ied PRG te Chee > ethan | ra a dt * Koni one aie ar wig : Se eye sep, OS cata oe : a ~~ ‘sll ’ all W 2 ! oS C \e “ ee nue rt Zoo | HE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, CEYLON AND BURMA. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF SraTe For InpIA IN COUNCIL. r . ST Sigg g 1936 4) EDITED BY LT.-COL. R. B. S. SEWELL, C.I.E., Sc. PROTOZOA : CILIOPHORA. BY BL. BHATIA, DSc., F.Z.S., F.R-MS. SMITHSON Ay MAR 4 1 1987 mis hAKiee LONDON: “TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, LTD., FLEET STREET, E.C. 4. August 7, 1936. ALERE FLAMMAM. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, LTD., RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CONTENTS. Page UIP OR Sree EMAGE 5 6 HME BR ee Vv GLossARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS . ...-.. . 1x. Sie MMe TN DEG Ma aie a hE acl we) | VIE INTRODUCTION : Position of Ciliophora in the Animal Kingdom General Organization and Structure . . . . 3: Studyotthe Groupin India (9. 4°... 10 Classification and Phylogeny ©. . . . . ... 13 The Geographical Distribution of Indian Cilio- Gia eee eae Rca neti sty ohh ae pada Ce a Gy Distribution of Parasitic Forms . . By abies y | COW (i) List of Parasites and their Hosts. 30: (ii) List of Hosts and their Parasites ye Oe Se MEIQUIES. Voth re, tier Neem e Me in, 8G. BON SYSTEMATIC pe as oF SPECIES. . . pgs iced AOD ies CEENG (gery a) ty amet eee kn et age ALPHABETICAL INDEX i Mime iabzoliteds #2). y . 485 a2 nee 5 ra) bi Fe oy i ae oh a ea 4] y ~ > . | 1 ‘ . ‘ ? i ; : | | de: | ‘ ‘ : ie cae . P i i ¥ rs ‘ | ; | Lend ia iwa tiny Wee ol ah Vy aes te ie aie ter ae ‘ Ty | ) , ae “ MAU 7 | 7 , 7 " . . " : a a $6 ' . AUTHOR’S PREFACE. = -20590%0 c— A SYSTEMATIC study of the microscopic forms of life is of comparatively recent data in India. Freshwater, as well as parasitic, Protozoa have been studied by a number of workers in different parts of India, Burma, and Ceylon. This. volume deals with the Ciliophora, a group of animals which has always been a favourite study with microscopists on account of the complexity of their structure, the diversity of their habitats, and the interesting movements exhibited by them ; and the same general plan adopted in other volumes. of the series has been followed. A systematic survey is. likely to furnish a clear understanding of the group, and of the- mutual relationships between the parasitic organisms and. the free-living forms from which they must have been evolved 3. as remarked by Wenyon “ the student of the Protozoa which are pathogenic to man and domestic animals should have a sound knowledge of other parasitic Protozoa, and at least a good working knowledge of non-parasitic forms as well. Conversely, those who study free-living Protozoa should have a clear conception of the parasitic forms...” ; and it is hoped that this volume will thus be of interest to medical and veterinary workers as well as to workers in general Protozoology. The most approved and up-to-date system of classification has been followed, and in the Identification Tables of Families. I have included those families which are at present not known. from India. Those who use this volume should bear in mind that the 310 species here described are but a small. fraction of the total known from other parts of the world. vi AUTHOR’S PREFACE. All species that are as yet known from India, Burma, and Ceylon have been brought together, but a large number still await discovery. The freshwater forms par- ticularly are cosmopolitan, and future workers who discover forms different from those here described must not conclude that such forms represent new genera or species till they have carefully explored the vast literature on the subject, to which the Bibliography given at the end of the volume will furnish a guide. The species of each genus have been arranged in alpha- betical order, except where a number of groups of allied species have been recognized. In the synonymies, given under each species, references to all the records from India, Burma, and Ceylon have been included, and a {+ mark prefixed to all such references. A selection of other references, which are considered important or useful, is also given. In the Introduction I have given lists of species found in different regions, and in the case of parasitic forms in particular hosts, in the hope that these may be of use to workers in particular areas and to those looking for the parasites in particular hosts. I have also included a short account of the principal methods employed in the study of the Ciliophora which may be of some use to those taking up the study of this interesting group. A volume such as this is bound to incorporate very largely the work of others,and my grateful acknowledgements are due to all those whose works have been drawn upon. Where available, figures have been given for all species dealt with. A small number of these are original or taken from my own work, but a large number have been borrowed with the kind permission of the authors or publishers concerned. My special thanks are due to Prof. C. A. Kofoid and his colleagues, who have added so much to our knowledge of Indian Ento- diniomorpha, for permission to reproduce certain figures and for the loan of the blocks of the plates that appear at the end of this volume. My thanks are also due to the editors AUTHOR’S PREFACE. Vii and publishers of journals and text-books from which illustra- tions have been reproduced with their kind permission, and for which due acknowledgement is made in every case by giving the name of the author from whom the figure has been copied, and also in several cases for the loan of blocks. My special thanks are due to Dr. B. Prashad, Director of the Zoological Survey of India, for special facilities given to me on the occasion of several visits to Calcutta to consult the literature in the splendid library maintained by the Zoological Survey ; and also to Dr. 8. L. Hora for his help in getting some figures copied under his supervision by the artists working under him. Finally, I have to offer my most grateful thanks to the Editor, Lieut.-Colonel R. B. Seymour Sewell, C.LE., F.R.S., for a thorough and critical revision of the text, and for generous help and guidance during the production of this work. B. L. BHATIA. Government College, Hoshiarpur, Punjab. June, 1936. “RE PAY Re * RARE EEEE ee D ay i? eit an Ts le ag 4 yards rt ie i ne it @ hah GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Aboral.—Situated furthest away from the mouth. Acetabuliform.—Having a cup- or sucker-shaped outline. Adoral.—Conducting to the oral aperture. A fferent.—Conveying from the surface towards the centre. Amitotic division.—Direct division of the nucleus which is not accompanied by the formation of a spindle of threads. Anisogamy.—Copulation between dissimilar gametes. Anus, or cytopyge.-—Opening or pore for defecation of undigested remains of food. Basal granules.—Kinetic elements embedded in the contractile zone of the cortex, and each giving origin to a single cilium. Biconcave area.—A conspicuous biconcave area on each side of the body in the postero-dorsal region of certain Entodiniomorpha. Binary fission.—A. mode of reproduction in which the division of the nucleus or of each of the two differentiated nuclei is followed by a division of the cell. Boundary layer—Thin membrane separating the endoplasm from the ectoplasm. It is well marked in Entodiniomorpha, and is continuous anteriorly with the wall of the gullet and posteriorly with the wall of the rectum. Brood chamber.—A cavity developed inside the body of a Suctorian within which ciliated embryos are produced. Buccal.—Relating to the mouth or oral aperture. Budding.—The process of unequal fission, resulting in the formation of daughter organisms, which show a simplified structure when first formed. Campanulate.—Having the shape of a bell. Carapace.—The indurated dorsal shield possessed by such ciliates as Euplotes and Aspidisca. Chitinous.—Corresponding in nature with chitin or the horny material which forms the protective covering of insects and other Arthropoda. Chlorophyll.—The green colouring-matter of vegetable organisms. Cilia.—The fine hair-like appendages that constitute the locomotive organs of a large group of Infusoria and many other animals. Ciliated embryos.—Buds provided with cilia which are developed in a brood chamber in a Suctorian, and finally emerge through a birth-pore. x GLOSSARY. ‘Cirri.—The elongate, flattened modifications of ordinary cilia, developed upon the peristomal region and other parts of the body of many ciliates. Commensal.—An organism which does not live at the expense of the organism to which it is usually attached, but is associated with it simply as a messmate. ‘Concrement vacuole——A vacuole which is interpreted as possessing a statolith function, found in certain types of parasitic ciliates. ‘Conjugation.—The temporary or permanent union of two organisms leading to reproduction by germs or spores or to the renewal of their capacity to multiply by simple fission. ‘Contractile vacuole—One or more structures in the spongy layer of the ectoplasm which fill up by the excretory fluid draining into them and discharge the fluid on the surface of the body. ‘Convolute.—Rolled upon itself. Cortical.—Relating to the external layer of an organism. ‘Crateriform.—Having the shape of a cup. Crenulate.—Finely notched or serrated. ‘Cutrass.—An indurated defensive shield, synonymous with Carapace. Cuticle.—The more indurated pellicle which forms the outer layer of the body of Infusoria. ‘Cyclosis.—The protoplasmic circulation observable in the cells of certain plants, and also in many Protozoa. ‘Cyst.—Impervious membrane surrounding an organism, formed as a protection against desiccation in free-living forms, or as an adaptation to a change of hosts in parasitic forms. In some cases cyst formation is related to the digestion of food, and in others to reproductive processes. ‘Cytomicrosomes.—Minute granules situated in the films between the alveoli in the'ectoplasm as well as the endoplasm. Cytopharynx.—Longer or shorter tube (popularly referred to as gullet) leading from the cytostome, and ending blindly in the endoplasm. ‘Cytoplasm.—The protoplasm of the cell-body as contrasted with that of the nucleus. Cytopyge.—Anal aperture of unicellular animals. Cytostome.—Oral aperture of unicellular animals. Diastole—Expansion of the contractile vacuole of Infusoria and other Protozoa. Dichotomous.—Branching into pairs ; furcate or forked. Decurrent.—Running out or projecting beyond. Dextrogyrous.—Circling towards the right. Dextrotropous.—Turning to the right. Dorsal disk.—A rounded ectoplasmic projection lying in the semi- circle bounded by dorsal membranelles. Dorsal membranelles.—The membranelles forming the dorsal zone. Dorsal zone.—A zone of membranelles arranged in a transverse furrow on the dorsal surface of the body, found in certain Entodiniomorpha. Ectoparasitic.—Having the nature of an external parasite. Ectoplasm.—The denser external substance of Infusoria and other unicellular organisms. GLOSSARY. xi Efferent.—Conveying from the centre towards the periphery. Emarginate.—Having a notched or excised margin. Encuirassed.—Having an indurated dorsal shield or cuirass. Encystment.—The phenomenon of becoming motionless and excreting a membranous investment or cyst, common to the majority of the Infusoria. Endogenous or internal budding.—Formation of buds in the interior of the cytoplasm of the parent inside a brood-chamber. Endomizxis.—Periodie nuclear reorganization which occurs without conjugation or cell-fusion taking place. Endoparasitic—Having the nature of an internal parasite. Endoplasm.—The inner, more fluid substance of the body of Infusoria and other uniceliular organisms. Endoplasmic sack.—The boundary layer with the enclosed endoplasm. Endoplast.—The nucleus as developed in the Infusoria and other Protozoa. Endoplastule-—The more solid particles developed singly or in varying number within, or in many cases external to, the endoplast of Protozoa. Endoral.—Referring to the fringe of cilia developed between the adoral and preoral series of certain Oxytrichide. Everted.—The condition of being turned out or backwards. Excretory pore-——A small permanent opening in the cuticle through which the contractile vacuole passes out its contents. Exogenous or external budding.—Formation of buds from the external surface of the body. Fibrille.—tThe delicate, thread-like structures developed in the cortical layer of many Infusoria, as also in the stalk of Vorticella, possessing a rudimentary muscular function. Fibrillar system.—The whole complex of structures which serve a corre- lating and conductile function. Fimbriated.—Fringed at the margin. Fission.—Division of the nucleus or of both the differentiated nuclei followed by a division of the body. Food-vacuole-——A minute droplet of fluid in which a solid particle ingested as food is suspended and gradually digested. Funiculus.—The slender, thread-like filament which connects the parts of the macronucleus in such infusorial types as Loxodes and Loxophyllum. Gamete.—Sexual cell. Among the Protozoa the entire individual, being a single cell, takes part in the process of conjugation. Gubbous.—Unsymmetrically distended or swollen at some part of the surface. Glabrous.—Hawving a smooth surface. Golgi apparatus.—A cytoplasmic inclusion which shows a tendency to clump together in masses or to form a network in the neighbour- hood of the nucleus. Holophytic.—Organisms which feed in a plant-like manner and, with the help of chlorophyll or similar pigment, in the presence of sunlight, build up simple organic substances from carbon dioxide and water. Xli GLOSSARY. Holozow.—Animals which are entirely dependent for food on other organisms which they capture, devour, and digest. Illoricate.—Devoid of a protective sheath or lorica. Indurated.—Having a hardened consistence. Infundibuliform.—Funnel-shaped. Isogametes.—Gametes which are similar in shape and size. Isogamy.—Copulation between similar gametes. Karyogamy.—Sexual process or conjugation involving the union of micronuclear products. Lzvotropous.—Turning to the left. Lorica.—The organically distinct protective sheath excreted and inhabited by many Infusoria such as Vaginicola and Tintinnus. Loricate.—Possessing a protective sheath or lorica. Macrochromatin.—In Protociliata, where the nuclei do not show di- morphism, each nucleus contains two types of chromatin, the macrochromatin being functional in vegetative life and the micro- chromatin during sexual phases. Macrochromosomes.—Band-shaped pieces into which the macrochro- matin divides during mitosis of the nuclei in the Opalinids. Macrogamete.—In those cases in which there is marked difference in size between two conjugating individuals, the larger is referred to as macrogamete. Macronucleus or meganucleus. The larger of the two nuclei into which the nuclear apparatus is differentiated in Euciliata, which functions during the vegetative life of the organism. Membranellz.—tThe relatively large flattened cilia that constitute the peristomial fringe in many Ciliate Infusoria, synonymous with Cirrt. Membranelle rootlets.—Short fibrils extending posteriorly from the bases. of the membranelle. Membranule.—vVery long, delicate, finely pointed aggregates of cilia which differ from cirri in movement and in composition. They are, for example, found in Didinium. Metabolic.—Changeable in form ; polymorphic. Metamorphic.—Changeable in form. Microchromatin.—iIn Protociliata the nuclei do not show dimorphism, but each nucleus contains two types of chromatin, that which is functional in sexual phases being called microchromatin. Microchromosomes.—Parts into which the microchromatin divides during mitosis of the nuclei in the Opalinids. Microgamete.—The smaller of the two gametes in anisogamous conjuga- tion. Micronucleus.—The smaller of the two nuclei into which the nuclear apparatus is differentiated in Euciliata, which functions during the reproductive phases. Microzooids.—F ree-swimming zooids of abnormally minute size, which conjugate with the normal-sized sedentary animalcules of many Vorticellidz. GLOSSARY. xili Mitochondria.—Minute cytoplasmic inclusions of a lipoidal nature occurring in the form of spherical granules or rod-shaped or cres- centic bodies. Mitotic.—Indirect division of the nucleus which is accompanied by the formation of a spindle of threads. Moniliform.—Jointed so as to resemble a string of beads. Morphonemes.—Those fibres which maintain the body form. Motorium.—A mass of differentiated protoplasm from which a number of fibres pass to different regions of contractile activity. Multinucleate.—Possessing many nuclei, e. g. Opalina. Multiple fission.—A mode of reproduction in which the division of the nucleus or of the two differentiated nuclei is not immediately followed by the division of the cell, but, after repeated nuclear division, the cell divides into as many parts as there are nuclei. Myonemes.—Specialized muscle-like fibrils which cause the contraction of the whole or a part of the body. In a generalized condition they may be both coordinating and contractile in function. Myophan.—Layer, developed in many Infusoria, that contains muscle- like fibrils. Myophanes.—Specialized fibrils which perform a contractile function only. Napiform.—Turnip-shaped. Neuromotor system.—A system of connected fibrils emanating from the motorium and passing to different regions of contractile activity. Neuromotorium.—A mass of differentiated material connected with the motor strand and other fibres performing conductile and contractile functions. Neurophanes.—Specialized fibrils which perform a conducting function only. Nuclear dimorphism.—The differentiation of the nuclear apparatus into a vegetative macronucleus and a reproductive micronucleus. Nucleolus.—An exceedingly minute, more solid particle developed singly or in varying number within the substance of the nucleus of an animal or vegetable cell. Its homologue among the Protozoa is generally referred to as Endoplastule or Karysome. Nucleus.—More densely granular body within the substance of most animal and vegetable cells. In Euciliata the nuclear apparatus is differentiated into a larger macronucleus and a smaller micro- nucleus. @sophageal.—Relating to or connected with the cesophagus. CG sophageal fibrils.—Thin, closely spaced fibrils forming the wall of the cesophagus and running parallel to its long axis. @sophagus.—A distinct tubular gullet or cesophageal tube leading from the cytostome to the endoplasm. Operculum.—tThe lid-like structure developed within the sheath or lorica, or attached to the body of certain Vorticellide. The term is also used for the ectoplasmic elevation separating the two membranelle zones in certain Entodiniomorpha. Oral.—Relating to the mouth. Oral disk.—The greatly thickened inner end of the adoral lip in Ento- diniomorpha. X1V GLOSSARY. Oral trichites.—Armature of trichites or elongated rods of denser pro- toplasm embedded in the walls of the cytostome and the cyto- pharynx. Parasite.—An organism living in or upon the body of another organism. and dependent for its existence on that particular organism or a limited group of organisms. Paroral.—The fringe of cilia developed at the side of the adoral series in certain Oxytrichide. Pectinate.—Divided into narrow segments like the teeth of a comb. Pedicle.—Lateral branches of the stalk in colonial Vorticellid forms. Pedunculate.—Provided with a stalk or peduncle. Pellicle, or periplast—The outermost layer of the cortex or ectoplasm, which is characterized by definite markings or sculpturings in many Ciliata. Peristome.—The region, with its accompanying cilia, leading to the cytostome. Peristomial.—Relating to the peristome. Pharyngeal.—Pertaining to or connected with the cytopharynx. Pharyngeal basket, or pharyngeal armature.—Trichites forming a tubular armature in the wall of the cytopharynx. Plicate.—Disposed in pleats or folds. Polymorphic.—Exhibiting a diversity of form. Preoral zone.—The fringe of cilia developed in front of the mouth of certain Oxytrichide. Protoplasm.—The physical basis of life, or elementary formative matter of all living organisms. Protozoa.—Animals in which the body is not divided into cells. Racemose.—Having a clustered form of growth, like a bunch of grapes. Rectum.—A thin-walled tube arising ventrally from the endoplasmic sack, extending posteriorly through the ectoplasm and opening to the exterior by the anus. Reniform.—Shaped like a kidney. Revolute.—Rolled back upon itself. Rhizoplasts——Fine endoplasmic prolongations from the basal bodies. of membranule to the vicinity of the nucleus. Rhythmical.—Denoting the regular pulsations of an organ such as the contractile vacuole of a Ciliate. Rod apparatus.—An armature of elongated rods or trichites embedded in the walls of the cytostome and the cytopharynx. Saprozoic.—Organisms living upon organic substances in solution, which are products of the metabolism or decay of other organisms. Setz2.—The stouter, bristle-like cilia possessed more abundantly by the Hypotricha. Sigmoidal.—Having a shape resembling the letter S. Siliceous.—Partaking of the nature and qualities of silica; composed of flint. Silver-line system.—Collection of certain structures on which colloidal silver is deposited by the reduction of silver nitrate by reflected sunlight. GLOSSARY. xV Skeletal plates Hard, chitinous structures lying beneath the cuticle. and extending backwards from the oral area in certain genera in the family Ophryoscolecide. ** Soie de Lachmann.’’—Oral seta of the Vorticellide; also known as. the Vestibular seta. Spasmoneme.—The excentrically placed myoneme running through the stalk of a Vorticellid, which is surrounded by a granular theco- plasm and a delicate outer sheath. Spatulate—Hawving a broad blade-shaped outline. Spine.—A pointed tapering process. Sporulation, or multiple fission.—Mode of reproduction in which the- repeated division of the nucleus is followed by the splitting of the organism into as many parts as the nuclei. Stolon.—The procumbent adherent basal region of the colony-stock of such a type as Dendrosoma. Suctorial tentacles.—Stifi protoplasmic processes consisting of a parietal layer of ectoplasm in the form of a tube enclosing a canal containing a fluid, the apex of the tentacle usually terminating in a sucker-like knob. Syngamy.—Sexual union or conjugation involving either a complete fusion of two organisms (gametes) or the temporary fusion of two organisms (conjugants) for the purpose of mutual exchange of micronuclear material. Synkaryon.—The combination nucleus which results from the fusion. of two micronuclear products derived from two individuals. Systole.—Contraction of the contractile vacuoles. Tentaculiferous.—Bearing or possessing tentacles. Tentaculiform.—Having the form of a tentacle. Thecoplasm.—The granular, fluid substance which surrounds the- spasmoneme in the stalk of a Vorticellid. Thecoplasmic granules.—Small granules contained in the thecoplasm. alongside the spasmoneme, the number and arrangement of which vary in different species. Trichites.—Stiff rod-like supporting structures usually found in the oral region. Trichocysts.—Minute rod-like bodies developed in the cortical layer of’ many Ciliata, and composed of a sac within which is a long coiled-up thread that can be suddenly extruded. Uncini.—The claw-like modification of ordinary cilia possessed by many Hypotricha. Undulating membrane.—Aggregates of cilia formed by the fusion of one or more rows of cilia, ranging from delicate structures to. large balloon-like expansions, usually found in the peristomial area inside the adoral zone. Vacuolate.—Having a number of clear spaces or vacuoles. Velum.—Delicate veil-like membrane bordering the oral orifice in such: forms as Cyclidium and Pleuronema. Vermicular.—Resembling a worm in shape. Vestibular seta.—The bristle-like cilium or seta that projects from the- vestibulum or oral fossa of many Vorticellide. Xvi GLOSSARY. Vestibule-—The excavated chamber or fossa into which both the oral and anal apertures debouch, as developed in the Vorticellide. Zoodendrium.—Dendritic or tree-like colony-stocks of such ciliates as Dendromonas and Epistylis. Zooid.—An animal organism not independently developed from a fertilized egg or ovum, but derived from a preceding individual by the process of fission or gemmation. Specially applicable to the Ciliophora and other Protozoa, and to the component members of all colony-building communities, such as Polypes, Corals, and Polyzoa. Zygote.—The cell resultimg from the complete fusion of two gametes. SYMBOLS. + prefixed to a reference indicates that the record of certain species from India, Burma or Ceylon is based on this work. * placed after the name of a family indicates that representatives of that family have not yet been found in India, Burma or Ceylon. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Page I. Class CILIATA Biitsch. ... 49 2. bengalensis Ghosh .... 77 3. indica Bhatia ide La bess 78 I. Subclass PROTOCILIATA 4. lateralis Kent ....... 78 7 oe ee re ag 50 5. simplex Schew. ....... 79 2. Gen. Urotricha Cl. &@ L.. 80 1. Fam. Opatrnip# Claus ... 51 1. globosa Schew......... 81 De SP OME so os sein a ss 81 1. Subfam. Pape Sipese ce 51 3. Gen. Prorodon Hhrbg.... 81 52) a gil 1. edentatus Cl. @ TD. ... 82 1. Gen. Zelleriella Metc..... 52 2. stewarti Ghosh ....... 83 1. macronucleata (Bezz.) . 52 3. teres Hhrbg........... 84 2. Subfam. Opatinin= Metc. 53 ; G eat igen a = . Gen. Lacrymaria Hhrb.... 1. Gen. Cepedea Metc. ..... 53 1. olor (O. F. Miill.)..... 87 1. lanceolata (Bezz.) ..... 54 Merit Galan 87 2. longa (222.) 2s eo 2 55 3. vermicularis (O. F. 3. metcalfi Bh. &. Gul. .. 56 MIE eas iu ae a, 89 4. punjabensis Bh. & Gul. 57 | 5. Gen. Enchelis Mill. .... 90 5. seychellensis var. an- 1. arcuata Cl. @ TD. ..... 90 gusta de Mello ...... 58 BBD. SORIOW sci ss siacge 5 92 6. sialkoti Bh. & Gul. .... 58 raph Olam) tet 92 7. subcylindrica de Mello . 60 6. Gen. Chsenea Quenn..... 92 8. thiagi de MGCHO. te 112 3. Gen. Loxophyllum (Duwj.) 112 TotheluswSiokesii... 005s. 113 2. meleagris (O. F. Miill.). 114 2. Fam. TRACHELUD# Hhrbg. . 115 1. Gen. Dileptus (Duj.) .... 115 1. anser (O. F. Mill.) .... 116 2. Gen. Trachelius Schrank.. 117 1 outta (Conn). << ae. ae 118 3. Fam. Loxopip Biitsch.... 119 1. Gen. Loxodes Hhrbg...... 119 1. bahaduri Bh. & Mull.. 121 2. punjabensis, sp. nov. .. 121 3. striatus (Hngelm.) . 123 4. sp. Simmons ......... 124 3. Tribe Hypostomata Schew. 124 1. Fam. Nassutip@ Biitsch... 125 1. Gen. Nassula Ehrbg. 125 1. Sambigua Sti ss oe 5 ee 126 2. stramphii (Hhrbg.) .... 126 Oe: COTE uae a cyepe erates 127 2. Gen. Cyclogramma Perty. 128 }. pubens erty av. «sss os 128 3. Gen. Chilodontopsis ETOCS 0 teak qari Bice are 129 1. bengalensis (Ghosh) ... 129 4. Gen. Orthodonella, nom. POU om wo sreaee ih aes Sa 130 1. banerjeei (Ghosh) 130 2. Fam. CHLAMYDODONTID= ONG FSi Soe ie 131 1. sumer Phascolodon St. ... 131 SD CHOUG nite ihc 132 2. ee Chilodonella Strand.. 132 1. cucullulus (O. F. Miill.). 133 2. rhesus (Ghosh) ....... 135 3. spiralidentis(Bh.& Mull.) 135 A. sp.(Chaud.) 22.035. 0 22 136 5. sp. (Summons) .......: 136 Biitsch., em. Kahl 137 1. Fam. PLAGIOPYLIDA Schew. 1. Gen. Plagiopyla St. ..... 1, carteri Kent. 139 139 140 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 2. Fam. Cotpopip# Poche ... 141 1; Ns Colpoda O. F. Mill. . 141 1. cucullus O. F. Mill. .. 142 2. maupasi Hnrig........ 143 3. steinii Maupas ....... 144 4. sp. Knowles .......... 144 3. Fam. Paramectpa Kent.. 145 1. Gen. Paramecium Hill .. 145 i, aurelia Hhrbg. 2. ..eer 147 2. bursaria (Hhrbg.) ..... 148 3. caudatum Hhrbg. ..... 150 4. sp. Simmons ......... 151 4. Fam. TRIcHOPELMIDa& Kahl 153 1. Gen. Drepanomonas Fes. 153 1. dentata Fres. ........ 153 INCERTZ SEDIS. 1. Gen. Opisthostomum Ghosh). 2 S255 ee 154 1. bengalensis Ghosh 154 5. Fam. IsorricHip@ Biitsch. . 156 1. Gen. Isotricha St. ...... 156 1. prostoma St... =e 157 2. intestinalis St. ....... 158 2. Gen. Dasytricha Schub. .. 158 1. ruminantium Schub. .. 158 6. Fam. BLEPHAROCORIDA Hsiung. 1. Gen. Blepharocorys Bundle 160 1. ventriculi (Jameson) »« £60 3. Suborder HYMENOSTOMATA Hickson, em. Kahl 162 1. Fam. FRontoniID& Kahl .. 1. Gen. Frontonia Hhrbg. .. 1. leucas (Hhrbg.) 1. indicum Gulati 1. pura Hhrbg. 4, Gen. Glaucoma Hhrbg. . 2. scintillans Hhrbg. 5. Gen. Colpidium St. 4. sp. Chaud 2. Gen. Sigmostomum Gulati. 3. Gen. Trichoda O. F. Miill. Pee ee 1. pyriformis (Ehrbg.) ... . 172 1. campylum (Stokes) Rr: 2. colpoda (Ehrbg.) ...... 3. striatum Stokes ....... 163 164 165 167 168 168 169 170 173 173 176 6. Gen. Pseudoglaucoma Kahl 176 1. digitata, sp. nov. 7. Gen. Stegochilum Schew.. 1. ovale Ghosh .......... 8. Gen. Uronema Duj. 1. accuminata M. Rao 2. marinum Duwuj. ere eeee SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 2. Fam. OPHRYOGLENID Kent 180 1. Gen. Ophryoglena Ehrbg.. 180 Qf fava (fhrbg.) 2 ....55. 181 3. Fam. PLEURONEMATIDZ C5. Sale ae Se 182 1. Gen. Cyclidium O. F. Mill. 183 1. glaucoma O. F. Mill. . 183 2. Gen. Pleuronema Duj. .. 184 1. chrysalis (O. F. Mill.) . 185 3 SRuSandan > else 22.. 45% 186 Se ae 186 3. Gen. Balantiophorus PRC Ae alate sips. «8 186 1. elongatus Schew. ...... 187 2. minutus Schew. ...... 188 SSP OChGU. shes 3 oss 188 4. Fam. URocENTRIDz Cl. & L. 189 1. Gen. Urocentrum Nitzsch. 189 £ chuebe (0: FMall:)..... 189 2. Gen. Telotrichidium Kent 191 1. matthau Gulaiz ....... 191 4. Suborder THIGMOTRICHA Chat. dG: ...- 193 1. Fam. CoNCHOPHTHIRIDZ TEST) TRE ee Oe ne a 194 1. Gen. Conchopthirius St... 194 1. curtus Engelmann .... 195 2. elongatus Ghosh ...... 196 3. lamellidens Ghosh 197 5. Suborder APOSTOMEA Chat. ENS os 8 yw 198 6. Suborder ASTOMATA Schew.,em. Cépéde 199 | 1. Fam. ANOPLOPHRYIDZ Cé- pede, em. Cheissen, further em. Hezd- LL OKS (ae ee 200 1. Subfam. ANOPLOPHRYINZ OTT 200 | 1. Gen. Anoplophrya St..... 200 1. elostomatis Anderson... 201 2... Woydiv Ghose 2 Ses. 202 3. cylindrica Ghosh ...... 202 4. elongata Ghosh ...... 203 5. variabilis Ghosh ...... 