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CONNECTICUT

AGRICULTURAL EXPEEIMEHI STATION

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

BULLETIN 131, NOVEMBER, 1900.

The Protection of Shade Trees in Towns and Cities.

CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

Notice as to Bulletins.

The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of
Connecticut who apply for them, and to others as far as the
limited editions permit.

Applications should be renewed annually before January ist.

The matter of all the Bulletins of this Station, in so far as it
is new or of permanent value, will be made part of the Annual
Report of the Station Staff.

All Bulletins earlier than No. 71 and Nos. 72, 83, 86, 93, 98,
100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 112, 118, 120 and 123 are exhausted
and cannot be supplied.

Notice as to Supply of Station Reports.

The Station has no supply of its Annual Reports for the years
1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1887, 1891, 1893
(Pt. II.), 1894 (Pt. I.), and 1895 (Pts. I. and II.).

The Annual Report of this Station, printed at State expense,
is by law limited to an edition of 7,000 copies.

After exchanging with other Experiment Stations and Agri-
cultural Journals, the Reports remaining at the disposal of the
Station will be sent to citizens of Connecticut who shall season-
ably apply for them, and to others as long as the supply lasts.

Former Reports Wanted.

There is frequent call for our earlier Annual Reports on the
part of public libraries, students, chemists, naturalists, and
Station workers.

Persons who can supply copies of Reports of this Station for
any of the years above named, will be likely to find purchasers
by communicating with the Director.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES.

THE PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES.

In September of the present year, Mayor Cornelius T. Driscoll
of the City of New Haven called a meeting of citizens who
were interested in the preservation of the city shade trees and
who had special knowledge of the subject, to confer regarding
the unsatisfactory condition of the trees.

This meeting resulted in the appointment of a committee
consisting of the following members : His Honor Mayor C. T.
Driscoll, Chairman; Henry T. Blake, President of the New
Haven Park Commission ; Philip Hugo, Director of the Depart-
ment of Public Works ; John J. Brennan, Superintendent of
Streets; Ex-Mayor J. B. Sargent; Ex- Alderman Felix Chil-
lingworth ; Prof. W. H. Brewer of Yale University ; Prof.
Henry S. Graves, Director of the Yale Forest School; Dr. E.
H. Jenkins, Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, and W. E. Britton, Horticulturist of the Station.

A sub-committee, consisting of Dr. Jenkins, Chairman; Prof.
Graves, Mr. Britton and Mr. Blake, was appointed and
requested to further study the matter and prepare a full report
of their findings.

The main body of this Bulletin consists of the Report of the
sub-committee, which was adopted by the general committee,
and presented to Mayor Driscoll.

This report in its main features is, however, applicable to
most of the cities, towns and villages of this State.

In every one of them may be found the same mutilations by
vandals, the same evidence of lack of care and skill in planting,
pruning and trimming and the same insect enemies.

In many of them too, may be found an increasing respect for
shade trees, a desire for their better protection and more active
interest in tree-planting.

In view of these facts and of the fact that much of the work
on this Report was done by members of the Station staff, it
is altogether proper that the Station should bring the results of
this work to the attention of those individuals and communities
which are reached by its bulletins.

4 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

In the smallest village, as well as in the largest city, trees can
only be protected by the creation of an intelligent public senti-
ment on the subject. Small villages can more easily produce
and maintain exceptionally fine shade trees than can cities, where
"modern improvements" do so much to damage them, and few
material things add more to the attractiveness of small country
places and their value to those who are seeking temporary or
permanent homes, than well-shaded and well-kept streets.

In regard to the illustrations herein presented, Figs. 7, 8 and
9 of Plate IV, and Plates VII and VIII, are from electrotypes
kindly supplied by Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New
York. Fig. 17, Plate IX, was used in Bulletin 121 of this Station,
1895, by permission of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Figure 16, Plate IX, was published in the Report of this Sta-
tion for 1896, from an original photograph.

All others are from original photographs taken in the streets
of New Haven and are fair examples of certain present condi-
tions mentioned in the following report.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 5

REPORT ON THE SHADE TREES OF NEW HAVEN.

Synopsis.

Page

Present Condition of the Trees 6

Causes of their Condition 7

Old Age 7

Lack of Air and Water about the Roots 7

Lack of Plant Food 7

Mutilations of the Trees 8

Gnawing by Horses 8

Necessary Cutting of Roots 9

Unskillful Trimming 9

Chafing of Wires 10

Wind Storms 10

Poisoning by Illuminating Gas 10

Insect Injuries 10

Leaf-eating Insects 10

Elm-Leaf Beetle 10

Canker Worms 11

Sucking Insects 12

Elm Scale : 12

Cottony Maple Scale 12

Borers 13

Maple Borer 13

Elm Borer 13

Lack of Knowledge and Care in Planting 13

Poor Nursery Stock 14

Lack of Judgment in Selecting Stock 14

Unwise Location of Trees 15

Improper Planting 15

Lack of Care after Planting 15

Electric Currents from Feed Wires IS

What can be done to protect shade trees against injuries from the
following causes :

Old Age 16

Lack of Air and Water about the Roots 16

Lack of Plant Food 17

Mutilations of various kinds 18

Poisoning by Gas 19

Insect Pests 20

Lack of Knowledge and Skill in Planting, Trimming, etc 24

A City Forester 24

Duties 25

Method of Appointment 25

A City Nursery 26

Varieties of Trees suitable for Street Planting 27

6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

To his Honor C. T. Driscoll, Mayor of New Haven:

The undersigned, who were asked by you to consider the
present condition of the shade trees of New Haven and to
recommend measures necessary for their better protection and
for replacing the trees that are from time to time destroyed,
respectfully present the following report :

Present Condition of the Shade Trees in New Haven.

In some parts of the city, trees are dying and are being killed
by various causes at a rapid rate. As they are not being
systematically replaced, there has ensued very great damage
to the appearance of the streets and the beauty of the city,
and the result must be disastrous in these respects unless prompt
and intelligent action can check the destruction.

For a single illustration, we note the condition of Temple
Street from Chapel to Grove Street. This was formerly one
of the most beautiful city streets in the country, lined with
magnificent elms, whose interlacing branches formed a veritable
cathedral nave. Half of these noble trees are now entirely
gone, and others are in a state of dilapidation and decay which
renders them a sad disfigurement of the thoroughfare.

