UJ. >. DEPARTMENT,.OF ‘AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 59. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau, PROLIFERATION : . @AS A FACTOR IN THE NATURAL CONTROL OF THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. BY W... EB. BINDS, Ph. Dy, In Charge of Cotion Boll. Weevil Laboratory. IssurD Auausr 27, 1906. \ 2 ‘ \ WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. £9: 6:6:; tion osrraph SY Gass 0 BIAS = ) if) pf f Book (& 2 / 7b eo = iT al “er. Bul. 59, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE |. PROLIFERATION FROM WEEVIL FEEDING-PUNCTURES. Fig. 1.—Right half of square filled with granular-appearing proliferation, enlarged four diame- ee ete Dy ; LELs: Fig. 2 Interior Of square, yroliferation from feeding puncture, dried and brown, aa I on I MOT OM enlarzed two diameters. Fig. 3.—Seetion through feeding puncture from which proliferation spread to tip of square, enlarged four diameters. Fig. 4 —Proliteration starting trom feeding punctures in bolls, enlarged two diameters. (Original ) De OMeAk IMENT OFVAGRIGULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY -BULLETIN No. 59. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PROLIFERATION AS A FACTOR IN THE NATURAL CONTROL MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. We TENDS. Pipe In Charge of Cotion Boll Weevil Laboratory. IssuED AuGus? 27, 1906. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1906. Monagraph LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BurREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., April 10, 1906. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript prepared by Dr. W. E. Hinds, special field agent of this Bureau, engaged in work on the boll weevil. This manuscript is a study of the pro- liferation in the squares and bolls of cotton by means of which a certain percentage of weevil larve are killed. It does not deal at length with the botanical aspects of the question, but is rather a practical statement of the effect of this formation of loose tissue cells upon the boll weevil, based upon a large number of observations made by agents of the Bureau of Entomology. The botanical side of this phenomenon has been fully considered by Mr. O. F. Cook, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and this paper is therefore supple- mental to papers published by Mr. Cook on this subject. The preface is written by Mr. Hunter, and the conclusions in the paper have been revised by him. In addition to the general interest in the sub- ject, the information given will be undoubtedly of distinct advantage to those engaged in cotton-breeding work, and I therefore recommend that it be issued as Bulletin No. 59 of this Bureau. Respectfully, C. L. Maruatt, Acting Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. 2 “ +) 13 1900 Oc 7 of Ds ic. ow, itt og esaens Aside from the habit of determinate growth, perhaps the most important tendency of the cotton plant that has the effect of avoiding damage by the boll weevil is that of proliferation in the squares and bolls, which was first observed by Dr. W. E. Hinds in 1902 at Vic- toria, Tex. The present paper places on record a large number of observations and experiments relating to this phenomenon, which have been carried on for several years by the boll-weevil investigation in Texas. The studies upon which the paper is based were planned primarily to determine the ways by which proliferation actually affects the weevil. Other features of proliferation have been dealt with fully by Mr. O. F. Cook, whose publications are referred to more specifically in the text. In addition to the general interest of the information given, much of it will undoubtedly be of special advan- tage to those who are engaged in cotton-breeding work. As will be seen in the following pages, it has been ascertained that the rate of mortality among weevils in squares of American upland varieties of cotton is higher by about 13.5 per cent as a result of pro- liferation. This in itself is of no little significance, but it is to be noted that the greatest importance of proliferation is in connection with some of the foreign varieties of cotton, which seem to have this property developed to a much greater extent than the American upland varieties. Consequently, the discoveries of Mr. O. F. Cook, relating to the Kekchi cotton of Guatemala and the possibility of utilizing this cotton in the United States, are of great interest. An important difficulty which will be encountered in the work of breeding cottons which proliferate to a great extent, will be the capability for adaptation on the part of the boll weevil. That this insect has considerable capability for adaptation is shown in the great variation in the size of the adults, the result of conditions of food supply in the immature stages to which it has adapted itself, as well as inmany other ways. Asa matter of fact, the capacity of the weevil for adaptation is probably fully as great as is the natural adaptive capacity of the cotton plant. Nevertheless, the interference of man may throw the advantage greatly in favor of the plant. The work upon which this publication is based was performed under the general direction of the writer by Dr. W. E. Hinds. He was assisted in various ways by practically all the agents of the boll- weevil investigations, but more particularly by Messrs. A. C. Morgan, W. W. Yothers, W. Dwight Pierce, A. W. Morrill, and F. C. Pratt. W. D. Hunter, In Charge of Cotton Boll Weevil Investigations. 9 CONTENTS. ITU 078 CEC C0) 1 ee aa a ee ee ManliestrabsehvaulOns eae = ae 5) aae a te Mey ee Scope of present discussion...........-.---+-+----+----------2--2-+22--02: IDEs} uae aio aves = eek Sate PE Bs AP eter es Se Seeaeeg eee ea Re ee aoe Se eee a METMOCeOL STG Vater Nis ee ee eS ee ee ee Proliferation from feeding punctures in squares._..-.---.---- 2-2-2 Proliferation from feeding punctures in bolls........-.-.-.--------------------- Influence of different localities and seasons. ....-.-.---. 22-2 2-2 - @bservationsion squares... 8.220 22 a ae ee Obsenvations ons Dollsea sees eee ee ey oe ee ee ee Rikectstol clumapicrconditions=sr- 222 ee Pe ae 2 ee ee ee Effect on proliferation of fertilizing the soil._.............----.-.---------------- Proliferation following oviposition in squares........-.-.---.------------------- pummary of records forfour varieties. ...-..---=-22--2-2--22.2- 2222.50 -- Increase of mortality accompanying more severe attack........-.----.------- Increased mortality in squares and bolls due to proliferation. .........-. 2... ----- Summary of results of observations.............-+--.-+------------ +--+ ---++-- Hormation-of proliferations... 21-22 ete 8 22 ne Be ee Increased mortality of weevil stages due to proliferation ...........-.------- Stimulation to proliferation by causes other than weevil attack ......... 2.2.2. --- Proliferation stimulated by other insects: ......-.---.-----.--------------- Proliferation stimulated by attacks of fungi.......-.-..:-.-.--------------- Artficial’stimulation to proliteration=2222 = -24. 4.42. 2-22-22 --2--222----ec- oe MGT NOURO LEU Oen iti G11 tye a ae eee re re es IRESUIESHWUUESK IT nCG me See een ee ee ee ee 2 Oe IVES ULE Sey U0 OJ cee ear ee ee ete eee ee ee ee re oe 2 So ee Comparison of results from simple needle punctures with effects of chemical TOW AetSh() (Ode YSN e alee oo ee pa cal MNP yg See ne Oe a eae Se Comparison of results from sealed and unsealed punctures... 22-2... ------- (@GnGlnslOns. esas aoe oe ee ore eee eee ee ee ee ee Seer eee Manner in which proliferation causes death of weevil stages...........-.--------- Rearing larve on purely proliferous food.........-----.------------------- Mechanical crushing the real method.............-.-.--------------------- Hxplanation of mechanical action..-.2.........-----:-.-<-2-2-essecses- Proliferation in plants other than cotton. ......-.---.------------------------- Conclusions as to nature and significance of proliferation. ....-...-.-----.------- Practical application of conclusions from this study ..-.-.-.-.----------------- \Iha(6 (>, cee 8S Sere Nee ee SOON ARB, £0 SBE AACE ae A erly ER PORE se he ae See oO Puate [. ile OD. IV. ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. 1.—Granular appearance of proliferation ...............--.- Frontispiece 2.—Proliferation among anthers following feeding puncture. . . Frontispiece 3.—Proliferation following weevil feeding puncture in square. . Frontispiece 4.—Proliferation following weevil feeding puncture in boll... - Frontispiece 5.—Bollworm full-grown, feeding on boll.........-...-.---.----- 28 6.—Punctures of small bollworm in square, proliferation protruding - 28 7.—Square-borer at work...............---.------------------- 28 S.— Boll fed on by bugs, showing no external injury....-----.----- 28 9.—Inside of carpel shown in fig. 8, proliferation starting. ......-- - 28 10.—Section of boll fed upon by Pentatoma ligata, proliferation in SCOUS eax a.cfesroe oa Sane Bee OR Se eee ee 28 Lil Section’ of prolileratedtseed- o-- 2222 nee ee eee ee 28 12.