PROGRESS

THE UNITED STATES

POPULATIOI AID WEALTH

IN FIFTY VEARS

AS KXIUBITKD

BY THE DECENNIAL CENSUS,

BY GEORGE TUCKER,

PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA,
AND FORMERLY REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE SAME STATE.

NEW YORK:

PRESS OF HUNT'S MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE:

PHILADELPHIA: CARY & HART.

WASHINGTON: FRANK TAYLOR.

BOSTON : LITTLE & BROWN.

1843.

lecked

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843,

By Geokge Tucker,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Printed by

Okorge W. Wood & Co..

45 Gold-st., .Yew York.

PREFACE.

The writer of the following pages being desirous of further gra-
tifying the curiosity he had always felt on the subject of the census
of the United States, was induced to make a thorough analysis of it
from 1790 to 1840. The result of his inquiries decided him on giving
them to the public. They have conducted him to important in-
ferences on the subjects of the probabilities of life, the proportion
between the sexes, emigration, the diversities between the two
races which compose our population, the progress of Slavery,
the progress of productive industry ; and on one point they have dis-
closed an interesting fact which seems never to have been suspect-
ed. They conclusively show that, as the number of children bear
a less and less proportion to the women, in every State of the
Union, the preventive checks to redundant numbers have already
begun to operate here, although there is no increased difficulty in ob-
taining the means of subsistence. From this fact we are able to as-
certain the law of our natural increase, and thus, in the estimates of
our future progress, correct some prevalent errors.

To the Tables and Estimates the author has subjoined comments

to aid those who were not familiar with statistical inquiries ; for

he wished the general reader to see and understand on what solid

basis rest the hopes of the Anglo-Saxon race on this continent. And

though these explanations were unnecessary to the scientific statist,

they may often suggest to him valuable hints and reflections.

1*

In his estimate of the annual products of the States, which most
will deem rather under than over the truth, by showing how ample
are the means to pay their public debts, he has taken away the
only ground upon which the base doctrine " of repudiation" could
have found countenance with any large portion of the American
people.

Both in his estimates and speculations the writer has studied
brevity, as he wished to make his little work a sort of hand book
to the legislator, the statesman, and to all who are conversans with
political arithmetic. To these it is more particularly addressed by

THE AUTHOR.

University of Virginia, July 1, 1843.

CONTENTS.

PAGE-
CHAP. I. — Introduction — The Census of 1790, ..... 13
Origin of the decennial census in the United States, ... 13

Its many recommendations, 14

Of peculiar value in the United States, 14

Table of the census of 1790, 15

The population at the Revolution overrated, 16

Distribution of the population in 1790, 16

The number of white males and females compared, ... 16

The number under and over sixteen, 16

Distribution in the slaveholding States, 17

CHAP. II.— The Census of 1800— Its plan, 18

Number of white males and females, 18

Number of free coloured and slaves, 18

Increase of each class in 10 years, 18

Table of the census of 1800, 19

Accessions from immigration, 20

The census of 1790 compared with that of 1800, ... 20

The number of white males and females under sixteen, . . 20

The number of white males and females over sixteen, . . 20

The white population distributed according to ages, ... 20

The proportion of males to females at different ages, ... 21

Local diversities explained, 21

Number of white females between sixteen and forty-five, . . 22

Different rates of increase in different States, .... 22

Distribution in the slaveholding States, 22

CHAP. III.— The Census of 1810, 23

The acquisition of Louisiana, 23

The number of white males and females, 23

The number of free coloured and slaves, 23

The decennial increase of each class in 1800 and 1810 compared, . 23

Table of the census of 1810, 24

The different rates of increase in 1800 and 1810 explained, . . 25

Centesimal proportion of the three classes in 1790, 1800, &c, . 25

Number of white males and females under sixteen, ... 25

Number of white males and females over sixteen, ... 26

Distribution of the white population, according to age, ... 26

Increase of each class in 20 years, 26

Proportion of males to females, 26

VI

CONTEXTS.

PAGE.

CHAP. III. — Number of white females between sixteen and forty-five, . 26

Distribution of population in the slaveholding States, ... 27

CHAP. IV.— The Census of 1820— its plan, 28

The decennial increase of each class, 28

The increase in the last term compared with the preceding, . 28

Table of the white population, .29

Table of the free coloured, 30

Table of the slaves, 31

Table of the aggregate population, 32

The proportions of each class in 1810 and 1820, .... 33

The proportions of males and females in each class, . . 33
Excess of females in the free coloured class, . . . .33

Excess of females in five of the New England States, . . 33

General excess of males, 33

Distribution of the three classes according to age, ... 34

Distribution of the population in the slaveholding States, . . 35

CHAP. V.— The Census of 1830, 36

The time of taking the census changed from August to June, . 36

The plan of the census of 1830, 36

Table of the white males, 37

Table of the white females, 38

Table of the free coloured persons, 39

Table of the slaves, 40

Table of the aggregate population, 41

The decennial increase of the several classes, .... 42

Their increase by the census of 1820 and 1830 compared, . , 42

The number of males and females compared, .... 42

Gain in the proportion of females in the slave population, . . 42

Distribution of males and females at different ages, ... 43

The number of children under ten, and of females compared, . 44

Decrease in the proportion of children, 44

Distribution of the population in the slaveholding States, . . 45

CHAP. VI.— The Census of 1840, . 46

The decennial increase of the different classes, .... 46

Centesimal distribution of those classes, 46

Table of the white males, 47

Table of the white females, 48

Table of the free coloured persons, 49

Table of the slaves, 50

Table of the aggregate population, 51

Variances in the rates of increase explained, .... 52

Proportions between the sexes, in the different classes, . . 53

Distribution of the different classes, according to age, . . 53

The same distribution compared with that of 1830, ... 54

Distribution of the population in the slaveholding States, . . 55

CHAP. VII. — Aggregate Increase in fifty years, 56

Heads of inquiry, 56

Table of the population of each State, at each census, ... 57

Increase of whole population in each geographical division, . 58

The disparity of increase explained, 58

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

CHAP. VII. — The decennial increase of each class at each term,
The total increase of each class in 50 years,
The relative proportions of each class at each term,

CHAP. VIII. — The Proportion between the Sexes,

General excess of male8, ....

Proportion between the sexes at each census,

The diversities in the several classes,

Increase in the proportion of females,

The proportion of white males under 10 to the females,

The proportion in the slave population,

CHAP. IX. — The Probabilities of Life — The Deaf, Blind and Insane
The information afforded on these topics very limited,
Tables of the proportion of whites at different ages,
Comparative numbers of the two sexes at different ages,
Comparative longevity of the sexes, ....
Circumstances to be regarded in estimates of longevity in U
Disturbing causes in comparing the longevity of the sexe
Table of the proportion of coloured persons at different ages,
Greater mortality of coloured males, ....

Exception to this rule,

Explanation of the exception,

The chances of life between male and female slaves, .
Longevity of the free coloured class, ....
Causes suggested,

PAOE.

58
58
59
60
60
60
60
61
62
62
63
63
63
64
65
65
66
67
67
68

68
69

70
The proportion of whites under 45 and of coloured persons compared, 70

The proportion over 45 compared, 71

The proportion over 100 of the different classes, ... 72

Uncertainty of the ages of slaves, 73

Causes of their extraordinary longevity, 73

Diagram of life, showing the decrease of life of the different classes, 74
Diagram showing the decrease of life in England and Connecticut, 75
Table of the deaf and dumb and blind in 1830, .... 76
The numbers in the different races compared, ... 76

Table of the deaf and dumb, blind, and insane in 1840, . . 76

Proportions in the two races compared, 77

The diversities explained, 78

The number of insane at public and private charge, . . 78

The diversities among the States, as to insane whites, explained, 78
Table of the proportion of insane coloured persons in each State, 79
The extraordinary diversity among the States, .... 79

-Emigration, 80

Emigration from Europe, causes of its extraordinary increase, . 80
The precise number not to be ascertained, .... 81

The probable number of emigrants from 1790 to 1840, . . 81
Irregularity in the custom-house returns, .... 82

British emigrants to Canada through New York, ... 83

British emigrants to the United States through Canada, . . 84

Foreign emigrants to the United States from 1830 to 1840, . . 84

Their probable natural increase 85

The increase of immigration nine-fold in 50 years, ... 87

V1U CONTENTS.

CHAP. X. — A continuance of this increase not probable, ....

Emigration of coloured persons,

Whole gain by immigration,

CHAP. XI. — The past natural increase or population,
Increase of the whites, deducting immigrants,
Increase, &c, by comparing the females with children under 10,
Influence of immigration on this proportion, ....
The children under 10, and females of the same, compared,
The same, compared with those of the preceding census,
The same, compared with females between 16 and 45,
Average of the different estimates of natural increase,
The natural increase of the coloured population,
Uniformity in the increase of slaves in States,
Causes of the apparent diminution from 1830 to 1840,
Extraordinary mortality in the Southwestern States,
The slower rate of natural increase in some of the States, .
Difficulty of estimating the increase of the free coloured,
Why it is much less than that of the slaves,
The increase of the white and coloured population compared. .

CHAP. XII. — The future increase of the population, .

The rates of increase a diminishing series, ....
European emigration will proportionally diminish,
Opposite opinions on the future rate of increase examined,
In every State the rate of natural increase is steadily diminishing,
Table showing the ratio between white females and children, .
Table showing the proportion in each great division of the States,
The proportion of children diminishing at each census,
Estimate of the future increase at the same rate of diminution,

The probable result a century hence,

Table calculated on different rates of decennial increase,
Estimate of the population on June 1st, 1843,

CHAP. XIII. — The future progress of Slavery,

The progress of slavery not likely soon to change,
The effects of the efforts of the abolitionists,
The decline in the value of labour must in time terminate slavery
When this point of depression will reach the different States,
Table of the density of population in the slaveholding States, .
Inquiry what degree of density makes slave labour unprofitable,
Points of diversity between those States and England, .
Difference between the cost of slave labour when reared, &c,
Agriculture hastens the depression of slave labour, .
Argument drawn from the experience of New Jersey,
When the slave States are likely to reach the requisite density, .
The States in which slavery is likely to be first abolished, .
Circumstances which may delay the termination of slavery,
Circumstances which may accelerate it,

The policy which these views dictate to the slaveholding States,
The increase of the whites, &c, in the slaveholding States,
CHAP. XIV. — Atlantic and Western, Slaveholding and Non-Slaveholdlng S
Table of the Atlantic States, numbers, and rates of increase,

CONTENTS. XI

PAGE.

CHAP. XIV.— Table of the Western States, 120

Summary of the popula'n and deeen'l increase in the four divisions, 120

The rate of their future relative increase, 121

CHAP. XV. — Distribution of Political Power, 123

Table of the representatives to each State at each apportionment, 123

Comparison of the political power of different States, . . 123

Security against the danger arising from the inequality of power, 124

Comparison of political power in the election of President, . 124

Time will lessen the inequality 124

The inequality less in the great divisions than the separate States, 125
Diagram showing the inequality of the States, . . . .126

CHAP. XVI.— Cities and Towns, 127

The importance of the ratio between town and country popula'n, 127

Table of the population of the towns of 10,000 inhabitants, . 128

Proportion of the population in those towns, .... 128

Table of the towns containing betw'n 10,000 and 2,000 inhab'ts, 129

Table of the aggregate town population, 132

Provincial use of the word " town" in some States, . . 133

Circumstances which determine the proportion of town popula'n, 133

The effect of railroads in stimulating the growth of towns, . 134

CHAP. XVII. — Distribution of the Industrious Classes, . . . .135

Table showing the number of persons empl'd in agricul'e in 1820, 135

Table showing the number employed in 1840, .... 136

Showing the number of the indust'us clas's in the five great divis'ns, 137

Showing the distribution of each class in centesimal proportions, 137

Showing the prop'tion of persons in each class to the whole pop'n, 137

Comparison of the distribution in the U. States and Great Britain, 138

The proportion of the unproductive classes nearly the same, . 140

Comparison of the distributions in 1820 and in 1840, . . 140

Diversity in the five great divisions, 140

Difference in the proportion of agricultural labour in this country, 141

Diversity of industrious pursuits in the five great divisions, . 141

Diversities among the individual States, 141

Ratio of the number employed in each branch of industry, . 142

CHAP. XVIII.— Education 143

Peculiar importance of education in the United States, . . 143

Table of the schools, scholars, and illiterate in each State, . 144

Table showing the ratio of each class of scholars to the whites, 145

Summary of each class in centesimal proportions, . . . 145

Diversities among the States as to the proportion of schools, . 146

Causes of these diversities, 146

Peculiar policy of New England, 146

Number of scholars at public charge, 147

The peculiar functions of each class of schools, . . . 147

The ministers of religion, 147

The periodical press, 148

Number of periodicals, 148

CHAP. XIX. — The Annual Products of Industry, 150

Classification of those products by the census of 1840, . . 151

Table of the several products, &c, in each State, . . . 151

CONTEXTS.

CHAP. XX. — Value of the Annual Products of Industry,

Precise accuracy in estimating the values unattainable,

Plan here pursued in making the estimate,

Plan here pursued in estimating the product of live stock,

Plan here pursued in estimating the profits of commerce,

Plan here pursued in estimating manufactures, .

The census omits several products, ....

Table of the annual products of each State,

Summary of the annual products with the proportion, &c ,

Table showing each branch of industry among all the divisions

Table showing the distribution in each division,

The value of their products not materially different, .

Various modes of comparing the agricultural products, .

Great diversity in the average value per acre,

Comparison of the quantities produced, ....

The quantities as well as the money values to be regarded,

Table of the grain and the quantity to each person,

The average quantity of food consumed by each family,

This liberal consumption not permanent,

Diversity among the States in manufacturing industry,

Manufactures must nourish in the northwestern States, .

The profits of commerce, mining, &c, ....

The individual States compared,

The ratio of value to each person,

CHAP. XXL— The Increase of Wealth,

Why wealth increases faster than population, .

A part of the increase of wealth not shown by money values,

Comparative increase in the value of lands in 10 States,

Comparative increase in the value of lands in Virginia

Comparative increase in the value of lands in New York,

Diversities in the increased value of lands,

Increase in the amount of imports in 50 years, .

Increase in the amount of exports in 50 years,

Increase in the amount of imports in 20 years, .

Increase in the amount of exports in 20 years,

Increase in the consumption of tea, coffee, and wine,

Increase of manufactures,

Imperfect returns of manufactures in 1820,

Increase in the number of persons employed from 1820 to 1840,

Extraordinary increase of manufactures from 1S20 to 1840,

Increase in the amount of specie,

The effect of the foreign loans on the amount of specie,
The effect of the lessened production of the mines, .
Summary of the several comparisons, ....

Increase of wealth compared with that of population,
The public debts of the States compared with their incomes,
They have no good pretext for not fulfilling their engagements,
Repudiation condemned by public sentiment,

PAGE.

169

PROGRESS

POPULATION AND WEALTH

UNITED STATES IN FIFTY YEARS,

AS EXHIBITED BY THE DECENNIAL CENSUS TAKEN IN THAT PERIOD.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION THE CENSUS OF 1790.

As soon as the framers of the Federal Constitution had decided
on giving to each State a representation in Congress in proportion
to its numbers, and that direct taxes, whenever resorted to, should
be in the same proportion, it became necessary to take an exact
enumeration of the people. Such an enumeration was accordingly
directed by the Constitution ; and, as it was known that the pro-
gress of population greatly varied, and would continue to vary in
the several States, it was further provided that similar enumerations
should be taken " within every subsequent term of ten years."*

This census of the people at stated periods, which was thus sub-
ordinate to a particular purpose, was soon found to have substantial
merits of its own. It has furnished an authentic document which

* The provision of the Constitution referred to is in the second section of the first
article, and is in these words : " Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned
among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free
persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not
taxed, three-fifths of all other persons, [meaning slaves.] The actual enumeration shall
be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States,
and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
direct."

2

14 Progress of Population and Wealth

is invaluable to the philosopher and political economist, as well as
to the statesman and legislator. By the evidence it affords they
are enabled to deduce truths of sufficient importance to justify the
trouble and expense it involves, though it were not necessary to
the just distribution of political power, and to equality of taxation ;
and its benefits became so obvious, that the most enlightened na-
tions of Europe have followed the . example, and now take periodi-
cal censuses of their inhabitants solely for the valuable knowledge
they convey. As the numbers of a people are at once the source
and the index of its wealth, these enumerations enable its statesmen
to see whether national prosperity is advancing, stationary, or
retrograde. They can compare one period with another, as well
as different parts of the country with each other, and having this
satisfactory evidence of the facts, they can more successfully in-
vestigate the causes, and apply the appropriate remedies, where
remedy is practicable.

They also furnish occasions for obtaining other statistical infor-
mation on subjects that materially concern civilization and national
prosperity. The same means taken to ascertain the numbers of the
people may be used to distribute them into classes, according to
sex, ages, and occupations, and different races, where such diversity
exists. Accordingly, the United States, and all the European
nations who have profited by our example, have thus improved
their respective enumerations of their people. Six censuses have
now been taken in this country in the course of fifty years, during
which period many new items have added to our knowledge of
the progress of social improvement. By their aid, speculations in
political philosophy of great moment and interest may be made to
rest on the unerring logic of numbers.

This knowledge, so indispensable to every government which
would found its legislation on authentic facts, instead of conjecture,
is peculiarly important to us. Our changes are both greater and
more rapid than those of any other country. A region covered
with its primeval forests is, in the course of one generation, covered
with productive farms and comfortable dwellings, and in the same
brief space villages are seen to shoot up into wealthy and populous
cities. The elements of our population are, moreover, composed
of different races and conditions of civil freedom, whose relative
increase is watched with interest by every reflecting mind, however
he may view that diversity of condition, or whatever he may think
of the comparative merit of the two races.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

15

It is the purpose of the following pages to profit by the informa-
tion which the several censuses have furnished, so as not only to
make us better acquainted with the progress of our Federal Repub-
lic during the half century it has existed, but also to give us a
glimpse of the yet more important future which awaits us.

Before we consider the inferences to be deduced from all the
censuses together, let us take a brief notice of each of them in
succession.

The first census was taken in 1790, and its enumeration referred
to the 1st of August of that year. It distributed the population
under the following heads :

1st. Free white males, sixteen years of age and upwards.

2d. The same under sixteen.

3d. Free white females of all ages.

4th. Slaves.

5th. All other persons ; by which was meant free persons of colour.

The result is exhibited in the following

Table of the Population of the United States on the 1st of August, 1790.

White
Males of
16 and

White
Males un-

White
females.

All other
persons.

Slaves.

Total.

upwards.

24,384

24,748

46,870

538

96,540

36,0S9

34,851

70,171

630

158

141,899

95,383

87,289

190,582

5,463

378,717

16,033

15,811

32,845

3,469

952

69,110

60,527

54,592

117,562

2,801

2,759

238,141

22,419

22,327

40,398

255

17

85,416

83,700

78,122

152,320

4,654

21,324

340,120

45,251

41,416

83,287

2,762

11,423

184,139

110,788

106,948

206,363

6,537

3,737

434,373

11,783

12,143

22,384

3,899

8,887

59,096

55,915

51,339

101,395

8,043

103,036

319,728

110,934

116,135

215,046

12,766

293,427

748,308

69,998

77,506

140,710

4,975

100,572

393,751

35,576

37,722

66,888

1,801

107,094

249,073

13,103

14,044

25,739

398

29,264

82,548

15,154

17,057

28,922

114

11,830

73,077

6,271

10,377

15,365

361

3,417

35,791

813,298

802,327

1,556,839

59,466

697,897

3,929,827

*Maine,

New Hampshire,
Massachusetts,...
Rhode Island,....

Connecticut,

Vermont,

New York,

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania,....

Delaware,

Maryland,

Virginia,

North Carolina,..
South Carolina, ..

Georgia,

Kentucky,

Tennessee,

* Maine was then a part of Massachusetts, and so continued until 1820, but as its census was taken
separately, it has always properly held a separate place in statistical tables.

By this census the population of the United States was first
ascertained by actual enumeration, together with its several parts,
white and coloured, free and servile, and the comparative numbers
of the different States. As the result somewhat disappointed expec-
tation, the census was supposed by many to be inaccurate, and the

16 Progress of Population and Wealth

assumed error was imputed, I know not on what evidence, to the
popular notion that the people were thus counted for the purpose
of being taxed, and that not a few had, on this account, understated
to the deputy marshals the number of persons in their families.*
But the general conformity of this census with those subsequently
taken, in all points where the discrepancy cannot be satisfactorily
explained, shows that the errors could not have been considerable.

The census showed that the population of this country had been
overrated at the revolution, for, supposing the rate of increase to
have been the same before the census as after it, the people of the
thirteen colonies, at the time of the stamp act, fell considerably
short of two millions, and at the declaration of independence, they
did not reach to two and a half millions.

The items of the first census were unfortunately too few to furnish
much materials for comparison. The most important facts it
discloses are the following :

Per cent.

Of the whole population, the whites were 3,172,464 = 80.73
The free coloured, 59,466 = 1.51

The slaves, 697,897 = 17.76

3,929,827 100.
Consequently, the whole free population,

white and coloured, were 82.24

And the whole slave population, .... 17.76

The number of white males to that of the females was as 103.8
to 100 ; or, for every 10,000 males there were 9,636 females.

It deserves to be remarked that the age of sixteen, which was
adopted by Congress to divide the male population into two parts,
with a view probably to ascertain the number of men capable of
bearing arms, made an almost equal division between them. Thus,
of the whole male white population, the part over sixteen is 50.3
per cent, and the part under sixteen 49.7. The age of twenty was
thus found to divide the male population of England into two equal
parts, by the census taken in that country in 1821.

It will be perceived that, at this period, every State in the Union,

* It is certain that this supposed source of error was credited by General Washington,
usually so cautious, and almost unerring in his judgments, and that on the faith of it, he
expected that the second census would show a much larger amount of population than
proved to be the fact.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

17

except Massachusetts, contained slaves. But, as in several States
the number was lew, and slavery was there subsequently abolished,
in tracing the progress of the slave population, it has been thought
best to confine our views to those in which slavery still exists, and
where it constitutes a large, or at least not an inconsiderable part
of the population.

The proportion of the white, the free coloured, and the slave
population may be seen in the following table :

States.

Whole
populat'n.

Whites.

Free col'd.

Slaves.

PER CENTAGE OF

Whites.

Free col.

Slaves.

59,096
319,728
748,308
393,751
249,073
82,848
73,077
35,791

46,034

208,649

442,115

288,204

140,178

52,886

61,613

32,013

4,177

8,043

12,766

4,975

1,801

398

114

361

8,887

103,036

293,427

100,572

107,094

29,264

11,350

3,417

77.9

65.3
59.1
73.2
56.3
64.1
84.3
89.4

7.1

2.5

1.7

1.3

.7

.5

.2

1.

15.
32.2
39.2
25.5
43.
35.4
15.5
9.6

North Carolina,

Total,

1,961,374

1,271,692

32,635

657,047

64.8

1.7

33.5

It thus appeared that in these States, then constituting nearly
one-half the Union, the number of slaves was a little more than a
third of the population, and that the whites were nearly two-thirds.

18

Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER II.

THE CENSUS OF 1800, BEING THE SECOND ENUMERATION UNDER THE
CONSTITUTION.

The act of Congress which directed the second enumeration
added some new divisions of the white population to those of the
first census. It discriminated between the sexes, and it distributed
each under the five following heads, viz :

Those persons who were under ten years of age.
" ten, and under sixteen.

" sixteen, and under twenty-six.

" twenty-six, and under forty-five.

" forty-five and upwards.

This census, besides informing us of the actual numbers then in
the United States, made us further acquainted with the rate of our
increase, and which proved to be somewhat greater than it had, on
the authority of Dr. Franklin's opinion, been previously estimated.
The whole population was thus distributed :
White males . . . .' 2,204,421
" females .... 2,100,068

4,304,489

Free coloured 108,395

Slaves 893,041

Total 5,305,925

The increase in ten years was —

Of the whole population .... 85.02 per cent.

whites ....

. 35.68

free coloured

. 82.28

slaves ....

. 27.96

whole coloured population .

. 32.23

The following table shows the whole population of the United
States on the 1st of August, 1800.

the United States in Fifty Years.

19

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20

Progress of Population and Wealth

It must be recollected that the white population was increased by
immigration, and the free coloured by emancipation. The increase
from the first source was estimated by Dr. Seybert, on such imper-
fect data as he possessed, at 60,000 in the ten years from 1790 to
1800. But since an account has been taken of the foreign emi-
grants who arrive in our sea-ports, as well as from the intrinsic
evidence afforded by the enumerations themselves, we must regard
his estimate as much too low. The number of refugees from St.
Domingo was known to make a considerable addition, at that pe-
riod, to the steady stream of European emigration. The acces-
sion to our numbers from this source, instead of about 1| per cent,
as Dr. Seybert supposed, was probably not short of 3 per cent.

The distribution of the three classes of our population, compared
with that of the preceding census, may be seen in the following
table :

By the Census of
1790.

By the Census of
1800.

80.73 per cent*

1.51
17.56

81.12 per cent.
2.05
16.83

Consequently, the proportion of the whole free popu-

100.

100.

82.24
19.27

83.17
18.88

The age of sixteen divided the white population, as at the pre-
ceding census, into two nearly equal parts, and the excess of those
under sixteen was yet less than in 1790. Thus,
The number of white males under sixteen was 1,117,109

females

1,038,845

2,156,014

The number of white males over sixteen
" " females "

2,126,097

The white population is thus distributed according to ages, viz :

Those under the age of ten .... 34.6 per cent.
" between ten and sixteen . . . 15.5 "
" between sixteen and twenty-six . . 18.4 "
" between twenty-six and forty-five . 19.6 "
" forty-five and upwards . . . 11.9 "

which shows the numbers under and above sixteen to be yet nearer

than 50. 1 to 49.9.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 21

The males of the whole white population exceeded the females
in the proportion of 100 to 95.3, but there is great diversity in the
proportion between the sexes at different ages. Thus,
Of those under ten years of age,* the proportion of (

r c 100 to 94.9

males to females was as

" between ten and sixteen " 94.3

" between sixteen and twenty-six . . . " 102.1
" between twenty-six and forty-five . . " 95.4

" over forty-five " 94.5

It appears from the preceding statement, that, notwithstanding
the greater number of males born, yet from the greater number
also who go abroad as travellers or seafaring men, or who die from
casualties, the females between sixteen and twenty-six exceed the
males between the same ages; and it may be presumed that they
would maintain the excess in the after periods of life, but for the
foreign emigrants, who consisted, at that time, far more of males
than females. The small gain of the males on the females between
ten and sixteen is probably to be referred to the same cause ;
though a part may be ascribed perhaps to the greater mortality of
females at that period of life.

Although in every State of the Union the males under ten, and
between that age and sixteen, exceed the females, yet in the subse-
quent ages there is a great diversity among the States. In all the
New England States, except Vermont, the excess of females over six-
teen is so great as to outweigh the excess of males under sixteen,
whereby the whole number of females exceeds that of males, thus :
In Maine the white males were 74,069, the females 76,832

New Hampshire,

"

91,158

tt

91,740

Massachusetts,

a

205,494

u

211,299

Rhode Island,

a

31,858

a

33,581

Connecticut,

a

121,193

"

123,528

In Vermont, however, the males of every age exceed the females.
This diversity is doubtless owing principally to the seafaring ha-
bits of the people in the five first-mentioned States, and partly to
the great number of emigrants which they send forth to the States
south and west of them, who are or were mostly males. Vermont,

* Dr. Seybert, in his Statistics, p. 44, states, that of the persons under ten, the females
exceeded the males. It is due however to him to remark, that while his computations
appear to be accurate, according to the data he possessed, he has often been misled by
the errors in the first publications of the first and second census, which a more careful
revision of their returns has subsequently shown.

22

Progress of Population and Wealth

on the other hand, must have gained greatly by immigration, as its
population nearly doubled in ten years, and thus its males, even be-
tween sixteen and twenty-six, somewhat exceeded its females.

The number of white females between sixteen and forty-five was
813,193, equal to 18.9 per cent of the whole white population ; and
this may be regarded as the ordinary proportion which the married
and marriageable women in this country bear to the whole popula-
tion, though it will of course be somewhat affected by a change in
the rate of increase.

The increase of the whole coloured population, which neither
gains nor loses much by migration, gives us very nearly the ratio of
increase by natural multiplication. Supposing this ratio to be the
same with the two races, then the further gain of the white popu-
lation must be referred to immigration. By this rule, the accession
to our numbers by foreign emigrants would be in ten years 3.45
per cent, equal to the difference between 35.68 and 32.23 per cent.

The second census showed a very great difference in the rate of
increase among the different States. Thus, while the population of
Georgia and Vermont nearly doubled, and that of Kentucky and
Tennessee trebled in the ten years, that of Connecticut, of Dela-
ware, of Maryland and Rhode Island increased less than 10 per
cent. The difference was caused almost wholly by the flow of the
population from the States where it was most dense to those where
it was least so.

Table showing the number and proportions of IVhites, Free Coloured, and Slaves, in the
slaveholding States, on the 1st of August, 1800.

States and
Territories.

Whole
population.

Whites.

Free !
coloured. 1

Slaves.

PER CENTAGE OF

Whites.

F.Col'd.

Slaves.

64,273
341,548

14,093
880,200
478,103
345,591
162,101
220,955
105,602
8,850

49,852
216.326

10,066
514,280
337,764
196,255
101,678
179,871

91,709
5,179

8.2631

19,587

783!

20,124!

7,043

3,185

1,019

741

309

182

6,153

105,635

3,244

345,796

133,296

146,151

59,404

40,343

13,584

3,489

77.5
63.3
71.6

58.4
70 ."7
57.7
62.7
80.5
86.8
57.9

12.9

5.7

5.4

2.3

2.4

.9

.7

1.2

.3

2.7

9.6
30.9
23.
39.3
27.9
42.3
36.6
18.3
12.9
39.4

District of Columbia,..

Mississippi,

Total,

2,021,316

1,702,980

61,241:

857,095

65. j 2.3 32.7

It thus appears that, in the slaveholding States, the white popula-
tion had gained a little on the whole coloured, and yet more on the
slaves, who, from being somewhat more than a third of the whole
population, were now somewhat less.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 23

CHAPTER III.

THE CENSUS OF 1810, BEING THE THIRD ENUMERATION UNDER THE
CONSTITUTION.

The population was distributed under the same heads by this
census, as by the census of 1800 ; but in addition to the population
in the former territory of the United States, it comprehends that
which was contained in the settled parts of Louisiana, which was
purchased from France in 1803. The accession to our numbers
from this source was about 77,000.

The distribution between the white and coloured races was as
follows :

White males, . . . 2,987,571

" females, . . . 2,874,433

5,862,004

Free coloured, . . . 186,446

Slaves, 1,191,364

1,377,810

Total, 7,239 814

The decennial increase from all sources, compared with that of
1800, was

1810.

1800.

Of the whole population .

36.45 per

cent. .

. 35.02 per cent,

Of the whites ....

36.18 "

. 35.68 «

Of the free coloured . .

72.

.

. 82.28 "

Of the slaves

33.40 "

. 27.86 "

Of the whole coloured, bond

and free

37.58 '

. 32.23 "

The following table shows the whole population of the United
States on the 1st of August, 1810 :

24

Progress of Population and Wealth

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0

in the United States in Fifty Years. 25

The greater rate of increase of the whole population, exhibited
in the preceding comparison, is to be ascribed principally to the
acquisition of Louisiana, and, in a small degree, to an increased
importation of slaves before 1808, when it was known that Con-
gress would avail itself of the power it would then possess, of pro-
hibiting their further importation. These two circumstances are
sufficient to account for the excess of increase under the census of
1810, which excess did not exceed 77,000 persons ; and, indeed, as
the slaves imported and acquired with Louisiana, probably amount-
ed to more than half this number,* the remainder is not equal to
the white inhabitants which Louisiana contained, and consequently
we are justified in inferring, notwithstanding the augmented ratio
of actual increase, a small diminution in the rate of gain from im-
migration or natural multiplication, or both united.

The three classes of the population were distributed in the fol-
lowing proportions in 1790, 1800, and 1810 :

1790. 1800. 1810.

The white population 80.73 per cent, 81.12 per cent, 80.97 per cent.
Free coloured 1.51 " 2.05 " 2.57 "

Slaves 17.56 " 16.83 " 16.46 "

100. 100. 100.

Of the whole free pop. 82.24 " 83.17 " 83.54 "
Whole coloured 19.07 " 18.88 " 19.03 "

It thus appears that the free coloured population had a greater
proportional increase than either of the other two classes ; and
that, while the whole free population gained on the servile, the
whole coloured gained a little on the white.

The age of sixteen continued to divide the white population into
two nearly equal parts, but the small excess of those under that
age continued to diminish, thus :

Whites under sixteen, males . . . 1,503,141
females . . 1,429,743

2,932,884

* Supposing the natural increase of the coloured population to be the same from 1800
to 1810, as from 1790 to 1800, and there is no reason for supposing it to be different,
then the difference of the decennial gain in this class, shown by the two enumerations,
shows the accessions to this class from the purchase of Louisiana and from importation.
That difference is 5.35 per cent on the whole coloured population, which is equal to
53,576.

3

26 Progress of Population and Wealth

Whites over sixteen, males . . . 1,484,430
" " females . . 1,444,690

2,929,120

which shows the proportion under sixteen to be 50.03 per cent.
But as the proportion of the females under that age was greater
than that of males, the former being 50.26 and the latter 49.69, we
may infer that, if there were no migration to the United States,
which consists more of adults and of males than of children and
females, an age somewhat below sixteen would constitute the point
of equal division.

The distribution of the white population, according to age, differs
little from that shown by the preceding census, viz : —

Those under ten were .... 34.4 per cent.
" between ten and sixteen . . . 15.6 "
" between sixteen and twenty-six . 18.9 "
" between twenty-six and forty-five .19. "

" of forty-five and upwards . . 12. "

The increase in twenty years was as follows, viz :

Of the whole population .... 84.2 "

Whites 84.8

Free coloured 213.5 "

Slaves 70.7

Whole coloured 81.9 «

The proportion of males to females in the white population was
as 100 to 96.2, showing an increase of females of 1.1 per cent since
the census of 1800.

At the different ages specified in the census, the proportions of
the sexes were as follows, viz :

Under ten, the males to the females were as 100 to 94.8
Between ten and sixteen ..." 95.7

Between sixteen and twenty-six . . " 102.7
Between twenty-six and forty-five . . " 97.3
Forty-five and upwards ..." 92.7

which proportions exhibit the same features of irregularity as those
of the preceding census.

The number of white females between the ages of sixteen and
forty-five was 1,106,212, which is 18.87 per cent of the whole
white population, showing a very small variation from the propor-
tion exhibited by the preceding census.

The following table shows the number of whites, free coloured,

in the United States in Fifty Years.

21

and slaves, in the slaveholding States and Territories, on the 1st of
August, 1810, with the relative proportions of each:

States and
Territories.

Whole
population.

Whites.

Free
coloured.

Slaves.

PER

CENTAGE OF

Whites.

F.Col'd.

Slaves.

72,674

380,546

24,023

974,622

550,500

415,115

252,433

406,511

261,727

40,352

76,556

20,845

55,361

235,117

16,079

551,534

376,410

214,196

145,414

324,237

215,875

23,024

34,311

17,227

13,136

33,927

2,549

30,570

10,266

4,554

1,801

1,713

1,317

240

7,585

607

4,177

111,502

5,395

392,518

168,824

196,365

105,218

80,561

44,535

17,088

34,660

3,011

76.2

61.8

66.9

56.6

67.8

51.6

57.6

79.8

82.5

57.

44.8

82.6

18.1

8.9

10.6

3.1

1.8

1.1

1.7

.4

.5

.3

9.9

2.9

5.7
29.3
22.5
40.3
30.4
47.3
41.7
19.8
17.
42.7
45.3
14.4

District of Columbia, ...

Louisiana,

i

Total,

3,480,904

2,208,785

108,265

1,163,854

63.5

3.1

33.4

It appears from the preceding table that both descriptions of the
coloured population in these States had gained on the whites in the
preceding ten years, and that the slaves, which in 1800 had consti-
tuted a little less than a third of their aggregate number, now
amounted to a little more than a third.

28 Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER IV.

THE CENSUS OF 1820, BEING THE FOURTH DECENNIAL ENUMERATION
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.

This census was the first which made any discrimination in the
coloured part of the population, either as to sex or age. It distributed
the males and females, both of the free coloured persons and slaves,
under the four following divisions, viz : those who were under
fourteen ; who were fourteen and under twenty-six ; who were
twenty-six and under forty-five ; and who were forty-five and
upwards.

It made no change in the distribution of the whites, except to
add a column for those males who were between the ages of sixteen
and eighteen.

The decennial increase, shown by this census, compared with
that of 1810, was as follows :

1820. 1810.

Of the whole population, . 33.35 per cent, . 36.45 per cent.

Of the white 34.3 " . . 36.18

Of the free coloured, . . 27.75 " . . 72.

Of the slave, .... 29.57 « . . 33.40 "

Of the whole coloured, . . 29.33 " . . 37.58

It thus appears that the increase of the whole population was
3.10 per cent more in the last ten years than in the ten preceding.
But if we make a deduction from the increase shown by the census
of 1810, for the extra gain by the purchase of Louisiana, and which
may be estimated at II per cent, the difference will be reduced to
1.6 per cent — equivalent to 115,837 persons. This falling off is to
be attributed partly to the suspension of immigration during the
war, partly to the slaves who fled to the enemy during the same
period, and lastly to that gradual diminution of natural increase, of
which the several enumerations furnish evidences, and. which pro-
bably the war slightly increased.

The result of the census may be seen in the four following tables :

in the United States in Fifty Years.

20

1.-3 CO to — i CI '— — O. X Li G OS O O

i— i o ifl ci 05 -f — t — rnTini.imHoncii-aicisci-r';!-^

HrHHUt rt to I

CO t- 00 — 00 OS to — i o to n — . X -f i? -f "■£ 00 "O
CO C! CI rH OS O r-i OS —i to *~- tO i— CI CO CJ **

m --I cm cm ^ <n^c<

5

1*2

m n r- a oo n ■* to n J) m '

. . .. to to
cii — 1< os ci x ■ i- ~ — co — — - tj
i oim-'h on o i.i cj 72 ci to >— i ci co i- — to co_li_x_— ^os_cq_CM ■*
" of ut to r-" li si to" of ci li m i-i li ci of o" li ci in" ,h i-T erf ph ci"

IHH^ « l^ H O ,-< M«H C1HOT

ii-nHnoioinmt'i

"S3 "ii -r OS X CJ t- to os os —f ci t — < c-,

~J t— to C~ CO C5 00 CO CI LI C1_CO_OS_
J Li CI t~ 00 OS OS —? -7 Li tD CM Li yij i.

co "s cm <r* cm m cm cm cm ci cm m ci cm i-i ci cm ■* i-h

o5 as •<* ci r- o_ -h__ — < to_ c)_ tb_ m os
co" m" li r-" oo r?f ci" -^" in" -*" to

to "a

CI 7! li li CM CI CM CO

Cf — . t- 00 ct i CI -f -C li — < ,73 O to . t~ O O to I- to 00 -t 00 OS '1 i-

x — i- co to ci = co cm — ' — fjo-f noi^coi-r. to t- /.■ cj ci
os oo li ci t~ oo os in_ -r ci li_ to_ i-__ -h_ t~ os_ — *_ t-^ -—__ r~ — -^ ©_ -r os__ o li os
ci oo" oo" oo" m" of — " of oo -^" — f r-T li" ci co" -tf m" t-~ •*" co" ci -a" iff ci" to

MHrin i-H o

i-h f nnnniN^rt

in in ci c)_ os_ ci_ li cs_ r-__ co^ -r ci -r ci oo^ — _ to •* o to oj i
to" -a*" li of o" li" to" of to" x" of ci x." erf of cc" i-" ci" co" t-" t-" cf ■

^r ci ci to r-i ci — ci to ci os i- ci ci t~ to o cm i

CM i-" —<

cs m i—i cm

CJ

Li 3 — — C) i > OS 00 Li CI -

os m os co m — — o-rt

— < ci ci — <.-*> t- in to^to^qa_t- r

of cf t-" cm" oo'cocf of co"

-*? — i >— i LI ci CI t^ C» — CJ CI i— I o

I— I i— I ^H CJ 1— < tO i-l Li

- — — -T to CO l~- OS to — CM — OWH

i-*ncr.CG-r oo ~ ci co li oo r-

~ to_os__-^'o to_to_to_cj -r ci co i~ ci os

i- <* os" co" x" ci" ci" o" to" ci of — r i-T r-T li to" ! —>

CI CJ i-i CM i—i CI

X CI OS X X -* OS l- ci ci ■=. — Li CI OS os to co to to, to — . C! OS — - os to
r- i-i co to x — li ci os '-o 'O o. -r li — so ci x c! to os — o ,~ - o / ,
r-j_-*_-H_to_cc x^cm-i -T ri\~^ cj_ci_-* os_,oq_— '„t~„"-o _co _c>_ — /. os co to to

of OO" to* GO Li" i-" rH Q0" ^r" Ci" to" r-" 00 '1* Ci" o" li" Oo" — " t> CM Cm" rji" Cj" -^l"

i-< i-H i-H CI

CCJOOrttO rt CI CT rH rt (?) -H I

1 00 OS CM CJ O li tc C! li r^ CI I

-3< LI CI — — < CI CI — < T O — i OS OS tO i-l (~ t- -rfl CI i~ ^H l~ CI CJ LI CO IO

t- os_ co -* to_ to^ to_ -* — ,__ tc_ C\ 'rj_ ,X; CJ^ — >„ X^ — Li -!t O — !-- C! to OJ S •
t-" cm" cm" -* r-" li x" — " (-" li" i -T cm" i C lo" cf t-" oo" t-" ■ "

CMCMCMlI CM CI CJ OS CM mciOJ— iCICMmr-l

CO -f li CJ t- LI

LI CI CM H -f CI Li ■

•* -O -Xl B OS rt rt

II

R3 to

to OS CO CJ t !■ 70 to — OS — CO .73 X I- Li CI CJ i- O CJ :

^> C< to — to X OS li o — to li — — ( X 1- O i- 1,1 .

rt in oq_os^f-__cj_Li os_os_r^oM m ^f^_oo__ci ci -r to c> o ci — ci t^_,
t-"L.i" in"o"r-Tco"of li" n" r-Tto* ci" of li" -f co" i-" cf CO* i

O CO
— CI
"fffrHi

"e^;

X CM — CI CO CM I- CO O
CM t * £^ to CO OS (~ Li

m co cm li oo to c-j os co

icnaoiaotii

OlOrtl- i-i

-! o. -. • ci x ci — (~ x -r to t-- — to — i os in
'i -r to — li « co ~ li li — cj — n oo in u
os_in_t>^05_CM r^_to "?'B,'*««t> cj ci o o>
-* oo" i-* i-l" cj" co" -" to" X* li" — T pf -* -* it" to"

t~ to co ci — , co smHHi-anj
.— to o as ci -a< o li co t- >— i t-- to a

CM_ -T__ t-- Ol Li "X tO_ 0_ CI CO^ i.1 Ul CS -TB ■* O t- ffl B i

of li li" o" — " to" cf cf li" os" — T ci" ci in cf li" ci" L-" i-T of oo o" .— " o" r-" .

-*C1C1t-nC17!T)i^ r* Ot-iJiclOOtO^CM i-i i-i i-H ph

"5 =

o p
« '5b cc;

5 2 E; •=■

2-2 ^ S^

J1 > -2 O 'CC

s ^ * si

" o o ra _e 0 »«; J a " .2 .o c X « 5 cj 15 "° •- •- o--^c:--"C

30

Progress of Population and Wealth

« 1

« ■# o n i- t i^xia-ft'O^csusiDoaoo^Hffloiin

-* -^ Tj"* o^ © QD ©_ CO -tf ©_ CO ©_ C* >0 © CM C* ff_ifl01«»H CM

co i-T tt >o to wf to © of © r~ co r-7 .-7 cm" io"

ro ~ co — © i.o go c i- m -« i;i n a h c. o n c go © c -t to io co co

GO O i~ GO CI I - i - ~ © i.O — . — . GO © t~ LO GO r- CO to co CI C! Ci CO r-<
1-1 t- T* CO rH t- I- O ©_CO 0_0 tO MMrtQi oo

cf r-7 i-T co" co"i-7

uo o to t^ co r- cm ao g» o o i.o -+ -* to © ~t -* i — j> go to ■
c5 w « od t- o o f i — ccot(Mcocc*Tj<i»ninH

^©^-t©OCOt~UOt--COCOT-i CM CM^t<i— I CO

i.O — i.o 00 CO rt O 00 CO © — © LO t~ CO © -j" t- © t^ O) © (^ © © © CO
r-, ffl f! I- C! CO © © CO 1~ CO -f -rf CO CO © iO © — r CO i-O ii0 uO CO tO CM

>— i iHi^mc. iHHOcoTfifiint^oDWCTCMiflH uo

lO © CM i-H cm

• r-aoo-tfcocpriersuoto.

-* © t- © to i

CO t^ CO © 00 CO i-O '-i © t- -Tf CO -t> © © i.O © © O O CO CO © GO iO © '

-* co rf co_ io » -*■__ -cr_ oo ■* t-~t-^ aq_eo cm go "c^"c>_r*.^ <M c< «o_i-i co ^
co"r-7co"co"to"^"to*o6"^-7t— "r-*co" i-T^'of -"*

CO X -r X 01 i.O ■

to CM — ' to © CO CM CO

i © ~h ro go " — i — i -? — © ro /.. ci co © r o> -" -* co t- t^ -^ go co i-h

i— i ■— l CO CO ©i © i— 1 CO_ C0__ uo CO CO t-» C-- i— I CM CO O i— I CO

CO i-H CO i— l CO COH

i- — < ■<# co co io i> ©cm

jjjjllj

p o

I >-i «

g^>gtf0^cg^

C 3

the United States in Fifty Years.

31

ooomcii^cr.insooa

WOO(fl!MiI3CH-l>COT)i-H<D
O lO 1-1 en © CO 30 -* CO t~ CO CO
LOCO rl"i-i*eo"to"ao"oo"eO*Cl"o"

io o en ci r- 53 -*

i © eo co it j t~ en en -*

" -~i CI >C 'X' 1 - to

O r}< ■— i uo -* en

i-i t- cc — / co

en eo ci ©

i— i to eo co co to —j er. ~> to co o en

oo w « O !D « -* «5^00 -1

—TrH en o'cD'cTuort t~T

r-i to — oo <n en

en o CI -i co

i— l OV *- C3

" en en to ~. x -r -i

I iH CO

r- i* — to i.o rt -?■ co i.o

en i> co -* o_ to_ rt ct ci_

ci" i-T ci" >-o" en* of en en

ci en t* -^ co rri — i

c n ci n M a
-* t- co -o x -i

CO i-H •^.OJ.'-i

to" ©*"cfcn

h n oo oo oo w t- o t- in t 1 ii -*

o en mnej &t m -^ en en t-
iceo" cftfTw oo tb"o >ameS

LO ^ © CO 1- to CO
CI rt -i

X CO X tO rt c-

Ct L.O TUfH

oo i/o i.o co t-

to" to'irf-*"

t- CO to i-0 (^ T(

t- to en x i.o

pH "* ^f CO

r-T CO i-i

■-I CO T! t- 00 t~ 00 .

nn-iHCCrti
en en co t- t

co to ci en o

-i i-i CO CO ■ T! ©

HOKCIWO

O i-i L.O X CI

R C'!

