^lik v ' PSYCHE A Journal of Entomology Volume XLIV 1937 Edited by Charles T. Brues Published by the Cambridge Entomological Club Biological Laboratories Harvard University Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 VOL.XLIV MARCH -JUNE, 1937 Nos. 1-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. The Scientific Work of Albert Pitts Morse. Richard Dow 1 New Species of Exotic Syrphid Flies. Frank M. Hull 12 New Bnprestid Beetles Collected in the Solomon Islands and Fiji Islands by Dr. W. M. Mann, with Descriptions of Some Other New Indo-Malayan Species. A. Thery 33 A New Paussid Beetle from Central America. P. J. Darling- ton, Jr 56 Social Behavior in Homoptera. August P. Beilmann. 58 Book Notice 59 Obituary: W. M. Wheeler. 60 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer Executive Committee OFFICERS FOR 1937-1938 . C. A. Frost J. C. Bequaert V. G. Dethier Richard Dow Thomas Barbour F. M. Carpenter C. H. Blake EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. Brues, Harvard University ASSOCIATE EDITOR F. M. Carpenter, Harvard University CONSULTING EDITORS Nathan Banks, Harvard University. Thomas Barbour, Harvard University. Richard Dow, New England Museum of Natural History, Boston, Mass. A. E. Emerson, University of Chicago. A. L. Melander, College of the City of New York. J. G. Needham, Cornell University. PSYCHE is published quarterly, the issues appearing in March, June, September, and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to Subscribers in the United States; foreign postage, 25 cents extra, Canada 15 cents. Single copies, 65 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to Professor F. M. 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Printed by the Eliot Press Inc., Jamaica Plain, Mass., U. S. A. PSYCHE VOL. XLIV MARCH -JUNE, 1937 Nos. 1-2 THE SCIENTIFIC WORK OF ALBERT PITTS MORSE By Richard Dow New England Museum of Natural History Albert Pitts Morse, best known for his work on the Orthoptera of New England, was born in Sherborn, Massa- chusetts, on February 10, 1863. He was a direct descendant of Samuel Morse of Dedham, whose son Daniel became one of the incorporators of the town of Sherborn in 1674. His father, Leonard Townsend Morse, was prominent in town affairs for many years. As a boy, Mr. Morse attended the local schools, graduating from the Sawin Academy of Sherborn in 1879. He was unfortunately prevented from acquiring additional schooling by lack of robust health and the need of his services at home. Early attracted by the beauty of nature and endowed with an inquiring mind, he began to collect specimens, study taxi- dermy, and become acquainted with the wild life in his vicinity, a district rich in natural resources. He was en- couraged and aided in these pursuits by several local nat- uralists and collectors, among whom should be mentioned Amory L. Babcock and Edgar J. Smith of Sherborn, and William Edwards of Sotfith Natick. At the age of 23 he abandoned farming as a livelihood and took up draughting, a vocation which he followed for several years. After the death of his parents in 1886 and 1888, he accepted a position as assistant in the Zoological Depart- ment of Wellesley College, with which institution he was connected in different capacities for more than 45 years (until 1933). As collector and instructor, he served the students and teachers in various ways, developed the mu- 2 Psyche [March-June seum, and lectured on elementary and systematic zoology and entomology. During the first part of this period he attended the summer school of the Marine Biological Labo- ratory at Woods Hole, took a long summer course in entomology at Cornell University under Professor J. H. Comstock, and made extensive collections of New England insects, paying particular attention to the Orthoptera and Odonata, in which orders he discovered and described many new species. In 1893 Mr. Morse married Miss Annie McGill of Dover. They lived in Sherborn until 1900, and then moved to Wellesley. In 1897, with the encouragement of Mr. S. H. Scudder, Mr. Morse undertook a summer’s trip to the Pacific Coast to collect the Orthoptera of that region. He returned with several thousand specimens including representatives of many new species most of which were described by Mr. Scudder. In 1901, at the request of Professor Alpheus Hyatt, he reorganized the instruction in zoology of the Teachers’ School of Science of the Boston Society of Natural History, combining a series of field trips each spring and fall with a winter term of laboratory work, in a four year course. This was successfully conducted for two periods of four years, each of which included a year of entomology. The purpose of these lessons was to equip the teacher of biology in sec- ondary schools with a practical as well as theoretical knowl- edge of the subject. Their success was attested by the numbers which attended and the affection and loyalty of the students. In 1903 and again in 1905, Mr. Morse was appointed Research Assistant by the Carnegie Institution of Washing- ton and awarded a fund to be expended in the study of the Orthoptera of the southern United States. With this assist- ance he made two field trips covering the region from Vir- ginia to Texas, as a result of which he wrote two reports on the grasshopper fauna and its ecology. During a portion of the summer vacations from 1909 to 1912, Mr. Morse taught natural history to the boys, girls, and teachers of Woodstock, Vermont, under the patronage of Miss Elizabeth Billings of that town, and then, at her sug- 1937] A. P. Morse 5 gestion and with her support, devoted his spare time for several seasons to the preparation of an excellent mono- graph on the New England Orthoptera. This volume of 350 pages was published by the Boston Society of Natural His- tory in 1920. In January, 1911, Mr. Morse became connected with the Peabody Museum of Salem, at first in charge of insects only, and later (December of the same year) as Curator of Nat- ural History, though devoting only part of his time to that institution until 1926. In 1920 he spent a month in field work on the Orthoptera of Maine, subsequently' preparing a report on this subject for the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. From 1919 to 1923, at least a part of his summer vacation was spent, mainly in Nebraska, in a study of the food habits of grasshoppers with reference to their attacks on binder-twine. In 1926 he became a trustee of the Ropes Memorial of Salem, serving on the committee on grounds and as chairman of the committee on botanical lectures, which during his incumbency were largely arranged by him. In 1934 his health began to fail, and after February, 1935, he was forced to give up his regular work at the Peabody Museum. His death occurred at Wellesley on. April 29, 1936. He is survived by his wife, two children, and four grand- children. Mr. Morse was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the Entomological So- ciety of America, and a member of the following organiza- tions: the Boston Society of Natural History, Morse Science Club of Salem (twice President), American Association of Economic Entomologists, Cambridge Entomological Club (President 1898, 1914, 1923, 1933-34), American Ornitholo- gists’ Union, Essex County Ornithological Club (Vice- president from its inception until 1934, then President until his death), Massachusetts Audubon Society, New England Bird-banding Association, Nuttall Ornithological Club, American Fern Society, New England Botanical Club (Vice- president 1928-1931), and the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Mr. Morse’s private collection of insects, which contained more than fifty thousand specimens and included many types, was acquired by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at 6 Psyche [March-June Harvard College during the academic year 1920-21. The museums at Boston and Salem also possess many specimens which he collected personally. Some of his material bears one or more of the following printed labels : The numbers to be found on the first of these labels are explained in a manuscript notebook at the Museum of Com- parative Zoology. The key to those on the second and third labels is contained in another notebook at the Peabody Museum of Salem. The data for all of the lots is available at both of the above museums, and also at the Boston Society of Natural History. It should be noted that these labels sometimes indicate only the authority who determined the material, and that the Essex County label does not neces- sarily mean that the specimen with which it is pinned was collected in that locality. Mr. Morse was above all a lover of nature with a remark- able knowledge of natural history. The members of the Cambridge Entomological Club, at whose meetings he was a constant and welcome attendant, greatly miss his presence and his interesting, often humorous, contributions. He was an accurate observer and meticulous in attention to detail. Few men with as little formal training are able to command so much respect for their scientific work. The following bibliography contains most of Mr. Morse’s published writings. It does not include the articles which he contributed to newspapers, or a record of the many notes and exhibits which he presented at meetings of the Cam- bridge Entomological Club. The latter may be found in various issues of Psyche. [Letter concerning the orchid fly.] Insect Life 2 : 250. 1890. [Letter concerning orchid pests.] Insect Life 3 : 22. 1890. A suggestion to lepidopterists. Ent. News 3: 121-122. 1892. A melanistic locust. Psyche 6 : 401-402. 1893. A new species of Stenobothrus from Connecticut, with Coll. A. P. M. Lot No. Essex Co. Lot Coll. P. M. Lot No. 1937] A. P. Morse 7 remarks on other New England species. Psyche 6: 477-479, figs. 1-6. 1893. Wing-length in some New England Acrididse. Psyche 7 : 13-14. 1894 (mailed in December, 1893). Ibid.: 53-55. 1894. A preliminary list of the Acrididse of New England. Psyche 7 : 102-108. 1894. Notes on the Orthoptera of Penikese and Cuttyhunk. Psyche 7 : 179-180. 1894. Notes on the Acrididse of New England. 1. [Tettiginse.] Psyche 7: 147-154, 163-167, pi. 6. 1894. On the use of bisulphide. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 2: 191. 1894. Spharagemon : a study of the New England species. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 26 : 220-240, figs. 1-9. 1894. [Review of preceding article.] Psyche 7 : 138, figs. 1-9. 1894. New North American Odonata. Psyche 7 : 207-211, 274- 275. 1895. Revision of the species of Spharagemon. Psyche 7 : 287-299, figs. 1-6. 1895. Enallagma pictum Morse. Psyche 7 : 307. 1895. New North American Tettiginse. 1. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 3: 14-16. 1895. New North American Tettiginse. 2. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 3: 107-109. 1895. Notes on the Acrididse of New England. 2. Tryxalinse. Psyche 7: 323-327, 342-344, 382-384, 402-403, 407-411, 419- 422, 443-445, pi. 7. 1896. Some notes on locust stridulation. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 4: 16-20. 1896. Both sides of butterflies. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 4: 20-22. 1896. Illustrations of North American Tettiginse. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 4: 49, pi. 2. 1896. Notes on New England Acrididse. 3. Oedipodinse. Psyche 8: 6-8, 35-37, 50-51, 64-66, 80-82, 87-89, 111-114, pi. 2. 1897. Birds. In A history of Dover, Massachusetts [etc.] by Frank Smith: 336-348. Dover, Mass. 1897. List of birds of Dover. [Reprint of preceding article.] pp. [i-ii], 1-13. 1897. 8 Psyche [March- June Annotated list of birds of Wellesley and vicinity, com- prising the land-birds and most of the inland water-fowl of eastern Massachusetts, pp. 1-56, frontispiece. Wellesley, Mass. 1897. Pacific Coast collecting. Psyche 8 : 160-167, 174-177. 1898. Notes on New England Acridiidae. 4. Acridiinse. Psyche 8 : 247-248, 255-260, 269-273, 279-282, 292-296, pi. 7. 1898. The distribution of the New England locusts. Psyche 8 : 315-323, pi. 8. 1899. New North American Tettiginae. 3. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 7: 198-201. 1899. A new method of pressing plants. Plant World 2 : 114-115. 1899. Subfam. Tettiginae. Biol. Centrali-Amer., Insecta, Orth. 2: 3-16, 6 figs. 1900. Ibid.: 17-19, 2 figs. 1901. Variation in Tridactylus. Psyche 9: 197-199, figs. 1-5. 1901. [Translation of Ebauche sur les mceurs des fourmis de VAmerique du Nord by Auguste Forel (Riv. di Scien. Biol. 2:180-192. 1900.).] Psyche 9 : 231-239, 243-245. 1901. New North American Orthoptera. Can. Ent. 33: 129-131. 1901. The Xiphidiini of the Pacific Coast. Can. Ent. 33 : 201-205. 1901. A new Xiphidium from Florida. Can. Ent. 33 : 236. 1901. Dichopetala brevicauda — a correction. Psyche 9: 380-381. 1902. [Review of A nature wooing at Ormond by the sea by W. S. Blatchley.] Psyche 10: 43. 1903. New Orthoptera from Nevada. Psyche 10: 115-116. 1903. Reprinted in Invertebrata Pacifica 1 : 14-16. 1903. Amory Leland Babcock. Psyche 10: 187. 1903 [1904]. New Acridiidae from the southeastern states. Psyche 11: 7-13. 1904. [Review of The Orthoptera of Indiana by W. S. Blatchley.] Psyche 11: 23-24. 1904. A faunal and floral tabulation-scheme. Psyche 11: 25-28, pi. 4. 1904. Diestrammena unicolor in North America. Psyche 11 : 80. 1904. 1937] A. P. Morse 9 Researches on North American Acridiidse. Carnegie In- stitution of Wash., Publ. 18 : 1-55, figs. 1-13, pis. 1-8. 1904. Some Bahama Orthoptera. Psyche 12 : 19-24. 1905. New Acridiidae from the southern states. Psyche 13: 119- 122. 1906. Melanoplus viridipes in New England. Psyche 13: 135. 1906. Nemobius palustris Blatchley. Psyche 13 : 158. 1906. The ecological relations of the Orthoptera in the Porcupine Mountains, Michigan. Rept. State Board of Geol. Survey of Michigan for 1905 : 68-72. 1906. Paratylotropidia beutenmuelleri sp. nov. Psyche 14 : 14. 1907. Podisma australis nom. nov. Psyche 14 : 57. 1907. Further researches on North American Acridiidae. Car- negie Institution of Wash., Publ. 68 : 1-54, fig. 1, frontispiece, pis. 1-9. 1907. Tettigidean notes, and a new species. Psyche 15 : 25. 1908. Melanoplus harrisii n. sp. Psyche 16: 12. 1909. Report on the Isle Royale Orthoptera of the 1905 expedi- tion. An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, published as a part of the Rept. of the Board of Geol. Survey of Mich, for 1908 : 299-303. 1909. A hopperdozer for rough ground. Psyche 17 : 79-81, fig. 1. 1910. Lucilia sericata as a household pest. Psyche 18 : 89-92, fig. 1. 1911. The orthopterological work of Mr. S. H. Scudder, with personal reminiscences. Psyche 18: 187-192. 1911. A pocket list of the birds of eastern Massachusetts with especial reference to Essex County, pp. 1-92 + 13 (chart), frontispiece. Salem, Mass. 1912. Leptura emarginata in New England. Psyche 22: 212. 1915 [1916]. [With Morgan Hebard as joint author.] Fixation of single type (lectotypic) specimens of species of American Orthoptera. Division 3. Species of North American Orthop- tera described by Albert Pitts Morse. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 67 : 96-106. 1915. A New England orthopteran adventive. Psyche 23: 178- 180. 1916 [1917]. 10 Psyche [March- June [Review of The Blattidce of North America , north of the Mexican boundary by Morgan Hebard.] Ent. News 28 : 430- 431. 1917. List of the water-color drawings of fungi by George E. Morris in the Peabody Museum of Salem, pp. 1-70, frontis- piece (portrait). Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass. 1918. Amaranthus Powellii and Digitaria lanata in New Eng- land. Rhodora 20 : 203. 1918 [1919]. New records of Orthoptera in New England. Psyche 26 : 16-18. 1919. A list of the Orthoptera of New England. Psyche 26: 21-39. 1919. Manual of the Orthoptera of New England, including the locusts, grasshonpers, crickets, and their allies. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 35 : 197-556, figs. 1-99, pis. 10-29. 1920. At a food-shelf. Bull. Essex Co. Omith. Club 2: 12-14. 1920 [1921]. Sympetrum corruptum in Massachusetts. Psyche 28 : 7. 1921. Monecphora bicincta (Say) in New England. Psyche 28: 27-28. 1921. Orthoptera of Maine. Grasshoppers and related insects. Bull. Me. Agric. Exper. Sta. 296: [i-ii], 1-36, figs. 1-25. 1921. Grasshoppers and related insects, pp. 1-6. [Circular Me. Agric. Exper. Sta. 541. 1921.] A sheld duck ( Tadorna tadorna L.) from Essex County, Mass. Bull. Essex Co. Ornith. Club 3: 68, 1 pi. 1921 [1922]. Franklin’s gull in New England. Bull. Essex Co. Ornith. Club 3: 69. 1921 [1922]. The seal of the Cambridge Entomological Club. Psyche 29:42. 1922. The European house cricket; hearth cricket. Psyche 29: 225. 1922 [1923]. Another Essex County record for the blue-gray gnat- catcher. Bull. Essex Co. Ornith. Club 5: 25. 1923 [1924]. Lepidium latifolium in New England. Rhodora 26: 197- 198. 1924. Some rarities from Essex County, Mass. Psyche 32 : 298. 1925 [1926]. Two vagrant grasshoppers and a moth. Psyche 33: 53. 1926. 1937] A. P. Morse 11 Protective tubes for birdskins. Bull. Essex Co. Ornith. Club 8: 57-59. 1926 [1927]. An interesting butterfly capture. Psyche 34 : 10. 1927. Another vagrant grasshopper. Psyche 34 : 134. 1927. “Data is” or “data are”: which? Science n.s. 65: 355. 1927. The way of a snake with a gopher. Copeia 164: 71-72. 1927. John Robinson, botanist, of Salem, Massachusetts. Rhodora 31: 245-254, 1 pi. (portrait). 1929. Grasshoppers vs. salt. Journ. Econ. Ent. 23: 465. 1930. A window-print. Bull. Essex Co. Ornith. Club 11 : 74, 1 pi. 1929 [1930]. The American lotus at West Peabody, Massachusetts. Rhodora 33 : 230. 1931. The insect collections of a public museum. Psyche 41 : 158- 163. 1934. Another kingfisher and a goldfish. Bull. Essex Co. Ornith. Club 16: 18. 1934 [1935]. [Bibliography of the scientific writings of E. S. Morse in Biographical memoir of Edward Sylvester Morse, 1838- 1925 by L. 0. Howard.] National Acad. Sci., Biogr. Mem. 17 (1) : 20-29. 1935. 12 Psyche [March- June NEW SPECIES OF EXOTIC SYRPHID FLIES By Frank M. Hull University of Mississippi Some time ago, Professor Nathan Banks placed in my hands for study an interesting collection of Syrphid flies that had accumulated in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. These flies have come from many sections of the world and, as was to be expected, include a number of new species, the descriptions of which are pre- sented in this paper. Notes on the occurrence and distribu- tion of other species will perhaps be published at a later date. I wish to thank Prof. Banks for the opportunity of studying this interesting assortment of Syrphids as well as for the facilities for study in the Museum which he so kindly placed at my disposal. Meromacrus melmoth n. sp. Male. Eyes narrowly joined. Vertex slightly raised, black. Face and front black, conspicuously yellowish white pilose along the sides of the front, on the eye margins, run- ning down the sides of the eyes and thence to the oral margin as a diagonal facial stripe. This leaves the face obscurely shining black, the black as a V-shaped wedge below antennae, reaching to oral margin, its widest part at the base of the antennae. Cheeks shining blackish. The facial stripe be- neath the sparse pile is whitish pruinose and much more conspicuous than the pile. The pile on the sides of the front assumes the curious appressed character typical of the genus. Occiput and lower part of vertical triangle below the ocelli, similarly colored, pilose and pruinose. Face somewhat cari- nate. Antennae blackish brown, the third joint lighter brown, extraordinarily truncated dorso-apically and coming to a rounded point, the arista basally thickened, yellow, quite pale at tip, and twice as long as the third joint. Thorax, pleurae, and scutellum dull black, except that the 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 13 latter has a brownish rim. The markings unfortunately obscured by poor preservation but a yellow tomentose spot on the inner medial angles of humeri, a vertical narrow similar stripe on the middle of pleurae, and some evidence of the same on the posterior calli. Halteres brownish ; stalk darker. Abdomen black, very dark brown laterally and on the posterior half of the last segment and the hypopygium, covered with microscopically short, black bristles, some scattered short pale pile, and a transverse narrow band of pale tomentum on the post border of first segment. Legs black, tarsi brown, the femora covered with thick, quite long, pale, very fine hair. Hind femora extraordi- narily thick. Wings with a strong black anterior border, the black keeping to the configuration of the third longitudinal vein, but filling the anterior part of the first basal and the first posterior cells, and the loop of the third longitudinal vein is filled, but bears a small clear spot. Length 15mm. One male. Bolivia. Province of Sara (Steinbach) . Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This peculiar species is very close to Meromacrus niger Sack, from which it differs in the extraordinarily thickened hind femora besides other characters. The dull black color and femora serve to distinguish it. Velocimyia n. gen. Small flies. Eyes bare, touching in male for a short dis- tance. Face and front heavily pubescent and with some longer pile on the former. Face with a very low weak tu- bercle on bump in the middle, the lower face bluntly conical. Antennae of the simple Eristaliform type ; arista bare, basally thickened. Thorax simple. Scutellum small, two or three times as wide as long, and without margin. Abdomen taper- ing posteriorward, but four segments and tip of hypogynium visible. The last segment of the abdomen together with the hypopygium wide, round, exceptionally prominent and con- spicuous. In this respect the form resembles the new world Meromacrus. 14 Psyche [March-June Legs except for thickened hind femora largely simple. The hind femora apicoventrally possesses a low setae-beset tubercle. Hind tibiae basally incised. Wings Eristaliform. The kink of third vein is formed like that of Eristalis rather than Protylocera and there is no spur on the kink. Genotype: V elocimyia velox, new species. Velocimyia velox n. sp. Plate II, Figs. 1, 2, 3 Male. Eyes narrowly touching for less than distance of posterior ocelli. Front, face, vertex black, the latter cov- ered with dark brown pollen, the front with grey pubescence, the face thickly covered with white pubescence. A small shining bare space above the antennae without trace of wrinkles. No shining median stripe on face, but an obscure bare, shining stripe on cheeks. Antennae black, third seg- ment grey pollinose or pubescent. Arista two and one-half times length of oval third joint, light brown in color, bare. Thorax black, with a bluish cast, dully shining, heavily dark grey pollinose. Scutellum wide, translucent, yellowish brown, without pile, except on the corners, although its punctate surface indicates that it was pilose. Pile of thorax thick, erect, moderately long, pale in color. Squamae and fringe pale yellow, very large. Abdomen with venter and hypopygium entirely bright orange with one exception. The base of the second segment with a broad basal triangle, its apex reaching less than one half of the length of the seg- ment, the triangle continued to the first segment, where it is bluish black, leaving only the lateral corners of that seg- ment pale. Abdomen practically opaque except for the last segment. Last two segments and third and fourth with parallel sides, narrower than the second. Hypopygium very large. Pile of abdomen pale, rather long terminally. Legs black, base of face and mid tibiae yellowish brown, mid basitarsi dark brown. Hind femora very thick, but confined to anterior surface, posterior surface straight, a nodular prominence beset with bristles near the apex. Hind tibiae opposite nodule of femora noticeably incised, its apex spurred. 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 15 Wings hyaline, stigma brown. A deep loop of third longitudinal vein into first posterior cell; the marginal cell closed before the apex of first longitudinal vein, and the first posterior cell closed before apex of third longitudinal vein. Length 10 mm. Three co-types. Males. One is from Mandritsara, Mada- gascar (Wulsin) whose type no. is 2270 in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The two others, Antananarivo, Madagascar, were discovered in the collections at the Mu- seum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Dr. G. Enderlein has kindly presented me with one of them, which is in my own collection. The third is in his collection. The first specimen studied, from the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, curiously bears no evidence of the spotted eyes, and I was inclined to view this species as nearest to Protylocera. The discovery of subsequent specimens reveals that the eyes are generously spotted. Nevertheless, the distinctive type of abdomen, much enlarged hypopygium, as well as the excised tibia and nodulate hind femora show that it is not an ordinary Lathy rophthalmus. Another species which Speiser placed under Lathy rophthalmus, myiatro- pinus, agrees in these peculiarities and differs from the present species in its dark terminal segments, etc. The two forms may very well be grouped under the name given, since besides the other distinctions mentioned, they lack either the metallic color or the characteristic stripes of Lathyroph- thalmus. It may be remarked that the spotted nature of the eyes probably shows no close relationship to Lathyrophthal- mus whatever, since at the present no less than five genera show such spots. Three genera show the enormous hypo- pygium: Meromacroides of Curran (Africa), Meromacrus Rondani (S. America) and the present group of species. Lathyrophthalmus vitrescens n. sp. Plate II, fig. 4 Female. Eyes distant by one and one-half times width of posterior ocelli ; side of front diverging considerably towards antennae. Front yellow and grey-brown pollinose, varying according to direction, but apparently with a con- 16 Psyche [March- June stant, pale, narrow eye stripe, a large pale region above an- tennae surrounding a brown central elevation. Middle of lower front with a narrow dark brown streak. Face with pale yellow brown pubescence, except for bare central knob. Face rippled. Antennae light or orange brown, darker dor- sally on third joint. Arista very long, pale brown. Cheeks more or less bare shining light brown. Eyes spotted, of which it may be said that the spots are very numerous, small, mostly regularly spaced, rarely confluent, and usually sepa- rated by from one to two times their own diameter. Thorax blue black, shining, five vittate, the vittae dull grey but being obscurely shining posteriorly. Scutellum strongly shining greenish blue. Squamae dark brown, halteres lighter. Abdomen shining, greenish or bluish black, except that the first segment and base of second is dark brown, and the second, third and fourth segments are crossed by opaque black bands, first barely interrupted, the latter two well in- terrupted medially and laterally. Legs dark brown, apices of femora very narrowly, basal half or third of tibiae, and all the tarsi light yellow or brownish yellow, palest on the tibiae. Wings very hyaline. Stigma quite small. Length 12 mm. One female. Fiji; Lomoti. (W. M. Mann.) Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. I should be inclined to place this species in L. nitidus Wulp, did not specimens I have seen from Samoa agree better with the notes and interpretation of the species by Herve-Bazin and Bezzi. These I have commented on in my paper on Samoan Syrphidae. The more totally blue black coloration, entire opaque bands of abdomen, and minor differences con- vince me that the two forms are at least quite different species. Korinchia simulans de Meij. Originally described by de Meijere as a Milesia, but should probably be placed in Korinchia. Two females in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Java; Tijboda (T. Barbour). Eumerus obtusiceps n. sp. Male. Eyes touch for the short length of front. Vertical 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 17 triangle is therefore long, acute in front, its sides parallel behind. Occiput remarkably thick, pale brownish polinose, black punctate. Vertex similarly pollinose and punctate, anterior ocelli far removed, lying in brown pollen, the posterior pair in a black area. Eyes bare. Pile of the vertex largely blackish except just in front. Front and face covered with brilliant silver scalose pubescence and some erect white pile. Occiput punctate white scalose, short white pilose. Antennae situated slightly below middle, black. Third joint large, ventrally pointed. Arista basally thickened, yellow, remainder very wiry, slender and dark. Dorsum of thorax black, obscurely shining, thickly punc- tate, pile short, thick, black with some pale hairs, the suture narrowly pale whitish or greyish pollinose. Scutellum concolorous, flat, its edge with a conspicuous narrow yel- lowish brown pollinose border, its apex with outwardly directed short pile of the same color, and its erect surface pile longer than that of the thorax and entirely pale. More- over, the bulk of the pile is also on the rim and directed upward at an angle of forty-five degrees. Squamae and hal- teres brownish yellow. Abdomen decidedly flared basally ; abdomen shining black, thickly black punctate, bearing thick appressed black bristles most prominent on terminal segment, and considerable fine white pile, particularly on the sides of the abdomen. First segment with a narrow V of white punctate pollen, barely interrupted medially, the angle anteriorly directed, and the ends continued (narrowly) into the corners of the third segment. Third segment similarly marked, and fourth similar except that the pollinose spot spreads out posteriorly and is largely broken by black punctate spots. Fore and middle legs brown, apices of the femora, of the tibiae and their base and all the tarsi brownish yellow. Hind femora and tibiae black, except narrow apex of former, and base of latter; both thickened, the femora greatly enlarged. Hind tarsi brown, basi tarsi greatly dilated. Wings with terminal segment of fourth longitudinal vein oddly angulated, just before reaching the third longitudinal vein, it forms an acute V-shaped angle ; the angle of the V is spurred. Wings slightly fumose. Length 8.5 mm. 18 Psyche [March-June One male. Neumannis Boma, British East Africa (Allen and Brooks) . Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This species traces to Eumerus scaber in Bezzi’s key. That species is said to have a bare bluish front ; its genitalia are reddish. The occiput of this species cannot be described as black pilose, etc. In Herve-Bazin’s key it traces to Eumerus fece Bez. with which it could hardly be confused. Microdon argentinae n. sp. Plate II, fig. 5. Male. Front narrowed sharply above antennae. The nar- rowest width slightly better than one-half width at vertex measured from upper eye angles. The narrowest portion marked by a prominent groove on its front side obtusely widened and leading down to a point between antennae. Front and vertex and face rich shining brown. Cheeks a little darker brown. Face strongly convex, both from the side and from above. Vertex slightly raised. First joint of antennae light shining brown, as long as front from vertex to depression. Remainder of antennae wanting. Pile of face and head everywhere pale yellow, sparse, shorter on the front, rather long and thicker on the sides of face below antennae. Middle of face nearly bare, possibly due to denu- dation. Dorsum of thorax, pleurae, scutellum, and legs rich shin- ing brown, the abdomen pale brown. Pile of thorax short, pale, appressed, with a few scattered darker hairs. Scutel- lum quite wide, trapezoidal, the small but slender, sharp, bare points, quite far apart, slightly diverging. Middle of scutellum not emarginate. Halteres dark brown. The abdomen is of the short broad form, pointed apically, with ventral flexure at the edges of the flared second segment. Piles of legs dark brown, becoming golden brown on lower surfaces of tarsi and apical portions of tibiae. Hind basitarsi not remarkably thickened, its greatest thickness basally, twice its distal thickness, perhaps a little more than twice as thick as the second tarsal segment. Wings tinged rather uniformly with brown. Veins dark brown. Last section of fourth longitudinal vein very angu- lated, emitting a stump on each side toward margin of wing, 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 19 and trace of an inward stump on one wing. Lower terminal section of vein closing first posterior cell and one closing discal cell remarkably rounded. An extensive spur is present from the third longitudinal vein almost reaching spurious vein. Length 10.5 mm. One male, Cordova, Argentina (Davis). Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Microdon digitator n. sp. Plate II, fig. 6. Male. Head rounded in profile; similar to Microdon in- vestigator. Front narrowest above antennas, but the sides nearly parallel, diverging toward the vertex. Antennae, face, front and vertex black, the latter shining. Antennae short, the first joint and third subequal, either twice the length of second. Arista short, much thickened basally, reaching just past third joint. Pile of head everywhere pale yellowish to whitish, sparse. Thorax and scutellum everywhere shining black. Pile sub-appressed, sparse, yellowish to golden. Scutellum evenly rounded, a little more pointed centrally, without spines, margins, dentations, etc. Halteres brown. First and fourth abdominal segments brown to black, obscurely shining; second and third pale brownish yellow, the second the palest, subtranslucent. Pile very short except on the outer edges of the second segment where it is long and golden. Pile black or brown elsewhere, except on the posterior lateral angles of the third segment where it is golden. Legs light brown except for the middle of all the femora, and quite small spots in the middle of each tibise. Hind basitarsi not at all thickened. Wings rather uniformly suffused with brown, lighter in the first posterior, discal, first basal cells. Termination of fourth longitudinal vein straight, nearly rectangular, angle of discal cell rounded. Spur of third longitudinal present, spurious vein not prominent. Angle of first posterior cell spurred to near by wing margin. Length 9 mm. One male, Tjibodas, Mt. Gede, Java. 1909, 4500 ft. (Bry- 20 Psyche [March-June ant and Palmer). Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Microdon investigator n. sp. Plate II, fig. 7 and 8. Male. Sides of front nearly parallel, slightly converging to vertex, narrowest just across ocelli. Front smooth, shin- ing brownish black, punctate. Antennse situated just below upper point of middle third of profile. Profile of head evenly rounded, remarkably convex. Cheeks very narrow, invisible in profile. Face widest just below antennae. Sides nearly parallel. No antennal prominence. Antennae light orange, first joint twice length of second, third equal to first and second concave dorsally, drawing out to a sharp point, sug- gesting a thumb. Arista pale, slightly longer than third joint. Face shining brassy brown, with a suggestion of violaceous color. Pile of face, front, vertex sparse brassy yellow, appressed on face. Thorax and scutellum dark, moderately shining brown, pile golden, thick and markedly appressed. Pleurae similarly colored with a conspicuous patch of dense golden pile. Pile of scutellum erect. Squamae and halteres light yellow. Abdomen pale yellowish brown, third and fourth with basal halves and nearly the whole of the fifth segment dark brown. Pile of light area exceptionally dense and appressed, golden; of dark area black. Venter pale brownish yellow, sub-translucent, the lateral edges continuously black. Legs light brownish yellow, except for a dark brown spot about the middle of antero-ventral surface of each femur and the basal third of the tibise, paler yellow. Hind femora with anterior diagonal scar or cicatrix on basal half. Hind basitarsi nearly as long as remaining segments inclusive; twice their thickness. Wings palely but uniformly brownish; termination of fourth longitudinal vein sharply rectangular, its angle emitting a spur; an angle of discal cell rounded. Spurious vein quite faint. Spur from third longitudinal vein promi- nent. Length 13.5 mm. One male, Galog River, Mt. Apo, Mindanao, Philippine 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 21 Islands, Sept. 12 (C. S. Clagg). Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Hypselosyrphus n. gen. Plate II, fig. 9. Small flies, related to Microdon with the weak and flat- tened abdomen somewhat longer than broad. Face round convex, with the vertex produced into a curved jutting knob. Scutellum sulcate, tumid, angularly directed upward. Hind basitarsi and forebasitarsi swollen. Hind tibiae convex, with a swollen ornament suggesting a load of pollen, heavily pilose. Hind femora not greatly thickened. No trace of spur from third vein is directed into the first posterior cell. Terminal (bent up) portions of fourth and fifth longitudinal veins, that is, subapical and posterior cross veins, nearly straight, bulging at their basal corners and making angles of approximately seventy-five to eighty degrees with the veins they join. Genotype: Hypselosyrphus trigonus n. sp. This fly suggests very strongly a trigonid bee, as do the species of Ubristes of the Microdontini. Microdon scutellaris Shannon, described from the Amazon, seems to fall into Hypselosyrphus , but differing in the differently colored abdomen. Hypselosyrphus trigonus n. sp. Plate II, fig. 9. Male. Front enormously swollen as a shining knob, the ocelli on top. Front excavated, flat, leaving a considerable concavity in profile. Face in profile convex, evenly rounded. Antennae situated at upper third. First and third joints subequal, the latter pointed, second quite short. Arista slender, as long as third joint. Color of antennae dark brown. Face, front and vertex shining dark mahogany red or brown, almost black. Thorax very dark brown, almost black, a row of white pile across at suture, and on base of scutellum, remainder densely erect short black pilose. Pleurae shining dark brown, sparsely pilose. Halteres and squamae dark blackish. Scutellum dark blackish, prominent, directed upward at an 22 Psyche [March-June angle of forty-five degrees, deeply sulcate medially, the sides swollen, rounded, without spines. Abdomen short oval, flat, vitreous, dark reddish brown on first, second and narrowly on base of third segment. Re- mainder bright orange. Legs dark shining purplish or reddish black, tarsi except hind basitarsi light yellowish brown. Fore basitarsi swollen anteriorly. Hind basitarsi considerably swollen. Hind tibiae greatly swollen and dorsally arcuate, a curious crease run- ning around it, below the part of greatest swelling. Tibiae heavily long black pilose. Wings brownish especially basally, with a faint pale yel- low spot beginning past the stigma. Last section of fourth longitudinal vein straight, not angular, no spurs present, not even from the angle of the fourth longitudinal vein. Length 7 mm. or about 8 mm. with the antennae. One male. Barro Colorado, Panama, July 16, 1924 (Nathan Banks). Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This remarkable species suggests Microdon panamensis Curran, which lacks the interesting structural characters of this form. It is a handsome and peculiar species, that like Ubristes resembles Trigonid, bees, but differs from that genus in the development of the vertex and scutellum, etc. Paramicrodon novus n. sp. Plate II, figs. 10 and 11. Female. Head very globular, front wide, almost hori- zontal, sides nearly parallel diverging slightly to vertex. Vertex from corner of eyes very suddenly and sharply widened so that the post optical vertex is wide and deep. Front and vertex slightly convex, their color shining brown- ish or black, with short abundant, upright, golden pile. Ocelli set far down the middle of the front, more than half way down from vertex (extreme) to antennae. Face more narrow than front, sides almost parallel, similar in color and simi- larly pilose. Antennae set a little above middle of face, wholly brownish orange, first and second joints short, sub- equal, third equal to first and second. Arista dark, thickened basally, half again as long as third joint. Eyes bare. 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 23 Thorax shining brown, slightly brassy, covered with dense golden pile, highly appressed, a vertical pilose band on the pleurse. Scutellum brown, simple. Margin evenly rounded, surface but little convex. Halteres and squamae brownish yellow. Abdomen dark brown, base of first segment with a yellow band, incised on its posterior border, a convex yellow band on the posterior border of second segment, a narrow similar border on the posterior edge of third segment and the narrow corners posteriorly of fourth and extreme tip of fifth seg- ments. The posterior margins of second, third, fourth and fifth segments with a fringe of thick long, appressed golden pile. Abdomen quite elongate, over twice the length of thorax. Second segment nearly as long as third and fourth ; fifth segment almost as long as fourth. Third and fourth segments subequal. Abdomen but little, if at all, constricted basally. Legs light brownish yellow, golden appressed pilose, a brownish median band on the hind femora, a trace of same on mid femora. Wings quite elongate ; first posterior cell five to six times as long as wide at widest point. Third longitudinal vein without protruding spur. Spurious vein faint. Wings uni- formly pubescent, tinged with pale brown. Length 13.5 mm. One female. Galog River, 6500 ft. Sept. 12, Mt. Apo, Mindanao, Philippine Islands (C. S. Clagg). Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This species must certainly be very close to Herve-Bazin’s genotype, Syrphinella miranda H. B. Nevertheless, a careful comparison of the specimen before me with his very ex- cellent figure, shows this form to have the third antennal joint a little shorter, the body narrower at base or more spatulate, and there are a fused pair of sub-translucent windows at the base of the second segment. The posterior golden pilose band of the fourth segment appears widely in- terrupted in novus (and there is in fact no light colored ground color), though it may be denudate. The wings are less generally infuscated, being really darkened only about the extreme tip. The veins over the wing are clearly not margined with brownish. I have seen other specimens from 24 Psyche [March-June the Philippines agreeing with Herve-Bazin’s figure of Syrphinella in that the veins are markedly infuscate. More- over they agree in the lack of translucent window to ab- domen, and in having the fourth abdominal segment yellow- ish posteriorly and more or less golden pilose over the whole width. Thus they are very close to Syrphinella if not iden- tical. But they have the third antennal joint distinctly pointed. P. novus, and the figure of miranda in nowise agree in this particular. De Meijere has described three other species in this genus from Java, New Guinea and Borneo, so that there may be many species. Sack has described what is probably a synonym of miranda under the name Mixogaster cinctella Sack. Paramicrodon delicatulus n. sp. This species differs from Microdon flukei Curran in the general bluish purple color, as well as other particulars. Pile above antennae on vertex and occiput silvery, narrowly black below ocelli in the front. The antennae are wholly orange, whereas they are brown in flukei with a black third joint. Abdomen unicolorous purplish, with the basal red color of flukei. Two males. Soledad (Cienfuegos) , Cuba, August 6, 1920 (N. Banks). Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratype in the author’s collection. Pseudomicrodon n. gen. Head short to quite short. In profile, occiput above mod- erately or considerably thickened. Antennae situated above the middle of the head in profile, quite elongate in form. The first joint about as long or longer than remaining two, though obviously proportions in length must vary over some latitude in Microdontine antennae. Face gently convex. Cheeks inconspicuous. Vertex rarely protuberant. Abdo- men rather strongly pedunculate; the segments after the second fused into a beautiful, oval, cylindero-convex body, which is widest on the fourth segment, rounds off posteriorly, tapers gently forward anteriorly, and is strongly flexed downward at the second segment, practically held at right angles. Scutellum usually bears two fairly well developed teeth or points. Hind femora usually only moderately thick- 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 25 ened. First posterior cell with an adventitious vein, the subapical cross vein is straight. Genotype: Microdon beebei Curran. I have seen a number of species which fit with tolerable accuracy and certainty into the concept above ; among them may be mentioned Microdon nigrispinosis Shannon, illucens Bezzi and probably bellula Williston. Ceriomicrodon n. gen. Head in profile not very long but extremely wide, prac- tically twice as wide as thorax between the humeri. Occiput and vertex moderately developed, in nowise conspicuous. Front and face of average width. In profile the face bulges out below, much as in Rhopalosyrphus Gig.-Tos. Antennae quite elongate, the third joint quite wide and flat and about two and one-half times as long as the first joint. Eyes bare on either side opposite antennae with a curious narrow crease margined with grossly enlarged facets. This may be an abnormality, but as it is perfectly symmetrical on both sides, it may be normal. Occipital fringe reduced to a single row of long collar like hairs, much as in Asarcina or Baccha. Abdomen extremely petiolate, the first segment small, ap- parently completely fused with second segment, at any rate the first and second segments together are nearly ten times as long as wide in the middle. The second segment expands on its extreme posterior edge rather suddenly to some three or four times its narrowest width. Remaining segments fused into an oval bulging club. Scutellum quite short, broad and rounded, without spurs. Wings with a spur de- scending into the first posterior cell. Angles of the first and second posterior cells broadly rounded, without a trace of spurs. Genotype : Ceriomicrodon petiolatus n. sp. Cerioimicrodon petiolatus n. sp. Face pale yellow, a wide median stripe, the cheeks, front, vertex, dorsum of thorax and scutellum fully shining bluish black. Abdomen obscurely shining black, second segment sub-translucent yellowish brown. Pile of thorax and dor- sum microscopically short, save for white flecky pile on 26 Psyche [March-June transverse suture and at junction of third and fourth ab- dominal segments. One male. West border Matto Grosso, Brazil, May, 1931 (R. C. Shannon) . Type in the U. S. National Museum. Stenomicrodon n. subgen. Head in profile not especially long, the occiput above not more than normally developed, the front quite flat, of mod- erate width. Ocelli in a small, nearly equilateral triangle. Antennae situated near the top bf head, elongate, first joint at least as long as remaining joints. Cheeks inconspicuous and eyes bare. Abdomen elongate, several times as long as wide. The first segment flattened and excavated on each side. A deep constriction at the junction of the third and fourth segments and in the female slightly between the fourth and fifth segments. Scutellum without spines. Femora slightly thickened, with more than usually strongly developed patches of bristly setae on the base of the third femora in both sexes as well as on the others. This extensive setiferous patch is quite differentiated from the surrounding pile. Third vein sends an adventitious vein down into the first posterior cell. Corners of first and second posterior cells broadly rounded, without spines apically. Wings in the known species are dark purplish brown. Subgenotype : Stenomicrodon purpureus n. sp. Stenomicrodon purpureus n. sp. Differing from Microdon stenogaster Curran in the thicker third antennal joint, silvery pile, deeper scars on the hind femora and lighter colored pile. One female, Tainan, Formosa (Rolle). Type in the au- thor’s collection. Oligeriops n. gen. Head very broad from above; vertex enormously de- veloped. * Ocelli situated on the summit in an equilateral tri- angle. Front in consequence quite broad, deeply punctate, eyes reduced in size, bare ; cheeks bulging, together with the wide, slightly diverging face, densely long pilose. Head in profile more or less smoothly and evenly round. Antennae set about the middle. First and third joints elongate, the 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 27 latter thick, particularly so at base, on its upper surface curved, with a short massive arista. Abdomen broad, oval, about one and one-half times as long as broad. The margins of the segments rolled, but in no way massively developed. Terminal portion of abdomen fused, gradually rounded, curved downward, the sides particularly convex towards the tip. Scutellum without points. Hind femora moderately thickened, femora and tibiae without cicatrices or furrows. Subapical crossvein erect, almost straight, meeting the third vein at right angles quite far back from the margin. First basal cell with an adventitious vein descending into first posterior cell. Genotype : Microdon chalybeus Ferguson. Papiliomyia n. gen. Head hemiglobular in profile, post occiput above tumid and vertex protruding as a conspicuous bump, but otherwise the front and vertex are quite narrow. Ocelli situated at top of the protuberance. Antennae situated near top of head, the first joint quite elongate, in fact being considerably longer than remaining two together. Arista weak and deli- cate. Face narrower from the front, converging from below the antennae. Eyes bare. Cheeks practically absent. The enormous eyes seem to cover almost the whole head. Abdo- men elongate, over two times as long as wide. Widest at junction of second and third segments, but very little wider here. Fourth segment most deeply transversely concaved as far as the anterior two-thirds, leaving a convex rim posteri- orly. The concave portion most oddly covered with centrally converging, flat lying hair from the base and sides. Metanotum exceedingly conspicuous and deep. Scutellum without points. Hind femora slender, basally spindled. Hind tibise thickened apically and with a deep shallow groove separating the apical fifth. Hind tibise very brushy as in Trigonoid bees. Wings long and slender. No trace of ad- ventitious veins descends into the first posterior cell. Subapical cross vein straight and recurrent as well. Postical cross vein sigmoid in the genotype species. Gosta deeply beaded with setigerous tubercles. Wings banded in both the known species. Weakly chitinized, delicate species, that suggest moths or scorpion flies. 28 Psyche [March-June Genotype : Papiliomyia sepulchrasilva n. sp. Papiliomyia sepulchrasilva n. sp. Differing at once from Microdon maculatus Shannon in the possession of only a single basal wing spot; apical half of thorax largely yellow, with two round spots and a wedge shaped spot ; posterior half with two L-shaped spots. Abdo- men past second segment almost wholly dark. Yellow wing border extended across wing as a stripe. Two males. Rio Grand do Sul (Stieglmayr) . Type in the Natural History Museum of Vienna. Para type in the author’s collection. Syrphus cinereomaculatus n. sp. Plate II, fig. 12. Female. Front rather wide, nearly twice as wide at antennse as at vertex, with the slightly raised vertex shining black, long blackish pilose, a dull grey pilose spot in the shallow depression of front, on either side about midways. Antennse black. First and second subequal, the third three times as long as first, decidedly pointed at outer dorsal end. Arista black, thickened on basal two-thirds ; no longer than the third joint. Face with a small shining black bare tu- bercle, gently concave beneath antennse. Cheeks brownish, white pollinose, with a small bare diagonal stripe. Face heavily pollinose. Occiput to just above middle, long white pilose, thickly so. Pile of face long, thin, white, a con- spicuous tuft before wing base. Scutellum yellowish brown, very shining long sparse black, pilose. Squamse nearly white, tinged with brown, bare on lower lobe surface. Plumula snow white, halteres dark brown ; knob paler. Abdomen oval, shining black, a band on second segment interrupted in middle, quite narrow bands on third and fourth, narrowly interrupted in middle, are noticeable only for the gray pollen which covers them, though careful ex- amination shows the underlying surface to be dark brown. Traces of smaller narrow spots are on the fifth segment. Abdomen very flat, emarginate. Venter shining black, with obscure grey pollinose bands. Legs with the femora black, except the narrow yellow or 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 29 brown apices, white pilose. Tibiae yellowish brown, darker in the middle. Tarsi dark brown to black. Hind femora very slender. Wings quite hyaline, stigma yellow, with proximal brown spot. Length 9.5 mm. One female. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa, Sept. 8 (G. M. Allen and G. Brooks) . Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This interesting species is characterized by the highly vitreous black color, flat abdomen, remarkably narrow, slen- der grey pollinose bands or spots. Pipunculosyrphus n. gen. Head hemispherical. Eyes very large. Vertex small, compressed until knife like, the anterior ocellus not much remote and the vertex not swollen. Occiput narrowly visible in profile, except near the top, its collar of hairs short, but conspicuous, single rowed, and Baccha- like. The eye mar- gins strongly concave in the middle, their facets enlarged above in the male. Antennae set in middle of head in profile. Short, third joint orbicular. Arista slender, longer than the antennae. Front swollen, face below antennae rather con- cave, tubercle conspicuous, abruptly rising and declining. Face retreating past the tubercle. The cheeks inconspicu- ous. Sides of face parallel and close together. Thorax slightly longer than broad, convex. The humeri hidden by the head, bare. The mesopleurae and dorsum practically without pile. Scutellum is long with long bristles on its rim and a ventral fringe is present. Abdomen long and slender, about five times as long as wide with parallel sides. First segment short, laterally in- flated and strongly convex. Its extreme base equipped with a vertical fringe of erect hairs against the metanotum which is inconspicuous. Abdomen dark with yellow bands or pairs of spots. Hind femora very slender and long. Hind tibiae equally slender, not quite as long. The basi tarsi more than half as long as tibiae. The mid femora flattened basally. Wings very elongate, being more than three times as long as wide. Alulae absent. The marginal cross veins quite sig- moid. Vena spuria prominent. Genotype: Pipunculosyrphus globiceps n. sp. 30 Psyche [March- June I consider this genus to be amply well founded since it represents an extreme as far as the known species are con- cerned, in at least four or five particulars. Unrelated to Baccha to which it bears a superficial resemblance, but it is noteworthy in the enormous eyes, hidden humeri, nar- rowly reduced face, knife-like vertical triangle, the short- ened non-petiolate, abdomen, exceedingly elongate wing and lost alulae, to say nothing of the erect basal metanotal fringe. Pipunculosyrphus globiceps n. sp. A slender light yellowish fly, which is brown on the upper part of the third antennal joint, upper half of front, disc of thorax, hind femora except basally, and the abdomen, except for pairs of yellow spots which are bordered by black. Front with a small round black spot above antennae. Vertex black, paired spots of abdomen obliquely directed forward, their black posterior borders like confluent V-shaped marks. Last segment vitate. The middle stripe broad and black. Wings pale brownish. Stigma a little darker. Two males, San Bernardino, Paraguay (Fiebrig). Type in the Museum of Natural History, Vienna, paratype in the author’s collection. Oligorhina n. gen. Eyes bare, the vertex narrow, rapidly widening to the level of the antennae, where the face is parallel-sided and rather narrow. In profile the head slants down from the vertex quite straight to the low tubercle shortly below the antennae and is then still further produced to the epistoma, though not quite so sharply. Face, because of the narrow- ness, with a pinched out aspect. Antennae set very far apart, short. The third joint a little longer than wide. Arista as long as the antennae. Occiput not visible from the side be- low the middle of the eyes. Thorax as wide as head, quite convex, both from the front and from the side very sparsely pilose. Humeri bare, scutellum large, semicircular, some- what flattened, a few large bristles on the margin, a few downward projecting hairs, but scarcely any fringe. Abdo- men slender, spatulate, about five times as long as its greatest width, which begins on the fourth segment. Fourth and fifth segments with practically parallel sides. Second seg- 1937] Exotic Syrphid Flies 31 ment apically about two-thirds as wide as the fourth segment. Sides of the short first segment convex with stiff bristles. Margins of the abdomen curling over, especially posteriorly, where they decrease the width some. Femora short, straight, scarcely thickened. Tibiae distally a little thickened and a little pinched, every bit as long as the femora. Wings con- siderably longer than abdomen. Alulae reduced. Subapical cross veins close to wing margin, but very sigmoid. Third vein and costa carried down somewhat deeply at the end of the wing. Vena spuria heavily chitinized. Stigma dark. Genotype : Oligorhina cenea n. sp. Oligorhina aenea n. sp. A curious species characterized by the very brown wings, darkened apically with a dark brown stigma. The rusty orange front, the black spot above antennae and facial strip black. Vertex bright yellow, pleurae, humeri, sides of pro- notum calli, scutellum and anterior pairs of legs and the base of hind femora. The cheeks pale brownish yellow, the sides of the face bright shining yellow. Abdomen reddish brown, basal and apical borders of the remaining segments broadly shining, but preceded by opaque bands, which are produced forward as a slender triangle as far as the base of the segment. Two females. Desbarriere, Mt. La Hotte, Haiti (4000 ft.) , October 12, 1934 (Darlington) . Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratype in the author’s collection. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II 1. V elocimyia velox n. sp. (abdomen) 2. V elocimyia velox n. sp. (hind femora) 3. V elocimyia velox n. sp. (wing) 4. Lathy rophthalmus vitrescens n. sp. (abdomen) 5. Microdon argentine n. sp. (wing) 6. Microdon digitator n. sp. (antennae) 7. Microdon investigator n. sp. (antennae) 8. Microdon investigator (wing) 9. Hypselosyrphus trigonus n. sp. (profile of head; 9 a is scutellum) 10. Paramicrodon novus n. sp. (wing) 11. Paramicrodon novus n. sp. (profile of head) 12. Syrphus cinereomaculatus n. sp. (abdomen) 32 Psyche [March- June Psyche, 1937 Vol. 44, Plate II. Hull — Syrphid Flies 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 33 NEW BUPRESTID BEETLES COLLECTED IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS AND FIJI ISLANDS BY DR. W. M. MANN, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OTHER NEW INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES By A. Thery Attache au Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris The present paper contains descriptions of new species of Buprestidae collected, for the most part, by Dr. W. M. Mann in the Solomon Islands and the Fiji Islands. I have to thank my colleague, Dr. P. J. Darlington, of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, U. S. A., in whose care Dr. Mann’s insects are at present placed, for lending me the specimens here described. Genus Paracupta H. Deyr. Paracupta meyeri Kerr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XLIV, 1900, p. 63. This species is still very rare in collections ; one $ speci- men only was captured by Dr. Mann, at Mt. Victoria, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands; I have compared this specimen with the unique type in the collection of the British Museum to which it is exactly similar. Kerremans’ description is not quite exact ; the author states that the five furrows of the prono- tum are uninterrupted ; as a matter of fact only the two ex- ternal and the median furrows are so, the two others are lightly interrupted at the middle. The Kerremans Collection at the Paris Museum contains a specimen of this species.1 Paracupta evansi n. sp. (PI. Ill, Fig. 1) Length : 19 mm. ; breadth : 6.5 mm. — Elongate, navicu- lrThe first collection of the late Mr. Kerremans was sold to the British Museum in the year 1903. A new collection containing the species described by this author from 1903 to 1915 was divided after his death; the African species except those of Madagascar have been purchased by the Musee du Congo, at Tervueren (Belgium), the rest of the collection by the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris. 34 Psyche [March- June lar, rather convex, narrower behind than in front, feebly gibbous above. Head and pronotum green, with the bottoms of the depressions coppery red; scutellum reddish; elytra brown with a slight greenish tinge. Beneath, shining green with cupreous reflexions, the extreme tip of the last segment reddish, the ground of all the depressions, above and be- neath, clothed with deciduous, short pubescence, intermixed with a brownish secretion. Antennae, apex of the tibiae, and tarsi entirely of a bright yellow color; the rest of the tibiae and the femora castaneous. Head triangularly impressed in front, the summit of this impression reaching the vertex ; front separated from the eye by a shallow groove interrupted at the middle of its length and communicating with the frontal impression. Eyes large, a little more widely separated in front than on the vertex. Antennae reaching the level of the intermediate coxae. Pronotum nearly once and a third as wide as long ; as wide at the anterior margin as long. Anterior margin arcuately emarginate. Greatest width at about posterior two sevenths of length ; sides nearly straight from the anterior angles to middle, then arcuate, and feebly narrowed quite near the base. The base nearly transversely truncate ; the posterior angles feebly acute; the lateral margin with lateral carina not well defined, coarsely punctate. Disk with an entire, narrow, longitudinal stria at middle; a broad irregular de- pression along the lateral margin on each side extending from near the anterior margin to the base, and widest at the base, narrowed anteriorly, with the bottom very finely rugose. Behind the anterior margin, on each side, there is a little, finely punctured area. The disk is coarsely punctured. Scutellum small, smooth, shining, wider than long. Elytra wider at the shoulders than the pronotum at the base, truncate at the humeral angles; the sides nearly parallel to the apical third, then straight and narrowed to apex, with sides strongly serrate from the apical third to the tip, the serration becoming obsolete at the apex, the sutural angles feebly acute. The side of the disk with a large de- pression along the lateral margin, extending from the humerus to the tip, this depression very finely and very densely punctate, limited exteriorly by the epipleural carina. Each elytron with three elevated, parallel, shining costae, not 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 35 including the scutellar one which is short, extending only from the base to anterior third and then united to the sutural one ; the intervals between the costae very finely and densely punctate, less shining than the costae. The first costa only is entire ; between the second and third costae, near the humerus, there is a short obsolete costula. Beneath very shining on the smooth spaces, and sparsely punctured. Prosternal episterna and a broad depression on each side of the abdominal segments finely and densely punctate and covered with a very fine recumbent pubescence. The last segment with a small triangular emargination at the apex. Prosternum feebly convex; the prosternal process strongly grooved, strongly punctured in the region of the sulcus. Described from a single specimen (type, Museum of Com- parative Zoology no. 22,507) collected at Taviuni, Somo Somo, Fiji Islands, by Dr. W. M. Mann. There is also, in the British Museum's collection, a specimen of this new species captured in the Fiji Islands by Mr. Evans. This specimen is a little smaller. The description of this species agrees pretty well with that of Paracupta dilutipes Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent. II., 1878, p. 278, from the same region; the type of this species seems to be lost. Fairmaire’s description is so short that it is quite useless ; the author says : “Elongata, antice posticeque fere cequaliter attenuata, modice convexa, fusco-cenea, metallica; foveis duabus prothoracis vittaque elytrorum marginali cupreis griseo-sericeis ; subtus dense luteo sericans , medio fere Icevis; antennis pedibusque fiavo-testaceis, femoribus paulo obscurioribus ; elytris post medium attenuatis, parum profunde striatis, intervallis fere planis, strigosis.” P. evansi is evidently “bicolor” above. The expressions in Roman type in Fairmaire's description, above, seem not to agree with the description of P. evansi mihi. Paracupta manni n. sp. (PI. Ill, Fig. 2) Length: 19 mm.; breadth: 6 mm. — Elongate, rather acuminate posteriorly. Above uniformly golden green with reddish tinge at the tips of the elytra. Beneath light cupre- ous ; antennae and legs light brown. Head rather wide, with a triangular depression in front, 36 Psyche [March- June the bottom of this depression very finely punctate and clothed with an inconspicuous pale pubescence. The epistoma sepa- rated from the front by a swelling. Eyes elliptic, feebly con- vex, converging to the occiput ; antennae reaching the level of the anterior cotyloid cavities. Pronotum a little more than once and one third as wide at base as at the anterior margin, and a little more than once and a half as wide as long; widest at the base; the anterior margin strongly arcuately emarginate; the sides feebly at- tenuate from the base to the anterior third, then arcuately narrowed to the anterior angles, the posterior acute and rather prominent; the base nearly tranversely truncate. Disk coarsely sculptured, the punctures becoming more distinct near the sides and the anterior angles ; the middle of the surface narrowly furrowed; each side with a deep, wide depression, finely punctured, occupying half of the length and reaching the posterior margin. Scutellum small, rounded posteriorly and straight an- teriorly, smooth. Elytra as wide as the pronotum at base, slightly expanded and truncate at the shoulders, then nearly parallel to behind the middle, and straight and strongly acuminate to the tips, strongly and sharply serrate along the margin from the middle to apex; the sutural angle toothed. Surface with eight punctate striae, the juxtasutural stria reaching only from the base to the basal quarter of the length ; the intervals between the striae very slightly convex. The prothoracic episterna, and the sides beneath, very finely punctate and clothed with very inconspicuous re- cumbent pubescence; the middle of the body shining, gla- brous, very sparsely punctate. Prosternal process deeply furrowed and coarsely punctate at middle; first abdominal segment flattened at middle ; last abdominal segment brown- ish, constricted at apex, angularly and feebly emarginate. Legs and tarsi long. A single specimen (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,508) of this very beautiful species was captured by Dr. W. M. Mann at Nadarivatu, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. It seems to me that this species is very unlike all others in the genus. 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 37 Genus Haplotrinchus Kerr. Haplotrinchus manni n. sp. (PL III, Fig. 3) Length : 12 mm. ; breadth : 4.5 mm. — A Wide, very at- tenuate posteriorly, the elytra tailed at apex. Green above, with violaceous reflexions; beneath green, the tarsi bright brown. Head as wide as the anterior margin of the pronotum; eyes slightly convex, regularly elliptic, and very much closer on the vertex than in front. Front with a rounded depres- sion near the epistoma occupying its entire breadth, and a longitudinal one above the first and separated from it by a smooth and shining transverse swelling ; this second depres- sion reaches the upper level of the eyes and is separated from the anterior margin of the eyes by a narrow, smooth, and shining carina ; the bottom of this depression is clothed with inconspicuous pubescence. Epistome emarginate. An- tennal cavities subtriangular. Antennae reaching to base of the pronotum, serrate from the fifth joint, the fourth and fifth subequal, the third joint a third shorter than the fourth, and the second a third shorter than the third. Pronotum widest at base, about once and a half as wide at base as in front, nearly once and three quarters as wide as long. The anterior margin slightly bisinuate; the sides rather regularly rounded, with a little notch near the an- terior angles produced by a small transverse furrow which runs along the anterior margin; the posterior angles rec- tangular ; the sides bordered by a sharp carina, feebly sinuous, which reaches to the anterior transverse furrow already mentioned. Base slightly bisinuate. Surface bounded on each side by a broad cariniform swelling which runs along the lateral margin for two thirds of length from base; this swelling limited outside by an impression, very finely punctured at bottom, occupying the whole length of the pronotum. The middle of the disk smooth, shining, irregular, coarsely punctured, with a median, longitudinal, obsolete, finely punctate sulcus. Scutellum cordiform, convex, smooth, shining. Elytra once and a quarter as wide at the shoulders as the pronotum at base, outlined by a narrow smooth carina at the base, the shoulders expanded and forming a rounded lobe 38 Psyche [March- June with a little notch behind ; slightly enlarged to the posterior third, then sinuously constricted, ending in a trispinous tail each side of the suture, the external spine of each elytron longer and more acute than the median one but not reaching the level of the median one. Disk shining, punctate-striate, the intervals convex and punctate. Each elytron with seven large, finely punctate, and inconspicuously pubescent areas, arranged as follows : one in the humeral depression ; another one, large and rounded, at the middle of the length of the elytra, nearer the margin than the suture; a third one marginal, elongate, in the posterior third; and a juxta- sutural one at the posterior fifth ; the other areas less marked, disposed between the humeral and the median areas. Anterior margin of the prosternum angulately prominent on each side, with a little triangular notch at the middle ; the prosternal process densely punctate, pubescent, not mar- gined. Prothoracic episterna strongly and rather densely punctate on the outer sides, smooth and sparsely punctate on the inner sides. Abdominal segments strongly but sparsely punctate, the anterior angles finely and densely punctate and inconspicuously pubescent. The last sternite rounded at apex, with an acute spine on each side. Aedeagus narrow, its sides furnished with some little, erect, spaced denticles. Parameres angulate at tip. The 9 is generally larger than the * ; the last sternite is the same at apex; the prosternal process is strongly and sparsely punctate, not pubescent. Six specimens of this new species (type <*, M. C. Z. no. 22,509) were captured by Dr. W. M. Mann at Vanua Ava, Fiji Islands; a paratype stands in my own collection at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris, and another in the British Museum. Genus N osotrinchus Obb. Nosotrinchus solomonensis n. sp. (PI. Ill, Fig. 4) Length : 12 mm. ; breadth : 4 mm. — ( ? $ ) . Elongate, at- tenuate posteriorly, the apex of the elytra not forming a tail, as in N. coeruleipennis Fairm. ; blue, elytra olive green with a longitudinal purple band, this band very narrow near the scutellum, enlarged behind and covering the apical third 39 1937] New Buprestid Beetles of the elytra; apex black; the last two segments of the abdomen blackish. Head moderately large, with a feeble tranverse depression between the eyes; occiput finely striate, finely and sparsely punctate ; the part of the front between the eyes wider than long, its sides converging toward the vertex ; epistoma not distinctly separated from the front, slightly emarginate. Antennal cavities wide, triangular, with a little oblique carina above. Antennae reaching nearly to the middle of the length of the pronotum, serrate from the fourth joint, the first joint rather long, the second subglobular, the third nearly twice and a half as long as the second and equal to the fourth. Pronotum widest at base, nearly once and a fifth as broad at base as at apex, and once and a half as wide as long ; the anterior margin nearly transversely truncate, with a swollen margin, latter feebly obliterated at middle; the sides feebly arcuate, sinuate before the posterior angles, which are acute ; the marginal carina arcuate, interrupted at the anterior quarter; the prothoracic episterna nearly smooth; the base widely and somewhat deeply bisinuate. Disk feebly and sparsely punctate, more strongly and rugosely at the sides ; on each side of the median line, not far from the base, a very deep impression the bottom of which is crossed by an oblique stria inclined outward and forward at an angle of 45°. Scutellum small, transverse, nearly cordiform. Elytra once and a fifth wider than pronotum, long, sinuate at sides from shoulders to middle, and arcuately attenuate from middle to apex; strongly tridentate at tips, the pos- terior half strongly serrate; surface punctato-striate, the striae stronger on the sides, the intervals flat, equal, and obsoletely punctate. Punctures of the striae of the sides anteriorly transverse and forming some wrinkles. Anterior margin of the prosternum slightly emarginate, finely margined; prosternal process smooth, with swollen margin. Beneath, aciculately punctate, the last abdominal segment tridentate at apex, with a little denticle on each side. (The in the genus Nosotrinchus generally have the last abdominal segment emarginate between two spines, among the $9 it is bi-emarginate, with three spines.) Tarsi half as long as the tibiae ; claws short and rather strong. 40 Psyche [March- June A single specimen of this new species (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,510) was captured at Malaita, Auki, Solomon Islands, by Dr. W. M. Mann. This species is very like N. coeruleipennis Fairm.1 from the Fiji Islands, but is specifically distinct by the following characters. 1. The front without a depression. 2. The depressions of the base of the pronotum. 3. Sides of the pronotum sinuate before the anterior angles. 4. The color is different. N. coeruleipennis Fairm. has the head, the pronotum, and the lower surface, except the last segment at apex, cupreous, the elytra purplish with apex blackish. Genus Melobasis C. & G. Melobasis albertisi Thery I described this species in the Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, LI. (1923), p. 7, from four 9 $ specimens captured at Kataw, N. Guinea, by M. d’Albertis. A specimen of this species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard College Collection), captured at Humboldt Bay by Dr. Thomas Barbour, is a ; it differs from the 9 type in its slender form, the frontal punctures very close and confluent, the pubescence thicker on the occiput, the posterior angles of the pronotum less divergent, the intervals between the elytral striae slightly convex, the anterior femora dull, the abdomen less pubescent and with green reflections, and the last abdominal segment longitudinally wrinkled. Perhaps this form is a new variety. Subgenus Diceropygus H. Deyr. Diceropygus stevensi n. sp. (PI. IV, Fig. 8) Length : 15 mm. ; breadth : 5 mm. — 9 . Aeneous, the punc- tures green and shining; tarsi bluish, claws steel blue and more shining; labrum green. Elongate, distinctly more at- tenuate posteriorly than in front. Elytra as wide at the shoulders as at the posterior third of their length. 1Nosotrinchus simondsi Obb., Sbornik II., 1924, p. 13, is a synonym of N. coeruleipennis Fairm. 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 41 Head narrower than the anterior margin of the pronotum, very feebly convex in front, flat on the vertex, finely, densely, and irregularly punctate; front with a narrow, smooth, longitudinal carina reaching nearly to the epistoma; latter emarginate, not distinctly separate from the front. Anterior margins of the eyes converging posteriorly. The space sepa- rating the eyes, on the vertex, equal in width to the width of the eyes. Antennae not reaching the base of the pronotum, serrate from the fourth joint, the first joint elongate, the second twice as long as wide, the third as long as the second and slightly longer than the fourth. Pronotum widest at base, a little more than once and a half as wide at base as at apex, and once and two thirds as wide as long ; the anterior margin rather broadly and deeply bisinuate, finely margined; the sides straight and nearly parallel at base, then rounded and feebly convergent in front, each margined laterally by a regularly arcuate, sharp carina, slightly bent in front and reaching the anterior margin a little below the anterior angle; the posterior angles acute and slightly divergent ; the base feebly bisinuate ; the surface regularly convex, feebly flattened in the middle, punctate, the punctures green, slightly oval, larger, denser, and more oval on the sides than in the middle, and with an irregular, impunctate, longitudinal space at middle, and with a little impressed fovea in front of the scutellum. Scutellum wide (0.8 by 0.5 mm.), rounded laterally and posteriorly and truncate in front, smooth, shining, some- times reddish. Elytra as wide as pronotum at base, subtruncate at the shoulders, widest at the shoulders, nearly parallel to apical third, then straight and attenuate to the tips, which are separately rounded and acutely serrate, the denticles be- coming very small at apex. Sutural edge margined in api- cal third of its length. Surface with nine stride, the bottom of each with a line of very transverse punctures, the intervals between the striae very convex, the third and fourth striae feebly divergent at the base, leaving a coarsely punctured space, the fifth abutting a mass of shining punctures; the intervals becoming obsolete at base, except the fifth, which is prolonged in front. Prothoracic episterna finely and regularly punctate, 42 Psyche [March- June pubescent; prosternal process flat, acute at apex, finely and regularly punctate, clothed with long, very sparse greyish hairs ; the last abdominal segment with four strong spines at end, the lateral not so strong as the median, which are very long, acute, and limit a small semicircular emargination. Tarsi rather long, the first two joints narrow, the two fol- lowing expanded, claws rather long and thickened at the base. Three specimens of this new species, all of which are females (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,511), were captured at Mt. Misim, Morobe District, New Guinea, by Mr. Herbert Ste- vens. A paratype stands in my own collection at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. I do not know any Diceropygus with which I may compare this; it is so much like Briseis curta Kerr, that it seems possible to confuse the two species. They can be distin- guished by the scutellum, which is twice as broad in Diceropygus stevensi as in Briseis curta Kerr., and by the lack of a lateral protuberance on the prosternal margin of Diceropygus stevensi. The latter will be placed next to Briseis curta; it appears that the characteristics given for the subgenus Briseis are without value. Diceropygus brevicollis n. sp. (PL IV, Fig. 10) Length : 12 mm. ; breadth : 4 mm. — A Bronzy green above, the elytra with three steel blue spots and with some slightly purplish reflections; lower surface brownish, with bluish and purplish tinges. Legs brownish, the femora green anteriorly, tarsi and antennse greenish blue; prosternal process and middle of the metasternum green. Elongate, distinctly more attenuate posteriorly than in front. Head slightly convex on the vertex, nearly flat in front, very finely and confluently punctate, clothed with rather long greyish pubescence. Eyes broad and regularly elliptic, their anterior edges slightly convergent toward the vertex ; the interval between the eyes a fifth wider than the breadth of the eyes. Epistoma not distinctly separated from the front, very slightly emarginate. Antennse reaching the base of the prothorax below, serrate from the fourth joint, all joints except the first nearly equal in length, the first joint yellow at base, apex of the last joints brownish; palpi brownish. Pronotum short, widest at the middle, twice as wide as 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 43 long, scarcely once and a fifth as wide at base as at the anterior margin. The anterior margin nearly straight in the middle, bordered by a stria; the anterior angles project- ing forward; the sides slightly converging from middle to the anterior angles, sinuate from middle to the posterior angles, which are slightly divergent. The sides margined in basal two thirds of their length by a smooth, straight carina. The base tranversely truncate. Surface sparsely and un- equally punctate, the punctures well separated on the middle, but becoming much denser and very confluent at the sides, which are clothed with long recumbent pubescence. Scutellum very wide, straight in front, nearly semicircular posteriorly, the disk with a few punctures in the middle. Elytra a little wider at the humeral angles than the pronotum at the base; the shoulders slightly expanded and rounded; the sides nearly parallel from the shoulders to behind the middle, then feebly attenuate to the tips, which are separately narrowly rounded ; the sides in the posterior marginal half very acutely serrate, the denticles closer apically but also strong laterally. Sutural margin bordered by a sharp carina in the apical half of its length. Surface unequal, with a narrow and deep depression between the base and the humerus, striate-punctate, the striae obsolete, the punctures well marked but irregular, becoming stronger toward the sides. The intervals slightly and irregularly convex, becoming quite obsolete at base. The steel blue spots arranged thus : the first on the first third, not reaching the base ; the second behind the middle, reaching the suture and the lateral margin ; the third covering the apex ; these spots rather indistinct, as in Dicer opygus maculatus H. Deyr. Prothoracic episterna very finely and regularly punctate, clothed with recumbent pubescence. Prosternal process very wide, trifid at apex, finely and regularly punctate, flat, shining. Abdomen pubescent toward the sides ; the abdomi- nal segments finely longitudinally strigose; the last segment much more strigose, emarginate at apex between two long and acute spines which are prolonged on the disk of the segment, forming little carinae ; the emargination with a little stria parallel to the edge. Posterior tibiae rather long ; posterior tarsi rather short and distinctly enlarged at apex. A single specimen of this new species (type, M. C. Z. 44 Psyche [March- June no. 22,512) was captured at Nadamvatu, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, by Dr. W. M. Mann. This species is colored like D. maculatus H. Deyr., but differs from all previously known Diceropygus in the very short pronotum. Diceropygus variegatus n. sp. (PI. IV, Fig. 5) Length: 9.75 mm.; breadth: 3.6 mm. — ( 7^). Elongate, distinctly more attenuate posteriorly than in front; elytra slightly widened at the posterior third ; color purple above, with the suture, a narrow band reaching from the humeral depression to the anterior fifth, and another submarginal one at the middle of the elytra, green. Beneath purplish black ; tarsi cyaneous. Head less wide than the anterior margin of the pronotum, nearly flat in front, very densely and strongly punctured. Epistoma slightly emarginate, not distinct from the front; eyes large; antennae rather long, the base of the first joint yellow. Pronotum widest at the middle, nearly twice as wide as long, and a little less than once and a fourth as wide at base as the anterior margin. Anterior margin strongly bisinuate, margined ; the sides feebly rounded, sinuate in front of the posterior angles, which are acute and slightly divergent. The base slightly bisinuate, without distinct median lobe. The sides bordered by a smooth, curved carina, reaching from the base to the anterior angles, which are rounded, the posterior angles acute and feebly divergent. Disk regularly convex, slightly flattened at middle, with a little depression in front of the scutellum, strongly and sparsely punctured, the punctures more sparse at middle. Scutellum wide, twice as wide as long, rounded posteriorly, truncate in front, very finely strigose. Elytra a little wider at the shoulders than pronotum at base, widest at apical third ; the sides straight and diverging from the shoulders to apical third, then arcuately attenuate to tips, the sides very strongly and sharply serrate from the middle to apex, where the serration is less strong. Disk with a close punctuation disposed in longitudinal series, without distinct striae; the intervals scarcely convex, the ground microscopically sculptured. Anterior margin of the prosternum nearly tranversely 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 45 truncate, slightly swollen ; the prosternal process rather con- vex, very sparsely and rather strongly punctate, margined at the sides and very acutely narrowed at the apex. Abdomen covered with sparse aciculate punctuation ; the last abdomi- nal segment broadly emarginate apically, between two long spines. Posterior legs long, the tarsi more than half as long as the tibiae; first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the second, the fourth joint very short. A single specimen of this new species (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,513) was found, in good condition, in the stomach of a bird, Povcilodryas albonotata Hart., at Mt. Misim, Morobe District, New Guinea, by Mr. Herbert Stevens. Genus Sambus H. Deyr. Sambus manni n. sp. (PI. IV, Fig. 6) Length : 3.9 mm. ; breadth : 1.7 mm. — $ . Small, short, subparallel at middle; aeneous above, with purplish reflec- tions. The front and the two first joints of the antennae reddish purple; beneath, black, with the legs more or less blackish aeneous. Entirely clothed above with regular, whitish pubescence which does not conceal the ground ; two lateral elytral impressions, and the scutellum, glabrous. Head very convex in front, deeply grooved, the groove becoming less distinct on the front and quite obsolete be- hind the middle; finely punctate and clothed with silvery pubescence. The portion of the front between the eyes rectangular and slightly longer than wide; epistoma sepa- rated from the front by a carina, emarginate in front, de- pressed in the middle. Eyes very convex, elliptic, more than twice as long as wide. Antennae black, serrate from the fifth joint, short, reaching the middle of the pronotum. Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, distinctly nar- rower in front than behind ; anterior margin bisinuate, with the median lobe feebly prominent and broadly rounded ; the sides flattened and nearly regularly arcuate, with the lateral margins finely crenulate, particularly behind the middle; base strongly bisinuate with median lobe broadly rounded in front of the scutellum ; lateral carinse entire, slightly sinuate ; posterior angles entirely rounded, angular carinae very arcu- ate, reaching from the posterior angles to the apical fourth ; 46 Psyche [March- June disk convex anteriorly, broadly concave posteriorly, with a rather deep longitudinal depression inside of the angular carina on each side, reaching from the base to the middle of the length. Surface rather strongly punctate, sparsely clothed with long, white, semi-recumbent pubescence. Scutellum subtriangular, without transverse carina. Elytra nearly as wide at the shoulders as the middle of the pronotum, rather convex; sides arcuately constricted from the shoulders to basal third, expanded at posterior third, then arcuately attenuate to tips, which are separately rounded; the sutural angles rounded, without denticle; the sides of the elytra finely serrate at the shoulders and along the posterior third; surface finely granulate; each elytron with a shallow depression reaching from the base to the suture at basal fourth and another along the lateral margin behind the humerus. Chin piece straight in front, bordered by a little swelling, separated from the prosternum by a very deep and narrow groove. Prosternum convex, granulate. Inner posterior angles of the posterior coxae rounded. Abdomen finely punc- tate and regularly clothed with sparse, white, recumbent pubescence. Disk of the last segment separated from the pleural margin by a deep and narrow groove; this groove curved inward onto the disk on each side, curving away from the basal angles of the segment. Lamellae of the tarsi yellow. A single specimen of this new species (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,514) was captured at Marova L., Fiji Islands, by Dr. W. M. Mann. Sambus darlingtoni n. sp. (PI. IV, Fig 7) Length: 4.3 mm.; breadth 1.9 mm. — L Small, short, very feebly narrowed from the shoulders to the middle. Blackish aeneous above; elytra pubescent, marked with de- signs forming transverse bands and spots of white pu- bescence mixed with yellow hairs. Head and antennae green. Beneath, blackish, clothed with short, greyish, recumbent pubescence. Head convex, more convex and bituberculate at the summit of the front, deeply grooved, the groove reaching nearly to the epistoma; slightly rugose and distinctly punctate, with white, sparse, rather long pubescence forming a rosette ; the 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 47 portion of the front between the eyes longer than wide, feebly constricted at middle, and distinctly expanded before the epistoma, from which it is separated by an entire carina. Epistoma a little wider than long, emarginate in front. Eyes prominent, more than twice as long as wide. Antennae very short, serrate from the fifth joint, reaching the middle of the pronotum. Pronotum more than twice as wide as long, distinctly nar- rower in front than behind ; anterior margin bisinuate, with the anterior angles prominent, the median lobe slightly prominent and broadly rounded ; the sides expanded and very regularly arcuate, with the lateral margins feebly crenulate ; base strongly bisinuate, with the median lobe rounded in front of the scutellum; lateral carinse entire, feebly sinuate when viewed from side; posterior angles entirely rounded; angular carinae very arcuate, reaching from the posterior angles to the apical fifth, where they are abruptly terminated. Disk convex anteriorly, broadly concave posteriorly, with a rather deep depression on each side, reaching from the pos- terior margin to near the anterior angles. Surface distinctly and regularly punctate, semicircularly and finely striate, sparsely clothed with white, semi-recumbent hairs. Scutellum wide, subtriangular, finely transversely strigose, with a very distinct transverse carina. Elytra a little wider at the shoulders than at the middle, slightly wider at the shoulders than behind the middle (a little wider behind the middle than at the shoulders in the female), rather convex; the sides slightly, arcuately con- stricted from the shoulders to posterior third, arcuately at- tenuate apically, tips nearly conjointly rounded, but with sutural angles rounded, without denticles; the sides of the elytra very finely, almost indistinctly serrate behind the shoulders and in the posterior third. Surface finely imbri- cate, indistinctly punctate, each elytron with a shallow de- pression at the base and another behind the shoulders along the lateral margin. Disk of the elytra clothed with a very fine, semi-recumbent pubescence; this pubescence blackish and inconspicuous on the ground between the designs of silvery and yellow (mixed) hairs, which are disposed as follows: the basal quarter except the humeri nearly covered with inter- mixed silvery and yellow hairs ; a lateral spot at the middle 48 Psyche [ Mar ch-J une of the lateral margin, united with a discal one at the anterior third; a juxta-sutural spot behind the middle; and two transverse, very sinuous, ante-apical bands, which are more or less confused. Chin piece indistinctly emarginate in front, finely mar- gined, separated from the prosternum by a deep, narrow groove. Prosternum convex, granulate, clothed with sparse hairs ; the prosternal process rather wide ; internal posterior angle of the posterior coxa acute. Abdomen finely punctate and clothed with sparse, whitish, recumbent pubescence. Disk of the last segment clothed with long recumbent hairs, emarginate at apex, separated from the pleural margin by a deep narrow groove, which is curved onto the disk on each side, the curve tending away from the basal angles. A specimen of this species (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,515) was captured at Yandina, Russell Islands, by Dr. W. M. Mann; a 9 specimen was captured at Marowa L., Fiji Islands, by Dr. Mann, and is now in my own collection. The 9 differs from the by having the front reddish. Genus Agrilus Steph. Agrilus mannianus n. sp. (PL IV, Fig. 11) Length: 6.6 mm.; breadth: 2 mm. — Elongate, rather broad, subopaque, feebly convex above; cupreous, with a purplish tinge, the front and the antennae smaragdinous green, the anterior and median femora with a greenish tinge, each elytron ornamented with a poorly defined longitudinal pubescent vitta along the posterior quarter of the suture, this vitta narrowed posteriorly and not reaching the apex. The whole surface clothed with a fine, greyish, recumbent pubescence. Beneath, cupreous, clothed with a very short, regular, greyish, recumbent pubescence, not concealing the ground. Head with the front rather wide, very feebly convex, vaguely wider basally than anteriorly, with lateral margins feebly sinuate; the vertex and front finely furrowed, the furrow reaching the epistoma but nearly obsolete in front. The color of the vertex sharply defined from that of the front. The front transversely impressed anteriorly, with a little pore at each side, separated from the epistoma by a 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 49 narrow carina; the surface regularly punctured, more or less rugose, the intervals between the punctures convex. Surface covered with a sparse but distinct whitish pu- bescence. Vertex finely punctate, the punctures becoming more longitudinal near the front. Eyes large, subelliptic; the temples clothed with silvery, rather long, dense pu- bescence. Antennae extending nearly to base of pronotum, serrate from the fourth joint, the second and third joints subequal, longer than the fourth. Pronotum widest near the anterior margin; obliquely widened, with sides straight, from base to the anterior third, then feebly, arcuately narrowed to the anterior angles. The anterior margin slightly bisinuate, bordered by a stria in- terrupted at middle, with the median lobe feebly produced. The posterior angles feebly expanded and distinctly obtuse ; when viewed from the side, the marginal carina is nearly straight, feebly sinuate, to the anterior angles; the lower carina is connected at base with the lateral carina, and the two are nearly parallel on the anterior half of the pronotum. The angular carinula extends from near the posterior angle to near the middle of the lateral carina, but does not reach the angle or the lateral margin. Base trisinuate, the median lobe feebly produced and broadly, arcuately emarginate in front of the scutellum. Disk broadly transversely depressed in front and near the base, with a suboval longitudinal de- pression in front of the scutellum; surface very feebly pubescent, finely and subtransversely rugose, with the inter- vals between punctures slightly convex. Scutellum wide, transversely carinate. Elytra somewhat wider at the shoulders than the prono- tum at the base, nearly equal in width at base and behind the middle, then obliquely and arcuately narrowed to the apices, which are separately and rather narrowly rounded and very finely serrulate. Disk slightly flattened, without costae, feebly depressed posteriorly along the suture. Suture mod- erately elevated posteriorly. The base of each elytron with a broad, deep depression between the humerus and the basal margin, which is distinctly carinate. Surface finely imbri- cate. Abdomen wider than elytra, narrowly exposed at sides. Chin piece slightly emarginate at middle ; prosternum 50 Psyche [March- June rugose ; prosternal process wide, depressed at middle, rounded at apex. Abdomen very finely punctate ; disk of the last segment arcuately emarginate at apex, the pleural mar- gin feebly emarginate at middle, separated from the disk of the segment by a deep, narrow, entire groove; the apex bordered by some long erect hairs. The suture between the first two segments not distinct. Tibiae slender, the anterior nearly straight ; tarsi elongate. Seventeen specimens of this new species (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,516) were captured at Yandina, Russell Islands, by Dr. W. M. Mann; paratypes of this species are in my own col- lection and in that of the British Museum. Agrilus levuensis n. sp. (PI. IV, Fig. 12) Length: 11 mm.; breadth: 3 mm. — 9. Shining bluish black with a violaceous tinge above, of the same color below ; elongate, rather robust; elytra sinuate laterally from the shoulders to behind the middle, then sinuously narrowed to the tips, which are separated, each ending in a strong spine. Elytra with a wide sulcus along the suture, the surface finely and irregularly punctate and clothed with short, greyish, recumbent pubescence which is scarcely distinguishable. The front with a large white spot. Abdominal segments with, on each side, little depressions not reaching the margin, and clothed at bottom with recumbent white pubescence. Head rather wide, with the front strongly concave be- tween the eyes, the excavation carinate at the sides along the eyes, finely grooved at middle; the sides of the front, between the eyes, are at first parallel, then abruptly con- vergent toward the epistoma; the surface covered with transverse and slightly oblique wrinkles. Eyes elliptic, large, reaching the anterior margin. Antennae extending nearly to the middle of the pronotum, serrate from the fourth joint, the second joint wider than, and once and a half as long as, the third. Pronotum trapezoidal, scarcely once and three quarters as wide as long, widest at the base ; the anterior margin scarcely bisinuate ; the sides straight, a little angulose at middle ; the base deeply bisinuate, with the median lobe truncate in front of the scutellum. The posterior angles obtusely angulate; the marginal carina feebly sinuate; the lower carina obso- 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 51 letely indicated, interrupted at middle, and forming a smooth swollen area anteriorly; the angular carina sharply defined, extending arcuately from the posterior angles to the lateral carina at middle. Surface with a wide longitudinal sulcus, narrowed in front, the bottom of this sulcus with some little wrinkles; the sides of the pronotum each with a wide, oblique, strong depression at the middle of the margin and reaching the anterior angle, the bottoms of these depressions also with some wrinkles, the rest of the surface with some coarse punctures on a nearly smooth ground. Scutellum large, cordiform, the anterior margin straight, the apex strongly acuminate. Elytra scarcely wider at the base than the pronotum, nearly twice and three fifths as long as wide, slightly sinuate behind the shoulders, then narrowed and nearly straight, and again slightly sinuate laterally before the apex, where each is produced in a strong spine; the sutural angles slightly spinose ; the sides without any serration. Disk very finely sculptured, the punctures triangular and rather sparse ; a strong sulcus along the suture, widened on anterior third, attenuate near apex, and very rugose at bottom. Chin piece of the prosternum straight at middle, short. Prosternal process wide, rounded at apex, shining, smooth, and sparsely punctate. Last abdominal segment separated from the pleural margin by a groove; the pleural margin finely striate; surface of the last segment with a series of spiniform granulations intermixed with rigid, black, erect hairs. Abdomen slightly punctate, shining. First joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the second. Described from a single specimen (type, M. C. Z. no. 22,517) collected at Nadarivatu, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, by Dr. W. M. Mann. This species will be placed next to Agrilus taveuniensis mihi (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1934, p. 145) . It is distinguishable by its violaceous black color, its smooth prosternal process, the first joint of the posterior tarsi not longer than the second, etc. Agrilus fidjiensis Obb. (Arch. f. Nat. 1924, p. 119) After a careful examination of the description of this species, it appears to me that it agrees with that of A. fissi- frons Fairm. from the Fiji Islands. A . fidjiensis is a syno- 52 Psyche [March- June nym of A. fissifrons Fairm., and the name tetrastictus Obb. (l. c.) must apply to a variety of A. fissifrons Fairm., the type of which has each elytron marked with a single spot. Fairmaire’s species is represented in my own collection by a paratype. Genus Trachys F. Trachys darlingtoni n. sp. (PI. IV, Fig. 9) Length: 2.5 mm.; breadth: 1.6 mm. Oval, rounded in front, attenuate posteriorly, broadest at the shoulders, rather flattened above, with the scutellar region slightly convex and glabrous; the rest of the surface ornamented with designs of whitish pubescence forming two ante-apical, very sinuous fascise which join in several places, and a trans- verse, very irregular, inconspicuous band in the middle ; the space between the designs clothed with yellow, sparse, semi- erect pubescence. Above, of a bright brassy color ; beneath, dark bronze; the four first joints of the tarsi, and the palpi, yellow; the last joint of the tarsi, and the antennae, black. The scutellar region appears to be normally glabrous (it is so in the four specimens examined) . Head very wide, shining, obsoletely punctate, with the front and vertex furrowed, the furrow reaching a wide, well marked impression above the epistoma; the latter rugose, distinguishable from the front only by the sculpture, emar- ginate in front. Eyes small, regularly elliptic, very oblique, and not prominent. Antennae very short, serrate from the seventh joint, with a few long, rigid hairs. Pronotum widest at the base, short; anterior margin emarginate, with a median, feebly projecting lobe; the anterior angles acute and feebly projecting, blunted at apex; sides moderately arcuate ; the posterior angles slightly obtuse. Base narrowly margined, with a feebly projecting median lobe which is broadly subtruncate in front of the scutellum. Disk regularly convex, impressed along the base, shining, indistinctly sculptured at middle, the sides marked with distinct circles. Scutellum small, equilaterally triangular. Elytra widest at the shoulders, the humeri rather promi- nent, the sides arcuately attenuate from the base to the tips, 53 1937] New Buprestid Beetles which are conjointly and broadly rounded. Disk feebly reticulate. Plate of the prosternal process narrowed in front, obso- letely punctate, clothed with more or less erect hairs. All the abdominal segments separated from the pleural margin by an uninterrupted, narrow groove, the first segment with only a half groove. Last segment rounded at the apex, with the pleural margin very narrow. Claws bifid, the inner branch quite as long as the outer. Four specimens of this species were captured at Coimba- tore, S. India, by Mr. P. S. Nathan, and received by the Museum of Comparative Zoology from the Nicolay Collec- tion. The type (no. 22,518) and a paratype are in the M. C. Z. ; there is a paratype in my own collection at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Explanation of Plates Plate III Paracupta evansi Thery, n. sp. Paracupta manni Thery, n. sp. Haplotrinchus manni Thery, n. sp. Nosotrinchus solomonensis Thery, n. sp. Plate IV Diceropygus variegatus Thery, n. sp. Sambus manni Thery, n. sp. Sambus darlingtoni Thery, n. sp. Diceropygus stevensi Thery, n. sp. Trachys darlingtoni Thery, n. sp. Diceropygus brevicollis Thery, n. sp. Agrilus mannianus Thery, n. sp. Agrilus levuensis Thery, n. sp. 54 Psyche [March-June Psyche, 1937 Vol. 44, Plate III. Thery - — Buprestid Beetles 1937] New Buprestid Beetles 55 Psyche, 1937 Vol. 44, Plate IV. Thery — Buprestid Beetles 56 Psyche [March- June A NEW PAUSSID BEETLE FROM CENTRAL AMERICA By P. J. Darlington, Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. The following new species not only adds another to the few known New World forms of the interesting family Paussidae ( cf . Kolbe, Entomologische Mitteilungen, Vol. 9, 1920, pp. 131-141 ; 145-156), but is the first record of the family from Central America. Homopterus hondurensis n. sp. (Fig. 1) Relatively slender (in genus) ; castaneous, moderately shining, appendages also castaneous ; head posteriorly, pro- notum, and elytra moderately closely but not densely punc- tate with punctures of moderate size, head anteriorly more sparsely and irregularly punctate. Head by measurement about 9/10 width prothorax; eyes very prominent; occiput not swollen; front concave; antennae considerably longer than head and prothorax, formed as shown in figure, with outer anterior edges of segments 3 to 9 slightly overlapping following joints (when antenna is straight), flattened joints closely and finely punctate at sides but much more sparsely so at middle; palpi normal for Homopterus. Prothorax formed as shown in figure ; convex but not swollen dorsally ; disk somewhat impressed near base at middle and on each side; median line fine, lightly impressed; margins narrow, slightly broader before basal angles. Elytra probably sub- parallel and about 1/3 wider than prothorax (somewhat warped from preservation in alcohol), unusually elongate for genus, with usual rather inconspicuous tubercle on outer side before apex. Femora and tibiae flattened, moderately broad (in genus), formed as shown in figure; tarsi shorter than width of tibiae at apex, retracted into excavated tibial apices. Pygidium closely punctate; abdomen much more finely and sparsely so. Length 7% mm. 1937] New Paussid Beetle 57 Type a unique (M. C. Z. no. 22,502) from Lancetilla, Honduras, collected by Dr. Marston Bates. Lack of an occipital swelling apparently distinguishes this from the three previously described species of Homopterus. Otherwise the relatively narrow form and elongate antennse ally the new species to brasiliensis Westw. and bolivianus Kolbe, although it differs from both in having a more nearly quadrate (less cordate) prothorax with more weakly arcuate sides. Hondurensis differs further from brasiliensis (but resembles bolivianus) in the overlapping of the edges of the antennal segments. I do not know either brasiliensis or Fig. 1. Homopterus hondurensis n. sp. (type) : outlines of pro- thorax, head, and right antenna, and of left middle leg from in front; from camera-lucida drawings. bolivianus except from the literature, but the former has been figured in detail several times, and the latter is care- fully compared with it by Kolbe. I have, however, seen a specimen of Homopterus steinbachi Kolbe, from Colombia. A sketch of the important segments of one antenna of this specimen has been compared with the type of steinbachi, and pronounced the same, through the kindness of Prof. Kolbe and the good offices of Dr. Walther Horn. 58 Psyche [March-June SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN HOMOPTERA By August P. Beilmann Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri The literature relating to parental solicitude in the sub- social insects began, according to Bequsert, with the writings of Herbst and Modeer in 1764. Most observations, however, have been reported during the last forty years. Bequsert (1) lists but one case of parental care in the Homoptera. The following observation is of interest, since it concerns the terrapin scale ( Eulecanium nigrofasciatum) ; hardly a promising subject for the development of social habits. During the spring of 1932 heavy infestations of this scale were found on hawthorn and sycamore. Since dormant spraying had proven ineffective, these insects were being watched to learn the emergence date of the young. For this purpose one small undernourished hawthorn was selected, since its convenient location permitted frequent observa- tions. On three successive mornings in June the young were seen to emerge in a body at 10 o’clock and move upward toward the new growth. When an examination toward evening failed to disclose their destination, it was assumed that these individuals were experiencing an unusual mor- tality rate. However, more young made their appearance the following morning, and continued to move about during the sunny hours. About 4 o’clock very few could be found, although some had settled on the foliage. It was then ob- served that a few stragglers were returning to the adult scales and after slight hesitation were crawling underneath. Again on the third morning, the nymphs appeared at one time and began their journey up the branch toward the new growth. Observations were more frequent during the after- noon and an additional number were found permanently located on the leaves. However, about 3 :30 P. M. the general movement of the larvae was reversed. They began to come down the branch — for some of them a journey of three feet — and to disappear beneath the adult females. Within twenty 59 1937] Social Behavior in Homoptera minutes all had returned to remain safely covered for the night. Simanton (2) has published a very comprehensive account of this scale as it occurs on the peach in Pennsylvania. He has noted the well timed emergence in the morning, but does not mention having seen any evidence of a return in the evening. This performance may have been due solely to the de- vitalized condition of the tree upon which the observations were made. The total new twig growth did not exceed two inches per year, and hardly more than four scrawny leaves grew from each branch tip. Thus, suitable locations for feeding and growth were reduced to a minimum. The ap- parently aimless wanderings and the return during the night, may have been due solely to the restricted choice of feeding sites. LITERATURE CITED 1. Bequaert, J., 1935. Presocial behavior among the Hemiptera. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. XXX, pp. 177-191. 2. Simanton, W. A., 1916. U. S. D. A. Bull. 351. Book Review. — A Monograph of the British Neuroptera, Vol. I, by Frederick J. Killington. Pp. 1-269, 68 text-figures and 15 plates. Printed for the Ray Society and sold by Bernard Quaritch, Ltd., London. This is the first compre- hensive account of the British Neuroptera since MacLach- lan’s “Monograph” in 1868. The book is divided into six chapters. The first deals with the morphology of the families of British Neuroptera with special reference to the genitalia ; the second, third, and fourth are concerned with the meta- morphosis of the British species; the fifth deals with the bionomics ; and the sixth with the systematics of the Coniop- terygidae, Osmylidae, Sisyridae and a few genera of Hemer- obiidae. The second volume will apparently consist of a systematic account of the rest of the Hemerobiidae and the Chrysopidae, as well as the entire bibliography. Although the systematic part of this book is of interest only to the specialist in the Neuroptera, the first five chapters should be of general interest to entomologists, since they contain much new information on the structure and biology of these insects. F. M. Carpenter. 60 Psyche [March -June OBITUARY Professor William Morton Wheeler, for many years an active member of the Cambridge Entomological Club and its most distinguished member, died suddenly on April 19th. The forthcoming issue will contain an account of Professor Wheeler’s biological career and a list of his many and highly important entomological publications. PIN-LABELS IN MULTIPLES OF 1000, ALIKE One Dollar Per Thousand Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. 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XLIV SEPTEMBER, 1937 No. 3 PROFESSOR WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER With a List of His Published Writings Professor Wheeler was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on March 19, 1865 and died suddenly in Cambridge, Massa- chusetts on April 19, 1937 shortly after passing his seventy- second birthday. He had retired from active teaching in 1934, but was still energetically engaged in the continuance of his biological investigations which had extended, without interruption, over a full half century. Young Wheeler was educated in Milwaukee, for a time in the public schools and afterwards in the Englemann German Academy. He was later graduated in 1884 from the German- American College, a remarkably efficient school, with ideals based on those of the fine group of early German immigrants whose culture dominated Milwaukee during the latter part of the last century. He always attributed much to the training received at the Academy ; perhaps too much, for he was certainly their star pupil of all time. There he received a broad education, and developed his first interest in the classics, which he read extensively, never forgot and referred to frequently in his later writings. At this point his formal education ended for a period of six years. Wheeler had always been much interested in Natural History, and was greatly delighted when in 1884 Professor H. A. Ward of Rochester brought to Milwaukee a collection of stuffed animals, skeletons, and other natural history specimens, with the idea of selling them in that city as the nucleus for a public museum. Ward was so pleased with Wheeler that he offered him a position in the Ward’s Natural Science Establishment at Rochester. This was accepted 62 Psyche [ September and Wheeler spent a year arranging zoological material of all kinds and identifying specimens for Professor Ward. At that time he prepared a check-list of shells, so well done that it is still useful to conchologists after the lapse of more than fifty years ! At the Ward Establishment he met Carl Akeley, later famous taxidermist. Concerning their early associa- tion and life-long friendship Wheeler has written interest- ingly in his obituary of Akeley, published in 1927. This contains also reminiscences of Wheeler’s own early youth. He left Ward’s in 1885, returned to Milwaukee and at the invitation of the well-known entomologist, Dr. G. W. Peckham, who was then principal of the Milwaukee High School, accepted a position to teach German and physiology there. After he had taught in the high school for two years, he was made custodian of the newly established Milwaukee Public Museum where he remained until 1890. During this period there was established nearby the Allis Lake Labora- tory, a biological station, to which Professor C. 0. Whitman came as director. From contact with this laboratory and especially through the interest of one of its staff, Dr. William Patton, Wheeler was induced to undertake a study of insect embryology. With the help of Dr. Patton he mastered the necessary microscopical technique, procured a microtome and set to work, utilizing such time as he could spare from his duties at the museum. Professor Whitman was then called to Clark University, and recognizing young Wheeler’s genius in the problem he had undertaken, offered him a fellowship at Clark. This he accepted in 1890 and two years later was granted the degree of Doctor of Philosophy for this “Contribution to Insect Embryology” which had its inception in the happy circum- stance of the establishment of the Allis Laboratory. The next year Wheeler spent in Europe, first at Wurzburg, then at the Naples Zoological Station and finally at Liege before returning to America. He then went to the University of Chicago, where he remained for five years, first as instructor in embryology and after 1898 as assistant professor. During this period his interest in insect embryology was waning, and he became more interested in other phases of entomology. In the autumn of 1899 he accepted a position as Professor of Zoology in the University of Texas. There, with the aid Psyche, 1937 Vol. 44, Plate V. William Morton Wheeler From a photograph taken in 1915 by Professor A. L. Melander at Berkeley, California, during the summer meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1937] William Morton Wheeler 63 of a single instructor and several laboratory assistants he gave all the zoological instruction in the University. This included general biology, comparative anatomy, embryology and histology and even special work in entomology to a group of several more advanced students. He was exceptionally well fitted to give all these courses, and in addition his tire- less energy was still able to overflow into other channels. He now turned his attention to ants and almost immediately began to publish papers on the habits of these insects. Thus with studies on Texan ants began the long series of investi- gations that later molded his biological career. Each sum- mer he went north, either to Woods Hole or to his summer home at Colebrook, Connecticut, rapidly extending his in- terest in myrmecology. Wheeler remained in Texas for only four