
Bertat on the Atlas. This tree exudes a kind of olibanum resin
and represents apparently one of the hardest species of this and
allied genera.

Brassica juncea, J. Hook and Thoms. (B. Willdenowii, Bom
Sinapis juncea, LinnS.)

From Middle Africa to China. According to Colonel Drury, cul-
tivated all over India for sarepta mustard seeds ; also a good
salad plant.

Brassica chinensis, Linn A

China and Japan. Serves like the following for cabbage, and
may in cultivation producehiew varieties. B. cretica (Lam.), a
woody mediterranean species.

Butea frondosa, Roxburgh.

The Dhak or Pulas of India. This magnificent tree extends to
the Himalayan mountains, and therefore might here be a proper
one for acclimatisation. It is very rich in a peculiar kind of
kino. The Lac-insect is also nourished by this tree, and might be
transferred to us with it.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

57

Buchloa dactyloides, Torrey.*

The true Buffalo-grass of Kansas. Dioecious, creeping, only
rising to half a foot or less. It is extremely fattening, but apt to
be suppressed by coarser grasses on places where these are not
trampled out or kept down by the pasture animals.

Buddleya Madagascariensis, Lamarck.

Madagascar. Of the numerous species of Buddleya, the most
eligible for shelter copses on account of its great size and always
tidy appearance, as well as vigour and celerity of growth. It is
ever flowering.

Buxus sempervirens, Linn6.

The Turkey Box-tree. South Europe, North Africa, South-West
Asia. This slow growing tree should timely be planted, to pro-
vide the indispensable box-wood for wood engravers and musical
instrument makers, as yet no good substitute for it having been
discovered. The box-tree needs calcareous soil for its best
development. Among allied species B. Balearica attains a
height of 80 feet. Other congeners are B. subcolumellaris,
B. Cubana , B. Purdieana , B. citrifolia, B. acuminata , B. Icevigata,
B. Vahlii, B.gonoclada, B. retusa , B. glomerata, B. Wrightii, all f rom
West India ; further, B. Madagascarica , B. longifolia from Turkey,
B. Wallichiana from the Himalayas and B. microphyllu from
Japan, but neither of any of these, nor of the various species of the
allied Indian genus Sarcococca, nor of several species of the
Andine genus Styloceras, does it appear to be known what rela-
tion their wood may hold to that of the true box-tree, and
whether they are more rapid in growth.

Csesalpinia coriaria, Willdenow.

Wet sea shores of Central America. Might be naturalised in our
salt marshes. Colonel Drury states, that each full grown tree
produces annually about 100 lbs. of pods, the husk of which,
commercially known as Divi-Divi, is regarded as the most
powerful and quickly acting tanning material in India. The
mercantile price of the pods is from £8 to £13 per ton.

Csesalpinia Sappan, Linng.

South Asia. The wood furnishes red dye. This shrub can also be
utilized for hedges. It would likely prove hardy here in places
free of frost.

Csesalpinia sepiaria, Roxburgh.

South Asia, east to Japan. Can be utilized in the warmer tracts
of our colony as a hedge bush. It can advantageously be mixed
for hedge growth with Pterolobium lacerans (R. Br.), according to
Dr. Cleghorn.

58 ADDITIONS

Csesalpinia tinctoria, Humboldt.

Chili. The bark yields a red dye.

Calamagrostis longifolia, Hooker.

North America. Excellent for fixing drift sand.

Calamintha Nepeta, Hoffmansegg.

Is of the strongest odour among several species, but not of so
pleasant a scent as C. incana (Boiss) and C. grandiflora (Moench).

Calamintha officinalis, Moench.

Middle and South Europe and middle Asia, North Africa. A
perennial herb, used like melissa as a condiment.

Calyptranthes aromatica, St. Hilaire.

South Brazil. This spice shrub would likely prove hardy here,
the flower-buds can be used almost like cloves, the berries like
allspice. Several other aromatic species are eligible for test
culture.

Capparis sepiaria, LinnA '

From India to the Philippine Islands, ascending to cool eleva-
tions and living in arid soil. A prickly bush, excellent for
hedges. Dr. Cleghorn mentions also as hedge plants C. horrida
(L. fil.), C. aphylla (Roth), C. Roxburghii (Cand.), some of which
yield also capers.

Caragana arborescens, Lamarck.

The Pea-tree of Siberia. The seeds are of culinary value, but
particularly used for feeding fowl. The leaves yield a blue dye
(Dr. Rosenthal).

Cares arenaria, LinnS.

Europe and North Asia. One of the most powerful of sedges for
subduing rolling sand, not attracting pasture animals by its
foliage.

Carissa Arduina, Lamarck.

South Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted for
boundary lines of gardens, where rapidity of growth is not an
object. Quite hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E. Meyer) and C.
grandiflora (A de Cand.), are allied plants of equal value. The
East Australian, C. Brownii (F. von Mueller) can be similarly
utilized. The flowers of all are very fragrant. C. Carandas
(Linne), extends from India to China; its berries are edible.
Carum nigrum, Royle.

Himalaya. With C. gracile this yields caraway like fruits.

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59

Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch.

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, on lime-
stone soil. The tuberous roots serve as a culinary vegetable, the
fruits as a condiment.

Carum Capense, Sonder.

South Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is called
Fenkelwortel.

Carum segetum, Bentham, ( Anethum segetum, Linne).

Around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Middle Europe.
An aromatic annual herb, available for culinary purposes.

Cassia fistula, LinnA

South Asia. The long pods of this ornamental tree contain an
aperient pulp of pleasant taste. Traced by Dr. Hooker to the
dry slopes of the central Himalayas.

Casuarina Decaisneana, F. v. Mueller.

Central Australia, where it is the only species of the genus. This
tree is one of the largest among its congeners, and particularly
valuable for arid regions.

Casuarina torulosa, Aiton.

New South Wales and Queensland. The wood of this handsome
tree is in demand for durable shingles and furniture work; it is
also one of the best for oven fuel.

Castaneopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle.

The Oak-Chesnut of California and Oregon. A tree attaining a
large size of beautiful outlines. The leaves are golden yellow
underneath. Wood durable.

Catalpa bignonioides, Walter.

On the Gulf of Mexico. A tree in warm humid climatic zones of
remarkable celerity of growth. Mr. Meehan regards the wood to
be as durable as that of the best chesnut trees, and observed a
stem in twenty years to attain a diameter of three feet, even
in {he clime of New York.

Ceanothus rigidus, Nuttall.

California. One of the best of hedge shrubs, available for dry
situations. Evergreen ; up to 12 feet high ; the branches become
densely intricate. In the coast-tracts it is replaced by C. thyrsi -
fiorus, Esch., which can also be used for hedges and copses, and
will live in mere coast-sand. C. prostratus, Benth., likes to form
natural mats on slopes formed by roads and slides, which it
gradually covers, and with its pretty blue flowers soon decorates
(Professor Bolander).

60

ADDITIONS

Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall.

California. Rises in favourable spots to a tree 40 feet high, with
a stem diameter of 2^ feet. The wood is the hardest known in
California. C. parvifolius is of lesser dimensions.

Chaerophyllum bulbosum, Linng.

Europe and Middle Asia. The root forms a kitchen vegetable.
Several other species yield edible roots.

/

Chenopodium blitum, F. von Mueller. (Blitum virgatum, Linne).
From South Europe to India, An annual herb, extensively in
use there as a cultivated spinage-plant. The fruits furnish a red
dye. The genus Blitum was reduced to chenopodium by the writer
in Canids Giornale Botanico some years ago. C. capitatum
( Blitum capitatum , L.) may not be really a distinct species C
' Qmnoa, Willd., from Chili, deserves hardly recommendation for
culture, though a nutritious spinage, it being apt to stray as a
weed into cultivated fields. Some of these sorts of plants are

useful to anglers, as attracting fish, when thrown into rivers or
lakes.

-fogalum pomeridianum, Kunth.

California, frequent on the mountains. This lily-like plant
attams a height of 8 feet. The heavy bulb is covered with
many coatings, consisting of fibres, which are used for cushions
mattresses etc.; large contracts are entered into for the supply
of this material on a very extensive scale (Professor Bolander).

he inner part of the bulb serves as a substitute for soap, and it
might be tried whether it can be utilized for technological
purposes like the root of Saponaria.

Chloroxylon Swietenia, Candolle.

The Satin wood. Mountains of India. Like the allied Flin-
dersms, possibly this tree would prove hardy here in naturally
sheltered places, the cognate Cedrda Taona advancing in East
Australia southward to the 36th degree. A resin, valuable for
varnishes, exudes from the stem and branches.

Chrysanthemum roseum, Adam.

South-West Asia. This perennial herewith C. carneum, yields
the Persian insect powder.

Cinna arundlnacea, Linne.

North America. There recorded as a good fodder grass • neren
mal, somewhat sweet-scented. Blyttm maveolem (Fries) is
according to Dr. Asa Gray, a variety with pendant flowers.

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61

Cistus creticus, LinnA

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. This shrub, with C.
cyprius (Lam.), furnishes the best Ladanum resin. Other species
yield a less fragrant product.

Combretum butyraceum, Caruel.

The Butter tree of Caffraria and other parts of South-East Africa.
The Cafidrs call the fatty substance obtained from this tree
Chiquito. It is largely used by them as an admixture to their
food, and exported also. It contains about one quarter Olein
and three quarters Margarin. This butterlike fat is extracted
from the fruit, and is of an aromatic flavour. The tree should
be hardy in the warmer and milder parts of Victoria.

Cordyline Ti, Schott. A

China. The roots in a roasted state are edible. The leaves, like
those of other species, can be utilized for textile fibre.

Crambe cordifolia, Steven.

From Persia and the Caucasus to Thibet and the Himalayas up
to 14,000 feet. The root and foliage of this Kale affords an
esculent. C. Kotschyana (Boiss.) is an allied plant.

Crataegus Azarolus, LinnS.

Welsh Medlar. South Europe and South-West Asia. The
pleasantly acidulous fruits are much used for preserves.

Crocus serotinus, Salisbury. (C. odorus, Bivona).

South Europe. Also this species produces Saffron rich in pig-
ment. The bulbs of several are edible.

Cudrania Javensis, Trecul.

New South Wales and Queensland, South and East Asia to Japan,
East Africa. This climbing thorny shrub can be utilized for
hedges. Fruit edible, of pleasant taste; the root furnishes a
yellow dye.

Cymopterus glomeratus, Candolle.

Western States of North America. Root edible (Dr. Rosenthal).

Cynodon Dactylon, Persoon.*

Widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe, thus as
indigenous reaching the northern parts of our colony. An
important grass for covering bare barren land, or binding drift
sand, or keeping together the soil of abrupt declivities, or con-
solidating earth-banks against floods. It is not without value
as a pasture-grass, resists extreme drought, and may become of
great importance to many desert tracts. The dispersion is best

62

ADDITIONS

effected by the creeping rooting stems, cut into short pieces ;
each of these takes root readily. In arable land this gras9,
when once established, cannot easily . be subdued. The stems
and roots are used in Italy for preparing there the Mcllago gra-
minis. Roxburgh already declared this grass to be by far the
most common and useful of India, that it flowers all the year,
and that it forms three-fourths of the food of the cows and horses
there. *

Danthonia Cunninghami, J. Hooker.

New Zealand. A splendid alpine fodder grass with large
panicles.

Danthonia nervosa, J. Hooker.

Extra-tropic Australia. One of the best of nutritious swamp
grasses.

