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PRODROMUS

PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF
i)

VICTORIAN ORGANIC REMAINS.

DECADE fff.

BY

Be woMRLOK MEoecoy:

= F.G.8. ; HON. F.C.P.S.; C.M.Z.S.L,; HON. F.G.S.E.; HON. M.G.8.M., ETC.

AUTHOR OF “SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ;” “SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF
IRELAND ;” “ CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALZONTOLOGY ;" ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF “ BRITISH
PALOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS,” ETC.
FORMERLY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND.
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY,
GOVERNMENT PALHONTOLOGIST AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE,

MELBOURNE :
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY GEORGE SKINNER, ACTING GOVERNMENT PRINTER,

LONDON :
TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.

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Geological Survey of Victoria,

PRODROMUS

OF THE

PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

oR,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF

VICTORIAN ORGANIC REMAINS.

DECADE Iftf.

BY

Hike DERICK MEeCoOnNe

F.G.S.; HON. F.C.P.S.; C.M.Z.S.L.; HON. F.G.S.E.; HON. M.G.8.M., ETC.
AUTHOR OF “SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ;” “SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF
IRELAND ;” “ CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALHONTOLOGY ;”’ ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF “ BRITISH
PALEOZVIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS,” ETC.
FORMERLY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND.
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALZONTOLOGIST AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE,

$}
— MELBOURNE :
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY GEORGE SKINNER, ACTING GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON:
TRUBNER AND co., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.
J

M DCCC LXXVI.

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PREFACH.

As the publications of a Geological Survey cannot properly be
limited to the maps and sections, but-would be incomplete without
figures and descriptions of the fossil organie remains made use of
for the determination of the geological ages of the different geolo-
gical formations of the country,* it has been determined to issue a
‘“‘ Prodromus ” or preliminary publication of the Victorian Organic
Remains in Decades, or numbers, of ten plates each, with corre-
sponding letterpress, on the plan of the Decades of the Geological
Survey of England, followed by the Geological Surveys of Canada,
India, and several other Governments.

The Decades will contain figures and descriptions in the first
place of the more characteristic fossils of each formation, of which
good specimens may be in the National Collection ; so that observers
in the field may make use of them for preliminary or approximate
determination of the geological ages of the strata they may meet.
A portion of the impression of the plates will be kept back until a
complete systematic treatise on the fossils of each formation may
be issued when the materials approach completion.

This third Decade contains a number of illustrations of the fossils
of the Tertiary formations, a correct knowledge of which is neces-
sary to make sound progress with the classification by age of these

* « Paleontological researches forming so essential a part of geological investigations, such
as those now in progress by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, the accompanying
plates and descriptions of British fossils have been prepared as part of the Geological Memoirs.
They constitute a needful portion of the publications of the Geological Survey.”—Sir Henry
T. De la Beche, Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, in notice
prefixed to the firstof the Decades of the English Geological Survey.

Es]

PREFACE.

beds ; to which not only great interest attaches as affecting the
geology of so large an area of the colony, but from the fact that
the valuable leads of drift, or so-called alluvial, gold deposits, are
proved by the researches of the Geological Survey to have various
geological ages in the great Tertiary period—ages which can only
be determined satisfactorily by a study of the paleontology of such
of the beds as are fossiliferous.

The first plate illustrates a most important specimen of that
singular animal, the Marsupial Lion of Owen ( Thylacoleo carnifer),
which enables us to make important corrections in the most recently
published views of the dentition of the anterior part of the skull,
in which some of the teeth here figured had not previously been
found in situ.

The second and third plates are devoted to the illustration of
the most interesting of all Paleozoic fossils—the Trilobites. Two
of the species of Phacops are absolutely identical with forms
abounding in the Upper Silurian rocks of Europe—one of them
British, and the other common in the Silurian basin of Bohemia.
A species of Homalonotus, figured on the third plate, collected by
Mr. Harrison and presented by him to the public collection, is a
remarkable Australian addition to the range of this genus, and the
same may be said of the species of Forbesia and Lichas, figured on
the second plate. |

The fourth plate is devoted to illustrations of a species of Aturia
scarcely distinguishable as an Australian variety from the Upper
Eocene and Lower Miocene Aturia zic-zac of Europe ; and as this
genus is not known in the recent state nor in the Newer Pliocene
Tertiaries, its presence has an important bearing on the determina-
tion of the age of our deposits in which it occurs.

The fifth and sixth plates are devoted to some Gasteropoda of
certain Tertiary beds, probably of shallow-water origin, illustrating
two species of the genus Haliotis very unusual in Tertiary forma-

[4]

PREFACE,

tions, and one large species of Plewrotomaria, a genus abounding
in Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks, but of such excessive rarity in
Tertiary and recent times as to form an interesting addition to the
history of the distribution of the genus in time and space.

The next plate illustrates a third new species of Tertiary
Trigonia, which has been collected by Mr. A. W. Howitt, P.M.,
in Gippsland, a genus unknown in Tertiary rocks until I announced.
the discovery of the two other species figured in our second
Decade. On this plate is also figured a species of Cucullea nearly
allied to the recent C. granulosa of China, very common in our
Tertiary deposits, although this conspicuous genus is not found
living on the coast of the colony.

The three last plates continue the illustrations of our curious
extinct Tertiary species of Cyprea.

The future Decades will continue the illustration of the fossil
collections made in the course of the Geological Survey of the
Colony, which has now been resumed under the care of the Secre-
tary for Mines, Mr. R. Brough Smyth, the permanent head of the
Mining Department.

Freprerick McCoy.
10th February 1876.

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PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

LIT LPP AT CL

Tertiary. PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mammalia.
y-]

PuatEe XXI., Fia. 1.
THYLACOLEO CARNIFEX (Ow.).

[Genus THYLACOLEO (Ow.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Mammalia. Order
Marsupiata. Fam. Paucidentata).
3—3 1-1 3—3 1—1

Gen. Char,—Dental formula :—i., TET pao} Ptigeet Maa:

sors, above and below, laniary, long, pointed, slightly arched, backward, compressed ; second and
third incisors above much smaller and moderately compressed. Canines small, conical pointed.
Premolars, second and third above very small, simple ; fourth very large, compressed, carnassial
slightly arched, convex outside, concave inside ; below second and third very small rudimen-
tary, fourth very large, compressed, carnassial, arched like that above. Molars—above one
tubercular, set transversely to posterior inner end of the fourth premolar (p. 4); below first
molar bi-tubercular of moderate size, second molar very small, both in line with the carnassial
fourth premolar. ]

First inci-

Description.—Maxillary teeth—First laniary incisor, with a longitudinally
elliptical base, 11 lines in antero-posterior diameter, and 7 lines in transverse dia-
meter (length and form of point imperfect), more convex on outer than on inner
side, anterior side convex (not exhibited), posterior side slightly concave; cement
reaching about 6 lines above base. Second incisor small, blunt, the outer face
divided by an oblique furrow extending backwards from near anterior basal portion
to near middle of inner worn edge of crown; antero-posterior diameter 5 lines,
lateral diameter 5 lines, vertical length of crown 34 lines on outer side, 54 lines on
inner side. Third incisor large, compressed to a narrow straight cutting edge 4
lines long, outer face flattened, arched downwards and forwards and usually divided
by an impressed groove nearly from base to cutting edge a little in front of the
middle; inner face with the anterior fourth forming a definite thickened vertical
ridge, the rest converging with slight convexity to a narrow posterior edge; antero-
posterior diameter of base 53 lines, transverse diameter in front 5 lines, depth from
base to cutting edge of outer enamelled surface 7 lines. The three incisors form a
series on each side arching outwards and backwards from the front laniary one. The
next succeeding tooth, or canine, is situated at the inner side of the posterior end of
the third incisor, about 23 lines inside the outer surface of maxillary, and its socket
is crossed nearly in the middle by the premaxillo-maxillary suture, the base elliptical,
5 lines long and 383 lines wide, crown conically pointed, much more convex on the
outer than on the inner face, anterior and posterior edges blunt, transverse diameter
at base rather less than the height of the apex of the conical crown. On the outer
side of the posterior third of the fourth tooth or canine is the 5th from the laniary
or the anterior small premolar, length and width of base of which are about 32
lines, and about three lines behind the hind edge of the third incisor. (The other
teeth in the upper jaw absent in our specimen.) From anterior edge of first incisor
to posterior edge of fourth tooth 2 inches 8 lines. There is no interval between the
second and third incisors owing to the forward inclination of the third tooth, but
there is a slight interval between the first and second. Lower jaw or mandible (the
single large laniary incisor broken off in this specimen, but its root under front edge
of large premolar (p. 4) 11 lines in vertical diameter, 64 lines in transverse dia-
meter); depth of ramus in front of carnassial 1 inch 9 lines, depth at hind edge of
second molar (m. 2) 2 inches 3 lines; length from front of carnassial to hind edge
of second molar (m. 2) 2 inches 6 lines. The small functionless premolars (p. 2
and p. 3) are transversely or obliquely oval, and so approximated that it is difficult to
determine whether they form one tooth or two, situated close to the inner side of

aie

Tertiary. | PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

the anterior root of the carnassial (p. 4), or about one-fourth the length of the
tooth from front to back; the length of p. 3 is 4 lines and its width 3 lines; p. 2
much smaller than p. 3; no distinct trace of p.1. The great carnassial (p. 4) is
1 inch 7 lines from front to rear, the vertical height. of the enamelled crown is 8
lines in front and 4 lines behind, greatest thickness 7 lines; the cutting edge pre-
sents a narrow worn surface inclined downwards and outwards, narrowest in the
posterior third, at front of which the cutting edge is lowest, rising much to the
front and slightly to the posterior end; it is curved outwards, the greatest convexity
being at the lowest point about one-third the length from the posterior end; the
outer surface is nearly flat, and slightly convex ; the inner surface convex at base,
concave near cutting edge, with a slight thickened vertical ridge close to the ridge
of the anterior end, from which it is separated by a smaller groove, and with a
similar rounded thickening at the posterior end; three or four faint obtuse vertical
ridges, more than a line wide, arise from the tumid base for about half the height of
the crown, beyond which they disappear on the concave surface approaching the
cutting edge. First molar (m.1), with two fangs, crown 7 lines from front to
back, and 6 lines wide in front, the anterior two-thirds rising into an anterior lobe
a little higher than the carnassial, the worn surface of which is continued on the
upper part of its outer side; hind lobe one-third the length and less than half the
height of anterior lobe. Base of hind molar (m. 2) trigonal, about 33 lines long
and 23 lines wide in front. The surface of the enamel of the carnassial and molar
teeth under the lens has a minute vermicular rugosity.

