ONTAKIO

CANADA

W'

m

THE HON. SIR JAMES P. WHITNEY. K.C.M.G..
Prime Minister of Ontario.

•

ONTARIO

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I -iM.ur.iMr Jjft.r. >

HV «»KI>I K

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Printed by

WILLIAM BRIGCS

49-37 Richmond Street Wtst

TORONTO

HC

117
(HtfJ/2,

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R747R3

CONTKNTS

I

•
4

Old Omar:.. i

Ontario tj

.inning 19

• Stock 35

Vegetable G ro \\ • »: fn

*J

•

.

iiltural < )TK i •.

•tir. 95

97

«
tot
Iflfc

H|

I1 114

117
•Jl

m

Health. Pr.>:, •»•::••!•
Public Health. II

ti»r> IiiNi>ccti«'U 151

Summer i

Hunvr-.is' -

Government
'

%

<ress and I-utnrr
Colonization and Immur «• ••• -,^\

The ; ivi

Lr: 199

Application for Infonn.it i..v.

ONTARIO

Mil 1)1

i the largest of ti
on the ca>- and the Province of

•it the tooth

• V ami t Mm-

iul nn the u.-rth i.\ I lu-i

Tin nnate.l 407,362 square mile*

it from i).. rth t-« -.uth mile*, and !

I ,<N ft » mile* MeaMITr-i illailiail

it is i.jS; mi!. N'Cr than the

i ully

hinl tin: . Nlo. and i* almost

i- of cither 1

is <li\i<! great se Southern Ontario.

\\ith an area of 77,ooo square mile*; and

Xortluin < Mitario. .;.v -.• • • miles. The two section* as land

y from M.ilUwa. on

the ' i;iaii Hay. While Southern < Hitario begins

i^l»t milo we*: treal. N'orthern <Hitar>.

farther west,

•u| mirth <l along the north Chores

•el ami Lake SujKrior. and along
the I'm!.

NATURAI I I ATURI i

Km- ;n rax: hroiigh Xorthern Ontario

is th I imi*kefs or

•.amps. This ph\Mv -ms the «h\»de or walCT-

iagc of the pr the *Hith side b the

iwa. On the
ami Hudson

ONTARIO

In thai part of tin- St. Lawn-no- IMMII ^nilli (.f Lake Xipisvino

IN tin- triangular peninsula <>f Southern < Mitario. General!) ••«"

sand) loam, that area i> undulating in surface; rich

and relent i\e in >d in natural drainage; plentiful in pun-

sprn;. Ijao-ni t(^ the (in-at Lakes, abundant in

The soil is capable of \ulding a gnat diversity of the
products, pasture grasses for live stock, all kinds of cereals, a wide
range of vegetables, many kinds of apples, and the finest of other
fruits, such as the grape and the peach. For varied and high
agriculture the conditions are ideal.

In the basin of the rivers flowing north of the Laurentian pla
tean is an area of many million acres of as fine farming land aa
that of Southern ( )niario, and in some ways more favoured than
the dead level clay Stretches of Manitoba. This U the (in-at C'lay
IJeli of Northern < Mitario. Of a much lower altitude, and with a
better climate than the Laurentian range, that area is finely adapted
for the production of cereals, vegetables and grasses for dairying.
and the raising of live stock. Cultivated in small part, the country
meantime is mainly a vast and valuable region of forests mo: tied
with splendid mineral areas, the home of the lumberman and the
lure of the miner. It U also a country of lakes, countless lak
and many magnificent >t reams. (Write for free hand!
"Northern Ontario," to the Director of C'oloiii/ation. Parliament
Buildings. Toronto, Canada, or to the < Mitario r,<>\ eminent Agent.
Strand. London. England.)

Niagara Falls.

4 ONTAKI"

CLIMATI

OLD ONTARIO.

To give in a sentence or two of general terms the climate of
a province which is over i.(xx> miles in greatest length by 1,000
mile* in greatest breadth. i> t.. run the risk of being either indefinite
msleading. The country must be taken piecemeal, yet the
pieces must be very large. Southern or ( )ld Ontario, though large
in itself, is by far the smaller section of the two great -uhdivi
of the province. Its climate is beautiful. With the exception of
an occasional hot few days, the summer, in the more -,,uther1y
I, M perfect. The fall is delightful. The winter, particularly
midwinter. i> dry. very cold, and exhilarating. And the late winter
slush and the spring glide into warm weather quickly. There arc-
long interxals of unclouded sky, and no fogs. The clear atmo-
sphere and brilliant blue expanse above are a charm to people from
the humid climate of the Old Land. Summer and fall recreation-.
such as hunting, fishing and canoeing, are an irresistible allurement.
and winter s]x>rts are glorious. In short, the climate is conducive
to agricultural prosperity, to enjoyment, and to strength.

immer extends from early in June till towards the en-:

iiitumn from late in September to the end of Novem-
winter from December to the end of March: and -pring from
April till the commencing days of June. The warmest month- arc-
July and August : the coldest are December. January, and Febniarx.
The average amount of bright -un-hinc for the year, as shown
tations, is 1.920 hours out of a possible of 4457. Tin-
greatest amount is in June. July and AugiM : the lea-t is in Novem-
ber. December and January.

The highest temperatures at Toronto in July for a period of
thirty years averaged 90.9 degrees; the lowest, 4^.4. and the
monthly mean. <»s.S: the highest in l;ebruary averaged 44.2; the
lowest. S bd »w zero, and the monthly mean jr. The highest at

• i in July averaged 90.8; the lowest,

and the monthly mean (&.- ; the highest in February averaged
the lowest, jo.7 below zero, and the monthly mean ;

KI<)

8 1' \KI< '

S|>caking of the climate of ( Md < >ntario in its different months.
Mr. Stupart. Director Dominion ttory, write*: "In \pril.

vegetation make* rapid p- Eore tin- end of the month

the trees arc partially in leaf. Temperature- of 70 degrees and
sometimes recorded. May is almost imariably a \ er\
delightful month, with a mean temperature ranging between 52°
and 55 . and by the la*t \\eek all tree- arc- in full leaf. The *um-
IIUT months are decidedly warm, with mneh sun*hine and \ ery
rainy days, most <»f the precipitation falling in -bower* or
thunderstorms which gi\e -nllicient moisture to the rapidly ripening
crop*. With Scptemhcr come the first indication* of autumn, with
cool nights; hut it i* *eldom that ground fro*t* oecnr until < >d
which, with its supi-rh weather and glorious autumn tin;-.
the finest months of the year. November, with shortening da
often wet; but snow rarely falls until December, when the winter
sets in with blustery weather and heavy snowfalls, sometime* fol
d by cold spdls. during which the temperature may fall to
zero or lower. January and l;cl>ruary are truly winter, and the
ground is usually snow-covered. With March come *ign
spring; in most year* all -now has disappeared by the middle of
the month, and by the end the trees arc beginning to bud."

The chief differences between the north and the *outh of < )ld
< Mitario in winter are that the -now fall i- -lightly heavier and the
temperature lower and le*s variable in the former than in the latter.
In the other months the differences of temperature le**en. I\orl
liffe and Stoney Creek being the chief extremes. Dealing with
differences in greater detail, Mr. Stupart says: (i ) " In the \a11e\-
of the Ottawa and the t'pper St. Lawrence we find a moderately
cold winter, but a singularly exhilarating, bracing atmosphere
makes even a zero temperature by no mean- unpleasant. Sign-
••ring are not wanting early in April, and by the beginning "f
May foliage is well advanced, and then follow* a deeidedly warm
summer. The whole of this region is. between the middle- of May
and middle of September, included between the *ame i-otherm- a*
the greater portion of Francv. and. after a protracted autumn.
win:- n again befo- " In the peninsula of

Ontario, or that portion of the province which lie* east of Lake
Huron and north of Lake Erie and the western portion of Lake
' Mitario. the winters are hy no means severe, and the summer- are

CUM \KII •

seldom oppreiMtely hoi. ihi* being due lo the tempering

<.f the lakes i.\ \\hivh iln> < Jiitarto t§ furroonded."

"Ill the western . oiiiillei the April inrun UfU|JerallirC COfTC-

•i May the mean

tein; »f (he whole «li ^lightly higher tlun lor thr

south of Kngland 1 he tempera:- :!itm* .luring the %ummrr

months m.i;, , as in ti iw rente v alley %. lie com-

! with thos, the normal mean Iem|>er4tur.

InU r.i'i-n^ U" an. I ;-j . September and October are

geneialtx delightful months, and snow MrldtHii reiium% tjti the
ground until well on in I >efeniU -t -he high land* of the

interior , ..m • . < Mitario \\lmh lies imme-

i>t of ti Musicoka, at an

ie sca. atM.tmdiiig m small lakes, pos-
sesses a wonderfully l.iai-mi; atmosplure win. h. with a \er> higil
-c of bright sunshine and a pleasant ieni|»eraiure, has made
this : siimiiH much fre«|ii« pc<>|>le frtim the

1 towns farther south."

On I)

r\Ki<>

The rainfall is adequate and is well distributed thr. .ujjhout
the year. T! • -r thirtv _'}.<>) inches of rain and

73.2 incl M«»W. With ten inches of snow as c<|ual to one

inch of rain, the total annual precipitation would l»e the e(|iiivalent
inches of rain. The rainfall of ( >ld < Mitario fnmi May to
Vr inclusive ichcs per month. be:

little hea\ier in the former part of tin- M-a-on than in the latter:
the north or Parry Sound K where it is heaviest in Sep

teniher and < »ctober. It is slightly | in the south-western

section than in the other parts in spring and early summ<

The snowfall is heaviest in January and I;ehruary. In each of
these months the average fall is in inches in the central section.
and 14 inches in the south-western. The snowfall in the north
and north-wt ma is heaviest in I )eceniher. January and I;cl>-

ruary, being in each month a little more than 20 inches. Ileyond
an occasional fleeting flurry in either of the two month-, no -now
falls in Old Ontario from May to < >ctol»er inclusive.

The winter is not uniformly cold throughout. 1'eri-nK of low
temperature become longer and more intense until midwinter, after
which they decrease gradually until spring. These cold period- of
'.wo or three days' duration are due to north winds, and are always
moderated by a change of wind. A warm south wind now and
again causes a thaw, and a portion of the -now disappears. SO that
an e umulation of snow is u-ually prevented. These

variation- are not 50 marked in the north, and its climate is more
c< (liable.

The direction of the wind, as so far indicated, governs the cli-
mate to a great extent. Winds from certain quarter- greatly influ-
the seasons in their variation from each other. The prevail-
ing winds are from the west. As they pass over the Great I
their coldness is moderated in winter and their heat in summer.
Hot wind- from the south are similarly tempered. Damage from
wind storms is uncommon.

The Great Lakes have an influence apart from altitude, altl
the latter has a minor effect. They remain comparatively warm
during the winter and ha\ : in tempering the climate

of places on the shore* than of tho-e inland, the diffe
fairly large.

rence

I'l.lM \

8 PARIO

Speaking of the climate of ( >ld < Milan., in its different months.
Mr. Stupart. Direct-^ Dominion < >Wr\ atory. writes; "In April.
vegetation makes rapid pi .md before tin- end of the month

the trees are partially in leaf. Temperatures of 70 and

sometimes recorded. Ma\ is almost imariahly a \ery
delightful month, with a mean temperature ranging hetwcei
and 55 . and l»y the la-t week all trees are in full leaf. The sum-
mer months are decidedly warm, with much sunshine and \ cry

rainy days, most ,,f the precipitation falling in sho\\rt- ,„•
thunderstorms which give suffirient moisture to the rapidly ripening
crops. With September come the first indications of autumn, with
cool nights: hut it is seldom that ground frosts ,,,-cur until
which, with its superh weather and glorious autumn tin;-, is one of
the finest months of the year. November, with shortening da

wet; hut snow rarely falls until December, when the winter

in with blustery weather and heavy snowfalls, sumetimes fol -

(1 by cold spells, during which the temperature may fall to
zero or lower. January and February are truly winter, and the
ground is usually snow-covered. With March come sign
spring: in most years all snow has disappeared by the middle of
the month, and by the end the trees arc beginning to bud."

The chief differences between the north and the s,,u:h of < )ld
Ontario in winter are that the snowfall i- -lightly heavier and the
temperature lower and less variable in the former than in the latter.
In the other months the differences of temperature lessen. I\o,-l

<>ney Creek being the chief extremes. Dealing with
differences in greater detail. Mr. Stupart says: < I ) " In the \alle\-
of the Ottawa and the I "pper St. Lawrence we find a moderately
cold winter, but a singularly exhilarating, bracing atmosphere
makes even a zero temperature by no mean- unpleasant. Sign-

:»ring are not wanting early in April, and by the beginning of
May foliage is well advanced, and then follows a decidedly warm
summer. The whole of this region is. between the middle of May
and middle of September, included between the same isotherms a-
the greater portion of France, and. after a pi autumn.

winter sets in again hefo " In the peninsula of

< Hitario. or that portion of the province which lies east of Lake
Huron and north of Lake Erie and the western portion of Lake
' Mitario. the winters arc by no means severe, and the summer

CUMA1 Klo

,,j,j,i, tlu» being due in ilic

A In. I. ;iu, |**.f Otiurtu u jurroundcd'

' lii tin untie* llic April mean teni|«rraitire

"ir.iin: !.j in May the

,\h«.U il 'lightly higher than f«»r ihr

M.utl in- temp« i ilunitg the

months ina>, as in tl a ;ui<l St Uwrmcc valley*, lie

! \\ith tht»M .niial mean tcni|Mrratur<

|ul\ i.ui^inv: U-i\\fcn 66* ami ; md October arc

general!) delightful months. an<l MI uci the

::i«l until \\cll mi in lK-11-mi.t: tlie high land% of the

intcriiM i-nuir. . Mit.iTj.. \\lu« h lie* imme-

Mutkoka, at an

lie sea, alMiun'lm^ in -mall lake*, pos-
sesses a \\<>n<K-rfullv hracniK atniosplu-n- \\hi.ii. with a very high
-c of bright Minshiiu- and a pleasant tcnijicr.iturc. haft made
this region a suniuif iiiiu'h freijn I»le fnmi ihe

1 io\M)s farther south."

On the Mmk .» '.IK

10

« ..\T.\Kh >

of Temperature for Thirty Years.

. .1. li immllt thr mmilliU iveragl i.-i il»-- IH-IH-I. |..u,-t .111. 1 ID,. in

rature at tfce principal statiocu m < >i«i < Muan... ,iun.,i it,,m tin timt\ \,.\\*.

•11. .iU. tin- .innii.il in. .in .it . .1, li -l.iti.'ii f.-r tl t i .,i

Month.

15.1
ll.l

RirnuB.

I.on.lon.

J

Mir-t.

20.2

60.1
5.7
39.7

>.."

44)5

M.fl
H.I

66.?
M.I

71 is

M.I

46.4
69.4

90.4
M.I

25.9
50.9

65.4
17J

— l.l
M.I

47.6

M.I

M.I

71."
I'M
79.3
18.1

64.1

90.9
48.4
68.8

88.1
46.6
65.1

84.6
86.7
M.I

26.0
48.0

59.8
14.9
37.1

48.0
— 1.5
27.1

ll.l

—18.2
16.5

1.1
15.1

raj

13.6

H.I

MJ
17.1

54.1

M.I
M.I

91.5
87.7

89.4
40.6
65.4

MJ
MJ
7M

59.1
|.|

44.6
—13.8

21.0

42.3

U.I
MJ

14.1

60.7
—18.4
M.I

10.5
M.I

81.3
MJ
M.I

J7.I
M.'l

66.8

.;:•..;

83.6
,,

WJ

45'.7

MJ

33.1

ll.l

41.2

M.I

88.2
Itll
MJ

M.4

:;

—15.4
41.8

11.1

r, n

II ik' '

li''. 4

ii.:
— 1.5

82.3
64.9
88.1
84.4

99.0
43.0
68.6

89.6
42.1
66.4

86.7
M.I

60.7

75.6

11.8

58.5
— 0.6

75.9
IS.fl

82.7
|*J
16.8

91.9
43.9
M.I

W'| 'I

40.7
M.I

86.3
Bl.l

60.5

M.4

47.9

61.9
12.7
M.I

53.8
— 9.1

26.3

i:..i

in

M.I
— 1.3
17.1

;i.i
16.9
42.1

B7.I

90.1
44.0
87.1

88.6
41.8

86.5
31.5

58.8

74.8
46.6

61.4
11.3

:;:,..:

48.8
— 3.9
94.9

4.J.7

I Monthly mean..

MJ

MJ

M.I

17.1

4:!.!

14.1

M.|

i Hik"

Mar

I Monthly in.- in.

HO.I

::;';-'

87. A
65.1

86.2
41.9
64.6

( Hik-

Mar

\ Monthly mean..

June

(High.

July. < Lovrai

I Monthly •

A OK*

( II ik"

' Monthly m<-rt n

( Iligh'-t

61.1

14.1
36.7

49.4
0.0
24.7

48.6
62.4

:•,.!

48.4
-0.8
26.2

46.0

( Hik

Nor. { Ix>»

I Monthly mean.

r H 'k

DM. {LOV

* Monthly mean

i-i.iM \. .r \kiii

I
I ll.l M,,i.,. „, ,§

•,*r.i:

l.«»
IJ.t

.M i

^

1

lUn

tuulaml Norlhm.1 :

Mtawa,
Min*liinc at ihc pruuipal rta: I < »ntariu.

•ml ibr

suiu.il.

Ittftitan •!
(HUM*

r:t t»

VMt tVS

.

•»•... S 110 It*1 !•* ttt

u ONTARIO

NEW ONTARIO.

Covering an area < « • -<|iiarc mile- and extending ;;<>

mile* fnun north to south, this \aM territory in relation tn climate
can only be dealt with iinpcrfeclh . < '.v-ncra11\ spi-akini;. the Mini
HUT- arc warm and the winters MTV cold and l»r;i in^. Tin- climate
of the portion lying north of Lake> Superior and Huron dift'er-
considerably from the pan caM .if Lake Huron and north of I.ako
Erie and Ontario, especially in winter, when the former portion.
in addition to hein^ fariher north, is less affected by the tempering
influence of the Great Lakes. The winters are distinctly severe,
but as the tables for Moose Factory, Abitibi and Haileybury indi-
cate, the summers are warm. These places respectively are 534
miles, 368 miles and 264 miles north of Toronto. The mean tem-
perature at Moose Factory in January is 25° lower, and at Hailey-
bury 15° lower than at Toronto; but as the spring advances the
differences become less, until in May they are respectively i<> and
2° lower, and in July 6° and 2° lower. The average daily maxima
temperatures at Moose Factory and Fort Hope (300 miles west-
ward) for July and August are 74° and 70°, as against 77° and
73° at Haileybury, which latter temperatures are almost the same
a> at Toronto. The temperature is considerably lower in the t'a:
north in June than at Haileybury and Toronto, and the nights are
cooler all through the summer. The average winter temperature
at Lake Nipissing and Haileybury is several degrees lower than at
Montreal; and at Abitibi and Moose Factory, respectively 105 and
263 miles north of Haileybury, it is very nearly the same as in
Manitoba. Temperatures of over 80° are not infrequent in North
ern Ontario, and 90° and over usually occur several times ea h
summer.

The total annual precipitation near Lakes \ipi->ing and TimU
kaming is nearly the same as in Southern < Mitario; but northward
this diminishes somewhat, the rainfall becoming le-^ and the snow-
fall greater.

The great fertile Clay Belt is far from being in the ex
north of the province: it lies in the southern portion of Northern
.rio. Having longer hour- "f sunlight than in old Ontario.
the crops are correspondingly benefited, and the time of harvest
in north and south tends to be equali/ed

ri.lMVi. \kln

K.i:::. Laid District I \ K

•4

I'AKh)

l;n»m 1 lailc\l»m> , Timisluuning, in the east, the testimony U:

"Tin- climate is particularly healthful; tin- winter, an- perhap^ a
liltlc lunger than in older < >ntari<>. hut tin- air i- more clear and

invigoratiQg."

l;n»ni llynier-. Thunder I»a\. in the west, the >t«»r\ is: " \
climate and s,,jl tltat will grow sonic «»f tlu- finest n»ms. -r.
grains and vcgetahk-s in the world."

Frciin Kcnora. the- farthest west district: "The climate on the
whole is perfect; sometimes cold. l>ut always dry in winter, and
l«'iitf- briglit Minshiny days in summer; very warm and plen:

-ml nights." And fr.im the >ame district : "Shelter
from the cold winds in winter i> ahnndant." " We don't have the
heavy gales in the spring and fall they have on the open prairie."

»li..wiii» i lu- .i\(i.i-« MH.IM ln-hi->t. nu-.-in ln\\r*i. ami tin- nu-an tem-
peraluri- : al-M, tlu- ln-lu-t ami lout-M tempi-ratlin- "it rvo.nl. ami tin- avi
pit.itii-n.

Hailc\hury. TimiskaminK — Quebec Boundary.
1895-1911—16 years.

TrllllN'Mllir*.

M.-JHI

Low.

Max,

Mm.

Janluuy

-4.1

6.7

U

1"

n;

KebciM

..••

8.6

• ;

II

W.I

ll."

71

II

. ;

— 8

Mar

61 6

. ;

17

u

71.7

| • -,

PHI

H

II

76.7

,

•,.,

M

.\ioru.

6t.4

|J

-

• .:

II.

M

24

II

fti.s

.:.

S. t

it

.

- .

14.

- :

•••.

II

Iferrmhrt .

SI.O

3.

11

-JIS

17

Tr»Ul

At. «!*!•• I*-' Mil.

\» . -) r Illli.

LIMA I ; \kl<

«5

ML IML

J.IIIMM -.».

*.i

Kenora. Kenora

N'.anltote Bound ar> . lOye«r%.

u

1 •

*•

__^_

-

•jH

!.«•

••P

•M

4 II

\t.<i d.l

•1 <tf

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•••

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ir u.i '

• Ulr Or»t •

r \KI« >

Ontario Farniv

THK HON. JAMKS S. DU1 I .
Mininer of AaHcullure for Ontario.

Id LI'

AGRICDLTl Ki

Tlu- Province o( ' though great in forests.

.iii.l in.. ural.

the nut! »rtioti of which is

cultivation, an. I a tine clr <> a wide variety of products.

the Province is nist at the licginniitg of development. By careful

progressive farming, tin already i. mainly in Old

mi^ht . ti produ

\alne Ami \\hen to this section i* added the vast uncultivated

area le Km-l m \ the future of the Province b

: with prom uncc of mil

Arras.

are thirteen an<l a half million acres of land under ciilti
D million ai re- are cleared, and fulk twenty*
' a half million acres are assessed. But when it i« eon*
Mat there are at leaM t\\.> hun.lnM ami thirty million acre*
m the ! the area of arable land may be

int'erre<I to ' million ao. than the portion already

Itcyoml thi> cultixatnl jN.rt'.on (a few small Spot*
\orthern < >ntai | million acres of alluvial

or one of tl Mile territory to be found

in the \\.-rM tad this does not :•:'•:!' '.he vast stretches of afri-

> iiltut.il lan<l -oiith ,iti«l \\e>t of lames Bay.

Values.

The agricultural inti 'ed jiart% «»f the Province.
that ' M.l i >ir h a ft tlie new sectkm. are
M.I to n jtul site on the con-
tinent of Ai . <• m»*t peopled, best
ml richer Pm There are

M \\ho>e \alue rang* '«»W figure^ Up to $50/100

.in.i over, Tlu t.irm lan.K hull-! ami Inc

stock i- tn1 OOO.QOO. The annual agricultural production

is $300.000.(*>n. In \alue of r.rl.l Hmiinion

the oilier provinces of

tin! the I\N" l»cst prairie ;

is

I \K1< i

The progress of agriculture during the past decade is manifest.
The total value of farm lands. buildings, implements, and live stock
• in hand in i«>u *ho\ved an increase over 1903 of $319,128.855, or
fully 29 per rent. Field crops showed an increase of >;.,.! ^
«»r more than 36 per cent. Live stock (including poiilr
or killed, showed an increase over 1903 of $25,651. pS. or fully 4.?

I hiring the past fifteen years the percentage of iiu TC.IM- in the-.,-
three rl... !i-*pivtivcly 5-'. <>S. and 14*. per ci-nt.

The Hon. Adam Beck afid his Prize-winning Pair.

MIXKli I A KM INC !•*

MIXM) I NKMIS*.

II" •• ha* been fur manv year* devoted to general agii

•tg. The average farmer combine* the
grots . roots and grass?* ; the raiting and feeding of

-t-u-k, MI, -lit.!::!- |Hiultry; the pr^in milk fur the home

Imttcr fa and

learned the

dnin of iran-furming hi- gram. r-«. .|» into

stiH-k ami animal pn»durt*-- beef, bacon and f«»wl. ami the \ariou«
•ds. Thus !u mdu U a larger cash return, farm

labor .M-l the ;.r- «« of the **>

.jul this l,c |K-rnianrni pn»*|> 4gri-

rultnral ...uiinvim'.\ If < >rr .;rain grnwii

ii" longer a -n .it grain cxjH.rtcr. Imt consumes its surplus UK
tlu- II-HS,.: ^oon be : the western

to inn IK*. -nU and

ur priili!> Kiitlu-rf..r.| late Veterinary

l%iimtnt**it»ner. ^a\- " l..r

laml tin- w«»r iiid althdiigh there arc in the- ^*nc

areas •-• ther

ami nnu-h It which thi% Kimhtmn cannot

truihfully IK ic'.t Ian

runif rxhaiisu-il unless Ctl '^en t.. n !heir for

•i the ca*

mr«linni -«r infr- -igth the j*eri«H| «»f profitable

tiniunix i-nipping inu.-h im.rr Inmtr.! 'l*he wonderful

!u umliininished lertilitx ••! weMern ^,iK after prodormg
•I»s ,,i \\lu-at i.-- tcapablc

:i«.ugh it may U- a.lmittetl that in *>•
:lie MI itself aM M<| womkrfully well the

•ns. howe\-er. onl> j

the rulr. ami the hixt.irX ..! \\hcat cultivation on thi* continent fur
nishex the best possible argument again-t the sh«»rt-«ighte«l met?
niig no\\ ton generally in \tigue in the C*an.»

m making the «omewhal sweeping
meiit that mile-- ;lu

• leci.le. ami that at an eailx day, t«» UHnhf> their titclhods

h\ the ad "f miNe.l IUI-'MII.IM and e-|*-i Lilly by tile

r.\ui< >

i Pri/.e Jerseys. 3. P 4. Prize Cattle at Canadian

National Exhibition.

MIXKh FARM1

ten

\\ith them «»n the ha*u m<liiMr\ of agriculture, or, in other
community will

-.1- an-1 in..!. ..r lr- ;•••'••:. ' tllUltful dfpff SfJOII,

It i* ,t MI long a* the price is maintained at Of Mar

>t hi^h ;.l the seasons are reasonably prupitiom.

.V lands < r\j.i..j'r.l Wtll

a general monetary stringency, hot

vhose laii'l i> then no longer capable of remunerative pro-

.i!i.| \\IIM timl* i.-.rn r'.i compellc - to abandon the

:he slow and painful task of restoring to

nght so easily have been

the timely .i-l- .;•:•... n of common-sense methods."
William \\hyte *a> - emulated by demand and

supply. When the Mippl - -cv When r.

the pru-e falU \\ ht- an farmers pour grain in great

rrp<M»l the natural result follows — the British miller gDCS

the flooding of the

marl year (1912) lost toe. per bushel.

an*l r lost an opportunity to point out

iiMRxs and emphasize the statement of

the farmers are still devoting thcnuehfes

aim the production of wheat, and it is exceedingly

ult. alth..unM some progress has already been made, to bring

time plans are being laid for a

la \\ork tM |icr>ua<lc tnir fanr go more

•llow a system . n of

i the course of a very few year*, if we

:ieat. \\hen ti • will jjrea: 1 the

result. Thi* fact nut^t lie carefully

.:i«l Miir western i ;imler*tan«l that il ^<ary

r which there \\ill IK- .1 keen detn..

Max 'truightcd

methods of so-called fanning" generally followed on the prairie.

;in,l the sane and common-sense methods of j»er

manent agricultural MUVCSS an«l prosperity. Ontario has developed

ciu-e three great branches of farming — dairying, stock-

;ie. and fnnt growing. The^e are not scattered at

22 ONTARIO

The prexalnuv of any one liranrh or a .•oml»:nati<>n of hranehe- in
a parlirnlar lo. ahtx i- largely 'Ine to rlimate. soil and oilier lYatnre^.
I Judged thus into dilterent channel vity. tlu- fanners of

( MM.; :he i-oinmoditie- for xx hirh then- 13 a kern demand;

Miilependeiil of ^pei'ial market omditioiiv. an,!
to )i\e. if need he. largely within their own resources.

DAIRYING

•hat the \..rtli»e»! l> I In- i.iil> tie

.m.iii worth living m. hut when mere*!*

fertile and inviting pro\nues m Canada.

h\ink ii, dan-, indattrj • •!' tlte Province continue*
be recognized as in tl. mk. if not t! ace. in the many

important branches of its agriculture NX' hen the pr.*l. ccse

'he milk del: md

the hutter made and consumed IIJM.M the farm are ai: 1 in

prol.al.K a i.nal wh

\nd when coupled with |H>rk prfMiuctioo. it> naittral

liened that it is the m —

/'» v IK taken

IVC, <»r even live, it will IK- *ceii that there

:ii<l .t \\ • I'rugrctt in

<|iianlity and *|iialit> of ; :M iti ;•: < and demand U real.

'i/i/y. The c.»ni|»ari-oji made here with a

iHiinlier eat heat and

In hi! le ( Hitl.Mik for I

hii.S. I. A Kiiddu 1. tario

.vhich we ha mparatue tiguref

i In the !«)! I KeiNirt of the Bureau •! Indf.

find that with a decrease of iium-

decrea5* CO cows.

the exe has increa-i-

ami the nut|itit irifrea^cd t«» the

».000 pound>. «»r al»«»ut 5« • JK uiing the

tkmptht r<»gct her there i* a fair assumption

\ marked improvement in the annual

:i«ithing to ^how how much the

abo\ cam from the

o the chceM n ha\e proof

i ..ther sniira-s ..f -uoh impr- .ind I feel that I am josti-

'•t for the «ti*factoi

t< movemetM «v dealt With

24 ONTARIO

,sn plan- farthci I'he decrease in number was

due hi ii in lalmur. thus compelling their disp. -sil.

Quality.— The «|iiality of dairy goods may IK- judged from the
fulli. " These pi i ma»lr possjMe 1,\ ih<

thai we hail in tiu- Province of Ontario an cfticient lot «f maker-.
ami 1 think they >hotild be congratulated on the excellence of the
l.ird which they have been able to maintain, and the general
uniformity which characteri/es < )ntario goods at the present time."-
G. A. Putnam, Director of Dairying for Ontario. " < )n the whole
I think the quality has been better than the previous year."
I. A. McKergow, Produce Merchants' Association, Montreal. I
visited most (,f the large cheese centres of Britain and saw cheese
from nearly every part of Canada, and had the privilege of compar-
!iem with the cheese made in the Old Country, and with cheese
from other countries as well, and it will be pleasing for you to know
that our beM chee-e compared very favourably with the best make-
from other countries. The type of cheese in greatest demand in the
( >ld Country is practically our own best type of cheese. The type
that wa- being sold for the highest price, in practically all the shop-
:ol. \\a- a mild flavoured, close, smooth cutting, meaty cheese,
just such a quality as is shown in the prize-winning cheese at this
exhibition. I found that our best cheese were sold ri^ht along with
the l>est English and Scotch cheese." — G. G. Publow, Chief Dairy
Instructor for Eastern Ontario, at Western Ontario Dairymen's
Convention, January, 1912.

/V/Vr. — The advance in price is marked. "The past -eason
• i<;ii) was a somewhat peculiar one. In the early part of the
11 we had a slum]) in prices, especially in butter, which made
ns wonder if we had reached the limit of production; but the
market quickly recovered, and such times as these only go to show
how sure a foundation the dairy industry rests on, as before tin-
end of the season we reached the highest prices on record. These
high prices were, no doubt, partially brought about by unfavourable
conditions for production in both England and New Zealand, a-
well a- in some sections of our own Province. Hut the real reason
was that consumers will have dairy products of go -d quality. ' )n
the whole, the dairy situation is in a most healthy condition, and
there need be no fear of increasing the production, as all dairy pro-

DA1IN

I

I

I

I

ONTAKI

I are likely t«. find ready sale at reinnm-ratHc prices.'1 I1
dent \\ addell. at \\V-iern < >ntario Dairymen's Convention, January.
1 »r cheese have proh . n higher .luring

the past season than at any time in the history of tin- ir.-i.K-.
vourablc climatic conditions in En-land and el>cwhere bn.n-lit
alwiut a -hortage of dairy produc ntly the demand

D cheese and butter has been unusually active at prices that
ha\e made the season profitable to producers, irrespective of dr>

and a lessened milk supply. The Old Country took a
xjdcrahlc portion of our surplus butter, and with :!,<• growing <K
mainl in the Western Provinces, in addition to local consumption.
• luring the latter part of the season were exceptionally high.
:hc early part of the season prices were not so en< •nurn^in-.
owing t<» the prospect of a heavy output of butter without many
of a profitable outlet. Although the production of butter ha-
largely increased, the market has been able to absorb t he-
amount at good average prices for the season." — Director's Report.
Western Ontario Dairymen's Convention, January, 1912. " I

^ up and the yield of milk increasing — profits increasing at both
" — J. A. Ruddick, January. [913,

Demand. — The demand for dairy products is on the in< n
notwithstanding the fact that there is a distinct decline in the export
trad. Marker. Calgary. Alberta, a delegate to the \V<

•.no Dairymen's Convention. January, 1912, said: "I am glad
to see that the dairy industry is making good progress in < Mitarin.

gratifying to us in the West, because we feel that the demand
of the army of consumers is increasing out there much faster than
the local supply, and I can assure you that in the West you will find
a market that will appreciate and pay for quality." Speaking of
Canada as a whole. J. A. Ruddick. in his report, January. MH.V
The decrease in our exports during recent years ha^ K d
many peopK- to think that the dairying industry in Canada is on the
dcvlinr. or at best not making any progress. The farmers have

i blamed in some quarters for their lack of en: The

ernnu-nts have been urged to 'do something' to have tli
called reproach removed from Canadian agriculture, and ^o on.

-e are superficial views of the situation, and opposed to them I
make the assertion that there has been as much increase in milk
production, taking Canada as a "clwle. ditrint/ the past

n.\ik\

<• was during any ot . ik* kittory of owr

Our estimate of tl en

fail to reali/e the miantitx it '.V, . to provide an

> of say two and a half million people with milk and milk
nor h -. mto account tome new deman

4 radiant are
ing ': million dollar*' worth a

products than tl m year* ago." The i

has been not only for creamery and dairy butter, bti

ire consumed in the towns and ride*.

The sale of milk in this connection is one of the moat remunerative
in Ontario, and the demand is growing. For example, a large
distributing dairy in Ton.: holding tind»

of \\hoU- cream milk p .1 departmental *tore

disposes of 1,050 gallons of milk and .ream |«-r A

and man •• gallon* of M*ir crran

year. The demand in the <if the

\incc is so ^' reachim nt for Stt|>,

1 1 Ir. kuddick. speak mg of Canada, "to !h

»•<! consumption of Imtter and cream, the enormous increase in
the «|iianiit\ of milk rent: home use. to fay nothing of the

v-oiidcn-ed milk ! •.•it find it difficult to accoun

a la n the declin. export trade. I am

Med that ou: home coiixu; •* product* U ttOW

I) up to the Snm.iino.ooo mark." The home tra'! w at

Mites as large as the cx|»ort trade, and is becoming

in..! • the rjr

$2.000.000 c\ r The iW the licgtmr.ng nf that

mar\ell..u- increase of population and expatiM.-n ..f home trade

which I: t our total foreign trade in dairy

product-. The neu •! affected hi the

-amc degree the cheese as in butter, the former l»cing 0*1-

> used as a%food compared with the unnersal u»c <if the

iich is considered a necessity. Thus, although the dairying

m. in rial trade for

many \cars to come, the most important market by fa-

edly at home.

ONTA1
/;.r/vr/. The total < -iair\ produce f,.r u month-

ending Marvi 912 and , Were as f ollowfl

ie and \.i\ ig.ition. imrevised) : —

: <i .-

HH...I63.4&0.684, $90.888.818;
14.409

>,:<••:;
H! Cr».ra (comlm-il)

K«l*.. :

ISMlMM.*0,6t7.t44

lMM.

»•{-.:•:.:.

349.MS. 15,848

;.••:••. i.n-i

Cn*m (frwh ) 8W.366. 7M.687 ; HM.860. 75UM

**4,104,S78 m.Tl4.1o.t

The export of butter from Canada for tlic \ear endr
3ist. HH3. was much less than the imi>ort, tlic latter being ;
|K>iimls( valued at $2,081,989. Canada must. tlu-rcP-rr. be regarded
as among the butter importing cnuntrie> of the world. < )n the
other hand, the import of cheese irrto Great Britain re])iesi nted
Canada as hc-ing 89,550,83^' pounds a!x)ve New Zealand, its Closest
competitor. (See Statement of Trade and Gmimeivi

Production. .\<.\\ when it is observed that considerably 0
half the cheese manufactured in the Dominion is the produ

nio, it is ol)\ioii> that the Province hold-, a large place in the
general dairying industry of Canada. In HJI i there wi-re 1,077
cheese factories, which used 1 .3<V),S5<V>*< > pound- of milk in the pro-
duction of 1-7.1-^.016 pound- of cheese, \ahu-d at $i54<ji,4o6;
•utter plants at cheese factories, which made [,963,768 pounds
of butter, valued at $491448; and I2O creameries which made
v^.-^M IKHinds of buiter, valued at $.v The esiiniatc-d

\alue of butter made in farm dairies, and of milk consumed on the
farm. <ent to condensed milk factories and supplied to town- and
about $15,000,000. Thus a conservative estimate of the
total value of dairy products of Ontario for the year KJI i would
be $34.000,000, and for 1912 easily $2,000,000 more.

Cheese Factories and Ov./wrnV.v. Cheese and. to a nil.

butter are manufactured under the co-operative or factory <\>trm.
The far re for the mo-i part managed by men trained in

dairy schools, and all are directed by government in-tru They

are established nearly everywhere in the Province. Material im-
provement has been made in recent years in their appliances and
conditions. Recent legislation requiring registration of
cheese factories and the taking out of certificate- by maker- ha
to greater care in the factory and higher efficiency in the work.

DAIRY!

a

jo rARIO

Permanent certificates have been granted only to makers of marked
liility, while one year certificates are granted to other- The
rase in cheese production is due to the im-rea-cd de.nand t'<>r
milk in the towns and cities. The ch< -ted chiefly to flu-

sh Isles.

/Miry Stithies. The fanner cannot pass from imperfect con-,
ditions and methods all at once: it takes at least a few year- I le
caim.it ijnickly equal the stables and equipment of tlie majority of
•crs that are producing certified milk. But he need not wait
until able to build a ui'Mlel barn. The average fanner's immediate
• si:\ is \\hat is practical »le. He can reasonably and gradually
improve his possessions and method-. An increasing numht
fanners are installing stables floored with cement ; stalls (minus
manners) of sufficient dimension, with a gutter behind; seeing to
bright windows and abundant ventilation; and keeping the interior
always clean, and whitewashed at least once a year. When the
stable is thus made comfortable and sanitary the welfare and pr«>iit
of the dairy cow surely follows. The coolest water at hand, where
there is no ice, will preserve the milk in good condition. The
expense of these desirable conditions is very small. Along the
lines of judicious use of existing conditions and of gradual im-
provement distinct progress and success are attained in Ontario.

Milkimj Machines. — A large number of these machines are al-
ready used in Canada. They encourage the keeping of more »
where the number of milkers is limited. They mitigate the labour
difficulties and other conditions connected with milk production. For
small herds they are not likely to be used, but they are very prac-
ticable for herds of 2O or 25 cows and over. A more general use
of the milking machine would be an undoubted advantage.

los. — The monolithic or solid wall concrete silo, if air-tight
and rigid, is much to be recommended for simplicity, cheapness
and durability. Made thus, or of wood or steel, these simple but
valuable structures are dotted all over the Province. Stored with
silage, they prevent the compulsory sale of stock at a sacrifice in
the winter time. And there is nothing on the farm that brings in
so much ready cash as this provision for a little extra feed to the
cow during the trying heat of summer. Silage is an ideal feed to
put dry cows into good heart and flesh, and they must be fed when
dry if they are to pro^re-> after freshening. It i- not perfect alone.

UMKUV. 31

but with other feed there is nothing of greater value, and it b looked
upon as the roost economical food on Ontario farms. The com
uils. Alfalfa yields a most valuable crop aad b un-
equalled for milk Sut when it U nude into ensilage there
is a good deal of loss.

Coti iciple of this work b tint

each cow in the herd shall he known by its milk record in both

:ii\ and <|uah:\ i found that one good cow

• than ? \ combined. Based upon records.

the mi|.t iial is eliminated and the profitable retained.