TtnnntCiOrtH^HflOO t^<
(MOO n-fNOnClfCON
W >C 00 00 I- l> »C CO IO rH ©_

i-Ti-T -f cft-"cfcn~ t-"o

1-1 WfJIBHHH

C* HOnTfriOrt-ioOTjia)^
to to -*CO-100— iCOOtO — l

' " " x> ci_ i~-_ ct co en i-__ ci_ -* eo__

i-T -*" i-T to" oo" 1-T co" — * o

d en rj< i/o co co ci

CO to © "O h io

■<# -- t-- t- en to

■2 3

oiar,^Bt»>-o2

tfOO _

- -a _a '5b 5
hot*- '

s d a

o .2'3> 2-S «-o j= 5

JB a> <b = JH o <u o J- qj n .52 .>; o g a, cy a, .r- ^o .2 .re 5 -S _5 •- "C

82

Progress of Population and Wealth

i.O —I -h t- © O! TJ '~ X © © © 13 © — i © I— CO -*

co © © oo i.o © -- t^ i~ ^ i" r; w ?i - jo i — ' — co

CO t— I F- 01 — 0! X t- *? {^ CO O CO 00 > C; c^ X1 "T

oo r* us co" co" o of t~ C-, oi i- n "i go oi o

Q^mcNoo^t -

n h h to i- o n
-c — © oo -hot t-
■<* cm -* in co oo. cm_
US Irt co" to -*" 00 -#"

— o co to co — — to oi oo -r i- m m to ^| i-h

ouuinui^iftH

-* cm a —i —i

oocoic-niononoooo
co to © to cm o <r» i~ i- to © -* i-h to
© in ri m © eo_ oq •<* ©_ t-_ oo co
Ui co" i-T -3" co" to x" oo" co" c j" ©~

C! -f ~ XI — I O)

xoooomt-©i^tot^ — < . — r -T*

©c* in W©c«*n ■* 05_05_t~

m*co" cm"©"co"oo"©*©"i.o"co"c:

m •Hont-aw

Oli-H-H

at i-o t* co -^ i-h

© 7'
. CO •

as © © go. m_ ©.. ©_ to — ■_ ©_ i-» © ■— • ■
to" co" r-^" at" of of cj" at" r^ i
# * * C) — < co hh co :

i> h -; k c x to © to co in t-
to t- i~ to co m © to f~ co © t-
t^ © r- x n!_"? m ©co © co *
"-fof cf^-"-H * ©"* *

m O! '- t -* x at -* i- © (- © c; © © © © at © i- — © © in

© co © — o> -" © i- » — -r — < co — to oj © i 1 o) © © £^ © i-h

-<* •<* en c. go. ©_ co_ -~_ ©_ co_ ©_ oi. in SS C{_ CT W US CT C* C5 l-l w
co"i-T-^<"in"©"in ©"©"cf ©"t-"co" i-Ti-Tcm" m*

i-H ,-H CM -I

t- a* x x t- t- x © -r © © — i © in © — co — ■ -r -r at <- © © t» in -*

co c- co © x co in — © i ' co -r at © i.o en o ifl lococooaoworl'

t< co ^< noa-* -* x — i" t— t-~ mntN x -* in --■__© c\| cm us_i-i co i-h

Co"i-<"cO*Co"©"^<'to"x"r-H"t--"l^'co" rtrHof thT

■ cm x © x co oo m — i©
eo.c*aq.-
r-" of -*" ©" ©" t-" cf t> t-" in" ©" cf co" ©~ ;•-" ©" -* ©" ©" m" of co" co" m" ©" (

at -* co — i~ © co o — i m © cm © — co x co co i — ? ~? m t- in as
?! ?.> cs m c) co o! © ot © — c> rn t co in i-h

in to © m — — co © © (- a. co co © © ?> r. i - in ~ — i i- m x x

-* cj co © cm in © © i^ t- i — ? -r? m © © — o? © © © x m oo cs © ©

■ co m m — © co © — x co © © -*• o ©

-t^Hin-H-

-Hrt^HC! HUrtO ^H

— ^ci co -h --. t- m © © © t- i-h i
©* ©" t-" of x" ©" ©" ©" ©" r-" — " -h" ■

— < rt ^h in co co t- of — i o* co i-h <

i-H-Hi-HO! h(CmO i-h (

CM OS OJ t- O (

■ CM CM ^* co m

33 §
■a ^

■: -

— 5 -c*
m a ^ i

* The numbers thus marked comprehend people of color who were designated in the
census, in some of the returns, as " other free persons, except Indians, not taxed," with-
out discrimination of sex. The whole number thus returned was 4,631.

t The population of this state was stated in the census published by the state depart-
ment, in 1832, to be 127,901; but in the " statistical view," published by the same
department three years afterwards, pursuant to resolutions of the Senate in 1833 and
1834, at was set down at 144,317 — showing a difference of 1G,416. The last of these
official statements being believed to be correct, it has been here followed as to the ag-
gregates of the whole population of the states, and of its three several classes ; but as it
omits the details, the distribution according to age, in the statement of 1832, remains
uncorrected. There will therefore be found, between the aggregates and the details of
the population of this state, a discrepancy of 16,416.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 33

While there was so sensible a difference in the increase of the
population shown by the two last enumerations, its distribution
among the several classes continued in nearly the same proportions,
viz :

Census of 1820. Census of 1810.

The whites amount to . 81.55 per cent. . . . 80.07
The free coloured . . . 2.4G " .... 2.57
The slaves 15.90 " .... 16.46

The whole free population, 84.01 " .... 83.54
The whole coloured, . . 18.45 " .... 10.03

It thus appeared that the white population had gained on both
descriptions of the coloured.

The proportion between the sexes in the three classes was as
follows :
In the white population the males exceed the females, as 100 to

96.77.
In the free coloured population the females exceed the males, as

107.09 to 100.
In the slave population the males exceed the females, as 100 to

95.16.

This excess of females in the free coloured class is to be ascribed
principally to the seafaring and roaming habits of many of the
males, and probably in a small degree to the greater number of
females who are emancipated. The disproportion is therefore
greatest between the ages of 14 and 45.

In five of the New England States, from the like prevalence of
seafaring and migratory habits, the females exceed the males.
In Maine, however, there is a small majority of males — the gain
from immigration in that thinly settled State more than counter-
balancing the loss by the pursuits of fishing and navigation. In
the other States of the Union the males, both of the white and
coloured population, exceed the females ; and of the whites under
ten years of age, the males are most numerous even in the New-
England States.

The excess of males exhibited by the census has doubtless been
somewhat enhanced by foreign emigrants, of whom a majority are
males, but it is to be referred principally to that curious and admi-
rable provision of nature, by which the greater number of males born
is sufficient, under ordinary circumstances, to compensate the
peculiar casualties to which that sex is exposed. Even in the free

34

Progress of Population and Wealth

coloured population, of which the females have a preponderance of 7
per centre males under fourteen exceed the females about 3 per cent.
The numbers of the three classes, male and female, within the
several ages mentioned in the census, are respectively in the follow-
ing proportions to the whole of each class, viz :

1st. Of the whites,

The males under 10 are 17.1 per cent. The females, 16.3 per cent.

10 and under 16 7.8 " . " 7.7 "

16 and under 26 9.9 " . " 9.9 "

26 and under 45 9.7 " . " 9.4 M

45 and upwards 6.3 " . . " 5.9 "

50.8
2d. Of the free coloured,
The males under 14 are 20.4 per cent.
14 and under 26 10.3 "
26 and under 45 10.
45 and upwards, 7.5 "

49.2

The females, 19.7 per cent.
. 12.4
. 11.6

. 8.1

48.2 51.8

3d. Of the slaves,

The males under 14 are 22.4 per cent. The females, 21.1 per cent.
14 and under 26 13.2 " . . " . 13.2
26 and under 45 10.6 " . . " . 9.9
45 and upwards, 5. " . . " . 4.6 "

51.2

48.8

It thus appears that one-third of the white population was under
ten years of age, and not quite half (48.9 per cent) under sixteen.
This age does not so equally divide this part of the population as
it did in the previous enumerations, since the same causes which
occasioned the small decline in the rate of natural increase before
adverted to, lessened the proportion of those who were under that
age, and consequently placed the point of equal division at a some-
what greater age.

Of the free coloured population less than two-thirds, (62.8 per
jeent,) and of the slaves more than two-thirds, (69.9) are under
twenty-six years of age.

The relative numbers of the white and coloured population in the
slaveholding States, is exhibited in the following table :

in the United States in Fifty Years.

35

States and
Territories.

Delaware,

Maryland,

District of Columbia,

Virginia,

North Carolina,

South Carolina,

Georgia,

Kentucky,

Whole
population

72,749
407,350

33,039
1,065.360
638,829
502,741
340,989
564,317
422,813

75,448
153,40

66,586
144,317

14,273

Free

coloured.

55,282

260,222

22,614

603,074;

419,200|

237,440;

189,566

434,644

339,927

42,176

73,383

55,988

96,245

12,579

12,958

39,730

4,048

37,139j

14,612

6,826

1,767

2,941

2,779

458

10,96H

376

633

77

Total, 4,502,224 2,842,340! 135,304 1,524,580 63.13 3.01 33.86

PER CENTAGE OF

Whites. F. col'd. Slav

4,509|

107,398]

6,377

425,153;

205.017

258,475

149,656

126,732

80,107

32,814

69,064

10,222

47,439

1,617

76.

63.9

68.5

56.6

65.6

47.2

55.6

77.

80.4

55.9

47.8

84.1

66.7

88.1

17.8

9.7

12.2

3^5

2.3

1.4

.5

.5

.7

.6

7.1

.6

.4

.5

6.2
26.4
19.3
39.9
32.1
51.4
43.9
22.5
18.9
43.5
45.
15.3
32.9
11.3

It thus appears that in these States, since the preceding census,
the white population lost, and the coloured portion gained nearly the
half of one per cent.

Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER V.

THE CENSUS OF 1830, BEING THE FIFTH DECENNIAL ENUMERATION
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.

In the act of Congress which directed the fifth census, some im-
portant deviations from the preceding acts were introduced. Thus
it numbered the population as it was on the 1st day of June, instead
of the 1st of August, as had been previously done, so that the in-
crease shown, on a comparison with the preceding census, was not
as heretofore, for ten years, but for nine years and ten months.
There were also a greater number of divisions according to age,
both in the white and coloured population.* The whites of each
sex were arranged under thirteen heads, as follows :

Those under

5 and under

5 years of age.
. 10

10

.

. 15

15

. 20

20

.

. 30

30

. 40

40

.

. 50

50

. 60

60

. 70

70

. 80

80

. 90

90

. 100

100 and upwards.

The coloured population of both desc
were arranged under the six following he

Those under 10 ; 10 and under 24 ; 2
under 55 ; 55 and under 100 ; 100 and u

The result is exhibited in the five follov

riptions, and of each sex,

ads, viz :

4 and under 36 ; 36 and

p wards.

ring tables :

* There were also columns for the deaf, and dumb, and blind, of different ages,
which will be hereafter noticed.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

37

oj-*tcmnt'^s!Ci|ific i- i — r o .jo to to >o - co m 10 » >o

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of of of us moofo i-h" wofr-Tr-T of

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0.2

: S -J^-S o £ > £"2'o -
-mc:t; oix "t. ca So "'

J;K g |^ g^1-5 «&-£^'--^^ aura.

Progress of Population and Wealth

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saB^nsinoo:

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■h t~rH © t^« I— J.0.01 LO X^— •__© T -h ON 00 >-H..e)_t- o» ot

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m" 10" to" of — r id" cf^t"©* co adutafoit-i •*?>*} 06" of

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co" id" x" 00 -* r-" of m" m" r-" © co" Oi

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Ninaio-r'-jiSLiffioioo-*

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in the United States in Fifty Years.

Sty

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41)

Progress of Population and Wealth

Ht~0!m-(»oit-ooo(M-*moM^-*ionowontD

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the United States in Fifty Years.

41

gg

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^ntO^iiUiSX O* t- o oc ■* Ol >h I iQ C t-^OT 35 0 cq^-r omc
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t-nt-i- x >- ?> c-. x i-o co — — x i i co i ixiDrH^-oii^t-'*

in in t-_ to t i_ >o cq t-_ o^ i -_ «> oi_ -* x cm in in o>_ in cq_ cq cq lc> o_ co_ -h -v ^_
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Tf o x x co m (
i o en x ■# m rH i
i_qqqq^inx_iX_qqXiqqiqx_^t^q^'-<_.NX_qTr.
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- - o . -

'^,

J= JC3 bB

™<ua;^;-c:ot>ia>c"cjt2 • ."S « o <"

* This number comprehends 5,602 omitted in the marshal's return of the details.
t This number comprehends 210 omitted in the marshal's return of the details.
t This number comprehends the omissions in New York and Louisiana, and 5,318
persons on board the public ships.

42 Progress of Population and Wealth

The increase shown by this census, that is, for a period of nine
years and ten months, is as follows :

The whole population, . . . 33.26 per cent.
Whites, . ' . . . . 33.85 "
Free coloured, . . . . 34.17 "

Slaves, 30.15 "

The whole coloured 30.7

If we add the increase for the two months required to make up
the complete term of ten years, which is very nearly equal to the
half of 1 per cent, the last decennial increase will thus compare
with the preceding, viz :

1830. 1820.

The whole population, 33.92 per cent. . 33.35 per cent.
Whites, . . 34.52 " . 34.3

Free coloured, . 34.85 " . 27.75

Slaves, . . 30.75 " . 29.57 "

The whole coloured, . 31.31 " . 29.33 "

This comparative view shows that the rate of increase was
somewhat greater in the last ten years than in the ten preceding,
instead of being less, as would appear by the enumeration actually
taken. The gain from a greater and more uninterrupted immigra-
tion, from 1820 to 1830, is more than equal to the additional in-
crease here shown.

The increase of the three classes had been so nearly equal, that
their relative proportions are nearly the same as in 1820. Thus :
In 1820, In 1830,

The whites were 81.55 per cent. . . . 81.90 per ct.
The free coloured, 2.46 " ... 2.48

The slaves, 15.99 " ... 15.62

Showing a small gain of the white population on the coloured, and
of the free coloured on the slaves.

The males and females, in the three classes, were in the follow-
ing proportions, viz :

In the white population the males exceed the females, as 100 to 96.56.
Free coloured " the females exceed the males, as 107.64 tolOO.
Slave " the males exceed the females, as 100 to 98.37.

The proportion between the sexes continued nearly the same as
under the preceding census, with both descriptions of the free popu-
lation ; but with the slaves, the proportion of females was greater
than under the preceding census by more than 3 per cent. This

in the United States in Fifty Years.

43

relative change in their numbers might have been caused by a
greater mortality among the males ; by an extraordinary number
of runaways to foreign countries, who are chiefly males ; or lastly,
by a greater proportion of males of those who had been emanci-
pated. As there seems to be no reason to suppose that more males
than females were emancipated, the two first causes must be relied
on to explain the difference in question ; and neither of them is in-
consistent with well-known facts. The instances of escape to
Canada have greatly increased within the last twenty years ; and
of the slaves who are transported to the south, there is a greater
proportion of males, and their lives are probably abridged by change
of climate and habits.

The proportions of the males and females, at different ages, to the
whole number of each sex in the several classes,* are as follows :

1st. Of the whites,

Males.

Females.

Those under 5 years of

age, 18.17

per

cent.

17.83]

3er cent.

5 and under 10

"

14.60

"

14.52

«

10 and under 15

"

12.51

12.35

«

15 and under 20

"

10.70

«

11.53

«

20 and under 30

"

17.86

'

17.76

u

30 and under 40

a

11.09

«

10.74

«

40 and under 50

"

6.86

<

6.89

«

50 and under 60

ti

4.28

<

4.32

«

60 and under 70

"

2.52

<

2.54

"

70 and under 80

M

1.08

'

1.13

ti

80 and under 90

"

.29

c

.34

St

90 and under 100

.04
100.

i

.05
100.

2d. Of the free colour

ed persons,

Those under 10

"

31.72

3er

cent.

28.49 per cent.

10 and under 24

u

28.07

i

i

28.97

"

24 and under 36

u

18.02

(

i

19.59

it

36 and under 55

ti

14.51

<

«

14.64

"

* It will be perceived that this comparative view differs from that given under the
census of 1820. Here the number of males and females, at the different periods of life,
are compared with the whole number of the same sex, in the respective classes; but
there the same were compared with the whole number of both sexes. In that, the per
centage of both sexes is found by adding the separate per centage of each ; here, the
same result is obiained by taking the medium per centage of both.

34.90

34.90

30.86

30.99

18.32

18.65

11.74

11.23

4.10

4.16

.07

.07

44 Progress of Population and Wealth

Males. Females.

55 and under 100 years of age, 7.50 per cent. 8.08 per cent.
100 and upwards " .18 " .23 "

100. " 100. "

3d. Of the slaves,

Those under 10 "

10 and under 24 "

24 and under 36 "

36 and under 55 "

55 and under 100

100 and upwards "

100. 100.

The preceding tables show that, of the whole population, the
number under ten years of age is exactly one third ; but the slaves
of the same age exceed that proportion, and both descriptions of
the free population fall short of it.

' If we compare the number of white children under 10, with the
number of females between 16 and 45, whether of the same or the
preceding census, we find the ratio continually diminishing. Thus :
1st. When compared with the females of the same census,
The children were to the females, in 1800, as 183.1 to 100.

1810, as 182.3 to 100.
1820, as 173.0 to 100.
2d. When compared with the females of the succeeding census,
The children were to the females, in 1810, as 248. to 100.

1820, as 237.4 to 100.
1830, as 225.8 to 100.
For which diminution of ratio no satisfactory explanation can be
given but a gradual decline in the rate of natural increase ; of
which fact we shall hereafter find satisfactory evidence.

The relative numbers of the three classes, in the slaveholding
States, were thus distributed in 1830, viz :

in the United States in Fifty Yeats.

45

States and I Whole

Territories. population.

Delaware, i 76,748

Maryland, 447,040

District of Columbia,.! 39,834

Virginia, 1,211,405

North Carolina, ! 737,987

South Carolina, : 581,185

Georgia, 516,823

Alabama,.. l 309,527

Mississippi, | 136,621

Louisiana, | 215,739

Tennessee, I 681,904

Arkansas, j 30,388

Kentucky, I 687,917

Missouri, I 140,455

Florida, I 34,730

Total,

.5,848,303 3,660,758

Free
coloured.

PERCENTAGE OF

Whites. F. col'd.

Slaves.

3,292

75.1

20.6

3.3

102,994

65.1

11.8

23.1

6,119

69.2

15.4

15.3

469,757

57.4

3.8

38.8

245,601

64.1

1.6

33.3

315,401

44.4

1.3

54.3

217,531

57.4

1.5

42.1

117,549

61.5

.5

38.

65,659

51.5

• 4

48.1

109,588

41.5

7.7

50.8

141,603

78.5

.7

20.8

4,576

84.5

.5

15.

165,213

75.3

1.3

23.5

25,091

81.7

.4

17.9

15,501

53.1

2.3

44.6

.005,475

62.60

3.11

34.29

By the preceding table both classes of the coloured population had
gained a little on the whites in these States.

The numbers gained by the acquisition of Florida are included
in the fifth enumeration, and the several estimates relative to it ; but
as its population at the time of its purchase (in 1821) probably did
not exceed 10,000 persons, or the tenth of one per cent on the
whole population, its disturbing influence has been disregarded in
the preceding views.

46 Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER VI.

THE CENSUS OF 1840, BEING THE SIXTH DECENNIAL ENUMERATION
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.

The population was distributed under the same heads by this
census as by that of 1830. This, however, also exhibits copious
details of every branch of productive industry in the United States,
by which we are furnished with authentic data for estimating the
revenue and wealth of the Union, and the several States. They
will be used for this purpose after the subject of population is
disposed of.

The decennial increase since the census of 1830, was

Of the whole population , . 32.67 per cent.
Of the whites .... 34.66
Of the free coloured . . . 20.88 "
Of the slaves .... 23.81
Of the whole coloured . . . 23.4 "

The distribution of the different classes under this census, com-
pared with that of 1830, was as follows :

1840. 1830.

The whites amounted to 83.16 per cent. . . 81.90 per cent.
The free coloured . . 2.26 " ... 2.48
The slaves .... 14.58 (i ... 15.62

100. 100.

The result of the census of 1840, as to population, may be seen
in the five following tables, viz :

in the United States in Fifty Years.

1?

1. — Number of Free White Males, of Different Ages, in each State and Territory of
the United States, in 1840.

II-fClTI-f MonOOH i-O tO t- to ?! to

a: co c. io ^r w o( - t^ ^ t en in • ? in ?! to

0)OtOC)CCrtmOt~C! ffiCT eo -fiOO ?! r-^ ■<#_ w co t-^ cm -!? cm so -f i-- cm^ oo c*
cm" en" o" i-T oo" to" c-" t-T -f en" oo ~" co" o o to" i--' en" o" o" m" cm" m" co" es co to" ao* -# "
cotoiO"3,-rt/ot---'clCM'0"

?!

CO rH .

?! ■

7!

?!

CM.

•sptdn
•frOM

•ooi

.upun
■0 06

x — < x co oo ao to o to — i — < -r :
ocnsi c xj cn«e — ■<* cm i> ■

*r-3"rH rH Co" CM." i-T

m-rtoifito-ismiiowociMHi

'hflCtrlf.

Tf t~ to (B ""
' "^ "^ 30 '

< t — r c, •* ri n /. 3 xi — c- — <= — ?i x
)neiioooci5"nnrt-ici^-Hf!oj>
: — „— „— ',-' ?) irt -*_<» ■<# :o_aj ■* •"tf c_o ^
feo^fefos r-T--f ?!"n"i-T coco to

ll-KSHHlOWMfl

c c t- ci i^ no " w

-. eo co — —
n x a '- n ci ? C! ?
oS-*mx(M to oo mncCTS^arf'^-,.- co_-«tf_io o^CS ?!
r-'io'iHHinufo'^o eo" cnto'eo" ^* cm" •-*" i-*" t- to'x'to' eo ?! ■-<

its to (M t— ■— en en i-? en. ?! cm « t a ; c w n t- i

ci oo' cT cm" en" t~" rfi" oo" t> r-5" t~" to" © u$ i> to" era co cf i-4"o co ao «s i-i •

i— I ■— I IOCS i-ii— I Hi-cC)H

» en. x ?! x en -t <- to eo -- cm -; | oo

LO ITJ rH -f -J. tO rH ?! tO — . CO X X — — tO l-O — t~- 9 C L? (-- Ct Ot r-< © | -

■ — to x co t— (?) •— " m c! | m

en to r~ to lo ci CM to (

— X CO — EC

Lolm.H.'l3.'*.'"-"la0.t".cioi.w.*®

"co'-^cm cfr-" to" en CO — " to" r-"cn"cf "fr* "3 i-> CM X i

) to -r '.? X X OS '-? — ' X CO CO , —

lo^ia ?! - ?' ?' — ~Z rr, "2 :S3
O m -H m -* O 1-- i-h CM t- — CO Ct « 00 Cl_ Ci_ LO -T >-? i-h c_ x^ eo CO Ct J -*

of «T ©i" «T oTt^od"— T en qp Oi-TTjTeo ef en r-" to" -h" ?J in" r£ --" to uo'to w««n »

Mnifl "HiOCjn^o^MHflHnrtnnOOWRO) r-l g

to O i-O X l~- tO — ?! -

^ o -* c 1- r- ?!_ t-_ q^ 1-1 t^ '

r <m" io" o" co" x" ?f — " — <" c: o" — ' co" x" o" «?>" eo* <

CN (?? CO CO m CO to CO C! CO CO ?( ?! i-O m CO •-£> u? CO

— £- ?) ?!

o co en ci x ct -?" x in -? x co en cr. t- ?! cm x x .— — ct to -^ c? t~-

^(DtOlOrtcaeiOMOHMnHOiWtDi CO CT. i - X '_ X

t-__ CD O W r~ C3 CO CO X_ — ( ?! ?!_ X^ t-_ X_ ?!_ tO_ ?!_ 0\ tO_ -* in_ X__ I- X_ 0D_ =T_ iTv " l~ I —'

i^io i-Tus tosD'oofeneotDOD tj!" coo «>ob i> ■<**« r-Tto ^cnonrH«H|tc

rHCOrHX rt « « H ff!

I <?J t-l —1

O! O — C) ^- 5.5 rt —i (?) CO

- -TiOflMaoiflNr

._. «o en o x — o b- en ?i (?) r- en o co o -r

C! co — t r ■/ — ~ ?' to ?! r- co c» co t- to

tc_ cS^ cn_ en ?!_ in t -__ en in in co_ x -* to_ —<_ x__ -* x^ -^ — „ to_ --^ o_ ?!_ co x__ io co__ ■* «> j
i-T to" r-^ m" i-~ t~ en" — T — * co" x" m" — <" to" r-" ?>" — T t-T -*■ en to to r- -- uo CM — i i— ( cj

COrHCO H H n (M O HTfcOrtClCi

' co en n< co gm t-i

i— t o to e^ o en r-- en *-< t— co in — i o en >n -f to — ?>! ?■
t- o ci t« It a c o it n i^ oo h - ■
(OWCTc-.tfOrtOonn ""

t-COr?-T»Nn!»iO

m t- m co m -rf en co in
x_ cm x__ -* cm eo_ o? o^ en r-^ —_ t~

en x co>-^" eo o co t- en co x -* o co to" lo" t~^ r-" to to" to r-Ti— "co i— >
rtiooiH CMmco-HcocMi— i m >n i" — io co ci ■— <

-?on x ?> — <

«^COr-Oi

^< H M 00 Cl •*

. . j h it n x o x to — m s z in ?! x m
^ en en co__ -t x^ r-^ tc_ in x_ — __ ?!_ in -^ eo_ in to -t -* to « co^
en" -* to" en" to" -* co" to" en" co" t-T cZ -* eo x" ■* x" en" cm" cm" •■* Oi

'^tc^nrtHoio-

a = ~

a ~3

IliJ'l

,° h

48

Progress of Population and Wealth

2.—

Number of Free White Females, of Different A?es, in each State and Territory of
the United States, in 1840.

•sptdn
•ft 001

■ooi

JL^pun
* 06

-*_ co co ?! ira X rtinnn o_ i^
t-^irf x"-*" «■*" — "■<*■_ J" of _"

' " t-mi 'O to ~r ?> c. LO oo to

T •* 'i IT, O T

rt rt ;, rt rn rt

rH^iKNr-^qt^oo^Tf ci — < ■<* o\sq_oo loo.
x r- x" — r oo" M5 -*" to >ft t^" o" -#" oo" "-T i-T oo" lo" of

XCJ?!~"0COO5 — (r-l— ( r-l CO

m ?i t~ co a ~

= 00 ?! ?! -* t- I

SlSS^^r ;!?!-~- L~ -! = — ~ '"- ~» ~~— '- "— ■ ~ — — i co — ?! ?i
t- oo r- uo lo o ?i oo — i a c io i> i^ tj ci " ci n i^ u; n C! rt

I— li- ( CO i— t i— i lO CO (Mi— i ■— i i— i t— i

OCONS'

•<* 00 lO T" — — ?! CO lO ?! — < tC ?! CS CO lO I0H«IAIAW'

i- x i? — co .-. co — ?■ — co ■ o to co — cs c x coco — coxcocooOi—i

?!COCT^-^-*C5'-HODt- L? ?} CS) 'T -* ?! I- t- « T rl H

-T^ci f-T •<* of -* r-T

?! — i- to — ..o — — . co — — x co co l.o t co r- i o ?• cr to -? co — i cs r- --i as

?' = x — ;- t~ x -s x ?i — -j — — x -r x ?( ~ ?! — x to co — lo tj co lo -r

■-J, © co, —"„?!_ x ji t-^ -; x •? r. ■? ^? x n n c l-: it. (- co a « t(i ri

-* -* OO" — ( •** « *# M Of -T rf ?f i-T i-f ci « W -h"

| uO i—i OS i- ■— ' — X r- CO

. CO ^t" — i Li Tf ift ft X -

»»^rt(o^qoo Tjotoqqo^n "^.rt i-i ^ -^
-^"of to" co" co ?f i-T co" to" -*" lo ?f of i-h

-t -* — < — ?! ?! to — i LO — i CS LO — " — iO t- cs t- LO i- t- c~. — o-. i-O -* -* O T

CS ?! X CO — — — ; — to -r LO to r~ LO CI -T lO — CO ~ CO LO — 1 0 CS O. lO ^OO) rf

CO X O, — , t- to, — X St CO X X CO LO i- "O ?! C5 LO cr. CS I— lO ?! X CO CO CO Tf

?f of of co" cs" x" co" x" i-" — r t-" to — r lo" to -^r of i-r — r o x* o" to -^<" co"

*-i <M >-i "5 CO i-ii-i ,_,_,?),_,

-^c1 CO cs — co i- co c-. x co ( - ; — i o s -r — c. x cs X (^ ?! — lo ~. -r ?! ~
?! X O CS '~S CS -S CS CO r- t- ?> — X X — . CS i.O x -s

q -f_ -_ x i x - c x - ■? a -- r- n « cm o -i c o s
o"-*" co"^"-?r?rcs"-3'"cs"?}'?r-.s"x'*: "
?! — i CO H H ffl rt w '-<?!•-<

?! OS ■<# "^ C-. X X O! ?! X .

Ol CO ?J tO — I CO ?! t-

NXS x -s ~ I

to OS ^r X CS CO ?! :

to ?; co —. '.s x co -.s x —< x cs t-~ cs lo ^r cs cs. cs cs> cs i —
— , °i —_ ■"! ~ ■"! "S uv x: ■*«ooi'*tOM x o> lo --r t- t- to x_ cq_ x^ c« ■* oo. ;
cs" x" cs" t-" cs" x" co" cs" ?f co" of Ci lo" co" of lo" r-" t-" a; x" lo" ?f ?f ^" co" ■-<" ^ r-T i-f cm

— T}< WMTfOO) rH ■

co ?! t- co a i-i i-i

LO C. ~ CO
to t~ LO CO

■-!«>.« oo

c* -^" -? o" t-" -*" t-"

-* ?! t~ i-i ?! ?! ?! CO lo

— ■ LO X t^

t- i-H CO_ l-_ LO__ -^ C«SI> i-< O0_ CO^ I
CO LO —i lo" co" ?f i-T lo" -^«" co" — ' i> r-" lo' oo" to i

"0 to -# ?! CO ?! rH i-i LO -5C ?! lo CO ?!

~ t- — — X — — — ?! £- (T-. lo lo -L'JHH^lCMlTfX ?! — CS. ?! CS "tf I

-C lo '_ CO I — — CS CO — I- S s. CS — i Ji C C t^ S 1- irt - - Q! o to t-

~- ~v ^v — i "'v '1 "v '^. -v w, "^ "t. "i. —■ ~ ~ -"■ ~ o>_ ?! X CS CS_^ CS CS X^ CO_ ?)^ c
t^ LO cs — to" lo" r-" c\ 's* co" x" ?l" to" -?■" ?f t--" oo" t» lo" co" -*" to -»" to" co" o" i-T ■— T ?( <?i
?! — ^C rt^Dr-C; .— i -tC CJM i — . G^J . — l - COCOXC0?!i-H i-i

-r X co — to t- t^ to t^
^ to x^ f-. cs_^ to c-._ ^i ~

r£ LO to" lo lo" to" — " cs" f-^ !
CO — CO -i — CO ?! CS

cs to VO ?! CO l
to CS — < ?! c.

LO CTJ to 00 CS i

-5" CO CS. TT ?J

CO CS — ?! ?! —

LO — — — X t~ ?! tO t- lo 1 - S ?! — X — ?! CS — ?! — S — ?! 'O X to CS to ( -
"^, ~ I ~ 1 °o x, oo lo, — _ LO X, CS^ ?!_ ?!_ t-, CS X CO^ CO, cs^ cs, ~ x_ o> CO, oo s t-_ to C^ l-^
— " to cs" lo" to x" -^-' co" lo" co" of ? " lo" x" ?f to co" cs" — " ^4-' c: co" t* ~~ lo" LO i-T i—" cf i-H

CO -H -* HiHKJMH i—i LO CO i— CO ?! — — i LO T1- — LO CO ?! ^

— CS. CO lo ?! CO_ l> LO_ I~- £-

oo" t^" lo" to" x" cs" o" t-"

CO rt "^ I— ?! X ?J

o cs x — — i x ?j ^ ie
- e s s - ?! x ffi U
to o; to to lo z-. ?! t-^so-^t-- co_ t-- tq_ i— i -? ?' uq — ?! |CO
' lo" lo" co" co" cs" co" x" co" ?l" lo" t~" to" -*" ?f x" of ?f ?f -"*" ?l"

?! to -^ Ci -V CO --^ i— tO lo CO to ■ tt CO i-i

D %

S^.Ej*

S^;§cc:c3>ZZa;.'5Si>ZoQC<^^c;

g iJS-s-i:

•P E^

in the United States in Fifty Years.

49

-Number of Free Colored Persons, Male and Female, in each State and Territory
of the United States, in 1840.

LO ft "* LO -c" CO X -T C! CO I f LO (M OS OJ tH «fi 00 CO C! -c" CI i-H I ;f ft -!> ft 'JO

«'i)HCTHO-i^;--';!Cr-i-si';i>';)".':or!?ic.HrtHooNo

tOMOOO (>!_ COMfl i-h C!_ 00 O. iO -* CO ft_ CO ft_ £--__ lO_ CC_ ?t-»f)ti)'* C5_

"^i-T'*" co"ft"Lo"x"cf co"-4"^"rHrH" co" ofco'adco'rH -#"

Ohw c>)(Mh ^

■sp.dn
•ftOOI

C7J OJ t?i r-i rt

t- •* a o n » « » « ci a n h

•001
i3pun

•ft 99

LO X X ft X 1-1 O 0O CI i-l CO

'-HMrtOnn

<M i-H

C^OtSlOOH

lo co x) ft x> a m -^ to i

ft co LO X CO ft LO — C! 'O OJ —i 1

i-T r-T co"co"i>-"cf x"t-"co"rt"

g o

N C ffl X N '-S <>) -f •* 'JO -t O ■* !

•j rt o h -j i- n n c - n o o i
i-< oo co co o^ooct cd_-h oot-nnwrH^QOosHuji
cooftocsmi-^eoi-r -* ofi-T

i-H CI

« ■* lO rH c - C Z l- T! (- — C! — C~ CO — C| — 'i T ?) I- X "T ft O S n ifl
t- CJ CO -* 30_C<5 ®^.f;<^-,.C«I: CO_ —__l~ ^t-._Nt-t-_XX C| CO CO ^H -*

■•*" — Tco" nd« cccTo— <"co' "r— Ti— T i-T<rf e»f afpi" "-T eo*

POOT

001
da pun

ft 99

71 — C! (- :- co CO — < — :

'— <ft-*LOt- LO-r'TfOlftft^LO
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ic c: f> -i tji j| H m

—i ■*« >

;co_r- 30 CO CO CI .
"us i-h -* co"-h

X O ft C ft Tl ft I- '-O CO i.O lo CO X t- CI CO X ft X i- CO CO lo Ct >— i (
I 00 CO ft t~ CI ft < - C! CO ft ft I- ft CO ft (- X X — ^ CO ft LO ft d CO CO •

i_co — i co -r — ',co__ [-__--; io — __co ci <-i ct_i- t- o_^h_io r- *-< i-h (

" r-7 co" CO-" CO*" C*" t-" I> CO" i-T CO* C}"-h"

ft t- 00 i-O LO) — * 00 ft LO ft ft X C! CO t- .-i X LO CO X ft' X' X CO £- CO X CO O 00
-cf LO ft LO CO ft ft — i -cf -f CO LO CO ft CI ft CI — < l~ -)• CO LO -CK ft I- ft O r-l Ci CO
rH ft CO ft ft ft CI t- ^ ft !~

. - >,'S
£&*=_§ ?>•&■=-! ^-o'ffi

»• '« o (8 "S !5 jd „

■M .« 3 .22 ;

1CC>-CICi:>',r^--u«-Ort/J-«C.™„C7jJiJ?ro>r

50

Progress of Population and Wealth

4. — Number of Colored Male and Female Slaves in each State and Territory of the
United States, in 1840.

-31 Ci

■!fHO)^s!OH5o« jl. n ci -r m n n * a

co r- o to in

i^oiconwr-ac t- © ci co >o

OfflH

(r- r-i CO

3

|

CO GN uo CO Ci_ CO CO_ — Ci Ci U0 CM
i-T CO* O C>f x" — T d" t-" r-T r-T r-T

I-H -* O0_

dd

CO CO_

cf cf

X

d

o

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C!

H

CI rt H T-l H

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•sp.iln

MHHOc-tTCU'^nnM ■

TtCO

GO

CO

O

co ci oo oo i- rj< cm co co cm :

■/■■

£00T

~" ' :

■ 0

ll

CO 00

HOHt^i^aHO(N3CT'f«llO •

t~ -* -3<

O i-H

X

0i

g> rt n n n ci a ci n -i rn m a :

-# t^-

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in

— .

*""' ci-'-^l"* ° 0l'-J."~' ^l°o en ;

CO H

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d

mis

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m k

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ci in -3"

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r-H t~ t— CO -3* C! CO CO — ' — to •

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cm"

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mcicocjoMCi'in :

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m 00 — — > o — < — ■ o — "O — l

in Ci m

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in CO Q0_ tct_ 7 i_ CO X_ CO X_ CO__ QO_

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r-H Ci

o

-31" m" t^ao-rfesa f -^ d d

O CO

•^T

o

°~s

r-HCOCO-rH-HZ-rHCOOiCOCO

-

3

n

x m — . co — i- i.o co ci x i.o co ;

CO CO Ci

CM (M r-H O

o

I~ i-O CO O". 7! — to l- i.O O i— l .

mt-o

Ci CO

r—

coir:N-iLCT«tDC)-Ht^t- •

-3< CO

Ci CO

-31

"-=©

— < i.o -r -* x co -* co co Ci :

O CO

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b^

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CM
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winHO!Hioaowonc»Nnic«i-

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3

— J CO I - i o to — i - co to © 01 l> o

to -31 — i

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Tennessee,....

Kentucky,

Ohio,

- - i? -
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5

in the United States in Fifty Years.

51

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uico-*ccui-*co( — tMii-.t-'Hnr-^i-asiCtoioot-ininrtHt)

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g^;>goio^^OHQga>^MO&H<!gj<;cH^gOMag^
Add Seamen in United States service 6,100— grand total, 17,069,453.

o ;.
S £

52 Progress of Population and Wealth

If we compare the increase of numbers shown by this census
with that shown by the census of 1830, by adding to the last the
proportional increase for two months, we find that the ratio of
increase had diminished in the last ten years from 33.92 to 32.67=
1.25 per cent. But as the ratio of increase in the largest class (the
whites) had, at the same time, experienced an increase, (equal to
0.14 per cent,) the diminution was proportionally enhanced in the
two smaller classes, constituting the coloured part of the population.
Thus the increase of the free coloured persons had fallen off from
34.85 to 20.88, or 13.97 per cent, and the slaves from 30.75 to
23.81, or 6.94 per cent.

These differences are so great, compared with any before ex-
perienced, as to cast a shade of suspicion over the accuracy of the
last enumeration, if they were not capable of explanation.

First, As to the greater rate of increase of the whites. This
class has experienced a small advance in its decennial increase
since 1820, as, by the census of that year, it was 34.30 per cent,
by the fifth census 34.52 per cent, and by the sixth 34.66 per cent.
The progressive increase of ratio thus shown is to be ascribed to
the known increase of immigration, which, as will be subsequently
shown, has augmented at a rate beyond our indigenous multiplica-
tion, and which would have manifested itself much more sensibly
in the two last enumerations, if there had not been a decline of the
natural increase in the old settled States, and if the settlement of
Texas had not furnished, for the first time, an instance of emigra-
tion of whites from the United States. We have no data for esti-
mating the number of whites who have thus emigrated, but they
probably have not been short of 50,000 since 1830, and may have
reached to double that number ; that is, the loss from this source
may be from one half to one per cent of the white population in
1830.

Secondly, The smaller rate of increase of the coloured population.
This race has also lost by emigration. Slaves have been carried
to Texas ; some have escaped to the British dominions on this con-
tinent ; and many free negroes are known to have migrated thither.
This class has probably also received fewer accessions than formerly
by emancipation. The zeal of abolitionists, by a natural reaction,
has had the effect not only of making the holders of slaves less
disposed to liberate them, but has also influenced the policy of
some of the State legislatures, and created new difficulties in the
way of manumission. These circumstances have had the greater

in the United States in Fifty Years. 53

comparative effect, because before the last ten years, and since
1810, the coloured race had received no accessions from abroad,
and had sustained little loss from emigration.

We have no means of estimating these separate influences, but
we learn how great must have been their united effect when we
find that if the increase of the free coloured class had been as great
in the last ten years as in the ten preceding, their numbers would
have been 44,650 more than it was at the late census ; and that if
the increase of the slaves had also continued the same, their number
would have been 128,000 more than it seems to be at present. A
diminution in the rate of decennial increase of the coloured race so
considerable as to be equivalent to 172,000 persons, may seem to
some yet greater than can be reasonably ascribed to the conjoint
effects of emigrations to Texas and to British America, and to the
extraordinary mortality which was experienced by the slaves
transported to the southwestern States during a part of the last
decennial term ; in which case, there seems to be no alternative
but to question the accuracy of this part of the census.

The proportions between the sexes, in the several classes, were
as follows :
In the white population, the males exceed the females as 100 to

95.73.
In the free coloured population, the females exceed the males as

107.14 to 100.
In the slave population, the males exceed the females as 100 to

99.55.

The proportion of white males was greater than it was in 1830,
but that of the coloured males was less. The first difference was
probably produced by the increased immigration of the whites, and
the last by the greater emigration of the coloured race — a greater
proportion of those who migrate being commonly males.

The males and females of each class were thus distributed, ac-
cording to age, viz :

1st. Of the white population,

Males. Females.

Those under 5

17.53 per

5 and under 10

14.13

10 and under 15

12.13

15 and under 20

10.43

20 and under 30

18.24

30 and under 40

11.95

17.34 pe

14.22

12.06

11.41

18.06

11.23

cent.

54

Progress of Population and Wealth

Males.

Females.

40 and under 50

7.40 per cent.

7.23 per cent.

50 and under 60

4.34

. 4.39

60 and under 70

2.40

. 2.50

70 and under 80

1.11

1.16

80 and under 90

.30

.35

90 and under 100

.04

.05

100.

100.

2d. Of the free coloured class,

Those under 10

30.21 per cent.

. 27.57 per cent.

10 and under 24

28.32 " . -.

. 28.31

24 and under 36

18.93 "

. 20.86

36 and under 55

15.16 "

. 15.21

55 and under 100

7.23 "

7.87

100 and upwards

.15 "

.18

100.

100.

3d. Of the slaves,

Those under 10

33.91 per cent.

. 33.97 per cent.

10 and under 24

31.39

. 31.44 ;<

24 and under 36

18.89

. 19.32 "

36 and under 55

11.65

. 11.22 "

55 and under 100

4.11

. 4.

100 and upwards

.06

.05 "

100. 100.

The above proportions do not materially vary from those of the
preceding census. The chief difference is, that in all the classes
the proportion of those under ten years of age was less in 1840
than in 1830, as may be thus seen, viz:

The number of
whites under 10 was, in 1830, 32.53 p. cent — 1840, 31.63 p. cent,
free col'd "10 " " 30.11 « " 28.88 "

slaves. " 10 " " 34.09 " " 33.93 «

in the United States in Fifty Years.

r>r>

Table showing the Population in the slaveholding States, and how it was distributed
among the three classes on the 1st of June, 1840.

States and
Territories.

Whole
population.

Whites.

Free
coloured.

Slaves.

PERCENTAGE OF

Whites.1 F. col'd.

Slaves.

78,085
470,019

43,712
1,239,797
753,419
594,398
691,392

54,477
590,756
375,654
352,411

97,574
829,210
779,828
383,702

58,561
318,204

30,657
740,968
484,870
259,084
407,695

27,943
335,185
179,074
158,457

77,174
640,627
590,253
323,888

16,919

62,078

8,361

49,842

22,732

8,276

2,753

817

2,039

1,369

25,502

465

5,524

7,317

1,574

2,605

89,737
4,694
448,987
245,817
327,038
280,944

25,717
253,532
195,211
168,452

19,935
183,059
182,258

58,240

74.9

67.7

70.1

59.8

64.4

43.6

59.

51.3

56.7

47.6

44.9

78.5

77.2

75.7

84.4

21.7
13.2
10.7

4.

3.

1.4
.4

1.5
.3
.4

7.2

1.1
•7
.9
• 4

3.4
19.1

19.1

36.2

32.6

55.

40.6

47.2

42.9

52.

47.8

20.4

22.1

23.4

15.2

District of Columbia,..

North Carolina,

South Carolina,

Florida,

Total,

7,334,434

4,632,640

215,568

2,486,226

63.41

2.92

33.67

It appears from the preceding table, that the whites, in the slave-
holding States, have in the last ten years gained on both classes of
the coloured population ; but that in Mississippi, as well as South
Carolina and Louisiana, the number of slaves exceeds that of the
white population.

56 Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER VII.

THE AGGREGATE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION IN FIFTY YEARS, AND
OF THE DIFFERENT RACES WHICH COMPOSE IT.

Haying exhibited in succession the six enumerations which have
been taken of the population of the United States, and noticed the
more striking and important facts to be inferred from each, it will
now be our purpose to examine them in the aggregate, together
with such general results as may be deduced from them.

We therefore propose to take a comparative view of the progress
of population during the half century that has elapsed since the
first census was taken, in the several States and Territories, in the
larger geographical divisions, and in the different races and classes ;

To investigate the subject of the proportion between the sexes,
and inquire into the causes of the diversities among different
classes, and of the variations in the same class ;

To compare the sexes and the different races as to longevity,
and the maladies of deafness and blindness ;

To inquire into the natural increase, in the United States gene-
rally, in the old and the new States, and of the different races ;
the past and future increase, and the future progress of population ;

To inquire into the future progress of domestic slavery, and some
of its remote effects ;

To notice the distribution of political power so far as it depends
upon numbers ; of that of the population into town and country,
also among the different classes of industry ;

And lastly, we shall estimate the annual income of the several
States, and of the Union, from all sources, and compare the increase
of wealth with that of the population.

By the following table we may compare

in the United States in Fifty Years.

57

The Population of each State and Territory, as exhibited by six enumerations in fifty
years, with its Decennial Rate of Increase during the same period.

POPULATION.

DECENNIAL INCREASE.

1790.

1800.

1810. | 1820.

1830.

1840.

1800.

1810.

1820.

1830.

1840.

Maine, .
N.Ham.

Venn., .
.Mass.,..
R. Isl'd,
Conn.,...

N. York
N. Jer.,.
Penn., ..
Delaw'e

MarvTd
D. of C,

Virsin'a
N. Car.,

S. Car...
(Jcoraia,
Florida,

Alab'a,.

90,540

85416
378,717

69,110
238,141

151,719
183,762
154,465
423,245
69,122
251,002

228,705 298.335
214,360 244,161
217,713 235,764
472,040 523,287
77,031 ! 83,059
262,042( 275,202

399,455
269,328
280,652
610,408

97.1911
297,675

501,793
284,574
291,948
737,699!
108,830
309,978]

57.1
57.1
80.8
11.7

0.

5.4

50.7
50.7
41.
11.5
11.4
4.3

30.4
30.4

8.2
10.9
7.8
5.