REFERENCE.—(Owen), Phil. Trans. 1859, p. 318; Phil. Trans. 1866, p. 79.

There is no fossil animal yet described has excited so much
interest and given rise to such animated controversies as that
named the ‘“ Marsupial Lion ” by Professor Owen, from the general
resemblances, on a greater scale, which the teeth of this marsupial
animal show to those of the lion, and indicating, in his opinion, a
similar predaceous habit in each. Dr. Falconer, Mr. Flower, and
others, have advocated, with singular zeal, the opposite view, that
the creature was a harmless vegetable feeder, because a premolar
of a sharp-edged compressed form, like the carnassial of T’hylacoleo,
is to be found in the living Rat-Kangaroos (Hypsiprymnus), and
overlooking the fact that these latter have a series of grinders of
the ordinary type of vegetable feeders behind the compressed
premolar, while all the teeth are of the carnivorous type in the
Marsupial Lion. I now have the pleasure of figuring a specimen _
showing some of the teeth for the first time in situ, and suggesting
some modifications of the views published by Professor Owen as
to their character and homologies. The genus was first established
by Professor Owen in his first Memoir on the subject in the Philo-
sophical Transactions for 1859, in which he figured and described
a skull sent to him in 1846, by Mr. Adeney, from Lake Colun-

[ 8 ]

Tertiary. | PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

gulac, 80 miles S.W. of Melbourne, exhibiting the upper great
compressed carnassial and small tubercular molar in situ, but
wanting all the part of the skull anterior to these. A few months
ago the same Mr. Adeney brought to me the specimen figured in
the upper part of our plate from the same spot, and so entirely
‘completing the anterior part of the skull and teeth absent in the
skull he found nearly thirty years ago and sent to Professor Owen,
that he supposed it might have belonged to the same individual.
He also gave me the portion of the lower jaw found with it, figured
at bottom of our plate, and no doubt of the same creature ; the
corresponding portion of lower jaw in Professor Owen’s above
quoted paper having been illustrated from a cast of a New South
Wales example, possibly of a different species. In the Phil. Trans.
for 1866, Professor Owen published a second Memoir on Thyla-
coleo carnifex from New South Wales specimens, of lower jaw and
a skull nearly perfect from occiput to front of mouth, containing
the sockets of the three anterior teeth on each side ; and finally,
in the Phil. Trans. for 1871, is,a third Memoir, completing his
illustrations of the subject from New South Wales specimens of
lower jaw and part of upper jaw, having only the second and third
teeth absent from the sockets, but describing and figuring these
latter from loose teeth. Our present specimen is therefore the only
one as yet made known exhibiting all the teeth in front of the car-
nassial in the upper jaw in situ; and as the Victorian animal is
the first described type of the species, and I find it now to present
so many important differences from the New South Wales examples
described in Professor Owen’s second and third Memoirs, it is
probable the species of the two colonies are really distinct. If so,
the Victorian one should bear the name of Zhylacoleo carnifex
(Ow.), and I would propose the name of 7. Oweni for the subse-
quently illustrated New South Wales species.

The first point which our specimen establishes is that the third
tooth from the. front has its longer convex margin behind, and not
before as Professor Owen suggested from the loose teeth; and
this reversal of position brings its cutting edge into close sequence
with the second tooth, so as to resemble one of the ordinary group
of three incisors with the more anterior ones, and turned away

[9] B

Tertiary.] PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

from the teeth behind, from which it is thus separated, instead of
as formerly supposed inclining from the second tooth (i. 2) and
having its angle representing an obtuse point of a canine. In his
earlier Memoirs Professor Owen, I think correctly, called this tooth
the third incisor, and called the next small conical tooth on its
inner posterior margin the canine, while in his above quoted third
Memoir he states that he considers the third tooth from the front
to be the canine, chiefly because he says the socket is traversed
by the premaxillo-maxillary suture, while the tooth next behind he
classes as first premolar, because of its being implanted “in the
maxillary at some distance from the suture with the premaxillary”
and its internal position. Now seeing in our specimens that the
position of the third tooth being really the reverse of its supposed
inclination, and that it thus combined more in action and appear-
ance with the second incisor, and sloped away from the conical
pointed tooth behind, its general aspect was so much that of a third
incisor that after our plate was lithographed, I attempted success-
fully to expose the surface of the bone with acid, so as to show
clearly the course of the premaxillo- maxillary suture. The appear-
ance of the specimen after the removal of the obscuring matrix
is represented on a reduced scale in the accompanying woodcut ;

Reduced view of palate, showing the bone cleared of Redaced side view, showing direction and character of
matrix by acid, exposing the premaxillo-maxillary the premaxillo-maxillary suture dividing the socket
suture bisecting the base of the canines and incisive of the canine,
foramina, and showing space on right hand side be-

tween third incisor and reatolee also crossed by it.

[ 10 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

showing with certainty that in the true Victorian Thylacoleo carni-
Jex the premaxillo-maxillary suture crossed the middle of the
socket of the fourth tooth, and not, as Professor Owen says of
the New South Wales specimen, traversing that of the third
tooth. I therefore think there can be no doubt that, for the
Victorian animal at all events, the third tooth is an incisor (7. 3),
far in advance of the premaxillo-maxillary suture, and that the
fourth tooth is anatomically the canine. This suture has an 1re-
gular minute foliaceous or dentated character, and descends on
the outer surface of the side of the face nearly in a line with the
posterior edge of the socket of i. 3, but before reaching it bends
abruptly backwards, and crossing the middle of the vacant space
of outer alveolar border between 7. 3 and the fifth tooth, con-
tinues across the middle of the conical fourth tooth, or canine ; it
then extends backwards for 2 or 3 lines, then forward to form an
acute angle a little behind the line of the anterior margin of the
canine, then backwards and inwards to (on one side a little in
front, on the other side a little behind the middle of) the incisive
or prepalatal foramina, from behind the middle of the inner edge
of which the sutures meet from each side across the middle of the
palate.

if the figure of the lower jaws in Plate XII. of Professor Owen’s
third Memoir be correct, the vertical measurement of the lower
jaw from just behind the second molar is much less than its depth
from lower edge of anterior end of crown of carnassial in the
New South Wales specimen, but is 3 lines more in our Victorian
example. A glance at Professor Owen’s figure in the Phil. Trans.
for 1866, Plate III., will show (if that be correct), on comparison
with our figure, that the New South Wales species differs remark-
ably from the Victorian one in the greater space between the
second, third, and fourth teeth measured across the palate ; the
approximation, especially between the second incisors (the inner
edges of the alveoli of the right and left second incisors in the
Victorian example in our plate being only 9 lines) being particu-
larly striking, and apparently indicating a specific distinction.
The second, and especially the third teeth, here called incisors, are
also considerably larger in our example than in Professor Owen’s

[11]

Tertiary.) PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. . (Mammalia.

third Memoir on the New South Wales form in the Phil. Trans.
for 1871, Plate II.; and the position of the premaxillo-maxillary
suture is described and figured in so much more forward a
position, that the conclusion seems inevitable that the species are
distinct : the length of the premaxillary part of the bony palate is
1 inch 10 linés in our specimen, but is given as only 1 inch 7
lines in Owen’s second Memoir on the New South Wales skull, in
consequence of the different position of the suture forming its
posterior boundary. The fourth tooth, here called canine, seems
larger in ours than in the New South Wales specimen, illustrated
in the above quoted second and third Memoirs.
From the Pliocene Tertiary of Lake Colungulac, Hampden.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXI.—Fig. 1, view from below, of palate of mouth, showing the broken basal por-
tions of the two anterior great laniary tusks (i. 1), with the two following incisors (¢. 2), with
the following large third incisor (7. 3) perfect on one side, broken on the other ; followed by
the small conical pointed canine tooth (c.), behind which, on one side, may be seen remains of
the alveoli of the two small premolar teeth (p. 2 and p. 3), natural size. (The median and
premaxillo-maxillary sutures and incisive foramina in the palate are concealed by hard adhering
matrix in this figure, made before those parts were cleared with acid as in the woodeut.) Fig.
la, same specimen viewed in front, showing the sutures of the nasal bones above, with the
relative place of the anterior incisors. Fig..1b, same specimen viewed laterally, showing the
relation of the three incisors (7. 1, 7. 2, and 7. 3), and their isolation as a group from the canine
(e.). (In this figure the premaxillo-maxillary suture is obscured by adhering matrix). Fig. 2,
portion of mandible, showing the great carnassial or compressed premolar (p. 4), with the
dental foramen under its anterior end, followed by the first true molar (m. 1), the crown of
which is worn (by attrition with the carnassial of the upper jaw) into a surface continuous
with that of the preceding carnassial. Behind this is seen the broken base of the small second
molar (m. 2). The swelling at the right-hand end of the figure indicates the base of the ascend-
ing ramus. Lateral view natural size. Fig. 2a, same specimen viewed from above, showing in
addition to the above the anterior premolar (p. 3). (In this figure the incidence of the light
does not allow the faint vertical ridges of the basal portion of the inner side of the crown of
the carnassial (p. 4) to be scen with sufficient distinctness.)

Freperick McCoy.

[ 12]

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nae a

neal

PALA ONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA.

( Triobttes. )

ys ee ee ee ee ee ee

,

PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA
l Stlurian Irelobttes J

Silurian. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites.

Pirate XXII, Fras. 1-7, anp Pirate XXIII., Fias. 7-10.

PHACOPS (ODONTOCHILE) CAUDATUS (Brovc.).

[Genus PHACOPS (Emmericu EXTENDED). (Sub-kingd. Articulata. Class Crustacea.
Order Entomostraca. Fam. Trilobitide.)

Gen. Char.—Head large, with the angles prolonged backwards into large spines ; glabella
clavate, wider in front than at the base, and marked with three strong segmental furrows ; eyes
very large, reniform, with a coarsely granular, largely facetted cornea; thoracic segments
11; facial sutures cutting the lateral margin of the head in front of the angles.

Sub-genus.—Odontochile (Hawle and Corda) = Dalmannia (Emmerich) (not of Robineau-
Desvoidy).* General form, buckler, glabella, eyes and eye-lines, as in Phacops, but the lateral
lobes of the glabella more equal; not contractile ; thorax of 11 segments ; pleuripedes curved
backwards and generally pointed at their extremities ; facets very long, narrow rhomboidal,
slightly defined ; pleural groove strong, slightly sigmoid and oblique (not angulated) ; pygidium
elongate, generally pointed; axis with from 12 to 22 segmental furrows, sides with fewer (about
half the number) strong ribs, usually duplex, confluent at their ends with the thickened entire
margin ; hypostoma with a dentate edge.