The principle i... any farmers, and b

becoming general throughout the Province. It b revolutionary.

the one IMP.! mud) wasted human energy, and. on the

ccssfully C* I:. \\hitl. (/..mmttsion

ic pud-. the eat*

so, fort the \alue of cow testing i§ quickly tested

in * trict where dairymen have t»ecn bright enough t<«

adopt it. Results | . they are striking; not

.1 in ounces, hut in t< tractions of

hut hy hundreds of dolla: are not hYtion. though they

times approach the -em!. Ian.-. they are sober, hard-pan

\n increase of from 70 per cent, up to 300 per cent, b here
h of the six her ; >|>ecli\ely in the six pro-

vinces. "Our results e 1 cow testing as one of the best

time saving and laUmr-saving propositions laced before

idian dairymen. For the investment of one little dollar in
scales men are no ing £20 through the increased

Vs the intense s. n of knowing that they are

none hut profitable C..-A Probably no work on the farm pays
greater profi nplc fact is that there is a sum of over

$20,000,000 per year lying dormant in undeveloped cow
A good slice of that is yours " in Indeed, this is an

proves. The milk records of $» of

the poorest cows in < >ntari«» were compared with those of 500 of the
and it was found that there was a difference uf over

pounds of milk, or a profit of $64 per good cow as compared with

nts per bad one. showing that each of the best herd was equal

,5 of the worst ! Thus the extra revenue to Ontario alone could

.000,000. and possibly $24,000,000. Cow-testing b in

truth a bed-rock principle, worthy of universal application.

PARK)

Feeding. — A careful watch and record of feed is also essential.
Increase in food consumption, which should he without forcing and
\\a-te. will probably yield an increase in milk production. Other
Conditions equal, the greater the feeding rapacity of the COW tin-
ker the profit. It i- ju-t a quc-tion «.f the ratio of feed to milk
returns that makes the difference in efficiency as hetween different

-. But the value of such return- i- not always in the
agreement with the cost of feeding. There may be no more return-
value from a dear feed than from a cheap. The que-'.ion of
in the production of fodder must l>e determined by the capabilities
of the particular farm. The difference in the cost of feeding a cow
of high yield and one <>f low is generally small, and this has a prime
bearing on cow-testing in order to weeding out the bad cow in the
herd.

7>V«v<//////. Another great c--entia1 is ancestry, or pure breeding.
Hut abo\i- pedigree, the te-t for any breed should be milk produc-
tion. The "scrub" cow. even if pure bred, -hould be weeded out
at once, as should the "scrub" bull, whether pure bred or not.

Farmer- are realizing that the proper principles of cow-testing.
weeding, feeding and breeding, in order to improvement of the
dairy herd in yield and quality of milk are all-important, and that
principle- can be carried out without great cost.

Dairy Instruction. \ number of specialists are sent out by the
incial Department of Agriculture to factorie- and creamerie<
during the season of manufacture to assist the makers in producing
cheese and butter of a better and more uniform quality, to in-pect
sanitary conditions, and to give in-truction to patrons in the care
and handling of raw material. Tbi- -cheme of dairy in-truction.
including factory meetings, di-trict dairy meetings, annual conven-
tions, and the distribution of literature, has brought about a great
improvement and has put millions of dollars into the pockets of tin-
dairy farmers.

General Success.-- Dairying yield- much -uccess to the man that
farm- upon a large scale and to the man of 50 or in:) acres. There
thing thai pay- better than milk and butter-fat produced upon
the farm. And though crcameric- and cheese fartorie- go on in-
creasing the requirement for milk, the demand for good dairy butter
will remain. A capable. induMriou- farmer can make dairying
profitable with comparatively littl- "ining with a few

I».UK\. .U

good cows, he can maintain and improve a herd at a mtmtnom of
cost. The man tl re* or hrectU the lic*t dairy cows and

w-ith :i n of hi* own farm, is the

in

Otttli'ntf. With the hi)* It price* which I.
are likely to continue, the farmer may look forward with every
hope of success. The large cities with increasing popnbrioB, are
going out farther and farther for I milk, the demand beinf

so great as t. u- rapid expansion of the manufa

of cheese, and to make it almost certain that high price* will
linuc. The outlook j> \er\ lirs^ht fur Ontario da

ami Champion Jersey Herd
•ltd

I \ . • •

Pri/r Humor at C':in;uli;iii National Kxliihition.
I'ri/.c Stnllion> at (iudpli Winter Fair.

Qydei

35

i i \ i *>

i iu I'-....:. .* acknowledged to be the bone

:>iiiM-i . «if Ii\c st» Canada and for a large part of

Its commamhiiK |H,M igoratmg climate, fertile

nutritive grasses, grains and roots, advanced stale

of agricultu: of people guarantee that Out nigh

rank is more than likely t<» U- upheld Not tlut the quality «

>als has • iblc. Rather, the

-. i* to make thr

i of a successfnl agriculture. The

in > and a wide variety are the

The cju.thty of Ontario live stock U not

being maintained, dui . through

the important in •: large mimU-rs oi i*s horses, cattle, and

sheep, of both sexes. \n a<Mition. the improvement in all branches

of Canadian l>iv<i pedigreed >t,K-lv during the past few years b very

tfl destined to remain the prtn-

Around for other provinces and beyond. Operating a
modern-e<|iii|»|>cd and well managed stock farm U not drudgery, but

tc enjoyable work: the intelligent care of good
\\likh is one of the most attractive pursuits in the world.
icss is not only one of fa* but carries

fits as well. Ontario is bound to become, and is

becoming, c ir more and more a 1 •. producing

Imt the man who attempt- to put his raw product*, such

. up. MI the market, ami at thr sane

hhl lantl. ;x gradually ^(linR |**»rcr a* the

ilhnrjt) '.c ••!' Illinois. *

me ur. Men I \\.i> !••!-! that the

luring the last ten years, only

• i corn, whereas the Pro-

.-. o or three corn-growing comities, gave an

:hcy are doing away with

the 1 ' the sa: loing away with and

icss of the land. That is what we have

j»e to say lo you

all things. t.» keep up the produ« .
X your daily labour and yearlv
will jjive •l.nihlo the return that otherwise would l»e the c.i

1 \KI« >

J 'rises in Live Stock. — " 1 think," says an authority, " the •
tario breeders and farmers as a community, as far back as you want
to go, are the best judges of quality and conformation of all classes
of horses that you will find in any country you wMi to visit; and
this is proved by the fact that when they make up their mind- they
can take a string of horses anywhere, and conn hark with a large
proportion of pi;

At the (»uelph Winter 1'air, December, 1911, the Hon. Adam
1 : "It must be gratifying to us to know that in the twenty-
three elates at the New York Show, where we were in competi-
tion with the Belgian-, the best that Holland could produce, the
.land could produce; yes, with the best that our con > in-
in the south of us could produce, Canada won u firsts, including
hampioiisln; .nds. 7 thirds and 8 fourth.-. In fact, the

Jiibitors carried away more than half the pri/e- in
twenty-three classes in which they exhibited."

At the Chicago International Exhibition, where the pick
American live stock meet, it is a common occurrence for Canadian
breeders to win championships for Clydesdale stallions, as was done
in n;u. when a grand championship was awarded, besides other
leading prizes, and many of the principal awards for pure-bred and
title, as well as sheep and swine, are brought back to Ontario.
An exhibitor from the Province, who has frequently carried off
championships in previous International Shows, won the champion-
ship for Shorthorn grades in 1912. The exhibit of >heep from the
Province at Chicago is alway> an excellent one, and in some of the
s the Canadian exhibitor- are invincible. The grand cliam-
hip for wethers in 1912 fell to an exhibitor of Shropshires from
Ontario.

• i • .....

UVl

\kh»

Horses.

The value of horses in the Dominion is greater than that
of all other farm live stock combined If prices count for any-
thing, the horse is king to-tlay. \otwiih-tand- m, electricity,
the motor, and Other forms of mechanical traction, hor-r> are nn.re
ult to procure and higher priced than e\

( >ntario is the banner province for the breeding of horses. < MI
every other province is depending for its .-upply.
Thousand- of its horse- are passing through Winnipeg to the V

• ite high prices, numhers arc being -hipped from the Province
:n e\ery direction every \\

('lasses. — Four classes of horse- are always in chief demand
—the heavy-draught; the agricultural: the general purpose, ex-
press or delivery pattern for city use; and the carriage or combina-
tion horse.

The heavy-draught of the best Duality, and weighing from 1,600
pounds upward, is selling for from $325 to $350 per head. For this
class there is always a special demand in heavy t ran -port work.
Young heavy-draughts, 1,550 to 1,600 pounds, if the mare i- r
tered, $350 to $500; if the mare is unregistered, $300 to $35* > : geld-
ings, $275 to $375. Whether bred from imported or province
stock, thi- class has "a splendid market, and will have it for many
years.

The agricultural horse, the nice-turned, short-coupled, thick
animal, with good flat bone, well-set head and tail, ample quality.
and weighing from 1,300 to 1,500 pounds, brings on the market
from $225 to $275. It is in greatest demand.

The general purpose horse, clean-boned, well-mouthed, and bro-
ken to single and double harness, with plenty of snap, standing from
15.3 to 16.2 hands, and weighing from 1.175 lo ' -35° p"imd-. bring-
from $250 to $300, and is in constant demand.

The carriage or combination horse has no set price — the indi-
vidual himself decides values, and these may differ all the way from
$2OO to $500. Since the f the motor car. hr. .par

ently thought this class of horse would be little n-ed. but tin-re i~
-till a good demand and it is likely to continue.

For any type of horse there is a good market in Ontario, but
the trouble is to get the quality. An authority says: "What we
want now in Ontario is better horses of all qualities, heavier horses,
and more of them, and at a cheaper price, and let us keep Ontario
to the fore as the banner province."

IH'KSRS

,,, PARIO

Breeding. — Breeding along special-purpose line.- i- tlio way to
reap There is not to-day a prepotent. gcncral-pir. •

breed of horses. Certain stallions. -omc of them purr bred, more
of tlicni grades or scrubs, may in weight and oilier particular- fill
the general-purpose hill, but experience has taught that when tl
are u-cd a^ sire- they fail to get anything like a large per cent, of
commercial It h female- -honld 1-e retained.

lian fanner- haxc parted with their good hrood mare- a1nm>i
a- readily as with their gelding-. There can he no i:npr -<\ einent
in (juality mile-- farmer- refn-e to sell their high-das- mai

/Vii/i/. " And does this horse-rai-ing bu-im--- pax ." i- the
«|iie-tion |)iit and an-wered hy Principal M. dimming. C'ollege of

ulturc. Truro. " N < U rai-e the kind of hor-e the mar

ket want-. \\'e e-iimate that it costs n< from $100 t" Su;. count -
ing in risk and everything, to raise a draught colt up to two years
of age. After that time he can he hroken to harm--- and will pax
for himself until he reaches the market age. A few year- ago thi-
mark -r e\en -ex-en year-, hut at present hor-e- are

SO scarce that four-year-olds and ex en three-year-' »lds. if up to
size, will sell at from $400 to $500 per pair, and. if ..f extra «juality.
considerably higher. This is certainly a splendid return, and shoxx -
that horse-rai-ing can, ex-en under ordinary condition-, he made
ju-t a- profitable as any other line of farm hu-ine--. The real
horseman, who understands the business and likes horses, can make.
under present conditions, more money in horse-raising than in. per
. any other line of farming. The average farmer, if he applic-
bii>ine-- principle- to this industry, can add some hundred- of dol
lars every year to the income from his farm."

Catth-.

Dairy Cattle. — The animal- of this class are the llol-tein. Ayr-
shire, and ]< Larger and stronger than the . iding
grades they have a far greater capacity for their -penal service, yield-
ing almost a third more milk. A cow in Eastern ( )ntario pn.dn c

• O pounds of milk a year. To acquire a pure-bred herd is more
n-ixe than a grade, but when properly cared for the herd j
in milk and calve- a far larger profit, and it is not more costly to
maintain. In this line many farmer- have been -ignally succes-ful.
Well handled, there is no animal that pays better than the pure
bred dairy co\v. The Shorthorn is also in the class of dairy cattle.
Each breed has its champions, and experience must decide.

i • um » \ s

4j I \KI< i

Dual-purpose Cattle. — While, on the whole. -nine <>f tlie dairy
breeds excel in the prodir nilk and butter, the milk strain of

the Shorthorn seems to suit best the requirements of those that
handle the dual-purpose cow. It is exceptionally valuable for cross-
ing purpu>o. .uxl though generally viewed as a beef breed, it ha>
produced many tine dairy animals. A dual-purpose cow, capable of
bringing forth a calf that can be economically developed into a lieef
animal of good quality, and of yielding at least 5,000 pounds of milk
per year, while realizing a good profit as meat when past breeding.
meets with favor in many parts of the Province. It is a significant
thing that Shorthorns and their grades make up -even-tenth- <»f
the stock used for dairy purpose^ in the < >ld Land.

Beef Cattle. — In this Province there have been four bn
handled for the purpose of beef production: the Shorthorn, the
Hereford, the Polled Angus, and the Galloway. In most of the
beefing sections the foundation stock of breeding cows until recently
has been almost wholly Shorthorns and their grades. When pro-
perly bred and handled, the Shorthorn is a profitable dual-purpose
breed. But perfection of beef type cannot be so closely approached
on the average by the dual-purpose as by the special, nor can there
be so high an average of milk production as by the special purpose
dairy breeds. Nevertheless there is abundance of evidence showing
a profitable combination of these qualities, which suit- to perfection
the requirements of thousands of farmers in the economical produc-
tion of even high-class beef on high-priced lands. The good feed-
ing qualities and rapid growth of the Shorthorn make it a general
favourite among farmers that raise steers for beef. Nevertheless
the other breeds have their strong advocates.

Demand. — There is a good demand for all classes of stock. In
order to revive an industry that had declined and replenish a stock
that had been depleted, the Northwest Provinces have recently im-
ported from this Province hundreds of grade dairy cattle for the
production of milk and beef. The prairie ranchers have received
since August, 1912 (a matter of five months) over 1,000 head of
breeding cattle from Ontario. The demand for well-bred cattle has
merely begun, and Ontario grades are preferred. Whether Short-
horn, Holstein, or Ayrshire, the most in demand are the dual-pur-
pose grades. Many cattlemen are devoting attention to the dairy
Shorthorn, believing it to be the most suitable at once for Ontario
and the Northwest. In the latter and in Northern Ontario
production is coming, but Old Ontario will be the main meat supply
for the present and for some years to come. The United States is

-

- Boll. Gmadi

H

r \KI« •

also drawing upon the Pn>\ ince. and the profit to the seller is con-
siderable. Up to N'ovcn i [Qia, a> many as 3,191 head of
high-class beef cattle passed through Black Rock alone to American
ma: face of a <lut> of about $27.50 per head.

/ViVr.- There is a general >carcit\ of breeding cattle in the
I'nited States, in the Atlantic l'ro\inccs, and in Ontario itself, and
shortage is involving high prices for good beef and attractive
\alucs for the commoner grades. The average top price paid for
good e butcher's cattle at Toronto during 191 2 was $7.03, as

against $6.16 during HJII. But parting with too many breeding
cattle i- a danger. Further, tempted by present gain, the farmer-
,»f the Province are disposing of their calves. This aNo is a menace,
l-'or • o pounds of veal gained 1,200 pounds of beef are lost

to the consumer. And marketable cattle cannot be reproduced and
-n in a day. The injury can only be averted by retaining a
sufficient number of mothers and by the raising of -nit able h«
as breeders to produce the meat demanded. And it is essential that
farmers should bear this in mind when, allured by present high
.ire giving more attention to live stock. But numbers
without judicious breeding to quality will tend to lower prices and
poorer business, whereas a healthy increase coupled with quality
will signify high prices, larger markets and a greater demand. The
Christmas markets are instructive in regard to the value of quality
in the face of heavy receipts. Better feeding cattle make
cheaper production and lessen the range of price between seller and
buyer, lly sufficiently reducing cost of production the farmer will
?>e able to sell cheaper and at greater profit.

Sheep.

--ful raising of -beep the climate of Ontario
nearly ideal as any other land. Perhaps in no country are
sheep liable to so few diseases, and all the leading breeds do well.
< Mitario is the breeding-ground for other provinces of the Dominion.
and it helps to supply the United States flockmasters who look for
quality and stamina when fresh blood is required for the improve-
ment of their stock. Nevertheless the sheep industry has decreased,
•it legislation and effort is such that a revival in breeding
operations is expected, and sheep farming and wool growing may
soon be one of the largest and most popular branches of agri-
culture in Canada. With a climate adapted to their healthy and
economical development, abundance of cheap pasturage and a stable

and profitable market, *hccp are hound to be bred in

bers. When good grade nVk% urc established all over the Province

with the use of pure vi l -irc> m greater number*, the pore-bred

will be built ami rnttain on a steady basts, A large and

•t trade in pore-bred sheep has been carried

on with the I Din. I tit it is unstable. The home trade m

sheep has l>« is a steady and growing

tixl in most of the provinces, especially Quebec and tho«
the sea, but it is only a «|iie a short time when the Great

II l>e the in.. .iblc mar

nr.

»

Tin- hoK imliMrv >- fiu- »f the mo*t profitable branchr»

of agricultui - associated ihieH> with dairying, the by-pro-

\iinniilk an.! whey- lieing used as food, and

producing the finest <|iialit> .if liacon. Probably no animal hot the

hog will extract fnmi these unmarketable materials such high finan-

: y imiHirtant that the ration should be carefully

graded according to the age ..f the pig and the object aimed at

|T» ONTXKI"

Regarding 0 id meal alui: :urmp i-

usually so, but meal along with skimmed milk and c»M,ked turnips
or other succulent food materially lessens the expense. The man
.-row- his ,,WM feed has two sources of profit, the grower's and
the feeder'-. and thus lias a distinct advantage OVfer the puivi
..l" Mipphev And if he will gi\e hi- ' abundance of frc-h

air and sunlight, with shelter from wind- Of air currents, and a
well-littered dry Led. his success is certain. The average farmer
should not attempt breeding pure-hrcds to meet the demand for
breeding stock, hut should conline himself to producing markei
lie \\ill also find it safer to handle a small number of hogs,
and rather as an adjunct to more important operations. The man

Berkshii

that knows what number of hogs his farm will sustain in average
conditions, and is never either overstocked or understocked, but pre-
serves a judicious conservatism in the face of fluctuating prir
the man that makes money nut of hogs. A fair profit on feeding
hogs is from 2O to 40 per rent., and the Dominion Kxperimental
Farm usually makes the latter out of the hogs fed on the best ration-.

There are pork-packing and bacon-curing establishmei
\ariou- town- and cities of Ontario, and a steady market for light
young hogs is assured throughout the year. The yearly output
from five Toronto plants alone is estimated at $10,004.41';.

The success of Canadian bacon and hams in the I'.ritMi niarkcM
is largely owing to possessing quality superior to the corn- fed hog-
of the United States. Canadians cannot compete with the Ameri-

i'nl I.TkV

. i :-.-.,• ''' ' '

>

I \UI« '

can feedcr> in the production of the thick, fat ho-, which makes a
' cheap, inferior class of bacon. But they can in the production of
prime, lean bacon, nicely marbled and mild cured, in the form of the
Wiltshire side. And a high rtide of this kind i- what 19 in

demand in Canada and also for the export trade.

Poultry.

Poultry-raising is developing greatly, and is capable of much
larger km. The fl- Canadian fanners average

onl\ : of poultry per farm. With 50 acres of land or less

the farmers could keep I 0 hens, and with more they could

easily keep ioo. When this aggregate is reached there would be
from two to three times more poultry in Canada, and
from two to three times the number of eggs. The ordinary < )ntario
farm can keep a flock of 200, and in good condition. Eggs and
dressed poultry are in strong demand at profitable prices. No in-
dustry is more important.

The Poultry Department of the Agricultural College ha- had
great results in egg production, due to care in hou-ing. feeding and
breeding. The average laying of 53 Barred Rock pullets for the
\ear was 174 eggs each, 13 of which exceeded 200, 6 averaged J5<>.
and I had as many as 282. The average hen in the Province lays
about 60 eggs a year, and yield- a dollar of profit. Hut it i> evident
that with care the farmer could increase his profit greatly. The
industry is a scientific bu- 'ike any other form of agriculture.

And. again, the farm — not the town or city — is the ideal place for
poultry, with the open run in farmyard and field during the summer
months.

Co-operative egg-circles have started on a small scale in < hitario,
and results have been encouraging. Farmers have realized from
two to six cents more per dozen for their eggs. They are now
giving their poultry more attention. Plans are being made to im-
prove their quarters, to secure a better-laying strain, and to increase
the size of the flock. The co-operative system of handling and mar
keting eggs and poultry is generally adopted in Denmark, Sweden.
Ireland, and South Australia, and the industry in these count rie-
has made tremendous advancement.

Local Poultry Ass.. ura-ed throughout the 1

vince by Government grants, and 44 Associations receive them.
The Department also sends a lecturer to give practical instrn
at their -how-. At the Twentieth Annual Inhibition of the Toronto
Poultry and Pet Stock Association, November, 1912, there was an
aggregat- 1.300 thoroughbred birds, showing higher quality

IlKKKKKH

i lie previous year, and a tuhftUnttal incrouc. Ami at the Pro-

Miuial Winter 1 !|,h. I>« 1912. where the poultry

tlu- ^; . .-. • MI America, the nitric* exceeded 5,000. On-
Breeders \\n ^ nt the leading American show*.

Ill « k C » J1 I II ^

The I'rmnuv ..i « »i, 1 f..r ilic keeping of bet*.

and the industry i».i\^ \\i-r lute h<nir> alict1-

UIM| thai I'lic in.lt ajMl.tr

i in lM»th j. i. ..lu, !i,,n an*l . ..:j-ii-«
liMi)i-\ iann.il ••: •linarilx U- |- .ike in • . !«rc0ty-

it xti;.j.l-. The fanner tlul will
•Ionics of lice* \\ill : The

age production of li^'lit ht>ne> |KT vol. pounds per >ear.

There arc 300,000 colonies in tin the dirrctKMi

• •f the Lecturer in A|»iaihure. ilu i a great increase of work

in the College ami in varioii> part* ..! tli,

•.he Ontario I |..rtu-ultural K\hi!»iti.»n. hel«l in Ton»n
\o\. >. HoiiM ,-jier from S\ra. tivc. viid

" I wa^ at the M -niter, and there were

exlu in the h -n. l.tn the whol<

Aether \v«mld not t.-iu'li the ' ! all

the I'nitr.l 'in I ha\r n.-.rr seen such an exhihit as

Mm have here."

ONTARK •

r GROWING 51

FRUIT GROW I

.1 Inrlt of Southern or Old Ontario extends from
east to west for a distance of over 400 miles, and from north to
sout! m 50 to 150 miles, constituting an area of from *VQOD

to 60,000 square miles. It is no small oasis in the desert, but a gar-
den in procesi oi realii .• i mi the grandest scale. The

I only ! adequate labour, an

•ossihilities are as yet unmeasured. In the open air grapes
peaches grow luxurumK vards and orchard*

•\er miles. And in the fall a market may be seen where
him wagons are :-»u« fruit and the atmo-

sj-lu-M- is tilled with fragrance. In the fn» :» tltcre are many

beautiful i "nun th« ottage with shade trees and pretty

garden. to tin- ii k house with ornamental trees, tennis

lawn and > of flow ty on fruit -grow -

•In- land, the Miiiohine. and the rain— we have
.thing; only we m men tthusiastk f

growers — to take .^e of these favourable condition* to make

Ontario grow, so that she will Continue to be the guiding star of ttm
great Dominion."

Kinds. — On:. MC c«nintr> of the k:nj» of fruits, the apple—

v, Snow. .olden ku^ct. • '.rcening. Wealthy, and

MM- :t |.:...!u . • in abundance the pear—

Bartlett, Anjou. Du< ' icrs; the plum, such as the Bur-

bank, Bradshaw. Lombard, and Monarch; the quince, the *l

•he raspberry, and other small fruits; the grape.
liich are the Concord. Worden. and Niagara;
the peach, its bc*t dlow St. John. Crawford.

Kll" : New 1'rolir

Quality. — The gardens anil on h.mU . -r Tanada have the reputa-

in the • * apples, peaches and

.inking with (lu- • m London. '

York and other gre;r •< of wealth. Ontario leads in fruit-

proc! > ie$t qua!

In the southern parts of the Province the (teach is produced In
Niagara peache* vstal

Palace, London, were admitted t«> he th. entered

I British port.

ternational Apple-shi|»|*crx' AMOCU-
.land. Unite esident'*

irio, which gives this Province the premier
ion for apples on the North American Continent.

I \I<1< '

and Yield. — The Province has *27i,666 acres of orchard,
o|O acres of small fruits, *9,o69 acres of vineyard, and 56,716
acies of garden; producing 98 per cent, of the grapes, 92 per cent.
of the peaches, 84 per cent, of tin- pears. 69 per cent, of tin- plums.
and 60 per cent, of the apples ami rherries grown in Canada. The
.ige annual yield of apples in the Province is about 12,000,000
bu-heN. and of gi ut JO,OOQ tons. The production «.t pcaclu •-

is mostly confined to Ontario.

Values. — The following table of average values for a year indi-
twii pniuix ui \ iew : ( i ) f.o.l). value to tlie farmer, (2) gross
\aluc t.i the retailer:

Peache- .
Grapes
Pear-
IMum>
Cherries

Si _'.;< >o.(XX)
600,000
600,000
500,000
300,000
tQO.ooo

Sjo.OOO,OOO
0,000
1,000,000

750,000
450,000

400000

Small frui:- . . .

i .500,000

2,000,000

s i < 1.300,000 $26, 100,000

/'arts. — In Ontario every branch of fruit growing
i- prospering to a degree never known before. The south-east, or
Niagara peninsula still holds the banner in the growing of tender
fruit, such as peaches, grapes, and chcrrie-. with enormous produc-
tion and great success. Essex County, south ^rows peaches
to perfection, and small fortunes are made annually. But it

•-Ken \ie\v that Niagara and Essex are the only districts that
grow peaches commercially with profit. Norfolk County and other
in the south are gaining wide distinction. This county has a
large acreage, and all along the shores of Lake Erie some excellent
orchards are to be found. Lambton County, on the south shore of
Lake Huron, is laying a foundation not excelled by any other part
"f the Province; it has at least 250,000 trees of various ages in com-
mercial orchard-, and • -riming to the front. And section .1

vi-t little known will soon be in close competition with the old
'•!i<hed districts, particularly in the markets of western Ontario.
There i< still much to be learned before the grower- afl a whole can
hope to equal the b the Provin rtheless there is

progrc-s. and the peach industry of Ontario ha- a great future.
In '.he Georgian Hay district there i- a i:ivai revival in the care and
scientific treatment of apple orchard-, and the output is increasing
fast. The eastern coumies, flanking Lake Ontario, are making re-
markable progress And so also are certain parts alongside the

'Dominion On.

nhcr fruit lections are the Ottawa Valley, from

.! in I 're vott to Pembroke in Renfrew; the sooth ihr
Lake Simco. Huron Counties on Lake Huron; and the

inland coontk i ••! MM:. .m. with the southern

i> and \\ aterloo and j..ir • Imgton and 1*111

lIl-': elision of the apple beit that bar*

An Awakfmn.f lnt.-i.-tt. In many section* of the Province,
akmg an intelligent interest in their orchard*, expend-
ing time an. I lal> -m. and reaping hand M, me returns. Theie Climpkl

and (to\ eminent demonstrations, scicn

other-, and a -rr.it a\\akeiiin. .ilf hearted, hap-

hazard methods ..f many farmers have got • ln<kxd. the

awakening has begun n i> paid ••• t ultujttng. •

li/ing. pruning and ully tuti |ier cent, more Spraying

l»an in am | med from neglect, the

orchard iui- .1 at'. led or <|uadrupled :n value, and i% often now coo-
ed to be the best asset of the farm. The making of orchards.
apple and p« mcing at a \ery rap hundreds of

thousands of me> ha\nig been planted during the last few years.
I;ruit -growing IN no longer confined to the farm, acted by

handsome p- :ng up ' »ch with en-

thusiaxin. In at n Ontario will IK- priMlucing twice as much

fruit as before.

AV.MI//.V Apple orchards, well kept and properly marketed.
bring to the farmer from $60 to $150 net profit per acre. The
1 is from ireebarreU a tree. or 75 to toobarreU

rage return t«. the farmer at shipping |»«ni t*
. 0 to $3.00 jxrr barrel \\ Jt'.i careful treatment, aj^.le •
can IK- made to produce in ti . Mine and l»e highly pr«-h:

within fit iged a Ittirel per tree

ar old • >. Hut eptionaL

Hi- Northern Sp> tr. r. totalled joo barrels of

i grade, with 15 U liesides. Hut the Spy ha* gone a*

high as nine % and there are apple-trees that go

much higher still The H..n. Mr Hurrell. Ujminion Minister of

10 realize that they ought

to ha inance of their orchards, and the fen-

farmer who is Carrying on fruit growing is making a big mi»-
if he does not get sonn knowledge of what hi*

orchard is doing and what it ought to do. If he did. he would be
ama/ed at the iinanci.il results he could get from his Orchard."*

r \KI« •

Pm-king Applrs in IVd Cmnty.

Grapes grown in the opm air. N'iagarn-on-tlu- Lake.

I-KI li .,K. .\\i S5

li trees, 100 to the acre, produce fruit when
i profitably till about the fifteenth year. By

Ac am i $450 per acre, for results prove

e than this has been done. The average profit to the farmer
at shipping point is $150 per acre. There* is a splendid markr
large peaches of the white-Bcshcd variety in the Old Country, where
a good avcrax nay he expected.

Pear trees bring the grower a n of from $65 to $100

Plum trees real ire him from $40 to $75 per acre net.

:» hearing in the i ar. and continue fruit

ful i .;«• prodiK t i» three tons per acre, and

'•lu- ; : $$O tO $6O t

smaller frn aspberries, black

:cs, goost yield the farmer hand-iome net

about $60 or $100 up to $500 per acre in some casts.
ird of 400 trees has paid in a few years for the reft of
the- faun of 160 acres. A thirty-five acre orchard had a grots
•n of over $10,000 one year from exported and evaporated
A foi .ml latterly changed hands, increasing to

$10.000. and then to $17,000.

Men h.ivc worked up from being labourers on a fruit farm or

a mixed farm to various stages of prosj. One bought

•arc land and earns a living of $800 to $850 a year on

•ther has ten acres of market garden, which has

in In- ban.! of $15/100 or $3OjOOOt free of encum-

. good house with all city

1 with net pr uit of $1,000 in a year. One

labon liis earnings, clears off a mortgage of

$600 in three \« > a small home. Another has a

caul i ful h.-iivr Another

labor. •. of peach and other fruit trees, with

houses trie of delit. and ha-. M.ld in a year $J.75° worth
"thcj has 43 acres of fruit and veget.i
^.1,700 to $3,500.

r:r own purchased holdings:

\ man from I.oii«l«. rid. arrucd in this i ^e«r*

ago and j'tKVM.i os of frit:: land. Sugar :. paying

$150 per acre. He planted his entire farm in fruit trees and bet
and after 4»-S years sold hi* a Canadian fruit-grower for

per acre, and 1 taught another farm of too acres in

the neighbourhood.

A commercial traveller fur a large wholesale li«>u -routo.

after being *e\eral \cars in llieir employ, saw that there wa- no
prospect of promotion. He wa- ad\ i-cd hy some friends, who
were f nut-growers, to purchase a fruit farm of i . He had

no fund- with which to Mart: hi- friends lent him $I,OOO to hm

N and implements and to make a small payment on the farm.
He was forty \car- of age when he started; he had a wife and live
children. The farm was half planted in fruit and in full hearing

thei He sold $1,800 worth of produ

of $350. The farm i- now entirely planted with fruit: he lia-
built a new house costing $3,000, and several uuthuildin-. The

children have all received a good education, and he is living in coin
fort. When asked hy a friend if he would go hack to city life, he
answered that a span of horses could not pull him hack.

A hank clerk, on account of ill-health, was advised to lake up
fruit-farming, lie purchased 25 acres, and heing an unmarried man.
induced his sister to keep house for him. He paid S;_>5 per
paying $I,OOO down, and spent Sj.ooo on the house, buying -lock and
implements. The farm was half planted in pcachc- and grapes in
full bearing. He has in two year- planted the balance of his farm
in fruit. He met all payments promptly, and has refused an offer
of $600 per acre for his farm. He is now a- healthy a specimen of
vigorous manhood as you would wish to meet, and could not be
induced to return to city life.

Through the illness of his wife, a man was forced to leave the
for the country. He had no knowledge of farm life. Ik-
bought thirty acres of fruit land convenient to a shipping point at
$130 per acre. Then he secured the services of a practical fruit-
grower and his wife, and proceeded to plant out his entire farm in
us kinds of fruit- . pears, plums, cherries, grapes.

strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants. While these
growing he met current expenses and built a modern bungalow
by raising tomatoes, bean-, corn and other vegetables, which lie -old
to the canning factory. In three and a half years he sold hi> farm
for five hundred dollars per acre.

\ carpenter by trade, with no knowledge of fruit growing or
market gardening, bought three acres of unimproved land with
house, paying $250 per acre. The first year he cleared $300, the
second $700, and the third $800. Then he built a greenhouse cost-
ing $200, and the fourth year, after paying all expenses, he had to
his credit $1.700. This js only one of many instances that could
be cited of mechanic- doing well on small holdings in the Niagara
district.

rut ii I;K«»\\

Fruit and Vegetable Market. lUrattam.

'

£ i UUO

Not twenty years ago, two young men of ordinary occupati<
and practically ignorant of farming, bought 7J4 acres of land at a
small price in the Georgian Bay district. They added to it from
time to time till it has extended to 200 acres. At first largely
swamp, it is now in a high state of productivity. It is one of t In-
largest fruit, vegetable and flower gardens in Ontario, and is vahu -<1
at $50,000. The owners employ as many as 125 hands in the
Mimmer. They never peddle their products, but do all their l.usi-
ness by phone or correspondence, and they cannot supply the de-
mand from far and near in the towns and lumber shanties of the
north. Their profits are substantial.

Transportation. — Compared with the Western Provinces, im-
portation facilities are excellent. The Niagara Peninsula and other
southern districts are particularly good, there being electric lines
which, supplementing the steam railroads and crossing the country
at numerous points, carry the fruit rapidly to the railway station or
wharf for prompt dispatch to the larger markets, while cold storage
cars proceed to the Northwest.

Export. — Ontario has a great outlet for apples, peaches and
pears in the markets of the British Isles, and a rapidly increasing
demand for all her fruits in Northern Ontario and the Northwest
Provinces. The latter parts, though excellent in grains, are too
low in temperature to grow successfully such fruits as peaches,
xrai>es, apples, pears, plums and cherries, and must therefore look
beyond for their supply. Thus Ontario, even now unable to pro-
vide for the demand, has untold opportunities north and west.

Although most of the apple crop (as also all other fruits) is sold
and used in the Province, there is much that goes elsewhere. About
750,000 barrels per year are exported via Montreal, St. John, Port-
land and Boston to the British Isles, and 250,000 barrels are sent
to the Northwest or Prairie Provinces, representing a gross return
of about $3,000,000. More apples have been shipped to Great
Britain during the last ten years than by any other province or
state on the continent.

Over 8,000 cases of peaches were exported to the Old Country
in 1912, realizing from 70 cents to $1.40 per case, wholesale, accord-
ing to condition.

Hundreds of cars of tender fruits are railed annually to the
Prairie Provinces.

Canning Factories.— Over 70 factories, located at suitable trans-
portation centres, are engaged in putting up fruits and vegetables
in tin and glas*. Great quantities of fruit are thus prepared, espe-

It .KO\M\

in the orchard sections, for sale throughout the

for export to Great Britain and other parts of the world. It U no

unusual thing for th< %rll hu entire crop before it

in thcv lu.rr has aa invest-

Ming from to to jo ;K .ml making an aggregate

$1,000.000,

>e association*, numbering over

the i: rs in the care of their gardens am1

1 in the handling of their products. The sellers are

thu , that tli .iformity

in the si/e and • tferingv And they arc

enabled to sell their products and to get high prices, where

pendent growers are sometimes placed at a decided

These co-operative associations have been of great benefit to the

trade throughout the 1' Lambton County is an illuftra-

ld of apples in that county in

was 50,000 barrels, of which 35,000 were sold and 15,000 wasted.
One co-operating group of farmers had not sold a barrel for leaf
than $2, while four other associations realized an average price of
$2.25 per barrel. On the other hand, independent growers had
not secured more than 5oc to $i ; cover, the 15,000

barrels were all lost by men who did not U l»ng to an a^tTJaffr**

Gai-ernment l:ruit Branch. — The Government of Ontario
terially guides and aids the fit variety of ways,

as by experimental fruit stations or farm*. in*pct nurseries

, demonstration orchard work in forty different parts
of the Province, sending out demonstration fruit trains among the
farmers, demonstration box packing of fruit, and by instruction
and < 'ii work in the securing of market* m the Northwest

Provinces and the British Isles. Besides a large share in the above
work, the Director of the Fruit Branch .v s as secretary of the
Co-operative I;n: ers of Ontario, which i* the central body

of over forty co-operative shipping associations in the Province
and he also looks after tjic interests of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association, whose membership numbers sixteen hundred farmers.
Price of Land.— The best apple lamU, light or heavy, and ready
••lantin.C.-can be bought throughout the Province for from $40
to $100 per a

Excellent peach and cherr\ lands in the Niagara district are
from $150 to $300 per acre. But specially favored locations run as
high as from $1.000 to $1,200 Best grape lands in the same dis-
trict, from $50 to $200 per acre But here again «pccial locations

60 I'AKlU

are much higher. Good land for pears and plums in the Niagara
district average about the same as grape lands. The lighter ;
of soils in that district, which are used for peaches and pears, arc
also used largely for the growing of r.-i-pU Tries and strawberries.
The heavier soils produce the other small fruits, along with tin
grape, pear and plum, and prices rule accordingly.

In the newer districts along Lake Erie, light or peach soils ma\
be purchased at price-* ranging from $50 to $150 per acre, and heavy
-«»i!s for the other fruits at from $40 to $100 per acre.

Generally throughout the Province, other than the tender- 1 run
districts, the lighter soiN are used for the strawberry, raspbern .
blackberry and Miur cherry, while the heavier soils are given to the

ami ripened in the open air. Niagara-on-the-Lake.

other fruits, including the pear and plum, and, subject to distance
from shipping point, may be bought at from $30 to $150 per acre.

Opportunities for investment. — The capital already invested in
the field of fruit is $75,000,000. And the opportunity for further
imestment is great. Other conditions equal, the outlet for profit-
able venture is meantime hard to limit. Although three-quarters
of all the fruit of Canada is grown in ( Mitario. this industry of the
Province is still in comparative infancy. The fruit area is of vast
it. including immense implanted stretches suitable for apples.
tine in quality and of great variety, and withal the fruit in most
demand. The soil is rich, varied and well watered. The climate
is good, in certain parts ideal. Cultured and prosperous, with the
conveniences and amenities of modern civilization, the Province
occupies a central and commanding position in the matter of splen-
did markets. Provincial Government information and institutions,

grim mi; asst . and co-operative organuouion* all trnd to

Kuidc and safeguard the interests of the investor from the fir*t

ughout. II ; <-i <::••: :.«<•. uith ftucce**. And labour-saving
nlifies or remove udgcry of a life at once help-

ful and independc

VEGETABLE <.I«»\MN<.

Ontario is well MI the production of every variety of

garden vegetables, Mich a* cabbage . cucumber*, onion*,

tomatoes, carrots, beets, can: asparagus, radishes, lettuce,

pea* and rhubarb. tgs crops per acre:

cabbages. nnbers (small), 5 ton*; tomatoes, 25°

SiishcK; potatoes, 200 busheN ; oni-ms, 31x1 buthels. Onion* have

i(h as i, 200 bushels.

Owing to the rapid expansion of our cities, large tract* of mar-
ket gardens have been taken up and uti! lot*, and at
the present time our vegetable grower* are unable to supply the
demand of the rapidly in ;*.pulation.

Excellent market garden land can be procured at
rates, and th<»c who -ed in the business find a ready

"t nahle prices. There is a splendid opening in Ontario
in.Ix of men who in I the business of raising

I'i.r urea: difficulty is the lack of efficient men to raise the
produce required.

TOBACCO.

The rich soil and \\ann din the southern border

favourable to the production <>f excellent grades
of tobacco. Essex and Kent are the two mties engaged in

this induct r>. In i<)ii about 15.000 acres were under cultivation,
with a yield of 20,000,000 pound* and a \aluc of a/xxvooo
dollars In I-MJ tlu acreage was 10,741). Mam kind* of tobacco
are grown, but the V. ;»rc< Imninates. The complete cost

50 per acre, the avenge crop i* 1.250

pounds per acre, amhthc avera- rr pound, which

varies with ti as hij»h as i;c The induMr>- i« one

of the most pr..fitable in south western Ontario.

f.J

ONTARIO

A I I. I I

AGRICULTURAL STATttTICL

Kural Area

• .

t4.Ml.TIT

ii.Ttt.i

S4.CT*
t4.IM.tU

I4.*n.
I4.tt7.

u.in <*t

u n«

A<t~W *«••••<

ft.sii.aM

mtM t.t»«40

«a».4*ij •.

W.fi

Farm Produce— Area, yield and market value.

lilt.

INK.

ta.m.Mt tu.«» t.aauM

•

•vjT.irt >
iw *T.«M «.i i«.».a*8 t».iai t.w.afH

CTt.«4t

(•

»cr««r (30 ».

IM*-l»lt MI.9M

K.4*».47* f4 « I4.«4«.MI :•
li.fttt.4tl

!7 141.474 tt.«
*'' * I

• •

tUrtry.

T-.l :• :

WI: ti.Tta.aai

IMf 191

l»r,«r I

1911...

ONTARIO

Iti-an-.