204 2. Fam. HoPLiTOPHRYIDZ Cheissen, em. Hei- GENTCIOR coe oes 205 1. Subfam. MAUPASELLIN.2& Cepeda wees. os =: 205 1. Gen. Maupasella Cépéde.. 205 > roves Copede - 2.2... -. 206 DA X1X Page INCERT SEDIS. 1. Gen. Caudalina M. Rao .. 207 1. armata M. Rao ...... 208 2. bangalorensis M. Rao . 208 II. Order SPIROTRICHA Biitsch., em. Kahl. 209 1. Suborder HETEROTRICHA CRT aN. 210 1. Fam. Sprrostomipa@ Kent.. 212 1. Gen. Blepharisma Perty.. 212 NES SP CUGUO. . citbta ss 3 on 213 2. Gen. Spirostomum Ehrbg. 213 1. ambiguum EHhrbg. 214 2 VOLES, CEN Mets feos acs pA Se BP CHAU. onan ss 30 + - 217 2. Fam. PLaciotomipa Poche, em ahh Wane rs}. 218 1. Gen. Nyctotherus Leidy . 218 1. cordiformis (Ehrbg.) St. 220 As kemipi Ghosit ei .5 cs. = 221 3. macropharyngeus Bezz. 222 4. magnus Bezz...... 4. .s 224 5. magnus var. malabarica DERI CHO re oe Ss 225 G. Ovalis Lewy. nic. ss 226 7. papillatus Dobell .... 228 8. reniformis Bh. & Gul. . 229 9. termitis Dobell ....... 229 3. Fam. CoNnDYLOSTOMIDZ LOIN Ve 231 1. Gen. Kondyliostoma Duj. 231 1. patens (O. F. Mill.) .. 231 | 4. Fam. STeEnToRIDz Claus... 233 1. Gen. Climacostomum St.. 233 1. virens (Hhrbg.) St...... 233 2. Gen. Stentorella Rezchen- DECI Tana: eas 6 234 1. polymorphus (O. F 11k) A a 235 Bo EAGIS GROSR ... =. + 237 SONS) ORM OL S772 een ae 238 5. Fam. FoLLIicuLiInip2 Dons. 238 1. Gen. Folliculina Lamarck. 238 1. ampulla (O. F. Miill.).. 239 6. Fam. BuRSARIDz Perty, em. oR Bi see Asis Sai 240 1. Gen. Bursaria O. Ff. Mill. 240 1. truncatella O. F. Mill.. 241 KX Page INCERT SEDIS. 1. Gen. Parabursaria Ghosh . 243 1. pheritima Ghosh ...... 243 7. Fam. BALANTIDIIDA Reich- CHOU Ae Pree aie) 6 coves 244 1. Gen. Balantidium Ol. & L. 244 1. amygdalli Bh. & Gul.. 247 2. bicavata Bh. & Gul... 248 3. blattarum Ghosh .... 249 4. coli (Malmsten) ...... 249 5. coli var. bovis Coop. ia Ey Sa er 255 6. depressum (Ghosh) ... 253 MECOUOMCRIISE.. . ccs +s 254. 8. elongatum Si. ....... 256 9. giganteum Bezz. ..... 257 10 eracile Bez. ........ 258 Hie vhelense Bezz. .......- 259 12. knowlesii Ghosh ..... 260 13. ovatum Ghosh ....... 261 14. ranarum Ghosh ...... 262 15. rhesum Ghosh ...... 262 16. rotundum Bezz. ..... 263 Pwsmsnit ROY 6. s,s 5. 264 2. Suborder OLIGOTRICHA MS ULESC sath a yates e 267 1. Fam. Hautrerip Cl. & L., ONAL ica ees 267 1. Gen. Halteria Duj. ..... 267 1. grandinella (O. F. Mill.) 268 PAS) 5 CF 001710 ea a eRe 269 2. Fam. TINTINNIDA Cl. & L. 269 1. Gen. Tintinnopsis St. .... 269 1. lacustris Hntz sen. .... 270 2. ovalis Daday ......... 271 INCERT SEDIS. 1. Gen. Octocirrus M. Rao.. 272 1. spheratus M.Rao .... 272 3. Suborder ENTODINIO- MORPHA Reich. 273 | SYSTEMATIC INDEX, 1. Fam. OPHRYOSCOLECIDZ St. 274 1. Subfam. OPHRYOSCOLECINZE HEGTOU A. yo. gin in 276 1. Gen. Entodinium St...... aarp yl [Me STGSE ac Sa 282 2. curtum Kof. & Chr. . 283 oO. Guabsrdl Bus. 2.2... 284 4. ellipsoideum Kof. & EGO OE NAAN Se Sega 284 . nanellum Dogiel . Ovalis Jameson ...... . ovinum Dogiel . ovoideum Kof. &éMacl. . ovoido-nucleatum Das- Page . loboso-spinosum Dogiel . longinucleatum Dogiel. . acutonucleatum Kof. & Macl. eoreerereeeee . pisciculum Kof. & WIHT ON Lett ms SON 5, a 8 . rostratum Fiorentini . . aculeatum Kof. €& Mace: (ae . acutum Kof. & MacL. . biconcavum Kof. & IVEGOTI SCR e as ee . bifidum (Dogiel) ..... . elongatum Dogiel..... . laterale Kof. &@ Macl. . rectangulum Kof. & EGET eh nets Moen ae . anteronucleatum forma eeceree eee leeve Dogiel . anteronucleatum forma monolobum Dogiel .. . anteronucleatum forma dilobum Dogiel .... . bimastus Dogiel...... . brevispinum Kof. & MVUGQCTE be ats sa ee ; CaudatumgSh. < iim. . chatterjeei Das-Gupta. . contractum Kof. & Chr oe eae . ekendre Das-Gupta .. . furca forma dilobum Dogiel ecereee eee ee oe . gibberosum Kof. & Mack... Sane eee . indicum Kof. & Macl. . laterospinum Kof. & Mach. si See eoeeeree Gupta . rhomboideum Kof. & Mach... sci . setnai Das-Gupta .... . simplex Dogiel . tricostatum Kof. & IM G61. ss's sss ee . Gen. Eodinium Kof. & Mach... .«cosien 1. bilobosum (Dogiel) .... 2. lobatum Kof. & MaclL. 3. rectangulatum Kof. & 3. Gen. Diplodinium Schub.. ; 1. dentate (iSt.),, o/s.’ set 285 286 286 287 288 288 289 290 291 291 292 293 294 295 295 295 296 296 297 298 299 299 300 301 301 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 2. ceylonicum Kof. & Chr. 315 3. monacanthum (Dogiel). 316 4, diacanthum (Dogiel) .. 317 5. triacanthum (Dogiel) ., 317 6. tetracanthum (Dogiel) . 318 7. pentacanthum (Dogiel). 318 8. anisacanthum da Cunha 318 9. psittaceum (Dogiel) ... 319 10. consors (Dogiel) ...... 320 11. costatum Dogiel ..... 321 13.) minor (Dogeel). .5.<).2 322 13. crista-galli Dogiel ..... 323 14. flabellum Kof. & MacL. 323 4. Gen. Eremoplastron Kof. le MM ae Liye slais. 3s 324 a bovis, (Dogtel) ii%:<:36:- 5 325 2. brevispinum Kof. & AGT ies os) a eidto nhs 325 3. magnodentatum Kof. & IM GOT ks be 3s aliseinds 326 4. rostratum (Fior.) ..... 327 5. rotundum Kof. & MacL. 328 5. Gen. Diploplastron Kof. de Migelis 5 25.2 Sis 329 1. affine (Dog. & Fed.) ... 329 6. Gen. Eudiplodinium Dog. 330 Bo mages. (Pior.) 25.4 2.8 330 7. Gen. Metadinium Awer. & TIE BPs at hata ts 332 1. medium Awer. & Muta. 332 2. rotundatum Kof. & Chr. 333 8. Gen. Elytroplastron Kof. a Maeis! > Ss0 hs. 334 1. bubali (Dogiel) ....... 334 9. Gen. Ostracodinium Dog.. 335 1. clipeolum Kof. & Macl. 336 2. gauri Kof. d& Chr. .... 337 3. gracile (Dogiel) ....... 337 4. mammosum (fail.).... 338 5. mysorei Kof. & Chr. ... 339 6. quadrivesiculatum Kof. emia ooo S. 52 340 7. rugoloricatum Kof. & ULE EES SR eae 340 8. trivesiculatum Kof. & SUL OY ea a 341 9. venustum Kof. & MacL. 342 10. Gen. Epidinum Crawley. 343 1. ecaudatum (fior.) .... 344 2. caudatum (F7zor.) 346 3. bicaudatum (Sharp) 347 4. tricaudatum (Sharp) .. 347 5. quadricaudatum CUE Ora notes =a1ais A 348 6. parvicaudatum (Awer. LORI CT A EAR re 349 7. cattanei (Fvor.) ....... 350 8. eberleini (da Cunha) 351 Xx Page 11. Gen. Ophryoscolex St... 352 1. spinosus Kof. & MacL.. 353 2. tricoronatus (Dogiel) .. 354 2. Subfam. Potypinunz Ko- MIU aise kine 356 1. Gen. Polydinium Kofoid.. 357 1. mysoreum Kofoid . 357 2. Gen. Elephantophilus Ko- OF AON rev aavel pate: as 359 Le reba TOFOd Si os oie 9's 309 4. Suborder CTENOSTOMIDA (Lauterborn) .. 360 5. Suborder HyPoTRicHa St. 361 1. Fam. PERITROMID St..... 363 1. Gen. Peritromoides, gen. WOO ae isha ei Bevis 363 Lysumplex; sp. 700... ...'-, 363 2. Fam. OxyTRicHip& Hhrbg. . 365 1. Subfam. URostyLinz BUSCH: cn Fs Sek 365 1. Gen. Urostyla Ehrbg. . 366 NS CURSE IS Fe Pog alain ac o'6 2 366 2. Gen. Holosticha Wrzes... 367 1. mystacea (Sé.) ....... 367 3. Gen. Stichotricha Perty .. 368 I> sp. Chad. 322 Ges 53 368 4. Gen. Uroleptus (Hhrbg.) St. 369 1. mobilis Engelm........ 369 2. piscis (O. Ff. Mill.) .. 370 oS Si CO RAUd ase abi 2 62 371 2. Subfam. PLEUROTRICHINZ BESOIN 0 Se os 371 1. Gen. Gonostomum Sterki . 372 AP Pate OSE 2 « sheiee08 ls « s 372 rats) 01 01/151.) A a 373 2. Gen. Pleurotricha St. ... 373 1 tania Sh. 2 2. oe. = 374 2. lanceolata (Hhrbg.) .... 376 3. Gen. Gastrostyla Engelm. 377 1. setifera (Engelm.) ..... 377 4. Gen. Oxytricha (hrbg.) ISRCTIOU saa Faso eens ats 378 1. pellionella (O. F. Miill.). 379 PAPE CEMLET YS, 20). Sosa 3 vn 3 380 3.) 9p-(?) Sandon. <2 0.5 0s. 380 Bee CG acon wie iss 380 5. Gen. Stylonychia (Ehrbg.) 380 1. pustulata Ehrbg. ..... 381 CBP MONAUE. oso sa es 382 3. Subfam. PsmoTRIcHINZz TTUESOM 6s. «sia, ches 382 1. Gen. Balladinopsis Ghosh. 382 1. nuda Ghosh ......... 383 XX1l Page 3. Fam. EupLtotipa Hhrbg. .. 384 1. Gen. Euplotes (Hhrbg.) .. 384 1. charon (O. F. Miller). . 385 2. patella (O. F. Miill.) VY UCI ERS ah a ey Oa ee 386 4. Fam. Aspipiscipa Hhrbg... 388 1. Gen. Aspidisca Hhrbg. ... 388 Tl. €ostata (Daj.) eee. 389 2. lynceus (O. F’. Mill.) .. 390 2. Gen. Aspidiscopsis Ghosh 391 1. bengalensis Ghosh 391 III. Order PERITRICHA St. 393 l. Suborder Moprii1a Kahl . 395 1. Tribe Alorieata Kahl .... 395 1. Fam. Scypuipiupa Kahl .. 396 1. Gen. Scyphidia (Dw.) ... 396 ieandicas sp. nov. 2... ss 397 2. purniensis Ghosh ..... 398 2. Fam. VoORTICELLID# St. ... 398 1. Gen. Vorticella (Linn.) HERROGS oo lees 03s 398 1. campanula Hhrbg. 400 2. ctirina O. F. Mill..... 402 3. convallaria Linn. ..-.. 403 4. globosa Ghosh ........ 404 5. microstoma Hhrbg. .... 405 6. patellina O. F. Mill.... 406 7. submicrostoma Ghosh. . 408 8. subcylindrica Ghosh ... 408 9. subprocubens Ghosh 408 10. subsinuata Ghosh 409 IT. sp. Simmons .....,..- 409 EUS PM CQGLED see tcte raya ce iste ue > 409 HOS BD CHAUGS wie che cas» « 409 2. Gen. Carchesium Hhrbg. . 409 1. epistylis Cl. @ L....... 410 2. polypinum (Linn.) TROD Be is ig Wax iss, a aoe Oe SDS UMWOUS: ac aus» + « 412 | SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 3. Fam. Epistytipm Kahl ... 413 1. Gen. Epistylis Ehrbg. ... 413 1. anastatica (Linn.) PRTG: Sse Meek Ss oc le 414 2. articulata From....... 414 3. galea Hhrbg: 20... +4 +s 416 4. plicatilis Hhrbg. ...... 417 5. sp. Simmons ......... 417 2. Tribe Loricata Kahl ..... 418 1. Fam. VAGINICOLLID& Kent. 418 1. Gen. Cothurnia Hhrbg.... 418 1. sp. Summons 419 2. Gen. Vaginicola (Lamarck) 419 ecereee eve 1. sp. Summons ......... 419 2h SpemMatChell 2c ahi e oe 419 3. Gen. Pyxicola Kent ..... 419 1. carteri (Kent) ....... 420 4. Gen. Platycola Kent .... 420 1. sp. Simmons... 6... 62 421 IV. Order CHONOTRICHA Wallengren ...... 422 II. Class SUCTORIA Biitsch... 423 1. Fam. ACINETID Biitsch. .. 425 1. Gen. Tokophrya (Bitsch.) Coligny: Socwsanetorie 425 1. bengalensis Ghosh .... 426 2. quadripartita (Cl. & L.) 427 2. Gen. Acineta (Ehrbg.) Collin 1. tuberosa EHhrbg. ...... %. Fam. PoDOPHRYID.X= Biitsch. 429 1. Gen. Podophrya (Khrbg.) IBGUSCh: .. «cane 429 1. bengalensis Ghosh. .... 430 2. fixa (O. F. Mill.) Ehrbg. 431 3. sandi Collin 432 2. Gen. Spherophrya Cl. &@ L. 433 1. pusillarCl @ Baer 433 CILIOPHORA. INTRODUCTION. Position of Ciliophora in the Animal Kingdom. PROTOZOA are generally defined as unicellular animals. All the functions of animal life are performed by a small undivided mass of protoplasm. The body of the organism, unlike the body of a higher animal, is not differentiated into organs consisting of tissues or cell-aggregates set apart for the performance of different functions. Although a Protozoon, when seen under a microscope, is comparable in its structure with a single cell of a Metazoan body, it cannot be regarded as strictly homologous with it. Some authors consequently prefer to regard Protozoa as non-cellular—that is, representing a primitive type of body in which the cellular type of structure had not been evolved. Although many of these organisms. present a fairly simple structure, the majority of them exhibit a complexity of structure to which there is no parallel among the cells forming the body of a higher animal. The reason is obvious. The various parts of the cell-body of a Protozoon are differentiated into structures for the performance of different functions of animal life, such as locomotion, food capture, sensation, reproduction, etc., but all this is within the limits of a single mass of protoplasm. Hence the organiza- tion of the Protozoa is actually by no means simple. It is not the object of this work to give a comprehensive account of the organization and structure of the Protozoa: for this the reader should refer to the numerous excellent text-books on the subject. The Protozoa are microscopic organisms, and have been favourite objects of study under the microscope ever since the latter was invented. Leeuwenhoek, the father of Proto- zoology, first described (1677) a free-living Protozoan, a species of Vorticella, which he had seen in standing rain-water in 1675. He was also the first to publish an account of a parasitic Protozoan (1682), which he found in his own feces, and which was the flagellate Lamblia (Giardia) intestinalis. In 1683 he found Opalina in the feeces of a frog, and possibly Nyctotherus CIL. B oct 2 1936 ey CILIOPHORA. also. In 1703 he figured both Vorticella and Carchesium. Paramecium was discovered in 1703 and Ameba in 1755. Ledermiiller, in 1763, was the first to introduce the popular term Inrusoria, to include all the various microscopic animalcules which make their appearance in infusions exposed to the air. The first comprehensive work on INFUSORIA was the monograph by O. F. Miller, published posthumously in 1786, and ‘included, besides the Protozoa, Bacteria, Diatoms, Vinegar Worms, Planarian worms, Cercaria larve, Rotifers and other odds and ends of animals, provided that they were sufficiently small.” Miller described 378 species in his monograph, of which about 150 are valid. The term Protozoa was first used by Goldfuss in 1817, but he included in the group the PotypEs and Mzpvus# also. It was first restricted and employed in the modern sense by von Siebold in 1845. Ehrenberg published a large work in 1838 in which 350 species are described from his own observations. About one-third of this work was devoted to Rotifers. Dujardin (1841) was the first to divide the “ Infusoires ”’ into rhizopods, flagellates, and ciliates, according as pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia serve as their organs of locomotion. This division is still the basis of all the schemes of classification of the Protozoa. Biitschli (1889) limited the use of INFUSORIA to Protozoa that bear cilia at some period of their life-history. As these latter came to be regarded as constituting two classes, viz., the CintaTa, with cilia throughout life, and Suctorta, with cilia in the embryonic phases only, Doflein (1901) introduced the term CILIoPHORA to designate a sub-phyllum to include these two classes. Besides the classes enumerated above, there is the class Sporozoa, including organisms which are exclusively para- sitic and which possess no special organs of locomotion and food capture. The earliest observations on a Coccidian and a Gregarine were published in 1839. The HamosporipiIa were discovered as late as the eighties of the last century. The phylum PROTOZOA may thus be divided as follows :— A. Subphylum PrasmopRoma Doflein, 1901. Movement is effected by pseudopodia or flagella, and syngamy takes place in all known cases by the complete fusion of gametes. I. Class MastigoPHoRA Diesing, 1865. The predominating phase is flagellate, locomotion being effected by filamentous whip-like structures called flagella. The body may be corticate or non-corticate. II. Class Ru1Izopopa von Siebold, 1845 (=Sarcopina Hertwig & Lesser, 1874). The predominating phase is amceboid, locomotion being effected by temporary extensions of the body called pseudopodia. The body is non-corticate, 7. e., has no tough limiting mem- brane or cuticle. INTRODUCTION. 3 III. Class Sporozoa Leuckart, 1879. Exclusively parasitic forms which lack definite organs of loco- motion. Reproduction takes place by spore-formation. B. Subphylum Cr1opHora Doflein, 1901. Movement is effected by cilia. TY. Class Crntata Perty, 1852. Organisms bear cilia throughout life. I. Subclass PRotocrm1aTa Metcalf, 1918. Organisms provided with two or more nuclei, which are all of one type. Syngamy is effected by the complete fusion of uninucleated stages. II. Subclass Evcrm1ata Metcalf, 1918. Organisms show a definite nuclear dimorphism, there being two types of nuclei (macronuclei and micronuclei). During syngamy the macronuclei disintegrate, the micronuclei divide, and an interchange of micronuclear products takes place between the associating individuals, new macronuclei and micronuclei being reconstituted from the combination nucleus or synkaryon. V. Class Suctor1a Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858 (= TENTACULIFERA Huxley, ACINETARIA Lankester). Ciliated in the young stages, but later usually attach them- ' selves to other objects, lose their cilia, and develop knobbed tentacles which serve as sucking-tubes. General Organization and Structure. The present volume deals only with the subphylum ‘CiLIOPHORA, and I give below a brief survey of the general organization and structure of the organisms included in this group, so as to afford the reader a general idea of the group and to introduce him to the principal technical terms employed in the description of the forms. Modes of Life—The great majority of Ci~IoPHORA are free-living aquatic forms, either marine or freshwater. Some eroups of the Cr1atTa and practically all SucToria are attached. They may be attached temporarily or permanently to some object, which may be the body of some other animal. A considerable number of forms are parasitic and show various degrees of dependence on the host. Form.—The free-swimming Ciliates show a great variety of forms. The primitive type may be considered to be a spherical or ovoid organism, with the mouth or cytostome at the anterior end and the contractile vacuole near the posterior end. Cilia of equal length clothe the whole body evenly, being disposed in meridional rows extending from the anterior to the posterior pole. Such an ideally simple type is actually met with among species of Holophrya and Prorodon (see figs. 22, 25). Modi- fications from this type occur as the result of (1) shifting of the cytostome from the anterior pole to one side of the body and a consequent oblique arrangement of the ciliary B2 4 CILIOPHORA. rows; (2) differentiation of the cilia into those covering the general surface of the body, which are locomotor in function, and special cilia near or around the mouth, which are variously modified for the purpose of food capture; (3) development of a special area, called peristome, leading to the cytostome ; (4) the flattening of the body in creeping forms, in which a ventral surface, bearing cytostome and peristome, is dis- tinguishable from the dorsal surface; and (5) restriction of the locomotor cilia to the ventral surface, and the complete or partial disappearance of those on the dorsal surface or their retention to serve a purely tactile function. This last and extreme modification is realized in such flattened and creeping hypotrichous forms as Stylonichia and Aspidisca (figs. 180, 184), in which the ventral cilia are restricted to tufts which fuse to form cirri or bristles on which the animal creeps. Organisms may be temporarily or permanently attached. For this purpose there are developed special cilia or adhesive organs, or the surface of the body on the side opposite to the mouth (aboral) may be specially drawn out for the purpose into a stalk. Im Vorticella and other related organisms the stalk contains a contractile thread, by means of which the organism can retract itself close to the point of attachment or extend itself further away from it. In this group the general covering of cilia disappears and only peristomial cilia are retained. Such organisms may, however, detach themselves from their stalks, develop temporary cilia for locomotion, swim off, and attach themselves again elsewhere. Structure —The protoplasm forming the body of a Ciliate is differentiated into two layers, ectoplasm and endoplasm. The ectoplasm consists of four or five layers, viz. (a) a thin delicate membrane called the pellicle; (b) alveolar layer; (c) protoplasmic layer containing small spindle-shaped bodies known as the trichocysts ; (d) contractile layer, containing myonemes which run beneath and parallel to the ciliary rows at the surface ; and (e) spongy layer, traversed by irregular spaces and channels containing fluid which drains into more conspicuous feeder- canals which open into a contractile vacuole. These layers or zones cannot be clearly distinguished in all cases as they grade into one another, and some of them are better developed in some organisms than in others. The cytostome or mouth, the cytopyge or anal aperture and the openings of the contractile vacuoles all perforate the pellicle, and the cilia also pass through it. The cilia arise from basal granules placed externally to or between the myonemes, and pass to the exterior through the outer layers. The cilia may be restricted to certain regions (as in Didinium nasutum, Urocentrum turbo, etc., figs. 31, 89), or may by their fusion form locomotor organs ~ INTRODUCTION. oa of a complex nature, such as undulating membranes, membran- elles, cirri and membranulz. Undulating membranes are usually formed by the adhesion or fusion of a single row of cilia, and may occur in the cytopharynx, margin of the cyto- stome, or in the peristome ; they are represented in all orders of the Cru1ata. They are usually narrow and inconspicuous, but in some genera (e. g., Cyclidium, Plewronema, figs. 85, 86) form large balloon-like expansions used for trapping the food. Membranelles are formed by the fusion of the cilia in the region of the mouth. They are grouped as a rule _ in a curved row, the “ adoral zone,” along the margin of the peristome in all orders of the Crm1aTA except the HoLorRicHa (fig. 117). A dorsal ring of membranelles is also present in some parasitic forms, e. g., Diplodinium (fig. 158). In the Vorticellide (fig. 187) there are two rows of membranelles, forming a double adoral zone that winds about the peri- stome in a direction opposite to that in SprrorRicHa (which includes HETEROTRICHA, HyPoTRICHA, etc.). Cirri are formed by the fusion of tufts of cilia, and are broader at the base and taper to a fine point. They are found typically on the ventral surface of Hypotricua, and form groups named, according to their position, frontal, ventral, anal, caudal and marginal cirri. These cirri confer extreme variety of movements on the HyporricHa. Some of them run on the tips of the frontal and ventral cirri (Stylonichia), others swim with a jerky movement (Aspidisca), while yet others combine swimming by means of the adoral zone of membranelles with sudden jumps effected by anal or caudal cirri (Huplotes). In a few cases dorsal cirri also occur and serve a tactile function (Uronychia). Membranule are long, delicate, finely pointed structures, each formed by the fusion of a small number of cilia, as in the case of the two circlets of Didinium or the posterior ciliary ring of Vorticellids. A striking feature of many Ciliates is their power of contrac- tion. A Spirostomum or a Trachelocerca will suddenly contract to a fraction of its length in the expanded state. A Folliculina or a Vorticella will fold itself up, and an entire colony of Vorticellids may contract itself into a small mass. These movements are brought about by long, delicate, con- tractile threads, called myonemes, which may run straight (Stentor) or spirally (Spirostomum) throughout the entire length of the body. A second set of myonemes may run transversely about the body, as in the peristomial region of the Vorticellids or Stentor. In Ciliates with a uniform covering of cilia the latter do not all beat simultaneously, but a wave of contraction passes from the anterior to the posterior end. Cilia in the same transverse row beat synchronously, but those in a longitudinal 6 CILIOPHORA. row beat in a regular succession and are metachronous in their contraction. This also accounts for the wave-like movement of undulating membranes which are formed by the fusion of longitudinal rows of cilia. Distinct fibres connecting the basal granules of cilia were described by Entz, Maier, Schuberg and others, but were interpreted as myonemes. As, however, the rhythmic action of the cilia is independent of the contractility of the organism, it is probable that such fibres are not myonemes but co-ordinating fibres of a conductile nature. Sharp, Yocom, and Taylor have given convincing evidence of the occurrence of specific conducting or co-ordinating system of fibrils. Sharp (1914) was the first to describe in Hpidinium ecaudatum (fig. 164) a neuromotor system of fibrils connecting the basal fibrils coming from the cilia or groups of cilia with a co-ordinating centre called the motorium. The motorium is situated in the ectoplasm near the anterior end of the organism, and a number of fibres pass to different regions of activity. Yocom (1918) described a similar but more complex system in Euplotes patella. A definitely staining bilobed mass situated in the ectoplasm near the right anterior angle of the triangular peristome was identified as a motorium (fig. 183, m). From one of its lobes a set of five longitudinal fibrils (a—c) run to the bases of the five anal cirri near the posterior end, and from the other lobe a single fibril passes along the inner margin of the anterior lip and down the left side of the peristome connecting the bases of the adoral zone of membranelles (m.f.). Taylor (1920), as the result of micro-dissection experi- ments with the same form, furnished direct evidence of the part played by the neuromotor apparatus. Macdonald (1922) described a similar system in Balantidiwm coli and B. suis, and since that date several other workers have demonstrated the neuromotor apparatus in other forms. Klein (1926) introduced a modification of a silver impregna- tion method, by which the organisms are fixed by drying, and the reduction of silver nitrate by reflected sunlight deposits colloidal silver on certain structures, which are referred to collectively as the “silver-line system.” This system is composed of two rather distinct parts. One of these, described as “‘indirectly connected ’’ with the contractile system, is composed largely of closely set polygons and the trichocyst granules which lie in the centres of the anterior and posterior sides of the polygons. The other portion consists chiefly of the basal granules, which are located at or near the centres of the polygons of the first part, and the longitudinal body fibrils, which connect the basal granules in the same longitudinal row of polygons. Lund (1933) has correlated the “ silver-line ”’ system with the “neuromotor”’ system, and comes to the INTRODUCTION, 7 conclusion that the “ silver-line ” system is not solely composed of conductile elements, but comprises parts of at least two, and possibly three, quite different aggregations of structures, namely, the pellicle, the trichocysts, and the peripheral portion of the neuromotor system. Klein’s technique fails to demonstrate the great pharyngeal complex, which is at least in part conductile. The term “fibrillar system” may be employed to include the whole complex of structures which serve a correlating and conductile function. Embedded in the ectoplasm are small spindle-shaped bodies known as trichocysts, each of which on being stimulated can discharge a long stiff thread. They may be distributed all over the surface (Paramecium, fig. 63) or be confined to certain regions (proboscis of Dileptus, fig. 45). Oral trichites are similar structures surrounding the mouth in various GYMNOSTOMATA, and may form a tube extending into the endoplasm (as in some species of Nassula, Orthodon etc.). In other cases much larger rods are met with, and form pharyngeal baskets (as in the families Nassulide and Chlamy- dodontide). A constant number of rods may be found in a species, and they may be united to form a tube at the posterior end of the basket (fig. 56). The number and arrangement of the contractile vacuoles varies considerably. In Paramecium there are two contractile vacuoles, each surrounded by six to eight feeder-canals in a star-like manner. In Stentor and Spirostomum there is a single contractile vacuole, with a long feeder-canal running along the length of the body. A mouth or cytostome is normally present (except in PROTOCILIATA, ASTOMATA and SvuctToriA). In GymMno- STOMATA the cytostome is closed except during the ingestion of solid food; it is opened or closed by a system of rods contained in the cytopharynx, and there is no undulating membrane. In all other Crm1ata which possess a cytostome it is permanently open, and the cytopharynx may possess one or more undulating membranes, but no rod-apparatus. Frequently there is a funnel-like structure called the peristome for collecting the food and conveying it to the cytostome. Cilia on the floor of the peristome are often longer than over the rest of the body. In Sprrorricwa an adoral zone of membranelles is always present along the left margin of the peristome. In the PrErrrricua the adoral zone consists of two parallel undulating membranes, which, after describing a number of spiral turns, pass into a funnel-shaped depression or vestibule, at the bottom of which the cytostome, followed by a short cytopharynx, is situated. The contractile vacuole and the anus also open into the vestibule. In Suctorta there is no cytostome, but food is taken in by the numerous sucking 8 . CILIOPHORA. tentacles, the protoplasm of the body of the prey passing in a stream through the tubular cavity of the tentacle. The majority of CiniopHoRa are holozoic, but some of the parasitic forms may be saprozoic (Opalina). The endoplasm is finely alveolar and more fluid than the ectoplasm, and exhibits a streaming movement (cyclosis). The endoplasm contains food-vacuoles enclosing food-particles in process of digestion, the nuclei, and other refringent granules, some of which may be excretory granules, others mitochondria, and still others belonging to the Golgi apparatus. The nuclear apparatus in most CILIOPHORA shows dimorphism —there being a large, deeply staining macronucleus and a small, often inconspicuous, micronucleus which is difficult to stain. In Protocitiata there are two or more similar nuclei, but in each nucleus there are believed to be two kinds of chromatin, distinguished as macrochromatin and micro- chromatin. The former is functional during vegetative life and the latter during the reproductive phases. Among the KuciziatTa the macronucleus is typically a compact body, and the micronucleus a small refringent body close to it or actually lodged in a depression of the surface of the macro- nucleus. In other forms the macronucleus may be rod- shaped or sausage-shaped (Diplodiniwm), or in the form of a horseshoe (Vorticella) or a beaded string (Stentor and Spirostomum), or there may be two macronuclei connected by a delicate filament (Stylonichia), or the macronucleus may be broken up into a large number of small nuclei. The macronucleus in some of the Suctoria (Dendrosoma, E'phelota, etc.) is much branched. The micronucleus does not vary much in form, but the number of micronuclei may be one, two, or many in different species. Reproduction.