Sub-genus.—Portlochia (McCoy +)—Cephalie shield truncato-orbicular, lateral angles not
produced into spines; glabella very large, broad in front, sides converging to a narrow base
behind and having (on the outer crust) but one small segmental furrow at base; cheeks small,
triangular ; eyes large, reniform ; eye-lines extending from the base of the eye to the outer
margin, a little in front of the angles ; abdomen of 11 segments, resembling those of Phacops ;
pygidium small, semi-elliptically rounded, with a simple entire margin ; about 5 to 8 segments
to the axis, and about 5 to the lateral lobes, each with a very fine mesial divisional line in the
distal portion. ]

Descriprion.—General form ovate; varying from 2 to 4 inches long. Head
depressed, semi-ovate, with a more or less angulated projection of the margin in
front, about twice as wide as long, excluding the acutely angular tapering flattened
posterior lateral angles which extend backwards and a little outwards as far as the
“¢th segment of the thorax, confluent at base with the thick outer and posterior
margin, the bounding sulci of which do not quite meet. Glabella coarsely and
irregularly granulated, broadly clavate, rounded in front, moderately convex, sides
nearly straight, converging to the narrowed neck; neck furrow and two succeeding
segmental furrows strong, nearly equal, transverse, the anterior segmental furrow on
each side so oblique that the inner ends are only as far from the 2nd as that is from
the basal one, while the outer end is in front of the 2nd by a space equalling the
neck furrow and 2 succeeding furrows. ye large, extending from upper end of

* This genus was first noticed by Emmerich under the name Dalmannia, which was used
fifteen years before for a genus of insects by Robineau-Desvoidy, I therefore use the name of
Hawle and Corda, who do not allude to Emmerich’s having previously characterised the genus.

+ Loriginally proposed this genus in my Sil. Fos. of Ireland in 1846 for those species of
Phacops in which the two anterior pairs of great segmental lobes of the sides of the glabella
were obsolete, and the lateral angles of the cephalic shield were not prolonged; the Calymene
Bufo of Green, C. macrophthalma of Murchison, &c., being the types of the genus.

[ 13 ]

Silurian. |

PALZEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites.

anterior segmental furrow to basal furrow, conico-reniform very prominent, with
coarse lenses about 8 to 13 in a vertical row, usually 10. Zabrum about 8 lines
long, and the same in width, anterior margin of which is arched like the front of the
glabella, only slightly convex; a deep furrow within the lateral margins forms a
shorter semi-ellipse below than the outer edges, which are nearly straight and parallel
at the sides, but form a rounded tongue-shaped lobe extending 13 lines beyond the
inner furrow (edge denticles not visible), an oblique pit on each side a little within
the anterior curve of the furrow. Thorax mid-lobe convex, outer ends of segments
tumid; lateral lobes, about + wider than the axis, much curved down at the sides,
very finely granulose. Pygidiwm semi-ellipitical or sub-trigonal, undivided side
margins slightly convex, converging at a little more or less than a right-angle to a
flat triangular more or less elongate posterior spine; axis moderate convex, gradually
tapering, and composed of 12 distinct ribs (and sometimes 3 or 4 small indistinct
additional at tip), often tumid at outer ends; lateral ribs 9, prominent, arched down-
wards and backwards at the ends, each divided by an impressed groove throughout
its length. Surface of thorax and pygidium closely covered with a fine unequal
granulation. Average length of head and of pygidium about 1 inch. .

REFERENCE.—Trilobus caudatus (Briinnich) Kjobenh. Sellsk. Skrifter. Nye.
Samm. v. 1, p. 3892 = Asaphus caudatus (Brong.) Crust. Foss. t. 2, f. 4. Murch.
Sil. Syst. t. 7., £8.

Of all the fossils of the Paleozoic rocks, the Trilobites are
undoubtedly the most characteristic and interesting, and to find the
commonest species of the English Ludlow and Wenlock rocks, and
most characteristic Upper Silurian fossil equally common in the
rocks of the same age in Australia, and to be able to show by the
accompanying figures that the Welsh and Victorian individuals
present exactly the same range of variations, is a great pleasure to
me, as I am sure it will be a surprise to geologists. This is all the*
more extraordinary as the most abundant Trilobite genus charac-
teristic of the Lower Silurian of every part of Europe and America
—Trinucleus—has not yet occurred to me in Australia, where I
have proved the wide-spread existence of the latter rocks by so
many European and American species of Graptolites.

Although the number of axal segments in the pygidium is given
above as greater than in the English descriptions of this species,
I have counted precisely the same number in British as in the
Australian specimens, the difference depending on the distinctness
or not, and counting or not, of the last few very small rings
represented in the figures in Decade 2, Plate 1, of the English
Geological Survey. The same variations in the width or narrow-
ness of the pygidium, and the length or shortness of the posterior
spine occur in the Australian as in the English examples, as shown

ga

Silurian. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites.

by our figure, and also the same variation in projection of the
front.

Abundant in the olive mudstones of (B’ 18) Broadhurst’s Creek,
E. of Kilmore.

EXPLANATION OF FiGuREs.

Plate XXII.—Fig. 1, head, natural size, shortened by antero-posterior pressure. Fig. 2, eye
of second specimen, with eyc-line or facial suture, natural size. Fig. 3, labrum or hypostome,
natural size (as in the English examples, the denticulation of the lower edge usual in the sub-
genus Odontochile cannot be distinctly seen). Fig. 4, pygidium and six posterior segments of
thorax, natural size. Fig. 5, small perfect specimen of thorax and pygidium normal proportions,
natural size. Fig. 6, pygidium, natural size, of the very wide variety. Fig. 7, pygidium, natural
size, of the narrow variety. Plate XXIII.—Fig. 7, head, natural size, of narrow variety
probably from lateral pressure. Fig. 8, large head abnormally widened by antero-posterior
pressure, natural size. Fig. 9, natural size of large specimen of normal shape of pygidium and
part of thorax. Fig. 10, pygidium with elongate posterior spine, natural size.

Pirate XXII., Fias. 8 anp 9, anp Pirate XXIII., Fras. 1-6.
PHACOPS (PORTLOCKIA) FECUNDUS (Baz.).

Description.— Cephalic shield, nearly semicircular, greatest width at about 4
of its length from the front; glabella moderately convex, blunt, and only slightly
projecting beyond the margin in front; sides concave outwardly, converging at about
55° to the neck-furrow, which is very strongly marked, with the ends forming marked
tubercles; first pair of maxillary furrows short, but very deeply impressed, forming
a strong tubercle on each side; 2 anterior pairs of cephalic furrows scarcely per-
ceptible, short, fine, impressed lines; cheeks with bluntly rounded angles, and
bordered by a very strongly defined thick limb or margin; eyes very large, not as
prominent as the glabella, extending from anterior angle ot cheeks to a variable
point, always considerably in front of the posterior marginal sulcus (usually about
equal to the depth of the eye), usually about 18 vertical rows of coarse lenses in
each eye, and about 8 in each row (both numbers variable). Zhorax with the axis
or mid-lobe nearly as wide as the pleure, each segment having a large strongly
marked tubercle at each side; pleure broad, much bent down at the blunt outer
end, and divided by a very strong deep diagonal pleural groove from the upper inner
corner. Pygidium nearly semicircular, convex, with a very strongly defined convex
axis of 10 distinctly marked segmental furrows, the anterior ones of which are tumid
at the outer ends, continuing the appearance of tubercles at sides of axis of thoracic
segments; each side lobe bears 8 flat sezmental ridges, marked by strong segmental
furrows, extending rather more than 3 of the way to the margin, each costal ridge
divided along the middle by a distinct shallow impressed line or pleural groove ;
anterior margin with a strongly marked articular facet on each side. Surface covered
with a close fine granulation, with larger coarser conical grains or small tubercles
irregularly scattered through the smaller ones; the granulation is strongest on the
glabella, about the same size but less distinctly seen on the cheeks, and scarcely
perceptible on the pygidium or elsewhere, and in only a few examples. Average

5 te

Silurian. ] PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites.

length of head, 9 lines; width, 1 inch 6 lines; length of head in large perfect speci-
men figured, 103 lines; width, 1 inch 10 lines; greatest width of glabella, 104 lines;
length of eye, 4 lines; length of pygidium, 8 lines; width, linch 5 lines. _
Rerprence.—P. fecundus (Barrande), Systéme Sil. de la Bohém. p. 514, t. 21,
gs. 1-27.

The Phacops fecundus of Barrande, belonging to my sub-genus
Portlockia, occurs in the utmost profusion from the bottom to the
top of all the stages of the Upper Silurian rocks of the basin of
Bohemia, not occurring at all in the Lower Silurian below, but in
numerous localities in the Bohemian basin suddenly appearing in
myriads in the Upper Silurian strata as their most abundant Trilobite.
It is not, however, found to my knowledge in Great Britain or any
other part of Europe or America* where those rocks occur, so that
my recognition of it as one of the most abundant of the Upper
Silurian Trilobites of Victoria is of the highest interest in connection
with the distribution of species in space.

As M. Barrande has pointed out, this Trilobite may be easily”

distinguished from the very similar P. latifrons (Bronn) of the
Devonian rocks, by the eye being always considerably.in advance
of the posterior furrow of the cheeks, and by the impressed line
along the middle of each of the flatter lateral ridges of the pygidium.

Common in the Upper Silurian sandy, yellow, and red, beds
(probably identical with the May Hill sandstone) at Section 12,
parish of Yering.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXII.—Fig. 8, cephalic shield of ordinary size and proportion showing the eyes and
granulation and direction of eye-line, natural size. Fig. 9, small pygidium, natural size. (The
duplicating furrow on lateral ridges has become too indistinct in the lithograph.) Plate XXIII.
—Fig. 1, cephalic shield compressed laterally so as to be less than the normal width, natural
size. Fig. 2, cephalic shield of large perfect inrolled specimen slightly extended laterally, eye-
line indistinct, natural size. Fig. 3, perfect thorax and pygidium (the inrolled head of which is
represented by fig. 2) showing the large tubercular ends of the segments of the axal lobe of
thorax (in this figure also the faint duplicating furrow on each lateral rib of the pygidium has
become too indistinct in the lithographing), natural size. Fig. 4, pygidium slightly compressed
laterally, so as to seem narrower than the normal form, natural size. Fig.5, pygidium slightly
widened by pressure, natural size. (On figures 4 and 5 the faint dividing furrow of each lateral
ridge has too nearly disappeared in the printing.) Fig. 6, eye, magnified, showing the number
and arrangement of the lenses. Fig. 6a, portion of ditto more highly magnified, showing the cups
from which spherical lenses of each division of the compound eye have fallen out.