33.9
33.9

19.
10.6

17.
8.1

26.2
25.6

4.
20.8
11.9

4.1

1,009,823

1,233,315

1,471,8911,659,808

1,954,717

2,234,822

21.1

19.3

12.8

17.7

14.3

340,1211
184,139
434,373
59,096
319,728

586,756
211,949
602,365

64,273
341,548

14,093

959,0491,372,812
245,555 277,575
810,091 1,049,458

72,674! 72,749
380 546 407,350

24,023 33,039

1,918,608
320,823
1,348,233
76,748
447,0411
39,834

2.428,921
373,306
1,724,033
78,085
470,0191
43,712

72.5
15.1
38.6
8.7
6.8

63.4

15.9

34.4

13.

11.4

36.8

43.1
13.
29.5
0.1

7.
28.9

39.7
15.5
28.5
5.5
9.7
29.2

20.6
16.3
27.9
1.7
5.1
23.3

1,337,456

1,820,984

2,491,938 3,212,983

4,151,286

5,118,076!

36.3

10.7

9.3

13.7

2.3

748,308

24&073

82,548

880,200
478,103
345,591
162,110

974,622 1,065,379
555.500 038,829
4 1 5, 11. 5 502,741
252,433 340,987
1

1,211,405
737,987
581,185
516,823
34,730

1,239,797

753,419!
594,398
691,392

54,477j

17.6
21.3

38.7
96.4

10.7
16.2
20.1
55.1

9.3
15.
18.1
35.1

13.7
15.5
15.6
51.2

2.3
2.1
2.3
33.8
56.8

1,473,680

1,865,995

2,197,670 2,547,936

3,082,130

3,333,483

26.6

17.8

15.9

21.

8.2

144,317
75,44-1

153,407
14,273

422,813

309.527
136,621
215,739
30,388
681,904

590.7561
375,651
352,411!
97,574
829,210

142.
81.

90.8
175.

8,850

40,352

76,556

356.

87.
100.4

Louisi'a

112.9 ;221.1
61.3 21.6

69.6 63.4

110.9 173.2
21.9 1 13.3
61.3 62.
133. 99.9
185.2 202.4
255.6 ^70.9

Tennes.

Miss' mi
Kent'y, .

35,791

105,602

261,727

200.

147.8

61.5

35,791

114,452

378,635 810,258

1,374,179

2,245,602

219.8

230.8

114.

20,845
406,511
230.760
24,520
12,282
4,762

66,586
564,317

581,434
147,178
55.211

8,896

140,455
687,917
937,903
343.031
157,445

383,702
779,828
1,519,467
685,866
476,183
212,267
30,945
43,112

219.5
38.8

152.

500.2

349.5
86.8

73,077

220.955
45,365

4,875

200.

83.1
408.7
403.

Indiana.
Illinois,.

Wiscon.

73,077

271,195

699,6801,423,622

2,298,390J 4,131,370

271.1

158.

103.5

61.4 1 79.7

3,929,827

5,305,925

7,239.814 9,654,596

12,866,02047.069,453

35.01

36.45

33.35 33.26 32.67

As the States and Territories naturally arrange themselves into
five divisions, which are separated not only by their geographical
position, but also, with few exceptions, in their modes of industry
and commercial interest, it is thought proper to compare the pro-
gress of population in these divisions, as may be seeen in the
following table :

58

Progress of Population and Wealth

Divisions.

INCREASED POPULATION FROM AUGUST 1, 1790, IN

10 years.

20 years.

30 years.

40 years.*

50 years.*

1. The New England States,

122.4
136.2

126.6
319.8

371.6

145.8
186.3

149.1
1,058.

857.5

164.4
240.2

172.9
2,264.

1,948.

193.6
310.4

209.1
3,839.

3,145.

221.3
382.7

226.1
6,174.

5,654.

2. The Middle States, with Dist. )

3. The Southern States, with the )

5. The Northwestern States, with 1
the Territories of Wisconsin >

and Iowa, )

Total of the United States,

135.

184.2

245.3

327.4

434.5

* It will be recollected that by the change of the day of taking the census from the 1st of August to
the 1st of June, the periods referred to in the two last columns want two months of the terms men-

The very great disparity exhibited by the preceding table be-
tween the rate of increase in the three first divisions, which com-
prise the thirteen original States, and that of the two western divi-
sions, is to be referred almost entirely to migration, the Atlantic
States losing yet more than they gain by emigrants, whilst the
Western States gain largely and steadily both from foreign and do-
mestic emigration. There is, moreover, a small difference in their
natural increase, as we shall see in a subsequent part of this me-
moir.

The distribution of the population into the three classes of whites,
free persons of colour, and slaves, at each census, with the decen-
nial increase of each class, are presented in the following table :

CLASSES

1790.

1800.

1810.

1820.

1830.

1840.

DECENNIAL INCREASE PER CENT IN

1800.

1810.

1820.

1830.

1840.

Whites, .
Free col.
Slaves,..

Tot. free,

;?,17-2,464 4,304,489 5,862,004 7,87-2,711
59,466 108,395 186,446 238,197
697,897 893,041 1,191,3641,543,688

10,537,373

319,599

2,099,043

14,189,555

386.348

2,487,355

35.7
32-3
27.9

36.2

72.2
83-4

34.3

27.7
29.6

33.8
34.2
30.1

34.7
20.9
23.8

2,231,930 4,412,884 6,048,450 8,110,908

10,866,972

14,575.903

36-4

37.

34.1

33.7

34.1

Tot. col.,

757,363 1,001,436 1,377,810 1,781,885

2,328,642

2.873,703, 32.2

37.6

29.3

30.6

23.4

The total increase of the three classes in fifty years, has been,

of whites, as 100 to 447.3

" " " of free coloured, . 649.7

of slaves, .... 356.4

" " " of the whole coloured, 379.4

The relative proportions of the three classes, at each census, is

as follows :

United States in Fifty Years.

§9

1790.

1800.

1810.

1820.

1830.

1840.

80.7

1.5

17.8

81.1
2.1
16.4

81.
2.1
16.4

81.5
2.5
16.

81.9
2.5
15.6

83.1
2.3
14.6

It appears from the preceding comparison, that in half a cen-
tury the whites have gained, and the coloured persons have lost 2.4
per cent of the whole population ; and that the free persons have
gained, and the slaves have lost 3.2 per cent.

Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER VIII.

THE PROPORTION BETWEEN THE SEXES.

It seems to be a general law of the human species, that the num-
ber of males born exceeds that of females in a small proportion ;
and a disparity continues through the subsequent periods of life,
until we reach that stage when the greater casualties, to which
males are exposed, have counterbalanced the original excess. Is
this an ultimate fact which we must refer to a final cause, or is its
proximate cause the greater strength and vigour of the male sex, by
reason of which fewer of that sex are still-born, or perish by abor-
tion, or other casualties before birth ?

The numbers of the two sexes, and the proportion between them,
as exhibited by each census, were as follows :

1820

183C

.

184C

.

4,001,064
3,871,647

As

100.

to

96-8

5,355,133
5.171,115

As

100-

to

96.6

7,249,266
6,940,161

As

100.

to

95.7

112,734
125,463

111-3

153,453
166,146

108.3

186,467
199,778

107.1

788,023
755,660

95.9

1,012,323

996,220

98.4

1,246,517

1,240,938

».

Whites,
Males,....

Females, .
Free col
Males, —
Females, .
Slaves,

Males

Females, .

1,615,625
1,556,!

2.204,421
2,100,068

No discrimination of the sexes in the col-
oured population at these enumerations

It appears, by the preceding table, that, while both in the white
and the slave population, the males always exceed the females,
commonly between three and four per cent in the free coloured
portion, the females exceed the males from seven to eleven per
cent. This diversity is to be ascribed principally to the roving
habits of the men of this class, many of whom take to a seafaring
life, and some travel and even settle abroad. Perhaps, too, there
are in some of the States a greater proportion of females emanci-
pated. The census furnishes us with no data for verifying this
conjecture, as the excess of females is by far the greatest at that

in the United States in Fifty Years. 61

period of life when either cause would be most operative ; that is,
between the ages of ten and thirty-six. By the fifth census, the
males of this class between ten and twenty-four, were 43,079, and
females 47,329 ; and of those between twenty-four and thirty-six,
the males were 27,650, and the females 32,541. In like manner,
by the sixth census, the males between ten and twenty-four were
52,805, and the females 56,592 ; and between twenty-four and
thirty-six, the males were 35,321, and the females 41,682 ; so that
of the whole excess of females by the fifth census, amounting to
. 12,693, nearly three-fourths (9,141) were between the ages of ten
and thirty-six; and of the excess by the sixth census, 13,341 more
than three-fourths (10,148) were between the same ages. Nor can
any argument against the supposed greater emancipation of fe-
males be drawn from the fact, that there is no correspondent de-
ficiency of female slaves between the ages of ten and thirty-six,
since such emancipation may be counterbalanced, and more than
counterbalanced, by the runaway slaves, who are mostly males.

It will be also perceived, that there was, both in 1830 and 1840,
a greater preponderance of males on the part of the whites than of
the slaves, owing partly to the excess of males of the white emi-
grants from Europe, and partly to the diminution of male slaves by
running away.

Of the whites, the excess of males was the greatest in 1800;
being to the females as 100 to 95.3. This was probably owing to
the great number of French emigrants who thronged to the United
States about the close of the last century. A similar flow of emi-
grants from Europe, between 1830 and 1840, has caused the like
excess of white males, which is shown by the last census.

To free the comparison between the sexes from the influence of
immigration as far as practicable, let us take the males and females
under ten years of age. Their numbers were first taken in 1800 :
By the second census the white males were to females as 100 to 93.6
By the third census " " " " " 94.8

By the fourth census " " '* " " 95.2

By the fifth census " " " " " 95.3

By the sixth census " " " " " 95.4

By this, it appears that there has been a steady increase in the
proportion of females during the last forty years. But the greater
disproportion between the sexes, which is shown by the two first
enumerations, than that which appears in the three last, seems to
require explanation. Perhaps it is to be found in the interruption

62 Progress of Population and Wealth

given to navigation from 1806 to 1815, by which the number of
boys formerly going to sea, or on board fishing-vessels and coasters
being diminished, augmented the proportion of males.

Let us now compare the proportion of males to females in the
different races, which we can do only under the two last enumera-
tions : /„ 1830. In 1840.
The white males under ten were to the females as 100 to 95.3 95.4
The free coloured males " " " 97.2 97.4
The slaves " " " " " 98.4 99.7

For the greater excess of males at this early age, in the white
population, than in the coloured race, I am able to assign no reason,
unless it be that there is a disproportion of boys, as well as men,
among the European emigrants, or that slave boys, near the age of
ten, being put to work out of doors, are more exposed than girls to
accidents and diseases, whereby their original excess is more
diminished than with the whites.

But why is it that the proportional excess of males in all the
classes has been progressively diminishing ? If we suppose that
the excess of boys over girls, among the emigrants from Europe, is
gradually decreasing in its relative influence, that would apply only
to the whites, and leaves the difficulty as to the coloured race un-
solved. The only solution that occurs to me, as applicable to both
races is, that those occupations by which the lives and health of
boys are more exposed than are those of girls, have been slightly
but gradually increasing ; and it may be remarked, that the excess
of males under ten is less, in the New England States, which are
most maritime, than in the southern and western States, which are
least so.

It deserves notice, that in the slave population, although the
females between fourteen and twenty-six, in the fourth census, ap-
proach to or exceed the males, yet after twenty-four, the prepon-
derance of the males is restored. In the fifth census, too, of the
slaves between twenty-four and thirty-six, the females slightly ex-
ceed the males, but both with all those at both the earlier and later
periods of life, the males exceed the females ; from which it would
appear, that the diversity in their respective employments, which
takes place in the vigour of manhood, abridges life with males more
than with females ; but that in subsequent periods, the chance of
life is in favour of the male sex. According to the sixth census, the
two sexes approach to equality in the slaves between ten and
twenty-four, but at all other ages the males exceed the females.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

63

CHAPTER IX.

THE PROBABILITIES OF LIFE. THE DEAF AND DUMB, THE BLIND, AND

THE INSANE.

On these interesting topics our information is far more meagre
than could be wished, but it has been gradually enlarging since
1790. The census of that year, indeed, afforded none, except the
single fact of the number of white males above and below sixteen.
The enumerations of 1800 and 1810 gave the numbers both of
white males and females at five periods of life ; but, like the first,
made no discrimination of the sex or age of the coloured race. That
of 1820 gave the numbers both of the free coloured and slaves, of
both sexes, at four periods of life ; and those of 1830 and 1840 have
extended the discriminations of the whites to thirteen periods, and
those of the coloured race to six periods. The two last have also
numbered the deaf and dumb at three periods of life, and the blind
of both races ; but the census of 1840 has added the number of in-
sane, and has confined the discriminations of the deaf and dumb,
according to age, to the whites.

The following tables show, as far as materials thus scanty and
irregular permit, the comparative probabilities of life, between the
sexes of each race, at different ages, saving the slight disturbances
from migration, by which the white males gain, and the coloured
males lose :

I. — The proportion of white Mules and Females at different ages, according to the
enumerations of 1800, 1810, and 1820.

Ages.

1800.

1810.

1820.

1800.

1810.

1820.

Males,

Females

Males, Females: Males, iFemales

Proportion of Males to

p. cent.

p. cent.

p. cent. p. cent. p. cent. 1 p. cent.

Females as 100 to

1. Whites under 10.

34.66

34.37 34.64: 34.14 33.67J 33.12

94.91 94.8 95.3
94.3| 95.8 98.9

2. 10 and under 16,

16.01

15.341 15.671 15.60) 15.33| 15.65

3. 16 " 26,

17.84

19.03! 18.33 19.55 19.43 20.21

102.1102.6100.7

4. 26 " 45,

19.58

19.51

19.15! 18.93, 19.18 19.05

95.5 95.11 96.1

5. 45 and upwards,

11.91

11.75

12.21 11.78J 12.39 11.97

94.5

92.8 93.5

100.

100.

100. jioo. Iioo. 100.

64

Progress of Population and Wealth

II. — The proporth

of white Males and Females, of different ages, according to the
enumerations of 1830 and 1840.

1830.

1840.

1833.

1840.

Mains

Females,

Males.

Females,

Proportion

of Males to

per cent.

per cent.

per cent.

per cent.

Females

as 100 to

1. Whiles

under 5, —

18.17

17.83

17.53

17.34

94.7

94.7

2. 5 and

under 10, —

14.60

14.53

14.13

14.22

96.

96.4

3. 10

15,....

12.51

12.35

12.13

12.06

95.4

95.1

4. 15

20

10.70

11.53

10.43

11.41

104.

104.8

5. 20

30,....

17.86

17.76

18.24

18.06

96.

94.8

6. 30

4:),....

11.09

10.74

11.95

11.23

93.7

89.8

7. 40

50,....

6.86

6.89

7.40

7.23

96.8

93.6

8. 50

60,....

4.28

4.32

4.34

4.39

97.5

96.9

9. 60

70,....

2.52

2.54

2.40

2.50

97.2

99.5

10. 70

80,....

1.08

1.13

1.11

1.16

109.5

100.1

11. 80

90,....

.29

.34

.30

.35

110.3

110.

12. 90

" 100,....

.04

.05

.04

.05

112.2

128.9

13. 100 and

upwards,... .

79.1

66.2

100.

100.

100.

100.

!

Whilst, of the children born alive, the males commonly exceed
the females by about the twentieth part, the preceding tables show
that the mortality of the males somewhat exceeds that of females
in the middle periods of life, so as to more than counterbalance the
original preponderance. This is owing, no doubt, to the greater
casualties to which the male sex is exposed, and, probably, some-
what more to their frequent use of spirituous liquors in excess.

At the two last periods of life in the three first enumerations,
viz, from twenty-six to forty five, the males gain upon the females
until they pass beyond their original excess. This is the effect, not
of a greater mortality of the females, but of a greater accession of
males by immigration, as will more clearly appear by the fuller
details of the two last enumerations.

According to these, the males gain upon the females from the
age of twenty to forty, after which the proportion of females
gradually increases until the period from seventy to eighty, when it
preponderates, and the excess still increases until the age of one
hundred, after which the number of males is greatest. In these
enumerations, it will be seen that the proportion of males was
smaller in the first class, (those under five,) than at any of the
twelve succeeding periods, except the class between thirty and
forty in the fifth census, that between thirty and fifty in the sixth
census, and the class over one hundred in both. Now, as most of
those who have migrated to this country within ten years preceding
a census would be above thirty at the time it was taken, and a

in the United States in Fifty Years. 65

majority are also known to be males, this partial and small increase
in the proportion of males may be attributed, in part, to immigration,
and in part, perhaps, to the greater mortality of women at this
period of life. But to whatever cause we ascribe it, the census
conclusively shows in the subsequent periods a diminished mortality
of females, with the single exception of the small number who live
above a century.

From this exception, conflicting as it does with the excess and
increasing excess of females shown in the periods of life immediately
preceding, we are not warranted in deducing any general rule on
the comparative probabilities of life between the sexes, unless we
knew the circumstances, or, at least, the place of birth, of these
rare instances of longevity ; for if the greater part, or even a con-
siderable part of them were of foreign birth, and from countries of
greater average salubrity than the United States, that fact, from
the known disproportion of male immigrants, would tend to in-
crease the proportion of males in the advanced stages of life ; and
whilst such increase would not be manifested in classes that con-
sisted of thousands, (as do all those under 100,) it might have so
much effect in the few hundreds above that age as to produce the
excess of males that we see, and thus explain the seeming anomaly.

In comparing the chances of longevity in this country with those
of other countries, we must take into account our more rapid in-
crease of numbers. Thus, to ascertain what proportion of our
population attain the age of 100, we must compare the number of
those who have attained it, not with the present population, but
with that which existed 100 years since; and this, at a moderate
estimate of the intermediate increase, was less than one-sixteenth
of our present numbers ; whereas, in most densely peopled coun-
tries, the increase, in the same period, may not have been from
one-eighth to one-fourth as great.* To make, then, the comparison
fairly, we must multiply the number of persons in this country of the
age supposed in the same proportion. In like manner, to compute
the chances of here attaining the age of fifty, we must compare the
number who have now reached that age with the population at the
first census, when it was less than one-fourth of its present amount.

As the census has, since 1830, made quinquennial classes of the

* In England, the population in 1730 was 5,687,993, and in 1831 was 14,174,204,
less than 2J times as great ; and from 1700 to 1800 the numbers had not even doubled.
In every other part of Europe, except Russia, the increase is yet more slow.

6*

66 Progress of Popvlation and Wealth

whites of both sexes under twenty, and decennial for all above that
age and under 100, it had afforded the means of estimating, with
great accuracy, the probability of life of each sex at different pe-
riods by comparing the numbers of the several classes in the pre-
ceding census, with those of the classes ten years older in the suc-
ceeding census, if it were not for the interference of two causes,
whose quantities we have no means of precisely ascertaining.
These are, the diminution of males from boyhood to middle age, by
roaming and going to sea, and the increase of both males and fe-
males, but in unequal quantities, by immigration ; of which disturb-
ing influences the census affords us the most satisfactory evidence.
Thus, the class of females between fifteen and twenty, in the cen-
sus of 1840, which corresponds to the class between five and ten,
in the census of 1830, instead of exhibiting a decrease, by reason
of the deaths in the intervening period of ten years, shows an in-
crease of 41,427, equivalent to 5^ per cent; which effect must ne-
cessarily have been produced by accessions from abroad, suppos-
ing the ages of the females to be accurately noted.* Thus, too,
whilst the females of this class show an increase of 51 per cent, a
similar comparison of the males between five and ten, in 1830, with
those between fifteen and twenty, in 1840, exhibits a decrease of
3£ per cent ; which seems to indicate that, although immigration
has considerably swelled their numbers in ten years, it has done so
to a less extent than with females, principally by the number of
boys who have gone abroad, and in some degree by the greater
mortality of males, which is manifested by the general tenor of the
census.

It is proper to add that the same sources of error which have
been mentioned, must affect any estimates that can be made of the
probabilities of life in the United States, and that, therefore, the
tables that have been given must be regarded as only approxima-
ting to the truth.

Let us now advert to the coloured race in reference to this sub-
ject.

The following tables compare the decrease of life between the

* As it seems scarcely credible that the number, at any period of life, should have
gained by immigration in any given time equal to the loss sustained in the same time by
death, it is rational to suppose that some error has crept into this part of the census.
Can it be that many of this class of females, who work from home, are counted twice ?
or must we suppose that many, who have passed twenty, have reduced their age within
more desirable limits ?

in the United States in Fifty Years.

67

free and slave portions of the coloured population, and between the
males and females of each, according to the three last enumera-
tions, when the discriminations were first made :

I. — The proportion of coloured Males and Females, according to the census of 1820.

Ages.

FREE COLOURED.

SLAVES.

FREE COL.

SLAVES.

Males,
per cent.

Females,
per cent.

Mules,
per cent.

Females,
per cent.

Proportion of Males to
Females as 100 to

Under 14,

42.27
21.30
20.80
15.63

38.
23.89
22.50
15.61

43.63
25.77

20.78
9.82

43.24

26.98

20.36

9.42

96.3
120.1

115.9

107.1

94.3
99.6
95.4
91.3

14 and under 26,

26 " 45,

45 and upwards,

100.

100.

100.

100.

1 7 2

95.1

II. — The proportion of coloured Males and Females, according to the census of 1830.

Ages.

FREE COLOURED.

slaves.

FREE COL.

SLAVES.

Males,
percent.

Females,
per cent.

Males,

per cent.

Females,
per cent.

Proportion of Males to
Females as 100 to

Under 10,

31.72

28.07

18.02

14.51

7.50

.18

28.49
28.97
19.59
14.64
8.08
.23

34.90
30.86
18.32
11.74
4.10
.07

34.90
30.99
18.65
11.23
4.16
.07

97.4
111.7
117.7
109.3
115.6
143.5

98.3
98.8
100.1
94.1
99.7
90.4

24 " 36,

36 " 55,. .,

55 " 100,

100.

100.

100.

100.

108 3

98.4

III. — The proportion of coloured Males and Females-, according to the census of 1840.

Ages.

FREE COLOURED.

SLAVES.

FREE COL.

SLAVES.

Males,
per cent.

Females,
per cent.

Males,
per cent.

Females,
per cent.

Proportion of Males to
Females as 100 to

Under 10,

30.20

28.32

18.93

15.16

7.24

.15

27.57
28.31
20.86
15.21

7.87
.18

33.91
31.38
18.88
11.66
4.11
.66

33.97
31.44
19.32
11.22
4.
.05

97.8
107.2
118.
107.5
116.5
126.2

99.7
99.7
101.9
95.8
96.9
77.

24 " 36,

36 " 55,

55 " 100,

100.

100.

100.

100.

107.2

99.3

These tables seem to indicate a much greater mortality among
the males than the females of the free coloured population ; as
though, in the class under the age of puberty, the males exceed the
females about 2 or 3 per cent, yet, in all the subsequent periods of
life, the females have the preponderance, and after the age of fifty-
five the disproportion greatly increases. Part of this excess, indeed,

68 Progress of Population and Wealth

is to be ascribed to the roving habits of the males ; yet, as this cause
operates chiefly with the young and middle aged, the increasing ex-
cess of females after fifty-five can be attributed only to their greater
longevity.

The period between thirty-six and fifty-five, in the two last enu-
merations, presents an exception to the supposed greater mortality,
as the excess of females, which, between the ages of twenty-four
and thirty-six, had been as much as eighteen per cent, had, in the
period from thirty-six to fifty-five, declined from eight to ten per
cent.

This single instance of a decrease in the proportion of females
might be caused either, 1st. by a greater number of males emanci-
pated than of females between thirty-six and fifty-five ; 2d. by the
return of a part of those males who had gone abroad before the age
of thirty-six; or, lastly, by a greater mortality of females at this pe-
riod of life. There seems to be no ground for presuming the ex-
istence of the first cause ; but the census, both in 1830 and 1840,
affords some evidence of both the others. Thus, if the free coloured
males between thirty-six and fifty-five be compared with those be-
tween twenty-four and thirty-six, the former will be found to be
only twenty per cent less ; whereas, if the male slaves at the same
periods of life be compared, the diminution is from thirty-five to
forty per cent. This difference between the two portions of the
coloured race, so greatly exceeding any supposable difference of
mortality, must be referred to a return of a part of the free coloured
who had roamed abroad. We are also warranted in attributing a
part of the difference to the greater mortality of women about this
period of life, because we perceive the same falling off in the pro-
portion of females between the ages of thirty-six and fifty-five in the
class of slaves, in which none of the males who leave the country
ever return to it ; and because, also, we have some evidence of a
falling off in the proportion of white females about the same time of
life.

In the slave portion of the coloured population, there seems to be
but little difference in the chances of life between the sexes. From
the age of ten to twenty-four, the males retain the small excess of
from one to two per cent, which they had under ten years of age ;
from twenty-four to thirty-six, the number of females slightly pre-
ponderates ; from thirty-six to fifty-five, the males gain on the
females ; from fifty-five to one hundred, the females gain on the

in the United States in Fifty Years. 69

males ; and after one hundred, the males regain, and exceed their
original preponderance.

We are the more warranted in referring these alterations to
general causes, as they are found in both the last enumerations.
The gain of the females between the ages of twenty-four and thirty-
six, may be referred to the greater casualties to which the male sex
is exposed, and to the greater number of runaways of that sex.
The loss of the females from thirty-six to fifty-five, is probably to
be ascribed to that greater mortality of the sex which has been ob-
served in the other classes at this period of life. The gain of the
females from fifty-five to one hundred may be confidently attri-
buted to their greater longevity, after they have passed the age of
fifty ; and if the excess of males above one hundred, which is shown
by the census, may seem to contradict this supposition, the fact ad-
mits of a similar explanation to that given for the excess of white
males of this extreme age. Most of the male slaves over one hun-
dred may have been Africans by birth, and have thus had consti-
tutions more favourable to long life than the average of the native
slaves, much the largest part of whom live in the least healthy
parts of the United States. This supposition derives some proba-
bility from the fact that in the free coloured class, which is known
to consist almost entirely of natives, the females above one hundred
exhibit a continuance of the same progressive excess which they
had exhibited in the periods of life immediately preceding.

There is a manifest difference in mortality and longevity be-
tween the two portions of the coloured race, in favour of the free
coloured class. By the census of 1820, of those under thirty-six, the
proportional numbers of the two classes are nearly the same ; but
of those over that age, the free coloured are fifteen per cent of the
whole number, while the slaves are but ten per cent. By the two
last enumerations, the centesimal proportions of each class from
twenty-four to thirty-six are nearly equal ; but after thirty-six, the
proportion of the free coloured increase in an augmented ratio.

A part of this excess is attributable to emancipation, which com-
monly takes place in middle life, whether it be effected by the favour
of the master, or by the purchase of his freedom by the slave him-
self; but the change in the relative numbers of the two portions in
after life, shows that those who are free are more iong-lived than
the slaves.

The causes of this difference may arise from several circum-
stances. Of the coloured population, a much larger proportion of

70 Progress of Population and Wealth

the free than of the slaves is probably descended from the white,
as well as the African race ; and it is possible that this mixed breed
may possess some advantages of temperament, as they certainly
do of appearance, which is favourable to longevity. Or it may be,
that the small number who attain old age may have been better
provided with the comforts of life, and have taken better care of
their health than the slaves are able to do. Or lastly, since many
of the free coloured consist of those who have been emancipated for
their merits or services, or have purchased their freedom by the
earnings of a long course of industry, sobriety, and frugality, it may
happen that the excess of the long-lived is derived from this de-
scription of persons, who would, from the regularity and good con-
duct implied by their change of condition, be most likely to attain
long life.

As the enumerations, both of 1830 and 1840, have adopted dif-
ferent discriminations of age for the whites and the coloured race
between the ages of ten and one hundred, we cannot accurately
compare the chances of life between the two races for the inter-
mediate periods. But by the census of 1820, the discriminations of
the coloured classes coincided with those of the whites in that cen-
sus, as well as the two preceding enumerations, in two particulars,
to wit : as to those who were between the ages of twenty-six and
forty-five, and those who were above forty-five. Let us, then, com-
pare the two races at these periods of life.

By the enumerations of 1800, 1810, and 1820, the white males
between twenty-six and forty-five were 19.58, 19.15, and 19.18
per cent of the whole number, making an average of 19.30 per
cent; and the 'white females were 19.51, 18.93, and 19.05, making
an average of 19.16 per cent.

By the census of 1820, the males of the free coloured class were
20.80 per cent, those of the slaves were 20.78, and both together,
equal to 20.79 per cent of the whole coloured population ;* and the
females of the free coloured were 22.50, those of the slaves, 20.36,
and both together, equal to 20.40 per cent of the whole. At this
period of life, then, the centesimal proportion of the whites of each
sex was about one and a half per cent less than that of the coloured
race.

*By uniting the two classes of the coloured race, the comparison is not disturbed by
emancipation, by which the numbers of one class is increased and the other diminished,
to the same absolute extent, indeed, but in very different proportions.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 71

If those over forty-five be similarly compared, the centesimal
proportion will be as follows :

1st. Of the Males, Percent.

Whites, in 1800, 1810, and 1820, 11.91, 12.21, 12.39, average 12.17
Free coloured and slaves, in 1820 " 10.55

Difference, 1.62
2nd. Of the Females,

Whites, in 1800, 1810, and 1820,11.75,11.78,11.97, average 11.83

Free coloured and slaves, in 1820 " 10.30

Difference, 1.53
This relative gain of the whites after forty-five may seem at
first to indicate greater mortality in the coloured race in the later
periods of life. But when it is recollected that the whites gain
largely by those who migrate to this country, (sometimes, as we
shall see, more than ten per cent,) and that the coloured race, on
the contrary, lose somewhat by emigration, the influence of these
two causes might be expected to make a greater difference than
has been mentioned, if they were not counteracted by the greater
tenacity of life of persons of the coloured race when they have
passed middle age.

Such a comparison, between the two races at a later period of
life, as we are able to make under the enumerations of 1830 and
1840, affords evidence of the same fact. Thus, by taking the pro-
portional mean between the whites over fifty and those over sixty,
we obtain the probable number over fifty-five, which we may then
compare with the numbers of the coloured race of that age, accord-
ing to actual enumeration. The number of white males over fifty-
five, by computation, was, in 1830, 568 per cent of the whole num-
ber ; and in 1840, 5.62 per cent. The number of white females in
1830, 5.84 per cent ; and in 1840, 5.86 per cent. The comparison,
therefore, between the whites and the coloured race past forty-five,
will be as follows :

Males,
Whites, 5.68, 5.62 per cent.
Free coloured and slaves, 5.72, 4.59

average,
u

Per cent.
. 5.65
. 4.65

Difference,

1.

72 Progress of Population and Wealth

Females, per cent.

Whites, 5.84, 5.86 per cent. . . . average, . 5.85
Free coloured and slaves, 4.81, 4.61 . " . 4.71

Difference, 1.14

By which it appears, that the small proportionate excess of the
whites over forty-five, was, at a period of life ten years later,
diminished about one half of one per cent. We unfortunately have
no means of comparing the two races at any intermediate period
between fifty-five and one hundred, by which we should be able to
see whether, as the influence of immigration declined, (but a very
small number of European emigrants to this country being past
middle age,) the proportion of the coloured race continued to increase.
But a comparison of their respective numbers under fifty- five and up-
wards of one hundred, would lead us to expect that result. Thus :
In 1830,

The whites over 100 were, males 301
" " females 238

539, equal to 1 in 19,529

" free coloured,* males 269

" " " females 386

655, " 1 in 487

" j slaves, " males 748

females 676

1,424, " 1 in 1,410

According to which, the chances of attaining this extraordinary
longevity were more than thirteen times as great with the slaves,
and forty times as great with the free coloured as the whites,
m 1840,
The whites over 100 were, males 476
" " " females 315

free coloured, " males 286

" females 361

slaves, " males 753

" " females 580

791, equal to 1 in 17,938

647, " 1 in 597

1,333, " 1 in 1,866

* The free coloured and the slaves are here separated, as emancipation scarcely ever
takes place at this advanced age.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 73

Which shows a less, but still extraordinary disproportion in favour
of the coloured race ; the proportionate number of the slaves to that
of the whites being more than as nine to one, and of the free coloured
to the whites as thirty to one.

It is proper to remark, that the ages of the coloured part of the
population are, for the most part, conjectural, their births being
rarely recorded even in family registers ; and consequently, that
the uncertainty is greatest in the most advanced stages of life.
There is, moreover, a very prevalent disposition among the slaves
who are past middle age to over-state their ages, either by way of
furnishing an excuse for a relaxation of labour, or of presenting
stronger claims to kindness and charity.

On the other hand, the temperate mode of living, the steady but
moderate labour to which most of the slaves are habituated ; their
freedom from cares about the future, and, as a consequence of these
incidents to their condition, their comparative exemption from some
of the maladies which greatly abridge life with the whites, as
diseases of the stomach, of the liver, and the lungs, obviously tend
to increase the proportion of those who attain extraordinary long-
evity. It has also been supposed by some that more than a fair
quota of the superannuated few are native Africans, who would
thus seem to have better constitutions than the average of their
race born in the United States. And lastly, it is possible that an
undue proportion of the long-lived may be of the mixed breed, and
that such may be more tenacious of life than either the white or
the negro race. Should this prove to be the fact, it may aid us, as
has been already mentioned, in accounting for the greater longevity
of the free coloured than of the slaves. It is only by a careful
attention to the individual cases of longevity, that these questions
in the statistics of life can be solved.

The following diagram presents to the eye the proportions in
which the whites, free coloured persons, and slaves, are respectively
distributed, according to age ; and it would accurately show the
mortality of each class save for emigration, by which the number
of whites is increased and that of the coloured classes is diminished ;
and also for emancipation, by which one of these classes gains and
the other loses. The horizontal lines indicate the number of persons
living at and above the ages annexed to them ; the outer curve
marking the numbers of the free coloured, the middle line those of
the whites, and the inner line those of the slaves :

7

74

Progress of Population and Wealth

The comparative decrease of life of the IVhite, Free Coloured, and Slave population in
the United States : the black horizontal lines showing the proportion of persons living
at and above the ages respectively annexed. The outer curve ?narks the lines of the
Free Colored, the middle, that of the Whites, and the inner, that of the Slaves.

The diagram following shows the proportion of living males,
at different ages, in England and Connecticut,* in conformity with
the following comparison of the distribution of life in the two coun-
tries, as exhibited by the census of Great Britain, in 1821, and by
that of the United States, in 1840. According to these, of every
10,000 males there are living

In England.

In Connecticut.

Under 10 years of age,

2,881

2,458

10 to 20 .

2,157

2,292

20 to 30 .

1,990

1,760

30 to 40 .

1,156

1,285

4,783

5,337

* This State is selected because it is one of the few which do not gain by immigration.

the United States in Fifty Years.

75

In England.

In Connecticut.

40 to 50 .

940

900

50 to 60 .

666

615

60 to 70 .

448

386

2,054

1,901

70 to 80 .

222

, .

228

80 to 90 .

56

69

90 to 100, &c. .

4

7

282

304

10,000

10,000

The comparative decrease of life in England and Connecticut : the black lines show
the proportion of 10,000 persons living at and above the ages respectively annexed.
Those of England are bounded by the inner curved line, and those of Connecticut by
the outer.

10 yrs.

10,000 9

000 8,

100 7,(

)00 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 100 0

Z§— =====

'— -=

^"^ 1

fj

1

1

1

130

3!)

40 "

50 "

60

70

8ii

90

100

By which we perceive that under ten years of age, the number
in England is greatest by about fourteen per cent ; from ten to
forty, the number in Connecticut exceeds about twelve per cent ;
from forty to seventy, the excess is again in favour of England by

76

Pi-ogress of Population and Wealth

five per cent ; and after seventy, Connecticut again exceeds by
about seven per cent. It is not easy to say in what degrees these
diversities, thus varying and alternating, are influenced by a differ-
ence of natural increase, of emigration, and of mortality in the
two countries. It must be admitted that there are few parts of
the United States which would compare as advantageously with
England in the probabilities of life as Connecticut.

The number of Deaf, and Dumb, and Blind, in the white and coloured population of
'the United Stales, on the 1st of August, 1830.

COLOURED PERSONS.

States and Terri-
tories.

DEAF AND DUMB.

Under 14 tc
14. 25.

Maine,

New Hampshire,.

Vermont,

Massachusetts,....

Rhode Island,

Connecticut,

New York,

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania,

Delaware,

Maryland,

Dist.of Columbia,.

Virginia,

North Carolina,....
South Carolina,....

Georgia,

Florida

Alahama,

Mississippi, ....

Louisiana,

Tennessee, ....

Arkansas,

Kentucky,

Missouri,

Ohio,

Indiana,

Illinois,

Michigan,

64
32
39
56
6
43

277
64

222

6

50

4

132
70
60
50
2
45
12
15
59
6

100
12

148
49
23
4

60
55
59
62
22

152

310
71

279

15

31

5

118
81
52
51

2.5 and

upw'ds

56
4b
55
138

26

99
255

72
255

14

54

3

169

44

3
19

7
19
54

2
9C
1C
118
33
16

4

18C
1 35
153
256

56
294
842
20'
758

35
] 35

12
419
230
174
145
5

89

29

49
172

10
303

27
426
141

66

15

DEAF AND DUMI

Under 14 to 25 and

14. 25. | upw.

159
105

51
218

56
188
642
205
475

18
147

11
356
223
102
150

25
36

176

8

It',! I

27

232

85

3.",

5

Total, 1,652 1,905 1,806 5,363 3,974 272 246^ 224 ! 743 1,470

The white population at that time being 10,537,373, and the
coloured 2,328,642, the number of whites, deaf and dumb, according
to the preceding table (5,363) was equivalent to 1 in 1,964, and of
coloured persons (743) was 1 in 3,134. Of the blind, the number
of whites (3,974) was 1 in 2,651, and of coloured persons, 1 in 1,584.
This shows an excess of whites, deaf and dumb, in a somewhat

in the United States in Fifty Yean

77

greater proportion than three to two, and an excess of blind in the
coloured race in about the same ratio.

The number of Deaf and Dumb, Blind, and Insane, of the white and coloured pojmla-
tion of the United States, on the 1st of August, 1840.

States and Terri-
tories.

WHITES.

COLOURED PERSONS.

DEAF AND DUMB.

BLIND.

INSANE

AND
IDIOTS.

DEAF
AND
DUMB.

BLIND.

INSANE

AND
IDIOTS.

Under
14.

14 to 25.

25 and
upw'ds.

Total.

47
43
27
56
15
60

269
33

225

18

43

1

133
82
40
78
6
72
25
14
18

102

120
48

167

112

54

7

1

3

13

41
19
63
25

141

362
29

225

15

59

5

111
80
41
62
4

53
16
17
11
93

128
32

198

91

48

9

4

2

102

97

89

164

34

108

408

102

331

12

79

2

209

118

59

53

4

48

23

11

11

96

152

46

194

94

53

15

"" 5

222
181
135
283

74

309

1,039

164

781

45
181
8
453
280
140
193

14
173

64

42

40
291
400
126
559
297
155

31
5

10

180

153

101

308

63

143

875

126

540

15

171

6

426

223

133

136

9

113

43

37

26

255

236

82

372

135

86

25

9

3

537

486

398

1,071

203

498

2,146

369

1,946

52

400

14

1,048

580

376

294

10

232

116

55

45

699

795

202

1,195

487

213

39

8

7

13
9

2
17
3

8

68
15
51

8
68

4
150
74
78
64

2
53
28
17

2
67
77
27
33
15
24

2

10

3

2

22

1

13

91

26

96

18

101

9

466

167

156

151

10

96

69

36

8

99

141

42

33

19

10

4

94

19

13

200

13

44

194

73

187

28

150

7

384

221

137

134

12

125

82

45

21

152

180

68

165

75

79

26

3

4

New Hampshire,.

Massachusetts,...

Rhode Island,

Connecticut,

New York,

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, —

Delaware,

Maryland,

Dist. of Columbia,

North Carolina,.
South Carolina,..

Mississippi,

Louisiana,

Arkansas,

Tennessee,

Kentucky,

Ohio,

Wisconsin,

4

3

Total,

1,919

2,057

2,709

6,685

5,030

14,521

979

1,902

2,935

According to

the pi

•eceding table,

Thede

jaf an

i dumb of the wh

ites w

as

1 in

2,123

" of the col

Dured

1 in

2,933

The n

imber

of the blind was,

ft

of the whites

1 in

2,821

M

of the coloured

.

1 in

1,509

The ni

imber

of the insane was

h

"

of the whites

1 in

977

it

ofth

3 Colo

ured

.

1 in

978

78 P7-og7-css of Population and Wealth

This census, like the preceding, shows a greater proportion of
whites among the deaf and dumb, and of the coloured race among
the blind ; but in both descriptions, their relative proportions were
changed in favour of the whites. Thus, in the deaf and dumb, the
ratio of the whites had diminished from T?V i to arV s> whilst that of
the coloured population had increased from 3^34 to 29V3 5 arjd in
the blind, the ratio of the whites had decreased from aeVr to jtVt*
but that of the coloured classes had slightly increased, that is, from
Tis* t0 TsV 9- These opposite changes in the two races are probably
not greater than can be accounted for by the extraordinary loss which
the coloured population has sustained from emigration in the last ten
years, (as is shown by the census,) and also by the unusual influx
of Europeans in the same time, since persons falling under either
class of disability would be rarely found among emigrants.

It deserves to be remarked, as favouring some of the conjectural
views that have been hazarded in comparing the two races, that of
the three privations here considered, the only one that is always
congenital is far less frequent with the coloured than the white popu-
lation ; whereas, the greater proportionate number of blind in the
former class may be reasonably referred to the severer labour and
greater exposure to which they are occasionally subject, to their
greater improvidence, and greater want of medical assistance.

Of the insane and idiotic, the proportions in the two races would
seem to be identical ; somewhat more than one in a thousand in
both being visited by this greatest of all human maladies. The
census distinguishes between those patients of this description who
were at public and at private charge, as follows :

At public charge, whites . . . 4,333
" " coloured . . . 833

5,166

At private charge, whites . . . 10,188
" " coloured . . . 2,102

12,290

Showing, that in both classes of the population, the proportion at
public charge is the same, and that it is about forty per cent of the
number at private charge.

The diversities among the several States, as to the proportion of
insane of their white population, is not greater than may be referred
to emigration ; for, as insane persons are seldom or never seen
among emigrants, we ought to find the proportion of this class
greater in those States that lose by emigration, as the New England

in the United States in Fifty Y,

79

States, and least in those which gain from that source, as the
western States. If, then, we make fair allowance for this influence,
we shall find that the difference among the different States, as to
this afflicting visitation, is insignificant ; and that in all of them, as
to the white population, if we deduct the foreign emigrants, the
proportion of the insane will be very nearly as 1 to 1,000.

But as to the coloured population, it appears to be far otherwise.
We find an extraordinary difference among the States, in the pro-
portion of the insane of the coloured race. The proportions in the
several States appear to be as follows :

Ratio as
1 to
14.4
28.2
56.1
43.3
249.
184.
257.
297.
256.
697.
1005.
1865.
1289.
1215.
2447.

States and

Coloured

No. of

Territories.

population.

Insane.

Maine,

1,355

94

New Hamp..

537

19

Vermont,

730

13

Massachii3., .

8,668

200

R. Island,....

3,238

13

Connecticut,.

8,105

44

New York,..

50,031

194

New Jersey,.

21,718

73

Pennsylvania

47,918

187

Delaware,

19,524

28

Maryland,

151,815

151

Dist. of Col.,.

13,055

7

Virginia,

495,105

384

N. Carolina,.

268,549

221

S. Carolina, .

335,314

137

States and

Coloured

No. of

Ratio as

Territories.

population.

Insane.

1 to

Georgia,

283,697

134

2117.

Florida,

26,534

12

2211.

Alabama, ... .

255,571

125

2044.

Mississippi,...

196,580

82

2397.

Louisiana,....

193,954

45

4310.

Arkansas, —

20,400

21

971.

Tennessee,...

188,583

152

1240.

Kentucky,....

189,575

180

1053.

Missouri,

59,814

68

879.

Ohio,

17,345

165

105.

Indiana,

7,168

75

95.5

Illinois,

3,929

79

49.7

Michigan,

707

26

27.2

Wisconsin,...

196

3

65.3

Iowa,

188

4

47.

978.8

Total, 2,873,945 2,936

It thus appears, that the proportion of insane is greatest among
the coloured population of the northern States, and that it consider-
ably decreases as we proceed south ; from which we may infer
that the rigours of a northern winter, which have no influence on
the temperament of the whites, affect the cerebral organs of the
African race. There are, however, two other circumstances,
which operate to produce the great diversity we see ; and these
are, emigration and slavery — the slave population seeming to be
less liable to this malady than the free coloured population, and the
insane very rarely migrating. By a due regard to these three
circumstances, of coldness of climate, migration, and the proportion
of slaves in the coloured population of a State, we may probably go
far to reconcile most of the diversities which are exhibited in the
above table. But perhaps it is premature to theorize on this subject ;
for when we see in some of the States so large a proportion of the
coloured population as 1 in 43, and in Maine nearly 1 in 14, so
anomalous a fact throws a doubt over the correctness of this part
of the census, and at least inclines us to suspend our opinion, until
we have further evidence or explanation.

80 Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER X.

EMIGRATION.

That emigration from the old world to the new, from which the
whole present population of the United States is directly or remotely
derived, still continues to make large annual additions to our num-
bers. After the political connexion with the parent country was
severed, foreign emigration, which had been suspended during the
war of independence, returned with unabated force ; and, what
was still less to have been expected, its subsequent increase has
been yet greater than that of the whole population which it helped
to swell.

This tide of European emigration ceases to be an object of wonder,
when it is recollected that labour and skill are more than twice as
well rewarded in the United States as in Europe ; that capital
receives nearly twice the profits ; and, above all, that land can be
here purchased in absolute property at a smaller cost than would
there be its annual rent. In addition to these strong inducements,
which apply to nearly all Europeans, the British and Irish emigrants
find here the language, laws, usages, and manners to which they
have been accustomed. They, therefore, constitute the larger part of
the emigrants from Europe to the United States. Next to these,
the Germans are the most numerous ; for they, too, with the recom-
mendations of cheap land and high-priced labour, meet, in many of
the States, thousands whose language* and manners are the same
as those they have left behind. From the time that the first German
settlers came to this country, in 1682, under the auspices of William
Penn, there has been a steady influx of emigrants from Germany,
principally to the middle States, and, of late years, to the west.

* As early as 1793, a journal, in the German language, was established at German-
town, in Pennsylvania. From that time to the present, the number of German news-
papers has continued to increase in that State.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 81

The coloured part of the population, which also owes its origin
exclusively* to the old continent, has, since 1808, received no
accessions from abroad ; but is, on the contrary, constantly losing,
by emigration, a part of what it gains by natural increase.

It is obvious, that if the number of persons thus migrating to and
from the United States could be ascertained, the census, periodically
taken, would enable us to determine the precise rate of our natural
multiplication. But such certainty is, as yet, unattainable. Of the
coloured race, we have no means of knowing the loss sustained,
either from the free portion who settle abroad, or from runaway
slaves ; and our estimates of the whites who migrated hither before

1819, were purely conjectural. In that year, indeed, an act of
Congress required accounts to be taken by the collectors at the
seaports of all passengers who arrived from abroad, distinguishing
foreigners from citizens, and to be returned to the office of the
Secretary of State. But even this regulation has not afforded the
desired certainty, for, besides that the returns are defective, a part
of the British emigrants who arrive at New York, take that route
to Canada, in preference to a voyage up the St. Lawrence ; whilst,
on the other hand, a part of those who pass directly from Great
Britain or Ireland into Canada, migrate thence by land into the
United States ; and the numbers of neither portion have we any
means of ascertaining. With these sources of uncertainty, our
estimates of the amount of emigration to and from the United States,
with all the collateral aid to be derived from the census, can be
considered only as approximations to the truth.