Danthonia pectinata, Lindley.

New South Wales, Queensland and North Australia, in the arid
interior regions. A perennial desert-grass, resisting drought ;
sought with avidity by sheep, and very fattening to them.

Danthonia triticoides, Lindley.

Of nearly the same natural distribution as the preceding, and
equalling that species in value. Both so important as to deserve
rearing even in their native countries.

Debregeasia edulis, Weddell.

The Janatsi-itsigo or Toon-itsigo of Japan. Berries of this bush
edible, fibre valuable for textile fabrics. A few Indian species,
with fibre resembling that of Boehmeria, ascend to the Himalayas
for several thousand feet, and may therefore be hardy here,
namely, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana, D. hypoleuca ; the latter
extends to Abyssinia, where it has been. noticed at elevations of
8000 feet. On mountains in Java occurs D. dichotoma.

Desmodium triflomm, Candolle.

In tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. A densely
matted perennial herb, alluded to on this occasion as recom-
mendable for places too hot for ordinary clover, and as represent-
ing a large genus of plants, many of which may prove of
pastoral value. Dr. Roxburgh already stated that it helps to
form the most beautiful turf in India, and that cattle are very
fond of this herb. Colonel Drury informs us, that it is springing
up in all soils and situations, supplying there the place of
Trifolium and Medicago.

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63

Dioscorea quinqueloba, Thunberg.

Japan, and there one of several yam plants with edible tubers.
Among numerous congeners are mentioned as providing likewise
root vegetables : D. piperifolia (Humboldt) from Quito, D. esurien-
tum (Fenzl) from Guatemala , D. tuberosa and D.conferta (Yellozo)
from South Brazil, D. Cayennensis (Lamarck) from tropical
South America, D. triphylla (Linne) from tropical Asia, D. del-
toidea (Wallich) from Nepal. Of these and many other specif
the relative quality of the roots, and the degree of facility
their field cultivation require to be more ascertained. , ,

Diospyros Ebenum, Retzius.*

Ceylon, where it furnishes the best kind of Ebony wood. It is
not uncommon up to 5000 feet in that island, according to Dr.
Thwaites, hence I would recommend this large and valuable tree
for test plantations in East Gippsland, and in other lowland
forest regions of our colony, where also D. qucesita and D.oppositi-
folia (Thwaites), the best Calamander trees and D. Melanoxylon,
should be tried. Many other species of Diospyros could probably
be introduced from the mountains of various tropical regions,
either for the sake of their ebony-like wood or their fruit.

Diospyros Lotus, LinnA

From Northern China to the Caucasus. The ordinary Date
plum. The sweet fruits of this tree, resembling black cherries,
are edible, and also used for the preparation of syrup. The
wood, like that of D. chloroxylon, is known in some places as
green Ebony ; it must however not be confounded with other,
such as are furnished by some species of Exccecaria, Nectandra
and Jacaranda.

Dolichos uniflorus, Lamarck.

Tropical and sub-tropical Africa and Asia. An annual herb,
well adapted for stable pulse.

Drimys Winteri, R. and G. Forster.

Extra tropical South America. The Canelo of Chili, sacred
under the name of Boiglie to the original inhabitants. Attains
in river valleys a height of 60 feet. The wood never attacked
by insects (Dr. Philippi) ; thus the Australian species may be
equally valuable.

Elseagnus parvifolius, Royle.

From China to the Himalayas. This bush has been introduced
as a hedge plant into North America, and, according to Mr.
Meehan, promises great permanent success, as it achieved already
a high popularity in this respect. Several other species might
well be experimented on in the same manner.

ADDITIONS

64

Elegia nuda, Kunth.

South Africa, A rush able with its long root to bind moving
sand ; it also affords good material for thatching (Dr. Pappe).
Many of the tall Restiacece of South Africa would prove valuable
for scenic effect in the gardens and conservatories, and among
these may specially be mentioned Cannamois cephalotes (Beauv.)

From Chili to Magellan’s Straits. The Notra or Cirudillo of

mth 3hiii. A tree of exquisite beauty, but seldom extending to

beyond 30 feet in height. The wood is utilized for furniture.
E. lanceolatum is merely a variety (Dr. Philippi). The equally

from Mount Bellenden Ker of North Queensland deserve, with
the East Australian allied Stenocarpus sinuatus, a place in any
sheltered gardens or parks of the warm temperate zone.

Encephalartos Denisonii, F. v. Mueller.

New South Wales and Queensland. This noble pine palm is
hardy here, and to be regarded as a most desirable acquisition to
our garden sceneries, along with E. spiralis , E. Preissii and the
South African species. All admit of translocation even when of
large size and when many years old. The stems, with an
unusual tenacity of life, remain sometimes dormant after
removal for several years.

Eucalyptus acmenoides, Schauer.

New South Wales and East Queensland. The wood used in the
same way as that of E. obligua (the stringy bark tree), but
superior to it. It is heavy, strong, durable, of a light colour,
and has been found good for palings, flooring-boards, battens,
rails, and many other purposes of house carpentry (Rev. Dr.
Woolls).

Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith.

From East Gipps Land to South Queensland. One of the most
stately among an extensive number of species, remarkable for
its dark green shady foliage. It delights on river banks. Stems
attain a length of 80 feet without a branch, and a diameter of
8 feet. The timber usually sound to the centre, adapted for
water work, waggons, knees of boats, etc. Posts of it very
lasting, as no decay was observed in fourteen years.

Eucalyptus brachypoda, Turczaninow.

Widely dispersed over the most arid extra- tropical as well as
tropical inland regions of Australia. One of the best trees for
desert tracts ; in favourable places 150 feet high. Wood brown,

^mbothrium coccineum, R. and G. Forster.

gorgeous E. emarginatwn of the Peruvian Andes, and E. Wickhami

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65

sometimes very dark, hard, heavy and elastic, prettily marked ;
thus used for cabinet work, but more particularly for piles,
bridges and railway sleepers (Rev. Dr, Woolls).

Eucalyptus calophylla, R. Brown.

South West Australia. More umbrageous than most Eucalypts
and of comparatively rapid growth. The wood is free of resin
when grown on alluvial land, but not so when produced on
stony ranges. It is preferred to that of E.mcirginata and E. cornuta
for rafters, spokes and fence rails ; it is strong and light, but
not long lasting underground. The bark is valuable for tanning,
as an admixture to Acacia bark.

Eucalyptus cornuta, La Billardiere.

South West Australia. A large tree of rapid growth, preferring
a somewhat humid soil. The wood is used for various artisans’
work, and there preferred for the strongest shafts and frames of
carts and other work requiring hardness, toughness and
elasticity.

Eucalyptus crebra, F. v. Mueller.

The narrow-leaved iron-bark tree of New South Wales and
Queensland. Wood reddish, hard, heavy, elastic and durable,
much used in the construction of bridges, also for waggons, piles,
fencing, etc. E. melanophloia (F. v. M.), the silver leaved iron-
bark tree, and E. leptophleba , E. trachyphloia and E. drepanphylla
are closely allied species of similar value. They all exude
astringent gum-resin in considerable quantity, resembling kino
in appearance and property.

Eucalyptus Doratoxylon, F. v. Mueller.

The spear-wood of South-west Australia, where it occurs in
sterile districts. The stem is slender and remarkably straight,
and the wood of such firmness and elasticity, that the nomadic
natives wander long distances to obtain it as material for their
spears.

Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieber.

New South Wales. Regarded by the Rev. Dr. Woolls as a fully
distinct species. Its splendid wood, there often called blue-gum
tree wood, available for many purposes, and largely utilized for
ship building.

Eucalyptus G-unnii, J. Hooker.

Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales, at alpine and sub-
alpine elevations. The other more hardy Eucalypts comprise
E. coriacea, E. alpina , E. urnigera, E. coccifera and E. vernicosa ,
which all reach heights covered with snow for several months in
the year.

F

ADDITIONS

66

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. v. Mueller.

From Cape Otway to the southern parts of New South Wales.
A large tree which should he included among those for new
plantations. Its wood resembles in many respects that of E.
globulus. For house building, fence rails and similar purposes
it is extensively employed in those forest districts where it
is abundant, and has proved itself a valuable timber.

Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. v. Mueller.

New South Wales and South Queensland. To he regarded as a
timber tree of great excellence, on the authority of the Rev.
Dr. Woolls. It is famous for the hardness and toughness of its
timber, which is used for shafts, spokes, plough beams and
similar utensils.

Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, F. v. Mueller.

The ordinary iron-bark tree of Victoria and some parts of South
Australia and New South Wales. As the supply of its very
durable timber is falling short, and as it is for some purposes
superior to that of almost any other Eucalypt , the regular culture
of this tree over wide areas should be fostered, especially as it
can be raised on stony ridges not readily available for ordinary
husbandry. The wood is sometimes pale, or in other localities
rather dark. The tree is generally restricted to the lower
Silurian sandstone, and slate formation with ironstone and quartz.
It is rich in Kino. E. sideroxylon is a synonym.

Eucalyptus maculata, Hooker.

The spotted gum tree of New South Wales and South Queens-
land. A lofty tree, the wood of which is employed in ship-
building, wheelwrights’ and coopers’ work. The heartwood as
strong as that of British Oak (Rev. Dr. Woolls).

Eucalyptus obliqua, L’Heritier .*

The ordinary Stringybark tree, attaining gigantic dimensions.
The most extensively distributed and most gregarious of all
Eucalypts, from Spencer’s Gulf to the southern parts of New
South Wales, and in several varieties designated by splitters and
other wood-workers by different names ; most extensively used
for cheap fencing rails, palings, shingles and any other rough
wood work, not to be sunk underground nor requiring great
strength or elasticity. The hulk of wood obtained from this
tree in very poor soil is perhaps larger than that of any other
kind, and thus this species can be included even here, where it is
naturally common and easily redisseminated, among the trees
for new forest plantations in barren woodless tracts of our own
country, to yield readily and early a supply of cheap and easily
fissile wood.

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67

Eucalyptus paniculata, Smith.

The White Iron-bark tree of New South Wales. All the trees of
this series are deserving of cultivation, as their wood, though
always excellent, is far from alike, and that of each species
preferred for special purposes of the artisans.

Eucalyptus Phcenicea, F. v. Mueller.*

Carpentaria and Arnheim’s Land. Of the quality of the timber
hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of its scarlet
flowers recommends this species to a place in any forest or garden
plantation. For the same reason also, E. miniata, from North
Australia, and E. ficifolia, from South-West Australia, should he
brought extensively under cultivation.

Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith.

The Black-butt tree of South Queensland, New South Wales and
Gipps Land. One of the best timber yielding trees about Sydney,
of rather rapid growth (Rev. Dr. Woolls). It is much used for
flooring boards.

Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. v. Mueller. .

Queensland. Regarded by the Rev. Julian Tenison Woods as one
of the best of shade trees, and seen to produce leaves sometimes
1£ foot long and 1 foot wide. This tree is available for open
exposed localities, where trees from deep forest valleys would not
thrive.

Eucalyptus robusta, Smith.

New South Wales. The timber in use for ship building, wheel-
wrights’ work and many implements, such as mallets, etc.

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith.

The Red Mahogany Eucalypt of South Queensland and New
South Wales. A superior timber tree, according to the Rev. Dr.
Woolls, the wood being much prized for its strength and
durability.