* The Phacops Logani of Professor Hall (Pal. N. Y., v. 3, pt. 1, p. 353, t. 73, f. 15-25), from
the Lower Helderberg group, is supposed to be distinguished from this species by the smaller
eyes, with fewer lenses; but M. Barrande gives from 4 to 9 lenses in each row, and the total
lenses in each eye from 64 to 136 in the Bohemian species, so it is difficult to realize the distinc-
tion suggested by Prof. Hall.

[ 16 ]

Silurian.] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites.

Pirate XXII., Fias. 10, 10a.

FORBESIA EURYCEPS (McCoy).

[Genus FORBESIA (McCoy). (Sub.-kingd. Articulata. Class Crustacea, Order Ento-
mostraca, Fam. Trilobitide).

Gen. Char.—Head semi-elliptical, with distinctly defined glabella; eyes finely reticulated ;
eye-lines nearly parallel, cutting the middle of the posterior margin ; body-rings 10, facets large,
pleural furrow slightly oblique, not reaching the margin ; pygidium smaller than the head, with
duplicate lateral furrows and a distinct conical articulate axis. Two sub-genera: Ist Forbesia;
2nd Proetus.

Sub-yenus —Forbesia (McCoy) = @onia (Burmeister). Cephalic shield semi-elliptical, the
lateral angles produced backwards into long spines ; glabella oblong, contracted in the middle,
with three small transverse segmental furrows on each side, the basal one largest and curved
downwards ; nech-furrow usually terminating in a large oblique tubercle at each end ; eye-line
nearly vertical, cutting the anterior and posterior margins in a line with the eyes, which are
lunate and smooth ; thorax of 10 joints, pleure with distinct facets and obtuse ends, pleural
furrow slightly oblique ; pygidium semi-elliptical, with a smooth margin, both the axis and side
lobes with distinct segmental furrows, the latter duplicate at their ends.

This genus differs from Proetus in the lateral angles of the buckler being produced into long
spines, in the lateral segmental furrows to the glabella, the large oblique tubercles terminating
the neck-furrow, and the distinct segmental furrows of the lateral lobes of the pygidium.*}

Derscription.— Head transversely oblong, length about 3 of width in line with
base of glabella, slightly concave in front; abruptly rounded at the sides to the
posterior lateral angle, from whence the wings or prolonged spine diverge abruptly
with an outward and backward curve, the apex opposite 6th ring of thorax, from
which it is separated by a space nearly equalling the distance to posterior margin
of head; glabella not reaching front margin, moderately convex, obtusely rounded
and slightly narrower in front than at base; length, including narrow neck-segment,
slightly less than width at base; cheeks moderately convex, eye-lines sub-parallel in
front of the eyes, cutting the front in about a line with middle of eye, and cutting
the posterior margin a little outside of the middle behind them; limb or thickened
margin of the head strong, prominent, rounded. Thorax as long as the head, axal
segments about as wide as the pleure, and only slightly tumid (with the neck-segment)
at the outer ends. Pygidium nearly semicircular, rather more than twice as wide as
long, length equalling 5 posterior thoracic segments; axis convex, narrow, not
reaching the margin, of 7 narrow segments; sides with 6 broad strong ribs, each
divided by a strong sulcus, outer undivided margin moderately broad. Length of
head, 3 lines; width of head at middle, 6} lines; from tip to tip of wings, 8 lines ;
total length, including head, thorax, and pygidium, 73 lines.

The great width of the head and diverging widely arched wings
easily distinguish this species from all others with which I am
acquainted. The surface is indistinctly preserved, but I think it

* Subsequently to the publication of this genus under the above name in my Synopsis of
the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, Burmeister, in the second edition of his work on Trilobites, p. 100,
characterised it similarly, and pointed out particularly its distinctions from Proetus.

ee} c

Silurian.] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites-

is minutely granular. Owing to the abrasion of the surface of the
glabella, I cannot be certain whether segmental furrows occur or
not.

Only one British species of this genus (my F. latifrons) has ever
been quoted from Lower Silurian strata, and I cannot help thinking
there may be some error in the age assigned to the Irish locality,
Egool, Mayo, as I have found the same species in England only in
Upper Silurian rocks. The 36 species of Proetus given by Barrande
are all Upper Silurian, and so few forms, and these abnormal, have
been found in older rocks, that the present species must be taken to
support the reference of the bed in which this species is found to
the Upper Silurian.

Rare in Wenlock shale of Broadhurst’s Creek, east of Kilmore,
B? 18.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Plate XXII.—Fig. 10, entire trilobite, natural size. Fig. 10a, ditto, magnified.

Prate XXII, Fia. 11.

LICHAS AUSTRALIS (McCoy).

(Genus LICHAS (Datmann). (Sub.-kingd. Articulata. Class Crustacea. Order Ento-
mostraca. Tribe Phyllopoda. Fam. Trilobitide.)

Gen. Char.—Body ovate, very flat ; surface granulated ; head semicircular ; glabella large,
semi-oval, with one long segmental furrow curving inwards and downwards from the upper
third of the glabella on each side, nearly to the neck-furrow, partially enclosing two large oval
spaces, and close to the ends of the neck-furrow, one or two posterior pairs of furrows enclose
one or two small trigonal lobes on each side ; nech-segment broader than the base of the glabella ;
cheeks small ; eyes moderately large, reniform ; eye-line cutting the outer margin in front of the
angles; thorax of 10 segments; pleure flat, faleate, each with a fine slightly sigmoid pleural
furrow, not reaching the margin ; pygidium semi-oyal, axis usually undefined below, the lateral
furrows instead of encircling the end, converge about the middle, and diverge again towards the
posterior margin, which they do not reach ; two short segments at the ‘anterior convex part;
side-lobes flat, of two broad faleate ribs on each side, projecting beyond the margin, each with a
fine mesial duplicating groove ; middle-lobe semi-elliptical, pointed, a small divisional line coming
off from the middle of the dorsal furrow on each side, curving outwards and downwards towards
its extremity, so as partially to include an oval space on each side. }

DescriptTion.—Width across glabella and middle of anterior lateral lobes, ths
of the length of the head, including neck-segment; middle portion of glabella
tumid, broadly rounded in front, rather narrowed in the middle by the regular inward
curvature of the anterior segmental furrows ; anterior segmental lobes ovate, tumid ;

[ 18 ]

Silurian.) PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites.

cheeks very tumid in an oblique line from the small eyes to the neck-segment, which
is strongly marked and separated from base of glabella by a wide sulcus; surface
covered by coarse unequal granulation of conical spinose tubercles ; three conspicuous
tubercles in sulcus at base of glabella. Length of head, 6 lines.

This species belongs to that very restricted section of Lichas
named Acanthopyge by Hawle and Corda, in which the head seems
greatly simplified from the absence of the middle and posterior
segmental furrows, leaving only ‘one segmental lobe on each side
of the glabella. In this, and all other respects, our Australian
species most nearly resembles the Lichas Haueri (Bar.) of the
Upper Silurian limestone of the basin of Bohemia. It is rather
smaller, and, on comparison, has the head rather longer in proportion
to the width ; the segmental lobes are narrower, and the anterior
segmental furrows are not so straight and parallel, but seem to
narrow the middle portion of the glabella more by a regular curve,
the convexity of which is inward.

Not uncommon in the Olive Schists of junction of Woori-
Yallock and Yarra (Stewart’s station).

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXII.—Fig. 11, specimen of head without the cheeks, natural size. The larger figure
over this is a magnified view of another specimen showing the glabella perfect, and the cheeks
within the eye-line showing the place of the eyes.

Puate XXIII., Fie. 11.

HOMALONOTUS HARRISONI (McCoy).

[Genus HOMALONOTUS (Konia). (Sub.-kingd. Articulata, Class Crustacea, Order
Entomostraca. Tribe Phyllopoda. Fam. Trilobitide.)

Gen. Char.—Buchler semi-elliptical, convex in the middle, obtusely pointed in front, lateral
angles not produced ; glabella indistinct, simple, subquadrate, with concave sides, narrower in
front than behind, not reaching to the front margin ; eyes small, hiant, reniform, in the midst
of the cheeks, opposite about the middle of the glabella ; eye-line continuous from one side to
the other, all anterior to the eyes being nearly parallel with the margin of the buckler, pointed
in front, forming the usual small outward lobes over each eye, and from thence to the lateral
angles or a little in front of them ; thorax moderately arched, not distinctly trilobed, of 13 seg-
ments ; axis wider (if visible) than the lateral lobes, which have sub-truncate ends with large
distinct facets ; pleural sulcus, as in Calymene, arising from the posterior margin near the
undefined axis, and at half its length abruptly bent down again to it; pygidium subtrigonal,
pointed, usually trilobed, with a distinct axis or none, the lateral ribs undivided. ]

[ 19 ]

Silurian. ] PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Trilobites.

Descriprion.—Head semi-elliptical, pointed, with a slightly upturned edge in
front, deflexed at the sides to the rounded posterior lateral angles, leaving the cheeks
moderately convex ; glabella scarcely defined, slightly convex at base, surface slixhtly
concave between it and front margin; eyes moderate. Thoracic rings continuously
arched across the back, rather abruptly deflected near outer ends, each divided by
a fine impressed sulcus midway between the anterior and posterior edges. Pygidium
very distinctly trilobate; axis convex, defined by sharp longitudinal sulci on each
side. Seements distinctly marked (number uncertain, and the shape of apex, from
imperfection of specimen). Length of head, 10 lines; width at base, 1 inch 4 lines ;
length of thorax, 1 inch 3 lines; width of front of pygidium, 114 lines; width of
axis, 6 lines.

