3 O lo aPROHIBITING ALIENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA.

HEARINGS

BEFORE THE

COMMITTEE ON THE TERRITORIES

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

STATEMENT OF

HON. F. W. CUSHMAN, M. C.

FEBRUARY 12, 1906.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.

ee

: PROHIBITING ALIENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA.

CoMMITTER ON THE TERRITORIES,
Houser or REPRESENTATIVES,
Monday, February 12, 1906.

STATEMENT OF HON. F. W. CUSHMAN, M. C.

Mr. Cusuman. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of ‘the committee,
the first bill to which I want to call your attention is H. R. 10850,
which is “A bill to prohibit aliens from fishing in the waters of
Alaska.” There are a number of bills pending before this com-
mittee in reference to the fisheries in Alaska, but this is the only bill
upon this subject. There was a prior bill introduced by myself, and
at a later date this bill H. R. 10850 was introduced as a substitute
measure. So, while there are two bills here pending, they are in
reality one bill, and I therefore consider that there is no impro-
priety in my proceeding with a brief statement in relation to this
bill at this time, because I understand that no one has any objection
TO,its

Under the present laws in relation to fishing in Alaska there are
certain rules and regulations, certain limitations prescribed under
which fishing may be carried on in the w raters of Alaska; but what
Jaw there is upon the statute book to-day in reference to this subject
applies to all people. It applies with equal force to citizens and
aliens, and the law makes no discrimination between citizens and
aliens. There is no doubt about the power and authority of the Con-
gress to enact legislation excluding aliens from the rights of fishery in
the waters of Alaska for a distance of atleast one marine league
(three marine miles) from the shores of inlets and bays. Yet, “al-
though this is a subject upon which we have a right to legislate,
no legislation has been enacted thereon.

The CHarrman. What has been the policy of other nations in
reference to confining the use of their waters for fishing purposes
to their own citizens ¢

Mr. Cusuman. In the first place, in answer to the question of the
chairman, I will say that it has been decided as a principle of inter-
national law that fish are property, and that fish in adjoining waters
along the shores of a nation are the property of that nation out to
the limit of the authority of that nation, and that limit has for many
years been established at 3 miles. I believe it is said that it was
first established by reason of the fact that the range of a cannon
in old days was 3 miles, and that a nation was supposed to have
jurisdiction from the shore line out as far as the range of a cannon.

3

,

4 PROHIBITING ALIENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA.

The Cnairman. That is, as far as it could protect its jurisdiction.

Mr. Cusuman. Yes, sir. As far as the nation could protect its au-
thority. I am not entirely familiar with the subject to which the
chairman alludes—that is, as to how far the nations of the world have
endeavored to enforce their right of ownership over the fish.

The Cramman. I referred to the principal nations.

Mr. Cusuman. I understand that the principal nations, and par-
ticularly England, have exercised this right, limiting the right of
fishery in the waters adjacent to their territory to citizens of their
own nation.

The CuarrmMan. What action have we taken for the protection of
the fur-bearing seals?

Mr. Cusuman. Mr. Chairman, that is a subject that is very intri-

cate and very lengthy. I do not know that I could give you a com-
plete history of it. T know that it has been a subject of friction, and,
for instance, the catching of the seals in the Pribiloff Islands, Alaska,
has been a subject of international trouble and legislation for a good
many years.

The subject of this bill was first brought to my attention last sum-
mer by Americans who had placed a large amount of capital, running
away up into millions of dollars, in fishery plants and canneries in
Alaska, and the fact was brought to my attention that Japanese were
coming into the waters of Alaska with: ships from their own country,
and being expert fishermen, were capturing a large number of salmon,
often running up ito hundreds of thousands of fish, salting them,
and returning with them, and sometimes not even paying the tnx
thereon. They were in the line of independent fishermen, or poachers,
one might say. IT brought the matter to the attention of the Secre-
tary of Commerce and Labor, and when f did so he informed me that
the Department had already been investigating that, and they at
me a rather lengthy and interesting report.