— Boll showing anthracnose disease which may cause proliferation - 28 13.—Proliferation in seeds from artificial injection of water... ..-. - 30 14.—Proliferation in carpel and seed from artificial injection of acetic UCLA aie == ME eels Speech. < Pere pete eye ne erp arn tae RE 30 15.—Proliferation enveloping larva in boll.......-.-.------------- 30 . 16.—Boll burst open by internal pressure of proliferation. ..... ~~ - 30 17.—Numerous proliferations starting on inner sides of carpels___-- - 36 18.—Proliferation pushing into pupal cell, pressing upon pupa-- -- - - 36 19.—Adult weevil deformed by pressure of proliferation. .......---- 36 . 20.—Mass of proliferous cells upon inside of carpel .........------- 36 . 21.—Locks completely filled with proliferation; a, original egg punc- ture; b, larva surrounded and crushed to death..........-- 36 PROLIFERATION AS A FACTOR IN THE NATURAL CONTROL OF THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, INTRODUCTION. EARLIEST OBSERVATIONS. Soon after the beginning of the laboratory work upon the cotton boll weevil at Victoria, Tex., in 1902, it was noticed that the attack of the weevil was frequently followed by a very decided change in the structure of the tissues near the point of attack in both buds and bolls. The significance of this change was not at that time fully appreciated, and the observations made upon the weevil did not include records as to the occurrence and effect of this phenomenon. For this reason the early observations made before the autumn of 1903 have furnished comparatively little material which could be used in making tabular statements, such as have been made from more recent studies of the effect of proliferation upon the development of the boll weevil. When and by whom proliferation was first observed in cotton is not known to the writer, but no publication relating to this phenomenon prior to that made in Bulletin No. 45 of the Bureau of Entomology, pages 96 and 97, has been found. The earliest notes upon the occur- rence of proliferation and its effect upon the weevil were made by the writer in September, 1902. Since that time there has been gradually accumulating in the notes of the agents of the Bureau of Entomology who have been studying the boll weevil, a large amount of data bearing upon this subject. In the plans made for the work of 1904, at the beginning of the season, definite provision was made for observations upon this phe- nomenon in a number of varieties of cotton and for testing the influence of fertilizers in stimulating a greater manifestation of prolif- eration in the plants treated. Since that time the observations upon proliferation and its effect upon weevil development and injury have been carried on continuously. SCOPE OF PRESENT DISCUSSION, The present paper does not pretend to be a study of proliferation in the botanical aspects of the question, but rather a practical statement of the large number of observations made by agents of the Bureau of Entomology primarily regarding the effect of this formation of loose (i 8 PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. tissue cells upon the boll weevil. It is consequently of an entomolog- ical and not a botanical character. The botanical significance of the phenomenon has been very fully considered by Mr. O. F. Cook, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, to whose publications among those listed below @ the reader is referred for a discussion of that part of the subjeet. DEFINITIONS. In order that the statements here made may be readily understood by one who is not familiar with terms used in botany or entomology a few general definitions may be in order. In Bulletin No. 45 of the Bureau of Entomology, concerning the cotton boll weevil, the term “oelatinization’’ was used instead of proliferation, as it was believed that its significance would be better understood by the average reader, though it was realized that, strictly speaking, the term used expressed an incorrect. idea concerning the nature of the change to which it referred. The term ‘‘proliferation’’ is in general use both in botany and zoology, to denote a growth by the multiplication of elementary parts. In the present case we may define proliferation as being the development of numerous elementary cells from parts of the bud or boll which are themselves normally the ultimate product of combinations of much more highly specialized cells. The resulting product is thus composed of comparatively large, thin-walled cells, which are placed so loosely together that the resulting formation is of a soft texture, and has a granular appearance (PI I, fig. 1) which may be plainly seen with the unaided eye. The soft, pulpy nature of this growth led to the choice of the term“ gelatinization”’ as being most appropriate to signify ina general way its appearance and texture. Itappears that this forma- tion may originate from various causes in almost any part of the bud or boll (PL. I, figs. 2-4). Whatever may have been the inciting cause, the character of the formation appears very much the same in any case. Undoubtedly, however, certain tissues proliferate more readily than do others. In squares, the outer layer of the column upon which the stamens are borne appears to be especially susceptible to stimuli which produce this reaction. In bolls, the cells immediately adjoining the thin, hard layer lining the hulls or carpels are most frequently the a Bibliography of Proliferation: 1904. Hunter, W. D., and Hinds, W. E.—The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil. Bul. No. 45, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. Agric., pp. 96-97. 1904. Cook, O. F.—Evolution of Weevil Resistance in Cotton. Science, Vol. XX, pp. 666-670. 1905. Hunter, W. D., and Hinds, W. E.—Bul. No. 51, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. Agric., pp. 183-134. 1905. Cook, O. F.—Cotton Culture in Guatemala. Yearbook U.S. Dept. Agric., f. 1904, pp. 475-488. 1906. Cook, O. F.—Weevil Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. Bul. No. 88, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. Agric. METHOD OF STUDY. 9 point at which proliferation begins. In most cases the proliferation appears to begin very near to the point of injury, but from that point it may spread through an entire lock, or to all the inner parts of an injured bud. METHOD OF STUDY. As the significance of these observations came to be more fully appreciated it was believed that they contained at least a suggestion. as to some very promising lines of work in the problem of controlling the weevil. Accordingly, it has been necessary to study carefully the nature of the phenomenon, conditions of climate, soil, fertilizer, and variety of cotton which affected the occurrence of proliferation. Observations have, therefore, been made upon quite a large number of varieties, and in locations ranging from Victoria to Dallas, Tex., upon various types of soil, and in connection with various experiments with fertilizers and different conditions of cultivation. From a comparison of the results thus obtained it was hoped that some factors might be found which could be used practically in increasing prokferation, and thus rendering it more effective as a factor in controlling the weevil. In many cases the results of the work have been quite different from those anticipated, but enough has been learned to justify the assertion that at present proliferation is a more important factor in retarding the multiplication of the weevil than are the parasites which have thus far been found. Large numbers of squares and bolls have been carefully examined in obtaining these records. In the examination of bolls, the lock has been made the unit rather than the boll. As a general rule, a larva confines its injury almost, if not entirely, to the lock within which the egg was originally placed. Quite frequently two or more larvee occur within a lock, but even in such cases the injury does not often extend through the septum or partition which separates the locks. In making a comparison of varieties considerable care is required in subdividing the classes of observations in order to render the influ- ential conditions sufficiently uniform to make the observations fairly comparable and wherever possible to reduce the fundamental causes or stimuli producing variations in the proliferation to one essential factor. While the phenomenon in bolls is of a similar nature to that in squares, conditions in these -two cases are so different that the results are not strictly comparable, and therefore separate tables have been made for squares and bolls. The effects of feeding and egg punctures also call for separate classification. This treatment of the subject necessarily multiplies the number of tables, but we hope that it will render the results more easily intelligible. The personal equation of the observer has been equalized by combining the records made by a number of investigators. 