—Macronuclei are vegetative in function and control the general metabolism: during reproduction they disappear by absorption and fresh macronuclei arise from products of micronuclear division. The micronucleus is reproductive in function and plays an important part during conjugation, as also in periodical reorganization without conjugation, known as endomixis. Reproduction takes place by binary fission which is generally transverse to the long axis of the body. During this process the macronucleus divides amitotically and the micronucleus mitotically. The nuclear division is followed by transverse fission of the organism, and the parts lacking in each daughter organism are reconstituted. In fixed forms, as in Vorticel- lide, the fission is generally in a vertical plane and leads to unequal fission or budding. Repeated fission accompanied by imperfect separation of daughter zooids leads to the forma- tion of large branching colonies in many PERITRICHA. Multiple INTRODUCTION. 8) fission or sporulation also occurs inside temporary cysts in some parasitic forms. In SuctToRiA either external or internal budding takes place. In internal budding a certain part of the organism becomes invaginated, the margins close over, and a brood-chamber is formed, inside which the ciliated embryos are developed. The details of conjugation or syngamy also vary a good deal in the group. Among the Proroocm1ata ordinary individuals divide repeatedly, and thus give rise to a number of small-sized forms with one, two or more nuclei; these then encyst and pass out with the feces of the host. These cysts are ingested by tadpoles and the organisms are set free in their rectum. The organisms multiply and give rise to larger and smaller individuals (gametes) which fuse in pairs to form a zygote. Hach resulting zygote has at first a single nucleus, and later gives rise to the binucleated or multinucleated condition characteristic of the species. In most of the Eucm1atTa temporary fusion takes place between similar zooids, the macronucleus degenerates and disappears in each conjugant, and the micronucleus in each divides two or three times. Only one of the resulting products of micro- nuclear division takes further part in the process, the others being absorbed. This remaining micronucleus again divides into two pronuclei, one migratory and the other stationary. The migratory pronucleus of each passes into the body of the other conjugant and fuses with its stationary pronucleus, forming a synkaryon in each. The conjugants now separate, the synkaryon in each divides a number of times, resulting in the formation of new macronuclei and micronuclei, and each ex-conjugant divides into a number of zooids, each zooid containing a single macronucleus and one or more micronuclei according to the species. In the majority of the PERITRICHA sexual dimorphism is the rule, and a small zooid fuses permanently with a large zooid, and only a single zygote with one synkaryon results. A periodic nuclear reorganization also takes place apart from conjugation, and was described by Erdmann and Woodruff (1914) in Paramecium aurelia and by the same authors (1917) m P. caudatum under the name endomixis. In the former species it takes place at intervals of about thirty days; the old macronucleus breaks up and is absorbed, and each of the two micronuclei divides twice, forming eight products, some of which become new macronuclei and some new micro- nuclei. In the latter it occurs at intervals of sixty days ; the single micronucleus divides three times, forming eight nuclei, some of which degenerate while others form new macronuclei or micronuclei. In some other types of Ciliates endomixis is known to take place while the organism is pro- tected by a cyst. 10 CILIOPHORA. Study of the Group in India. _ Very little work had been done on the Ciliate Protozoa in India during the last century. Up to the year 1889, the year of publication of Biitschli’s great work on Protozoa, practically the only record of freshwater forms was the work of H. J. Carter, who studied these forms in Bombay towards the middle of the last century, and contributed a number of papers on the organization of freshwater INFUSORIA of the island of Bombay to the ‘Annals & Magazine of Natural History’ (1856-69). The following is a list of Ciliates found by him in Bombay; a number of forms, described as new species by Saville Kent (1880-82) from manuscript notes that Carter placed at his disposal have also been included in the list :— Holophrya lateralis 8. K. Coleps hirtus (O. F. Miull.). Halteria pulex=Mesodinium pulex Cl. & L. Trachelium fasciola=Amphileptus fasciola=Lionotus fasciola Ehrbg. Nassula sp. Loxodes cucullulus=Chilodon cucullulus Ehrbg. (O. F. Miull.). Ophryoglena sp.=Otostoma carter 8. K. Loxodes cucullio=? Colpoda cucullus (O. F. Miull.). Paramecium aurelia Ehrbg. (O. F. Miull.). Plagiopyla (?) carterz 8. K. Spirostoma virens (?) Ehrbg.=Climacostomum virens Ehrbg. Bursaria leucas (?) Ehrbg.=Frontoma leucas Ehrbg. Stentor sp. Oxytricha sp. Himantophorus charon=Plesoconia ?=Huplotes charon O. F. Mill. Huplotes sp. Vorticella microstoma Ehrbg. 5 convallaria Ehrbg. So Epistylis galea (?) Ehrbg. Cothurma sp.=Pyzicola carteri 8. K. Spherophrya sp. Cl. & L. Podophrya fixa Ehrbg. id quadripartita=Tokophrya quadripartita Cl. & L. Acineia tuwberosa Ehrbg. G. W. Grant had previously (1842) found in Calcutta six species of freshwater Protozoa, of which only two were Ciliates, viz., Coleps hirtus Ehrbg. and Vorticella patellina O. F. Mill. These are recorded in Cantor’s work on Chinese forms. In 1862 J. Mitchell contributed a short note on the existence of a valve in a form very similar to Vaginicola crystal- lina from Bangalore. W. J. Simmons (1889) contributed a note on a species of Podophrya found in Calcutta, and (1891) noted the occurrence of several genera at Calcutta without specific identification of the forms. H. H. Anderson (1889) described Anoplophrya xlosomata from Atlosoma chlorostictum in Calcutta. INTRODUCTION. LE Scanty as the above recorded work is for a large country like India, it is thus referred to in Schewiakoff’s monograph on the geographical distribution of freshwater Protozoa (1893, p. 84): “Bedeutend besser erforscht ist die Proto- zoenfauna Ostindiens, obgleich die vorliegenden Befunde weit davon entfernt sind, eine methodische Durchforschung der Susswasser Protozoen diese landes darzubieten. Es wurden nur wenige Orte, Bombay, Calcutta und einige Seen in Himalaya, von Carter, Grant und Simmon untersucht. Am eingehendsten erforscht Carter die siissen Gewasser von Bombay und fand daselbst 43 verschiedene Formen, darunter 12 Rhizopoden, 3 Heliozoén, 15 Mastigophoren, 10* Ciliaten und 3* Acineten, die sammtlich auch in Europa anzutreffen smd. Nur wenige von diesen Formen lassen sich nicht ermitteln. In den Seen vom Himalaya fand Carter zwei Dinoflagellaten, darunter eine angeblich neue Art, die aber mit einer europdischen zu identificiren ware. Bei Calcutta fand G. W. Grant 6, gleich- falls in Europa vorkommende, Protozoén welche in der Arbeit Cantor’s beschrieben werden. Endlich traf bei Calcutta noch Simmons eine Acineten an, iiber die ich aber nichts zu sagen vermag, da ich mir leider die betreffende Arbeit nicht verschaffen Konnte. Somit wurden in Ostindien 50 ver- schiedene Arten von Protozoén : 12 Rhizopoden, 3 Heliozoén, 19 Mastigophoren, 13* Ciliaten, 3* Suctorien (Acineten) beobachtet, die alle Europaer sind.” From 1891 to 1916 very few persons took up the study of this group in India. Eugen von Daday (1898) studied the freshwater Protozoa of Ceylon, and, in addition to a large number of Rhizopods and Flagellates, also recorded six Ciliates, viz., Colopoda cucullus (O. F. Miill.), Codonella lacustris Entz., Tintinnopsis ovalis Dad., Oxytricha mystacea St., Stylo- nichia pustulata (O. F. Mull.), and Epistylis anastatica EKhrbg. Annandale (1907) recorded Carchesium polypinum Ehrbg. and Folliculina ampulla (O. F. Mull.) in his work on the Fauna of Brackish Ponds at Port Canning, Lower Bengal. Dobell (1910) published a paper on some parasitic Protozoa from Ceylon, in which he described the followmg new species of Ciliates :—Balantidium ovale, B. hyalinum, Nyctotherus papillatus, N. termitis, and Opalina virgula. In 1916 I published some notes on the Ciliate Protozoa of Lahore, and followed this up by further papers in 1920, 1922, and 1923. Gulati (1925) published his observations on some more Ciliates from Lahore. Bhatia and Gulati (1927) studied some parasitic Ciliates from a number of frogs, toads, earthworms, and the common cockroach found in the * This enumeration is not correct, as forms erected into new species by Saville Kent from manuscript notes of Carter are not included. 12 CILIOPHORA. Punjab; and Bhatia and Mullick (1930) studied the fresh- water Ciliates of Kashmir. During the same period (1916-29) Ekendranath Ghosh worked on the Ciliates at Calcutta, and published no less than fifteen papers recording known and describing many new species. Most of these papers are, however, of the nature of short communications, and his descriptions are not always adequate and reliable. Essential poimts are very often left undetermined, and future workers will not find it easy to recognize the organisms from his description and figures. Similarly, H. S. Madhava Rao published (1928) a paper on Soil Protozoa from Mysore, in which he has shown carelessness of observation and even ignorance of the ordinary rules of zoological nomenclature and description. Sandon (1927) and Chaudhuri (1929) have added a large number of forms to the records from India by examining the soils from various parts of India. Kofoid and MacLennan (1930-33) have described a large number of parasitic Ciliates from Bos indicus, the material having been obtained in South India and Ceylon. De Mello (1930-34) has published a number of papers on the parasitic Ciliates from various frogs and toads from Nova Goa (Portuguese India). Kofoid and Christenson (1934) have described a large number of Ciliates from Bos gaurus from Mysore, and Kofoid (1935) two remarkable Ciliates from the elephant. Lastly, Das Gupta (1935) has described many Ciliates from Capra hircus at Calcutta. In the present work all the records from India are brought together. ‘The record comprises 310 species, belonging to no less than 104 genera, out of which the specific identity of as many as 39 is uncertain. Of these, 68 species belonging to 41 genera, of which 1 genus and 16 species are new to science, have come under my personal observation. For the description of previously known genera and species I have consulted, among others, the monographs of O. F. Miiller, Ehrenberg, Dujardin, Claparede and Lachmann, Stein, Engelmann, Fromentel, Saville Kent, Biitschli, Schewiakoff, Roux, Penard, Metcalf and Kahl. I have in the main followed the classification given in Doflein and Reichenow’s ‘ Lehrbuch ’ (1929) and in Kahl’s recent monograph on INFUSORIA in ‘Tierwelt Deutschland’ (1930-35). All the families, even when not so far known to be represented in India, have been mentioned, and tables of identification included. Although the ciliate Protozoan fauna of India is now much better known than it was twenty years ago, there are many genera and even families that are not yet represented. As the freshwater forms are known to be cosmopolitan in their distribution, there is every likelihood of their being found in India as the result of further research. INTRODUCTION. 13 Classification and Phylogeny. The basis of the present-day systems of classification of the CinIoPHORA was first suggested by Stein in 1857, and with various modifications, introduced by Saville Kent, Biitschli, Schewiakoff, Delage, Doflein, Metcalf, Reichenow and Kahl, is followed even to-day. Stein divided the Cin1ata into four orders, viz., HoLorricHa, HrtTERotTRicHa, Hypo- TRICHA, PERITRICHA, and to-day these are still recognized as orders or suborders. For many years Stein held the opinion that the organisms, since recognized as constituting the group TENTACULIFERA, represented merely the develop- mental phases of various Vorticellids. The researches of Claparéde and Lachmann won for them an independent position, possessing, as a distinct section of the InFusoria, the same status as FLAGELLATA and CILIATA, and, with reference to the possession of sucking tentacles, the title of Sucroria was conferred by them on the group. Later Huxley, in view of the fact that in certain forms a portion only of the tentacles are suctorial, and that in some others the tentacles may be entirely non-suctorial and simply prehensile, sub- stituted the title of TENTACULIFERA for the Suctorta. At a still later date the name ACINETARIA was given to them by Lankester. The similarities of the early stages of these organ- isms to the CriaTa were well understood, and Doflein recognized that Cm1aTA and SUCTORIA constituted two classes of the subphylum CrmIoPHORA. The class Cru1atTa continued to be described as consisting of four orders, as defined by Stein. The order Hotorricna includes those Ciliates in which the cilia are all of approximately equal length and thickness, and there are never any specialized structures called cirri. It thus included the simplest members of the class, but still presented a considerable range of com- plexity from the simplest forms to those nearly approaching the HrTERoTRICHA. Opalina and other astomatous forms were included in the order as primitive forms or as forms which were without a mouth on account of their parasitic mode of life. Excluding these, Stein divided the order into four families. Saville Kent considered these groups or families as more or less heterogeneous, and distributed the genera among twelve families. Later authorities have had to transfer many of the genera and even families to other orders or even other classes of Protozoa. Biitschli divided the order into two sub-orders :—(1) the GyMNosTOMATA, in which the mouth is closed except when the food is being ingested, and (2) the TricHosToMATA, in which the mouth is always open and provided with an undulating membrane. Schewiakoff divided the class Cr1aTa into the order AsPrro- TRICHA (order HoLoTricHa St., with the addition of some 14 CILIOPHORA. families formerly referred to the orders HyporricHa (e. g., Erviliina and Chlamydodonta) and Prritrricua (Cyclo- _ dinina)) ; and SPrRoTRICHA, including the suborders HETERO- TRICHA, OLIGOTRICHA, HYPOTRICHA, and PrErRiITricHAa. He recognized the distinct position of the Opalinide, and divided his order ASPIROTRICHA into GYMNOSTOMATA, TRICHOSTOMATA, and Astomata, and arranged the families included under GYMNOSTOMATA in accordance with the position of the mouth into three tribes, which he called Prostomata, PLEURO- STOMATA, and HypostomaTa. The GYMNOSTOMATA comprised eleven families, the TRICHOSTOMATA seven families, and the AstomatTa one family. Delage gave the name HyYMENo- STOMATA to TRICHOSTOMATA of Schewiakoff; and Hickson in the main followed Schewiakoff’s classification, but used the term HymENoSTOMATA for TRICHOSTOMATA, and for no valid reason included Opalinine under this group instead of as a special group as Schewiakoff had done. Chatton and Lwoff have established THicMoTRICHA and APOSTOMBA as new suborders of HOLOTRICHA. Ray Lankester (1870) was the first to recognize that the grouping of Opalina with the other astomatous Ciliates was an unnatural procedure, and Léger and Duboscq (1904) maintained that the AstomaTa, as defined till then, did not constitute a natural group, their apparent resemblance being a case of convergence due to parasitism. They separated the Opalinine from the Anoplophryide. This view was accepted by Cépede (1910), who divided the astomatous Ciliates into eleven families. Hartog (1906) went so far as to remove the Opalinine from the class Crn1ata and place it with the trichonymphids among the MasticgopHoRA. Minchin, Doflein and other authors have, however, not accepted this view. ‘To do justice to the fundamental differences of nuclear structure Metcalf (1920, 1923) has separated the Opalinide from the rest of the Ciliates and divided the class into two subclasses, viz., PRoTociniaTA and EvucILIATA, a scheme which is now generally followed. The SprrotricHa of Schewiakoff corresponded with Biitschli’s suborder of the same name, and included HETEROTRICHA, OLIGOTRICHA, HypotricHa and PERITRICHA—that is, all the Ciliates which possess a special adoral zone of cilia arranged in a spiral manner in front of the mouth. There are, however, a number of fundamental differences between the HETERO- TRICHA, OLIGOTRICHA and HypotTricHa on the one hand and the PERITRICHA on the other. The adoral zone of mem- branelles in the first three orders turns to the left if viewed from the ventral or oral side (taking the oral end of the spiral as its beginning), but in PerirricHa (with few exceptions) the adoral zone, if viewed from the ventral side, turns to the right, or, as generally stated, forms a right-handed spiral. As, INTRODUCTION. 15 however, we are dealing with organs which are not developed from the mouth, but play the physiological réle of carrying the food to the mouth, Reichenow (1929) considers it more reasonable that the end of the adoral zone furthest from the mouth should be regarded as its beginning. So viewed, it may be described as turning to the left in the PrrRirricHa and to the right in the HEeTERotRicHA, OLIGOTRICHA and HypotricHa. How this reversal of the adoral spiral came about has been discussed among others by Biitschli (1887-89) and Fauré-Fremiet (1905). Biitschli explained the phylo- genetic origin of the PErirricHA from flattened hypotrichous forms in which the ventral surface came to serve for attach- ment while the peripheral region of the adoral zone became turned over to the side and finally on to the dorsal aspect. The functional ventral (oral) surface of a Vorticellid is thus the morphological dorsal surface, and the attaching surface is the morphological ventral surface. The seeming longitu- dinal splitting is thus really transverse in a morphological sense. Colony formation, separation of individual cells provided with a temporary ciliated girdle, occurrence of dimorphic gametes and their complete and permanent fusion during fertilization are remarkable features characteristic of the PERITRICHA alone among the Ciliates. It is now generally believed that, taking the HoLotricHa as the more primitive Ciliates, the HETEROTRICHA and the PERITRICHA are derived from them by separate routes. From the HETEROTRICHA are derived the OLIGoTRICHA and Hypo- TRICHA. To give expression to this view in classification Kahl has recently emended Sprrotricua Biitschli so as to exclude the PrrirricHa, and Reichenow (1929) has followed him. Reichenow has also separated the parasitic forms belonging to the families Ophryoscolecidz and Cycloposthiide from the OLicoTricHa, and placed them in a separate suborder ENTODINIOMORPHA, and certain aberrant sapro- pelic forms belonging to the family Ctenostomidz have also been placed under a separate suborder by Kahl. The highly specialized forms in which the peristomial area with the adoral zone of membranelles is spirally rolled have been placed in a separate order CHonotRicHA. I have followed Kahl and Reichenow in this new classification. The CrntopHora are thus divided into the following classes, orders and suborders :— I. Class Crn1ata Biitschli. I. Subclass PRotocrmiatTa Metealf. Il. Subclass Euvecrr1ata Metcalf. 1. Order HoLotrRicHa Stein. 1. Suborder GyMNostToMATA Biitschli. 2. Suborder TRIicHOSTOMATA Biitschli, em. Kahl. 16 CILIOPHORA. 3. Suborder HymMENosToMATA Hickson, em. Kahl. 4. Suborder THIGMOTRICHA Chatton & Lwoff. 5. Suborder APosTOMEA Chatton & Lwoff. 6. Suborder Astomata Schewiakoff, em. Cépéde. 2. Order SPIROTRICHA Biitschli, em. Kahl. 1. Suborder HETEROTRICHA Stein. 2. Suborder OLigoTRIcHA Biitschli. 3. Suborder ENTODINIOMORPHA Reichenow. 4. Suborder CrENosToMIDA Kahl. 5. Suborder HypotricHa Stein. 3. Order PERITRICHA Stein. 4. Order CHoNoTRICHA Wallengren. II. Class Sucror1a Bitschli. The further classification into families, and the genera and species dealt with, will be seen from the Systematic Index. The Geographical Distribution of Indian Ciliophora. It is well known that species of freshwater and soil Protozoa are cosmopolitan. The majority of the 310 species now known from India are found in Europe and America, and those that have been described as new in the present work are likely to be found in other parts of the world also. This is due to the fact that the conditions of life in pools and ponds are much the same all over the world, and the freshwater forms, especially in an encysted state, can be easily carried from one place to another by wind or by animals. I have followed the regional divisions of India as adopted by Stephenson in his volume on Oligocheta in the ‘ Fauna of British India,’ and have noted the species so far recorded from each of these divisions; but no importance can be attached to the apparent presence or absence of any species from the different regions. The larger number of species recorded from certain regions is due simply to the fact that these regions have been better explored, and further work will doubtless show the “ all-India ” distribution of most of the species. The lists will, however, be of some use to workers in different parts of the country, and enable them to make a more thorough search than has hitherto been made. 1. NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY. (The drainage system of the Indus, so far as comprised in the plains of India; the Punjab, N.W. Frontier Province, N. Rajputana, Sind.) OPALINIDA. Cepedea metcalfi (Lahore). 2 punjabensis (Lahore). Zs sialkoti (Sialkot). INTRODUCTION. Opalina coracoidea (Lahore). = lata (Lahore). 3 ranarum (Lahore). HoLoPHRYID. Holophrya indica (Lahore). a simplex (Lahore). Urotricha globosa (Lahore). Prorodon teres (Lahore). a edentatus (Lahore). Lacrymaria vermicularis (Lahore). BS striata (Lahore). Enchelys arcuata (Lahore). os sp. (Lahore, Lyallpore). DIDINIID. Didinium nasutum (Lahore). 35 balbiani (Lahore). CoLEPIDZ. Coleps hirtus (Lahore). » kentz (Lahore). » wuncinatus (Lahore). SPATHIDIID&. Spathidium moniliforme (Lahore). AMPHILEPTIDZ. Lionotus fasciola (Lahore). as pleurosigma (Lahore). Loxophyllum meleagris (Lahore). TRACHELIID 2. Dileptus anser (Lahore). LoxopIpD&. Loxodes punjabensis (Lahore). NASSULID. Nassula stromphi (Lahore). a ambigua (Lahore). Cyclogramma rubens (Lahore). CHLAMYDODONTID&. Chilodonella cucullulus (Lahore). COLPODID2. Colopoda cucullus (Lahore, Gurdaspur, Peshawar, Karachi). steinw (Lahore, Peshawar). 32 PARAMECIIDZ. Paramecium caudatum (Lahore). FRONTONID&. Frontonia leucas (Lahore). Sigmostomum indicum (Lahore). Trichoda pura (Lahore). Glaucoma scintillans (Lahore). Colpidium colpoda (Lahore). 5 campyllum (Lahore). ee striatum (Lahore). ne sp. (Peshawar). Pseudoglaucoma digitata (Lahore). CIL. C 17 18 CILIOPHORA. PLEURONEMATID2. Cyclidium glaucoma (Lahore). Balantiophorus elongatus (Lahore, Gurdaspur, Jullundhur, Pesha- war). Balantiophorus minutus (Lahore. Jullundhur, Peshawar). A sp. (Lahore). UROCENTRIDZ. Urocentrum turbo (Lahore). Telotrichidvum mathaw (Lahore). ANOPLOPHRYID2. Maupasella nova (Lahore), ‘SSPIROSTOMID 2. Spirostomum ambiguum (Lahore). -PLAGIOTOMID 2. Nyctotherus cordiformis (Lahore). Fe macropharyngeus (Lahore). Se ovalis (Lahore). re reniformis (Sialkot). ‘STENTORIDZ. Stentorella polymorphus (Lahore). a sp. (Lahore). BURSARID. Bursaria truncatella (Lahore). BALANTIDIIDA. Balantidium amygdalli (Sialkot). a bicavata (Lahore). x blattarum (Lahore). is duodeniz (Lahore). as elongatum (Lahore). ue gracile (Lahore). as helenz (Lahore). “HALTERIID 2. Halteria grandinella (Lahore). 5 sp. (Peshawar). PERITROMID. Peritromoides simplex (Lahore). ‘OxYTRICHID A. Urostyla weisti (Lahore). Uroleptus sp. (Peshawar). Gonostomum affine (Lahore, Jullundhur ?). Pleurotricha grandis (Lahore, Peshawar). BS lanceolata (Peshawar). Gastrostyla setifera (Lahore). Oxytricha pellionella (Lahore, Jullundhur ?). Stylonichia pustulata (Lahore). _ASPIDISCID 2. Aspidisca lynceus (Lahore). pe costata (Lahore). INTRODUCTION. 19 VORTICELLIDZ. Scyphidia indica (Lahore). Vorticella campanula (Lahore). * citrina (Lahore). - microstoma (Peshawar). Carchesium epistylidis (Lahore). Epistylis plicatilis (Lahore). » articulata (Lahore). PODOPHRYID2. Spherophrya pusilla (Lahore, Hoshiarpur). 2. WESTERN HIMALAYAN REGION. (From Hazara to the border of Nepal, including Kashmir.) COLEPID2. Coleps hirtus (Srinagar). AMPHILEPTIDZ. : Inonotus fasciola (Srinagar). Loxophyllum helus (Srinagar). LOXODIDZ&. Loxodes striatus (Srinagar). » bahadurz (Srinagar). CHLAMYDODONTID&. Chilodonella cucullulus (Srinagar). a spiralideniis (Srinagar). COLPODIDZ. Colpoda cucullus (Ghora Gali, Srinagar.) » steiniz (Ghora Gali, Srinagar). PARAMECIID 2. Paramecium caudatum (Srinagar). ef aurelia (Srinagar). i bursaria (Srinagar). FRONTONID. Glaucoma pyriformis (Srinagar). Colpidium sp. (Ghora Gali, Srinagar). PLEURONEMATID2. Balantiophorus elongatus (Ghora Gali, Srinagar). UROCENTRIDZ. Urocentrum turbo (Srinagar). SPIROSTOMID&. Spirostomum ambiguum (Srinagar). ee teres (Srinagar). STENTORID 2. Stentorella polymorphus (Srinagar). 20 CILIOPHORA. OxYTRICHIDZ. Uroleptus mobilis (Ghora Gali, Srinagar). ss piscis (Srinagar). Gonestomum affine (Srinagar). Pleurotricha grandis (Ghora Gali). a: lanceolata (Ghora Gali, Srinagar). Stylonichia pustulata (Srinagar). VORTICELLID &. Vorticella microstoma (Ghora Gali, Srinagar). 4 sp. (Ghora Gali). 3. NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER REGION. (Nepal and eastwards, including Assam.) CoLPODID”. Colpoda cucullus (Assam). PLEURONEMATIDA. Balantiophorus elongatus (Cinnamara near Jorhat). BALANTIDIIDZ. Balantidium coli var. bovis (Assam). OxYTRICHID A. Gonostomum sp. (Dacca). Pleurotricha grandis (Assam). 4. INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN. (United Provinces, Bihar, Bengal.) OPALINIDA. Opalina plicata (Calcutta). » scalpriformis (Calcutta). » triangularis (Calcutta). HoOLOPHRYID 2. Holophrya annandalei (Calcutta). a bengalensis (Calcutta). Urotricha sp. (Calcutta). Prorodon stewarti (Calcutta). Lacrymaria olor (Calcutta). E'nchelis sp. (Sibpore). Trachelocerca sp. (Calcutta). CoLEPID2. Coleps hirtus (Calcutta). » sp. (Calcutta). AMPHILEPTID &. Amphileptus sp. (Calcutta). Inonotus fasciola (Calcutta). a similis (Calcutta). as infusionus (Calcutta). LOXxoODIDZ. Loxodes sp. (Calcutta). INTRODUCTION. 21 TRACHELIID 2. Trachelius gutta (Calcutta). NASSULID&. Chilodontopsis bengalensis (Calcutta). Orthodonella banerjeet (Calcutta). CHLAMYDODONTID. Ohilodonella rhesus (Calcutta). i sp. (Calcutta). 35 sp. (Sibpore). COLPODID&. Colpoda cucullus (Delhi, Agra, Dehra Dun, Sibpore, Calcutta, Dacca, Cuttack, Pusa). oe steinw (Delhi, Dehra Dun). a maupas? (Pusa). FRONTONIDS. Colpidium sp. (Chittagong). PARAMECIIDA. Paramecium caudatum (Calcutta, Lucknow). 33 sp. (Calcutta). TRICHOPELMID&. Drepanomonas deniata (Calcutta). Incertz sedis. Opisthostomum bengalensis (Calcutta). CONCHOPHTHIRID2. Conchophthirius curtus (Calcutta). ae lamellidens (Calcutta). A elongatus (Calcutta). IsoTRICHID 2. Isotricha prostoma (Calcutta). Dasytricha ruminantium (Calcutta). FRONTONID. Colpidium sp. (Dehra Dun, Agra, Patna, Dacca). Stegochilum ovale (Calcutta). PLEURONEMATID A. Cyclidium glaucoma (Sibpore). Pleuronema chrysalis (Calcutta). Balantiophorus elongatus (Benares, Agra, Patna, Sibpore, Calcutta, Chittagong). SS minutus (Dehra Dun, Patna, Sibpore, Calcutta, Chittagong), ANOPLOPHRYIDZ. Anoplophrya xlosomata (Calcutta). - cylindrica (Calcutta). Me elongata (Calcutta). be lloydi (Calcutta). Sy variabilis (Calcutta). pds CILIOPHORA. SPIROSTOMID A. Spirostomum ambiguum (Calcutta). = sp. (Agra). PLAGIOTOMID #. Nyctotherus cordiformis (Calcutta). 5 kempi (Calcutta). Ms macropharyngeus (Calcutta). STENTORIDA. Stentorella polymorphus (Calcutta). Ae viridis (Calcutta). FOLLICULINIDA. Folliculina ampulla (Port Canning, Lower Bengal). BURSARID#. Parabursaria pheretima (Calcutta). BALANTIDIID A. Balantidium blattarum (Calcutta). i coli (Caleutta). ce depressum (Calcutta). fs knowlesi (Calcutta). Be ovatum (Calcutta). e ranarum (Calcutta). os rhesum (Calcutta). ae sushilii (Calcutta). OPHRYOSCOLECIDA. Entodinium bursa (Calcutta). 3 dubardi (Calcutta). 53 lobosospinosum (Calcutta). 53 longinucleatum (Calcutta). sf biconcavum (Calcutta). sn elongatum (Calcutta). Bs laterale (Calcutta). rectangulatum (Calcutta). be anteronucleatum leve (Calcutta). 3 a monolobum (Calcutta). = as dilobum (Calcutta). x caudatum (Calcutta). “5 chatterjeer (Calcutta). sy ekendrz (Calcutta). s furca dilobum (Calcutta). 8 nanellum (Calcutta). s ovinum (Calcutta). x ovoido-nucleatum (Calcutta). = setnai (Calcutta). simplex (Calcutta). Diplodinium anisacanthum (Calcutta). a consors (Calcutta). ss costatum (Calcutta). crista-galli (Calcutta). Eremoplastron rostratum (Calcutta). brevispinum (Calcutta). Budiplodinium maggi (Calcutta). Diploplastron affine (Calcutta). INTRODUCTION. Metadinium medium (Calcutta). Elytroplastron bubali (Calcutta). Epidinium ecaudatum (Calcutta). sf caudatum (Calcutta). a catianer (Calcutta). Ophryoscolex tricoronatus (Calcutta). OXYTRICHID. Uroleptus mobilis (Chittagong). Gonostomum affine (Delhi, Agra). Pleurotricha grandis (Agra, Sibpore). s lanceolata (Delhi). Stylonichia sp. (Agra, Calcutta). Balladinopsis nuda (Calcutta). EUPLOTID. Euplotes sp. (Calcutta). ASPIDISCID A. Aspidisca costata (Lucknow). Aspidiscopsis bengalensis (Calcutta). VORTICELLID&. Scyphidia purniensis (Purnea, Bengal). Vorticella patellina (Calcutta). a globosa (Calcutta). zs subcylindrica (Calcutta). BE submicrostoma (Calcutta). mS subprocubens (Calcutta). i subsinuata (Calcutta). sp. (Calcutta). Carchesium polypinum (Port Canning, Lower Bengal). sp. (Calcutta). Epistylis sp. (Calcutta). Cothurnia sp. (Calcutta). Vaginicola sp. (Calcutta). Platycola sp. (Calcutta). ACINETID&. Tokophrya bengalensis (Calcutta). PoDOPHRYIDZ. Podophrya bengalensis (Calcutta). Bs sand (Calcutta). 