[I will first refer to this bill. It is not lengthy, and its sole object
is to prohibit ahens fishing in Alaske. U nder date of July 3, 1905,
the Secretary of Commerce and Labor wrote me the following letter,
addressed to me at Tacoma, State of Washington:

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, July 3, 1905,

Sir: Referring to vour letter of May 22, 1905, addressed to the Secretary of
State, inclosing a communication addressed to you by the Kelley-Clarke Com-
pany. of Seattle, Wash., relative to a Japanese fishing expedition bound for
Alaskan waters, which has been referred to this Department for proper action,
T have the honor to say:

The attention of the Department has alrendy been called to the encroachment
of Japanese fishermen upon the salmon fisheries of Alaska, and the situation
has been given exhaustive attention.

In response to my request for an opinien as to the authority of the Depart-
ment in the premises, the Solicitor of the Department advises me that a careful
reading of the Alaskan salmon fisheries act and other laws defining the juris-
diction, supervision, and control which the organic act transferred to and
vested in the Department of Commerce and Labor fails to disclose any authority
to prohibit aliens from taking fish in Alaskan waters.

The provisions of law which authorize this Department to establish and
enforce such regulations and surveillance as may be necessary to secure compli-
anee with the laws relating to the salmon fisheries of Alaska are general in
their application and do not distinguish between aliens and citizens of the
United States. It appears, therefore, that the Department is without authority

e

PROHIBITING ALIENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA. 5

to establish and enforce regulations applicable only to Japanese fishermen for
the purpose of excluding them. Regulations prohibiting fishing in certain
waters or at certain times would include and be operative against citizens as
well as aliens.

T am advised further that while it is clearly competent for Congress, by appro-
priate legislation, to exclude aliens from fishing in Alaskan waters, it has not
yet done so, and until it acts this:Department is without authority to prevent
the encroachment of Japanese fishermen upon the salmon fisheries of Alaska.

In my opinion this is a matter which might very properly be called to the
attention of the next Congress, and preparatory to such action the officers of
this Department charged with the enforcement of the Alaskan salmon fisheries
act have been instructed to give the matter their closest attention, and they
are now making a careful investigation of the encroachment of the Japanese
fishermen complained of. In compliance with the request of this Department
the officers of the Revenue-Cutter Service stationed in Alaska have been in-
formed of the situation and instructed to gather information and make a full
and complete report on the situation.

I inclose herewith a copy of an opinion of the Solicitor of this Department in
regard to the matter.

Respectfully, V. H. METCALF,
Secretary.
Hon. FrRANcIS W. CUSHMAN, M. C., Taconia, Wash.

If I am not wearying the gentlemen of the committee, I would lke
to read that opinion also, as it goes somewhat into the legal phase of
the matter and is of some importance. The letter from the Solicitor
of the Department of Commerce and Labor, under date of March 31,
1905, is as follows:

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
OFFICE SOLICITOR OF DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
Washington, Wareh 31, 1905.
The SECRETARY OF COMMERCE AND JLAPOR.

Sir: In reply to your request for niv opinion as to the authority of this De-
partment to prevent the encroachinents of Japanese fishermen upon the salmon
fisheries of Alaska, I have the honor to say:

It appears from the petitions and protests which have been filed with you that
the business of catching, curing, and canning salon and other fish products of
the waters of Alaska and of the States of Washington, Oregon, and California
has developed into an industry of great promise. The value of the property now
employed in the prosecution of this industry is $30,000,000; the number of men
and women employed is 40,000, and the total value of the annual product is
about $28,000,000. It is estimated that there are 500,000 Japanese engaged in
the fishing business, a great many of whom have for many years been engaged in
importing salt salmon, which is a favorite necessity, from the Siberian coast.
Three years ago they came into the American markets, and now that they are
losing their foothold on the Siberian coast, it is claimed that they will swarm
into Alaskan waters if some preventive action is not immediately taken. Their
advent in American waters, it is alleged, will be a menace to the business in-
terests of Washington and Alaska, and the action of this Department is urged.

It is well settled that fish in their natural element, unconfined, are public
property. They are the property of the nation. The right of a nation to appro-
priate its marginal seas and to reserve exclusively to its citizens the right to
take fish in such marginal seas is a well-recognized principle of international
law. (Hall on International Law, p. 158, 4th ed.; Halleck on International
Law, p. 165, 3d ed.; Taylor on International Public Law, p. 296.)