Eucalyptus sideropbloia, Bentham.*

The large leaved or red Iron-bark tree of New South Wales and
South Queensland. According to the Rev. Dr. Woolls this
furnishes one of the strongest and most durable timbers of New
South Wales ; with great advantage used for railway sleepers and
for many building purposes. It is harder even than the wood of
E. Sideroxylon, but thus also worked with more difficulty.

Eucalyptus tereticornis, Smith.*

From East Queensland to Gipps Land. Closely allied to E ,
rostrata and seemingly not inferior to it in value.

F 2

68 ADDITIONS

Eucalyptus tesselaris, F. v. Mueller.

North Australia and Queensland. Furnishes a brown, rather
elastic wood, not very hard, available for many kinds of artisans’
work, and particularly sought for staves and flooring. The tree
exudes much astringent gum resin (P. O’Shanesy). Many other
Eucalypts could have been mentioned as desirable for wood cul-
ture, but it would have extended this enumeration beyond the
limits assigned to it. Moreover, the quality of many kinds is
not yet sufficiently ascertained, or not yet fully appreciated even
by the artisans and woodmen.

Eucryphia cordifolia, Cavanilles.

The Muermo or Ulmo of Chili. This magnificent evergreen tree
attains a height of over 100 feet, producing a stem of sometimes
6 feet diameter. The flowers are much sought by bees. For
oars and rudders the wood is preferred in Chili to any other.
(Dr. Philippi.) We possess congeneric trees in Tasmania ( E .
Billardieri) and in New South Walqs (E. Moorei).

Eugenia cordifolia, Wight.

Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet high. Fruit of one inch diameter.

Eugenia Hallii, Berg.

Quito. Fruit of large size.

Eugenia maboides, Wight.

Ceylon, up to 7,000 feet elevation. Fruit of the size of a small
cherry (Dr. Thwaites).

Eugenia Malaccensis, Linn6.

The large rose apple, India. Although strictly a tropical tree, it
has been admitted into this list as likely adapted for our warmer
forest regions. The leaves are often a foot long. The large
fruits of rosy odour are wholesome and of agreeable taste. E.
Jambos , X., also from India, produces likewise excellent fruit.

Eugenia Nhanica, Cambessedes.

South Brazil. The berries, which are of plum size, are there a
table fruit.

Eugenia pyriformis, Cambessedes.

Uvalho do Campo of South Brazil. Fruit of pear size.

Eugenia revoluta, Wight.

Ceylon, up to heights of 6,000 feet, berry one inch in diameter.

Eugenia rotundifolia, Wight.

Ceylon, up to 8,000 feet, rejoicing therefore in a cool or even cold
climate.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

69

Eugenia supra-axillaris, Spring.

The Tata of South Brazil. Fruit large.

Eugenia Zeyheri, Harvey.

South Africa. A tree attaining 20 feet height. The berries are
of cherry size and edible. The relative value of the fruits of
many Asiatic, African and American species of Rugenia remains
to be ascertained ; many of them furnish doubtless good timber,
and all more or less essential oil ; some probably also superior fruit.
All such, even tropical trees, should be tested in East Gripps Land
and other warm tracts of our colony, inasmuch as many of them
endure a cooler clime than is generally supposed. Hence Anona
muricata (L.), the Soursop Bush of West India, should also be
subjected to test culture for the yield of its sweet fragrant melon-
like fruit, and not less so Anona squamosa (L.), the Sweetsop
shrub or tree of Central America, for the sake of its very pleasant
fruit.

Euryale ferox, Salisbury.

From tropical Asia to Japan. Though less magificent th*n the
grand Victoria Regia, this closely allied waterlily is much more
hardy, and would live unprotected in ponds and lakes of our
colony. Though not strictly an industrial plant, it is not
without utility, and undergoes some sort of cultivation in China
for yielding its edible root and seeds.

Euryangium Sumbul, Kaufmann.

Central Asia. Yields the true Sumbul root.

Fagus Dombeyi, Mirbel.

The evergreen beech of Chili, called there the Coigue or Coihue.
Of grand dimensions. Canoes out of its stem can be obtained
of a size to carry ten tons freight. The wood is still harder
than that of the following species, with the qualities of which it
otherwise agrees (Dr. Philippi), This species extends to the
Chonos group and perhaps still further south, and thus might be
of value even for middle European forest culture.

Fagus obliqua, Mirbel.

The Roble of Chili, called Coyam by the original inhabitants.
A tall tree with a straight stem, attaining 3 to 4 feet diameter.
Wood heavy and durable, well adapted for posts, beams, girders,
rafters, joists, etc., but not for flooring. One of the few Chilian
trees with deciduous foliage (Dr. Philippi). Its value as com-
pared to that of the European beech should in our forest
plantations be tested.

70 ADDITIONS

Fagus procera, Poeppig.

Another deciduous beech of Chili, where it passes by the names
Reule or Rauli. Of still more colossal size than the Roble.
Wood fissile, but well adapted for staves ; it is finer in grain than
that of F. obliqua, and much used for furniture (Dr. Philippi).

Ferula longifolia, Fischer.

South Russia. The aromatic long roots furnish a pleasant
vegetable (Dr. Rosenthal).

Festuca coiron, Steudel.

Chili. A valuable perennial fodder grass, according to the
testimony of Dr. Philippi.

Festuca distichophylla, J. Hooker.

Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, New South Wales. This
dwarf creeping grass is of great value for binding soil, forming
rough lawns, edging garden plots on arid places, and covering
coast sand.

Festuca dives, F. V. Mueller*

Victoria, from West Gipps Land to Dandenong and the sources
of the rivers Yarra and Goulburn. One of the most magnificent
of all sylvan grasses, not rarely 12 feet and exceptionally to
17 feet high. Root perennial. This grass deserves to be brought
to any forest tracts, as it prospers in shade ; along rivulets in
deep soil it assumes its grandest forms. The large panicle affords
nutritious forage.

Festuca flava, F. v. Mueller. (Poa flava, Gronov , Tricuspis sesle-
rioides, Torr., Uralepis cuprea , Kunth).

The tall redtop-grass of the Eastern States of North America.
A perennial sand-grass, with wide panicles.

Festuca gigantea. Villars.

Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial good forest-grass.

Festuca lieterophylla, Lamarck.

Mountains of Europe. This perennial grass attains a height of
five feet ; it produces a proportionately great bulk of fodder,
and serves as an admixture to grasses of hay or pasture lands,
particularly the former (Lawson). It is best fitted for our alpine
and highest forest-tracts, which in course of time and perhaps
early so, will be sought for close pastoral occupation, when terri-
torial areas will become less easily acquired.

Festuca spadicea, Linn6.

Alps of Europe. This grass would thrive on the heights of our
snowy mountains. Perennial.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC. 71

Festuca purpurea, F. v. Mueller. ( Uralepis purpurea , Nutt.,
Tricuspis purpurea, A. Gray).

South East coast of North America. A tufty sand grass, but
annual.

Festuea silvatica, Villars.

Middle and South Europe. A notable forest-grass. F. drymeia
(Mert. and Koch), a grass with long creeping roots, is closely
allied. Both deserve here test culture.

Ficus columnaris, Moore and Mueller.

The Banyan tree of Lord Howe’s Island, therefore extratropical.
One of the most magnificent productions in the whole empire of
plants. Mr. Fitzgerald, a visitor to the island, remarks that the
pendulous air-roots, when they touch the ground, gradually
swell into columns of the same dimensions as the older ones,
which already become converted into stems, so that it is not
apparent which was the parent trunk ; there may be a hundred
of stems to the tree on which the huge dome of dark evergreen
foliage rests, but these stems are all alike, and thus it is impos-
sible to say whence the tree comes or whither it goes. The allied
fig trees of continental East Australia have great buttresses, but
only now and then a pendulous root, approaching in similarity
the stems of Ficus columnaris. The Lord Howe s Island fig-tree
is more like F. macrophylla than F. rubiginosa; but F. columnaris
is more rufous than either. In humid, warm sheltered tracts of
Victoria, this grand vegetable living structure may be raised as
an enormous bower for shade and for scenic ornament. The
nature of the sap, whether available for caoutchouc or other
industrial material, requires yet to be tested.

Ficus Cunninghami, Miquel.

Queensland, in the Eastern dense forest regions. Mr. O’Shanesy
designates this as a tree of [sometimes monstrous growth, the
large spreading branches sending down roots which take firm
hold of the ground. One tree measured was 38 feet in circum-
ference at two feet from the ground, the roots forming wall-like
abutments, some of which extended 20 feet from the tree. Several
persons could conceal themselves in the large crevices of the
trunk, while the main branches stretched across a space of about
100 feet. A kind of caoutchouc can be obtained from this
tree. A still more gigantic fig tree of Queensland is F. colossea
(F. v. M.), but it may not be equally hardy, not advancing
naturally to extratropic latitudes. This reminds of the great
council-tree, F. altissima.

72 ADDITIONS

Ficus elastica, Roxburgh.*

Upper India. A large tree yieldiDg its milk- sap copiously for
caoutchouc. Already Roxburgh ascertained 60 years ago, that
Indiarubber could be dissolved in Cajaput oil (so similar to our
Eucalyptus oil), and that the sap yielded about one-third of its
weight caoutchouc. This tree is not of quick growth iu the
changeable and often dry clime of Melbourne, but there is every *
prospect that it would advance rather rapidly in any of our
extensively unutilized forest gullies, and that copious plantations
of it there would call forth a new local industry. Mr. S. Kurz
states that also F. laccifera (Roxb.), from Silhet, is a Caoutchouc
fig tree, and that both this and F. elastica yield most in a ferru-
gineous clay soil on a rocky substratum ; further, that both can
bear dryness, but like shade in youth. Several other species of
tropical figs, as well American as Asiatic, are known to produce
good caoutchouc, but it is questionable whether any of them
would prosper in our southern latitudes ; nevertheless for the
conservatories of botanic gardens, all such plants should be
secured, with a view of promoting public instruction.

Ficus rubiginosa, Desfontaines.

New South Wales. One of the most hardy of all fig trees, and
very eligible among evergreen shade trees. It is estimated that
the genus Ficus comprises about 600 species, many occurring in
cool mountain regions of tropical countries. The number of
those, which would endure our clime, is probably not small.

Flindersia Oxleyana, F. von Mueller.

The yellow wood of New South Wales and Queensland. Other
species occur there, among which F. Bermettiana is the best for
avenue purposes.

Fitzroya Patagonica, J. Hooker.*

Chili, as far south as Chiloe. The Alerce of the Chilians.
Grows on swampy moory places. The diameter of the stem
reaches sometimes the extraordinary extent of 15 feet. The wood
is almost always red, easily split, light, does not warp, stands
exposure to the air for half a century, and in Valdivia and
Chiloe almost all buildings are roofed with shingles of this tree
(Dr. Philippi). Like Libocedrus tetragona this tree should be
extensively planted in our unutilized swampy moors.

Flacourtia Ramontchi, I’Heritier. (F. sapida, Roxburgh.)

India up to Beloochistan. This and F. cataphracta (Roxb.) form
thorny trees with somewhat plumlike fruits. With other species
they can be adopted for hedge copses.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

73

Flueggea Japonica, C. Richard.

China and Japan. The mucilaginous tubers can be used for
food, a remark which applies to many other as yet disregarded
liliaceous plants,

Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall.

California and Oregon. Delights on river banks. Wood durable
and elastic (Bolander). Well available for planting along our
numerous forest brooks.

Garuleum bipinnatum, Lessing.