At present the city is doing absolutely nothing in the way
of planting trees on the streets or public squares. Such plant-
ing is done by owners of adjoining property if so inclined, and
they are not restricted in the number or kind of trees or the
manner or place of setting them.

Once set, however, they become the property of the city. No
one but the superintendent of streets is allowed to prune them
or to remove them when they die, and he is unable to do what
is necessary through lack of funds and pressure of other claims
on the appropriations for streets.

The pruning has often been so unskillfully done as to be a
damage rather than an improvement to the trees.

Such in brief outline is the present situation. Further details
regarding it will appear in what follows :

We desire first to speak of the causes of the present condition
of the city shade trees, next of what can be done to improve
their condition and to replace those which die, and lastly to
suggest the general method by which this work should be
accomplished.

protection of shade trees. 7

Causes of the Present Condition of the Shade Trees of

New Haven.

The unsatisfactory condition of many of the shade trees in
the squares and streets of New Haven is due to a number of
causes acting together; no single one of them being chiefly
responsible for the damage. A brief statement of these causes
follows :

i. Old Age.

Many of the trees in New Haven are of very great age.
For example, the sycamore near the corner of College and
Elm Streets, the last of a row which once bordered the Green,
was set in 1759 and many of the elms on the Green were
planted in the year 1787.

While under favorable conditions some of these trees may
last for many years longer, their age must necessarily tell
against them in their struggle for life under any circumstances.

2. Lack of Water and Air about the Roots.

All trees need to stand in ground which is sufficiently open
to the air and suitably watered. The exclusion of either air
or water from the soil is surely and quickly fatal. It is a
matter of common observation that a filling of earth two or
more feet deep about thrifty, mature trees will damage or kill
them. The covering of earth works this injury simply by
excluding air from the active rootlets.

The conditions of city life seem to require that streets and
sidewalks should be made hard and as nearly impervious to
water — and incidentally to air, — as may be. As a result, the
trees standing on or close by the streets are greatly limited
in their supply of both water and air by the water-tight and
air-tight covering above their roots.

3. Lack of Plant Food.

The soil in a large part of the city is a light leachy sand,
naturally unfertile and for more than a hundred years the
tree roots have been constantly taking the available plant food
out of it. A part of this matter assimilated by the trees remains
permanently in the wood and by far the larger part goes into

8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

the leaves. These leaves, as well as much of the grass growing
under the trees, are crops which have been gathered annually
for more than a century from our streets and parks ; a crop
which is rich in mineral matter and hence impoverishes the soil
on which it grows, as our field and garden crops exhaust the
fertility of land. Just as no market gardener thinks of success
in farming without a yearly dressing of the land with fertilizers
of some sort, so in our city parks the best success with trees
cannot be expected on a soil which has supported their life for
more than a hundred years, unless the supply of plant food in
the soil is supplemented by the use of fertilizers.

The soil is further exhausted by the removal of a part of the
grass whenever it is cut in our parks.

It is true that trees have the power to gather food enough
to support life and make some growth even from soils which
are, agriculturally speaking, almost barren. It is also true
that the wastes of the community which pass into the soil help
to feed the trees standing upon it. Moreover, from time to
time, some fertilizing material has been put on our public
squares with the object of improving the grass. But these
various things do not fully meet the requirements of the trees.
The yearly application of some suitable fertilizer to the soil
about shade trees, is of the highest importance to increase their
growth and — what is more vital — their thrift and their power
of resisting unfavorable conditions.

4. Mutilations of Trees.

A very large number of the trees on the streets of New
Haven, not only such as are newly planted, but also those of
the larger sizes, have been and are now being injured and even
ruined by the gnawing of horses, which contrary to city ordin-
ances are hitched to them or left unhitched to bite and tear
the tree trunks.

The damage done in this way is well shown in figures I
and 2 of Plate I.

To show the extent of damage by horses, the following
statement, based on personal observation, gives the total number
of trees on the streets named, the number of such trees damaged
by the gnawing of horses and collisions of vehicles, and the
percentage of mutilated trees.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 9

Mutilation of Trees by Horses and Vehicles.

Whole number Number Percentage
of trees. mutilated. injured.

Orange St., Canner to Court 260 82 31

Wall St., State to York 44 24 55

Ashmun St., York to Munson 107 59 55

Orchard St., Munson to Davenport Ave. 244 86 35

Chapel St., Day to College 86 38 44

Charles St., Orchard to Dixwell Ave... 18 8 44

Howe St., Whalley Ave. to Oak 130 41 31

George St., Temple to Winthrop Ave... 254 70 28

1 143 408 36

Another very destructive mutilation is the necessary cutting
of large roots in digging for water and gas mains or sewers,
and worse than this the cutting of main roots close to the tree
or the cutting of the trunk itself in order to lay a curb-stone
to line or make a cobble gutter. An illustration of such mutila-
tion is given in figure 3, Plate II.

While this Report was in preparation, one of the finest elms
in the city was blown down by a sudden squall, carrying to
the ground a number of electric trolley wires, maiming a horse
so that it had to be killed and doing injury to the building
opposite. Had it fallen a few minutes earlier or later it would
certainly have demolished street cars and destroyed human life.
The tree was perfectly sound five feet above the ground, but at
the surface it was a mere shell, the heart wood being entirely
destroyed. The primary cause of this decay was quite certainly
a mutilation of the root which had not healed and in which
decay had started, spreading till the whole was gone. Figure 4,
Plate II, shows the decayed trunk seen from the bottom and is
a striking example of the damage which may result from a
mutilation.

Another mutilation which has destroyed many trees or greatly
marred them is unskillful trimming and neglect of the scars
left by it. In many cases large limbs have been sawed off,
leaving bare wounds almost horizontally exposed, to catch and
hold the rain and entirely unprotected by anything like paint
to keep the water out. Naturally decay soon begins here, and
spreads into the body of the tree.

Figure 5 of Plate III gives an illustration of this kind of
damage.

2

10 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

A further mutilation, less extensive than those just named,
but very evident in some places, is the chafing of the bark
by electric light or trolley feed wires. In some cases the bark
has been wholly destroyed on one side and the limb killed.
And lastly, each year some trees or parts of trees are broken
off by severe gales, the injury usually occurring to trees which
are not in a very thrifty condition.

5. Poisoning by Illuminating Gas.

Illuminating gas is extremely poisonous as well to the roots
as to the leaves of trees. A considerable leak from a gas
main, under repair, during a single night has killed trees stand-
ing near, and a very slight leak for a longer time will also
infallibly kill them.