It is also well settled that the right of a nation to exercise sovereignty and
jurisdiction over its marginal seas extends for a distance of at least 1 marine
league from shore. This principle was recognized by the Supreme Court in the
case of Manchester v. Massachusetts (189 U. 8., 258), in which case the court
said: ;

“We think it must be regarded as established that, as between nations, the
minimum limit of the territorial jurisdiction of a nation over tide waters is a
marine league from its coast; that bays wholly within its territory not exceed-
ing 2 marine leagues in width at the mouth are within this limit, and that
included in this territorial jurisdiction is the right of control over fisheries,

6 PROHIBITING ALJENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA.

whether the fish be migratory, free-swimming fish, or free-moving fish, or fish
attached to or embedded in the soil. The open sea within this limit is, of course,
subject to the common right of navigation; and all governments, for the pur-
pose of self-protection in time of war or for the prevention of frauds on its
revenue, exercise an authority beyond this limit.”

This distance (1 marine league from the shore) was fixed by the supposed
range of a cannon in position. The more.recent extension of the power of
artillery would suggest that the distance might properly be increased from time
to time with the increased range of guns. The United States has, however, gen-
erally recognized this distance in its negotiations with other nations, and the
rule seems to be so far fixed that a nation is bound by it in the absence of
express notice that a larger extent is claimed. (Hall on International Law,
par. 41, 4th ed.)

It clearly appears, therefore, that Congress by appropriate legislation, subject,
of course, to treaty rights. may exclude aliens from fishing in Alaskan waters,
at least within 1 marine league of the shore, as above defined. It only. remains
to be considered, therefore, whether or not Congress has so exercised this power
as to authorize the Department of Cominerce and Labor to grant the relief
sought by the petition.

Section 8 of the organic aet provides :

“Phat it shall be the province and duty of said Department to foster, promote,
and develop the foreign and domestic commerce, the mining, manufacturing,
shipping, and fishery industries, * * *; and to this end it shall be vested
with jurisdiction and control ef the departments, bureaus, offices, and branches
of the public service hereinafter specified, and with such other powers and
duties as may be prescribed by law.”

It is to be observed, however, that the section above quoted does not vest in
this Department any specific pewer other than is now or may be prescribed by
law. The sahnon and other fisheries of Alaska are again referred to in section
7 of the organic act, which is in part as follows:

“The jurisdiction, supervision, and control now possessed nd exercised by
the Department of the Treasury over the fur-e ul, saimen, and other fisheries of
Alaska * *® °* sve hereby transferred and vested in the Department of
Commerce and Labor.”

A careful reading of the Alaskan salmon fisheries act and other laws defining
the jurisdiction, supervision, and control which the foregoing clause of the
organic act transferred to and vested in the Department of Commerce and
Labor fails to disclose any anthority to prohibit aliens from taking fish in
Alaskan waters. The provisions of law which authorize vou to establish and
enforce such regulations and surveillance as may be necessary to secure com-
pliance with the lews relating to the salmon fisheries of Alaska are general in
their application and do not distinguish between aliens and citizens of the
United States. You are, therefore, without authority to establish and enforce
regulations, applicable only te Japanese fisherinen, for the purpose of excluding
them. Regulations prohibiting fishing in certain waters or at certain times
would inelude and be operative against citizens as well as aliens.

T am, therefore, of the opinion that while it is clearly competent for Congress,
by appropriate legislation, to exclude aliens from fishing in Alaskan waters, it
has not yet done so, and until it aets this Department is without authority to
prevent the encroachment of Japanese fishermen upon the salmon fisheries of
Alaska, as requested in the petitions submitted.

The statement that if the Japanese are allowed to fish in Americnn waters
unmolested they will escape the specific tax which others are compelled to bear
is doubtless due to a misapprehension of the law. The section in point (see.
460, 31 Stat. L.. 880) provides :

“Phat any person or persons, corporation, or company prosecuting or attempt-
ing to presecute any of the following lines of business within the district of
Alasko, shall first apply fer and obtain license so to do from a district court or
a subdivision thereof in said district, and pay for said license for the respective
lines of business and trade, as follayvs, to wit.

ate as Be Hs oo bs *

“Wisheries: Salmon canneries, four cents per case: salmon salteries, ten
cents per barrel; fish-oil works, ten cents per barre!: fertilizer works, twenty
cents per ten.”