\,....

Bu.hel..

•ere.

|ferk«
ml*,

\. i--.

r, ,
acre.

V.llllr.

221.524

i .«-:

n.< •

- • i .•

840.177

i.:
• •.:•••,

8.667.005

6.016.008
7.618.656

7.865.086
6.57I.64S

Il.rt5.901

16.6

to.o

tl.6
18.0

4.047.854
i 180.811
1,8* ,881
• ,487,688

I.M8.84I

7.154.059

69.708
U,IM

li(OH
46.477

ir.Mi

48.071
48.620

I.188,ia
188,811

888,881
888,844

rto.8M

M8.8M

::;::. ::::>'

17.9

16.9
18.1

17.9

1.880.171
1,711,881
I.888.T88
1.884.888
1,180,108
1 .801.801

L888.TM

.-o (-,<• rr«r»)
Ml . ...

Ymt.

Rye.

• li.-.-n.

Acre*.

lin-hHs.

acre.

Market
value.

A. i.--.

r,,
acre.

Market

1811

14 1,848

,.,;,,

.-, :•:

88.7H

.

.690.888

.039.081
I.4IM.972
1.888.148

17.4

16.6
16.5
15.5

16.8
16.4

L.887.MC
1.888.810
1.024.787
i ,080.181
1.011 Ml
721.081

1.099.179
1.085.899

205.898

176.630
I40.8M
118.881

163,845
110.468

1.414.781
8.888.881

1,880,781
8,888,881

2.546.468

B.780.4M

8.841, HI

88 J

80.4

24.1
84.8

23.6
22.5

8B.O

M.i

8.8M.001
8.884.881
1.846.881

•J.-M.H.I
1,788.880

2.048.476
1.018,081

I'M 1

Avt-r«g«- (.'> yp«r->
1M3
A». r«««- U"
1882 1911

Year.

.11 for hu«kinK.

*Corn f..r lilo.

it >.-.

!'.•;. h-]..

Per
acre.

Market
value.

.Acres.

Tont»
(ffreen.)

fm

Market
value.

1912.

8U.8M
N8.SM

;: .-.!'•
::: .7-

:> :,; :
317.984

• : «

21.969.468
21.913.290
24.900.886

M.I ! '.• '
: :.. 1.181
21.899.466

22.986.791
22.108.406

72.9

71.1

84.1

72.8
71.8

$

vi. :•;.:.• 1
I.888.8M
1.801,841
I : f,8M
1.440.881
6.219.448

8.872.170
7.017.698

m.88i

888,881
888,819
188.841

ta m

800,884

277.008
Itf.OTO

I.800.M1

8.784.881
1.788,881
B.874.0H
1.788.881
1.088,841

3.137.211
2.254.784

10.50

11.7"'

11.38

M.»:.

9.888.881

ii.410.ft68
7 176,718

B.4M.880

I.OM.OM

8.8M,84f
1.608.174

1*11

1910.

1909

Ito*

1907

Arrrajrr (S jreara)

\\rngr (*•

lfVt-1911

•Th.fomNn«Hl arrrace for corn for the th.rty fear*. 1888
r the aame prri'Hl i.-mjf $9.009.882.

.•

in i.i i K\

«•••§

IT7.IMl9.MT.Cf

: -

Amai* <i >
19*:

.

l<ft.9U :

•.•If »

1911
Itll
1910
I9W

-
.

«r.»:
1907 I-'

1911

U

\

t?.«?l.llt «*o

ml Hi

IJ7 Mi

•:o.9M 44*
•ViU! 441

f ;»».*77 19*.

w.frtj

If. Bit

K.MI
Avvracv <i >n»i.» :

ONTARIO

tar.

Hay AII.I «

PtoMOrapt,

Acras.

Tons.

acre.

Vnl

P«

.«, i,-.

. m'.m

. . i Ml
I.8M.44I

:.•:-.:. Ill

UMf.MI

.. •./.! :

,'.«••:'.'•,':
I.MI.UI
I.I ».M1
I.M1.MI

4.488.668

1.66

M

.80
.48

1.86
1.46

l7.6W.iTI

:>...„;.,,;„,

ll.M6.M1
•.OM.TM

,7M.6B4

'.i';-M".';s:;
9.760.616

9.679.009
8.416.487

I

Lf7.MI.t71
IM.OT7.MI
L7i,M4,TM

178.697.744
UH.MS.TM

$ c.

1608

1MB..

IMf..

A v^f fcaj*e IS jrmr*l '.

ml and <ianl.-i, not m, I. ,| ... All I-..-M Crop*.

Summer Fallow, Pasture, Fruit.

Yrar.

Summ<-i
fallow.

Orchard.

Boull
FruiU.

vard.

kens.

171 ;i:

A. M,

: Ml '•• 1

\. MS,

;p> M'.,;

Acres.

"\ ,. .'1

\. Mi,

II ,, ;|

Acres.

-,,; 7i,;

..;., .,..,,

8.116 768

.;".; i-»

H MO

If 10.

•••-« o >

8 169 712

•""• :i;

•'» >i

',; •"-••

1 :i Ml

.; I*-" no

IOQ .:•;!

84 614

.; .:•.••• !•;••

Ml MO

IMf..

•.;••,; MO

for |ia*tiirr not laki>n in 1907.

Viii.-ynnU ;in«l Small Fnnt-.

Other Crops.

The acreages de\«>uil t«. <.tlu-r crops were as folio \\-« K.ip- . U.V_'M (
one-half i >t ..i..\\n 111 (Jrt-y. Dutlttin ;nul NVi-llin^tun) ; H;i\. !». 1'_'5 I in-r.

than one-half of which is jjm\\ n in tlu- ti\t n.iintH -. I.-unbtmi. Humn. Mi
Wellington); hops, f,lrJ ; tobacco, 1<> . ...„! Krnt).

Ratios of Areas Under Crop per 1,000 Acres.

,_.

M

9.6

to.t

9.6
89.*

i

i

i

i

4.8
I.I
8.6
8.8
8.8

8.4

.:.!

1

1.1

•;.•:

1.1
I.I

4.8
6.8
9.1

17.1
MJ

41.8
81.0

1

11.

ll.
11.
11.
18.

11.9
12.5

*Ott.,T

ropu.

Hay and
Clover.

1919... ..{,1.6

14.1
tt.l

»::.:
i^.4-
U.I
M.S

M.7

180.1
187.^

i-:.,
IM.O

i- ......
807.7

194.6
176.1

II .1
M.I

M.I
86.7

14.1

4^-.

1.1

8.0

11.4
8.8

18.8

l.'{. \

L4.I
16.1
16.0
14.4

MJ.I

:.".'"..

-.-;.;.:
M64
MO.I

:.:.:.'

Mt.l

:.'"-.:

81.0
».|

M.8
.::;.::
0.1
81.4

88.1

1*11.. 68 S

1910 ; ,

1999.. 46 (

.. 48 1

IMf...

k'* <& y.-*rO!
IVO7-|I>II SO 6

\ • «>raff* (90 yr* •
IMt-lfll C7.I

Omoto. ManceU. Tarnips and Sugar Betto.

Market Price* p*r BuUirl or per To*.

\9»9 .

««L cte. cU.

M.« , ,.

•»ii-i«jr \a jrmimi iw,

«••«. M.I |«t.J «

\«r|«tfr (1» •

I -I I -«.« W.tj «

J t»> MJ M..«
',.

r««r for iMrnly >r»r«. IMT

sc-% and (

1910..
IMf..

190*,.

I»I1. . .
l»ll...
1*10...

I90H...

NumU-r

TTTn.

Ttt

• i •

I •! ^
.VW.*« »» MI

.MT »*', »« M «M

< >\T\kl< >

10 1.1 I KM.

"

Itlt..

Vr«l

Simp, Swine Mid Poohr)

Jq|, ,

* m.m\

Mft.9f§

tf.«n.i«3

Sold Or •UlltfMrrr*!.

Nttnhrr. .

IM

:

•<§.iri tMM.Ii « 111 ttl

... I.-M.I.-.I

'. «.•».*» it. 4tt.T»:

l.fM.ttt :

» li.Wi.oT««

J:S{:IS

- ,

•tt •

1*1 T n*

,

Slf.7«*

*I.M»

*: • -

M

9K

*:.•«•

Not uk»n !• Iftf.

WOOI ( !

t»lt. It*..
iww. iu.. 4. IBO. §10: no?, not ukMi: IMC. ih..

•

r\Kh »

Farm Pr«»r«-n\. implements and Live Stock.

Uml.

ll.nl

lin|»l<-in«-ni».

Total.

itit...

7M.7tt.M8

mt.l4l.UO

ttt.84

*
. Mi, 860, NO

I»IO. .

k > . , ,

;i i

HO '.'ii •;•::,

m.tn.vn

Farm Values per Acre.

1

arm \.<

ppr a

npii^l

•

V.-ilni--: t.iiil<linf«
ImploMDl

Year.

land.

Huil

Impl.-m.'iil-

Total.

live

m* ...

$ r.

* C.

: i.

$ C.

i n

;»« 46

$ C.

• • .

| •.-.

1',' II

11 |S

IMP

: : '• •

.;•• -.'-

1!** ...

II 77

•:: , •

11 67

.. ,..,

:> ;:,

Cheese Factories.

Huticr plants at Cheese fact..

j

|

V.ih.r

Year.

Milk M

Hiiltrr

nf ( •

and <

•old.

U».

«

1

1

I'll ..

: .•.'.-,•.,> i-:;. i •.-.:. «.|«

I.-.7

'

!•!• ..

i IM •.'!« «;•:•

II CM 1

IMt ...

1 . 1 7',

***

1.177

.;ai.4W

18.106,

.idin* SIS.tn \\». whrjr butter, valnr (49.861.

Creameries.

Y«r.

Hultor ma«li-.

V;.h..-.

I»IS ..

LU.

1

If II .

3 268 803

IMt

... m , |

IfM ..

9.015.206

IfW ..

2.X65.l7<i

M \KK

MARKETS*

i. \pril 4. I9IJ:

16

10

tltlr. medium

•

Mir t.ulU

GO

-

Hull!

Butcher lattl.

,

Hull ! •limn

5

•

'.

40

Butcher cattle. c<»mnt»M

•

•

Butcli

»

Bute! KIMM!

t

Butcher to\\v nir<huMi

t

4

Butcl

00

Butcher hull*, rln >i. .

to

§5

P.tlU'het Lulls. KOO.J

t

<

IS

Butcher Imllv

00

to

4

Feeders, oso !'

oo

-

50

4

•

oo

|

::..

10

j

00

to

4

to

|

Canncrs .

to

Milker^ ill. Hi «• each

CO

oo

to

oo

Milkers. ..minion an. I medium, each.

^^*

JO

oo

to

;

00

Springers

50

oo

to

00

8

oo

to

't

50

I<*ambs

g

oo

to

4O

6

50

:

^*

Sheep, heavy ewe*

5

50

to

•

Sheep, bucks and culls

3

oo

\

00

Hogs, fed and water nl

<>

-

to

••

00

50

o

oo

Sows, f.o.b.

•

00

Produce, wholesale, October i, 1912:
Eggs, fresh, per «!

Egg!

•\\llls. Ill \\

Butler, ilairy p

Butter, inferior d>akrr^

Honey, '.iirkwheat. per lh . in t:

lion in harrrl%

Honey, stt.nii..! clover, per lh . in

6o-lh tm
Hoiiey. s!r.»!- 1!». in

•

Pou! per 1!'

Poultry. «luck«. p« r P-

> 36

oo

o 15

O JB to

'<

o 15

J6

O M to

o 07

00

oo

0 II

0 10

I-'

oo

to

t4

to

11

o 09 to

10

72 ONTARIO

Poultry, ducklings, per lb. on to o 12

Poultry, live turkeys, per Ib. o 15 to o 16

Beans, prinu-, per bushel 3 oo to o oo

Beans, hand-picked, per bushel 3 10 to o oo

Potatoes, New Ontario, per bag. o 85 to o oo

Potatoes, New Ontario, per bag, car lots o 70 to o 75

Produce. Retail, April 4, 1913:

Fall wheat, per bushel $o 92 to $o 95

Oats, new, per bush* o 39 to o oo

Goose wheat, per bushel . . o 88 to o oo

Barley, per bushel . . . . o 58 to o 60

Rye, per bushel o 65 to o oo

Peas, per bushel ... i oo to i 10

Hay, timothy, per ton 15 oo to 17 oo

Clover and mixed hay, per ton 13 oo to 14 oo

Cattle hay, per ton . . . 8 oo to 9 oo

Straw, bundled, per ton 14 oo to 15 oo

Rye straw, per ton 16 oo to 18 oo

Eggs (new-laid), per do/m o 25 to o 27

Butter, choice dairy, per 11> o 30 to o 35

Chickens, per ll> o 25 to o oo

Fowl, per Ib. . . . . o 20 to o 22

Geese, per Ib o 18 to o 20

Ducks, per Ib o 25 to o oo

Turkeys, per Ib o 25 to o 28

Potatoes, per bag o 95 to i oo

Apples, per barrel 2 oo to 3 oo

Dressed hogs . 12 oo to 13 25

Beef, forequarters 8 oo to 8 50

Beef, hindquarters 10 oo to 10 50

Fruit Market, wholesale, October I, 1912:

Canteloupes, case .
Canteloupes, baskets ...
Cabbages, crate . .
Watermelons, each

$o 75
o 35

i 25

O 45

to
to
to
to

$1 OO

o 40

0 00

o —

Oranges, late Val., crate
Lemons, crate

4 oo

c OO

to

to

4 75

6CQ

Peaches, leno, u-quart (Aug., 6sc.
to 850

O 5O

to

O 65

Peaches, leno., 6-quart (Aug., 35c. to

O25

to

O'jr

Pearlies, flat

O 2O

to

O?o

Tomatoes, native, basket
Blueberries, n qt.

0 20
I 25

to
to

o 25

I 5O

California pears, boxes
Spanish onions, case . . .
Celery, dozen
Egg plant, basket

3 oo
3 oo
o 25

O2C

to
to
to
to

o oo

0 00

o 35

O 15

Pears, n-qt. leno basket .
Plum*, n-qt.
Grape*. 6-qt .
Gherkins, n-qt basket
Cucumbers, n-qt basket ..

o 60
o 60

0 20

o 75
o 25

to
to
to
to
to

u oj
o 75
o 75
o 25

I 00
0 00

TORONTO MARKKTS

I ruit Murkrl-WhotoMlr. \|

S|. i. '-and $j y> to $4 00

oo to

oo to

No. i Kingt 00 to

Baldwins oo to

Oranges, navel. Cat. era-. 75 to 75

Grape (mil. box .. 7$ to

tnons, era; 75 to

Cranberries, barrel 1400 to o oo

I

74

« >.\T.\KI<>

Tin- .\Krioultural College, Guclph.

M.-u«l..iulil

;m,l Macd.mald Hall, (im-ipli

Government Building, Exhibition Ground*. Toronto.

:ITl I!
UCULTUBAI INSTITUTION*

\KIU ultural College and Kiprrimrniil F

This. msiiiuti.i!: can aft*

main1 . here ar<

• untrue

:iu hiding those .if the Macdonald v4l with

siii-li an tield. dairy. (Muiltry and inintal hutbandr)

t at the ttt«i% of a

.No inair .ind other* The

aim is tlu- «-.!:• >ns in scientific and practical agri-

cul'iii men in «l«nneHti» The regular

all parts ,,f tlu- world. Thei. it tendance during the

uirc^. the |n: iarnt

\vori. rn.MUi. Tin- .1 qf 700

Ix-ef and dairy cattle, hone*.

>liei-; : |Miultry--with well e<|ui|»i>cd dqartmenfs repce-

hilc l.i-i- irtiit an<l v e^etable grow-

n due promineiuv Among man> other benefit*

shown, t Inn..:] c. what are the be*t crop*

for the I and the ('..liege unfold* th.r the tltl-

i that tt

ji l.arli-\ i> the ' now being grown on the

than anv

other \ariety in this IVovinre." \u' crtnce in

the average amount of hull of the Iminette and the Pioneer

1 in these ex|K*riinentv if applied to the whole
\.-uld make a d »•»! \alue of the

.n in the IVoxiiuv «»f fu" i.-ir >n d«»llank" Further

" In the aM-ra^c results for the t ear* the alfalfa has pro

diu-ed an annual iipwanl- -n* of green crop, and

of nearlx fi\ M..ro.\er. in the nut:>

:nanent pasture. " Ti I ih>* mixture in

the Kxpenmental Department \\liu h was seeded ten \eanago.and

which has pp..!:-. ;.s annually durmg tltat period of time.**

other pi- tnilar nature remame.l tuehe yean after h wa*

seeded Tlu , rop was % . v cadi year, and dnr-

ing the . which K 'p|»ctl it produced an average

little over five tons per acre per annum " And it ha* been proven

76 ONTARIO

that h\ using plump or larger seed there will in ordiuarx circum-
es be a yield of 20 per cent, more crop than if the seed were
small or broken as they cann- from the fanning mill. In other
departments, such a> Chemistry, treating of fertilizers, cattle feeds,
well water, etc. ; Entomology, of inseci to. ; Botany, of weeds,

fungus diseases, etc.; Bacteriology, of seed inoculation, etc.; Dairy
Husbandry, of cow testing, milk and cream testing, and so on, the
information is all in the line of practical progress. In the depart-
ment of Physics, and on the subject of drainage, it may be said that
perhaps no single line of development presents such possibil
Since Kjo6 the staff of the College had drained over 44,000 acrea in
the Province, and through the demonstrations given the farmers
themselves had drained about 130,000 acres. According to reports
received from farmers, that drainage had increased the yield about
$20 per acre, with the result that the annual return is now $2,600,000
better. As increase in drainage continues these figures must be
largely increased. There are at least twenty-five to thirty million
acres of land in Old and New Ontario to be drained, much of which
till then is entirely useless, and the remainder only partially pro-
ductive. And when this drainage is completed the value of all
< Ontario's farm products will be counted not in millions but in bil-
lions of dollars. In the department of Forestry, it is stated that
hern Ontario has 20,000 square miles with 9 per cent, of inferior
woodland, yielding only a small revenue. Much may be urged in
favour of the policy of reforesting the waste land. It will ensure
a supply of wood, protect the headwaters of rivers, provide breed-
ing ground for game, afford object lessons in forestry, pay finan-
cially, and give the people an opportunity of development in condi-
tions obviating failure and making success.

Additional to the regular courses, there are Short Courses of
from two to four weeks' duration. Hundreds of farmers at1
these courses and highly appreciate them. Returning in June, they
see the results of spring planting, elicit information by questioning,
and manifest intense interest. Many a boy attending >IK h study
for the first time is encouraged to come back to the College later on
for regular work.

The work at the College among rural school teachers goes with
them as a great inspiration on their return to the country schools.
courses are under the direction of the Professor of Nature
Study, whose chief function as Director of Elementary Agricultural
Education under the Department of Education is to interpret the
learnings of the College and the findings of the Experimental Farm

M.uiri I.TI KM. O »u.i 77

lie schools throughout tin iotui' the first course the

1C at the il i>< 111 in tl .! Schools

I ri-inaiii lor ten \\n-ks till mnlMiiiuncr. The Second

>c is for teachers of .\lm can get away from their

schools only during the summer growing

in popularity. Abut 200 teachers .iiten.l c-.i.-h year. Followed up

•rrcspondcnce, maga/ I other literature, the influence of

work on -hin^ must accomplish much among the school

children in country places of the IV

Thousands of fanm-i lie Expcrunetital luring the

summer. They are con.l or the grounds, where the wt»rk i*

explained and some of the most im|M>rtant result > emphasized.

The quantity <»f hroughout the

Province is such that if practically applied it would double or treble
the annual output of the farm.

Besides the College at Guelph there is a well-equipped dairy
school at Kingston and an Experimental l-.irm at Monteith. North-
mo. The H<>n. Martin Burrcll. Hominum Minister of
Agriculture, says: "If you can teach a man to help himself you are
doing infinitely hotter and more efficient work for the State and by
the State than if you spoon-fed him. Therefore the valuable char-
acter of the work being done by such institutions as the Guel|>h and
Macdonald College*, and other institutions of this sort, cannot be
overestimated or over-encouraged."

MacdonuM Institute.

This Institute, the gift of Sir William Macdonald.

. is maintained by the Province. It is connected with the
Agricultural College, and its object is the education of farmer*'
daughters in domestic science or the various branches of house-
keeping, cooking, sewing and laundry work. Considering tha:

of the women of the cep no

and do their own work, the education of the In - a great

aid in the lessening bf drudgery. The door is open also for the
daughters of the people b and cities. "That school." says

dent of the College, " has been patrmii/ed to the extent tha:
for this year. LIU. on the first of January. ippli-

I more than we can accept. Kvery room is full to-night, and
.ire turning the city and town people down in favour of the
vr s daughter. \\e teach in this school is so impor-

tant that the girls are willing to give up the ideals they had in life
to learn to do housework, and I have never known one to go out of

ONTARIO

the institution without Mixing t<» us that the happiest dax s of their

\\ere spent among the girls there, and that they learne«l a lot

..I short methods of doing xx-ork. and the) appreciate verx much

tin* instruction they reccixed. The women xvho leaxe that institution

u- the leading cili/eiis in their Community."

il number of .students in the calendar year MJIJ. .

The Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto.

The progress of the College has been steady, and some important
branches of the course have been amplified so as to make instruction
more thorough and more valuable to the students. The laboratory
method of teaching has been extended from year to year; courses
in laboratory pharmacy and physiology have been introduced, and
the courses in histology and pathology have been largely extended.
The field of veterinary science is no longer a limited MIR- of mending
the broken parts of certain animals, but the richer, broader work
of controlling animal diseases throughout the earth, the saving from
economic losses by animal plagues, and the study of animal food
problems and attention to food inspection determining physical
strength.

Addressing a class of graduating students. Professor \\ . II.
iloskins. Pennsylvania University, said of the College and it- pro
ducts : •• \\ c in the United States owe, indeed, a great debt for the
many young men educated under your fostering care. My native
State of Pennsylvania, the keystone of the arch, has received more
than 150 of your graduates. Our country as a whole has welcomed
to it- forty-seven States more than 1,700 men educated from the
institution from which you are alxmt to emerge. Many of this mini-
have rendered distinguished services in every aspect of our
work."

An average of eighty students per year have graduated since
the founding of the College, 1861. About 300 students attended the
session of 1912-13.

The Ontario Veterinary Association is the pioneer of its kind
in America and has done much to advance the interests of veterinary
science in the Province of Ontario.

Experiment Stations.

The Government had established fourteen stations for the pur-
pose of testing different varieties of fruit and determining their
local suitability. The majority of them having served their end,
the numl>er is reduced to three, including the fine fruit farm at
\ ineland. on which the Government has expended about $125,000.
Here the work is centralized.

\k.\l

<

MM IN ut Muiiiriili, Nortlicni < Miurio. and U ope

ic < Milan.. < .»<.<: ntm-iil I' c* 8OO I «>d*l

\\liu-li arc tin.lrr * nltu ati»»n llu i

'.umx tin iii-l lur -I.*, k . ilu- !f-.iinj5 °' gni'n*. root*

an<l \c>^i !»iili«»ti •

is; and tlic c«»lalili^hinriit of a li\c ^tink 1»r
.>in \\iiuli i il ilircmghoui

N'.iriliiTii Ont in fall \\hcat. ilc^jMir a l.a-l \% iiHcr. »a*

HIM!

Pcrclu Parade.

Bo ONTARIO

DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL REPRESENTATIVES.

official-. numbering thirl) li\e. exclusive of as-i-tant-. are
Agricultural College graduates who act in the capaciu of repre-enta

of the Department of Agriculture. They arc distributed
among various fanning communities, where they give practical assis-
tance fnr the improvement of farm conditions in their neighbour-
hood; they i-ncmirage -ting and improvement in the standard

of live stock; give orchard and other demonstrations, test commer-
cial ferlili/er-. and make drainage surve\ - : manage exhibit- at fall

and get up competitions in live stock judging; develop a pro-
:\e county spirit, as seen in special county organizations : or 54 an
Clubs, Co-operative Societies and other Associations;
attend Farmers' Institute meetings, and co-operate with the Institute
branch by holding short courses in judging stock and seed ; address
meetings, and distribute thousands of bulletins and newspaper arti-
cle- : teach agriculture in high schools (with laboratory illu
tion i. and do much toward interesting the public schools, and -
At a Convention of Dairymen's Associations a District Representa-
tive said: " The people are alive to the educational interests of the
boys and girls growing up on the farm. You cannot tell me that
\ou cannot teach lessons in dairying or any other agricultural -ul>-
ject to boys and jjirls from six to ten years of age, because I have
done it successfully, and lots of other teachers have done it. The
big difficulty is that we have not been training along these lines -uf -
liciently. I can take a dozen tubes of milk before a class of public
school children, and by allowing them to help me 1 can teach them
the very lessons that several speakers have been trying to teach the
grown-up men at these rheetings — I can teach them in a way that
they will never forget." The office of a Representative, on the
main street, is the local centre of organized activity, where many
farmers call and have skilled advice, or the benefit of reading the
agricultural papers, or of seeing the best kinds of tested grain.
grasses, forage crops, roots and seeds. In short, the District Repre-
sentative system of agricultural education far excels the demon
tion farm and many other suggested methods of help. It is the
gospel of the production of double returns from the ordinary farm.
and the specialist preaches it straight to the farmer.

hlSTKKT KKi

One of the many classes in Agriculture conducted by District RcprmKilJMi.

.

ONTAKh »

AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION.

Tin- fanners of Ontario arc actively organi/cd. exv-cpt in co-
ition. where »mly l»cginnings have been made. The dairymen.
-lockmen. hor-ebrceders. poultrymen, fruitgrower-. etc., have each
.1 -pcvial association. These associations arc under tlu- -uper\ i-i<m
of the < Mitario Department <>f Agriculture. and receive financial aid
from the < Mitario Legislature. Their object i^ the advancement of
their particular interests. Each a-s.,ciati"ii meet- in convention
annually, for the exchange of idea- and the discussion of important
<|ucstions. Reports of these conventions are i-Micd by the Depart-
ment for general di-trihution.

The Ontario Agricultural and Experimental I ni<m.

Tlii- sneieiy \va> organized in }X~<). and is an outgrowth of the
< »ntario Agricultural College. It has a membership of fully five
thousand farmers. In common with various other agencies. ^iu li
as fanner-' associations, institutes and club-, experiment stations.
and agricultural classes in schools, the co-operative system of the
Experimental Union secures and impart- information; but. in addi-
tion. it enables the farmer to find out for himself, under the test
of definite plans, how things will work out on his own farm. As-
1 by the Agricultural College, whose experience is the basis of
methods and materials, the co-operative experimental work is under
the direct supervision of the Experimental Union. The most of
this work is conducted by the farmers themselves on their own
farms, in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, poultry-raising, bee-
keeping, and agricultural chemistry.

In agriculture alone there are co-operative experiments on 4.500
farms, covering all the most important farm crops in the Province.
and dealing with varieties of crops, mixtures of grain- and 1:1,:
application of commercial fertilizers and farmyard manure-, and
quantity of seed per acre. Thi- means much in the advancement
of agriculture, each experiment being an object-lesson to the farmers
of the locality around the experimental plots, and the work bein-
the source of new *eed grains that yield much more than the older
varietir-. Different varieties of seed having been sent from the
College, the fanners report back as to how they develop, as to weight
in grain and straw, etc.. and thereby give information as to what is
done in the different parts of the Province. Over 60,000 experi-
ments in agriculture have been made since 1886.

!<KTI.Tl KM. ' »K«. \\l/ VI 1

Again, tiu- Experimental I nion has been developing a tyftem

i elemental Agriculture, horticulture
with the j.iiMi. s* hooU, cither in the ichool ground*
or at (he homes of the pupils iixmg near

As furnishing results »i t-.\|»eriiiient% for Tt\- 1'fiion i»

•eat edu. .i!i..n:il value t«» the country at large. Nearly ihirt>
thousand copies of the Annual KVj-.r! of th« netiul t

lieen punted .ni-l • 1 hy the Ontario Department of

Agricultt;

Farmer »' ln%nn

Tiu- Institute is one of the l«st ageniu^ of e<luoation cm
advanced inctluxls . • '.injj tin- al meeting* are

addressed by speakers ,1, Department, and thr

almost DO limit to th. l»raced under

agriculture, horticulture. tl..iirulture. live st<Kk, equipment, farm
huildiiiKS and the social side of country life. There t* also an
annual convention of the leading Ins: here valuable

Mihjects are unfolded and di -pccial I in many

places short courses arc given in seed and st<K-k judging, and they
are very popular, the total atttendaiu e reaching about 50,000; there
arc also dairy meetings, with a total of a oo; and the

the *• Better Farming SjKvial " t«. \\ i : - on the rail-

roads. which gives samples or exhihits under Field !!ti*f».v

agricultural interest, and bringing out a

total attendance of over l8.OOO. \-.t:n. it ha* been repeatedly
demonstrated that in those d where fanners co-opera^

the production of milk. l>eef. fruit, or any other line, their fUCCCtt
rater than farmers that work pr alone or in ttolatcd

districts. There are alxmt one hundred Institut*
the Province, with a memhership of fully JOjOOp. At the Kegubr
and Supplement..- for the ')!-'. the

lance wasSfCtfo: and at the Sjnvial Institutes the attendance
totalled Bj -um lota' 171.

Women's bMttH

P.* H««mc ami < .-unity."

T\\\^ \^ "'.i \

•ixely new - it! v\ork ><m not

through. .111 < '.ul in the other -f the I*-»mim«»n

ipos^.l ,,| vrORH ": Of ''I .lenomui.i

Institute Lecturers.

Boys and girk at one of the twenty-five Rural School Fairs held during the

past year in Ontario.

RICl LTl KAI. Ol 85

> and institu-
te «if womanhood. Avoiding sema-
is to gain pnblu »ty and n Jiftcouragtn^

tint iju .it to nuke the life of the lonrl)

and isolated brighti r , and it spreads the gospel of right living, phy-
sical and moral, all over rural Ontario. It gives due prominence
<c duties and well-being of the household, and also expands its
and effort in the direction of community problems, civic inv
lic welfare of the child, the care and education of the
defective, the provisi u nance of rooms and wards in

local ho-' ..elpiiiK !-.'.:. n :«-. advaocmg education.

and M» on. I'ndrr tl He's inHi: wns and villages have

been cleaned up and better lighted, trees have been planted, and
walks have been improved or renewed; the sanitation. e<jui|>-
and decoration of the school have been looked to. the
surroundings beautified, and the children supplied with seeds
and plants for the production of flowers

communities has been cleared
The Institute is no blind, narrow, abstract effort
are given to its members by (juahticd speakers, and valuable
>vided and read, on a wide variety of topics, such as
•e Planning. Labour Saving. Food Values, Care and Feeding of
I u lain N. Poultry (lardi-ning. Hygiene for Rural Schools,

r Supply, Bacterial Life, Tul>erculosis, Ambulance Work,
ing. Law, and man\ -:: d upon its own initiative the

•i holds eight or ten meetings each year. In an
address of welcome at a l'<»n \cntiun of Women's Institutes in To-
ronto, a speaker said: Y<>u are one of the best clement-* that can
possibly be gathered together in the midst of o »r the regen-

eration and the uj.!:r.::i- and the development of civilization in the
uul in the count r\ and in the v. There are about 100

with 75* » l«K-al or^ani/ations and a memln
5.OOO. The tutal attend. r :iigs for a >

up to 180,000.

* Farmers' Clubs.

The object of tlr urage ami main'

n agriculture in the widest sense; to hold
ings for information, and for debate and study in onl<
•vcnu-n: : to give addresses relating to local condition -
deal with the larger but unsectarian and non-political questions of
the nation affecting the farmer, socially and financially ; to raise the
Calling of the farmer to its rightful place in the state: and to use

86 ONTARIO

>s and power t«» make < Mitario Mill more desirable as a Province
inch to live. It aim- il c\pi Tiinent work, and the securing of
the U-st \aneties ,,i Drains, r. • : at the proper breeding

• •I horses, rattle, sheep and ho^s ; at -ee<I and stuck judging; cow-
texiiiiK ; the due rare and handling of milk ; attention to the sanitary
surroundings nf staMcs. milk houses, factories, and creameries; the
getting of go<xl road-, rural mail delivery, telephones, etc.; the
interesting of the farm hoy in experiment work, testing grain

testing, and feeding of stock; the hastening of agricultural
;tid practice into public schools; and the co-operation of
farmers in purchasing supplies and in the marketing of faun
produce. Local, definite, and concrete, it is one of the most popular
forms of organi/ation ; and through its medium much effective
work is done. The number of clubs is 230.

Dairymen's Associations.

In the year 1867 the dairymen of Ontario who were interested
in the manufacture of cheese and butter formed a cheese and butter
makers' association, with a view to establishing uniformity in meth-
ods and stimulating a wider and keener interest in the dairy
industry. Later the original organization developed into the Dairy-
men'- \- <•» -iation of Eastern Ontario and the Dairymen's Associa-
tion of Western < Mitario. Much was done at the annual conven-
of these Associations to improve dairy conditions. Then in
•In Western Association, and in 1880 the Eastern, undertook
to send instructors to give assistance to the makers in the factories,
which did much to improve conditions and to establish uniformity
in Ontario cheese and butter. This work developed to such an
extent that in i<j>7 the Provincial Department of Agriculture came
to the assistance of the Associations by appropriating funds to sup-
port a staff of instructors sufficient to make periodical visits to all
the factories and creameries in the Province. The work is now
direct cd by the Department, which has the co-operation and advice
of the Assuciatioiis. These Associations also hold district dairy
meetings in the various sections, emphasi/injr ^urli features as arc
<t imjwirtance in each. The Western Association has, for
a iinniU-r of \cars. lu-ld a dairy show in connection with its annual
• •niion. The reports of the Associations are published cadi
liy the Provincial Department for distribution -jcm-rally among
the factory-men and farmers of the Province.

1.1 1 1< A I. N'IZATION 87

AK 4l Sodettos.

II S Agricultural Societies, all of

\\liuli. \vith : ight. hold exhibition* .In

The tt- 'iii-li

d<» .111 excellent \vrk in improving ilir live *li»k of llicir immi-
grants from tin- <.ov eminent according lu lite
iiiin, umaU kept ami al!*> their iiiemticrsliip Tl

molding exhibitions receive grant^ tu the extent of about one-
third of then avera^i- e.xpen.i ;*>*c* < luring

the thre. us years. The*, es also hold Seed 1

•tall mil and Hull Shows in the ear)\ spring, and about one-half
of them conduct competitions among standing field crop*, for all

im h purposes certain Le^ grants are made.

The Field Crop Co •- have developed enorroously since

when tliey were first inaugurated by the Sii|icnntcndent of
ti that year only ten S<»cieties competed,

\\lul. 1 lie numU-r of individual entries

has also increased largely, 3.000 farmers ha\*ing entered last year
with an acreage of 30,000. Tin the most mi|M»r

work Midertaken 1. :Itural SiK-ietie-. and. Miue it^ in-

in thfM- have In-en al»le t«. >cll th«r

^rain at an a«l\ er market prices of 350 j»er cent, in

o cases, while the demand exceed* the Mipply.
\ i:n i $iotooo has also been set aside by the Government to
A huh Differ losses in gate receipts owing to
her. In 1911, owing to the unusually wet period during
the time exhibitions were held, this fund was only just sufficient
to meet the larjje claim^ made on it.

Association of Fairs and Kxhibltloas.

This is the central orga of the Agricultural Societies of

and it : convention each year in February.

attended l»> «»\er 500 delegates fron ;iart of Ontario.

the Societies receive due consideration. It i<

through this l>o«ly that the r.ovcnimcnt is approached for further
r for amendment- to the !CK itTex-ting Agricultural

<>ck AMociat Ontario.

There are a number of Pr..Mtu:.il Associations in Ontario repre-

•:ng the different classes of stock. Tin- Ontario

se Breeders' Association, \vitli a membership the Do-

minion Cattle Breeders* As*.. * «h 852 ; the IXiminion Sheep

ONTAKh »

..ttiuii, with 354; tin- Dominion Swine Breeders'
lation. with 5;S; the (Unarm Poultry ASMK lation, witli '
the Ontario Hcrk>ln; '\. with U5 ; the Ontario Yorkshire

Society, with 175.

These Associations are organized for the purpose of looking
after the in:* i the classes of stock which they repre

One of the most important things which has been taken up by them
i> the ijnoiion uf transportation. Upon representation.^ made to
the railway corporation-. \ery considerable reduction^ in the freight
fur pure-bred live stock have been conceded. They have also
secured additional important shipping facilitie> and condition-:
co-operati\e shipping of pure-bred stock is arranged, and cars of
pure-bred stock are sent regularly once each month from Ontario
tu the \\estern Provinces. And they are very closely associated
with the records for pure-bred stock in Ontario.

In addition to the Provincial Associations, there are the Record
Associations for Canada, practically all having their headquarters
in Ontario, owing to the fact that a very large proportion of the
Breeders of pure-bred stock reside in this Province.

Two Provincial Stock Shows are also held under the auspices
of these Associations, the Ontario Provincial Winter Fair at Guelph,
and the Eastern Ontario Live Stock and Poultry Show at Ottawa.

Poultry Associations.

There are 45 recognized local Associations, with a total member-
>hip of about 2,000. A recognized Association is one that is entitled
c a government grant and to have a lecturer supplied by
the Department at a meeting held in most cases at the time of the
Association's Annual Poultry Show. Each Association must hold
a "how annually. The total number of entries at the shows held
in i«iu was 24,221, and the prize money paid was $10,000. The
w«»rk of these Associations adds much to the interest in improve-
ment of poultry conditions. Mr. Geo. Robertson, President,
Poultry Association of Eastern Ontario, in an Association meeting
said:—" Poultry kept under proper conditions will pay, and pay
JIM as well as anything else on the farm. In the first place, they
must be properly housed, properly fed and cared for, and they must
also be properly bred — the la »t the lea^t in importance."

Pn»f. El ford said: — "The average farmer knows how to grow
poultry produce lietter than he does how to market it. We
producers have failed in this. There is nothing that pays nearly
so well as proper feeding for the market." And speaking of eggs,

M. « 'l«. \\IZAT1ON

the 1 ii»n. \V. J. Hanna Mid:— "The thing we molt keep in
constantly is that our co-operative associations are not only for the

purpose of producing tin .»nd in quantities, bir

ncimg than as ours. We propose for the
superior article to get not only the price for it but the ere*!
prodiuin (.. -n that credit ir..in the penOQ consuming it

\\ i must esn;.1. .. and pay for the best skill in marketing, and com-
mand the best skill in organization. Former attempt* ha%e fallen
.M owing to their failure to recognize that marketing and
:»css methods are things rct|iiiring a training and cx|»ortcnrc that
the grower . table addresses of a practical

nature are given at the annual meetings of the Eastern and \Vetlcrn
Associations.

The Ontario Beekeeper** Association.

•

This Association was organized in 1880 and hat had a contin-
uous existence and gradual growth up to the present date It
of a central or^ n and a numher of County lice-

Keepers' Associ.r in affiliation \\ith it Its purpose

is <o advance the business of the keeping of bee* and the prodr
of hoiu-\ in • Me. and its effort* have hcen -It-

largely along educational lines. A three davs \nnual Convention
Id each year at the time of the Fruit. Flower and Honey Show
in Toronto in November. The sessions of this Convention are
ted to the discussion of practical methods of the management
of bees and the selling of the product. In addition to the Annual
v»n. County Associations hold spring and fall meeting* and
an occasional apiary field day during the summer, t'p till the
appointment of the Provincial Apiarist in ioxv). no very serious
effort was made to extend the operations of the Association, and
at that time there were something like 300 member* and nine
Count v affiliated societies. As one of the duties of the Provincial
Ani.v ist in the organization of beekeepers, the number

of Count \ A-i^x-iation* has been increased until there are. at thr
of writ \ffiliated Societies, and the total i*ai«l m»

ineinln-rxhiM ranidlv. havinp

donhled within the la<t vcar. The Assnciatkv
in securing legislation for the prevention of the adiilter
hoiu M prevent the spravinp of fniit trees while in full

th poison which would be injurious the

important legislation which has hern secured bv this Aswia-
s the Ontario Foul Brood vbicb an annual vote of

.*• ONTAKh»

$4,Ox»> i* expended for the a ••! beekeeper* in tbe control

. i iufi ction* di*ca*e* amongst their bees. This nione\ [a n*ed in
*cnding Apiarx Inspectors to the different apiarie* xxlierc disease
i* *u*jKvtcd. and in addition to detecting disease thesr In*pector*
act as practical in*tructors and demo- . teaching beekeeper <

improved method* of management of their apiaric*. In Connection
xxith this. Apiary Demonstrations are held in different com
\xhere they \vill do the most pood. Thc*e meetings are very nrieh
appreciated, and during KM 2 fifty -noli meeting xvere attended by
an a\ Vckceprr* earli. Another very import an 1 feature

of the work of the Association i> the annual Cro|> and Price Kep-.rt.
It i* made on the crop taken hy correspondence from the member*
and considered by a Committee of expert* who for, the

•it of members the prices for honey which are likely to pi •
during the coming fall and winter. This work has been in
at ion for about ten years and has been of great benefit in *tandard-
izing the price of honey throughout the Province. The future
development of the work of the Association will likely be al-mi;
co-operative lines. The Provincial Apiarist says there i- e-tii
to be about 10,000 beekeepers in Ontario keeping 300,000 hives of
bees and producing annually something like 5,000 tons of honey.