31022—No. 59—06———2 10 PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. PROLIFERATION FROM FEEDING PUNCTURES IN SQUARES. As the square precedes the boll in the natural process of develop- ment and the feeding puncture precedes oviposition in the attack of the weevil, we shall consider first the observations regarding pro- liferation resulting from feeding punctures made in squares. These observations include nearly 25 varieties of cotton. They are grouped by years and localities in order to bring as closely together as is possi- ble those records which may be considered as most strictly compar- able. The totals and averages for so many seasons and localities should constitute a very fair average statement of the true condition. Tas.e I.—Proliferation resulting from feeding punctures in squares——comparison of varvetres. Total | Squares with Squares with no number | proliferation. | proliferation. of punc- Date. Locality. Variety. tured rae = | eg squares er = | Per exam- | ha cent of | ae cent of s ined. | . total. | * | total. as ae - ee _| : =) 1902. | | | | Sept. 17 | Victoria, Tex-.2--22..-.- | Several varieties. ...- 16 | 4) 25.0 12 | 75.0 1903. | | | July 8 | | | to oie CLO ee eee eee ae DG ak: daeeroe ee heen 470 | 286 60.1 184 | 39.9 Oct. 28 | | | Aug. 10 ‘| | | to Sais eric (0 Pare 5, een nC ge Parkers sees ee : 83 49 | 59.0 34 | 41.0 oct. 19 | Oct. 925 es... dO ssecae eeceee eens EM ISCO bam iaee ace. cern 102 | 38. | 37.3 64 62.7 DO .os|-.--¢ AO maenctee kis ee eee Dickson. ..... Sar | 101 67 | 66.3 3 Souk Oct. 24 |..... G0 eee den eee | tt AA os eee 79 59 | 74.3 20 25.7 Octie 22 12a. COD we ae eee 2. ee | PA ShImOUMIe se. seeee cee] 74 | 35 | 47.3 39 52.7 ID Ones |e aoe OMe ee en eS | Janneviteh. .........) 82 62 | 75.6 20 24.4 Aug. 8 | | | to pI CO) ey Sev teres shy oaiee lINaitiveds ase secs ee | 78 42 53cSht 36 46.2 Oct. 28 | d | | 1905. | | | | Nov: 9.1) Dallas, Tex. -.22--2..4--- Heyptian.222, 2-22.22 | 53 8 15.1 45 | 84.9 Do do Rach Onsee ease oeeer ee | 10 3} 30.0 7 70.0 9 KekGhis.. 82 -s44-42e2 21 | 6) 29.6 15 71.4 Sept. 24 | San Antonio, Tex........ SHIMG# he ceeec eee 70 15d a2 A 55 78.6 Do. |7Calvert,, Texe.25. Be. a= WAIST pe ee ee 33 14! 42.4 19 57.6 DOmes|-eeee 0 LO are a eee DHineses ae onsets ae. 47 23 48.9 24 Sled Doe |e Oa eee ee eee Rowden... ...2..<.2-: | 45 DSr 6222 17 378 Dose eae ok eee ae a Nar ee Nicholson.........--- | 69 32| 46.4 | 7 53.6 Does soe. Chen aenoo meer ares i) Girittnp Diese se eee 25 11} 44.0 14 56.0 DOr. |Poeae (0 Ko eae ae ewes coke sO as SOO S36 a. Soares 39 | DD, 56.4 17 43.6 Doitoaltene one ees ge Hawkins............. 36 | 18 | 50.0 18 50.0 Doe bets OO erent se Peres Rs Riusselle eee 18 tl 38.9 11 61.1 Do --| sey: Sh Re ee er ae | Allens: 2-20... 30 15| 50.0 15 50.0 Doman leseee (re omens tes 2 | Bohemian.........--- 27 | 15) | 5000 12 44.4 D Ome |e oer CORR ate eee roitbea-en eee. seen 34 | 15 44.1 19 55.9 Dio el sede ee a aa El ehtytudeec os semeees 3 4| 12.9 o7 | eeeareal DOs. | sees (0 (cent Ph Ga eee ee | NATIVES? 2 ce eSeee- oe 34 16 47.0 18 | 53.0 1B Xone boas (6 (9 aera ere ew ARETE OTY secrete = 163 7(il 3.6 92 | 56.4 NotalStand a Verd CCS soe sae eee oe oe eee ee ree 1,870 965 | 751.6 905 a 48.4 | | | - a Weighted Aaciane The general average for all the various seasons and _ localities shows that in squares approximately one-half of all feeding punc- tures stimulate proliferation. The highest percentage shown is 75.6 per cent in ‘‘Jannovitch” (an Egyptian variety), at Victoria, Tex., on October 22, 1903, while the lowest percentage found was 12.9 PROLIFERATION FROM FEEDING PUNCTURES IN BOLLS. al per cent for ‘Hetty,’ at Calvert, Tex., September 24, 1905. These figures show a wide range. Five series of observations show prolif- eration in less than 30 per cent of the squares fed upon; three series show between 30 and 40 per cent; eight series between 40 and 50 per cent; six show between 50 and 60 per cent; three between 60 and 70 per cent. It appears, therefore, that the range, while wide, is well balanced, the large majority of observations showing between 40 and 60 per cent. PROLIFERATION FROM FEEDING PUNCTURES IN BOLLS. Turning now to an examination of proliferation following feeding punctures made in bolls, records are presented of the observations made during 1905 only. These observations include 18 varieties and 3 localities. TaB_e II.—Proliferation resulting from feeding punctures in bolls. Locks with feeding punctures | only. — Per cent ; G : | of punc- Date of | ote Total | With prolifer- | Without pro- | ee exami | Variety. Loeality. Bee ric loeks ation. liferation. which nation. | ined, | 12 ot. , reas prolifer- Nun- | ,, ae ;) Num- Petes f ation fol- | : ent o ‘ cent of} 70 nae | total. ber. | total. eae a 7 ; 1905. Sept. 25.) King......... Calvert, Tex....| 80 340 123 36.2 32 9.4 79.4 Doe s=|ohine-22. 92 5c). 22. Go) paren pees | 91 398 159 40.0 22 5.5 87.9 Domes |eowdenses=. s| nee. Co tesh ae | 63 274 94] 34.3 a 20.5 62.7 Doe. -|-Nicholsone. - |. 22 _- GOs 3 -taeeee 83 374 19501) P5222 3 10.4 83.3 Does), Lrigmphes.- cies. 2 (aloy, See ees 57 247 145 | 59.1 69 27.5 68.0 DOM se| ROOlS Sse 2-1 os: dOeeest eee: 109 | 462 239 | 51.7 56 12.1 SL.O Dos. +| Hawkins:... 2=.|5. 2. Clon nee ae 110 | 462 302 65.4 124 26.8 70.9 Dow s:|) Russelle.. 22 sls... Os. a eee | 98 419 254] 67.8 29 6.9 89.7 Doms =| sAllense ss. 22 Alen oe doe ss 2s. 22 | 83 371 180 48.5 37 10.0 83.0 Do...| Bohemian....]...-- Ome Sees | 90 399 173 | 438.4 8 2.0 | 95.6 Does. | PLrulttesces- 2 lesen (3 fo ee pozipqdog | Eon Ceersbart aa ge /9 jeer 8 bh fg Ween Yor |: 7PaMUAOUAN. - sorenbgl : o Va La D G 4 oN Mes aod WD. | gle g 6°28 | &S 1°28 &@ T° 18 -* pozittoyu |)... sHod 0°0 (0 ose | TS 9°8% F 0° es “7 pozi[tqto [ee apMory PG | Leg | 8¢ "Ip 1G og ; peamazequa oF: sorenbs| 8% | T BEY 4 UP | £°9 g 9" Gg 7 aes 0°0 0 LG | 6F 0°e L g" OPT OL) |b are |" "Pé 21114. a sat aa silo] 0°0 0 Gilg STI e788 0% g Gs 00% | PoZztTpod); eee aulyg 8's T Pig | s¢ 1°63 II 9° cg payee e201 "7 pez. - ssrenbs| a 621 | 9° | z'9) JT 7 OL zal Pozo | | £°F1 | 0 6S | 66 L583 9 a 86 €LI jit iti |n penser | “77> st10€] ( 00S I er 69 191 Z A 86 i an “77> poztqaod) Uaiee ere tete Bury P06 hae | T yap | GF aa Za 8 [9° Lg Se aaitce "+ poaydtoyay) |). - sorenbg| % 9°FS 2°88 [RecG | T Leh | a | €°26 OL | g 19 611 | poziiqt0 7 J | _ li = | | a “ULOIR Pee || | -Loytjord ae | | | ; ari | Jo JNsoar | ; “pBop “pvop | ‘aaAT[e | *1e304 ; “pBop *pvop SOATIO o\Fee Be “pout eee use ATT eg | 823%48 Jo | soduys | Sod¥4s | JO 700 | ate sedtis JO| sosvys sodtys radeed ee eae serenbe UMOLS “queyjd a pice sasvys qs TOT | [A0M [Avo | Jad | | 4U00 Jog | [LA00 MA [IAoo MQ | 7 ¢ | porate | Jo YOY UO YWIG | Jo Weg AVOllB A Beuat: pop | | cease requimnu ea 21 Se aedae e s a|OISED EA, | r 7 eo Ngae || eros | ; quad Jog | -ivddy ‘JUIULDIAY LDU “UOLYBLOJITOId YAM sYOT 10 sorenbs asunJayjzo Durnravad Pup pos wuofiun uo uopoo fo sayarupa Fy fo spd pazippafun pup pazipjoof wo uorynuafijoud fo uosiand wo g— A ATA J, 19 OF FERTILIZING SOIL. EFFECT ON PROLIFERATION ‘ABRIOAR POLS MA Dd | | £60 1°S6 0 L’L0 if 09 GGSD | 6FL‘T O'LID LIT 9° OLD 0°08 p P'S v 88 696 §°LFD | OGG 'T 0°SG D OSE ial 0°00T 0°0 0 G €°9G 1g 9°EL is L°96 0°00 0°0 0 0 0786 89 L9G 8 IPI L116 Tes T 86 9°9OP gg GET II Gel £°6 8°E I cG 0°68 | 8F O°LT a LL 0°OUL 0°0 0 p OCP 48 LL € LG 0°O0L 0°0 0 0 TASS LOT eral if 9°08 0°O00T 0-0 0 OF G°Og oo 9°06 git PLT L’S8 Lg G ee 9°9F ¥G T°&% al [9% 0°00 ay) 0 0 Sah ede 1°96 9 bG 0-001 0-0 0 G GIG oP PG I Lk 6° OP 8°81 tal 9¢ OTL cs $96 6 ook ¥°8S P9€ 0G os L°0S TZ Leh 86 OL 0001 0°0 0 G L°l6 oo Ow G O'F 0°00L 0°0 0 ye G'8e Gz OF G 6°06 0° O00T 0°0 0 OF 9° Lb 0 6°06 6 9°FS T'F6 0'€ I ted Lats. 09 9°16 91 Gar 0°O0L 0°0 0 F PSG cS €P I 9 0°00 0°0 0 i! GPG Ly L°9 3 (S50) = 69S 6 FT L OF 6°2S L9 TF 6 BSG G°18 ae) G ee LbV 1g SORE ial hr © On MNO LO a old rh © I~ SN BAST AARNSHO OO Hid on enn owwsTwOMOOMOM oD or) OO ad St te be Shag oD * poztyiqtoyu | “ "= pezipioy J * * poZttqytoyuy) | 7777 pozitiqogs * poZiqdoyu{) | “77> posi [toy J "77> postito J 7 poaitoyu gL "77 poztiaog J 7 poziyserug | “> pozitqtoyuy) | “> poziysoy f “+ poziyiqdoyu yy | “> poziyao * * poztpiqtoyu yf) | “77 pazi[iaog | * * peziiateyuy | “77 poz tigdoyt | “0 poztttods s][0G LOT SOBRLOAR ~-"sorenbs LOJ SosRIOAR | | | * Soe] >> sorenbs ee SIO * peau. - sorenbg prs slog | sol enbg| a silod sorenbg ee tk: | is sarenbg| puB s[eyo pue s[Bq{Oy, --°* £IOUIIOT, ames i VATION Sages -- £1101 eo 410d TL > UBIULegqog 20 PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. At the end of Table V are given totals and average percentages for squares and for bolls, but the differentiation of the results for fer- tilized and unfertilized plats is more clearly shown in Table VI, which is practically a summary of Table V.— In each case the totals show the amount of data upon which the conclusions rest. Taste Vi.