It is manifest from the feresoin that ail persons. corporations, or companies
engaged in the business of curing snd eanuing salmon and other fish products
within the district of Alaska are “cquired to procuve a license and pay a tax.

PROHIBITING ALIENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA. a

The law includes aliens as well as citizens. I am informed that in order to con-
duct profitable fishing operations it is necessary to maintain on shore a cannery
or saltery. Assuming this to be the case the Japanese will not escape the pay-
ment of the tax if the law is properly enforced.

Very respectfully, Epwin W. Sims, Solicitor.

Mr. Chairman, I do not wish to weary the committee by reading
any further.

The Cuairman. We will be glad to hear anything further, if it be
as interesting as that opinion which you have just read.

Mr. CusuMman. There is on file here at present the report of the De-
partment of Commerce and Labor in reference to this general subject.

The Cuarrman. Of prohibiting aliens

Mr. Cusuman. Of prohibiting aliens from fishing in the waters of
Alaska. Under date of January 4, 1905, the Department of Com-
merce and Labor’s report upon this subject is as follows. The letter
is addressed to the Hon. Edward L. Hamilton, chairman of the Com-
mittee on Territories, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.:

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, January 4, 1905.

Str: Referring further to your letter of December 16, 1905, inclosing a copy
of H. R. 472, a bill “ To prohibit aliens from fishing in the waters of Alaska,”
introduced by Hon. IF. W. Cushman, I have the honor to state:

In my opinion, legislation of the kind proposed is urgently needed. It ap-
pears from the records and files of the Department that the business of catching,
curing, and canning salmon and other fish products of the waters of Alaska and
of the States of California, Oregon, and Washington, has developed into an
industry of great promise. It is estimated that the value of the property em-
ployed in this business is $30,000,000; that the number of employees is 28,000,
and the total value of the annual product is $20,000,000.

Early in 1905 these interests petitioned this Department to take steps to pre-
vent the encroachment of Japanese fishermen on the salmon fisheries of Alaska,
but in the absence of a law prohibiting aliens from fishing in Alaskan waters
the Department could do no more than investigate the situation. Instructions
to this effect were accordingly issued to special agents of this Department and
through the Treasury Department to the officers of the Revenue-Cutter Service.
Acting under these instructions Capt. W. H. Roberts, commanding the revenue
cutter Perry, proceeded to Attu Island, the farthermost island of the Aleutian
group, where, on June 27, 1905, he discovered four Japanese schooners conduct-
ing extensive fishing operations. The vessels carried substantial crews, were
equipped with all necessary apparatus for catching, cleaning, and salting fish,
and when discovered had taken about 7,500 salmon. They had observed no
customs regulations, were clearly trespassers, and left Saranna Bay within
twenty-four hours after the arrival of the revenue cutter. The reports received
by the Department from its special agents also show that during the season
three other Japanese schooners entered regularly at Juneau, Alaska. This latter
expedition did not attempt to conduct fishing operations, but bought from Amer-
ican fishermen.

So far as is known the fishing operations of the Japanese have been confined
to the expedition of one vessel in 1904 and the expedition of the four reported
in 1905. The expedition of 1904 consisted of one Japanese brigantine which
sailed away with 200,000 salmon and 380,000 salmon trout.

The American fishing interests fear that unless some preventive action is
immediately taken by this Government alien fishermen—especially Japanese
fishermen—will swarm into Alaskan waters in large numbers. These fears
seem to be well grounded in view of the fact that there are estimated to be
nearly 900,000 Japanese families engaged in fishing; that previous expeditions
have been successful; that Attu Island, where the Japanese expeditions were
discovered last year, is upward of 900 miles nearer to Tokyo than it is to San
Francisco, and that salted salmon is a favored food among the Japanese.