Let us first estimate, from such data as we possess, the number
of white persons who have migrated to the United States from
1790 to 1840.

In the twenty years between the census of 1790 and that of 1810,
Dr. Seybert supposes the number of foreign emigrants to the United
States to be 120,000, averaging 6,000 per annum. From 1810 to

1820, I have been able to procure no data, except Dr. Seybert's
estimate for the year 1817, founded on the records of the custom-
houses at the principal seaports ; according to which estimate, the
number of passengers who arrived in the United States that year,

* The number of Indians, or descendants of Indians, comprehended in the decennial
enumerations of the people of the United States, is too small to deserve to be regarded
as an exception. It certainly would not amount to a thousandth, perhaps not to a ten-
thousandth part of the whole population.

82 Progress of Population and Wealth

was 22,840. He supposes that the number, in any preceding year,
did not amount to 10,000, except, perhaps, in 1794. In three of
the years of this decennial term, that is, during the war with Great
Britain, migration to this country was almost totally suspended.
If, then, we suppose, that in the three years from 1818 to 1820,
both inclusive, the number of passengers was the same as in 1817,
and if we deduct from the whole number 2,840, (1,840 for the
American citizens, that being about the proportion at that time,)
we shall have 84,000 for the number of foreign emigrants to the
United States for those four years. If we further suppose, that in
the remaining six years the number was 30,000,* we shall have
114,000 for the whole number of white immigrants from 1810 to
1820.

From 1820 to 1830, when the collectors of the customs were re-
quired to report to the State department the number of foreigners
who had arrived in their respective ports by sea, we might have
expected entire accuracy ; but these reports are so much at vari-
ance with other documents, entitled to respect, and are confessedly
so defective, that they cannot be relied on. Thus, to give an ex-
ample, the number of emigrants who left the United Kingdom in
1829 for the United States, was, according to British official re-
turns, 15,678 ; yet the whole number of foreign emigrants from all
parts of the world, reported to the State department in the same
year, was but 15,285, there being, besides less important omissions,
that of New York for the third quarter. Again, the number of
foreign emigrants returned to the State department for 1830, is but
9,406, though 30,224 landed in New York alone in that year, for
the whole of which the proper officers had failed to make any re-
turn. In consequence of these, and like instances of failure of duty,
the number of foreign emigrants returned to the State department
for the six years from 1825 to 1830, both inclusive, was only
87,140 ;f whilst the number who emigrated from the United King-

* That is, 10,000 per annum for three years, excluding the three years of war. I
have not ventured to go beyond 10,000 a year, from respect to Dr. Seybert's opinion ;
and I could not take a less number, from a regard to the progressive increase of immi-
gration both before and after this period.

t This number is obtained partly by computation, that is, by adding to the official
number returned for five and a quarter years, (from the 30th Sept., 1825, to the 31st
Dec, 1830,) three-fourths of the number returned for the year 1825. This was neces-
sary, as the annual returns to the State department were, before 1828, closed on the
30th September, and subsequently, at the end of the year.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 83

dom to the United States for the same six years, according to the
official accounts in that country, was 80,522, which allows but
6,618 for the number of emigrants to the United States from all the
other parts of theworld, though it is known that these (including
the emigrants from the rest of the British dominions) are nearly
equal to the number from the United Kingdom.

The more accurate returns, subsequently made to the State de-
partment, furnish us with some data for correcting these errors.
By the official returns of British consuls residing in America, the
number of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the United
States for the five years from 1833 to 1837,* was 163,447; but,
according to the reports of the collectors here to the State depart-
ment, the whole number of foreigners who came to the United
States, in the same period, was 324,750, which is very nearly
double the number of those who wrere from Great Britain and Ire-
land.

If, then, we suppose that the British accounts were not less accu-
rate in the last period of five years than in the first period of six,
(and they were probably more so,) and that the emigrants from
other countries to the United States bore as large a proportion to
those from Great Britain and Ireland in the first period as the last,
(which there is no reason to question,) then the British returns of
emigrants to the United States would be to the whole number from
all parts of the world in the ratio of 163,447 to 324,750, unless it
were proper to make a deduction from the last number for those
British emigrants who took their route to Upper Canada by way
of New York.

To some, this deduction may not seem to be necessary, because
they would consider that the number of those who came to the
United States from Canada was likely to equal those who went to
Canada by the route of New York, and especially during the civil
commotions that broke out within the five years in question. Yet
as, since 1834, the proportion* of British emigrants who take the
New York route is said to be " considerable," let us assume, in the
absence of all precise data, that as many as one-third of those emi-
grants who land in New York afterwards proceed to Canada, and
see how far the above-mentioned ratio is affected by that proportion.

The number of British and Irish emigrants who arrived at New
York from 1833 to 1837, inclusive, was 152,164 ; and the number

* Porter's Progress of the Nation.

84 Progress of Population and Wealth

of those who left Canada for the United States, in the years 1834,
1835, 1836, and 1837, was 10,256. Supposing the number, in
1833, to have been in the same proportion, the whole number for
five years would be 12,820. With these facts, the whole number
of emigrants to the United States would be thus reduced, viz :

The total number who arrived in the United States, 324,750

British emigrants who left New York for Canada,

one-third of 152,164, .... 50,821
Deduct for those who left Canada for the United

States, 12,820

38,001

286,749

On this liberal estimate, then, of the number of British emigrants
from New York to Canada, the proportion which the number from
the United Kingdom to the United States bears to the whole num-
ber from all countries, is as 163,447 to 286,749, or nearly as 4 to 7.
Applying, then, this rule to the 80,522 who emigrated from the
United Kingdom to the United States from 1825 to 1830, we have
141,300 for the whole number of immigrants for the same six years.
In the remaining four years, from 1821 to 1824, the number of
foreign emigrants returned to the State department was 31,158,
which, we may presume, bore the same proportion to the actual
number as 87,140 to 141,300, and consequently would be 50,500.
This number for the four years, added to 141,300 for the six years,
would give us 191,800 for the whole number of immigrants from
1820 to 1830. If we make a lower estimate of the number who
proceed from New York to Canada, as probably we ought, and
allow something for deficient returns to the State department, we
cannot suppose the whole number to be short of 200,000, and I
shall accordingly so consider it.

From 1830 to 1840, we have better materials than in any pre-
ceding decennial term, for estimating the number of foreign emi-
grants to this country. The following is a summary of the returns
that have been made to the State department of the number of
passengers who aiTived in the United States in that period :

Years. Americans. Foreigners.

1831 .... 1,256 15,713

1832 .... 1,155 34,970

1833 .... 1,251 58,262

1834 .... 2,114 64,916

in the United States in Fifty Years. 85

Tears. Americans. Foreigners.

1835 .... 3,320 45,444

1836 .... 4,029 76,923

1837 . . . . 3,813 79,205

1838 .... 3,964 42,731

1839 .... 4,171 70,494

1840 .... 5,810 86,338

Total . . . 30,883 574,996

It appears, however, that this account, though far more accurate
than any preceding it, is not free from errors, some of which are
considerable. Thus, the numbers of foreigners in the preceding
statement for 1831 and 1832, are set down at 15,713 and 34,970,
making together 50,683 ; whereas the number who arrived in New
York alone in those years, was 80,328. If to this number we add
one-fourth for the ordinary proportion arriving at other ports, we
shall have 107,104, thus showing omissions in those two years
amounting to 56,421. The omissions in the subsequent years are
believed to be comparatively small. Correcting, then, these errors,
the whole number of emigrants who arrived at all the ports in the
United States from all parts of the world, between 1830 and 1840,
would be 631,417. Allowing the number of those who left New
York for Canada to be in the same proportion as before, that is, as
38,000 to 324,750, we have 58,690 for the number of persons thus
migrating in the whole ten years. Deducting this number, and
100,000 for the emigration of American citizens to Texas and
Canada, from 631,417, we have 472,727 for the whole gain to the
white population by immigration in the same period.

To the number of foreign emigrants in the several decennial
terms, should be added their probable natural increase during each
term. If the number was the same every year of a decennial term,
and if the number of females was in the same proportion as in the
rest of the population, we might estimate the increase at half its
ordinary amount in ten years, or at about 16 per cent. But
as neither of these suppositions is true, let us adapt our estimate to
the varying circumstances.

In the first place, as the number of foreign emigrants to the
United States progressively increases, and consequently is greater
in the last years of a decennial term than in the first, our estimate
of the increase of each term should be computed on a mean between
the number of emigrants of that term and of the preceding term.

8

86 Progress of Population and Wealth

Secondly, as to the proportion of females. This is known to be
much less in the class of emigrants than it is in the whole popula-
tion, of which the following table affords illustrations :

Emigrants from the. United Kingdom to Quebec in 1834 and 1837.

Children.
Years. Males. Females. under 14. Total.

1834 . . 13.5G5 9,687 7,681 30,933

1837 . . 11,740 6,079 4,082 21,901

Total . . 25,305 15,766 11,763 52,834

Thus showing, that the females over fourteen were about 30
per cent of the whole number. But inasmuch as the females
between sixteen and forty-five constitute but about 19 per cent of
the whole population, and as a very small proportion of the
female immigrants are over forty-five, if we make a deduction for
the excess, and also for the number between fourteen and sixteen
years of age, (which does not exceed 2i per cent of the whole
number,) we shall find the proportion of women within the child-
bearing ages greater with the emigrant class than with the whole
population. Thus :

The proportion of women over 14, was . 29.8 percent.

Deduct the proportion over 45, suppose . 2.

That between 14 and 16 . . . 2.5 4.5 "

The proportion between 16 and 45 . . 35.3 "

£• After making some deduction for the decrease of this proportion,
the number of females under sixteen not being sufficient to keep up
the number of marriageable women, we should be justified in esti-
mating the average increase of the emigrants for the ten years at
20, instead of 16 per cent.

Applying these principles, and dividing the supposed number of
emigrants in the two first decennial terms (120.000) into 50,000 for
the first term, and 70,000 for the second, the number, with their in-
crease at each term, would be as follows :
From 1790 to 1800 — number of emigrants . 50.000
Increase, 20 per cent on 40,000 . 8,000

From 1800 to 1810— number of emigrants . 70.0U0
Increase, 20 per cent on 60,000 . 12,000

58,000
82,000

in the United States in Fifty Years. 87

From 1810 to 1820-

Increase, 20 per cent on 97,000

From 1820 to 1830 — number of emigrants
Increase, 20 per cent on 157,000

From 1830 to 1840 — number of emigrants
Increase, 20 per cent on 336,363

114,000
19,400

133,400

200,000
31,400

231,400

472,727
67,273

540,000

Thus, while the whole population had, in fifty years, increased
about fourfold, the average annual immigration had increased more
than ninefold in the same time. So great and so disproportionate
an increase may seem to some improbable, but the deductions have
been made on so liberal a scale, that the preceding estimate, I am
persuaded, rather falls short of the truth than exceeds it. In truth,
the steady extension of our settlements into the western wilderness
continues to multiply the opportunities of buying land at prices as
low as ever, without being placed more beyond the benefits of
civilization and commerce? and the rapid growth of our cities and
manufacturing industry is constantly enlarging the field of employ-
ment for tradesmen and artizans. Whilst these circumstances pre-
sent to the indigent and enterprising foreigner more and more
points of attraction, the long peace in Europe seems to have given
a proportionate increase to the repellent force that is there felt.
Whether both these facts are likely long to continue, and though
they should, whether considerations political, moral, or economical,
may not induce the national legislature to check this tide of foreign
emigration, are among the uncertain problems of the future.

Of that part of the coloured race who emigrate from the United
States, we have no means of estimating the number, except by
comparing the rate of increase in the last decennial terms with that
of the first term, when there were few emigrants of this description,
and when they were probably balanced by the Africans then im-
ported. In making this comparison, it is assumed that the rate of
natural increase has continued unchanged, which fact there seems
no reason to doubt, at least as to the six-sevenths who are slaves.

From 1790 to 1800, the increase of the coloured population was
32.2 per cent, which, for the reasons mentioned, we consider to
indicate the rate of its natural increase in the United States. In
the next ten years, from 1800 to 1810, the increase was 37.6 per
cent; but in that time the increase was enhanced by the acquisition

88 Progress of Population and Wealth

of Louisiana and by the increased importation of slaves, both on
account of the increased demand for them for the cultivation of
cotton and sugar, and because it was known that the further impor-
tation of them would cease after 1807. The accessions from these
combined causes, beyond what was lost by emigration, was 5.4
per cent on 1,001,430 persons, equal to 54,000. In the following
term, from 1810 to 1820, the increase declined to 29.6 per cent,
owing principally to the slaves who escaped to the British during
the war. From 1820 to 1830, it was 30.7 per cent; and from
1830 to 1840, it sunk to the unprecedented rate of 23.4 per cent.

These rates of decennial increase since 1810, compared with that
between 1790 to 1800, show the loss by emigration, exclusive of
their probable increase at each term, as follows :

Emigrants.

From 1810 to 1820, decrease (32.2—29.3) is 2.9 per cent= 29,300
" 1820 to 1830, " (32.2—30.7) is 1.5 = 20,600

" 1830 to 1840, " (32.2—23.4) is 8.8 " =204,900
From the number in the last decennial term, a considerable de-
duction should be made for the extraordinary mortality of the slaves
sent to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, during a part of the
term, and perhaps, their slower rate of increase. The census shows
an increase of the slaves in those three States, between 1830 and
1840, of 324,399 on a population of 292,796, which is 230,000 more
than the probable natural increase ; and it is known that, during a
part of the term, disease, especially the cholera, made frighful rava-
ges among the negroes brought from other States. The remainder
of the 204,900 is to be referred to emigrations to Texas, and to the
unusual number both of the free coloured, and slaves, who betook
themselves to Canada in the ten years preceding 1840.

In conclusion, we may say that, without attempting a computa-
tion in which we must yet further rely on conjecture, the facts here
stated are sufficient to satisfy us that, after deducting what the
country has lost by emigration, the foreign emigrants and their de-
scendants in fifty years, now add above a million to its population.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

CHAPTER XI.

THE PAST NATURAL INCREASE OF THE POPULATION, WHITE AND
COLOURED.

Let us now direct our inquiries to the natural increase of our
numbers, independent of all accessions from abroad. No fact dis-
closed by the census is of equal importance to this in the eyes of
Ihe statesman and political economist; since, in an underpeopled
country like the United States, such increase is the surest index of
the nation's present abundance and comfort, as well as of its future
strength and resources.

I. The natural increase of the white population.

If we deduct, from the whole increase of this class at each cen-
sus, the number gained by immigration beyond the number of our
own emigrants, the result would of course give us the precise
amount of increase from natural multiplication. The following
statement shows the result of such deduction, according to the esti-
mates of immigration made in the preceding chapter :
From 1790 to 1800, the increase of the whites was 35.7 per cent.

Deduct the number immigrating, 58,000, equal to 1.8 "

■ 33.9 per c't.

From 1800 to 1810, the increase was . . 36.2

Deduct, 1. The whites acquired with Lou-
isiana, 51,000,* equal to . . 1.2
2. The number immigrating, equal to 1.9

33.1 " '

* I have ventured to put down the whole number of whites returned in 1810 for Lou-
isiana and Missouri, (then called the territories of New Orleans and Louisiana,) as an
accession to the population since 1800, though doubtless a part of them had migrated
from other States. No deduction was made on this account, partly because other citi-
zens were acquired by the purchase, who were not comprehended in the returns for
those territories, and partly because the estimate of the immigration between 1800 and

8*

90 Progress of Population and Wealth

From 1810 to 1820, the increase was . . 34.3 per cent-
Deduct the number immigrating, 132,400, .equal to 2.2

32.1 "

From 1820 to 1830, the increase was . . 33.8
Deduct the number immigrating, 231,000, equal to 2.9

30.9 "

From 1830 to 1840, the increase was . . 34.7
Deduct the number immigrating, 540,000, equal to 5.1

29.6 "

According to which computation the actual and natural increase,
in each decennial term, may be thus compared :

Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.

Actual increase, 35.7 36.2 34.3 33.8 34.7

Natural increase, 33.9 33.1 32.1 30.9 29.6

Thus showing, in the rate of decennial natural increase, a dimii
nution of 4.3 per cent during forty years, or an average of about 1
per cent for each term of ten years.

It will be perceived that this diminution of ratio is not uniform,
but that it increases progressively, and with a regularity which is
remarkable, and which gives some assurance that the estimates
made of the numbers acquired by immigration are not wide of the
truth. The differences of ratio are in the following series : 8, 10,
12, 13.

Let us now see how far this decline in the rate of natural in-
crease derives confirmation from the census itself. If there be
such a diminution of ratio, it will be manifested by the decreasing
proportion of children under ten years of age, since, at each census,
they constitute all of the population who have been born since the
preceding census.

From 1800 to 1840, the number of white females and of children
under ten, and their proportions to each other, were as follows :
1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840.

No. of females, 2,100,068 2,874,433 3,871,647 5,171,115 6,939,842

No. of children under 10, 1,489,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,130

Prop, of children, per cent,. . . 70.92 70.15 67.82 66.20 64.63

1810 is probably too low. Dr. Seybert, on whose authority I have stated the immigra-
tion from 1790 to 1810 at only 120,000, estimates the whole gain from immigrants and
their increase at 180,000 ; whereas, the estimate made in the preceding chapter would
not reckon it at more than 160,000, viz. : 58,000+82,000-}-the increase of 58,000 for 10
years, which could not exceed 20,000. He has thus, probably, more than corrected the
error of underrating the number of immigrants by too high an estimate of their increase.

in the United Stales in Fifty Years. 91

Thus showing a gradual decrease in the proportion of children
during forty years of G.29 per cent ; which, allowing for the ordi-
nary difference between the number of males and females, is equiv-
alent to something more than 3 per cent of the whole popula-
tion. So, if the children under ten, be compared with the females
of the preceding census, we see a correspondent diminution of
ratio, viz :

1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830.

No. of females, 1,556,839 2,100,008 2,874,433 3,871,647 5,171,115

No. of children at the succeed-
ing census 1,489,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,130

Prop, of children, per cent,.... 95.C6 96.02 91.35 88.53 86.73

But these proportions are also affected by immigration. In the
first case, in which the comparison is made between the children
and the females of the same census, the proportion of children is
lessened by reason of the greater proportion of adults in the immi-
grating class than in the whole population. But in the last case, in
which the children of the succeeding census are compared with the
females of the preceding, the proportion of children is increased by
immigration.

The first source of error is, however, inconsiderable. The in-
crease of immigrants in ten years, we have seen, may be estimated
at 20 per cent of the whole number ; and to such increase we
must add the portion of immigrant children under ten at the time
the census is taken. Now, if we suppose the females to constitute
one-third of those who migrate hither, and the children one-sixth, (as
seemed to be the proportion in Canada,) and if we further suppose
that, one-tenth of those children who arrive in the first year of the
decennial term would be under ten years of age at the succeeding
census, two-tenths of those who arrive in the second year, three in
the third, and so on throughout the term, we shall find, after mak-
ing a fair deduction for the intervening deaths, that the proportion
of children to females in such immigrants will be little inferior to the
proportion in the indigenous population. Let us, however, as-
sume it to be 3 per cent less, or 30 per cent on the whole number
of immigrants and their increase, and to adapt our estimates to this
supposition, we must in the first comparison add 3 per cent of the
whole number of immigrants to compensate for the excess of adults,
and in the second comparison deduct 30 per cent to correct the
excess of children gained by immigration. With these corrections
the proportion of children will be as follows :

90 Progress of Population and Wealth

First, when the children are compared with the females of the

same census.

1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840.

No. of children under 10, 1,490,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,130

Add 3 per cent on the num.

ber of immigrants in each

decennial term, 1,640 2,460 3,972 6,930 16,200

Total, 1,490,955 2,018,939 2,629,762 3,427,730 4,323,200

Prop, of children, per cent,... 71 70.23 67.92 66.55 64,87

Secondly, when the children are compared with the females of
the preceding census.

No. of children under 10 1,489,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,200

Deduct 30 per ct. of the im-
migrants in each term, 16,400 42,483 39,720 69,300 162,000

Total, 1,472,915 1,973,996 2,586,070 3,358,430 4,323,200

Prop, of children, percent,.. 94.61 94 89.97 86.75 83.60

It thus appears that the addition of 3 per cent on the number of
immigrants in the first comparison, reduces the decrease in forty
years only from 6.29 to G.13 per cent of the females, though the
addition of 30 per cent in the second, augments the decrease from
8.93 to 11.01 per cent of the females at the preceding census;
which corresponds more nearly with th< estimate first made.

We arrive at a similar result if we make the more limited, but
perhaps more satisfactory comparison of the children under ten
with the females between the child-bearing ages of sixteen and
forty-five, in 1800, 1810, and 1820, when their number was ascer-
tained by the census. That class of females amounted in those
years, respectively, to 813,193, 1,100,212, and 1,517,971. When
compared with the children under ten in the same year.

The proportion of children in 1800, is 183.1 per cent.
" 1810, is 182.3
" 1820, is 173.2

Showing a decrease in the proportion of children, of nearly 10
per cent of this class of females in twenty years ; and thus, by
whatever test we compare the rate of natural increase, as exhibit-
ed by the different enumerations, we have the same evidence of a
continual diminution of such increase.

Let us now compare the rates of diminution of decennial in-
crease which these tests severally indicate, estimating the females
at 49 per cent of the whole population ; those of the preceding
census, at one-third less, or 32 per cent ; and those between six-

in the touted States in Fifty Years. 93

teen and forty-five, at 19 per cent. When reduced to the same
standard, the foregoing comparative estimates exhibit the following
rates of diminution of increase in the whole population from 1800
to 1840 :

Decrease of ratio Decrease of ratio
in 40 years. in 10 years.

1. Where the whole population at each census is

compared, after deducting for immigration, 4.3 per cent=l per cent.

2. Where the children under 10 are compared

with the females of the same census, 6.13 = 3. " =0.75 "

3. Where the children under 10 are compared

with the females of the preceding census, 11.02=3.5 " =0.89 "

Decrease in 20 years.

4. Where the children under 10 are compared

with the females between 16 and 45, 9.9=1.88 " =0.94 "

The average of these rates of diminution is very nearly nine-
tenths of 1 per cent for ten years, and this is probably somewhat
beyond the truth ; first, because in the second comparison, which
makes the lowest estimate, there seems to be fewer sources of error
than in the rest; and secondly, because a moderate addition to the
supposed number of emigrants in the first decennial term would
approximate the first comparison, which makes the highest estimate,
to the other three ; and there is more than one reason for believing
that Dr. Seybert's estimate of the immigration, which has been here
adopted, is too low. We may, then, on the whole, conclude that
the rate of increase of the white population has diminished, on an
average, between 1, and i of 1 per cent, in ten years, and that tlr*
diminution has been in a slightly increasing ratio.

II. The natural increase of the coloured population.

In the preceding chapter it was assumed that the natural increase
of the coloured race in the United States was uniform, and that it
was 32.2 per cent in ten years, which was their rate of increase
between 1790 and 1800, when it was supposed the number brought
into the country equalled those who went out of it. But we have
no proof that the slaves imported into South Carolina and Georgia,
(the only States which then received them from abroad,) were
equal to those who escaped to other countries, together with the
free coloured persons who emigrated ; and if they were inferior in
number, the supposed rate of increase would be too low. It
certainly seems improbable, at the first view, that the natural
increase of the whites should have exceeded that of the coloured
race 1.7 per cent in ten years, as has been supposed in the preceding
estimates ; and it is very possible that the one is somewhat too
high, and the other too low.

94 Progress of Population and Wealth

The uniformity of increase in this part of our population was
presumed, because the same circumstances which tend to check
multiplication with the whites have no existence with the coloured
race ; certainly not with the slaves, who now constitute more than
six-sevenths of the whole, and, in 1790, constituted more than
eleven-twelfths. Nor are they likely to exist to the same extent in
the free coloured class as with the whites, since the diminution of
increase with these may be occasioned principally by the delay of
marriage in the richer classes of society, which cause might not
extend to the poorer, who now find it as easy to obtain the neces-
saries of life, and even its substantial comforts, as ever. No deduc-
tion was therefore made on account of the free coloured class.

The census, unfortunately, affords us not the same means of
ascertaining the natural increase of the coloured population as of
that of the whites ; it not having distinguished the ages of coloured
persons before 1820, and having adopted a different distribution
then, from that made in the two subsequent enumerations. To these
last, therefore, our inquiries will be limited.

As emancipation seeems not to have varied much in the two last
decennial terms, we will investigate the natural increase of the two
classes of the coloured race separately, beginning with the slaves.

If the increase of slaves, from 1830 to 1840, had been propor-
tionally as great as it was from 1820 to 1830, the number at the
last census would have been 2,615,000, instead of 2,487,000; thus
showing a deficiency of 128.000. How is so great a deficiency to
be explained, without supposing a decline in the rate of increase?
The following circumstances obviously contributed to lessen the
number of slaves in 1840.

1. Tfie emigration to Texas, which may account, perhaps, for
a third of the deficiency or more.

2. The increase of runaway slaves. It is a fact of general
notoriety, that the number of those who have taken refuge in
Canada or the northern States, has greatly increased within the
last two years.

3. The extraordinary mortality which prevailed in Mississippi,
Louisiana, and South Alabama, in the first year of the term, among
the slaves, and especially that large portion of them who had been
transported from the more northern slave-holding States. The
census shows the unwonted extent of such transportation. In the
three States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, the slaves,
which in 1830 were 292,796, in 1840 amounted to 617,195, thus

in the United States in Fifty Years. 95

showing an excess of 230,000, after allowing for the decennial
increase 32.2 per cent ; whilst, on the other hand, Maryland, Vir-
ginia, and the Carolinas, had a smaller number of slaves in 1830
than in 1840, by 21,000, though their natural increase, at the same
rate of 32.2 per cent, would have amounted to 334,000. So great
a number as these facts imply, transported from a more, to a less
salubrious climate, and often subjected to new habits of life and
new modes of treatment, necessarily supposes a great increase of
mortality, without the aid of cholera, and other epidemics, which,
however, did their part also in the waste of life.

4. The slower rate of natural increase in most of the south-
western States. Although the slaves may have, as we have
supposed, the same ratio of increase in the same State, they may
have very different ratios in different States, according to diversities
of climate, occupation, and treatment ; and the census shows that
the States to which so many slaves were carried between 1830
and 1840, for the culture of cotton, are much less favourable to the
natural multiplication of that class, or, at least, have hitherto been
so, than are the States, from which they were transported, as may
be thus seen :

In 1840, the total number of slaves, and that of the slave child-
ren under ten, were respectively as follows :

In Al-ibama, whole number of slaves, 253,532 — number of children under 10, 87,430

In Mississippi, " " 195,211 " " " 63,708

In Louisiana, " " 168,452 " " " 45,861

In Florida, " " 25,717 " " '• 8,036

Total 642,912 205,035

If, on the whole number of slaves, 642,912, we take 34.9 per
cent as the proportion of children under ten, (which was the pro-
portion throughout the Union in 1830.) it will give 224,376 for the
number of children in 1840, which is 19,341 more than the number
returned by the census. It may be supposed by some that, inasmuch
as the States in question received large importations of slaves from
other States, of whom there was an over proportion of adults, a
part, if not the whole of the deficiency here mentioned, may be
referred to such importations, and that it would be compensated
by an excess of children in the slave-exporting States. But we
perceive no such disproportion of adults in the case of slaves trans-
ferred from State to State, as exists in the case of emigrants from
foreign countries. When the slave-holder migrates to the south,
none of his slaves are too young to be taken with him, and it is the

96 Progress of Population and Wealth

aged only, who are left behind. Even the slave-dealers, although
they confine their odious traffic chiefly to adults, confine it also to
those who are young and healthy, and whose increase, consequently,
or the loss of it, in a few years corrects, and more than corrects,
the slight temporary change in the proportion between children
and females, which their removal occasioned both in the State they
had left and in the State they were carried to. We accordingly
find, that Virginia exhibits no excess of slave children, in conse-
quence of the 180,000 slaves which the census shows she had lost
between 1830 and 1840. On the contrary, the number had under-
gone a sensible decrease (from 35.0 to 33.9) in that time; and
North Carolina, which had parted with a smaller proportion of
slaves in the same time, (about 80,000,) exhibits also, a correspondent
decrease in the proportion of children, that is, from 37. to 36.2
per cent. These facts seem to show that the transportation of
slaves from State to State, by settlers and slavedealers, tends
rather to raise than to lower the proportion of children in the
importing State.

Though we have no data for estimating the other causes of
diminution with even an approach to accuracy, we must admit
that their combined force does not seem insufficient to account for
the large deficiency (128,000) shown by the census of 1840; and
no one -well acquainted with the condition of slavery in the United
States, will admit, without the most indubitable evidence, a falling
off in the natural increase of the slaves, farther than to the qualified
extent that has been mentioned. This natural increase probobly
exceeded 32 per cent in ten years, during the three first terms,
and was certainly below 33 per cent. The subsequent diminution,
in consequence of the great movement of the slave population
to the south, when cotton bore a high price and money was
redundant, has scarcely been more than from 1 to 2 per cent
of the whole slave population, so as to make the average
decennial increase in fifty years not widely different from the 32.2
per cent supposed,

The natural increase of the free coloured population is the more
difficult to estimate on account of emancipation, which we have no
means of ascertaining, and which, while it but slightly diminishes
the rate of increase of slaves, greatly augments that of the free
coloured class. Thus, the decennial increase of this class has
varied from 82.3 to 20.9 per cent, though that of the slaves has
ranged only from 33.4 to 23.8 per cent. The census, nevertheless,

in the United States in Fifty Years. 97

affords persuasive evidence that the natural increase of the free
portion of the coloured population is less than that of the slaves.
The number of the former in 1820, was 238,197, and in 1840,
386,348, showing an increase in 20 years, of 62.2 per cent; and
the slaves in the same time, showed an increase of 61.1, although
the number of slaves emancipated in New York and New Jersey,*
was probably more than 15,000 ; and which, consequently, made
an accession of near six per cent to the free coloured in 1820.
Making, then, but a moderate allowance for their gain from this
source, the increase of the slaves shown by the census will con-
siderably exceed that of the free coloured. It is true, that whilst
this class gained largely by emancipation, it is known also to have
lost largely by emigration, especially in the last decennial term ;
but such emigration is not likely to have much exceeded the
diminution of slaves from a similar cause, and certainly not enough
to balance the gain from emancipation.

But further : the proportion of children under 10 in this class,
thus compares with that of the other two classes in 1830 and 1840,
viz :

Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.

Whites, . . in 1830, 32.54— In 1840, 31.61— Difference, 0.93
Slaves, . . " 34.90 " 33.94 " 0.96

Free coloured " 30.04 " 28.88 " 1.12

By which it appears that the proportion of free coloured children
under ten was, at both enumerations, more than two per cent less
than that of the whites, and more than four per cent less than that
of the slaves. Now we cannot refer this inferiority to emigration,
which, so far as it has any effect, tends to increase the proportion
of children ; and whether we refer the whole or part of it to eman-
cipation, (which, by adding only adults to the class, unquestionably
diminishes the proportion of children,) an inferiority in the rate of
increase is the necessary result. If we refer the whole, then we
suppose such an accession from this source that, when deducted
from the total number of the class, the remainder would prove a
slower rate of increase than the census exhibits in the slaves, and.
perhaps in the whites ; and if we refer only a part of the difference

* In 1820, the number of slaves in those States was 17,645, and in 1830, it was re-
duced to 2,329. It may be presumed that the whole, or nearly the whole of the differ-
ence, was the effect of emancipation in the intervening ten years.

9

98 Progress of Population and Wealth

of proportion to emancipation, then the other part of it directly
indicates a smaller decennial increase.

In the cities and towns, to which most of the free persons of
colour resort, we find much reason for believing that their natural
increase is slower than that of the slaves or the whites. They are,
taken as a class, poor, improvident, immoral, and consequently,
little likely to rear large families. The licentiousness, too, which
characterizes many of the young females of this class, consigns a
large portion of them either to unfruitfulness or a premature grave.
In New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, they occupy much
more than their proportion of the pauper list. These facts are not
inconsistent with the supposed greater longevity of this class ; for
the rate of its natural increase depends upon the greater number,
and its character for longevity, on a few.

In comparing the proportion of children under ten, in 1830 and
1840, we find the falling off to be greater in this class than the
other classes ; and if we cannot refer it to an increase of emanci-
pation in last decennial term, of which we have no evidence, it
seems to indicate a small diminution in the rate of increase.

Let us now compare the increase of the white and coloured
population, in fifty years, supposing the former not to have gained,
and the latter not to have lost by migration.

In 1790, the white population was .... 3,172,464
Increase in 10 years, exclusive of immigration, 33.9

per cent 1,075,465

In 1800 4.247,929

Increase in 10 years, 33.1 per cent . . . 1,406,064

In 1810, 5,653,993

Increase in 10 years, 32.1 per cent . . . 1,814,932

In 1820, 7,468,925

Increase in 10 years, 30.9 per cent . . . 2,307,897

In 1830, 9,776,822

Increase in 10 years, 29.6 per cent . . . 2,929,136

In 1840, 12,705,958

Which shows an increase in fifty years, or rather in forty-nine
years and ten months, in the proportion of 100 to 400.4

in the United States in Fifty Years.

99

In 1790, the whole coloured population was
Increase in 10 years, 32.2 pec cent

In 1800,

Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent

In 1810, .....

Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent

In 1820, ......

Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent

In 1830,

Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent

In 1840,

757,363
244,073

1,001,436
322,462

1,323,898
426,295

1,750,193
563,562

2,313,755
745,029

3,058,784

Which shows an increase, in the same period, in the proportion
of 100 to 403.9 per cent, or three and a half per cent more than
that of the white population.

It may seem improbable, at the first view, that the natural
increase of the white population was greater than that of the
coloured in the two first decennial terms, as we have supposed it ;
and altogether inconsistent with that greater exemption from all
the ordinary restraints on marriage, which keeps the increase of
this race nearly uniform. It has been already stated, that the
difference between them in 1800 and 1810, may have been over-
rated, and that we should, perhaps, be nearer the truth, to lower the
increase of the whites by a higher estimate of the immigration, and
to make a small addition to the increase of the coloured population
in the first decennial terms. But we must not allow too much to
the considerations that have been mentioned ; for it must be re-
membered that, in the first decennial terms, most of the slaves lived
in the more insalubrious portions of the southern States, whilst most
of the whites occupied much more healthy regions. Besides, if a
greater proportion of the coloured females are mothers, and mothers
at an earlier age, they probably do not rear such large families,
and a greater number of their offspring die from disease and neglect.
It is known that, while the slaves have a greater proportion of

100 Progress of Population and Wealth

children under ten than the whites,* they are also subject to greater
mortality in after life, and, perhaps, the last circumstance may
balance or nearly balance the first. These, and other questions
connected with the progress of our population, can be accurately
solved only after fuller and more frequent statistical details than
we now possess.

* It must, however, be remembered, that a part of the excess must be referred to
emancipation, which, by being confined to adults, enhances the proportion of children.
But the precise extent of this disturbing influence we have no means of ascertaining.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 101

CHAPTER XII.

THE FUTURE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION.

Having ascertained the actual increase of our population during
half a century, and estimated its natural increase, unaffected by-
adventitious circumstances, let us now inquire whether the past
increase affords us a rule for calculating its future progress ; and
since, as we have seen, the ratio of its increase has been diminishing,
whether it will continue to diminish at the same rate.

The ratios of decennial increase, we have estimated as follows :

1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840.
Natural increase of the white

population, per cent, . . 33.9 33.1 32.1 30.9 29.6

Of the coloured, " . . 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2

Actual increase of the whole

population, per cent, . . 35.02 36.45 33.35 33.26 32.67

In the last series there are two irregularities, which deserve
notice. One was occasioned by the acquisition of Louisiana ; the
other was, that but nine years and ten months intervened between
the census of 1820 and that of 1830, instead of ten years, which
was the interval between the other enumerations. The first aug-
mented the ratio of increase between 1800 and 1810, about one
and a half per cent; the last underrated it between 1820 and 1830,
about two-thirds of one per cent.

When these irregularities are corrected, the series of rates of
increase, per cent, will stand thus :

35.02 34.95 33.45 33.92 32.67

And this would probably exhibit that diminishing series in the ratios
of increase, which would take place if the gain to the whites and
loss to the coloured population by migration, were to continue to
increase in the same proportion that they have heretofore done.

102 p7-og)-css of Population and Wealth

This, however, is not to be expected. European emigration
would be immediately affected by a European war, which would
at once check natural increase, and give new employment to a
great number ; so that, instead of emigrants from that source
increasing, as they have done for the last thirty years, they would
be considerably diminished. Besides, though peace should con-
tinue, it is not probable that those emigrants will increase in pro-
portion to our increasing numbers, and still less, in the same ratio
as heretofore. The increase of their number depends upon the
condition of both countries ; and although, when the United States
contain one hundred millions of people, they may present six times
as many points of attraction as at present, yet it does not follow that
Europe will then be able to spare inhabitants to the same extent.
So far as England is concerned, Canada, New Holland, and New
Zealand may draw off the largest portion of her redundant numbers ;
nor can it be foreseen how much our own policy may change in
encouraging immigration, when the Western States have attained
a density equal to that of the Middle States.

But will the diminution in the rate of natural increase continue
unchanged ; and will it not even augment as the density of popula-
tion increases ?

On this subject, very contrary opinions have prevailed. Whilst
some have calculated upon an undeviating rule of multiplication
until we have reached 200,000,000 or more, others have maintained
that, although our population might continue its past rate of increase
until it had reached 60,000,000, a change in that rate would cer-
tainly then take place ; as such a population supposes the whole
territory of the Union occupied, and all the fertile lands under
cultivation. These opinions seem equally removed from probability.
The first is satisfactorily disproved by the diminution in the ratio
of increase which has already been shown, and which diminution
we may rationally expect to increase with the increasing density
of numbers. The other hypothesis would arrest the present progress
of our population when it has reached 60,000,000, which would not
be equal to 64 persons to a square mile on the country now occupied
by the people of the United States. But when it is recollected
that the unoccupied country west of the Mississipi is yet larger
than that now settled, we may presume that, when the population
has reached 60,000,000, the whole of the western territory to the
Pacific will be more or less settled, and consequently, that the
population will then average less than 33 to a square mile ; a

in the United States in Fifty Years. 103

degree of density which supposes indeed a progressive abatement
in the rate of increase, such as we are now witnessing, but certainly
none arising from the difficulty of obtaining subsistence. That is
not likely to be an efficient check on the progress of our population
until it has reached an average density of from 60 to 80 to the
square mile.

Without doubt, other checks to natural multiplication, those
arising from prudence or pride, will continue to operate with
increased force as our cities multiply in number and increase in
magnitude, and as the wealthy class enlarges. These circumstances
will have the effect of retarding marriage ; and in the most densely
peopled States, the fall in the price of labour, and consequently, the
increased difficulty of providing for a family, may operate also on
the poorer classes. It is even probable, that these checks operate
sooner in this country than they have operated in other countries,
by reason of the higher standard of comfort with which the Ameri-
can people start, and of that pride of personal independence which
our political institutions so strongly cherish. The census shows
that their influence has been felt ever since the first enumeration ;
but we have no reason to believe that they will operate with a
more accelerated force than they have done, until the lapse of near
a centnry.

We find that each of the States exhibits a similar diminution in
the ratio of increase to that which we have seen in the whole
Union, and that it is equaily manifest whether population is dense
or thin — is rapidly or slowly advancing — is sending forth emigrants,
or receiving them from other States. This fact, which seems
hitherto not to have been suspected, will clearly appear in the
following tables, in which the progress of population from 1800 to
1840, is shown in all the States whose numbers at the former
period have been ascertained :

104

Progress of Population and Wealth

Table showing the Number of White Females, of White Children under 10 years of
age, and of Persons to a Square Mile, in twenty States, in 1800 and 1840 ; the Pro-
portion of Children to Females, at the same periods ; the Increase in the number of
persons, and the Decrease in the proportion of children during the 40 years; and the
average Decrease in 10 years.

Children

under 10.

Persons

to a
sq. mile,

Increase
of

persons

Propor-
tion of
chilur'n

Decrea'e
of pro-
portion.

Decrea'e

in
10 years.

13.9

3.4

17.4

4.3

22.

5.5

12.

3.

11.1

2.8

12.9

3.2

17.6

4.4

11.4

2.8

8.2

2.

4.5

1.1

7.5

1.9

6.3

1.6

7.3

1.8

8.3

2.

4.9

1.2

7.

1.7

10.2

2.5

12.

3.

15.4

3.8

?6.

1.5

Maine,

New Hampshire,.

Vermont,

Massachusetts,....

Rhode Island,

Connecticut,

New York,

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, ....

Delaware,

Maryland,

Virginia,

North Carolina,...
South Carolina,...

Georgia,

Mississippi,

Tennessee, \

Kentucky, ; )

Ohio, \

Indiana, \

1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840
1800
1840

74,069
247,449

91,740
145,032

74,580
144,840
211,299
368,351

33,579

54,225

123,528

153,556

258,587

1,171,533

95,600
174,533
284,627
831,345

24,819

29,302
105,676
159,400
252,151
369,745
166,116
244,833

95,339

^588

.& .4,293

197,161

2,262

81,818

44,529
315,193

85,915
250,664

20,595
720,

. 2,003
325,925

54,869

148,846

60,465

70,387

57,692

80,111

124,566

173,037

19,466

25,384

73,682

71,783

195,840

681,091

67,402

103,302

270,233

524,189

15,878

17,406

69,648

93,072

179,761

240,343

122,191

162,282

72,0

86,566

38,248

150,317

1,962

65,269

37,677

234,700

72,234

204,978

18,276

509,088

1,645

248,12

5.

16.7 (
19.9 ;
30.9 I
15.7 )
29.7 (
48.3)
84.3?

53.1 )
83.7 \

49.2 )

60.7 \
11.9 )
47.6^
28.2 )
49.2 I
12.6 )

36.5 \
29.2 )
35.4 (

30.6 t

42.1 \
11.7

18.6 <
9.6 )

15.2 \

10.8 )

18.7 \
2.6 )

11.2 I

.18)

6.1

2.6 )
20.6 \

5.4)
19.2 \

1.1
38.2 \

.13)

18.8 (

11.7:

36. ■
30.6!

23.

6.2;
11.5!

6.9.
5.6 !

7.9:

5.9:

18.
13.8!

74*

60.1

65.9

48.5

77.3

55.3

58.9

46.9

57.9

46.8

59.6

46.7

75.7

58.1

70.5

59.1

71.2

63.

63.9

59.4

65.9

58.4

71.3

65.

73.5

66.2

75.6

67.3

81.1

76.2

86.7

79.7

84.6

74.4

83.9

71.9

88.7

73.3

82.1

76.1

The following table gives the same comparative view of the pre-
ceding twenty States when comprehended under five divisions, viz :

* As the number of females is very nearly one-half of the population, one-half the
numbers in this column may be taken as the several proportions of the children to the
whole population in each State.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

105

Persons

Increase Propor-

Decrea'e

Decrea'e

Local divisions.

Years.

Females.

to a

of | tionof

of pro-

in

sq. mile.

persons, childr'n.

portion.

10 years.

N. England States, <

1800
1840

60S,795
1,113,453

386,723
569,348

19.2 I
34.8$

15.6 J

63.5 )
51.1 $

12.4

3. 1

Middle States,.... <

1800
1840

784,068
2,381,948

554,783
1,327,362

15.3 *
43.6 $

28. 3J

70.7 >
55.7 $

15.

3.75

Southern States,.. <

1800
1840

561,904
940,317

412,276
637,510

8.9 J
15.9 $

H

73. i

67.8$

6.4

1.6

Southw'n States of )
Mississippi and >

1800
1840

46,791
397,011

38,639
299,969

1.3}

13.7 $

12.4 1

77.6 i
75.5$

2.1

.5

Northw'n States of )
Kentucky, Ohio >
and Indiana,.... )

1800
1840

108,513
1,303,351

92,155
962,193

2.3 )
25.5 $

23.2 j

84.9 I
73.8$

11.1

3.8

We see by the preceding tables that the natural increase of the
population is inversely as its density ; and this is apparent, whether
we compare the increase of the same State at different periods, or
the increase of one State or one division with another. Thus, in
New England, where, with the exception of Maine, which is com-
paratively a newly settled State, the population is most dense,
averaging 50 to a square mile, the proportion of children is the
smallest, that is, 48.8 per cent of the females ; in the Middle States,
the population is 43.G to a square mile, and the proportion of children,
55.7 per cent.;; in the Southern States, the population is 15.7 persons
to the square mile, and the proportion of children, 67.8 per cent ;
in the South-western States, the population is 13.7 persons to the
square mile, and the proportion of children 75.5 'per crtej and if
the Northwestern States seems to be an exception to i 1.3? rule, in
having a greater proportion of children than the Southern|States, while
they have also a denser population by 9.6 persons to the square
mile, it is owing to the extraordinary fertility of those States,
whereby 25 persons to the square mile does not indicate so great aj
relative density as 16 to the square mile in the Southern States.

This rule of the rate of natural increase acts so uniformly, that
we may perceive the falling off in the rate, not only in 40 years,
as we have seen, but also in each decennial term, of which the
largest States in the five great divisions may serve as examples, viz :

1800.

Massachusetts, prop, of children under 10 58.9

New York, 75.7

Virginia, 71.2

Tennessee, 84.6

Ohio, 88.7

What is true in these States will be found true in the others ; and

1810.

1820.

1830.

1840.

57.6

53.

48.

46.0

72.8

67.2

63.2

58.1

69.6

68.

66.4

65.

82.9

78.8

78.

74.4

83.1

79.

74.2

73.3

106 Progress of Population and Wealth

there are not more than two or three cases, out of near a hundred,
in which the comparison can be made, that the proportion of chil-
dren, and consequently the rate of increase, is not less at each
census then at the census preceding.

When we perceive the causes of the diminution of increase
operating so steadily, and so independently of the greater or less
facility of procuring subsistence, we are warranted in assuming
that the diminution will continue to advance at the same moderate
rate it has hitherto done, until all the vacant territory of the United
States is settled, after which, another law of diminution and an
accelerated rate may be expected to take place.

In conformity with the preceding views, we may conclude that
the future increase of the population of the United States will not
greatly differ from the following series during the next half century,
if immigration continues to advance as it has done, viz :

1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900.
32 p. cent. 31.3 p. cent. 30.5 p. cent. 29.6 p. cent. 28.6 p. cent. 27.5 p. cent.
22,400,000 29,400,000 38,300,000 49,600,000 63,000,000 80,000,000

If, however, immigration were to continue as it is, or have but a
moderate increase, the ratios of increase might be thus reduced :

1S90. 1900.

27.9 p. cent. 26.8 p. cent.
59,800,000 74,000,000

At whi' time, the population will not exceed the average density
of from 35'" to 40 persons to the square mile, after making ample
allowance for the Rocky mountains and the tract of desert lying
at their eastern base.

