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A Pro ±ish Q

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national forest in Montan

A PROGRAM FOR

FISH & WILDLIFE

On The National Forests In

MONTANA

STATE DOCUIvlEf'Tv; GOLirTT,:

FED 19 iGio

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15 1C E. 6t:. AVE.- HLLENA, MONTANA 595?('

Montana Department of Fish & Game

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

S 639.9209786 F2pM 1977 C.1 A Program (or fish & wildlife habitat on

3 0864 00060195 8

JUL 0 7 1938

■•"JC. 6thAVE. «£IENA, MONTANA 59620

A PROGRAM FOR

FISH & WILDLIFE HABITAT

On The National Forests In MONTANA

Prepared By

Montana Department of Fish and Game and ’

Cm Forest Service

R-1-76-26 Montana

January 1977

FOREWORD

Comprehensive fish and wildlife plans, developed in concert by the Montana Department of Fish and Game and the Forest Service, are essential in sustaining fish and wildlife resources for future generations. The Sikes Act (P.L. 93-452, passed by Congress October 18, 1974) provides a vehicle for cooperative fish and wildlife management in the Montana National Forests. This plan provides information on supply and demand and the capability of the National Forests to produce fish and wildlife.

Habitat for species as diverse as grizzly bear and cutthroat trout provided by the nearly 17 million acres of National Forests in Montana. Nearly 50 years of Montana Department of Fish and Game and Forest Service cooperation vivifies the inseparability of management of fish and wildlife and their habitat. While Montana has a seemingly unlimited land area, there is a limit to its ability to produce high quality habitat for wildlife. Much of the habitat in Montana is not publicly owned and is being changed through urban development, intensified agricultural and industrial uses of the land. Intensive management of the wildlife habitat in National Forests, as dictated by the Multiple Use, Sustained Yield, Forest and Range Resource Planning Acts, and the funding provisions of the Sikes Act, are important in sustaining many wildlife populations.

Through the Sikes Act, Congress and the American people have expressed their desire to improve the status of fish and wildlife in the National Forests. Implementation of this comprehensive plan, over the next 5 years, will go a long way in providing quality habitats and healthy fish and wildlife populations.

Regional Forester, Region One Date

Director, Montana Dep^ftment Fish and Game Date

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD i

INTRODUCTION iii

DEMANDS 1

National Scene

Montana Scene ....

SUPPLY ..... 5

CAPABILITY 13

PROGRAMS 16

REFERENCES 25

FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1. Big Game Hunting Days 4

Figure 2. Montana Fisheries 8

Figure 3. Trout Resource & Angler Demand, 1975-1976 .... 10

Table 1. License Sales, 1969-1975 3

Table 2. Big Game Harvest, 1966-1975 6

Table 3. Capability, Western Montana 14

Table 4. Capability, Eastern Montana 15

Table 5. Five-Year Program 17

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INTRODUCTION

Aldo Leopold, father of our wildlife management profession, defined game management as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreation use." Refinements and expansions of Leopold's words have continued through the decades. For example, "Wildlife manage- ment is the science and art of changing the characteristics and interactions of habitats, wildlife populations and men in order to achieve specific goals for wildlife and fish resources. In its broadest and simplest terms, wildlife management is human effort to scientifically manipulate the natural resources of soil, water, plants and animals for the purpose of producing desired numbers and kinds of animals for the overall best interest of wildlife, fisheries and man, whether esthetic, economic, commercial, or recreational.

Many wildlife species have benefited from the development of sound wild- life and fish management practices. As our management knowledge is bolstered by new research facts, we are developing practices designed to directly benefit more species. Much progress has been made through techniques based on accurate information, field experience and good judgment.

Three factors create a unique situation for the use of wildlife in Montana: these include National Forest land, a diversity of wildlife and

fish species, and low human population. Specifically:

1. Ten National Forests occupy more than 16.6 million acres, about 18 percent of the State of Montana.

2. An abundance of game species; including 12 species of big game,

10 upland game bird species, 33 species of migratory waterfowl and 24 species of game fish. Non-consumptive use is made of

at least 400 species.