The Japanese have for many years been importing salmon from the Siberian
coast. Three or four years ago they came into American markets and began

8 PROHIBITING ALIENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA.

to contract for dry-salted salmon of a cheap grade. The extent of the im-
portations of salted salmon and trout into Japan for the four years beginning
with 1901 is as follows

Imports to Japan—Nalted salmon and trout.

ate | United States equiva-
Japanese statement. lenis,

From United States during— ae eee |

/Quantity.; Value. | Quantity. | Value.

| Kins. Yens. Pounds.
HNTA Ste co OOS ae Se ts a a ees oe 2,622,117 193,304 | 3,461,194 $96, 265
UC US (EI pe 2 5 5 cet a en Ae re A Sy SR mE ee A ee eee 7A6. 760, 43, 164 998, 923 | 21, 496
OU eres eee ee ee ee ee ee | ae UUs 202,659 | 8,828,058 100, 924
OGY ee eR a ee eS soletmeers: | 1,920,891 122,551 | 2,585,576 61, 030

Under existing laws the Department is without authority to prohibit aliens
from fishing in Alaskan waters. The provisions of law which authorize the
Secretary of Commerce and Labor to establish and enforce such regulations
and surveillance as may be necessary to secure a compliance with the laws
relating to the salmon fisheries of Alaska are general in their application and do
not distinguish between aliens and citizens of the United States. This Depart-
ment, therefore, is without authority to establish and enforce regulations ap-
plicable only to alien fishermen for the purpose of excluding them, The regula-
tions prohibiting fishing in certain waters or at cert:in times would include
and be operative against citizens as well as aliens.

There appears to be no question, however, as to the power of Congress to
adopt laws to prohibit aliens from fishing in Alaskan waters. It is well settled
that fish in their natural element, unconfined, ave public property. They are
the property of the nation, and the right of the nation to eppropriate its mar-
ginal seas and reserve exclusively to its citizens the right to fish in such mar-
ginal seas is a well-recognized principle. (Hall on International Law, p. 158,
4th ed.: Halleck on International Law, p. 165. 3d ed.; Taylor on International
Public Law, p. 296.)

It is also well settled that the right of a nation to exercise sovereignty and
jurisdiction over its marginal seas extends for a distance of at least 1 marine
league from shore. (Manchester rr. Massachusetts, 139 U. 8., 258.)

The necessity and desirability of excluding aliens from fishing in the waters
of Alaska is demonstrated by the experience with the Japanese fishermen here-
inbefore mentioned. During the time these aliens were in Alaskan waters they
seem to have met with a fair measure of success, and if is not unreasonable to
suppose that not only will they return to these newly discovered fields of profit,
but that they will be acc mpanied bv other vessels, and naturally the number
invading Alaskan waters to engege in fishing operations will increase from year
to year.

In this comection it iey net be out of phice to call attention to the fact that
the Canadian government already has rigorous ath nee fishing hiuws, applicable
to both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. some of which go to the extreme of for-
bidding American fishermen frem entering Canadian apie for the purpose of
procuring bait.

For the reasons above cited I urgently recommend the enactment of a law
absolutely prohibiting aliens from fishing in Alaskan waters.

Respectfully,
V. H. Metcatr, Secretary.

Hon. Epwarp L. HAMILTON,

Chairman Committee on Territories,
House of Representatives, Washington.

Mr. Kueprer. Then the annual output of fish has been $20, OO
which is $5,000,000 more than the output of gold from Alaska

Mr. Cusuman. Yes, sir: that is true. The first bill which 1 intro-
dueed was H. R. 10850, and on the same day (January 4, 1906) the
Secretary of Commerce and Labor submitted another short letter,
which is important. It is addressed to the Hon. Edward L. Hamil-

PROHIBITING ALIENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA. 9

ton, chairman of the Committee on Territories, House of Representa-
tives, Washington, D. C.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, January 4, 1906.

Sir: In reply to your letter of December 16, 1905, inclosing a copy of H. R.
472, a bill * To prohibit aliens from fishing in the waters of Alaska,” introduced
by Hon. F. W. Cushman, and requesting suggestions with reference thereto, f
have to state that the bill introduced by Mr. Cushman conforms substantially
to the ideas of the Department on the subject. The bill in question was pre-
pared in this Department, but the draft was submitted before the conclusion cf
its consideration of the subject, and consequently a few minor changes from the
original draft are now regarded as desirable and necessary. I have the honor,
therefore, to submit herewith a draft of a bill, which, in all essential particulars,
represents the ideas of the Department with reference to legislation on this
subject.