The preceding estimates suppose a slower rate of increase than
has been commonly assumed in our political arithmetic, and, for a
part of the time, even by those who have set the lowest limit to
our future numbers ; but this rate cannot be much augmented
without overlooking some of the facts or laws deducible from our
past progress, or gratuitously assuming some new and more
favourable circumstances in our future progress. The lowest
estimate, however, ought to satisfy those whose pride of country
most looks to its physical power, for, at the reduced rate of increase
supposed, our population would, in a century from this time, or a
little more, amount to 200,000,000, and then scarcely exceed the
present density of Massachusetts, which is still in a course of
vigorous increase. In these estimates, the increase of the coloured

1850.

1860.

1870.

1880.

31.8 p. cent.

30.9 p. cent.

30 p. cent.

29 p. cent.

22,000

28,800,000

36,500,000

46,500,000

in the United States in Fifty Years.

107

population is supposed likely to continue as it has been, or with
such small changes as will not materially vary the result. But the
future condition of that part of our population will be separately
considered in the next chapter.

Some of our readers, who may wish to make calculations con-
cerning the past or future increase of the population, may find a
convenience in the following

Table shoimng, in different rates of Decennial Increase, the corresponding rates for the
intermediate years, and the number of years necessary for the Population to double,
at different rates of Increase.

INCREASE

INCREASE, PER CENT, IN—

No. of

IN TEN
YEARS.

years re-
quired to
double.

lyear.

2 years.

3 years.

4 years.

5 years.

6 years.

7 years.

8 years.

9 years.

20 p. cent,

1.84

3.71

5.62

7.56

9.54

11.56

13.61

15.70

17.83

33.017

21 «

1.92

3.89

5.88

7.92

10.

12.12

14.27

16.87

18.72

36.362

22 "

2.01

4.06

6.15

8.28

10.45

12.67

14.93

17.24

19.60

34.837

23 "

2.09

4.23

6.41

8.63

10.90

13.22

15.19

18.01

20.48

33.483

24 "

2.17

4.40

6.66

8.98

11.36

13.76

16.25

18.78

21.36

32.222

25 »

2.25

4.56

6.92

9.33

11.80

14.33

16.91

19.54

22.24

31.062

26 "

2.33

4.73

7.18

9.68

12.25

14.87

17.56

20.31

23.12

29.991

27 "

2.42

4.90

7.43

10.03

12.69

15.42

18.21

21.07

24.

28.999

28 "

2.50

5.06

7.66

10.38

13.14

15.96

18.86

21.83

24.88

28.078

29 "

2.58

5.22

7.94

10.78

13.58

16.51

19.51

22.59

25.76

27.220

30 »

2.65

5.37

8.19

11.06

14.02

17.05

20.16

23.35

26.68

26.419

31 »

2.73

5.54

8.44

11.40

14.45

17.59

20.81

24.11

27.51

25.669

32 "

2.81

5.71

8.68

11.74

14.89

18.12

21.45

24.87

28.38

24.966

33 "

2.89

5.87

8.93

12.03

15.32

18.66

22.09

35.62

29.26

24.305

34 "

2.97

6.03

9.18

12.42

15.76

19.20

22.73

26.38

30.13

23.683

35 »

3.04

6.18

9.42

12.75

16.19

19.73

23.35

27.13

31.01

23.097

36 "

3.12

6.34

9.66

13.09

16.62

20.26

24.01

27.88

31.88

22.542

37 "

3.19

6.50

9.90

13.42

17.05

20.79

24.66

28.64

32.75

22.018

38 "

3.27

6.65

10.14

13.75

17.47

21.32

25.29

29.29

33.93

21.520

39 "

3.34

6.81

10.33

14.03

17.90

21.84

26.92

30.14

34.50

21.049

40 "

3.42

6.96

10.62

14.41

18.32

22.37

26.56

30.89

35.36

20.600

According to the preceding table, the population on the 1st m
the present year, or three years after the census was last taken,/is
as follows :

The increase on the last decennial term was 32.67 per cent, afid
the rate of increase for three years, in the table, being 8.68 per
cent, where the decennial increase is 32 per cent, and 8.93 per
cent where the decennial increase is 33 per cent, the intermediate
rate of incfrease or three years, now, is 8.85 per cent. This gives
an increase of 1,510,646, which, added to 17,069,453, shows the
whole population of the United States to have been, on the 1st of
June last, 18,580,000. In the latter year of the current decenniaji
term, a small deduction must be made for the gradual diminution
in the rate of increase.

108 Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER XIII.

THE FUTURE PROGRESS OF SLAVERY.

So far as can now be seen, the progress of the slave population
in the United States is likely to undergo but little change for several
decennial terms, and to be no more affected by schemes of emanci-
pation or colonization, or even by individual cases of manumission,
than it has been.

This is not the place for assailing or defending slavery ;
but it may be confidently asserted, that the efforts of aboli-
tionists have hitherto made the people in the slaveholding States
cling to it more tenaciously. Those efforts are viewed by
them as an intermeddling in their domestic concerns that is equally
unwarranted by the comity due to sister States, and to the solemn
pledges of the federal compact. In the general indignation which
is thus excited, the arguments in favour of negro emancipation, once
open and urgent, have been completely silenced, and its advocates
among the slaveholders, who have not changed their sentiments,
find it prudent to conceal them. Philosophy no longer ventures to
teach that this institution is yet more injurious to the master than
the slave ; religion has ceased to refuse it her sanction ; and even
the love of liberty, which once pleaded for emancipation, is now
enlisted against it. Statesmen and scholars have tasked their
ingenuity to show that slavery is not only legitimate and moral, but
expedient and wise. The scheme of Las Casas, which, to relieve
Indians from the prospective yoke of bondage, actually placed it
on the necks of Africans, is no longer deemed a paralogism in
morals, and the slavery of a part of the community is gravely
maintained to be essential to a high State of civil freedom in the rest.

Such have been the fruits of the zeal of northern abolitionists in
those States in which slavery prevails ; and the fable of the Wind
and the Sun never more forcibly illustrated the difference between
gentle and violent means in influencing men's wills. Nor is the
effect a temporary one. All the prejudices of education and habit

in the United States in Fifty Years. 109

in favour of slavery, have struck their roots the deeper for the rudeness
with which they have been assailed. The slave himself, too, has
suffered by the change. The progressive amelioration of his condi-
tion has been arrested ; and in the precautions which the schemes
of abolitionists (whose numbers have been as much overrated by
the slave-owners as their power has been by themselves,) have sug-
gested, his condition has, in some instances, become positively worse.
Even where this has not been the case the " bliss of ignorance"
has been converted by his misguided friends into a sullen and
hopeless discontent. The irritating conflicts and recriminations to
which the subject has given occasion between different parts of
the Union, have afforded new means of gaining popular favour,
which crafty politicians on both sides have gladly seized ; and the
dissensions thus inflamed, induce those who look with evil eyes on
the future strength and greatness of this republican confederacy, to
indulge in vain hopes of its dissolution.

The causes of this strife of feeling and opinion are too deeply
seated in the human heart not to be supposed to continue for the
period that has been mentioned ; and, accordingly, the State of
domestic slavery, and the progress of the slave population, will
probably experience no material change for forty or fifty years, or
even a yet longer term, in any of the slaveholding States, except
Delaware, and perhaps Maryland.

But if we carry our views to a yet more distant future, we shall
find causes at work whose effects on this institution neither the
miscalculating sympathies of fanaticism or philanthropy, nor their
re-action on the slave owners, can avert or long delay. The popu-
lation of the slaveholding States, at its present rate of increase, and
even at a reduced rate, will, in no long time, have reached that
moderate degree of density which supposes all their most produc-
tive lands taken into cultivation. As soon as that point is reached,*
the price of labour, compared with the means of subsistence, wijl
begin to fall, according to the great law of human destiny, so ably
developed by Malthus, and which is the inevitable result of man's
tendency to increase and multiply ; of his dependence on the soil
for his subsistence; and of the limited extent of that soil. Labour,
then, as it increases in quantity, must exchange either for less o<*
for cheaper food ; and such reduction is altogether independent of
a gradation of soils. It must take place if every rood of earth was
of equal fertility with the American Bottom in Illinois, since everyi
succeeding generation being more numerous than the preceding,

10

110 Progress of Population and Wealth

the products of but a smaller portion of the earth's surface can fall
to the share of one individual. In this progressive declension of
its value, labour will finally attain a price so low, that the earnings
of a slave will not repay the cost of rearing him, when, of course,
his master will consider him as a burdensome charge rather than
a source of profit ; and as the same decline in the value of labour
once liberated the villeins or slaves of western Europe, and will
liberate the serfs of Russia, so must it put an end to slavery in the
United States, should it be terminated in no other way.

This may be called the euthanasia of the institution, as it will be
abolished with the consent of the master no less than the wishes of
the slave ; and the period of termination will be sooner reached
because the labour of slaves, by reason of the inferiority in industry,
economy, and skill, inseparable from their condition, is less produc-
tive than that of freemen.

But this depression in the value of labour will reach the different
States at different periods of time, and it will advance more slowly
as we proceed south. Yet the facility with which slaves can be
transported from one State to another, will countervail much of
this difference ; and slave labour, in the more northern of the slave-
holding States, will not greatly decline in price so long as it is very
profitable in the more southern. If Maryland, Virginia, and North
Carolina were insulated from the rest, then, at no very distant day,
slave labour in those States, with its inherent disadvantages, would
not more than defray the cost of its maintenance ; but so long as
their slaves can be readily transferred to other States, they will
retain a value in every State proportionate and approaching to their
value in other States. This would, moreover, be the case, if the
trade in slaves, now carried on, were interdicted, and their impor-
tation were permitted only in those cases in which they migrate
with the families of proprietors, so many of whom are ever seeking
to improve their condition in the south and the west. We must,
therefore, in our estimates of the future progress and duration of
slavery, regard all the slaveholding States as one community for a
Considerable time to come ; and expect that, if the institution remains
undisturbed by State legislation, (for that of the United States is
riot only unwarranted by the constitution, but is inconsistent with
ai continuance of the Union,) they will all approach to the same
density of slave population, except so far as it may be affected by
diversities of soil and other local circumstances.

The slaveholding States and territories had, in 1840, a population

in the United States in Fifty Years.

Ill

of 7,534,431, on an area of 629,500 square miles ; and their com-
parative density, both as to the whole number and the slave portion,
may be seen in the following

Table, showing the Density of Population in the Slaveholding States.

States and
Territories.

Area — miles.

Whole
Population.

Slaves.

NO. TO THE SQ. MILE.

Whole pop.

Slaves.

2,200
11,150
100
66,620
49,500
31,750
61,500
55,680
49,300
52,900
47,680
55,000
40,200
40,500
65,500

78,085
470,017

43,712
1,239,797
753,419
594,398
691,392

54,477
352,411
590,756
375,651

97,574
829,210
779,828
383,702

2,605

89,737
4,694
448,987
245,817
327,038
280,944

25,717
168,452
253,532
195,211

19,535
183,059
182,258

58,240

35.5
42.1
43.7
18.6
15.2
18.7
11.2
.9

7.1
11.9

8.3

1.7
20.5
19.2

5.8

1.9

8.
4.7
6.7
5.
10.
4.5

.5
3.4
4.8
4.

.3
4.5
4.5

.9

District of Columbia,.

North Carolina,

South Carolina,

Florida,

Louisiana,

Total,

629,580

7,334,431 ! 2.486.226

11.6

4.1

The slaveholding States and Territories, then, taken together,
have an average population of not quite twelve to the square mile,
of which somewhat more than one-third are slaves ; and they, as
well as the free portion, are very unequally distributed over these
States.

To ascertain when the population of those States will attain a
density which will make slave labour unprofitable, let us inquire,
first, into that precise degree of density which reduces the price of
labour to the cost of its maintenance ; and secondly, into the future
rate of increase of those States.

L To answer our first inquiry, we have but scanty materials.
In those countries of Europe in which slavery has been abolished,
history seems to be entirely unacquainted with the motives of the
abolition, and it is left only to conjecture to infer that it was because
it was no longer gainful to the master. Supposing this fact estab-
lished, we have no authentic data for determining the density of
population, and still less for estimating the state of husbandry, which
must be taken into the account ; since a population of 50 to the
square mile in the 12th and 13th centuries, when slavery was
abolished in England, might be equal to twice or thrice as many
at the present day, by reason of the increased productiveness of
the soil. It is, however, clear, that slavery is still profitable in
Russia, and that it would be unprofitable in every part of western

112 Progress of Population and Wealth

Europe. As there, a large part even of the free labour can barely
earn a subsistence, and a portion cannot always do that, it follows
that slaves, whose labour is inherently less profitable, could not
earn enough for their snpport. We may, therefore, infer that a far
less dense population than now exists in the western part of Europe
would be inconsistent with slavery : and that the degree of density
which would render it productive of more profit than expense, would
be some intermediate point between that of Russia and that of the
other States of Europe. But the population of those States is
about 110 to the square mile, whilst that of Russia is but 25 ; and
though the degree of density when slavery first ceases to be profit-
able is somewhere between the two, yet, between such wide ex-
tremes, we have no means of ascertaining that intermediate point,
or of even approximating to it. Nor could any rule, drawn from
countries differing so widely in soil, climate, goodness of tillage,
and mode of living, be of easy application to the United States.

But we may make a nearer approach to the truth if we confine
our speculations to the abolition of slavery in England, though that
part of her history is involved in no little darkness and contradic-
tion. In the fourteenth century, when the emancipation of villeins
had made considerable progress, the population in England and
Wales was computed, from the returns of a poll-tax, to be 2,350,000,
which is 40 persons to the square mile. About the end of the
seventeenth century (in 1690,) when no vestige of villeinage re-
mained, from the number of houses returned under the hearth-tax,
the population was estimated at 5,318,100, which is 92 to the square
mile. The medium point of density is 66, which we may assume
to be inconsistent with any profit from domestic slavery.

But in applying this fact to the slaveholding States, there are
several points of diversity between them and England to be taken
into consideration. 1. The difference of fertility. Though three
of the slaveholding States, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri,
constituting less than one-fourth of the whole, are naturally more
fertile than England, and are capable of supporting a denser popu-
lation than she was at the period supposed, the other three-fourths
are yet more inferior to England in fertility.

2. The standard of comfort for the labouring class is much higher
here than it is in England, so far as it concerns the consumption of
animal food, in consequence of the peculiar circumstances of this
country, where the husbandry and useful arts of a cultivated people
are conjoined with the thin population of a rude one. In every

in the United States in Fifty Years. 113

part of Europe, population and the arts have advanced at the same
rate ; and the ascertained slowness of the rate supposes straitened
means of subsistence in every stage of the progress. This is con-
clusively proved, as to England, by the fact that her population,
which, in 1377, had been 2,350,000, had increased in 1800, that is,
in 423 years, only to 8,872,980 ; since nothing but great difficulty
in obtaining the means of subsistence, and extreme discomfort with
the great mass of the people, could have retarded the period of
duplication with our progenitors to upwards of two hundred years !
Now, although the standard of comfort for the free labourer is not
necessarily that for the slave, yet, in the same country and at the
same time, the last will approximate to the first1 — at least, that has
hitherto been the case in the United States, where animal food
always constitutes a part of the daily aliment of the slave.

3. The difference of husbandry. Agriculture is doubtless much
less skilful and productive in the United States than it is in England
at the present day ; but it is probably much more so than it was in
that country at the period to which we refer. Of all, or nearly all,
the improvements in husbandry, whether taught by experience or
science, our agriculturists readily avail themselves ; and the chief
difference between the two countries is, that the labour which there
neatly tills a small surface, here slovenly tills a large one.

Of these diversities, the effect of the last is to make the rate of
density that is inconsistent with slavery greater here than it was in
England, and that of the second is to make it smaller. Let us
suppose that the two neutralize each other ; and that the more libe-
ral consumption of the slave in the United States is compensated
by the superiority of their tillage to that which prevailed in Eng-
land at the supposed era. If, then, we make a deduction from the
assumed density of 66 to the square mile, for the greater natural
fertility of England, which we will suppose to be greater than that
of the slaveholding States by one-fourth, that is, as 100 to 75, then
the density, which in those States will be found inconsistent with
profit from domestic slavery, will be reduced to about 50 persons
to the square mile.

Should this moderate degree of density be considered inadequate to
the effect here ascribed to it, it must be recollected that adult slave
labour may still be profitable, though it may not be sufficiently so
to defray the expense of rearing it from infancy ; and that the pay-
ment of this expense is assumed to be an indispensable condition to
the continuance of the institution. In any country less populous
10*

114 Progress of Population and Wealth

than China, the labour of grown slaves would generally be profit-
able ; and the barbarous policy of making slaves of prisoners of
war may continue slavery in some countries, as it does in Africa,
in which its profits could not keep up its own stock. But in the
United States, those who would appropriate to themselves the
labour of the adult slave, must consent to incur the previous charge
of his childhood.

We must also bear in mind that the slaveholding States are
almost exclusively agricultural, and, consequently, that their popu-
lation is principally rural. Not over one-thirtieth of their popula-
tion, if we take away Baltimore and New Orleans, live in towns, and
with the inhabitants of those cities, not one-sixteenth part. In
densely peopled countries, however, from one-half to two-thirds live
in cities and towns; thus showing that from a third to a half of their
whole population is sufficient for their culture ; of course, were the
density as much as 120 to the square mile, from 40 to 60 persons
would be as many as could be advantageously employed on the
soil ; and thus the value of labour would decline as much and as
fast in a country that was purely agricultural, as it would in another
of twice its population that was also manufacturing. Should, then,
agriculture continue to be the principal occupation of the slavehold-
ing States, and they not betake themselves more extensively to
manufactures, the population, when it amounts to 50 persons to the
square mile, will have reached that point when every addition to it
will rapidly depreciate the value of labour. We may, therefore,
reasonably infer that, if its value in the slaveholding Slates should
not have attained the supposed point of depression when they have
a population of 50 to the square mile, they will attain it in no long
time afterwards.

It affords some confirmation of these views, that when emanci-
pation took place in New Jersey, which probably has the average
fertility of the present slaveholding States, the population was
something less than 40 to the square mile, and that, even then, the
labour of slaves was thought not much to exceed the cost of their
subsistence ; and that many judicious slave-owners in Maryland
and eastern Virginia, where the population, exclusive of Baltimore,
scarcely exceeds 35 to the square mile, believe that the labour of
their slaves yields but a small net profit.

Supposing, then, a density of 50 persons to the square mile to be
incompatible with the longer continuance of slavery in the States
now permitting it, their aggregate population would then amount to

in the United States in Fifty Years. 115

31,479,000. When are they likely to attain this number ? Their
past progress, from 1790 to 1840, has been as follows :

1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840.

Total population, 1,961,372 2,621,316 3,480,904 4,502,235 5,848,303 7,334,431

Increase in each decen-
nial term, per cent, 33.7 32.8 29.3 30.2 25.4

The whole increase in fifty years has been as 100 to 383.7. The
rate of increase, it will be perceived, has declined in the four decen-
nial terms between 1800 and 1840, from 33.7 per cent to 25.4 per
cent, showing a falling off in that time of 8.3 per cent in the ratio
of increase for ten years. But more than half of this decline took
place between 1830 and 1840, in consequence of the emigration to
Texas, which was principally from the slaveholding States. As
much of that emigration was the consequence of an ardent desire
to aid the Texians in their struggle for independence, as well as of
the great and sudden reverse of prosperity experienced by some of
those States, and as motives equally strong are not likely to recur,
we, perhaps, ought to regard this unwonted reduction of increase
as temporary, and to consider the previous rate as affording the
just rule for our estimates. Between 1800 and 1830, the falling off
in the decennial increase was only 3| per cent; but between 1800
and 1810, it was augmented 3 per cent by the acquisition of Loui-
siana. Let us, then, take a medium course, and suppose a rate of
diminution greater than that shown by the four first enumerations,
but smaller than that shown by the last. Let us suppose that, in
the future progress of the slaveholding States, the increase in each
decennial term will be one-fifteenth part less than the increase of
the preceding term, and see when, from that increase, the popula-
tion will attain a density of 50 to the square mile.

The rate of increase thus diminishing, will be 23.3 per cent in
1850 ; 21.7 per cent in 1860 ; and so on, in a descending series, by
which, in a little upwards of eighty years, the population would
reach the required density, and amount to 31,000,000. But inas-
much as the other States increase in a much greater ratio, as
experience has shown, this circumstance is likely, after a time, to
accelerate the rate of increase in the slaveholding States. In fifty
years, when, on the supposed rate of increase, the latter would not
exceed 30 to the square mile, many, perhaps most of the free
States, will have attained a density of upwards of 100 on the same
area. The difference in the price of land which these different
densities imply, cannot but induce an increase of emigration from

116 Progress of Popuhition and Wealth

the free States to the slaveholding States. The swarms from the
New England hive prefer, at present, migrating to States where
there are no slaves ; but as soon as the northwestern States are
settled throughout, and before they are densely peopled, the cheaper
lands of the slaveholding States will hold out inducements to the
settler too strong to be resisted. These States, instead of sending
out emigrants, as at present, will then receive them ; and thus the
rate of their increase, instead of continuing in a descending ratio,
will be a while stationary, and then moderately increase. The
effect of this change, depending upon so many contingencies, it is
impossible to calculate ; but it might hasten the period in question
some twenty years or more.

The period, too, when slavery will be likely to expire of itself,
will reach the different States at different times. So long as the
labour of slaves is very profitable in any of the States, their value,
as we have seen, is enhanced in all the others ; but when that
labour has greatly declined in value, as it will do when greatly
augmented, the influence of one State on another will have pro-
portionally diminished, and not be sufficient to overcome other
obstacles to the removal of slaves. The diversities of the States,
physical and moral, will then have an unchecked operation, and
they are considerable. Some States and parts of States raise grain
and cattle, which occupations require but little labour, and, of
course, can support but few slaves ; whilst others, cultivating cot-
ton, sugar, tobacco, and rice, which, requiring much labour and
manipulation, cannot be grown without a much larger number.
In the former, then, emancipation will be at once easier and sooner ;
and thus after Delaware, in which it will first, and in no long time
take place, the States of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Ten-
nessee, Kentucky, and Missouri, may be expected to abolish slavery
some considerable time before slave labour has ceased to be profit-
able in the States south of them. The climate, too, may have the
effect of prolonging slavery in the last mentioned States, both be-
cause it indisposes men to field labour, and because it is less suited
to the white than the negro temperament.

Such appears to be the result of general visible causes, whose
operation is beyond human controul. It may, however, be hastened
or retarded by contingent events, the influence of which, as well as
their occurrence, time alone can determine. The following cir-
cumstances would tend to delay the termination of slavery : Further
emigrations to Texas ; the formation of new slaveholding States,

in the United States in Fifty Years. 117

which, though it would accelerate the increase of the slaveholding
population, would lessen its density ; or, should slave labour be
more extensively applied to manufactures, which does not seem
impossible, as they would incur no greater charge for superintend-
ence than is now incurred by agriculture ; or, should the cultiva-
tion of the sugar-cane be extended to meet the growing demands
of our increasing population, and that commodity should maintain
its monopoly price ; or, lastly, should new articles of culture re-
quiring much labour, such as silk and wine, be introduced in the
slaveholding States.

But, on the other hand, should none of these events take place,
and should the sympathies now felt for the slave subside, or find
sufficient employment at home, the same liberal sentiments which
once prevailed in most of the slaveholding States may revive, and
decide on the gradual abolition of slavery, or lessen its amount by
colonization and private manumission. The natural multiplication
of the slaves, too, may be affected by a less careful and kind treat-
ment of them, as their value declines. Or, popular enthusiasm may
be excited by religion or otherwise in favour of emancipating them ;
or the same popular feeling, in a frenzy of fear or resentment, may
aim to destroy or expel them. These and other causes, not now
foreseen, may prolong or abridge the existence of this institution in
the United States, but none of them seem capable of averting its
ultimate destiny. We may say of it, as of man : the doom of its
death, though we know not the time or the mode, is certain and
irrevocable.

To conclude this subject, so pregnant with matter of serious re-
flection to all : the citizens of the slaveholding States are persuaded
that emancipation will necessarily lead, first, to political equality,
and finally, to an amalgamation of the two races. Believing, as
they really do, that the negroes are physically, as well as morally
and intellectually, their inferiors, they regard this intermixture as a
contamination of their own race ; and these supposed consequences
constitute their most invincible objections to the liberation of their
slaves. Those who entertain these opinions, and who also believe
that the result here inferred is inevitable, or even probable, have it
now in their power to make some preparation for an issue so
fraught with mischief, and so abhorrent to their feelings. If they
think the number of their slaves is too great for them quietly to
remain, when the period of natural liberation arrives, as an inferior
caste, or with a qualified freedom, they ought to lessen the number

118

Progress of Population and Wealth

by all allowable means — as by colonization ; and, since the eman-
cipated class are found to increase more slowly than either the
slaves or the whites, they ought to encourage, rather than check,
private manumission. Even as a measure of precaution, the policy
of prohibiting the liberation of slaves is very questionable ; and if
so, the States which have adopted it, have not only yielded to the
common temptation of avoiding a present danger by incurring a
greater one hereafter, but, perverting a wise maxim, have incurred
a certain evil to avoid one that is doubtful.

Though the natural increase of the free coloured class is less
than that of the slaves or the whites, yet by its accessions from
emancipation, its actual increase is far greater than that of either
of the other two classes, as may be thus seen in the following

Table, showing the Increase of the White and the Coloured Population in the Slave,
holding States.

Whites,...
Free col.. .
Slaves, —

,271
:{-j,t;:ir,

657.04'

I.Tll-.V.Ml

61,241

1.857.095

.208,78.-,
88 078

,i<;:i,7.vt

.-•42.3 ii
135,294

.521.220

3.000,758

182,070
1,996,

DECENNIAL INI It I: .\ S E PER CENT IN

4,631, 998 ! 33.9

211,889! 87.7

2,486,226 30.4

1810. 1820. |

28.7

The increase in the whole 50 years has been as follows :

Whites, as 100 to 364.2

Free coloured, " .... * 649.3

Slaves, " 378.4

Total coloured " 391.2

It is thus seen that, in these States, the whites have increased a
little less than the whole population, (383.7 per cent,) and the slaves
a little more ; but that the free coloured have increased almost
twice as fast as the whites. The table further shows that, but for
emancipation, the slaveholding States would, at this time, have
contained from 200,000 to 300,000, perhaps over 300,000 slaves
more than they now contain ; and that the reduction would have
been still greater than it now is, if none of them had prohibited or
impeded manumission.

in tlie United States in Fifty Years.

119

CHAPTER XIV.

THE INCREASE OF THE ATLANTIC AND WESTERN, SLAVEHOLDING AND
NON-SLAVEHOLDING STATES, COMPARED.

The several States and Territories have been differently divided,
according to circumstances. Sometimes they are classed, as we
have seen, under five divisions, as they severally agree in climate,
products, and in the prevailing habits and pursuits of their people.
Sometimes, again, they are divided into Atlantic and Western
States ; and lastly, according to the fact of their permitting slavery
or not. By combining the last twofold divisions, they admit of a
fourfold division, as the Atlantic slaveholding and non-slaveholding
States, and the Western slaveholding and non-slaveholding States.
These four divisions will now be compared as to their present
numbers, density of population, and rate of increase.

The following tables show the population, area, number of persons
to the square mile, and increase at each enumeration since 1810,
of the four divisions, composed of the Atlantic and Western States,
slaveholding and non-slaveholding :

Atlantic States.

Local divisions.

POPULATION IN —

Area—

No. to

Increase,p. cent, in —

1810.

1820.

1830.

1840.

Miles. J mile.

10 yrs.

20 yrs.

30 yrs.

/. Noti-slavchold'g
States.

228,705
214,360
217,713
472,040
77,031
262,042
959,049
245,555
810,091

298,335
244,161
235,764
523,287
83,059
275,202

1,372,812
277,575

1,049,458

399,455
269,328

280,652

610,408
97,199

297,675
1,918,606

320,823
1,348,233

501,793
284,574
291,948
737,699
108, S30
309,978

2.428.921
373,306

1,724,033

32,000 15.6
9,200 30.9

New Hampshire,..

Vermont,.

Massachusetts,... .

Rhode Island,

Connecticut,

New York,

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania,

Total,

9,800
8,750
1,300
5,100

49,000
7,500

47,500

29.8
86.5
83.7
60.8
49.5
49.7
36.6

3,486,586

4,359,653

5,542,381

6,761,082

170,150

39.4

22.

55.

94.

//. Slaveh'g St'tes

Delaware,

Maryland,

Dist. of Columbia,.

72,674
380,546

24,023
974,622
555,500
415,115
252,433

72,749
407,350
33,039

1,065,379

638,829
502,74 1
340,987

76,748
447,041)

39,834
1,211,405
737,987
581,185
516,823

34,730

78,085
470,019

43,712
1,239,797
753,419
594,398
691,392

54,477

2,200
11,150
100
66,020
49,500
31,750
61,509
55,680

35.5

42.
43.7
18.6
15.2
18.7
11.2
.9

'

North Carolina,-..
South Carolina,-- •

Total,

2,674,913

3,061,074

3,645,752

3,925,299

278,500

14.1

5.3

25.3

43.5

120

Progress of Population and Wealth

Western States.

Local divisions.

POPULATION IN —

Area —
Square
miles.

No. to
asq.
mile.

Increase, p. cent, in —

1810.

1820.

1830.

1810.

10 yrs.

20 yrs.

30 yrs.

///. Slavehold'g S.

Louisiana,

Mississippi,

76,566
40,352

153,407
75,448
144,317

14,273
422,813

66,586
564,317

215,739
136,621
309,527
30,388

681,904
140,455
687,917

352,411
375,651
590,756
97,574
829,210
383,702
779,828

49,300
47,680

52,900
55,000
40,200
65,500
40,500

7.1
7.8
11.1

Tennessee

261,727

2(1,815
406,511

20-6
5.8
19.2

Kentucky,

Total

805,991

1.441,161

2,202,551

3,409,132

351,080

9.4

54.8

136.

323.

IV- Non-slavehold-
ing States.

230,760
21,520
12,282
4,762

581,434

147,178
55,211
8.896

937,903
343.031
157,445

31,639

1,519,467
685,866
476,183
212,267
30.945
43,112

39,750
36,500
57,900
59,700
95,000
200,000

38.2
18-8
8.2
3.5
.3

Illinois

Michigan,

1 I.UI1J ,

Total

272,324

802,719 I 1,470,018

2,967,840

488,850

6.

102.

269.

1090.

Atlantic and Western States — Slaveholder and Non-slaveholding States.

Dea nnial incr. in —

1820. 1830. | 1840.

Atlantic States,. . .
Western States,...

6,161,499
1,078,315

7,420,727
2,243,880

9,188,133
3,672,569

in.08ii.381
6,376,972

448,650
839,930

23.8
7.6

20.4
108.1

23.8
63.7

16.3

Non-slavehold'gS.

Slavehold'g States,

3,758,910

3,480,904

5,102,372
4,502,235

7,012,399

5 848.303

9,728,922
7.334,431

659,000

029.580

14.7
11.6

37.3
29.3

35.8
29.9

38.7
25.4

II will be seen by the preceding tables that the four divisions
differ considerably in numbers, but far more in density of popula-
lation ; that the Atlantic non-slaveholding division has the greatest
number and density, and the Western non-slaveholding division has
the least. If, however, the vast Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa,
which are comparatively unsettled, be deducted, this fourth division
would rank second in density of numbers ; its four States containing,
in 1840, nearly 15 persons to the square mile.

It will also be seen that the slaveholding States have increased
more slowly than the States without slaves, though they are less
densely peopled, which fact is owing principally to the difference
of their accessions from immigration. In the thirty years from 1810
to 1840,

The increase of the States without slaves has been as 100 to 258.8
That of tfte slaveholding States has been as . . 100 to 210.7

The disparity of increase between the Atlantic and Western
States, has been far greater ? for, whilst the former have not doubled
in thirty years, the latter have, in the same time, augmented nearly
sixfold. Thus,

in the United Slates in Fifty Years. 121

Increase of Atlantic States from 1830 to 1840, was as 100 to 173.4
That of the Western States " " 100 to 591.4

Should their respective rates of increase in the current decennial
term be the same as it was in the last, the numbers in the Atlantic
States would, in 1850, be 12,428,000, and those in the Western
States, 11,170.000. It, therefore, will not be before the next
succeeding census, in 18G0, that those States will have preponde-
rance in numbers and political power, unless there should be, in
the present decennial term, a further disparity in their rate of
increase.

On this subject it may be remarked, that most of the Western
States, which are as yet but thinly settled compared with their ex-
traordinary capabilities, have increased faster in the last ten years
than in the ten years preceding, and that the same causes may
continue to operate until the next census ; whereas, in the Atlantic
States, the cases of such increasing ratio are only two, and those
to a small extent. They are Massachusetts, whose decennial in-
crease has augmented from 16.6 per cent in 1830, to 20.9 in 1840,
— the great extension of her manufactures having checked her
wonted emigration — and New Jersy, whose increase has, in like
manner, augmented from 15.5 per cent to 16.4 per cent, in conse-
quence of her sympathetic growth with the cities of New York
and Philadelphia. In every other Atlantic state, the ratio of
decennial increase has diminished, so as to make the diminution in
the New England States from 17.8 to 14.3 percent ; in the Middle
States, from 29.2 to 23.3. per cent ; and in the Southern States,
from 21. to 8.2. per cent.

But of the Western States, Mississippi augmented its ratio of
increase, in the same time, from 81. to 175. per cent; Louisiana,
from 40.6 to 61.6; Arkansas, from 112.8 to 221.1 ; Missouri, from
140.4 to 173.2; Illinois, from 185.1 to 202.4; Michigan, from
255.6 to 555.6 ; and even Ohio, the third State in the Union, from
61.3 to 62. per cent. And in most of these States, the next decennial
increase may possibly be yet greater than the last. In the Atlantic
States, on the other hand, the diminution may continue, though
probably at a less rate, since the emigration from the more northern
slaveholding States to the cotton-growing States may be much less
in the present term of ten years than it was in the last. On the
whole, should the decennial increase of the Atlantic States continue
11

122 Progress of Population and Wealth

to decline as it has done, which is not probable, and should the
Western States continue to increase in the same accelerated ratio,
which also seems improbable, and unwarranted by the history of
other States similarly circumstanced, these two great divisions of
the Union will, in 1850, be nearly equal in population and political
power.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

123

CHAPTER XV.

DISTRIBUTION OF POLITICAL POWER.

As, by the federal constitution, political power, in some of its
highest functions, is distributed among the several States according
to their respective numbers, their relative weight in the govern-
ment, besides being very unequal, has greatly varied after every
census, in consequence of their very different rates of increase.

The following table shows the number of representatives in con-
gress assigned to each State under the several apportionments :

Apportionments according to the Census.

Apport'nment

before the

Census.

1T90.

1800.

1810.

1820.

1830.

1840.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

States.

of

States.

of

States.

of

States.

of

States.

of

States.

of

States.

of

Reps.

Reps.

Reps.

Reps.

Reps.

Reps.

Reps.

Virgin'a

10

Virgin'a

19

Virgin'a

22

N.York,

27

N.York,

34

N.York,

40 N. York

34

Mass.,...

8

Mass.,..

14

Penn.,..

18

Penn.,. .

23

Penn.,. .

26

Penn.,. .

28

Penn.,...

24

Penn.,...

8

Penn.,.

13 N.York,

17

Virgin'a

23

Virgin'a

22

Virgin'a

21

Ohio,...

21

N. York,

6

N.York,

10

Mass... .

17

Mass., . .

20

Ohio,...

14

Ohio,...

19

Virgin'a

15

Maryl'd,

6

N.Car.,

10

N. Car.,.

12 |N.Ca'r.,.

13

Mass.,..

13

N. Car.,

13

Tenn.,. .

11

Conn.,. .

5

Maryl'd,

8

Maryl'd,

9 iKent'y,.

10

N. Car.,.

13

Kent'y,.

13

Mass.,. .

10

N. Car.,.

5

Conn,..

7

S.Car.,.

8 Maryl'd,

9

Kent'y..

12

Tenn.,. .

13

Kent'y,.

10

3. Car.,.

5

S. Car.,.

6

Conn.,..

7 S.Car.,.

9

Marvi'd,

9

Mass.,. .

12

Indiana.

10

N.Jer.,.

4

N.Jer.,.

5

N.Jer.,.

6 Conn.,..

7

S.Car.,.

9

S.Car.,.

9

N.Car.,.

9

N. Ham.

3

N. Ham.

4

Kent'y, .

6 JN.Hara.

6

Tenn.,..

9

Georgia,

9

Georgia.

8

Georgia,

3

R. Isl'd,.

2

N. Ham.

5 | Verm't, .

6

Georgia,

7

Maine,..

8

Maine, .

7

R. Isl'd,.

1

Verm't, .

2 Verm't,.

4 N. Jer.,.

6

.Maine, .

7

Maryl'd,

8

S.Car.,.

7

Delaw'e

1

Georgia,
Kent'y,.

2 iGeorgia,
2 jTenn.,..

4 IGeorgia,
3 Tenn.,...

2 Ohio,...

6
6

N. Ham.
Conn.,..

6
6

Indiana,
Conn.,. .

7
6

Alaba'a.
Illinois,.

7

7

13 States, 65

Delaw'e

1 R. Isl'd,.

6

N.Jer.,.

6

N.Jer.,.

6

Maryl'd.

6

Tenn.,*

1 Delaw'e

1 It. Isl'd,.

2

Verm't,.

5

N. Ham.

5

N.Jer.,.

5

16 States under 1st app.

100 Ohio,*..

1 Delaw'e

2

Louis., .

3

Verm't,.

5

Misso'ri.

5

17 States under 2d app.
19 States under 3d app.

j^o Louis.,*

1

Indiana,
Alaha'a,
R. Isl'd,.
Delaw'e

3
3

T

Alaha'a,
Louis., .

Illinois,.

a. isi'd,.

5
3
3
2

N. Ham.
Conn.,..
Verm't,.
Louis.,..

4
4
4

4

Indi'a,.*

183

Miss.,* .

i

Miss

2

Miss.,.. .

4

Illin'is,*

i

Misso'ri,

2

Mich.,. .

3

24 States under 4th app

Mhs'ii,'

i

Delaw'e
Mich.*.
Ark.,*..

1
1
1

R. Isl'd,
Delaw't
Ark.,...

2

1

213

26 States

unde

r 5th and

6th a

'P-,

242

223

Note.— The States marked thus * were admitted into the Union after the apportionment under which
they are here arranged was made, but before the succeeding census.

It will be seen, by the preceding table, that the largest State,
New York, has thirty-four times as much wreight in the house of

124 Progress of Population and Wealth

representatives as either Delaware or Arkansas ; and that the six
largest States are entitled to more votes than the remaining twenty,
so great is their disparity. So great, too, have been their relative
changes, that Tennessee, which, in 1790, was at the bottom of the
list of sixteen States, is now the fifth of twenty-six ; that Ohio,
which was the lowest in 1800, is now the third in rank ; and that
Virginia, which was first, and New York, which was the fourth, in
1790, have now changed places.

But the dangers threatened by this gross inequality of power, and
the changes which its distribution is ever undergoing, are effectually
guarded against by the senate, a co-ordinate branch of the legisla-
ture, in which every State has two members. By this provision,
the smaller States are protected from the possible abuse of the
power possessed by the larger ; and the community from those
sudden changes of public policy, which might be apprehended from
the changes in the relative weight of the States after every census.

In the election of president and vice president, the votes of the
States also vary according to their several numbers ; but as each
State has as many votes as it has members in both houses of con-
gress, the inequality is here much less than it is in the house of rep-
resentatives, and the relative weight of the smaller States receives
a great proportionate increase. Thus, New York, which has thirty-
four times as much weight in the house of representatives as Dela-
ware or Arkansas, has but twelve times as much in the presidential
election, that is, as 36 to 3. Rhode Island, which is but one-seven-
teenth of New York in the house, is one-ninth in the election ; and
New Hampshire, and the other States entitled to four votes, have
their relative weight increased, on a like comparison, from less than
an eighth (^\) to a sixth (j\.) New York herself, which has more
than a seventh of the whole number of representatives, has less than
a seventh of the presidential electors, or, more accurately, her rela-
tive weight is reduced from 15.2 per cent to 13.1 per cent. The
States of a medium population have nearly the same relative
weight in both cases.

Time, which will augment the inequality among the States in
some respects, will diminish it in others. When they shall have
attained a dense population, the disproportion between the largest
and the smallest States will probably be greater than that which now
exists between New York and Delaware, and certainly greater than
that which is between New York and the next smallest States ; but
there will then, also, be a greater number of States which will ap-

i?h the United States in Fifty Years. 125

proach equality than at present. Of the twenty-six States, while
eight* of them have, together, an extent of but 54,000 square miles,
the smallest of the other eighteen has an area of upwards of 31,000
miles, about that of Ireland, and the area of the largest does not
much exceed that of England and Wales. Nor is it probable, that
any State hereafter admitted into the Union will contain less, or
much less, than 50,000 square miles.

It must also be recollected that, even at this time, with those
great divisions of the Union, composed of States which are similar
in modes of industry and local interests, the disparity is far less than
it is with the individual States, as may be seen by the following
statement :

New England States 31 Representatives =13.9 percent — 43 Electors= 15.6

Middle States 70 " =31.4 " 80 " =29.1

Southern States 39 " =17.5 " 47 " =17.1

Southwestern States 27 " =12.1 " 37 " =13.5

Northwestern States 56 " =25.1 " 68 " =24.7

Total, 223 100. 275 100.

The subjoined diagrams show to the eye the inequality of the
States in population and political power ; their different rates of
increase, and the comparative areas of the five great local divi-
sions. The lines opposite to each State represent its population at
each successive census :

* These are New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.

11*

126

Progress of Population and Wealth

Scale of Population.

looa. loom

Area— 245,000 sq. miles.

Area— 300:000 sq. miles.

Scale of Population.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 127

CHAPTER XVI.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

The proportion between the rural and town population of a
country is an important fact in its interior economy and condition.
It determines, in a great degree, its capacity for manufactures, the
extent of its commerce, and the amount of its wealth. The growth
of cities commonly marks the progress of intelligence and the arts,
measures the sum of social enjoyment, and always implies increased
mental activity, which is sometimes healthy and useful, sometimes
distempered and pernicious. If these congregations of men diminish
some of the comforts of life, they augment others : if they are less
favourable to health than the country, they also provide better
defences against disease, and better means of cure. From causes
both physical and moral, they are less favourable to the multiplica-
tion of the species. In the eyes of the moralist, cities afford a wider
field both for virtue and vice ; and they are more prone to innovation,
whether for good or evil. The love of civil liberty is, perhaps,
both stronger and more constant in the country than the town ;
and if it is guarded in the cities by a keener vigilance and a more
farsighted jealousy, yet law, order, and security, are also, in them,
more exposed to danger, from the greater facility with which
intrigue and ambition can there operate on ignorance and want.
Whatever may be the good or evil tendencies of populous cities,
they are the result to which all countries, that are at once fertile,
free, and intelligent, inevitably tend.

The following table shows the population of the towns in the
United States, of 10,000 inhabitants and upwards, in 1820, 1830,
and 1840 ; their decennial increase, and the present ratio of the
town population, in each State, to its whole population :

128

Progress of Population and Wealth

Maine,

Massaehuset

Portland,

Boston,

Lowell,*

Salem,

New Bedford,
Charlestown,.
Springfield,..

Providence,.. Rhode Island,
New Haven,. Connecticut

New York,...
Brooklyn, ..

Albany,

Rochester,..

Troy,

Buffalo,

Utica

Newark,

Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh )
Alleghany, $

timore, ...
Richmond,..
Petersburg,..
Norfolk

Charleston,...
Savannah,....

Mobile

New Orleans,
Louisville,....

St. Louis,

Cincinnati, ...
Washington, .

31 Towns.

New York,

New Jersey,.
Pennsylvania,

Maryland,
Virginia, ..

S. Carolina,.

Georgia,

Alabama,....
Louisiana, ..
Kentucky, .
Missouri, ....

Ohio,

Dist. of Col.

16 States.

I'OITI. VI'IDN oh TOWNS IN

1820. 1830.

8,581
43,298

11,346
3,947
6,591
3,914

11,767
7,147
123,706
7,175
12,630
1,767
5,264
2,095
2,972

6,507
119,325

10,000

62,738
12,067

6,690
8,478

24,780
7,523
1,500

27,178
4,012
4,123
9,642

13,247

12,601
61,392
6,474
13,836
7,592
8,783
6,784

16,833

10,180

202,589

15,396

24,238

9,207
11,405

8,668
10,183

10,953
161,427

18,000

93,383
20,796
15,082
12,087
11,484
10,985

312,710
36,233
33,721
20,191
19,334
18,213
12,782

205,580
31,204

20,153
11,136
10,920

15,218

163,817
23,171
12,960

453,184
17,290

237,054
102,313

42,209
29,261
11,214
12,672112.9

DECENNIAL

1830. 1840.

36

28.5
33.1
20.6
18

22.2

Ratio of

Town

populat.

per cent.

20.8
52.1
221.2
9.1
59.2
30.7
61.9

37.7
27.3
44.7

135.3
39.1

119.
69.6

110.
25.5

57.8
25.6

73.3

26
25.5
33
11.2

22.2

21.3

4.18

102,193
21,210
16,469
46.338
23,364

570,010 878,300 1,329,937 54

68.6
154.

62.4
157.5

40.8

51

296.7

121.'

108.

146.
86.6
28.2

51.3

18.6
4.6

13.7

21.7

3.4

4.9
1.8
2.1
29.
2.7
4.3
3.

It appears, from the preceding table, that the population in all
the towns of the United States, containing 10,000 inhabitants and
upwards, is something more than one-thirteenth (TW) of the whole
number ; that ten of the States, whose united population exceeds
4,000,000, have, as yet, no town of that rank ; and that, in the other
sixteen States, the ratio of their town population to their whole
population, varies from something less than one-third, to less than
a sixteenth part. It further appears, that the increase of those
towns has been nearly the same, from 1830 to 1840, as from 1820

* Lowell had no existence before 1822.

t The decline of population here indicated, was the effect of very destructive fire.

in the United States in Fifty Ye

129

to 1830 ; and that, in both decennial periods, it exceeds that of the
whole population, nearly as 50 to 32.

By extending our estimate of this description of the population
to towns of a lower rank, we may not only better compare the
different States in this particular, but, perhaps, also better draw the
line between the town and country population. Congregations of
a much smaller number than 10,000, whether their dwelling-place
be called a city, town, or village, have the chief characteristics
which distinguish the main part of the inhabitants of cities, as to
their habits, manners, and character. Though these characteristics
are but partially found in towns and villages of not more than 2,000
inhabitants, yet, as the census has, in many of the States, numbered
these among the " principal towns," we will extend our estimate to
them, and endeavour to supply its omissions, in other States, by a
reference to the best geographical authorities:

Table of all Towns in the United Suites containing between 10,000 and 2,000 Inhabit,
ants, according to the Census of 1840.

Slates. Toions. Pop.

Maine, Bangor, 8,627

Thomaston, 6,227

Augusta, 5,314

Bath, 5,141

Gardenier, 5,042

HaHowell, 4,654

Saco, 4,408

Brunswick, 4,259

Belfast, 4,186

Westbrook, 4,116

Frankfort, 3,603

Minot, 3,550

Prospect, 3,492

Poland, 3,360

York, 3,111

N. Hampshire, . .Portsmouth, 7,887

Dover, 6,458

Nashua, 6,054

Concord, 4,897

Somers worth, 3,283

Meredith, 3,351

Manchester, 3,235

Exeter, 2,925

Vermont, Burlington, 4,271

Montpelier, 3,725

Bennington, 3,429

Woodstock, 3,315

Middlebury, 3,162

Massachusetts, . Lynn, 9,367

Roxbury, 9,089

Nantucket, 9,012

Newburyport, 7,161

Fall River, 6,738

Gloucester, 6,350

Marblehead, 5,575

Towns- Pop.