South Africa. A perennial herb of medicinal properties, and
like numerous other plants there and elsewhere, praised as an
alexipharmic, but all requiring close reinvestigation in this
respect.

Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux.

Southern States of North America and Mexico. A twining
shrubby plant of medicinal value, long since introduced into
Australia by the writer, like numerous other plants of industrial
or therapeutical importance. Active principle Gelseminin. The
scent of the flowers has also come into use as a cosmetic.

Gonioma Kamassi, E. Meyer.

South Africa. This small tree furnishes the yellow Kamassi
wood, much sought for carpenter’s tools, planes and other select
articles of wood-work ; also for wood engraving, according to
Dr. Pappe. Flowers deliciously fragrant.

Grumilea cymosa, E. Meyer.

South Africa. Dr. Pappe describes the wood of this tree as
beautifully citron-yellow.

Guevina Avellana, Molina.

Extends from Middle Chili to the Chonos Archipelago. Briefly
alluded to already in the list of trees desirable for Victorian
forest culture. One of the most beautiful trees in existence.
The snowy white flower-spikes produced simultaneously with the
ripening of the coral red fruit. In the cooler southern regions
the tree attains considerable dimensions. The wood tough and
elastic, used for boat building. (Dr. Philippi). The fruit of the
allied Brabejum stellatifolium can only be utilized with caution
in a roasted state as an article of diet, because it is noxious or
even absolutely poisonous in a raw state.

Guilandina Bonduc, Linne.

Widely dispersed through the intertropical regions of both
hemispheres with &. Bonducella L. Both would be well adapted
for hedges in the warmer parts of our colony.

74 ADDITIONS

Gunnera Chilensis, Lamarck.

From Caracas to Patagonia, chiefly on cliffs. A most impressive
plant for scenic groups in gardens. Darwin measured leaves
8 feet broad and 24 feet in circumference. The acidulous leaf
stalks serve as a vegetable ; the thick roots are used for tanning
and dyeing. G. macrophylla (Blume) is a native of Java and
Sumatra, where it occurs on mountains, up to 6,000 feet.

Harpullia Hillii, F. v. Mueller.

The tulip-wood of Queensland. One of the most valuable of the
numerous kinds of trees indigenous there for select cabinet work.

Heleocliaris tuberosa, Roemer and Schultes.

China, where it is called Matai or Petsi. This rush can be
subjected to regular cultivation in ponds for the sake of its edible
wholesome tubers. H. plantaginea and H. fistulosa of India and
our own native II. sphacelata are allied plants.

Heliehrysum lucidum, Henckel. (27. bracteatum, Willdenow).
Throughout the greater part of Australia. The regular cultiva-
tion of this perennial herb would be remunerative to supply its
everlasting flowers for wreaths, just like those of 27. orientate
(Tournefort), from Candia, are largely grown and sold in South
Europe to provide grave-wreaths. Furthermore, the lovely
Hdipterum Manglesii (F. v. M.), from West Australia, could for
like purposes be profitably reared on a large scale with several
other Australian everlastings. Some South African species of
Heliehrysum and Helipterum are also highly eligible for these
purposes of decoration.

Hibiscus Ludwigii, Ecklon and Zeyher.

South Africa. A tall shrubby and highly ornamental species,
desirable also as yielding a fibre of great strength and toughness.

Hierochloe redolens, R. Brown.

Alps of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fuegia. Like other
species of this genus, a valuable fodder-grass of powerful and
agreeable scent. It is one of the largest kinds.

Holcus mollis, Linng.*

Of nearly the same geographic range and utility as the pre-
ceding species.

Holcus lanatus, Linne*

Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A well-known and easily
disseminated perennial pasture grass, of considerable fattening
property.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC. 75

Holoptelea integrifolia, Planchon. ( Ulmus integrifolia, Rox-
burgh).

The Elm of India, extending from the lowlands to subalpine
regions. A large tree, with timber of good quality. Foliage
deciduous.

Hydnum imbricatum, Linne.

In pine forests of Europe. A wholesome mushroom of delicious
taste, which we should endeavour to naturalize in our pine
plantations. Other recommendable European species are : —
E. erinaceum (Pers.), H. coralloides (Seep.), E. album (Pers.),
E. diversidens (Fries), U. auriscalpium (Linne), E. su$ squamosum
(Batsch), H. Icevigatum (Sw.), H. violascens (Alb.), H. infundi-
bulum (Svv.), j U. fuligineo-album (Schm.), H. graveolens (Brot.),
E. Caput Med usee (Nees), E. Eystrix (Fries). These and other
edible fungi are given on the authority of Rosenthal’s valuable
work.

Hymens 0 a Courbaril, Linn6.

Tropical and southern 'subtropical America. A tree of colossal
size and remarkable longevity. Timber hard, extremely ponder-
ous, close grained, used for select wheel work, tree-nails, beams
and planks in various machinery. A fragrant amber-like resin,
known as West India Copal, exudes from the stem. The beans
of the pod are lodged in a mealy pulp of honey-like taste, which
can be used for food. The possibility of the adaptability of this
remarkable tree to the warmer parts of Victoria needs to be
ascertained.

Ilex Cassine, Linne.

Southern States of North America. A tea-bush, to which also
remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed.

Ipomsea Batatilla, Gr. Don.

Cooler regions of Venezuela. The tubers serve as sweet potatoes.
Similarly useful /. plat anifolia (Roem. et Schult), from Central
America, and I. mammosa (Choisy), from Amboina.

Juglans cordiformis, Maximowicz.

Japan. This species approaches in many respects J . Sieboldiana.

Juglans Mandsclmrica, Maximowicz.

Corea and Mandschurica. This walnut is allied to J . cinerea of
North America.

Juglans Sieboldiana, Maximowicz.

Throughout Japan, where it forms a large tree.

76

ADDITIONS

Juglans stenocarpa, Maximowicz.

From the Amoor territory. Allied to J. Mandschurica.

Kceleria cristata, Persoon.

Widely dispersed over the globe. A perennial grass of fair
nutritive quality, sustaining itself on dry soil. The closely
allied K. glauca can be sown with advantage on coast sand.

Lactuca sativa, Linn6.

South Asia. The ordinary annual lettuce, in use since remote
antiquity. It is not without value, especially as a sedative for
medicinal purposes.

Lapageria rosea, Ruiz and Pavon.

Chili. A half-woody climber with large showy flowers. The 1
berries, which are of the size of a hen’s egg, are sweet and edible.

Lardizabala biternata, Ruiz and Pavon.

Peru and Chili, south to 37th degree. A woody climber. The
berries, two to three inches long and about one inch broad, possess
a pleasant sweet pulp. Two other similarly useful plants exist
there.

Laserpitium aquilegium, Murray.

Middle and South Europe. The stems of this perennial herb are
edible. The fruits serve as a condiment.

Lathyrus sativus, Linn 6.

Can only be used with great caution, as its frequent or continuous
use induces, like L. Cicera, paralysis, not only to man, but also
to horses, cattle, and birds.

Laurelia aromatica, Poiret.

Southern Chili. A colossal tree, in Valdivia the principal one
used for flooring. Wood never bored by insects, and well apt to
stand exposure to the open air, far superior to that of L. serrata,
the Vauvan or Huahuoa , which tree predominates over L. aroma-
tica in the far south of Chili (Dr. Philippi) .

Lauras nobilis, Linn6.*

Asia Minor. The Warrior’s Laurel of the ancients. The leaves
are in much request for various condiments, and the peculiar
aroma of these bay-leaves cannot be replaced by any others,
unless those of Lindera Benzoin .

Leyssera gnaphalioides, Linn6.

South Africa. A perennial herb of aromatic scent and taste.
Much used there as a medicinal tea.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

77

Lespedeza striata, Hooker and Arnott *

China and Japan. An annual herb, which in North America
has proved of great use. Mr. Meehan states it to be identical
with the Hoop Koop plant, and that it has taken possession of
much waste land in the southern states. It grows there wonder-
fully on the hot dry soil, and the cattle like it amazingly,

Levisia rediviva, Pursh.

North-West America. The root of this herb is large and starchy,
formerly extensively used by the native inhabitants. The plant
deserves trial-culture.

Liatris odoratissima, Willdenow.

Southern States of North America. A perennial herb occurring
on swampy places.

Libocedrus tetragona, Endlicher*

Chili as far south as Magelhaen’s Straits, especially in moist
moory localities. The wood, though soft and light, is resinous
and will resist underground decay for a century and more, like
that of Fitzroya Patagonica ; for railway sleepers this timber is
locally preferred to any other (Dr. Philippi).

Lindera Benzoin, Blume.

From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, there called the spice
laurel. An aromatic bush, one of the hardiest of the order. The
aroma of the foliage much like that of the bay leaves.

Liquidambar orientalis, Miller.* ( L . imberbe, Aiton.)

Asia Minor. Also this tree yields liquid Storax, which is vanilla
scented, containing much Cumarin , and thus used for imparting
scent to some sorts of tobacco and cigars, also for keeping moths
from woollen clothing. Its use in medicine is more limited than
in perfumery.

Lotus corniculatus, LinnA* Birdsfoot-trefoil.

Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, extratropical
Australia. A deep-rooting perennial herb, readily growing on
pasture land, sandy links and heathy places. This plant is
well deserving cultivation on light inferior soil, on which it will
yield a greater bulk of herbage than any of the other cultivated
clovers ; it is highly nutritious, and eaten with avidity by cattle.
From the great depth to which its roots penetrate, it is not liable
to be injured by drought. The nearly allied L. major yields a
still greater amount of herbage, it is particularly suited for
bushy and moist localities, and it attains its greatest luxuriance

78

ADDITIONS

on soils which have some peat in their composition (LawBon).
Here in Australia this Lotus shows a decided predilection for wet
meadows.

Lotus Tetragonolobus, LinnS.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Though annual, this herb
is highly valued for sheep pastures. The allied L. siliquosus
(Linne) is perennial, and occurs in a succulent form on sea
coasts.

Lycium Afrum, LinnA

Africa and South-west Asia. Can with many other species be
utilized as a hedge hush .

Lycopodium dendroideum, Michaux.

North America. This, with L. lucidulum (Michaux), has become
there a great article of trade, being in request for bouquets and
wreaths, and both plants, after having been dyed of various
colours, are used as ornaments in vases, etc. (Meehan). These
clubmosses are mentioned here to draw attention to similar
plants indigenous in this colony, viz. L. varium, L. clavatumt
L. densum, L. laterale and Selaginellauliginosa.

Lygeum Spartum, Linne.

Eegions at the Mediterranean Sea. This perennial grass serves
much like the ordinary Esparto grass.

Lyperia crocea, Ecklon.

South Africa. The flowers of this shrub produce a fine orange
dye, and are also in use for medicinal purposes.

Maba geminata, R. Brown.

One of the Ebony trees of Queensland. Wood, according to Mr.
O’Shanesy, black towards the centre, bright red towards the bark,
closegrained, hard, heavy, elastic, and tough. It takes a high
polish, and is recommended for veneers. Mdba fasciculosa
(F. v. M.) has the outer wood white and pink. Several other
species exist in Queensland, which may likely give good substi-
tutes for Ebony wood.

Marlea Vitiensis, Bentham.

New South Wales and Queensland. A middle sized tree,
generally with a gouty trunk ; wood bright yellow with fine
undulating rings, black towards the centre. Fruit edible
(P. O’Shanesy).

Marliera glomerata, Bentham. (. Rubackia glomerata, Berg).