—Summary of data appearing in Table V, showing effect of fertilization upon formation of proliferation, and the mortality of weevils in squares and bolls. | Jae b | a . ; en Ww ZE | Weevil Weevil | Percent |oe |¢ co on stages stages € ao 2 fay iée | Sage | age | ‘sages [ES | & | Biel) | ’ eee dead. oO 6: | a4 oH aon Part of : So , — : a alent oe lant. Plat on which grown. | Zs c%& fu lool ae 1 w iu are Pas } ; Peeps athe I) er a oe =e Bi /6o8 | ge Hn aa eno — ovr = oun ie Qo Ons pau pemion |Memarsw: lp gates [eet le erste S) Le Ho | Be! Ho | BE] a6] BE le, ve I a5 |/58/ es )o8 | es | os |e) OT | 3) Ae | aa) ae |oo fas | ao Saas Pi SE Pe PO or ee po oS.5| a E fel Fea re Feil ge ame irc tues a | ate ow = S| Ss = Seales eo ie | | - Tae : | | | SQ(USTeS-.2 - | MROLUINZC Wepre ae ee ee 1,604 50.5 544 466 182 53 | 25.0 | 10.2 | 14.8 18.9 Dosa te Wntertilized.. 2.6 2e.cescee Lom | 4955 508 494 159 35 | 23.8 6.6 | 17.2 16.2 BOS Seesaec Rentilizedic: ... 22. saee--- as \2, 694 | 66.2 302 22 65 Ba| ited 8.3 9.4] 17.1 Do...) Uniertihzeds. o. 2. ssees|25 (041090 286 38 52 | 3) 15,4 io) | 8.1 | 14.6 Totals and averages ........---.. 8,603 (461.9 |1,640 1,010 | 458 3) coe 40a Rea |e eee | | a Weighted average. An examination of Table VI shows that proliferation follows weevil attack in approximetely two-thirds of the cases in bolls and in approximately one-half of the cases in squares. As between squares on fertilized and unfertilized plats, there is found a difference of only 1 per cent, which is in favor of the fertilized plats. In the figures for bolls there is shown a difference of 3.3 per cent in favor of the unfertilized plats. Even if both these differences were on the same side of the account, they are too small to justify the conclusion that fertilization with acid phosphate, as used in these experiments, appreciably affected the percentage of instances in which prolifera- tion followed weevil attack. From a comparison of the mortality percentages it appears that, although among the squares from fertilized plats there is a slightly larger percentage of squares showing proliferation following weevil attack, there is, on the contrary, 2 smaller difference in the average mortality which may be attributed to the presence of proliferation than is found among the squares from unfertilized plats. With squares on the unfertilized plats having a slightly smaller percentage showing proliferation there is a somewhat higher average mortality apparently due to the presence of proliferation. In a similar compari- son with bolls, among those grown on fertilized ground showing pro- liferation in 66.2 per cent of the injured locks, there was an average increase of 9.4 in the percentage of mortality, while in bolls grown on unfertilized ground showing proliferation in 69.5 per cent of injured locks the average excess of mortality apparently due to proliferation is only 8.1 per cent. PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING OVIPOSITION IN SQUARES. 21 The second significant feature of Table VI is that showing the effect of fertilization upon the mortality of the weevil without regard to the presence or absence of proliferation. A comparison of the percentages of mortality shown in the last column of the table shows us that in the case of squares there is a difference of 2.7 per cent and in the case of bolls of 2.6 per cent m favor of the fertilized plats. These differences are so nearly alike in both squares and bolls as to indicate that fertilization, as practiced in this case, would increase the general average mortality by a small percentage, but that this increase was not due to any increase in the proportion of cases showing proliferation. One general fact should be stated in regard to field conditions in connection with these observations. As has been stated, the experi- ment was located in the Brazos bottom. The application of fertil- izer produced little apparent difference in the size of plants, and the difference between varieties was by no means as marked as is usually the case. It is possible that upon soil naturally less fertile greater differences might have been produced both as regarding varietal char- acters and the effect of the application of fertilizer. From the data at hand, however, we would not venture to predict that such differ- ences would result in any greater increase in the mortality of the weevil than has been found in the observations here reported. PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING OVIPOSITION IN SQUARES. The next series of observations to be presented will deal with a comparison of varieties in regard to the formation of proliferation following egg punctures in squares. The comparison includes obscr- vations made during three seasons and includes about 25 varieties. The table shows also the increase in mortality due, apparently, to proliferation. It is impossible to obtain a close comparison of varie- ties in this examination, as the conditions of soil, cultivation, and season were so diverse, and the influence of these varying conditions can not as yet be even closely estimated. In the following tabula- tion are included records where there were less than 100 observations in the series. It is noticeable that the greatest differences in the percentage of squares examined which showed proliferation occurs in cases where examination was made of only a small number of squares and late in the season. It is evident that the data in these cases are insufficient as a basis for reliable conclusions regarding those particular varieties, but the figures may be included in the totals of examinations made without materially disturbing the general averages. IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. PROLIFERATION AN 6°8S 1°66 | 8°9T 0°LE | L°¥6 T' Fa Te 0°00 L°GS T'1@ | £°S8 b LT 8°66 | G88 | T 61 £786 0°SL | 6°36 0°SE | €°€6 | 1°81 og | OGG 00% b 8S | 9°36 8G 9°¢T 1°99 al £°06 0792 GGG bP 29 | 161 6°OF L°S8 | BOE 92 PIL | 63S 9°9 | 2°99 ' G°6 | | oEF | 0°08 6% Sig O°O0T og 8°¢ 0°O0T 8°¢ O°8 0° O0T | O'S Ze oog | 0°0 00 00 0°0 0°0 00 9°9 PIL | 0° | OIL 0°00T OE O°SP | ane “MOIYB “MOIR -1opipord | -1oytjoad 04 op UVM “AY Ayjue sorpnbs | -[8].LOUL -1eddv | utseseys | yuo 10d AQUPY pep OSRIOAV -IOUr JO | [BIO JO que Jeg | 4u90 Jeg Tr al OF AMONSMOMINGCOOCD MPOnnWOTRDHHINIOOMN m oO ‘pRop | soBeys [[A00M Jo 4U99 Log i yy ' LL *punoy sosRys | [IA00M LOG UTNE €°6P 0° OF LO 0°6¢ €°ES 0°09 8°6¢ 9°8¢ 9 6F 6°99 8'es 6°69 9°LE ©°6¢ OPP 0°8S 6° OF 1°99 6° OF PaLy “pout -ULBXO [B07 Jo 4uoo 10g ‘punoy | ToquinN ‘saupnbs ur saanpound bha uOlyRLojpord ynoyyLM sorenbs 99% | SIT 1°09 OOF | SP 0'FS Se 2 €°6S L9G | PIE OTF £86 | €¢ LOW gre =| zg 0°06 8°9E | 8& GOP 8°SG | SF PIP itr || 6S F0¢ sec | & [Fe 61S | oF Z'0F L°91 | 08 T'S 00S | «Fe FOF 0°SS | OF 6°GS 6°SL | 1€ € FS ‘g IL & GF 0°68 6G PCO £°9T hae L°OF 0°61 Ig 0°96 Le 1 ST y IP 0-0 61 macs 0°70 ST 6°§& 0°6 9¢ [ss OIT COL 9°CS G OF 6¢ OTP ‘peep “‘punoy “pout SsosRys s0BvyS -UULBXO ltrAwoM JO| JtAowa | [2107 JO jttod Jag | LaquINN | 190 dog toreroytpord YyLM sorenbyg PP *punoy Joquiny | LOE 'T SOT “pout -UBX0 sorenbs jo Joquinu [810.1 seeses+ +++ yopmoy pees NO TUEIO; gh aie OATZEN opts oe ey ag AqoH UdTLV “> *TPossny “SULA MBH ty aba re ie SLOT TunouLys y “UV TW ‘RIMOPOLA PUR YO "110709 JO AYOUB A, “AUTROO'T moLf woynsafipoud sof sarparupa JO WosiuDd WO j— TTA ATEYY, ODiRe- op- >>> yrcct OL ATRO £*-0¢ IT ‘4dog 0G 6% “Sny OG Og -- og -- og ioc 8o “any 6G Go “any Lt -ydog “OBL 28 ‘OSRIOAT POTSIOM D PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING OVIPOSITION IN SQUARES. €°Llo G°E8 D G PLD O°SD SSP 'S F6b? | «620 F TO8°% | 9°09 0 Tal ‘F (OE Et eae ae eae Di aaa ee ae SOBBIOAB PUL S[RIOT, | | | = —— | | 0°0 0°0 0°0 0-0 & 0°¢L | 0°0 T 0°S% | T Vo g's | teens ae ~**UBvalOM [oo ee een) ean te OYE L¥E 0°08 Go LT €°¢ 6r 0°89 4 OOF OL 0°SE OT OLS a ieee a mL? EDs Eile rr ae ek) Oo oe Poh 0-0 0°0 0°0 0°0 eT 0°08 0G 0°0 G 0°06 g GS he pe COUDR TCs a eee pet) ae Deena! Ol AON: 0°98 0°08 | $°ST O'F 1x6 £739 Lf 0° OF Or LLG 8I meso = “ueydAsgy | “""""xXoL ‘sued | 6 ‘AON b ST OL | Sekt Z'6 — 96T Tag | T&S 9°FG £06 6° LP GIG CPP Pie sare ~~" eulyg |" “"xap ‘ormojuy urg | 4z -ydog 9°8I 8°86 L°éT O'T GLI i 696 9°6I OPP 9°99 POF Pie OR je eae en ALOPAIOL, ue OG 0°Sz 0O0L 8°E1 0°0 68 cg 0° | 8F bPS oo PIT a “OATICN "70d 0°8e 9°28 i 4 £°8 SP CL o OF OOF 0g GG ns 777° *£999FT a2 OG. G° LT 0001 PkD 0°0 ee 6F ¢ £9 8°89 | OL 6IL ae “Pay, POL P61 0°00T 0°ST 0°0 O08 eF if | 69 67°£9 | OZ COLL eee ene, UBIULOYO | eat GST 0°00 SFL 0°70 | €& OF G LL LiL9 PS VOL ewe eee "dolly ee OG: 6ST L°16 | 8°11 87% | 9€ 6F ZL 99 0°09 SL GGE Ee eri gag ~~~ Tfossny eno al 0°06 | 2°81 OF GS 6°8E GF L SF T 19 99 SOT “ooo 9" sup M ey igsexan 0°LT 0°O00T OIL 0°0 9G 8°68 id 0° LY Z 09 g9 SOUS ORS ie ea aime on STOOL, mod GES £76 816 Gg | 96 L°GE te 0°66 £8 29 | GL LOT fer oe ee e(ohbondvegiy, |p e Re eee OD an OG GP 2°99 GOL LL 82 pcp £6 mara! 86 9 FS: aa G0G Spica me, LORTOUOING ie teak ke? | OD Sorrel OC 24 PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. Studying Table VII with a view to making a comparison of the varieties in regard to their tendency to proliferate in response to egg punctures and larval