Bucksport, 3,015

Camden, 3,005

Gorham, 3,001

Waterville, 2,971

Vassalborough, 2,952

Calais, 2,934

Eastport, 2,876

North Yarmouth, 2,824

Kennebunk, 2,768

Buxton, 2,688

Freeport, 2,662

Biddeford, 2,574

South Berwick, 2,314

Ellsworth, 2,263

Haverhill, 2,784

Hanover, 2,613

Keene, 2,610

Hopkinton, 2,455

Rochester, 2,431

Goffstown, 2,376

Peterborough, 2,163

Windsor, 2,744

Rutland, 2,708

St. Albans, 2,702

Brattleboro', 2,624

Rockingham, 2,330

Cambridge, 8,409

Taunton, 7,645

Worcester, 7,497

Mendon, 3,524

Quincy, 3,486

Newton, 3,351

Dedham, 3,290

107,937

55,459

31,010

130

Progress of Population and Wealth

Table of all the Towns in the

States. Towns. Pop.

Massachusetts, .Plymouth, 5,281

Andover, 5,207

Middleborough,... 5,085

Danvers, 5,020

Dorchester, 4,875

Beverley, 4,689

Haverhill, 4,336

Barnstable, 4,3)1

Dartmouth, 4,135

Fairhaven, 3,951

Scituate, 3,886

Rochester, 3,864

Northampton, 3,750

Weymouth, 3,738

Sandwich, 3,719

Adams, 3,703

West Springfield,. 3,626

Attleborough, 3,5^5

Hingham, 3,564

Westfield 3,526

Rhode Island,.. Smithfield, 9,534

Newport, 8,333

Warwick, 6,726

North Providence, 4,207

Connecticut, .... Hartford, 9,468

New London, 5,519

Danbury, 4,504

Norwich, 4,200

Litchfield, 4,038

New Milford, 3,974

Greenwich, 3,921

Stonington, 3,898

Norwalk, 3,863

Wethersfield, 3,824

Killinglv, 3,685

Waterburv, 3,668

Fairfield, 3,654

East Windsor, 3,600

Thompson, 3,535

Middleton, 3,511

New York, Poughkeepsie, 8,000

Schenectady, 6,748

Syracuse, 6,500

Lockport, 6,500

Newburgh, 6,000

Hudson, 5,672

Auburn, 5,626

West Troy, 5,000

Williamsburg,.... 5,000

Oswego, 4,500

Ithaca, 4,000

iWatertown, 4,000

Geneva 3,600

Lansingburg, 3,000

Seneca Falls, 3,000

Binghampton, 2,800

Catskill, 2,800

Canandaigua, 2,600

United States, etc. — Continued.

Towns- Pop.

Abingdon, 3,214

Randolph, 3,213

Farmingham, 3,030

Ipswich, 3,000

Woburn, 2,993

Salisburv, 2,739

Falmouth, 2,589

Yarmouth, 2,554

Amherst, 2,550

Maiden, 2,514

Waltham, 2,504

Medford, 2,478

Amesbury, 2,471

Chelsea, 2,3i)0

Methuen, 2,251

Bradford, 2,222

Braintree, 2,168

Stoughton, 2,142

Provincetown, 2,122

Easton, 2,074

Scituate, 4,090

Bristol, 3,490

Tiverton, 3,183

Warren, 2,437

Stamford,

Saybrook,

3,516

3,417

3,411

3,382

Bridgeport,

3,294

3,189

3,077

Woodstock,

3,053

2,963

Derbv,

Ridgefield,

Milford,

2,851

2,474

2,455

Plainfield,

2,383

2,276

Plvmouth,

2,205

Waterloo, 2,600

Ogdensburg, 2,600

Salina, 2,600

Plattsburg, 2,600

Little Falls, 2,500

Saratoga Springs, 2,500

Sing Sing, 2,500

Rome,....' 2,500

Elmira, 2,300

Kingston, 2,300

Ulster, 2,300

Batavia, 2,000

Flushing, 2,000

Palmvra, 2,000

Peekskill 2,000

Sackett's Harbour 2,000

Keeseville, 2,000

225,553

42,000

112,808

124,646

in the United States in Fifty Years.

Table of all the Towns in the

States. Towns. ■ • Pop.

New Jersey, . . . . Pa terson, 7,596

Elizabeth Boro',... 4,184

Trenton, 4,035

Burlington, 3.434

Camden, 3,371

Pennsylvania, ..Lancaster, 8,417

Reading, 8,410

Harrisburg, 5,980

Easton 4,865

York, 4,779

Carlisle, 4,351

Pottsville, 4,345

Delaware, Wilmington, 8,367

Dover, 3,790

Maryland, Fredericktown, ... 7,179

Hagerstown, 5,132

Dist. of Colum.,.Alexandria, 8,459

United States, etc. — Continued.
Towns. Pop.

Orange 3,264

Jersey City, 3,072

Princeton 3,055

Virginia, Wheeling, 7,885

Portsmouth, 6,477

Lynchburg, 6,395

North Carolina,. Wilmington, 4,744

Fayette ville, 4,285

Belville,

2,466

Erie, 3,412

Chambersburg, 3,229

Norristown, 2,939

WestChester, 2,152

Washington, 2,062

Lewistown, 2,058

Newcastle, 2,737

Annapolis,...
Cumberland,

Georgetown, .

Fredericksburg, 3,974

Winchester, 3,454

Newbern, 3,690

Raleigh, 2,444

South Carolina,.Columbia,

,340

Georgia, Augusta, 6,403

Macon, 3,927

Alabama, Montgomery, 2,179

Mississippi, Natchez, 4,800

Louisiana, Lafayette, 3,207

Tennessee, Nashville, 6,929

Kentucky, Lexington, 6,997

Maysville, 2,741

Ohio,.

Indiana,

.Cleveland, 6,071

Dayton, 6,067

Columbus, 6,048

Zanesville, 4,766

Steubenville, 4,247

Chillicothe, 3,977

.New Albany, 4,226

Madison, 3,798

Columbus, 3,114

Milledgeville, 2,095

Tuscaloosa,* 2,000

Vicksburg, 3,104

Baton Rouge, 2,269

Knoxville.t 3,500

Covington, 2,026

Frankfort,* 2,000

Lancaster," 3,272

Newark 2,705

Mount Vernon, 2,362

Circleville, 2,329

Springfield, 2,062

Indianapolis, 2,692

Richmond, 2,070

131

34,477

56,999
14,894

17,531
15,771

28,185

15,163
4,340

15,539
4,179
7,904
5,476

10,429

13,764

43,906
12,786

* This town, the seat of government in Alabama, had a population of but 1,949 when
the census was taken.

t The population of this town is not given in the census.

t This town, the seat of government in Kentucky, had a population of but 1,917 when
the census was taken.

132

Progress of Population and Wealth

Table of all the Towns in the United States, etc. — Continued.

States. • Towns. Pop- I Towns. Pop.

Illinois, Chicago 4,470 Alton, 2,340

Springfield, 2,579 Quincy, 2,319

Michigan, Detroit, 9,102

Florida, St. Augustine, 2,453

Total of towns of between 10,000 and 2,000 inhabitants each,.

Table of the aggregate Town Population in each State, and of its ratio to
Population of the State.

Total.

11,708

9,102

2,453

991,590

the whole

States, &c.

POPULATION

OF TOWNS —

Total.

Ratio to
whole Pop-
ulation.

Of 10,000 inhab-
itants and upvv.

Between 10.000
.■H*l 2,000 inhab.

Maine,

15,218

107,937
55,459
31,010

225,553
42,000

112,808

123,155
55,459
31,010

389,370
65,171

125,768

24.5
19.4
10.6
52.7
60.4
37.9

35.3

22.4

13.8

17.3

19.

25.5

163,817
23,171
12,960

215,166

574,767

789,93o

453,184

17,290

237,054

92,217
34,477
56,999
14,894
17,531
15,771

545,401
51,767

294,053
14,894

119,844
39,135

102,313
23,364

20.8

5.6

2.

5.6

3.8

4.5

4.4

2.8

2.1

30.5

833,205

231,889

1,065,094

42,209

28,185
15,163

4,340
15,539

2,453

70,394
15,163
33,601
26,753
2,453

29,261
11,214

Florida,

82,684

65,680

148,364

12,672

4,179
7,9 04
5,476

16,851

7,904

107,669

102,193

10,429

10,429

1.2

6.6

4.3
4.5
5.9
1.8
2.4
4.3

4.2

114,865

27,988

142,853

16,469
21,210
46,338

16,469
34,974
90,244
12,786
11,708
9,102

13,764
43,906
12,786
11,708
9,102

Ohio,

84,017

91,266

175,283

Total,

1,329,937

991,590

2,321,527

13.6

in the United States in Fifty Years. 133

By thus extending our estimate to all the " principal towns"
mentioned in the census, we find that the number is increased from
thirty-one towns to two hundred and fifty, and that the proportion
of town population is augmented from about a thirteenth to near a
seventh, with a yet greater disparity among the States than was
shown as to the towns of more than 10,000 inhabitants. But this
sta.te of facts is, in part, fallacious. It involves an important error,
resulting from the application of the term " towns," in New England,
to those subdivisions of a country, which are generally called
" townships" or " parishes ;" and whose whole population in New
England, though the greater part is essentially rural, has, by reason
of this inconvenient provincialism, been returned by the census as
town population. For the want of adequate means of separating
the inhabitants of the town or village from those of the township,
(\Vhich, moreover, would, from the irregular dispersion of the
buildings, be not always easy even to those on the spot,) the census
has been implicitly followed as to these " principal towns" in New
England ; though, from the proportion of their inhabitants who are
agricultural, it seems probable that more than half their population
should be deducted from the town population here estimated.

In New York, where the same provincialism extensively prevails,
the census has erred in an opposite way, by noticing in the northern
part of the State none but incorporated cities ; and thus busy and
compactly built towns, here called " villages," of 5,000 inhabitants
and upwards, have been omitted in one-half the State, while, in the
other, much smaller towns, and. even townships, have been occa-
sionally noticed ; though in neither district has it descended to
towns of but 2,000 inhabitants. To supply these omissions, the es-
timate made of the town population of New York, in " Holley's State
Register," for 1843, has been adopted.

Similar omissions of small towns may also have occurred in other
States, which we have not the same means of correcting. They,
altogether, cannot equal the omissions in New York.

But were these errors corrected, the three more southern New
England States would still have the largest proportion of town pop-
ulation of any of the States. The circumstances which determine
this proportion, in a State, are the density of its population, the ex-
tent of its commerce, and that of its manufactures. It is mainly owing
to the first cause, that all the New England and the Middle States
have a greater town population than the other divisions. It is from
their extensive commerce, that Maryland and Louisiana exceed the

12

134 Progress of Population and Wealth

neighbouring States in the same way, and that Massachusetts ex-
ceeds the rest of New England. It is to the want both of commerce
and manufactures, that Indiana, Tennessee, and North Carolina, have
so few and such small towns. It is, indeed, from their exclusive
pursuit of agriculture, in the slaveholding States, as well as their
difference in density, that the number of their town inhabitants,
with the exception of Delaware, Maryland, and Louisiana, rarely
exceeds a twentieth, and will not average more than a thirtieth of
their whole population. If the proportion in the whole United
States could be correctly ascertained, by the correction of the er-
rors adverted to, it would probably be found that those who live
in towns and villages containing at least 2,000 inhabitants, are not
much more nor much less than one-eighth of the entire number.

The effect of railroads, and of transportation by steam generally,
is to stimulate the growth of towns, and especially of large towns.
It is, therefore, likely that our principal cities will, at the next cen-
sus, show as large a proportional increase as they have experienced
in the last decennial period.

in the United States in Fifty Years.

135

CHAPTER XVII.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDUSTRIOUS CLASSES.

In 1820, for the first time, the census took an account of the
number of persons who were severally employed in agriculture,
commerce, and manufactures. In the succeeding census, no notice
was taken of the occupations of the people ; but that of 1840 gave
a fuller enumeration of the industrious classes, distinguishing them
under the several heads of mining, agriculture, commerce, manufac-
tures, navigating the ocean, internal navigation, and the learned
professions. The result of each census may be seen in the follow-
ing tables :

Table I. — Showing the number of persons engaged in Agriculture, Commerce, and
Manufactures in the several States, according to the census of 1820.

Vermont,
Massachusetts,.. .
Rhode Island,....
Connecticut,

States and Agricul-

Territories. ture-

Maine, 55,031

New Hampshire,.1 52,384

50,951
63,460
12,559
50,518

New England S., 284,903

New York,..
New Jersey,.
Pennsylvania

Delaware,

Maryland,....
Dist. of Columbia,

247,648
40,812

140,801

13,259

79,135

853

Middle States,.... 522,508

Virginia, 1276,122

North Carolina,.. | 174,196

Com- Manufac-
merce. tures.

4,2971
1,068
776j
13,301!
1,162!
3,581'

States and
Territories.

South Carolina,
Georgia

7,643

8,699

8,484.)
33,464 Southern States

6,091 1

17,541

I Alabama,...

I Mississippi, .

24,185; 81,922 'Louisiana
1 Tennessee

i Arkansas,

9,113.

1,830!

7,083!

533;

4,771
312

60,038
15,941 [

60,215 .Southwestern S
2,821:i

18,640
2,184

23,842 159,839

4,509'
2,551 1

32,336

11,844

Kentucky,.

Ohio,

Indiana,....

Illinois,

Missouri,...
Michigan, .

Northwestern S

Total of United States, 2,070,646172,493,349,506

Agricul-
ture.

166,707
101,185

718,510

212,148

132,161
110,991
61,315
12,395
14,247
1.468

Com-
merce.

2,684
2,139

11,883

Manufiic
tures.

452

294

6,251

882
79

7,958

1,617
l,459i

429

233!

495!

392

6,74
3,557

54,484

1,412

650

6,041

7,860

179

16,142

11,779

18,956

3,229

1,007

1,952

196

332,577 4,625 37,110

186

Progress of Population and Wealth

Table II. — Showing the number of persons engaged in Mining, Agriculture, Commerce,
Manufactures, Navigating the Ocean, Internal Navigation, and the Learned Pro.
fessions, according to the census of 1840.

States

and

Territories.

Mining.

Agricul
turc.

Com-
merce.

Manufac-
tures.

Naviga-
ting the
Ocean.

Internal
naviga-
tion.

Learned
profes-
sions.

Total.

36
13
77

499
35

151

101,630
77,949
73,150
87,837
16,617
56,955

2,921
1,379
1,31)3
8,063
1,348
2,743

21,879
17,826
13,174
85,176
21,271
27,932

10,091

452

41

27,153

1,717

2,700

539
198
146
372
228
431

1,889
1,640
1,563
3,804
457
1,697

675,082

1,251,580

1,073,879

713,107

1,085,242

New Hampshire,..

Massachusetts, —

Rhodelsland,

Connecticut,

New England S.,.

811

414,138

17,757

187,258

42,154

1,914

11,050

1,898
266

4,603

5

320

455,954
56,701

207,533

16,015

72,046

384

28,468

2,283

15,338

467

3,281

240

173,193
27,004
105,883
4,060
21,529
2,278

5,511
1,143

1,815
401
717
126

10,167

1,625

3,951

235

1,528
80

14,111
1,627
6,706

199
1,666

203

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania,

Dist. of Columbia,.
Middle States,

7,092

808,633

50,077

333,947

9,713

17,586

24,512

1,995

589

51

574

1

318,771
217,095
198,363
209,383
12,117

6,361
1,734
1,958
2,428

481

54,147

14,322

10,325

7,984

1,177

582
327
381
262
435

2,952
379
348
352

118

3,866
1,086
1,481
1,250
204

North Carolina,....
South Carolina,....

Florida, .. .

Southern States,..

3,210

955,729

12,962

87,955

1,987

4,149

7,887

96

14

1

41

103

177,439

139,724

79,289

26,355

227.739

2,212
1,303
8,549
215
2,217

7,195
4,151
7,565
1,173
17,815

256

33

1,322

3

55

758
100
662
39
302

1,514
1,506
1,018
301
2,042

Mississippi,

Southwestern S.,.

2551 650,546

14,496

37,899

1,669

1,861

6,381

742
331

704
233

782

40

794

217

92,408
197,738
272,579
148,806
105,337

56,521
7,047

10,469

2,522

3,448

9,201

3,076

2,506

728

479

355

11,100

23.217

66,265

20,590

13,185

6,890

1,814

1,629

39
44
212
89
63
24
14
13

1,885

1.469

968 2,487
3,323 5,663

Ohio,

627
310
166
209

78

2,257

2,021

904

259

365

Wisconsin,

Northwestern S.,.

3,843

890,905

22,315

144,690

498

7,566

15,425

Total,

15,211

3,719,951

117,607

791,749

56,021

33,076; 65.255

4,798,870

in the United States in Fifty Years.

137

Table III. — Comparative View of the number of persons employed in Agriculture, Com.
tnerce, and Manufactures, in the five great divisions of the United States, in 1820
and 1840, and the relative proportions of each class.

Geographical Divisions.

Number of persons employed in

Total.

Centesimal proportions.

Agricul-
ture.

Com-
merce.

Man ufac-
tures.

Agricul-
ture.

Com-
merce.

Manu-
factures.

New England S.,. j Jg-Q
Middle States,.... J Jg~[}
Southern States,., j Jg^
Southwestern S.,. J Jg~[j
Northwestern S.,. j }g^j

283,903
414,138
522,508
808,633
718,510
955,729
212,148
650,546
332,577
890,905

24,184
17,757
23,842
50,077
11,883
12,962

7,958
14,496

4,625
22,315

81,922
187,258
159,839
333,947
54,484
87,955
16,142
37,899
37,119
144,690

391,010
619,153
706,189

1,192,657
784,877

1,056,646
236,248
702,941
364,321

1,057,910

72.8

66.7

74.

67.8

91.6

90.5

89.8

92.5

88.5

84.2

6.2
2.9
3.4
4.2
1.5
1.2
34
2.1
1.3
2.2

21.

30.2

22.6

28.

6.9

8.3

6.8

5.4

10.2

13.6

Total U. States, j }g0

2,070,646
3,719,951

72,493
117,607

349,506
791,749

2,483,645
4,629,307

83.4
80.4

2.9
2.5

13.7
17.1

Table IV. — Showing the proportions in which the several industrious classes of the
Union, according to the census of 1840, are distributed among its great geographical
divisions.

Geographical Divisions.

Per centage of persons employed in —

Total.

Mining.

Agri-
culture.

Com-
merce.

Manu-
factures.

Naviga-
ting the
Ocean.

Internal
naviga-
tion.

Learn-
ed pro-
fessions.

New England States,....
Middle States,

5.3
46.7
21.1

1.6
25.3

11.1
21.7
24.8
18.5
23.9

15.1

42.6

11.

12.3

19.

23.6
42.2
11.1

4.8
18 3

75.3
17.3

3.5

3.
.9

5.8
53.2

5.6
12 5
22.9

16.9

37.6

12.1

9.8

23.6

14.1
26.1
22.3
14.9
22.6

Southwestern States,

Northwestern States,

100.

100.

00.

100.

100.

100.

100.

100.

Table V. — Showing the ratio which the number of persons in the several industrious
clusses of each great geographical division of the States bears to the whole popula-
tion of such division, according to the census of 1840.

Geographical Divisions.

Number of persons employed in —

Whole
Iaborng

class,
as 1 to

Mining,
as 1 to

Agri-
culture,
as 1 to

Com-
merce,
as 1 to

Manu-
factures,
as 1 to

Naviga- Internal
ting the naviga-
Ocean, tion,
as 1 to as 1 to

Learn-
ed pro-
fessions,
as 1 to

New England States,....

2755

723

1038

8806
1075

5.4
6 3
3.5
3.4
4.6

126
102
257
155
185

12.
15.3
37.9
56.6

28.5

53

528

1677

1345

8336

1161

291
802
1206
546

202
209
422
351

267

3 31

4.08
3.01
3.14

3.8

Southwestern States, —
Northwestern States,

1122

■1 . 5*

145

21.5

304

516

261

3.55

12*

138 Progress of Population and Wealth

It seems, by the preceding tables, that the whole number of per-
sons employed in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, bears
nearly the same proportion to the whole population in both enume-
rations. In 1820, these classes, amounting to 2,483,645 persons,
in a population of 9,638,131, were 25.7 per cent of the whole num-
ber ; and, in 1840, the same classes amounted to 4,629,307 persons
in a population of 17,069,453, which is 27.1 per cent. If the four
classes, then added, be taken into the estimate, the proportion will
be 28 per cent. This proportion must be regarded as a very large
one, when it is recollected that the three classes in question com-
prehend a very small number of females, and that one-half, or very
nearly one-half of the males, are under seventeen years of age.

The proportion of adult males, in the industrious classes of Great
Britain, seems to be nearly the same as in the United States, so far
as we can compare them by means of the very different plans
adopted in the two countries of enumerating those classes by the
census. There, only the males of twenty years of age and up-
wards are reckoned ; whilst here, all persons employed in the seve-
ral branches of industry are counted, without distinction of age,
sex, or condition.

In 1831, the whole number of males in Great Britain, twenty
years of age and upwards, was 3,944,511, who were thus dis-
tributed, according to the census :

Employed in agriculture, as occupiers or labourers,... 1,243,057 — equal to 31.5 p. cent.

" manufactures, 404,317 > „ go 7 <(

" retail trade or handicraft, 1,159,867 \

Labourers, employed in labour not agricultural, 608,712"]

Servants, 78,699 1 „ 2g g ,,

Capitalists, professional and other educated men, 214,390 f

Other males, 235,499 J

Total, 3,944,511 100.

From this enumeration, it appears that, exclusive of the two last
mentioned classes, amounting to 449,889 persons, there were
3,494,622 males, above the age of twenty, who were engaged in
profitable, and, for the most part, manual occupations ; and, conse-
quently, according to Mr. G. R. Porter, one of the most accurate
statistical writers of that country, the residue, who were not thus
engaged, constitute 114 out of every 1,000 males of twenty years
of age ; and if the males included in the army and navy, and as sea-
men in registered vessels, be added to the whole population, the
number will be reduced to 106 of every 1,000, or 10.6 per cent.

To ascertain the number of the industrious class in the United

in the United States in Fifty Years. 139

States, correspondent to that in the British enumeration, we must
deduct, from the whole number returned by the census of 1840, the
slaves comprehended under that class, the free coloured persons,
the white females, the white males under twenty years of age, and
the professional men, for none of which deductions, except the last,
have we any data at once precise and authentic. The following
conjectural estimate, however, is probably not wide of the truth.
1. The slaves. As, in this part of the population, both women and
children are employed in field labour, especially in the cotton-
growing States, we are led to assign to the labouring class a far
greater proportion of the whole number than is usual ; but, on the
other hand, that proportion must be greatly reduced when we re-
collect that nearly 34 per cent of the whole number are under ten
years of age ; and that much the larger part of the females, as well
as a considerable number of the males, both adults and boys, are
employed as household servants, who were not reckoned in this
part of the census. When, to these deductions, we make a fair al-
lowance for the infirm and superannuated, two-fifths of the whole
number would seem to be a liberal estimate for the slave labour
comprehended in the census ; and this rough estimate receives con-
firmation from a careful inspection of the returns, and a comparison
between the number of productive labourers in the slaveholding and
other States. 2. The free coloured. The occupations of persons of
this class being nearly the same as those of the slaves, we will also
deduct two-fifths of their whole number. 3. The white females.
These are not employed in great numbers in any branch of industry
noted in the census, except in the manufactories of cotton, and other
woven fabrics. The whole number thus employed, in doors and out
of doors, was, according to the census of 1840, 109,612. If, in some
of these establishments, the females are most numerous, in others,
there are few or none. We will, therefore, suppose one-half of the
whole number to be females. 4. The white males under twenty
years of age. In the absence of all other data, let us suppose that
the number of this description is equal to the whole number of
white males between fifteen and twenty years of age, (756,022,)
after deducting the scholars attending the colleges and grammar
schools, (180,503.) This would make the boys, comprehended in
the industrious classes, 575,519.

If the several deductions be made, in conformity with the preced-
ing views, the result will be as follows :

140 Progress of Population and Wealth

In all the departments of industry, persons 4,798,870

Deduct, for two-fifths of the coloured population, 1,149,598

" the white females employed in manufactures, 54,806

" white males under 20 years of age, 575,519

" professional men, 65,255

1,845,178

The whole number of white males above 20 years of age employed in trade

and manual labour, 2,953,692

Now, the whole number of free white males over twenty years of
age was, by the census of 1840, 3,318,837 ; from which, if the
above number of 2,953,692 be deducted, the difference, which is
365,145, and which comprehends the professional, the superannua-
ted, and the idle classes, is equivalent to 110 adult males out of
1,000, or 11 per cent. If, however, two-fifths be too large a pro-
portion for the working slaves reckoned in the census, as many will
think, a reduction of their number will, to the same extent, increase
the number of white male labourers, and diminish the number of the
professional and unproductive class. But the proportion of this
class is not likely to differ much in the two countries ; for, in truth,
nineteen-twentieths of the men in every country are compelled to
work by their hands or their wits for the means of subsistence,
suited to their habits and tastes, and the difference between different
countries is not so much in the quantity of the labour performed, as
in its quality and efficiency.

Whilst all civilized countries are so much alike as to the amount
of labour put in requisition to satisfy human wants, they differ very
greatly as to the distribution of that labour among the three principal
branches of industry ; and the difference is very great in this respect,
not only between the several States, but in the whole United States,
in 1820 and 1840. It is seen by Table III. that the proportion of labour
employed in agriculture and commerce had diminished ; while that
employed in manufactures had, in twenty years, increased from 13.7
per cent to 17.1 per cent of the whole. The positive increase in
that time was from 349,506 persons employed in 1820, to 791,749
employed in 1840.

This increase was greatest in the New England States, whose
manufacturing population had enlarged from 21 per cent, in 1820,
to 30.2 per cent in 1840 ; in which time the same class of popula-
tion had nearly trebled in Massachusetts, and more than trebled in
Rhode Island. In the Southwestern States, alone, the proportion of
the agricultural class had increased ; in all the others it had dimin-
ished. In the Middle and Northwestern States, the proportion em-
ployed in commerce experienced a small increase. In several of

in the United States in Fifty Years. 141

the States, not only was the proportion less in 1840 than it had been
in 1820, but the number of persons actually employed in commerce
was less. This was the case in Maine, Massachusetts, Connecti-
cut, Maryland, and to a smaller extent, in Delaware, North Caro-
lina, and South Carolina. Is this falling off to be attributed solely
to the loss of our legitimate share of the West India trade since
1830, or, in part, also, to some difference in the mode of taking the
census, by which a portion of the seamen, who, in 1840, were sepa-
rately numbered, were, in 1820, reckoned among the persons em-
ployed in commerce ? The first cause seems quite adequate to the
effect produced.

If we suppose that the whole labour of Great Britain is distribu-
ted among the several departments of industry in the same propor-
tions as the labour of the males above twenty years of age, the dif-
ference of distribution in that country and this is very striking. In
that country, agricultural labour is but 31.5 cent of the whole ;
here, it is 77.5 per cent. In that country, manufactures and trade
employ 28.8 per cent of the whole labour ; here, they employ but
18.9 per cent. Each country employs its industry in that way
which is most profitable, and best suited to its circumstances.

Table IV. shows how the different departments of productive in-
dustry are distributed among the five great divisions of the States,
in centesimal proportions. Two-thirds of the mining labour is in
the Middle and Southern States. The Southern States stand fore-
most in agricultural labour, though they hold but the third rank in
population. The Middle States employ the least labour in agricul-
ture, in proportion to their numbers. In commerce, however, they
employ the most, and next to them, the New England States. The
same two divisions take the lead in manufactures, they contributing
nearly two-thirds of the labour employed in this branch of industry.
Three-fourths of the seamen are furnished by New England, of
wh ich nine-tenths belong to Massachusetts and Maine. More than
half the labour employed in inland navigation is in the Middle States,
and, next to them, are the Northwestern States.

Of that department of industry which comprehend the learned
professions, and which is at once the best fruit of civilization, and
the most powerful agent of its further advancement, the New Eng-
land and Middle States have the largest proportion, though there
is less diversity in this than in any other class of industry.

Of the individual States, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia
employ the greatest number in mining ; in agriculture, New York,

142 Progress of Population and Wealth

Virginia, and Ohio ; in commerce, New York, Pennsylvania, Louis-
iana, and Massachusetts ; in ocean navigation, next to Massachu-
setts and Maine, but far behind, is New York ; in internal naviga-
tion, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia furnish 20,000
out of the 30,000 employed.

In Table V. we see the various ratios which the persons employ-
ed in the several branches of industry bear to the whole population
in the several divisions of the States. According to this table,
without regarding local diversities, and taking the whole United
States together, the great classes of occupation range themselves
in the following order, viz :

The number of persons employed in agriculture, 1 out of 4$

" " " manufactures, " 21£

" " " commerce, " 145

" " " the learned professions, " 261

" *' " navigating the ocean, " 304

" " " internal navigation, " 516

" mining, " 1122

Taking all the employments together, the number engaged is 355
out of every 1,000 of the whole population ; which implies, on the
grounds already stated, that there can be but a very small propor-
tion of males who are not occupied in some mode of profitable in-
dustry.

in the United Stales in Fifty Years. 143

CHAPTER XVIII.

EDUCATION.

In addition to the new subjects already mentioned, the census of
1840, also, for the first time, embraced the statistics of education.
For this purpose, all schools for the instruction of youth were divi-
ded into three classes, viz: 1. Universities or colleges. 2. Acade-
mies and grammar schools. 3. Primary schools ; and the number
of each description, together with the number of scholars attending
each, in the several States, were given. It also enumerated the
scholars educated at the public charge in each State, and the num-
ber of white persons over twenty years of age who could not read
and write.

Of the many substantial benefits of educating the people, it is
scarcely necessary now to speak ; since, wherever the experiment
has been made, it has been found to favour industry, prudence, tem-
perance, and honesty, and thus eminently conduce to the respecta-
bility and happiness of a people. But the motives for giving know-
ledge a wide diffusion are peculiarly strong in this country, where
the people being the sole source of political power, all legislation
and measures of public policy must, in a greater or less degree, re-
flect the opinions and feelings of the great mass of the community,
and be wise and liberal, or weak and narrow-minded, according to
the character of those by whose suffrages authority is given and is
taken away. If the body of the people be not instructed and intel-
ligent, how can they understand their true interests — how distin-
guish the honest purposes of the patriot from the smooth pretences
of the hypocrite — how feel the paramount obligations of law, order,
justice, and public faith ?

144

Progress of Population and Wealth

Table showing the number of Universities or Colleges, of Academies and Grammar
Schools, of Primary and Common Schools, in the United States, with the number of
Scholars of each description, the number of Scholars at public charge, and the num-
ber of White Persons over 20 years of age who cannot read and write, according to
the census of 1840.

States and
Territories.

Univer-
sities
and
colleges.

Stu-
dents.

Acade-

Gram'ar

Schools.

Scholars.

Primary
Schools.

Scholars.

Scholars

at

public

charge.

Illiterate.

4

2
3

4
2
4

266
433
233
769
324
832

86
68
46

251
52

127

8,477
5,799
4,113
16,746
3,664
4,865

3,385
2,127
2,402
3,362
434
1,619

164,477
83,632
82,817

160,257
17,355
65,739

60,212
7,715
14,701
158,351
10,749
10,912

3,241
942
2,276
4,448
1,614
526

New Hampshire,..

Massachusetts,

Rhode Island,

Connecticut,

N. England States,

19

2,857

630

43,604

13,329

574,277

•262,640

13,041

12
3

20
1

12
2

1,285
443

2,034

23

813

224

505
66

290
20

133
26

34,715
3,027

15,970

764

4,289

1,389

10,593

1,207

4,978

152

565

29

502,367

52,583

179,989

6,924

16,851

851

27,075
7,128

73,908

1,571

6,624

482

44,452
6,385

33,940
4,832

11,817
1,033

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania,

Delaware,

Dist. of Columbia, .
Middle States,

50

4,822

1,040

60,154

17,514

741,565

116,788

102,459

13

2

1

11

1,097
158
168
622

382
141
117
176

18

11,083
4,398
4,326

7,878
732

1,561

632

566

601

51

35,331
14,937
12,520
15,561
925

9,791

124

3,524

1,333

14

58,787
56,609
20,615
30,717
1,303

North Carolina,....
South Carolina, —

Southern States,...

27

2,045

834

28,417

3,411

79,274

14,786

168,031

2
7
12

152

454
989

114

71

52

8

152

5,018
2,553
1,995
300
5,539

639
382
179
113
983

16,243
8,236
3,573
2,614

25,090

3,213

107

1,190

22,592
8,360
4,861
6,567

58,531

8

492

6,907

Southw'rn States,.

29

2,087

397

15,405

2,296

55,756

11,417

100,911

6
10
18
4
5
5

495
1,419
1,717
322
311
158

47
116
73
54
42
12
2
1

1,926

4,906

4,310

2,946

1,967

485

65

25

642

952

5,186

1,521

1,241

975

77

63

16,788

24,641

218,609

48,189

34,876

29,701

1,937

1,500

526

429

51,812

6,929

1,683

998

315

19,457
40,018
35,394
38,100
27,502
2,173
1,701
1,118

Ohio,

Michigan,

Northw'rn States,.

48

4,222

347

16,630

10,657

376,241

62,692

165,463

Total,

173

16,233

3,248

164,270

47,207

1,845,1131468,323

549,905

in the United States in Fifty Years.

145

Table showing the Ratio which the number of College Students, of Students in the
Grammar Schools and in the Primary Schools, and the number of the Illiterate in
each State, bear to the white population of such State.

States and
Territ'ries.

Rat. to w

IliU' pop.

of sch. in

Ratio to
lllitei'e.

States ami
Territ'ries.

Rat. to white pop. of sch. in

Ratio to
llliter'e.

Col-
leges.

Oram.
Schools.

Primary

Schools.

Col-
leges.

Gram.

Schools.

Sehools.

Maine,

N. Hamp.,.
Vermont, ...
Massachus.,
R. Island,...
Connectic't,

N.Engl'dS.

As 1 to
1833
656
1250
948
326
362

As 1 to
59.
48 8
70.8
43.5
28 8
62.6

As 1 to
3.
3.4
3 5
4.5
6.
4.6

Asl to

154.

300.

128.

164.

65.4
574.

Florida,

As 1 to

As 1 to
38.1

As 1 to

30.2

As 1 to
21.4

Southerns.,

939

67.5

24.2

11.4

Alabama,...
Mississippi,.
Louisiana, .
Arkansas, .
Tennessee,.

S'west'rn S

2205
394
160

1302

66.8
70.1
79.4

258.

115.

20.6
21.7
44.3
29.6
25.5

14.8
21.4
32.6
11. 8
10.9

774

50.6

3.8

169.6

New York,.
N. Jersey,..
Pennsylvan.
Delaware,..
Maryland, .
Dist. of Col.,

MiddleS.,..

1851
793
825

2546
391
136

68.5

116.

105.
76.6
74 3
2.2

4.7
6.7
9.3
8.4
16.9
36.6

53.5

55.

49.4

12.1

26 9

29.6

666 j 90.2

24.9

13.7

Missouri, ...
Kentucky, .

Ohio

Indiana, ....

Illinois,

Michigan, .
Wisconsin,.

654
416
874
2107
1518
1382

168.
120.
348.
233.
240.
436.
473.
1717.

19 3
23.9

6.8
14.
13.5

7 1
15 9
28.6

16.6

14.7

42.4

17.8

17.1

97.3

18.

38.4

998

80.

6.5

47.

Virginia, ....
N.Carolina,
S. Carolina,
Geo.gia,....

678
3662
1542

655

60.9
110.
59 9
51.7

20 . 9
32.4
20.7
26.2

12.6
8 5

12 5

13 2

N'west'n S.,

912

231.

10.2

23.3

Total

874

86.371 7.69

25 27

The preceding table shows, that the number of college students
amounts to somewhat more than a nine-hundredth part of the white
population ; that the scholars of the academies and grammar
schools are ten times as numerous as the college students ; that the
scholars of the primary schools are near twelve times as numerous
as the last ; and that the scholars of every description are equal to
just one-seventh of the white population. The relative numbers,
distributed in centesimal proportions, would be as follows :

College students, 0.8 per cent.

Scholars in grammar schools, 8.1 "

" primary schools, 91.1 " £

100.

If the free coloured be added to the white population, in con-
sideration of that class furnishing a proportion of the scholars in
the primary schools, the proportion which each description of scho-
lars bears to the free population would be thus reduced, viz : col-
lege students, as 1 to 8.90 ; scholars in grammar schools, as 1 to

13

146 Progress of Population and Wealth

88.T7„ ; scholars in primary schools, as 1 to 7./^ ; and the scholars
of every description, as 1 to 7r19 .

The diversity among the States, as to the proportion of scholars,
is principally in those of the primary schools. In the number of
college students, no division of the States has greatly above or be-
low the average of 1 to 874 of the white population ; and in the
scholars of the grammar schools, the Northwestern States differ
widely from the other divisions. But in the primary, or elementary
schools, the proportion in New England is nearly double that of
the Middle States, nearly three times that of the Northwestern
States, and between six and seven times as great as those of the
Southern, and Southwestern States. The difference, as to the num-
ber of illiterate, is yet greater. If the other divisions be compared
with New England, the number who cannot read and write is, in the
last, three and a half times as great in the Middle States ; seven times
as great in the Northwestern States; twelve times in the South-
western States ; and nearly fifteen times in the Southern States.

These diversities are attributable to several causes, but princi-
pally to the difference in density of numbers, and in the proportion
of town population. In a thinly-peopled country, it is very difficult
for a poor man to obtain schooling for his children, either by his
own means, or by any means that the State is likely to provide
but where the population is dense, and especially in towns, it is
quite practicable to give to every child the rudiments of education,
without onerously taxing the community. This is almost literally
true in all the New England States and New York, and is said to
be the case in the kingdom of Prussia. It is true that, in the North-
western States, and particularly those which are exempt from
slaves, the number of their elementary schools is much greater than
that of the Southern or Southwestern States, although their popula-
tion is not much more dense : but, besides that, the settlers of those
States, who were mostly from New England or New York,
brought with them a deep sense of the value and importance of
the schools for the people, they were better able to provide such
schools, in consequence of their making their settlements, as had
been done in their parent States, in townships and villages. We
thus see that Michigan, which has but a thin population even in the
settled parts of the State, has schools for nearly one-seventh of its
population. The wise policy pursued, first in New England, and
since by the States settled principally by their emigrants, of laying
off their territory into townships, and of selling all the lands of a

in the United States in Fifty Years. 147

portion before those of other townships are brought into market,
has afforded their first settlers the benefits of social intercourse and
of co-operation. In this way, they were at once provided with
places of worship and with schools adapted to their circumstances.

The census also shows a great difference among the States, as to
the number of scholars at public charge ; but this difference is owing
principally to the different modes in which they have severally
provided for popular instruction. In some, the primary schools
are supported by a tax, as Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire,
and Vermont ; in others, by a large public fund, as in Connecticut,
Virginia, and some others ; and others, again, partly by the public
treasury and partly by private contribution, as in New York. In
both the last cases, the chddren are not considered as educated at
the public expense, though the difference between them and the
first class of cases is essentially the same, so far as regards the
public bounty.

Of the three descriptions of schools, the elementary, by their
great number, seem to be far the most deserving of consideration,
if we look merely to their direct influence on individuals ; but if we
regard the political and general effects of each, it is not easy to say
which contributes most to the well-being of the community. The
primary schools give instruction and improvement to the bulk of
the voters, the great reservoir of political power. The grammar
schools educate that class whose views and feelings mainly consti-
tute public opinion on all questions of national policy, legislation,
and morals, and who thus give political power its particular direc-
tions. It is from the least numerous class — the collegiate — that
the most efficient legislators, statesmen, and other public function-
aries are drawn, as well as those professional men who take care
of the health, the rights, and the consciences of men.

There is another important class of instructors of which the
census takes no separate notice, that is, the ministers of religion,
who, once a week or oftener, besides performing the rites of wor-
ship, each according to the modes of his sect, indoctrinate large
congregations in articles of faith, and inculcate man's religious and
moral duties. The number of ministers of every denomination, at
the taking of the last census, was computed to exceed 20,000, and
the deeply interesting character of the topics on which they treat,
gives to this class of teachers a most powerful influence over the
minds of men ; but, fortunately, it is so divided by the mutual
counteractions of rival sects, that it can no longer upheave the

148 Progress of Population and Wealth

foundations of civil society, or seriously affect the public peace.
Yet the influence of the ministers over their respective followers is
rather enhanced than diminished by the rivalry of different sects,
and the more, as they are all improving in information and oratori-
cal talent. They occasionally bear away the palm of eloquence
both from the bar and the deliberative assemblies. If this vast
moral power spends its force yet oftener on speculative subtleties
than on awakening emotion or influencing conduct; if it aims more
to teach men what to think, than how to feel or to act, this circum-
stance affords, perhaps, as much matter of congratulation as regret,
when we recollect how easy the pure, mild, and healthy influence
which religion might exert, and which we sometimes see it exert,
could be converted into bitter intolerance and the excesses of wild
fanaticism.

There is yet another source of popular instruction — the periodi-
ca] press — which is noticed by the census as a branch of manufac-
turing industry, and which is exclusiuely occupied, not merely with
worldly affairs, but with the events of the passing hour. It keeps
every part of the country informed of all that has occurred in every
other which is likely to touch men's interests or their sympathies.
Nor, in attending to the vast, does it overlook the minute. Every
discovery in science or art, every improvement in husbandry or
household economy, in medicine or cosmetics, real or supposed, is
immediately proclaimed. Scarcely can an overgrown ox or hog
make its appearance on a farm, or even an extraordinary apple or
turnip, but their fame is heralded through the land. Here we
learn every legislative measure, from that which establishes a tariff
to that which gives a pension ; every election or appointment, from
a president to a postmaster ; the state of the market, the crops, and
the weather. Not a snow is suffered to fall, or a very hot or very
cold day to appear, without being recorded. We may here learn
wrhat every man in every city pays for his loaf or his beefsteak,
and what he gives, in fact, for almost all he eats, drinks, and wears.
Here deaths and marriages, crimes and benefactions, the pursuits of
business and amusement, exhibit the varied, ever-changing drama
of human life. Here, too, we meet with the speculations of wisdom
and science, the effusions of sentiment, and the sallies of wit; and
it is not too much to say, that the jest that has been uttered in Bos-
ton or Louisville is, in little more than a week, repeated in every
town in the United States, or that the wisdom or the pleasantry,
the ribaldry or the coarseness exhibited in one of the Halls of

in the United States in Fifty Years. 149

Congress, is made as promptly, by the periodical press, to give
pleasure or distaste to one hundred thousand readers.

Nor is its agency limited to our own concerns. It has eyes to
see and ears to hear all that is said and done in every part of the
globe ; and the most secluded hermit, if he only takes a newspaper,
sees, as in a telescope, and often as in a mirror, everything that is
transacted in the most distant regions ; nor can anything memora-
ble befall any considerable part of our species, that it is not forth-
with communicated with the speed of steam to the whole civilized
world.

The newspaper press is thus a most potent engine, both for good
and evil. It too often ministers to some of our worst passions, and
lends new force to party intolerance and party injustice.

" Incenditque animum dictis, atque aggerat iras."

But its benefits are incalculably greater. By communicating all
that is passing in the bustling world around us, whether it be little
or great, useful or pernicious, pleasurable or painful, without those
exaggerations and forced congruities which we meet with in other
forms of literature, it imparts much of the same knowledge of men
and things as experience and observation. Its novelties gives zest
to life. It affords occupation to the idle, and recreation for the in-
dustrious. It saves one man from torpor, and relieves another from
care. Even in its errors, it unconsciously renders a homage to
virtue, by imputing guilt to those it attacks, and praising none to
whom it does not impute merit and moral excellence. Let us hope
that it will in time, without losing any of its usefulness, less often
offend against good taste and good breeding, and show more fair-
ness in political controversy.

According to the census of 1840, there were then in the United
States 130 daily newspapers, 1,142 issued weekly, and 125 twice
or thrice a week, besides 237 other periodical publications. Such
a diffusion of intelligence and information has never existed in any
other country or age.

13*

150

Progress of Population and Wealth

CHAPTER XIX.

THE PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY.

Having traced the progress of the population of the United States
from 1790 to 1840 ; shown its distribution according to age, sex,
race, condition, and pursuit ; and deduced the laws of its increase,
let us now turn our attention to that part of the census of 1840
which estimated the annual products of industry. These were ar-
ranged under the six heads of Mines, Agriculture, Commerce, Fish-
eries, the Forest, and Manufactures ; each of which was subdivided
into specific commodities and sources of profit, as follows :

Mines.
4. Gold.

1. Cast iron.

2. Bar iron.

3. Lead.

1. Hor=es and mules.

2. Neat cattle.

3. Sheep.

4. Swine.

5. Poultry.

6. Wheat.

7. Barley.

8. Oats.

9. Rye.

10. Buckwheat.

1. Capital in foreign trade.

2. " reiail trade.

3. " lumber trade.

1. Smoked and dried fish.

2. Pickled fish.

1. Lumber.

2. Tar, pitch, &c.

1. Machinery.

2. Hardware, cutlery, &c.

3. Cannon.

4. Small arms.

5. Manuf. of prec. metals.

5. Other metals.

6. Salt.*

Agriculture.

11. Indian corn.

12. Wool.

13. HnpS.

14. Wax.

15. Pota:oes.

16. Hay.

17. Hemp and flax.

18. Tobacco.

19. Rice.

20. Cotton.

7. Anthracite coal.

8. Bituminous coal.

9. Granite, marble, &c.

21. Silk cocoons.

22. Sugar.

23. Firewood.

24. Products of the dairy.

25. " " orchard.

26. Wine.

27. Produce of market gar-

dens.

28. Produce of nurseries, &c.

29. Domestic goods.

Commerce.

4. Capital in internal transportation.

Fisheries.

3. Spermaceti oil.

4. Other fish oil.

The Forest.

3. Pot and pearl ashes.

4. Skins and furs.

Manufactures.

7. Manuf. of granite, mar-

ble, &c.

8. Bricks and lime.

9. Manuf. of wool.
10. Manuf. of cotton.

the business of butchers, pack-
ers, &c.

5. Whalebone, and other
products of the fisheries.

6. Manuf. of various metals. 11.

of silk.

5. Ginseng, and other pro-
ducts of the forest.

12. Manuf. of flax.

13. Mixed manufactures.

14. Manuf. of tobacco.

15. Hais and caps.

16. Straw bonnets.

17. Sole leather.

This comprehends salt manufactured from sea-water as well

in the United States in Fifty Years.

151

Upper leather.

Manuf. of leather.

Soap.

Tallow candles.

Spermaceti & wax can

dies.
Dis illed spirits.
Brewed liquors.

25. Gunpowder.

Manufactures — Con ti n ued

27. Turpentine and varnish. 37

28. Glass.

29. Pottery.

30. Refined sugar.

31. Chocolate.

32. Paper.

33. Manuf. of paper.
31. Bookbinding.
35. Printing.

Musical instruments.