5. BURMA. (Including the Andamans and Nicobars.) CoLPoDIDZ. Colpoda cucullus (Hmawhbi). steinit (Rangoon, Hmawbi). 39 PLEURONEMATIDA. Pleuronema sp. (Hmawbi). OXYTRICHID. Uroleptus mobilis (Rangoon). 23 24 CILIOPHORA. 6. MAIN PENINSULAR AREA. (Including 8. Rajputana and the Central India Agency.) HOLoPHRYIDA. Prorodon sp. (Indore). AMPHILEPTID ZA. Lionotus sp. (Indore). CHLAMYDODONTIDZ&. Chilodonella sp. (Indore). COLPODID. Colpoda cucullus (Nagpur, Hyderabad). MS steinit (Indore, Nagpur, Hyderabad). PLEURONEMATID 2. Balantiophorus elongatus (Indore, Cuttack). SPIROSTOMID2. Blepharisma sp. (Indore). Spirostomum sp. (Indore, Hyderabad). HALTERIIDA. Halteria sp. (Indore). OxYTRICHIDA. Stichotricha sp. (Indore). Uroleptus mobilis (Indore). A piscis (Indore). ny sp. (Indore). Pleurotricha grandis (Indore). 5b lanceolata (Indore, Hyderabad). Oxytricha pellionella (Indore). VORTICELLID”. Vorticella microstoma (Indore). 5 sp. (Indore). 7. SOUTHERN REGION. (S. of Latitude 15°.) HOLOPHRYID. Enchelys sp. (Coimbatore). COLPODIDA. Colpoda cucullus (Madras, Mysore, Coimbatore). iy steinit (Madras, Mysore, Coimbatore). th maupast (Madras, Coimbatore). IsoTRICHID 2. Isotricha intestinalis (Mysore). 55 prostoma (Mysore, Coonoor). Dasytricha ruminantium (Coonoor). INTRODUCTION. 25 FRONTONID&. Colpidium striatum (Mysore). Uronema marinum (Mysore). © AA > = Fig. 2.—Cepedea lanceolata (Bezz.). (After Bezzenberger.) Fig. 3.—Cepedea longa (Bezz.). (After de Mello.) broadly elliptical in cross-section. Endoplasm with a thick central zone of closely compact alveoli, contrasting strongly with a thin and loose peripheral zone. Nuclei spherical or ellipsoidal, with a diameter of 4:5-7yu. Cilia of moderate length. + prefixed to a reference indicates that the record of the species from India, Burma or Ceylon is based on this reference. 56 CILIOPHORA. Dimensions.—Length 200-1000 py, usually 450-575 u ; width 52-75 p. Retnaite. Bea enbeteer describes the basal granules of cilia as very slender elongated rods, which is exceptional for Opalinids. Metcalf finds that his specimens are larger, have more elongated and smaller nuclei, and the basal granules of cilia are spherical or nearly so. Habitat—Rectum of Rana limnocharis Wiegmann: Asia (exact locality not cited by Bezzenberger). Intestine of Rhacophorus maculatus : Nova Goa. 4. Cepedea metealfi Bhatia & Gulati. (Fig. 4.) {tCepedea metcalfi, Bhatia & Gulati, 1927, pp. 89-91, fig. 1. Body form varies much in smaller and bigger forms, but intergrades are present. Contour of the body not a straight Fig. 5. Fig. 4,—Cepedea metcalfi Bh. & G. (After Bhatia and Gulati.) Fig. 5.—Cepedea punjabensis Bh. & G. (After Bhatia and Gulati.) Fig. 6.—Cepedea seychellensis var. angusta de Mello. (After de Mello.) cylinder, but the sides are curving in and out slightly. Anterior end rounded, posterior drawn to a point. In smaller indi- viduals body pointed at both ends, but posterior end much CEPEDEA. 57 narrower and tapering. Ciliation fine and close. Nuclei many and rounded in form. Dimensions.—Length from 71-108 pw. Remarks.—The pellicle is a fairly thick membrane and exhibits longitudinal grooves running somewhat spirally. These grooves are demonstrable with difficulty, and the ciliary rows are set in them. The outer layer of ectoplasm is homo- geneous and does not show any alveoli, reticulations or granules. The basal granules of the cilia are extremely fine, lie in this outer layer just beneath the pellicle, and are so close set as to make the pellicle appear a thick membrane under the lower powers of the microscope. ‘The basal granules are united by extremely fine threads both longitudinally and transversely. The internal layer of the ectoplasm has an alveolar structure, the alveoli being bigger than those of the endoplasm. There are no ectoplasm spherules in this layer. The endop asm is alveolar and the alveoli are smaller than those of the inner layer of the ectoplasm. Besides the numerous large, rounded nuclei in this region, there are other spherules of a smaller size which are more deeply staining. Each of these latter has an outer thick wall bounding a clear area. The endoplasm is also dotted over with innumerable darkly- staining granules, which may be described as “ cytomicro- somes.” The cilia are small, fine and close set, and are arranged in longitudinal rows running parallel to the margin of the body. Even the biggest examples of this species are smaller than the small specimens of Cepedea pulchra javensis. There are many rounded nuclei. In the resting nucleus the nuclear membrane is of appreciable thickness. Chromatin may be in the form of a single big mass or several smaller masses connected by threads, and a number of rod-like masses lying just within the nuclear membrane. When dividing, the nucleus elongates, a constriction appears in the middle and deepens till the two halves are practically separated. The nuclear membrane does not disappear in the process, and for a time the two daughter nuclei remain connected by a thread- like portion derived from the nuclear membrane. Habitat —Rectum of Bufo melanostictus Schneider : PUNJAB, Lahore. 5. Cepedea punjabensis Bhatia & Gulati. (Fig. 5.) +Cepedea punjabensis, Bhatia & Gulati, 1927, pp. 91-2, fig. 2. Form oval, with a sharply pointed spine-like projection at the anterior end. Body pulled out along three planes so as 58 CILIOPHORA. to appear triangular in cross-section. Greatest width in front of the middle of the body, narrower posteriorly. Posterior end bluntly rounded. Ciliation fine and close. Nuclei many and rounded. Dimensions.—Length about 82 p. Remarks.—The layer of ectoplasm is thinner than in C’. metcalfi, but is well marked off from the endoplasm, which has an alveolar appearance. There are a large number of rounded nuclei. Also contained in the endoplasm in great abundance are darkly-staining spherules and minute granules. The cilia are fine and close-set. The basal granules are hardly visible. Over the general surface of the body the cilia are arranged in longitudinal rows. This species has some resemblance to C. pulchra javensis in its general form, but the specimens are smaller than those of C. pulchra or its subspecies, and the form is not considerably flattened as in that species. Habitat—Rectum of Bufo melanostictus Schneider : PUNJAB, Lahore. 6. Cepedea seycheliensis var. angusta de Mello. (Fig. 6.) +Cepedea seychellensis var. angusta, de Mello, 1932, pp. 96—7, pl. xii, fig. 15; pp. 105, 124, pl. xii, fig. 5. Form regularly fusiform, with the posterior pole drawn out. Body consisting of a peripheral zone of loose alveoli and a central zone of small and closely crowded meshes, with numerous rounded nuclei irregularly dispersed in it. Diameter of nuclei 3-3-5 py. Dimensions—Mininum 504 by 2ly, maximum 218yu by 39, usually between 86-175, in length. Remarks.—The dimensions of the form encountered in Rana tigrina are smaller than those found in Bufo melano- stictus and quoted above. ‘The eighty-two individuals measured by de Mello were mostly between 75-110, in length. Habitat.—Intestine of Bufo melanostictus Schneider and Rana tigrina Daud.: Nova Goa. 7. Cepedea sialkoti Bhatia & Gulati. (Fig. 7.) +Cepedea sialkoti, Bhatia & Gulati, 1927, pp. 92-3, fig. 3. Body has an oval, cylindrical form, pointed at both ends, posterior end tapering to a point. Greatest width of the body in front of the middle. Ciliation fine and close. Nuclei numerous, rounded or oval. CEPEDEA. 59 Dimensions.—Length 64-89 p. Remarks.—The structureless region below the pellicle is hardly defined. The inner layer of the ectoplasm also is not well differentiated. The endoplasm has a granular appearance. The bigger specimens contain fewer nuclei than the smaller Fig. 9. Fig, 8. Fig. 7.—Cepedea sialkoti Bh. & G. (After Bhatia and Gulati.) Fig. 8.—Cepedea subcylindrica de Mello. Cilia not shown in the figure. (After de Mello.) Fig. 9.—Cepedea thiagi de Mello. (After de Mello.) ones. The nuclei vary in size. The nuclei showing division seem to be drawn out into two points, with the chromatin gathered at the poles. The cilia are fine and close-set and 60 CILIOPHORA. are arranged in longitudinal rows on the surface of the body. Basal granules are not distinguishable. Habitat—Rectum of Bufo macrotis Boulenger: PuNJaB, Sialkot. 8. Cepedea subeylindrica de Mello. (Fig. 8.) tCepedea subcylindrica, de Mello, 1932, pp. 93-5, 120, 124, pl. xii, fig. 13. tOpalina subcylindrica, de Mello, 1932, pl. xii, fig. 13. Form elongated, fusiform, the anterior pole in general less pointed than the posterior pole. Many variations from this form have been seen, the anterior pole in some examples being blunt and rounded and the posterior pole having some- times the same disposition, so that the organism looks like a regular cylinder. Diameter of the nucleus 2-5-3-5 yp. Dimensions —Minimum 35u by 15yu, maximum 250 by 804, usually between 80-185, in length. Habitat.—Intestine of Bufo melanosiictus Schneid.: Nova GOA. 9. Cepedea thiagi de Mello. (Fig. 9.) tCepedea thiagi, de Mello, 1930, pp. 955-6, figs. 25-31; 193la, p. 1184; 1931 6b, p. 1445, pl. xxxvii, figs. 25-31. Form cylindrical, with the posterior pole rounded or some- times pointed, anterior pole with alveoli loosely arranged in such a manner as to present a single vacuole surrounded by a compact zone. Numerous nuclei, 4-5, in diameter. Dimensions.—Length, minimum 125, maximum 440. Habitat.—Intestine of Rhacophorus maculatus Gray : Nova Goa. Genus OPALINA Purkinje & Valentin, 1835, emend. Metcalf, 1923. Opalina, Purkinje & Valentin, 1835, p. 43; Englemann, 1876, p. 574; Zeller, 1877, p. 352; Hickson, 1901, p. 404; Metcalf, 1909, pp. 195-375, pls. xiv-xxviii; Minchin, 1912, pp. 489, 452-4 ; Metcalf, 1920, p. 136; 1923, p. 175; Hegner & Taliaferro, 1924, pp. 383, 410; Wenyon, 1926, p. 1153; Calkins, 1926, pp. 374-5, 401; Reichenow, 1929, pp. 1164-5; Thomson & Robertson, 1929, p. 276. Multinucleate Opalinids with uniformly and much flattened body. According to Metcalf two subgeneric groups, not sharply marked off from each other, can be recognized, namely, the obtrigona-like species, Opaline angustez, which are in general oblanceolate in form, and ranarum-like species, Opaline latz, which are more rounded. OPALINA, 61 Key to Indian Species. 1 (12). More or less rounded in form........ 2. 2 (5). Posterior end of the body with a (embed Spur. o.6 oe eels 4 : ipa Gl, 3 (4). Form ovoid, asymmetrical.......... O. coracoidea Bezz., 4 (3). Form oval, broader, and with a pro- portionately longer and more curved [sis Bh. & G., p. 62. posterior bealk 2 seo” .laeys atinvw ate wee UROTHRICHA Clap. & 3 (2). Posterior end of the body without sete.. 4. 4 (7). Body not drawn out into a neck....... 5. 5 (6). Cytopharynx absent or tubular, with at lp. 76: the most weakly developed rods ..... Hotopurya Ehrbg., 6 (5). Cytopharynx conical, with distinct rods [p. 81. or fine longitudinal striations ....... Proropon Ehrbg., i (4). Anterior end drawn out 2.09). 2)i2. 2% ENcHELIS Miill., 8 (1). Body elongate, worm-like or flask- [p. 90. shaped, may be provided with an oral cone; at the posterior end of which is a civele or lonver cilia S27 eo. ss. 9. Fe * Indicates that no representative of the family has been recorded from India so far. 76 CILIOPHORA. 9 (10). With an annular furrow near anterior end, marking off an apical portion [p. 85. provided with spiral rows of cilia .... Lacrymartia Ehrbg., 10 (9). Without an annular furrow marking off an: apical) portion yoo ce. enc eee Ne 11 (12). Anterior region not narrowed ; no spiral [Ehrbg., p. 92. SEPP SS niet etre ayant tees ae coe botag nem TRACHELOCERCA 12 (11). Anterior region narrowed, with longi- lips O25 tudinal or slightly spiral stripes...... CHANEA Quenn., Genus HOLOPHRYA Ehrenberg, 1831. Holophrya, Ehrenberg, 1831, p. 101; 1838, p. 314; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 312; Fromentel, 1874, p. 188; Kent, 1880-82, p. 498; Schewiakoff, 1889, p. 10; 1896, p. 118; Roux, 1901, p. 20; Penard, 1922, p. 13; Calkins, 1926, p. 404; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 834; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 177; Sandon, 1927, p. 171; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1168; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 47. Animalcules free-swimming ; body regularly ellipsoidal to cylindrical, nearly uniform at the two poles or with the hinder end somewhat pointed, flexible, uniformly ciliate. Mouth terminal, situated at the anterior pole, generally with no specially large cilia round it ; pharynx absent, or when present a short simple tube without or with weakly-developed rod- apparatus. Anal aperture situated at the posterior extremity. Contractile vacuole usually single, terminal, sometimes with a few smaller ones in its neighbourhood, or more numerous and arranged in rows. Macronucleus spherical, oval, kidney- shaped, horseshoe-shaped, or elongated band-shaped. Micro- nucleus small, oval. They form spherical cysts surrounded by a gelatinous case inside which in certain cases numerous small swarm-spores are produced by rapid and repeated fission. Fresh water and marine, sometimes parasitic on freshwater fish. Key to Indian Species. I Cy tophanymx absent sc bt aed ee ek 2 2 (5). Contractile vacuole terminal or _ sub- OR TNTTIAD ey Ahlers es Nae ae ears Se 2 3. [p. 79. 3 (4). Macronucleus rounded or oval ......... H. simplex Schew., 4 (3). Macronucleus band-shaped ............. H. indica Bhatia, 5 (2). Contractile vacuole not terminal or sub- [p. 78. POTTED ao Hh so. 0 be babes) « vara 8h Sai MRO Rigs 6. 6)(9) 2s Macronucleus single (.1..6. "ernie = a ve 7 (8). Macronucleus spindle-shaped, contractile [Ghosh, p. 77. vacuole lateral in the posterior fourth .. H. bengalensis 8 (7). Macronucleus rounded, contractile vacuole Ona e)s lateral, about the middle ............ H. lateralis Kent, 9 (6). Macronuclei two, contractile vacuole lateral, [Ghosh, p. 77. inthe anterior nalf 3. 6 hoe. H. annandaler HOLOPHRYA. tT 19. Holophrya annandalei Ghosh. ;+Holophrya annandalei, Ghosh, 1919 a, p. 41; 1921 4a, p. 7. Body cylindrical, rounded at both ends, three times as long as broad. Ciliary strie faint. Cytostome antero- terminal and circular, cytopharynx a slight depression. Contractile vacuole single, placed at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the body, on one side. Macro- nuclei two, spherical, one situated in the middle on one side and the other towards the anterior end. Dimensions.—Length 150-220 p. Remarks.—No figure of the form is given by the author of the species. The position of the macronuclei is very unusual for a species of this genus. Habitat.—Fresh water : BENGAL, Calcutta. 20. Holophrya bengalensis Ghosh. (Fig. 19.) {tHolophrya bengalensis, Ghosh, 1919 a, p. 41, fig. 1. Holophrya bengalensis, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 50, fig. 5, 8. Body cylindrical with rounded ends, slightly stouter posteriorly. Cilia long. Cytostome small and circular, at Fig. 19. \_/ \K Fig. 19.—Holophrya bengalensis Ghosh. (After Ghosh.) Fig. 20.—Holophrya lateralis Kent. (After Kahl. ) anterior end. Cytopharynx absent. Contractile vacuole single, subterminal, situated close to one side. Macronucleus broadly fusiform, situated in the middle of the body, near one side. 78 CILIOPHORA. Dimensions.—Length 75, width 37 p. Remarks.—Description of the species is based on the exami- nation of a single specimen by Ghosh. Habitat.—Fresh water : BENGAL, Calcutta. 21. Holophrya indica Bhatia. (Fig. 21.) tHolophrya indica, Bhatia, 1916, p. 178, fig. 1. Holophrya indica, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 50, fig. 5, 6. Body evenly elliptical, of medium size, a little more than one and a half times as long as broad ; colourless ; cuticular surface presenting distinct alternating longitudinal strize and furrows. Ciliation uniform, cilia fairly long and distinct, Fig. 21.—Holophrya indica Bhatia. 1, whole animal; la, posterior end, showing one principal and six subsidiary vacuoles ; 1 6, poste- rior end, showing one principal and two subsidiary vacuoles. N, macronucleus; C.V., contractile vacuole or vacuoles. (After Bhatia.) disposed along the longitudinal striz. Border of the oral aperture not projecting, pharynx absent. Contractile vacuole. single, spherical, postero-terminal, with a number of small circular feeding-vacuoles in its neighbourhood which are not arranged in longitudinal rows. Macronucleus large, band- shaped, curved in a horseshoe-shaped manner, situated in the anterior half of the body. Dimensions.—Length 105, width 63 p. Remarks.—The body showed only a slight degree of flexi- bility, and was almost equally rounded at the anterior and HOLOPHRYA. 79 posterior ends. On the surface presented to view thirteen longitudinal strie, along which the cilia were disposed, were distinctly made out. The single spherical contractile vacuole, situated near the posterior pole, was surrounded by 5 to 7 small feeding vacuoles at the commencement of its diastolic phase. These were seen to contract, and there would remain three only, the central one considerably larger than the two subsidiary ones now left. This main contractile vacuole then contracted and disappeared, the others following almost simultaneously and contributing to the formation of the vacuole afresh, the neighbouring subsidiary ones soon making their appearance again (fig. 21, la, 1 6). This species shows some resemblance to H. simplex in the absence of trichocysts and pharynx, but differs considerably from it in the size of the body and the form of the macro- nucleus. 3 Habitat.—Fresh water : PunsaB, Lahore. 22. Holophrya lateralis Kent. (Fig. 20.) tHolophrya lateralis, Kent, 1880-2, p. 500, pl. xxvi, fig. 46. Holophrya lateralis, Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 37, fig. 27; Kahl, 1930-5, p- 50, fig. 5, 9. Body cylindrical, oval or elliptical, a little over twice as long as broad, flexible. Cilia conspicuous, arranged in numerous closely approximated longitudinal rows. Endo- plasm thickly granular. Contractile vacuole single, lateral, a little in front of the middle. Macronucleus inconspicuous. Dimensions.—Length 250 p. Remarks.—The species was described by Kent from the figure and description contained in manuscript notes of H. J. Carter. Habitat.—Fresh water : BomBay. 23. Holophrya simplex Schewiakoff. (Fig. 22.) Holophrya simplex, Schewiakoff, 1889, pp. 30-1, pl. ii, fig. 31; 1893, p. 45; 1896, pp. 120-1, pl. i, fig. 1; Roux, 1901, p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 2. {Holophrya simplex, Gulati, 1925, p. 745, pl. i, fig. 1. Holophrya simplex, Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 37; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 178, fig. 700; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 49, fig. 5, 10. Body ellipsoid, not contractile. Cilia small, close-set, in 18-20 longitudinal rows. Cytostome small, polar, only visible at the time of ingestion, without trichocysts or trichites. Cytopharynx absent. Anus and contractile vacuole postero- terminal. Macronucleus large, rounded. 80 CILIOPHORA. Dimensions.—Length 34, width 18 p. Remarks.—The form described and figured by Gulati differs from the description of the species as given above in size, Fig. 22.—Holophrya simplex Schew. A, anus; B, cytostome; Ma, macronucleus; Mz, micronucleus; Ph, cytopharynx ; V.C., contractile vacuole. (After Roux.) Fig. 23.—Urotricha globosa Schew. Lettering as in fig. 22. (After Roux.) Fig. 24.—Prorodon edentatus Clap. & Lach. a, anus; al, alveolar layer ; C.V., contractile vacuole ; N, macronucleus ; 0, cytostome ; oe, cytopharynx. (After Schewiakoff.) being 52 by 39y, in the macronucleus being oval, and the contractile vacuole being subcentral. Habitat—Fresh water : Punszas, Lahore. Genus UROTRICHA Claparéede & Lachmann, 1858. Pantotrichum, Ehrenberg, 1830, p. 39. Urotricha, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 314; Fromentel, 1874, p. 189; Kent, 1880-2, p. 504; Schewiakoff, 1889, p. 7; 1896, p. 124; Roux, 1901, p. 21; Penard, 1922, pp. 17-20; Calkins, 1926, pp. 381, 403 ; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 34; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 179; Sandon, 1927, p. 171; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 57. Animalcules small, free-swimming, spherical or elliptical, entirely ciliate ; motion of cilia irregular and independent. Posterior end of the body provided with one or more setz. Mouth antero-terminal or slightly subpolar, pharynx present. Contractile vacuole near the posterior end. Macronucleus oval or spherical. Fresh water. PRORODON. 8l 24. Urotricha globosa Schewiakoff. (Fig. 23.) Urotricha globosa, Schewiakoff, 1889, p. 33, pl. ii, fig. 33; 1893, p46 21806, p..127, pl. 1, fiz. 8; Roux, 1901, p. 22, pl. i, fig. 7. + Urotricha globosa, Bhatia, 1916, p. 179. Urotricha globosa, Lepsi, 19264, p. 38, fig. 33 ; Schoenichen, 1927, p- 179, pl. xii, fig. 2; Kahl, 1930—5, p. 59, fig. 6, 77. Body small, spherical to egg-shaped. Cilia long, near the mouth shorter and finer, scantier or absent at the posterior end, posterior end with one or two sete. Mouth at the anterior pole, pharynx long. Macronucleus spherical and accompanied by a small micronucleus. Locomotion swift, animalcule often changing its direction. Dimensions.—Length 15-18, width 13-15 pw. Remarks.—The animalcules examined at Lahore closely resembled the description of the species. They showed swift movement, often changing their direction suddenly, and the posterior springing bristle was elongated in the direction of the long axis of the body. A few points of difference were, however, observed : the macronucleus, which was spherical, was seen to be proportionately larger in size than in the figure given by Roux; the contractile vacuole was placed in the median line near the posterior end and not on one side ; and there were cilia on the posterior part of the body in the neighbourhood of the springing bristle also. As regards the first two points there is agreement with the figure given by Schewiakoff, but no cilia are indicated by him on the sides. of the springing bristle. This difference is not of sufficient importance to justify the creation of a new species. Habitat—Fresh water : Punsas, Lahore. 25. Urotricha sp. ;Urotricha sp., Chaudhuri, 1929, p. 54. Habitat.—Soils from Calcutta and Bombay. Genus PRORODON Ehrenberg, 1833, emend. Kahl, 1927. Prorodon, Ehrenberg, 1833, p. 308; 1838, p. 315; Fromentel, 1874, p. 167; Kent, 1880-2, p. 491; Schewiakoff, 1889, p. 13; 1896, p. 146; Roux, 1901, p. 27; Penard, 1922, pp. 36-43; Calkins, 1926, pp. 378, 403; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 34; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 181; Sandon, 1927, p. 171; Kahl, 19276, p. 44; 1930-5, p. 72; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1168. Animalcules small to very large, persistent in shape, symmetrically ovate, uniformly rounded at the poles, entirely and evenly ciliate throughout, with somewhat thicker cilia in the neighbourhood of the mouth. Mouth at or closely CIL. G 82 CILIOPHORA. adjacent to the anterior pole, and the anal aperture at the opposite one. Pharynx strengthened by rod-like teeth. Contractile vacuole almost always single and terminal, rarely numerous and distributed over the whole body. Macronucleus spherical, sometimes band-like and curved. Cysts spherical, showing division or not. Locomotion rapid and chiefly revolving on the longitudinal axis. Fresh water and marine. Key to Indian Species. 1 (4). Cytopharynx with rod-apparatus ....... 2. 2 (3). Body ellipsoidal, twice as long as broad ; macronucleus oval or spherical; con- tractile vacuole single, postero-terminal. P. teres Ehr., p. 84. 3 (2). Body oval, less than twice as long as broad ; macronucleus horseshoe-shaped ;_ con- [p. 83. tractile vacuoles two ................. P. stewarti Ghosh, 4, Cytopharynx without rod-apparatus .... 5. Body elongate-ellipsoidal, nearly three times as long as broad; macronucleus oval ; contractile vacuole single, postero- [Lach., p. 82. SOPMEMIT A A At CMa ate ayes ele tene eaten eG P. edentatus Clap. & 26. Prorodon edentatus Claparede & Lachmann. (Fig. 24.) Prorodon edentatus, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 320-1, pl. xvi, fig. 1; Kent, 1880-2, p. 493; pl. xxvi, fig. 43; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 152, pl. i, fig. 24. +Prorodon edentatus, Bhatia, 1922, p. 27. Prorodon edentatus, Schoenichen, 1927, p. 182; Sandon, 1927, p. 174; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 73. Body elongate-ellipsoidal, cylindrical, nearly three times as long as broad, transparent ; surface of cuticle longitudinally striate. Mouth terminal, somewhat eccentric, succeeded by a simple, conical and corneous tube-like pharynx, extending backwards and gradually diminishing in size, not provided with any rod-apparatus. No trichocysts. Cilia of the posterior extremity longer than those of the general surface, produced in a tuft-like manner. Contractile vacuole, single, spherical, postero-terminal. Macronucleus oval, elongate. Dimensions.—Length up to 150p. Remarks.—The body was flexible, longitudinally striate, and with its anterior part more transparent. The cilia were uniform all over the body, and the anterior end showed a small beak-like projection curved to one side. The cytostome was anterior, eccentric, and was followed by a short, narrow, conical pharynx, without any cilia or rod-apparatus. Macro- nucleus small, oval, and situated in the anterior half of the body. The contractile vacuole very large and situated near the posterior end. Anal aperture postero-terminal, situated PRORODON. 833 in a slight indentation of the posterior margin of the body. An average specimen measured 744. by 24y. The form, however, differs from the type as described and figured by the original authors in the following features :— The anterior and posterior margins of the body were not regularly rounded, there was no tuft of longer cilia at the posterior end, the pharyngeal tube did not extend to the centre of the body but only a short distance behind the anterior end, the macronucleus was proportionately much smaller and situated in the anterior half of the body. All these features give the form found at Lahore a distinctive appearance, but do not justify the creation of a new species for it. Habitat.—Fresh water : PunsaB, Lahore. 27. Prorodon stewarti Ghosh. (Fig. 25.) +Prorodon stewarti, Ghosh, 1928, p. 382, fig. 1. Prorodon stewarti, Kahl, 1930-5, pp. 73-4, fig. 25, 27. Body elongately oval, less than twice as long as the greatest width, rounded at both ends. Cilia arranged in close meridional Cytopharynx rows. Cytostome anterior and slightly lateral. Fig. 25. Fig. 26. “, 7 wan YS ce ie eee gt ON AS } Roe RO d Z BE. 72.Zt VAs a LV Ve: al Fig. 25.—Prorodon stewarti Ghosh. (After Ghosh.) Fig. 26.—Prorodon teres Ehrbg. a, anus; al, alveolar layer; ccv, sub- sidiary vacuoles; cv, contractile vacuole; N, macronucleus ; o, cytostome; oe, nk, food-vacuoles ; st, meridional rows of n, micronucleus ; eytopharynx with rod-apparatus ; cilia. (After Schewiakoff.) G2 84 CILIOPHORA. truncately conical, from one-fourth to one-third the length of the body, with distinct rod-apparatus. Contractile vacuoles two, spherical, and placed, one a little in front of the other, in the posterior half of the body. Macronucleus stout, horse- shoe-shaped, and placed laterally in front of the middle of the body. Micronucleus not identified. Dimensions.—Length 140-150 p. Remarks.—Kahl doubts if the form is a true Prorodon at all, as the position of the contractile vacuoles and the horseshoe- shaped macronucleus are unlike any other species of the genus. He thinks that the position of its contractile vacuoles reminds one of Holophrya haplostoma, from which, however, it differs in several respects. I do not feel disposed to agree with Kahl in questioning the form as a true Prorodon. Habitat—Sewer water : BENGAL, Calcutta. 28. Prorodon teres Ehrenberg. (Fig. 26.) Prorodon teres, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 316, pl. xxxii, fig. xi; Dujardin, 1841, p. 501; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 319. Prorodon griseus, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 319-20, pl. xviu, fig. 3. Prorodon teres, Stein, 1859d, pp. 82, 90, 95, 96, 100; 1867, pp. 58, 65, 87, 99, 100; Engelmann, 1862, p. 368. Prorodon? teres, Fromentel, 1874, p. 280, pl. iii, figs. 9, 9a. Prorodon teres, Kent, 1880-2, p. 492; Maupas, 1889, pp. 272-5, pl. xvi, figs. 19-25; Biitschli, 1887-9, p. 1682, pl. xlii, fig. 3; Schewiakoff, 1889, pp. 13-14, pl. i, figs. 9-13; 1893, p. 37; 1896, p. 151, pl. i, fig. 22, pl. vu, figs. 188, 194; Roux, 1901, p- 28, pl. 1, fig. 16; Lang, 1913, p. 38. +Prorodon teres, Bhatia, 1920, pp. 259-60. Prorodon teres, Lepsi, 1926a, p. 39, fig. 46; Wenyon, 1926, figs. 24, 25; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 182, pl. xii, 5; Reichenow, 1929, p- 1168; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 80, fig. 8, 10-13. Body ovate, ellipsoidal, twice as long as broad, slightly narrowed anteriorly. Mouth exactly terminal; pharynx elongate, slightly conical, enclosing an elongate cylindrical fascicle of rod-like teeth. No trichocysts. Contractile vacuole single, postero-terminal. Macronucleus oval or spherical, with a small micronucleus lying close to it. Dimensions.—Length 63-200 p. Remarks.—The animals examined at Lahore measured 63-84 uw by 45 u in size, and contained yellow or brown ingested food-particles. The form, however, differed from the one figured by Schewiakoff in certain important respects. The macronucleus was large and spheroidal, was situated in the anterior half of the body, and was carried about in the granular endoplasm ; it was of the granular type, and a small rounded micronucleus was placed on its surface. The cytostome LACRY MARIA. 85 was anterior and terminal, but the pharynx did not extend as far back as figured. The pharynx was 12, in length and measured 9 across at its anterior end, becoming somewhat narrower posteriorly. The fascicle of rods was distinct, and eight rods could be counted in the surface presented to view. The cilia on either side of the mouth were slightly longer than those over the rest of the body. Habitat.