This highly typical species of Homalonotus was first discovered
by one of our valued scientific men, whose retiring disposition will
scarcely permit me the pleasure of naming after him the most remark-
able trilobite yet found in Australia. Mr. T. Harrison was so kind as
to present the specimen to the Museum directly he knocked it out
from the sandy beds in the Royal Park, near Melbourne, to which,
from other fossils, I had assigned an Upper Silurian age on first
landing in the colony. It is to be distinguished from the Homalo-
notus delphinocephalus (Green) of the Upper Silurian rocks of
North America, to which it is most nearly allied, by the total
absence of even the slightest trace of trilobation of the rings of
the therax, and by the sulcus which divides each of them being in
the middle so as to divide each thoracic ring into two nearly equal
portions ; while in the H. delphinocephalus there is a slight
depression on each side where the axal furrows are in ordinary
trilobites, and in it the anterior portion of each segment is very
much narrower than the posterior division, from the sulcus being
close to the anterior edge. The apex of the pygidium is un-
fortunately broken in our specimen, so that the precise form of that
part is as yet unknown.

Rare in sandy Upper Silurian (May Hill Sandstone) strata near
Flemington, north of Melbourne.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXIII.—Fig. 11, natural size of nearly perfect specimen, the posterior part of the
pygidium only being absent.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 20 ]

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Tertiary. PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Prate XXIV., Fras. 1-5.

ATURIA ZIC-ZAC (Sow. sp.). Var. AUSTRALIS (McCoy).

[Genus ATURIA (Bronn). (Sub.-kingd. Mollusca. Class Cephalopoda. Order Tetra-
branchiata. Fam. Nautilide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell, discoid, moderately compressed, periphery rounded, whorls embracing,
involute in one plane; septa convex outwardly at inner half, concave at outer half, bent on
each side at the margin into a long narrow lancet-shaped lobe extending backwards to the
preceding septum; siphuncle at inner margin very large, shelly, formed of a funnel-shaped
extension backwards of the septum, the narrow hinder end entering within the similar funnels
of the two preceding septa. ]

DescripTion.—Sides flattened ; periphery narrow, rounded; surface with fine
arched stria, the convexity forwards on the sides, backwards on the periphery.
Diameter, from 1 to 44 inches ; proportional greatest width, 34°, ; length of aperture
at side, °5,; at middle, 4%.

The great shelly invaginated siphuncle easily distinguishes
Aturia from Nautilus as well as the position of the siphon at the
inner margin ; and as Nautilus extends from Paleozoic times to our
present seas, while Atwria is only found in the Eocene and Miocene
strata of other parts of the world, a recognition of the structural
difference between the genera is of great geological interest, as
supporting the suggestion of the Oligocene age of the Tertiary
strata in Victoria, in which it is so surprising to find this rare type
of Cephalopod, peculiar to the Middle and Lower Tertiaries of the
old world and of America.

It is with the compressed Miocene variety found at Dax, named
N. Aturia by Basterot, rather than with the more ventricose original
types of the UW. zic-zac of Sowerby, proper to the Eocene London
clay, that our Australian fossil more completely agrees ; and I can
only doubtfully suggest the separation of it as a local variety, from
the somewhat greater compression indicated by the slightly greater
length of the aperture in proportion to its width ; and also a
slightly greater curvature of the septa on the sides as shown by a
line from the apex of the lancet-shaped lobe to the inner end of
same septum, encroaching rather more on the 3rd chamber behind.

[ 21 ]

Tertiary. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Fragments have been found indicating a diameter of about 6
inches, but the majority of specimens found are under 2 inches.

Not uncommon in the Oligocene Tertiary clays of Mornington,
near Mount Eliza and Mount Martha. In similar deposits at Point
Addis. In similar strata at A* 9, 3 miles west of the mouth of the
Gellibrand River. Common, of large size, at A* 22, in Miocene
junction beds at Bird-Rock Point, nea mouth of Spring Creek,
15 miles S. of Geelong. Excessively rare in Lower Pliocene iron-

stones of Flemington, and equally rare in yellow sandy beds at

Mordialloe.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXIV.—Fig. 1, internal cast showing chambers of only specimen found in the hard
ferruginous Lower Pliocene beds of Flemington, natural size. Fig. 2, small perfect specimen
from the Oligocene Tertiary beds near Mount Martha, natural size, front view of variety with
rather wider periphery than usual. Fig. 2a, side view of same specimen. Fig. 3, larger specimen
of ordinary compression of sides, from near mouth of Gellibrand River; the siphon is seen
touching the inner edge ; the two lateral pits are produced by the two lateral lobes of the septa.
Fig. 3a, side view of same specimen. Fig. 4, portion of larger specimen from Oligocene Tertiary
near Mount Martha. Fig. 4a, front view of same specimen, showing with fractured edges of the
septa, the very large shelly funnel-shaped invaginated siphon, natural size. Fig. 5, still larger
specimen, natural size, from the Junction Miocene beds of Bird Rock, south of Geelong.

Freperick McCoy,

[ 22 ]

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Tertiary. ] PALHMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [M illusea.

Pirate XXV., Fias. 1-18.
PLEUROTOMARIA TERTIARIA (McCoy).

[Genus PLEUROTOMARIA (Der.). (Sub.-kingd. Mollusca. Class Gasteropoda, Order
Scutibranchiata. Fam. Haliotide.)

Gen. Char—Usually pyramidal, trochiform, more rarely globose, or depressed ; aperture
usually wider than long, with a deep narrow respiratory slit in the outer lip, leaving a defined,
linear, spiral band, marked by retroflexed strie along each whorl of the spire ; surface usually
marked by stri# arching backwards towards the band ; columella simple, a little thickened in
front, with or without umbilicus.

The trochiform species differ from Trochus by the sinus and band.]

Descriprion.—Shell large, trochiform, apical angle 67°; whorls flat, or very
slightly convex; base moderately convex, with (?)asmall umbilicus; band of moderate
width in the middle of each whorl, slightly depressed. Surface with sub-equal
prominent thread-like spiral striz, rather less than their thickness apart (about 10
or 11 above, and the same number below the band), about 3 slightly smaller on the
band, reticulated by arched strie, narrower, but nearly as prominent as the spiral
strive, and slightly further apart. Length about 2 inches 9 lines ; proportional width,
a5 3 length of last whorl, =33,.

If this fossil had been found alone, or if the other fossils found
with it had not proved the Upper Miocene Tertiary age of the
stratum, it would in all probability deceive any geologist into the
belief of its affording evidence of Oolitic strata.

The genus Pleurotomaria, like Trigonia, is a most abundant one
in all the Mesozoic marine formations, but, like Trigonia, also has
hitherto been remarkable for its sudden, almost complete, disap-
pearance at the close of the Cretaceous period, and being so nearly
absent in the well-searched Tertiary formations of Europe, Asia,
and America, that only two examples of Tertiary age seem to have
occurred to any observers, viz., the P. Sismondai, found by
Goldfuss at Biinde, and the P. concava found by Deshayes in the
Paris basin. So rare are these occurrences, however, that neither
myself nor I believe any living paleontologist has seen a trace of
them. The genus reappears in our recent seas, where it is repre-
sented by two such excessively rare species that only one or two
examples have been found. Our Victorian fossil is almost inter-
mediate in character between the two living ones, having the large
size, more elevated spire, and more numerous and flatter whorls of

[ 23 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

the living Pleurotomaria Adansoniana, but the more nearly central
band of the P. Quoyana, and having the close spiral threads crossed
by nearly equal prominent equidistant lines of growth. It differs
from both in its more elevated acute spire, a much smaller apical
angle, and more equal striz.

From the Miocene P. Sismondai it differs in the whorls not
being angulated and in the more equal striez. From the Eocene
P. concava it differs in its much finer and more numerous striez.

Rare in a hard pink and yellowish limestone (T™ 4), like litho-
graphic stone, about two feet thick, interstratified with the upper
part of a bed of basalt, about 100 feet thick, on east bank of
Moorabool River, near Maude.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXV.—Fig. 1, side view, natural size. Fig. la, opposite side of same specimen,
showing in fractured section the character of the umbilicus. Fig. 10, portion of surface,
magnified, showing the decussated spiral stri# and the band.

Pirate XXV., Fies 2-26.
HALIOTIS OVINOIDES (McCoy).

[Genus HALIOTIS (Liyn.). (Sub.-kingd. Mollusca, Class Gasteropoda, Order Scuti-
branchiata. Fam. Haliotide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell very much depressed, with an ovate or ear-shaped outline formed entirely
of the last whorl ; spire extremely small, depressed, close to the posterior of left lateral margin ;
external surface usually rough, with radiating wrinkles and spiral ridges ; a sub-angulated row
of short tubular perforations extends from the anterior part of the outer lip close to the left
margin of the shell on the upper side; outer lip thin, simple ; aperture extremely large, the
inner lip forming a flattened inflexed boundary to it on the left side. ]

Drscriprion.—Orbicularly ovate, flattened above; spire equalling in diameter
half the diameter of the shell in the same line, of 2 prominent whorls ; apertures
large, prominent, tubular; upper surface with thick nearly straight radiating ridges,
like wrinkles, extending from the suture to within about their own distances apart
from the row of tubular apertures, each ridge most prominent at its outer obtusely
rounded subtubercular extremity, about 3 strong spiral ridges between the ends of
the radiating ridges and the tubuli; spiral ridges of same size, but less prominent
between the ridges, and about 6 stronger ones outside the row of tubuli. Average
length, 14 inches; comparative diameter of spire, 3°;; height, +33,; at edge of
specimen 14 inch in diameter, there are five apertures in nine lines (little more
than three in the same space of ZZ. ovina at the same diameter).

[ 24 ]

Tertiary. | PALZHZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

This very beautiful species most nearly resembles the living
H. ovina of North Australia and the Philippines, which has a
nearly similar arrangement of radiating rounded ridges, stopping
short of the tubular openings; but the fossil is easily distinguished
by the strong spiral sulcation and the greater proportion of the
diameter which is occupied by the spire. It is nearly related to
the H. Flemingtonensis, from which it is easily distinguished by
its comparatively regular, prominent, strong, straight, rounded,
radiating ridges, and the rather larger spire.

Abundant in the Upper Miocene yellow and pink limestone of
(T™ 4) east bank of Moorabool River, near Maude.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XX V.—Fie. 2, average specimen, natural size, view from above, Fig. 2a, side view
of same specimen. Fig. 26, tubular apertures, radiating ridges, and spiral sulci, magnified.

Piate XXV., Fras. 3-30.
HALIOTIS MOORABOOLENSIS (McCoy).