years, but during that time the zoological laboratory of the University quickly rose to a position where it commanded the respect and ad- miration of the biological fraternity throughout the World. He left the University of Texas during the summer of 1903 to become Curator of Invertebrate Zoology in the American Museum of Natural History. I know that he regretted greatly having to give up his university teaching, but he knew that he would have more time to devote to his work on ants, and furthermore a greater opportunity to travel and to engage in field work than was possible for him as a University professor. Also he was supplied in his new position with the necessary clerical and scientific assistance that had previously been lacking. He enjoyed greatly also the association with several members of the staff, especially his friend Dr. H. C. Bumpus, at that time director of the American Museum. He remained in New York for five years, during which time he accomplished an enormous amount of scientific work, attested by the long series of extensive and important papers published during these years. The manuscript of his book on ants was nearly com- pleted during this period, although not finally published until 1910. In 1908 he deserted the museum to again become an active teacher, going to Harvard University as Professor of Eco- nomic Entomology. His laboratories were located in the Bussey Institution, organized as a graduate school for re- 64 Psyche [September search and for the training of students in the several branches of applied biology. At first the Bussey Institution formed a part of the Graduate School of Applied Sciences, but a few years later the institution staff was made a sepa- rate faculty of the University and Professor Wheeler was ap- pointed its dean. He served in this capacity from 1915 to 1929. He frequently spoke of this long stay at the Bussey as including the best years of his life. During that time he always had clustered about him some half a dozen graduate students working in entomology toward the degree of Doctor of Science, which was the applied science degree awarded by the University to students in applied biology. Most of these students now hold responsible positions in colleges, univer- sities or similar institutions in America and abroad, and their consistently high attainments show very clearly the deep influence exercised by his remarkable intellect upon their subsequent careers. In 1929 he resigned from the deanship and moved his work to Cambridge, pending the completion of the New Biological Laboratories. No new dean was appointed, as the several biological units of the University were soon to be consoli- dated and made a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, with headquarters in the new building. There he spent his last years, continuing to teach until his retirement in 1934. After that he still retained his same quarters in the labora- tory, where he worked continuously until the last day of his life, even more actively than before, since the time previously devoted to lectures and students could be spent upon his own research. During this time his energy and enthusiasm never lagged and, as he told me only a few days before his death, he had already on hand collections of ants that would take him many years to work up. This, of course, did not take into account the many related biological problems that con- tinually arose in his mind in connection with taxonomic work. At that moment he was just finishing his last exten- sive manuscript dealing with mosaic anomalies in ants, an investigation which had unexpectedly developed from the study of some collections of ants recently received from the American tropics. Most persons conversant with Professor Wheeler’s pub- lished contributions to biological science and to entomology 1937] William Morton Wheeler 65 in particular, will regard these as his greatest achievements. There are, however, a favored few who have had the good fortune to derive from him, through personal contact, either as students or colleagues, a vast amount of information and inspiration which they will always treasure and some of which they will be able to pass on to their own students and younger associates. Wheeler always dealt with his students as he would with colleagues. With his broad intellectual viewpoint he could do this with ease, and without apparent effort he would quickly stimulate these young men to accom- plishments quite beyond their own expectations. He was always enthusiastically interested in his own work and how- ever deeply immersed in it, was always ready to welcome the student who wandered into his laboratory at any time. Fre- quently, such conferences would turn to an account of what he was doing at the moment or to a critical review of some important book which he had just read. The immediate effect of such contacts was frequently disheartening in the extreme, as it emphasized the extent of any biological prob- lem and the inadequate background of the young man who was attempting to solve it. However, the final result of a series of such meetings was highly salutary, and it gave to most of his students the impetus needed to complete their work well, and furthermore to prolong their studies after the inevitable doctor’s thesis had been finished. This ability to instill his own ideals of research into the minds of younger men was a salient characteristic of his personality and it has done much to further the real advance of entomological in- vestigation in many fields. To see him casually in his laboratory, working over a box of mounted specimens of ants and attaching to them labels with their Latin names, one would have taken him for a taxonomist pure and simple. Under such circumstances he was, and the endless amount of material from all parts of the world that passed through his hands during the thirty- five years that he was an authority on the classification of ants resulted in the description of an enormous number of new species, sub-species and varieties. Such work requires immense concentration, continuous study and perfect famil- iarity with a maze of literature. As a result most taxonomic workers lose interest in all the problems of general biology. 66 Psyche [September Wheeler was a glaring exception to this rule as his encyclo- paedic familiarity with the structure and adaptations of ants not only served to increase his interest and curiosity in the many other phases of biology, but enabled him to approach them with a minute, systematic knowledge of detail utterly beyond the common range. This method of approach is especially notable in connection with his papers on gynan- dromorphs in ants, the behavior of ant-lions and worm-lions, and his contributions on the evolution of social and parasitic habits among insects. Professor Wheeler’s thirst for reading was insatiable and as he read the several common European languages with great facility, the literary field in which he could browse was very wide. His interest in literature was almost exclusively serious although it was by no means restricted to entomol- ogy, biology or even to the natural sciences. It was, however, primarily confined to biology, psychology and philosophy in the widest sense, although few of his friends or colleagues were ever able to bring to his attention any book of general interest with which he was unacquainted. Most frequently he had read it through (which meant literally that) for although he read with great rapidity, his very retentive memory allowed no details to be forgotten. In addition, a pencil in his hand was intermittently busy underlining sen- tences or marking paragraphs to which he might wish later to refer. Similarly, every bundle of reprints that came to his desk, and there were a great many of these, was care- fully examined, first, to cull out any in which he could see nothing of interest. The others were read almost in their entirety. He had such a keen sense of humor that he derived a great deal of fun from many books and dissertations that were not intended to furnish amusement. This undoubtedly made up in great part for the lack of light reading on his book-shelves. In company, however, he was very fond of a good story, and no matter what the subject, his conversation was always enlivened with a humor uniformly appealing to his wide range of friends and colleagues. When it came to the point, Professor Wheeler was extremely outspoken and he did not mince words in voicing either approbation or disapproval no matter to whom his remarks might be directed. He always 1937] William Morton Wheeler 67 spoke in good faith, however, and his opinions were almost always accepted in the spirit they were given. Much more could be said of Professor Wheeler’s academic career and scientific writings. A fine appreciation written by several of his colleagues has appeared in Science.1 He received several honorary degrees and medals in recognition of his entomological investigations. He enjoyed member- ship in numerous important societies ; honorary membership in three foreign and two American entomological societies. During his long residence at Harvard he took a leading part in the activities of the Cambridge Entomological Club and a continued interest in its journal psyche to which he con- tributed several short articles in almost every volume. Wheeler was an unusually keen and enthusiastic collector. After the first few years, his immediate interest was cen- tered almost entirely on ants, but he never failed to bring back from any excursion many other valuable specimens. He traveled extensively through the United States, Mexico and other parts of tropical America and twice visited Australia ; also his visits to Europe and North Africa offered opportunities for collecting that were never neglected. He had returned from an extensive and strenuous trip with his wife into Mexico only a few weeks before his death. The list of titles in the appended bibliography is believed to be a practically complete list of Professor Wheeler’s biological books, memoirs and papers. It has been compiled primarily from a catalogue which he himself maintained, and I have one of his younger students, Professor F. M. Carpenter to thank for preparing the preliminary draft during my own protracted absence from America. This bibliography speaks for itself as to the varied inter- ests and accomplishments of Professor Wheeler. It cannot of course give any indication of the great clarity of his scientific statements and the fine literary style which per- vades all of his writings. From the latter standpoint alone several of his humorous and satirical addresses could lay claim to rank as classics. In addition each contains several cleverly concealed and well documented scientific pills which represent the real thesis of the communication. By far the Mune 4, 1937; vol. 85, pp. 533-535. 68 Psyche [ September greater number of papers deal with ants, many with other social insects, a number with various types of parasitism and with evolutionary phenomena. Although nearly all relate to insects directly, only those concerned entirely with tax- onomy can be classed as strictly entomological in that they do not contain material of immediate interest to other biologists. Among those who knew him personally or through his writings, he had a host of friends, almost no enemies, and certainly all regarded his intellectual accomplishments with an admiration that will never fade till they join him in the great unknown. Harvard University Charles T. Brues PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER 1885 Catalogue of Specimens of Mollusca and Brachiopoda for Sale at Ward’s Natural Science Establishment. Rochester, New York, 167 pp., 202 figs. A List of Trees found in the City of Milwaukee. Proc. Wisconsin Pharmaceut. Assoc., pp. 24-25. 1887 Distribution of Coleoptera along the Lake Michigan Beach of Milwaukee County. Proc. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., April 1887, pp. 132-140. 1888 The Flora of Milwaukee Co., Wisconsin. Proc. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., April 1888, pp. 154-190. The Spiders of the Sub-family Lyssomanae. (With G. W. and E. G. Peckham) . Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts and Lett., vol. 2, pp. 222-256, 1 plate. 1889 The Embryology of Blatta germanica and Doryphora decemlineata. Journ. Morph., vol. 3, pp. 291-386, 7 plates, 16 figs. Homologues in Embryo Hemiptera of the Appendages of 1937] William Morton Wheeler 69 the First Abdominal Segment of other Insect Embryos. American Naturalist, vol. 23, pp. 644-645. Ueber driisenartige Gebilde im ersten Abdominalsegment der Hemipterenembryonen. Zool. Anzeig., Jahrg. 12, pp. 500-504, 2 figs. On Two Species of Cecidomyid Flies Producing Galls on Antennaria plantaginifolia. Proc. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., April 1889, pp. 209-216. Two Cases of Insect Mimicry. Proc. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., April 1889, pp. 217-221. 1890 Description of Some New North American Dolichopodidae. Psyche, vol. 5, pp. 337-343, 355-362, 373-379. The Supposed Bot-fly Parasite of the Box-turtle. Psyche, vol. 5, p. 403. Review of Poulton’s “Colors of Animals”. Science, vol. 16, p. 286. Hydrocyanic Acid Secreted by Polydesmus virginicus Drury. Psyche, vol. 5, p. 442. Review of R. H. Lamborn’s “Dragon-Flies versus Mos- quitoes”. New York, Appleton. Science, vol. 16, p. 284. On the Appendages of the first Abdominal Segment of Embryo Insects. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts and Lett., vol. 4, pp. 87-140, 3 plates. Note on the Oviposition and Embryonic Development of Xiphidium ensiferum Scud. Insect Life, vol. 2, pp. 222-225. Ueber ein eigenthiimliches Organ in Locustidenembryo. Zool. Anzeig., Jahrg. 13, pp. 475-480. 1891 The Embryology of a Common Fly. Psyche, vol. 6, pp. 97-99. The Germ-band of Insects. Psyche, vol. 6, pp. 112-115. Neuroblasts in the Arthropod Embryo. Journ. Morph., vol. 4, pp. 337-343, 1 fig. Hemidiptera haeckelii. Psyche, vol. 6, pp. 66-67. 1892 Concerning the “Blood-tissues” of the Insects. Psyche, vol. 6, pp. 216-220, 233-236, 253-258. A Dipterous Parasite of the Toad. Psyche, vol. 6, p. 249. 70 Psyche [ September 1893 A Contribution to Insect Embryology. Inaugural Disser- tation. Journ. Morph., vol. 8, pp. 1-160, 6 plates, 7 figs. The Primitive Number of Malpighian Vessels in Insects. Psyche, vol. 6, pp. 457-460, 485-486, 497-498, 509-510, 539-541, 545-547, 561-564, 2 figs. 1894 Synccelidium pellucidum, a new Marine Triclad. Journ. Morph., vol. 9, pp. 167-194, 1 plate. Plano c era inquilina, a Poly clad inhabiting the Gill cham- ber of Sycotypus canaliculatus. Journ. Morph., vol. 9, pp. 195-201, 2 figs. Protandric Hermaphroditism in Myzostoma. Zool. Anzieg., vol. 6, pp. 177-182. 1895 The Behavior of the Centrosome in the Fertilized Egg of Myzostoma glabrum Leuck. Journ. Morph., vol. 10, pp. 305-311, 10 text-figs. Translation of Wilhelm Roux’s “The Problems, Methods and Scope of Developmental Mechanics.” Biological Lec- tures delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Summer Session of 1894. Boston, Ginn & Co., pp. 149-190. 1896 The Sexual Phases of Myzostoma. Mitth. a.d. Zool. Sta- tion zu Neapel, vol. 12, pp. 227-302, 3 plates. The Genus Ochthera. Entom. News, vol. 7, pp. 121-123. Two Dolichopodid Genera new to America. Entom. News, vol. 7, pp. 152-156. A New Genus and Species of Dolichopodidae. Entom. News, vol. 7, pp. 185-189, 1 fig. A New Empid with Remarkable Middle Tarsi. Entom. News, vol. 7, pp. 189-192, 3 figs. An Antenniform Extra-appendage in Dilophus tibialis Loew. Arch. f. Entwickl.-Mech. d. Organism., vol. 3, pp. 261-268, 1 plate. 1897 A Genus of Maritime Dolichopodidae New to America. Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. (3) 1, pp. 145-152, 1 pi. The Maturation, Fecundation and Early Cleavage of 1937] William Morton Wheeler 71 Myzostoma glabrum Leuckart. Arch. Biol., vol. 15, pp. 1-77, 3 pis Two Cases of Mimicry. Chicago Univ. Record, vol. 2, p. 1. [Marine Fauna of San Diego Bay, California] . Zoological Club, Univ. of Chicago, meeting of April 14, 1897. Science, n.s., vol. 5, pp. 775-776. 1898 A New Genus of Dolichopodidae from Florida. Zool. Bull., vol. 1, pp. 217-220, 1 text-fig. Burger and Carriere on the Embryonic Development of the Wall-bee (Chalicodoma) . American Naturalist, vol. 32, Ipp. 794-798. Review of A. S. Packard’s “Text Book of Entomology”. Science, n.s., vol. 7, pp. 834-836. A New Peripatus from Mexico. Journ. Morph., vol. 15, pp. 1-8, 1 pi., 1 fig. 1899 George Baur’s Life and Writings. American Naturalist, vol. 33, pp. 15-30. The Life History of Dicyema. Zool. Anzeig., vol. 22, pp. 169-176. Anemotropism and Other Tropisms in Insects. Archiv. fur Entwickl.-Mech. d. Organism., vol. 8, pp. 373-381. The Prospects of Zoological Study in Texas. Texas Uni- versity Record, vol. 1, pp. 335-339. New Species of Dolichopodidae from the United States. Proc. California Acad. Sci., Zool., (3), vol. 2, pp. 1-84, 4 pis. The Development of the Urinogenital Organs of the Lam- prey. Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Morph., vol. 13, pp. 1-88, 7 pis. J. Beard on the Sexual Phases of Myzostoma. Zool. Anzieg., vol. 22, pp. 281-288. Kaspar Friedrich Wolff and the Theoria Generationis. Biol. Lectures Marine Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, pp. 265-284. 1900 The Free-swimming Copepods of the Woods Hole Region. Bull. U. S. Fish Commission for 1899, pp. 157-192, 30 figs. On the Genus Hypocharassus Mik. Entom. News, vol. 11, pp. 423-424. The Study of Zoology. Univ. of Texas Record, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 125-135. 72 Psyche [ September Review of Korschelt and Heider’s “Text-book of Embry- ology”. Science, n.s., vol. 11, pp. 148-149. The Female of Eciton sumichrasti Norton, with some notes on the habits of Texan Ecitons. American Naturalist, vol. 34, pp. 563-574, 4 figs. The Habits of Myrmecophila nebrascensis Bruner. Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 111-115, 1 fig. A Singular Arachnid ( Koenenia mirabilis Grassi) Oc- curring in Texas. American Naturalist, vol. 34, pp. 837-850, 3 figs. A New Myrmecophile from the Mushroom Gardens of the Texan Leaf Cutting Ant. American Naturalist, vol. 34, pp. 851-862, 6 figs. A Study of Some Texan Ponerinae. Biol. Bull., vol. 2, pp. 1-31, 10 figs. The Habits of Ponera and Stigmatomma. Biol. Bull., vol. 2, pp. 43-69, 8 figs. 1901 The Males of Some Texan Ecitons. American Naturalist, vol. 35, pp. 157-173, 3 figs. (With W. H. Long) . Impostors Among Animals. Century Magazine, vol. 62, pp. 369-378. The Compound and Mixed Nests of American Ants. Amer- ican Naturalist, vol. 35, pp. 431-448, 513-539, 701-724, 791-818, 20 figs. Microdon Larvae in Pseudomyrma Nests. Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 222-224, 1 fig. The Parasitic Origin of Macroergates among Ants. Amer- ican Naturalist, vol. 35, pp. 877-886, 1 fig. 1901 An Extraordinary Ant-Guest. American Naturalist, vol. 35, pp. 1007-1016, 2 figs. Notices biologique sur les fourmis Mexicaines. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 45, pp. 199-205. 1902 A New Agricultural Ant from Texas, with Remarks on the North American Species. American Naturalist, vol. 36, pp. 85-100, 8 figs. Review of G. N. Calkins “Biology of the Protozoa”. Amer- ican Naturalist, vol. 36, pp. 214-215. 1937] William Morton Wheeler 73 A Consideration of S. B. Buckley’s “North American Formicidae”. Trans. Texas Acad. Sci. for 1901, vol. 4, pp. 17-31. Empididae. Biol. Centrali-Americana. Diptera (Supple- ment) pp. 366-376. (With A. L. Melander). A Neglected Factor in Evolution. Science, n.s., vol. 15, no. 385, pp. 766-774. Natural History, Oecology or Ethology? Science, n.s., vol. 15, pp. 971-976. Formica fusca Linn, subsp. subpolita Mayr. var. perpilosa n. var. Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonia Alzate”, Mexico, vol. 17, pp. 141-142. New Agricultural Ants from Texas. Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 387-393. Translation of Carlo Emery’s “An Analytical Key to the Genera of the Family Formicidae, for the Identification of the Workers”. American Naturalist, vol. 36, pp. 707-725. Review of “Temperaturverhaltnisse bei Insekten” by P. Bachmetjew. American Naturalist, vol. 36, pp. 401-405. Review of “The Elements of Insect Anatomy” by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg. Science, n.s., vol. 16, pp. 351-352. An American Cerapachys, with Remarks on the Affinities of the Cerapachyinae. Biol. Bull., vol. 3, pp. 181-191, 5 figs. The Occurrence of Formica cinera Mayr and Formica rufibarbis Fabricius in America. American Naturalist, vol. 36, pp. 947-952. 1903 Review of James Mark Baldwin’s “Development and Evo- lution”. Psyche, vol. 10, pp. 70-80. Erebomyrma, A New Genus of Hypogaeic Ants from Texas. Biol. Bull., vol. 4, pp. 137-148, 5 figs. Dimorphic Queens in an American Ant. ( Lasius latipes Walsh). Biol. Bull., vol. 4, pp. 149-163, 3 figs, (with J. F. McClendon) . Ethological Observations on an American Ant. (Lepto- thorax emersoni Wheeler). Arch. f. Psychol, u. Neurol., vol. 2, pp. 1-31, 1 fig. A Revision of the North American Ants of the Genus Leptothorax. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 215- 260, 1 pi. 74 Psyche [ September Review of T. W. Headley’s “Problems of Evolution”. Psychol. Rev., vol. 10, pp. 193-199. A Decade of Texan Formicidae. Psyche, vol. 10, pp. 93-111, 10 figs. The North American Ants of the Genus Stenamma ( sensu stricto) . Psyche, vol. 10, pp. 164-168. How Can Endowments be Used Most Effectively for Scien- tific Research? Science, n.s., vol. 17, pp. 577-579. The Origin of Female and Worker Ants from the Eggs of Parthenogenetic Workers. Science, n.s., vol. 18, pp. 830-833. Review of “Report on the Collections of Natural History made in the Artarctic Regions during the Voyage of the “Southern Cross”, London, 1902. Bull. American Geog. Soc., vol. 35, pp. 572-573. Some Notes on the Habits of Cerapachys augustx. Psyche, vol. 10, pp. 205-209, 1 fig. Extraordinary Females in three Species of Formica, with Remarks on Mutation in the Formicidae. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, pp. 639-651, 3 figs. Some New Gynandromorphous Ants, with a Review of the Previously Recorded Cases. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, pp. 653-683, 11 figs. 1904 Translation of August Forel’s “Ants and Some Other Insects. An inquiry into the Psychic Powers of these Animals with an Appendix on the Peculiarities of their Ol- factory Sense”. The Monist, vol. 14, Nos. 1 & 2, Oct. & Jan. 1903-1904, pp. 33-36, Reprinted as No. 56 of the Religion of Science Library. Chicago, 1904, pp. 1-49. Three New Genera of Inquiline Ants from Utah and Colorado. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, pp. 1-17, 2 pis. Review of C. W. Dodge’s “General Zoology Practical, Sys- tematic and Comparative”. Science, n.s., vol. 18, pp. 824-825. Review of E. E. Austen’s “A Monograph of the Tsetse-flies (Genus Glossima, Westwood) based on the Collection in the British Museum”. Bull. American Geog. Soc., vol. 35, pp. 573-575. Woodcock Surgery. Science, n.s., vol. 19, No. 478, pp. 347-350. 1937] William Morton Wheeler 75 The Obligations of the Student of Animal Behavior. The Auk, vol. 21, pp. 251-255. A Crustacean-eating Ant ( Leptogenys (Lobopelta) elon- gata Buckley) . Biol. Bull., vol. 6, pp. 251-259, 1 fig. The American Ants of the Subgenus Colobopsis. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, pp. 139-158, 7 figs. Dr. Castle and the Dzierzon Theary. Science, n.s., vol. 19, pp. 587-591. The Ants of North Carolina. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, pp. 299-306. On the Pupation of Ants and the Feasibility of Establish- ing the Guatemalan Kelep, or Cotton-Weevil Ant in the United States. Science, n.s., vol. 20, pp. 437-440. Social Parasitism Among Ants. American Mus. Journ., vol. 4, pp. 74-75. A New Type of Social Parasitism Among Ants. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, pp. 347- 375. The Phylogeny of the Termites. Biol. Bull., vol. 8, pp. 29-37. Some Further Comments on the Guatemalan Boll Weevil Ant. Science, n.s., vol. 20, pp. 766-768. 1905 An Interpretation of the Slave-making Instincts in Ants. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pp. 1-16. Ethology and the Mutation Theory. Science, n.s., vol. 21, pp. 535-540. The Ants of the Bahamas, with a List of the Known West Indian Species. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pp. 79-135, 1 pi., 23 figs. Some Remarks on Temporary Social Parasitism and the Phylogeny of Slavery among Ants. Biol. Centralbl., vol. 25, pp. 637-644. New Species of Formica. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pp. 267-274. Ants from Catalina Island, California. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, pp. 269-271. Same in Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1905, pp. 60-63. The Structure of Wings. Bird Lore, vol. 7, pp. 257-262. A New Myzostoma, Parasitic in a Starfish. Biol. Bull., vol. 8, pp. 75-78, 1 fig. 76 Psyche [ September How the Queens of the Parasitic and Slave-making Ants Establish their Colonies. American Mus. Journ., vol. 5, pp. 144-148. The North American Ants of the Genus Dolichoderus. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pp. 305-319, 2 pis., 3 figs. The North American Ants of the Genus Liometopum. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pp. 321-333, 3 figs. An Annotated List of the Ants of New Jersey. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pp. 371-403, 4 figs. Ants from the Summit of Mount Washington. Psyche, vol. 12, pp. 111-114. Worker Ants with Vestiges of Wings. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pp. 405-408, 1 pi. Dr. 0. F. Cook’s “Social Organization and Breeding Habits of the Cotton-Protecting Kelep of Guatemala”. Science, n.s., vol. 21, pp. 706-710. The Habits of the Tent-building Ant (Crematog aster lineolata Say). Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 1-18, 6 pis. On the Founding of Colonies by Queen Ants, with Special Reference to the Parasitic and Slave-making Species. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 33-105, 7 pis. On Certain Tropical Ants Introduced into the United States. Entom. News, vol. 17, pp. 23-26. The Ant Queen as a Psychological Study. Popular Science Monthly, vol. 68, pp. 291-299, 7 figs. The Kelep Excused. Science, n.s., vol. 23, pp. 348-350. Pelastoneurus nigrescens Wheeler, a synonym of P. dis- similipes Wheeler: a Correction. Entom. News, vol. 17, p. 69. New Ants from New England. Psyche, vol. 13, pp. 38-41, 1 pi. Fauna of New England. List of the Formicidae. Occas. Papers, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, pp. 1-24. A New Wingless Fly ( Puliciphora borinquenensis) from Porto Rico. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 267-271, 1 pi. The Ants of Japan. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 301-328, 1 pi., 2 figs. 1937] William Morton Wheeler 77 The Ants of the Grand Canyon. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 329-345. The Ants of the Bermudas. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 347-352, 1 fig. Concerning Monomorium destructor Jerdon. Entom. News, vol. 17, p. 265. An Ethological Study of Certain Maladjustments in the Relations of Ants to Plants. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 403-418, 7 pis. The Expedition to Colorado for Fossil Insects. The Amer- ican Mus. Journ., vol. 6, pp. 199-203, 5 figs. 1907 A Collection of Ants from British Honduras. Bull. Amer- ican Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, pp. 271-277, 2 pis. The Polymorphism of Ants, with an Account of Some Singular Abnormalities due to Parasitism. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, pp. 1-93, 6 pis. Notes on a New Guest Ant, Leptothorax glacialis, and the varieties of Myrmica hrevinodis Emery. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 70-83. On Certain Modified Hairs Peculiar to the Ants of Arid Regions. Biol. Bull., vol. 13, pp. 185-202, 14 figs. The Fungus-growing Ants of North America. Bull. Amer- ican Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, pp. 669-807, 5 pis., 31 figs. The Origin of Slavery Among Ants. Popular Science Monthly, vol. 71, pp. 550-559. Pink Insect Mutants. American Naturalist, vol. 41, pp. 773-780. 1908 The Ants of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, pp. 117-158, 2 pis., 4 figs. Comparative ethology of the European and North Amer- ican Ants. Journ. Psychol, u. Neurol., vol. 13, pp. 404-435, 2 pis., 5 figs. The Ants of Jamaica. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, pp. 159-163. Ants from Moorea, Society Islands. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, pp. 165-167. Ants from the Azores. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, pp. 169-170. 78 Psyche [September Vestigial Instincts in Insects and Other Animals. Amer- ican Journ. Psychol., vol. 19, pp. 1-13. Studies on Myrmecophiles. II. Hetaerius. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 16, pp. 135-143. The Ants of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. I. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, pp. 399-485, 2 pis. Honey Ants, with a Revision of the American Myrme- cocysti. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, pp. 345-397, 28 figs. The Polymorphism of Ants. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, vol. 1, pp. 39-69, 1 pi. Studies on Myrmecophiles. I. Cremastochilus. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 16, pp. 68-79, 3 figs. The Ants of Casco Bay, Maine, with Observations on Two Races of Formica sanguinea, Latreille. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, pp. 619-645. A European Ant ( Myrmica levinodis) Introduced into Massachusetts. Journ. Econ. Entom, vol. 1, pp. 337-339. Studies on Myrmecophiles. III. Microdon. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 16, pp. 202-213, 1 fig. 1909 A Small Collection of Ants from Victoria, Australia. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 17, pp. 25-29. Ants collected by Professor Filippo Silvestri in Mexico. Bull. Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric. Portici, vol. 3, pp. 228-238. Review of P. Deegener’s “Die Metamorphose der Insek- ten”. Science, n.s., vol. 29, pp. 384-387. Predarwinian and Postdarwinian Biology. Popular Science Monthly, vol. 74, pp. 381-385. Ants Collected by Professor Filippo Silvestri in the Ha- waiian Islands. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric. Portici, vol. 3, pp. 269-272. Ants of Formosa and the Philippines. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 26, pp. 333-345. A Decade of North American Formicidae. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 17, pp. 77-90. A New Honey Ant from California. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 17, pp. 98-99. 1937] William Morton Wheeler 79 The Ants of Isle Royale, Michigan. Report Michigan Geol. Surv., 1908, pp. 325-328. Review of A. D. Hopkins “The Genus Dendroctonus”. Journ. Econ. Entom., vol. 2, pp. 471-472. Observations on Some European Ants. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 17, pp. 172-187, 2 figs. 1910 Ants : Their Structure, Development and Behavior. (Columbia University Biological Series vol. 9) Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1910, pp. xxv+663, 286 figs. Two New Myrmecophilous Mites of the Genus Antenno- phorus. Psyche, vol. 17, pp. 1-6, 2 pis. Review of W. Dwight Pierce's “A Monographic Revision of the Twisted Winged Insects Comprising the Order Strep- siptera Kirby”. Journ. Econ. Entom., vol. 3, pp. 252-253. Small Artificial Ant-Nests of Novel Patterns. Psyche, vol. 17, pp. 73-75, 1 fig. Review of H. Friese’s “Die Bienen Afrikas”. Science, n.s., vol. 31, pp. 580-582. The Effects of Parasitic and Other Kinds of Castration in Insects. Journ. Exper. Zool., vol. 8, pp. 377-438, 8 figs. Colonies of Ants (Lasius neoniger Emery) Infested with Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter. Psyche, vol. 17, pp. 83-86. An Aberrant Lasius from Japan. Biol. Bull., vol. 19, pp. 130-137, 2 figs. Three New Genera of Myrmicine Ants from Tropical America. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 28, pp, 259-265, 3 figs. A New Species of Aphomomyrmex from Borneo. Psyche, vol. 17, pp. 131-135, 1 fig. A Gynandromorphous Mutillid. Psyche, vol. 17, pp. 186-190, 1 fig. The North American Forms of Lasius umbratus Ny- lander. Psyche, vol. 17, pp. 235-243. The North American Forms of Camponotus fallax Ny- lander. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 18, pp. 216-232. The North American Ants of the Genus Camponotus Mayr. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 20, pp. 295-354. A List of New Jersey Formicidae in J. B. Smith’s Report of the Insects of New Jersey, 1910, pp. 655-663. 80 Psyche [ September 1911 The Ant-Colony as an Organism. Journ. Morph., vol. 22, pp. 307-825. Additions to the Ant-fauna of Jamaica. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 30, pp. 21-29. Review of K. Escherich’s “Termitenleben auf Ceylon”. Science, n.s., vol. 33, pp. 530-534. On Melanet serius inf emails Fall. Psyche, vol. 18, pp. 112-114, 1 fig. Two Fungus-Growing Ants from Arizona. Psyche, vol. 18, pp. 93-101, 2 figs. A New Camponotus from California. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 96-98. Three Formicid Names which have been Overlooked. Science, n.s., vol. 33, pp. 858-860. Ants Collected in Grenada, W.I., by Mr. C. T. Brues. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, pp. 167-172. Review of v. Kirchner’s “Blumen und Insekten”. Science, n.s., vol. 34, pp. 57-58. A List of the Type Species of the Genera and Subgenera of Formicidae. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 21, pp. 157-175. Literature for 1910 on the Behavior of Ants, their Guests and Parasites. Journ. Anim. Behavior, vol. 1, pp. 413-429. Notes on the Myrmecophilous Beetles of the Genus Xeno- dusa, with a description of the Larva of X. cava Leconte. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 163-169. Pseudoscorpions in Ant Nests. Psyche, vol. 18, pp. 166-168. Descriptions of Some New Fungus-growing Ants from Texas, with Mr. C. G. Hartman’s Observations on their Habits. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 245-255, i pi. An Ant-nest Coccinellid ( Brachyacantha U- punctata Mels.). Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 169-174, 1 fig. Miastor Larvae in Connecticut. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 19, p. 201. Lasius (Acanthomyops) claviger in Tahiti. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 19, p. 262. A Desert Cockroach. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 262-263. 1937] William Morton Wheeler 81 Three New Ants from Mexico and Central America. Psyche, vol. 18, pp. 203-208. Insect Parasitism and its Peculiarities. Popular Science Monthly, vol. 79, pp. 431-449. 1912 The Ants of Guam. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 20, pp. 44-48. New Names for Some North American Ants of the Genus Formica. Psyche, vol. 19, p. 90. Notes on a Mistletoe Ant. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 20, pp. 130-133. Notes About Ants and Their Resemblance to Man. Nat. Geogr. Mag., vol. 23, pp. 731-766, 34 figs. Additions to our Knowledge of the Ants of the Genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael. Psyche, vol. 19, pp. 172-181, 1 fig. The Male of Eciton vagans Olivier. Psyche, vol. 19, pp. 206-207. Review of J. H. Comstock’s “Spider Book”. Science, n.s., vol. 36, pp. 745-746. 1913 Notes on the Habits of Some Central American Stingless Bees. Psyche, vol. 20, pp. 1-9. A Giant Coccid from Guatemala. Psyche, vol. 20, pp. 31-33, 1 fig. Review of Sladen’s “The Humble Bee, its Life History and How to Domesticate it”. Science, n.s., vol. 37, pp. 180-182. A Revision of the Ants of the Genus Formica (L.) Mayr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, vol. 53, pp. 379-565, 10 figs. Observations on the Central American Acacia Ants. Trans. 2nd Internat. Entom. Congress, Oxford, 1912, vol. 2, pp. 109-139. Hymenoptera II; Ants (Formicidae) . Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 8, pp. 233-237. Corrections and Additions to the “List of the Type Species of Genera and Subgenera of Formicidae”. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 23, pp. 77-83. Ants Collected in Georgia by Mr. J. C. Bradley and Mr. W. T. Davis. Psyche, vol. 20, pp. 112-117. The Ants of Cuba. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, vol. 54, pp. 477-505. 82 Psyche [September Ants Collected in the West Indies. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, pp. 239-244. A Solitary Wasp ( Aphilanthops frigidus F. Smith) that Provisions its Nest with Queen Ants. Journ. Anim. Be- havior, vol. 3, pp. 374-387. 1914 The Ants of the Baltic Amber. Schrift. Physik-okonom. Gesellsch. Konigsberg, vol. 55, pp. 1-142, 66 figs. The Ants of Haiti. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 1-61, 27 figs, (with W. M. Mann) . Gynandromorphous Ants Described During the Decade 1903-1913. American Naturalist, vol. 48, pp. 49-56. Ants Collected by Mr. W. M. Mann in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 22, pp. 37-61. Review of O. M. Reuter’s “Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte”. Science, n.s., vol. 39, pp. 69-71. Formica exsecta in Japan. Psyche, vol. 21, pp. 26-27. Notes on the Habits of Liomyrmex. Psyche, vol. 21, pp. 76-77. Ants and Bees as Carriers of Pathogenic Microorganisms. American Journ. Trop. Diseases and Prevent. Med., vol. 2, pp. 160-168. The American Species of Myrmica Allied to M. rubida Latreille. Psyche, vol. 21, pp. 118-122, 1 fig. New and Little Known Harvesting Ants of the Genus Pogonomyrmex. Psyche, vol. 21, pp. 149-157. 1915 The Luminous Organ of the New Zealand Glow-worm. Psyche, vol. 22, pp. 36-43, 1 pi. (with F. X. Williams). A New Linguatulid from Ecuador. Rept. First Harvard Exped. to South America (1913), appendix, pp. 207-208, 1 pi. Neomyrma versus Oreomyrma, a Correction. Psyche, vol. 22, p. 50. Some Additions to the North American Ant-fauna. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, pp. 389-421. The Australian Honey-Ants of the Genus Leptomyrmex Mayr. Proc. American Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 51, pp. 255-286, 12 figs. Paranomopone, a New Genus of Ponerine Ants from 1937] William Morton Wheeler 83 Queensland. Psyche, vol. 22, pp. 117-120, 1 pi. Hymenoptera. In “Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the North-western Regions of South Australia”. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 39, pp. 805-823, 3 pis. A New Bog-inhabiting Variety of Formica fusca L. Psyche, vol. 22, pp. 203-206. Two New Genera of Myrmicine Ants from Brazil. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 59, pp. 45-54, 2 pis. On the Presence and Absence of Cocoons among Ants, the Nest-spinning habits of the Larvae and the Significance of the Black Cocoons Among Certain Australian Species. Ann. Entom. Soc. America, vol. 8, pp. 323-342, 5 figs. 1916 The Marriage-flight of a Bull-dog Ant ( Myrmecia san- guinea F. Smith) . Journ. Anim. Behavior, vol. 6, pp. 70-73. Formicoidea. In “The Hymenoptera of Connecticut”. Connecticut State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 22, pp. 577-601. Prodiscothyrea, a New Genus of Ponerine Ants from Queensland. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 40, pp. 33-37, 1 pi. The Australian Ants of the Genus Onychomyrmex Emery. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 60, pp. 45-54, 2 pis. Ants Collected in British Guiana by the Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History during 1911. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 35, pp. 1-14. The Ants of the Phillips Expedition to Palestine during 1914. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 60, pp. 167-174, 1 fig. (with W. M. Mann) . Ants Collected in Trinidad by Professor Roland Thaxter, Mr. F. W. Urich and Others. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 60, pp. 323-330, 1 fig. Jean-Henri Fabre. Journ. Anim. Behavior, vol. 6, pp. 74-80. Four New and Interesting Ants from the Mountains of Borneo and Luzon. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 6, pp. 9-18, 4 figs. Review of H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe’s “British Ants, Their Life-History and Classification”. Science, n.s., vol. 43, pp. 316-318. 84 Psyche [ September Some New Formicid Names. Psyche, vol. 23, p. 40. Notes on Some Slave Raids of the Western Amazon Ant ( Polyergus breviceps Emery). Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 24, pp. 107-118. The Australian Ants of the Genus Aphaenogaster Mayr. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 40, pp. 213-223, 2 pis. The Mountain Ants of Western North America. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 52, pp. 457-569. Note on the Brazilian Fire Ant, Solenopsis sxvissima F. Smith. Psyche, vol. 23, pp. 142-143. An Anomalous Blind Worker Ant. Psyche, vol. 23, pp. 143-145, 2 figs. Questions of Nomenclature Connected with the Ant Genus Lasius and its Subgenera. Psyche, vol. 23, pp. 168-173. Two New Ants from Texas and Arizona. Proc. New Eng- land Zool. Club, vol. 6, pp. 29-35, 2 figs. A Phosphorescent Ant. Psyche, vol. 23, pp. 173-174. An Indian Ant Introduced into the United States. Journ. Econ. Entom., vol. 9, pp. 566-569, 1 fig. The Australian Ant-Genus Myrmecorhynchus Ern. Andre and its Position in the Subfamily Camponotinae. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 41, pp. 14-19. Ants Carried in a Floating Log from the Brazilian Main- land to San Sebastian Island. Psyche, vol. 23, pp. 180-183. 1917 A New Malayan Ant of the Genus Prodiscothyrea. Psyche, vol. 24, pp. 29-30. A List of Indiana Ants. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1917, pp. 460-466. The North American Ants Described by Asa Fitch. Psyche, vol. 24, pp. 26-29. The Ants of Alaska. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, pp. 15-22. The Phylogenetic Development of Apterous and Sub- apterous Castes in the Formicidae. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 109-117. The Synchronic Behavior of Phalangidae. Science, n.s., vol. 45, pp. 189-190. Jamaican Ants Collected by Prof. C. T. Brues. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, pp. 457-471, 2 pis., 3 figs. 1937] William. Morton Wheeler 85 The Temporary Social Parasitism of Lasius subumbratus Yiereck. Psyche, vol. 24, pp. 167-176. Notes on the Marriage Flights of Some Sonoran Ants. Psyche, vol. 24, pp. 177-180. The Pleometrosis of Myrmecocystus. Psyche, vol. 24, pp. 180-182. 1918 The Ants of the Genus Opisthopsis Emery. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 62, pp. 343-362, 3 pis. The Australian Ants of the Ponerine Tribe Cerapachyini. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 53, pp. 215-265. Ants Collected in British Guiana by Mr. C. William Beebe. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 26, pp. 23-28. A Great Opportunity for Applied Science. Harvard Alumni Bulletin, vol. 20, pp. 264-266. A Study of Some Ant Larvae, with a Consideration of the Origin and Meaning of the Social Habit among Insects. Proc. American Philos. Soc., vol. 57, pp. 293-343, 12 figs. Vermileo comstocki sp. nov., an Interesting Leptid fly from California. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 6, pp. 83-84. Quick Key to a Knowledge of Common Insects : Review of F. E. Lutz’s “Field Book of Insects”. American Mus. Journ., vol. 18, pp. 381-382. Introduction to Phil and Nellie Rau’s “Wasp Studies Afield”. Princeton Univ. Press, 1918, pp. 1-8. 1919 Two Gynandromorphous Ants. Psyche, vol. 26, pp. 1-8, 2 figs. The Parasitic Aculeata, A Study in Evolution. Proc. American Philosoph. Soc., vol. 58, pp. 1-40. The Ants of Borneo. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 63, pp. 43-157. A New Subspecies of Aphsenog aster treatse Forel. Psyche, vol. 26, p. 50. The Ant Genus Lordomyrma Emery. Psyche, vol. 26, pp. 97-106, 4 figs. A New Paper-making Crematogaster from the South- eastern United States. Psyche, vol. 26, pp. 107-112. The Ants of Tobago Island. Psyche, vol. 26, p. 113. 86 Psyche [ September The Ant Genus Metapone Forel. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer- ica, vol. 12, pp. 173-191, 7 figs. The Ants of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 259-297. The Ants of Cocos Island. Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 299-308. A Singular Neotropical Ant ( Pseudomyrma filiformis Fabricius) . Psyche, vol. 26, pp. 124-131, 3 figs. The Phoresy of Antherophagus. Psyche, vol. 26, pp. 145-152, 1 fig. 1920 The Termitodoxa, or Biology and Society. Scientific Monthly, vol. 10, pp. 113-124. The Subfamilies of Formicidae, and Other Taxonomic Notes. Psyche, vol. 27, pp. 46-55, 3 figs. Euponera gilva Roger, a Rare North American Ant. Psyche, vol. 27, pp. 69-72. (with F. M. Gaige). Charles Gordon Hewitt. Journ. Econ. Entom., vol. 13, pp. 262-263. The Feeding Habits of Pseudomyrmine and Other Ants. Trans. American Philos. Soc., vol. 22, pp. 235-279, 5 pis. (with I. W. Bailey) . Review of Bouvier “La Vie Psychique des Insectes”. Science, n.s., vol. 52, pp. 443-446. 1921 A New Case of Parabiosis and the Ant Gardens of British Guiana. Ecology, vol. 2, pp. 89-103, 3 figs. The Organization of Research. Science, n.s., vol. 53, pp. 53-67. Chinese Ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 64, pp. 529-547. Observations on Army Ants in British Guiana. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 56, pp. 291-328, 10 figs. Professor Emery’s Subgenera of the Genus Camponotus Mayr. Psyche, vol. 28, pp. 16-19. A Study of Some Social Beetles in British Guiana and of Their Relations to the Ant-plant, Tachigalia. Zoologica, New York, vol. 3, pp. 35-126, 5 pis., 12 figs. The Tachigalia Ants. Zoologica, New York, vol. 3, pp. 137-168, 4 figs. Notes on the Habits of European and North American 1937] William Morton Wheeler 87 Cucujidae. Zoologica, New York, vol. 3, pp. 173-183. On Instincts. Journ. Abnorm. Psych., vol. 15, pp. 295-318. Chinese Ants Collected by Prof. C. W. Howard. Psyche, vol. 28, pp. 110-115, 2 figs. Vespa arctica Rohwer, a Parasite of Vespa diabolica De Saussure. Psyche, vol. 28, pp. 135-144, 3 figs, (with L. H. Taylor) . 1922 Ants of the Genus Formica in the Tropics. Psyche, vol. 19, pp. 174-177. The Ants of Trinidad. American Mus. Novitates, No. 45, pp. 1-16, 1 fig. A New Genus and Subgenus of Myrmicinae from Tropical America. American Mus. Novitates, No. 46, pp. 1-6, 2 figs. Report on the Ants of the Belgian Congo. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 45, pp. 1-1139. (with the collaboration of J. Bequaert, I. W. Bailey, F. Santschi, and W. M. Mann) . I. On the Distribution of the Ants of the Ethiopian and Malagasy Regions, pp. 13-37. II. The Ants Collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition, pp. 39-270. VII. Keys to the Genera and Subgenera of Ants, pp. 631-710. VIII. A Synonymic List of the Ants of the Ethiopian Region, pp. 711-1004. IX. A Synonymic List of the Ants of the Malagasy Region, pp. 1005-1055. Observations on Gigantiops destructor Fabricius, and Other Leaping Ants. Biol. Bull., vol. 42, pp. 185-201, 3 figs. Neotropical Ants of the Genera Carebara, Tranopelta and Tranopeltoides, New Genus. American Mus. Novitates, No. 48, pp. 1-14, 3 figs. The Mating of Diacamma. Psyche, vol. 29, pp. 203-211, 4 figs, (with J. W. Chapman) . 1923 The Dry-Rot of Our Academic Biology. Science, n.s., vol. 57, pp. 61-71. A Singular Habit of Sawfly Larvae. Psyche, vol. 30, pp. 9-13, 1 fig. (with W. M. Mann) . Formicidae from Easter Island and Juan Fernandez. In 88 Psyche [ September “The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island”. Ed. by Dr. Carl Skottsberg, vol. 8, pp. 317-319. Report on the ants Collected by the Barbados- Antigua Ex- pedition from the University of Iowa in 1918. Univ. of Iowa Studies Nat. Hist., vol. 10, pp. 3-9. Social Life Among the Insects. Scientific Monthly, vol. 14, 15 and 16, June 1922 — March 1923: 14, pp. 497-525; 15, pp. 67-88; 119-131; 235-256; 320-337; 385-404; 527-541; 16, pp. 5-33; 159-176; 312-329. Chinese Ants Collected by Professor S. F. Light and Pro- fessor A. P. Jacot. American Mus. Novitates, No. 69, pp. 1-6. Formicidae. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedi- schen entomologischen Reise des Herrn Dr. A. Roman in Amazonas 1914-1915. Arkiv. f. Zool., vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 1-6. Social Life Among the Insects, pp. 3+375. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York. Ants of the Genera Myopias and Acanthoponera. Psyche, vol. 30, pp. 175-192, 5 figs. The Occurrence of Winged Females in the Ant Genus Leptogenys Roger, with Descriptions of New Species. American Mus. Novitates, No. 90, 16 pp., 5 figs. 1924 Two Extraordinary Larval Myrmecophiles from Panama. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 237-244, 3 figs. A Gynandromorph of Tetramorium guineense Fabr. Psyche, vol. 31, pp. 136-137, 1 fig. Hymenoptera of the Siju Cave, Garo Hills, Assam. Rec- ords of the Indian Museum, vol. 26, Pt. 1, pp. 123-125. On the Ant-genus Chrysapace Crawley. Psyche, vol. 31, pp. 224-225. The Formicidae of the Harrison Williams Expedition to the Galapagos Islands. Zoologica, New York, vol. 5, pp. 101-122, 8 figs. Ants of Krakatau and Other Islands in the Sunda Strait. Treubia, vol. 5, pp. 1-20, 1 map. 1925 Courtship of the Calobates ; The Kelep Ant and the Court- ship of its Mimic Cardiacephala myrmex. Journ. Heredity, vol. 15, pp. 485-495, 8 figs. A New Guest-Ant and other new Formicidae from Barro 1937] William Morton Wheeler 89 Colorado Island, Panama. Biol. Bull., vol. 49, pp. 150-181, 8 figs. The Ants of the Philippine Islands. Part I. Dorylinae and Ponerinae. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 28, pp. 47-73, 2 pis. (with J. W. Chapman). Neotropical Ants in the Collections of the Royal Museum of Stockholm. Part. I. Ark. Zook, vol. 17 A, No. 8, pp. 1-55. Zoological Results of the Swedish Expedition to Central Africa 1921. Insecta 10, Formicidae. Ark. Zook, vol. 17A, No. 25, pp. 1-3. The Finding of the Queen of the Army ant Eciton hamatum Fabricius. Biol. Bulk, vol. 49, pp. 139-149, 8 figs. L’Evolution des Insectes Sociaux. Rev. Scient., vol. 63, pp. 548-557, 6 figs. Carlo Emery. Entom. News, vol. 36, pp. 318-320. 1926 Les Societees dTnsectes: leur origine, leur evolution. Doin, Paris, 468 pp. Translation of an unpublished manuscript of Reaumur, “The Natural History of Ants”. 280 pp. New York, A. A. Knopf, 1926. Social Habits of Some Canary Island Spiders. Psyche, vol. 33, pp. 29-31. A New Word for an Old Thing. (Review of Watson’s “Behaviorism”). Quarterly Rev. of Biol., vol. 1, pp. 439-443. Emergent Evolution and the Social. Science, n.s., vol. 44, pp. 433-440. Ants of the Balearic Islands. Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica, vol. 1, pp. 1-6. 1927 The Occurrence of Formica fusca Linne in Sumatra. Psyche, vol. 34, pp. 40-41. Burmese Ants Collected by Professor G. E. Gates. Psyche, vol. 34, pp. 42-46. Chinese Ants Collected by Professor S. F. Light and Pro- fessor N. Gist Gee. American Mus. Novitates, No. 255, pp. 1-12. The Physiognomy of Insects. Quarterly Rev. of Biol., vol. 2, pp. 1-36. Ants Collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Indochina. 90 Psyche [September Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. Portici, vol. 20, pp. 83-106, 9 figs. Ants of the Genus Amblyopone Erichson. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 62, pp. 1-29, 8 figs. A Few Ants from China and Formosa. American Mus. Novitates, No. 259, pp. 1-4. The Ants of the Canary Islands. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 62, pp. 93-120, 2 pis. The Ants of Lord Howe and Norfolk Island. Proc. Amer- ican Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 62, pp. 121-153, 12 figs. Carl Akeley’s Early Work and Environment. Natural History, vol. 27, pp. 133-141, 5 figs. The Occurrence of the Pavement Ant (Tetramorium csespitum) in Boston. Psyche, vol. 34, pp. 164-165. Conserving the Family, a Review of three books on Human Reproduction and the Family. Journ. Hered., vol. 18, pp. 119-120. Emergent Evolution and the Social. Psyche Miniatures, Gen. Ser. No. 11, London. Kegan Paul etc. 1928 Foibles of Insects and Men. xxvi+217+xi pp. A. Knopf, New York. The Social Insects, their Origin and Evolution. 378 pp. London. Kegan Paul etc. Ants Collected by Prof. F. Silvestri in China. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar., Portici, vol. 22, pp. 3-38, 3 figs. The Evolution of Ants. In Frances Mason’s “Creation by Evolution”, pp. 210-224, New York, MacMillan. A New Species of Probolomyrmex from Java. Psyche, vol. 35, pp. 7-9, 1 fig. Ants of Nantucket Island, Mass. Psyche, vol. 35, pp. 10-11. Mermis Parasitism and Intercastes among Ants. Journ. Exper. Zool., vol. 50, pp. 165-237, 17 figs. Ants Collected by Prof. F. Silvestri in Japan and Korea. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. Portici, vol. 21, pp. 96-125. Emergent Evolution and the Development of Societies. 80 pp. New York, W. W. Norton. Zatapinoma, a new Genus of Ants from India. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 10, pp. 19-23, 1 fig. Societal Evolution in E. V. Coundry’s “Human Biology and 1937] William Morton Wheeler 91 Racial Welfare.” Chapter VI, pp. 139-155. New York, Hoeber. 1929 Amazonian Myrmecophytes and their Ants. Zool. Anz. (Wasmann-Festband), vol. 82, pp. 10-39. (with J. C. Bequaert) . Two Interesting Neotropical Myrmecophytes (Cordia nodosa and C. alliodora) . IV. Int. Congress of Entom., Ithaca, Aug. 1928, vol. 2, pp. 342-353. Present Tendencies in Biological Theory. Scientific Monthly, vol. 28, pp. 97-109. The Identity of the Ant-genera Gesomyrmex Mayr and Dimorphomyrmex Ernest Andre. Psyche, vol. 36, pp. 1-12, 1 fig. Three New Genera of Ants from the Dutch East Indies. American Mus. Novitates, No. 349, pp. 1-8. Ants Collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Formosa, The Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar., Portici, vol. 24, pp. 27-64. Two Neotropical Ants Established in the United States. Psyche, vol. 36, pp. 89-90. Note on Gesomyrmex. Psyche, vol. 36, pp. 91-92. The Ant-Genus Rhopalomastix. Psyche, vol. 36, pp. 95-101. A Camponotus Mermithergate from Argentina. Psyche, vol. 36, pp. 102-106. Some Ants from China and Manchuria. American Mus. Novitates, No. 361, pp. 1-11. Review of H. Friedmann’s 'The Cowbirds, A Study in the Biology of Social Parasitism”. Science, n.s., vol. 70, pp. 70-73. The Entomological Discoveries of John Hunter In "Exer- cises in Celebration of the Bicentenary of the Birth of John Hunter”. New England Journ. Medicine, 1929, pp. 810-823. Is Necrophylus arenarius Roux the larva of Pterocroce storeyi Withycombe? Psyche, vol. 36, pp. 313-320. 1930 History of the Bussey Institution In S. E. Morison’s "De- velopment of Harvard University since the Inauguration of 92 Psyche [September Pres. Elliot 1869-1929”. Harvard Univ. Pres, 1930, pp. 508-517. The Ant Prenolepis imparls Say. Ann. Entom. Soc. America, vol. 23, pp. 1-24, 3 figs. A Second Note on Gesomyrmex. Psyche, vol. 37, pp. 35-40. Two New Genera of Ants from Australia and the Phil- ippines. Psyche, vol. 37, pp. 41-47. Two Mermithergates of Ectatomma. Psyche, vol. 37, pp. 48-54. Formosan Ants Collected by Dr. R. Takahashi. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 11, pp. 93-106, 2 figs. A New Emeryella from Panama. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 12, pp. 9-13, 1 fig. A New Parasitic Crematogaster from Indiana. Psyche, vol. 37, pp. 55-60. Review of Auguste Forel’s “Social World of the Ants”. Journ. Soc. Psychol., vol. 1, pp. 170-177. Philippine Ants of the Genus Aenictus with Descriptions of the Females of Two Species. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 38, pp. 193-212, 7 figs. Ant-tree Notes from Rio Frio, Colombia. Psyche, vol. 37,. pp. 107-117, 1 pi. (with P. J. Darlington, Jr.). Demons of the Dust, A Study in Insect Behavior. xviii^378 pp. W. W. Norton, New York. 1931 New and Little-known Species of Macromischa, Croeso- myrmex and Antillaemyrmex. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 72; pp. 3-34. A List of the Known Chinese Ants. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 1930-31, vol. 5, pp. 53-81. What is Natural History? Bull. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 59, pp. 3-12. Concerning Some Ant Gynandromorphs. Psyche, vol. 38, pp. 80-85. Neotropical Ants of the Genus Xenomyrmex Forel. Rev. Entom., vol. 1, pp. 129-139. Hopes in the Biological Sciences. Proc. American Philos. Soc., vol. 70, pp. 231-239. The Ant Camponotus ( Myrmepomis ) sericeiventris Guerin and its Mimic. Psyche, vol. 38, pp. 86-98. 1937] William Morton Wheeler 93 1932 JEnictoteras chapmani gen. et sp. nov., an Extraordinary Ant-Guest from the Philippines. Liv. du Centenaire Soc. Entom. France, 1932, pp. 301-310. Ants of the Marquesas Islands. Bull. 98, Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Honolulu, pp. 155-163. Ants from the Society Islands. Pacific Ent. Survey Publ. 6, article 3, pp. 13-19. A Cuban Vermileo. Psyche, vol. 38, pp. 166-169. A List of the Ants of Florida. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 40, pp. 1-17. How the Primitive Ants of Australia Start their Colonies. Science, n.s., vol. 76, pp. 532-533. Some Attractions of the Field Study of Ants. Scientific Monthly, vol. 34, pp. 397-402. An Australian Leptanilla. Psyche, vol. 39, pp. 53-58, 1 fig. 1933 Colony-founding among Ants, with an Account of Some Primitive Australian species. 179 pp. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge. The Lamarck Manuscripts at Harvard. 202 pp. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, (with T. Barbour) . Mermis Parasitism in Some Australian and Mexican Ants. Psyche, vol. 40, pp. 20-31. Unusual Prey of Bembix. Psyche, vol. 40, pp. 57-59. (with R. Dow) . Formicidae of the Templeton Crocker Expedition 1933. Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. (4), 21, pp. 57-64. New Ants from China and Japan. Psyche, vol. 40, pp. 65-67. A Second Parasitic Crematogaster. Psyche, vol. 40, pp. 83-86. Translation of Maurice Bedel’s “My Uncles, Louis Bedel and Henri d’Orbigny”. Rev. Biol., vol. 8, pp. 325-330, 1 fig. A New Species of Ponera and Other Records of Ants from the Marquesas Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Honolulu, Bull. 114, pp. 141-144. An Ant New to the Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc., vol. 8, pp. 275-278, 1 fig. 94 Psyche [ September A New Myrmoteras from Java. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 13, pp. 72-75, 1 fig. Three Obscure Genera of Ponerine Ants. American Mus. Novitates, No. 672, pp. 1-23. 1934 Some Aberrant Species of Camponotus (Colobopsis) from the Fiji Islands. Ann. Entom. Soc. America, vol. 27, pp. 415-424. Ants from the Islands off the West Coast of Lower Cali- fornia and Mexico. Pan Pacific Entom., vol. 10, pp. 132-144. A Second Revision of the Ants of the Genus Leptomyrmex Mayr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 77, pp. 67-118. A Revised List of the Ants of the Hawaiian Islands. Occasional Papers, Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Honolulu, vol. 10, No. 21, pp. 1-21. A Study of the Ant Genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 69, pp. 341-387. (with W. S. Creighton) . Animal Societies (Biology & Society). Scientific Monthly, vol. 39, pp. 289-301. Formicidae of the Templeton Crocker Expedition 1932. Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 21, pp. 173-181, 1 fig. Contributions to the Fauna of Rottnest Island, West Australia. Journ. Roy. Soc. Western Australia, vol. 20, pp. 137-163. An Australian Ant of the Genus Leptothorax Mayr. Psyche, vol. 41, pp. 60-62. A Specimen of the Jamaican Vermileo. Psyche, vol. 41, pp. 236-237. Introduction to O. E. Plath’s “Bumblebees, their Life His- tory, Habits and Economic Importance”, pp. vii-x. Mac- Millan Co., New York. Neotropical Ants Collected by Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra and Others. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 77, pp. 157-240. Some Ants from the Bahama Islands. Psyche, vol. 41, pp. 230-232. 1935 Two New Genera of Myrmicine Ants from Papua and the Philippines. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 15, pp. 1-9. Observations on the Behavior of Animals during the Total 1937] William Morton Wheeler 95 Solar Eclipse of August 31st, 1932 (Insects by Wheeler). Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 70,/ pp. 36-45. The Ants of the Genera Belonopelta Mayr and Simopelta Mann. Rev. de Entomologia, vol. 5, pp. 8-19. The Australian Ant-genus Mayriella Forel. Psyche, vol. 42, pp. 151-160. A Checklist of the Ants of Oceania. Occasional Papers, Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Honolulu, vol. 11, pp. 1-56. New Ants from the Philippines. Psyche, vol. 42, pp. 38-52. Myrmecological Notes. Psyche, vol. 42, pp. 68-72. Ants of the Genus Acropyga Roger with Description of a New Species. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 43, pp. 321-329. 1936 Binary Anterior Ocelli in Ants. Biol. Bull., vol. 70, pp. 185-192. Entomology at Harvard University. From “Notes Con- cerning the History and Contents of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology”. Cambridge, 1936, pp. 22-32. Ants from Hispaniola and Mona Island. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, vol. 80, pp. 196-211. Notes on Some Aberrant Indonesian Ants of the Subfamily Formicinae. Tijdschr. Entom., vol. 79, pp. 217-221. Review of Thomas Elliott Snyder’s “Our Enemy the Ter- mite”. Psyche, vol. 43, pp. 27-29. The Australian Ant-genus Froggattella Forel. American Mus. Novitates, No. 842, pp. 1-12. A Singular Crematogaster from Guatemala. Psyche, vol. 43, pp. 40-48. Ecological Relations of Ponerine and Other Ants to Ter- mites. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 71, pp. 159-243. A Notable Contribution to Entomology. (Review of Tarlton Rayment’s “A Cluster of Bees”). Quarterly Rev. Biol., vol. 11, pp. 337-341. Ants from the Society, Austral, Tuamotu and Mangareva Islands. Occasional Papers, Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Hono- lulu, vol. 12, no. 18, pp. 1-17. 1937 Additions to the Ant-fauna of Krakatau Island and Ver- laten Island. Treubia, vol. 16, pp. 21-24. 96 Psyche [ September Ants mostly from the Mountains of Cuba. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 81, pp. 439-465. Mosaics and Other Anomalies Among Ants. 95 pp., 18 figs. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. In collaboration with his former student, Dr. Wm. S. Creighton, Professor Wheeler had begun the preparation of a Handbook of North American Ants. Much of the pre- liminary manuscript for this volume was already finished and Dr. Creighton plans to carry the work to completion in the near future. PIN-LABELS IN MULTIPLES OF 1000, ALIKE One Dollar Per Thousand Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line) Additional Characters, 3 cents each, in total and per line, per 1000. Trimmed so one cut makes a label. C. V. BLACKBURN, 7 Emerson St., STONEHAM 80, MASS. 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CARPENTER, Associate Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 VOL. XLIV DECEMBER, 1937 No. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Notes on the Habits of Strumigenys. William Steel Creighton. . . 97 Cannibalism Among Lepidopterous Larvae. V. G. Dethier 110 A Megamorphic and Two Curious Mimetic Flies. Frank M. Hull 116 West Indian Carabidae IV : Three New Colpodes. P. J. Darlington, Jr 122 Observations and Experiments on the Case-building Instinct of Two Species of Trichoptera. Manton Copeland and Sears Crowell 125 Synonymy of the Genus Pseudoxenos Saunders (Strepsiptera, Xenidae) and Records of Stylopized Hymenoptera from North Carolina. Richard M . Bohart 132 Biology of the Tachinid Winthemia datanse Tns. Frank L. Marsh 138 Notes on the Courtship and Mating of the Fly, Ptecticus trivittatus Say. 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The actual cost of pi'eparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors; the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full page half-tones, $7.50 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on appli- cation. Printed by the Eliot Press Inc., Jamaica Plain, Mass., U. S. A. PSYCHE VOL. XLIV DECEMBER, 1937 No. 4 NOTES ON THE HABITS OF STRUMIGENYS By William Steel Creighton Dept, of Biology, College of the City of New York The singular cephalic characteristics which mark the ants of the genus Strumigenys have given rise to a number of postulates concerning the habits of these strange insects. Such postulates have, for the most part, remained specu- lative. This result is not surprising if one considers the obscurity which surrounds these forms. Although widely distributed and not excessively rare in some areas Strumi- genys is one of the least conspicuous genera in our ant fauna. This will not, however, entirely account for the dearth of ecological data concerning the group. Published records attest that nearly every American myrmecologist has taken specimens of Strumigenys in the field. The opportunity for habit studies has been allowed to pass and the specimens have given rise to little more than an additional locality record. If it were not for the abundant evidence to the con- trary one might almost believe that myrmecologists suffer from a distressing sort of alcoholism which impells them to pop rare specimens into that fluid as soon as these are un- earthed. This might have been the fate of the colony de- scribed in this paper had it not been accidentally divided into two groups on exposure. The first of these went into alcohol at once but the second was not noticed until the initial ac- quisitive frenzy had passed. It was thereupon placed in a live-bottle where it survived a three day trip home. The ensuing notes are based upon observations made on this fragment of the original colony. 98 Psyche [December I regard the specimens as identical with that form of S. louisianae described by Dr. M. R. Smith as the subspecies laticeyhala. It may be recalled that Dr. Smith in his mono- graph of the North American Strumigenys (1) expressed the belief that the range of the subspecies laticeyhala might be more extensive than his published records indicated. The locality of the colony described herein fully supports Dr. Smith’s supposition and at the same time furnishes a new northeastern record not only for the subspecies but for the subgenus as well. The insects were secured on April 22 in a well-developed stand of pine a mile or two to the east of Rocky Mount, North Carolina. The previous records of this subspecies were limited to Mississippi and Alabama where its known range extended almost to the northern border of each state. In point of fact the North Carolina record is only about eighty miles further to the north but the wide swing to the east is very significant. It definitely places laticeyhala with that interesting group of southern species whose range begins in the Gulf States and extends northward through the tidewater area of the Atlantic seaboard. It is, perhaps, not too much to assume that the northern end of the range of laticeyhala may lie in the New Jersey pine barrens. On reaching home the fifteen surviving workers were placed in a small plaster nest. In addition I placed in the nest chambers a quantity of the bark which had formed the walls of the original nest. Except for shredding this bark so that it would not interfere with the closing of the glass top of the nest it was in its original condition. This was done with a view to promoting fungal growth since Kennedy and Schramm, in a paper published in 1933 (2) had postu- lated that these insects might be fungus feeders. Their supposition was based upon an analysis of S. ( Ceyhaloxys ) ohioensis, a species which they described in the same paper. After boiling the insects in KOH the cleared specimens were examined for chitinous remains of other insects. The results were negative, no such fragments being found. Accordingly Kennedy and Schramm gave up the idea that Strumigenys is insectivorous because they believe that such fragments occur “in the bodies of other ants which feed on insects”. I find this statement confusing. I presume that it must refer to the infra-buccal pocket which sometimes contains chitinous 1937] Habits of Strumigenys 99 remains. I cannot believe that the authors imply that such fragments pass into the abdominal portion of the digestive tract. If the infrabuccal pocket is meant, however, it should be recalled that Wheeler and Bailey have clearly shown (3) that this structure may be entirely devoid of recognizable insect remains in the case of an ant known to be insecti- vorous. The absence of such remains is, therefore, no proof that insect tissues are not used as food. While I could not accept the above conclusion as offered I was anxious to test the hypothesis of the two authors that the ants might be fungus feeders. This seemed entirely amenable to investi- gation if living specimens were available for study. I deter- mined, therefore, to give the colony every opportunity for cultivating a food fungus. With this in mind the nest was kept very moist and there soon developed on the surface of the bark two distinctly different fungi. The first of these appeared during the initial twenty-four hours after the establishment of the artificial nest. It con- sisted of numerous, slender, twisted hyphae. These colorless strands strongly resembled the filaments of Rhizopus but they never formed a heavy mycelium nor, as far as I could tell, did they ever produce fruiting bodies. The second fun- gus appeared on the following day. It consisted of spherical tufts of short hyphae radially arranged around what seemed to be a central point of attachment. The diameter of the mature colony was about one millimeter and as they ap- proached maturity the color changed from white to blue- grey. As each tuft seemed entirely isolated and as they showed a progressive development through the nest cham- bers it seems likely that this second fungus may have formed spores although I never saw any. During the course of many hours of observation I saw the Strumigenys repeatedly crawl around and over each of the two fungi. When doing so they would touch the hyphae with their antennae but, as they constantly explore their surround- ings with these organs while moving, there is no reason to attribute special significance to this fact. In no case did I see any evidence of the ants feeding on the fungus and it was only rarely that the palps came in contact with them. It may be argued that neither of the two fungi which de- veloped on the bark was the hypothetical food fungus. I see 100 Psyche [December no reason to suppose that such a view can be maintained. From what we know of the Attine ants there is abundant evidence to show that the fungus feeders permit only the food fungus to develop in the nest. Moreover, while the full development of the mycelia of such a fungus is usually re- stricted to the actual garden, fragments of the hyphse are widely dispersed throughout the nest because they adhere to the bodies of insects which tend them. From what has been said above it is obvious that the conditions in the artificial nest were favorable to the growth of fungi. If the ants had been cultivating a food fungus it is scarcely thinkable that it should have failed to develop while two foreign fungi grew well. It may further be objected that Kennedy and Schramm applied their postulate to a member of the subgenus Cephaloxys while my observations were made upon a species belonging to the subgenus Strumigenys. I am ready to agree that the habits of the two groups may differ but I would incline to the view that of the two Cephaloxys might be expected to show more nearly general feeding habits than Strumigenys. The mandibles of most species of Cephaloxys are far less aberrant than those of Strumigenys and, in addi- tion, the workers of Cephaloxys forage outside the nest in a perfectly normal manner. I have been able to observe this forraging in the case of three species of Cephaloxys and do not doubt that the other members of the group behave in a similar fashion. On the other hand I have never seen a worker of the subgenus Strumigenys outside the nest al- though I have taken these insects in several localities. There is, perhaps, little need for such elaborate refutation when it can be stated that the members of the captive colony readily fed on the tissues of other insects or, when these were not available, on a mixture of egg yolk and sugar. They refused sugary foods containing little protein. Indeed they were the first ants which I have ever known to reject a diet of bananas. With these observations in mind it seems to me that one cannot escape the conclusion that under natural conditions Strumigenys is insectivorous.1 After this article had gone to press the author received from Mr. L. G. Wesson, Jr., a most interesting paper describing his studies on the feeding habits of Strumigenys pergandei. (Entomological News, 1937] Habits of Strumigenys 101 We now come to another postulate concerning the habits of Strumigenys which was advanced by the author in a paper published in 1980 (4) . This publication, primarily concerned with the genus Myrmoteras, carried introductory remarks on various genera possessing linear mandibles. The matter of retrosalience was necessarily discussed but I attempted to show that this phenomenon represented the fortuitous outcome of a type of mandibular organization which I styled “trap-jawed”. I pointed out that such mandibular apparatus would be a very decided advantage to sluggish ants enabling them to capture other insects more agile than themselves. It is gratifying to be able to state that this supposition has proven correct in the case of Strumigenys. Because much of what is to follow presupposes a knowledge of the structure of the mandibles of Strumigenys I have prefaced the account of their activities with the needful morphological description. Each mandible of S. louisianae subsp. laticephala (Fig. 1) is inserted close to the midline of the head and consists of a rather stout blade which is rounded on the outer face and flattened on the inner. This blade bears two prominent apical teeth and a third subapical tooth which is about half as long as the other two. All three teeth are sharp and slender and set at right angles to the long axis of the blade. As the tip of the blade is somewhat rounded at the rear of the two apical teeth the resulting structure is not unlike what would be produced if the tines of a fork were bent at right angles to the handle. There is, however, this differ- ence, the “fork” has only two tines and these are separated by the thickness of the blade of the mandible. There is thus a considerable space between the apical teeth, a fact which will be later shown to be of importance. When in repose the mandibles can be brought close together so that their inner faces are almost in contact. This appears to be the usual Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 171-174, 1936.). Mr. Wesson showed that the normal food of this ant consists of various species of springtails. The Collembola are hunted down by the ants but not seized until they blunder into the open mandibles of their captors. Mr. Wesson con- siders that the presence of various species of Strumigenys in the nests of other ants constitutes what he calls a “loose form of symbiosis.” The Strumigenys benefit because of the abundant supply of springtails and are tolerated by the other ant which may benefit by the removal of the springtails. 102 Psyche [December position of the mandibles. I am by no means certain that the inner faces ever actually come in contact with each other although it seems likely that such contact may follow the snapping together of the mandibles during an attack. When the mandibles are held in the position just described the apical teeth lie close together and parallel to each other with their tips extending beyond the inner border of the opposite mandible (Fig. 2). If one looks down the long axis of the closed mandibles the four apical teeth may be seen to enclose a diamond-shaped area whose size will depend upon the de- gree of closure of the mandibles (Fig. 3). The mandibles can be opened to an astonishing extent, their outer borders approaching the sides of the head under extreme conditions. As a rule, however, they are not opened so widely, their usual position during attack being approximately at right angles to the long axis of the head. Under such circumstances the trigger hairs may be readily seen (Fig. 4). These do not arise from the mandibles themselves, as is the case with other forms possessing similar gnathal apparatus, but are borne on two conical lobes which lie between the bases of the mandibles. The trigger hairs are about two-thirds as long as the mandibles, and, since they project forward, it may be readily seen that objects which they touch should lie within the arcs described by the closing jaws. Anyone familiar with the mandibular organization of Odontomachus or Anochetus will recognize the essential similarity of the struc- tures just described in Strumigenys. Since we know that Odontomachus is able to dismember other insects with its pincer-like mandibles it seems reasonable to expect analo- gous reactions in the case of Strumigenys. My observations have supported this expectation but it must be borne in mind that the exceedingly deliberate actions of Strumigenys result in a type of attack which appears very different from the energetic activities of Odontomachus. As soon as the colony had recovered from the shock of transplantation and seemed at home in its new surroundings I cast about for a suitable victim with which to test the idea just mentioned. The small size of the Strumigenys worker considerably limited the choice. I wished to have the victim a more active insect than the Strumigenys and prudence for- bade the use of any form which might possibly damage the 1937] Habits of Strumigenys 103 Strumigenys during the attack. With these points in mind I selected Brachymyrmex heeri var. depilis as most suitable although under natural conditions it may be doubted if the two species often come in contact. For my purposes the choice was a most satisfactory one for each of the thirteen Brachymyrmex workers introduced into the nest was killed by the Strumigenys although some of them managed to avoid death for a number of hours. The method of attack employed by the Strumigenys was remarkably constant, so much so that I feel it unnecessary to cite individual cases unless there is some point of special interest. The sequence of events was as follows : On admitting the Brachymyrmex to the nest it began a series of exploratory investigations during which it visited the various nest chambers. As the Strumigenys preferred to stay in one of the narrow passages connecting two of the chambers it frequently happened that the Brachymyrmex actually ran over the quiescent Strumigenys workers. The latter roused at once and opened the mandibles but it seldom happened that any of them struck at the Brachymyrmex at that time. It may be added that, until it was attacked, the Brachymyrmex showed little fear of the Strumigenys. After becoming aware of the presence of the Brachymyrmex the Strumigenys workers would begin to move slowly about the nest. It is hard to depict the extreme deliberation of their movements. They proceed literally a step at a time and this gives to their actions an air of stealth which is prob- ably spurious since they never move rapidly under any cir- cumstances. Eventually one or more of the Strumigenys workers would approach within striking distance of the Brachymyrmex. If the latter were quiet the attacker would locate its position by cautious explorations with the antenna before it struck. Not infrequently, however, the Brachy- myrmex blundered into the open jaws of the Strumigenys which were promptly snapped shut as the trigger hairs were touched. The closure of the mandibles is extremely rapid and is followed by a distinct backward jerk of the body of the attacker. These two movements seem to be the only rapid motions of which the Strumigenys worker is capable. The effect of the attack on the Brachymyrmex is very marked. It would at once begin an elaborate series of clean- 104 Psyche [December in g reactions involving the antennal funiculi, the fore legs and sometimes the tip of the gaster. A single injury such as might have been received from the mandibles of the attacker would scarcely be expected to evoke such a general response. Moreover, as I shall presently show, injuries are rarely sus- tained by the Brachymyrmex during the initial attack. Yet this cleaning reaction after the attack is an exceedingly con- stant one. I observed it so often that I am led to suspect that some irritating substance is ejected by the Strumigenys at the moment of striking. I much regret that I cannot prove this point which is very interesting if true. While the Brachymyrmex was busy cleaning itself other Strumigenys workers would arrive and encircle it. Although the advantage of a concerted attack would seem obvious I never saw this happen. Each Strumigenys attacks separ- ately moving in with great deliberation and ascertaining the position of the Brachymyrmex with the antennae before striking. It is interesting to note that this particular re- action prevents the Strumigenys from striking each other. Quite frequently the positions of the attackers would be such that they would have struck one another had they relied solely upon the trigger hairs to release the mandibular mech- anism. By bringing the antennae into play they were enabled to recognize their nest mates and would alter their position accordingly. In the hundreds of times which I witnessed the Strumigenys attack I never saw one strike a nest mate. During this phase of the attack the Brachymyrmex would, of course, be struck at repeatedly. Not infrequently it would break out of the circle of attackers and run to another part of the nest. This, however, merely delayed the final result for sooner or later it was again surrounded. After the Brachymyrmex had been struck at perhaps twelve or fifteen times it usually became much dejected. It ceased the clean- ing movements which it had continued up to this time and made no further attempts to avoid attack. I wish to stress the fact that this dejection, if I may use that term, was not due to injuries. Except in rare cases the Brachymyrmex would reach this stage of the attack without any visible sign that it had sustained damage from the mandibles of its at- tackers. The change in its reactions was, nevertheless, most pronounced and this again leads me to the conclusion that its 1937] Habits of Strumigenys 105 lethargic condition may have resulted from the cumulative effects of some substance ejected upon it by the Strumigenys. With the decreasing activity of the Brachymyrmex the Strumigenys became, if possible, more methodical than ever. They would deliberately manoeuver the mandibles so that they would close on a leg or antenna of the victim and the better success of this attack was evidenced by the appear- ance of injuries in the parts just mentioned. The distress of the Brachymyrmex was now very apparent. It would undergo spasmodic shudderings or lift its body as high as possible with the legs stiff and straight beneath. As a rule it lost the power of muscular coordination a short time after- ward and the attack would end with the Brachymyrmex lying on the floor of the nest with its legs drawn tightly beneath it. In most cases the Strumigenys would later carry out the corpses of their victims and deposit them on the “kitchen midden”, in this case one of the food chambers of the nest. I was thus enabled to relax the remains of the Brachy- myrmex workers and study the extent and character of the injuries. As might have been expected these were remark- ably uniform. The antennal funiculi suffered the most. One or both usually showed injuries involving the loss of several joints. Not infrequently the entire funiculus, except the basal joint, was missing. The fore and middle tarsi, while less frequently damaged than the funiculi, were often in- jured. The hind tarsi were usually intact. In one specimen the tip of the gaster was torn but this injury was so slight that I would probably not have noticed it had it not been for the actions of the ant while it was still alive. This was the sole injury involving the body of the victim. Although I made a most careful search for evidences of piercing on various parts of the body I never found the slightest indi- cation that the teeth of the attackers had penetrated the integument of the Brachymyrmex. As it would be hard to find an ant in which the integument is softer or thinner than that of Brachymyrmex the lack of body wounds can scarcely be attributed to the inability of the Strumigenys to pierce the chitin. On the contrary it seems obvious that they make little effort to do so preferring rather to cripple the victim by removing the joints of the appendages. While this view 106 Psyche [December checks with observed facts it is far from satisfactory as an explanation covering the death of the Brachymyrmex. We may admit that most ants are severely affected by injuries involving the antennae but it rarely happens that such in- juries are immediately followed by death. The loss of a tarsal joint or two is usually a matter of slight consequence. Yet in thirteen cases injuries of the nature just described were accompanied by the rapid demise of the victim. Again I find myself led to the view that some substance is ejected by the Strumigenys as they strike at the victim. It would seem necessary to believe that this substance is not only Fig. 1. Cephalic structures of Strumigenys louisianae subsp. laticephala Smith. For explanation of figures see text. irritating but toxic. Again I must stress the fact that I cannot prove this assumption. It is, however, the only explanation which appears to cover the facts. I wish to add a few more observations concerning the manner in which the Strumigenys workers use their man- dibles. The first of these involves a detailed discussion of the role of the mandible during attack, a matter which is more complex than might be supposed. The extreme rapidity with which the mandibles are closed in striking makes this process very difficult to follow. Repeated observations have, 1937] Habits of Strumigenys 107 however, convinced me that the mandibles of Strumigenys, unlike those of Odontomachus, do not act as shearing organs. I have already pointed out that each time a Strumigenys worker strikes at a victim the closure of the mandibles is immediately followed by a backward jerk of the insect. At first this used to annoy me considerably since it seemed to defeat the whole plan of attack by moving the Strumigenys out of range. I later learned to appreciate the vital part that this sudden backward motion plays in the amputation of appendages on which the mandibles close. It may be readily observed that when the Strumigenys workers close in for the final attack the damages to the antennal funiculi and tarsi of the victim involve mangled joints. The portion of the appendage beyond the injured joint will often bend in a fashion which plainly indicates that the joint has been badly crushed. As a rule the part of the appendage beyond the damaged joint is quickly removed as the result of further attacks. As its final removal is accomplished with the speed of a conjuring trick it was some time before I realized exactly how this is done. It is obvious that the initial damage to the appendage is caused by the flattened inner faces of the man- dibles of Strumigenys which crush the joint on which they close but lack the power to completely sever it. I have already pointed out that in repose the mandibles of Strumi- genys do not quite meet and this may account for their deficiency as pincers. It might be supposed that the back- ward jerk which follows this initial damage would sever the appendage but this is not usually the case. I believe that this can be explained if we consider that the crushed joint is free to move along the approximated inner faces of the mandibles which are smooth and without teeth except for the three at the apex. As I have already stated the final removal of the distal portion of a damaged appendage is a very speedy process and I am by no means certain that the method which I am about to describe is invariably employed. There has been ample opportunity, however, to observe that it is fre- quently used. It involves a relation between the appendage and the mandibles such that the four apical teeth close around the appendage. Because of the shape of the space included between these apical teeth (vide supra) they can lock against the appendage. This is particularly true if the 108 Psyche [December latter happens to be an antennal funiculus which increases in diameter toward the tip. The backward jerk of the Strumigenys is then exerted in the direction of the long axis of the already injured appendage which may break in con- sequence at the damaged joint. It may be added that unless the appendage has been previously crushed it cannot be pulled off when caught by the apical teeth. Under such cir- cumstances there ensues a sort of a tug-of-war with the Strumigenys holding grimly to the appendage and the victim struggling frantically to get free. Aside from their vital role in attack the mandibles of Strumigenys are little used. They occasionally employ them in carrying nest mates about but this was seldom observed. I never saw any indications that the mandibles play a part in the trophic reactions of these insects. Feeding is entirely cared for by the palps and other mouthparts. When Strumi- genys is feeding the mandibles are kept closed and thrust upward over the food until the stubby palps come in contact with its surface. The palps apparently act both as rasps and spoons for both liquids and semisolids are ingested by their help. The feeding reactions of Strumigenys are exceedingly difficult to follow because all the more delicate mouth parts are reduced in size and closely packed into the small buccal cavity. It is interesting to note that the mandibles are kept closed during regurgitation. This results in a rather awk- ward situation for both regurgitant and recipient. The closed mandibles prevent the usual approximation of the two heads and it is only after considerable preliminary fencing that the correct posture is assumed. Each ant turns its head sidewise so that ventral surfaces are parallel although not opposite. The closed mandibles are then crossed and slid over each other until the palps are close enough for the transfer. It seems a remarkably clumsy way of securing a result which could be easily reached by simply opening the mandibles. There remains the matter of retrosalience. I saw this phenomenon only twice during the many hours that the captive colony was under observation. In one case it resulted when the mandibles of an attacking Strumigenys worker closed on the convex surface of a glass tube which led to one of the feeding chambers. The resulting leap threw the insect 1937] Habits of Strumigenys 109 against the top of the nest whence it was deflected to the floor at a point not much more than three-quarters of an inch from its original position. Had the leap been unimpeded it would probably have been more extensive. The second case occurred under similar circumstances and with much the same result. As far as I am aware this is the third time in which retrosalience has been reported for a member of the genus Strumigenys. Hetschko (teste Mayr) observed it in the South American S. saiiens about 1887 (5) and ten years later Biro ( teste Emery) saw the same phenomenon in the case of S. chyzeri which he studied in New Guinea (6) . Each of the above accounts is rather meager but it seems likely that both species frequently resorted to retrosalience. It is not impossible that it had come to play a protective role in their habits as is the case with Anochetus and Odonton- tomachus. I cannot believe that retrosalience plays any such part in the case of S. louisianae. The phenomenon is so rare and the conditions which would produce it so unusual that it must play little or no part in the ecology of this form. LITERATURE CITED 1. Smith, M. R. Ann. Ent. Soc. America. Vol. XXIV, No. 4, p. 690, (1931). 