Many trees have been killed by this cause, the damage often
being done before the leak was discovered.

6. Insect Injuries.

The insects which commonly injure street trees in New
Haven may be grouped as (a) leaf-eating insects, (b) sucking
insects, and (c) borers.

(a) Leaf-eating Insects.

Elm Leaf-Beetle. — Galerucella luteola, Mull. The adults
appear in the first half of May, when the leaves are unfolding
and perforate them with small round holes. The females lay
their yellow eggs on the under sides of the leaves in irregular
clusters. Each female is said to deposit about six hundred
eggs, and the egg-laying period extends over several weeks.
The eggs hatch in about a week and the young larvae or grubs
feed upon the under surface of the leaves, eating off the green
portion and leaving only the skeleton covered with the upper
epidermis. Such leaves soon turn brown and fall.

The English elm suffers greater injury than our American
species.

The larvae or grubs do much more damage than the adults,
and in from fifteen to twenty days, when full grown, descend
the body of the tree or drop from the branches in search of a
place to pupate. Large numbers transform at the base of the
tree, where partially covered with fallen leaves or rubbish they

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. II

may often be gathered by the quart. Many, however, crawl
into crevices of the rough bark of the trunk and larger branches
and there undergo this change. In from six to ten days the
adult beetle comes forth, feeds for a time upon the leaves and
then retires to winter quarters in some building or almost any
sheltered place. In New Haven some of the beetles lay eggs
for a second brood, but usually there is but one complete genera-
tion in a season.

The full grown larva or grub is about one-half inch long,
with a broad black band along each side of the body and
is covered with short tubercles bearing hairs. The pupa is
about one-quarter inch long, naked and light yellow. The
adult beetle is about one-quarter inch long, with head, chest and
margins of the wing-covers, brownish yellow. Each wing-
cover is also marked lengthwise with a more or less obscure
black stripe. Plate IX, fig. 17, shows this insect in its various
forms.

Canker Worms. — Fall Canker Worm, Anisopteryx pometaria,
Harr. Spring Canker Worm, Paleacrita vemata, Peck.

Both these species injure elms in New Haven by eating the
leaves during May and June. The eggs are laid on the bark
of the trunk or branches by the wingless females ; those of the
fall species during warm days in November and December,
those of the spring species in March and April.

The adult males are grey moths, having a wing expanse of
about an inch, while the females are wingless and must creep
up the trunks of the tree to lay their eggs in them. See Plate
IX, fig. 16.

The larva or caterpillar becomes full grown in about four
weeks after hatching, and is then about an inch long, of a dark
brown color, with lighter stripes running lengthwise of the
body. The color, however, varies considerably. The cater-
pillars "loop" in crawling, and when disturbed "spin down"
from the branches on a fine thread by means of which they
afterwards ascend.

They pupate in the ground. Much of the damage done by
canker worms in the city has been wrongly attributed to the
elm leaf-beetle ; but the work of the two insects may be readily
distinguished. The adult elm leaf-beetle makes "shot-holes"
through the leaf and its larva or grub eats away the under

12 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

surface; while the canker worm eats any portion of the leaf
except the principal veins, but does not puncture the leaf. The
White-Marked Tussock Moth, Notolophus lencostigma, Sm.
and Abb. ; the Forest Tent Caterpillar, Clisiocampa disstria,
Hiibn. ; the Fall Web Worm, Hyphantria cunea, Drury, and
the Bag Worm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, Steph., all of
them pests in other places, are also found in New Haven, but
up to the present have not been so abundant as to be troublesome.

(b) Slicking Insects.

Elm Scale. — Gossyparia ulmi, Geoff.

This insect, shown in figure 6, Plate III, was introduced from
Europe and is now distributed over the United States. It
collects in clusters at the forking of the twigs and in the crevices
of the bark, mostly on the under side of the branches, from
which it sucks the sap for its food. The females, dark brown
in color, with margins of a white woolly substance, are oval in
outline, about an eighth of an inch long and bring forth their
young alive instead of laying eggs. They exude a sweet sticky
substance, known as "honey-dew," in great abundance and this
often drips upon the ground and walks, under badly infested
trees. The young appear about the middle of June. The
branches which they attack generally die and the whole tree is
weakened.

The Cottony Maple Scale. — Pidvinaria innumerabilis, Rathv.

This insect may be found on nearly every street in this city
where there are maples. One of the worst infested trees stands
on the corner of Wall and Orange Streets. White masses of a
waxy material, resembling cotton, are seen in the crevices of
the bark and on the under sides of the leaves and branches.
The impregnated females live over winter on the under sides
of the twigs and produce eggs under the cottony substance.
They then shrivel and die. The eggs hatch in early summer,
the young lice crawl about for a few hours, then settle along
the mid-ribs of the leaves, where they continue to suck the sap,
until mature, when they migrate to the twigs and there pass the
winter.

Much damage has been done in various places by this insect,
but it is easily controlled by remedial treatment.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 1 3

(c) Borers.

Maple Borer. — Plagionotus speciosus, Say.

Maple trees in New Haven are more seriously injured by the
maple borer than by any other species of insect.

The adult is a beautiful black beetle about an inch long,
ornamented with cross-bands of bright yellow. The eggs are
laid on the trunks of the maples in July and August and the
young borers, as soon as hatched, tunnel in the bark or wood,
where they remain through the winter. The appearance of
these beetles is shown in figure 7, Plate IV. Usually the main
tunnel is between the wood and bark, and sometimes passes
nearly around the trunk in a spiral and upward course, girdling
it. Examples of the injuries are shown in Plate IV, figure
10 and Plate V, figure 11. The "sawdust" or castings are
thrown outside the burrow and serve as a guide to trees which
have been attacked. The burrows often run deep into the solid
wood and the larva doubtless passes the winter in these more
protected chambers.

The life-history of this borer is not fully known, but it is
supposed that two years are required for its full development.

Elm Borer. — Saperda tridentata, Oliv.

This enemy of the elm often causes great injury before its
presence is suspected, and makes numerous galleries in the
inner bark, so that the bark will sometimes separate from the
wood in large sheets. The beetle is about half an inch in length,
slate-colored, with orange markings. Its appearance is shown
in figure 8, and the characteristic injuries caused by it in figure
9 of Plate IV.

The Pigeon Tremex. — Tremex columba, L.

Injured and dying elms are often attacked by this and many
other species, which seldom attack healthy trees.