—Fresh water : PungzaB, Lahore. 29. Prorodon sp. Prorodon sp., Chaudhuri, 1929, p. 54, pl. iii, fig. 8. Habitat.—Soils from Indore and Colombo. Genus LACRYMARIA Ehrenberg, 1830. Lacrymaria, Bory, 1824; sic Agassiz, sed nem comp. (Sherborn). Lacrymatoria, Bory de St. Vincent, 1824-7, p. 479. Phialina, Bory de St. Vincent, 1824-7, p. 616. Lacrymaria, Ehrenberg, 1830, p. 42; 1831, pp. 104-5; 1838, pp. 309-11. Phialina, Ehrenberg, 1838, pp. 333-4. Lacrymaria, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 295-304. Phialina, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 304-6. Lacrymaria, Fromentel, 1874, p. 174. Phialina, Fromentel, 1874, p. 174. Lacrymaria, Kent, 1880-2, p. 517. Phialina, Kent, 1880-2, p. 519. Lacrymaria, Bitschli, 1887-9, pp. 1682-4; Schewiakoff, 1896, p- 138; Roux, 1901, p. 26; Wenyon, 1926, pp. 1163, 1175; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 183; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1168; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 89; 1933, pp. 53-4. Animalcules free-swimming, medium-sized to very large, subcylindrical or flask-shaped, narrowed anteriorly, apical region projecting like a stopper on the neck of a flask, separated from the rest of the body by a circular groove, and bearing one or more spiral rows of longer, usually reflected cilia. Cytostome at the summit of the plug, and followed by a short, conical cytopharynx without rods. Cuticular surface finely and entirely ciliate or sometimes glabrous. Contractile vacuole single, postero-terminal, sometimes with one or two additional ones situated more anteriorly. Macronucleus central, spherical to elongated or bipartite, micronucleus believed to be present. Forming spherical cysts inside which multiplication takes place. Fresh water and marine. Remarks.—Bory de St. Vincent (1824-7) first described a new genus Lacrymatoria with six species, and another as Phialina with five species. Agassiz gives Lacrymaria Bory, 1824, also as a generic name, but this seems to be an error, 86 CILIOPHORA. as this name is not to be found in ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique.’ Ehrenberg revised both these genera, and remarked (1838) that out of the six (later eight) species described by Bory perhaps only one doubtfully belonged to Lacrymaria Ehrbg.., 1830, the others being referred to Huglena, Phialina and Trachelocerca. 'The genus Lacrymatoria Bory, having been dismembered, the name Lacrymaria Ehrbg. has always been adopted in later literature. Ehrenberg established the genus Lacrymarva in 1830, and later transferred Phialina proteus Bory to it. Of the remaining four species of Phialina Bory, he identified Ph. cygnus with Trachelocerca olor (Miller), and identifying Ph. hirundinoides with Trichoda vermicularis Miller, retained it in the genus Phialina as Ph. vermicularis. The two genera Lacrymaria and Phialina were regarded as distinct for a long time, the former described with the cyto- stome at the summit of the conical protuberance, and the latter with the cytostome in the furrow surrounding the base of the conical protuberance. Biitschli (1887-9) amalgamated Lacrymaria and Phialina, and transferred a number of other genera and subgenera te Lacrymaria Ehrbg. He doubted if the position of the cytostome was antero-lateral in Phialina, and remarked that in case this position was confirmed later, Phialina would be regarded as a separate subgenus. Since then the cytostome has been shown to lie at the summit of the conical protuberance, and the two genera completely merged. Key to Indian Species. 1(3). Neck long, slightly flattened. Macro- nucleus dumb-bell-shaped. Contractile WAC IIOLES “GMO Meats mie.cieit tin) mich eee) Seat a i oe 2. Bis Body cylindrical, posteriorly pointed or ‘rounded. Cilia in spiral rows. Animals swim with extended neck, now forwards, [p. 87 now backwards. Length 100-400... JL. olor (O. F. Miull.), 3(1). Neck short, thick. Macronucleus oval. Contractile vacuole single, posterior.... 4. 4(5). Body sometimes green through the presence of zoochlorelle. Length about 120 p. Locomotion, briskly turning [(O. F. Miill.), p. 89. HCL UGNS CARER APU E OR ODP CORA clan ie |S Sd Saat L. vermicularis 5 (4). Body ellipsoid, tapering at the poste- rior end, with longitudinal and trans- verse striations. Locomotion, calm and gliding, rotating on its axis. Length [p. 87. DOIN eke ocd) cee. 6 de eisiorh het ae pao RENEE ee © L. striata Gulati, LACRYMARIA. 87 30. Laecrymaria olor (O. F. Miiller). (Fig. 27.) Vibrio olor, O. F. Miller, 1786, p. 75, pl. x, figs. 12-15. Lacrymaria olor, Ehrenberg, 1831, p. 105. Trachelocerca olor, Ehrenberg, 1833, p. 316; 1838, p. 342, pl. xxxvii, fie, 7. TAbniaaiid proteus, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 310, pl. xxxi, fig. 17. Lacrymaria gutta, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 310, pl. xxxi, fig. 18. Trachelocerca viridis, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 342, pl. xxxviii, fig. 8. Trachelocerca biceps, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 343, pl. xxxviii, fig. 9. -Lacrymaria olor, Dujardin, 1841, p. 469. Lacrymaria. proteus, Dujardin, 1841, p. 470. Lacrymaria viridis, Dujardin, 1841, p. 470. Lacrymaria gutta, Dujardin, 1841, p. 471. Trachelocerca olor, Cohn, 1853, pp. 265—6, pl. xiii, figs. 10, 11. Lacrymaria olor, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 298-302, pl. xvi, figs. 5-8. Trachelocerca viridis, Stein, 1859 d, p. 65. Lacrymaria olor, Stein, 1867, pp. 48, 65, 67; Fromentel, 1874, p. 284, pl. xv, fig. 7. Trachelocerca versatilis, Kent, 1880-2, p. 516, pl. xxvii, fig. 33. Lacrymaria olor, Bitschli, 1887-9, pp. 1683-4, pl. lvii, fig. 9; Schewiakoff, 1893, p. 38; 1896, pp. 141-2, pl. i, fig. 17; Roux, 1901, p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 13. jLacrymaria olor, Ghosh, 1921a, p. 7. Lacrymaria olor, Penard, 1922, p. 43, fig. 44; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 184, pl. xii, fig. 7; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 93, fig. 138, 22, 26. Body divided into two parts, one elongated, cylindrical, more or less pointed or simply rounded posteriorly, the other long and narrow, slightly flattened and extremely contractile. Oral cone well developed. Mouth small, pharynx little developed, with a circlet of large cilia surrounding the buccal cone. No furrow separating the head from the neck. Cilia arranged spirally. Two contractile vacuoles, one at the junction of the neck with the trunk and the other in the posterior part of the body. Macronucleus consists of two rounded parts united together. Micronucleus in a depression of the macronucleus. Animal swims with extended neck, now forwards, now backwards. Dimensions.—Length 100-400 according to the state of extension of the neck, width variable. Habitat.—Pond water and vegetable infusions: BENGAL, Calcutta. 31. Laerymaria striata Gulati. (Fig. 28.) +Lacrymaria striata, Gulati, 1925, p. 746, pl. i, fig. 3. Lacrymaria (Enchelis) pupula, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 94, fig. 13, 7, 12, 27. Lacrymaria striata, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 96. Body ellipsoid, neck short and thick, shaped like the cork of a bottle and surrounded by a ring of cilia, trunk tapering posteriorly to a narrow end. Mouth at the summit of the 88 C1LIOPHORA. neck, without a pharynx. Length of the body twice as much as the width, with the greatest width in front of the middle. The whole of the body has a dark brown appearance except at the two ends, where it is transparent. Surface marked by longitudinal and transverse striations. Contractile vacuole single, occupying the whole of the narrow posterior end. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. r% an | yy} us SNR j Samat a I Bites TCT RSNA a WSAAANG eb on SQ YS A AKON _Ssae ps Was 3 = 5 5 oY —LFu Hi . SN % U) rig \ I) AUN YY, OK\ J TX ae Oe Rite \ \ Mis 1 Fig. 27.—Lacrymaria olor (O.F.Miull.). B, mouth; Ma, macronucleus ; Mi, micronucleus; V.C, contractile vacuoles. (After Roux.) Fig. 28.—Lacrymaria striata Gulati. C.V, contractile vacuole. (After Gulati.) Macronucleus oval, a little behind the middle of the body. Micronucleus small, rounded, and lying a little in front of the macronucleus. Locomotion calm and gliding, rotating round its axis. Dimensions.—90 uw by 43 pw. Remarks.—According to Kahl (1930-5) itis probably a stronger form of L. pupula (O. F. Miller), of which species L. coronata LACRYMARIA. 89 Clap. & Lach. var. aqua dulcis Roux is a synonym. That the pellicle should have both longitudinal and transverse stria- tions is very unusual for a Lacrymaria. L. coronata and L. pupula show longitudinal striations, and if Gulati has correctly observed transverse striations this species indicates an approach to Coleps. Habitat.—Stagnant water of a drain: PungaB, Lahore. 32. Laerymaria vermicularis (O. F. Miller). (Fig. 29.) Trichoda vermicularis, O. F. Miller, 1786, p. 198, pl. xxviii, figs. 1-4. Phialina vermicularis, Ehrenberg, 1831, p. 111; 1838, p. 334, pl. xxvi, fig. 3; Dujardin, 1841, pp. 472-3; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 304-5, pl. xviii, fig. 8. Lacrymaria vermicularis, Fromentel, 1874, pp. 282-3, pl. xv, figs. 3, 3 a. Phialina vermicularis, Kent, 1880-2, p. 519, pl. xxvi, fig. 36. Lacrymaria vermicularis, Biitschli, 1887-9, p. 1684; Schewia- koff, 1896, pp. 143-4. {tLacrymaria vermicularis, Bhatia, 1916, p. 180, fig. 2. Lacrymaria spiralis, Kahl, 1926, p. 217. Lacrymaria vermicularis, Schoznichen, 1927, p. 184; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 95, fig. 13, 5-7. Body cylindrical, ovate or pyriform, narrowest anteriorly, very contractile, apical portion in front of the annular furrow Fig. 29.—Lacrymaria vermicularis (O. F. Miull.), fully extended ; a, moderately extended; 6, fully contracted. N, macro- nucleus ; C.V., contractile vacuole. (After Bhatia.) short and thick, and bearing a single circlet of cilia which are usually directed backwards. Oral aperture at the summit of the apical portion. Surface of the body smooth or with short, close, fine cilia arranged in longitudinal or spiral rows. Contractile vacuole single, spherical, postero-terminal. Macro- nucleus oval, subcentral, obliquely directed. 90 CILIOPHORA. Dimensions. —Length about 120 Remarks.—Body is bbe piirichticall or bottle-shaped if the apical lobe is taken into consideration, flexible and contractile ; the statement that it is two and a half times as long as broad (Kent, 1880-2, p. 519) appears to refer to the contracted state of the animal; in the fully extended condition it is four to six times as long as broad. Apical portion in advance of the annular furrow is short and cylindrical and bears at its base a single circlet of cilia which are directed backwards, the rest of the body is generally described as finely ciliate, though I found it glabrous, as was described by Ehrenberg and other early writers. The nucleus is oval in outline, and the single contractile vacuole is situated near the posterior end. Kahl (1930-5) shows his examples to be spirally striated and the body bearing cilia. Habitat—Fresh water : PunsaB, Lahore. Genus ENCHELIS O. F. Miiller, 1773. Einchelis O. F. Miller, 1773, p. 33. Enchelys Nitzsch, 1817, p. 125 ; Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 209; Claparede & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 294, 309-12; Fromentel, 1874, p. 187; Kent, 1880-2, p. 509; Roux, 1901, p. 23 ; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 180; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 96. Animalcules free-swimming. Body elongated or egg-shaped, with anterior end narrowed, drawn out and obliquely truncate and posterior end rounded. Mouth antero-terminal, pharynx absent, anus postero-terminal. Cilia short, fine, with a fringe of larger cilia encircling the oral region. Contractile vacuole single and terminal or numerous and arranged in a longitudinal row. Macronucleus subcentral, spherical or oval. Inhabiting marsh and stagnant water and in infusions. 33. Enchelis areuata Claparéde & Lachmann. (Fig. 30.) Einchelys arcuata, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p.311, pl. xvii, fig. 4; Kent, 1880-2, p. 510, pl. xxvii, fig. 14; Schewiakofi, 1896, p. 130, pl. i, fig. 10. tHnchelys arcuata, Bhatia, 1916, p. 179. Enchelys arcuata, Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 38, fig. 39; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 180, pl. xii, fig. 3; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 96, fig. 12, 27. Body pyriform, attenuate anteriorly. Cilia of general surface very short and fine. Contractile vacuoles several, arranged in an arcuate manner along the margin of the body. Macro-: nucleus elongate-oval. Dimensions.—Length about 80 py. Remarks.—Body is rounded posteriorly, attenuated an- teriorly. Length 804, maximum width 30yu. The animal ENCHELIS. 91 is broadest at one-fourth of the length of the body from the posterior end, and begins to taper rapidly in the anterior fourth. Anterior end is obliquely truncate and is occupied by the mouth. Cilia covering the whole body are very fine, rather longer ones surrounding the oral end. Habitat.—Infusion of leaves : Punsas, Lahore. Fig. 30.—Enchelis arcuata Clap. & Lach. a, anus; cv, contractile vacuole ; ek, ectoplasm; N, macronucleus ; 0, oral aperture. (After Schewiakoft.) Fig. 31.—Didinium nasutum (O. F. Mill.). M, wreath of cilia; st, seizing organ with trichocysts. Other lettering as in fig. 30. (After Schewiakoff.) Fig. 32.—Didinium balbiani (Fabre-Dom.). B, mcuth; Ma, macro- nucleus; Mi, micronucleus; ph, pharynx; v.c., contractile vacuole. (After Roux.) Fig. 33.—Mesodinium pulex (Clap. & Lach.). a, anus; cv, contractile vacuole; MM, membranelle; NN, macronucleus; o0, oral aperture ; oe, pharynx; ¢, tentacles. (After Schewiakoff.) 92 CILIOPHORA. 34. Enchelis sp. +Enchelys sp., Sandon, 1927, p. 172, Chart ITI. Habitat Farm and garden soil: Soutu Inp14, Coimbatore. 35. Enchelis sp. tEnchelys sp., Chaudhuri, 1929, p. 54, Table III. Habitat—Soil from cultivated fields: Pungsas, Lahore, Lyallpore ; BENGAL, Sibpore. Genus CHASNEA Quennerstedt, 1867. Chenea, Quennerstedt, 1867, p. 15. Chenia, Kent, 1880-2, p. 521. Chenia, Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 154; Roux, 1901, p. 29. Cheenia, Schoenichen, 1927, p. 182. Chenea, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 103. Body elongated, somewhat cigar-shaped. Cilia fine, ar- ranged spirally.. Mouth slit-like, at the anterior extremity, often surrounded by a brush-like tuft of larger cilia. 36. Cheenea sp. Chenia sp., Chaudhuri, 1929, p. 60. In his Table [IV Chaudhuri mentions a species of this genus as having been recorded by Sandon from South India and Burma, but reference to Sandon’s monograph shows that he did not record it from India. Genus TRACHELOCERCA Ehrenberg, 1840. Trachelocerca, Ehrenberg, 1840, p. 316; Cohn, 1866, p. 264; Kent, 1880-2, p. 514; Butschli, 1887-9, p. 1684; Calkins, 1926, pp. 381, 403; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 33; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 116. Elongated, more or less flexible, plump to very slender vermiform or flask-shaped form, not flattened. Oral cone 2-4-lobed ; with circlet of cilia and no constriction marking off the anterior portion. Remarks—This genus is distinguished from the closely- related Lacrymaria by the absence of a groove marking off a neck-like constriction, and from Chzenea by the anterior end not being narrowed into a neck-like portion and by the body not showing spiral striations during contraction. 37. Trachelocerea sp. Trachelocerca sp., Simmons, 1891, p. 4. Habitat—Pond water : BENGAL, Calcutta. DIDINIUM. 93 2. Family DIDINIIDA! Poche, 1913. Body spheroid or ellipsoid. Cytostome round, situated at the summit of an apical truncated cone, which is surrounded at its base by a ciliary girdle, with one or more ciliary girdles situated more posteriorly. Rest of the body uniformly ciliated or naked. Key to Indian Genera. Body with one or two circlets of membranelles ; rest of the body without cilia.............. DiIvIniuM S8t., p. 93. Body with an equatorial furrow containing one or more girdles of cirri; cytostome surrounded [p. 95. yanmant tontacles coh ci. ki ins! g wi sree ac = MESODINIUM St., Genus DIDINIUM Stein, 1859. Didinium Stein, 1859 a, p.5; Kent, 1880-2, p. 638; Schewiakoff, 1889, p. 15; 1896, p. 178; Roux, 1901, p. 32; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 187; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 123. Animalcules free-swimming, large, ovoid, flat or deepened in front. From the middle of the anterior end a conical process projects forward, at the summit of which lies the mouth- opening, which is capable of being widened considerably. Cytopharynx provided with fine rods. Body provided with one or more girdles of membranelles, which frequently break up into separate cilia; rest of surface without cilia. Con- tractile vacuole and anal aperture posterior. Macronucleus horseshoe-shaped. Multiplication by transverse fission. 38. Didinium balbiani (Fabre-Domergue). (Fig. 32.) Monodinium balbiani, Fabre-Domergue, 1888, pp. 35-9, pl. iv, figs. 43-50. Didinium balbiani, Bitschli, 1887-9, p. 1688, pl. lviii, figs. 4 a ; Schewiakoff, 1889, pp. 15-17, pl. ui, figs. 14-21; 1896, pp. 181-2, pl. ui, fig. 39, pl. vii, fig. 196; Roux, 1901, p. 32, pl. ui, fig. 1. {Didinium balbiani, Bhatia, 1922, p. 29. Didinium balbiani, Penard, 1922, p. 56, fig. 59. {Didinium balbiani, Gulati, 1925, p. 746-7, fig. 6. Didinium balbiani, Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 40, fig. 83; Schoenichen, 1927, p- 187, pl. xii, fig. 10; Kahl, 1930—5, p. 125, pl. xviii, fig. 24. Body ovate, rounded and narrower posteriorly, with the anterior broader end produced into a conical projection. A single ciliary wreath near the base of the proboscis only. Contractile vacuole large and posterior. Macronucleus band- like and curved, micronucleus situated close to one end. Locomotion not so rapid as in D. nasutum. 94 CILIOPHORA. Dimensions.—Length 60-100 p. Remarks.—The pellicle is said to be provided with very weak longitudinal striations, differmg in number, according to the observations of different authors, from 6 to 12, wide apart according to Faure-Fremiet and close together according to Schewiakoff. According to Faure-Fremiet isolated tricho- eysts are found in the ectoplasm. Endoplasm colourless, eranular. This species is widespread, planktonic or on the surface of plants, rarely among detritus. Habitat—In the surface layer of clear swamp-water near the River Ravi: Punsas, Lahore. 39. Didinium nasutum (O. F. Miller). (Fig. 31.) Vorticella nasuta, O. F. Miller, 1773, pp. 102-4; 1786, pp. 268-70, pl. xxxvii, figs. 20-4. Didinium nasutum, Stein, 1859a, p. 5; 1867, pp. 124, 148, 168 ; Engelmann, 1862, pp. 375-6; Balbiani, 1873, pp. 363—94, pl. xviii; Kent, 1880-2, pp. 638-9, pl. xxxui, figs. 50-7; Maupas, 1888 a, pp. 191-2; 1889, pp. 276-7, pl. xvi, figs. 27-8; Biitschli, 1887-9, p. 1686, pl. lvili, fig. 3; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 182, pl. ii, fig. 40; Thon, 1905, pp. 281-321, pls. xii—xiii, & figs. 1-3; Prandtl, 1906, pp. 229-58, pls. ix—x & 12 figs. +Didinium nasutum, Bhatia, 1916, p. 180. Didinium nasutum, Penard, 1922, p. 55, fig. 58. {Didinium nasutum, Gulati, 1925, p. 746, fig. 5. Didinium nasutum, Bullington, 1925, p. 269; Lepsi, 19264, p. 40, fig. 84; Calkins, 1926, pp. 154, 178, 216, figs. 88, 89; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 187; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 125, fig. 18, 20 & 22; Beers, 1935, pp. 133-55. Body oval or barrel-shaped, rounded posteriorly, the anterior border produced into a conical projection. One wreath of cilia near the base of the proboscis, the other posterior to the middle of the body. Ectoplasm without distinct trichocysts. Contractile vacuole large, debouching upon the anal aperture. Macronucleus band-like, curved. Devours large Infusoria ; revolves impetuously. Dimensions.—Length 100-180 py. Remarks.—Specimens found by me at Lahore measured on an average 123u by 84 Apparently this species is subject to large variations of size, as the dimensions given by different authors differ very widely. Kent, for example, gives the length as 1/300 of an inch (83,4), while Conn and Edmondson state it to be 100-175y. The animalcule is often found attached to a Paramecium by its snout-like process. Besides the principal contractile vacuole situated posteriorly I found three or four subsidiary ones scattered in different parts of the body. These were carried towards the principal vacuole by circulation of the protoplasm and absorbed into it one by one. In one case two of these vacuoles reached the MESODINIUM. 95 principal vacuole at about the same time; the one that touched it first was absorbed into it, the other had to wait for its turn. Habitat.—Pond water, in the dusty upper surface of water or amidst decaying vegetation : PunsaB, Lahore. Genus MESODINIUM Stein, 1862. Mesodinium, Stein, 1862 6, p. 162; 1867, p. 148; Kent, 1880-2, p- 635. Acarella, Kent, 1880-2, p. 636. Mesodinium Biitschli, 1887-9, p. 1688; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 183 ; Roux, 1901, pp. 32-3; Calkins, 1926, p. 404; Sandon, 1927, p. 175; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1170. Body ovate or pear-shaped, divided into two unequal parts by an equatorial furrow, anterior conical and posterior spherical. In the groove are situated one or more girdles of larger cilia, which are united in groups to form membranelles. The remaining part of the body is naked. Cytostome at the anterior end of the snout often surrounded by small tentacles. Cytopharynx more or less elongated, conical, provided with rods. Anus posterior. Contractile vacuole in the close neigh- bourhood of the anus. Macronucleus spherical or ovoid. Locomotion irregular, quick. 40. Mesodinium pulex (Claparede & Lachmann). (Fig. 33:) Halteria pulex, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 370, pl. xiii, figs. 10-11. Acarella siro, Cohn, 1866, pp. 293-4, 301, pl. xv, figs. 32-4. Mesodinium pulex, Stein, 1867, p. 162. j;Halteria pulex, Carter, 1869, pp. 259-60, pl. xvii, fig. 23. Mesodinium pulex, Kent, 1880-2, p. 636, pl. xxxii, fig. 44. Acarella siro, Kent, 1880-2, pp. 636-7, pl. xxxii, fig. 45 ; Meresch- kowsky, 1882, pp. 1232-4; 1883, pp. 276-9. Mesodinium pulex, Maupas, 1882, pp. 1381-4; 1883, pp. 516-8; Gourret & Roeser, 1886, pp. 491-3, pl. xxx, fig. 13; Butschli, 1887-9, pl. lvi, fig. 5; Schewiakoff, 1896, pp. 185-6, pl. ui, fig. 42; Penard, 1922, pp. 58-61, figs. 62, 63 ; Lepsi, 1926, p. 40, fig. 905 Kah 1930; p. 127, fig. 18, 7, 8. Body egg-shaped, globose posteriorly, conical and tapering as it approaches the anterior projecting snout ; two wreaths of cirrose membranelles developed on an annular groove, those of the anterior spread in different directions, those of the posterior directed spirally backwards to the left; the rest of the surface of the body naked. Mouth at the anterior end, surrounded by 4 to 8 forwardly directed tentacles. Pharynx more or less elongated, conical, provided with rods. Anus posterior. Contractile vacuole postero-lateral. Hndoplasm 96 CILIOPHORA. with large, colourless food-particles. Macronucleus of two spherical parts. Locomotion irregular, swift. Pelagic or among detritus in salt or fresh water. Dimensions.—Length 20-30, or according to some up to 40 uw. Renae Slane tne and Lachmann, who described this species under the title Halteria pulex, showed it as possessing three long bristle-like processes in advance of the mouth. Stein regarded these simply as three forwardly-directed loco- motive cirri, but Kent interpreted them as an optical mis- interpretation of the everted attenuate proboscis. Kahl has shown that these tentacles are provided distally with suckers and serve to attach the organism during intervals of rest. According to him the tentacles are not always recognizable. ‘The macronucleus is shown as a single rounded body by Kent and by Blochmann, and as kidney-shaped by Schewiakoff. According to Penard there are always two small macronuclei, one to the right and the other to the left of the median line, a little way behind the transverse furrow. Habitat —Fresh water : Bombay. 3. Family COLEPIDA Claparéede & Lachmann, 1858. Body barrel-shaped or pointed posteriorly, covered with an ectoplasmic armour of regularly arranged plates. Anterior end of the body truncated, surrounded by the teeth-like ends of the plates. Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows, those near the mouth more strongly developed. Cytostome apical, surrounded by cirri-like structures. Cytopharynx wide, funnel-shaped, provided with rod-apparatus. Genus COLEPS Nitzsch, 1817. Coleps, Nitzsch, 1817, p. 69; Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 317; Dujardin, 1841, p. 565; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 364; Fro- mentel, 1874, p. 191; Kent, 1880-2, p. 506; Butschli, 1887-9, p. 1686; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 166; Roux, 1901, p. 30; Noland, 1925, pp. 3-13; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 185; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 131. Animalcules free-swimming, small to medium-sized, more or less barrel-shaped. Anterior end truncate, surrounded by teeth-like projections. Cuticular surface usually longitudinally and transversely furrowed, and thus divided into numerous symmetrical quadrangular facets forming a coat of mail; COLEPS. 97 quadrangular facets smooth and indurated, the narrow inter- vening furrows soft and clothed with cilia. Mouth apical, terminal, surrounded with cilia of slightly larger size than those of the general surface; pharynx wide, funnel-shaped, and pro- vided with rod-apparatus; anal aperture postero-terminal. Contractile vacuole single and terminal. Macronucleus rounded, with a micronucleus lying close to it. Posterior end of the body rounded and generally provided with spines. Divides by transverse fission. Locomotion rapid, constantly revolving and often changing the direction. Frequently containing zoochlorelle. Marine and fresh water. Key to Indian Species. 1 (4). With posterior spines ................ 2. 2 (3). Three posterior spines; 20 longitudinal rows of plates; body fairly plump: [p. 97. leneth) 40-65 po) sea sinc ieee access C. hirtus (O. F. Miull.), 3 (2). Four posterior spines: length 60-70. C. uncinatus Clap. & 4 (1). Without posterior spines: length about [Lach., p. 100. DUTT Si AES bio carious auc Wibie CaCO ee ee C. kenti Bhatia, p. 98. 4]. Coleps hirtus (O. F. Miller). (Fig. 34.) Cercaria hirta, O. F. Miller, 1786, p. 128, pl. xix, figs. 17-18. Coleps hirtus, Nitzsch, 1817, p. 4; Ehrenberg, 1830, p. 42; 1831, p- 100; 1838, p. 317, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1, pl. xxxv, fig. 1; Dujardin, 1841, pp. 566-7, pl. xvi, fig. 10; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 366; Pritchard, 1861, p. 616, pl. xxiv, figs. 284-6; Engelmann, 1862, p. 350; Stein, 1867, p. 118; Fromentel, 1874, p. 311, pl. xxi, fig. 25; Kent, 1880-2, p. 506, pl. xxvii, figs. 3, 4; Maupas, 1885, pp. 337-67, pl. xvii; 18884, p. 236; 1889, p. 271, pl. xvi, fig. 13; Biutschli, 1887-9, pp. 1686-7, pl. lviii, fig. 1; Schewiakoff, 1893, p. 38; 1896, pp. 169-70, pl. ui, fig. 35; Roux, 1901, ps 30; pl. 1) fie. 19° +Coleps hirtus, Bhatia, 1916, p. 180; Ghosh, 1921, p. 7; Gulati, 1925, p. 747, fig. 4. Coleps hirtus, Noland, 1925, pp. 6-7, pl.i, fig. 3; Bullington, 1925, p. 266 ; Lepsi, 19264, p. 41, fig. 86; Calkins, 1926, pp. 128, 374, figs. 65, 164; Sandon, 1927, p. 175; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 186, pl. xu, fie) 9: {Coleps hirtus, Bhatia & Mullick, 1930, p. 391. Coleps hirtus, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 134, fig. 19, 7, 2. Body barrel-shaped, about twice as long as broad, rounded posteriorly, slightly narrower and truncate in front ; anterior margin denticulate, posterior extremity provided with three spines. Cuticular surface divided into quadrangular areas. Colour whitish or light brown. Contractile vacuole single, posteriorly situated. Macronucleus spherical, subcentral. Dimensions.—Length 40-65 jw. CIL. H 98 CILIOPHORA. Remarks.—Specimens of this cosmopolitan species are quite commonly met with in ponds, and whenever encountered are found in abundance. Individuals exhibit considerable differences in size and appearance. Specimens taken in Fig. 34.—Coleps hirtus (O. F. Miull.). (After Noland.) Lahore are generally 40u by 20, in size, but those found in Srinagar were larger, measuring from 48 to 60 in length. Habitat—Pond water: KasHmir, Srinagar; PUNJAB, Lahore ; Brenean, Calcutta. 42. Coleps kenti Bhatia. (Fig. 35.) Coleps hirtus (part), Kent, 1880-2, p. 507. {+Coleps kenti, Bhatia, 1922, p. 28. Coleps striatus, Kahl. 1930-5, p. 137, fig. 19, 20, 21. Body barrel-shaped, only one and one-third as long as broad, rounded posteriorly, broad and truncate anteriorly, not provided with apical projections and posterior spines. Cuticular surface divided into quadrangular areas by longi- tudinal and transverse furrows, the latter dividing the body into four chief girdles. Contractile vacuole and anal aperture posterior. Macronucleus spherical, subcentral. Dimensions.—Length 524, width 39. Remarks.—This species differs from C. hirtus in being proportionately much broader and in the absence of apical projections and posterior spines. Kent also had observed forms “in which no cusps whatever were developed at the posterior extremity, the size, quadrangular corrugation, and deeper longitudinal lines of furrows being, in common COLEPS. 