injuries, it appears that, in cases where one hun- dred or more observations were made, the highest percentage showing proliferation was 67.7 per cent, found in Allen at Calvert, Tex., on September 11, 1905. A previous examination of this variety shows, however, only 50.4 per cent. which is almost exactly the average per- centage found for all varieties. The average of all observations on Allenshows 59.3 percent having proliferation. The lowest percentage, from observations which are closely comparable, was 33.9 per cent, found in Sunflower at Victoria, Tex., in 1904. Unfortunately there are no other observations upon Sunflower by which this result may be checked to see whether it may be considered as a somewhat constant tendency in that variety. This being true, it would not be safe to conclude that Sunflower shows the least tendency to proliferate among the varieties examined. It should be noted that the average of the three Egyptian varieties grown at Victoria in 1904 is 52.3 per cent, which is slightly above the general average for all varieties examined. Considering all examinations for each of the four varieties having more than 500 observations each, we find for King 53.2 per cent, for Territory 52.8 per cent, for Shine 49.7 per cent, and for Native 45.7 per cent. Because of the larger number of observations made the average percentages shown for these four varieties are undoubtedly the most reliable of all those given in the table. It appears to the writer from the small variation of 7.5 per cent that the tendency of different varieties to proliferate in response to weevil injury by ovi- position or by larval feeding is a remarkably uniform character. Much more extensive examinations would be required to determine the positive status of so many varieties in respect to this tendency to proliferate. SUMMARY OF RECORDS FOR FOUR VARIETIES. Examining more closely the portion of Table VII relating to mortality, we find that the percentage of mortality in squares with proliferation ranges from 0 to 50 per cent. The latter figure is found in Triumph at Calvert, August 25, 1905. A general average for the 4,121 squares examined is 22.3 per cent. For the four varieties— Territory, King, Shine, and Native—a closer comparison can be made by presenting the figures in tabular form. ae INCREASE OF MORTALITY WITH MORE SEVERE ATTACK. 25 Tasie VIII.—Comparison of four varieties, each having over 500 observations in Table VII, showing average percentages of mortality and influence of proliferation thereon. | Squares with proliferation. Squares without proliferation. reg Gin —, | Average = Num- increase Num- |) Num- Wee ene Aver- | inerease Taxi berof berof Num- ber of Num-| Per age in rate of Variety. - : Meas Per cent jsquares' ~}.... a , es mortal- squares squares | ber of | eed me ber j|centof;) num- | .,. z es nei) | OL Stages | with- era ae ree A ng | ity due exam- with weevil Fatt atti weevil stages ber of | Fake Be ined. prolif- | stages| Goad. | prolif- stages | found _ stages | fora era- | found. | cars ee found. dead. — per 100 | ion tion. | ae | squares. a ei | - ; TemltOLryce-ssceeeee | 1,568 | 828 763 22.4 740 422 3.7 | 76 | 18.7 | Gh ha) she ee Rr ead eet 1,525 812 | 250 16.7 713 301 6 38 | 16.1 HIN te enone 672 334 288 27.1 338 253 9.1 81 | 18.0 Natives. 2255.22... 307 | 259| 172 17.5 308 177 eZ 62 15.8 | In squares having proliferation the range in mortality varies between 16.7 per cent for King and 27.1 per cent for Shine. In squares without proliferation this range is between 0.6 per cent for King and 9.1 per cent for Shine. The most striking point in this com- parison is shown in the last column of the table giving the average increase in mortality due to proliferation in each variety. In spite of the variations of 8.5 and 10.4 in the preceding percentage columns there is shown in the last column a variation of only 2.9 percent. The unfavorable influence of proliferation appears, therefore, to be very nearly constant in different varieties, instead of varying widely, as early indications had led us to anticipate that it might do. In respect to the rapidity of maturity these four varieties may be fairly considered as ranging from the very earliest to the late varieties. Rapid maturing or, in other words, ‘‘short season” cotton does not seem to increase especially either the formation of proliferation or the percentage of mortality occurring in the squares. INCREASE OF MORTALITY ACCOMPANYING MORE SEVERE ATTACK. While only injured squares were selected for these examinations there was a difference in the severity of the weevil attack in different fields. It was evident during the growing season that the field in which most of the data for Shine was obtained was being more severely injured than any other in which observations were made. The figures show some very interesting results of this condition, if, indeed, they do not indicate the explanation for the increased severity of the attack. The four varieties may be arranged in the order of the increasing proportion of weevil stages to number of squares examined. The figures for the number of weevil stages found and for the stages dead in squares without proliferation are reduced to the common basis of 1.000 squares for convenience in comparing. 26 PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. Increased mortality in squares without proliferation accompanying increased severity in weevil attack. 7 Number | Number areca Number | Per cent Variety. of stages of stages of mor- , squares. | found. dead. tality. Kanes eee mee eee aierecs aT ASR R ES AN See eR ae eee 1,000 380 6 1.6 INTE Vil es see eee es ene eyo iment eto ee ES eae a 1,000 620 17 ail AMS ula Of he eR eR eer an AP ODO Mem Ae RE WIE aS Bos lms 1,000 760 37 | 4.9 pe O0 bola eee Sn er eK ee Se ne Mee GF Sd olde eb k 1,000 810 91 LE? The comparison given above shows very clearly the great increase in mortality accompanying increased severity in the weevil attack. The data here given furnish a very interesting confirmation of the conclusions stated in Bulletin No. 51 of the Bureau of Entomology (p. 119). The statement most directly confirmed is here repeated. By this time the number of weevils has become so great that the supply of squares is insufficient to meet their need for both feeding and oviposition. Selection of squares so that these two portions of their attack may be kept separate can no longer be exercised: Female weevils are forced to deposit their eggs in squares which have either received other eggs or been largely fed upon, and a much larger proportion of squares at this time shows that feeding punctures are made in squares having eggs or larve. By these two factors the mortality among young larvie especially is greatly increased. An examination of the figures given shows that in Territory cotton were found twice as many weevil stages as in King, and among these there were 6 times as many dead. In Shine cotton having more than twice as many weevil stages as the King, 15 times as many stages were dead. INCREASED MORTALITY IN SQUARES AND BOLLS DUE TO PROLIFERATION. Next in order will be a special study of the increased mortality in squares and bolls which may be attributed directly to the formation of proliferation. The figures for squares and bolls together include more than 20,000 observations. In many cases the records are taken from data which have been used in preceding tables. FORMATION OF PROLIFERATION. yd Taste IX.—Summary of observations showing increased mortality in squares and bolls caused by proliferation. Per cent of | : F =f Per cent of a|3 |g | tee [laa ae 8 |S | | Squaresexamined.| mortality | So £. Locks examined. | mortality | 36 o PS ies }in squares.| $3 || 2 : inlocks. | 8S SSP Wome cies) eee | Se areal pre aS x |= o >'S H lat Pe iat el 1 2 a7 m a! at if eo aiesiee| 2 |en ene |S | ee las | so) 2 lee Ew |S ao es | Peabo rst iS 2S de> leas i rae ae ene = = =o Fo Se aie Sao 4 ee ee eS as [ao | es | a ise jaa | 38 “5 = \eealze aM ee Dag] EG | oC SS | 2 = | Oa a! ois zs Bulk V8 S |g [fo S% | SS) hol & = Pols Eo o 5 5 =) =) @D mee] ics me ae =) fe) =) a SP) it pty Piz, az, Eye ez 124 es = me Wz a |Z ov = fii 1902 4 4 105 BA AI Os GOL Dr Oe Serle. On eaceeet| sameaisbasctens secoss ters ss cet lesc se 1903 1 1) ieee Lenore | eae ee, ee eee lee he | ee 246 1,038 434 42.0 | 15.0 5.0 10.0 1903 1 Ly | erate Siete | Sraercicrse= Jo2----|o2--2efe eee e[-e- eee 452 | 1,898 995 | 52.4 | 28.4 | 12.8 15.6 1904| 1! 