3. Montana's population density averages 4.5 persons per square mile, a rate less than one-tenth the national average.

Montana residents and non-residents enjoy wildlife and fish resource in a relatively natural setting. Montana's National Forest lands make a significant contribution to wildlife and fish use in this State and will become more important in the future.

The specific goals of this plan are:

1. Produce more fish and wildlife on National Forest habitat, consistent with land capability and demand.

2. Realize wildlife based recreational potentials and related economic benefits, maintain and enhance various levels of opportunities for outdoor recreation.

3. Intensify fish and wildlife management and protection activities to maintain and enhance existing populations.

4. Sustain, and where feasible, improve the diversity of the National Forest habitat through direct improvement and resource use coordination.

This comprehensive plan is the product of a joint effort by the Northern Region, Forest Service, and the Montana Department of Fish and Game, under the provisions of the Sikes Act (P.L. 93-452). The Act directs increased emphasis on development and protection of National Forest fish and wildlife habitats.

This plan is a dynamic instrument. It will be updated annually in response to understanding of supplies, demands, and capabilities of Montana's wildlife and fish habitats.

iv

DEMAND

The public demands on the fish and wildlife resources in this country have been dynamic. Initially, these demands were for the purposes of providing comnodity goods to satisfy human needs or to protect human life and property. Public demands for the purposes often resulted in depletion and occasionally the elimination of a species.

As populations increase, new demands will continue to evolve and change. New demands are recreational fishing and hunting, esthetic and scientific studies.

National Scene

Habitat upon which wildlife and fish resources are produced is becoming less abundant from increased agricultural, industrial and urban development. The expanding human population is placing a greater demand on this resource. The resource manager is now faced with the challenge of providing for future wildlife and fish supplies.

Present human use of the wildlife and fish resource is either consumptive or non-consumptive. Consumptive users are for the most part hunters and fishermen. As for the scope of this report, as it pertains to Wontainai the commercial us€ ts tnstgntftcant. While the number of hunters continues to increase in the United States, the popularity of hunting, as a sport, is declining. This may be attributed to several factors.

Urbanization does not foster the hunting ethic. Participation in recreational hunting involves less than 10 percent of the public in most urban areas-- while it may reach as high as 50 percent in rural communities. Projections indicate the highest increases in hunter participation will be in those states where big game are the principal species. As other recreational opportunities increase, hunting, especially among youth, will decrease.

Fishing, on the other hand, has shown greater increases than hunting; almost 17 percent between 1965 and 1970 compared to less than 6 percent for hunting. An important factor in this increase is that fishing is available to more people. Only 6.6 percent of the residents of the metropolitan areas participated in hunting while three times that (18.8 percent) participated in fishing. Also, recreational fishing is more of a social activity and can be more easily combined with other recreational activities; back- packing, camping and various water sports.

Montana Scene

Montana in 1974 was fourth in resident fishing and hunting license sales and first in non-resident fishing and hunting sales in the 11 western states. The Montana Department of Fish and Game estimates the big game demand for the 4-year period 1971 to 1974 averaged 1.8 million man-days per year of recreation. The projected figure for 1980 will be 2.2 million man-days of big game hunting; in addition, an estimate of .4 million man-days related to upland game, waterfowl, and furbearers (Figure 1). Fishing estimates are 2.8 million man-days annually. The projected figure for 1980 will be 2.9 million man-days. Resident and non- resident angler use for 1975-1976 is shown in figure 3.

1

Nonconsumptive wildlife use is rapidly increasing. These uses include photography, nature studies, bird-watching. Such activities are social in nature and many persons can participate concurrently. The activities are available to a large segment of the public and as human population densities increase, the demand for nonconsumptive uses will become more important.

The present demand is primarily directed to deer, elk, and trout (Table 1). Other demands include upland game birds, waterfowl, fur- bearers, and predators.

Endangered and threatened species--grizzly bear, peregrine falcon, and Rocky Mountain wolf are demanding a great deal of attention and concern.