The Leopard Moth. — Zeuzera pyrina, Fabr., is exceedingly
injurious to elms and maples about New York City. The
adult is a large white moth, spotted with black, and the larva
makes deep burrows into the wood.

7. Lack of Knozvledge and Care in Planting.
The statements in the preceding pages have mainly to do
with the life and health of the trees. A further consideration,
which is of great importance and which is often overlooked, is

14 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

the failure to produce trees of symmetrical proportions. The
purpose of planting trees in our streets and parks is not only
to furnish shade but also to beautify the city. When trees
are planted, the question should always be considered, whether
the right varieties have been chosen, whether the individuals
are perfect, and whether the location of each tree is such that
it can develop symmetrically.

It requires only a short walk in the New Haven streets and
parks to see trees which are misshapen because they have been
crowded by one or more of their neighbors, and to see young
trees which will never develop into beautiful individuals because
they were not properly treated in the nursery.

The failure to produce symmetrical trees in city streets and
parks can usually be attributed to the following causes :

(a) Poor nursery stock. It is as true of trees, as of our field
and garden crops, that, to secure good results, the seed must be
selected with care and from the right sources. Trees run into
varieties as readily as other plants and these varieties differ
greatly in beauty. Therefore, the seed for producing orna-
mental trees should be gathered from trees of known stock as
to symmetry and hardiness. Often this is not done, however,
and those who gather seed to supply the trade do not take into
consideration the quality of the trees which produce it. Com-
mercial stock is, therefore, liable to be (in part at least) from
trees belonging to the less desirable varieties. It is safer that
the seed used be from trees of known excellence. As a rule
those who select young stock for street planting are not qualified
to judge what individuals are likely to develop into well-shaped
trees. With the system now in use, it is inevitable that a certain
number of trees are planted which ought never to have left the
nursery. Members of the Committee have noticed, in numerous
instances in New Haven streets, young trees which can never
be beautiful specimens because they were not properly handled
in the nursery.

(b) Poor judgment in selecting the species. Hitherto the
selection of the varieties of trees to be planted has been left
entirely to the private citizens who purchase them. The result
is that there is no uniformity among the trees on many streets,
and frequently varieties have been set out which are not suitable
for street purposes. A case in point is on lower Prospect

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. I 5

Street where, in about two blocks, Norway maple, sugar maple,
red maple, basswood, white ash, elm, tulip tree, locust and
cherry can be found jumbled together entirely without system.
Without a systematic plan for the arrangement of street trees,
the result can never be satisfactory.

(c) Unwise location of trees. In order to produce the best
results, each tree should be given enough space for the develop-
ment of its normal form. As a rule the trees in New Haven
are planted too closely together, with the result that many
individuals become one-sided or otherwise misshapen.

There is also a tendency to set young trees under old speci-
mens which may die in a few years. This has 'been done in
several places on the Green. The old trees have, however, not
died and the young specimens have been crowded for room
and light and have become distorted.

(d). Improper planting. This cause for failure in city plant-
ing is less common than the causes discussed in the preceding
pages. Nevertheless, the members of the Committee have
noted in trje newly-planted streets a number of small trees, dead
or dying, which should have lived if they had been properly
planted.

(e) Lack of care after planting. Hitherto no attention seems
to have been given to the young trees after they have been
planted, except, in some instances, to trim off the dead limbs.
Often young specimens require a certain amount of trimming
in order to develop well-shaped crowns, but, so far as the
Committee is informed, this is seldom done. Furthermore it
frequently happens that young trees are injured so severely that
there is no hope of their complete recovery. Even if they
live, they cannot become perfect specimens, whereas if they are
removed and replaced at once, the new trees will have the benefit
of growth during the time the old ones would linger along
before death.

8. Electric Currents from Feed Wires.

Whether or not the electric currents — which sometimes leak
into trees from electric light, or trolley wire — damage the trees
has not been certainly determined ; — there can be no doubt,
however, that they are of no benefit and prudence will dictate
that such exposures should be carefully avoided.

1 6 connecticut experiment station, bulletin 131.

What Can be Done to Protect and Improve the Shade

Trees ?

We have thus set forth the main causes of the present unsatis-
factory condition of the city shade trees. To abate or remove
these causes we make the following notes and recommendations :

1. Age of the trees. For old age there is no remedy ! Never-
theless the recommendations given below will certainly lengthen
the life of the trees by abating those attacks which weaken the
vital forces and thus hasten decay and death.

2. Lack of Water and Air about the Roots. This lack is not
very severely felt by trees standing in the squares with some
green sward about them. In times of extreme and protracted
drought these trees suffer in common with all vegetation and
would of course be helped by watering once a month while the
drought lasts, with a large volume of water equal to at least
one-half the normal average rainfall.

On narrow paved streets in the center of the city little can
be done, and it is a question how long the trees in such situations
can survive. On residential .streets conditions are better.

Lawns next the street, which are well watered, give access
of air and water to the tree roots under them and thus greatly
help to support the trees on the street. adjoining.

The conditions for growth would be still better if the trees
were on the lawn side of the walk instead of near the curb.
With such an arrangement the trees would have more space
for the growth of their roots, and there would be less damage
if it were necessary to cut the roots in lowering the foundation
of the road. Furthermore they would be out of the reach of
horses and would thus escape one of the most serious sources
of damage. Such a plan would improve the general appear-
ance of the street by giving it a broader effect. There would
be an advantage also in having the walks drain directly into the
street and thus the possibility of standing water on or beside
the walk would be avoided. Such a plan would be practical
only where no trees have already been planted, and where the
building lots are deep enough to leave some air space between
trees and buildings. Figure 12, Plate VI, gives an idea of the
general effect of this system of planting.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 1 7

3. Lack of Plant Food. This may be supplied by a regular
annual dressing with a moderate amount of fertilizer put on
the surface. It is not practicable or necessary to dig it in.
If the surface is enriched, the feeding rootlets of the trees will
quickly find it out and develop most where they find most
nourishment.

It is desirable, however, that experiments should be made
in the use for shade trees of liquid fertilizers poured into holes,
an inch in diameter, made for the purpose about the trees.

To avoid complaints, not always quite reasonable, a fertilizer
for use in city squares should be nearly or quite odorless and
not offensive to the sight.

We recommend for present use a mixture of

Cost.