The Ontario Plowmen's Association.

The object of this Association is the advancement of agricultural
interests by encouraging its members to give greater attention to the
thorough cultivation of the soil, establishing branch as*ocia:
disseminating useful information regarding fertilization and cnlti-
xation. interesting farmers' sons in becoming first-class plowmen
that the yield and quality of field crops may be increased, encouraging
annual provincial, county and township plowing matches, awarding
premiums, and adopting any other means in the direction of pro
gress.

The Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

The Ontario Kruit Grower-' A**oeialion as a hotly xvas incor-
porated oxer fifty- four \< • by Act of the Canadian Parlia-
ment. Thi* \— oriation ha* a \er\ large membership among the
commercial fruit grower* of the Province, and ha* alxvay* ta'
Yearling part in fruit matter >ih Provincial and Dominion
ini|>ortance. Notable among the movements that it ha* inangi
are the Kruit Mark* Act. now known a* the Inspection and Sales
the fruit experiment stations of the Province, demonstration

AGRICULTURAL ORGAM/ATh >X

ONTARIO

orchard work in pruning and spray in i;. introduction of many of our
best varieties of fruits, the preparation and publication of lis:
fruits suitable to the different districts, the holding of a large fruit
show in the fall at a time when our apples are at their best, the
showing of our fruits at the large exhibitions in other count He-.
making arrangements with the transportation companies for better
and si-: <r both local and Imig distance shipments, etc.

\t present the Association employs an expert who is looking after
the interest- of the fruit growers in all transportation matter-. The

\--<**iation intends to continue its fight with the railway companic-
for better cars and more of them, for lower express and freight
to the markets of the west beyond Winnipeg, and for better handling
of the fruit for our Ontario and Quebec markets. The Association
hi ilds annually a convention of fruit growers at which are thoroughly
discussed the very latest topics of interest along fruit growing lines.
Its membership is open to all fruit grower- wlr> are kept in touch
with the work of the Association and of the Department of
culture for the Province through the reports and bulletins which arc
issued from time to time. The Association claims that it lia-
fathered the cooperative movement in the Province, and has aided
in the organization of a majority of the local shipping association-
and latterly in the formation of a central sales agency to handle the
fruit of the smaller associations. In affiliation with it arc practically
all of the local and district fruit growers' associations in the Pro-
vince and rt counts in its membership the most prominent growers of
all kinds of fruits. From a very small beginning it ha- grown to a
membership of over 1.500 and is very proud of its record during all
these years of its existence, counting that it has done a great deal
towards the present state of the fruit industry in the largest fruit
growing Province in Canada.

Horticultural Societies.

There are some seventy Horticultural Societies in Ontario, with
a membership of 12,000. and each year adds to the list other cities,
towns and villages anxious to enrol their members in the rani
those who are earnestly endeavouring to improve and beautify their
homes and surroundings.

The work of the Soc: xtcnsive and varied. The grounds

of public buildings, hospitals and schools are looked after and beau-
tified with plants and flowers. Exhibitions are held. Seeds, bulbs
and plants are distributed to members and also to school children.
and prizes offered for plants and flowers grown by the latter. In

RICl I.Tl UAI. «»Kt,A\l/AlI

some towns and > erects arc selected, And pt4n§ offered

f«»r tin- from lavvn> and ami al-

kept Muck*. I ..i A ii and garden com|»etitiofis arc licit! .UIHMI^ the
members, tli --tonal ;: in one ftatf

and \l..ntlil\ mi-rung- arc lu-!.| and addresses

ictilturc, am! intcrc-i i- fhn- n

throughout t .t-ar in N'ovcinlicr ilic < Muan«. I

. ultui.il Association, win. : .,n the

•mu.i! v i in T.-r-.n*... u licit addrctiC*

III phases of lluriifiilturc arc dcl»\
printol in the illnstratnl Annual KcjM.ri «.f ilu- I |..r!Mil'tir.i! S<jcie*

\\hii-li there is a dcntaml far r\,-cc«!inj» the MI|»J.

Ontario Vegetable (irt»wcr%' AfttociatkM.

Tins Association, wliich has a nu-in!.et sh:j, Of 1,200 and has done

'•v in the pa-- | line of <>f K-rations in

mi-'. 1 e made of g\ -n N'nrthcrn Ontario peas and

•he use of its n M the «•' «m*. and the

results urn- \t-r\ eiu'mirajjinK. i" - and

isi.nahK Thi-Mr ex|»crifi 11 be

•uie«l in HH.V l;«»r the first tin 'his A^MN-ialk

organized. I uM Crop Competitions in celery, tomatoes and

mvinrc having U-en divided int<> four
tliis purpose. The winners in these compel itkms also
1 at Tonmto and Ottawa Kxhihitinn,. where substantial
were offered for these i-r

The co-operative method of purchasing seeds ami Mipplic* b
gaining ground c ar. One braiuh of the A-MH-iation saved

•ed alone during KIIJ aUmt HM> JUT cent over and above all
expci IM \nother branch estimates that l.v ,..,, {Hirchaie

of supplier it, memlu • in original ro%t «tt>

make from extra crop, due to high <nialit\ of M.*ed. «e\*eral
dollars more on the average each \

94

ONTARIO

In the Corn FicM.

Till- linY IN Ar.KK't I.TURE

INK BOY IN AGRICULTURE.

In ..-tu-uhme. tiu- U,. h.ts umve.! He has been a long time
way has been as tortuous as that of a wild (rape
times 1 , dragged distressingly.

the !>••> has | :ure, o|»« *pen-hearted.

.in.! ..jK-ii-hanili-.l. Early methods of imparting a knowledi;
agriculture to the boy were more or less a failure because
largely lacked that most important <>f all thing* i- ^ known

as " the point of conta There was too much book and not

enough boy in the mind of the pedagogues. They were unwisely
endeavoring to in at the very beginning by

•ig him to memorize a lot of learned and (to him) rather mean-
ss phrases. It was the old story of putting the cart »»efore tile
methods of :ng the hoy in farming make

him so entht: his work that he will hunt for definition

on his own account. An<l when the boy reaches for

iccord h» read it with profit. Prof.

iltural Education for

nee. writes: " The aim of our w-rk i> to bring about the

•ilturc in the 5.000 rural schools of Ontario. This

or the countr ' \n<l hy agriculture

' i not me l.ut a i a new method, a

x>1."

Tlu agricultural repress stand for the most

modern and ; <-m of rural i>edagogy. The schoolmaster

ew garb. He i te of a High School

«T. a Farmers' Cluh lecturer, a lan«l surveyor and ditcher, and

ml i)nmcr and sprayer, a live stock judge, a seeds expert, and

a fraternity org.v he latest product of the Ontario

ultural CnlU-ge and of the Hon. James S. Duff. Minister of

five of these agricultural representatives are

»f the Province. They spend a good part

of tl -mers. and they are effectively reach-

farm Their successful operation qf School

^ricultural exhibits by the

and ! iu sC shows do * .ill concerned, and give a

future of our co rv A judging contest

the Corn Grow* son held at Chatham

he following eulogy from the eminent American agricul-
aiiil x|nViali<t -rowing. Professor R. A. Moore, of

\V " As I look at the class of boys that you

•VTARIO

HarvotinK ("..in ( Mai/i- I ami Oat-

I. A In >lv S \\ |\«. \| U IHNKkV

'i-cl that taring HI the light di \\ltcii 1

the*e \ »\\i\K thought II WM

to tec

i illtm. ..si. I stndxm- the ,

of the ke:

weeks ago ^5 U •» the

s "light ali th<
jiloma* and tell of their tuccetftful

•«illx the real re**"tt uh> the I nr

\> of the

txxelxe Southern States iiu te.i rid over th..

the Boys' Cluh !t. tuM — hy niore than

In ..•.-.: icutttv ics of the :n! .: line, the boy ha«

h, I'll,; Ahrnlfcd.

LABOR-SAVIN*. M \< HIM l<\

intriMlurti.Mi of inarlunerx IJ.IN n \..ltiii"nf/e«l farm Ubof

.UK! has heen m -i, I V. -hn-tion ha* becii in-

-e«I an. I the niunU-r ..| h.in«U do PCMed \\'ilh the Utlcr dtft-

rult .Me. There are plough* and

oiltixatnrN «»n \\lurh the fanner Mt-» while driving.

l!u- m."Uni hnir . ;i: ami hituU the harvest Cltip of

ililx. The threNliMi^ ina«-hine make* tlie grain ready

.in t'.«rk the >he.t >en there

-lu-h lal. the ni«>\\in- inai-hui. rake for

throwing it into rontmiiMii* \\ni.lr-.\\v .t l>.i\ lotdcr, .m<l a machine

^ the ha\ into the harn. Th« >o the womlerful

frame \\iixhnill fur puinpiiu hopping

he liulian I-.TII -hreiltler; and tin ream

\nd. hnally. elevtru- nuihmerx. the \.ilue of which has

•.rated "n a miinlxrr of farms, and whii'h will rapidly

r\Ki<>

.11!! I i

i \iiim i IONS

The Canadian National KfthlbHUm.*

he Canadian National Exhibition, a
miphes. are c of all the Province* in the

• »at Canada grows, makes and

nniu re are also ex -m the Wot Indie*. (*.rc

ternatiooal r
MV; thousands of people from the United States each

i from many parts. The at-

m i'ju iitly under the million mark. Every year

sees additional buildings being erected in order to keep up *nh the

•nnber and \ ts. The Hon. Martin

•ell. Dominion Minister of Agriiii! .iddress. Slid :

>dy miiM leoognize the splctxlid educational work that has

been done by the holding of e K and fairs all over the coun-

One cannot be thout thinking of the

idian National Exhibition

I h, \\ , st, -,„ I jir and Ihr Central Canada I..

Tlu I...n.l..n an.l the Cmtral Canada at Ottawa

a smalK for the \\ e>tern and Eastern portion*

it the Canadian National is carry-
ing out a . s of live stock, farm produce and
man thoroughly representative of the products of the
Provi:

The- Kalr» at c.iiHpli and Ottawa.

held at C.uelph in Decemoer. and

the Kastern Onta Stock and 1 -ho\v held in Ottawa

during I under ;he mana- Mock Branch

ic Dcpat ve a special educational value

and are Nei: .. year. Ixxtures and

addresses are gi\- nen MM different subjects relating

to li . the ••.!. !-:•;- of carcases of the aninu

:niK-h interest l*hc stock exhibits at each
of tl -ludm^ horses, sheep, swine, anH poultry, are

large,

o .iRRrcR.itc attendance in 1913 was 1.009000.

I...

< ».\T\Kh .

the H"r-r Sh<>\\

H< >!<>!• >!!• • tot

Very imi>ortani Spring 1 !or*e shows arc hd<J in Toronto. Ottawa,

and Cobourg e.i Thai al Toronto extend* over lour

days and a half. un<l <lr.i\vs large iuunl*cr% of j^^.lr from all over

tin- I I'he others arc alto largeK altewled The i«jl,J

Toronto Show surpassed alt pre\ J..MS • end-

• • » iK'Ople V

The II..MU iiitiii.ii i \hihtiloff.

This IN held in the 1 1.. ftuulttir.il hiitMing. Kxhihition Park It
lean animal ~\\- • der the .m

of the s, led h\ tlu- I intent, a-

Offgan i/ed to promote these .,' indti^trieH

••1 «.f tlu l-.\hihitinn held in \n\einU-r. i«;i.» "The old
•lailtural Kxhilu' iuainl> a "1»«»\\ ••! H««\\rr- md smaO

frui: the umre hi^hl. vlnliilHin lu*

fnr -»st and \ -'lection of a|»)»lr«

•:ne \\ithin hall .1 •!••/. »lH»le

ik-injj count i ;-|»ear^ t.. l.r .1 !.i\\ ••! n.itnre that f«»r the

finest grades «>f an> fruit "in- nu: '1 up Inward the northern

limit nf its j,- \x in tin- .iiitiJu Hard " wheat.

•. ah the : r..i!d\\jn« the :u-.irer their |»la

•lie limit wlu-re the\ \\ :11 n-t mature at all. the
r the <|iiali:\ ..i -.in ft uit fiir and |»crM*teiice.

;.ti«in nf < Mit.iriM\ }Mitentialhy

in tli- : apple production should nia^ -cdng during

the week the finest show of apples c\er held in

In niM4. when the Horticultural \^Kiati.m he|;an. t

ilv M I- Tuit and 17

ther. ;.(XM> In.xes and .««•» UirreU. The rl«\\cr dc|unmcii'

magnificent, the Jisplax hein^' more hrilltant than c

ne hui:e specimens \ fine

ilxtinn 1 iin|«ortanfe frmn

,|u. | in the Uisine<*.

,M| thin^ the meeting^ he*

the apiarists I am astonished .it the ad\ ance* nude in this CIHIIV

\ model rural school in inin- the < >i

ernment. harmmi: piece of work, showing in front indi-

xidual i :he children. Mower Inrd*. and a school farm with

fields of various vcije'.aMcs and grains.

« -\T.\KH >

<ESTS

FORKS IS

Three forcM v.mh. centre and north, characterise the

e of Ontario. The southern forest has now greatly dU-

ared. being repress woodloU of from 5

i« largely of very heavy hardwood

soils, with an inter: the light

'.ir in tli. swamps, and was by far the richest in number
ies of trees.

• al regi<- uing the rougher area between the rich

agricultural lands on the s "iith an«l the Ottawa River, is largely

ith white pirn- as the most widcl;.

trihuted .!!>•' '-.i.il.lr t mthern section has consider-

areas of birch, maple and beech, with a sprinkling of other valo-

•rthern section has the spruce and balflun.

tlu- hardwoods as companions of the red and

\\hit. .vhite pim- predominating, occupies

.vest wan I along the north shore of

. and northward near to the Canadian Pacific R!\ . and

'mle parts of the Ra and I .alee of the Woods

where the intermixed *IHCU> i- ilnrtK jack or Ranksian

The ffreat white pine region, with it* other ^|»ccir<. has been

rs the s, .e lumber industry, which

-. the south.

Tin . m >st i >f the area north of Lake

it- terri- '.v the rivcr< flowing IBtO

•lie ptilp-prodncmg trees..

ibutum and ^n-atext value i« the spruce.

'. where in varvir ^e the balsam fir.

the birch, the poplar and the Rank«ian pine. The white and the

nithern l»rdcr .»f the puhnrood area.

the north There are no other tree*.

in these fe\v\p, important quantity. While

ontbern forests have b< the northern

pulplamls ha niche<l

Patricia, still farther id recently jt»incd t.» the province.

adds fulK ino.ooo square miles of wooded lands.

\n exploration of CV th of the Canadian Pacific RK

was undertaken bv the Government in tqoo. embracing about

60.000,000 acres. Tt was found that the territory is covered chieflv

Crests of spnice. inek pinr and poplar, that the pine

104 ONTARIO

docs not appear to extend much bey on < I the Height of Land ; Imt
that in the country adjacent to Lake- Timagami and Lady Evelyn
there i- an exten .1 ««f red and white pine of tine quality.

beside- many -mailer area- rl-c\\hcrc. it wa- al-" c-timaled that
the District of Xipissing (no\v in largi part Tiniiskaming i north of
the C.IMv. contained JO,OOO,OOO cord- of pulpwood ; the then I >i-trict
• •I \l-«>ma. IOO.OOO.OOO cord- ; the District of Thunder Bay,
150.000,000 Cords: the then District of Kaim Kiver. iS.oOO.OOO
cord-, a -rand total of 288,OOO,OOO cords, and it i- not unlikely
300,000,000.

The forest area of -the province, not counting 1'atricia, i-

e-timated at inj.ooo square- mile-. The pine f. >rc-t- are the ni"-i

\alnahle on the continent of America. The quantity of pine -till

standing on liceii-ed land- i- c-timatcd at 7,OOO,OOO,OOo feet, and on

unlicensed territory. 13.500,000,000. The total area now COJ

hy timher license is 18,410 square miles, of which IJ.J'H, nn- in

the western portion. 5.331 in the region of the I'ppcr < )tta\\a. and

6lO in the Kelleville district. The total production of -awlo^- in

i'Hj was 556,961,514 feet board measure, of which . 217 came

from the \\e-t. 100,151.987 from the I'pper ( Htawa. and K./.J^IO

from the district of i'elleville. The average cut of pine for the la-t

pII-12, was 536,051,385 feet board measure. The out-

f timher other than pine showed an increase of 24,093. M*> fed

ir. There was also an increase in the pulpwood of

-1'i.ou conls. The most notable expansion was in railway tie-.

The quantity taken out last year WZ& i.J.-o.S^j tie-. The (juantity

taken out this year was 5.7"M5(' tie-, showing an increased output

for the year of 1.433.0.7 tie-. The total revenue from wood- and

forests for timber dues, bonus, ground rent and transfer fee- in

i«;U Ontario leads in the production iieen

different kind- of wood, liritish Columbia in the production of live.

and Quebec in four. The total lumber cut in < Mitario in I<H i \va-

i./i6.S4g feet board measure, valued at $30.584. 7 24 : giving the j»r<-

vince the leading place in Canada with 34.^ ]>er cent, of the total

cut.

The (iovernnient of (Mitario lia- permanently \\itlulrawn fr-.m
settlement nearly thirteen million aci rown lands

Rese: These are: Xipigon. 7..V«» -«|iiare mile-: Timagami

6^xx>: Missjssaga. 3.000; Quelico. 1.500: Sibley. 70. a total of 17. S7"
sq. miles in Xorthern Ontario; Algonquin Park, 2,060; Rondeau
Park. 8; Eastern. 100. a total of 2,168 square miles in Old Ontario,
or a grand total for the province of 20,038 square miles. The

log

greater portion of Algonquin Park is covered l*y licence, which

auth..n/i-> tin , uttin{ limber.

Large pulp and papn m- lust i -.r .»r. . ^ahhOic.l at different points

•jghout tin- p: .. In. !i <« ::.c their supplies of raw material

i the i \i ilpwood area* belonging to the Crown. These

in.luMMt-s a?. < »!ta\\.i. Sturgeon Falls, Rspmoia, Saoh

M.mr an<l l nibr plants are being constructed

.liitihi ami l;"tt 1

i or.

ONTARIO

FISHERIES

1 lie Great Lakes are the largest freshwater fisheries in the worKI.
Many lakes and rivers in Northern Ontario are not embraced in tin-
regular industry; they are fished only, and to a small extent, In ilu
white angler, the half-breed, or the Indian. The regular iMieri.--
cover Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario, Georgian
Lake of the Woods and Rainy River, Lake St. Clair and I
Thames, and certain inland waters chiefly in Old Ontario.

The principal fish taken are herring, in Lakes Erie, Ontario and
Superior; trout, in Lakes Huron and Superior, and in Georgian Bay ;
whitefish, in Lakes Erie, Huron and Ontario, and in Lake of the
Woods and Rainy River; pickerel in Lakes Erie and Huron, and in
Lake of the Woods and Rainy River; pike, in Lakes Erie and
Ontario, and in Lake of the Woods and Raany River; Sturgeon, in
Lake of the Woods and Rainy River, Lake Krie, Lake St. Car and

< r Thames. The classes specified are not confined to these
waters.

Hudson Bay, part of which is contiguous to Ontario, has an area
of 500,000 square miles, Straits excluded, and abounds in fish. Tl it-
future will see that immense body of water the basis of -
fisheries.

N icld and Value of the Fisheries of the l>n.\ IIKC for the \ car I'M i

Kind* o

...II.-..

Whllrff

Trout... ..II.-..

Herring

•

CMP..

',MianiM>.

ll.M8.S9fl

S.OSS.4M

I.OM.ftU

Ml ::!•;

;."'.•.'

160

I46.1M

..:,!.:•:. I

t.aoc.on
m.fMi

1.418. 517

I'M,

I"

1 '

5
10
8

60

Total

Value.

|

IM.M • :••

•

1A7.881 80

38.797 40

7,062 00

.;:,:; f.

18,700 M
M.1M M

tt.SSS 1*

2,419.178 21

The return in 1910 was $2,348,269.57. And the total val
Ontario fisheries from 1870 to 1911 inclusive was $54,007,447.72.
In iyii there were employed 666 men on 156 tugs of 12,074 tonnage,
and 2,740 men on 1,578 boats. The total value of fishing apparatus
was $1,258,059.

MINKK A!

MINKRAI s

mo»i the ctiurc :.

nui.tliu and n. MI inct.iltk xception of coaL The

r, nickel, ji-.ii. K.,KJ, and cuj»; .eral

•IK** il>> nine. I t!u- hr.ti place uiiumg the Ootnimon

in tlu- \.ihie ..! mcialh. id the position i»

value of the \ artous produu

was $48,.; { $6.364,815.

19 I*r < -X>7 of 9.1 i output five

/o8) was $.• lie increase has been

stead *n of sih iiicfly by the Cobalt camp.

*** 3o.7»9»883 <••• onc-sc\ the world's output, while

product since the beginning in 1904 has amounted to nearly

"ii ounces, with a value of about s.» million dollars. Last

year Gowganda and South Lorrain ...ntnSirr.! 1.584.095 ounces.

A from the mines of Sudbury in I«H-§ *a> 7.. |*-r cent, of the

y. Tlu- «|iiant!ty of < nnnc<l in 1912 was less

than The output uf pig iron was greater.

being 589,593 as against 526,610 tons. Copper wa ions, the

i-asc over 191 1 being aboir Fur the tir>t time in the

ry of Ontario there was a si: 1 production of gold In

191] ;• tit hail a value ••• . ; in i«>: 14.086. The

1 1 ni net. where the mines

Id during tin mine at Sturgeon

1 the Cordova mine in the c..unt\ of Peterborough, yielded
ible bullion.

In ii lie cons: • >. not.il.lv hruk and stone.

there was an <1 output over 1911. due to the brisk building

trade The bcnutiiu! marble* of the Ilancroft

• iua: ;»cing used for <! purposes, especially in public

l.uiM he whole produ ^ materials amounted

a long list of minor products that con-

U the basis of ini]i»rtant m-lu-tr: i\\ material is abund-

ant and could easily rc*|>nnd to a much larger demand.

The ].i rom the mineral in<hi*try are considerable.

Taking the ; is a wh- 'end* to shareholder*

k>l!ar*. They were obtained
Uer ores of Cobalt and the nickel-copper mines of
Sudbury. Lnt \\.-re contri? :he building materials, ofl.

^as. salt, feldspar, talc and other substances, raised prin-
cipally in eastern and south-western Ontario .

io8

ONTARIO

MIN'KKAI.S

Mineral I' reaction of CfeUria. |9|>.

I'alUUiuiit

N i

« ..UK ....

It .ti

•.»

"•iSI M*as

* OnUr

.

.

.

!.!•» (*) TV.VT

IM.OM.M* l »:».

!*,,->. 4t I

M.MI.M*
•.•f.M*

f!.«t

CVm#nt. I'oriUn.i
Corundum . .

IK. kin

WAll.K IH)\\I KS

ha- .in estimated \\aUi aie.i <•! 1^5.755 square miles, ui
nearh t\\« and a half times tin- water area of 5-'.''.>o M|. miles

possessed by tlu- I'nited Si i'he wait- i the province of

( Milano ^|. miles, cxcln.su e "l" am par! of the I in/at Lakes

Of of an\ arm of the *ea, and th: g per rent, of the

or area of the United State , apart from external posses-
This i> >in#;estivc of iinnien-e eiicr^\ in the province, so far
as area goes. But water is not necessarily \vater-jxjwer or it> mm
>tricted availability when exigent. Depth of water, descent, -till
water intervals, rainfall, e\ap< »ration, ice, and MU h interests as ;
gation and municipal water-supply, have all to he o>n>idered in the
.iate of available energy. General statements implying that " the
aggregate amount of water-power must he great because the total
water area, or watershed area, is so great," or " because there are BO
many lakes and rivers," are, for reasons given by experts, generalities
• •f \ery little value. One of the chief dangers of such generalities
is to create, in the popular mind especially, a feeling of unwarranted
assurance that, even though desirable water power rights are being
granted by a government, yet there is so much left that no appre-
hension may be entertained regarding the amount of power ri^ht-
beinjj parted with. Many people forget that the dissemination of
Mich generalities is too often part of a plan to make easy the acqni-
i. by interested parties, of the most coveted privileges. It take-
years of observation and study to enable experts to furnish approx-
imately reliable data. Hence a government's slow and deliberate
action is of deeply significant value.

There is, however, one exceedingly valuable feature very likely
to be associated with extensive water areas, and that is the exist-
of vast natural reser\<>ir>. where the run-off from precipitation
is imjMUinded. and subsequently discharged grad-.ially thrnn^hont
the \ear. Thus, water-po\\ ited within the range of the

direct influence of such natural storage reservoirs may be of in-
comparably greater value than other water-powers not so favored.
In the matter of easily developed water storage systems, no other
large territory on the continent of Ameri< highly favored a-

c Dominion of Canada.

The water powers of Ontario, estimated upon the basis of the
minimum horse-power or the mean l«»w-watcr discharge, are as
follows:—

\\ III

The rivers i Lawrence on the ea*t (the

iwa and the Niagara excluded) to the \rrow m

li mnder Bay on th< '.544.54"

The rivers from tlu uglidt. northern

Tli IcricklnHitc.

•> Bay slope

Ottawa tnl.uut :c 87430

The Ottawa from l^akc Tum>kaimng •... the M Law-

e, Ontario's share 822/181

The Niagara la's hah 1,000,000

Viagara, Canada's half. 45O/xx>

4.773796

veragc conditions of \\-\\ might uuTcasc the power twenty*
five here possible, fifty per cent

If either Canada or the United States should first exercise its

to generate 500,000 h.p. tr.»m it* share of the Niagara water*.
then physical conditions might probably pro rut the other country
from urtualK «lo eloping all tol<l half a million horse-power from
the rv iagara I

ivc already been granted, and plants partially com-

I. for the development on the Canadian r of

about 450,000 h.p. There will probably be an actual development of
250,000 h.p. within tlu- j 0-

u .tor Power Developed In Canada in I

^K-::-.:!:-..'-!.^^ £.S°-r-\ 8:58" S:S
^Hr.::-;.... IS k?

VI. n Hob*

fla

^ „ •

,.

u

roiomt M.IU

MIS

s.m

(For the most of the inf»>rmation in this chafer and for valuable
detail, see " Watcr-powers of Canada." issuetl bv the Commfoion
of Conservation, Ottawa.)

II. »

• >\T\kl<

Prior t«» iX«)S n.. statutory i. QS h;i<l been made by the

i >ntario Legislature to .^o\ern the lease or other disposal uf water-

situated upon lands p 1>\ tin- Cr.»\\n.

:tlu-K---. tlu- \vatcr-p«»\vr .mtr«l wrrr 1>\ no means

I nun K-j^al n^trict ;< »ns. n,,r arc tlu-\ n. >\v. On April 19, 1905,
Premier Whitney said:— "Tin- \\au-r-p..\vrr at Niagara sh-.nM lu-
as i: •. and. more than that. I say on behalf of the Govern-

ment, that the \vater-po\\er- all over thi- country shall not in future
be made the >|x»rt and prey of capitalists, and shall nut be treated EUI
anything else but a valuable asset of the people ..f ( )ntari..." < »n

:nber \ $. KHi. the Hon. Adam Meek said: " Niagara l;all> has
eome back into the possession <»f the people of the province and we
ran develop electricity at the falls 75 per rent, cheaper than it could
be developed by any means known to man t<>-da\." "The pi-, .pie
• •l" the Province »\ < Mitario ha\e appropriated for all time to come
Miie M|" the ijrcatcM assets, i»ne of «,ur wealthiest heritages, when
tlu-y conserved through this movement the water-]- :lie white

mines.' ,,f the Province of ( hitario."

Till- 1 1 VI i|<

J?

,,4 ONTARIO

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ON I \l<l<>

The Hydro-Electric Power Commission was appointed in May,
1906, by the Provincial Legislature of the Province of Ont.u

undertake the development, generation, transmission and distri-

v at cost to various municipalities through-

..iit the Province. This action on the part of tin- Legislature wafl
inspired by representatives of a number of municipalities the latter
desiring to share the hern-tits which might be derived from the em-
ployment «»f the vast amount of available ludraulic power existing
within the confines of the Province.

The necessary capital to finance this scheme was furnished by

tlu- 1 The municipalities purchase power at rates which

tlu- actual cost of power, interest and sinking fund charges

on the transmission and distributing -\-tem. and operation and

maintenance expenses. The project itself will never become a direct

upon the people or the municipalities which have contr
with the Commission for power. The Government ha- n
agreed to finance the scheme and receives in re-turn a fair rat

•CM on its investment. The entire capital expenditure will
eventually be recovered through the sinking fund charges, and after
this is returned to the Government the municipalities will nominally
own the transmission system.

The Commission has constructed and is at present operatic
miles of no,OOO volt transmission line and approximate!}
miles ..f I^.JOQ, 6,600, and 2,200 volt distributing line in the Xi.v.
District, as well as a 22,OOO volt transmission line supplying the
municipalities of Midland and PenetanguUhcne and known as tlu

rn System. The Cities of Ottawa and Port Arthur are aK, ,
supplied with energy by the Commissi, m. while a transmission line

een Morrisburg and Prescott, to be known as the St. Lawrence
System, is at present under construction. The Niagara System (the
first constructed) comprises u high trn-ion transforming stations
and 39 municipal low tension transforming stations. Additional
transmitting and distributing lines arc to be constructed as soon 93
the necessary contracts have been made. \dditioiis will also be
made to the other lin

The project has been successful since its inception, and the
Commission, as the Municipal Trustees of this provincial transmit-
ting and distributing system, is now supplying energy at cost to
between thirty and forty municipalities in different parts of the
Province at rates varying from $15.00 to $50.00 per h.p. per year.

Till- 1 1 VIM

'it. Yongr v

n6 ONTARIO

The mtu! cost of tin- transmission lines of tin S\ stem to

tlu- end of tin- fiscal \< -ber 3t8t, [912, is Sj.7<>X.jiX.;i. which

with tin- tran- :Hhutin^ stations makes a total capital

c\i>enditurc in this district of S \. \ ^.Sj ,.j j. The total capital in-
M'MiiK'iit for all other systems at tlu- end of the same fiscal year i>
000.70.

CT before," -aid the Hon. Adam I leek, at thcCiuclph Winter
" ha- a line heen built or \\orks heen c< instructed and equipped
Mich a- we have e (nipped in the Province of ( Mitario. We h,

I -olid foundation. Three corporations develop powei

I-'alK and there- \va> no iu-cr->it\ for further development.
After eighteen months' negotiations we are ahle to offer to
electricity at $Q.OO per horse-power, \ia-ara Kails, and we have
100.000 horse-power available." This j, about one-fifth of the cost
that it can he generated for from coal, and is cheaper than power had
been Mild in the world, as between a company and a corpora
tion. or a company and a < '.o\ eminent. The saving per year in
Ottawa ,OOOJ Toronto, over $50- MX..; Hamilton, from

$2OO.OOO to $300.000: and in London. $150,000. " If yon take the
thirty different municipalities that we are supplying. 1 am -at'e in
saving that the $4,000.000 invested by the Province-, with $4,000,000

5.OOO.OOO invested by the municipalities, ha- -a\ed the USCrs of

•T $2.000.000 ]>er anniim--or say $10.000,000 in live years. This
|>ower is sold to the people at cost price, and it means power not
only to the citie- but to the villages and to many of the farnu
the Province of Ontario, and T could not be-in to tell you the -real
Unetii it \i .i;oin«r to be. \Yhat can yon do with ])owi-r on the farm?
\nu may cook; you may heat; operate all the machinery on the
farm, whether a plow, a harrow, a reaper, a mower, or the niodc-t
cream separator, the washing machine, the iron, the sewing machine;
von mav lii;ht u\> your farm, or do the milking." At a convention
of the Women's Institutes the lion. Mr. P.eck said: " Farm labor is
nsive and scarce, and that makes farm life more burdensome.
When labor is scarce and expensive, anything that takes its place is a
help to the farmer, and we must encourage the farmer, because
agriculture takes the first place in the Provhuv of ( »utari • >."

In the recent bill for the benefit of farmers. " respecting

the public constrtiction and operation k railways." the chief

feature is the elimination of two important fart-.,, ,,f ro^t. the heavv
charges for underwriting and the liij^h CO&i of power. There will be
no stock jobbing or dividcnd-pa\in.ir

TRANSFuKi \ i ii IN 1 1 ;•

TRANSPORTATION.

.not problem tn Canada to-da> The

Don: nut IK \\ill k-iv< attention in iltc great inland tyfteftl

iti-.n. llu- .leepeimi;.; ;>rovUtOfi itftaj

the nnpr. i arbor* on llic Atlantic ami

Pacific coasts. Canadian r.ul\va> turn, h ..^ 4 record gain during

the year emlm^ June %$... IQIJ The nuiiilier • igert ca

4xx*».4'»j over i.,i i The
n hamllei! w U..ML a« increase of

tllol $-'i . j. a ga>;
\n«l in t. the*c cariu- c nx»re than

doubled.

n in « ' I IK- un-U r*l.--l. firM.

t.. tlu- Ica.hn- •.v-tt-ni- .; in tin- IV*tnmt<«i at

>% uithtn the

IV.. \irnv itstii" Tl four in miinlvr. the < '.raivl

Trunk. : itiucntal, the Canadian Pacific ami the

l/.ma.li.m Northern.

i UK GRAND TRUNK RAM \\ \V SYSTEM.

The principal eastern termini of this «\*tent arc at th
Montreal ami tlu u-Uv mi the ami

at I'ortlaml -m the \tlantu- M-al:o;inl in the State .>t Maine From
the roa«l m: •»( the St l^i\% rente

IVIMI. \\hich it crosses 1,\ tlu- \ irtoria Juhilee I'.r-

and

ioiitiniu !\ through the thukK xvttletl lotiniry along the

north sh,,re of the Si 1...

miles from Montreal \t Toronto line* «h\* and

.i^ara distr: :o|^ira Fall* and

n the Niagara River h\ tl «|oiilile track u|ge.

thence to HulTalo in the >% k. ami through the xxith-

rn iH.rtum of the Province to \\ iml>4ir ami l>etroit \\e-l and

north from Toronto line* run to the lake jm^rt^ .odcrich.

•uthampton on Lake Huron, ami to Wiarton. < Hren

rollin^'NviMMl. Peiu--..iTi-u:>::rru- M ullaml .uii| Depot

1 1. ii-' nuh on the « *.eorj»ian Hay. ami throofh the

JilamU of < Mit.i- \orth Hay. v\here a junction b

made with the Canadian I'.i* Hie traiiM-ontinental line ami tlie Timift-

kaming and Northern ( >ntario Kai! .\ , \t Sarnia the main line of

I IS

PARIO

KAII.v iKM

the i ih rough tin i tumid to I'oii Uurmi. and

thnur •.. Chicago. Prom Montreal .1 line extend* ?•• • »ttawa on

•he < K Ottawa River, and from thence to Depot

or on Georgian Bay, a distance of 380 miles; another from

Belleville and Port Hope on Lake Ontario to Midland on the

Georgian Bay. Besides these lines there are numerous local branches

li act as fet :v section of the

oldei

'1, 3,000 mi ION out of the Company's 4/139 miles of railway

:tce of Ontario. 650 miles of which i* double main

: • mi tii.- rasti rl> txxindary of the Province, westerly

and London to Windsor and

Sarnia. It double track, making it the

longest i EM -I'Mii.!. traek railway in the world under one

managem

Trunk <li<l not handle any grain ir.-n-.

Lakes St liigan through the Georgian Bay and St

orts for export \ real, lint since that time it ha*

• i«-iu- a lar^e and m c of the business. As an illus

u ..i the iinjH.rtaiK-c of the Canadian Northwest grain trade.
ilu- shipments «-i wheat from Port Arthur and Fort William on
I~ike Superior in Canadian vessel > in i«>!2 aggregated nearly
54,000,000 bushels, the Grand Trunk carrying in connection with
their elevators at Collingwood, Midland, (ioderich. Point Edward.
D, Mcaford, Dcjx.t Harbor and I'ort Htirtm. <»\cr JO.5OOXXX)
Inisliels, or 39 per a-nt. of the total.

Some of the fa- n the world are

over the Grand Trunk, and a special senrio ted

trains is oprr Ocean and Chicago. During

MI j tin bKltidmg the G.T.P., carried oearl -'n million

pas over t \\enty- four milli..n t.»n- ..f treight

I Id (,K \\D I Kl'NK PA( II K K Ml \N NN

»

iid Tnmk 1 .iy Company was incorporaiol

.»4th. i<x>3. for the purpose of ; s Canada with A

om the '

m entirely with 'I *hen cinnj>lctc«l it

will m the only " \ll-Canadia« -vill al»o fonn

the 1 Trunk Railway S> Htmi and

:h the j«^nt supj»nrt of the Grand Tnmk Railway Com-
.idian Government. The main line of

ONTAkh »

uhaC is termed the K.i-Mn l>u; m \\innipeg in M..nr|.»n,

\ . i: . i -nmaied at i.Stm mile.s. i> being constructed at the cost of the

mint-lit, and when finished will IK- K > rfand Trunk

:ic Company |ur Tlu- entire main line from M« melon,

Prince Rni>ert. U.C., embraces an approximate mileage of
3,600 miles, and the projected branches, — all of which both of the
•t-rn and Western l)i\i>ion> will be built by the ('.rand Trunk
Pacific Company,- -ai^n -au- 44<x> miles, making a total proj.
mileage of main line and branches of 8,OO(> miles, which emlu.t
line to Dawsou in the Yukon territory. About 3.100 miles of track
ha«» been laid on the main line and there still remains a .section in
P..C. of aUmt 403 miles t«» be completed when the entire railway will
be connected U-tween the Atlantic and Pacific. About I.<MM> miles
of branch lines have been constructed to date. In < Mitario the line
will pass through the < '.ivat C'la\ llelt from ea^t to and assist

materially in developing an iinnien-e area of agricultural laud at
• MI iuace>xible. It includr- amount it^ branches in the Pn.
\ince a line of 1^5 mile- from the main line southward to l;«»n
U'illiam and Port Arthur; also a line from the main line southward
\orth Hay.

THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

This great railway company, which was incorporated in 1881,
ha- now nearly i/,cxx) miles of completed road. With it- steamship
and rail system- its service reaches from Liverpool to Hong-Kong—
more than half way around the globe. The O.P.R is something
more than a mere transportation compam. iV-i-lc- it- -u-am-hip-
on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, on the t'pper Lakes and on
the coast and inland waters of P,riti-h Columbia, the Company
o] it-rates a chain of hotels extending from Xew P.run-wick t«.
P.ritish Columbia, owns its own telegraph and c\i> and

its own sysu-in of sleeping, parlor and dining car-, and ha- vast irri-
gation works in the west, coal mines in the Rockies and smelters in
the mining regions of Southern P.ritish Columbia. It is also the
holder of millions (,f acres of fertile lands in Manitoba. Saskatch-
ewan and All>erta.

The lines of the Canadian Pacific Company extend from St.
John. New P.runswick. an ocean port on the Atlantic, and fn.m the
city of (Juclxrc to Montreal, and after leaving the latter city the
main transcontinental line continue- up the valley of the Ottawa
r as far as Mattawa. where a branch extends northward to
Lakt- Timiskaming and Kipawa. From Mattawa it turn- westward

TIIK CAN \I>1\\ I'ACIIU KAll.UAV

rosscs th * Mttario north of tlte great

ii thi.,u-h 1 the we*tr inert to

1.380

imlev IM..HI Siiilliur>, 111 ill. -v |)i,tr 4 branch

•n^. \\huli MIM> along the north %h«»re of lite

connect > 4<le

I» .. hl.lr the !..|i..-A:n. MlaHO

in t! •

Prc* .A.i t.. r,i^k\i:\. 7.4 n •..» to

•Unr an«l l)i-:r«Mi. j^; nulcn . I'MTMI: .tn«l. 121

the \\ alkcrt«»u. Wiiiglum. Tei^u.itcr an. I KUmi »llb-
. tlu- < '.tu-lph an-: ). S-s mile*, with the \Jur

1 >uhili\ ixi,,n; the 1 i IVnil.r . and

there are hraiu'he^ \\huli K.i-l •

Tlimna-. uruell. etr The line ft Su«lhury

make- c rcs> the Mu^kuka lakes and the JDJOOO islands of

Geor, . the lip mi: the rcf) heart of ihi*

region.

122 ONTARIO

The newly constructed line between Port McNicoll and Betham
Junction, which is on the main line near Peterboro, now provides a
short route between east and west via the Great Lakes; and a new
line between Hamilton and Gnelph Junction links (melph, ('.alt and
Goderich closer to Hamilton than heretofore.

In Western Canada the Company is building branches in many
directions, and in British Columbia its lines are being extended.

The net earnings of the railway are rapidly growing. Ten yi
ago they amounted to $15,836,84578; last year they were nearly
$43,500,000, and this total will be largely exceeded in the fiscal year
now closing.

\YhiIe the head offices of the Company are at Montreal, Toronto
is an important centre from which radiate lines to different point-
in the Province of Ontario. At present a new line is being: 1>nilt
from Toronto to Montreal following the shore of Lake Ontario

THE CANADIAN NORTHERN SYSTEM.

This system has grown within the last sixteen years from mi
miles to fully 7,000 miles of railway. It owns its own steamship*.
hotels and express and telegraph services.