STATEWIDE

TABULATION OF LICENSE SALES (1969-1975)

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FIGURE I. PROJECTIONS OF BIG GAME HUNTING DAYS (STATEWIDE) MONTANA

4

SUPPLY

Montana offers a wide spectrum of fish and wildlife species and habitat. The diversity of fish and wildlife habitats ranges from the plains country to alpine mountaintops. The National Forests in Montana contain 18 percent of the land base (16.6 million acres).

The estimates of supplies for the species groups presented in this plan are provided from the Montana Department of Fish and Game records, as well as individual biologists, both within the Forest Service and Fish and Game.

In an effort to conform with the context of this report, the supply data are given by species groups and pertain to those species only in which a program is planned.

Endangered and Threatened

The Secretary of the Interior under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-205) has listed the following wildlife species as either endangered or threatened in Montana:

Endangered Threatened

American peregrine falcon Grizzly bear

Black-footed ferret Northern Rocky Mountain wolf

All Federal agencies are required under Section 7 of the Act, to, carry out programs for conservation, and insure that actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of the species.

Information on which to base habitat management is extremely limited for all four species. The range and distribution of the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf in Montana are unknown at this time. Approximately three peregrine falcon nest sites have been located in Montana. We are not aware of any black-foot ferret sighting in Montana over the past 10 years.

Big Game

Big game species provided for in this program proposal are the elk, mule deer, white tail deer, moose. Bighorn sheep, mountain goat, mountain lion, and black bear.

Current harvest of big game and the attendant use are listed in Table 2. The 1975 deer harvest is down considerably from that of 1974. Black bear, mountain goat and moose are slightly down. Bighorn sheep harvest is stable. Elk harvest and hunter success is up considerably over the 1974 season.

5

MONTANA BIG GAME HARVEST, 1966-19 7_5

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Montana Department of Fish and Game

The population trend is down for mule deer throughout the State, a downward trend also exists for mountain goat in the four western Forests. Elk and Bighorn sheep trends are up in the six eastern Forests. Stable population trends throughout the State exist for whitetail deer, moose and black bear. Elk and Bighorn sheep are stable in the western Forests. Mountain goats are stable in the eastern Forests.

The ability to sustain current supplies of big game will depend upon the amount and availability of quality habitat. Assessments of habitat trends have been made for the National Forests in Montana. These trends are based on the quantity of habitat and refer to acres of seasonal use such as winter, spring-fall and summer ranges.

Cold Water Fish

Six species of cold water fish are represented in this program. They are westslope and Yellowstone cutthroat; rainbow, brook and lake trout; and the grayling.

7

FIGURE 2. MONTANA FISH & GAME REGIONS AND NATIONAL FORESTS

Montana contains approximately 12,000 miles of salmonid streams with catachable size trout (6 inches or greater). In addition to these streams, the National Forests of Montana contain several thousand miles of streams which provide for such things as water quality, spawning and nursery areas (Fig. 2). Of the total catchable size trout waters, 32 percent of the fish produced is on public lands where public use is permitted, and 52 percent is on private but open to public and the remaining 16 percent is private where angling is restricted or prohibited.

Each year there is an increased restriction of fisherman use on private land so the importance of public ownership will increase in the future. Although only one-third of the current total fishery is on public land, these streams form the major tributaries of the larger streams and have a significant contribution to the overall fishery.

Also, a vast amount of lake acreage is available to the trout fisherman. The Forests in Montana contain over 2100 lakes; however, many of these are the smaller high-mountain salmonid waters. Approximately 48 percent of the state-wide fishing pressure (1.3 million angler days) results from lake fishing (fig. 3).

Four major river drainages transect Montana: The Yellowstone, Missouri, Kootenai and Clark Fork. These and their tributaries form the foundation for Montana's seven Blue Ribbon trout streams which include such excellent fisheries as Rock Creek, Gallatin, Yellowstone, Big Hole and Madison Rivers with parts of the Flathead and Missouri Rivers.

Virtually all of Montana's Blue Ribbon trout streams eminate on National Forest land. Although large segments of these streams are private or state-owned, the majority of the overall drainage complexes for these streams are administered by the Forest Service. It is these tributary streams that are of the utmost importance to the water quality and fish species recruitment of the Blue Ribbon trout streams of Montana. Thus, it is paramount that good land ethics be established within the National Forest watersheds if these fisheries are to remain at the present high quality condition. The supply of fish in any given area is dependent upon the quantity and quality of the available habitat.