50 pounds nitrate of soda @ $45 per ton $1.13

300 pounds cotton seed meal @ $27 per ton 4.05

100 pounds acid phosphate @ $15 per ton 75

100 pounds muriate of potash @ $42.50 per ton 2.13

550 pounds costing $8.06

The mixture is to be made by shoveling the ingredients
together just before use and should be sown broadcast on each
acre of land which is directly under the tree branches, as soon
as the leaves begin to open in the spring.

In addition to such fertilization, we recommend an application
of slaked lime to be made yearly, for some years, between
December ist and April ist.

Five hundred pounds of stone lime, which is moderately free
from magnesia, should be sown broadcast per acre, after being
slaked with water. This quantity of lime will cost about $2.50.

For stone lime may be substituted 700 pounds of slaked oyster-
shell lime. This can be bought here, ready for use, for 12^2
cents per bushel of about 48 pounds in bulk, making the cost per
acre $1.80.

The cost of mixing the fertilizer and slaking the lime — if
stone lime is used — should not exceed $1.50 per ton, so that
the total cost of fertilizing all the squares annually in the way
recommended would be between $11.30 and $12.00 per acre
annually, exclusive of the teaming and labor of applying the
fertilizer to the land.

1 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

It may be added that the fertilizer and lime above recom-
mended are an excellent dressing for grass and lawns, and that
a well fertilized and well watered lawn greatly helps the trees
which stand on the street bordering it.

4. Mutilation of trees by horses, by street work and by electric
wires. Our present city ordinances forbid "any person to cut,
bruise, injure or destroy any tree or shrub for shade, ornament,
or use in any street or public square," also "to fasten any horse
or other animal to any shade tree in any street or who shall
place or leave any horse or other animal in such a manner
that it may injure any shade tree," also "to mischievously injure
or remove any fixture placed around any tree for its protection,"
or "to attach any guy rope, show bill, advertisement or other
thing upon any tree without the permission of the Board of
Public Works."

These regulations are suitable and sufficient for the protection
of our trees if they were thoroughly enforced, which they mani-
festly are not and perhaps practically cannot be. Nevertheless
more might be done in this direction and we would suggest that
the police be instructed to take notice of all infractions which
come to their knowledge and that the offenders be vigorously
prosecuted.

The regulation of stringing electric wires is a delicate and
difficult matter and it might be advisable to require that this
should always be done under the supervision of an inspector
furnished by the Board of Public Works at the expense of the
Company doing the work.

As to the cutting of roots in the laying of curb stones, gutters,
sidewalks and street mains, we know of no way to prevent it.
The liability of our trees to damage from these causes seems
inseparable from the necessity of properly constructed streets,
and from the existence of heat, light and water systems which
are indispensable municipal requirements. The Board of Public
Works, however, rather than a contractor, should in all cases
decide when and where mutilation of the trunk or roots of a
tree is necessary.

All trees near the curb and within reach of horses should be
so protected that they cannot be bitten or gnawed. Young trees
should be surrounded by a frame or by wire netting so adjusted
that it will not bind or cut the bark as the tree stows. For

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 1 9

large trees netting fastened on the street side will usually be
sufficient.

Mutilation by unskillful trimming. When the limbs of a
tree are amputated, extreme care should be taken to make the
cuts close to, and perfectly even with, the trunk. If the pruning
is done in this manner, the wounds heal more quickly than if
stubs of the branches remain, and after healing there are no
unsightly bulges at the point of cutting. Care should further
be taken that no bark is torn from the trunk, as often occurs
when a heavy branch is removed. In order to avoid this evil, a
cut should first be made on the under side of the branch at a
distance of a foot or more from the trunk, and then the branch
should be cut off just above the notch. The stub can then be
safely removed and a perfectly smooth cut made.

After the removal of a branch the wound should be painted
with a coat of coal tar. The painting of wounds of living
branches may be done best after the activity of the sap has
ceased, for at this season the coal tar will adhere most perfectly
to the wood.

The trimming of dead limbs may be carried on at any season
of the year, but extensive pruning of living branches should
preferably be done when the trees are not in sap, for it has been
shown by experiments that wounds made in the fall and winter
tend to resist decay better than those made during the period
of growth.

No recommendations can be made regarding the trimming
of trees to improve the shape of their crowns, for this operation
can only be carried out by a skilled forester or landscape gar-
dener, who must treat each tree according to its individual
requirements.

Mutilation by Wind Storms. Nothing can be done to protect
our trees against the wind other than to keep them in as strong
and thrifty condition as may be, thus giving them greater power
of resistance.

5. Poisoning by Illuminating Gas. We have nothing at
present to recommend other than that the police should report
at once any suspected leakage of gas in the streets, both to the
Board of Public Works and to the Gas Company, and that the
latter should be required by the Board of Public Works at once
to examine and repair if necessary.

20 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

All citizens should cooperate in giving timely notice of sus-
pected leaks, which, if not stopped, may soon kill valuable trees.
In some cities, when a tree has been killed by gas leaks, the
Company is required to pay the expense of removing it and
planting a new one under the direction of the City authorities.
Such a regulation seems eminently just, and its adoption in New
Haven is well worth considering.

6. Insect Pests. Means of destroying Leaf-eating Insects.
Trees can be protected against all leaf-eating insects if the foli-
age is kept well covered with poison during the early part of
the summer. A thorough spraying should be given the trees
as soon as the leaves have unfolded, for if the elm leaf-beetles
can be poisoned before laying eggs the battle is won' Another
application should be made about two weeks later or as soon as
the young larvae begin to hatch out from the eggs. The second
spray should be directed against the under surface of the
leaves. In a dry season like the past, probably no other spray-
ing would be necessary, but if rains were frequent four appli-
cations might be required to keep the foliage well poisoned up
to the first of July.

Arsenate of lead is perhaps the best poison to use for this
purpose. It has been employed during the last five or six years,
has given entire satisfaction and is considered superior to Paris
green by several competent and experienced men in charge of
street trees.

It may be prepared as follows :

Arsenate of Soda ' 4 oz'.

Acetate of Lead 11 oz.

Water 100 gallons.

The arsenate of soda and the acetate of lead should each be
dissolved in four quarts of water and then poured into the
spraying tank containing the required amount of water. This
mixture will not injure the foliage even if a much larger pro-
portion of poison is used. It should be stirred constantly to
insure uniformity in the mixture applied, though most spray-
ing outfits are provided with an agitator for this purpose.