9 | 2,954 | 1,480] 50.0| 9.6 GUlPAOLO))| eerie meee caer oti hocas. Rasta Pree Veen 1904 2 Bi trae, a] am ciece| salesiea|s(seini= else a's] see = 398 1,708 885 | 51.8 | 18.2 | 11.1 (al 1905 1 14 | 4,504 | 2,365 | 52.5 | 19.6 Eee al Pi i ll | fecal ie AY a ey eens easy [apes 1905 1 6 771 372 | 48.2 | 28.6 cya eee va Nt eee eater | lane heme Sea acr gl c Aveetara tyne eo fo) coerce ane 1905 1 1 443 | 212 | 47.9 | 25.1 tO Anil eee A he eye ae ls 2 lie ol eel i ae erect teal aeRO 1905 | ere 144 | 40 | 27.8 | 34.8 Osan Ole OU lieante am leedvetanie| oe aac meh siccree | Sat tec yoenecyes eee ees 1905 1 Ae erate dear] isfarmten=-ai| sees cto «|| @ etcvenel| = cyaimie= | aim ely: =r 1,802 | 7,821 | 5,069 | 64.8 | 16.7 8.5 8.2 (ets icv at ele 1) "y= bea DD nee g2| °254| '158 | 62.2| 14.6] 0.0| 14.6 Totals and av- OTALECS 22a: 8,921 | 4,513 |a50.6 |a17.2 |@3.7 213.5 || 2,980 |12,714 | 7,541 (259.3 |@15.5 }@9.2 | 26.3 i | | a Weighted average. SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS. FORMATION OF PROLIFERATION. In the portion of Table IX relating to squares it should be noticed especially that proliferation follows weevil punctures in approximately one-half of the squares attacked, either for feeding or for oviposition. The constancy of this proportion may be most clearly shown by bring- ing together the general averages relating to this point found in pre- ceding tables. Average percentage of squares in which proliferation follows weevil punctures as shown in several preceding tables. Per cent. Table I. Feeding punctures in squares—proliferation formed .........------------ 51.6 Table II]. Comparison King and Shine squares—proliferation formed .~.~.-------- 52.3 Table V. Squares from fertilized and unfertilized plats—proliferation formed... -.- - 52. 1 Table VI. Squares from fertilized plats—proliferation formed_.......------------- 50. 5 Table VI. Squares from unfertilized plats—proliferation formed. .......-..-------- 49.5 Table VII. Egg punctures in squares—proliferation formed. ........-------------- 50.5 Table IX. Increased mortality from proliferation—proliferation formed... ~~~ ----- 50. 6 The general average of all these results shows that proliferation follows weevil attack in 51 per cent of all cases. In the portion of the table relating to bolls it appears that prolifera- tion follows weevil attack in a somewhat higher proportion of cases than it does in squares. A list of the figures for bolls is here given similar to that shown for squares. 28> PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. Average percentage of locks in which proliferation follows weevil punctures in bolls as shown in several preceding tables. Table Il. Feeding punctures in bolls. Proliferation formed in 44.8 per cent of total locks and in 81.3 per cent of locks actually fed upon. Table IV. King and Shine bolls. Proliferation formed in 54 per cent of total locks and in 77.4 per cent of locks actually fed upon. Table V. Fertilized and unfertilized bolls. Proliferation formed in 67.8 per cent of total kc cks. These figures indicate that proliferation is stimulated by weevil punctures in somewhat more than 55 per cent of all locks in bolls attacked. The figures in regard to feeding punctures only, show that proliferation results in nearly 80 per cent of the locks thus attacked. It should be noted here that in many cases the proliferation may have been stimulated by secondary causes, such as the entrance of fungi or by decay starting in the open feeding punctures. INCREASED MORTALITY OF WEEVIL STAGES DUE TO PROLIFERATION. As would naturally be expected, a study of the increase of mortality attributable to proliferation will show a somewhat greater variation in the figures for various series of observations than has been found in the percentages of instances in which proliferation occurs. Thus for squares there is found a range of from 9 to 31.6 per cent, the general average being only about 13.5 per cent. For bolls the range is not as ereat as for squares, being only from 7.1 per cent to 15.6 per cent, while the general average increase in mortality in bolls was found to be only about 6.3 per cent. This increase is scarcely one-half as great as was the increase found in squares. In neither squares nor bolls is the percentage of mortality sufficiently high to appreciably delay the time of maximum infestation by the weevil, since, if hibernated weevils survived in their usual numbers, the number of weevils developing would be abundantly able to totally infest a field by the time the weevils of the third generation had deposited a majority of their eggs. However, the fact that prolifera- tion does evidently increase the mortality in both squares and bolls must be reearded as a very encouraging sign. It indicates clearly one of the most promising lines of investigation in the future development of cotton varieties which, by possessing this quality in a still greater degree and in combination with other desirable characters, may prove most desirable for culture in the weevil-infested area. So far as our present knowledge is concerned, we may say that the mortality of the weevil is more greatly increased by only two other natural factors known—(1) by the effect of long-continued dry weather when the sun has direct access to the fallen squares upon the ground, and (2) by the work of a widely distributed species of native ant, Solenopsis geminata Fab. Bul. 59, Bureau of Entomology, U S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il. OTHER INSECTS THAN BOLL WEEVIL CAUSING PROLIFERATION. Fig. 5.—Bollworm inciting proliferation in boll (after Quaintance), slightly enlarged. Fig. 6.—Feeding punctures of young bollworm in square, proliferation protruding on right side, enlarged two diameters. Fig. 7.—Square borer inciting proliferation, slightly enlarged. Figs. 6 and 7 original. Bul. 59, Bureau of Entomol U.S. Dept. of Agriculture PROLIFERATION FROM INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STIMULATION. fig. $.—Exterior view of apparently uninjured boll on inner side of carpel shown in fig seeds due to punctures of Pentatoma ligata Fig. 9.—View showing proliferation starting 8, due to punctures of bugs. Fig. 10.—Proliferation in Fig. 11.—Section of seed proliferating from Penta toma puncture. Fig. 12.—Boll attacked by anthracnose, which incited proliferation. Figs. 8-11 slightly enlarged; fig. 12 natural size, (Original. ) oe er PROLIFERATION. FOLLOWING ATTACKS OF FUNGI. 29 STIMULATION TO PROLIFERATION BY CAUSES OTHER THAN WEEVIL ATTACK. PROLIFERATION STIMULATED BY OTHER INSECTS. Since beginning this study of proliferation it has been noticed frequently that it occurs commonly in localities where the weevil is not found and from many other inciting causes. Some of the most abundant proliferations have been found in bolls and squares follow- ing the attack of young bollworms (/elothis obsoleta Fab.). (See Pl. I, figs. 5, 6.) In many cases small columns of purely proliferous material have been found projected from the punctures made by the pressure produced within the square or boll. Similar cases resulting from the attacks of young square-borers— Uranotes melinus Hbn. (PI. I, fig. 7) or other Thecla larvee—are to be found in a probably larger proportion of the cases of attack than is generally true with weevils. Many species of bugs commonly produce proliferation of internal tissues In bolls, though no mark of their puncture can be seen in an external examination of the boll (Pl. TI, figs. 8,9). In this way a Mexican bug (Pentatoma ligata Say ) does great damage by inciting pro- liferation in the seeds (PI. III, figs. 10,11) and preventing the opening of the boll. Ina series of examinations covering 4,000 punctures made by this bug 34 per cent of the punctures were found to show distinct proliferation. A number of species of native bugs have been found to incite proliferation in a similar manner. Leptoglossus phyllopus L. and Nezara hilaris Say have been studied especially, and proliferation has been found in a large percentage of punctures ‘made by these species. In the fields the injury of several species is likely to be so similar in nature and effect as to make it impossible to separate the work of the various species concerned. Thus Luschistus servus Say, Nezara hilaris Say, and Thyanta custator Fab. commonly occur together. In an examination of bolls attacked by these three species proliferation was found in 52 per cent of the total number of locks examined. Other species of Leptoglossus, especially L. oppositus Say and L. zonatus Dall., have frequently been taken upon cotton, and undoubtedly they incite proliferation exactly as L. phyllopus is known to do. Largus succinctus L. also feeds upon cotton bolls and in all probability incites proliferation, although specific instances have not been observed. PROLIFERATION STIMULATED BY ATTACKS OF FUNGI. In examining large series of bolls it was found that a small per- centage showed distinct and characteristic proliferation on the inner side of carpels, which were severely attacked externally by a fungous disease of cotton known as anthracnose. No other cause for the pro- liferation could be seen, and the number of observations leaves 380 PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. little doubt that the anthracnose (PI. ITI, fig. 12) was the cause of the proliferation. In an examination of 1,800 bolls 71 locks showed pro- liferation from anthracnose. Undoubtedly various species of fungi find favorable places for attack in the cavities formed by open feed- ing punctures, and these also appeared