Description.—Broad, ovate, depressed, greatly and evenly convex ; spire close
to posterior edve, small, of 14 turns, not raised above the general surface ; apertures
small, oval, numerous, about their own length apart, a nearly concave vertical space
intervenes between them and the left margin; entire surface covered with coarse sub-
equal slightly irregular ridges, separated by narrower sulci, and crossed by lines of
growth. Length of average specimen, 4} inches ; in proportion thereto, diameter
of spire from posterior edge, -%3,; greatest width, 748; ; depth, 98; about 5 sulci in
3an inch near margin.

In form this most nearly resembles the recent H. Cracherodi
of California, but is much more coarsely and distinctly ribbed or
sulcated, and has the very small close numerous apertures of the
living H. Californiensis; it is also allied to the living HZ. splendens
of California, but has smaller apertures, is more depressed, and has
smaller sulci. Two living Australian species, the HZ. scabricosta
and H. Roei, approach most nearly in sulcation, but are distinguished
by their far larger spires.

[ 25 ] D

Tertiary. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca,

Not uncommon in hard pinkish and yellow Upper Miocene
Tertiary limestone of (T™ 4) on the east bank of the Moorabool
River, near Maude.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXV.—Fig. 3, specimen, natural size, viewed from above. Fig. 3a, same specimen,

viewed in profile, natural size. Fig. 3b, apertures and sulcation crossed by lines of growth,
magnified.

Norr.—The species of the two genera figured on this plate, especially Haliotis, are exclu-
sively inhabitants of shallow water, and this circumstance must be taken into consideration by
geologists in correlating the strata in which they occur with those probably synchronous but
deposited in deeper water in other localities.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 26 ]

PL XXXVI

PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

Syn.

of mr-NtrA] 2
LETH ATVLMOMMUMS CA

Tertiary. | PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Puate XXVI., Fics. 1-2a.

HALIOTIS NZEVOSOIDES (McCoy).

{Genus HALIOTIS (Liyy.). Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Gasteropoda. Order Scuti-
branchiata. Fam. Haliotide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell very much depressed, with an ovate or ear-shaped outline formed entirely
of the last whorl; spire extremely small, depressed, close to the posterior left lateral margin;
external surface usually rough, with radiating wrinkles and spiral ridges; a sub-angulated row
of short tubular perforations extends from the anterior part of the outer lip, close to the left
margin of the shell on the upper side; outer lip thin, simple; aperture extremely large, the
inner lip forming a flattened inflexed boundary to it on the left side. ]

Description.—Sub-orbicular, depressed ; spire of 2} turns, moderately promi-
nent ; upper surface with numerous short irregularly interrupted fluctuating wave-
like ridges in radiating series arched forward from the-suture, and not regularly more
prominent at the distal end; spiral striw, thick, sub-equal, rounded, about 12 in
the space between the suture and the perforations; perforations moderately
produced, oval, about 4 in 9 lines at 1} inches in diameter, obliquely crossed by
fine close strie of growth. Average diameter, 2 inches; proportional width, 8°; ;
diameter of spire, 74°,; height, ,£°,.

At first sight this might be mistaken for that most abundant
living species in Australian seas the H. nevosa (Mart.), and the
imperfect preservation of most specimens helps to give an erro-
neously Recent or Newer Pliocene aspect to the deposits in which
it occurs from this apparent identity. The numerous examples I
have seen, and the character of the surface as given by impressions
in gutta-percha which I had taken of the cavities from which the
casts of the shell had disappeared, enable me to distinguish it with
certainty by its less elongate or more orbicular form, larger spire,
and much thicker and fewer spiral stria ; these, in about one inch
from suture to perforations, being about 60, and much more unequal
in the living H. nevosa, but only about 13 in the fossil H. nevo-
soides. The living species is longer in proportion to the width, or
less orbicular in outline, but agrees in the irregular ripple-like
‘interrupted character of the arched radiating undulations, not more
prominent in the distal end than in the middle, which separate it
easily from the H. ovinoides of the Moorabool limestone near
Maud.

[ 27 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mollusca.

Very abundant in the ferruginous Lower Pliocene Tertiary
strata of Flemington, north of Melbourne. One unusually large
specimen presented by Mr. Brough Smyth is 3} inches in length.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXVI.—Fig. 1, large specimen, with ordinary character of radiation, natural size.
Fig. 2, smaller specimen, with a few of the undulations presenting an unusual appearance of a
ridge-like continuity. Fig. 2a, portion of surface magnified to show the striation.

Prats XXVL, Fras. 3-9. :

CERITHIUM FLEMINGTONENSIS (McCoy).

[Genus CERITHIUM (Brue). (Sub.-kingd. Mollusca. Class Gasteropoda, Ord. Pectini-
branchiata. Fam. Cerithiide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell of yery numercus gradually-enlarging whorls; spire longer than the
body whorl ; the outer lip usually dilated ; aperture oblique ovate, terminating in front in a short
canal slightly recurved and bent to the left; inner lip usually with a faint spiral ridge above
and below defining two internal canals ; external surface usually sulcated spirally,and with more
or less distinct varices. ]

Derscriprion.—Spire acute, apical angle about 25° of upwards of 10 flattened
whorls; body whorl with the outer lip slightly ascending and dilated ; surface with
fine nearly equal spiral striz (about 80 between the sutures), crossed by close obtuse
and slightly sigmoid rounded ribs (about 20 in a whorl), most prominent at the
lower or anterior end next the suture, becoming generally indistinct at less than
half-way to the suture above, but a few here and there extending singly across the
whole space from one suture to the next, like a varix. Spiral strie on base or
anterior half of body whorl coarser than on spire, and every third or fourth larger
than the rest. Internal casts rounded, smooth on turns of spire, frequently showing
a few longitudinal obtuse ribs on body whorl, the dilated outer lip of which is some-
times faintly marked with spiral ridges. Length from 2 to 5 inches; proportional
width of body whorl, 34,; length of body whorl, including canal, 45; length of
penultimate whorl, 7,3.

The genus Cerithium abounds in shallow waters near the
mouths of great rivers in tropical countries at the present day,
and in the Older Tertiary deposits it has its maximum of local
development.

The present species obviously varies a little in apical angle and
consequent relation of length to width, although I have never yet
seen a sufficiently perfect specimen to enable me to be certain of
the number of the whorls ; and this is a point which any amateur

[ 28 ] )

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

geologist working in the Flemington beds might by vigilance
enable me to clear up.

Excessively abundant in the hard ferruginous Lower Pliocene
sandstone of Flemington, north of Melbourne.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES,

Plate XXVI.—Fig. 3, gutta-percha cast showing spiral striation and longitudinal ridges
near lower or anterior part of whorls, natural size. Fig. 3a, portion of ditto, magnified, showing
the usual obliteration of the longitudinal ridges on the upper portion of whorls, with a few
extending from one suture to the other, like varices, all crossed by the fine spiral stria. Fig. 4,
gutta-percha cast, natural size, of another specimen, showing an unusually large number of the
vertical ridges traversing the whole of the whorls between the sutures. (Both these figures
show the flatness of the whorls.) Fig. 5, instructive specimen, showing the striation and a few
of the varix-like ridges on external surface of apical portion, and showing the corresponding
internal cast with rounded smooth whorls and the form of the cast of body whorl, with the
obscure longitudinal ridges and the short anterior canal in lower part, natural size. (The want
of parallelism of the last suture is produced by the ascending dilated edge of the outer lip.)
Fig. 6, gutta-percha cast of portion of surface of larger specimen, showing the longitudinal
and spiral markings and general flatness of the whorls on the surface, with the inconspicuous
suture. Fig. 7, ordinary appearance of the majority of specimens, showing internal casts, with
smooth very convex whorls, separated by deep divisions, and the form of the aperture with the
slight concavity below suture of body whorl indicative of a corresponding ridge on the interior
of the posterior part of the outer lip of the shell, and the spiral ridge on the anterior part
indicative of a corresponding canal on the interior of the anterior portion of the mouth of the
shell. Fig. 8, portion of largest specimen seen, internal cast, natural size. Fig. 8a, another
view of same specimen, showing the greatest length observed of the anterior canal. Fig. 9,
portion of specimen, with unusually large prominent few longitudinal ridges.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 29 ]

oa

—s

PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

v4

SCL

CUP LEL

Tertiary. | a PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Piatt XXVII., Fias. 1-2c.
TRIGONIA HOWITTI (McCoy).

[Genus TRIGONIA (Brue.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Dithyra. Order Pectinacea.
Fam. Trigoniide.)

Gen. Char.— Shell equivalve, inequilateral, subtrigonal ; outside ridged, inside pearly ; right
valve with a V-shaped pair of large diverging teeth, transversely suleated on each side, received
between 4 teeth similarly suleated on one side, in the left valve. |

Drscriprion.—Rotundate rhombic, substance of shell thick, tumid towards the
beak; anterior side rounded, posterior slope moderately flattened in two planes,
divided by a very obtuse angle marking the margin; ventral margin moderately
convex, posterior edge nearly quadrangular, with ventral edge slightly rounded in
respiratory portion, forming an angle of about 150°, with hinge line in anal portion,
about 4 narrow quadrate radiating ridges on each division of the posterior slope,
sharply separated by deep flattened spaces equal to about their own width; about
fourteen thick, prominent, rounded, radiating ridges from the beak to the ventral
margin, separated by slightly narrower deep concave spaces; near the beak (for about
4 an inch) all the ribs set with strong, blunt, transverse tubercles, about their own
thickness apart (about 5 in 3 lines), but on the adults the middle and lower ends
of the ribs are marked with irregular lines of growth, like the intervening hollows,
except the 7 or 8 anterior ones, on which the large blunt tuberculation is continued
to the ventral margin (about 3 in 2 lines); length from anterior to posterior end 2
inches 38 lines; proportional width from beak to opposite margin, .°;; depth of one
valve, =%4;; hinge line, =%3,.

This species is much larger, thicker, and stronger than the living
or the other two Tertiary species, and is readily distinguished by
the tuberculation (except near the beak) being confined to the
anterior ribs, leaving the middle and posterior ones only slightly
wrinkled by lines of growth. The inner edge is strongly toothed
by the projecting ends of the channels between the radiating ribs.
Sometimes the two small most posterior ridges bear tubercles.