The component parts of the system at the present time are : The
Canadian Northern Railway from Port Arthur to \Yinnipetf and
through the West, serving all points of importance in Manitoba.
Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and the Canadian Northern Pacific
through the Yellowhead Pass to Port Mann and Vancouver; the
Canadian Northern Ontario Railway in the Province of Ontario.
the Canadian Northern Quebec Railway in the Province of Quebec,
with charter rights in the Province of New Brunswick, and the
Quebec and Lake St. John Railway; and the Halifax and
Western Railway in the Province of Nova Scotia.

With the completion of the line now building from Montreal
through Ottawa and North Bay, the Sudbury-Port Arthur line, and
the gap from Yellowhead Pass to the Pacific coast, which is expected
in 1914. it will extend from coast to coast. And with the opening
of the Great Clay Belt, through the southern portion of which the
line between Sudbury and Port Arthur runs, some of the
agricultural land in Canada will be thrown open for settlement. The
railway enters the Clay Belt proper after crossing the Kapu basing.
where all the country is fit for settlement, and i- covered with a
splendid spruce forest which will provide profitable work for the
settler during the winter time, as there will be a ready market for
pulp wood at the various pulp mills which will follow the opening

TIIK I \ \ . • RAILWAY

rth Lak» jug TT1WU1C

accessib!' : Pigeon %. where there is

land ..I high ,,u.iht\ uhuh, U-mk' ilo> - port Anhur

William, h.is a nt marl The

id the C* N < ' K serve Prince
.•ru nlttiral Mrctum and n ;ip|rf

and small frmt> \\tth tlu

and the < ikes ihr j tran%|» fadlittcs,

') N<*nl> the Train-Atlantic trade »tth two

ina^niliiciitly c<|inpp -rtnightly

service between M.nr ! |tri%t«»l dur

! Halifax in the

INI I IMISK \\ll\<, \ND NORTHERN ONTARIO RAM \\ \^

i- • \\IK-. I ' , iiu- -itario and U

inaiiaK'ol l>\ a Comn It star' con-

Ic \\iili tlu « '.r.iM.I Trunk, the Canadian Pacific and the
Canadian Northern Kailu . south, cast ami \vr*t The main

line extends norther' H!<- ilir-.n^h tlu- famom Timagmi

sportsman'- re^inn. the tfreat C'..hal' .-fion

(partly cultivated) of the fertile clay U-lt. t-» Cochrane. whc-
rots with the National TraiiM-ontinental Railway (Grand Trunk
Sc), w)iii-h form- the : c from the Atlantic to ihr

Pacific : 1 nu i Kuj.ert. The branch Hnc^ of the T. & N.

O. K Kerr Lake. < ;> n tting the heart of

the silver country; Karlton to Klk 1 through .M

miles of richest clay ! the Gowganda silver

famps; Englehart to Charlto the Long I^ike coo-

a fertile agricultural •: Falls to Timmin*. (54 miles).

C famous Porcupine gol<l mines field*, and through 25 miles
rich agricultural lands. Iroquois Falls is also the junction point
for a branch line (7 mil«;s) now under construction to the plant
o Ahitihi Pulp and Pap.- .zjooo horse-power, with local

market for pulpwood.

Tn 1905, first year of operation, the T. & N. O. Railway carried

86.648 passengers. 9 right, and the grots revenue was

$253.720.55- In carried passengers. 562734 toot

lit. and the venue wa< $1.707.45007 From !OjO$ to

I -'4

« >.\T.\K1< >

INK ALGOMA CENTRAL AND HUDSON BAY RAILWAY.

The rail \\a> is now completed bet \\crn Sauli Stc. Marie. I;ran/.
and Michipicoten Harbour, and is operating a regular pas^ii-n.
:it and cxprc — srr\ ice between those p«»inl>. There is aKn a
fceiglit service in operation between Fran/ and ( )ba. and the road
is being rapidly pushed to completion as far as Hearst on the
National Transcontinental Railway. The passenger service between
I;ran/ and Hearst will not be ready till after midsummer, nji.}. hut
c-mst ruction trains will be available for reaching the lands to be
settled

Along the

IK! II. li. Kai!

The distance from Sault Ste. MaYie to Franz is 195 miles, to
Oba 245, to Hearst 295, and from Michipicoten Harbour (end of
branch line) to Hearst is 160.

The railway company is opening for settlement some 30x3,000
acres of farm lands adjacent to the line in the fertile Clay I tell of
New Ontario. The surface is generally level or slightly rolling, like
the prairie, except that the land is wooded, well watered, and much
of it drained by numerous stream-.

BLECTR]

INK MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILWAY

Tins ix an iw|M.n.iiii hue rowing from the United Sute*

at Niaga MM<, «Hithwe*twanl for 365 miles

>r through the rich fruit t*>lt of fouthcrn Ontario
The total length of each railway «»r cyftcm of railway* actually

L; within the Provino >llowt:

Grand Trunk and !•• .1/>7O mile*.

Canadian Pacific and bran*'

1 branches. . uji "

National Transcontinental and branche* ^47 M

Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway

ami branches U6

Algoma Central and Hudson Bay Railway

and branches 167

other systems

Included in thi«* \v«-re 605 mile* nf new railway « opened for
traffic in 1012. The Province lead* the other Province* in railway
mileage with a total of 10,030 mi!-

ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.

Electric railwav* are in mam of the citie« and leading tov
tlu Province. Radial lines extrn«l from the chief cirir* into the
and there are also rural lines affording subsidiary tram-
portation for pa^en-rr<. lijrht freight and farm pn>duce The total
is 772

1 1 K.I I WAYS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO.

•natcd that in the "I counties of Old or Southern

f"»e<l approximately at
folio

Tnmk roads connecting the large towns and

3.500 mile*

or leading ifarket roads rt/»o n

25XXX> r
jularv township r«>;v! 16.500 miles

Total

•oyooo

The highways previous to the construction of steam railways.
about sixtv vears ago. were the only means of transportation from

the ports reached by navigation on the Great Lakes. It was

9

126 ONTARIO

lutcly necc-ary. then- fore, that they should be the best obtainable
ami that they should be maintained in the best possible condition.
To build and maintain highways costs more money than the ordin
ary citi/cn icali/e-; the municipal or provincial authorities had not
funds available to cope with this large undertaking. The work was
taken up by enterprising private citi/en- who formed road compan-
ies with authority to build and maintain roads and collect tin-
cost by toll from the parties using the roads. In this way good
gravel, stone or plank roads forming trunk and leading market
highways were provided.

Steam and electric railways now furnish transportation farilitu--
to every section of Old Ontario, and few places can be found that
are twenty miles from a railway station.

The highways in southern Ontario are under the control of the
the local municipalities. The municipal corporations of citie-.
towns and villages control their public streets, while those of the
townships control the ordinary county roads. County Councils
are given power under the Highway Improvement Act to assume
the control of the main or leading roads in the county. S-.me few
toll roads are still in existence under private control.

City streets are generally well paved, the cost being provided by
a special tax on the property benefited.

The ordinary country roads were until recently constructed and
maintained by statute labour, the owners of the abutting lands ]
compelled by statute to perform each year a certain number of da\ B'
labour according to the value of their property. Many township-
have given up this method and provided for the cost of road work

i general tax. The outlay for twenty years by the township- of
Ontario on ordinary country roads was estimated by the Provincial
Commissioner of Highwavs at 22,000,000 days of statute labour and
$10.015.103 cash expenditure, or allowing statute labour at one
dollar per day the expenditure on this class of roads in twenty years
exceeded in value $40,000,000.

The expenditure on county roads under the Highway Improve-
ment Act in eighteen counties during the year 1012 was about
$870.876.04. The total expenditure on county roads from the
passing of the Highways Improvement Act in 1901 to 1012 has
amounted to about $4.273,478.05. of which the Province of Ontario
paid one-third and the counties two-thirds.

Notwithstanding the above large sums expended on the roads, it
cannot be claimed that they are good roads. The introduction of
the motor car and motor truck has brought the problem of im-

HIGHWAYS

1*7

proved highways 90 p the buiincM men. the iitami-

ircrs am) other Jas>c- hung m !»ut flu:

demand for good roads has become one of the foreman questions

"f the present day, and it i* receiving the attention of both Pro-

tl and Federal Governments,

COLONIZATION ROAM.

Under the $5,000,000 appropriation for Northern Ontario, which
is administered by the Northern Development Branch of the Deport-
ment of Lands, Forests and -he total number of miles of
road cut out or improved during the season of 1912 was Jjj. of
which 210 miles were entirely new. The expe? .vas f***,!!*
The appropriation for i->i.^ is $1,000,000. There are 2,800 njgsi at
work this year. (For detailed information on colonization roads,
see the Provincial Government handbook, Nortkcr* Ontario. \>

Under the Colonization Roads Branch of the Department of
Public Works the total munlicr of miles of road built and improved
in 1912 was 2,083. and the total rx|>rn<liturc was $566,884. The
operations of this Branch are confined to the more sparsely settled
sections of older Ontario, ami the\ extend throughout the whole
area of New or Northern Ontario Over 5,000 men were at work
in 1912.

There are 10,000 miles of what may be termed colonitation
roads.

WATERWAYS.

< Mitario lu- a magnificent system "f inland water*,
form of the Great Lake- and rivers, the chief of which i« the River
I.awmicr. the outlet of the might v volume into the Atlantic
Ocean. From Port Arthur on I.akc Superior, to tidewater on the
St. Lawrence at Quebec, the distance i* about 1400 milcv Thi*
rhain of \vati-r\v.i\ - gives to the Province maritime advantage* in
cheap transportation.

Ufcm

s ... ,,

It*

n.tm

,

II
M ' .- »

•

M

8t Otelr

M

Ml

1-1

:(

Kri». . . .

•M
IM

!•.•»

if!

S«

128 ONTARIO

Other important lakes in the Proving- arcl - \lmibi, 356 square

miles; Eagle, 1.7 ; l.a C: Lake of the Woods, 1,851; Millc

"duxkoka. 54: Nii'i.U"". 1.730; Nipissing, 330; Ram).

Rice, 27; Sand). 30); Scu^og, 39; Seul, 392; Simcoe, 300;

St. Joseph, 245; Timagami, 91 ; Timiskaming, 117; Trout, 300; and

others.

The chief ports on the Canadian >idc of Lake Superior are Fort
William and Port Arthur, where millions of bushels of wheat are
Chipped from the prairie provinces of the Northwest; on the main
of Lake Huron — Cock-rich, Kincardine, and Southampton; on
Georgian Gay — Wiarton, Owen Sound, Collingwood, Midland, and
Depot Harbor; on Lake Erie — Port Colborne, Port Dover, Port
Stanley, and Rondeau; and on Lake Ontario — Niagara, Port Dal-
housie, Hamilton, Toronto, Whitby, Port Hope, Cobourg, Belle-
ville, Picton, and Kingston.

The total number of sailing ships and steamers of the lakes and
rivers of Ontario as on the Dominion Register, Dec. 31, 1911, was
2,014; number of steamers, 1,472; gross tonnage of steamers,

/>28; total net tonnage of sailing ships and steamers, 236,877.

Canals.

The canals along the route of the Great Lakes and the St.
Lawrence River between Port Arthur and Montreal are: the
Sault Ste. Marie Canal. 1% miles long; the Welland Canal, 26%
miles, connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario; and the St. Lawrence
Canals, 451:, miles lon£, making 73^. miles in all. The complete
•way distance between these two cities is i.jj^'- miles.

Two other canal systems are: (T) the Ridcau River system, from
Kingston to Ottawa, and (2) the Trent Valley system, from Lake
Ontario at Trenton through the Kawartha Lakes to Georgian Bay.

The Murray Canal, 5 1-6 miles long, divides Prince Edward
County from the mainland and gives a southwest entrance int<> the
Bay of Quinte.

130 ONTARIO

Vessel nnd.frcluht Tonnage passed through the Sault Ste. Marie Canal.

U.H.

No. Tollllfttfr.

Toul

;

l n.t.-.l

Toul.

1910

1911

191*...

.-

s.7i3

-• • »

.

. ,-. ,.;,,

3.173.494
3.106.880

I.IM
8.734

•.

.068
5.118

;.".::....:.:.
14.850.738
99.i8f.TM
Lt.Stt.Mfl

ii.Mi.tti

•

6.781
7.856

17.888,674
S3.361.198
If, gl,«N

S5.8S9.S44

I 9M.4M

3.345.619 33

l.tM.MI ::.

:

.050.068

i7.774.lSh

The large and growing difu -ivncc between the traffic of Canada
and the traffic of the United States through the canals of Canada,
arises almost wholly at Sault Ste. Marie. For example, in 1912
the proportion of strictly Canadian traffic which passed through tin-
Canadian canal at Sault Ste. Marie was 10.3, and the traffic of that
canal represented 83 per cent, of the total canalage for the whole
Dominion. Of the American traffic which passed through tin-
Canadian canal that year iron ore constituted over 87 per cent. In
other words, out of 35,579,293 tons of American traffic at Sault Ste.
Marie, 31,141,063 tons were made up of iron ore.

The situation changes at the Wetland. In 1912, out of a total
of 2,851,915 tons, Canadian traffic aggregated 1,553,116 tons, or 54
per cent. The St. Lawrence canals for that year showed 2,340,143
tons of Canadian business, out of a total of 3,477,188, or 67 per cent.

The volume of Canadian wheat brought down through the
Canadian canal at Sault Ste. Marie in i<>i i was 63,641,000 buslu-1-.
and in 1912, 83,743,034. But without reference to which of the
two canals, Canadian or American, was used at Sault Ste. Marie.
the final total of Canadian waterborne wheat in 1912 was 123,986,931
bushels.

MANUFACTURES 131

MANUFACTURI s

As a lu-ld i.. i '.!>• pi"iit.iblr investment of capital. Canada has

til and mi si: ! in

dilstnal development are (lie op|>orUiintie> grr.itrt '.:.,. in itunu-

: , conti ibutmv; to tlic <x pa iu ion of this market
IMUIII clearl\ .irs to come. In

limn-. ihr rule of over

400,000 i months. To house, clothe, feed and equip to

mail each \ear \vuld of itself require regular and

substantial additions t,. the output of Canadian factories. But when
one considers the enormous amount of constn .rk of every

kind that is >tcad. 1, including the building of rail-

i.iU and colonization road i waterways.

the i tly public hinldiMK^. the- installation of waterworks

system,, the dc\cl<>pment of transmission systems, and the numer-
uiiN other .iMiuh- i'.»r the consninption of materials, — and alv
calls the fact that, besides ininistermjj to the wants of her own
la is beiiiH in. -re heavilx dra\\n upon year by year to
-upply the re*|iiireinent> ..f other lines a* lumber.

lish. Hour. dair> prodiur. nu.tt^. paper, »' «u«»t be

admitted that the enthusiasm and c.miideiue \\::!.

ins are accustomed to look to the future is amply justified. )
Ontario is easily the banner province of the Dominion *
manufacturing is concerned. \1! the \\eMeni towns and cities.
ly all the villages, and all the eastern cities and Urge town
^ed in suine kind ..f nianni'a* turnip The import! and exports,
1 foreign, of the Provinc the fiscal year ended

h ^i. i«)i^. were as follows: IinjH.rts. dutiable. $183.571^1:
79,647; total 328. «ort*. domestic.

$125. -5 i 17 < The follow-

ulletm ' fth Cenwisof

learly where this Province Mand« in relation to
the other pt % >e projfre** it has made in the

ten \ear ju-riod from H)OO to t

ONTARIO

Province*.

KMAl.hM,
iin-iitt.

dapital.

plojreM.

SaUriM
and.*****.

Val f
prod n • i-.

IMO

QUMda ..

No.
14.950

446,916.487

| :•• IT.:

$

1 1 : ••!•' MO

isi 053 37

106

i ,;<*•• Bfg

1 961 98

!i Columbia

; ••:

.... 101.801

11,464

6.319

30..

M IH

.

;•• IT

84,686.416

H "s|

6 <;;

•' ; |M M

6.543

814.973,376

P;I T:.T

66.648,386

P.B. UUn.i

884

M.766

8.804

H". ''''S

•• :-'i; 7<i

4 H45

ii" :•"'

:*; |M M|

i -,s tVl ••'•

IMO
Canada

19,318

1,347,688.609

ill • ».:

341.008 416

I 166 976 68

Albrrla

390

•••' MS ;ii;

>; ••-•

4 866 661

]S -KS W

«'nlumbia ..

661

134.037.631

:: ; Ml

17.340 670

.;•, -n H

Manitoba

'tl "• 1"

IT HI

10 913 866

68 678 60

i r.s

36.135.013

84,766

8..-',i .

H f" 'in

Nova Scotia

1 4 HO

,

10 ••

v ><; i»>

Ontario

8.001

.

IH S1T

-,;•! v|n •-

P.B. UUn.i

443

.; ;<:•:

681,017

:: i.ii, IT

6.684

r.s Ml

BM -"'i '•'.

8aakatrl.rw.in

178

7,019.961

.: HO

,

i, ::.;•' i::

That the progress and expansion of Ontario's manufacturing
industries, as evidenced by the above figures, has been widespread in
its application, benefiting all parts of the Province, may be gathered
from the next table which shows the share enjoyed by every muni-
cipality having in 1911 a population of 10,000 or more.

Copulation

Value of

proddctn

Mnnicipalcitini and t«

1900

1910

376 688

$

(HUM* .. .

Hamilton

M '.»;•>

IT lt>2.846

l.; IOQ

8 183 186

l,: ••; ;

•'", r;-

15 866 M9

18 S74

3 01

3 860 143

. .
IVtt-rhorooffh ..

i1- MO

l" >'.".", l PI

Win-!

IT k'"'

; | 706

Iiam ...

HI go7

".It 'i-»7

It-rlii.

r. r«i;

I Ml UJ

-»;•; i*-*.

Qoelph

r. IT".

•{'••' Til,

it DM

3 348 846

:,::•. MO

•tntl

1" ••»':

1 935 176

I'M ««|ii

r1 5M

: 477

863,367

St. Catharine*

11 l-t

I "> :,!.:

Port Arthur

11

!•.-,

978 668

Nuill Si.-. Man-..

1 ' •'-»

788,478

.003.884

Chathan

i" no

,0:i.:

Oalt

]M •••,•,

., .,.,-, .,.,

353 600

n RES ijj

A Pr. or In Trade.

of the prim ril.unn- pre-eminence

in tlu- inanut : IN the ru-linc-* an«l s.it % endow*

ii u :it 111 natural rcM. which it has put

ii | »t "in own development. Tin- <>n|y rail

hand oal. which had

fn»m tlu- I n , r ton Through ihc

••ntrt;.! IM- of tlu- Provincial < this problem hat

now been solve. 1 in .1 manner that bids fair t<> place the Province

aim- I the rc.i r by means of a system of

lines, under the management of a (' elee-

from the Falls of Niagara and other Mutable water

powi <j distributed to municipalities at price* hereto-

\lthi nigh it IN onl\ two \cars since the

uissinii has IHXMI in a p liver power, it U already

'v dit'u-icn: mtiir '\ 50.000 horse power.

and the business is steadily increasii

Tlu- axailaoility .»f ch< CT in units of any si/c has acted ai

a tremendous stimulus to all kinds of industrial and has

•i special encouragement to the manufacturer of limited means.

Thi^ -nhined with other natural advantages already referred

'.ir.u'e measure for the di\< Ontario's factory

prodiu!< \\'it!i the exception of a few highlv specialized lines,

every kind of article that is made elsewlu ade also

while rertain trades seem to be scarcely known in

OHI idc of Onta:

A few brief comment mifaotnring that *tand

out most prominently in the industrial life of the province may
of interest.

.mil Si.

Furnaces for the production of pit; in»n iisin^ hnth Canadian

% locateil at Sault Ste Marie, llamilttxi.

\t the first two of th H| at

\\Vlland. the further process of converting iiHo Meel i« carried on.
Toronto ha«5 a furnace for COnverl trrl citing

nnmher the prrxluc' -on and <teel from Canadian

cd b\ the Domitr rnment. but «nce !••'

have lx . \meri hare recent! v hccun

$20.000.000 it at Ojibwav. near Windsor.

Caller on, -t Colhorne.

134

ONTARIO

Carriage Works, Oshawa, largest in Canada.

Railway Yards, Toronto.

MANUFACTURES 135

ultural Implrnir

In agricultural implements, Ontario factories bare 9$ per cent
he prodi r the entire Dominion. Toronto, Hamilton.

Brantforcl. Smith'* Falls and Ingersoll are the principal centre* of
thi> iii.!ustr\. which include* in its varic.l output ploughs, harrow*.
drills, inhibitors, mowers, rake*, reapers, hinder*, thresher*, fan-
MIMI; milU and in short cvcr> thing that a well-equipped f*ltit4JOT

luires.

The growth of this business has been particularly rapid, doe in
part to * T.IM- in the demand for implement* fr««n

the Canadian \\ Vst, hut |>erhaps even more so to the socce** which
man i -s here have met with in marketing their product

abroad.

Carriages and Waggons.

Carriage and waggon building form* an allied line that mm) fa
very large figures as regards pay-roll and output I'nhke the ii
ment trade, however, the tender cntralizc in a few large

estahlishmetr so apparent, and thriving industries are to he

iMimd all the way from Alexandria in the east to Chatham in the
Ontario has some of the largest carriage manufactories in
the British F.mpire.

Motor Vehicles.

The motor • .1: !• : ii one (hat has attained sulMiantial pro-

ions in a comparatively -hurt time. In MJOO there was no such
thing as a Canadian l.uilt motor rar : in t<>io Canada turned out
oo.ooo worth of motor cars, all of them in Ontario. Some
plants still do little m«»rr than assemble |>arts that are importetl fmm
the I ! Kngland: .ither^ nunuf.n ture practically the

entire car.

»
I in- i agUMM :ni: Induitry.

In all branches of the ni^necring tr , ^dl to the

t. her equipment enabling her t.i turn out locomotive*, traction

marine an-l »t.i'i"?u-: and boiler*.

and other eKvtru.il apparatus mining, milling and woodworiing

•Kiehine t-^-N. CtC . all con -,vith the be^t that the

world pr The e' TO and Hamilton

their kind in Canada KmgMon and Toronto are

the centre^ for locomotive building, while for the manufacture of

I36 ONTARIO

machinery and machine tools places like Dundas, Gait, Brantford
and Preston have attained considerable prominence. Steel ship-
building is becoming an important industry in Collingwood, Port
Arthur and Toronto.

Heating Apparatus.

>ves and heating apparatus form another big line that is manu-
factured in all part< of tlu- province. From the small gas cooker
t«» the largest hotel range, and from the old style box stove to
the modern furnace with hot water radiators, Ontario manufac-
tures all and has a surplus every year for export.

Pulp and Paper.

The enormous areas of spruce and balsam in Northern Ontario
interspersed as they are with navigable rivers and frequent water
ers constitute the basis of a pulp and paper industry that is
steadily growing in importance. Every year witnesses some addition
to the producing capacity of Ontario's numerous plants which, in
addition to pulp and news paper, are making a varied line of high
da *x l)ook and coated papers. An increasingly large percentage of
the former product is finding a market in the United States.

Furniture.

Lumbering is of course one of the great basie industries, hut
( Mitario has not stopped there, for in the further manufacture of
1 into articles of commerce the province has made rapid strides.
In church, school, office and household furniture it is practically
Mipreme so far as tHe Canadian market is concerned. The industry
radiates from the thrifty German settlement in Waterloo County as
a centre, thinning out rapidly cast and west of that point. In the
cheaper lines, as well as in office and bentwood furniture, Ontario
does a large export business.

Pianos.

an- another product of which the province is justly proud,
and in which it predominates. Quality rather than quantity seems
t«. have been the aim of the manufacturers in this line, and there
are at least six make* that have fully as high an average in finish
and in tonal effect as anything on the continent.

MANUFACTl

•17

r, i r FV

Fort William.

138 ONTARIO

Foodstuffs.

In the matter of foodstuffs, Ontario's equipment is varied and
highly socialized. The province operates scores of flour mills, one
or two with a daily capacity of 9,000 barrels. Bakeries, hi
factories and factories for the making of hreakfast foods are in
evidence everywhere and carry the manufacturing process along to
a more advanced stage. Another group of industries turn out a
wide assortment of canned, preserved and evaporated fruits ;m«l
vegetables, with pickles and flavoring extracts as important side-
lines. In still another group are the huge abattoirs, whose packing
house products are exported in large quantities to the 1/niu-d
Kingdom. Cheese from Ontario dairies is virtually standard tin-
world over, while creamery butter holds a hi^li place. Conch
milk and cream are also deserving of mention in this connection.
< >f the three beet sugar factories in Canada two are in < Mitario.
The confectionery trade too has advanced to a i>oim where imports
are rapidly falling off.

Textiles.

The knitting industry has been particularly progressive, some
of the factories in Gait, Paris, Dunnville, Hamilton, Toronto and
Kingston being models of their kind. Carpets of excellent quality
are made in Guelph, Hamilton, Toronto and Peterboro. In cot-
tons, Ontario is backward compared with Quebec, though there are
three large factories in Hamilton, and one in Kingston. What
little linen is manufactured in Canada is all made in Ontario, the
principal mill being in Guelph.

Leather.

The leather industries constitute another important group, all
departments of which are well represented in the province, includ-
ing tanning, boot and shoe making, harness making, belting and
general leather goods. The output of tanned, curried and fini>lu-d
leather for (he census year was nearly $15,000,000 and of boots and
shoes over $9,000,000. The rubber industry — shoes, coats, hose,
tires — is also important, involving millions of dollars in plant and
machinery.

Other manufactures which have attained prominence but of
which nothing more than passing mention may be made, are aerated
waters, bedding, brick, cement, clothing, cooperage, cordage, drugs
and chemicals, furs, glass, hardware, jewellery, liquors, organs,
paints and varnishes, silverware, soap, tile-pipe, tobacco, wall papers,
watch cases, and wire fencing.

BANKING

BANKING.

'1 he Canadian lunk n provide* the pi , ih the brtt

lie ii.uivi. tioii of Uuine**. All ihr tank*

chaMeu-d h\ the 1 ,tftg

numerous Miiall kinks distributed tlu> u^h-ut die cuumr>. C4*J
which is dependent - >n ihc pr-
an. 1 strength, under the • tnn the tanking uuiittit

1 to opt head office*, lot the

largest cnmmeu nl centres, am ituinbcr of branches which the

uid diicvtiirs ileein nccctsar) the interest of

the * id xhuw tartered

hanks d«.m- UIMIK-S in Cuiada,

'».i\r l.i.t an«l pro!uh!> ctery town or village

600 people is supplietl with one hank, sometimes two. Out of a
total of 2,889 branches of chartered ' Canada I.IOJ ar

this i»ru\i: < Kight cl-. »anks ha\e their head omcc

Toronto, where there are over 160 branch bank« and where m

bank in Can lh.it the Canadian bank* art

rong as any in the world will be seen from the following state-
ment, as at January 3151, 1913: —

Total paid up capita! $ n 5.3^7 JDJJ

.'. rescrvi 107.300,548

Total deposits in Cain I.O^.K.I

Total assets t4&5.4$7-45&

holders and <!<•; the Urge capital ami

;vc of eacli bank, an-l by tlu- liah:Iu\ «»t each shareholder

tl««uhle the pa

The decimal s\ xu-m .-! curie: i»e unit of value

the cent. «.ne hmulred ••! which nuke a dollar.

The ' i of the Royal mint produce* gold* film

and c..pj»er CMMI* The p»l«' j-.nte 1 in 5 .ml 10 dollar

^overeipn an«l tlie Pnildl

... 5. to. and -M d«i!'ar gold ire aUo OIITent. The

.re minted :n d« And 50 c

p. .n,| pr.utu.il!. t the British threeixrnnv. *ixp
shillinv:. and two Chilling piivc^ respcctivclv. Thcr< one

copper coin, the one cent piece, about equal to a halfpenny, a few
of which and the penny are also in circulation.

140

ONTARIO

The chan^f making notes, that i-. the one, two, and five dollar
. arc issued by the Dominion Government. Chartered Lank-
can only issue denominations of $5 and multiples thereof. The
following notes are in general UM :

Vnl UK money at i in-

Far of Exchange (9J% pn-miiini ».

One dollar $1.00 .
Two dollars 2.CX) .
Four 4.00 .

l;i\e
Ten

d.

5.00
10.00

4

8

16

o

The approximate value of British coins in Canadian currency at
the par of exchange (9% premium) is as follows:—

£i .......................................... $4.86

10 shillings ................................... $243

i Crown .................................... $1.21

I Florin ....................................... 48

i Shilling ...................................... 24

If the immigrant will keep in mind that one pound sterling is
nearly the same value as five dollars ($5), and one shilling about
the same as a quarter (25 cents), he will get at Canadian money
values quickly.

Bank of Toronto, Toronto.

EDUCATION 141

EDUCATION.

Tin M.I it the province i> hi|»h. Theft is

a ..i elemental) an* I secondary school*. The whole
tides tin- kindergarten, (lie public whool.
ihc secondary school high ami run- and the u

i i , i-iiui^ uuUixiri.il. tcvlr 1 art ichoob ha%c

established in \ariou- urban 1 i iKres.

1 lie work of cdi; ntary and secondary, is under the

•n of th< cial Department of £dticmtioo( the Superin-

tendent ..i Kdu.-.i'.i-.n. ami an A<l\i><>ry Council composed of
•rimeiident and nine'- .«« m»»er* representing the

I'niversity of Toronto, Queen's l'im K Mash :

nd the Western Uim ^chool Teach*

Public. High, and Separate — Publu* School ln>|Kvtcir». and ihc
•ol Trustees.

Ontario is divided into counties and districts, \\hich are tub-
led into townships and the latter into school sections. In each
>n there is a public >< ntrolled by trustees elected by the

local crs.

The public schools are unscctarian. Attendance is compulsory
and education is free. There are no dass differences, the KNIS of
the |*H>r having the same advantage as those of the r:ch and the
same avenue to the highest di - of the um.

The Province is mainly -it. but Kmnan Catholic* have

been accorded the ri^ht t 'i separate ^hools for secular and

religions instruct i«»n. an*l other reli. nominations may establish

Protesta: .ite schools under certain conditions,

A high «-r a continuation ft wn

or village of imp* .md in a nntnlK-r of townships. Tint-

free. The^e institutions f«»nn the

c-cting link 1 public schools and the u- and

are open to students th^t IK >Teted the earlier

course of elenuir ruction.

The niimher of pultlic schools in t«>i t was 5.1)21 : pupils eti rolled.
•100.5; -lRc daily attendance. Roman Catholic separate

sch<> pnpiU enrolled. 5<>.v/>: average daily Attendance.

( includnl in public schools) :

pupils enrolled. ; . indcrffartcn.

iverape • mlance. ight

publl : pupils enrolleil .iverage attendan

night high >chools. 2: pupils enrolled. 77. average attendance
10

142

ONTARIO

'UCAT1-

school*. , ,ipiU enrolled, 5,753; average attend

jS;; high fechuulft (including 44 collegiate bmitotes). 148.

pupiK enrol:. igi dailv attendance, JO.i,.

iineiit, 5-'o,-55 -pulaium ..I she

Mil the percental

, enrolled alien.:

boob. N

high MJ ,11 acliooU, $.'5.»,uHu.

The: i xjiidon, I lamdiuo.

iborougi -rd and N'.iih lla- Thc> ha. rased

:csent Government ft

hers for the public schools.

'»i««». and
the high v hooU
class tea r the public schools

•llcnt universities, the principal one
which was founded in I*.-;, and

is M :.i\im-ial iiuxU It has assets of fully

0,000 and an income «>i over $800.000. It i> uiidenoniinalionai.

1 he I;':-:,'-: of ' -\-:\l<* eii:--'»d in the Setsioa of H}12-1$ Wa%

rgc proporti- i\\n from the intelligent, agrkiil-

of tin The Globe says:—" It i>

flu- PI-MJ, It is the main sour

cams of scientific know ledge and intellectual culture which
through th< schools, and enrich and

•iie life of the pro\ ince. No ,.ne who knou rsity

and its work is called *>n t*> make apology for stands in the

ik not t.nly in Anu-rua !»n: 1:1 the lintish Empire lt»
1 are among the foremost scholars and workers m every
e of culture and research, and professional service Its pro-
fess* • an for man. in abiht . -hing |>o\ver and pcr«onal
intln ly meaMirr up to the best standards of the greatest

tiniv. '- at now

isand strong.

s,. much iii the tnada. Sir James \\liiiney t-

•ne n-.t:. credit a We to himsdf

or ii Premiership than his \v.»rk. perstmal and

xihle the r.i 'ie Provi

•i the Cabinet and their astncutes on

both hel.e^ : t her obscurantist nor reactiot

Their place is the place of leadership. The> will, we are cnnn-

it!\ interpret public opinion in providing such

144

ONTARIO

Public Library, Victoria I niv

ty, Public Schools, Toronto.

KDL'CrVTO •-.

•45

revenues for the great university of the people tlat Ontario'* own
leadership in •!.«• arts and crafts and industries, and in the
.ite science of lit- •. ill lie worthy of the premier

The London Daily Mail, England, nay*: "In r
appear to be better educated
•i. Ixrcause their education is mon u touch with

iys more desire to learn and a more
They are more in earnest about

Federated with the t"niver>iu ..f Toronto are Victoria Unifer-

x College. Wvvliffe College, and St.
College.

\ffi! ii it are Albert College. Ontario Agricultural College,

Ont.i Heal College for Women. Royal College of Dental

Surgeons, Toronto College of Mu >ge of Pharmacy.

Hamilton Conservatory of V

West iada College of Calg 'cthodist Co!

Ontario College and others.

Beside* tlu- I'n f Toronto, the other undenominational

nni\. are Queen's t*n Kingston, and the Western

I 'up London.

The denominational un- -thodist).

Trinity i Kpi-o.palia \va (Roman

1'ath.

liege of Art, one school of dairying and two
school* of mining ro i-rnment aid.

loots and colleges, some of them denominational.

throughout the pr«»\ IIM- \inong them a-
ollege. and St. Andrew's College, both residential
schools for boys.

The teaching of .t-ruultnrc in the niral <chools i< promoted by
meat ! the issuing of agricultural education

hull. •:ng%\vith mcoetl Over i-o schools in

(|iialihe<l •!!> under this heading to the amount of $4.500.

The ext. riciihural training in connection with high

and i-ontimiatiiMi «» making progress. So fir TJ Or-

rmed. \\here a tearlu-r holding the degrcr

•.inly rej> j*rt-

men- u-ulture with duties a»s,H-iated whh field work among

the ' ant eijt: ' the <,, ,ne of these

given to the hool Board by the Depar

of Education.

I46

« ONTARIO

Public libraries arc in all the cities of the province, in nearly all
tlu- towns ;m<l villages and in many of tlic townships.
Total grants for all public, high, continuation,

separate, trchnical and industrial school purposes $1.1 ]

Total grant for Uni -f Toronto 47 j

Total grant for agricultural education 687

Grand total expended by the Provincial Government
for educational purposes, including the above ;v->(1

IIKAI.TH. I'K'« >TI-i I ,tf. 147

HEALTH, PROTECTION, RECREATION.

Pt'HI l< III M I II IN ONTARIO.

Tin* || umler ,-,,ntr..l ,,f :!>,- !' J Ifcard of Health

:ig seven memlicrs. The Scv ?»irer

Inspector and in ,even I> 'fficcr* of Health

\!1 ..f tlu-M .,mVr- • their whole

time t«» the work of puhlic health.

Tin- Provincial BoanI 1 rol of a tnemraret,

iiu-Iii .,' \ ne of

tl>i^ r«I withnut thr Il,i..tr'!'> :i;.|.r..\.il. an<!

irtnu-nt the Botrd hsi nan bi • • • • • -mini-

neglect these w«

lioanl has jxnvcr t«. make at >pect-

i-nhlic health matter. At the present time krgnlatmfi

•nimtmicahle dbctfO.

in »« >n of meat. burtaN and «li^in!cr

nu-ir -.vhii-h i> ro; »>c nmif

luinluT. mining .in.l railv. 'ruction camps, aewi^e difpocml in

-iimmer :Iu« supply nf pure <lrinkinjj \\:itrr in ptihlic placet.

etc.

T!u- • I'uMi Health in < Mitario is regarded as being

'

HOSPITALS AND PUBLIC en \KMIKS.

in«l sufT< I'herc are Ai (niblic

•lu- l'rM\imv all iinHi nmeni it

In addition t«» tl:. ^ !mspital< ff>r the inline, \\hereall

siifferinjj from an\ f.»rm of mental disease receive honpital care am!

•itrv in the \v.»r?.| ha< adnptcd such
for the care, trratment antl n of ihe

•he «leh

of»ene«l in June. l«HJ. i*
•>f the worM'x fiiie^i in«titiiti<»ii«. It li.i« accommodatioii

failv

n the .»n!tMtietr' tment. The • the

l>ni' ' e<]nipn

148

ONTARIO

1

HOSPITALS AND PUBLIC CHAKi'l 149

The [mtftatiom •: ti»<- N titonal Sanitarium
allicil Institutions, of the Ti.r..m.

(i) the MiiM.-.k.i • mi, and U; the Mutkofca

•filial, at MusUka, vj> the 'lur.mto 1-u-c iiu»piu. ,

M.it.Tm: S) «»c tjuecn .V

On! As devoted wholly to tuberculosis the iir*t and

second are pioneer Canadian in is, the third i» the first

.ul in tin- .w.ild i.. i pin, need cases, ami the fifth is the

separate hospital for children. Their total accommodation at

prcM .}0 beds. There i* j annually for maintenance

Regai -im- Reformatories, a Commission from the United States,

;ig tiie Central i'nxjn Farm at Guelph, sa
aario has spoken the last word in prison reformatory methods,
at least so far as we have yet met, and we have been on the
\\<»rk for some time. The working 01 tutiun and the result*

are a re vela; \ new and perhaps more ambitious scheme i*

the ^ mn of 600 acres near Fort William Here the

men. not VTI initials, but ordinary first offenders, have hewed and

fcr this wof'

.iwiis in pi! «vc a better return

than if :' held !>ehin<i hrick \vall>. and the Province fives the

men a hetier chance to start right in social life again.

PROTECTION 01 c mi UKI \

If the test of a country's civilization is to be found in the treat-
child ren. i hen Canada, and more particularly the
ia entitled ••• a inji place <m the roll of nations,
s ago tli' rea'»

Charter that has since l>< ' the other Province*, by

the adjoining States and. in s.mie «•! it- unp«,nanl features.
r.titain an ' the way

he lar^e and ever-increasing interest now being taken in soda)
and child-welfare. Children'* \id S are organiirtl in the

! counties. < »\er ten thousand children luve been
:er homes in the paM t\v n addition !..

n the children the public fund* have

been saved to the exten >c million dolart in the

lessened expense for the maintenance of this dass. The chief
objects of the Society arc: the betterment of children in their own
homes ; their removal when necessary to ensure a chance of becoming
good citizens ; an endeavor to assist every child to receive fiir treat-

'50

ONTARIO

In Lake Ontario.

SUMMi l$l

incnt, wholesome img» and good moral influence*; the find-

• >f eligible foster homes for all children made ward

•n \\ulu.m undue inter (erence after ^ng
placed in foster homes; receiving and m-fMi • »tnj»Uu.

neg < .ituieiil oi chddi<

i \< i OKN. INSPECTION.

:>H «''*• i -MOOO inspections and other

illagcr* and luinlets ,,j

cases of child labour
case the law was enforced.

use of eK as a mo -idly adopted.

Probably 25 per cent, in irger

within the

SUMMER KKSORTS.

iral beautx and ions.

The magnificent plax grounds Highlands

tilled during the Minuner -i-as ,M with tins of thousands of (>eople
1 the \n The c • •. of Toronto «s the

: nearh al1. of these a i among

which are tlh 'ha Lake Miiskoka lakes

and the .{O.IKAJ island nelawan

ike NipisHing. the l-'rench an-: % Bala Fall*.

ujiiin National Park, and the Tiniagami and Tinn»kaintng

.•rthern Then there is in the northea>*.

delightfu :he Kideau I\i\ei and the l\i

and in the Miiith the \\orld ianioiis ,rand

k, the C.i d the Timis-

kaming and Northern < intario i\ail\\a>s aiui steamboat companies
excellent M • -:her near and far distant

which, like tlu could not g

The iollouing editorial th the si:

tixely: —

Ontario for a Holiday.

who are thinking of their ! >« tbould nol o^rHook

a reproach to thr - that they kn-

little of the beautie* of their ou -i of il»e

from all over the N'iacara are auoniahtu to n«d thai

• »f it tx-1 Harlo hat created one of the aWt

beautiful parks in the world around the great cataract. Bot they are far

15*

ONTARIO

Chasing a Moose (< Canoeing Home a Deer. Hooked (CNR).

HUNTING AND WISHING 153

more surprised to learn that thousands of people in Toronto nite never seen

the Falls.