38. Carriages.

39. Flour mills.

40. Grist miils.

41. Saw mills.

42. Oil mills.

43. Ships.

44. Furniture.

45. H-iusra.

46. Other manufactures.

26. Drugs, paints, dyes, &c. 36. Cordage.

In about half of the preceding articles, the number or quantity is
given by the census ; in the rest, only the value annually produced.
To all, except the products of agriculture, the number of men em-
ployed, and the amount of capital invested in each occupation, are
severally annexed. Some further details are added to a few branch-
es of business, as may be seen in the following compendium of this
part of the census of 1840.

MINES.-

IRON.

CAST IRON.

BAR

IRON.

Men Empl'd,
including

mining
operations.

STATES AND TERRI-
TORIES.

^5

I1

5*1

CO §

1"

Capital
Invested.

16
15

48
5

28

26
186

26

213

2

12

42
8
4

14
1

6,122

1,320

9,332

4,126

6,495

6,743

29,088

11,114

98,395

17

8,876

18,8104

968

1,250

494

30

1
2
67

285

2,104

199,252

227

16,933

388,407

123,677

27,425

355,903

971

24,422

36,588

11,598

6,334

639

157

48
121

1,097

29

895

788

3,456

2,056

11,522

28

1,782

1,742

468

248

41

30

$185,950

New Hampshire,

125

6,004

98,200
1,232,875

22,250

44

14

120

80

169

5

17
52
43

9
29

5

3,623
655

53,693

7,171

87,244

449

7,900

5,886

963

1,165

577,300

664,150

New York

2,103,418

1,721,820

7,781,471

36,200

795,650

1,246,650

North Carolina,

South Carolina,

94,961
113,300
24,000

75

9,500

6
34

17
72
7
4
2

1,400

16,128*

29,206

35,236

810

158

180

2

99
13
19

1

1,366
9,673
3,637
7,466
20

4,152

187,453
35,501

104,312
787
240
300

145

2,266

1,108

2,268

103

74

80

357,000

1,514,736

449,000

Ohio,

1,161,900
57,700
40,300

Indiana,

4

118

79,000

15

601

451

99

60,800

Florida,

1

3

]

3

4,000

Total,

804

286,903

795

197,233

1,528,110

30,497

20,432,131

152

PfQgress of Population and Wealth
MINES.— LEAD— GOLD— OTHER METALS.

LEAD.

GOLD.

STATES AND TER-
RITORIES.

•-
be °

Pounds
Produced.

Capital

Invested.

a ?

Ik

s «

*1

Capital
Invested.

New Hampshire,.

i

1,000

2

$500

Rhode Island,

9

670,000

333

221,000

5
2

878,648
10,000

73
30

21,500
50,000

11

10

5

130

$51,758
255,618

37,41&
121,881

131

3-^9

69

405

§103,650

9,832

40,000

North Carolina,...

79,3 43

1,000

2

4

350

1,500

4

400

Ohio, .

20
21

8,755 000
5,295,4oo

73

252

114,500
235,806

1

200

1

100

Florida,

49
11

15,129,350
500,000

220
30

664,600
38,500

Total,

120

31,239,453

1,017

1,346,75b

157:8529,605

1,046

$234,325

MINES, Etc.— Continued.

STATES AND

territ'ries.

Maine,

N. Hampsh.
Massachu's,
Rhode Isl'd,
Connectic'i,
Vermont, ...
New York,.
New Jers'y,
Pennsylv'a,.
Delaware,...
Maryland,...
Virginia,....
N.Carolina,
S. Carolina,

OTHER

Vol. Pro-
duced.

§1,600
10,300
2,500

70,500
84,564
39,550
100,200

28,800
'" 1,000

156
119
33

285

Capital
Invested.

11,000

9,500

1,200

92.500

STATES AND
TERRIT'RIES.

Mississippi,
Louisiana,.
Tennessee,
Kentucky,.

Ohio, "...

Indiana,....

42,939 Illinois

15,000 Missouri,

62,-JDO

5,000

Arkansas,...
Michigan,...

Florida,

Wiskonsin,.

Iowa,

Dist. of Col.

. §370,61

OTHER METAI.X

Vol. Pro-
duced.

16,000
15,600

Men Em.

ployed,

Capital
Invested.

$500

728 §238.:

in the United States in Fifty Years.

153

MIXES.— COAL-SALT— GRANITE

MARBLE

AND OTHER

STONE.

fi

w

B

-J

X

X

<

S
W

$160,360

5,714

608,130

7,500

332,275

18.270

1,002,555

10,600

172,272

5,000

17,200

49,290

930

500

36,300

10,000

15,860
6212

27,496
6 750

14,020

15,025

000
000
0 m ij<
co"-*"

-i

1

Ol

!'-2

r

ft

^ "a.

rtnooscffflcooto-n^^oiw
n-*(-j|o>o-*-f«/tOMrt o-j 01
co o> corttortin ot i-i
co"

cootomoicoo^oi—

r- © oi 0 -t co co coi-h
h CM — 1 ~i

$107,506

1 6,038

790,855

17,800

313 469

33,855

1,511,480

35,721

238,831

16,0)0

22,750

84,489

3,3.,0

3,000

51,99.1

13,700

30,100

19,592

195,831

35,021

74,228

28,110

15,500

2,700

2,650

968

350

X

m

—

|co"

-

W

o

W

O

P

"5^

3 o o

occc

°, "i °i

m" of of

Ol o

O

o
©_
co'

5,601,000

1,500

191,435

200

10i)

300,561)

7,090

1,500

163,585

113,195

20,050

10,000

3,550

20,800

s
0

0"

CO

,5

en
to

ft

3 t5

o rt co
— < to

Ol

J!H"5f- co r* oo t-
co m i-H oi
co oi to

-h co 05 01 to m

Ol Tji — 1 01 CO Ol
Ol Ol

EC

of

eo"«3

o o to

OCO)

o_o)>n
© i-T to

CO

o
in

2,867,884

500

549,478

1,160

1.200

1,745 618

4,493

2,250

219.695

297,350

6,400

20,000

13,150

8,700

c
0
=

Ol"

to"

o
o

g

3

3*1

— i
»

CO

0 m

-<t oq_

0

76,627

45,525

9,300

120,076

9,488

605

O .

m :

vo

X;

x"

to

3D

it

*!*

to

CD

co m -h
o» 03

Ol

— CO ~f t— Ol OS l—

01 — 1 co -* m to

01 "^ .-H

01 :

X

•O
l-

co

■5-3
1 3

o
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en
of

Ol

o

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oo"

co

in
to_
0"
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of of

01 Ol
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to

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13,942
588,167
3,513,409
242,040
424,187
249,302
5,500

0 :
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33

co"

c
to

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Ol

in to

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of

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co"
to

X

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i

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Is

e

:

tj

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oj
c

3
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c

z

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a c

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c 1 fi -
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E

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a
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pt

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i

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i

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3

154

Progress of Population and Wealth

AGRICULTURE — LIVE STOCK— CEREAL GRALXS.

OD « (N X - B » W M Cl » - « « O! T« t- CI X C^i 1^ m t CI a ■* Ci - i-T |

M i* ei si ^f i- x mi '■: '/j ~ - = n c m - x 5i ^ jl - oi rt n i- u! ^ oo
*> i« — -r -» so ci_ erj cr_ en o_ »o i~ x_ rn eo ct en — <^ — .__ — ^ co cm_ >o cc o en. en cm_ -tr |
o Bl erf o eo* erf erf — * o* <^7 en" t-- en cm" io r-^ — * cm" to t-" ao uo -** of to* t- co* en" to" en"
icaouii^i^cf- ^(-rci'-r^i'ix-'^i-cccc-i-cii-ora
en ^h ao --t >n — en en cm eo cm «-n x t~ en en — er.

en co_ to_ -h _T en x cm oo eo -^ Uo_

* eo* -*i* o* o* so m' -q<" en eo' ao r
' ■ cn C* f-i -tr co eo cm cm -h

• cm

CCCO OCflC5;

X — t~ CM CO

— 7! CM
u-. — t-
5D C« CM

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CM ?> ~.

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x_ io ifl r- a t. to c t x n n si (3 — <_ to cm_ cincnr- o_
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CM —I tO -H

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to — to^ ~ po en x_ —_•'*--. to — cn

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en" o — * en" — * to* c?f erf x" i> en" — " en to erf — f en" m" — * en i n" o i —

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to cm en t- m — t- n> cm en — i r^ en i

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. — er. — i.n en r- x 1- 1- x en x to tj>

1 to_ — co — ej x eo_ 1 en p» x i> — eo N eo 1
; T to 30 — ■* — — " nf en" 10 — " r-* cm* — " x" en — " cm" i-* t-* en to" en" x" > n" x' e-f x" 1

x en en x — ci 1- in c> cm — t- x to cm x 71 x ~< en x x — en en

CM CMeoc?acM'^ cm o to un x to to en x t^ cm to to -r — 1 — r-i

r~a — en <-
. a co ere in n>

m m — 1 -*t cm ~r_ to en un --_ cm__ cc --*
" -r eo* m* -r" nf to* to* ~" 1 ~ re; c^* en* — '

-' cm — en m — >.n ien
n1 en en en 1 — r -r en en -* to
m eo cm eo -r- — eo t^ r- — to

1 S =•

^ = _'-" -'S - S.5- ee
& "S. c-c -s -t - i 7

: ■, v : c:

r ™ o : -a*

! c .S-S §

o 5

Px~

in the United States in Fifty Years.

155

AGRICULTURE—VARIOUS CROPS.
WOOL— HOPS— WAX— POTATOES— MAY— HEMP AND FLAX.

STATES AND TERRI-
TORIES.

Wool.

Pounds.

Hops.
Pounds.

Wax.

Pun nds.

Potatoes.
Bushels.

Hay.
Tons.

Hemp
<J- Flax.

1.465,551
1,263,517

941,906

1 33,830

889,870

3,699,235

9,8 45,295

397,207

3,048,564

64,404

488,201

2,538,374

625,044

299,170

371,333

220,353

175,196

49.2S3

1,060,332

1,786,847

3,685,315

1,237,919

650,007

562,265

64,943

153,375

7,285

6,777

23,039

707

36,940

243,425

254,79:.

113

4,573

48,137

447,250

4,531

49,481

746

2,357

10,597

1,0,3

93

773

825

154

115

850

742

62,195

38,591

17,742

789

11,381

ft

83

28

3,723£

1,345

1,196

165

3,897

4.660

52,795

10,061

33,107

1,088

3,674

65,020

118,923

15,857

19,799

25,226

6,835

1,012

50,907

38,445

38,950

30,617

29,173

56,461

7,079

4,533

75

1,474

2,132

44

10,392,280

6,206,606

5,385,652

911,973

3,414,238

8,(^69,751

30,123,614

2.072,069

9,535,663

200,712

1,036,433

2,944,660

2,609,23 '

2,698,313

1,291.366

1,708,356

1,630,100

834,311

1,904,3*70

1,055,085

5,805,021

1,525,794

2,025,520

783,768

293.608

2,109,205

264,617

419,608

234,063

12,035

691,358
496,107
569,395

63,449

426,704

836,739

3,127,047

334,861

1,311.643

22,483
106,687$
364,708$
101,369

24,618

§ 38

New Hampshire,

Massachusetts,

Rhode Island,

S 26$

2*

4

41|

Vermont,

New York,

29$
1,130|

2,l65f

2 649|

52|

488

25,5944
9,879$

North Carolina,

16,969|

101

12,718 5

Mississippi,.

171

24,651

31,233

88,336

1,022,037

178,029

164,932

49,083

586

130,805

1,197

30,938

17,953

1,331

16

3,3 14$
9,9924
9,0804

Ohio,

8,605$

1,9764

18,010$

Arkansas,

1,039$
7554

Florida,

2
2

3134

Total,

35,802,11 J

1,238,502

628,303$

108,298,060

I0,248,108|

95,251 1

AGRICULTURE.— VARIOUS CROPS, Etc.— Continued.
TOBACCO— RICE— COTTON.

Tobacco
Gathered.
Pounds.

Sice.

Pounds.

Cotton
Gathered.
Pounds.

Tobacco
Gathered.
Pounds.

Rice.
Pounds.

Cotton
Gathered.
Pounds.

Me

30

115

64,955

317

471,657

585

74 1

1,922

325,018

272

24,816,012

75,347,106

16,772,359

Miss...

La

Tenn...

Ky

Ohio,...
Ind

Illin....

Mo

Ark....
Mich...

Fa

Wisk...

D.ofb"

Total,

83,471

119,821

29,550,432

53,436,9)9

5,942,275

1,820,306

564,326

9,067,913

148,439

1,602

75,274

115

8076

55,550

777,195

3,604.534

7,977

16,376

193,401,577

N. H.

152,555,368

27. Till 277

R. I...

691,456

Venn

180

N. Y.

460

50

5,454

200,947

N.J...

121,122

6,028,642

Del

334
5,673
3,494,483
51,926,191
61,710,274
163 392,396
117,138,823

Md

481,420

12,110,533

Va.

2,956
2.820.388

N. C.

S. C...

51,51 960.590,801
162,894 12,384,732
273,302| 149,019

Ala...

219,163.319

80,841,422

790,479,275

156

Progress of Population and Wealth

AGRICULTURE.— SILK— SUGAR— WOOD— DAIRIES— ORCHARDS— WINE—
FAMILY GOODS, Etc.

Silk

Sugar

Wood

Dain/ Pro.

Orchard

Wine

Family

Cocoons.

Made.

Sold.

ducts.

Products.

Made.

Goods.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Cords.

Value.

Value.

GallotiS.

Value.

Maine,

211

257,464

205,011

$1,496,902 $149,384

2,236

$804,397

N. Hampshi.

4191

1,162,368

116,266

1,638,543 239,979

94

538,303

Massachus's,

1,741

579,227

278,069

2.373,299! 389,177

193

231,942

Rhode Isl'nd,

458

50

48,666

223.229| 32,098

803

51,180

Connecticut,.

17,538

51,764

159,062

1,376,5341 296,232

2,666

226,162

Vermont,

4,286

4,647,934

96,399

2,008,737 213,944

94

674,548

New York,...

1,735|

10,048,109

1,058,923

10,496,0211,701,935

6,799

4,636,547

New Jersey,.

1,966

56

340,602

1,328,032

464,006

9,416

201,625

Pennsylv'nia,

7,262*

2,265,755

269,51b

3,187,292

618,179

14.328

1,303,093

1,4581

2,290*

67,864

113,828

28,211

322

62,116

Maryland,...

36,266

178,181

457,466

105,740

7,585

176,050

Virginia,

3,191

1,541,833

403,593

1,480,488

705,765

13,911

2,441,672

Nr. Carolina,

3,014

7,163

40,034

674,349

386,006

28,752

1,413,242

Sh. Carolina,

2,080

30,000

171,451

577,t<10

52,275

643

930,703

Georgia,

2,9924

329,744

57,459

605,172

156,122

8,647

1,467,630

Alabama, ....

1,5924

10.143

60,955

265,200

55,240

177

1,656,119

Mississippi,...

91

/ 1

118,423

359,585

14,45^

12

682,945

Louisiana, ...

317

119,947,720 202,867

153,069

11,769

2,884

65,190

Tennessee,...

1,217

258,073 104,014

472,141

367,105

653

2,886,661

Kentucky,...

737

1,377,835

264,222

931,363

434,935

2,209

2,622,462

Ohio,

4,317$
379

6,363,386

272 527

1,848,869

475.271

11,524

1,853,937

Indiana,

3,727,795

183,712

742,269

110,055

10,265

1,289,802

Illinois,

1,150

399,813

134,549

428,175

126,756

474

993,567

Missouri,

70

274,853

81,981

100,432

90,878

22

1,149,544

95

1,542

78,606

59,205

10,680

489,750

Michigan,....
Florida,

266

1,329,784

54,498

301,052

1 6.075

113,955

124|

275,317

9,943

• 23.094! 1,035

20,205

h

135,288

22,910

35,677 37

12,567

41,450

7,304

23,609 50

25,966

651

1,287

5,566 3,507

25

1,500

Total,

61,552$

155,100,809

5,088,891

33,787,008,7,256,904

124,734

29,023,380

HORTICULTURE.— GARDENS— NURSERIES.

GARDENS.

NURSERIES.

GARDENS.

NURSERIES.

AND
TERRI-
TORIES.

Market

Produce.

Value.

Nursery

Prod'ce.
Value.

.i a,

^1

Capital
Invested.

AND
TERRI-
TORIES.

Market

Produce.

Value.

Nursery
Prod'ce.
Value.

4

Capital
Invested.

Me

$51,579

$460

689

$84,774

Miss...

$42,896

$499

66

$43,060

N. H...

18,085

35

21

1,460

La

240,042

32,415

349

359,711

Mass...

283,904

111,814

292

43,170

Tenn..

19,812

71,100

34

10,760

R.I....

67,741

12,604

207

240,274

Kv

125,071

6,226

350

108,597

Conn...

61,936

18,114

202

126,346

Ohio,...

97,606

19,707

149

31,400

Ver....

16,276

5,600

48

6,677

Ind

61,212

17,231

309

73,628

N. Y...

499,126

75,980

525

258,558

Illin....

71,911

22.990

77

17,515

N. J...

249,613

26,167

1,233

125,116

Mo

37,181

6,205

97

37,075

Penn...

232,912

50,127

1,156

857,475

Ark....

2,736

415

8

6,036

Del

4,035

1,120

p

1,100

Mich...

4,051

6,307

37

24,273

Md

133,197

10,591

619

48,841

Fa

11,758

10

60

6,500

Va

92,359

38,799

173

19,900

Wisk ..

3,106

1,025

89

85,616

N.C....

28,475

48,581

20

4,663

Iowa,..

2,170

4,200

10

1,698

S.C

38,187

2,139

1,058

210.980

D.ofC.

52.-9;.

850

163

42,933

Geo....

Ala

19,346
31,978

1,853
* 370

418
85

9,213

58,425

Total,

2,601,196

593,534

8,553

2,945,774

the United States in Fifty Years.

157

COMMERCE.-WHOLESALE AND RETAIL HOUSES-LUMBER TRADE-
INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION— BUTCHERS AND PACKERS, Etc.

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158

Progress of Population and Wealth

FISHERIES, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST.

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in the United States in Fifty Years.

159

MANUFACTURES.

-MACHINERY-HARDWARE— FIRE ARMS— METALS-
GRANITE, MARBLE, Etc.

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Progress of Population and Wealth

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17,414,099

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330,500

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304,342

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MANUFACTURES.— POWDER, MTLLS-DRUGS AND MEDICINES, PAINTS
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167

MANUFACTURES.— CARRIAGES AND WAGONS— MILLS, AND THE ARTI-
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Progress of Population and Wealth

MANUFACTURES.— SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS— HOUSEHOLD FURNI-
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in the United States in Fifty Years. 161

CHAPTER XX.

VALUE OF THE ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY.

The census of 1840 has thus given us a mass of materials for es-
timating the annual income of the United States, which has been
rarely if ever, afforded to seventeen millions of people. Yet, witli
all this valuable aid, precise accuracy is still unattainable ; for
those diversities and fluctuations of price, from which no country is
exempt, are particularly great in this country. Articles of raw
produce, which vary in price, from year to year, far more than
manufactures, constitute here the unusually large proportion of more
than two-thirds of the whole annual product. In a country, more-
over, of such large extent as the United States, differing so widely
in soil, climate, density of numbers, and easy access to market, the
price of the same commodity varies considerably among the differ-
ent States in the same year. Nay, more — with the larger States,
the same local diversities apply to different parts of the same State,
and often make the price of the more bulky commodities, at one
place of production, more than twice as high as the price they bear
at another. To make, then, a fair average, it is necessary to take
into account the quantities produced in the several parts, as well as
the difference of price. There are also sources of revenue, in
which the census has not given the annual product, but the whok
value of the capital invested, as in the case of live stock, and of the
capitals employed in commerce ; in which items, there being room
for further difference of opinion, there is a further source of uncer
tainty. Even in those manufactures of which the census has de
termined their gross values, we may expect, in deducting the value
of the raw materials which have been estimated under other heads
somewhat of the same difference of opinion, and the same un
certainty. The most careful estimate practicable must there
fore rest, in part, on conjecture and probability. Yet, if th
estimate be cautiously made, and be founded on the opinion of jud
eious persons, who look not beyond their own experience and ob

15

170 Progress of Population and Wealth

servation, the unavoidable errors will probably so balance and
compensate each other, that the result will afford an approximation
to the truth, which is all that the subject admits of, and, indeed, all
that it is important for us to know.

In making the subjoined estimate, the following course has been
pursued : — Of those articles of which the census has given, only the
quantities, the market price at the place produced, or where the
producer transports it by his own labour, is considered the fair
value. To ascertain this, local information, from persons compe-
tent to give it, has been procured, as far as practicable. The
prices affixed ought, in strictness, perhaps, to have been those
which prevailed in 1840, when the census was taken ; but, as the
prices of most articles of commerce were not uninfluenced, even
then, by the distention of the currency which succeeded the termi-
nation of the Bank of the United States, in 1836, it was thought
that a medium between the prices of 1840 and those of the present
year, 1843, when they are unusually depressed, would give a fair
average.

In estimating the product of live stock, one-fourth of its gross
value has been assumed to be its annual value. This may be some-
what too much for horses and mules, but it is far too little for sheep
and hogs, and may not be quite enough for neat cattle. The pro-
ducts of this branch of husbandry is compounded in a small degree
of rent, but principally of the wages of personal service and the
profits of capital ; and, considering the high price which both labour
and capital bear in this country, 25 per cent seems to be not too
high. In England, it is supposed that one-fourth of the cattle is
slaughtered in the year. As those fatted for the shambles are
worth about double the general average, this rule would give twice
the amount of the present estimate ; but then it would be necessary
to deduct the value of the food consumed in the process of fatten-
ing, which would bring us to nearly the same result. From the
gross value of domestic manufactures, included in the products of
agriculture, one-half is deducted for the raw materials.

In estimating the products of commerce, as they also are com-
pounded of the wages of industry and the profits of capital, they
have, in like manner, been set. down at 25 per cent on the capital
employed. Without doubt, this greatly exceeds the rate of profits
in the wholesale and foreign trade, but it is also far short of the re-
tail trade, in which, for the most part, the capital is turned over
several times in the year. The census shows, that upwards of

in the United States in Fifty Years. 171

100,000 families are engaged in the employments comprehended
under the head of commerce ; and a less profit than the one sup-
posed would not be adequate to the support of that number, in a
style of living which far exceeds the average rate of that of the
whole community.

From the gross value of manufactured products, one-third has
been deducted for the value of the raw materials, leaving two-
thirds for the wages of labour and the profits of capital. These
are the average proportions in the official statements of the manu-
factures of New York. From this valuation, however, the articles
manufactured by mills have been excepted. Three-fourths of the
gross value of these articles have been deducted. Even this would
not be enough, if the products of sawmills and oilmills, in which
human labour bears a much larger proportional part, were not
comprehended. A separate estimate is made of the products- of
printing and bookbinding, by allowing 25 per cent on the capital
invested, and $200 for each man employed.

. In estimating the annual products of the mines, the fisheries, and
the forest, the whole value at the place of production, or of sale by
the producer,, has been the measure — that value being made up of
the profits of land, of labour, and of capital1.

In all cases, the prices at which the principal products of each
State have been estimated, may be seen by comparing the values
with the quantities, so' that every one may correct the estimate
wherever he deems it erroneous.

It is proper to remark, that the census omits several products of
industry, whose aggregate value would make no insignificant addi-
tion to the total amount. Among these, are — 1. The blades of
Indian cornv an excellent fodder for horses and cattle ; and which,
estimating twenty pounds for every bushel of grain, amounts to
3,775,000 tons, worth $37,750,000. 2. Peas and beans. 3. Flax-
seed. 4. Broom-corn. 5. Sumach. 6. Honey. 7. Feathers.

In the subjoined table, the values- of the principal products of
agriculture and of manufactures, and occasionally of other branches
of industry, are specifically stated, while the rest are included under
the general heads.

172 Progress of Population and Wealth

Annual Products of Industry in Maine.

I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 59,208 $2,960,400

Neat cattle 327,255 4,91)8,825

Sheep, 649,264 973,896

Hogs, 117.3S6 352,158

25 percent of. $9,195,279

is $2,298,819

Poultry, 123,171

Wheat, bush. 848,166 $1,061,207

Oats, 1,076,409 376,743

Maize, 950,528 712,896

Oiher grain, 544,645 435,716

Potatoes, 10,392,280 2,078,556

Wool lbs. 1,465,551 $492,942

Products of dairy, 1,496,902

orchards, 149,381

Hay, tons 691,358 5,530,864

Other products, 1,099,083

$2,421,980

4,665,118

8,769,172
$15,856,270

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $194,099

Lime, &c, 621,583

Woollen, 412,366

Cotton, &c, 1,023,086

Leather 443,846

Furniture, 204,875

Carriages, 174.310

Ships 1,184,902

Houses, 733,067

Other manufactures, 1,503,538

$7,102,983

Deduct for materials one-third, 2,334,328

$4,768,655
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 790,398

Printing, &c, estimated, 56,250

$5,615,303

III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital, 1,505,380

IV. The Forest, 1,877,663

V. Fisheries, 1,280,713

VI. Mines, 327,376

Total, $26,462,705

Annual Products of Industry in New Hampshire.

Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 43,892 $2,194,600

Neatcattle, 275,562 4,133,430

Sheep, 649,264 973,896

Hogs, 121,671 365,013

25 percent of. $7,666,939

is $1,916,735

Poultry, 107,092

$2,023,827

in the United Stales in Fifty Years.

173

Wheat, bush. 425,124 $527,655

©its, 451,69.9 163,134

Maize, 1,162 572 796,926

Other grain, 379,880 284,910

Potatoes, 6,206,606 1,241,321

Sugar, lbs. 2,162,368 129,742

Products of dairy, 1,638,543

orchards, 239,979

Wool, lbs. 1,260,517 441,181

Hay, tons 406,107 3,246,856

Other products, 644,678

II. Manufactures.

MeiaK&c $379 898

Woollen, 795,784

Cotton, &c, 4,299,078'

Hats, 190,526

Leather, 712,151

Paper,. 152,700

Carriages, 232 240

Houses .. 470,715

Ships, 78,000

Other manufactures, 1,235,860

$8,437,95$

Deduct for materials on-3-third, 2,812,651

$5,625,331

Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 790,398

Printing, &c, 130,112

III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital,

IV. The Forest,

V. Fisheries,

VI. Mines, :

Total,

Annual Products of Industry in Vermont.

I. Agriculture.

Hordes and mules, No. 62,402 £$129,100

Neai cattle, 384,341 5,764,113'

Sheep, 1,681,819 2,522,728

Hogs, 203,800 611,400

25 percent of. $12,018,331

is $3,006,110

Poultry, 131,578

Wheat, .bush. 495,890 $619,750

Oats, 2,222,584 888,904

Maize, 1,119,678 746,652

Omer grain, 514,199 371,940

Potatoes, 8,869,751 1,773,950

Sugar, lbs. 4,647,934 278,866-

Wool 3.669,035 l,2o4,232

Products of dairy, 2,006,737

orchards, 213.934

Hay, tons 836,739 5,857,173

15*

$3,010,946

6,342,979
$11,377,752

$6,545,811

1,001,533

449,861

92,811

88,373

$19,556,141

$3,137,668

4,401,196

174 Progress of Popxdation and Wealth

$697,319

$161,374

1,331,953

2b8,433

361,468

214,720

102,097

344,896

72,000

5,098,653

10,340,271

$17,879,155

II. Manufactures.

$7,955,591
2,651,897

270,781
110,950

Cotton, &c,

Leather,

Paper,

Carriages,

e-third,

deducting tl

on capital,..

Deduct for materials on

Manufactures by mills,
Printing, &c,

ree-fourths,...

85,685,425
758,899

IV. The Forest,

430,224

389,488

Total,

$25,143,191

Annual Products of
Horses and mules, No.

Industry in Mi

61,484
282,574
378,226
146,221

SSACHUSETTS.

$3,074,200

5,086,332

567,339

572,884

Hogs,

$9,300,755

is

$2,325,189
178,157

Poultry,

bush.

157,923
1,319,680
1,809,192

788,333
5,385,652

941,906
'" 569,395

$2,503,346

Wheat,

Oats,

$197,404
527,872

1,356,894
591,238

1,346,413

lbs.

tons

on capital,

4,019,821
9,542,450

Wool,

Products of dairy,

" orchards,...

Hay,

Other products,

329,677
2,273,299

389,177
5,124,555
1,425,142

II. Commerce, 25 per cen

$16,065,627
7,004,691
6,483,996

IV. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery

$4,717,919

7,C82,808

17,823,637

918,436

821,646

10,553,826

1,716.630

852,200

Cotton, &c,

Hats, &c,

Straw bonnets,

Piper,

Cordage,

in the United States in Fifty Years.

175

Carriages $803,999

Furniture, 1,090,008

Houses, 2,707,134

Ships, 1,349,994

Other manufactures, 13,305,878

$63,903,617

Deduct for materials one-third, 21,301,206

$42,602,411
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 442,796

Printing, &c, 472,850

■ $43 518,057

V. Mines 2,020,572

VI. The Forest, 377,354

Total, $75,470,297

Annual Products of Industry in Rhode Island.

I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 8,024 $401,200

Neat cattle, 36,891 664,038

Sheep, 9J,146 180,292

Hogs, 30,659 122,636

25 percent of. $1,368,166

is $342,041

Poultry, 61,702

$403,743

Wheat, bush. 3,098 $3,875

Oats, 171,517 60,030

Maize, 451,498 281,561

Othergrain, 103,990 77,003

Potatoes, 917,973 227,994

650,463

Wool lbs. 183,830 $65,340

Products of dairy, 223,229

Hay, tons 63,449 571,041

Other products, 285,493

1,145,103

$2,199,309

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $1,006,870

Woollen, 842,172

Cotton, &c, 7,564,851

Hals and bonnets, 178,571

Leather, 182,110

Houses, 379.010

Other manufactures, 2,689,385

$12,842,969

Deduct for materials one-third, 4,280,989

$8,561,980
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 20,921

Printing, &c, 57,725

$8,640,626

III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital, 1,294,956

IV. Fisheries, 659,312

V. Mines 162,410

VI. The Forest, 44,610

Total, $13,001,223

176 Progress of Papulation and Wealth

Annual Products of Industry in Connecticut.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 36,650 $1,732,500

Neat cattle 238,650 4,145,800

Sheep, 4)4,462 8LI6,924

Hogs, 131,961 527,844

25 percentof. $7,211,968

is #1,802,992

Poultry, 176,629

Wheat, bush. 87,009 $108,761

Oats, 453,262 164,969

Rye, 737,424 555,568

Maize 1,500,441 900,264

Other grain, 336,802 252,598

Potatoes, 3,414,238- 854,559

Wool, lbs. 889,870 $311,434

Products of dairy, 1,376,534

orchards, 296,232

Hav, ions 426,704 3,840,336

Other products, 73J.9J0

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, 83,559,029

Woollen, 2,494.313

Cotton, &c, 3,302,059

Hatsand bonnets, 886,310

Leather, 2,017,931

Paper 541,3 H)

Carnages, 929,331

Ships, 428,900

Houses, 1,086,295

Other manufactures, 3,41 6,983

$18,662,425

Deduct for materials one-third, 6,220,808

$12,441,617
Manufactures by mills, deducting three.fourths,... 135,877

Printing, &c, 21)1,469

III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital

IV. Fisheries,

V. Mines,

VI. The Forest,

Total,

Annual Products of Industry in New York.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 474,543 $23,736,150

Neat cattle , 1.911,244 21,823,928

Sheep 5,118,777 7,678,165

Hogs, 1,900,065 5,700,195

25 percentof. $58,928,438

is $14,757,109

Poultry., 1.153,413

$1,979,621

2,836,719

6,555,436
$11,371,776

$12,778,963

1,963,281

907,723

820,419

181,575

$28,023,737

$15,910,522

in the United States in Fifty Years.

177

Wheat, bush. 12,286,418 $12,286,418

Oats, 23,675,847 7,753,192

Maize, 10,972,286 6,857,699

Other grain, 7,787,276 5,890,457

Potatoes, 30,123,614 7,530,903

$40,318,669

Wool, lbs. 9,845,295 3,445,853

Products of dairv, 10,496,021

orchards, 1,701.935

Hay, tons 3,127,047 28,1*43,423

Other products, 8,258.838

. 52,046,050

$108,275,241
II. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital 24 311,715

III. Mines, 7,408,070

IV. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $8,060,348

Woollen, 3,537,337

Cotton, &c, 5,185,968

Hats and caps, 2,914,817

Leather, 6,232,924

Paper, 882,758

Cordage, 792,910

Musical instruments, 472,910

Spirits, 3,592,144

Carriages, 2.364,461

Furniture 1,971,776

Houses, 7,265,844

Ship?, 797,317

Other manufactures, 19,079,759

$63,151,273

Deduct for materials one-third, 21,050,424

$42,100,849
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 4,238,320

Printing, &c, 1,115,345

$47,454,514

V. The Forest, 5,040,781

VI. Fisheries, 1,316,072

Total, $193,806,4I33

Annual Products of Industry in New Jersey.

I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 70,502 $3,505,100

Neat cattle, 220,202 2,642,424

Sheep, 219,285 438,570

Hogs, 261,443 784,329

25 percent of. $7,370,423

is $1,842,606

Poultry, 336,953

$2,179,559

Wheat, bush. 774.703 $774,703

Oats, 3,083,524 1,233,409

Maize 4,361,975 2,617,175

Othergrain, 2,534,438 1,900,827

Potatoes, 2,072,069 518,017

7,044,63*1

Wool, lbs. 397,207 139,022

Products of dairv, 1,328,032

orchards, 464,066

178

Prog?-ess of Population and Wealth

Hemp and flax, tons 2,165| $281,547

Hay, 334,861 3,013,749

Other products, 1,759,247

$6,985,663

$16,209,853
II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $1 406,997

Woollen, 440,710

Cotton, &c, 2,321,628

Hats and caps, 1,181,562

Leather, 1,582,746

Glass, 904,700

Paper, 569,000

Carriages 1,397,149

Ships, 344,240

Houses, 1,092,056

Other manufactures, 3,4 12,278

$14,653,062

Deduct for materials one-third, 4,884,354

$9,768,708
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 861,724

Printing, &c, 65,825

$10,696,257

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 1,206,929

IV. Mines 1,073,921

V. The Forest, - 361,326

VI. Fisheries, 124,140

Total, $29,672,426

Annual Products of Industry in Pennsylvania.

I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 365,129 $18,256,450

Neat cattle, 1,172,665 14,071,980

Sheep, 1,767,620 2,651,430

Hogs, 1,503,064 4,518,192

25 percentof. $39,498,052

is $9,877,013

Poultry, 685.801

$10,565,814

Wheat, bush. 13,213,077 $13,213,077

Oats 29,641.819 7.740,682

Maize, 14,240,022 8,544,013

Othergrain, 8,928,5n8 6.626,480

Potatoes, 9,535,663 2,383,416

38,607,668

Wool, lbs. 3,048,564 1,1166,997

Products of dairy, 3,187,2112

orchards, 618,179

Hempandflax, tons 2,649| 344.467

Hay, 1,311,643 11,804.787

Other products, 1,985,720

19.307.442

$68,480,924
II. Mines, 17,666,146

III. Commerce, 25 percent of capital, 10,593,368

IV. Manufactiu^o.

Metals and machinery, $6,757,665

Woollen. 2,319,061

in the United States in Fifty Years. 179

Cotton, «fec, $0,202,133

Hats and caps, 820,331

Leather, 3,482,793

Drugs, &c, 2,100,074

Glass, 772,400 )

Paper, 887,835

Carriages, 1,207,252 j

Furniture, 1,155,692

Ships, 668,015

Houses, 5,354,480

Spirits, 1,560,046

Porter, &c... 2,553,194

Other manufactures, 8,387,737

$44,228,708

Deduct for materials one-third, 13,742,903

$30,485,805
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 2,356.239

Printing, &c, 512,235

$33,354,279

7. The Forest, 1,203,578

I. Fisheries, 35,360

Total . $131,033,655

Annual Products of Industry in Delaware.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 14,421 $721,050

Neat cattle 53,883 646,596

Sheep, 39,247 58,870

Hogs, 74,228 222,684

25 per centof. - $1,649,230

is $412,330

Poultry, 47,265

$459,565

Wheat, .bush. 315,165 $315,165

Oats, 927,405 370,962

Maize 2,099,359 1,259,615

Other grain, 50,005 37,478

Potatoes, „ 200,712 50,178

5,033,398

Wool lbs. 64,404 22,541

Products of dairy, 118,828

orchards, 28,211

Hay, tons 22,483 224,830

Other products, §16,067

705,477

Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $350,700

Woollen, 104,700

Cotton, &c. 332,389

Leather, 166,037

Gunpowder, 336,000

Houses, 145,850

Other manufactures, 581,710

$2,017,386

Deduct for materials one-third, 672,462

$1,314,924

Manufactures by mills, one-quarter, 184,493

Printing, &c, 9,462

$3,198,440

$1,538,879

180

Progress of Population and Wealth

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, $266,257

IV. Fisheries, '. 181,285

V. Mines, 54,555

VI. The Forest, 13,119

Total, $5,252,535

Annual Products of Industry in Maryland.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 92,220 $4,011,000

Neat cattle, 225,714 2,708,568

Sheep, 257,92] 381,881

Hogs, 416,943 1,250,829

25 per cent of. $8,952,278

is $2,238,069

Poultry, 218,765

$2,456,834

Wheat, bush. 3,345,783 $3,345,783

Oats 3,534,211 1,413,684

Maize, 8,233,086 4,058,271

Other grain, 8J0,777 610,582

Potatoes, 1,036,433 259,108

10,569,008

Wool, lbs. 488,201 170,870

Products of dairy, 457,466

orchards, 105,740

Tobacco, lbs. 24,846,012 1,739,220

Hay, tons 106,687 1,066,870

Other products, 1,020,712

4,560,878

$17,586,720
II. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital, 3,499,087

III. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $690,155

Woollen, 235,900

Cotton, &c, 1,692.040

Hats and caps, 153,456

Leather 150,275

Paper, 198,100

Carriages, 357,622

Furniture, 3J5,360

Ships, 279,771

Houses, 1,078,770

Other manufactures, 2,779,855

$7,921,334

Deduct for materials one-third, 2,640,444

$5,280,890
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 816,812

Printing, &c, 114,975

$6,212,677

IV. Mines 1,056,210

V. The Forest, 241,194

VI. Fisheries, 225,773

Total, $28,821,661

Annual Products of Industry in Virginia.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 326,438 $16,321,900

Neat cattle, 1,024,148 10,241,480

in the United States in Fifty Years. 181

Sheep, 1,293,772 $1,940,658

Hogs, 1,992,155 3,994,310

25 per cent of. $32,498,348

is $8,124,587

Poultry, 754,698

Wheat, bush. 10,109,716 $10,109,716

Oats, 13,451,052 5,380,424

Maize, 34,577,591 17,288,795

Other grain, 1,814,051 1,360,534

Potatoes, 2,944,660 761,165

Wool, lbs. 2,538,374 761,512

Tobacco, 73,347,106 3,767,355

Cotton, '.. 3,494,483 319,558

Products of dairy, 1,480,488

" orchards, 705,765

Hemp and flax,* tons 25,594i 3,071,310

Hay, 364,708 2,917,664

Other products, 2,282,250

$8,879,285

34,900,364

15,305,902

$59,085,821
II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery', $789,573

Woollen, 147,792

Cotton, &c, 679,312

Tobacco, 2,406,671

Leather 826,597

Carriages, 647,815

Furniture, 289,391

Ships, 136,807

Houses, 1,367,393

Other manufactures, 2,130,483

$9,421,734

Deduct for materials one. third, 3,140,578

$6,281,186
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,. . 1,963,850

Printing, &c, 104,212

$8,349,218

III. Commerce, 25 percent of capital, 5,299,451

IV. Mines.

Iron, $1,129,247

Coal, 1,593,381

Salt, 436,404

Other products, 162,597

3,321,629

V. The Forest, ji 617,760

VI. Fisheries, 95,173

Total, $76,769,032

Annual Products of Industry in North Carolina.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 166,608 $8,330,400

Neat cattle, 617,371 5,556,339

* This item is certainly erroneous, if in nothing else, in the product of the county of
Lee, which, with a population of 8,441, is stated to produce mofe hemp and flax — 10,468
tons — than any state in the Union, except Virginia. The error probably exceeds
$1,000,000.

16

182 Progress of Population and Wealth

Sheep, 538,279 $682,848

Hogs, 1,649,716 3,299,432

25 per cent of. $17,869,019

is $4,467,505

Poultry, 544,125

Wheat, bush. 1,960,855 $1,960,855

Oats, 3,193,941 1,277,626

Maize, 23,893,763 9,477,505

Other grain, 233,936 176,343

Potatoes, 2,609,239 452,309

Wool, lbs. 625,044 156,261

Cotton, 51,926,190 3,633,863

Tobacco, 16,672,359 833,618

Products of dairy, 674,349

orchards, 386,006

Hemp and flax, tons 9,879| 1,284,367

Hay, 101,369 810,962

Other products, 840,147

55,011,630

13,344,638

1,619,563

$26,975,831

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $63,039

Cotton, &c, 444,721

Leather, 185,387

Carriages, 301,601

Ships, 62,800

Houses, 410,264

Other manufactures, 979,022

$2,446,834

Deduct for materials one-third, 815,611

$1,631,223
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 388,024

Printing, &c, 34,450

$2,053,697

III. The Forest, 1,446,108

IV. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 1,322,284

V. Mines.

Gold, $255,618

Other minerals, 116,868

372,486

VI. Fisheries, 251,792

Total $32,422,198

Annual Products of Industry in South Carolina.

I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 129,921 $7,795,260

Neat cattle, 572,608 4,582,864

Sheep, 232,981 291,226

Hogs, 878,532 1,757,064

25 percent of. $14,426,414

is $3,606,603

Poultry, 396,364

$4,002,967

Wheat, bush. 968,354 $968,354

Oats, 1,483,208 593,283

in the United States in Fifty Years.

183

Maize, 14,722,805 $7,361,402

Other grain, 48,777 37,579

Potatoes, 2,608,313 452,079

Wool lbs. 299,070 89,721

Cotton, 61,710,274 4,628,270

Rice, 60,590,861 1,514,771

Products of dairy, 577,810

" orchards, 55,275

Hay tons 24,618 246,180

Other products, 1,028,742

$9,412,697

8,138,027
$21,553,691

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $83,531

Cotton, &c. 362,830

Leather, 109,472

Carriages, 189,270

Ships, 60,000

Houses 1,527,576

Other manufactures, 492,642

$2,825,321

Deduct for materials one-third, 941,440

$1,882,881
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 300,419

Printing, &c, 65,615

$2,248,915

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 2,632,421

IV. The Forest, 549,626

V. Mines, 187,608

VI. Fisheries, 1,275

Total, $27,173,536

Annual Products of Industry in Georgia.

I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 157,540 $9,452,400

Neatcattle, 884,414 7,075,312

Sheep, 267,107 407,660

Hogs, 1,457,755 2,915,510

25 percentof $19,850,882

is $4,962,720

Poultry, 449,623

$5,412,343

Wheat, bush. 1,801,830 $1,801,830

Oats, 1,600,030 644,012

Maize, 20,905,122 10,462,561

Other grain, 73,713 58,637

Potatoes, 1,291,366 322,841

13,289,881

Wool, lbs. 371,303 111,391

Cotton 163,392,396 11,437,467

Rice, 12,384,732 309,618

Products of dairy, 605,072

orchards, 156,122

Hay, tons 16,940 169,400

Other products, 977,477

13,766,527

$31,468 ,271

184 Progress of Population and Wealth

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $144,704

Cotton, &c 308,025

Leather, 123,701

Carriages, 249,065

Houses, 693,116

Other manufactures, 839,046

§2,357,657

Deduct for materials one-third, 785,8^6

$1,571,771
Manufactures by mills, deducing three-fourths,... 317,179

Printing, &c, 65,000

$1,953,950

III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital, 2,248,488

IV. Mines, 191,631

V. The Forest, 117,439

VI. Fisheries, 584

Total, $35,980,363

Annual Products of Industry in Alabama.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 143,147 $8,588,820

Neat cattle, 668,018 5,344,140

Sheep, 163,243 244,854

Hogs, 1,423,873 2,847,746

25 percentof. $17,025,560

is $4,256,390

Poultry, 404,894

■ $4,661,284

Wheat, bush. 828,052 $828,052

Oats, 1,406,353 562,541

Maize, 20,947,004 8,378,801

Other grain, 58,758 44,091

Potatoes, 1,708,356 427,189

10,240,674

Cotton, lbs. 117,138,823 8,209,717

Wool, 220,353 66,106

Products of dairy, 265,200

orchards, 55,240

Hay, tons 12,718 127,180

Other products, 1,071,112

9,794,555

$24,696,513
II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $179,470

Leather, 180,152

Carriages, 88,891

Houses, 739,871

Other manufactures, 882,449

$2,071,333

Deduct for materials one-third, 690,444

$1,380,889
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 306,356

Printing, &c, 45,525

$1,732,770

III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital, 2,273,267

IV. The Forest, 177,465

V. Mines 81,310

Total, $28,961,325

in the United States in Fifty Years. 185

Annual Products of Industry in Mississippi.

I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules No. 109,227 $6,553,620

Neat cattle, 623,197 3,739,182

Sheep, 128,367 192,550

Hogs, 1,001,209 2,002,418

25 percentof. $12,487,770

is $3,121,997

Poultry, 369,482

$3,491,479

Wheat, bush. 196,024 $196,024

Oats, 668,624 334,312

Maize 13,161,237 5,264,494

Other grain, 13,159 10,298

Potatoes, 1,630,100 407,525

6,212,653

Cotton, lbs. 193,401,577 15,472,126

Rice, 777,193 23,315

Wool, 175,192 52,559

Products of dairy, 359,585

" orchards, 14,458

Other products, 868,290

16,990,456

$26,494,565
II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $286,685

Leather, 118,167

Houses, 1,175,513

Other manufactures, 568,231

$2,121,596

Deduct for materials one-third, 707,199

$1,414,397
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 121,716

Printing, &c, 49,677

$1,585,790

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 1,453,686

IV. The Forest, 205,297

Total, $29,739,338

Annual Products of Industry in Louisiana.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 99,888 $5,973,280

Neat cattle, 381,248 3,049,984

Sheep, 98,072 147,108

Hogs, 323,229 646,440

25 percent of. $9,816,812

is $2,454,203

Poultry, 283,559

$2,737,762

Oats and other grain, bush. 109,225 $54,548

Potatoes, 844,341 217,085

Maize, 5,952,912 2,976,451

3,248,084

Cotton, lbs. 152,555,368 10,678,875

Sugar, 119,947,720 4,797,908

Rice, 3,604,534 108,136

Hay, tons 24,651 246,510

16*

186 Progress of Population and Wealth

Products of dairy, $153,069

" orchards, 11,769

Other products, 869,262

$16,865,529

$22,851,375
II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $35,000

Bricks and lime, 861,655

Tobacco, 1.50,000

Leather, 108,500

Refined sugar, 770,000

Tallow candles, 425,000

Ships, 80,500

Houses, 2,736,944

$5,676,944

Deduct for materials one-third, 1,892,667

$3,784,134
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 176,696

Printing, &c, 126,825

$4,087,655

III. Commerce, 25 percent of capital, 7,868,898

IV. Mines 165,280

V. The Forest, 71,751

Total, , $35,044,959

Annual Products of Industry in Arkansas.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, i No. 51,472 $2,573,600

Neatcattle, 188,786 1,509,188

Sheep, 42,151 52,699

Hogs, 393,058 786,116

25 per centof. $4,921,603

is ' $1,230,401

Poultry, 109,468

$1,339,869

Wheat, bush. 105,878 $105,878

Maize, 4,846,632 2,423,316

Oats and other grain, 196,620 82,232

Potatoes, 293,608 74,402

2,685,828

Cotton lbs. 6,028,642 $361,718

Hemp tons 1,0394 . 135,135

Other products, 564,207

1,061,061)

$5,086,757
II. Manufactures.