This species was collected by Mr. Howitt from the beds of °
sandy marl at Jemmy’s Point, near the entrance of the Gippsland
Lakes, containing Séruthiolaria and other forms which I have
observed in the Pliocene Tertiaries of New Zealand, but not of any
other locality in Victoria. I have great pleasure in naming so
interesting a fossil after so excellent and zealous a geologist as
Mr. Howitt has proved himself in the Gippsland District.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXVII.—Fig. 1., exterior of left valve, natural size. Fig. la, interior of ditto.
Fig. 2, exterior of right valve, natural size. Fig. 2a, interior of ditto. Fig. 2b, magnified
distinct tubercles of anterior ribs. Fig. 2c, magnified more posterior ribs, with obsolete
tubercles. ‘

[ 31 ]

Tertiary. | PALZAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mollusca.

Pirate XXVII., Fias. 3-56.

CUCULLAA CORIOENSIS (McCoy).

[Genus CUCULL@A (Lam.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Dithyra. Ord. Pectinacea.
Fam. Arcide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell equivalve or nearly so, inequilateral, trapeziform, ventricose, margins
closed all round ; surface radiated; beaks large, nearly median ; hinge line straight, long, with
a triangular flat cartilage area in each valve intervening between it and the beaks ; hinge teeth
numerous, small, and perpendicular in the middle, with a few much larger ones diverging towards
each end, sometimes crenulated on the sides ; posterior adductor impression bounded anteriorly
by a prominent shelly hood-like plate extending from the hollow of the beak.]

Description.—Obliquely trapezoidal, very gibbous, beaks very large, incurved
usually nearer to the anterior than the posterior end of hinge line; hood-plate of
posterior adductor small; 4 or 5 anterior and 3 or 4 posterior oblique teeth; small
middle transverse hinge teeth variable in size and number; the ridge from beak to
posterior abdominal or respiratory angle very obtusely rounded, and angle or junction
of posterior margin with hinge line a little more than a right angle; posterior slope |
moderately flattened, rest of surface moderately convex; anterior margin rounded ;
ventral margin nearly straight, oblique to hinge line; posterior margin slightly
undulating, joining in the ventral margin by an obtusely rounded angle; surface
radiated with fine flat ridges, separated by narrow impressed sulci, and each usually
divided by a finer one, and granulated by close transverse lines of growth (at 1 inch
from beak, about 11 of the larger strie, each divided by a smaller one, in 6 lines) ;
inner margin coarsely toothed. Greatest length from anterior end to posterior angle,
8 inches; proportional depth from beak to ventral margin, -83,; thickness of one
valve at right angles to plane of margin, +4°,; length of hinge line, -§,°,; length of
posterior margin, 75°,.

The two living species of Cucullea (C. concamerata and C.
granulosa) of China, Nicobar, and Mauritius, do not occur in
our Victorian seas, and yet this fine fossil species is one of the
commonest shells of the Miocene Tertiary beds near Geelong.
The fossil is distinguished from the recent species by its much
greater gibbosity, thicker shell, more obtusely rounded diagonal
angle defining the posterior slope (which is narrow in the recent
species and sharply angular near the beak), and the posterior
inferior angle is more extended obliquely, the ventral margin being
more oblique to the hinge line, and in the beak being rather nearer
the anterior end. I find the thickness (that is the measure at right
angles to the plane of the margins) varies considerably in different
specimens, as well as the number of the hinge teeth. It is only when
the surface is well preserved that the transverse strie of growth

[ 32 ]

Tertiary. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

and the fine duplicating suleus of the ridging is well seen, so that
at an inch from the beak, in a space of half an inch, 18 to 21 of
the smaller striez are to be counted in specimens with well pre-
served surface, but not more than half that number when the
outer layer is absent. The nearest analogues of our species are the
C. ponderosa (Hutt) of the New Zealand Tertiary beds of Awatere,
and the C. crassatina (Lam.) from the French Upper Eocene,
which, however, are much more coarsely ribbed.

Very common in the Miocene Tertiary sandy beds of Corio Bay
(A°15); very common in similar beds (A* 22 and A* 23) of Bird-
Rock Point, 15 miles south of Geelong, near mouth of Spring
Creek ; also common at Point Addis (A* 24). Rare east of Gelli-
brand River (very thick variety) ; not uncommon at Muddy Creek,
near Grange Burn, 5 miles from Hamilton; of large size in
Tertiary clays of Mordialloc. Common in Tertiary clays and
sands in face of cliff, Dog Island, Leigh River. Rare in Tertiary
beds at Bairnsdale, Mitchell River ; presented by A. W. Howitt,
Esq. Not uncommon, of large size, in brown sandstone, at the
entrance to the Gippsland Lakes. Thin small specimens in
Oligocene clays near Mount Martha.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. ~

Plate XXVII.—Fig. 3, inner view of small specimen, natural size. Fig. 4, end view of
rather small specimen with the two valves in contact showing the great thickness from one
valve to the other, and the form and sulcation of the cartilage area, natural size. Fig. 5, large
specimen showing the normal type with the oblique form, obtusely rounded posterior diagonal
ridge, and the size and character of the striation, natural size—(The round hole in the lower
part of this specimen was the cause of its death, having been bored by the rasp-like tongue of a
carnivorous gasteropod of the period.) Fig. 5a, interior of similar specimen, showing the hood-
plate slightly broken at the lower end. Fig. 56, striation magnified.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 33 ] E

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PALAEONTOLOGY oF VICTORIA

( Tertary Mollusca, |

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TM Ferguson Ing

Tertiary. | PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea,

Prates XXVIII. anp XXIX., Fie. 1.

CYPRAA (ARICIA) GIGAS (McCoy).

[Genus CYPRA®A (Lin.) (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Gasteropoda. Order Pectini-
branchiata. Fam. Cypreide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell ovato-oblong; spire very short, or entirely covered by the body whorl;
back rounded; inner and outer lips inrolled; aperture narrow, as long as the shell, reflected at
both ends, transversely toothed and ridged on each side.

Sub-genus.—Aricia (Gray). Surface highly polished; gibbous above; flattened, thickened,
and dilated at the sides below; spire covered; aperture straight, narrow ; outer and inner lips
callous, thickened, wide, dentated.

Sub-genus.—Trivia (Gray). Small, globose; surface tuberculated or covered with narrow,
prominent transverse ridges; spire concealed; aperture narrow, both lips denticulated. ]

DeEsripTion.—(See second Decade.)

Additional locality—In Oligocene Tertiary clays near mouth of
Gellibrand River.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE.

Plates XXVIII. and XXIX.—Fig. 1, ventral view of large specimen, natural size.

4

Prates XXVIII. ann XXIX., Fias. 2-20.

CYPRAA (ARICIA) EXIMIA (Sow).

Description.—Pyriform ; back ventricose towards the posterior side, and
abruptly and obtusely subtruncate to slightly depressed spire of two convex turns,
partially exposed; gradually tapering to the anterior end into a long narrow slightly
raised canal supported by a triangular straight-edeed extension of the base; two
large compressed obtusely rounded tubercles separated by a deep depression, one on
each side of the dorsal aspect of the base of the anterior canal; posterior canal
shorter than the anterior one, more or less reflexed, supported below by a depressed
extension of the flange or base with an outwardly convex outline. Under side
rounded in the middle, thickened with a narrow flattened extension at sides of
anterior and posterior canals. Outer lip inflexed, strongly toothed within, teeth
largest and extending slightly over base for 4 the length of mouth in front of the
middle; teeth behind the middle smaller. Base from inner lip with a broad band
of deep sulci, with broad intervening ridges extending from teeth. Length of large
typical specimen about 4 inches; proportional width, =°,°,; height, =3°,; diameter of
spire, 3'54;: length of anterior canal, =%%,; length of pesterior canal, +48,.

REFERNCE.—Sow. in Strzel., N. 8. W., p. 296, t. 19, figs. 1-3.
[ 35 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

I find this species varies considerably in the length of the
anterior canal—in one extreme specimen almost a monstrosity,
its proportion to the length is only =4°, ; but between this and the
normal type are so many intervening specimens as.to indicate a
variety brevis, not having any geological significance, however, as
these irregularly shortened specimens occur with the others.

Common in the Oligocene Tertiary clays between Mount Martha
and Mount Eliza in Hobson’s Bay ; less common in similar clays
at Fyansford.

Common in similar clays (A* 9) 3 miles west of mouth of
Gellibrand River.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plates XXVIII. and XXIX.—Fig. 2, normal specimen, dorsal view, natural size. Fig. 2a,
same specimen, ventral view. Fig. 2b, same specimen, profile view.

Pirates XXVIII. anp XXIX., Fras. 3-8e.
-CYPRZA (TRIVIA) AVELLANOIDES (McCoy).

Drscriprion.—Very thin ovato-globose, transverse section nearly three-fourths
of a circle from the outer lip, the remainder of the inner lip curving more rapidly,
obtusely rounded behind, slightly tapering in front to the short scarcely-notched
canal; aperture narrow, of nearly equal width throughout (about 7 times longer
than wide), the outer and inner lips nearly parallel, terminating in a very short
straight channel in front, but abruptly curved to the right with the thicker outer lip
behind; spire not prominent, of 35 turns. Surface crossed by very narrow sharply
defined very prominent thread-like ridges, varying from 85 at 1 inch long to 23 at
4 lines long, on the right side, rarely dichotomising irregularly, or stopping short, more
often turning abruptly out of their course with a branch-like bend to one side, so as
to interealate short ridges between a longer pair, separated by sharply-defined broad
flat spaces, usually three or four times wider than the ridges, faintly indented
with broad transverse scarcely visible marks. The ridges are usually interrupted
by a narrow shallow longitudinal depressed smooth space along the middle of the
back; 5, 6, or 7 pass vertically over the spiral whorls, and on the inner lip they are
inflected angularly at the edge of the aperture to form a concave inner lip as wide
as the mouth, and terminate in tubercles on its inner edge; the dorsal end not
swollen, sometimes, though rarely, joining from each side, effacing the dorsal sulcus,
which when present variés irregularly from half a line to a line in width in a
specimen of the ordinary size of 10 lines. Greatest length of very large specimen
from anterior canal to most posterior part of outer lip, 1 inch 2 lines ; in proportion
thereto, to end of spire, 3%°,; width, ,89,; height, 75; width of mouth, 3%; a

[ 36 ]

Tertiary,] PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusca

very small specimen 44 lines long has length to end of spire, ;%°,;; width, ,%°,;
height, =8°5; width of mouth, +4°,; showing the great uniformity of the proportions
through all sizes—the very young being slightly more globose.