to incite proliferation in many cases, though it is possible that their attack accompanied rather than caused the proliferation. In still other cases decay seemed to be the inciting agent, but whether by chemical stimulus or in some other way is not known. ARTIFICIAL STIMULATION TO PROLIFERATION. In order to determine positively whether the formation of prolif- eration was connected specifically with weevil attack, a series of experiments was undertaken to see if it could be produced by artifi- cial stimulation without the intervention of any insect. The experi- ments, as originally planned, were much more extensive than is shown by the figures which follow, but unfortunately a considerable portion of the records was destroyed in the field through the vandalism of some unknown person. The records secured are sufficient, however, to indicate reliable conclusions to be drawn from the work. METHOD OF TREATMENT. Punctures of two sizes were made in these tests, the smaller by a No. 12 needle, which is the smallest size that is commonly used. This needle is not as thick as the proboscis of a weevil, and it made a small puncture. The hypodermic syringe needle used would make a larger puncture than that ordinarily made by the weevil for ovi- positing, but not as large as is often made in feeding. The needles were sterilized in a flame before starting a series of experiments, but not between the punctures made in the series. The ‘‘sealing”’ referred to in Table X, column 1, was accomplished by using a solution of shellac in alcohol. This was not supposed to resemble in nature the mucous secretion used by the weevil in sealing her egg punctures, but was simply expected to close the punctures approximately as tightly as does the weevil. However, the shellac solution accomplished this object only partially, as in many cases it soon peeled away from the surface of the bud or boll. Only a single puncture was made in each square treated, but in more than one-third of these squares a weevil puncture was present also. The effects of a few chemical solutions when injected into buds or bolls were tested also in these experiments (PI. IV, figs. 13, 14). Bul. 59, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE IV. PROLIFERATION FROM ARTIFICIAL STIMULATION. Fig. 18.—Proliferation in seeds following artificial stimulation with injection of water, enlarged three diameters. Fig. 14.—Proliferation in carpel and seed following artificial treatment with acetic acid. Fig. 15.—Proliferation from carpel and septum enveloping larva in boll. Fig 16.—Loek of boll burst open by pressure of proliferation formed within. Figs. 14-16 slightly enlarged. (Original.) ARTIFICIAL STIMULATION TO PROLIFERATION. 31 RESULTS WITH SQUARES. As in previous tables the records for squares and bolls are kept separate. TasBLe X.-—Results of experiments at Hidalgo, Tex., in producing proliferation in squares by artificial stimulation. | a ea lies) 2 Weevil | Effects of | ZY Ze I & @ stages artificial | .=-5 = eoen || az Aus A found. | punctures.) 23 ;}o lay R = | eet ns YD > ® RS) = | ad bo} aS ma np ‘ 1 ee ae | Sy $O by On aria alae ore Treatment of squares. POR OT | Big) | ae ees PtCae lnore (eames |e ai | o See ess aS = EOy | ea ee | eee lee | se ee os CoA eisss (SIR Sis |) ys Se Bi au & al ERS Ss mo | We ats 2 ee La ey jon 5s OA | OH Pt eC seat 2 oo pias ~ SH ao | as ole |< Fs ar ae Sea /4o |58 | ae] Psu eas = + ze = SS OR Os. ae [nee set a eS |e |e |e | = _ | aes Puncture made with No, 12 sterilized nee- | | : les snnsealedit cs. cysnnsc.csisaseseesmecs 5 | 5 1 12.8 1 | 0 | 5 0 100.0 Puncture made with No. 12 sterilized nee- | | dle; sealed with shellac.......-........- ya D 1 13.4 1 | 0 0 is 0.0 Puncture made with hypodermic syringe | ; needJe, sterilized; unsealed..........--- 4 | 4 2 14.0 2 0 0 4 0.0 Puncture made with hypodermic syringe | : ; need'e, sterilized; sealed with shellac . - 7 | 7 | 2 12.7 2 | 0 2 5 28.6 Puncture made with hypodermic syringe needle; one-half drop of 2 per cent solu- | | tion of formic acid injected; unsealed . . 3 | 3 0 14.0 | 0 0 | 0 3 0.0 Puncture made with hypodermic syringe | | needle; one-half drop of 2 per ceni solu- | | tion of formic acid injected; sealed with SGI Geeta reese ee eae eee as 10 10 | 5| 13.4 4 0) 5 5 50.0 Puncture made with hypodermic syringe | | needle; one-half drop of 2 per cent solu- H tion of caustic potash injected; unsealed. 4 4 2) 12.5 1 0 2 2 50.0 Puncture made with hypodermic syringe needle; one-half drop of 2 per cent solu- tion of caustic potash injected; sealed | with shellac 5 | Totals and averages ..........-.---- 43 | 43| 16 13.0 | vy 1} 17| 26] 240.0 a Weighted average. It must be remembered that in all cases these artificial punctures, though sealed, resemble feeding punctures of the weevil much more closely than they do egg punctures. It is impossible to imitate artificially the natural conditions following oviposition, the hatching of the egg, and the gradually increasing irritation accompanying the growth of the larva. Really the effect of a needle puncture upon the tissues penetrated is very different from the feeding punc- tures of the weevil. The needle simply crushes the cells, pushing them aside from its path, and leaving the cavity it makes more or less completely filled with sap and crushed cells. In the weevil puncture the work is far more neatly done than it can be in any bungling imitation. The sharply toothed mandibles at the tip of the weevil’s snout cut away the tissues smoothly without crushing or injuring adjoming cells, and the material, being eaten, is entirely removed from the cavity, leaving it dry and clean with the adjoining tissues comparatively uninjured. The difference is really about as great as in a case of the accidental amputation of a limb under a c railway train as compared with the work of a skilled surgeon. The 32 PROLIFERATION IN CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL. healing following these two operations might also be likened to the proliferation following artificial and weevil-made punctures. As the probability would be greatly in favor of mortification following from the untreated railway accident, so would decay be more likely to follow a needle puncture in a boll than would the proper healing of the wound by proliferation. The injection of chemical solutions by the hypodermic syringe would, in all probability, hinder rather than assist proliferation. Unfavorable as conditions for these tests seem, it appears that proliferation was formed in a perceptible degree in 40 per cent of all ‘ases in which artificial punctures were made. The proportion in cases where punctures were left open is slightly greater than where punctures were sealed, being 43.7 per cent in the former case, and 37 per cent in the latter case. In all these cases the proliferation was entirely distinct from that caused by larva when such were present. In many instances the proliferation was abundant and very plainly characteristic, in other cases there was only a slight formation with more or less of decay. The fact that the experiments were undertaken at very near the close of the growing season would account for the formation of less proliferation than might have resulted from similar experiments earlier in the season. RESULTS WITH BOLLS. More extensive experiments were made with bolls than with squares in testing artificial stimulation to proliferation. Part of the experiments were performed at Dallas and part at Hidalgo, Tex. The same methods were used as with squares. The number of punc- tures per boll averaged about six. In the experiments at Hidalgo it was diflicult to find bolls which were wholly free from weevil attack. The full data from the experiments are given in the following table: 33 mwonna x oD Ad SIO lwIN Seenar ws aol io] BASHSS SO RESULTS WITH BOLLS. Coomor OCOFTst ONOWMOM COCR IN OMN OS O90 “moTyBIoTT O10 soinjound ‘ODRIOAR PoITSIO M vd [epoygysze jo 4ywoo seg SurMoys 20 | 88 | cS8 | 2469 |} T | 79)60 | OST (ESS at OLN BS 0) ain ae eae ae Ccamet coms ora Sa he a a ic iinet "77" SOBVIOAR PUB STBIOT, | | ‘OBTTOYS AIM po[ves :pojoofur UoN]Os ysRyzod o144snvo yUad Jed Z Jo Taare wet aS OMe |weene al recls.iee OD tes] apy 62 OL | dorp J[ey-ouo ‘o[poou osulIAs-o1utsepodAy pozifiieqs YY opeur eanjgoung 77777" =20(T | | *poe[Besun !pojoofur Uorynos ysezod osnvo quod tod Z Jo T 1s is ik Onlean seco ORG | ec ODaaaie les 91 c doip J[ey-su0 ‘o[peou osu As-o1ultepodAy pozt{i1ojs YyIA opeur oanqoung [77777 “0g | | “OBT[OYS YYIM po[Bos ‘pojooful UOLZN]OS Plow OIUTIOJ YUo Jod Z Jo pee RSE IPs SI ‘Qe ea eee PRCT? a= OD aaaa (OT: te OL | dorp j]ey-ou0 ‘ajpseu esulAs-o1uLtepoday pozl[iie]s YIM opRul oinjoung {777777 "0q | | | | : *payBesun ‘poyooful UOIYNIOS ploV dTUIIOJ yd Iod Z Jo e | et | IL | &t (ES ee bile O85 200. se 107 9% 8 doip J[vYy-euo ‘a[poou esul1As-oluLIopodAy poazlfiiezs YIM epeur sinjgoung |77--7*- oq | | oRjToUsS 0 Li tely~ |6Sc 0 | CIOL lea ODE war leZIy = 1409 €% YUM pees ‘oTpeou oBu1tAs-o1uttepodsy poziflieys YIM opeul Bene Samia ae sO (if) G Tee | 2h: 7.99 0 O'ET |°°" Op" "| Lz €Il tz |” °° payBesun ‘9]pa0u esulIAs-oULIOpodAY pozifltojs YJLM apvur ornjoung |7777777-0q 0 | oz | 08 | 08 0 Weel ile OD=e -\Po1e | 09 Oe area age dBTPOYS YIM Po[Vos ‘o]Po9oU poZI]l10js ZL-ON YPM opeur omngoung |777777 770g P FE ch | 82 0 O'FL | €Z “AON | 22 OZT OL ie tee cae ..22- 22. <2... 