If trees cannot be sprayed, however, some good may be
accomplished by destroying the pupae of the Elm Leaf-Beetle
as they congregate at the base of trees. They may be gathered
and burned, or drenched with a mixture of 1 lb. of whale-oil

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 21

soap dissolved in 5 gallons of water, or with kerosene (10 per
cent.) and water mixed and applied with a pump made especially
for the purpose.

In the winter the belfries and towers of all public buildings
should be searched and the beetles found in them carefully
gathered up and burned. Vast numbers of them are often
found in such places.

As the females of the canker worm and of the white-marked
tussock moth are wingless, trees may be protected against them
by putting sticky bands around the trunks of the trees. A
strip of tarred paper five inches wide, tacked around the tree
and covered with a quarter-inch layer of printers' ink makes
a serviceable band. Cotton batting should be placed under the
paper to prevent insects from crawling beneath it. The ink
will harden after a few weeks, but may be kept soft and sticky
by brushing it over occasionally with black Virginia oil such as
is used for lubricating the axles of freight cars. The ink and
oil should not be spread on the bark of the trees.

Several forms of metal protectors are on the market, but all
need frequent attention to keep them in good condition. All
forms of bands and protectors are unsightly and are not needed
where spraying is practiced.

Remedies for Sucking Insects. All the sucking insects
that have been named above or that are liable to injure shade
trees must be destroyed by something that will kill by contact,
as they do not take the arsenical poisons into their system.
The cheapest and most efficient of these insecticides is kerosene
oil and water, but a pump of special pattern is necessary to
apply it. A mixture containing fifteen per cent, of kerosene
will kill most sucking insects without injury to the foliage of
the trees. One pound of whale-oil soap in five gallons of water
is also an efficient remedy.

Remedies for Borers. Borers are more liable to attack, trees
which have been weakened or injured than healthy and vigorous
specimens and often attack that portion of a tree where large
branches have been cut off in a careless way and decay has
begun. This form of attack is shown in Plate VI, figure 13.
The maple borer, however, sometimes attacks strong trees.
Constant watchfulness will detect the borers when they begin
their work and they may then be destroyed by injecting carbon-

22 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

bisulphide into the tunnel which they make and plugging it
tight with putty. Sometimes they can be killed by running a
wire into the burrow, but it is often necessary to dig them out
and properly dress the wound with paint. The very best pre-
ventive is to keep all trees in a perfectly healthy and vigorous
condition.

We advise that the elm trees on the "Green" and on other
centrally located public squares of New Haven be sprayed for
a few years to reduce as much as possible the injury sure to be
caused by the elm leaf-beetle, canker-worm and other leaf-
eating insects. It does not seem practicable to attempt to spray
all street trees, but suitable equipment should be procured so
that at a day's notice any tree in any street of the city can be
sprayed when it is found that any insect pest is threatening
serious damage.

Such equipment should contain at least one power spraying
outfit for large trees, and three hand barrel pumps, of which
two are of the special form for mixing kerosene and water,
together with plenty of Yz inch hose, couplers, extensions,
nozzles, etc.,* constructed especially for spraying purposes.
The cost of such an outfit would be not far from $500.00.

Though the members of this committee have not had oppor-
tunity to test the various power sprayers on the market, we
believe that an outfit such as devised for use in the parks of
New York City by Dr. E. B. Southwick, Entomologist of the
Park Commission, is the best and most economical equipment
for New Haven. This outfit consists of a "Daimler" gasoline
motor operating a Gould's force pump. Motor and pump
together weigh but 300 lbs. and may be placed on a spring
wagon with the tank containing the insecticide. This motor
requires very little attention and is economical, as a gallon of
gasolene per day, it is stated, is all that is required for fuel.

Hand barrel pumps with the kerosene attachment are made
by the Deming Co., Salem, Ohio, and The Gould's Mfg. Co.
of Seneca Falls, N. Y. The kerosene attachment may be
removed and the pumps can then be used to apply any mixture.

Such pumps (without the kerosene attachment) made by
Morrill & Morley of Benton Harbor, Mich, and The Gould's

*The city of Springfield is equipped with two power sprayers and
twelve barrel pumps. See Report of City Forester for 1899, p. 4.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 23

Mfg. Co. of Seneca Falls, N. Y., have been in use for several
years at the Experiment Station and have given satisfaction.

One of the best nozzles for spraying trees is the "McGowen,"
made by J. J. McGowen, Ithaca, N. Y. For small trees or
shrubs, the "Vermorel" is excellent and may be obtained from
any pump manufacturer.

The general appearance of the spraying apparatus mentioned
above is well shown in Plates VII and VIII, figures 14 and 15,
which were kindly supplied by Dr. E. P. Felt, Entomologist of
the State of New York.

In reference to the cost of spraying trees, we cite the follow-
ing from page 21, Bulletin No. 20, Vol. 5, of the New York
State Museum, "On the Elm Leaf-Beetle in New York State,"
prepared by Dr. Felt, the State Entomologist:

"Cost of Spraying Elms. I have taken some pains to ascertain
the precise cost of spraying per tree in the hope of encouraging
those to whom this would be a serious item. It is pleasant
to record that the expense is much lower than I had supposed.
Dr. Smith, of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,
has kindly supplied the following data. The elms on the col-
lege campus at New Brunswick are 50 to 75 feet high and were
sprayed at odd times by the janitors, it requiring about an hour
or two with force pump, tank and ladders to treat one tree.
The poison necessary for each spraying was worth about six
cents. It will thus be seen that the cost per tree would be
between 36 and 56 cents, varying with the price of labor. In
the city of New Brunswick the trees were sprayed at a contract
price of one dollar for the season, the understanding being that
they were to receive three treatments if necessary. The con-
tractor prepared the outfit, furnished the material, did the spray-
ing at the price mentioned and had a neat margin remaining.

Mr. Kirkland, Assistant State Entomologist of Massachusetts,
has kindly supplied me with the following figures. A grove of
over 200 red and white oaks ranging in height from 40 to 7°
feet were sprayed once at an expense of 49 cents per tree. In
this instance arsenate of lead was used at the rate of 20 lbs. to
150 gallons of water, a considerably stronger mixture than
would be necessary for the larvae of the elm-beetle. In addition,
he estimated the expense of spraying smaller trees, 20 to 40
feet high, at 15 to 20 cents per tree.

The cost of spraying the elms in Albany this season, aside
from wear and tear of the apparatus, is considerably less than
the figures above given. The trees present a wide range in
size, although the majority are from 50 to about 70 feet in

24 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I3I.

height. Taking them as they come, Mr. Lewis has succeeded in
spraying them once at the low cost of about 15 cents per tree.
This is largely due to the excellent apparatus, to be described
later, and is a most encouraging feature of the work.