It will be noted that section 2 bas been changed so as to subject vessels used
or employed in violation of the act to a fine in addition to that provided for in
the case of individual offenders. There is also added a provision making the
possession by an alien of fresh or cured fish and apparatus and implements in
the waters of Alaska prima facie evidence of a violation of the provisions of the
act.

With these exceptions and one or two other changes, which it has been deemed
advisable to make, the draft of the bill inclosed is the sume as that introduced
by Mr. Cushman.

The urgent necessity of effective legislation on this subject at an early date is
clearly shown by the statements on page 39 of my-annual report for 1905, a copy
of which is herewith inclosed, and also by statements contained in a letter
treating of the subject generally, which I am sending you at this time.

Respectfully,
VV. H. METCALF, Secretary.

Hon. Eywarp L. HAMILTON,

Chairman Committee on Territories,
House of Representatives, Washington.

Now, Mr. Chairman, there is only one further report upon this
subject that I would like to call to the attention of the committee, and
that is from the State Department. It occurred to me that, perhaps,
in legislating upon a subject of this kind in reference to other nations,
we might be trespassing somewhat on the jurisdiction of the State
Department. It is proper that I should state at this time that while
this bill is general in its scope, prohibiting all aliens from fishing in
the waters of Alaska, it was aimed primarily at the Japanese w ho, by
reason of their proximity to these waters, are the nation which is at
present most extensively engaged in fishing therein. Therefore the
chairman of this committee, at my suggestion, wrote the Secretary of
State, and under date of January 25, 1906, the Department replied
as follows:

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, January 25, 1906.
Hon. E. L. HAMILTON,
Chairman Committee on the Territories, House of Representatives.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 16th
instant. with which you inclose a copy of the bill H. R. 10850, ** To prohibit
aliens from fishing in the waters of Alaska.” You state that the bill has the
approval of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, who states that there is
urgent need of legislation in the direction suggested by the bill, and that the
committee would be glad to have any suggestion which I may desire to offer in
relation to the provision of the bill as affecting existing treaty stipulations.

There are two aspects in which the matter would present itself to this
Department :

1. Our treaty relations with Japan.

2. Our treaty relations with other countries.

10 PROHIBITING ALLENS FROM FISHING IN WATERS OF ALASKA.

I have examined the bill in connection with our treaties with Japan. I find
no provision therein giving Japanese the right to fish in American waters. If
any such treaty provision existed, it would defeat the purpose of the proposed
law, as the latter includes a proviso declaring that nothing contained therein
shall be construed as affecting any existing treaty or convention between the
United States and any foreign power.

As to the effect of the bill on our treaty relations with countries other than
Japan, the proviso quoted above guards against possible conflict with any treaty
provision on the subject with other countries.

As to whether or not it is expedient to prevent Japanese from fishing in
Alaskan waters, I should be disposed to give weight to any statements made by
the Department of Commerce and Labor concerning the effects of Japanese
fishing in Alaskan interior waters, and the detriment which may have been
caused thereby to our own people.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
Exviiv Roor.

T think that these comprise all of the official reports upon this
subject in relation to the bill in question. Perhaps I have taken
more time in presenting the subject than I should, but I consider it
an important one. If there are any special provisions of the bill
upon which the committee would like to be informed, I will be glad
to explain them as far as possible. The bill is very brief, and I will
read it if the committee will permit.

Mr. Powers. How do you lke that second clause, “or has not
declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States? ”

Mr. Cusuman. I do not like it very well. It is easy for any man
to declare his intention to become a citizen of the United States.

Mr. Powers. I think that there should be an addendum as follows:
“Who has become a citizen of the United States, and who is an
actual resident thereof.” .

Mr. Cusuman. That is a very good suggestion. Mr. Lloyd, does
that not strike you as a very pertinent suggestion ¢

The Cuairman. That is a matter that may very properly be taken
into consideration by the subcommittee.

O

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