The Cambuca of subtropical Brazil. The fruits attain the size of
apricots, and are much used for food (Dr. Rosenthal).

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

79

Marliera tomentosa, Cambessedes.

Extratropical Brazil. The Guaparanga. The sweet berries of
this tall shrub are of the size of cherries.

Matricaria glabrata, Candolle.

The South African Chamomile. This annual herb is there in
renown as an excellent substitute for the European Chamomile
(Dr. Pappe).

Maytenns Boaria, Molina. ( Boaria Qlolince, Candolle ; Maytenus
Chilensis, Candolle ).

Chili. An evergreen tree, assuming in the southern provinces
considerable dimensions. Wood extremely hard. Cattle aud
sheep browse with predilection on the foliage ; hence the trees
are cut down when in protracted snowfalls or in times of drought
forage becomes scarce (Dr. Philippi) .

Medicago arborea, LinnA

South Europe, particularly Greece. This shrubby yellow lucerne
is of value for dairy farmers, as it much promotes the secretion
of milk. This genus includes several other species of pastoral
value.

Melia Azedarach, LinnA

South Asia, North and also East Australia, and there to far
extratropical latitudes. As an avenue tree not without import-
ance, because it will successfully cope with dryness of clime and
sterility of soil. It recommends itself also for retaining the
foliage till very fate in the season, and for producing abundance
of fragrant flowers. A black fruited similar Melia seems as yet
little known. The wood is considered of value for some kinds
of musical instruments.

Melianthus major, Linn6.

South Africa. The leaves of this stately plant are very efficacious
as antiseptics, also in cases of scald head, ringworm and various
other cutaneous diseases (Dr. Pappe). Its effect of promoting
granulation is very remarkable (Dr. A. Brown).

Meliea nutans, LinnS.

The Pearl grass. Europe and North and Middle Asia, enduring
an alpine clime, and living also in the shade of forests. It
produces suckers, and affords good herbage in woody regions, so
also M . uniflora. Several other species are on record from various
parts of the globe, among which M. mutica, of North America,
seems to deserve special attention.

ADDITIONS

Melica ciliata, LinnA

Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial fodder grass, particularly
desirable for sheep.

Melicocca bijuga, LinnA

Central America, on mountains. So many sapindaceous trees of
the cupania series have been shown by my own experiments to
be hardy here, that now also this important member of the
series could be admitted into this list. The pulp of the fruit is
of grape taste ; the seeds can be used like sweet chesnuts.

Meriandra Abyssinica, F. v. M. M. Benghalensis , Benth.

Abyssinia, on high mountains. A shrub of penetrating odour,
utilized much like sage.

Mesembryanthemum aeinaciforme, LinnA

The Hottentot fig of South Africa. Under the same vernacular
name is also comprised the distinct M. edule ( L .) Both together
with our own M. cequilaterale (Haworth), which extends also
widely along the American west coast, should be transferred into
any of the most inhospitable desert regions, as they afford in
the inner part of their fruit a really palatable and copious food.

Milium effusum, Linne,

English Millet grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia, North
America. Perennial, suited for damp forest land particularly,
the pastoral capabilities of which it enhances. On river banks
it attains a height of six feet. It is relished by cattle. The
seeds can be used like millet, the stems for the manufacture of
superior straw hats.

Mimosa rubicaiilis, Lamarck.

India. A hedge-bush, almost inapproachable. It has proved
hardy at the Botanic Garden of Melbourne.

Monarda didyma, Linne.

North America. A perennial odorous herb, producing the
medicinal Osnego or Beebalm Tea. M. punctata {L.) is also of
very strong scent, and so M. fistulosa ( L .) with several others.

Monetia barlerioides, L’Heritier.

South Africa. A hedge shrub.

Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertner.

The horse radish tree of India, abundant into the middle regions
of the mountains. The long pods are edible ; the seeds are some-
what almond-like and rich in oil. M. aptera (Gaertner) occurs
from Abyssinia and Egypt to Arabia and Syria.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

81

Morchella esculenta, Persoon. (M. conica, Persoon).

Europe, Asia, North and Central America. With M. semilibera
this Morel has been found in Victoria and New South Wales ;
its spread should be encouraged by artificial means, as it is a
wholsome esculent. European superior species, probably admit-
ting of introduction, are: — M. Gigas (Pers.),il/. deliciosa (Fries),
which extends to Java, M. patula (Pers.), the Bell-Morel; and
several others occur there or in other parts of the globe. Though
these fungi show a predilection for pine forests, they are not
dependent on them ; thus the writer found M. esculenta in our
Eucalyptus forests, and this late in the autumn. They can all
be dried and preserved for culinary purposes.

Moras celtidifolia, Humboldt.

From Peru to Mexico, ascending to 7,000 feet. The fruit also of
this Mulberry tree is edible. M. insignis (Planchon), from New
Granada, is a similar species.

Myoporum lsetum, Forster.

New Zealand, where it is called Ngaio by the aborigines. As a
shelter tree it is equal to our M. insulate for the most exposed
parts of the coast. It is excellent for shade, and its wood takes
a fine polish. It can be raised on the beach from cuttings.
Uprooted it will produce new roots if covered in near the sea.
Sheep and horses browse on the foliage.

Myrica cerifera, Linn§. The wax Myrtle.

Sandy sea-coast of North America. This shrub helps to bind the
rolling sand ; it has fragrant leaves ; the fruits are boiled, and the
floating wax, which can be converted into candles, is skimmed
off.

Myrica cordifolia, Linn6.

South Africa. This bushy plant arrests the influx of sea sand ;
it also yields remuneratively wax from its fruits.

Myrica quercifolia, Linne.

South Africa. This and M. cordifolia and the following are the
principal wax bushes there. Many other species from different
parts of the globe are available for trial culture, but none has as
yet been discovered in Australia.

Myrica serrata, Lamarck.

South Africa. Shrub only about three feet high. The Myrica
wax is heavier, harder, and more brittle than beeswax, but melts
easier. It is obtained from the fruits throughout the cool season.
The sowing of seeds is done after the first rain of the cool
G

82

ADDITIONS

months has steadied the sand. The plant can also be multiplied
from cuttings. The subterraneous trunk is creeping, and in age
of considerable length. (Dr. Pappe.)

Myrrh is odorata, Scopoli. The Sweet Chervil or Cicely.

Mountains of Middle and South Europe and Asia Minor, particu-
larly in forests. A perennial aromatic herb, used for salad and
culinary condiments. It could here be naturalized in the forests,
and would endure the climate of our highest alps ; a second
species, M. occidentalis (Benth,), occurs in Oregon.

Myrtus communis, Linn6.

The Bridal Myrtle. This bush of ancient renown should not be
passed, it is industrially in requisition for myrtle wreaths.

Myrtus edulis, Bentham. ( Myrcianthes edulis t Berg.)

Uruguay. A tree attaining a height of about 25 feet. Berries
of 1£ inch diameter, of pleasant taste.

Myrtus Luma, Molina.

South Chili. A tree fully 100 feet high in the virgin forests.
Wood very hard and heavy, much sought for press screws, wheel
spokes and select implements (Dr. Philippi.)

Myrtus Meli, Philippi.

South Chili. Of the same use as the foregoing species, and in
this manner most favourably contrasting with the numerous
other myrtaceous trees of Chili.

Myrtus nummularia, Poiret.

The Cranberry-Myrtle. From Chili to Fuegia, also in the
Falkland Islands. This trailing little plant might be transferred
to the turfy moors of our alpine mountains. Dr. Hooker
describes the berries as fleshy, sweet and of agreeable flavour.
Allied species occur in the cold zone of the Peruvian Andes.

Myrtus tomentosa, Aiton.*

India and China. This showy shrub ascends to 8,000 feet high.
The berries are dark purple, of cherry size, pulpy, and of aroma .
tic sweetness. Various other Myrtles with edible berries are
known from different warm countries.

Nageia (Podocarpus) elongata, L’Heritier.

South Africa. With iV. Thunbergi and with Ergthrina Caffra
and Oreodaphne bullata, this is the tallest tree of Capeland and
Caffraria, although itMoes not advance beyond 70 feet. The
yellowish wood is highly valuable, deal like, not resinous. The
stems can be used for top-masts and yards of ships.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC. 83

Nageia (Podocarpus) andina, Poeppig. ( Prumnopithys elegans,
Philippi.)

The Lleuque of Chili. A stately tree with clusters of edible
cherry-like fruits. The wood is yellowish and fine grained, and
is chosen for elegant furniture work.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Chilina, Richard.

The Marumi and Lahualoi the Chilians. Height to 100 feet,
with corresponding thickness of stem. Wood white, of excellent
quality.

Nageia (Podocarpus) elata, R. Brown.

East Australia. A fine timber tree of great height.

Nageia (Podocarpus) nubigena, Lindley.

Southern Chili, generally a companion of N. Chilina, with which
it agrees in its dimensions and in the utility of its timber.

Nephelium lappaceum, LinnA

India. This tree furnishes the Rambutan or Rampostan fruit,
similar to the Litchi and Logan fruit. As one species of
Nephelivm is indigenous as far south as Gipps Land, and as all
the species seem to require rather a moist mild forest clime than
great atmospheric heat, we may hope to bring also this tree here
in favourable spots to perfect bearing.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Thunbergi, Hooker.

South Africa. Superior in the quality of its wood to N. pruinosa
(E. Meyer) and even W. elongata ; it is bright yellow, fine grained
and very handsome when polished (Dr. Pappe).

Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim.

Eastern States of North America, where it is called the Forest
Tupelo or Black Gum tree. Wood tough, firm, fine grained, but
very unwedgeable (Dr. Asa Gray). It is used for turners’ work.
Leaves of deep crimson hue in autumn. The acidulous fruits
are edible.

Nyssa uniflora, Walter.

Eastern States of North America. The Swamp Tupelo. Wood
soft, that of the roots very light and spongy, thus used for corks
(Dr. Asa Gray). Attains a height of 80 feet. The mucilaginous
fruits are edible.

Opuntia Dillenii, Candolle.

Central America. A Tuna-like Cactus, serving for unin-
flammable hedges, and perhaps also for the rearing of the Coccus
Cacti. It is particularly eligible for barren land.

G 2

84 ADDITIONS

Opuntia Missouriensis, Candolle.

From Nebraska to New Mexico. Mr. Meehan found this Cactus
covered with the Cochineal Coccus and points to the fact that
this insect will live through the intense cold, which characterises
the rocky mountains of the Colorado regions.

Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelmann.

North America. The most northern of all species, extending to
lake Michigan.

Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cassini.

South Africa. A camphor-scented shrub, much in use there for
medicinal purposes (Dr. Pappe).

Oxalis esculenta, Otto and Dietrich.

Mexico, there with 0. tetraphylla (Cavanilles), 0. Deppei
(Loddiges), 0. violacea (Linne) and several others producing
tuberous starchy wholesome roots ; the first mentioned gives
the largest yield. As similarly useful may be mentioned among
many others — O. crenata (Jacquin), from Chili, and 0. ennea-
phylla (Cavanilles), from the Falkland Islands and Magelhaen’s
Straits.

Pachyma Hoelen, Fries.

China. This large truffle occurs particularly in the province of
Souchong. Flavour most agreeable.

Panax papyrifer, F. v. Mueller. ( Arabia papyrifer , Hooker, Fatsia
papyrifera, Bentham, Tetrapanax papyrifer, C. Koch).