Ontario . hat many remarkable scenes as well as Niagj

es are associated with Ontario, and along their
especially pernapl in the Georgian Bay region, and in the 1401
hes of the St. l<a»rc . Ontario has a wonder!

ere are other and as bewildering scenes of beamy. Itehoai is
the resort during the summer of hordes of t'n:

•ronto which afford the most charming sylvan

viral landscape . and thr ,c and Stony Lake

tor sport an<! :>g arc unrivalled, and then a»a>

^ and Renfrew G.t: to be found »cencs as strange a»

lywhcrc on the continent, «iut«.ide the mountain ranges. The Ottawa

,:

•
r marvels oi

for mam canoeists and others

Park, and beyond this, north and west, are the

Timagami and Timiskaming. while the trip up the Montreal River & one

to be forgotten. All of these places are not outside convenient rang*.

s Nipigon. and bevond that the wonders of the Rainy

ic poets have confined themselves chiefly t» the

but lit soon attt -n I he

have a boundless store before them in thc*c endless millions of i

Before the recent accession of territory < • <• same si« as

the German Empire. It is now more than half as large again. A snore
fertile land does not exist on earth. The forests of Ontario have paid the
people's taxes for some gcncrat: -he forestry department hopes to

the record. Water j.<> in abundance. The only thing

that is scarce is people. If Ontario people would make haste to get
acquainted with Ontario, all over its 400000 square miles, they would soon
have the rest of the world spending their vac.r and totally settling

down in residence. Then would be fulfilled the saying, uttrred twenty years
ago by a ll'orld man. that the centre <>f the British Kmpire thai) yet move
over to Canada. — ll'orld. June is. i>>

HUNTING AND I IMI

is a most alluring fu-ld. 1:.

innumerable, game and fish abundant, in a province j! j time*

the size of the Old Land. \\ ith ..n f people, and just

about a week's sail from British shores. Think of it. How grand

the opportunity! Thrilling pleasure to the sportsn mcnt

and sustenance to the settler. More than that. It is not limited

en of the strong, adventurous type. It is within the reach of

the ordinary man. For • magnificent railways penetrate these

Old and New Ontari rand Trunk, the Canadian

he Canadian Northern, and the National Transcontinental.

t and speeding-out with comfort and ease for thousand*

he " Highlands " and other parts of Old Ontario are

at their comr th multitudes of deer; great numbers of dock;

and plentiful shoals of fish: black bass, brook trout, maslcinonfe

(30 Ibs. weight) and others of the finny tribe. So also arc

Timagami and Timiskaming (by T. ft N. O R.> on the

154

( >.\T.\KI< )

ri^lit through the great Districts of Northern Ontario to Rain,
River and Kenora on the west, where hunter and angler find the
lordly moose, caribou, red deer, hare and beaver; black bear, grey I
wolf, lynx and porcupine; wild goose, wild duck, grouse, partridge, 1
prairie chicken and ptarmigan; sturgeon, maskinonge, salmon ti
s per k led trout, white fish, herring, pike and bass. Thousands of
sportsmen enter that area of strength and pleasure every year.

Mary

GOVERNMENT 155

GOVERNMENT.

« VNMM

The Dominion uf Canada, of \\lnch Ontario U one of ihr
fe.leratcd provinces, is a «ic|>oii«lency of {.'.-. and

has a representative and responsible government, with the »r.»
Mini-Hi at Ottawa, in the c of Ontario.

Federal H\

The King is represent! .1 !•. a Governor-Genera), advised by a
Cabinet chosen from the metnt>er> ••! tin- two House* of Parliament
Tin- Cabinet con- departmental office*,

besides one or more miniMerx \\ithont office.

Legislative IN.

The principles of parliamentary government arc tho*r of the

British Isles. The legislative j^ red in the King, the

M<! the H«nise of Commons The Senate compn«e* §6
memhers appointed by the Crown. It has co-ordinate powers of
M with the House, of Commons, except in fiscal matter*
The Hi HIM- «>f C'-Mnnions consisls of «-lcoted <

' irlianient is sooner dissolved) by the citizen*
of the variot: ices. Parliament meets regularly once a year:

men -uses receive a salary The ' <• powers

he Federal Government are limited t«. •« of

in ion or National imf>or forth in the written con

entitled "The BritUh N-T!!I \merica A

Province of Ontario

•>vri»NOR Honor. J M Gib«on. K

'

font fif O'liM.,7 ,IM,/ r-rr,. ' !l.»n Si- I P WMtfWY

Attorney-General Hon J J

Treasurer of the Hon 1

Secretary and Registrar of P' H >n U T

••f Education Hon. 1 A.
Minister of Agriculture S Don

Minister of Public H'orl Hon T O R*a«

Minister of Lands. Forests and Mines Hon w H Heaflt

JPi-f/kon/ Portfolio

156 ONTARIO

Tlu- executive power of the Province is vested in a Lieutenant
Governor, appointed by the Governor-General of the Dominion in
Council and aided by a Council, the members of which have seats in
the Legislative Assembly, to which they are responsible. The
of Government is at Toronto.

There is only one House, an elected Assembly, consisting of 106
salaried members. The duration of the Assembly is four \
unless sooner dissolved. There is manhood suffrage, limited by
residence and citizenship. The session- ,-ire annual. The powers
<>f the Legislature are defined by the British North America Vt.
The subjects that fall within the legislative authority of the Pro-
vincial Government are very numerous: comfort and convenience,
liberty and life, all the rights of citizens with respect to propem.
and the endless matters that daily affect a community.

The legislative powers of the Province relate to the management
and sale of public lands and the timber and minerals thereon; ad-
ministration of justice in the Province; property, and the rai<i
revenue for provincial purposes; the establishment, maintenance and
management of prisons, hospitals, asylums charities, education, etc.;
tavern licenses, local works and undertakings, and generally all
matters of a local nature.

The revenue of the Province is derived from the sale of Crown
lands, timber and minerals, from liquor licenses, succession duties.
and other fees, supplemented by a subsidy from the Dominion. The
total revenue of the Department of Lands, Forests and Mine
1912 was $2,900,204.74. The Province expends a great deal of
money in public services such as are maintained elsewhere wholly
bv the municipalities. These include the care of lunatics, the main-
tenance of institutions for the deaf, dumb and blind, of reformatories
and refuges. Aid is given to hospitals and charities, and the Pro-
vince undertakes the care and protection of neglected children, and
further aids the municipalities with large grants for Public and High
Schools.

Statement of leading items of Expenditure by the Province of
Ontario for the year ended October 31. 1912:

Civil Government $680,451 95

Legislation 281426 73

Administration of Justice 674,300 79

Education 1.963.251 64

Public Institutions Maintenance 1.313.969 48

Agriculture 687.503 04

Colonization and Immigration 106,227 63

MINh'Il'U. « ,- »\ KUN.MK' 157

;»ilaU ami Chanties ;

nildiM^s. Maintenance, ct 1,017,1*.

; JO

Col« Ko.ids

. ;^» I--
Charges on Crown Lands . .

•he scar MJIJ, t!i :s aimmnted !•• > >6-J4.

ami the tula' .v of

October of that year, the ! ha«l caOi to the aimm:
$1.439,071.88 on de|xjsit t«. its i rulit in the hank

Miinu ip.il < •••% ••! inn.

Ontario posse^ ystem of nuiiucipal govern-

ment The municipal divii us are counties, cities, town«. villages
ami tM\vii.shipv layers of each iniinici|ialii> anmully elect

a council to t; hcse council *ith

Ic.^ixlativr j".\\r taxation.

The that th< ailed upon to

are imposed hy the inuniripaliix . an«! the\ are as a rule quite
moderate, especially in rural municipalities In the latter, taxes
be levii i<ls ami bridges, for schools, and for general

:ative purposes. t-tr. I'rhan nnmi> addition,

raise funds for the establishment r ami sewerage systems.

and for the acquisition ami operation of public nti! laws

having first been <uhmitted t.» th- »nd their endorsation

As a rule where Iarj4« nded. deben-

he mnnii-ipa!it\ 1 to meet the

out!

In r ta the expense* i»i the central government are

met by J ii not

unicipa! ntral govern-

ment, hut. ..ii t? irv. the centra! ' g.nenimenl

distt: Ii \ear aim -ti^ the mtnr

\ Municipal I>i-?ri>: i * .1 !; Mich, owing to

:on. there is n<» C«»ur vtid the •!

of the T -e tlierc: nment of the

11

•58

ONTARIO

POPULATION, CITIES ANi MS

POPULATION.

tario has a population < .74. pcm

h or of British origin It is obvious that •

lllllliiillH 111 ;.U- of r.rili,h |

!>odied and : ««», are particularly welcome.

CITIES AND TOWN^

has appr« ..\im.ih . 300 cities, towns and villages. It
has the honor of possessing the capital city of Canada. The

- and ill.

IN OLD ONTARIO.

i

tpital of Ontario and the seat of the Provincial

Gove ic secon . the Dominion, it is one of the

most beaut it ul . -n the continent it i ituatc-d on the north

irio, on a slope of land gradually ming fr»m the

1 feet, and it -i area of 33 «|tiare miles. In

is the harbor, a square mile in area, formed by an

the xMiith ( )n the ea*t is the River U-n. and on the west

lumber. possesses many tree-shade fine

•ices, and handsome public building*, such as

•••.Hidings, the City Hall, tl and

ry.

seat of a number i»f educational -n* — the I'ni

affiliated college*: t't

IrMaMcr l"i
or Canada College

Ool-

fts industries are nth i ng the manufacir

i nd "th< rier\. agricultural impk-

. rhu-le*. pianos and
tinware. gla*<ware. carpet*. CD**

numl>er ..f manufactui • . establishments b

iTO^xxvxx); employees. 9J,ooo:
and wages. $42.000.000: annual value of products.

|i8o, » -\«YY^

[6o

ONTARIO

Municipal

. Toronto.

Part of Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto.

IX OLD ONTAK 161

•» an abundant »u|ipl y of cheap

;ara l;alU, and i! Mrecl* are magnifr
htfl. !..\v i ate h\ the liv

Thr clt) I'

hall •••»•» the omtiiieiit. and it r.ulw

Ix'tli il a great di>trihulin^ remn \ e**cU to thr

mini ;Mlh tMiinai;.

harl> tinl leave (he fit) dailv The

sunn MI: at this |.,t! !> tl>« • tn

Can.i id tlepar The

\< .in. I i tenniiioa.

•nto ha« increased
m |NipuIati<M! ;.'5,ooo. In icjoS it was 300,000. The

l-llMu |>.trk> .ind -.1:-!. :. . S| |>tlhllc *cllOi>l>

pnhlic hoNpr
and 7 theatres. Th-

paste

i-mp: -«(> han.U The rit\ lias the lar- ition

in tl with at) a!Un<l.i %e <»n a imlh«n Thevalueof

hnil- i in t<)oS wa^ it was

The total .1 9 wa»

800,000 Ihr inland revenue t

The

r i«n>S •
$3O.-" 1C return 166,-

Otuwa.

The .md therefore

•A plav-e oral and the ml

•i a forest of maple
.intf the < »ttav\a River, and
in. in. l> i ' iuty and

The

ther jjovemi ! puMu* biiildinjtY. «*H! a

d of tplcndid n.
design, a* mrll

m.N It i. alnindantly provided
with j.lav-r..ti!i.lv ; tl

m ficniunently paved

nd the -

• )\T.\ki<>

riES IN oI.D ONTAI 163

find," says the e it *

e 1*1 the highest cut!

progress, civic government and beauty. You h<* nattered

the enigma of mumoual governmeni. Uit you lu\ - -y SO

ysical aspect will become for the

\\hole !>••• And un«»clu-r \merican wr. awa
the Beautn- The IH.J.U! hiding Miburfc*.

us,. ....

Nine steam roads mm t rs and one electric

are under c« are eight water lines. Four

great ri arc t Trunk, Canadian Pacific. Canadian

Northern, and New Y<>rk c\ntral. leading to far distant cities

Several branch luu- run int • the heart of tin hunting and fishing

o r.atiiu-uu and Algonquin 1'ark. Water lines are by

tu Canal to the St I ..ikes, and by

the ( Mtawa ami .v once Ki\cr> • lontreal.

.in- antic scaboai

Tlu- nt\ ii.i luxtru-. .ii various kinds, iron works and

id larjjr > for the |>r«Nlu ard*

boar inann. and cement. Driving em-

about 17,000 persons, and pa\m^ nut in annual wages

about $8,000,000. It has th« ial lumlier factory in

the -put in PHI aggrega1 <nojOon feel.

board m a value of S • raw

material of great variety opportunities for

mam industries.

umes about 75.000 h.p of electric energy, and has
I able over 25.000 \\1 rated in the heart of the

-powers. Within

a r.i loped power for commercial

purpose hime and value.

The facilities. Among its institu-

rmal and M-^!el School*.

ilege.and the It
re three btifttness colleges and

•nine other puMir .ITL! »nd schools.

The Central i l*«»tillr\

tit insti: re held here annuallv,

I \IIMU.I' I'.xhihition «»f Motor Vehicle*.

It*

ONTAKh •

Business Streets. Hamilton.

s IN n|. i \K10

. population about 90/100, U »ituated on the

re of Hamilton Bay. a beautiful InndU krd har!*,r at the fttnj

l.ake Ontario, IJeh-.n.l • inem

uh; thu

*'idr.

•.utldiiiKv and wealth
es; of the clear water- of tin

•nth ca>-

million dollars' north .ituiuallt. the

greater port through Ifaiinl:

The ritv has excdteiti i.i ilil «.th water and rail.

tlu- regular |>ort of call for all the M line* operating from

the head of iic Inland Strap

-. I.iinnol. havi :iireal and inter-

nu-diatc i>orts. Oj>cratin. uul Tnmk Rail-

way; Canadian Padfiv ! Ton»nt- 'ton and Htiflfalo

:iadian Northern '.he centre of

a complete electric railu uhurban tra\

II. •.•!!:'• tmifacturiiK •tseftsing all the

.rge industrial c« • r favor-

unlimited supply of drctric
•rom

tn'le*. distant The

I lamiltMM H .rtinent i< municipally owne<l awl *ell*

power at c< r .md Tran<mi*«ion

•urers latUf.

•injj cstahlishinent- number 400; capital invertrd.
early wage^ and nlarief.
$50.000.000 The mdu^

inch: ron foundries, wood-working

•ulturnl implementv. Hectrical apparatus and

machincr U and lachine* and

•k^thini:
furniture and mam other art:

The facilitl- ;i are gnod. there being

\\ Schonl. Technical

...I. Coll. il Ru«ine« Colle;

Main-1' adranta^r*

as a residential and bu

t66

ONTARIO

Collegiate Institute, Ix>ml<»n.

Market Day, Brantford.

IN OLD ONTARIO 167

of London, in the Count i ji

t |H.|.ul, .:,, it i% in the centre of

tural country, a: .trkct in tfrain. live »luck and

nee is one of the best in Ont.>

:i lines of the Grand Trunk .md C'an.i Kail

ways pas> tlir-.u^ii it. llr.im-h line* of the M

•i.| London and tyt alio run into

! own road, the London ami Port Stanley, con-
ituni-Iimv; s(>ecial freight rates to manu-

As a inantii is steadily growing in imporUDce

•i- it^ niiin< ire. several agricultural implement

finioal works, found

le works, brass work%
the rin :c power

• he I i . «lro- Electric Commission.

regular streets, bottle-

!s shade resiileiii-i-H <p per cent of

the workingmen own their «»\vn houu- the leading

. having the Western I'nr

:ute. and twenty 4 wo
the Pr«- mi for the Insane

Brant t.

Hmnt l\.uf!-
ith a |-
unk. tin

the I ri« and N'orrheni Northern, the

id the « 4lle\

• lar)»e inannfacturin; Tiiplojrin*

(Xio hai! -u-luding agricul-

tural implen'- lalleable casting^.

ha< the H-
cm Cotinth: wer sujr

There are ten lunk*. two daiU

and

Krantfonl ha* ihe Ontario

•n of the Blind

[68

ONTARIO

Collegiate Institute.

Central Park, Armouries, Collegiate Institute, Peterboro.

i I I 1 1 IN j AK1« •

• i tin- 1 h'lmmini, nii'lu.u along i\. -cat *rtLrt, where liir

rot* the international
* b> rail

• >tcrn market 1

Trunk .liilugaii

\\ .1 Tin

.tin I tin- third l.\ tunnd it. Tin

uohip lin<

it. '1'h. iruit uid

•

igars, steel 11 product*. machinery.

•rass goo<!s, ben paint and varn

iral ga> is supplied t«- inainr at a lov.

has ir^e !••• ir sqxiratc schools, several

.uMiiutr. .-.,!! paved shaded avenue*.
Dl lK-anti!ie.l witii ll«.\\er U I -kepi public

Peterborough.

•ut^h. C"unt\ MI IVti rbofoogh, 76 mile*

''«'••: picture:x|iiel\ Mtuatcd OH the

iterways.

hi- nn of the < irand Trunk, and the main line

issex through it. The < Honabce River and
rs iuni!-!i abundant water |»o\ver. and Hydro-

iudu itjt inr the inanufacti'rc of elr

IM.H-IIMU-: \ .in-1 .:;•;•'• uning. mil! and hxdraulic in

luiiil IN; tl-r agricultural iniplnr.

furnituti

\\«H,: .uid ulr% >iany

•n tlie Trent \\ tuatetl the Ihdraulir

\. the i ie largest monolithic

rid

Tin iool. a CoDegiatc InMitute.

4e. government building*.

and nine pnKu- ichooh • i n handsome residences and public

lerable beauty, and i* in the

a large and rich agricultural diMr the

•n the Kawartba Lakes.

[TO

« »\T.\KI< >

Kingston, ()n:ari«>. <1 I l\

Post Office and City Hall, St. Thomas.

IN • •;.:' • -\ | U 171

>(tlOfl|.

Tin .>ntc:i.i ha» a population of

'». It I near die - ibe

it (he IK ii H»f

ideal r steamship* call dail> during

the season of navigation. The Kidcan gives water '•^mnHtfiffHr^tt
iwa ami intervening > are the Grand

id the Canad cading induv

locon : !!»!•. nulling. piano».

es, hosie n plant, rt» It ha* excellent educa-

tional institutions. UK In-: en's t 'iii\or*i!\ , School

ing and Agr ..1 <>f • rto Government.

Regiopolis C< tllc^iatc Institute and public

schools. 'I'll. • mi:;.' ,.i-..!iu- puMi. tnl«ling% and

'imnioii :jary

ami .1 iVn\ir Kingston U a fine *unv

I in tlu • splcmlhl fislung grounds. The deri^

Welland Canal will nu-an iiiurh. a* the larijcr »•
will tranship here.

The city of St. Thomas, p. .j.ui.it:. .n 16,000. situated 8 miles from
lake Erie, and i from Tor«»n(u. U one of

the m«.st important railway emtrc- m the Province. The city is
iiy five leading s the Michigan Centra), the

I Trunk, the XN'aliash. ili fie an«l ihc V

(jiic! v one clo ! Ijkc Kne. run-

through St. TIi It ii a

i Pacific.

1 Pcre Mar«|iu-ttc have large raih»ay «hop«

emp: hands. Tlu- pu!»li/ IniildiiiK^— post office, otir hall.

• house—arc all splendid -tnu-turcs \

A ell as Alma 1-* legr.

thtiev own* all if* pub-

lic milit^ -ks. ^ls -ht ami power m«

ami lude the manufacture o»

u|u-; '?ul font.

I flour mills, ami a number of smaller

indu ! in the centre of one of the finest

agricultural area growth ha«

•iv. the maj- -w owning their own

hon:

I/"-'

. iNTARK)

Park and Public School, lirrlin.

Satunh) Morning in Berlin Public Market Hall.

Berlin.

•tile* we* of Toronto.

I Trunk K.i»U.i. and Kas
COOn itli \\ateil.M,. i'reatoii, Hc»|*cUr, c.uh and 1!

linn MI tlu-ir hoinev The cit> |iniiCHCi and

li^li1 -1111*1 iiitinii ipal owncr^h

public utilities to be a ' c*v It ha» (he

Niagara pow* f*ited l»>

(lie HV O.iiinu>st,,n ,.s j »tcad>

:h ami iinliistnal |>r«»^irsN it IN |irmiil . licrlm." Therr

mieriet

it-It. |>lanin^ mill, granite an-1 marble, lurnitt:
ti\tnii-v win- .'i<l collars, boots and shoes,

l»ol.: air niilhi. ml confectionery, bert

j»ical ot licrltn'%

.;i-i nn of $100,000. is one of the

: in tin- c. Tin kept an. I uj.t-.bie. and

all " beautiful homo \ tine of the

attractive parks in the Dominion

Stratford.

The city of Stratford, the county seat of Perth. 88 miles from

Tor. 11 the main line of the T.rand Trunk Railu -*ula-

\ tiraiii-hcs of the T.rand Tnmk |a» thr.High the

litre, and a favorable lor
urroun.!. -me fanning ct^intry. in *

are r iall toun^ and villa. The are.

xhop*. bridge and irr>n work*, ibre^liinu macl

Hour mill machii- implenietit ••*, hricics

and tiles, kuittin; ^ «»H| .inVr

%

1 other article* The city has several
including an excellr Institute and Tech-

;th brick

and asphalt, the street arc line<l with maple* and other trees, and
man- ititial and handsome.

u

174

Guelph Reside

OLD UMAklo

•75

ph. \\

G»ctph.

'

I .in-; in the irn' fine agn

rilllll! |'i»|Hllal ihc

I Mink ami tin- Caiuul An clcuru IH

•them KaiU*) The
itfhi work*, ftrer

an* I M-werage sy>tan I *u|»j*hol by the HydfO'

l:^ » arc ini|«irtJUSl and IfldlKk

iclnitcs. carru^cv s!ci«h%. iuriucc*. Motr%,

Mgi, gasolene engine*, hardware and wood-

• food** clothing.
aKficultural tmplmu In

..(Ml -.i-lionU and a O-llc;,- tutc, it u the %c,

the • •k-ultural Oillrvji- aii-l M.n-.l..»».i

ultural IiiNiiiutiiins"i. l«i it »- held ihc ProvinciaJ
\\in- k ami I'milv

i l;arin.

Gattwrtaati

The i-it\ «•!' St i'ath.ir ncoln Cciuni\, 70 mile* from

Toronto by" rail. U Ml n tlic \\ cll.iml final, connecting Uke»

. antl ..n the Grand Trunk Railway. Population.

; , Tlu- XiajL'ar- <nes and Toronto Electric Railway

< >\T ARIO

runs from St. Catharines to Niagara l-'alK. N.Y.. and to iWt
Dalhousic on Lake Ontario, \\luiv steamboat connection U made
with Toronto. ^4 miles distant. An electric street railway extends
from St. Catharines tu the neighboring towns of ThomM and
Mcrritton. The cit\ is the seat of the Kishop Ridley College lot
boys. Its industries include paper, flour and planing mills. builders'
tries, metal works, threshing machines, agricultural tools, tan-
nery, knitting factory, wire, biscuits, fruit eanning establishments
and a cold storage warehouse for foods. St. Catharines is situ
in a rich fruit-growing and agricultural district, where there are \er\
extensive grape vineyards.

Chatham.

The city of Chatham, Kent County, 180 miles from Toronto, is
situated at the head of navigation on the River Thames. I'op-
illation, 12,039. At its -ervice are the Grand Trunk and the
Canadian Pacific Railways, the Wabash, and the Pere Mar<|uette.
and tliere is an electric railway between Chatham, Wallacebnr- and
Lake Krie. The city has electric light and a first-class system of
waterworks, armouries, House of Refuge, fine schools, and a col-
legiate institute. Its industries are carriage factories, engine and
boiler works, builders' factories, flour mills, fanning mills, woollen
mills, malleable iron and steel specialties, machine shop, wagons,
gas engines, bricks and tiles, pad and textile works, fruit evaporator,
canning, and other industries. The city is in the midst of a fertile
agricultural district. And in the neighbourhood are good fishing
and shooting.

Belleville.

The city of Belleville, Hastings County, population 11.201, is
-ituated at the point where the Moira River flows into the Bay of
fjuinte and thence into Lake Ontario. It is on the main line of the
('.rand Trunk Railway, the Canadian Northern Railway, and the
Canadian Pacific Railway, and is about 113 miles east of Toronto
and 220 miles west of Montreal. It is a port of call for the I'.ay
of Quinte division of the Inland Lines. Limited, plying between To-
ronto, Montreal, and intermediate ports. Belleville has 40 indus-
tries and is the largest cement producing centre in Canada. Among
its industries are the following: lock works, flour mills, foundries
rolling mills, planing mills, shirt factories, mattress factory, woollen
mills, evaporator, canning factory, boat works, carriage work-.
paper mills, machine works, furniture factories, brewery, distillery.
vinegar works, stone quarries, marble and brick works, tannery,
cigar factories, tinware and lanterns. It is also an important market

1 <>U> iiNTAK 177

igr u ul!ui.i; products. Tl residential section is especially

c because of ks wide shaded
cs. The opportunities for boating, fishing and y».
mmiliers of visitors.

It i s also a great >nal centre, comprising Albert rotlm,

adies, St. Agnes School for Udic*. The

.t Conservatory of Music, a

Institute and a nunuVr of excellent school*.

Woodstock.

Tlu .dstock. cat of the Coun'

has .t intcd on the main lino* of the

Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk K 90 miles from

Toronto, and is about midway between Detroit and Niagara I
It is also on the line of the Grand Trunk running from I*akc
.ike Huron and ('.cm. the tcnnitiu* of an •

\\., !•• ., and Ingcrsoll. a

nee of some ten miles Tlu situated in a fine agricul-

tura :uularl\ .r its dairy products, and it ha* a

splendid -.hi- n butter and eggs. It has a number of

man .-hiding a furniture .ith an output valued

at three <|tiartcrx ,,f a million dollars annually; two wagon factories,

A ith a capacity of 10.000 wagons n • ie maitn-

ire of upright an. I grand piano*, church and reed organs, piano

id U-nche- d glue jointer^, lient goods.

castors, imp!- garden tools, kn::t.-d and woven goods, 6re-

arms. school desks, woven wire fencing, biscuit^ an-' 'tons,

irn cleaners, bed -pri- -tresses, wind mills, braid*.

motor c*l i the line of the Hydro- Electric

'! lighted, and has an abundant pure waier

stip|>Iy. ' nts mmr <iodstock

!] otT t - Inst»cu- uhlic

• school. The VVomlst
ic Government, is the first of it% kind in ibe

Niagara Fall*.

Tlu cit- ^.^ miles from T

lati.- Immicnt and the

i lines. Thr< :c plants gmcrate

Kailway transp»»rtation. into both Canada and

178

< >NTARI<>

Main Street, Gait.

A Kiflcau Lake, near Brockville, C.N.R. On tin- Ki.K-.m. near I'.mckvilk-. C.N.R

IN ol. 1) uNTAK

the I nitcd States, is unsurpassed, the Niagara PmtntuU bernf our

.mi |**!i. •

cd States between M..mrcal m the CAM an-! the Detroit River
in the west. An clc atharinr

an. I .1 tram road t«» the t<>\vn • •! Niagara on Ijikc Ontario.

Aith steamU There i* al*» an electric

urTalo, and i>ne along the me uremtun and

riiippeuu. with rom thr Tain,},

in Chi|i|K-\\;i on th. ,k'4f.i Kurr the

tiiui !ra!i>|N,rt.tti"ii as far a* the wotern *hc?

Lakt ving access to the market

Mlential a«lvantanrs arc u|»-t.. «Utc.
|Hiwcr ami natur

'•line sh..p. hr.

industries silver \v«.rks. aluminiuni IHI\. :%pent|rr»

ir, cereal foods, i and <»th'

Owen Soun*i

•und. Gl !-•-• miles northwest of Torou

located \\Iu-rc ttic Sxdcnliam River flows into Georgian Bay and at
tin- lie (irand Trunk and Canadian Pacific

I'- •;••:!...• ..n 12.383. Its harbour is one of the
Upper Lakes. The Northern N i Company's sfc

leave three times a ric and intcnnediate

id (it her transportation companies also

The n •i.lirx ]»• a food

^tcm. mimic:: ^ht j»latr ndttStfics

are foundries, cement works, tanneries, mill machinery,

iltural impletnctitH. sa^h and «!•- tes,

»ves, woollens. «rain el. ;'tantv flour and

bride. lim<' and other induct

Oatt.

!(K> Con^ity. (Mi|iulati<»n d on ibr

•i.idian P \ Tnmk Rai!

• f Toronto It has r!rvtric railway communication

with Preston. Hespeler. P.erlin. \\ It*

iiulu hoiler<. lumber. i»len>etit*. wbrrl*.
huihlers* sin-

leu' T! ^ higbeU** eftuca-

! facilities, well e«|tiip|>ed public- institution*, four large paHE»

and i*; in a rich agricultural

i8o ONTARIO

Sarnia.

Sarnia, county seat of Lambton county, population 10,048, is on
the St. Clair River and the Grand Trunk and I 'ere Mar«|iiette Kail
I, 170 miles west of Toronto. At this point a submarine tunnel
connects the railway systems of Ontario and Michigan. The
Northern Navigation -learners run twice weekly from Sarnia to
I 'or! Artbur and Dulutb and tlirce times weekly to Fort William.
During navigation an immense amount of freight i> transferred
fn»m the roalroads here to steamers bound for Port Arthur and
I-'ort William, the bulk of the traffic being destined for the North-
Tin- town's industries are lumber, planing and saw mills, gas
and gasoline engines, threshers, carriages, spoke- and hubs, oil
refinery, -alt works, cannery, cream separators, chair won
and other-. Sarnia ha- natural gas, street railway, fine schools and
a good water front.

Brockville.

Brockville, the county town of Leeds and (.renville, population
>. is on the River St. Lawrence, 125 miles west of Montreal.
It is on the main line of the Grand Trunk; is connected with ( n
tawa by a branch of the Canadian Pacific; is a terminal of the
Brockville, Westport and Northwestern, and it- -hipping facilit-
v rail and water are excellent. The tourist steamers of the
R. and O. Navigation Company call at Brockville daily during the
-ummer. The town is the centre of an important dairying section ;
cheese sold by the Dairymen's Board of Trade exceeds in value three
million dollars annually ; and it has a number of factories employing
from 200 to 400 hands each besides smaller industries. It is beauti-
fully situated at the eastern gateway to the famous Thousand
1 -lands. Summer cottages extend along the St. Lawrence for m
miles. Within two hours' ride by the C.N.R. is a chain of lakes,
the Rideau. Bcverley. Charleston, etc. — a paradi-c for anglers.

Oshawa.

Oshawa. Ontario county, population 8,OOO, 33 miles east of Tor-
•n the main line of the ('.rand Trunk, is on a branch of the
Canadian Xorthern. and connects with Lake Ontario by the
< Miawa Klectric Railway. Tt ha- a wide reputation a- a manu-
ring centre and contains the largest carriage plant in the
Dominion. Among its forenio-t industries he-ide- carriages; arc
motor cars, malleable iron, metal roofing, interior fittings, leather.

ANS IN (il.li oN

iSi

canning, tied range*, piano*. lu churl

ii M .1 tutr rr»ttkntu «uh

lii^li ami pnl.lu | tight and power. ,•

\\cll pave. I strict ant I auraflue |...

I ,n,u..%

I.MI-: .t t o.nniN » miles from Tor-

onto, IN tlu- ii- district 1(% railway

are ' i Trunk anil I'.m.i .iii.J it hA%

>n with Mitniurr resorts <>n the Kawartha Lalcca.
m.lr hide hnnU-r a.i*i >a\\ inilU, agricultural

mill inacliincs, Hour mills, tanner). ,\...". M null. builder%* factOfic*,
ami i-an..rs I lu tOWH Js supplied \\i\\\ cleflru \».

Colllncwood.

c'ount). <>4 miles from Toronto, U on the

south >h*>re of li .v.-l on the Grand Tnmk

the terminal of the Georgian 1- Item

»n Co. INipula- During navigation tcaton it

•i of SS

•ngth. 4*

182 ONTARIO

•.eamship communication with leading lake ports — Sault Ste.
Marie. Markiii.tr. etc. It has extensi\c d.irk accommodation, ami
the largest dry dock on the upper Canadian lakes, lis indn-
include the largest steel shipbuilding plain in Canada, nail and wire
factory, grain elevator, foundries and machine >hops. >a\v and plan-
ing mills, flour mill, meat packing and canning plant, fruit and
vegetable cannery, apple evaporator, tannery, biscuit factory, etc.

The town owns the waterworks, electric light and hydro-electric
power, and it has a Collegiate Institute, an armoury and a go\
ment fish hatchery.

Cornwall.

Cornwall the first important town west of Montreal and distant
from it 68 miles, is on the St. Lawrence River 5 miles east of the
Ix>ng Sault Rapids. Population, 6,479. The Grand Trunk, and
the ( Mtawa branch of the New York Central system give it railway
connections north, south, east and west. During navigation the
tourist steamers of the R. O. and N. Co. call daily. The Cornwall
canal supplies water-power for a number of important indus-
The town has large cotton mills, a foundry, saw, paper, woollen,
and flour mills, furniture, bedstead, clothing and builders' factories,
etc., an electric street railway and good schools.

Other towns are — Smith's Falls, Barrie, Orillia, Cobourg, Pem-
broke. \\ elland, Port Hope, Ingersoll, Midland, Goderich, Waterloo,
I laukesbury, Paris. . \rnprior, Petrolea, Preston, Carleton Place.
Simcoe, Penetanguishene, Gananoque. \Yallacehurg. \\alkerville,
St. Mary's, Picton, Perth, Newmarket, Campbellford, Dunnvillc,
Parry Sound, Walkerton, Rockland. Brampton, etc.

The following are the cities and the more important towns: —

IN NORTHERN ONTARIO.

I .., t William.

The city of Fort William, 862 miles from Toronto, is situated
on the Kaministkjuia River, flowing into Thunder Bay, on the
western shore of Lake Superior. Dividing into three channel

nouth the river has about 26 miles of water within the area of
the city limks and. with improvements, constitutes one of the finest

CITIES IN NORTHERN ONTARIO

183

the

harbors in the Dominion It » th< i the

^tcaiiuh:; r fnmi Port M

western terminal of the Itil.m i MI .»m*hi|» I.mc*. 1. united, and
are a .aiiie*. all regular package freight-

unmet. »u> ,it!,ei crafl : on the Uke* The tannage

1 by 3.824 vessels rtx \±&

an iiu-reaM- •

i from Man transhipped here to

the lake \e-rN During tfa tarlllding

the balance of tl < total f*rain receipts amounted t-

I15,OOO^XX) biisheU . the: inloadol at the (k>ck« in i

Private K Ham

237,360 tons of steel rail*; aiul the i' P K. handled oio.<>i8 tons of

i of 2^73 loiu. Rat!

include the Canadian Pacific, tlic Grand Trunk Pacific, and
the t rthern, the termm.iU of the two former making a

total 5 miles of tnuk The actual figures con

:th the frci^lH nveipt^ 1>% the railway companies are not

mil cars over railways are
nated to be great ess of any previous record.

mami i. ( in iron and foundn

. l>r<x>m. brewing. l>ruk and tile, sash and door, and

184 ONTARIO

plant*, brass foundry, shipbuilding and \arinnx other indn*
me*. New Industrie* which have arranged !.. establish here and
commenced operation- represent an expenditure of alnmM
>,OUO, and involvr tin- employment of nearlv J,<**> hand-.
I lu- xi- industries arc railvvav rolling .stork (loconx »tu es except
March, bedding, WHY fence, tubes, nails, steel railwav equipment.
brick and tiK . pn — cd brick. The terminal elevator capacity in
i'Hj was 20414,000 bushels; now under con>trncti«.n. 7,750,000;
total 28,164,000. The value of improvements carried out in I«H-'
along the water front of the city, including dredging, dock*.
elevators and warehouses, reached a total of $14,000,000.

The water, light, telephone and sewerage systems of the city
are municipally owned and controlled, as is also the electric railway.
Hydro-Electric power is generated from Kakabeka Falls, — 45,000
horse-power has been already developed, and can be increased to
100,000. The city streets are clean, paved and boulevarded ; there
are many handsome business blocks, apartment houses and
rexidcnces; and eight public parks and playgrounds. The city has
a V.M.C.A. building which cost $120,000, a Collegiate Institute and
eight public schools. The population in 1907 was 13,882; in I-HJ.
about 25,000. The assessment for 1912 was $24,362,267; for nil.}.
$38,895,251.

The city is in a mineral district of hematite and magnetite ore,
and adjacent is a fertile agricultural country where many settlers
have located. In the districts west of Fort William there are 480
men working in connection with the Ontario Government new roads
construction, which will prove a boon to the farming community.
Big game, moose, deer, bear, etc., are found in close proximity to
the city, while small game abound in the neighbourhood. 1 hind-
of tourists visit Fort William and vicinity.

Port 'Arthur.

The city of Port Arthur, situated on the shore of Thunder
Bay, at the head of navigation on Lake Superior, is on the main
line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and is the lake terminn* of
the Canadian Northern Railway. It is about 1400 miles from tide-
water on the St. Lawrence at Quebec, and about 1,900 miles from
the Pacific Ocean. The city is the Canadian terminus of the
Northern Navigation Company, the Booth and White Steamship
line, the Montreal and Lake Superior Steamships, and the Chicago
and Dtriuth Transportation Company, the headquarters of the

IN NORTH KKN RIO

Cana.lun V.rthwot SuMiiiohip Company, and a calling port for

•u an.l for sixteen regular freight
A bran h of the National Transcontim

northwestward to it* f the mcrchaodtfc of

tli*- • 'in water to rail, while grain from the

west is transhipped to the vessels of the !

Tl on which * irpend* include

nun-, milling and farming, and it i< the • the

the Canadian side of the lake t.umtirr milt* repre-
sent a capacity of 50,000.000 feet per year ; a blast furnace for iron
has a capacity of 100 tons pin near

apply a large Hour inillnu \ ^upbuilding

employs over 500 men; waj^ Its, with a capacity of 15.000

wagons per year, employ about 200 men. and a rolling stock manu-

\\ith an ••ut|»iit of 40 freight cart per

will i-inpli.x alxmt i.crx) nu-n \ coal dock has a capacr
800.000 t<>iix. .111,1 the Can.i-li.in \«»rtheni elevator ha* a capacii
9,500,000 InixIu-N of jjrain. i

Arthur is thr jn

locate. I in it -OVITIIIIUMII ortkrH It^ |m,|. -.654.

It hax fut- dJ

>,OOa Tlu r::\ own '•- .ill jniMic utilities. Buill

hillside rising in three natural terraces to a height of 250 feet.

186 ONTARIO

with \\ide streets permanently paved and electric- lighted, and with
nun\ handsome residences surrounded by well kept lawns and
luxuriant foliage. Port Arthur is an attractive home in which to
de. In the neighbourhood are rich farm lands.

Sault Ste. Marie.

Sault Ste. Mane. <.n St. Mar\'- Ki\er. l)i-lrict of Al^onia. i»opn
lation, 10,613, is on a branch of the Canadian Pacific Kail way and is
the terminus of the Algoma Central and Hudson Bay Railway.

the western terminal of the Georgian Bay division of the
Northern Navigation Company. The Algoma Steamship Line
operates a fleet of freight and passenger boats. The town's in dux-
tries are supplied with electric power. The chief industries in which
millions of dollars are invested are represented by iron and
plants, and wood-pulp mills. The traffic of the upper lakes, which

eedingly large, passes through the Canadian and United States
canals at Sault Ste. Marie, between Lakes Superior and Huron.

North Bay.

\«rth Bay, 360 miles west of Montreal, is on the north sh-
ot" Lake Xipissing, at the junction of the Canadian Pacific, the
('.rand Trunk, and the Timiskaniing and Northern Ontario Rail-
. The population is over 9,000. It is a divisional point of
the C.P.R., employing several thousand men. Its principal in-
dustries are lumbering and related manufactures, a foundry.
machine shop and smelter. In addition to high, public and separate
schools, there is a Normal School maintained by the Province. The
town is well equipped with electric light and water systems. To the
southwest is the beautiful summer resort on the French River.
Game of all kinds i^ in the vicinity, and easily reached by railroad
and steamer.

Sudbury.

Sudbury, in the District of that name, i- on the main line of the
r.T R..at its junction with l.raiiclu- to Sault Sle Marie and Toronto.

also served by the Canadian Northern Ontario and the Algoma
rn Railways. Population. 5.000. The town owu^ and Oper-

its electric light, water and sewerage systems. Tt ha^ hijjh.
public and separate schools, an opera house worth $50,000, and
religious institutions worth over $200,000. The resources are
lumbering, mining, railroading, and agriculture. It has a large
foundry and machine shop, large planing mills and brickyards, and
a flour mill with a capacity of 2,000 barrels per day. The nickel
mines in the neighbourhood are the largest in the world.

TOWNS IN N< i Akin 1*7

•ra, District of Ken I i visional point of the C I' k ,

392 miles northwest o • the dtlm of ?»

ivivi-r from the Lake of the \v ^Minnie*

•atu.n. 6,000 The Kan >\ :£*•»«*

hll a l-.ii. -ices, while other

• •(her |M. mi* lt> principal industries are
milling. lumtwrmg. mining ami lUhtii^

lias a lai Milling Co ha* a

of 2,500 ba ill Hi r IH ind the l^kr of the

Woods Milling t'» I west, has two flour milU with

?it .-.i;..i «» liarreU • mcl a flotir barrel factory

with an nntjuit ..f IJOOO \ :« a ininimt:

•o horse JK-«|. at the two branches of the

Winnipeg River near mmer resort hing

in tlu- \h; ctiinmamU a licautiful

• •f the I,ake. which ix |iii-inr«—nu •! -. ! .ttnl with thotitarul* of Ularxl*

CotMlt.

Cobak. 330 miles north «»f Toronto, is on the Tiniiskaming and

utario Rail\\a\. I'" .^o. It i* »n»e «.f the

richt-M silver district world. Contributed mostly by the

Cobalt camp, the produ xilver in Ontario in lou *a*

-•2,805 ounces or one-seventh of the world's output. The town

• machine -h'-p ami !'<>un<lry. Campling plant, ami a mnnber of

oral \\holesale suj 'i»anies. ami *uch

ax elect- electric light ami telephone service.

Porcupi

Porcupine, the tcrmin branch line j6 miles Wtat

Inx i the T. and X. O. Rail ->ortant g

mining dixt: The mim- wh-»^ :e under

are the Hnllinger.
ii. I. Jupiter. NfcEnan) and «»t' Populatioti. indefinite.