A program of habitat management, rehabilitation projects, and monitoring the physical habitat and water quality is important in providing a sound management program.

Non - Game Species

Population levels are not known for most of the non-game species. It is generally believed that decreases in population levels are directly correlated with changes of habitat. Some species are believed to be decreasing on some Forests while others are either stable or may even be on the increase. Programs are needed to determine some of the unknowns. Supply information, especially in refe'^ence to numbers of animals and its habitat are included in the program for song birds, raptors, cavity nesters and sandhill crane.

9

HARVESTABLE TROUT 06.'

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FIGURE 3. PERCENT OF HARVESTABLE TROUT, RESIDENT B NON-RESIDENT TROUT STREAM ANGLING PRESSURE BY MONTANA DEPT. OF FISH B GAME REGIONS

see Figure 2 for Fish B Gome Region - Notional Forest relationship

Upland Game Birds

Of the 10 species of upland game birds found in Montana, six are covered by project proposals. These are:, blue grouse, ruffed grouse, spruce grouse, sage grouse, sharptail grouse and wild turkey.

Native grouse species; blue, spruce and ruffed are commonly found on National Forest lands in Montana. The Merriams turkey, sagehen and sharp- tail also are found on National Forest lands in southeastern Montana. Activities such as timber cutting and livestock grazing could have considerable impacts on these birds. Populations of native grouse occur in response to weather conditions. Supply data for upland game birds relative to numbers and distribution are rather limited. Population trends will remain static in the near future.

11

Furbearers

This plan includes project proposals for beaver, marten and lynx. The lynx, under legal Montana definition is not classified as a furbearing mammal; however, due to its present high fur and aesthetic values, it is being considered in this plan.

The population estimates and habitat trends are stable for beaver, marten and lynx. Some concern has been expressed over beaver habitat in eastern Montana.

Waterfowl

Montana is located in both the Central and Pacific flyways. Approximately 33,000 waterfowl hunters participated in this activity in 1975. The National Forests in Montana play a minor role in overall waterfowl breed- ing habitat and hunting areas. However, there are some excellent oppor- tunities to manage and improve wetland habitat for nesting and production. Population trends for the Canada goose and mallard duck are generally stable in the western Forests.

Warm Water Fish

Warm water fish habitat is extremely limited in the National Forests of Montana. Most of these waters are confined to the Custer National Forest in the southeastern portion of the state. However, the potential does exist to impound waters and create habitat for black bass, crappie and sunfish. This demand is expected to increase in the next 10 to 15 years.

12

CAPABILITY

Capability is defined as the biological potential to sustain or increase a species. Estimates of capability have been made in Montana for the broad zones east and west of the Continental Divide. These estimates are based on analysis of the following factors:

1. Species adaptability as determined by preference or specificity to various habitat types.

2. Species vulnerability based on the use of one or more successional stages.

3. Current knowledge of limiting factors for the species.

4. Availability of proven management practices to enhance habitat.

5. Reproductive potential of the species.

6. Suitability of National Forest programs for habitat management.

7. Adaptability to multiple use management programs.

Subjective ratings were developed for each category by National Forest biologists in consultation with state biologists. Cumulative ratings were categorized as high, moderate or low capability (see fables 3 and 4) which lists those species covered in this plan. The implication of this rating is the relative management emphasis to be given a species. For example, a species rated "high" capability offers a greater opportunity for more significant return than a species rated "moderate" or "low" capability.