222-22 222--222-5.- ee ens 38 CU MSICUMMMPLOMLeTALON seeee 45-522 aa ee 2s ee ae eka teee cee 38 Orie le PHOMMeTAON seme aeons Mee ee oe ess 8-9, 29, 34, 37 Climatic conditions, influence on proliferation in bolls ....-.-.-------------- 16-17 SOUMTES tee ee oe es soe en 16-17 those most fatal to boll weevil stages ..........-.------- Opel 7 (Chon exeS 5 gorge) DIMES PEAY) dle ee none ae eee ee al le ae ee 38 Crushing of boll weevil larvee by proliferation ............--------.--------- 36-37 Decay; tollowing chemical injections —-.2..2.--------..2.----.-+----.--..-- 32, 34 IM_COUMeCtLOM with, proliveration <..2=.2-2-s.-2--22 22sec lee s--s20222=-- 28, 34 Deformed boll weevils, caused by pressure of proliferation on pupa.--.------ 37 iWiekson, cotton, Observations recorded —... 2-2-2. 252.222 ee-cksse-- 22 10, 22 Egyptian cotton, observations recorded ...............--------------- 10, 23, 24, 33 Huschistus servus, probably inciting proliferation ...........----.------------ 29 Feeding punctures in bolls, proliferation as result......--.--.------------ 11-12, 28 Imcquares, prolitération as result >.2.--22¢2.-ssceee se - 10-11, 27 SLiaaubllejihaye™ opdoy MUgepaT NOR ee ee ee eee 27-28 KHenilization of soil, effect on proliferation ............--:2c2--.---s---2---- 17-21 PM i gieCin PLO MEPANON 220. 8 oo sew Sec aden Sse kowe ees cauhese 28, 29-30 Gelatinization, term applied to proliferation........-..-----------------.--- 8 Hawkins cotton, observations recorded.......-..-..-..-.---------- NOMS 22a 2e> Heliothis obsoleia, inciting proliferation ......-.2.02---+-1121....---s-s-00--< 29 mleiiy: cotton, observations recorded 2.22522 oo 52120 eee cee seo. ee LOST, 19522, 23 Jannovitch cotton, observations recorded ..........-....-.------------.-+---- 10, 22 Kekchi cotton, observations recorded...... ...-.-.-----------..------------ 10, 23 44 INDEX. Page King bolls; hieh boll yreevilamontality 22. ee ee 15 King cotton, observations recorded_.....2.-- 10, 11, 12, 13-15, 18, 22, 24-26, 27-28, 33 Korean cottons ObSernvations TeGOrd Cdl sea ec te eee Tilbeai2 £28 Laboratory work, beciniing 22-42: eect oe ee ee te Largus succinctus, probably inciting proliferation..........---..-...-------- 29 hepuminosse, proliferation 22 222-92 ne ae ee 38 Leptoglossus oppositus, probably inciting proliferation. .........2...-.-------- 29 MipUODUS, INEGLUNS prolimerabion a2. se ses 2s eee ee eee 29 zonatus, probably inciting proliferation ......-..-.....----.------ 29 lroxelte abcau hr Cope Lol ofs(evarsznn loyal Wal lorollisine ee ee me 9 Mascot cotton, observations recorded 9. sacs en. sae ee see eee 10, 22 Maximum infestation, not greatly delayed by proliferation .._.............-.- 28 Mechanical action of proliferation explained..-.-..2..::..--.-.-2.--2+----<. 37 eitect- of proliferations. <.c8 22-5 a2e hese. eee ae 36-37 Mesquitey proliteratione ssa. -— see see ee ee 38 Methods: Gisstud vine rolittera tomy] eee eee ee ee 9 Mit Atifi cotton; observations recorded 222. 9-2 222 ease ee ee 0; Lie 22383 Mortality, average increase from proliferation, Shine and King ....------- 13-14, 25 from proliferation, influenced little by climatic conditions .......- 16 somewhat constant factor......-....-.-.--.-.- 14, 16 mGreased!: by proliteratlOn sss == sees eee eee ae eee 14, 18-20, 26-28, 39, durino'severeatticks = 222 422c2.2. Sees ee eee ee 25-26 normal, occurring without reference to proliferation... -- 14, 16-17, 39 Vareds oy GlimmeartiG COMO TbtO 1S = ere eee ere 16-17, 39 not especially increased in ‘‘short season’? varieties ....---------- 25 percentage higher in Shine than in King......-.--.--.-..--..---- 25 igehoveres shay | OlolUsja ea ae ee ee ee 28 SQUETES) 2 Guy. Doge cee eee ee eee eee 28 slightly increased by fertilization of soil..--..--..---..-.--.------ 21 Native cotton, observations recorded ...... ....---------- 10, 11,19, 22; 23,, 24-265 33 Natural factors, insufficient for control of boll weevil ............-.--------- 40 Nezara hilars, inciting, proliterationess=2- 2222s sane eee ee ee 29 Nicholson cotton, observations recorded .......-.-------------------- LO salsa Normal mortality, effect of climatic conditions .-.-....-.----.----------- 16-17, 39 Oviposition, stimulating proliferation in squares ......---------------------- 21-26 Pachon cotton, observations recorded .............-.....------------ 10, es 23 Parker cotton, observations recorded) 222 - a... = 1 see ee ee LOR22 Peas proliferations 3: «8252 sce. - eee Soe eee eee eee 38 Pentatoma tigate, inciting proliferation. 24. 2----.25_2- 2-2-2. 225422 =e 29 Peppers; proliterationes. 2965-22250 sees eee cee eae eee eee ee ee 38 Poisoning, not effect of proliferation.........--.--- ota o bok ea oe 35-36 Proliferation, botanical aspects not here considered .-..--------------------- Paps) CBUSCSis ess SS nee eee cee oe eee Roeser 35 Géfinitionrol Len se" eee | see see eee eee 8 effect on natural control of weevil ..........-...-------------- 40 WeeVlistavegics O22) ee he ee 36-37 evolutionary sloniticances ss. seece eee sees eee ee eee 40 first published: record!.2 = Seeee-- 2 cee eee ee ee iG fun Chlonsss ee ee ee eee eee ee ee 38 general appearance 42. .-4,.5-ac-e aac 6065S ee eee 8 greater in Egyptian than in Upland varieties ...-......-------- 10, 24 in both plantand animal cellS2 52-22 222 222 e sae ee 8 in plants*other than Cotton. --s22ses] = sees seen oo eee eee 38 INDEX. 45 Page. iromberation, method or study —2-.--.2.<--5----le- 2s cee ects cece cece wae 9 not connected especially with boll weevif injury.............-- 35, 3§ not increased by fertilization of soil....:........--.-------.-s- 20, 39 especially in ‘‘short season’’ varieties .........-.. 25 occurrence more frequent in bolls than in squares .......--- 12, 38-39 of similar character in bud and boll ..................---- oar 8 one of most important natural factors in control _......2.22---- 3, 28 NMA Cis OPI SIM AION ac et ee aoc aac eee eee dese 8-9 : WUNOOSCLOU SHUG eee ee eee ae a Se oe 9 ; resulting in bolls from artificial stimulation ....2.222.2200-22.-- Byes} squares from artificial stimulation........2.2.2---- 31-32 ¥ secondary factor in choice of varieties............--..-.------- 40 stimulated by feeding punctures in bolls .........2...----.---- 11-12 SOARES oe seco ee 10-11 NUE OMEN Ce CLeGeiy) eee mee ee ee ee 28, 29-30 tissues reacting most readily ....................-..--.----..- 8-9 neaLino karvee Ol PrOulerOus t00U. 4.202). ---sseestse asensectedlcceci bes eket < 35-36 REGHCOLLOM mOWSELV ANIONS TECOLGGO). ce 22 an kee oe oe we eee ee aya Rowden cotton, observations recorded ..............--.-.----------.-- OSs es 2d Russell cotton, observations recorded _._........-....---.-.------- LOPE IS 22233 SealinoaOl PUNCHINES WOCINOG se eese tees sone ee ee 2 ee es Se ae 3 miiuenee on proliteration .225-- 22.222 eee se eee 3 Seeul, jomoisenion ao sac eae. Sere ae SS ee Ga SCs Se eee ee ae 29,3 ‘SCeyctnplals Sorta BBE: 23) 0 ine aa Pte es ae ee ae ce ae Meer 34 Shine cotton, observations recorded __._-- 10, 11, 12, 13-15, 18, 22, 23, 24-26, 27-28, 33 “Sag! HAIG CVSSE gs W218. cate pe den ar a nr eee kee ee eee 21 Solenopsis geminata, enemy of boll weevil...--...--.......-..----------.---- 28 Square borer. See Uranotes melinus. Squares, climatic conditions affecting proliferation ............-.-.--.---.--- 16,17 Starvation, not cause of death of boll weevils with proliferation. ...........-. 35-36 Stim mls causine cells to proliteratess.. 2222-22 S ec ec eee cece ses eee se 8 Sun, influence on exposed fallen squares -..--...--.........-.-------------- 17, 28 Sunflower cotton, observations recorded ...................---------------- Zoey, Territory cotton, observations recorded .....-.----.--..----- 10, 11, 19, 22, 23, 24-26 Texas wool cotton, observations recorded .........-.--..--------.---------- 33 cold larves: ICING proluleration.. ...<.ksenc Se cse saci sek aces she 29 Thyanta custator, probably inciting proliferation ...........-...------------- 29 Tissues, change following boll weevil attacks..................-...--.------ 37 Tools cotton, observations recorded.........-.....-.-------------- 10; 11, 18, 22, 23 Triumph cotton, observations recorded .............----------- 10, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24 Truitt cotton, observations recorded ...........:-..--.------------ LOFT 222 Gnranoles-metimus, inciting proliferation ..-<...-..<.2-....222.6244.22..0-202: 29 Weather Bureau, use of records showing climatic conditions. ..-.-......-.--- 15 O . ~See oo ‘ 7 - f : _ ‘ 7 P . * 7 = 4 4 5 ‘ 5 te D é - ' , . 5 f be ’ ‘ i os : 2 ‘ i i ' Fa et eee ee os i ‘ “3 et Lb Mr 08 | dea WW & i LIBRARY OF CONGRESS , ‘iain OOO00S8és4444