Island of Formosa. The Rice paper plant, hardy in the lowlands
of Victoria, and of scenic effect in garden plantations ; the pith
furnishes the material for the so-called rice-paper.

Pappea Capensis, Ecklon and Zeyher.

South Africa. The fruit of this tree is of the size of a cherry,
savoury and edible.

Fandanus fureatus, Roxburgh.

This screw pine occurs in India up to heights of 4,000 feet,
according to Mr. S. Kurz ; hence it will likely bear our clime,
and give us a stately plant for scenic group-planting. P. pedunc-
ulatus (R. Brown) occurs in East Australia as far south as 32nd
degree, and the same or an allied tall species luxuriates in Howe’s
Island.

Pelargonium odoratissimum, Aiton.

South Asia. A perennial trailing herb, from the leaves of which
a fragrant oil can be distilled. The same remark applies to the
shrubby P. Radula and P. capitatum (Dr. Rosenthal).

85

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

Periandra dulcis, Martius.

Subtropical Brazil. The sweet root yields liquorice.

Persea Teneriffae, Poiret (sub Lauro ). (P. Indica, Sprengel).

Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands. This magnificent tree
produces a very beautiful hard mahogany-like wood, especially
sought for superior furniture and turners’ work. One of the
most hardy trees of the large order of Laurinm.

Peucedanum Sekakul, Bentham.

Egypt and Syria. Biennial. The root is edible.

Peucedanum cachry difolium, Ledebour.

Persia. A valuable fodder herb (Dr. Rosenthal).

Peumus Boldus, Molina.

The Boldo of Chili. A small ornamental evergreen tree, with
exceedingly hard wood, which is utilized for many kinds of
implements. The bark furnishes dye material. The fruits are
of aromatic and sweet taste (Dr. Philippi).

Pisonia aculeata, Linne.

Tropical and subtropical countries of both hemispheres, extend-
ing as a native plant into New South Wales. This rambling
prickly bush can be chosen for hedge copses.

Pithecolobium dulce, Bentham.

Mexico. A valuable hedge plant. The sweet pulp of the pod is
wholesome.

Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks and Solander.

New Zealand. This with P . eugenioides has proved exquisite for
tall garden hedges, for which these and several other species
were first brought into notice by the writer. Our native
P. undulatum is rather adapted for copses, and deserves cultiva-
tion also for the sake of its fragrant flowers, from which an
essential oil can be distilled.

Planera aquatica, Gmelin.

North America. An elm-like tree, which can be chosen for
plantations in wet localities.

Plectronia ventosa, Linn6.

South Africa. A hedge bush like P. ciliata (Sonder) and
P. spinosa (Klotzsch) .

Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin.

The Teffof Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there
extensively drawn into use for bread of an agreaable acidulous
taste.

86 ADDITIONS

Poa Canadensis, Beauvois.

The Rattlesnake grass of North-East America. A valuable
swamp grass.

Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton.

Temperate Himalaya. Praised as an ophidian alexipharmic. To
seveial other species both of the eastern and western hemispheres
similar properties are ascribed, but we are almost entirely with-
out any reliable medical testimony on these and many other
vegetable antidotes against snake poison.

Polygaster Sampadarins, Fries.

South Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all truffles.
Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro.

Japan and China. An annual herb, deserving attention and
local trials here, as yielding a kind of Indigo. Its growth would
be vigorous.

Prunus ilicifolia, Nuttall.

California. In deep rich soil valuable for evergreen hedges of
intricate growth.

Prunus Mahaleb, Linne.

Middle and South Europe. It deserves some attention on account
of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter used in
turnery for pipes and other articles.

Psidium acidum, Martius.

Higher regions on the Amazon river. A tree, 30 feet high ; its
guava fruit pale yellow and of apple size.

Psidium ohrysophyllum, F. von Jlueller. (Abbevillea chnso-

phylla, Berg.)

TheGuabiroba do mato of South Brazil. This tree attains also
a height of about 30 feet. The fruit generally not larger than a
cheriy Perhaps other species of the section Abbevillea would be
hardy here and worthy of cultivation.

Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon.

Mountains of Brazil. Berry about 1 inch diameter.

Psidimn inalifolium, F. v. Mueller, (Campomanesia malifolia,

Uruguay. Berry about one inch diameter.

Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh.

S ^ons L famed° f f Ch i tla fl and A *"* ° £ c <™iderable dimen-
dr^on hT»d^n. am0 ' led ^ " ““ 8180 8 kind ° f

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

87

Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh.

India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to at least 3,000 feet
altitude ; hence this tree would doubtless grow without protec-
tion in those tracts of our colony which are free of frost. It
exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains about 75 per
cent, of tannic acid. P. santalinus (Linne fib), which provides
the Saunders or red sandal wood, is also indigenous to the
mountains of India.

Fterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth.

Central Asiatic Russia. A kind of walnut tree, which with
P. stenoptora (Gas. de Cand.) on Dr. Hance’s recommendation,
should be adopted as trees for both ornament and timber, and
so perhaps also the J apanese species.

Punica G-ranatum, LinnA

The Pomegranate. North Africa and West Asia. Well-known
for its showy habit, rich coloured flowers, peculiar fruit, and
medicinal astringency, but much overlooked regarding its value
as a hedge plant.

Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg.

Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge bushes. Under
favourable circumstances it will produce its quince-like fruit.

Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin.

The Snow Pear. Middle and South Europe. This would be
adapted for orchards in our higher mountain regions. The fruit
becomes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amygda-
liformis (Villars) is probably the wild state of this tree.

Pyrus salicifolia LinnA

Greece, Turkey, Persia, South West Russia. Though its fruit,
which slowly mollifies, is edible, this tree is mainly utilized as
a superior stock for grafting.

Quercus densiflora, Hooker and Arnott.

Californian Chesnut Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful
outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Bark very valuable
for tanning; wood however subject to rapid decay (Prof.
Bolander). Quercus Douglasi and Q.lobata are two other tall
oaks of California.

Quercus lobata, Nee.

California. The large acorns can be used for food.

Quercus lyrata, Walter.

The overcup Oak of the south-eastern states of North America,
extending from South Illinois to Florida and Louisiana. Lately
recommended as one of the most valuable for timber cvltivation.

88 ADDITIONS

Quercus Phellos, Linne.

The Willow Oak of the Eastern States of North America. The
acorns available for food, like those of several other species, for
instance, Q. glabra (Thumb.), of Japan. The comparative value
of the very numerous cis- and trans-atlantic Oak, is but little as
yet understood, either for avenue purposes or timber plantations,
and should be tested with care in botanic gardens. Even
recently oaks have been discovered on the mountains of New
Guinea.

Raphanus sativus, LinnA

South Asia, up to 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, eastward to
Japan. R. caudatus ( L .), the radish with long edible pods is
regarded by Dr. Th. Anderson as a mere variety, and he thinks
that all sprung from the ordinary R.Raphanistrum ( L .) of Europe.

Rhamnus Grsecus, Reuter.

Greece. From this shrub, and to a less extent from the allied
R. prunifolius (Sibth.), are the green dye berries collected in
Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These shrubs grow on
stony mountains up to 2,500 feet.

Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott.

Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized tree,
the very hardwood of which is used for wheel-teeth, axletrees,
and select furniture. The plant seems neither caustic nor other-
wise poisonous (Dr. Philippi).

Royenia Pseudebenus, E. Meyer.

South Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet black, hard
and durable, thus in Capeland and Caffraria called ebony.
R. pubescens (Willd.), according to Dr. Pappe, furnishes there a
wood adapted for xylography ; this may give a clue to the adapt-
ability of many other kinds of woods in the large order of
Ebenacex as substitutes for the Turkish box- wood.

Ruscus aculeatus, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia. This
odd plant is the only shrubby species of the genus. It serves for
forming garden hedges. The young shoots of this and others
are edible.

Rubia peregrina, LinnA

Middle and South Europe, South-West Asia. This perennial
species yields also Madder-root. Several other kinds deserve
comparative test culture.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

89

Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (S. Gariepina , Burchell).

South Africa. This willow might be introduced on account of
its resemblance to the ordinary weeping willow. S. daphnoides
(Vill.) of Europe and Asia, S. petiolaris (Smith), S. cordata
(Muehlenb.), S. tristis (Aiton), of North America are among the
best for binding sand. S. longifolia (Muehlenb.), also North
American, is among those which form long flexible withes.

Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow.

Through a great part of South America. This willow is of
pyramidal habit, attains a height of 50 feet and more. The
wood is much in use for yokes and other implements. Many
kinds of willow can be grown for consolidating shifting sand
ridges.

Santalum album, Linn6 *

India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A small
or middle sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and roots. In
the drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest fragrance of the
wood is generated. S. Freycenetianum (Gaudicbaud) produces
sandal wood on the mountains of the Sandwich Islands, up to
3,000 feet. Several other species occur in Polynesia. The
precious sandal oil is obtained by slow distillation from the
heartwood and root, the yield being about 2£ per cent.

Santolina cyparissias, Linne.

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and
handsome bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied
species.

SaxoTio-GrOthsea conspicua, Bindley.

The Mahin of Southern Chili. A middle-sized tree, with fine-
grained yellowish timber.

Sassafras officinale, Hayne.

From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and the Missouri States.
The greatest height attained by this tree is 50 feet. It furnishes
the medicinal Sassafras bark and wood, and from this again an
essential oil is attainable. The deciduous and often jagged
leaves are remarkable among those of Lauraceae.

Scandix grandiflora, Linn 6.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb,
much liked there as a salad for its pleasant aromatic taste.

Scorzonera croeifolia, Sibthorp.

Greece. A perennial herb ; the leaves, according to Lr. Heldreich
used there for a favourite salad and spinage.

90 ADDITIONS

Scutia Indiea, Brogniarfc.

South Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn’s recommendation, might
be introduced as a thorny hedge shrub.

Selinum Monnieri, Linne.

From East Asia now extending to South Europe, preferring
moist places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as
valuable for medicinal purposes.

Smilax rotundifolia, Linn6.

Eastern States of North America and Canada. A prickly climber
with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is made of the
roots for the bowls of tobacco pipes, clay pipes being there almost
unknown. It is estimated that nearly three millions of these
briar-root pipes are now made a year. The reed portion of these
pipes is generally prepared from Alnus serrulata (Meehan).

Solamim Fendleri, Asa Gray.

New Mexico. A new kind of potato, enduring a temperature of
zero. Mr. Meehan’s endeavours to obtain good sized tubers
have as yet not been successful. The following plants are also
spoken of by Dr. Rosenthal and others as new kinds of potato,
perhaps to be developed through cultivation : S. demissum
(Lindley), S. cardiophyllum (Lindley), S. utile (Klotzsch), S. verru-
cosum ( Schlechtendal j , S, Bulbocastanum (Dunal), S. stoloniferum
(Schlechtendal), all from Mexico, and some from elevations
10,000 feet high ; S. Maglia (Molina) from Chili, and S. immite
(Dunal) from Peru.

Sophora tGtraptera, Aiton. Var. Macndbiana , Graham.

The Pelu of Chili and Patagonia. A small tree with exceedingly
hard and durable wood, much used for cog-wheels and similar
structures. The wood differs much from that of S. tor amir o of
the Easter Island (Dr. Philippi).

Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow.

Eastern part of North America. A perennial grass of fresh
water swamps, there often called prairie grass ; it can be utilized
for fodder, and its value as paper material seems equal to that
of Esparto.

Spinifex hirsutus, La Billardiere,

On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly valuable
for binding coast sand with its long creeping roots.