13

Table 3.— Relative capability to increase supplies of wildlife and fish

species for National Forest lands in western Montana is presented

High Capability	Moderate Capability	Low Capability
	Endangered and Threatened
	No. Rocky Mtn. Wolf Grizzly Bear	Peregrine Falcon
	Big Game
Mule Deer White-tailed Deer Elk Shiras Moose Black Bear Mountain Lion	Bighorn Sheep Rocky Mtn. Goat
	Cold Water Fish
Rainbow Trout Cutthroat Trout	Arctic Grayling Kokanee Lake Trout E. Brook Trout	1
	Non-Game
	American Kestrel	Prairie Falcon Osprey j Bald Eagle j
	Upland Game	1
Blue Grouse Ruffed Grouse Spruce Grouse	Merriams Turkey
	Furbearers
Marten Lynx	Beaver
	Waterfowl	Canada Goose Mallard

14

Table 4. --Relative capability to increase supplies of wildlife and fish

species for National Forest lands in eastern Montana is presented

High Capability	Moderate Capability	Low Capability
	Endangered and Threatened No. Rocky Mtn. Wolf	Peregrine Falcon
	Grizzly Bear	Black-footed Ferret
Mule Deer	Big Game Bighorn Sheep
White -tailed Deer	Rocky Mtn. Goat
Elk Shiras Moose Black Bear Rainbow Trout	Cold Water Fish Lake Trout	Arctic Grayling
Cutthroat Trout	E. Brook Trout
	Non-Game Prairie Falcon	Osprey
	American Kestrel	Bald Eagle
Blue Grouse	Golden Eagle Upland Game Merriams Turkey	Sage Grouse
Spruce Grouse		Sharptail Grouse
Ruffed Grouse	Furbearers Marten Beaver Waterfowl Canada Goose	Mallard
Sunfishes	Warm Water Fish Largemouth Bass	Sandhill Crane
	Crappie

15

PROGRAM

Program proposals are listed under eight broad species categories. A total of 240 projects are presented by the Forest Service and the Montana Department of Fish and Game.

Species Category No. Projects

1.	Endangered and Threatened	29
2.	Big Game	106
3.	Cold Water Fish	73
4.	Non-game	10
5.	Upland Game	9
6.	Furbearers	5
7.	Waterfowl	7
8.	Warm Water Fish	1

Of the 240 total projects proposed in this plan, 96 are direct habitat improvements, 63 are census needs, 35 are access programs, 25 are research studies, 7 are livestock range needs and rehabilitation, 5 protection, 4 law enforcement, 3 live trapping and transplanting, and 1 propagation proposal. The projects submitted and included in table 5 are the result of cooperative efforts by the local personnel of the Montana Department of Fish and Game and the Forest Service. This 5-year program will be revised and updated annually to be current with the demands, supplies and capabil ities.

16

TABLE 5-5 YEAR PROGRAM ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES

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TABLE 5 CCONT.) BIG GAME

TABLE 5 (CONT.) COLD WATER FISH

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TABLE 5 (CONT.) WARM WATER FISH

Remarks	ruction of a for Fishing & Recreation, k Bass, Crappies ue Gill)
Benefits	(0 >o <U (d PQ fi C jc f-t O O 4J PP lO cj p. o • u {H	(0
Outputs	25 Acres 1 1,000 M-days	25 Acres 1,000 Man-da
•	o	o
ij	o	o
	m	m
		o
•	o	o
x:	o	m
4J	m
<U Sf
U		o
tO	o	o
6	o	o
•H •	o	0k
	9k	O
(0	O	o
W fO	o	rH
	iH
u
CO	o .	o
o •	O	o
O *0	o	o
c • tvj	iH	0k iH
M
>-«
u-> .
U
	o	o
	o	o
CO	o	o
fH	iH	0k iH
4J
(0
(U	•
u o	CO p
	u
• • O T-)		'
^ o	iH	iH
Ph
	•
6	i)
(d	S	(0
u		iH
01	.	(d
o		4J
u	(d	o
	W	H

REFERENCES

Montana Department of Fish and Game.

. Annual Fish and Game Reports. Montana Department of Fish and

Game, Helena, Montana.

Montana Department of Fish and Game.

Strategic Plan. Montana Department of Fish and Game, Helena,

Rontana (in print).

Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act.

1974. Final environmental statement and renewable resource program 1977-2020, U.S.D.A., Forest Service.

Outdoor Recreation Review Commission.

1962. Sport fishing today and tomorrow. Study Report No. 7.

U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service.

1970. National survey of fishing and hunting. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publ . 95.

U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service.

1974. Annual Report, aid in fish and wildlife restoration.

25