2. Kennedy, C. H. & Schramm, M. M. Ibid. Vol. XXVI, No. 1, p. 104, (1933). 3. Wheeler, W. M. & Bailey, I. W. Trans. American Philos. Soc. N.S., Vol. XXII, No. 4, p. 247-248, (1920). 4. Creighton, W. S. Jour. New York Ent. Soc. Vol. XXXVIII, p. 177, (1930). 5. Mayr, G. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien Vol. XXXVII, p. 575, (1887). 6. Emery, C. Term. Fiizetek, Vol. XX, p. 576, (1897). 110 Psyche [December CANNIBALISM AMONG LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE V. G. Dethier Biological Laboratories, Harvard University The occurrence of the carnivorous habit in lepidopterous larvae is known in certain rather widely separated groups, one of which, the Lycaenidae, is outstanding (Brues, 1936). It is known also that some phytophagous larvae will become carnivorous for a period of time either regularly or in the absence of a plentiful food supply (Brues, 1920). I have ob- served this and also cannibalism many times while breeding various species.1 A few examples may be cited. When larvae of the Arctiid, Apantesis arge Drury, were confined to a limited area (three to four larvae to eight square inches) with a moderate supply of food, the smallest, least healthy, or least active larva was usually attacked while still alive and almost entirely eaten by a more robust specimen. Fifty of these larvae were divided into lots of two, three, and four, each lot being limited to an area of eight square inches. In nearly seventy-five percent of all cases cannibalism oc- curred. It was noted more frequently when four larvae were confined together or when one larva was smaller or weaker than its neighbors, as stated above. Moore (1912) reported that Phcebis eubule L., when confined even in the presence of an ample food supply, ate smaller larvae of its own species. The more aggressive individuals also devoured the more peaceful ones. Perkins (1928) found that Nemoria viridata L. in the presence of an abundance of food also showed can- nibalistic tendencies. The larvae from a large batch of eggs feasted upon one another till there was but one left. This animal pupated and a normal adult emerged. Subsequent breedings with other batches of eggs of the same species revealed no further cases of cannibalism. I have observed that larvae of Estigmene acrxa Drury and Diacrisia virginica Fab. when confined with those of other "Tor cases of oophagy see Schultz (1928, 1935). 1937] Cannibalism among Lepidopterous Larvae 111 species, notably Papilio polyxenes Fab., P. philenor L., and Danaus plexippus L., in ample space but with a limited food supply, readily attacked and ate pupating larvae and chrysalids of the butterflies. They also ate pupae of their own species, devouring all the hair and silk of the cocoon as well. Papilio philenor L. speedily attacked chrysalids and pupating larvae of its own species as soon as the food supply dried up or diminished. This has also been reported by Clark (1925) as occurring in P. polyxenes Fab. and Danaus plexippus L. Orfila (1927) reported that Ecpantheria indecisa Walkr. in the presence of an abundance of food devoured chrysalids of Tatochila autodice Hb. and also the parasites ( Apanteles spl) with which the chrysalids were infected. The most striking example that I observed was the case of a noctuid, Autographa sp ?, which attacked other larvae of its own species although plenty of food was available. It is interesting to note that this noctuid also fiercely attacked healthy and active larvae of Danaus plexippus L. and Malacosoma americanum Fab. While the victim struggled the noctuid stood upon it and chewed its way rapidly into the flesh. Bell is quoted (de Niceville 1901) as being of the opinion that a larva will never eat another larva feeding on a food plant different from its own. He also advanced the idea that “ — cannibal larvae are hardly conscious that they are eating up each other, being only guided to their proper food by the sense of taste, or possibly to a less extent by the sense of smell”. The noctuid referred to above could not be induced to feed either upon cherry (the food plant upon which M. americanum was feeding) or upon milkweed (the food plant of D. plexippus) although it would feed upon other plants. The question had been raised by Bird (1925) as to whether or not the food plant imparted a flavor to larvae which was repellent to internal parasites (the conditions would be the same in the case of cannibals). Whether or not this is the case can not be definitely stated at the present time. Un- doubtedly the gut of the larva attacked would, if it contained food, taste of the food plant which had been eaten. It appears unlikely that the cannibal larva would be able to distinguish its prey before it had attacked it, and, therefore, 112 Psyche [December should, theoretically, attack any larva regardless of what it had eaten. v. Roesel v. Rosenhof (1749) reported that Chariclea delphinii L. frequently ate larvse of its own species. Calyminia trapexzina (L.) and Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.) have been reported to be cannibalistic by Berg (1875, 1892). Lederer (1932) reports the case of a noctuid, Scopelosoma satellitia L., attacking and eating the posterior end of its own body. It is known that some larvae when injured in this region of the body will devour themselves. Schultz (1935) reports that the following larvse ate chrysalids of their own species: Acidalia herbariata F., Eupithecia castigata Hb., and Dianthcecia capsincola Hb. He further states that Arctiidse commonly nibble at chrysalids and that Caradrina exidua is cannibalistic. Mr. C. M. Williams (unpublished data) noticed that when Htemorrhagia thysbe Fab. larvse were crowded some would attempt to eat others. He also noticed when many Telea polyphemus Cramer larvse were crowded in confinement with an ample supply of their food plant that certain indi- viduals attacked others and succeeded in breaking through the integument. In neither case, however, was the attack carried beyond this point. Another interesting case is that of a larva of Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer which I observed devouring a considerable portion of the wings of a dried Colias philodice Godart con- tained in the same collecting box. The caterpillar then pro- ceeded to build a cocoon with what remained of the butterfly. While this last case should really be classed as saprophagy, it should be noted that the remaining cases of cannibalism occurred under laboratory conditions rather than in nature. The reversion to a meat diet in many cases seemed to follow conditions of crowding or of lack of sufficient food. The following cases, especially the first, are offered to show that similar conditions can and undoubtedly do prevail in nature. From October eleventh to November third 1937 I ob- served (Dedham, Mass.) an immense swarm of the larvse of Isia Isabella Smith & Abbot which was estimated at not less than one hundred thousand. One could collect five hundred of these larvse in three minutes without visibly decreasing the hordes covering the ground. The area thus overrun was 1937] Cannibalism among Lepidopterous Larvae 113 marsh land, approximately half a square mile in extent, cut from north to south by a river, and bounded on all sides by highways. The larvse were found only on the east side of the river. Of the thousands which were traveling back and forth between the river and the highway many were killed by passing vehicles and pedestrians. Practically every fifth caterpillar that had been killed was being eaten by one or more of the same species which were consuming all parts of the dead ones, except the hairs. The green vegetation in the vicinity was restricted to a narrow belt along each side of the highway. The scarcity of low-lying vegetation was evi- dent. Practically the only green plant was an aster, Aster laevis, growing to a height of four feet. The larvse which were not feasting on the dead specimens were eating the tops of the asters. Feeding on tall vegetation is unusual for a characteristically ground-loving species like Isia isabella. It is noteworthy that nearly all the larvse showed signs of hunger. It would seem that the summer of 1937 was for some reason especially favorable to the development of this species. With the approach of autumn the supply of food plants in the area to which the caterpillars were confined gave out in the presence of such overwhelming numbers. The larvse were prevented from traveling west by the river, hence they swarmed upon the highway where they were killed in large numbers. The hungry survivors either feasted upon the dead or climbed the asters. No cannibalism was observed in the few individuals of D. virginica and E. acrxa which were also present. On the occasion of an exceedingly large swarm of Ecpantheria, Orfila (1927) noticed three animals avidly devouring the remains of a fourth which was still living. The following are also said to be cannibalistic in nature : Laphygma frugiperda Smith & Abbot (Moore 1912), Vanessa caryae Hb. (Berg 1875, 1892) , and Heliothis obsoleta Fab. (Berg 1875, 1892) . Berg reported that H. obsoleta ate from six to seven larvse in twenty-four hours. The question as to why larvse show cannibalistic tendencies is a difficult one to answer. Three alternative solutions have been suggested by Orfila (1927) : 1) it is due to an internal physiological cause, 2) an organic disarrangement produces an alimentary upset, 3) cannibalistic manifestations herald 114 Psyche [December a return to a past carnivorous diet. Orfila believes that the original diet was vegetable, and while he points out that sporadic cannibalism may be the forerunner of a more wide- spread carnivorous diet in the future, he leans toward the belief that cannibalism is due to an upset in internal organic conditions. Berg (1892) maintained that climatic condi- tions (in Patagonia) caused the supply of food plants to diminish so that larvae were driven to cannibalism by hunger. This is undoubtedly correct. He further maintained, how- ever, that the cannibalistic character was inherited, and that many larvae could not return to a vegetable diet after having e^ten meat. It is not improbable that natural selection could be responsible for the high percentage of cannibalism found in many species. I have observed, however, that our native species will return to a vegetable diet if given the oppor- tunity. Schultz (1935) is of the opinion that cannibalism may be due not only to hunger but also to a need for satisfy- ing thirst. Without a doubt thirst is a contributing factor. This much may be said, that cannibalism may be induced experimentally by crowding and by an insufficient food supply, but that it appears to crop out under conditions of favorable population densities and food supply as well. It is not improbable that this phenomonon will be found to be more widespread in lepidopterous larvae than is realized at the present time. Thus far cannibalism has been reported in Geometridae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae, Saturniidae, Bombycidae, Sphingidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, and Lycaenidae. It does not appear, however, that larvae are forced to adopt a meat diet under favorable conditions but simply do so accidentally when in close proximity to another individual. Or, they may attack when unduly disturbed, and having tasted meat, continue to eat more or less automati- cally as long as its taste is not repellent. Larvae taken off a meat diet will survive with no apparent ill effects on a normal vegetable diet. LITERATURE CITED Berg, C., 1875. Patagonische Lepidopteren. Bui. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 49(2) : 191-193. 1892. Canibalismo entre insectos. Anal. Soc. Cient. Argentina, 34: 386-388. Bird, H., 1925. New life histories in Papaipema No. 23 (Lepidoptera). Canadian Ent., 57(12) : 305. 1937] Cannibalism among Lepidopterous Larvx 115 Brues, C. T., 1920. The selection of food plants by insects, with special reference to lepidopterous larvae. American Nat., 54: 313-332. 1936. Aberrant feeding behavior among insects and its bearing on the development of specialized food habits. Quart. Rev. Biol., 2(3): 305-316. Lederer, G., 1932. Tiere, die versuchten, sich selbst aufzufressen. Int. Ent. Zeit., 26(2): 28. Moore, H. W. B., 1912. Ways and habits of caterpillars. Timehri, 2(1): 197,198. de Niceville, L., 1901. Cannibalism among caterpillars. Canadian Ent., 33(5): 131,132. Orfila, R. N., 1927. Sobre canibalismo en insectos. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina, 2(4) : 65,66. Perkins, R. C. L., 1928. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 3(1) : 20. v. Roesel v. Rosenhof, B., 1749. Insektenbelustigung Zweyte Classe der Nachtvogel, p. 82. Schultz, V. G. M., 1928. Taeniocampa populi Strom. (= populeti Fr.) Int. Ent. Zeit., 21(46): 439-442. 1935. Lepidopterologische Beitrage. Einige Falle von oophagem und chrysalidophagem Kannibalismus bei Gross- schmetterlingsraupen. Int. Ent. Zeit., 28(41): 501-504, 556. 116 Psyche [December A MEGAMORPHIC AND TWO CURIOUS MIMETIC FLIES By Frank M. Hull University of Mississippi At a recent visit to the Carnegie Museum the writer was afforded the privilege of studying the unidentified Syrphid flies in the collections. Among this material were discovered certain curious types upon which it is desired to report at this time. The bulk of the material will be reported upon later. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Hugo Kahl for the opportunity to study this material. Chysidimyia, new genus Eyes bare. Antennae slender, third joint densely erect pubescent, the dorsal arista thickest in the middle. Whole face extended as a rounded lump anteriorly, a crease sepa- rating the lower face from the upper, and lying shortly above the oral margin. Antennae inserted from ventral surface of an overhanging frontal shelf. Scutellum with two spines, moderately separated. Abdomen oval-elongate ; the sides of the second segment greatly thickened and overlapping the corners of the succeeding segment making possible a down- ward deflection of the remainder of the abdomen. Whole lateral margins of the abdomen enormously thickened and inrolled ; segments three, four and five entirely fused. Legs simple, an oblique groove on the basal part of hind femora. Whole head, thorax, abdomen and legs everywhere bril- liant metallic green and extraordinarily deeply punctate. The punctures are actual depressions, which on the posterior rim of the second abdominal segment, become grooves. Wings with the posterior angles of the first posterior and discal cells rounded, that of the first posterior gives off a spur to wing margin. There is a spur cutting down towards the spurious vein from the third longitudinal vein. Genotype: Chysidimyia chrysidimima new species. 1937] Megamorphic and Mimetic Flies 117 Chysidimyia chrysidimima new species Eyes nearly touching, approaching in an angular fashion which is but little over a right angle, perhaps 110 degrees. Eyes quite noticeably short, whitish pilose. Vertex swollen, the eyes gradually excavated behind so that the occiput and post vertex is for some distance rounded and enormously thickened. Ocelli inserted at highest point, some distance from post occipital margin and almost midway from an- tennae. Antennae situated a little above midline of profile, to the lower surface of a slight shelving prominence. The face below antennae slightly excavated for a short distance, then swelling to large rounded mammiform area and falling off just a short distance before the oral margin, not right at the margin. A marginal crease delimits the very small cheeks. Lower occiput very thin. There is a vertical crease down the midline of face. Antennae elongate, black, the first joint as long as the third; the second one-fifth or one-sixth of the third. The third is thickest just before the rounded apex. The arista is basally thickened, shorter than third and black and bare. Pile of face, except for a few dark hairs on front, whitish. Whole face and head everywhere deeply and remarkably punctate. Pile of thorax quite short, very appressed, black with a few pale hairs. Scutellum armed with two short spines set slightly closer than length of scutellum in midline. Abdominal pile short, scanty, appressed, black with a few pale hairs and in the margins more pale hair. The greatly thickened tergites at the sides are inrolled and the apical margin of the second segment is greatly thickened and equipped at the corners to overlap the rest of the abdomen in down folding. Legs black, the terminal tarsal joints dark brown; the tibiae and femora metallic green, with small punctures ; the hind basitarsi not extraordinary, nor the hind femora greatly thickened. Wings grey, terminal section of fourth longitudinal vein straight, a spur dropped from third longi- tudinal vein into the first posterior cell. Spurious vein present. Length 9 mm. One male. Santarem, Brazil, June 1919. (S. M. Klages). Accession 6324. Type in the Carnegie Museum. 118 Psyche [December The whole insect is remarkably brilliant blue-green, metallic, vitreous, covered everywhere with deep punctures or pits, and on the abdomen small creases, in shape and appearance presenting an astonishing resemblance to a Chrysidid wasp, altogether the most remarkable case of mimicry I have ever beheld. Tityusia new genus Large flies, the males narrowly holoptic, the upper facets slightly enlarged, the antennal prominence well developed, the antennae have the third joint suborbicular and the arista bare. First and second joints short. Face with a very low median tubercle, not greatly produced either anteriorly or ventrally. Post-occiput flared posteriorly backwards about central opening, and long pilose. Thorax and scutellum normal, with very dense pile of median length, the rim of the latter simple. Metanotum with a horizontal depression or crease. Abdomen broadly oval, broad basally, tapering posteriorly, yellow maculate somewhat similar to species of Heloyhilus and Mesembrius. Hind femora moderately thickened, but unarmed poste- riorly with either spines or setae. The black basal patch of setulae present. Anterior femora greatly thickened, especially apically and from the apical third of the posterior margin a very thick brush of dense dark pile is sent back- ward, much as if the hairs of a brush had been wetted. Fore tibise still more extraordinary, enormously thickened, grooved, twisted and distorted, the median and lateral edges bare, dense fringes of dark pile extremely long, extremely matted, directed backward. Fore tarsi extravagantly flat- tened on the dorso-ventral axis, the lateral edges of the second, third and fourth segments prolonged into narrow down curving lobes. Median pair of legs simple, except that their tarsi are flattened somewhat. Posterior tibiae slightly flattened. Posterior basitarsi nearly as long as post tibiae, on its distal end bearing an enormous brush of dark matted hair, its basal end equipped with the characteristic glob- uliferous hairs of Mesembrius. Marginal cell of wings narrowly open. Halteres long stalked, the knob with a deep cup shaped depression. This may be due to drying. Genotype : Tityusia regulus new species. 1937] Megamorphic and Mimetic Flies 119 Tityusia regulus new species Male. Eyes bare, touching narrowly. Vertical triangle quite narrow. Frontal (antennal) prominence well de- veloped, shining brownish black. Face and cheeks similarly colored, the former light yellow on the sides and covered with pale yellow pubescence and similar longer pile, the pubescence being sparse on the weak low tubercle. Pile of front and vertex black, of occiput above and below, long and pale golden in color. Antennae and arista dark brown. Thoracic dorsum black, opaque or at best subshining, an obscure yellowish pollinose stripe on the middle of either side, and even more obscure and narrower vitta lying on the midline. Anterior three-fifths of dorsum clothed with dense moderately long, pale golden pile, the tips of the hairs crinkled and a few very fine black hairs intermixed. The posterior part of dorsum, short, thick, black pilose, the scutellum golden pilose. All the thoracic pile very erect. The brown humeri largely bare, what pile is present (includ- ing humeri) is long, tufted, crinkled, and pale golden. Abdomen: first segment, the fore and hind borders of second and a narrow median connection widening quickly in either direction, dark brown to black. A brown subshining apical band on the third segment with its fore border raised into a low acute pyramid, and a similar apical band on the fourth segment with a rounded fore margin that nearly reaches the base of that segment, also dark brownish black but shining as well. This leaves two very large orange spots, shaped like the ends of a parabola on the second segment and a similarly colored band at the base of the third segment. The base of the fourth segment is densely greenish yellow pubescent. Pile on the surface of the segments and in the middle, black and appressed becoming more erect, longer and golden in color on the sides. Some straggled, curious, long, flat, appressed golden hairs on base of the second segment. All the legs dark brownish to black, subshining, the very narrow bases of tibiae pale, and the tarsi varying shades of yellow brown. Pile of femora, except anterior pair, long, pale, crinkly. That of hind tarsi, fore tibiae and fore femora a most extraordinary mat of dense, excessively long hair. Fore tarsi pale, flattened and laterally produced in an extra v- 120 Psyche [December agant way, reminding one of Platychirus. See the generic description for further details. Length 18 mm. One male. Efufup, Kamerun, W. Africa, August 30, 1919. Carnegie Museum. Accession No. 6552. Holotype male in Carnegie Museum. This fly is to the Syrphidae what Calotarsa is to the Platy- pezidae, a curious convergent type of structural develop- ment. Syrphipogon new genus Very large flies related to Microdon. Eyes bare, broadly dichoptic in male. Antennae slender, the first joint sub-equal to last two. Arista thick, its surface pubescent. Hair of upper front directed upward, of vertex directed forward and upward so that the two converge above ocelli. Lower face just above mid oral margin equipped with a beard of long thick shining black bristles. Thorax normal, thick black bristly, greatly appressed. Scutellum with a pair of enormous spines, deeply sulcate between, directed upward and posteriorward at an angle of 45 degrees. Abdomen broad and thick, the lateral posterior margins of the third segment and adjoining base of the fourth deeply sunken, followed by a simple situation on the next segment so that a strong ridge lies between. Hind basi- tarsi longer than remaining joints, greatly widened and flattened. Remaining joints similarly widened and flattened, but less so. Last section of fourth longitudinal vein (subapical cross vein) bluntly angulate outward, just before terminus the posterior angles of the first posterior and discal cells not angulate but evenly rounded. No spurs except for the poste- rior cell spur cutting down to terminys of spurious vein. Wings black basally, blackish on a narrow distal apex, and yellow with yellow veins between. Genotype : Syrphipogon fucatissimus new species. Syrphipogon fucatissimus new species Male. Whole face and head shining black, the face with a faint purplish tinge. Arista pale yellow. Antennae black, 1937] Megamorphic and Mimetic Flies 121 elongate. Last two joints about as long as first, not set on a pedicel. Third joint one and three-fourths times length of second. Second about equal width of front at narrowest point. Pile of head and face everywhere black, vertical pile and that of upper front converging to come together just above ocelli. Pile of upper face exceedingly appressed, black, bristly, the face punctate, developed on the lower face into a black beard of long bristles above oral margin. Dorsum of thorax shining black, covered thickly with very short appressed bristles, a few golden ones on the sutures. Pleurae similar but with longer bristly pile. Scutellum de- veloped into a pair of enormous black spines, deeply sulcate in the middle, and black bristly or pilose to their apices. Spines held at a forty-five degree angle. Abdomen shining black, a deep excavation on the apical lateral half of the third and again on the fourth segments. Apical half of second segment long, golden pilose, a similar annulus or transverse band across the middle of the fourth segment so that the first excavation lies between and is black. Remainder of abdomen, except for a little more black following the second golden band, is deep bright orange reddish pilose. Legs everywhere dark shining black, black bristly, the hind metatarsi (and the following ones to a less extent) enormously flattened and broadened, but not markedly thick. Wings with basal half or three-fifths black, (very dark brown) the remainder except for light brown tip, yellow with yellow veins. Length 25 mm. South America, without further data. Type in the Carnegie Museum. Curiously, this fly forms part of a three-part mimetic complex, the others being an Asilid fly and a bee from the same region. 122 Psyche [December WEST INDIAN CARABID^E IV: THREE NEW COLPODES By P. J. Darlington, Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Two of the following three new species were the chief prizes in a small but interesting lot of Carabidse recently collected in the West Indies by Mr. Chester Roys. The third species was collected by myself in Haiti in 1934, but was only recently found to be distinct. Colpodes sellensis n. sp. Very Agonum-like (similar to Colpodes agonellus Dark, psyche Vol. 42, 1935, p. 187) ; piceous brown, appendages not distinctly paler. Head slightly less than % width pro- thorax. Prothorax about 1/3 wider than long ; base about % or slightly less wider than apex; posterior angles rounded, although sometimes a little irregularly so. Elytra oval, with broadly rounded humeri. Inner wings vestigial, not reach- ing beyond middle of second ventral segment. Other characters as in agonellus. Length 7.5 ; width 3 mm. (slightly ±). Haiti: holotype ? (M. C. Z. no. 23,013) and 1