Houses, $1,141,174

Other manufactures, 406,578

$1,577,879

Deduct for materials one-third, 525,957

$1,051,922
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 82,712

Printing, &c, 10,675

$1,145,309

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 420,635

IV. The Forest, 217,469

V. Mines, 18,225

Total, $6,888,395

in the United States in Fifty Years.

187

Annual Products of Industry in Tennessee.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 341,309 $17,070,450

Neat cattle, 882,857 7,062,956

Sheep, 741,693 926,991

Hogs, 2,926,607 4,389,010

25 per cent of. $29,449,407

is $7,612,352

Poultry, 606,969

Wheat, bush. 4,569,692 $3,427,269

Oats, 7,035,678 1,758,419

Maize, 44,986,188 11,246,547

Other grain, 326,307 164,322

Potatoes, 1,904,370 476,092

Products of dairy, $472,141

orchards, 367,105

Wool, lbs. 1,060,332 265,583

Tobacco, 29,550,432 1,172,017

Cotton, 27,701,277 1,662,076

Hemp and flax, tons 3,344$ 334,450

Hay, 31,233 218,631

Other products, 1,876,207

,219,321

17,072,649

6,368,210

$31,660,180
II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $445,050

Cotton, 325,719

Wool, &c, 27,198

Hats and caps,. 104,940

Leather, 359,050

Cordage, 139,630

Carriages, 219,897

Spirits, 224,821

Houses, 427,402

Other manufactures, 1,191,666

$3,233,552

Deduct for materials one-third, 1,077,850

$2,155,702
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.... 255,166

Printing, &c, 56,325

$2,477,193

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 2,239,478

IV. Mines, 1,371,331

V. The Forest, 225,179

Total, $37,973,361

Annual Products of Industry in Missouri.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules,....' No. 196,632 $7,865,280

Neatcattle, 433,875 3,471,000

Sheep, 348,018 348,018

Hogs 1,271,161 1,271,161

25 per cent of. $12,955,459

is $3,238,865

Poultry, 270,647

$3,509,512

188 Progress of Population and Wealth

Wheat,

bush.

1,037,386
2,234,947
17,332,524

93,727
783,768

.$518,693
335,241

3,482,505
36,863
117,565

Other grain,

$4,490,867

$100,432
90,878
140,564
362,716
640,860
343,581
804,853

" orchards,..
Wool,

...... "vim.

562,265
9,067,913
8,010|
49,083

$257,600

24,865

111,620

298,345

97,112

1,441,573

Hay

Other products,

2,483.884
$10,484,263

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery,.

Woollen, &c.„

Hats and caps,

$3,108,385
1,036,128

Carriages,

Houses,

e-third,....

deducting
of capital

Deduct for materials on

three-fourths,...

Manufactures by mills,
Printing, &c,

$2,072,257

240,014

48,437

$2,360,708
2,349,245

II. Commerce, 25 per cent

448,559

V. Mines,

187,669

Total, .

$15,830,444

Annua]
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules,

Neat cattle,

Sheep,

Hogs,

., Products of Industry in ih

No. 395,853

787,098

1,008,240

2,310,533

ENTUCKY.

$19,792,650
9,445,176
1,260,300
2,310,533

25 per cent of....

$32,808,659

$8,202,165
536,439

Poultry,

....bush.

4,803,152

7,155,974

39,047,120

1,347,033

1,088,085

$8,738,604

Wheat,

Oats,

Maize,

Other grain,

$2,401,526

1,788,993

7,969,424

680,602

158,262

$931,363
434,935
446,712

2,137,476
799,380
353,224

2,386,044

12,998,807

" orchards,...

Wool,

Tobacco,

Hemp,

Hay,

.'.'.'.'.'.lbs'."
tons

" 1,786\847

53,435;409
9,992}
88,306

7,489,134

$29,226,545

in the United States in Fifty Years. 189

Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $255,106

Woollen ." 151,246

Cotton, &c, 465,593

Tobacco, 413,585

Hats and caps, 201,310

Leather 732,646

Cordage, 1,292,276

Carriages, 168,724

Furniture, 273,350

Spirits, 352,737

Houses, 1,039,172

Other manufactures,

$6,624,132

Deduct for materials one-third, 2,208,044

,416,

Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,. .
Printing, &c,

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,

IV. Mines,

609,484
66,781

$5,092,353

2,580,575
1,539,919

V. The Forest

184,799

Total,.

$38,624,191

Annual Products of Industry
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 430,527

Neat cattle, 1,217,874

in Ohio.

$17,221,080
9,728,992
2,535,525
2,099,736

Sheep, 2,028,421

Hogs, 2,099,746

25 percent of.

$31,585,333

is $7,896,333

Poultry, 551,193

Wheat,

Oats,

...bush.

16,571,661

14,393,103

33,668,144

1,659,884

5,805,021

3,685,315
5,942,275
6,363,386

$8,285,830

2,158,965

6,733,629

669,179

870,753

$8,447,526

Other grain,

Potatoes,

lbs.

18,718,356

Wool,

Tobacco,

Sugar,

$921,329
297,113
381,303

1,848,869
476,271
726,420

4,088,148

1,896,666

" orchards,

Hemp and flax,

Hay,

tons

""9,080}
1,022,037

$2,141,807
685,757
435,148
728,513

1,986,146
350,202
701,228
761,146

1,265,893

10,636,119

Manufactures.

Metals and machinery,...

$37,802,001

•

Cotton, &c,

Hats and caps,

Leather,

Carriages,

Spirits,

190

Progress of Population and Wealth

Ships,

Houses,

$522,855
3,776,823

$18,036,527
6,012,176

deducting th

ree-fourths, . .

Manufactures by mills,
Printing, &c,

$12,024,351

2,217,052

346,680

$14,588,091
8,050,316

III. Commerce, 25 per cent

IV. Mines,

2,442,682

V. The Forest,.

1,013,063
10,525

Total, .

$63,906,678

Annu
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules,

Neatcattle,

Sheep,

Hogs,

ah Products
No.

of Industry in

241,036

619,980

675,982

1,623,008

Indiana.

$9,641,440

4,959,840

834,939

1,623,008

25 per cent of...

$17,069,218

$4,267,317
357,594

Poultry,

bush.

4,049,375

5,981,605

28,155,887

206,655

1,525,794

$4,624,911

Wheat,

Oats,

Maize,

$2,028,687

498,467

5,631,177

80,625

228,868

Potatoes,

8,467,824

742,269
110,055
223,667
309,473
91,015
668,440
712,116
1,297,972

" orchards,...

Sugar,

Wool,

Tobacco,

Hemp and flax,

Hay,

Other products,

.'.'"'.'..'.'lbs. "
tons

3,727,795
1,237,919

1,820,306
8,605*
178,029

4,155,008

Manufactures.

Metals and machinery, $177,479

Cotton, 135,400

Wool, &c, 112,141

Hats and caps, 122,844

Leather, 730,001

Carriages, 163,135

Furniture, 211,481

Spirits, 357,427

Ships, 107,223

Houses, 1,241,312

Other manufactures,

Deduct for materials one-third,

Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,. .
Printing, &c,

$4,556,397
1,518,799

.$3,037,596

582,283

56,826

17,247,743

$3,676,705

in the United States in Fifty Years.

191

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,.

IV. The Forest,

V. Mines,

VI. Fisheries,

Total,

I. Agriculture.
Horses and mules,

Neat cattle,

Sheefl,

Hogs,

Annual Products of Industry in Illinois.

,No.

199,235

626,274

395,672

1,495,254

25 per cent of..

Poultry,

Wheat, bush.

Oats,

Maize,

Other grain,

Potatoes,

3.335,393

4,988,088

22,634,211

228,332

2,025,520

Products of dairy,

" orchards,

Wool, lbs.

Hemp and flax, tons

Hay

Other products,

650,007

1,976*
164,932

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery,

Leather,

Carriages,

Spirits,

Furniture,

Ships,

Houses,.

Other manufactures,...

$88,640

247,217

163,135

310,336

84,410

39,200

2,065,255

881,857

Deduct for materials one-third,

Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,
Printing, &c,

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,.

IV. Mines

V. The Forest

$7,969,400

5,013,192

494,590

1,495,254

$14,972,436

$3,743,109
309,204

$1,667,696

415,667

4,526,842

124,346

303,828

428,175
126,756
162,500
158,100
659,728
1,075,515

$3,880,050
1,293,350

$2,586,700
604,450
52,825

Total,

Annual Products of Industry in Michigan
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 30,144

Neat cattle, 185,190

Sheep, 99,618

Hogs, 205,890

25 percent of..

is

Poultry,

$1,205,760

1,481,520

124,022

205,890

$3,017,192

$754,298
82,730

$1,866,155

660,836

80,000

1,192

$23,532,631

$4,052,313

,038,379

2,610,774
$13,701,466

$3,243,981

1,493,425

293,272

249,841

$18,98L995

$837,088

192

Progress of Population and Wealth

Wheat,

Oats,

Maize,

Other grain,.
Potatoes,

.bush.

Sugar,

Wool,

Hay,

Hemp and flax,

Products of dairy,

" orchards,
Other products,

.lbs.

2,157,108
2,114,051
2,277,039
275,630
2,100,205

2,329,784
153,375
130,805
755i

$1,078,554
175,337
455,408
148,790
316,380

879,877
38,344
523,220
60,420
428,175
126,756
234,600

II. Manufactures.

Metals and machinery,.

Leather,

Ships,

Houses,

Other manufactures,

6114,073

192,190

10,500

571,005

430,181

Deduct for materials one-third,.

Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,. ,
Printing, &c,

§1,317,949
439,316

8878,633

458,091

39,525

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,

IV. The Forest,

V. Mines,

Total,

Ahnt/ai Products of Industry in Wisconsin Territory.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules,

Nealcattle,

Sheep,

Hogs,

.No.

5,735

8229,400

30,269

242,152

3,462

4,327

51,383

51,383

25 percent of..

Poultry,

$131,815
16,167

Wheat,

Oats,

Maize,

Other grain,
Potatoes,. ..

.bush.

Other products,

II. Manufactures.
Miscellaneous,.
Houses,

8102,269
212,085

Deduct for materials one-third,

Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,
Printing, &c,

$314,354

104,785

$209,569

87,748

7,375

$2,174,469

1,491,392

$4,502,889

$1,376,249

622,822

467,540

56,790

$7,026,290

$147,982

212,116

$106,058

406,514

33,876

379,359

75,872

23,681

13,223

419,608

62,941

291,970

129,153

$568,105

$304,692

in tin
III. Commerce, 25 per cent

5 United
on capital,

lbs.

states m Fifty

Years.

193

$189,957

IV. Mines.

15,129,350

$378,233
6,370

Other minerals,

384,603

430,580

27,663

$1,905,600

V. The Forest,

VI. Fisheries,

Total,

I. Agriculture.

Industry in Iowj

38,049

15,354

104,809

Territory.

$431,630

304,352

19,192

104,809

Sheep,

Hogs,

25 percent of....

$859,993

$214,998
16,529

Poultry,

216,385

1,406,241

10,732

234,063

$231,527

Wheat,

32,450

281,248

5,912

35,109

Oats,

Potatoes,

432,073
105,695

$90,224
135,985

II. Manufactures.

$769,295

Houses,

Deduct for materials one-third,

Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,...
Printing, &c,

$226,209
75,403

$150,806

23,586

4,425

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,

IV. The Forest,

V. Mines

Total, '...

Annual Products of Industry in Florida Territory.
I. Agriculture.

Horses and mules, No. 12,043

Neat cattle, 118,081

Sheep, 7,198

Hogs 92,680

$722,580

944,648

10,797

185,360

25 per cent of..

Poultry,

Maize,

Oats and other grain,.
Potatoes,

.bush.

Cotton,.

808,974

14,576

264,617

12,110,583

17

$1,863,385

$465,846
61,007

$404,243
6,078
66,154

$726,632

$179,087
136,525
83,949
13,250

$1,182,106

$526,853

476,475

194 Progress of Population and Wealth

Sugar, lbs. 275,317 $16,519

Oiher products, 87,758

II. Manufactures.

Miscellaneous, $227,795

327,913

$555,708

$830,909
$1,834,237

Deduct for materials one-third, 185,236

$370,532
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 47,412

Printing, &c, 16,600

$434,544

III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 464,637

IV. Fisheries, 213,219

V. The Forest, 27,350

VI. Mines, 2,700

Total, $2,976,687

Annual Products of Industry in the District of Columbia.
I. Agriculture.

Livestock, No. 161,969

25 percent $40,492

Grain, bush. 63,029 46,367

Other products, 90,083

$176,942

II. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital, 802,725

III. Manufactures, $1,153,714

Deduct for materials one-third, 387,905

$765,808
Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 45,842

Printing, &c, 92,875

904,526

IV. Fisheries, 87,400

Total, $1,971,593

in the United States in Fifty Years.

195

Summary of the Annual Products of Industry in the several States, with the propor.
tional amount to each individual of the whole of the free population in each State.

States
and
Territo-
ries.

Maine, —
X. Hamp.,

Vermont, .

Mass.,

iland,.

Connect' t,

N. Eng. S.

N.York,..

X. Jersey,.

Pennsylv..

aware,

Maryland,
D. of Col.,

Middle S.,

Virginia,..
N. Carol i.,
S. Caroli.,.
Georgia,. •
Florida, • •

South'n S

Louisiana,
Arkansas,

Tennessee

S'vvest. S

Missot
Kentucky,
Ohio,....
Indiana,.
Illinois,. .
Michigan
Wisconsin
Iowa, • ■

N'west.

VALUE OF ANNUAL PRunrrTS FROM

Agricul- Manufac- Com

,4,7

108,275,28]

16.000.853
68.180.60l

3,198,440

17.585.70O
176,940

13.608.160

59. I IS.",. ,-'01
26,975,831
21,553,091
31,468,271
1,834,037

140,01 7,,-*.")!

04.r.oi'.,:>i3

26,494,565
00,8.51,375
5,086,75'
31,660,181

110,780,3

10.484.063
00,006,51.3
37,800.001
17,047,743
13,701,466
4,5.02,
568,105
769,295

114,300,307

tuic-.

Dollars.
5,6 1. -,,303
6,545,811

5,6,85,405
43,518,057

,-,0111.606
10,778,'

80,78 1,1,-5

47,454,514
1 1 1, 6,; I. ;,057
33.354.070
1.53-.879
6,212,677
001.501

04,311
,206,929

10.593.368

066,05'

3.400.0-7

802,'

0),6S0,0,-1

8,340.018
0,053,607
0,048,915
1,953,!
434,544

15,040.304

1,730,770
1,585,790
4,087,655
1.145,300
0,477,103

11,008,717

0,36,0,708
5,000.353
14,588,01)1
3,676,705
3,243,98]
1,376,249
304.69S
179,08'

36,801.8

Dollars

1,565,380

1,0(11,533

758,899

7,604,601
1.004.056
1.063.081

!3,50-,74n

5.000.451
1,300.081
0,630.401
0,048,48-
464,1

11,067.081

Mining. Forest. Fisheries.

Dollars
307,37
88,373
389,488

0.000,570
160,410
820,419

3.868,638

7.408,076
1,6:3.001
7,666,146
54,555
1.056.016

'.-, 058,000

3,321,1

372.486

187,608

191,631

2,700

-1.076. 65 I

7,868.

400.635
0,030.478

105.2-0

18,225

1,371,331

1,636,146

187,'
1,530,010
2,442,1
666.836
003,070
56,790
384,603
13,250

Dollars.

1,877.663
440,861
430,224
377,354
44.6,16
181,575

3,361,0-7

5,040,781
361,306

1,0,13,578
13,110
041,104

6,859,9

617,760
1.446,168
540,606
117,430
27,350

0,758.0-3

177,465
205,29'
71,751
217,
005,170

,-07,16,1

4 18.550
184,700
,613,663

80,1
049,841
467,546
430.586

83,040

Dollars.
1,086.713

659,312

067,-; 03

05.173

051.700

1,275

584

013.010

56,o oci

16.505
1,192

Wh'le

pop.

Dollars
26,460,705
19,556,141
25,143,101
75,470,007
13,001,223
08.003,73'

187,657,004

103 806.433
29,672,426

131,033.655

5.-j50.5i)5
28,801,661
1,971,593

3911,55-', 363

76,76,0,053
30,400.108
27,173,536
35,080,363
0,976 ^

175.301,8:16

08.061.305
00.730,338
35,044.959
6,888,395
37,973,366

13-.607.37.-

15.830,444
38 604,19
63.006,678
03,530,63
1-.081.0-5
7,006.390
1,905,600
1,132,106

Dolls
52
68
85
103

116

90

Dolls
52
68
85

102

119
90

The following table shows, in centesimal proportions, how the
product of each branch of industry in the United States is distri-
buted among the great divisions of the States :

Divisions.

Agricult.

Manufac.

Comm'ce.

Mining.

Forest.

Fisheries.

Total.

New England States,....

11.4

32.7
21.5
16.9
17.5

34.3

42.
6.2
4.6

12.9

13.8
416
12.3
14.6
17.7

9.

64.3
9.6
39

13.2

20.
40.7
16.4
53
17.6

78.6

16.4

4.7

"".3

17.6

36.8

16.5

13.

16.1

Southwestern States,....
Northwestern States,....

i 100.

100.

100.

100.

100.

100.

100.

196

Progress of Population and Wealth

Table shoioing in u-hnt proportions the several products of industry are distributed,
and the proportional value of each product to each person in the gi eat divisions of
the Slates.

EMPLOY-
MENTS.

N. ENGLAND
STATES.

MIDDLE
STATES.

SOUTHERN
STATES.

SOUTHWEST- NORTHWEST-
ERN STATES. 1 ERN STATES.

TOTAL
U. STATES.

Prop.

of
prod.

Value
to each

person.

Prop.

of
prod.

Value
tn each

person.

Prop,
of

prod.

Value
to each
person.

Prop, j Value 1 Prop.

of to each of
prod. person, prod.

Value
to each
person.

Prop.

of
prod.

Value
to each
person.

Agricult'e,.
Manufact.,.

Commerce,
Mining

The Forest.
Fisheries,...

Total,...

40.
43.9

7.2
2.
1.8
5.1

|33.45

37.05
6.05
1.T1
1.50
4.22

54.7
25.6
10.4

1.8
.5

■541.57
19.49

5:31

1.33
.38

80.4
8.5
6.8
2.4
1.6
.3

$41.80
4.46
3.55
1.21

J6

79.9
8.
10.3

~6

$48.76
4.85

.72

.39

66.8
18.
10.1
3.2

1.7

$27.41
7.40
4.11
1.33
.71
.01

61.6
22 5

9.2

4.

1.6

1.1

$38.16

13.99
5.70
247

.98
.70

100.

$84.

100.

$76. 1 100.

$52.

100.

$61. hoo.

$41.

100.

$62.

It appears from the preceding tables, that, notwithstanding the
great inequality in the five geographical divisions of the Union,
both as to population and extent, there is no considerable difference
in the total proportionate value of their annual products, with the
exception of those of the Middle States, which are more than one-
third of the whole. Of the other four divisions, the New England
States, though somewhat the smallest in population, and much the
smallest in extent, exceed the other divisions in the value of their
annual products.

The agricultural products of the States may be compared in
various ways. 1st. As to the proportion which they bear to the
agricultural products of the whole Union. 2d. As to the propor-
tion which this branch of their industry bears to the other branches.
3d. As to the average value to each inhabitant. 4th. As to the
average value for each one of its territory. 5th. As to the quanti-
ties produced.

The three first comparisons are exhibited in the first and third
tables. They show that nearly one-third of the agricultural pro-
ducts of the Union are furnished by the Middle States, one-ninth by
the New England States, and from about a fifth to a sixth by each
of the other three divisions. Thus, four-fifths of the products of
the Southern and Southwestern States are agricultural, two-thirds
of those of the Northwestern States, more than half of those of
the Middle States, and but two-fifths of those of the New England
States ; that the value of this class of products to each inhabitant is
the greatest in the Southwestern States, and the lowest in the
Northwestern.

But the greatest diversity is in the average value per acre of
their agricultural products, which is principally owing to the great

in the United States in Fifty Years.

197

difference among the States in the proportion of their uncultivated
lands. Thus :

New England States,..

Middle States,

Southern States,*

Southwestern States, ..
Northwestern States,!..

Agricultural products.

Area in acres.

Value per acre

$74,749,889

42,336,000

$1 76

213,628,160

75,168,000

1 84

139,08.3,614

133,996,800

1 03

110,789,390

156,851,200

70

112,964,907

191,904,000

58

The last point of comparison is in the quantities annually pro-
duced ; and we should make a very false estimate of the agricultu-
ral wealth of the different States, if we were to confine our atten-
tion to the money value of their several products, and not to regard
the quantities produced. A large part of the products of every
State are consumed where they are produced ; and as to this por-
tion, the greater the cheapness of the products of a State, the
greater is its wealth. If the same labour and capital would pro-
duce twice as much grain in the Western States as in the Atlantic
States, it is obvious that either one-half the labour and capital re-
quired in the latter may be saved in the Western States, and
diverted to other sources of profit, or that those States may have
twice as much as the Atlantic States for consumption. And as to
the surplus sent abroad to be exchanged for other products, though
the price be but half that in the Atlantic States, yet, if twice the
quantity is produced at the same expense, the value produced in
both places will be the same. The advantage of the superior fer-
tility of the Western States is not as great as we have supposed,
for the purpose of illustration, but it is probably sufficiently great to
bring the profits of their agriculture upon a level with those of the
Atlantic States.

Of the wheat, Indian corn, and other grain used for bread, and
potatoes, the quantities produced by the different great divisions of
the States, and the proportion to each inhabitant, are as follows :

Geographical
divisions.

Population.

Bushels of grain,
exclusive of oats.

Propor. to
each pers.

Bushels of
potatoes.

Propor. to
each pers.

New England States,.
Middle States,

2,234,822
5,118,076
3,279,006
2,245,602
4,057,313

12,506,000
89,952,000

111,080,000
95,982,000

179,620,000

5i
"i

331
42|
43£

35,181,000

42.969,000

9,710,000

6,862.000

12,615,000

is*

3
3
3

Southern States,

Southwestern States,.
Northwestern States,.

It thus appears, that the proportion of grain to each inhabitant

* The Territory of Florida not included.

t The Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa not included.

17*

198 Progress of Population and Wealth

in the Western States is eight times as great as it is in New Eng-
land, and two and a halt' times as great as it is in the Middle
States. If we add the proportion of potatoes to that of the grain,
and suppose four bushels of the former equal to one of the latter,
then the difference between the Western States and New England
will be as 5 to 1, and between the former and the Middle States as
2i to 1.

It should further be remarked, that about fifteen-sixteenths of the
grain and potatoes produced in the United States are consumed at
home, either directly, or in the form of animal food, and only one-
sixteenth is sent abroad in either of these forms. From this large
domestic consumption, we may see how greatjy the Western States
are benefited by this greater cheapness of production. It may
well be supposed that the gain from this source compensates them
for their greater distance from market.

The quantity of food annually consumed in the United States by
a family of five persons,* after deducting one-sixteenth of the grain
for the amount exported, and one-tenth for seed, is as follows :

Indian corn, 85 bushels.

Oats, 28

Wheat, rye, &c, 25 "

Potatoes, 25 "

The average of domestic animals to each family is :

Horses and mules, 1 \

Cattle, 4

Sheep, 5i

Hogs, 7

To the articles annually consumed by a family, are to be added
poultry, to the value of $2 25 ; pickled fish, one-third of a barrel ;
rice, 12 lbs. ; sugar, 42 lbs. ? besides garden vegetables, products
of the orchard, and game.

The same, or nearly the same very liberal consumption which
is here indicated, may be expected to continue in the United States
so long as its population continues thin, compared with the capaci-

* It was not thought necessary to distinguish the families of slaves in this estimate
from those of free persons, there being no essential difference between them as con-
sumers of raw produce. If the families of slaves consume somewhat less of animal food,
they contain also a greater proportion of children.

in the United States in Fifty Years. 199

ties of the country, and no longer, unless, indeed, the high standard
of comfort to the poorest class in this county should prevent that
redundancy of numbers which finds its check in disease and desti-
tution. This is a problem whi^h the experience of other nations
cannot assist us to solve, since the facility of subsistence which
exists here, seems never to have existed in any part of the old con-
tinent in any stage of society.

In manufacturing industry, the States differ far more than in
agriculture. The New England and Middle States, containing
less than two-fifths of the whole population, possess more than
three-fourths (76.3 per cent) of the manufactures. The manufac-
tured products of New England exceed those of its agriculture by
nearly a tenth. Those of Massachusetts alone exceed in value
those of all the Western States together, and are nearly thrice as
great as those of the four Southern States united. This diversity
is to be referred principally to the different densities of population
in the States, and in some degree to the slave labour of one-half of
them, which, untutored as it now is, seems suited only to the greater
simplicity of agricultural operations.

The cheapness and abundance of provisions and raw materials
(including coal) in the Northwestern States, must eventually make
them the seats of flourishing manufactures, and this, too, before they
have attained that very dense population their fertile soil is des-
tined to support. Even with their present numbers, the census af-
fords evidence of their particular adaptation to this branch of in-
dustry. The manufactures of Ohio alone already nearly equal in
value those of the four Southern States.

The profits of commerce amount to something more than an
eleventh of the whole annual product, if they have not been esti-
mated too high at 25 per cent on the capital employed. They
constitute more than a tenth of the whole products in the Middle,
the Southwestern, and the Northwestern States ; about a fourteenth
in New England ; and a fifteenth in the Southern States.

Mining contributes but 4 per cent of the whole national product.
Nearly two-thirds of the whole (64.3 per cent) are in the Middle
States. More than half the remainder is in the Northwestern
States.

The products of the forest constitute H per cent of the whole.
They are furnished by each division of the States nearly in pro-
portion to the population, except by the Southwestern States,

200 Progress of Population and Wealth

where they are little more than the half of 1 per cent of the pro-
ducts of that division.

The products of the fisheries, the lowest in the scale as to direct
gain, barely exceed 1 per cent of .the whole, and more than three-
fourths of them (78. G per cent) are contributed by the New Eng-
land States. From this branch of industry the Southwestern
States derive nothing, and the Northwestern next to nothing. It
is of far greater importance in a national view, as affording an
excellent nursery for seamen, than as a source of gain, except to
the New England States, where it yields 5 per cent of their whole
annual product.

On comparing the individual States, we find that in agriculture,
New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, are far before the rest in
the value of their products. In manufactures, New York, Massa-
chusetts, and Pennsylvania take the lead. The profits of commerce
are greatest iu New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Louisiana ; but
in proportion to population, Louisiana stands foremost. In mining
industry, Pennsylvania equals all the other States except New
York, which is second, though not the half of Pennsylvania. Vir-
ginia is the third, though not the half of New York. In the pro-
ducts of the forest, the order of precedence is New York, Maine,
and North Carolina. In the fisheries, the product of Massachu-
setts is more than that of all the rest of the Union. New York and
Maine are the next highest.

If we distribute the whole annual product in 1840 — 1,0G3 millions
of dollars — among the whole population, we find that the propor-
tion to each inhabitant is greatest in the New England States,
where it is $84 ; in the Middle States, it is 876 ; in the Southern,
$52 ; in the Southwestern, $61 ; and in the Northwestern, $41.
The causes of this diversity are to be found yet more in the differ-
ent densities of population, different degrees of fertility, and differ-
ent distances from market, than in the existence or absence of
slavery, though that also has its influence. It is the difference of
distance from market which makes the industry of an individual in
the Southwestern States 50 per cent greater than in the North-
western. It is the difference of fertility which makes the same in-
dustry worth $79 in Mississippi, and but $49 in Alabama. The
same cause makes the industry of the Southwestern States more
productive than that of the Southern States. It is the greater
density of numbers in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and their
consequent success in manufactures, which makes industry more

in the United States in Fifty Years. 201

productive in those States than it is in New York and Pennsylvania.
In the two former, the proportion to an individual is greater than
in any other State. In Rhode Island, it is $110, and in Massachu-
setts, $103. The annual product from manufactures in Rhode
Island is very nearly four times that derived from her agriculture.

If we distribute the annual product among the free population
exclusively, then the proportion to each individual will be greater
in the slaveholding than in the free States, for in several of them
the proportion will then be more than doubled. Thus, in South
Carolina, it will be raised from $45 to $101 ; in Mississippi, from
$79 to $164 ; and in Louisiana, from $99 to $189 ; then the highest
proportion in the Union.

The whole of the 1,063 millions annually produced, together
with the omitted articles, amounting perhaps to between 40 and 50
millions more, are annually consumed, except a very small portion,
which adds to the stock of the national wealth. The progressive
increase of this wealth will be considered in the next chapter.

202 Progress of Population arid Wealth

CHAPTER XXI.

THE INCREASE OF WEALTH.

Having ascertained the amount of the national income, it would
on many accounts be desirable to ascertain also its ratio of in-
crease, and more especially whether it increases at the same rate
as the population or at a different rate.

There are obvious reasons why the wealth of an industrious and
prosperous community should increase faster than its population.
Every year adds to its stock of labour-saving tools and machinery,
as well as improves their usefulness. Lands, too, are made more pro-
ductive by draining, ditching, manuring, and better modes of cul-
ture. Both science and practical art are constantly enlarging the
quantity of manufactured commodities, and yet more improving
their quality. By means of cheaper and quicker modes of trans-
portation, much of that labour which, in every country is expended,
not in producing, but in transferring products from place to place, is
saved and rendered directly productive : and lastly, the small ex-
cess of annual income over annual expense is constantly adding to
the mass of capital, which is so efficient an agent of production.

But we must bear in mind that so far as this improvement in the
sources of wealth are shared by the whole civilized world, it is not
manifested in pecuniary estimates of annual products, supposing
the value of the precious metals to be unchanged, since the same
portion of them will be constantly representing a greater and
greater amount of what is useful and convenient to man. It is only
where the increase of wealth of a country is faster or slower than
the average that it will be shown in the money value of its annual
products compared with its population. It is, then, the relative and
not the positive increase of wealth in the United States which we
propose to consider.

Had each preceding census furnished the information afforded
by the census of 1840, this question had been of easy solution. But

in the United States in Fifty Years. 203

this not being the case, we are left to infer the progress of national
wealth from such partial indications of it as we are able to derive
from other statistical facts.

One of these indications is the progressive increase in the value
of the lands and buildings of the several States.

In each of the years 1798, 1813, and 1815, the General Govern-
ment laid a direct tax, apportioned among them, as the constitution
requires, according to their representative numbers. But as the
act of Congress authorized the States in 1813 and 1815 to assume
the payment of their respective quotas, and thus relieve themselves
from the tax, and several of the States availed themselves of this
provision, a valuation of the lands in those States not being neces-
sary, did not take place.

The valuations which were made were as follows :

' 1798. 1818.

New Hampshire, $23,175,046 $36,957,825

Massachusetts, 83.992.464 149,253,514

Rhode Island, 11.066,358 24.567,020

Connecticut, 48,313.434 86,546,841

Vermont, 16,723,873 32,747,290

New York, 100,380,707 265,224,983

Delaware, 6,234,414 14,218,950

Maryland, 32,372,291 106,490,638

North Carolina, 30,842,372 58,114,952

Tennessee, 6,134,108 28,748,986

§359,235,067 $802,870,999

This shows an increase in the value of the lands of 123 per cent
in fifteen years, equivalent to a decennial increase of about 68 per
cent.

Let us now compare this increase with the increase of popula-
tion of the same States, in the same period of fifteen years. In
1800 and 1810, their numbers were as follows:

New Hampshire,

Massachusetts,

Rhode Island,

Connecticut,

Vermont,

New York,

Delaware,

Maryland,

North Carolina,

Tennessee,

This shows an increase of population of 30.8 per cent., and sup-
posing the increase from 1798 to 1800, and from 1810 to 1813 to
be not materially different, we may regard 30.8 per cent as the

1803.

1810.

$183,762

$214,360

574,964

700,745

69,122

77,031

251,002

262.042

154,465

217,713

586,756

959,049

64,273

72,674

341,548

380,346

478,103

555,500

105,602

264,727

$2,828,597

$3,701,327

204 Progress of Population and Wealth

decennial increase of their numbers. But the decennial increase in
the value of their lands was 68 per cent that is, more than twice
as great, or nearly as 221 to 100. It may be presumed that those
Stales in which there was no valuation of the lands in 1813 would
exhibit the same difference between these ratios.

It is proper to remark that the lands of those States which were
valued in 1813, were again valued in 1815, and that the subsequent
valuation showed no increase in the total value, and in some of the
States an actual falling off. The war, by interrupting foreign com-
merce, prevented any increase in the total value of landed property,
and probably arrested the progress of the national wealth.

Again: The valuation of the lands in Virginia in 1798, under the
direct tax law, was $71,225,127, and the same were valued in
1839, under a law of the State, at $211,930,538, showing an in-
crease of value in 41 years of 197.5 per cent, equal to a decennial
increase of 31 percent. The population of the State had, from
1800 to 1840, increased 40.8 per cent., which gives a less average
decennial increase than 7 per cent ; by which it appears that the
value of its lands had increased more than four times as fast as its
population, supposing the two valuations made with equal accuracy.

On the other hand, in the State of New York the valuation of its
lands, under the direct tax law of 1815, was $266,067,094 ; and the
average valuation of the same lands, for the years 1834, 1835, and
1836, under a law of the State, was $430,751,273. This shows an
increase of value, in twenty years, of 61.8 per cent, which is equi-
valent to a decennial increase of 27.2 per cent. The increase of
population of the same State from 1810 to 1830 was 100 per cent, and
from 1820 to 1840 was 76.9 per cent. The average between them
(88.4 per cent) may be presumed to give the rate of increase from
1815 to 1835, the period in question, which is equivalent to a de-
cennial increase of 37 per cent ; and thus, supposing the valuation
to have been made on the same principles under the Federal and
the State Governments, population would seem to have increased
faster than capital in that State, or at least, than capital seeking in-
vestment in real estate.

It would seem from the preceding instances that the increase in
the value of land has been very different in the different States,
even when compared with the increase of population. It has also
probably varied at different periods. The great extension of the
foreign commerce of the United States during the first decennial
term, and the extraordinary demand for their agricultural products

in the United States in Fifty Years. 205

caused a rapid rise in the value of their lands. The interruptions
to that commerce in the second period, and part of the third, pro-
duced a correspondent depression. On the other hand, the depre-
ciation of the currency in most of the States during the war, and in
all of them about the year 1835 and 1836, had the effect of enhanc-
ing the price of land.

Let us now advert to the progress of commerce, seeing that the
growth of national wealth may be expected to manifest itself in an
increase of exports and imports. But since they greatly vary from
year to year, it will be necessary to take the average of several years.

The average imports for the three years, from March 4th, 1789,
to March 4th, 1792, were as follows :

The imports from March 4th, 1789, to December 31st, 1791, $52,200,000

" from December 31st, 1791, to March 4th, 1792, equal to one-
sixth of the imports of that year, 5,250,000

One-third of. $57,450,000

is $19,150,000

The average imports of 1839, 1840, and 1841 are $132,393,000,
which shows an increase in fifty years of 692 per cent, equal to a
decennial increase of 47 per cent, which is about two-fifths, or 40
per cent more than the average decennial increase of population.

The average annual exports of domestic products from March
4th, 1789, to March 4th, 1792, were $13,500,000, and for the years
1839, 1840, and 1841, the average was $107,937,000, showing an
increase of 799 per cent in 50 years, which is equal to a decennial
increase of something more than 51 per cent.

Again : The average imports for the years 1819, 1820, and 1821,
were $74,720,000, and when compared with those of 1839, 1840,
and 1841, an increase is shown of 77 per cent in 20 years, equal to
a decennial increase of 33 per cent, which is rather less than the
increase of the population in the same period.

The consumption of those commodities which are in extensive,
but not in universal use, may also be presumed to indicate the pro-
gress of wealth. Of this character ai*e tea, coffee, and wine, all of
which, moreover, being imported from abroad, their home consump-
tion can be accurately ascertained.

From 1808 From 1836

to 1812. to 1840.

The average quantity annually consumed of Coffee, was lbs. 16,158,000 96,274,000

Tea, 3,445,932 14,591,000

Wines, gls. 1,737,002 5,422,000

The increased consump. in 30 years of Coffee, 495 p. cent ; the decen. increase 81 p. cent.
" .« Te3) 323 >< ,< i. 61 „

« ti u Wine> 212 « « « 46 «

18

206 Progress of Population and Wealth

It would seem, then, that from 1808 to 1838 the increased decen-
nial consumption of coffee compared with that of the population,
has been as 33 to 81 ; of tea, 33 to 61 ; and of wine, as 33 to 46.

It must, however, be remembered, that for the last six years of
the term, coffee, which had previously paid a duty of 5 cents per
pound, and teas, which had paid an average duty of more than 20
cents per pound, have been free of duty ; and that for the same pe-
riod the duties on wine have been greatly reduced. It is not easy
to say how far the increased consumption of these commodities is
to be attributed to the changes in the tariff, but it does not probably
exceed 20 per cent, and may be much less.

One circumstance which has contributed to diminish the increase
both of imports and exports, is the growth of manufactures, which
has at once enlarged the home market for the raw materials, and
lessened the demand of imports.

Official estimates of the manufactures of the United States were
taken both in 1810 and 1820, but there was so many inaccuracies
in both, and especially the last, that any inferences drawn from
them are to be regarded rather as probable conjectures than well
founded estimates.

According to a digest of the returns made by the marshals in
1810 of the manufactures of the United States, they amounted to
$127,694,602. A further estimate was afterwards made by the
acting Secretary of the Treasury of the omissions, by which the
amount was extended to $172,762,676. But inasmuch as there
might also be great omissions in the returns of 1840, it would seem
safer to compare the returns that were actually made, more espe-
cially as Mr. Gallatin had, from those of 1810, estimated the an-
nual amount of manufactures at only 120 millions of dollars.

It seems, however, that each of these estimates contain items that
are not comprehended in that of 1840. These, then, will be de-
ducted before the two are compared.

The following articles in the returns of 1810 were not, in 1840,
comprehended in the estimate of manufactures, viz :

in the United Stales in Fifty Years. 207

Amount, according to the marshal's returns, $127,694,602

Fabrics made in families, $16,491,200

Products of fulling-mills, 4,117,308

of carding-mills, 1,837,508

Bar and pig iron, 6,081,314

Tanneries, 8,338,250

Salt, 1,149,793

Fish oil, 240,520

Lead in pigs, 26,720

38,332,613

$89,361,909
Deduct for raw materials one-third, 29,787,329

$59,574,660

The annual product of the manufactures of 1840, was. 239,752,227

To be deducted, the following articles not comprehended in the
digest of 1840, viz : —

Bricks and lime, two-thirds of . . . . $9,736,945 $6,49 1 ,390

Houses, two-thirds of. 41,917,401 28,044,934

Mill manufactures, one-fourth of. 76,545,246 19,136,311

$53,672,635

$186,079,592

Comparing the same articles of manufacture in 1810 and 1840,
the increase, from $59,574,660 to $186,079,592, is 212 per cent in
thirty years, or a decennial increase of 46 per cent.

The returns ofmanufactures made by the marshals in 1820 were
still more imperfect and inaccurate. In whole counties there were
no returns whatever, and in almost all of them there were conside-
rable omissions. In some cases, where capital to a large amount
appears to be employed, no product is stated. In not a few large
establishments the proprietors refused to answer the marshal's in-
quiries. In many, it should be added, the manufactures are repre-
sented to be in a languishing condition.

The gross annual amount of the manufactures, so far as it can be
gathered from such defective returns, appears to be only $36,115,000,
and the capital employed in them to $41,507,000. As this branch
of industry is known to have been steadily advancing from 1810 to
1815, so great a falling off in five years as is indicated by the returns
of 1820, seems to be utterly inadmissible. Without doubt it must
have greatly declined after the peace of 1815, which at once raised
the price of raw materials and lowered that of manufactures; but
after making large allowance for these circumstances and the omis-
sions in the returns of 1820, they do not seem sufficient to account
for the great apparent difference, and a part of it seems not improba-
bly to be referred to an over valuation of the manufactures in 1810.

Perhaps the best mode of comparing the manufactures of 1820
with those of 1840 is to compare the number of persons employed

208 Progress of Population and Wealth

in those years ; and the rather as this part of the returns is the most
complete, and in the most manufacturing States makes some ap-
proach to accuracy. The number employed in 1820 was 36,705
men, 5,812 women, and 13,779 children — in all 56,296. The whole
number of persons employed in 1840 was 455,668 — that is, as 100
to 809 ; which supposes the extraordinary decennial increase of
284 per cent. After making the most liberal deduction from this
estimate for the omissions in the returns of 1820, the remainder
shows an advancement in this branch of industry that is without
example. As a further evidence of the same fact, we find that while
no other branch of our domestic exports has ever doubled since
1820, that of manufactures has increased six fold ; that is, from
$2,342,000 to $12,868,840 in 1840, and 13,523,072 in 1841.

The increase of the precious metals, or rather of money, would
be one of the surest indications of an increase of wealth ; but we
have no means of ascertaining its amount in the first two or three
decennial terms with even an approach to accuracy. In 1791, the
estimates of the currency, then almost wholly metallic, varied from
nine to sixteen millions of dollars. But in 1821, upon better data,
the amount was estimated by the Treasury department at from
eighteen to twenty millions. From that time to 1841, the imports
of specie and bullion, according to the custom-house returns,
were $181,589,814

The exports in the same period, were . . 138,085,922

$43,503,892
This, with the quantity then in the country, estimated at
$19,000,000, gives a total of $62,502,892. To this we should add
the product of domestic mines, but on the other hand, deduct the
quantity wrought into plate and manufactures, or consumed by the
wear of the coin.

The quantity of gold and silver manufactured from coin during
the twenty years in question, is supposed by those most conversant
on the subject not to exceed an average of $500,000 a year. The
quantity lost and consumed by the wear of the coin may be set
down at one-fourth of 1 per cent a year. The product of the
domestic mines, carried to the mint in the same period, has been
$6,124,547, and making a moderate allowance for the quantity used
by goldbeaters and other manufacturers, we may safely estimate
it, in round numbers, at $7,000,000.

On the preceding state of facts, the quantity of specie in the
country in 1841 would be as follows :

in the United States in Fifty Years. 209

Amount in circulation in 1821, and since imported,....

$62,503,892
7,000,000

$10,000,000
2,000,000

$69,503,892

" " consumed by wear, &c,

12,000,000

$57,503,892

This increase in twenty years, from 619,000,000 to $57,503,892,
is equivalent to a decennial increase of 73 per cent, or nearly two-
thirds more than the increase of population. Without doubt the
quantity of the precious metals in the United States was considera-
bly augmented by the large loans contracted in Europe, but it must
be recollected that a large part — it is believed the largest part — of
those loans was contracted after 1837, in consequence of the re-
action occasioned by the preternatural distension of the currency,
and tended rather to check the efflux of specie (which it could not
prevent) than to increase its import; and that, whatever was the
effect of those loans, it would seem that the equilibrium was re-
stored by the same reaction before 1841, by the fact of the great
increase of specie within the last two years.

In this comparative estimate, as well as in all those preceding it,
we should take into account the rise which the precious metals
have experienced since 1820, by reason of the lessened production
of the American mines, and which cannot be much if any short of
10 per cent. If we allow for this additional value, it will convert
the $57,503,892 in 1841 to more than $63,000,000, and raise the
decennial increase of those metals to something more than 82 per
cent.

The result of the preceding comparisons may be seen in the fol-
lowing summary :

Decenni

ial increase

of land in 10 States,. .

68 per

cent.

—Of population

, 30.8 per cent

" "

" Virginia,....

31

"

"

7.

" New York,.

27

"

"

37.

imports in 50 years,

47

"

"

33.50 "

exports "

51

"

"

33.33 "

U <i

imports in 20 years,

33

"

"

33.33 "

" "

exports "

33

"

"

33.33 "

(1 «

imports of tea,

61

"

"

3333 "

" coffee,

81

it

"

33 33 "

(1 «<

" wine,

46

"

"

33.33 "

" "

manufactures,

46

"

"

33.33 "

specie,

82

"

"

33.33 "

601 371.94

Which shows the decennial increase of capital and wealth to have
been to that of population as 601 to 371.94, or nearly as 50 to 31 ;
18*

210 Progress of Population and Wealth

and supposing the decennial increase of population to have ave-
raged 33| per cent, that of wealth has been 53 per cent.

According to the view that has been taken of the resources of
these States, their public debts, on the most liberal estimate made of
them, bear an insignificant proportion to their means. Supposing
the amount of those debts to be 200 millions of dollars, at an interest
of 6 per cent, the annual charge is $12,000,000, which is little more
than 1 per cent of their income in 1840, and may be presumed to
be less than 1 per cent of their present income. But if they were
all to provide for the punctual payment of this interest, and thus re-
store that confidence in the national faith which once existed, or
even make an approach to it, the debt could be readily converted at
par into a five, or even four per cent stock, and the excess would be
sufficient for a sinking fund that would discharge the debt in thirty
years or less. In this interval, too, as wealth would be steadily in-
creasing, the burthen would become lighter and lighter, and in
twenty-five years, it would bear but a third or a fourth of its pre-
sent rate on the value of property.

With such ample means of complying with their engagements, the
States have not a shadow of excuse for not faithfully fulfilling them.
It is true that these debts are distributed among them very unequal-
ly, because their affairs have been administered with very unequal
degrees of wisdom and forbearance ; but even those States which
are most encumbered, may provide for the payment of interest by a
moderate tax which shall be made to bear on all sources of revenue.
Thus the debt of Pennsylvania, estimated at $40,000,000, bears, at 5
per cent, an annual interest of $2,000,000. The income of this
State was, in 1840, $131,000,000, and is probably at this time not
less than $150,000,000. A nett revenue of only 1^ per cent of that
income would produce the $2,000,000 required.

But were the burthen yet greater, and the means of discharging
them yet less, no State which does not set a higher value on pro-
perty than integrity, can consent to a violation of the national faith ;
nor would any right-minded citizen deem the saving thus effected
any compensation for the stain of national infamy it would leave
behind it. But the public sentiment of the Union, to say nothing of
our character abroad, to which we never have been and never
ought to be indifferent, is so decided on this subject, that it is impos-
sible the people of any State can permanently resist it. Even the
excuses and pretences which were but too successfully urged by
those who make a political traffic of their principles when the first

in the United States in Fifty Years. 211

stunning effects of the revulsion in 1839 were felt in full force, will
soon find no support from any considerable portion of the American
people. All men who have at once common sense and common
honesty, must see that " repudiation.'' if warranted by strict law,
would not be just ; and though it were just, would be neither libe-
ral nor wise.

We confidently trust, then, that the cloud which now fearfully
overhangs a few States, and to the distant observer casts a shade
over their uncontaminated associates, will soon disappear, and
leave the path before us as bright and cheering as that it is our
pride to have passed over.

THE END.

61

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