Spinifex longifolius, R. Rrown.

On the tropical and western extra tropical coast of Australia.
Available like the former.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

91

Spinifex squarrosus, Linne.

India. Useful like the two preceding plants. Tennent remarks
that the radiating heads become detached when the seed is matured
and are carried by the wind along the sand, over the surface of
which they are impelled by their elastic spines, dropping their
seeds as they roll along. The heads are so buoyant as to float
lightly on water, and while the uppermost spiny rays are acting
as sails, they are carried across narrow estuaries to continue the
process of embanking beyond on any newly formed sandbars.

Spondias dulcis, G. Forster.

Fiji, Tongan and Society Islands. This noble tree is introduced
into this list to indicate, that trials should locally be instituted
here as regards the culture of the various good fruit bearing
species of this genus, one of which S. pleiogyna (F. von Mueller)
transgresses in East Australia the tropical circle. The lamented
Dr. Seemann saw S. dulcis 60 feet high, and describes it as laden
with fruit of agreeable apple flavour called Rewa, and attaining
over lib. weight.

Streblus asper, Loureiro.

South Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live fences,
it being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches.

Swietenia Mahagoni, Linne.

The mahogany tree of West India. The degree of endurance
of this famous tree is not sufficiently ascertained. In its native
mountains it ascends to 3000 feet.

Synoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu.

New South Wales and South Queensland. This evergreen tree
deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest valleys of our
colony, on account of its rose-scented wood. Some species of
Dyszoylon of East Australia produce also rosewood.

Tagetes glanduligera, Schranck.

South America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr. Prentice
to be pulicifugous.

Tamarix articulata, Vahl.

North and Middle Africa, South Asia. Of similar utility as
T. gallica. The same or an allied species extends to Japan.

Tamarix Germaniea, Linne.

Europe and West Asia. Likewise available for arresting the
ingress of shifting sand, particularly in moist places, also for
solidifying precipitous river banks.

92 ADDITIONS

Tamarix G-allica, LinnA*

South Europe, North and tropical Africa, South Asia. This
shrub adapts itself in the most extraordinary manner to the
most different localities. It will grow alike in water and the
driest soil, and is one of the most grateful and tractable plants
in culture ; it is readily multiplied from cuttings, which strike
root as easily as a willow, and push forth stems with unusual
vigour. Hence it is one of the most eligible bushes for planting
on coast sand to stay its movements, or for lining embankments.

Taraxacum officinale, Weber.

Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the
globe, but apparently not a native of this part of Australia.
This well-known plant is mentioned, as it can be brought under
regular cultivation to obtain the medicinal extract from its
roots. It is also considered wholesome to pasture animals.
The young leaves furnish a medicinal salad.

Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linn6.

South Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medicinal
value. As an odorous garden plant it is also very acceptable.

Tectona grandis, Linn6 fil.

The teak of South Asia. This superb timber tree has its
northern limit in Bandalkband, at elevations of 2000 feet,
which circumstance may encourage test-culture here.

Terminalia Catappa, Linne.

India, ascending mountain regions. Few trees, as stated by
Roxburgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have yet to
learn whether itcan be naturalized here, which itespecially deserves
for its nuts. Several species extend in East Australia to sub-
tropical latitudes. The seeds are almond-like, of filbert taste
and wholesome. The astringent fruits of several other species
form an article of trade, sought for a lasting black dye.
T. parviflora (Thwaites) forms a large tree in Ceylon, at eleva-
tions up to 4000 feet.

Tetranthera Californica, Hooker and Arnott.* ( Oreodaphne
Califomica, Nees.)

Oregon and California, where it is called the Mountain Laurel or
Bay tree. On the banks of rivers attaining a height of 100
feet, throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric odour.
Wood hard, close grained, durable, susceptible of a high polish,
easily worked, used for superior flooring, turnery and manifold
other select work. The tree is easily cultivated, and of com-
paratively quick growth (Dr. Behr and Dr. Bolander).

TO PEINCIPAL TIMBEE TEEES, ETC.

93

Tetranthera calophylla, Miquel. (Cylicodaphne sebifera, Blume.)
Mountains of Java and the Neilgherries. From the kernels of
the berries a tallow-like fat is pressed for the manufacture of
candles. The yield is comparatively large. Trial cultures with
this tree might be instituted in our humid forest valleys.
T. laurifolia (Jacq.) of tropical Asia and Australia and T.japonica
(Sprengel) are noted as similarly utilitarian.

Thapsia edulis, Bentham. ( Monizia edulis, Lowe.)

On the island of Deserte grande, near Madeira, where it is called
the Carrot tree. It might be of some use to bring this almost
shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of our shores ; though the root is
inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would improve it.

Theligonum cynocrambe, LinnA

Countries around the Mediterranean *Sea. An annual spinage
plant of somewhat aperient effect.

Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon.

Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious and
tender grass might be easily introduced, to help binding the sand
on sea beaches.

Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.*

The silver lime-tree of South-east Europe. The wood is not
attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously
fragrant, and yield on distillation a precious oil.

Tingnarra Sicnla, Parlatore.

In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea. The root is edible
and celery-like.

Tristania conferta, E. Brown.

New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree, attain-
ing a height of 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an avenue
tree, but also as producing select, lasting timber ; ribs of vessels
from this tree have lasted unimpaired 30 years and more.

Tritieum junceum, Linne.

Europe and North Africa. A rigid grass with pungent leaves
and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea sand for its per-
manent growth. One of the best of grasses to keep rolling sand
ridges together, and particularly eligible where cattle and other
domestic animals cannot readily be prevented from getting access.

Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro.

South-east Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the
exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits though small are

94

ADDITIONS

of pleasant sweetness. The plant mayj>rove also adapted for
hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia (Lindley), and Claussena punctata
(Oliver), also both East Asiatic fruit shrubs, may possibly show
themselves hardy in our sheltered forest regions.

Tropaeolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon.

Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent.

Tuber albidum, Fries.

Occurs with T. cestivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in
taste. The means for transferring truffles and any other edible
fungi from one country to another, require yet to be further
studied and finally devised, but they appear quite feasible.

Tuber magnatum, Pico.

Grey Truffle. South Europe. One of the most esteemed truffles,
with some garlic flavour.

Tuber rufum, Pico.

Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food, but
smaller than the Terfezia truffles.

Ulmus erassifolia, Nuttall,

The evergreen Elm of Mexico and Texas.

Ulmus montana, W ithering.

The Wych Elm. Europe and extratropical Asia. Attains a
height of 120 feet.

Ulmus Mexieana, Planchon.

Cordillieres of North America. This elm attains a height of
60 feet or perhaps more.

Ulmus pedunoulata, Fougeraux. {U. ciliata, Ehrhart.)

Europe and Asia, through their middle zone. A fine avenue
tree.

Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin

The evergreen elm of China, Japan and Queensland. A similar
tree is found in the Himalayan Mountains.

Vigna lanceolata, Bentham.

Tropical and subtropical Australia. Mr. O’Shanesy observes that
this twiner produces, along with the ordinary cylindrical pods,
others underground from buried flowers, and these somewhat
resemble the fruit of Arachis. The plant is available for culinary
purposes.

TO PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES, ETC.

95

Villebrunia integrifqjia, Gaudichaud.

India, ascending the Himalayan mountains to 5,000 feet. A
small tree, allied to the Rami plant, Boehmeria nivea. Mr. C. B,
Clarke regards the fibre as one of the strongest available in India,
it being used for bowstrings. Other Villebrmias, for instance
V. frutescens , and also some species of Debregeasia, particularly
D. velutina, deserve likewise regular culture, for the sake of their
fibre. Moist forest tracts seem particularly adapted for these
plants, because V. integrifolia grows in Sikkim at an elevation
where, according to Dr. G. King, the rainfall ranges from 100 to
200 inches. This fibre is much more easily separable than that
of Maoutia Puya , according to Dr. King’s observations.

Witheringia solanacea, Helrit. South America. This perennial
herb needs trial culture, on account of its large edible tubers.

Zelkova crenata, Spach. (Planer a Richardi, Michaux).

South West Asia, ascending to 5,000 feet. In favourable locali-
ties a good sized tree, with qualities resembling those of the Elms.
The allied Z. cretica (Spach) is restricted to South Europe.

Zizyphus Lotus, Lamarck.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The fruits are small
and less sweet than those of Z. vulgaris ; nevertheless they are
largely used for food in the native country of this bush.

Zizyphus Sinensis, Lamarck.

China and Japan. Similar in use to the last.

Zizyphus Spina Christi, Willdenow,

Middle and North Africa, South West Asia. Rather a hedge
plant than a fruit bush.

Zizyphus Joazeiro, Martins.

Brazil. Recommended as yielding fruit in arid regions.

OSTRICH FARMING.

The following interesting letter and enclosed report on the
subject of Ostrich Farming was received some time ago by
Dr. Thomas Black from Sir Henry Barkly. It was
accidently omitted in Mr. Samuel Wilson’s paper on the
Ostrich in last year’s proceedings. As Dr. Atherstone's
report may prove of interest to many, it is now published.

“ Government House, Cape Town,

June 11, 1872.

“ My dear Sir, — When I wrote to you by H.M. ship
Dido, on the 14th ult., with reference especially to the
desire of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria to
procure information as to the proper management of
domesticated ostriches, I mentioned that I had asked
the aid of Dr. W. G. Atherstone, the well-known
naturalist of Graham’s Town, but had not yet received
his notes on the subject. These notes reached me a
few days since, and I have now the pleasure of
transmitting them for the use of the Society.

“ I think they will prove very useful, a» Dr.
Atherstone has taken an opportunity of talking the
matter over with Mr. Dunn, formerly of the Victorian
Geological Society, and has made suggestions based on
what he has been told of the soil and climate of your
colony.

“ The enclosed advertisement will show you where
the artificial hatching machines alluded to are to be
procured, and I will only repeat that I shall be happy
to assist the Society, if necessary, in importing one.

“ Believe me, in great haste,

“ Yours very truly,

“ Dr. Thomas Black.” “ Henry Barkly.

OSTRICH FARMING.