Hail

I lai'- 'ii the T and v

Cobalt. i< tl the north and is one of the oldest

and most beautiful t«»wnx ir, V-rthern O- TVpulalinn.

4.000. The town commands a splendid view of Lake Timiskamint:

[88

ONTARIO

to the Quebec >ide. has a good waterfront and harbor, and has
large public buildings and handsome residences. It is the head-
quarters of the Timiskaming Navigation Co.

New Liskeard.

Ne\\ Li^keard. on the T. and N. O. Railway, 5 miles north of
Haileybury. i* in the midst of a rich agricultural country and is
the *' gateway " to the Great Clay licit. Population, 3,700. At the
head of Lake Timiskaming it is well equipped with steamlx>at

c to all points on the lake and it- tributary navigable ri\
The Xipissing Central Railway (electric) connects New I.Ukeard
with Hailevhury and Cobalt. A town of excellent public utilities
and modern buildings, it has a variety of industries which employ
between 400 and 500 men, several Government offices, good schools,
and a fine public library.

Other towns are — Copper Cliff, Steelton. Sturgeon Falls, Blind
River. Fort Frances, Thessalon, Mattawa, Keewatin, Little Current.
Dryden. Massey. Rainy River, Cochraiu . Knglchart, Hearst, etc.
The last four are railway divisional points.

NOTE. — It inu<t ho understood that the lUiu-au of Coloni/ation is n<>1
advertising particular industries or even towns <T cities, but is aiming at
showing substantially the grcatiu^- «.f tin- Province in tlu-^c aspects as a
Dotting for the prime intrn--:- «i agriculture. Hence full li>t
industries are not essential to its aim.

Short course in Live Stock on a Manitoulin Island farm.

KKX ONT.\kl<»

NORTHERN ONTARIO.

• «ith m
;1 in ihc < >ntan«. }UI tunic. *

on appluaiion The f.»ll..«inj»
that • with MIKKC

It hat a pop" «u«o When ymi

• nd Germany near I

get a faint i-I.-.i of the |hi«*ituliti<-o .if ( hlUno

irkable fact The

:tn| uith; if*

ing tl r grc«ter tha

an* Jnacciiimlr " It"--

* ay. and ere long there will
hward. the Timttkammg an.'

• ached a point five

th>rth ••• rn made to Jai

in C -rt her ii inland lea. Branch • »nd roadt i

I'MI- ' • Mirpruing ditcoftfka.

hear. I of Mnskoka, a great playground, a place foe
ami him- A ay made HA way farther

in the hope of finding good agricultural land.

mi-lit of the .!-.M..\. tiaiing richnr»%. and a great mm-

:ie«l into CobaH ami the

.

! farther -.••".'• vai bond ' land, thr clay belt nralmg

the West . timbered and

•raent Rnl«av. the
I Trunk P \..rtl»ern Railway.

process of di*co\< • have

. K"M. n

lie more surprises I) reason to hoj.

vc the ij-: • the pH»iv

..in in building op me "

.

comp' have alreadv found

land capable of producing tne finest

•

ONTARIO

PROGRESS AND FUTURE OF ONTARIO (Oi

PROGRESS AND FUTURE.

Under this head roa> well be placed an editorial cadi fnwi>

Ira. I >papers of Toronto The first, though me

deals broadly with the Dominion* and

^ent tally bound tip * .tlter. the question of

progress is common. The second, though aU» tal
ate* attention upon Ontario.

I h, Mofj ..f • Year'* Program.

In hi* excellent annual review nf the financial vr fed W. Field.

of the Momttarv Timsi. take* the groond that Canadian pfOfifas

i* not being overdone becaii*e over a thoutand fettler* enter rhe Dbmtssmi

a* a con«<rqurn<-e great «tretche« of virgin toll are

being constantly render v nothing of thr new towm thai

v week* in Northern Ontario, on the prairie* and in British
In ftftc- ccured zjpfcoao etttwm from ibroaii

and to-day the influx i* at the rate of 400/100 per amram Tho*e who bare
come within the la*t eleven year* have brought with them m ca«h and «<•
tier*' effect* about $700.000,000. Their labour addt immrmely to the af*rr
R.itc wealth of the nation; they greatly enlarge the pvrchating power of the
domestic market*, and fr -m $300.000x100 to fjoouooouooo per armtsm of Diitlmi
money follow.* them into thi* land of their adopt

ti*h capitalist* havr lent u* ii.afinjmjnan. which hi» font into
railway*, canal*, electric raih%-av«. financial and imnticpil cntcrpri
land and mine 5nve*tment< • that o«r

ment* are overdone, it 5* noted that our farm*, mine*, rnberirt.
factories have yielded &2.oj.c -i a tingle tfi

our factory output and the product* of our barely
for one year equal in value Canadian be. r rowings from the Old
invc*tor to date largely because of our National Policy of moderate pro-

tection. American indu«trie« have invented $5OO/1TMVOOO m thi« coomry

The U.»«.-f.iry Timfs think* that, despite w>me recklr«« gimbHng m real
estate, the Dominion, instead of being at the end of a period of <

ricuhvrmlrjr.

• the hctfinninK of a new era of growth agricuhvrmlrjr
and commerciallv In the next few year* the

'tern Ontario will join the Prairie* in the pr
other farm <tuff on an *cale The older part* of the com*rr will

increase their agricultural output vveral timr« over under the •doftimi of
improved method* of farming The va*t amount of railway coawJactkai
*till to be done, the building and deepening of cana!* ami thr n«her pohbr
undertaking* under ! in riew. mean the continued ootlav of great

*um* of money, and there i* no rcamn to lool • h»ck. unlr*« it be

a* a result of SOtM intcrnation rffrct

For the fir*t time bolh o<ir f.»rrij;n • ! thr

the chartered hank* have cro*«ed the billion d
i« that they will grow much fa*ter than e\rr during IOIJ and

article Sir Fdmund Walkrr pr>int* not •'
agitator* to the contrary, hundred* of the largest

from the cttie* Sir Fdmomf OUer
that we are borrowing heavilv to provide ^ — •— *~

comer* with transportation i *^d other convenience* of

A« he *ee* it. there i* no anxiety for Canada** f»mre Bi
reckle** financing and wildcat tpemlabons mm* he curbed if the
are to be got from the natural wealth with which we have been
News. January 15. ••

192 ONTARIO

The Future of Ontario.

The oft .issrrtion that before long the West will dominate the

IT it- |M>pulation and resources will be greater than those of tin-
older Confederation is wurtliy of sonn- attention. The Globe,
which uiuler the far-seeing direction BfOWO campaigned fifty years
ago for the purchase from the Hudson lla\ Company of tile land now em-
• 1 in the Prairie Provinces, and winch has i nd of
<-rn development from that (jay to this, will not he accused of enmity
to the West when it says there is n,, ,„ ssihility of that portion of the
IK •mnifii west of the Great Lakes booming more influential in the national
councils than the Kast.

The jn.tentiality of the West is great, almost unthinkably so. But here
in Ontario alone tin I in sufficient quantity and \

to support the population of Great Britain and (iermany combined. The
history of the Ka*tcrn and Western States of the American t'nion will be
repeated in the historx ««f Kastcrn and Wextern Canada. Minnesota, the
braska. and the other great agricultural States of tin-
Middle West may have held the belief forty years ago that they would
become as populous and powerful as \\ -\\ York, ami Pennsylvania, and
Ohio. T! e same rush of immigration then into these mid-W«

States that is now going into the Canadian Northwest They drained New
England, and took much of our own best blood. Rut the point of saturation
in these States has been almost reached, while the great industrial States
of the East still absorb an increasingly large proportion of the inflow of
immigration.

To Western Canada Ontario and Quebec will continue to bear the same
relation as New York, and Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, and Ohio bear
to the Western States. Ontario alone, with the single exception of
for the absence of which compensation is found in an abundance of electrical
energy — has resources as great as the four States above mentioned with
their population of almost thirty millions. Its mineral resources art ;\<
varied as they are valuable. Gold, silver, nickel, copper, iron ore, mica.
and many other ores and minerals are produced in large volume. Its forests
are still of huge extent and great value. In paper-making its spruce is
second only to that of Quebec. For all time thousands of highly paid opera-
tives will find occupation in the paper and pulp mill*, of the remote north.
The soil of Southern Ontario is far more fertile than that of any other
Province of the Dominion. Its factories increase daily in number and in
variety of output. Industries depending upon cheap electric power in large
quantities will inevitably gravitate to the water-power developments that
are so widespread.

Ontario still has more population than all the Western Provinces com-
bined, and the wave of immigration from P.ritain is adding rapidly to it.
Ten years ago Winnipeg men were confident that their splendid city would
soon outstrip Toronto. We do not now hear such assertions, because To-
ronto in the past ten years has added almost as many to her number- as
the entire population of Winnipeg. In the growth of Ontario as a whole
all find that while the population increase will be slower than in the
it will continue — probably at an accelerated pace — long after the land
is all taken up in the agricultural Provinces of the West and the rush of
settlement slackens. The country west of the lakes, which has a little over
nillion people in it to-day, will have almost five millions twenty years
hence. But by that time Ontario alone will have over four millions of very
and prosperous people, and at their hand for the production of wealth
such : in field, forest, and mine as no other four million people in

the world will have. The future of Ontario is in no doubt. This Province
will long remain what it is to-day: the most populous and powerful of the
Canadian Confederation.— -Globe, June 16, 1913.

;.«iM/.\Tln\ ANIi IMMICRATl

>LONIZATION AND IMftlK.K \TiON.

IIIKTHI of Agriculture lt*»

1 t)u !'• i. the in.,,-. MI..C hi! in lite IVfjari-

..I iinin

«n Ihc ;

1111111 (tic beginning of

xv ill exceed 4.000. 11 thr

Kngl.O,. j; ,K-r

Irish, and tj »csl da** ..i ntm a* lirrc

IMS als,, ,|,c ,,lcll

that farmer <*!|. mure

con> d to tiu i.u-1 thai the industrial demand |.tr nc*

in the 4-uirH .,* f..rnicrl> The nunUicr
already placet I is nnl> ..nr (ruth .,i thr mm that have licni in*:

liotnhtttr.l as opullv a% paMlble
i«hout the I ,-I!HT. id.

fanner- will U- \t-ll in tlic %-i.iinii|; harvest, atitl ihc% look

•hat HIMM.II \\iti \n,.i-

lit\. IN. that engigenicitts for the whole year
A run ii| tit

I'l"- i>uir.tu -mn has a branch oftke at i;.« Froot

Street \\ -\£ the I'niun De|xit. the mie « j«»nr itkm

Ml innni- ,rr met in :' •> a

.\erninent ulti.-er. the iinini^r.mt- .ir. .n the qOC»»

.f luggage ami awuinin.. \t toon ** they are booked

for .1 . a farm the\ are ^mde<l in the |Hirchajkc of n

ami the cheikin^ of lagRage f«»r their further %!xirt jcHirney by

i the tune of landing in until |»u( «m a the

the immigrant is under • -inent onVtalft.

il intert at that — each on. -iDcd

ir-1 addressed. M» that if in need of furth- 4 chanfg

•i the immigrant ha* on! < the ine^a^e arwl

in the nearest \»^i >hone or

wire. Such is the jurtu-ular <arr taken of imnngrant^ !»> ihe Pro-

nment

hoiiu iii<l. ami . •«»ha\c

lieen pKued during the pa*t twelve inoiilh*

rnmcm .Mjnoii to l»e u*ed in

n laU»urers and ilon-.- proved ••

uring a '»lc. uiih p»*l r<

1 the I V|urtinern has collected 85 per
kuk This year th -nneiit ha- increm«ed the Rrat

$25.000.

ONTARIO

Party starting from the Old Land for Ontario.

COLONIZATION AM) IMMIGRATION
The Farm Hand.

:k. ami no nun need* u> beg * brother
trih to KUC him leave iu toil. The province docft not call
!erk ui (he professional nun lie i» m* wanted, tsnle** able

aixl .V:;::M- :.. do manual work It > .c Unit

Kapidl) gr« c% and town

hca\il> u|Min country produce The lure of the city, the

ui. I the wanderlust draw away the farm band, ooc

lus advantage. So that the farm wanu the worker. And

>tc men, whether experienced or not. are welcome.

ago ami good food. Their training in entitled

•inctly valuable, should they aim or finally desire to

grapple \\jth the pioneer work «.i tl Northern

1 'iitai;.. 1'. 1 what is equal to a farm in

educated < >1<I Ontario? A few years' savings, a

es. will enable the farm hand to rent one for
the aim of having it finally as his own.

I h. i ...

-rea: inducements to the tenant farmer of

tlu TC him i> the opportin. eft ling down

\\here the rough experience of the pi. ;»4»t. Improved land

may be purchased at fi.-m $30 to $100 per acre, the value of build-
ings being included in the higher Farms may be purchiaed
$500 4o $50,000. In the IIM of unproved farms for sale
(see ** Farming Opportunities in < >marm." published by the Ontario
the pn the farm includes land and build-
stock <>r implci: iless mentioned. The farmer
will usually accept a -h with mortgage securit)
The price i* n«.t f..r leasehold but for a sale in fee
simple Th. 1 l»y the Government but by the local
munuipality. an-: isonable. amounting usually to about
50 to 6»' ii the $100 of propcrtN i'here are varioit*
reas. -ile. In many cases farmers*

rthern Ontario or the Northwest

attracted to the town* and cities, leaving

:ly dej»endrm nn hired -lenVient.

and .|ii:.-kcning the desire to retire from acme life In other cases

men engaged in bustne* rent their farms.

whi .illy mean* a falling off in attention and fer

a consequent u i*h to -ell. and in other* tl *o reaKt*

a gc. Some of the*c farms are offered at vame, others at

np the opportune of a splendid m\e*tment to the m^

•ital wh a healthy independent life. With expand-

ONT\kh i

Cathedrals and Churches, Toronto.

' 'M/\M- D IM.\IH;KATI

•l'"! •"'•••^ »»K lie OppontmHy of mtrtimeni will

always be at comparatively easy command it will noc Un

Some day, |>crh a antaft*. wtll

be apprcnatol al full \alue 1 1 . itnttth

i! ocntmtcnt *«f*aprr»

hifb ftrhoolft. coOcffr*
the leading denomination*
her orga and

friendship ami hap|>itie%*. and the ample gutdan
tlu- Department B frlqihofie. the rlrc-

•iKlii. the eUvtru railuax. and a network <»( railwa>» afT<»fdinc
IHTI for ih, „, t., ihc \arKHi% u.wn% and

throughout tin- \n«| here farntert profper. In one

in a hundred motor cart. In the Province
•0,000 rural telephon. » capital

$5^00x100. \\ «ih ,.*rurtiient nui! and
. riner ..!

•id the I- Ml ihiv with the fact that Ontario

ached in worth the consider at ton

of the tenant fanner «.f the Hrili-h I

ONTARIO'S OFFER TO IMMIGRANTS.

In ihc \c-ir cm!;- (I, nju. ihcrc wrrc o%rr i'»uoo caltrr* at thr

•u-r in tli Umilon. and Iran

I he one in I-
lion «ln|!

:• a tithe .'f the llr:t!*h rmtfraiiofi i

tu| proiln 'tnliiitf thi

limit:

tit jgoogono a* pasted out of ike Kjr

««voao people are- working in the aaidai

•tir.tl richer an, I . ;«>awltt»am an

Ml til*

• loaono. implement* $W».onojnon. and five *

,

The chattel in rtmr« do m* rxrred tunnOflOO In nwnn-

hr limbrr arra*, ike Mineral fr

•pcncnt havr m*clr Ontano ike woetnhof

of t! -T $6oocooouooo of pro*!

in Ihc r

Sern

-.icnt thron,;!) •'•• •• •'«! A ndwofi

da^Heation of ikr

Pr wince, wiik ll»

itntiii • tc^aftl* i«» aH neweomer* wfco

thcr: -ni/ l-'mf;'.- June jr\ l«>

198 ONTARIO

CIRCULAR TO SETTLERS.

ONTARIO I )KPAKTMI:M «>i .V.KK'ULTURE,

r.rui..u; OF COLONIZATION,
TORONTO, December, 1912.

\- \<>u have now been a resident of Ontario for some time, I
\\ould like to hear from you as to how you are getting on ; also how
;.c»u like ( >ntario and what you think of it from an agricultural
-: and] mint. I would also like to have you point out the advantages
( if any) it has for you over the Old Land and for others willing to
work and make homes for themselves, and if you can recommend it
to others who may desire to emigrate and who would be glad to have
?n formation from an independent source regarding conditions here.

With your permission, I would like to have your letter for pub-
lication in our literature for circulation in Great Britain.

If we can be of any assistance to you, or can give you any in-
formation at our disposal that may be of value to you, I hope that
you will not neglect to write us or call at this office.

Kindly let me hear from you.

Yours truly,

H. A. MACDONKU..

Director of Colonization.

Please give us your address before coming to Ontario.

I.KTTERS PROM SETTLERS 199

LETTERS FROM SETTLERS.

Circ J S Ctrnn. Riq. Bo« $15.

Having experienced a >j.ring. summer i

i Ontario. I have been able to form an

>ing f»r»t rate, far hrttn than I
I was a farm pupil for three years and an ass*

of than

figures. This alone speaks for itself.

but beyond gaining experience I was no better
regards money matters to-day, I stand worth

is almost perfect. In my opinion there is every dunce for the farmer to
i-ultu thing to perfection, that i«. crops which faruam dburt their

I Hiiry farming and • vation are. in my opinion, the two

chief brat .'ricu7tur.il work which Ontario to fitted I- CtflAt

-I vantage* it ha* over the Old Land, all I can say is that it has many
hat summer we had was delightful and the cold

!r\ and clear that 1 have not feh it Work here is far easier Horses
handled much Utter: in fact, one man can do as orach here as two mm
' • in thr try. and then will n»t be so tired. Ontario offers

••» the workingman Work t« very plentiful and wag)H
exceedingly good The new comers will find on arming hi this country
opportunity, nanv consideration will he shown them by the

•nment The immigrant* will l*e placed with flood farmers, where they
are treated \\r!l. ?• ,\r comfortable homes, and gam iouud practical Imow
ledge in agricu

In M. if there i« any young man (or woman) fas the Old Land

cannot at least earn i\ per week with hoard,
thing for them to do is to pack up their
gre.v ice of the British Fm;

Late of 50 College Rd . Reading.

Care I !l IKxTiMC. !rv. Oft?. Dee 31. ton

In answer to your kind letter would say that I am getting on very wtfl
now. and am getting used«to farming

lid not g.- .(ion at f<r%t V « I am fitting ftJD for

•' ir nicer set of farmers,

In regard t.> mv*elf. and Canada much hitter than I fxavrted

The freOi air deUghtfnl and although it is a Knle hard

at tir*t I am getting u*

lo hotter than come out here from home
life in Fngland
underfed ami n
Whereas ..tit here in
a life «>f |»eace and hapfiinr«« in work i» «uhstitUted

poor ami misefaose existence, tnal pone* oa)fgworwjfo,

verpaid men and women drag alnng da% after day

;<n country *' c^trti and

F*wi* F

ONTARIO

Care EDWIN PEART, Esq., NELSON, ONT., Dec. 23, 1912.

I received your letter asking ]-, -ing on and how I liked the

country. I have U-cn with Mr. Peart now for seven months, and am get-
ting along all right. I think this country is much better than Scotland for
the workingman. One gets hot: and docs not need to work any

longer hour- The work on the farms js much the same a- in the Old
Country. The workingman out here, if he is careful, has every chance
of h:« • i mi of his own in a few \ears. whereas in Scotland a man

with a family has a hard struggle to make a living. I think if the farmers
here could pet more men to work their farms better they would gn>.',
ccllcnt or«»i»s. .,s the soil is good, but only need* cultivating, and any man
••g here from the Old Country need not he afraid hut that he will get
on all right if he is willing to work. You arc well treated when you land
in Canada. I have to thank you very much for placing me in a good position
and doing all you could for me when I came.

D\\ll> I 1 1 NhKRSON.
Former addres — Mowhaugh, Roxburghshire. Scotland.

1 1. \MPSTK.\II. ONT.. Dec. -'5. n>u.

I have now been out here about nine mouths, and so far like it
well, and 1 am getting along much better than I expected to do.

Ontario certainly has many advantages over the Old Country for any
one able and willing to work. Land is cheaper and more easily obtained.
and work is plentiful at about double the wages offered in the old Country.
The work on farms is not nearly so heavy nor are the hours, as long, and
the food provided on the average farm is much better. To me the greatest
advantage lies in the fact that "Jack is as good as his master." I can,
without hesitation, advise any one willing to work to improve
their position and make a home for them come to Ontario.

C. GAUTHV.

LYONS, ONT., Dec. j.

Having been in Ontario for seven months. I am plea-id t<> let \oii know
I am getting on all right and that I like it very much out here. I have just
-em for my wife and family. There is one thing that I am -orry for. and
that is that I did not come out to Canada before. There is plenty of fruit,
and corn grown here in abundance, so that a workingman can
-r nothing what he cannot afford to buy in England. I am still at
the same place \..u -eiit me. having engaged for a year at $20 per month
and board, averaging i<> \^ 4d. in English money. One would have to
work two months for that on a farm in England 1 shall get more money
next I shall be more experienced in farm work. There is plenty

of work here and farm hands are very badly wanted I was offer. •<:
different situations while I was walking three miles from the railway station
t " Mr. McCredie's farm. I am ]•' I am very well satisfied with

•illation you s<-m me to. and I would advise others to apply to your
office, as they will find it much better than coming out on their own responsi-
bility.

W. G. HOPKINS.
Former address— Peckham, London, England.

-

Irv P. o . Otrr .. Ike j* 1911

«r>. «nd am cadcavonag to ••••if

!•• thr !..-• ..hi) «, thai I am in the U»i ,.! hr«hh* V

A I*.* 1 am Anting along in thM CUOMO tml

I like it \\rll. I imi.' c«mirti Ihr day I

land* in Walt*, and . . UcUhnun I am Brood of hams

in ( > i..uk'h I only came her.

in the IK tiut« Un.! ftra aad

fertile, far MI|K-M. :

far better farm bmiM:« and litult|iii|{%. ami rtrr>tbitt« i» hir mofv CT«l»cm<m
1 am aide t«. x.i> this IK-CUIIM: I -, a lana Aaotarr

MKC ^ thr • irom farm to tana. In

.

There -nder th.it England t» jir..u

with it. %*M

ing land* and lumber and all kind* of nuneraU. ami
hick ing — laltour 1 <k> m the Old Gmmcnr tk»«n. Un | only

r I h-.jH h. %«• more W

m the near future, and I cannot understand why 10 icm cmnt ktt* imm
Wales. Try to hire (..r a year thotc that have tpem their hvr« in famnii

I should certainly advttc any young person who wi«hr« to get on
try Canada, for there i< |ilmt> <.f work and far bctlrr wages
•Id Land.

<iartli.

}

>wn.

Many

ONTARIO

Circ H. WARD, CHURCH VILLE, ONT., Dec. 9, 1912.

I am very pleased to tell \«m that I likr it here very iniu-li. I h.i\c JIM
sent for my wife and family t.. omu- «.ui and join m< I K,,i .lU.ut

Christmas, and have gut a good home for them i<> onm t<> I Inn i- ;
of work out here for those who will work and good wages. 1 gel $vv
month for the first three months, board, lodging, washing and mending in
eluded, and now 1 get $25 per month for the winter, and m\ ma>u-r will
give me a big wage next spring. The work here is no harder than in tin-
old Country, but one gets much better pay. There is no going back t«» the
Country for me. 1 only wish 1 had come out here some years ago.
1 his is the place for those who wish to work, but it is no place for 1<>

I HOMAS I 111

Care JOHN WILSON, JR., OAKVILLE, ONT., Nov., 1912.

It is a pleasure for me to tell you the advantages I have received that 1
could never have had in England. 1 am better in health and have gained
in weight, which shows 1 am not overworked and better fed, and 1 also have
a much more comfortable home. 1 could not wish for a better house. Last
spring I saw an advertisement for emigrants for Canada, stating that they
would receive assistance in transportation, and I applied, and am heartily
glad that I did so. On arriving here I secured a situation at once, and re-
ceived $30 and board for summer months. After my wife and children
came out I secured a position at $30 per month, with cottage, orchard, gar-
den, and one quart of milk per day. I also find a good master in Mr. Wil-
son, and he advanced me the money to bring my family out, also furnished
the cottage for me. We also have fruit in abundance, which we would never
have had in England. We find that the cost of living here is practically
the same as in England, with a better assortment. I cannot speak too highly
of my experiences in Canada. The climate is good and we have had very
little frost here up to the end of November, and the crops have been very
good. We all like it here very much. Were presented with a pair of
chickens for Thanksgiving,, with the promise of a goose for Christmas,

ANTHONY CHARLES HUNT.
Former address — Rose Cottage, Axmouth, Axminster, Devon, England.

TRAFALGAR, ONT., Dec.,

I have the greatest pleasure in writing you a few lines to tell you I am
in the best of health and spirits. Since being in Ontario I have been con-
sidering the advantages it has over the Old Country.

In the first place, in England I walked about for over nine months look-
ing for work, whereas I landed in Canada and went to the Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Colonization, and they started me on a farm the
next day.

Secondly, I was working in one of London's leading catering firms'
stables for 145. per week, without board or lodging. In this country I am
getting nearly three times this amount, with board, lodging and everything
found

»v my advice to the young men in England is, make Canada your home
without delay. Men are so scarce here (and women too) that they will
pay almost any price even for inexperienced men who apply themselves,

LEI I'ERii KK

and Great Britain ami Ireland cannot meet the demand

place for those who > *< and able to «ofk Thore »

>h air. •- v EnglithsBao love*, aad also s4aoty

Ml 1 can wy about Ont

with thr bcM of land.

WM OMIiBJgH

i London. England

CAIHU* KOCK. OWT . May 9* IQU

I and tell you that I am OUMe aUJSJisd with 0?

a you provided me with I i;nd Mr

.mil willing to tr.uh me anything »M the farm I couldn't hare got a bcfle*

Ahcrr I like the country an. I it* wa>» well, but of court? I
not been here long, but long enough to know it'
MUM) with determined minds to get on. I am
better health here than in the Old ( •
months.

W a

>» we, ut o court?
t't the pUce fur young strong
abo glad to my I have had
»t hired for twelve

BEACH, Orr . Dr*

I now have pleasure in writing to tell you what a good place Ontario
is and a few of the opportunities it offers over the Old Co nut 7. Pint,
wages are double those at home, while you only have to work one half hour
more than at home : are abo treated as one of the ramifr. There

is no such thing as the men eating in the kitchen. You are also well looked

<m your arrival here — met at the station and given i situation at oner.
and if > In are not suited you are soon given another. Ploughs are ughtrt
and wagons nearer the ground, and all tools are made for eustufs* on the
men Ontario is the finest place for good, hardworking farm hands in ihr
world, and after men have been hrrr a few vears they often own their own
.mate of Ontario > mild, and I would gladly rirnmairuit it

. .mr Hoping tlm will induce others to come out. I remain.

Former address— Black well, near Darlington. County

Care A. C Smuir. HcMSALU O JO, tOi£

It in with the greatest pleasure I write you these few lines to let you
know how I am gettinj on out here in Ontario

I like it fine, and am getting on well I have a splendid home here with
Smillie.

I think Ontario is a fine agricultural country,. Fanning war* are very
handy for the workingman in getting through with his work, more SO than
in the Old Land, and I have not to work any harder. Then rhr wage* are
double those received in the Old Land, and there b p4et*y of work «
wishing to work — in fart, the farmers cannot get ^keg **<">fB *J *
farms ami any man w1» can work on a farm should have
ng out here, for there are no finer people to work for

-•"I

« >.\T.\KI< »

Dl I K P» \X K ! ' XK Mf.X No. .,|J.

••\rinlirr J»>th t<» hand, and 1 will now try to « -xplain what
I think .-I I'.m.id.i .1- I ha\e f.uinil it up t«» tin- present time. I started ..in

<»n the nuh «»f April. HJIJ. .m<l as \ou know, began at 1«»\\
account of inexperience, hut juM double what I was getting in Kngland.
I have I* -ill around here for in \; Minnm-i. and I

think \\hat a pity it is that then- is not some x«n-ii-ty in Norfolk and Sntt"..lk
to advi-e and help young men to reach th« I have found Canada

a land of plenty, and there is a living for everxlmdy if they lik-- to \\,.rk.
hut the farmers' around have 1-een K) disappointed in Englishmen that they
don't care to apply to the ortice in Toronto for men. They complain of the
fellows that ha. :«-d with the silver sixx>n at home and turn up their

noses at the least difficulty in their work. I think the farm work h
much lighter than at home and the land much hetter to work up. and am
sure the !•">> of Suffolk would think it was play to do it. Imt I can quite
understand why they don't come out. Plainly speaking, they are afraid.
for the stories I heard about this country wen- enough to turn an
blood cold, hut we were surprised to find everything contrary to what we
heard. Clothes, for instance, are very little dearer in Ontario than in tin-
Old Country, and speaking the truth, there is everything here that \oii could

lor. i hope that you will use this to the lu-st advantage poxsjhle. and
I shall be glad to answer any letters from the Old Country concerning the
conditions here.*

W. G. DIX..N.

Spraying Potatoes.— " The horses do the work, not the men."

I.KTTKKS I K« -\! 5B1 i 1 -;
I" jHih till . | >l»,Mil.| «,Wc

i" •»• of the jNh nit. | >t»«*uld •«, ..,« greatly

indebted I am ltu«l that

( Mlt.l!

I shollltl .i.l;:

'Id l-ui'I are v> it

long lor nit t.. write .tUnit llu-m. and I «h»ul<!
I to oiiii. A!II|C the-

'.iMK" I

TWM. E. Ft

• •<"• I :ittitith. l>cvon,

SxtLcaovt. Orr.. Jan

•ico would My thai

licen m iVm.id.i .»!».. nt ten months, and hk. *cll

n \\tlh M • $/u per

and im washing d.,m. whu-h COOM BU-

Coontry, and I think I will he able to tavr $JOO tlm \rar, »luch I

I hk much and alto the work, and I think

men A hm they might do to

v\rl! :

IhankinK >ott ,| hoping you will get othen

it. 1 am.

\Vw 1 1 %rr

. ON

In inpMiiioni of Ontario, mmt

that 11 and like Oman 4 wry healthy

part of Canada, I think

: much mucker hen- than at home, but more help if required

rmeu that it wa«

:th farm han.U. hut stTi h is i>,.t the *a%» I van -enee

that Canada ::.•- -U (housamU of farm hands, and may ftav that I CDttld hare

found i>!. n right armind wh«rr 1 .* .rkrd 1 wa§ wit1

! summer, hut he had not rp me «

•. hut I Mas cngaRctl i

•t M> good in tlu w imnter. but a*

i> s command a higher wage than he wovld
* (>le who come oat here from the

•> farm*, and they go hack to thr
Old 1

a man \\ ' - - is wilting • card to •ign I

Moni: ?•» the S4,ut! tul. C'oti:

-Jwill for

iKe«. If I fan »H- ,.| .n?% K><
hy furnishing further par*

!
I'ormer aildrr<»— Ra!me«h. Glrnl.

ao6 ONTARIO

218 DON MIIIS RD., TODMORDEN, TORONTO, Dec. 25,

! lauded here June Mth and began work June i8th, and have been em-
ployed steadily ever since here with Mr. Da vies, Todmorden. 1 would not
return to England under any consideration — that is to stay there, I find
since coming to Canada that sober, willing and industrious men can get
plenty of employment and good wages, and there is no question as to their

future

WM. GORDON.

< r address — Thurnly. nr. Leicester.

Care W. DIXON, WARREN P. O., NORTHERN ONTARIO, Dec. 2, 1912.

I am duly in receipt of your favor of the 2O.th ult., and in reply would
say that owing to my limited experience any information that I could give
you would carry little or no weight with it, and be of small value to those
who are discontented with their lot in the Old Country, but who hesitate
i.i leave it owing to their ignorance of the conditions existing in Canada.
However, I have pleasure in giving you my impressions as far as my six
months' experience is concerned.

I arrived at Quebec toward the end of May last, thence travelling by
rail to Toronto, where I was met at the station by a representative of the
Immigration Department, and I should here like to express my gratitude
for the courtesy extended to me by the officials of the Immigration Depart-
ment. I had not the slightest trouble in obtaining a situation — in fact, the
demand for hired help on farms was far in excess of the number supplied
both for experienced and inexperienced hands.

In this part of New Ontario the country affords great prospects (especially
to those who have a little capital) to persons intending farming. The
country is quite new and requires opening out and developing, and this is
slowly but surely being done. The soil is virgin, is especially suitable for
producing oats, barley, potatoes and hay. Cattle raising is also carried on
to a large extent Then, again, there is an abundance of thick bush, thus
providing a large quantity of timber for building purposes and fuel, which
is, of course, a great asset.

If a person comes here from the Old Country, with the strict intention
of working hard and adopting Canadian methods, he or she will be assured
of Miccess, but to those individuals who hear stories of this country being
the easy man's place and who purpose coming over on the strength of the
nice things they have, I would advise them to dispel all such ideas, and if
they are of modest means be prepared to accept the first offer that is made
on arrival here. I find Canadian people to be very industrious and hard
working, and it is only natural that they expect persons from the Old
Country to be the same.

J. FAIRHURST.
Formerly of Cheetham, Manchester, England.

Box 201, ST. CATHARINES, ONT., Dec. 8, 1912.

In reply to your letter of the 28th inst., asking for my opinion of Ontario
in regard to agriculture, would say I consider from my experience both in
Victoria County and in the Niagara Peninsula, that with land obtainable
in the north at a small sum per acre, a man with a little capital or even
without, providing he has " sand " can make good. I consider Ontario offers
facilities unequalled in the Dominion or elsewhere both to the stockman
and the farmer, and also to anyone wishing to start farming.

LLOYD JONES.
Late of Burley Fields, Yorkshire, England.

LET ROM SETTLI jo;

Care MA*II* Wa*v. KiooKMti. O»f 1»

1 il,

there 4 Urmer in the Old Un4 who will »*y a S»M *M>
<-ar and urovide board and room* I think any yoong mtm t=

Ida, Of courM- u i* no we to COSM out here aad «a*rf to 4*

the pla*
reconuiieinl it to .mybody wno t» willing to w/ork

to Canada. Of cour%r u u no use to const MM Wft aad onset to 4§
up Die dottan 1: • the place for the indnstriom man. mm I CM smfsfr

Rant

u r a.Mir.s- -Spring WeMonon \Ure. HcianriStahirr. r.«g

GAL?. Orr. Dae 15.

In aiitui r to yon . ...s-.h. 1 u.. « write to let you know thai I aw

iff on all right here I like Ontario very mmem. it has a very hiakhj
invigorating climat a good coontnr for agriqslttral pwrssjics>

Has many advantages for men who are not afraid to work, especially so
for the man with tome capital. I can thoroughly r»eo»an«d it to all who
ml better themselve* to give Ontario a thai They CM
work all the year around at good

ti the Old Cotmtr) I advise all who cone ID Canada to report

at tli <mment Immigration Omces, where impioyaMS* wtfl to

secured tor them and where they will get all

Wn

>cr addrett— Bloxham. Banbury. Oxfordshire.

Care Aartiua Baowx. JL R. 4 AVLMO W . Dot. 4. ">i.-
It gives me the greatest pleasure to give yon

m of by the foil who vosjld he i

e » t»cn on arriving at my desti

>er in the most cordial way •

being taken for granted and my

M»rh .adva*ta«i

i»d them in Canada, since I have already derived
and such splendid health since my arrival here

I came to Canada a complete DOVHC m all things agricultural aad
expecting to be made great fun of by the folk who would to my new
panions. Imagine my surprise when on arriving at my dsol»Otto» J was
received 1 'ure employ ei

ignorance of farm dut
in the most patient way pp

one can master the pnni^ry principles of tan* work fa
md the probation i» thu» made ever

Giv < ra«e inlelhRem. and hcsJlh, p

mtnation to succeed in his ambitioas, a young fellow s future ts
the plainest of bbck ami « -^flO CMTt hmeif ft

.ui.l he ran go further than hi* highest of high ••Hlinai. as to *
see after he has lived here a short

The

wet season
than the

I am safe in saying
of the British Isles.

-
.

clniwteV'inaV '* M**** «*• •»••«••» ••Ciplinil%

ion for Canada ?ias proved .itself to to "**«e«uovaMe

j finest of summer weather I have e»penei> -ne. hut 1 think

fe in saying that, as a rule, the climate of Canada is drier than that

As I pen this tl i]' 'x here. :mc| soon I h«>pc t<. !><• lu-arinn the

linklr -. hells ringing out over I he snow and to In- enjoying xUi h a

Seasonable Christmas as will make an epoch in my lift-, being, as it is. the
first I have spent in the freeilom «.t" this great New World.

I c.mnot imagine why 1 d< !«>IIK in coming out now. and I most

\ .vd\iM- all who are anticipating emigration, with perhaps some mis
„•». t«> give it fair trial and harbour n as to the result, \\lun

1 think of all these broad acres lying idle here and then revert to the awful
PtJ .md xla\ery prevalent at home in our great cities, it makes me w.m
der at the ill-proportioned existing conditions in our great Kmj»:

Let me say that your organization is the most complete of its kind, and
that a young fellow coming out here lias his paHi clearly defined for him
from the minute he sets foot on terra t'irma at the port of landing, until he
starts in on 1m destined farm.

Thanking you for your kindness and the interest shown on my In-half.
I remain, with l>cst wishes for your work,

F.nwiN F. COYLB.

Care JAMES DAVIS, Esq.. SMKI.TKK FARM. THOKOI.H. ONT., Dec. 8, 1912.

I like Ontario very much and could recommend it to any one thinking of
emigrating, for there is plenty of work for farm hands and excellent wages.
I am treated as one of the family, which makes a person feel at home. Any
industrious man who is anxious ami willing to work and do his best can in
a few years make a comfortable home for himself. Of course the wa
different here in Ontario to what they are in the Old Country, and men must
remember that Canadian farmers want their work done the Canadian way.

WILLIAM K. GRIM WOOD.

BEAVERTON, ONT., Jan. 6,

In answer to your letter, I take the liberty to write you a few lines. You
asked me for a statement of how I like this country. It was so wet
a Mimmcr this year that I could hardly say very much good about it. Of
eourn? it has got an advantage over the Old Land in many ways. In the
first place grain matures and ripens quicker, so harvesting, when the season
is good, is got through much earlier; and the wages are much better. A
good man can earn from $300 to $350 or $360 per year with board and
lodging. You ask me to write you a letter for circulation in the Old Country.
I am not well enough qualified for that just yet.

JAMES ALBERT GIL M OKI

Former address — Cornacrca, Kesh, Co. Fermanagh. Ireland.

THORNTON, ONT., Dec. 23, 1912.

m truthfully say " Canada for a workingman," for he can get
wages if he is willing to wofk. From an agricultural standpoint it is all
that can he desired. I came out here and left my wife and family behind,
which I would never do again nor advise any man in the Home Land to do,
as there an even better advantages for a good woman here than for a
man Men in the agricultural line will do much better than people from
the cities, who cannot adapt themselves to country life.

JOHN DENNHIV

LET ILERS

Cart Ma. TMOMMM. Btmoffmia. O» =911

1 like Canada line
.:ied it

tild in
\fter
with the work an. I

Former addre^ < .,-<,. Walker. Um*ey Park. Corwy Bootk.

CumbcrUnd. KnK!aii>l

r I »a* farming m the Old Gmmtry lot ela o«

hard work, and there wa» not mark pay 80 I
Canada, and I am making awe money in mat week
m the Old Connir> m ihrrc weefc*. and I 4an1 work
r I had been ont about three week* I wn* vetv pmawd
ay. There U plenty of work and food pay in Omam

PHTAavw. GaAira VAILKV. Out I

I like the count r> verv well tnderd. and I am alao _
it No ,,nr i, ,f being out of work around hrir. *» thrfr

1 for men .it .111% •••iic of the year I think =1 •» M grent
oung men — t! ^m good mor»« *rr n»

tions f,»r them, and a \<r\ _•••.• chance of batonting ihnr own mi
care to look after their >*»rt time There i» no

le\el with lu« ma%ter. all work uyrtur an
together, all u irne tm»r Ibrtr i% * '

. than in th, Old Countr>. hut >uti --.-MI to gel thrnngk it mnch <
i truthful wit.. t« IKK afraid of wofv conld not

a belter oumm in the world.

C P

-• ' INT

i>t>t UK MI -iic* a comfortable h««ne
much i mice. I I he . • ;.* are

I am getting on ver> well tn.liol. ttiank* to the Bureau ol

'ortable b««ne I like tin* part ol Ontario very
good and easily harvmted, and the MM! is toon
ada pomemea this idiantam over the OM

prepareil for • Canada poMcuct thu advanuge

•ry. that no IKTMMI aide and willing to work on a farm need be ont ol
empkiyment for .KIN Irtish ..f tnnr In the Old Lind WMiWlindl ol I

:.| prt>pptni; up buildingt. but out here t»
n willing t" hir.- a man at wages per year that would
i,u • .mmr to an OKI Country hired man. In Canaih me

sleeps MI---

as possible. There i-
there imagine Canad
and with *car.