99 with all other structural details, identical with what obtains in C. hirtus.... While the comparative length and breadth range in most instances in the proportion of two to one, much shorter and almost subspherical specimens were not infre- quently encountered.” He, however, thought that this well- marked variety should perhaps be properly referred to the genus Plagiopogon. But the genus Plagiopogon was founded by Stein for Coleps-like forms which, though not possessing apical or posterior spines, are only longitudinally furrowed, and the surface is neither marked off into quadrangular areas nor bears a coat of mail, as Coleps does. The form encountered by me is practically the same as that described by Kent, and regarded by him as a distinct variety of or a most closely allied species to C. hirtus, except that I did not find Fig. 35.—Coleps kenti Bhatia. C.V., contractile vacuole. (After Bhatia.) the proportion of length to breadth as two to one. For the reason mentioned above I would not refer Kent’s form and mine to Plagiopogon, but consider that they merit separate specific distinction. Noland (1925) in his monograph on the genus Coleps has. overlooked this species. In the species recognized by Noland. a number of posterior spines are always present, but in C. kentt there are no posterior spines, though the body is covered with a coat of mail. Referring to Kent’s original description, Noland thinks that, if it is not a Plagiopogon, it is the simplest type of Coleps yet observed. Kahl (1930-5) considers my species as synonymous with Coleps striatus Smith, 1897, and Coleps inermis Perty, 1852. I have not access to the original works of Smith and Perty, but on comparing my figure with those of C. striatus and C. inermis, H 2 100 CILIOPHORA. as reproduced by Kahl, I find that my form is quite distinct. It is proportionately broader and more clearly marked into quadrangular facets. Habitat —Pond water : PunsaB, Lahore. 43. Coleps untinatus Claparéde & Lachmann. (Fig. 36.) Coleps uncinatus, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 366, pl. xu, fig. 9; Kent, 1880-2, p. 507, pl. xxvu, fig. 6; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 171; Roux, 1901, p. 30, pl. i, fig. 20. +Coleps uncinatus, Bhatia, 1922, p. 29. Coleps uncinatus, Noland, 1925, p. 8, fig. 16; Lepsi, 1926a, p. 41; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 186, fig. 712 ; Kahl, 1930—5, p. 135, fig. 19, 11. Body ovate, slightly flattened ventrally, two and a half times as long as broad ; the anterior margin bearing two spines Fig. 36.—Coleps uncinatus Clap. & Lach. B, mouth; Ma, macro- nucleus; M7, micronucleus; Ph, pharynx; V.C, con- tractile vacuole. (After Roux.) on the more flattened ventral side; four acuminate spines developed at the posterior extremity. Contractile vacuole single, posteriorly situated. Macronucleus discoidal, central ; micronucleus situated close by. Rare and living in mud. Dimensions.—Length 60-70, width 28-33 p. Remarks.—The average size of my specimens was 70u by 28, and the body was elongated oval and provided with four posterior spines. On staining with acetic methyl-green the spherical macronucleus and the small micronucleus situated close by it were observed. On the ventral anterior margin SPATHIDIUM. 10} are two spines or hooks which, according to Claparéde and Lachmann (1858-61), are recurved, but are shown by Roux (1901) as straight and pointing forward. In the latter case, according to Noland: (1925), they do not differ materially from the longer teeth that may be seen at the lateral angles of the mouth of nearly all species of Coleps. Habitat—Pond water : PunsaB, Lahore. 44. Coleps sp. Coleps sp., Simmons, 1891, p. 4. Habitat.—Pond water : BENGAL, Calcutta. 4. Family SPATHIDIIDA Kahl, 1930. Body oval or cylindrical, with truncated anterior end. Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows. Cytostome anterior, slit-like, surrounded by a laterally compressed, more or less prominent, padded margin, which bears trichocysts. Genus SPATHIDIUM Dujardin, 1841. Spathidium, Dujardin, 1841, p. 457; Biitschli, 1887-9, p. 1680 ; Roux, 1901, p. 23 ; Hickson, 1903, pp. 397, 398; Penard, 1922, p. 23; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 39; Calkins, 1926, p. 404; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 180; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1171; Kudo, 1931, p. 350; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 149. Animalecules free-swimming, medium-sized to large; body nearly purse-shaped, flexible, anterior end truncated and generally wholly taken up by the slit-like mouth; margins of the mouth padded and thickened. Without pharynx. Cilia fine, short, in longitudinal rows, somewhat longer on the thickening round the mouth. Contractile vacuole terminal or varying in number and position. Anus at the posterior end. Macronucleus round to elongated and rosary-shaped. Micro- nuclei one to many. Cysts spherical. 45. Spathidium moniliforme Bhatia. (Fig. 37.) TSpathidium spathula var. moniliforme, Bhatia, 1920, p. 259. Spathidium spathula, Penard, 1922, p. 23, fig. 16. tSpathidium spathula, Gulati, 1925, p. 745, pl. i, fig. 2. Spathidium moniliforme, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 158, fig. 22, 3. Body elongated, flask-shaped, flexible but not deformable ; anterior end obliquely truncate and occupied almost com- pletely by the narrow and elongated slit-like mouth ; margins 102 OILIOPHORA. of the oral portion padded and provided with longer cilia. Ciliary les on the general surface of the body close and provided with fine and short cilia. Trichocysts small, fusiform and more numerous round the mouth. Large contractile vacuole at the posterior end of the body. Macronucleus elongated, consisting of a number of beads, which are sometimes disjointed. Dimensions.—Length up to 260. Remarks.—The animals were found in large numbers. The body was flask-shaped, flexible though not very contractile ; the anterior end was narrower than the middle of the body, obliquely truncate and occupied almost completely by the narrow and elongated slit-like mouth. The margins of the oral portion were padded. The general surface of the body Fig. 37.—Spathidium moniliforme Bhatia. C.V., contractile vacuole ; N, macronucleus ; O. mouth. (After Bhatia.) appeared to be striate. Cytoplasm was granular and the anterior part of the body somewhat clearer and more trans- parent. Ciliation was uniform, with somewhat longer cilia round the anterior end. The movements of the animal were slow, the anterior part of the body occasionally bending slightly. This form differs from S. spathula O. F. Miller in its much smaller size and in the character of the nucleus. The animals measured only 105 by 20, instead of the usual size of the species, which is given as 180-240u. The macro- nucleus consisted of a long chain of small beads, which was bent upon itself. In the generic characters given by Biitschli the nucleus is said to be round to elongated and rosary-shaped, but in the figure of S. spathula is shown as consisting of three BUTSCHLIA. 103 large beads only (plate lviii, fig. 10). EK. André (1916), under the name S. spathula var. plurinucleata, described a form containing a large number of small, separate, rounded nuclei. The form here described differs from the latter in that these small, separate, rounded nuclei are not irregularly scattered but are parts of an elongated rosary which is bent upon itself. The form was originally described by me as a new variety of S. spathula, but Kahl (1930) in his recent monograph considers S. plurinucleata André and S. monilv- forme Bhatia to be distinct species and S. spathula as described by Penard to be identical with the latter. The size of the form described by Penard is mentioned as 240-260 » long and 35-60 w wide, and Penard has stated that the beads of the macronucleus are sometimes disjointed. Gulati (1925) found specimens which were proportionately very much wider than mine, measuring 112 by 85pn. Habitat—Pond water : PunsaB, Lahore. 5. Family BUTSCHLIID Poche, 1913. Parasites in the gut of the Ungulate mammals. Ciliation over the whole body or reduced to a single zone at the anterior end. Cytostome circular, situated at the anterior end of the body ; generally an anus at the posterior end. One or more contractile vacuoles. Remarks.—This family includes a large number of genera, most of which have been incompletely studied, and it is un- certain if all of them will, on further examination, be found to belong to this family. Genus BUTSCHLIA Schuberg, 1888. Biitschlia, Schuberg, 1888, pp. 369, 371 ; Bitschli, 1887-9, p. 1690 ; Hickson, 1903, p. 400; Wenyon, 1926, pp. 1188-9; Reichenow, 1929; p. TI7L. _ Body egg-shaped; very minute cilia cover the general surface with a special pre-oral crown of longer cilia, and in some species an additional tuft of longer cilia at the posterior extremity. Cytostome terminal, leading to a short pharynx. A large spherical macronucleus and a single contractile vacuole present. Three species are known from the stomach of cattle and one from the czecum of the horse. 104 CILIOPHORA. 46. Butsehlia parva Schuberg. (Fig. 38.) Biitschlia parva, Schuberg, 1888, p. 372, pl. xii, figs. 1 & 2; Wenyon, 1926, p. 1189, fig. 504, 7; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1171, fig. 1158. tBitschlia parva, Kofoid & MacLennan, 1933, p. 28. Form oval, often nearly spherical. Anterior end almost evenly truncated. Cytostome in the middle of the anterior end, leading to a short gullet. The entire surface of the body is covered with short and fine cilia, which are arranged. in moderately spaced, longitudinal rows ; specially long cilia cover the anterior end of the.body. There is a large spherical macronucleus and a single contractile vacuole. The endo- Fig. 38.—Biitschlia parva Schuberg. kh, excretory mass; n, macro- nucleus ; 0, mouth. Very fine cilia covering the whole body not shown. (From Reichenow, after Schuberg.) plasm contains near the anterior end another vacuole, which is filled with strongly refractile, excretory particles. Parasitic in the rumen of cattle and sheep. Dimensions.—Up to 50 in length. Remarks.—Schuberg (1888), who first described this species, could detect only the longer cilia covering the anterior end of the body, but later observers state that, in addition, the whole body is covered with fine cilia. Habitat—Stomach of Bos indicus: locality not noted (Coonoor or Colombo). AMPHILEPTID &. 105 2. Tribe PLEUROSTOMATA Schewiakoff, 1896, emend. Kahl, 1930. Gymnostomatous Ciliates with the cytostome slit-like, running from the anterior pole along the compressed ventral border of the body, or round and situated at the base of a proboscis. Identification Table of Families. (Gy) Cytostome slit-like f.0 ..) 8209 tlh is is bee sp 2 (5). Cytostonual slit erated “: 224.5062. 6s. es 3. 3 (4). Cytostomial slit on the convex ventral border [Biitsch., p. 105. of the anterior part of the body ......... Amphileptidz 4 (3). Cytostomial slit on the concave ventral [p. 119. border of the anterior part of the body.... Loxodide Biitsch., 5 (2). Cytostome in an unciliated groove extending backward from the anterior end; near the posterior end is a ciliated groove which may [Grandori. serve as an organ of attachment ......... Amphibotrellidz * 6 (1). Cytostome round, at the base of a proboscis. Tracheliidze [Ehrbg., p. 115. 1. Family AMPHILEPTIDA Biitschli, 1889. Body lanceolate, more or less laterally compressed, showing two broad lateral surfaces, and dorsal and ventral borders. The ventral border is convex and the dorsal sigmoid. Cilia fine, on all sides of the body, or confined to one lateral surface. Cytostome slit-like, along the convex ventral border of the anterior part of the body, provided with trichocysts. Macro- nucleus bipartite or quadripartite, rarely undivided and band-shaped. Key to Indian Genera. 1 (3). Both sides of the body normally ciliated.. 2. 2. Oral cleft not reaching to the middle of the body. Body without hyaline trichocyst [& Lachm., p. 106. zone. Proboscis moderately long ..... ' AMPHILEPTUS Clap. 3 (1). Only the right side of the body normally etliateciy Rye fete ah: bs «pele oc ¥ o/s cust ere Syamedba 4, 4 (5). Body ventrally with flat trichocyst zone, dorsally with similar zone or with tricho- [p.Li2e cyst warts, proboscis poorly developed... LoxopHyLtLuM Duj., 5 (4). Ventral and dorsal borders without tricho- eyst zone, left side quite unciliated, [p. 106. proboscis well developed ............. Litonotus Wrzes., 106 CILIOPHORA. Genus AMPHILEPTUS Claparede & Lachmann, 1859. Amphileptus, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 347; Kent, 1880-2, p. 523; Biutschli, 1887-9, p. 1690; Roux, 1901, p. 34; Penard, 1922, p. 64; Lepsi, 1926a, p.34; Calkins, 1926, p. 405 ; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 189; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1172; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 182. Body elongated, contractile, only little of the anterior part of the body flattened; posterior part narrower and pointed. Cilia fine, thickly arranged on all sides of the body along regular longitudinal rows. Cytostome slit-like, along the convex border of the proboscis. Nocytopharynx. Tricho- cysts often present. Locomotion mostly slow, creeping hither and thither, or rotating on the long axis. Feeding on animal detritus. 47. Amphileptus sp. Amphileptus sp., Simmons, 1891, p. 4. Habitat—Pond water : BENGAL, Calcutta. Genus LITONOTUS Wrzesniowski, 1870. Amphileptus (part), Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 354. Loxophyllum (part), Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 357-64. Letonota, Wrzesniowski, 1869, p. 33. Litonotus, Wrzesniowski, 1870, p. 495. Dileptus (part), Fromentel, 1874, pp. 176-7. Litonotus, Kent, 1880-2, p. 742. Lionotus, Buitschli, 1887-9, p. 1691; Roux, 1901, pp. 35-6 ; Penard, 1922, p. 64; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 35; Calkins, 1926, p. 405 ; Schoeni- chen, 1927, p. 190; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1172; Kahl, 1930-5, p.- 185. Body elongated, strongly flattened, chiefly at the anterior end, often curved in a S-shaped manner, anteriorly drawn out into a more or less elongated neck, posterior end narrow and pointed. The right flattened surface with longitudinal rows of cilia, the left side of the body without cilia. Mouth slit-like, more or less elongated along the convex border of - the anterior portion, with a row of stronger cilia along the left oral border and a row of trichocysts along the right oral border. Pharynx absent. Contractile vacuole single and terminal, or multiple and arranged in one or two rows. Anus at the posterior end or at the base of the tail-like portion. Macronucleus bipartite, the two halves connected by a thread, or sometimes band-shaped or multipartite. Body flexible, contractile, often transparent. Locomotion slow, gliding on the ciliated side. | LITONOTUS. 107 Remarks.—Wrzesniowski erected the genus Litonotus for the reception of those species, previously referred to Loxophyllum or Amphileptus, which he demonstrated to be ciliate only on the lower or “ ventral” surface. If, however, we regard the edge bearing the slit-like mouth as ventral, the ciliate surface should be referred to as right and the unciliated one as left. Biitschli (1889) wrongly changed the name to Lionotus with the remark “ falslich zuerst Litonotus genannt.” The name as given by Wrzesniowski, the author of the genus, is Litonotus, and must be followed, as both Leionota and Lionotus are preoccupied. Key to Indian Species. 1 (4). With single contractile vacuole.......... 2. 2 (3). Lanceolate, macronucleus consisting of two spherical lobes united to one another : [p. 107. SO a lenetin oe. Se Voue sae ee L. fasciola (Ehrbg.), 3 (2). Lanceolate, macronucleus reniform: 90 u [p. 109. BTS PSTD IR ie ain V's oi Sy shah ods, Hcl oe dee Neh L. infustonus Ghosh, 4 (1). With several contractile vacuoles in a dorsal and a ventral row; posterior end of the body pointed ; with trichocysts.. 5. 5 (6). Macronucleus of two spherical or oval parts, united together by a thread, or [Stokes, p. 110. discrete : 200—300 » in length.......... L. pleurosigma 6 (5). Macronucleus bilobed, lobes in contact ip. Lit, with one another: 170 win length..... L. similis Ghosh, 48. Litonotus fasciola (Ehrenberg) Wrzesniowski. (Fig. 39.) Amphileptus fasciola, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 356, pl. xxxviii, fig. 17; Dujardin, 1841, p. 485, pl. xi, fig. 17. tAmphileptus fasciola, Carter, 1856 b, p. 225. Loxophyllum fasciola, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 361-2. Amphileptus fasciola, Stein, 1867, pp. 24, 64, 67, 118, 119. Leionota fasciola, Wrzesniowski, 1869, p. 33. LIntonotus fasciola, Wrzesniowski, 1870, pp. 500-1, pls. xxii—xxiil, figs. 29-32. Dileptus fasciola, Fromentel, 1874, p. 290, pl. xviii, fig. 8. Intonotus fasciola, Kent, 1880-2, p. 743-4, pl. xlii, figs. 5-11. Amphileptus massiliensis, Gourret & Roeser, 1886, pp. 471-2, pl. xxix, figs. 2, 3. Inonotus fasciola, Biitschli, 1887-9, pp. 1372, 1388, 1461, 1691, pl. lix, fig. 6. Loxophyllum fasciola, Maupas, 1888 a, p. 248; 1889, pp. 278-84, pl. xvi, figs. 29-42. Inonotus fasciola, Schewiakoff, 1889, pp. 19-22; 1896, p. 202, pl. ii, figs. 49-50; pl. vi, fig. 158; pl. vii, figs. 176, 197; Roux, 1901, p. 36, pl. ui, fig. 3. ;Loxophyllum fasciola, Bhatia, 1920, p. 260. {Lionotus fasciola, Ghosh, 1921, p. 8. LIionotus fasciola, Penard, 1922, p. 64, fig. 68; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 44, fig. 99; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 190, pl. xii, fig. 15. Inonotus fasciola, Kahl, 1926, pp. 292-3, fig. K, ; 1930-5, p. 194, fe. 28,70 j;Lionotus fasciola, Bhatia & Mullick, 1930, p. 393. 108 CILIOPHORA. Body lanceolate, flexible but not contractile ; the neck-like portion scarcely equalling i in length one-half of the entire body, curved at its extremity towards the right, gradually narrowing towards the end, and not sharply distinguished from the body ; posterior end obtusely pointed. Mouth-cleft along the convex border of the neck ; the cilia situated along the mouth-cleft, of larger size than on the remaining surface ;_ trichocysts along the left oral border. Contractile vacuole single, situated Fig. 39.—Litonotus fasciola (Ehrbg.). B, mouth-cleft; Ma, macro- nucleus ; Mi, micronucleus; Tr, trichocysts; V: C, contractile vacuole. (After Roux.) near the base of the short tail-like prolongation. Macro- nucleus bipartite, subcentral, each portion spheroidal, and connected by a cord-like structure; micronucleus between the two portions of the macronucleus. Locomotion slow, alternately swimming backwards and forwards. Dimensions.—Length 80-100 pu. Remarks.—Examples of this species were found in large numbers in water from a drain at Lahore. They were of LITONOTUS. 109 somewhat smaller size than usual, and measured 94 by 31 p, the neck portion being 31 p, 2. ¢., one-third of the entire length. Locomotion was characteristic, slowly swimming forwards or backwards. Very much smaller specimens were found in pond water at Srinagar (Kashmir). Habitat—Dirty water: Kasumir, Srinagar; Pungap, Lahore ; BomBay ; BENGAL, Calcutta. 49. Litonotus infusionus Ghosh. (Fig. 40.) ;Lionotus infusionus, Ghosh, 1920 a, pp. 146-7, fig. 3; 1921 a, p. 7. Lionotus infusionus, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 195. Body lanceolate, widest in the middle and tapering to a rounded end posteriorly. Dorsal surface strongly convex in the middle, ventral slightly so, with a median ridge extending from the middle of the body to the posterior end. Anterior beak twisted and bent to the left side and towards the ventral Fig. 40.—Litonotus infusionus Ghosh. (After Ghosh.) aspect. Cytostome slit-like, occupying about one-third the body-length. Cilia in longitudinal meridional rows, those along the left margin of the cytostome longer than the others. Trichocysts usually in a row along the right margin of the beak. Contractile vacuole single, large, oval and _ postero- terminal. Macronucleus reniform, placed obliquely in the anterior half of the body. Micronucleus small, spherical, in the notch of the macronucleus. Dimensions.—Length 90, width 20p. Habitat—Hay infusions and pond water among Lpistylis and Carchesium colonies: BENGAL, Calcutta. 110 CILIOPHORA. 50. Litonotus pleurosigma Stokes. (Fig. 41.) Litonotus pleurosigma, Stokes, 1884 6, p. 124. tLoxophyllum fasciola subsp. punjabensis Bhatia, 1916, pp. 181-2, fig. 3. Lionotus pleurosigma, Penard, 1922, pp. 68-9, fig. 74. Hemiophrys (Lionotus) pleurosigma, Kahl, 1926, pp. 293-5, fig. L,;. 1930-5, p. 186-7, fig. 28, 3. Body elongate, transparent, flexible, but scarcely contractile, posterior end drawn out into a tail-like prolongation or only pointed, tapering gradually towards the anterior extremity, which is curved. Oral cleft along the convex border. Cuticular surface longitudinally striate ; cilia more conspicuous on the neck-region. Contractile vacuoles multiple, variable in num- ber, arranged in two rows. Macronucleus bipartite, spheroidal, ee Fig. 41.—Litonotus pleurosigma Stokes. C.V., contractile vacuoles ; N, macronucleus. (After Bhatia.) subcentral; micronucleus between the two parts of the macronucleus. Dimensions.—Length up to 300 p. Remarks.—The animal showed slow locomotion, now moving forwards, then suddenly in a backwards direction. The length of a specimen was 1474 and the maximum width 42y. When I made the acquaintance of this form I did not have Stokes’s work at my disposal, and it appeared to resemble most closely Litonotus varsoviensis Wrz. (Kent, 1880-2, p. 744, pl. xli, fig. 4), from which, however, it differed in the number of contractile vacuole asnd their arrangement in two longitu- dinal rows instead of one containing five contractile vacuoles only. At the time I considered that both my form and LITONOTUS. a3 L. varsoviensis should be regarded as distinct subspecies of L. fasciola, which some writers had removed from the genus Intonotus, reserved for species with a very long neck (in some being even longer than the body), and had again placed in Loxophyllum, to which indeed it originally belonged: the name punjabensis was given to the subspecies to indicate its special peculiarities. Recent workers have, however, more accurately defined Intonotus, and L. fasciola has again been placed under that genus by Roux, Penard and others; and Kahl, in his recent monograph, has referred my form to Litonotus plewrosigma Stokes, a view which I accept. Kahl states that the neck often possesses an apical group of trichocysts, and the trichocysts are also distributed in the plasma. The trichocysts were not noticed by me. Habitat.—Stagnant water : PunsaB, Lahore. 51. Litonotus similis Ghosh. (Fig. 42.) tLionotus similis, Ghosh, 1921 a, p. 8, fig. 3. Hemiophrys (Lionotus) similis, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 188. Body broadly lanceolate, widest behind the middle, more tapering anteriorly than posteriorly. Anterior end pointed ~ Fig. 42.—Litonotus similis Ghosh. and curved to one side. Cytostome extending beyond the anterior one-third of the length of the body. Longitudinal ciliary rows faint. Trichocysts scattered. Contractile vacu- oles 5-6 in number and placed in two rows along both the mar- gins. Micronucleus by the side of the macronucleus. Dimensions.—Length 170, width 52 pu. 112 CILIOPHORA. Remarks.—According to Ghosh this species differs from L. fasciola EKhrbg. in having scattered trichocysts, a smaller eytostome, and numerous contractile vacuoles, but agrees with it in having a bilobed macronucleus. It resembles L. diaphanes Wrzesn. in having scattered trichocysts, but differs from it in the arrangement of the contractile vacuoles and in the shape of the macronucleus. Kahl (1930) thinks that it is probably identical with L. pleurosigma. 'The macronucleus does not, however, consist of two discrete parts; and the contractile vacuoles, though stated to be 5-6 in two rows, are actually shown in the figure as 4 in the ventral and 2 in the dorsal row. Habitat.—Vegetable infusions : BENGAL, Calcutta. 52. Litonotus sp. Lionotus sp., Chaudhuri, 1929, p. 54. Habitat—Soils from CENTRAL Inp14, Indore, and CrYLon, Colombo. | Genus LOXOPHYLLUM (Dujardin, 1841), emend. Wrzesniowski, 1869. Loxophyllum (part), Dujardin, 1841, pp. 467, 487; (part) Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 357-64. Loxophyllum, Fromentel, 1874, p. 178; Kent, 1880-2, pp. 527-8 ; Butschli, 1887-9, p. 1692; Roux, 1901, p. 38; Penard, 1922, p. 71; Lepsi, 1926a, p. 35; Calkins, 1926, p. 405; Schoenichen, 1927, p- 191; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1172; Kahl, 1930—5, pp. 195, 197. Body contractile and flexible; flattened, leaf-like, pointed at the anterior and posterior ends. Anterior portion bent towards the dorsal border. Cilia in longitudinal rows on the right surface of the body, left surface without cilia. Mouth slit-like, along the convex border of the anterior portion, as in the preceding genus. Recognizable from the preceding genus by the possession of a hyaline zone along the ventral border, extending up to the posterior end and usually provided with trichocysts; with a similar zone extending along the dorsal border, or narrow and with trichocysts collected in warty bundles. Locomotion gliding. Key to Indian Species. Body small, up to 250. Macronucleus bi- [p. 113. POATHOMUC Birnie e sigcibinva jo 3a. we ie Shee aa oes te L. helus (Stokes), Body large, up to 700. Macronucleus multi- [Miull.), p. 114. partite or rosary-shaped .......5¢.....5:. L. meleagris (O. F. LOXOPHYLLUM. Lis 53. Loxophyllum helus (Stokes). (Fig. 43.) Litonotus helus, Stokes, 1884, p. 124; 1888, p. 268, pl. ix, fig. 19. Loxophyllum helus, Penard, 1922, p. 73, fig. 78; Kahl, 1926, pp. 295-6, fig. M,; 1930-5, pp. 199-200, fig. 30, 17. {Loxophyllum helus, Bhatia & Mullick, 1930, p. 393. Body elongate, lanceolate, flattened, anterior end prolonged into a short neck which is curved towards the dorsal edge, posterior end acuminate, very contractile. Mouth slit-like along the convex border of the neck. Hyaline zone narrow, provided with fine trichocysts along the ventral border and the posterior end. The dorsal border is raised into a number Fig. 43. Fig. 44. Fig. 43.—Loxophyllum helus (Stokes). (After Kahl.) Fig. 44.—Loxophyllum meleagris (O. F. Mull.). A, anus; B, cytostome ; C.V.C, feeder canal of the vacuole; Ma, macronucleus ; M71, micronucleus; Tr, trichocysts; V.C, contractile vacuole. (After Roux.) of papille, underneath each of which is a bundle of tricho- cysts. The right side of the body is flattened and covered over by cilia arranged along numerous closely approaching longitudinal lines. The left side is bulging and marked by only a few furrows, but does not bear any cilia. Contractile vacuole posterior, subterminal, sometimes with accessory vacuoles. Macronucleus consists of two ellipsoid portions with a micronucleus lying between them. CIL. I 114 CILIOPHORA. Dimensions —Length 109-130yu, and up to 250u when fully extended. Remarks.—A few specimens, showing the characters of the species as given above, were met with. The length of the organisms was only 124. Scarce. Habitat—Pond water : Kasumir, Srinagar. 54, Loxophyllum meleagris (O. F’. Miller). (Fig. 44.) Kolpoda meleagris, O. F. Miller, 1786, pp. 99-101, pl. xiv, figs. 1-6, pl. xv, figs. 1-5. Amphileptus meleagris, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 357, pl. xxxviii, fig. 4. Loxophyllum meleagris, Dujardin, 1841, pp. 488-9, pl. xiv, fig. 6; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 358-61, pl. xvi, fig. 9; Stein, 1859 d, pp. 61-3, 89; 1867, pp. 10, 64, 67, 80, 81, 82, 90, 104; Pritchard, 1861, p. 639; Wrzesniowski, 1869, pp. 44-5, 48, pl. iv, figs. 28-30; Praca 1874, p. 294, pl. xx, fig. 7; Keat, 1880-2, p. 528, pl. xxvii, fig. 52 ; Bitschli, 1887-9, p. 1692, pl. Ix, fig. 2, a,b; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 209, pl. ii, fig. 55; Roux, 1901, p- 38, pl. ii, fig. 8; Penard, 1922, pp. 71-3, fig. 77. +Loxophyllum meleagris, Gulati, 1925, p. 747, pl. i, fig. 8. Loxophyllum meleagris, Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 43, fig. 105 ; Calkins, 1926, p. 380, fig. 167; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 192, fig. 719; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 202, fig. 30, 72. Body very flexible. Form very variable, from lanceolate to broadly leaf-shaped, narrow anteriorly and curved towards the dorsal aspect. Ventral border broad, uniformly provided with trichocysts. Dorsal border crenulate, the projections provided with groups of trichocysts. Contractile vacuole single, dorsal, subterminal, with a distinct canal running near the dorsal border and presenting several ampulle. Ciliary lines close, with short, thick cilia. Macronucleus rosary-shaped or consisting of separate small oval masses. Micronuclei corresponding in number to the parts of the macronucleus. Dimensions.—Length 300-400; sometimes much larger, up to 700 (according to Penard). Habitat.—Stagnant water : Pungas, Lahore. DILEPTUS. 115 2. Family TRACHELILDA Ehrenberg, 1840. Elongated or ovoid or almost spheroid forms, provided with a short or long proboscis. Body covered with uniform cilia. Special cilia along the ventral border of the trunk. Cytostome round, situated at the base of the proboscis. Cytopharynx provided with trichocysts or trichites. Contractile vacuoles numerous. Macronucleus multipartite or band-shaped. Key to Indian Genera. Lb: Anterior end of the body runs out into a trunk or finger-like process. Free- ANGE yet era wee hes panei ae Shere age hm ot et a 2. 2 (3). Form lanceolate, posteriorly drawn out into a tail-like process or at least pointed, [p. 115- rounded only in a form found in moss... DiLeprus Duj., _3 (2). Form oval to spherical, posteriorly rounded Cpe eZ. or only shiehtly pombed ) i". 