97

The advertisement enclosed is one by Mr. A. Douglas,
of Bilton, near Graham’s Town, offering artificial
hatching machines for sale. The following is Dr.

o o

Atherstone’s report : —

“This new and important branch of industry is
beginning to attract considerable attention here, and
deserves the serious consideration of all interested in
the welfare of the colony. The export of feathers is
rapidly increasing every year in quantity and value,
not so much, I believe, from wild feathers, indicative of
the progressive destruction of the ostrich, as from the
increase of the domesticated birds and their more
successful management, by which the feathers at one
time considered vastly inferior to those of the bird in
its wild state, are now proved by market value to be
equal if not superior in quality. I have, myself, seen,
during the last 18 months, upwards of 500 domesticated
ostriches in different districts of the colony in the
Eastern and Western Provinces, under varying con-
ditions as to soil, climate, and management, some in
enclosures, some herded in large flocks like sheep,
without enclosure or shelter of any kind ; and, from my
own observations and the inquiries I have made, I am
of opinion that the success of ostrich farming, like that
of sheep farming, depends more upon the character of
the veldt (or soil and grazing ground) and diet than
upon climatic conditions. Exposure to wet and cold
does not appear to be injurious to birds in full health
and vigour, but it kills them if weak or out of
condition. It is advisable, however, to protect them
by shelter of some kind from the cold rains of winter
in the domesticated state. The natural home of the
ostrich and antelope is found in the Karroo plains and

H

98

OSTRICH FARMING.

sweet grass flats of the interior, and although, like the
springbok, the ostrich occasionally resorts to the long
sour grass of the coast lands, where, perhaps, the lime
and salt replace alkalies of the ‘ sweet grass * and
Karroo, neither will thrive for any length of time on
the ‘ strand veldt ’ or the * sour grass ’ of the sandstone
ranges, deficient in alkalies. Alkalies in some form or
other seem to he necessary to the very existence of
sheep, bucks, and ostriches, and where these do not
exist on the soils or plants, they must be supplied
artificially to ensure the healthy condition of the
animal, and the proper growth of the wool, hair, and
feathers. It is for this reason that salt, so necessary
for all domesticated animals, is in some parts of the
Brazils said to be worth its weight in gold. I have
heard of a house, the walls of which (made of brack
ground) were nearly licked through by a span of
tuurveldt oxen let loose on the reef. The attraction of
the salt licks or pans in the interior for game and
stock is well known. This natural want may often be
recognised at a glance on the surface of a farm. No
bones are seen lying about on a tuurveldt farm, all
being greedily devoured by the stock ; cattle and sheep
crush them up, and ostriches swallow them whole,
whereas on a sweetveldt farm, whose soil and shrubs
are rich in alkalies, the bones are untouched. Nothino*

o

requires them. There are three farms adjoining each
other within a dozen miles of Graham’s Town, on which
upwards of 150 ostriches are kept, which strikingly
exemplify this fact, and this comparative adaptability
of different soils and pasture for sheep, Angoras, and
ostriches. Kruisfontein, on the south, belonging to my
brother, John Atherstone, is an unmitigated tuurveldt

OSTRICH FARMING.

99

farm situated on the sandstone range called the
Tuurberg, which skirts Graham’s Town on the south.
There is no limestone on the farm. He has been at
considerable expense in sheds, enclosures, and artificial
feeding, and though successful at last, it has been only
attained by dear-bought experience; Angoras do not
succeed, and, as a rule, wethers only thrive well, lambs
are reared with difficulty, and ostriches require a large
amount of artificial food, mealies and green crops, and
require crushed bones, which they devour greedily.
Until this plan was adopted, the birds were in low
condition, unhealthy, and the feathers inferior and
interrupted in their growth.

“ Since the supply of bonedust (he gives Jib. sulphur
to two buckets of crushed bones with salt) the
improvement in the quality and value has been very
marked, and the condition of the birds greatly
im proved. The yield and quality of the feathers
appear to be directly proportionate to the health and
vio-our of the bird. Limestone, from the coastland, was
tried at first, as the birds would not lay; it was broken
up and scattered about, but the birds would not touch
it, the phosphate of lime of the bones was the tiling-
wanted, and they rushed at the bones with avidity,
and immediately began to improve in health and to
lay. Still, although he has had ostriches for nearly
three years, and began with many full-grown birds,
the attempts at incubation have been abortive from
various causes, and he has had no increase. Of 85
birds originally placed on the farm in a 400-acre
enclosure, he has lost 27—13 by cold and wet, three by
diphtheria, six killed by natives, three by fighting, and
two by falling into holes ; he has five more males than

100 OSTRICH FARMING.

females. Of 60 eggs, 19 were destroyed by black
crows, which were seen from the house to hover over
the nest and let stones fall on the eggs (on running up
on one occasion to the nest, about 600 yards off, he
found three stones in the nest, the eggs cracked, and
the yolk strewed about) ; 41 were sent to the adjoining
farm, Hilton, to be artificially incubated, but these failed,
probably from having been shaken, although they
were carried in baskets on the heads of native women.
He has received £ 1,450 for his feathers, plucking
them every eight months, selecting the ripe feathers
only, and plucking about sixty at a time. He
finds it injures the bird and produces irritation
fever to pluck too many at once. His experience
leads him to the opinion that the ostrich cannot stand
exposure to wet or cold. This farm is rather higher
(about 200 ft. or 300 ft.) than the other two, and there-
fore, perhaps, colder. The next farm, Hilton, is like
the table farm adjoining it, on the junction between
the sandstones of the Lunberg and the schists and trap
conglomerate formation, mixed veldt, partly sour
and partly sweet grass — the soil rich in alkalies, which
often effervesce on the surface, in the hollows. On
Hilton, Mr. Arthur Hughes has now 71 birds, kept
in an inclosure of 300 acres, in good condition and
requiring very little artificial food. They lay well, and
do not appear to suffer from exposure to wet or cold,
although they have no shelter. He commenced about
three years ago with eleven birds ; he has now 71 ; he
has successfully hatched 70 — 40 artificially in the
incubator. They have paired and hatched their young
in the natural state, which has enabled him to watch
them, and he has thus acquired much valuable informa-

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101

tion regarding their habits and the natural mode of
incubation. The male birds are very ferocious during
the breeding season, and it is dangerous to approach
them. Mr. Douglas has had several very narrow
escapes. They sit alternately, the male at night
grazing and guarding the female. During the day-
time, the time of the male bird going on the nest varies
during the period of incubation, as also does the time
between the female leaving the nest and the male
taking her place, the exposure and cooling being pro-
bably regulated by the temperature of the incubation
fever at different stages. All these apparently trivial
minutiae are yet matters of considerable importance
in artificial incubation, and only to be acquired by
patient watching and judicious application of the
principles involved in machine-hatching. “ Black
Kloof,” which adjoins Hilton on the N.E., is on the
trap conglomerate — a purely sweetveldt farm — with
many of the bitter and aromatic shrubs of the Karroo.
Here Mr. George White, my brother-in-law, has 23
young ostriches in an enclosure of 500 acres, thriving
well, in good condition, and yielding feathers of
excellent quality. As a rule he gives no artificial food ;
they thrive and fatten on the scanty scrub and sweet
grass in the enclosure only. Last year, when he put
several hundred sheep and goats into the same enclosure,
the birds were nearly starved, but they regained their
condition as soon as the sheep were removed. They
have no shelter of any kind, and have not suffered at
all from rain or cold. He began with seven— four
males, and three females, all chicks, their sex undis-
tinguishable from the plumage. He has had them 16
months, and has not lost one. He plucks them twice

102 OSTRICH FARMING.

a year. In rainy weather they do not even reek the
slight shelter of the walls, but group themselves in the
open ground, not appearing to care for cold or wet.
The rocks, soil, and herbage contain alkalies in abun-
ance, and the water is brackish, as the name of the
farm implies. Sheep and Angoras and cattle thrive
well, and no bones are eaten by the stock ; they lie
scattered about everywhere. The contrast between
the farms is very marked, and their comparative fitness
for ostrich farming. Ostriches require, as a rule, I
think, ‘ sweetveldt ’ variety of food, and a large extent
of grazing ground to roam over, to keep them in
health and vigour.”

“The Wimmera district, as I am informed by
Mr. E. J. Dunn, geologist, who is intimately acquainted
with the district, is ill adapted to the successful
rearing of ostriches, although when reared they
may thrive very well with artificial food. Mr. Dunn,
who has lately travelled a good deal in our
colony, and knows the peculiarity of our sweet and
sour veldts, recommends the banks of the Loddon, near
Baringhup, as better adapted for experimental ostrich-
farming ; it is, he says, sweetveldt, and the high banks
and the rich flats along the river, and the high banks
and stony ground above it, are more likely to suit the
birds; the lucerne also growing luxuriantly there,
which is one of the best green crops for ostriches. My
brother gives 2001b. to 300 lb. lucerne daily to his
birds, besides mealies, or Indian corn (] lb. to each
bird). With regard to plucking the feathers, which
unfortunately are in prime condition at the period of
incubation, when the plucking of them would interfere
sadly with the birds, different opinions are entertained

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103

some pluck, some cut off the feathers close to their
insertion, some separate some of the males from the
females about the time of incubation, and then pluck
them. My own opinion is that the best plan is that
adopted by a farmer in the Western District, who had
70 or 80 ostriches, and found the plan the best and
most convenient. To show me the process, he had the
whole flock driven in, and we then insinuated ourselves
by wriggling amongst the densely packed birds. He
had previously shown me what to do in case of any bird
proving vicious — they are perfectly in your power if
you seize them by the neck, you may then choke them
as far as you please until you And them powerless, and
you can then run away. Having got with my friend
into the middle of the crowd, so packed that they were
unable to move, he quietly selected two or three of the
best feathers, and with a curved sharp knife in his
right hand, the blade protected by lying flat against
his Auger, he pressed it down as near the root as he
could, and cut it off obliquely upwards. The bird was
quite unconscious of the operation, standing perfectly
still as he handed several to me ; he then picked out a
blood feather, very beautiful, which on being cut, bled
a little, but the sharp knife separated it without it being
felt. In a month or six weeks he took out all the stumps,
if they had not already fallen out. By this means
the health of the bird is not impaired, no irritation
fever is produced, as in the case of my brothers birds,
and you can select the feathers that are in prime
condition, leaving the others to ripen in due course.
Still the process of incubation injures a great many
valuable feathers, and it appears, therefore, clear to me
that some mode of artificial incubation must be

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104

attempted to derive all the advantages possible from
this new branch of industry. I therefore wrote to my
son in London, about three years ago — early in 1869,
I think — requesting him to hunt up some maker of
incubators for hens’ eggs, hoping, by giving him the
size of the egg, habits of ostrich, &c., to be enabled to
get a machine adopted for hatching ostriches. He sent
me a letter in reply, and prospectus from Mr. W. H.
Thick, 188 Weddington-road, Kentish Town, London,
W.C., offering to construct one if I sent him all
particulars. I had great difficulty in inducing anyone
to enter on the risk. My brother declined, preferring
to wait till he sa w if his birds would not breed in their
natural state, and hatch their young. Not being a farmer
myself, although perceiving at once the immense value of
such an important aid to this second diamond discovery
or rather gold discovery to the colony (for feathers were
realising their weight in gold — ,£45 per lb., and single
feathers, 15s. to £1 each, or about £G0). I could not
myself carry out the idea. At last I persuaded
Mr. Arthur Douglas, of Hilton, to send home an order
for one of Mr. Thick’s machines, which, on the road
from Port Elizabeth, was unfortunately broken to
pieces. However, by constructing another on the
same principle, which was afterwards varied to suit the
new phenomena that presented themselves during the
experimental incubation, and taking advantage of the
practical lessons of the birds actually on the nest,
testing their temperature, &c., Mr. Douglas has suc-
ceeded in making a machine which has proved very
efficient, though in many respects differing from the
one originally imported. Several ostrich farmers have
had his improved incubator, and have been perfectly

OSTRICH FARMING.

105

satisfied with their success. It is astonishing what
slight, causes will cause the failure of eggs ; a thunder-
storm has been known to destroy them ; even the rough
opening of the drawer containing the eggs will shake
and injure them, and too great or too little heat proves
fatal to the chicks. By this plan, one male to three
females is sufficient ; in a natural state of course there
must he an equal number, as both sit alternately. I
saw large herds of ostriches near Colesberg, 150 in a
flock at least, herded by only two men on horseback
with long whips on open flats. I presume mealies
tempted them to the homestead in the evening, where
they remained on the ‘reef’ until the next morning.
I enclose a Farm of Nov. 10, 1870, with Thick’s
letter.

“ W. G. Atherstone.”

STILLWELL AND

KNIGHT, PRINTERS, MELBOURNE*