'

fa nil l»ou*e* »ituated all Otter within a half
c fa^llrr^

in the « *hich eoeiyku^T^ I

that life on a farm i» a real pk> I can recommend farminji

in O «ne doubtful a* m whet* nartng and a prnnmkk

• C«AflL
Former addro** .-i Str..n.l. I P

aio ONTARIO

Care J. J. MILLIGAN, LAMBTON MILLS, ONT., Jan., 1913.

In answer to your letter, I wish to thank you very much for the kind-
nets shown me since I arrived in Canada on April 3rd, 1912, and I am
pleased to say I am still in the same situation you sent me to the day I
arrived in Toronto, and I am more than satisfied with it. I also like Canada

much and often wish I had emigrated five or six years ago. From an
agricultural standpoint I think Ontario far ahead of the Old Land, as tin-
soil is much richer and the climate better, and I hope to be able to get a
piece of land myself I c fore long, as I think there are heaps of openings

..irkot gardeners and florists, and it will give me the greatest of pic a MI n

•neml it to all my friends. I hope this letter will be of \\
publication for the benefit of others who desire to emigrate.

GEO. BELTON.
Former address — River Lane, Fetcham, nr. Leatherhead, Surrey, Finland

Care MR. A. W. PALMER, DOUGLAS, ONT., Dec., 1912.

In answer to your letter. I have much pleasure in giving you my opinion
of Ontario, and hope it will come to t<he notice of some Old Country boys
who are anxious to get on in life. T did not go to Mr. Riddell — where you
directed me — as he had hired a man. but found work an hour afterwards
in my present position. When I came to Canada I was on the lookout for
hard work, but have got an easier job than I had in England and more than
double the wages. T can only say that Ontario has far exceeded my ex-
pectations, and I am sure if it were more widelv known what a pla
opportunity this country is for the one who is willing to get on, there would
be a greater increase in emigration. T should be glad if you would forward
me particulars regarding the 160 acres of land if free or oth«-- I am

anxious to take up land for myself.

H. G. BARNES.

Formerly— i Rose Villa, Southwood Rd., Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent, England.

NORWICH, ONT., Dec. 31.

We like the country very much indeed, and find a great advantage over
the Old Country. There is plenty of work for anyone that is willing •
it. The land in this district is V( ^ome excellent crops being raided.

and one with a little capital could easily start farming. I have had the chance
twice since coming here. We are very pleased we came out, for our health
has never been better than it is at present. The weather is colder than it
is in England, but the air is clearer, so one does not feel the cold so much,
in fact we don't mind it in the least

JOHN AND ROSE BARKER.
Former address — Northampton.

BERLIN. ONT.. Dec. 29.

I would like to *ay I am greatly pleased with the prospects in Ontario.
;md would certainly recommend anyone who is willing to work hard to romr
out here.

The wages are considerably higher than in the Old Country, and although
for a rime one may have to rough it. yet there are abundant opportunities
for success in all trades.

U.T1KKS FROM SETTLERS

I would say, however, to anyone ihmkin. of got* in for farm m**~
an engagement for twelvt momht wnl the fanner yon go to. otWt
the fanner will not want you for the wtmrr. »• inert Ij hard* any
thing to do. and very few farmer* engage a nun tor tnt vinttr aiont, as
could only afford to givt htm hoard and kMagtng and no wag** B*
•• engages a man for a year he it bound to haw f

t detinue rate of pay for the whole year For
any experience at farm work in England, the G
of land free, providing the person gett it under

The agricultural position of thi% Province it
tort to produce good crops and healthy «-.

As to general condition*, t .jood

technical, plenty of churrhc* ..f all '

Micvc what he chooses. There is plenty of
thoie who will work hard for a little *

'

Mt. J TAYUM. ROCKWOOO. O*f . Jan i.

Your letter t.. hand, and I have much pleasure in UUWtri** tan*
Farmers in Canada can get through more work in one wee* than the*
in the Old Cmmtry in two. iHvauu- they have wore and diffrrrtrt km4*

can in the Old Country in :

•iplemcnt* \ n Cinndi for inunigrantt so gtf

i tell you

farmer* the past fifteen year* in th. Mr ..f Man, and I never got any a«M»
than tpj IHT yr.ir. or othc- and worked JAM at hard for h as I

have here, and there are hundred* the tame I an not a •
hut I get as much money here a« the

• get better food If young
the difference I think they »> and

of Canada, and I would be glad t ••» voong men in the

who doul. I he glad to get it

II W Rttttor
<-rly — Isle of Man

ame. i an noc a nfflKnH mm*.
of farm men conld get in tne I tie
ng men in the Island only kntw

•

Care \ H KiTiicarotD. C\vr**u/» Cams. Ojrr . Jan. tfL i*>

I .mi pit .IM-.I to say I am getting along fine and Kke tne uinmrt very
much indeed In regard to t' igcs Ontario has over the Old CiMSam

would sav that I think the ch.itKT* <>f advancement in thit icnntr/ art nam

would say that I think t!

hctter than in Englaml f..r any man who it atuctotti and milltng to •

.ntintir j-.^-r-u' rmt for nit farm, nere oat

inland one mu*t just continue
own the farm in a few years. I am recommending Oat Ufa to al «y

E H <
^Rose Cottage. Arnewood. ^ itonnarit Ea«

Care Ml C \fc.rr C»tr «Kt fV.

In*! .i ';nr in ins.v • kind letter, whtch I WA% t

.md t tr I MI what T think of Canada \\V' •-. Segin wkn, I

.md a»«i%iance to get work wlieti ln> ML 1

of thi< district, whom I happened to come acrnst in tne vflhgr. canv
me and introduced me to the fanner I am now working for I have Wen

212

ONTAKh >

\ in.. MI! .| can fay itu; .4 Had lo vorfc

is the •>.»!!

hum. M!.
iiuii-h I .•

Off
addre<»-lle>*o. mncum. CfcttltrfitU. IVttntlttre.

ri food profit. Tbe> art ifMtte mr

the food nd rfce «..fk • t«t turd

but I am mm nndin* I Iran*

that ,rn ihc work ibr (arm-

<m 1 ' .4. bdEtSl

• I •!.. n-.i (hmk people nerd to go to tK
I kn..» that tlu-v «ill find all thai the* «rrd in ffcttar
ood name in t». *%krat nw

H-laml like m>i ibrtn I,

you will get all the want Qialh ^rrat need

I MillmK i the placr for Mm

ry fanninc. hecaau tK<

•!••».* A^|« i%*****

rani% nmnmB unw^pi urat

\\

I. O»T IVr ;v

I ' roe eoimiry very wefl. ako

the people that I I -r— they are rerjr kind

Off most of the far: --d eropt

that is \\hat i« most wanted on .1 d.»tM fjrm You ran frt
off a field, and then plough it and have a erop of b
"in. The buckwli. -U Barley, wneal

c grown * »f the iand i»

other land i< more heavy Ihr

the farm -M| h«n

for the housing of grain The t«
so tt i winter Cor anything

>*— to Temne% !la. BlanloB-onTyiv

-

Sal r*n hare 4o«r *••* m*- I like
•tctihnral eoonm. and •

< a Kttle
d to them TW wwr« hrtr

nre much hcttcr than at

The people treat me a* if I «

Late of Themhoume. King*! Ljrnn

ONTARIO

I am getting along all right since 1 <amr <»ut here. It is a fine country

iy young man that wants to work, also thcv have a fine way of farming

It is a great deal better than the Old Country for young men, even

in saving money, and many other things. I have been writing to many other

U m County Antrim. There are a good many young men coming out

through my letters that I don't think would come at all. 1 recommend the

try to all young men that I ha\v been writing to, and I can say

that they have a great deal more opportunities here than they have at home.

;ke to go home to farm in the Old Country any more. It i>

a lot easier work here than it is in the Old Country. They have good impK

merits for working their land here. A man working for a few years could

easily make a home for himself. A man that idles is no good here, he would

be better to stay at home. Plenty of people come out here that can't work

at all, and then they go home and give this country a bad name. But I could

tell them a different story. I recommend this country to any young man.

N. BOYLE.

GORING P. O., ONT., Jan. 14, 1913.

In reply to your letter of the ipth inst. I am pleased to say in the
place that there is plenty of work and good wages in Ontario for the man
who is willing to work. The wages for an experienced man in this neigh-
lorhood are $30 per month and board, and more if one is worth it. and the
living is good. Farming here is altogether different to what it is in England.
The best farmer in England would be lost in Canada and the best farmer
here would be no good in England. A man must come here and be willing
to learn by degrees the ways and the methods. The Canadian farmer has
to get the work done, and he is quite willing to teach one, and will help in
every way provided the man is willing to try to learn. I brought a wife and
three children out here, and after two or three months I had a pig and
twenty-four hens of my own. I was a gentleman's gardener all my life in
the Old Country; in fact I am a professional gardener, and would like to
get a position at my trade. If any one in the Old Country would like to
write to me for information I shall be pleased to find the right men places
around here.

D. BRAINS.
Former address — Biddeston, Chippenham, Wiltshire, England.

Moscow, ONT.. Dec., 1912.

I am just sending a few lines in answer to your kind and welcome letter,
but I cannot yet recommend it to any of my friends, because it has been an
awful hard year for us. and if we hadn't had some good, kind friends who
have helped us as much as they could, we would not have been as well off
as we are now. I think after we have been here for a year or more and
get better acquainted with the people and know more of their ways, we shall
be able to recommend it. We like Canada better than England, and art-
Retting to like their ways; they seem easier than they do in England. Tf I
find that I want any assistance I will write and let you kn*

E. CROSS.

LETTERS FROM SETTLERS

Ostr . OK.

I IIIUM ihuuk >ot, Mmmeae in getting me a stamtioo on a

uud inu»t say I wa» >ith

month*

got on exceedingly well
but learned a food deal
Hun in the Old Land and

ne of my own, a thin* I despaired of
large garden to grow vegetable! in. not
good and everything grows wonderfully
other* to come to Ontario and nu»

u u land like England, which it
able.

WIUJAM Haxtv
Late of 91 l'>llow» Kd . Swiss Cottage. Loud

*
GDBMMMW I had i^v** IMMI »• i &•«• •«*•& S^AM*

»n» WWW MlM

I «»t everytmmi connected with 11 »«nt ^<^ c^i* kk«
I whuh »ili br vanmeit tour on Yon griVtmf
ind ca 4 in thu way I h*%c boa* able to

•red Of twllltato Ugtei

uT^IMH^^alSl £&

Can \: » \ Joan ..,-. R. ] D

In reply to your kind letter of inquir.v
;ig along very nicely and am very comforta
;fc and little girl are also quite happy and
cottage to liv< o the cottage

.ige farm laborer in the Old Country We bkc Ontario
a good country for any one who wants work a:
think that there is more chance for a man to lotcesd in
for himself here than in rhc Old Country. I was
dons as soon as I jumped off the tram at Toronto, bet, wmtjy I dunk, weat
straight to your Bureau opposite the station and prtiintad yoor car4s of
introduction, and your Mr. Tutt soon had me fixed op with Mr. John***.
had plenty of work during the summer picking strawtemea, ram*
berries, etc., and made about thirty dollars at this. If yoo imnk thts letter
will be the means of persuading more to emigrate to Ontario von are at
liberty to publish it in your literature i -r circulation is) Great Dntam. ami I
don't care w*io it persuades. 1 am »ure they will never regm rt I only with
we had come some years ago. I thank you for yoor kind offer of rnfonssatftan
and assistance, and can assure you that I will not neglect to keen m mejdi
with yoo.

Former address— The Heath I'otiltrt Farm. East Stoke, u
Dorset. England

BorrtAi Moi« v Ca Down. IsttAsnx Jene j^, 191 *

I don't know what was the reason I came home. I liked Mr

n awfully *orr> that I came home from so good
But I suppose there it lots of work oat there vet
could clear my passage out.
f would Ret tl . no good

U

-»ork oot there yet I woehl go ifjpoe
uW be only too jUd to pay joe eack wwan
ood being hrrr I Kht Gamma best of all

216 ONTARIO

CI.ARKSON, ONT., Jan. 8, 1913.

In .mswtr to your letter of tin- joth Dec. 1 beg to sa\ that I am doing
well, and am very glad that I K-i'i Fngland and came to Canada I have
money saved now than I -a\ol all my life before I have a good place
and have received the kindest <»f treatment from my employer and his family.
Judging fr«»ni my own experience tin- workingman in Canada gets better
treatment, better WtgCS, and has infinitely better prospects for the future than
In- ha* in England, assuming that he is not afraid of work. The climate so

. ery pleasant — neither too hot nor too cold. I have no li
•n rocomnu-nding English farm laborers to come to Canada, confident
that if they do so they will never regret it.

ERNEST COLLING WOOD.

Former address — Old I.eake. nr. Boston, Lincoln. England.

Care THOS. L. LtSLB, XORVAL STATION, ONT., Dec. i, 1912.

I have your letter, which I was very pleased to receive. I am also very

d to tell you that I have found a very good home and a good master,

and up to the present I am getting along wonderfully well. I have had good

health, and I must just say that this country is ahead of England both in

work and money, and if a man has a grain of sense he can get on well here —

that is if he will work. If I continue as well as I am doing now I intend to

•vith Mr. Leslie a few years, and then 1 shall have a few dollars and

will be able to get along very well, and hope when I do leave him that he

will get a real good man, as I am sure he knows how to treat men well.

I have a good house, milk, firewood and plenty of other little conn
My wife also likes it here and would not go back to England for all the world.
We often wish we had come out three or four years earlier. Farming is
much easier here and the horses do the work, not the men. I hope that
good working people will keep on making their way out here, as I think they
could not do a better thing.

JOSEPH CLARK.

Care W. D. ROBERTSON, OAKVILLE, ONT., Jan. 5, 191. v

In answer to your letter as to how we are getting on in Ontario. I am

glad to say I like the country very well, and am getting along splendidly.

I have enjoyed good health until a short time ago, when I was kicked by a

ami had three of my ribs broken. From an agricultural standpoint,

Ontario is a wonderful country for growing all kinds ,,f fruit and grain.

I think the prospect- are better here than in England for the workingman.

My wife alone tarns more money weekly here than I got in the Old Country.

and we wish we had come out years ago. We find the distance to the school

the worst part, as the children have to walk two miles and the roads are

bad. I think the schools should be a little nearer to each other. I have

imended Ontario to all my friends, and we expect that some of them

will come out in the spring. I thank you for assisting me to conn

think I shall have a much better chance to make a home for myself and the

prospects are much better for the children.

J'iH\ ("001'KK.

Former address— Sandbeck Lodge, Maltby. Rotherham. Yorkshire. England.

LET \! SKTTLKkS 117

, I l>ke Ont »,; 10 doe* ay r think it u a %ery htakk*

place, and mean t- ^ttyosw mining <MSI here has 901

long than in the Old Gentry Thr, CM oaro

double the wages, and if they arr „ «. thry

can I»r their own inkier tu a -

1 think that Ontario is not a had place t. a man is

work » the metbodi here. a. they are different from thoat tn

I think if a m.m i* steady he can soon get on to h the

good and expenses are not high if you Hire in the country I am L
that we are all keeping good health and doing well so far. and I can
in. M. I Ontario as a good place fur tho«r who are willing to work, at
mers are short of help and there are )•

A. \V
Former address— 17 Ida Terrace. Stonrton. Leeds. York%hire.

IM 7. KM*

long enough to tell you ex.i. -he cowitrjr. hot «ay« W vOI

be quite willing to write y»u • I r my part. I think h aft

far before England, except that none of our friends arc here,

DftMHMl

DOUGLAS. O»T iv, .r« r,

I am very pleased to say that ! am keeping in the best of nrakn and I

like this count ry very much. There u plenty of work to W had TV Uinntry

•ng ahead in butter and fhee.r nuking, and it it a grmt finit-gnming

ry. and wages are better, which t« the moat important \Vonl4 jroai

kindly nhlige me by telling me all about a homestead and how to get one.

-e I think of taking one later on.

Car i a. DAKHMTTM. Oar. Dtc. i

I now take pleasure in answering yoor letter and shall he only loo ftafttd

..mmend anv -«e In Canada I am plmd

to kivw that I h, in COPiiaw. te CiaMi •

n seven month* than I COwd ni^JMgiai

•< so many hoars for H. From an agnHsJaafaJ

I think the i Canadians ' Se %implc»t way of working the

to work-
Former address— Bowden. nr Sherborne. Dorset.

218

ONTARIO

LAMBERTS P. O., MILVERTON, ONT., Dec. 2, lyu

In regard to your letter which I received the 29th ult . I am pleased t,.
.it this is a fine country and the people are very sociable, ;m<l a stranger
tied as one of themselves. Although an Englishman. I prefer the Cana-
dian people to my own people. From an agricultural point of view would
say that this country is worked on the same principle ns the Old Country.
l»ut I think they are more up to date in machinery, for I have seen more in
this country than in the old. As for recommending any one to come here,
I am sure one could not do better than to come to Ontario. I have got along
splendidly and the wages are very much better than in England — in fact, one
gets about double the wages here,

A. E. JONES.

I-ormer address— 8 St. George's Terrace, Kidderminster, England.

An Ontario farm home where it is not all work.

TITLE TO PUBLIC LANDS aio

ACQUIRING A Tl I I I TO PUBLIC LANDS.

Lands may be acquired in any of the eight Districts of

-in-. Timiskaming, Sudbury. Algoma. Thunder Bay, Rainy

;, Kcnora and \ »r Northern Ontario.

and in I'.inx Sound, Mutkoka. lUltUirton ami the Countiet of

Ix, rough, Renfrew and ii.i ting* in Old Ontario.
Tin- i .in- dmdrd into agencict in charge of a Land

Agent, whose dut> - t. gh nut ion. receive applications,

and supply forms of aftid.i

: '.cultural lands «»|*-n for di»|>o*al may be obtained

BY PURCIIA
(2) BY FREE GRANT.

Townships for Sale in Ontario.

Quantity and Tit mm

T!i. t ..\\nships open for sale ar. drd into lots of 310

. or sections of 641' md according t» the regulations

in force a half lot -r quarter section of 160 aftes. more or less.

'owed to each applicant. The price is 50 cents an acre, payable

fourth cash, and the balance in three annual instalments with

• ft |>cr cent.

The applicant must t>c a male (or solf female) head of a family.
•lc man over 18 years «»f age.

• vt to thr f»!lo\\ing conditi ..n-- The purchaser
must -^n into actual and /'«»»M fit/,- residence within MX nir«nth« from

'lalut.iMc house at least 16 x 20 fed. dear

ultivate at least 10 per cent of the area of the land, and reside

ilu-rcon for three \ears. for nut K :ionth* in each year.

The intending pnnli , •!•! make application to the Crown

in charge of the township in which the land is situated.

.tTidavit required, which will be vent to the Department.

If the land ' ale the applicant must, upon

the Agent, j-r. ttu fir^t instalment ••! the purchase

inmu \ within thin\ >r which the Agent will give him a

The applicant h.i- then aiithorilv to go into possession and

meiice thr settlemcni dut

'ications are m«t recetred for any public lands until they are
laid out into townships, survevcd into lnt< and concessions, and
formally opened for sale by Order- in-Council. Lands that are

ONTARIO

reported to be valuable chiefly for mines, minerals or timber, are
also withheld ir..m >ale for agricultural purposes.

Nearly all tin- lands now open arc snhjeet to timber

license. which aiithori/es the holder of the license to cut pine an«l

other kinds of timlKT. After a lot has 1 ilarK -old. ho\\-

. it drops from the licen-c all kinds of timber except pine, ami

the purchaser ha- the right to cut and use Mich pine tier- a- max be

*>ar\ for building or fencing on his land, and ma\ al-o cut and

disuse of all trees that he requires to remove in the actual pr

tearing the land for cultivation. The pine tree- 90 cut and
disposed of are subject to the ordinary timber dues. Although the
timlKT other than pine is dropped from timber licence, after
of the land is carried out. the purcha-er i- not entitled to cut and
dispose of any kind of timlKT until lie has gone into actual hmni
fide residence <»n the land, resided thereon continuously for Six
months, built a habitable hon-e [6 \ 20 feet, and cleared and put
uniler cultivation two acres at least.

In certain sections settlement duties by proxy are permitted, but
the requirements as regards clearance, improvements, etc.. are
practically double those called for in ordinan

At the expiry of three years from the date of -ale. and upon
payment in full of the purchase money and interest and proof of the
completion of the settlement duties required by the regulations, the
purchaser is entitled to a patent for his land.

I*ands which are thus open for sale are in the districts of
Xipissing. Sudbury. Algoma. Rainy River, and Timi-kaming.

Free Grants and Homesteads.

Public lands which have been surveyed and are considered suit-

able for settlement and cultivation, and not valuable chiefly for

minerals or pine timber, may be appropriated as Free Grants: and

such lands may be located in any of the Districts above mentioned.

•t Timiskaming and Patricia.

Although no fees are charged bv the Department, or allowed to
the land agents for locating, yet. if required to prerare the nece--ar\
affidavit*, the Agent may make a reasonable charge for so

Who may Locate and the Quantity.

nerally speaking, all the lands Ivine north of the Mattawa and
a- far west a- Manitoba are surveyed into townshii». subdivided
into -rrtioiix and quarter section-, or into lot- of [60 or .}-'"
each, and the locatee. whether he be a single man over eighteen.

TII i-riiur i. \\-DB

'!><• .1 faiwl) \\\\h cln: owitlol to ifjoa* that

i full quarter the ca* «l if

tlu Tir.l nun ha\n*t: tluklrm be may

• . an acre

<JiftUijftii»««i in ( »l*l • hiur*> are
lurried nun with ilnMrm or fcfiulc br.

• Joo acre* free. «tih the right to boy Ml

.t.|.liti..u.il l»t ..; . . \ angle man or

inarricil nun \\ithi>nt an> ilnMrrn in • and may

n .111 all -m not rAcrttlmc,

too

'\ i-i-.l l>> the .u'cnt that )n% I- <atk» has been carried

:}i\ In- lati.l .ui'l t.-MinrtH
\\hich he IIIIIH! ,;,, \\itliin one month ir-in «Uic ••! location.

Condiilon* . .HI.

The ilnlic* enlillinj: the l.^atee t

I tin«lrr Mm. of

\\hu-li J ' .111-1 itiltualctl

tlurin^ '

lie Unit at least !»• x j» -

t|Mm and cnlttvaiion of

.M-l !..r ml thetu-c in the time of the

tit.

\ : Uinml t«. renwiin .*n tlic lan«l all the 3 >rAr*

iihli^i-il t.. \\..rk «»ut. «-r lia* .»thcr jj- r. he m-» *cnt

than '• nmir • He tnttft,

hi* h..:ue. an^l clear an«: '•- ihe quantity of

land re«|iiire«I i t>

.

In case the culcntent «hr

ire. an«l nu\ \v cancrllr

the Mn aiKelbtion mil

ina.le tlir.-iu'h the l.K'M a^ .ii|i|».rtnl »>\ ll»c afr» the

apj.I: ' thorn nliat

the pre-ent |- .\hcilier the locater ever occupied

or iinpr»ve<l. an<t .Jtat extent, and the value of the U

nun:-: \\hen hi* aildr -v,.i»n I*

receipt »f th: c the agent will, if he can -i the ad<lret*

of the !•» -hv app UK! call upon hi:

answer the all- '*c %%h% «<i «hoaM n.«c he

r.\ui' »

cancelled, within fifteen da\-. At the expiration of thai lime the

agent will tran>mit the evidence, with am tiling he '.nay have

. e«l from the locatee in repl\ . and hi- own report, to the Dcj

I (Set Form No. 8.)

The a->inmnent or n of a home-lead from a locatee to

another person before the i»uc of hi- patent i- except where

the o-n-ent in writing of the Mini-ter 18 -ecnred. Thi- d«»es n-t.
however, apply to the devise of a Fr Hi lot 1»\ will, nor to

transfers of land h\ a locatee for church, cemeten or -rhool pur-
poses, or the ri- lit of \\a\ of railroad-.

Reservations

In case the lands in a Township or portion of a Town -hip which
are not under a license to cut timber are brought under the operation
of Part II of The Public Lands Act, after the uh May. 1^13. the
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mine- may. after inspection and
report under authority of an Order-in-Council, open -uc!i lands for
location to actual settlers without rc-ervati-.n of the pine :
mines and minerals, and the patent when i--ued for such land shall
< ssly grant the pine trees and mines and minerals, but the
locatee shall not be entitled to cut and di-po-e of tlu pine tree-
except for building, fencing, fuel and in course of clearing, until
all have been six months in actual residence with a house
!'• x 20 feet erected, and have -ix acre- cleared.

In case, however, where land ha- been patented as Free Grant
!. and the mine* and mineral- have n«.i been staked out or
granted prior to the Mh May. i<M.v the reservation of >uch mine-
and minerals is now by law lescinded and thev belong to the owner
of the soil. Where the land is located or sold as Free ('.rant land
the patent when issued shall include the mines and mineral-, and
unless they are expre--ly reserved shall be deemed to ha
to the patentee.

The timber regulations are similar to those under "Townships
-ale."

LANDS WHICH ARE OPEN FOR SAM

District of Timiskaming.

New Liskeard Agency. Agent. J. W. Bolder.

Thi- agency contain tea town-hip-, -ituaied north and

west of Lake Timiskaming. The agent resides at Xew Liskeard
in the Township of Dymond. at the head of the n .rth-wr
the lake. It is reached at present by the Timiskaming and Northern
Ontario Railwav from North Bav. about 112 miie-.

LANDS .
nshtpt:

lUrlty. <»•<?«**

•nd

:•! t

EafMMirt Agency. Agent. Jamb Woo

ni! Mt»hi|»», ftituatetl t*»nh of the

lltr

.l:..» .HI '! r

them ( '• • :ittmi! t»

:*C.

SanrU >«a.

trcl
Tn.

M«thc»on Agriu \ \w m

Tin- a^-- ••wnfhip* m. rth of the

ul about < -krard. The

agent r. .in. f«»nncrl\ kn.-

a Station on the Timiskamin. »rthem ihwari" Railway.

Clew. Mr*

Bond. O-

i: AHMM S«ork

Benoit lop,

divert (part). unijoy.

Qm

Cochranc Agency. Agent. 5. J.
Thi> a^riK-y coiHajns twcKi oiiutct! m»nh of

:t of land about n Maihcion.

agent reside* at Gvl«raiu ilic IIIIKIMMI ;,| Trunk

.IM«I Tkniskaiiiing .ut<!

'•;• • Culi|dM«L Kinmfe Cr*

Hrower •

:•• ,
• '. ' -•- "

ITARIO

District of Nipissing.
North Bay Agency. Agent, W. J. Parsons.

Thi- a^cno contain> one Sale Township Widditield. and three
Free ('.rant Town-hips — Bonfield, Ferris. Chi-holm.

District of Sudbury

Warren Agency. Ag»-iit. I- mile Langlois.

Tlr- is -ituated in tin- T. . un-hip «.f Dnniieti. « m the line

of the C.P.Kv . ahnnt Jo mile- \\r-i . .1" Sturgeon Fall.-, and contain*
\n-hip-. which- — Hnijel and London are '•pen t"«»r -ale

at the rate of 50 cent- an acre. Mihjec? t.» the usiial -ettlcmcin
<liti(»n>. ami the other township- are open t". .r !i.i-ati.»n under The
«',rant< ami Homesteads Act.

Sudbury Agency. Agent, James K. MacLcnnan.

Sudluiry is a slaliun on the C'.P.Ky. There are eijjht t"\\p>hip-
now «»n tl'.e market. The Town-hip< «»f I), .wlin^ and McKiin are
"jK-n for -ale at the rate of 50 cent- an acre subject to the n-nal
conditions re^rardin^ settlement dntii The other six township*

are oj'en f«»r location under the Free (irants ami Honie-trad-

Massey Station Agency. Agent. R. J. Byers.

Thi- agency i< -itnated in the Township oi Salter on the
branch on the C'.lVRy.. and contain* live t< •\\n-liip-. \\hich are
Hallam. May. S'dter. Shedden and X'icloria.

District of Algoma

Thessalon Agency. Agent, Thomas Buchanan.

Thc--aloii i- a village >itnated in the Township of The--alon.
ami is reached by the (ieor-ian P,a\ -tea-ners from Owen Souml or
CoUingWOod in Mimnu r. and al-o by the Grand Trunk Railway to
North liav and thence by the Algoma branch to the C'anadian
Pacific Railway to The--alon.

Tn\\n>hip* :

Bright. Job; Rose.

Kirkwood. Striker.

Gladstone. Parkinson. Tarbutt.

HniiRhton. P.ittnn. Thompson.

I. AND:

. • 111. ThcM. V. \n4mom.

Kendall and I'asgrain. in Dutrut «.i Ugoma. on Tramcom
K\. about M«> nnlcH in mi Cochranr. Ket»»rtcd to

•le for agricultural
t i- ril Kendall, aad

Ca*£ iniinediately to the north of Kendall the ^ntfh pan

oi \\hirh i> . Me railu

District of Rainy River.

t France* Agency. Agent i J H-.i . '%

There are three t<»\\ii*Inp- in tin and ll>« • alicii

h\ t! • the Canadian Northern Kailua> uhuh run* ir««ni

Arthur \\c^t. The Township-

Farringt HalV -rn

I \\l>s <>IM N I OR LOCATION AS FREE GRANTS.

e the passing of the Fro iie»lcad* Act.

t. '\\n-hij •- ha\e lievn opened for location to actual M^tlcr% 'Pic*c

town-hips at. «•*. The h»lU»H-ing i% a I

the \\itli tl:. the name* of

the !.- \\n-hi; Ii. and the n accc*<.

Muikoka Agency. Agent. J. B. Brown.

Thix A-i-iu raml Trunk Katl-

tou^h the 1' ft t<> t»»rth. and brinp it

\\itli .rkct5 of tlte fn»nt liracebridfe. th<

i I.and^ <n Toromo;

i- the vlnet t..\\n ami h.i tlie JncHcial.

r*l and ?

Baxter Mcdora.

Brtinrl

klin

Ridoot Wo

Parry Sound Ageiu % \wnt I R. Powell. Parry

This . \jjcn* <-n township* in the *-mih

pan -iit It ma\ »»c reached frtmi the fn^it by the

•rthcni and Grand Tnmk Ra9«a^ I^arnr Sound

[TAMO

•I the Stipendiary Magistrate. Sheriff. 1
Master "i the Dis rict. and Mining Recorder.

Townshi

Bur; Fol .\K-lXniKMll.

Carliiik' Hagcrman. M

On: Humphrey. •• itli.

(longer. McConkey. Shawanaga.

MrKcllar. \\ ikon.
Ferguson.

Magnetawan Agency. Agent, Dr. J. S. Freeborn, M.iKn« i.tu .in.

This a-cncy contains eleven t«»\\ n>hips, in the centre of the
n.n-i: art of the District of Parry S«»un<l. Majjnetawan is

situated on the Rosseau and \ii>issing Road in the T«»\vn-h:-
I'hapnian. 14 miles from Hnrk'> I;alls, a station on the C.ran.l
Trunk Railway. \ -teanu-r rult> from Burk's Falls to Ma.^netawan
in Minnner. and a sta^e in the winter.

Townships:

Chapman. Lount. Ryerson.

Crolt. iar. Strong.

l-'crnc. Mill*. Spcnce.

Gurd. Pringle.

East Parry Sound Agency. Agent, William Ji-nkin. l-.msdale.

This Agency contains six townships, in the south-eastern part
of the District. Emsdale, in the Township of Perry, is a -tation
on the ('.rand Trunk Railway, which runs through the T.-wnships
of IVrry and Armour. The Canada Atlantic branch runs through
the Townships of Betlume and Perry, and connects with the
Northern IJranch at Scotia.

Townships:

Armour. Perry. Protidfoot.

Bcthune. Joly. Mtirrich.

Nipissing Agency. Agent, H. J. F.llis, Powassan.

This Agency comprises five townships, south of Lake Nip:
and in the north-east part of the District of Parry Sound.
nmte from Toronto i< by the (',ra:id Trunk RaiKvav : , Powassan.
l;roni the ea<t by the Canadian Pacific Railway : Iar. and

thence by the Grand Trunk Railwa to Poua

Hardy. I.aurier. Patti

*\ng.

l.ANh-

DIM Nipiftftinw

North Bay A. .< \\ j ftirmtt. Mart fc ttijr.

There arc four i- <icrocy open lor location under

the 1 it* an«! i

Townships :

BonrWM r»n otf fcmkrr

Chifholm.

j Afency. Agrni. MobC. Small. Mallaws.

tow nUiifM— three ot which are

the Canadian I The route from the

sout' ! Trunk Railwa troin the the

Townships :

Cal Papinrao, PUrt of

n. Part of Cameron

rgron K«ll% A*. -. -. Agrni. J. A. Phil I on. Sc»nv«m Falto.

t>hi}K situate*! along or conienient
to the line of the »e*t of North Ray.

Townships:

Co^ .tit

CaldweJL

>lhui N
Warren Agnu % \grnl. F.mllr

is situated in the T«>wn hinnet on thr

of the C* aUuit J" mile- \\r-t of Sturgc*.: and COO-

•en lor location under the Frre Cram%

anil i

II.U lt»!

|

Oxr Kirk|»iriek

Suii . ;. J«mc% k. M«cLroau

The: i-luj>^ i»|»cn for location at Free On-

Dill <>

j.-s ONTAKI'*

Blezard Valley Agency. Agent, J. A. Lemieux. Blezard Valley.

Tins agency i^ situated in the Township -.ml. north of

SucHmry. and contain* four township-.

Townships :

Hit- Capreol (wot pan >. Hair

I.itnwk-n ( i

Eapanola Station Agency. Agent, Neil Mulvan •>.

This Agency is situated in tlu- Township of P.aMwin. and om-
thrce Townships — Nairn, open for sale. a. id part- of Merritt
and I '.aid win, open as Free Grants.

District of Algoma.

Thessalon Agency. Agent, Thos. Buchanan, Thessalon.

There are three townships in this agenc\ open for 1. .rat ion as
Free Grants. The other townships in the agency which are open
for sale under Settlement Regulation- have hern ^i\en in the fore-
going list.

Townships open for location :

Aberdeen. Galbraith. Lefroy.

St. Joseph's Island. Agent, Win. E. Whybowrne. Marksville.

This island is situated at the west end of Lake I Inn HI. It con-
tains nearly 86,000 acres, a large portion of which i- good agricul-
tural land. The island has been divided into three municipalities
St. Joseph. Hilton, and Joselyn. It may be reached by -teamer-
from Collingwood or Owen Sound in summer, and in winter by the

uidian Pacific Railway.

Sault. Ste. Marie Agency. Agent, Edward Noble, Sault Ste. Marii

This Agency contains three town-hip- which are immediately
north of the Town of Sault Ste. Marie. The route from the

^teamer from Collingwood or Owen Sound, or by the <»rand
Trunk Railway to North Bay and thence by the Canadian Pacific
Railway to the Sault.

Townships :

Korah. Parke. Prince.

LA IK 1. 1

Thunder Bay At .« \\ \ Sorrow*, fon An *.f

Tl11* -V «l «owmhi|»*. tn the

ir. and is reached cither b> M earner i-
Owen Sound, or by the Canadian

lit***

Townships:

.

Crooks.
Daw* . (

District of Kenora

Drydcn Agency. Agrnl. R. II. Prongrf. Drydrn.

AL: uc<l on the line of the C

the township of Van !l..nu. and ontiauu t\%ehe

Townshi]

•n.

M.-

flk

kcruira Agency. AKCMI \\ I >pr>.

Ken . the I" !' K •.! lite IKM

of the \Voo<lv Thrrc arc t\\.. t..un%hip«
ami IVllatt.

Distiu t nt K.IIIIN Ki

re arc tii ship« open for Incalion a .rant*

along the Ka » "1 two a.

\\ in. Cameron r<

Office Address i* Strati- 11 > He has tighter* i*mii.hi|»v

rnnninp from th< -I «•! th.

Alexander McF.i -\vn Iu»n«U \Rftit at Kir

T.mnslr he ha% nghtcrn t.mn*' the

'\ en. I of t!

Tin ^Mp- max »*c rcu-hc ! 1»* the Canadian Xorthem

Rai \rthur

2JO

• >.\ T \KI« >

l\.\Mi-ii!ps in charge of Win. Cameron, Stratton Static-ill

Blue.
Curran.

Pilke.
Morlry.

Crosson.
Nelles.

ullo.

Roscbcrry.
Shenston.
Spohn.

1\ -\\n-hips in charge of Alex. McFayden, Emo

\\lcsworth.

\ ick.
Bur;

Carpenter.
Crozi-ir.
Dance.

Devlin.
Dobie.

:iing.

Kingsford.
Lash.
Mather.

.ml.
on.

ell.

:hington.
Morson.

-.unplx-ll.

Pratt.
Roddick.

uirdson.
Woo<i

Provisional County of Haliburton

Minden Agency. Agent. Richard H. Baker. Mindcn.

'Phis Agency contains seven townships in the Provisional
of Haliburton. The Victoria Branch of the Grand Trunk
Railway runs through the Township of Snowdon, and the Irondale
and Bancroft Railway through Snowdon and Glamorgan. The
to the Agency is by the Grand Trunk Railway to Gelert
Station, and thence by stage to Minden Village — a distance of
12 miles.

Townships:

^Anson.
"Glamorgan.
Hindon.

Liitterworth.
Minden.

Snowdon.
Stanhope.

Kinmount Agency. Agent, Jas. Wilson, Kinmount.

This \-vnrv contains four township-. Cavendish and GaUvay.
in the C'minty of Peterborough, and Cardiff and M.»nmonth in the
Provisional Count of Haliburton.

Apslcy Agency. Agent. Wm. Ilales. Apsh-y.

This \-nicv contains four to\vn«hip< in the north part of the
nt} of Peterborough.

Townships:

An«tnillier.

Methuen. Chnndos.

Rurleigh Cnorth and

\,,ni, iiuMing* \tfeacy. Ageni. Warn. Dowf***. «

i '":> V >'4im t\\. They may be reached

• ntrml < hitarto R*itwa% and the Iroadak,

I

Carlo*. \\

Urn-

Lhingamtuti.
Faraday.

.ic and Addlngton Agency.

This .\KCIK-\ o.nt.i:!!- M-MII town»)r The route

Kingston. 1>\ the Kmi;»ton and Pembroke Rmilway. or from

Toronto tic Railway.

Townships :

Abinger Canonlo. South.

Clarendon. Canonlo. North

North K< i§MM v V p "' » '»'• * \^

fin wnshipv which are travencd by

the Canadian I nluay. The route is from (Xta»a or
Brock vide to

T«.\\M>hips:

Algona, N

Alice. <ay. K M

hinan. Mam.

Prater.

Centre and South K< \gency. Agrnl. Adam PrliKe. Wiloo

This Agency contains aevcnteen townships. Ic nuv l*c reached
now ciili t>mnch of the Grmnd Trunk

or the ('a nail Vic Railway.

Townat

Algona. S Raddiie

Brougham Brwdem!!

Hu

^

Ric?

! AKIO

The following to\\n-hips are not attached to am
Airy. Mnrchison and Sahine in the District of Xipissing.

New Townships.

New town-hips will be surveyed and opened t"« «r settlement in
ditTcreiit part- from time to time as required, but it is important
in the interests of the settlers as well as the province to concentrate
the settlement as much as possible, so that road- may be con-
structed, churches and schools established, and other conun;<
d within the reach of the settler- that would n<.t be p< -
where settlements are sparse, and consequently squatting in town-
-hips not opened for settlement will not be

Authorized by

Tin HON. JAMKS S. Di

Minister of Agriculture.

W.

Deputy Minister of Agriculture.

For information as to special colonization rates to settl
apply to

II. A. MACDONEI.I..

Director of Colonization,

Parliament Buildings,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada ;
Or to

RICHARD REID,

< Ontario ( fOl crmueir. V.

Strand. London. Kujjlaml.

tun. niv ix, \

3i

I 7 | r*;

P? ir^i"

•• I »»•-•

t:

« >\ T\Uh »

NOTES

••A-ng figures for the Province arc later than those that app.'u
under .ing map of Ontario: —

The value of fie! n 1912 (Dom. census) was $192,085,900 out >t

,1 of $511.951,700 for nil Canada, of fully 37 per cent ll against ;, .
cent, for 1911.

The vain in 1912 is estimated at $36.000,000.

. -rage \.iluc of fruit crops to the retailer i- estimated at $26,IOO,OOO.
The value <>f live stock in 1912 was $225,848,942.

The value of farm land-. buildings implements aii'l live «tock in 1912

.

Thr total lumlier cut in 1911 was 1.7 t board measure, valued at

The total mineral production (metallic and non-metallic) in 1912 was
valued at $48,341,612.

The estimated value of the fisheries in HJIJ i- at '< .000.

\pi-nditures of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of
Ontario, in connection with the Niagara System, for the fiscal year ending
October 31, 1912. were $4,158,829.

The completed -team railway have a total length of 10.039 milc>. while
electric railways have 77.' miles.

The col,nii/,-iti,in ro;»d> in Northern and Southern Ontario have a total
of 10.000 miles.

The total imports for the fiscal \ear Hiding March 31. 1913. were
S.»i/»5i.3j8. and the total exports were $13-' r

The number of public < excluding ry and others) in 191 1

and the pupils enrolled, 400,552.

The total attendance at the Ontario Agricultural College, inchi-i
donald Institute, for the year \<tn -\2 wai for iou-i3. 1.161.

The assessment of the city of Toronto f..- 2. Tin- popu-

, •

• ttmdance at the (annual) Canadian National Exhibition.

" - i.oOO.

\J

;. '

117
1913

Ontario. i>*pt. of Agrl culture
The province of Ontario,

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO UMA*Y