2.2. ese: TRACHELIUS Schr., Genus DILEPTUS (Dujardin, 1841), emend. Wrzesniowski, 1870. Dilepius, Dujardin, 1840, p. 285; 1841, pp. 404-7. Amphileptus (part), Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 347-8; Fromentel, 1874, p. 176; Kent, 1880-2, p. 523. Dileptus, Bitschli, 1887-9, p. 1693; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 219; Roux, 1901, p. 41; Penard, 1922, p. 79; Lepsi, 19264, p. 35; Calkins, 1926, p. 405; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 192; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1172; Kahl, 1930-5, pp. 204-5. Animalcules free-swimming, medium sized to very large. Body not compressed, greatly elongated and very contractile ; posterior end usually tapering; neck long, very movable, more or less bent dorsalwards. Mouth a round opening situated at the base of the neck. Cilia on all sides fine, with a row of stronger cilia along the ventral border of the proboscis. Along the ventral border of the proboscis is a row of trichocysts, which are also found in the upper surface of the body. Contrac- tile vacuoles numerous, in several rows along the back. Anal aperture situated at the base of the pointed tail. Macro- nucleus elongated, band-shaped or rosary-shaped ; micro- nuclei numerous and lying close to the parts of the macro- nucleus. Locomotion quick and graceful, the neck con- stantly bending forwards and backwards. Fresh water and marine. T2 116 CILIOPHORA. 55. Dileptus anser (O. F. Miiller). (Fig. 45.) Vibrio anser, O. F. Miller, 1773, p. 46; 1786, pp. 73-4, pl. x, figs. 7-11. Amphileptus anser, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 355, pl. xxxviii, fig. 4. Amphileptus margaritifer, Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 355, pl. xxxvii, fig. 5. Dileptus anser, Dujardin, 1841, pp. 407-9, pl. vii, fig. 17. Amphileptus anser, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 352. Dileptus anser, Stein, 1859d, pp. 61-4, 80, 81, 90; 1867, pp. 67, 75, 81, 82. Amphileptus anser, Pritchard, 1861, p. 636, pl. xxiv, figs. 312-13 ; Fromentel, 1874, p. 286, pl. xviii, figs. 9,9a; Kent, 1880-2, p. 525, pl. xxvii, figs. 39 & 40. Dileptus anser, Butschli, 1887-9, p. 1693, pl. lix, fig. 4, a-q; Schewiakoff, 1889, pp. 22-4, pl. iii, figs. 31-3; 1896, pp. 221-2, pl. iui, fig. 61, pl. vii, fig. 181; Roux, 1901, p. 42, pl. ii, fig. 11. tDileptus gigas, Bhatia, 1922, p. 29. Dileptus anser, Lepsi, 19264, p. 44, fig. 113; Calkins, 1926, pp. 61, 116, figs. 24, 58. Dileptus gigas, Schoenichen, 1927, p. 192, pl. xii, fig. 17. Dileptus anser, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 205, fig. 31, 17. Body elongated, brownish-yellow or greyish-white, posterior end with a pointed tail-like projection ; the neck more or less Fig. 45.—Diuleptus anser (O. F. Miull.). B, cytostome; Ma, macro- nucleus; Tr, trichocysts; V.C, contractile vacuoles. (After Roux.) elongated, strongly compressed, one-half to as long as the body. Cilia of the body short, fine, with stronger adoral cilia on the ventral border of the proboscis. Mouth at the base of the neck surrounded by a swollen margin without cilia. TRACHELIUS. 117 Cytopharynx funnel-shaped, longitudinally striated. Tricho- cysts on the ventral surface of the neck. Contractile vacuoles numerous, in a dorsal row. Anal aperture on the surface at the base of the tail. Macronucleus elongated, sausage- shaped or moniliform. Very voracious, devouring large animalcules. * Dimensions.—Length 200-400 p, rarely up to 600 pn. Remarks——The body and the neck showed movements which are characteristic of the species. Specimens were smaller than the size usually recorded for the species : they measured on an average 200, only. The ratio between the length of the neck and that of the rest of the body in the specimens that came under my observation was 2 to 3. The cilia covering the body were very fine and close-set, and the neck showed a narrow groove along which the stronger adoral cilia were situated. The body did not show any longitudinal striations, and the endoplasm was finely granular. The row of contractile vacuoles extended into the proboscis also. Lhe tail was obtusely pointed, and not drawn out into a distinct prolongation. The original descriptions of D. anser and D. gigas were not available to me in 1922, and, the two species having been merged into one by Eyferth-Schoenichen (1909), I referred my examples to D. gigas. Schoenichen (1927) still regards the two as synonyms. Kahl (1930-5) has stated the distinc- tions clearly, and the form is now correctly referred to D. anser. Habitat— River water : PunsaB, Lahore. Genus TRACHELIUS, Schrank, 1803, emend. Claparede & Lachmann, 1858-61. Trachelius, Schrank, 1803, p. 20. Trachelius (part), Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 320. Trachelius, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 345-7; Fromentel, 1874, p. 182; Kent, 1880-2, p. 522; Butschli, 1887-9, p. 1692 ; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 216, Roux, 1901, p. 41; Hickson, 1903, p. 400; Minchin, 1912, p. 439; Penard, 1922, p. 80; Calkins, 1926, p. 405; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 35; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 192; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1172; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 210. Body elongated oval or spherical, with rounded posterior end and relatively short and plump neck, which is curved dorsal- wards. Body flexible, neck mobile. Endoplasm wide- meshed. Ventral surface flattened, sometimes with a depres- sion in its middle. Mouth on ventral surface at the base of the neck. Cilia uniform on all sides. A row of stronger cilia extends back from the anterior extremity of the neck, sur- rounds the mouth and is continued forward again to the anterior extremity Cytopharynx long, conical, provided with 118 CILIOPHORA. rods. Anus posterior, ventral. Contractile vacuoles nume- rous. Macronucleus central, ovoid. Micronucleus close by. Movements swift, rotating round the long axis. Feeding on diatoms, alge and infusoria. 56. Trachelius gutta (Cohn). (Fig. 46.) Amphileptus gutta, Cohn, 1866, p. 269, pl. xv, fig. 50 ; Kent, 1880-2, p. 527. Trachelius gutta, Hamburger & Bruddenbrock, 1911, pp. 33-4, fig. 29. {Trachelina gutta, Ghosh, 1920 a, pp. 144-5, fig. 1; 1921a, p. 8. Trachelius gutta, Lepsi, 1926a, p. 44. Body elongate-pyriform, rounded and widest posteriorly ; anterior extremity pointed, curved towards the dorsal aspect. Cytostome situated on the ventral surface at a distance of Fig. 46.—Trachelius gutta (Cohn). (After Ghosh.) about one-third of the length of the body from the anterior extremity. Cytopharynx a smooth, conical, corneous tube, with its long axis in the direction of the curvature of the neck. Cuticular surface striate longitudinally, densely clothed with short, fine, even cilia ; cilia on the anterior or oral regions not specially differentiated. Endoplasm with numerous large, spherical water-vacuoles. Contractile vacuole single, postero- terminal. Macronucleus in the form of numerous scattered, LOXODES. 119 refringent corpuscles. Locomotion constant in a forward direction, rotating on its long axis. Dimensions.—Length 120-125. - Remarks.—The form described by Ghosh (1920a) differs from the description, as given above, in the following respects :— The cytostome is at one-fourth of the length of the body from the anterior end ; contractile vacuoles are two in number ; macronucleus is irregularly and elongately oval and placed in the posterior half of the body; anterior portion forms a broad proboscis and is devoid of spherical granules. Length 214, breadth 101. Organism is capable of changing its shape from an elongated pyriform to a nearly spherical form. Ghosh considers it to be a new variety of 7’. gutta, but from his description and figure it is impossible to decide if the form has been correctly identified. Habitat.—Putrefying vegetable infusions: BENGAL, Cal- cutta. 3. Family LOXODID Biitschli, 1889. Body elongated, more or less laterally flattened, anteriorly terminating in a beak-like process which is curved ventral- wards, posteriorly pointed or rounded. Cilia rather long, distributed along longitudinal lines, on the right surface of the body only. The dorsal and ventral borders bear numerous, short, immobile, tactile bristles. Cytostome slit-like, situated on the concave ventral border of the anterior part of the body. Contractile vacuole absent or single. Macronuclei two or more. This family contains only one genus. Genus LOXODES Ehrenberg, 1830, emend. Claparede & Lachmann, 1858. Loxodes, Ehrenberg, 1830, p. 42; 1838, p. 323; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 339. Drepanostoma, Engelmann, 1862, p. 382. Loxodes, Fromentel, 1874, p. 182; Kent, 1880-2, p. 748; Biitschli, 1887-9, p. 1694; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 212: Roux, 1901, p. 39; Minchin, 1912, pp. 439, 448; Penard, 1922, p. 77; Calkins, 1926, p. 405; Lepsi, 1926a, p. 35; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 193; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1172; Kahl, 1930—5, p. 212. Large to very large, elastic but persistent in form, flattened and leaf-like, anteriorly with a beak bent ventralwards, posterior end pointed or rounded. The right surface is slightly convex, distinctly longitudinally striated and ciliated, the cilia being delicate, moderately long, and closely arranged in longitudinal 120 CILIOPHORA. rows ; the left surface is flat and naked*. The ectoplasm appears to be more or less brown, owing to closely situated brown granules. Along the dorsal border lie a variable number (5-25) of strongly refractile bodies known as Miiller’s corpuscles. In the ventral border of the beak is a narrow cleft, the cytostome extending as a slit along the whole curvature of the blade of the sickle which characterizes the anterior part of the animal; there is no true cytopharynx (what is generally represented as cytopharynx and looks like the handle of the sickle is merely an internal fold). The endoplasm is vacuolated. Contractile vacuole absent or single. A row of non-contractile vesicles may also be present. Anus situated on the unciliated surface in the posterior quarter of the body. The macronuclei are two in number or numerous, small and spherical, each with a strong membrane and a central nucleolus, and arranged along the length of the animal in a more or less regular row ; the micronuclei are in the neigh- bourhood of the macronuclei. Locomotion moderately quick. Key to Indian Species. (6). Dwolmacronucler (se. Sci ects bik eae TE ae (3). The macronuclei lie so close to one another that the single micronucleus is flattened between the two. 1 2 * Great divergencies are met with in the recorded descriptions by different authors of the various forms included in this genus. In the first place, it may be pointed out that all the German authors speak of the borders as being ventral and dorsal and the flattened and convex surfaces as right and left respectively, while English, French and American writers refer to the borders as being situated on the left and right and the two surfaces as ventral and dorsal. As regards the nuclei, Wrzesniowski has demonstrated ‘‘a racemose development of the numerous spherical endoplasts or nuclei, with their attached endoplastules. In many instances the endoplastule, instead of being fixed to the endoplast, is found attached separately to the cord or funiculus, while in other cases it may be entirely absent ”’ (Kent, 1880-2, p. 749, and pl. i, fig. 14). Butschli, in his description of the genus, states: ‘‘ Ein bis sehr zahlreiche kleine runde Ma.Ni (je nach der Grosse der Thiere) durch den gresammten Korper zerstreut und unverbunden. Zahl der Mi.Ni d4hnlich verschieden.”” Schewiakoft (1893) remarks as follows :—‘‘ Unterscheidet sich von den _ bisher unter diesem Namen beschriebenen Formen durch einen ovalen, in der Korpermitte gelegnen, fein-netzigen Makronucleus, dem ein kleiner mikronucleus anliegt und durch die Lage der contractilen vacuole. Letztere liegt nicht terminal, sondern rechtseiting in der vorderen K6rperhalfte unweit des Mundendes. Diese Unterschiede halte ich fir unzureichend zur Aufstellung einer neuen Art.’ Conn (1918) states ‘‘ Nuclei may be two or more.”’ Penard (1922) says that nuclei are numerous, small and spherical. There would thus seem to be at least three distinct types of nuclear apparatus: (1) a single macro- nucleus as described by Schewiakoff ; (2) two macronuclei as described by Conn; and (3) numerous macronuclei, either connected by a thread or not, as described by Wrzesniowski, Biitschli and the present writer. LOXODES. 121 3 (2). The macronuclei le wide apart.......... 4, 4 (5). Two micronuclei, attached to the posterior pole of the anterior and the anterior pole of the posterior macronucleus ; posterior end of the body pointed ventralwards ; no contractile vacuole: length up to [mann), p. 123. LD yl ONG i oe irae agen er es Sean L. striatus (Engel- 5 (4). Two micronuclei lying close behind each macronucleus, posterior end rounded ; contractile vacuole postero-terminal : [& Mullick, p. 121. emt eS O UG rh. apt siehay tee ialsd si anejer shal ayeilans § « L. bahaduri Bhatia 6 (1). Macronuclei and micronuclei numerous... 7. ie Posterior end of the body more or less pointed ventralward ; contractile vacuole single, central, with a row of non- contractile vesicles arranged along the [sp. nov., p. 121 NOM DPA MONGEM er. Lie os te S04 Gin la\ere oy aeie sas L. punjabensis, 57. Loxodes bahaduri Bhatia & Mullick. (Fig. 47.) ;+Loxodes bahaduri, Bhatia & Mullick, 1930, p. 392, fig. 1. Body elongated and laterally compressed, elastic, though preserving a definite oval shape. The anterior end pointed and curved towards the ventral border. The ventral border of the anterior portion marked by a groove, at the bottom of which the cytostome is situated. Cytopharynx absent. The borders are uniformly ciliated. Cytoplasm colourless and more or less vacuolated. Contractile vacuole single, postero- terminal, and a few small non-contractile vesicles arranged along the dorsal border. Two spherical macronuclei with micronucleus lying close behind each. Dimensions. —Length from 130 to 170 py. Remarks.—This species has some resemblance to L. magnus Stokes (as described by Kahl), from which it differs, however, by its smaller size, proportionately narrower body, number and structure of the macronuclei and the possession of a definite contractile vacuole, which was observed to contract after long intervals. The dimensions of L. magnus are given as 400-600 py, but our specimens did not exceed 170. Habitat—Pond water : KasHmir, Srinagar. - 58. Loxodes punjabensis, sp. nov. (Fig. 48.) +Loxodes rostrum, Bhatia (not O. F. Miull.), 1920, p. 260. Body flexible, flattened, highly vacuolated ; the anterior extremity curved slightly ventralwards and terminating in a beak-like projection ; along the ventral border of the beak is a slit-like cytostome ; cytopharynx absent ; the posterior extremity is also bent slightly in the same direction as the anterior end. Contractile vacuole single with a row of much 122 CILIOPHORA. smaller non-contractile vacuoles along one border of the body. Macronuclei many, with laterally attached micronuclei. Animalcules swim evenly or rotate on their axis and creep over foreign objects. Dimensions.—Length up to 150 p. Remarks.—Specimens found at Lahore were originally wrongly referred to Loxodes rostrum. Loxodes rostrum (O. F. Miller) is shown by Roux as possessing numerous macronuclei. wy Je S ts BATA a ~ S- ~— | j | y Se — — SS Fig. 47.—Lozxodes bahadurt Bh. & M. (After Bhatia and Mullick.) Fig. 48.—Loxodes punjabensis, sp. nov. c.v., contractile vacuole ; m, cytostome; N, macronuclei; n, micronucleus; V, non- contractile vacuoles. Fig. 49.—Lowxodes striatus (Engelm.). Two somewhat larger spherical bodies are macronuclei, and the other five are statoblasts. (After Kahl.) and by Kahl as possessing only two macronuclei with a micro- nucleus situated between them. Kahl’s description and figure of Loxodes magnus Stokes resemble very closely those given by Roux for L. rostrum; and he thinks this form has been wrongly designated as L. rostrum by other authors as well. LOXODES, 123 My form differs from L. rostrum (O. F. Mill.) (as described by Kahl) in possessing many macronuclei, one contractile and many non-contractile vacuoles, and in the absence of the cyto- pharynx and the marginal sete. It shows some resemblance to L. magnus Stokes (as described by Kahl), but differs from it in (1) a smaller size and greater proportional width, (2) the presence of a single contractile and a number of non-contractile vacuoles, and (3) the absence of cytopharynx and the marginal sete. The size of L. magnus is stated to be 400-600. My specimens measured 126-150, in length and 44-63 u in width. Kahl (1930-5) has enumerated and distinguished in this genus four species and two new varieties of L. magnus. The present form differs from them all: it is, therefore, now recognized as a distinct species. In the forms that came under my observation the body was flexible, but persistent in form and flattened. In addition to the characters noted above, the marginal cilia were short, fine and close-set, and there were no marginal sete or spines. The cilia bordering the adoral groove were somewhat larger than the marginal cilia The cytostome measured 32 in one specimen and 42 in another—that is, about one-fourth of the entire length of the body. The surface of the body did not show any longitudinal striations, but the deeper layer was longitudinally furrowed. The endoplasm was granular and vacuolated, and numerous chloroplasts were scattered in it ; the colour of the part of the body that was free from them was greyish. The single contractile vacuole was situated about the middle of the body, and numerous, very much smaller non- contractile vesicles were arranged in a row along the ventral border. The macronuclei were spherical, of the vesicular type, irregularly distributed in the posterior three-fourths of the body, and were not connected by any cord-like filament or funiculus. The micronuclei were not detected. Habitat.—Pond water : PunsaB, Lahore. 59. Loxodes striatus (Engelmann). (Fig. 49.) Drepanostoma striatum, Engelmann, 1862, pp. 382-3, pl. xxxi, fig oT: Loxodes striatus, Penard, 1917, pp. 471-6, figs. 5-12; 1922, p. 79, fig. 83. }+Loxodes striatus, Bhatia & Mullick, 1930, pp. 392-3. Loxodes (Drepanostoma) striatus, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 215, fig. 33, 3. Body elongated, lanceolate and colourless or brownish : flexible, with its right surface slightly convex and marked with longitudinal lines, along which very fine cilia are evenly 124 CILIOPHORA. distributed ; the left surface is flattened and naked. Anterior end curved towards the ventral border. Cytostome cleft-like along the curved anterior part. Along the dorsal border 4 to 6 statoblasts are described by Penard. No contractile vacuole. Two spherical macronuclei, each provided with a strong nuclear membrane and a large centrally placed nucleolus.. Two micronuclei are placed close to the nuclear membrane, attached to the posterior pole of the anterior and the anterior pole of the posterior macronucleus. Dimensions.—Length up to 250 u Remarks.—The statoblasts aeeabed by Penard were not noticed, though a few non-contractile vacuoles were present along the dorsal border. The stiff tactile bristles described as occurring along the ventral border were also not present. The length of our specimens varied from 142 to 190. Habitat.—Pond water : Kasumir, Srinagar. 60. Loxodes sp. Loxodes sp., Simmons, 1891, p. 4. Habitat—Pond water : BENGAL, Calcutta. 3. Tribe HYPOSTOMATA Schewiakoff, 1896, emend. Kahl, 1931. Gymnostomatous Ciliates in which the cytostome lies in the anterior half of the flattened ventral surface ; the cytopharynx usually provided with a rod-apparatus. Identification Table of Families. 1 (2). Ciliation complete; the dorsal surface may [p. 125. be somewhat more sparsely ciliated thanthe Nassulide Bitsch., DAS) 41.51 72 | PR ee aE aE RGR SOE ple IS ALR _2(1). Cilation incomplete, cilia absent from the dorsal surface, at the most only a few DTISEIES POTCROME 0 .0.<, 564.0 cist teue eel ween c avers 3. 3 (6): mee Vine forms: |. :.....0. se omer e cee oe 4. 4 (5). No style from the posterior end of the ventral [Claus., p. 131. MORE ec cork alc nt ic TNE OR RMT Oe: Chlamydodontidze 5 (4). A style arising from the posterior end of the [& Lachm. VOEMEnAl SUPIACE ’.). 2). .)s dn coe meeeteeras + 6 cs Dysteriidz* Clap. 6 (3). Parasitic forms on Amphiopods and Isopods ; enclosed in an imperforate shell, the form segments into a number of tomites which escape and show a type of ciliature different [Chat. & Lw. from~*che trophont \./. ...2. oe asheee ee ton Pilisuctoridz*. NASSULA. 125 1. Family NASSULIDA® Biitschli, 1889. Body ciliated all over, the dorsal surface may be somewhat more sparsely ciliated than the ventral. Cytostome situated in the anterior half of the flattened ventral surface. Cyto- pharynx almost always provided with a rod-apparatus. Key to Indian Genera. — 1 (2). The opening of the rod-apparatus les deep at the base of an outer portion, the outer opening of which is narrowed lp. 125. by a.second mombrane .:..).....5... Nassua Ehrgb., 2 (1). The opening of the rod-apparatus lies in the upper surface or at the bottom of a flat depression, not opening to the DUUSIOS Coes os. eth a sisla nas a Oe os « 3. 3 (4). The rod-apparatus opens in a strong depression, the anterior margin of which bears a membranous structure of cilia. Slender, oval, more or less flattened, small Infusoria, sometimes with striking [p. 128. PEICHOEV Si: PIVEN ae ins ke es) slo ces bo 3 CYCLOGRAMMA Perty, 4 (3). The rod-apparatus opens without a distinct depression in the surface. Mostly distinctly flattened, without CHIEMOLCYStS 2 eee oes Noe Set ES 5. 5 (6). The left margin of the body shows anteriorly no beak-like structure or a very weakly developed one. Opening [Blochm., p. 129. of the rod-apparatus median ......... CHILODONTOPSIS 6 (5). The left margin of the body shows a dis- tinct projecting beak-like structure in the neighbourhood of the mouth. The opening of the rod-apparatus [Bhatia, p. 130. directed £6 tae ig Wb. ooo eigenen se ORTHODONELLA Genus NASSULA Ehrenberg, 1833. Nassula, Ehrenberg, 1833, p. 303; 1838, p. 338; Dujardin, 1841, p. 494. Inosiphon, Ehrenberg, 1853, pp. 186, 193. Nassula, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 324; Fromentel, 1874, p. 168; Kent, 1880-2, p. 494; Biitschli, 1887-9, p. 1694 ; Roux, 1901, p. 42; Hickson, 1903, pp. 397, 400; Minchin, 1912, p. 430; Penard, 1922, p. 85; Lepsi, 1926a, p. 36; Calkins, 1926, p. 404; Wenyon, 1926, p. 1175; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 194; Reichenow, 1929, p. 1173; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 216. Animacules of medium size to very large. Body flexible and contractile, generally egg-shaped to elongated, mostly with distinctly flattened ventral and strongly bulging dorsal side, with both the anterior and the posterior ends rounded. 126 CILIOPHORA. Cytostome situated on the ventral surface of the body at some distance from the anterior end. From the cytostome a row of strong cirri usually extends to the back along a depres- sion of the body lying on the left side. Cilia uniform. Body striations faint and weakly spiral. Cytopharynx provided with well-developed rod-apparatus; the opening of the tubular rod-apparatus lies at the base of an outer portion, the outer opening of which is narrowed by a second membrane. Anal aperture always terminal. Contractile vacuoles one or more ; when single usually in the middle region of the body, sometimes, however, up to four in number, lying partly on the dorsal and partly on the ventral side. Often with a complex covering of trichocysts. Macronucleus mostly spherical and central, rarely band-shaped ; with one or more micronuclei lying close by. The body is sometimes colourless, mostly, however, it is red, blue or brown. Feeds on Oscillaria and Diatoms, and the body is consequently found to contain red, blue or violet food-vacuoles. Cysts spherical. Locomotion uni- form and constant. Key to Indian Species. 1. Body oval, without a flexible anterior prolonga- tion ; cytopharynx without rod-apparatus ; [p. 126. contractile vacuole central .............-. N. ambigua St., 2. Body ovate, with a flexible anterior prolonga- tion; cytopharynx with a rod-apparatus ; (Ehrbg.), p. 127. contractile vacuole posterior ............. N. stramphi 61. Nassula ambigua Stein. (Fig. 50.) Nassula ambigua, Stein, 1854, pp. 248-9, pl. vi, figs. 42-4. LInosiphon ambiguus, Stein, 1859 d, p. 72, fig. 88. Nassula ambigua, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 329; Kent, 1880-2, p. 495, pl. xxvi, fig. 41; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 236. tNassula ambigua, Gulati, 1925, p. 748, pl. i, fig. 10. Nassula ambigua, Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 44, fig. 116; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 195, fig. 722; Kahl, 1930—5, p. 220. Body oval, rounded at both extremities; about one and a half times as long as broad, evenly ciliate ; beautifully coloured with red and green particles. Cytopharynx a horny tube, ciliated anteriorly, and without rod-apparatus. Con- tractile vacuole single, spherical, central. Macronucleus rounded or oval. Dimensions.—Up to 160 in length. Remarks.—Gulati, who described this species from Lahore, gives the size as 80y by 50u and shows the macronucleus as rounded. _ Habitat.—Pools : Punsas, Lahore. NASSULA. 27 62. Nassula stramphii (Ehrenberg). (Fig. 51.) Liosiphon stramphii Ehrenberg, 1853, pp. 184-6, 193. Nassula stromphui Kent, 1880-2, p. 496. +Nassula stromphii Bhatia, 1916, p. 182. Body ovate, with a distinct large prolongation of the anterior region beyond the cytostome, anterior portion flexible ; colour green owing to the ingestion of algz as food-particles. Cilia uniform. Cytopharynx tubular, with a cylindrical fascicle of rod-like teeth. Contractile vacuole large, posteriorly situated, with pinkish contents*, with two or more smaller vacuoles irregularly distributed. Macronucleus oval, sub- central and eccentric. Fig. 51. Fig. 50.—Nassula ambigua Stein. (After Gulati.) Fig. 51.—Nassula stramphit (Ehrbg.). c.v, contractile vacuole; m, cytostome ; N, nucleus; @, cytopharynx. (After Bhatia.) Fig. 52.—Cyclogramma rubens Perty. (After Gulati.) Dimensions.—Length 57, width 36 p. Remarks.—The row of stronger cirri, extending from the mouth and so characteristic of the other species of the genus, is absent in this form. Habitat.—Ditch water : PunsaB, Lahore. 63. Nassula sp. +Nassula sp., Carter, 1855. Habitat —Fresh water : Bombay. * The pink tinge is probably apparent rather than real, and is a contrast effect of the green body. 128 CILIOPHORA. Genus CYCLOGRAMMA Perty, 1852. Cyclogramma, Perty, 1852, p. 146; Stein, 1859 d, p. 61. Acidophorus, Stein, 1859 a, p. 59. Nassula (part), Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 324; Kent, 1880-2, p. 494; Butschli, 1887-9, p. 1694; Roux, 1901, p. 42. Cyclogramma, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 224. Comprising a few small species, generally referred to Nassula, and agreeing with that genus in form, pigmentation, trichocysts, position, and function of the centrally-situated vacuole. The structure of the cytopharynx, however, is characteristic. The strong rod-apparatus opens into a pear- shaped depression on the ventral and left side. Along the anterior margin of the depression is a short row of small membranelle, which are recognizable with difficulty. The trichocysts are more strongly developed than in Nassula. 64. Cyclogramma rubens Perty. (Fig. 52.) Cyclogramma rubens, Perty, 1852, p. 146, pl. iv, fig. 10,a-g; Stein, 1859 d, pp. 61-2. Acidophorus rubens, Stein, 1859 a, p. 59. Nassula rubens, Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p. 330, pl. xvii, fig. 8; Kent, 1880-2, p. 495; Schewiakoff, 1896, p. 233; Roux, 1901, p. 43, pl. ii, fig. 13. tNassula rubens, Gulati, 1925, p. 747, pl. i, fig. 9. Nassula rubens, Schoenichen, 1927, p. 195, fig. 720. Cyclogramma rubens, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 224, fig. 34, 24. Body elongate, cylindrical, three times as long as broad, equally rounded at both extremities, brick-red or rose-coloured. Preoral depression little developed, forming a membranoid structure in front of the cytopharynx. Cytopharynx slightly dilated anteriorly, with an armature of separate rod-like teeth. Trichocysts thick and abundant. Contractile vacuole single, spherical, subcentral. Macronucleus large, spherical, with a number of chromatin masses. Micronucleus small and rounded. Feeding on blue alge. Dimensions.—Length up to 90 pu. Remarks.—The form encountered by Gulati differed from the above description in the ratio of the length to the width of the body. His specimens measured 90, by 50, whereas the length recorded by other authors for this species is 50-75 pz. Gulati shows the micronucleus as lying near the pharyngeal tube, while Kahl shows it near the macronucleus The slight preoral depression, described by Kahl, was not found by Gulati. Habitat.—Pond water : Punsas, Lahore. CHILODONTOPSIS, 129 Genus CHILODONTOPSIS Blochmann, 1895. Chilodontopsis, Blochmann, 1895, p. 94; Roux, 1901, p. 45; Scheenichen, 1927, pp. 194, 196; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 225. Strongly flattened, or ventrally flattened and dorsally slightly bulging, elongate, with colourless plasma. Ciliated on both surfaces. Rod-apparatus without anteriorly pro- longed tube; cytostome with a weakly developed ring- shaped membrane. Mostly with postoral row of cilia extend- ing from the left side of the cytopharynx or right across the ventral surface (not forming composite structures as in Nassula). Remarks.—The genus is intermediate between WNassula, which it resembles in ciliation and the presence of a postoral row of cilia, and Chilodonella, which possesses a similar rod- apparatus and form and is also colourless. 65. Chilodontopsis bengalensis (Ghosh). (Fig. 53.) tChlamydodontopsis bengalensis, Ghosh, 1921 a, p. 8, fig. 4. Chilodonella bengalensis, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 225. Body elongated oval; anterior end slightly narrower and terminating in a point curved towards the left side ; posterior Fig. 53.—Chilodontopsis bengalensis (Ghosh). (After Ghosh.) Fig. 54.