"It is hoped that these figures will induce private individuals
to provide protection for their trees, either by doing the spraying
themselves or else by hiring some capable party."

We are informed by Mr. Wirth, Park Superintendent of
Hartford, that the cost of spraying in Bushnell Park last sum-
mer, averaged $1.00 per tree and that the benefit to the trees
was well worth the outlay.

7. The remedies for defects in the Methods of Selecting,
Planting and Caring for Trees, may be applied by a city fores-
ter, as will be explained in what follows :

How Shall the Work of Protecting and Improving the
Trees be Done?

In the foregoing, we have named the principal troubles which
beset the city shade trees and have indicated how they may
be greatly lessened if not wholly removed. There remains to
consider the question as to how and under what management
and supervision this work can be most efficiently and economi-
cally carried out.

A City Forester.

It has been shown that the present unsatisfactory condition
of our street trees is largely due to the lack of intelligent care.
In this report certain remedies have been suggested for the
existing evils, but it is the opinion of the Committee that they
can not be properly applied unless supervised by a competent
expert. In order to establish and manage a city nursery, to
select specimens for the streets and parks and to superintend
the work of planting them, to trim the young trees, to select
such as should be removed, to protect the trees from
injurious insects and from mutilation, to properly fertilize them,
etc., etc., there is required a special knowledge which can be
found only in a trained expert.

The Committee therefore recommends the appointment of a
City Forester.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 2$

Duties of the City Forester.

The City Forester should be charged with the entire care of
the trees in the streets and interior parks of the city. It should
be his duty to make regular and thorough inspections of all
the trees within the city, and, in case of damage from insects,
disease, gas, lack of water and air for the roots, or from any
other cause, he should institute and superintend the application
of such remedial measures as may be necessary. If any trees
are dead or have become unsightly through disease or mutilation,
the City Forester should superintend their removal. If trees
stand too closely together and they can be safely thinned out, he
should superintend this operation.

The City Forester should, further, establish and manage a
city nursery to raise trees for the newly planted streets and
to fill the gaps in the older streets and parks. He should per-
sonally select the trees from the nursery and superintend the
planting in the streets and parks ; and he should see to it that
the young trees are protected, where necessary, by wire' screens
or similar appliances. Finally it should be his duty to trim the
trees whenever necessary.

Method of Appointment.

With regard to the mode of appointing a City Forester, it
is evident that his selection and the tenure of his office should
be kept as free as possible from all political considerations and
influences.

To secure this desirable result it seems to us that the most
effectual as well as the most simple and appropriate way would
be to make him an official and appointee of the Department of
Parks. It would of course be necessary in such case to enlarge
the jurisdiction of that department so as to embrace the care
of all the trees in the streets and public squares of the city,
and in order to ensure systematic, continuous and scientific
work, a fixed annual appropriation should be provided for
by charter amendment of sufficient amount to cover the
necessary expenditures of the department in its enlarged
province.

What the amount of such annual appropriation should be we
do not undertake to suggest, regarding that matter as one

26 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

which is not proper for us to consider, and which in any case
we are not at present in possession of sufficient information
to determine.

A City Nursery.

In event of the appointment of a City Forester, the Com-
mittee would recommend the establishment of a nursery to raise
trees for future planting. There would be a considerable sav-
ing of expense, and the quality of the stock would be much
better than that which could be purchased from a commercial
nursery. When a lot of ioo or more trees is purchased from a
nurseryman, it is practically impossible to obtain perfect indi-
viduals in every case. If there were a city nursery under the
charge of a City Forester, it would be possible to transplant
the young trees in the nursery more often than is usually done,
and to give each individual a personal care which is impractic-
able where trees are raised in very large numbers.

Under efficient management the cost of the trees raised in a
city nursery should not exceed one-half to one-quarter of the
cost of those purchased from commercial houses, the quality
of the stock would be very much better, and the percentage of
loss from death in transplanting would be considerably reduced.

The Committee would recommend the use of a part of the
Springside Farm for the nursery. Probably from three to five
acres would be sufficient for the production of five hundred
trees annually.

During the first year it would be necessary to start a seed
bed, and it would be desirable to purchase and set out young
plants in order that there may be as little delay as possible
in producing trees of a size suitable for street planting.

A liberal estimate of the first year's expense, necessary for
a nursery large enough to produce 500 trees annually, is as
follows :

750 small trees $ 75.00

Seed 10.00

Labor, tools, frames, etc 100.00

Fencing 100.00

Total $285.00

Under economical management the total annual cost of main-
taining such a nursery in succeeding years should not exceed
$100.

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 27

The cost of' purchasing five hundred trees from nurserymen
for immediate planting would be not less than $300, but might
be $500 for the quality of stock required. If large trees were
set out the cost would be enormously increased, but, if trees
are properly cared for after setting, better results can be
obtained from comparatively small stock.

The cost of planting would probably not exceed 60 cents for
each tree or $300 for 500 trees. It would be desirable, however,
to make an appropriation of at least $500 for this purpose to
cover all emergencies. For the first year there should, there-
fore, be an appropriation of $1,000 for planting 500 purchased
trees and $285 for the establishment of a nursery.

Varieties of Trees Suitable for Street Planting.

In conclusion, we desire to say a few words regarding the
kinds of trees which it is desirable to plant on city streets.

New Haven, the "Elm City," has for many years been noted
for the beauty of its elms, and it seems eminently proper that
this character should be preserved. It is, therefore, recom-
mended that when the old elms die, they be replaced by the
same species. If the newly set trees are properly cared for,
there should be no difficulty in producing specimens of as fine
proportions as those now standing.

Next to the elm, the most popular tree for street planting
in New Haven has been the sugar maple. In youth it forms a
compact, oval, or egg-shaped crown of remarkable symmetry.
With advancing age the top becomes broad and often nearly
flat, giving the tree an expression of dignity, which it altogether
lacks when young. It is transplanted with ease and thrives
well in the unfavorable conditions of large cities. It grows
rapidly, being surpassed in this respect among the maples, only
by the silver variety.

The red maple seems to thrive admirably in New Haven.
Although it is surpassed by the other maples in grace of form,
it will always be a favorite street tree on account of its scarlet
flowers, which appear early in spring and its brilliant autumn
foliage. It is recommended for planting in New Haven.