The greater number of specimens have a very distinctly marked
smooth longitudinal dorsal scar half the length of the shell inter-
rupting the transverse ridging ; one specimen, however, having the
scar as distinct as usual in great part of its length has it obliterated
at one point by the alternate extensions of a few ridges from each
side a little beyond the midline; and one large specimen has it
entirely absent from some of the ridges, alternating with each other
and stretching beyond the middle, and others of them joining con-
tinuously from side to side. When the outer layer of shell bearing
the ridges is absent the surface is faintly cancellated by narrow
obtuse obsolete lines, the spiral or transverse ones about as far
apart as the ridges of the surface, the longitudinal ones finer, less
regular, and rather closer.

This species is so much more globose and has so much fewer
and more distant ridges than the Trivia Australis living on the
Victorian shores that it is not necessary to make any further
comparison. It is an exact representative of the Trivia avellana
of the European Tertiary beds of the same age as those containing
the present species, but is clearly distinguished by its uniformly
shorter and more spheroidal form, the nearer identity of length and
width, the shorter and wider dorsal sulcus almost always inter-
rupting the transverse ridges, and the greater curvature of the
mouth, which is nearly straight in the middle of 7. avellana, but
much arched in the present species, in which the margin of the
outer lip is consequently less inflected ; the sulcus is also charac-
teristically shorter than in the European C-. avellana, or C. affinis of
the Suffolk Coralline Crag, and Tourain beds, with which latter it
agrees better in its usually naked sulcus, but the ends of the ridges
are never dilated, and in addition to the same differences of the
more arched mouth and less inflected outer. lip of the Australian
species, the shell in it is larger, thinner, and the ridges more
elevated, thinner, and farther apart.

Very common in the blue Oligocene Tertiary clays and limestone
between Mount Eliza and Mount Martha, in the Bay ; very rare but

[ 37 ]

Tertiary. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca,

of large size in the blue clays of Muddy Creek, near Grange Burn,
5 miles from Hamilton; very rare and of small size in blue clay
(A* 14), outer Geelong harbor ; very rare, of moderate size, in yellow
“marls (A‘15), Corio Bay.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plates XXVIII. and XXIX.—Fig. 3, average specimen, natural size, viewed from below
Fig. 3a, same specimen, viewed from above. Fig. 3b, same specimen, viewed from behind.
Fig. 3c, portion of dorsal sulcus of same specimen, magnified.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 38 J

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PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA.

(Tertary Mollusca. /

vs. M Ferguson wip.

Mite, Melbourne

Tertiary. | PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea.

PratE XXX., Fias. 1-le.

CYPRAA (ARICIA) PLATYPYGA (McCoy).

[Genus CYPRA (Lin.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca, Class Gasteropoda, Order Pectinibran-
chiata. Fam. Cypreidz.)

Gen. Char:—Shell ovato-oblong ; spire very short, or entirely covered by the body whorl ;
back rounded ; inner and outer lips inrolled ; aperture narrow, as long as the shell, reflected at
both ends, transversely toothed and ridged on each side.

Sub-genus.—Aricia (Gray). Surface highly polished ; gibbous above ; flattened, thickened,
and dilated at the sides below ; spire covered ; aperture straight, narrow, outer and inner lips
callous, thickened, wide, dentated.]

Descriprion.—Sub-pyriform, globose ; back nearly semicircular in longitudinal
profile, the posterior end being more abruptly arched than the anterior portion, which
forms nearly quarter of a circle, from which the narrow sub-cylindrical slightly
reflexed anterior canal extends abruptly, nearly at right angles, flanked on each side
by a thickened extension of the base; posterior canal short, extremely wide, extended
chiefly on the right hand side, undulato-truncate behind ; spire visible, of 24 narrow
convex turns; base moderately thickened ; outer lip inflected, rounded, the whole
length set with coarse, strong, sub-equal teeth extending from 3 io 4 lines laterally
as strong rounded ridges; inner lip with a broad flattened space sloping inward,
very coarsely suleated throughout by sub-equal. broad, flattened, prominent ridges,
separated by narrow sulci, about 6 lines long. Length, 3 inches 4 lines; proportional
width, 53, ; depth, 2; ; length of anterior canal, 54%, ; width of anterior canal, about
too; length of posterior canal, 7%; width of posterior canal, 349;; diameter of
exposed spire, +15‘.

In the form of the base, the strong dental sulcation of the lips,
and in the size of the exposed whorls of the spire, this species
approaches C. eximia, but is much shorter and more gibbous, has
much shorter anterior canal without tubercles, and it differs from
it and all other species most remarkably in the great width of the
subtruncate posterior end, indicated by the specific name.

Very rare in the Oligocene Tertiary clays of shore near foot of
Mount Eliza.

EXPLANATION OF Ficures.

Plate XXX.—Fig. 1, longitudinal profile, natural size. Fig. 1a, dorsal view of same speci-
men, showing the narrow cylindrical anterior canal, the wide truncated posterior end, and
the partially exposed spire. Fig. 1b, posterior end view of same specimen, showing rounded
transverse outline, and partially exposed spire. Fig. 1c, under view of same specimen, showing
thickened rounded base, with narrow mouth, strong teeth of outer lip, and coarse sulcation of

inner lip.
[ 39 ]

Tertiary.) PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

PratE XXX., Fias. 2-2.
CYPR/A (ARICIA) PLATYRHYNCHA (McCoy).

Description.—Pyriform ; back rounded, most convex near posterior end, where
a slight depression marks the place of the entirely concealed spire, gradually tapering
to the anterior end, which is abruptly depressed or flattened from above downwards,
and extended into a broad flat rostrum, channelled below by the straight anterior
canal; posterior canal very short and abruptly reflexed to the place of the spire, the
right thickened margin much larger than the left; under side rounded, mouth
narrow, flexuous, nearly edentulous, the posterior half and anterior fourth of both
lips without teeth, the intervening quarter of the length of the outer lip having
about 12 obtuse small teeth on the edge, and the corresponding portion of inner lip
with still smaller and fewer similar teeth, not extended as sulci over the base. Length,
4 inches ; proportional width, ;4%,; greatest height, ;43,; length of anterior canal,
foo} posterior canal, +35; width of anterior rostral prolongation, 2.

This belongs to the curious group of anteriorly prolonged
Cowries of which the C. ezximia is the oldest known. In this
species the rostrum is flattened like a duck’s bill in the type
specimen ; but I have seen others in which, although depressed, it is
narrower, and in one or two a slight indication of the two anterior
dorsal tubercles so conspicuous in C. eximia may be seen, and in
one the number of teeth on the outer lip is greater, in all those
respects showing an approach to C. eximia, from which, even if
the anterior end were broken off, it is easily distinguished by its
nearly obsolete teeth never extended into sulci, and by the com-
pletely concealed spire.

Not uncommon in the Miocene Tertiary of Bird-Rock Point, 15
miles 8. of Geelong (A‘ 22).

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XXX.—Fig. 2, profile view, natural size. Fig. 2a, view of base of same specimen,
showing the paucidentate character of the mouth. Fig. 2b, dorsal view of same specimen,
showing the flattened anterior beak and absence of exposed spire. Fig. 2c, posterior view of
same specimen, showing form of transverse outline and absent or concealed spire.

Freperick McCoy.

By Authority: Grorcr Skinner, Acting Government Printer, Melbourne.

[30:4

a

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

N.B.—The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE Il.
Puare I.—Phylograptus folium (His. sp.). Var. Typus (Hall)—Diplograpsus mucronatus (Hall sp.).—

Diplograpsus pristis (His. sp.).—Diplograpsus rectangularis (McCoy).—Diplograpsus (Climaco-

graptus) bicornis (Hall).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) fruticosus (Hall sp.).

Prats II.—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) quadribrachiatus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus)
bryonoides (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) octobrachiatus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites
(Didymograpsus) Logani (Hall sp.).

Prares III., [V., and V.—Phascolomys pliocenus (McCoy),

Pea Wis. cine Hannafordi (McCoy).—Voluta anti-cingulata (McCoy).—Voluta anti-scalaris ,

eCoy). ;

Prate VII.—Voluta macroptera (McCoy). ra.

Prate VIII.—Podozamites Barklyi (McCoy).— Podozamites ellipticus (McCoy).—Podozamites longi- —
folius (McCoy). 7 A

Prats I1X.—Lepidodendron Australe (McCoy).

Prate X.—Petraster Smythi (McCoy).—Urasterella Selwyni (McCoy).

DECADE Il.
Puate XI.—Squalodon Wilkinsoni (MeCoy).—Carcharodon angustidens (Ag.).—Carcharodon mega- —
lodon (Ag.).
Prarrs XII. and XIII.—Gangamopteris angustifolia (McCoy), and var. G. spatulata and G. obliqua.
Prate XIV.—Teniopteris Daintreei (McCoy).—Pecopteris Australis (Mor.).
Prates XV., XVI, XVII, and XVIII.—Cyprea gigas (McCoy).—Cyprxa gastroplax (McCoy).

Prats XIX.—Trigonia acuticostata (McCoy),—Trigonia semi-undulata (McCoy).—Limopsis aurita

(Sassi).—Limopsis Belcheri (Ad. and Reeve).—Pectunculus laticostatus (Quoy).

PLatE XX.—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) extensus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) caduceus
(Salt.).—Diplograpsus palmeus (Bar.).—Graptolites (Cladograpsus) ramosus (Hall sp.),—Clado-—
ae ais (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) gracilis (all sp.).—Retiolites Australis

cUoy).

DECADE III.

Puatr XXI.—Thylacoleo carnifex (Ow.).

Puares XXII. and XXIII.—Phacops (Odontochile) caudatus (Brong.).—Phacops (Portlockia) feeundus
(Bar.).—Forbesia euryceps (McCoy).—Lichas Australis (MeCoy).—Homalonotus Harrisoni
(McCoy). ;

Pirate XXIV.—Aturia zic-zac (Sow. sp.). Var. Australis (McCoy). ‘

Prate XXV.—Pleurotomaria Tertiaria (McCoy).—Haliotis ovinoides (McCoy).—Haliotis Moorabool-

- ensis (McCoy).

Prats XXVI.—Haliotis Nevosoides (McCoy).—Cerithium Flemingtonensis (McCoy).

Priate XX VII.—Trigonia Howitti (MceCoy).—Cucullexa Corioensis (McCoy). A

Prares XXVIII. and XXIX.—Cyprea (Aricia) gigas (McCoy).—Cyprea (Aricia) eximia (Sow.).—
Cyprea (Trivia) avellanoides (McCoy).

Prats XXX.—Cyprea (Aricia) platypiga (McCoy ).—Cyprea (Aricia) platyrhyncha (McCoy).

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