—Orthodonella banerjeei (Ghosh). (After Ghosh.) end rounded. Body flattened on the ventral and convex on the dorsal surface. Cytostome on the ventral surface at one-fourth of the length of the body from the anterior end. Cytopharynx short and conical, with a rod-apparatus. Ciliary striations of the right side curve round to become continuous with those of the left side in front of the cytostome. An IL. K 130 _ CILIOPHORA. adoral row of stout cilia extending from the anterior beak to the cytostome., Contractile vacuole single, spherical, near the posterior end. Macronucleus oval, central or more posteriorly situated, with a single micronucleus close to it. Divmensions.—Not recorded. Remarks.—Ghosh has wrongly referred this species to Chlamydodontopsis instead of Chilodontopsis Blochm. Kahl is of the opinion that the form is probably referable to Chilo- donella. According to Ghosh, the species differs from Chilo- dontopsis depressa Perty in shape, shape of the cytopharynx, character of the macronucleus and the shape of the contractile vacuole. The macronucleus is described and figured with a transverse septum in the middle What is described as a transverse septum is probably only a cleft, as described for Chilodontopsis (Nassula) oblonga, which species it closely resembles. Habitat—Vegetable infusion : Beneat, Calcutta. Genus ORTHODONELLA (nom. nov.) (= ORTHODON Gruber, 1884). Orthodon, Gruber, 1884, p. 524; SBiitschli, 1887-9, p. 1695; Calkins. 1926, p. 404; Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 36; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 228. Lanceolate or elongate-oval, dorso-ventrally flattened, with a more or less prominent beak-like projection at the anterior end. Opening of the rod-apparatus directed to the right. Contractile vacuole single, postero-terminal or in the middle of the body. Macronucleus oval, central; micronucleus lying close to it. Remarks.—As the name Orthodon is preoccupied for a genus of Pisces (C. F. Girard, 1856) I have altered it to Ortho- donella. 66. Orthodonella banerjeei (Ghosh). (Fig. 54.) +Orthodon banerjeet, Ghosh, 1921 a, pp. 8-9, fig. 5. Orthodon banerjeei, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 229. Body oval, narrowed anteriorly, broad and rounded pos- teriorly. Anterior end curved to a blunt beak towards left side. Body flattened on the ventral and convex on the dorsal surface. Cytostome at one-fourth of the body-length from the anterior end. Cytopharynx elongated, conical, with the posterior end bent forward. A rod-apparatus present. A few cilia at the extreme anterior margin of the body longer and stouter than those over the rest of the body. Contractile vacuole absent (?). Macronucleus broadly oval, with a trans- verse partition in the middle, and situate in the posterior half PHASCOLODON. 131 of the body. Micronucleus near the posterior end of the body. Dimensions.—Not recorded. Remarks.—Kahl is of the opinion that this species also is a Chilodonella. As regards the presence or absence of cilia on the convex dorsal surface, the size of the organism, and the presence or absence of the contractile vacuole, the description given by Ghosh is incomplete. The cytopharynx is directed to the right in Orthodonella, but this is not so in the figure given by Ghosh. Habitat —Tank water: BENGAL, Calcutta. 2. Family CHLAMYDODONTID: Claus, 1874. Body not provided with cilia on the dorsal surface, at the most only a few bristles may be present. Cilia confined to the ventral surface. Cytostome situated in the anterior half of the ventral surface. Adoral cilia, when present, always as a feebly developed preoral membrane-like structure, never as a postoral row. Cytopharynx with a rod-apparatus. Pos- terior end of the ventral surface not provided with styles. Key to Indian Genera. 1. Ciliated ventral surface narrowed to a strip, wider anteriorly and pointed posteriorly ; the unciliated dorsal surface extending [p- ISE. inwards on both sides behind the mouth.. PHASCOLODON Stein, 2. Ventral surface ciliated; dorsal surface convex, anterior third or fourth and generally the lateral margins free from this convexity ; dorsally with a transverse row of bristles on the anterior flattened [p. 132. POT s sehen eye eet ils, a eay sco ws, wo! hs CHILODONELLA Strand, Genus PHASCOLODON Stein, 1859. Phascolodon, Stein, 1859 a, p. 2; 1859d, p. 109; Kent, 1880-2, pp. 745-6; Biutschli, 1887-9, pp. 1697-8; Lepsi, 19264, p. 36; Schoenichen, 1927, pp. 193, 198; Kahl, 1930-5, p. 232. Small to medium sized. Ventral surface longitudinally striated and ciliated, narrowed behind the mouth by extension on both sides of the dorsal unciliated surface; hinder end pointed. Cytostome in the anterior part of the ventral surface. Cytopharynx funnel-shaped, enclosing a bundle of rods. Contractile vacuoles two. Locomotion, swimming and rotating on the long axis. K 2 132 CILIOPHORA. 67. Phasecolodon sp. (Fig. 55.) {Phascolodon sp., Chaudhuri, 1929, p. 54, pl. ii, figs. 14, 15, 16. Fig. 55.—Phascolodon sp. (After Chaudhuri.) Habitat.—In soil : Cryton, Colombo. Genus CHILODONELLA Strand, 1926 (=Cuitopon Ehrenberg, 1833). Chilodon, Ehrenberg, 1833, p. 287; 1838, p. 336; Dujardin, 1841, p- 490; Stein, 1859d, p. 110; Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, p- 332; Kent, 1880-2, p. 746; Butschli, 1887-9, pp. 1695-6; Roux, 1901, p. 46; Lepsi, 1926a, p. 36; Calkins, 1926, p. 404. Chilodonella, Strand, 1926, p. 31. Chilodon, Schoenichen, 1927, pp. 194, 196. Chilodonella, Kahl, 1930—5, pp. 234-5. Animalcules free-swimming, small to medium-sized or large, persistent in shape, but more or less flexible, subovate, strongly flattened dorso-ventrally. Anterior end produced on the left side into a beak-like projection. The dorsal region convex, the ventral surface flat or slightly concave and with fine longitudinal striations. Posterior end broad, rounded, only rarely pointed. From the cytostome a curved striation bearing somewhat thicker cilia or bristles extends to the beak. Cytostome median, in the anterior half of the body, followed by a straight or spirally curved cytopharynx, which is provided with fine well-developed rod-apparatus. Contractile vacuoles variable, either single, terminal, or median, or 2, 3, up to numerous, increasing in number with the size of the individual. Anal aperture postero-terminal. Macronucleus central, oval, showing characteristic structure ; micronucleus single, lying close to macronucleus. Inhabiting salt and fresh water: Penard (1922) has recorded two species as ecto- commensals on Asellus or Gammarus, freshwater Crustacea. Remarks.—The name of the genus has been altered by Strand, as the name Chilodon is preoccupied, Ehrenberg having already (1831) given it to a genus of Mollusca. CHILODONELLA. laa Key to Indian Species. 1 (2). Contractile vacuole single, cytopharynx [p. 135. elitevn 7a: 1406 as] fie: 001 1 ie oo or C. rhesus (Ghosh.), 2 (1). Contractile vacuoles more than one.... 3. 3 (4). Contractile vacuoles several, scattered. [Miull.), p. 133. Cytopharynx long and straight ...... C. cucullulus (O. F. 4 (3). Contractile vacuoles three, largest pos- terior. Cytopharynx spirally curved [& Mull.), p. 135. | 2) SETATS As ease pein aie pens aie ipl Ra Tes C. spiralidentis (Bhatia 68. Chilodonella cuecullulus (O. F. Miiller). (Fig. 56.) Kolpoda cucullus, Miller, 1773, p. 58; 1786, p. 105, pl. xv, figs. 7-11, p. 185, pl. xxvi, figs. 13-16. Loxodes cucullio, O. F. Miller, 1786, p. 106, pl. xv, figs. 12-15. Loxodes cucullulus, Ehrenberg, 1830, pp. 42, 53, 56, 63, 78, pl. iv, fig. 3; 1831, pp. 109, 150. Chilodon cucullulus, Ehrenberg, 1833, pp. 169, 174, 176, 287, 322, pl. u, fig. 1 a-g; 1837, pp. 164, 166; 1838, pp. 336-7, pl. xxxv. fig. vi. Loxodes cucullulus, Dujardin, 1841, p. 451, pl. xiii, fig. 9. Loxodes cucullio, Dujardin, 1841, p. 452. Chilodon cucullulus, Dujardin, 1841, p. 491, pl. vi, fig. 6; Stein, 1854, pp. 126-38, 192, 242, 249, pl. iii, figs. 51-69; 1859 d, pp. 110-14, pl. i, figs. 6-23; 1867, pp. 20, 41, 44, 49, 59-61, 69, 70, 118. {Chilodon cucullulus, Carter, 1856b, pp. 128, 132, 248, pl. vii, figs. 82-3 Chilodon cucullulus Claparéde & Lachmann, 1858-61, pp. 334-7; Engelmann, 1862, pp. 350, 368, 387, pl. xxvii, fig.4; Kent, 1880-2, pp. 746-7, pl. xhi, figs. 16-22 ; Biitschli, 1887-9, pp. 1695-6, pl. lx, fig. 8, pl. lxi, fig. 1; Schewiakoff, 1893, p. 40; 1896, p. 245, pl. iu, fig. 73, pl. vii, fig. 199; Roux, 1901, pp. 46-7, pl. ii, fig. 16. *Chilodon steini, Bhatia, 1922, p. 30. Chilodon cucullatus, Hollis, 1922, pp. 3-7, figs. 1-5. Chilodon cucullulus, Penard, 1922, pp. 90-2, figs. 94, 95. tChilodon cucullus, Gulati, 1925, p. 748, pl. i, fig. 11. Chilodon cucullulus, Lepsi, 1926 a, p. 46, fig. 128; Wenyon, 1926, p. 1176, fig. 496; Schoenichen, 1927, p. 197, pl. xii, fig. 20; Reichenow, 1929, pp. 276, 277, 358, 1173, fig. 307. {Chilodon cucullulus, Bhatia & Mullick, 1930, p. 394. Chilodonella cucullulus, Kahl, 1930-5, p. 235, fig. 38, 1-3. Body asymmetrical, dorso-ventrally flattened, elongate, elliptical, deformable. Anterior extremity produced into a lamellar beak-like projection, curving towards the left. Posterior end of the body rounded. Ventral surface flattened and bearing longitudinal ciliary lines, those on the right half curved and running on to the beak, those on the left half running straight. Dorsal surface convex. Cytostome ventral, situated in the anterior third of the body. Cytopharynx straight, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, con- taining a number of longitudinal rods. From the anterior end of the cytopharynx a line of bristles extends to the beak. 134 ; CILIOPHORA. Contractile vacuoles numerous. Macronucleus oval, with a small micronucleus close to it. Dimensions.—Length 130-1504, sometimes up to 300. Remarks.—Specimens found at Lahore were much smaller than the size usually given for the species, an average specimen measuring only 90 by 42u. The body was strongly asym- metrical, flattened and flexible, and the animal moved with a gliding and undulating movement. The longitudinal striations were fine but well marked, and the ciliation was fine and close. The oblique line of bristles, which generally extends from the beak to the cytopharynx, was not present in the specimens that came under my observation. Numerous small vesicule were distributed in all parts of the body, including the beak. The macronucleus was large, oval and Fig. 58. Fig. 56.—Chilodonella cucullulus (O. F. Mull.). A,anus; B, cytostome ; C.V, contractile vacuole; Ma, Macronucleus; Mi, micro- nucleus ; ph, cytopharynx. (After Roux.) Fig. 57.—Chilodonella rhesus (Ghosh). (After Ghosh.) Fig. 58.—Chilodonella spiralidentis (Bh. & Mull.). (After Bhatia and Mullick.) finely granular, containing a large central vesicular body. The micronucleus could not be made out. The body did not contain any diatoms, but round, disc-shaped or oval green alge. In 1922 I referred the form to C. steinz, but that species is now generally merged into C. cucullulus. Specimens found by Bhatia and Mullick at Srinagar (Kashmir) also measured about 90 in length. Contractile vacuoles were three in number, two being in the middle, and the third, which was largest, postero-terminal. The large oval macronucleus shows a characteristic structure in per- manent preparations. There is a narrow compact layer of CHILODONELLA. 135 nucleoplasm extending along the nuclear membrane. ‘There is a large spherical nucleolus, surrounded by chromatin granules, which are specially aggregated on two sides of the nucleolus like two caps. Habitat—Pond water: Kasumi, Srinagar; Pungas, La- hore ; BomBay, Bombay. 69. Chilodonella rhesus (Ghosh). (Fig. 57.) +Chilodon sp., Knowles, 1928, p. 522. +Chilodon rhesus, Ghosh, 1929 6, pp. 15-16, fig. 1. Body flattened and elongately ovate, length less than twice the breadth, widest behind the middle. Anterior end some- what tapering, rounded, and slightly bent to the left. Dorsal surface convex, ventral surface flattened and ciliated; no dorsal row of cilia. Cilia longest in the anterior portion. Cytostome circular and situated towards the left side at one-fourth or one-fifth of the body-length from the anterior end. Cytopharynx short, truncate, and directed towards the left, with a distinct rod-apparatus. Ectoplasm thick ; endoplasm coarsely granular. Contractile vacuole spherical and postero-terminal. Macronucleus large, oval, central or somewhat behind the middle. The macronucleus consists of a large clear area, with a small mass of chromatin in the centre, the clear area being surrounded by dense chromatin granules which fill up the rest of the macronucleus. Micro- nucleus not detected. Intestinal parasite. Dimensions.—Length 50-65 1, width 26-42 py. Remarks.—The species differs from others in the absence of an adoral row of cilia, in its short pharynx, and a very short and straight rod-apparatus. Habitat —In the intestine of the common Bengal monkey, Macacus rhesus : BENGAL, Calcutta. 70. Chilodonella spiralidentis (Bhatia & Mullick). (Hig. 58.) ;Chilodon spiralidentis, Bhatia & Mullick, 1930, pp. 394-5, fig. 2. Body flattened, oval, nearly twice as long as broad. Dorsal surface convex, ventral surface flat and uniformly ciliated. Cilia arranged along parallel lines, which run straight in the left half and curve round to the anterior end in the right half of the body. Anterior extremity of the body produced into a flattened beak slightly curving to the left. Cytostome situated some distance behind the anterior end, followed by a eytopharynx which is wider in front and the narrow portion of which is spirally curved. Cytoplasm vacuolated. Contractile 136 CILIOPHORA. vacuoles three, the largest near the posterior end. Macro- nucleus somewhat oval and surrounded by a clear space. The nuclear membrane has a wavy zone of nucleoplasm adhering to it all round. There is a large, centrally placed nucleolus with a dark central karyosome. Chromatin granules are compactly arranged in two masses on the anterior and posterior sides of the nucleolus and less densely laterally. Dimensions.—Length 97 pw. Remarks.—The movement is usually gliding, but sometimes the animal swims forward and rotates on its axis. The length of the animal is 97. and the maximum width 53 pu. The species, as defined above, shows some resemblance to C. cucullulus (Miller) and C. uncinatus (Ehrbg.). It resembles C’. cucullulus in the arrangement of the ciliary lines and the structure of the nucleus, but differs from it in the form of the cytopharynx, which is spirally curved. It resembles C. uncinatus in having the cytopharynx spirally curved, but differs from that species in the structure of the nucleus, the number and disposition of the contractile vacuoles, and its larger size. Habitat—Pond water : Kasumir, Srinagar. 71. Chilodonella sp. {+Chilodon sp., Chaudhuri, 1929, p. 54, pl. iii, fig. 7. Remarks.—Chaudhuri gives no description, and the organism cannot be identified from the rather crude diagram given by him. Habitat—Soils : BENGAL, Sibpore ; CENTRAL INpD1A4, Indore. 72. Chilodonella sp. ¢Chilodon sp., Simmons, 1889, p. 4. Habitat—Pond water: BENGAL, Calcutta. TRICHOSTOMATA. 137 2. Suborder T’RICHOSTOMATA Biitschli, emend. Kahl. HototricHa with body usually covered entirely with cilia. A well-developed peristomial depression or groove, the surface of which is ciliated, leads to the cytostome, and causes a spiral twisting of the body. Cytostome is kept permanently open and the food is brought in by a whirlpool. Cytopharynx tubular, not containing a rod-apparatus. Both the cytostome and the cytopharynx are provided with specially thickened cilia, which are not united to form membranes but help to direct the current, containing food particles, down the cytopharynx Remarks.—Biitschli used the term TRICcHOSTOMATA to include all groups of Cii1ata other than the GyMNOSTOMATA. He divided the order TRicHostomata into the suborders ASPIROTRICHA (including all the HoLotRicHa except GymMNo- STOMA) and SprroTrRicHa (including HETEROTRICHA, OLIGO- TRICHA, HypoTRicHA and -PERITRICHA). Calkins (1926) applied the term TricHostomina to those HoLorricHa in which there is always a ciliated peristomial groove and special cilia, which may be free or united to form membranes, in the cytostome or the cytopharynx. This group had been previously designated as HymMENostomaTa by Delage and Hérouard (1896), Schewiakoff (1896), Hickson (1901) and Minchin (1912). Kahl (1926, 1930-5) still further restricted the term TRicHosTomatTa to a suborder of HoLoTRicHA in which there is a ciliated peristomial groove and the oral and pharyngeal cilia are not united to form membranes, and he also restricted the term HyMENostomata to those in which the oral and pharyngeal cilia are united to form membranes. Reichenow (1929) has followed Kahl in this usage of these terms. Identification Table of Families. A. Fresh-water : } 1 (2). Small, ovoid Infusoria, with a ciliated peristomial groove, which surrounds half of the anterior end, and a pro- jection provided with bristles extend- ing beyondit. They secrete a delicate gelatinous test ; swim backwards... Marynide* Poche. 2 (1). Other forms, building no test ....... 3. 3 (4). Small, generally strongly flattened laterally, with delicate, coat-of-mail- like pellicle. Cilia sparse, particu- larly on the right flattened side, 138 4 (3). 5 (6). 16 (15). V7. Incertz i bo CILIOPHORA. where they form a semicircular or sickle-shaped uninterrupted dorsal keel, and 2—9 interrupted rows on the plane surface. Cytostome on the com- pressed ventral surface, membranoid structures generally recognizable with difficulty. Two contractile vacuoles. Other forms, differently ciliated...... Small to very small Infusoria with long tail-like process; the body cilia occupy only the anterior half in 3-4 transverse Spirals ». .. 4% ois aes cis so . Without a tail-like process and diffe- ROMUMeHIAted 2... . sae aces ae eee . A zone of special cilia extends spirally from the mouth to the hinder end .. . Spiral zone extends from the anterior right to the posterior left (optical)... . Spiral zone extends from the anterior left to the posterior right (optical) .. . Without special spiral row .......... . On the ventral side a ciliated trans- verse groove runs to the cytostome. . . Without ventral transverse groove... . Cytostome in the first fourth in a shallow oval longitudinal groove, the walls of which are provided with umikormily, thickieilia, 2.7) oan se . Cytostome deepened in a funnel-like OOH ONGKS) Go” GIS BiGidioo OO GO olG Glo ceo Oo 50 Geolc . From the anterior end a broad peri- stomial groove runs backwards and to the right up to the middle of the body, at the bottom of which lies the charac- teristic oral funnel (vestibule). Oral funnel with a strong ciliary field .... Without a depression extending back- wards from the anterior end ....... ' Oral funnelwith tunnel-shaped passage, with a ciliary field at the lower and another at the upper side of the funnel. Free-living, mostly moss-inhabiting LOVTAS |e ios) pn aint gedeuctene tie MiewaLebas 3 sedis : Form oval or lanceolate, strongly flattened, posteriorly drawn out. Cytostome a very short ciliated groove near the anterior end: ..........:... Form obovate, with a posterior bunch of gelatinous threads fixing the body to the substratum, and with a stiff bristle arising from the posterior end of the body. Cytostome in the centre of.the ventral surface... eagk se earls Form elongate, very contractile. Cytostome a long, simple, and narrow groove, lying along the ventral margin near the anterior 6nd.) 0. wig sins beyels [p. 153. Trichopelmidz Kahl, 5. [Kahl). [(=Seiadostomide * Trimyemidz* Kahl ie 8. Spirozonidz* Kahl. Trichospiridz * Kahl. ae fp. Ls3: Plagiopylidz Schew., ¥3: Clathrostomidz* Kahl. 15. [p. 145. Parameciidz Kent, ie [p. 141. Colpodidz Poche, [Madsen. Entorhipidiid * [(=Centrostomatide*). Lagenellidz * Grand. Geleiidze* Kahl. PLAGIOPYLA. 139 B. Parasitic: 1 (6). Entire body covered with cilia........ 2. 2 (3). Cytostome ventral, connected by a groove with the anterior end, or numerous small cytostomes along the [Chatt. & Per.). whole length of the groove ; parasites [(=Nicollellidz * Gib AVENTIS Bic hata oie ees ee teeta ese Pycnothrichidz* Poche (2). Cytostome ventral, not connected by a groove with the anterior end...... 4, 4 (5). Cytostome ventral, near the posterior end; concretion vacuole absent ; [p. 156. parasites in the stomach ofruminants. Isotrichide Biitsch., 5 (4). Cystostomial groove on the ventral surface between it and the anterior end of the body is a frontal field covered with longer cilia ; concretion vacuole present; parasites in the [da Cunha CCUIAT OLAMOESO Mts Aes rat. epee el) Paraisotrichide * 6 (1). Cilia over certain regions of the body CONT NF ay See es Ogee ©

Sn ‘3 ro ran vy B/S Se, ‘ Barco: . mh Fig. 70.—Dasytricha ruminantium Schub. al, alveolar layer; cp, pellicle; cv, contractile vacuole; N, macronucleus, m, micronucleus; 0, cytostome; oe, cytopharynx. (After Schewiakoff.) Dimensions.—Length 50-110 ; width 25-65 pw. Remarks.—Dogiel and Fedorowa (1927) have published a note on the reproduction in this species, and have referred it to the genus Isotricha. Habitat—In the stomach of Bos «indicus (locality not given) ; stomach of Bos gaurus H. Smith: Mysore ; rumen of Capra hircus Linn. : BENGAL, Calcutta. 160 CILIOPHORA. 6. Family BLEPHAROCORIDA‘ Hsiung, 1829. Body cilation confined to certain regions only, tufts of cilia situated above and below the cytostome, and in the posterior anal region. Cytostome not terminal and not lying in a prominent depression. Contractile vacuole single, pos- terior. Macronucleus and micronucleus central. Parasites in the Ungulate Mammals. : Genus BLEPHAROCORYS, Bundle, 1895. Blepharocorys, Bundle, 1895, pp. 305-9. Charon, Jameson, 1925, p. 403; Wenyon, 1926, p. 1193. Blepharocorys, Dogiel, 1926, pp. 61-4; 1934, p. 297. Charonella, Bhatia, 1935, p. 13. Body with a simple anterior projection and with an anterior and a posterior group of cilia, the posterior cilia in one or two compact bundles. The cytostome does not lie in a prominent depression, and opens into a cytopharynx which extends deep into the body. Attached to the left side of the cyto- pharynx is a well-developed ciliary membrane made up of stout cirri. No permanent anal opening. Contractile vacuole single, large, in the posterior part of the body. Macronucleus large, rounded and coarsely granular. Micronucleus oval and close to the macronucleus. In the paunch and rumen of cattle and sheep. Remarks.—Jameson described Charon as a new genus, but that name being pre-occupied for an Arachnid genus of Karsch (1879), I changed the name to Charonella. Dogiel (1934) has, however, pointed out that Charon ventriculi Jameson and Blepharocorys bovis Dogiel are identical, and the form should be called Blepharocorys ventriculs (Jameson). 87, Blepharocorys ventrieuli (Jameson). (Fig. 71.) — Charon ventricult, Jameson, 1925a, pp. 403-5, 1 fig; Wenyon, 1926, p. 1193. Blepharocorys bovis, Dogiel, 1926, pp. 61-4, 1 fig. TCharon ventriculi, Kofoid & MacLennan, 1933, p. 28. Blepharocorys ventriculi, Dogiel, 1934, p. 297. Body resembles the blade of a lancet, with one side convex the other nearly straight, more than twice as long as broad, very much compressed dorso-ventrally. Anterior end bluntly pointed and pinched into a projecting knob; the posterior end tapers to a finer rounded point. Ventral surface flat or very slightly concave ; dorsal surface very slightly convex ; BLEPHAROCORYS. 161 right side straight; left side convex. Anterior end of the body covered with many cilia, including two tufts of cilia similar to those of posterior end, but less prominent. The anterior and posterior pairs of ciliary bundles consist of stiff, long cirri, which are only capable of bending near the tips. The anterior bundles are placed, one on each side of the body, at the base of the anterior knob on a level with the cytostome. The posterior bundles lie one on each side of the body, close to the end, and each is inserted in an oval socket. The posterior bundles are chiefly locomotory, moving in unison with slow, somewhat jerky strokes. Cyto- stome round or slightly pear-shaped, situated on the ventral surface of the body immediately behind the anterior ciliated Fig. 71.—Blepharocorys ventriculi (Jameson). (After Jameson.) tip, and opens at once into a prominent cytopharynx. Cyto- pharynx extends deep into the body, reaching at least half- way to the posterior end, and curving slightly to the right. Extending along the whole length of the left side of the cyto- pharynx is a well-developed ciliary membrane, made up of stout cirri, which seem to be fixed together and act as an undulating membrane. Contractile vacuole single, large, in the posterior part of the body. No permanent anal opening, but occasionally a temporary anus can be seen opening at the extreme posterior tip of the body. Macro- nucleus large, rounded, coarsely granular in structure, usually situated about the middle, near the end of the cytopharynx. CIL. M 162 CILIOPHORA. Micronucleus oval, lying in a depression in the macronucleus or close to it. Feeds on bacteria and fine organic particles. Dimensions.—Length 24-36, breadth 12-15. Habitat.—Very rare in the stomach of Bos indicus (locality not given). 3. Suborder HY MENOSTOM ATA Hickson, emend. Kahl. HototricHa in which the mouth is permanently open, and provided with membranes, formed by the fusion of rows of cilia, and free cilia in addition. Remarks.—Previously the terms TRICHOSTOMINA and HYMENOSTOMATA were indiscriminately used to include all HoLotTricHa in which the mouth was provided either with free cilia or with some of the cilia united to form membranes. Kahl (1926, 1930-5) has grouped these forms into two sub- orders, TRICHOSTOMATA (oral cilia free) and HyYMENOSTOMATA (oral cilia united to form membranes). Reichenow (1929) has followed him in this usage of these terms. Identification Table of Families. 1 (2). Oral aperture without a peristome.... Frontoniidz Kahl, 2 (1). Oral aperture lies at the end or the [p. 163. bottom of a peristome ............ 3. 3 (12). Ciliation on all sides or limited to the OPAL Side“ oes boa he wena begets eee 4, 4 (5). Peristome runs as sickle-shaped cili- ated cleft, perpendicular to the surface of the body, into the de- pressed oral aperture. An _ hour- glass-shaped body lies in front of the [p. 180. anterior end of the peristomial cleft . Ophryoglenidz# Kent, 5 (4). Peristome extends along the surface of the body from the anterior pole to the oral aperture )..2 2%). 3... -.. 6. (9). Peristome bears an undulating mem- brane along one border............ a 7 (8). Peristome runs from the truncated anterior end of the body to the small cytostome situated in the anterior third of the body. Peristome bears an undulating membrane along its left IGG OP So. oe a ono Se Oe eee eos Sagittariidz* Grandori. ‘8 (7). Peristomial plate bears along the right border an undulating mem- brane which surrounds the hinder margin of the oral aperture like a pocket. Left peristomial border bears [p. 182. a ciliary row or membrane ........ Pleuronematidz Kent, 9 (6). Peristome differently provided ...... 10. FRONTONIID 2. 163 10 (11). Right peristomial border with two un- dulating membranes. Ectoplasmic pocket surrounding the cytostome etry ct haigig Gtittsie es 3 ese aia Cohnilembidz * Kahl. 11 (10). Peristomial groove provided along the right border either with a dense ciliary field, besides the undulating mem- brane, or only a thick undulating membrane. To the right of the cyto- stome, or surrounding it behind, is a pocket sunk below the ectoplasm with a small membrane............ Philasteridz * Kahl. 12 (3). Ciliation reduced to two broad ciliary [Lachm., p. 189. AUIS agg igte ore at alata © esi See ei e Urocentridz Clap. & 1. Family FRONTONITDA‘ Kahl, 1926 | (=CuILIFERA Biitschli). Body ovoidal, uniformly ciliated, without a peristome. Cytostome situated in the anterior half of the body, at the end of an open groove or of a hooded funnel. Oral groove provided with one or more membranes and free cilia, arranged in a variety of ways. Contractile vacuole single, usually central. Macronucleus single or double, central. Key to Indian Genera. 1 (16). Posterior end without a caudal bristle. 2. 2. Cytostome not followed by a funnel- shaped cytopharynx, or cytopharynx, if present, without undulating mem- brane or Cilia: o csissets 4c de eee 3. 3 (6 or 8). Oral aperture anteriorly pointed, posteriorly transversely truncated... 4. -4 (5). Cytostome along the right border, near the end of the body; membrane in the right oral margin ........... TRICHODA, p. 168. 5 (4). Cytostome on the ventral surface ; large undulating membrane in the left oral margin. A postoral seam running to the posterior pole; no striated band on the dorsal surface posteriorly. Body not narrowed behind in a uniformly triangular WA TAGE eich sre) 8 555s to ble ig eee FRONTONIA, p. 164. 6 (3). Oral aperture not transversely trun- cated behind, but obliquely pointed OF EOUMEER a lai a, 5) i642: hie alae re gle rhe ee Cytostome a small sigmoid cleft, removed from the anterior pole, with wo MCCA o.2 5.2! 232. ce eetels e SIGMOSTOMUM, p. 167. 8 (3). Oral aperture anteriorly rounded or ELUNCS LOM as Fa eaets me «5)2 baie! Potash 2) M2 164 CILIOPHORA. 9 (14). Cytostome obliquely placed, from right anterior to left posterior direction, the right margin with a projecting ectoplasmic lip. Inside the cytostome are three ciliary structures, an outer membrane on the left, beneath that an inner, and to the right at the bottom a three-rowed ciliary band .. 10 (11). Cytostome near the middle of the ventral surface ; dorsal series of cilia not strikingly bent to the right AMUOULOTUV EIS ois o cio sca d diene dale Sa 11 (10). Cytostome lying in the right border 12 (13). OL PRS OU RE cs dase heeded as Dorsal series of cilia bend anteriorly more or less obliquely to the right .. 13 (12). Only one strong membrane extends 14 (9 15. Ne from the left margin into the upper, concave, ectoplasmic lip. Small, contractile ; in damp moss, or marine. Oral aperture without the ectoplasmic lip on the right ; cytostome with only ONS TMEMDrANG s)