The silver maple has been planted in the New Haven streets
only to a limited extent. In its natural habitat it is one of the

28 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

most beautiful of all the American trees. Unfortunately, how-
ever, it is fastidious as to soil and situation, and the specimens
planted in cities do not usually do justice to the capabilities of
the tree. It grows with great rapidity and in early life develops
a spreading crown with long drooping branches. The wood is
soft and brittle, especially when the tree does not find congenial
soil, and often the slender trunks are unable to support the long
branches, which are broken by their own weight. Wind and ice
storms do considerable damage to the silver maple, and the
soft wood, when exposed, is quickly attacked by fungus diseases
which eventually kill the tree. In the judgment of the Com-
mittee it should take a subordinate place among the trees recom-
mended for planting in streets.

The Norway maple is an admirable tree for street planting.
It forms a large, compact, round head and casts a very heavy
shade. It grows more slowly than the trees already mentioned,
but it has the advantage of requiring but little care after plant-
ing. It is perfectly hardy in New Haven.

Of the trees which have been but little planted in New Haven,
the Committee would specially recommend the pin oak, tulip
tree and sycamore.

The pin oak is rapidly coming into popularity in a number
of cities. It is distinguished by a graceful pyramidal form with
drooping lower branches which often sweep the ground. It is
easily transplanted and thrives peculiarly well as a street tree.
Its growth is apt to be slow directly after transplanting, but
in a few years it is able to keep pace with most other trees. It
is recommended for trial in New Haven.

There are a number of other oaks which might well be tried
in our streets, as the red, white and scarlet varieties. If fre-
quently transplanted in the nursery and severely pruned before
removal, they may be successfully planted in cities.

The tulip tree grows naturally in the woods near New Haven,
and will doubtless thrive as a street tree. It grows rapidly and
during the period of its principal height growth forms a conical
crown, which in old age becomes more or less irregular. It is
a tree of great dignity and should be given a trial in New
Haven.

For broad streets the sycamore is a beautiful and appropriate
tree. Both the American and Oriental varieties are used, and

PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES. 29

both develop large spreading crowns and grow with great
rapidity. The American sycamore is, as a rule, more subject
to disease than the Oriental variety, and in consequence the
latter is usually given the preference.

There are a number of American lindens (bass wood) planted
in the streets and parks of New Haven. This species grows
rapidly and develops a large, round crown which casts a deep
shade. With proper care the American linden makes an excel-
lent avenue tree, but it is liable to be injured by storms and, if
it is neglected, disease is apt to attack the wounds, eventually
killing the tree.

The European varieties of linden are to be recommended on
account of the perfect symmetry of their compact crowns.
They thrive admirably in this climate.

Ash is often planted as a street tree, but its tendency to fork
and to become straggling makes it less desirable than those
already mentioned.

To summarize what has been discussed above, we make the
following

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The rigid enforcement of those city ordinances which forbid the
bruising, injuring, or destruction of trees, and the fastening of animals
to trees in such a way as to injure them.

2. That all trees standing within reach of horses in the street be
protected by frames or wire netting, so that they cannot be mutilated.

3. That when limbs are removed from trees, greater care be exer-
cised to cut them smoothly, close to, and even with, the trunk and with-
out tearing the trunk bark. The exposed wood should be painted with
coal tar,

4. That the stringing of electric wires be done only under the super-
vision of the Board of Public Works, and that this supervision be paid
for by the company doing the work.

5. That when trees are killed by gas leakage from the mains, the
owners of the mains be required to pay to the city the cost of the
removal of the trees killed and of planting new trees in their places.

6. That the land under trees in the city parks be annually dressed
with lime and with odorless fertilizer of the composition named, at a
cost of from $11.00 to $12.00 per acre.

7. That on new streets, when the building line is far enough from
the street line, it is desirable to plant just in front of the property line,
rather than just back of the curb.

30 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN 131.

8. That the elm trees on the Green and other interior parks of the
city be sprayed regularly for a few years, and thereafter as seems
necessary, in the way prescribed.

For this purpose the city should buy a spraying outfit of approved
construction, such as has been described, costing about $500.00.

9. That in winter systematic search be made in all belfries and
towers of public buildings, and that the elm leaf-beetles, which winter
in great numbers in such places, be gathered up and destroyed.

10. We also recommend the permanent employment of a City
Forester, who should have charge of the trees in all respects.

^11. That, in case such an officer be employed, the city have a
nursery of from three to five acres at Springside Farm, where trees
suitable for planting on the streets and interior parks can be grown.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

E. H. Jenkins, Chairman,
W. E. Britton,
Henry S. Graves, Secretary,
Henry T. Blake.

PLATE t

Fig. i. — Tree ruined by gnawing of horses. Decay started from the
injury and only a shell of living wood remains on one side of the
tree. This tree is liable to be broken over by a strong wind and probably
will fall upon the adjacent building.

«.

Fig. 2. — Tree injured by use as a hitching post.

PLATE It

':iii§Hi

■BHHswSBP"

Fig. 3. — Trees mutilated in laying curb and gutter.

Fig. 4. — Trunk of an Elm which was thrown over in a squall, Oct. 15, 1900.

PLATE Til

Fig. 5. — Decay following unskillful pruning.

Fig. 6. — The Elm Scale on Twigs.

PLATE IV

Fig. 9. — Work of Elm Borer.
(After Felt.)

Fig. 7. — Adult Maple Borers.
(After Felt.)

f7',f:

Fig. 10.— Work of Maple Borer nearly girdling the tree.

PLATE V

Fig. ii. — Damage by Maple Borers showing tunnels cut spirally around

the trunk.

PLATE VI

Fig. 12. — Trees set near the property line away from the curb.

Fig. 13.— Damage by Borers, following unskillful pruning.

PLATE VII

. • :■,."■ ■

\

Fig. 14. — Hand Spraying-Pump in Operation.
(After Felt.)

PLATE VIII

PLATE IX

Fig. 16. — Fall Canker Worm Moths. Male and Female.

Fig. iy. — Elm Leaf-Beetle. — a, eggs ; b, larvae ; c, adult ; e, eggs,
enlarged; f, sculpture of eggs; g, larva, enlarged: h, side view of
greatly enlarged segment of larva ; i, dorsal view of same ; j, pupa,
enlarged; k, beetle, enlarged; /, portion of elytron of beetle, greatly
enlarged. (After Riley.)

-jno n u ?

7 b / j u * -

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