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The numbers of Psyche issued during the past year were mailed on the following dates : Vol. 53, nos. 3-4, Sept-Dec., 1946: February 14, 1947. Yol. 54, no. 1, March, 1947 : April 4, 1947. Yol. 54, no. 2, June, 1947 : June 19, 1947. Yol. 54, no. 3, Sept., 1947 : October 20, 1947. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 Vol. 54 MARCH, 1947 No. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Synopsis of West Coast Cerceridse (Hymenoptera, Cerceridse). N. Banks 1 New Species of Diplosphyronid Pseudoscorpions from Australia. C. Clayton Hoff 36 The Genus Callictita (Lepidoptera, Lycsenidse). B. G. Wind and H. K. Clench 57 Field Notes on Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart. N. S. Bailey 62 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB President Vice President Secretary Treasurer officers for 1946-47 P. Executive Committee < J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert N. S. Bailey F. M. Carpenter N. Banks C. T. Brues F. M. Carpenter EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE C. T. Brues — editor-in-chief F. M. Carpenter — associate editor P. J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert PSYCHE is published quarterly, the issues appearing in March, June, Septem- ber, and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance : $3.00 to Subscribers in the United States ; Canadian and foreign subscriptions $3.25, payable at par. Single copies, 85 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomo- logical Club, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to Professor F. M. Carpenter, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other edi- torial matter, should be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra expense, for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing .cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors ; the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full page half-tones, $7.50 each ; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. The Sept. -Dec., 1946, Psyche (Vol. 53, Nos. 3-4) was mailed Feb. 14, 1947. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY, LANCASTER, PA. PSYCHE Vol. 54 March, 1947 No. 1 SYNOPSIS OF WEST COAST GERCERIS 1 (HYMENOPTERA, CERCERIDJE) By Nathan Banks Holliston, Mass. The first species of Cerceris described from this area was C. calif ornica by Cresson in 1865. Since then Pro- vancher described one, Viereck one, Mickel five, and the author several. Having received some additional ma- terial, I have put all in synoptic form. Several species described by Viereck and Cockerell from New Mexico occur in southern Arizona, and in a few cases in southern California, so I have included such as I know to occur in southern Arizona. It has been impossible to be sure in every case to asso- ciate the sexes correctly ; in some instances either of two species might belong to one of the opposite sex from what is now known, therefore I have described such forms separately. In the males I find that the shape of the middle lobe of the clypeus and the breadth of the hair-lobes are very useful. The sculpture of the enclosure, though usually fairly constant in each species, is sometimes variable, so of less value than previously considered by writers. The sculpture of the pygidium is less variable, but often simi- lar in several species ; the general shape of the pygidium, and the crest of hair at sides quite constant, although often differing in the sexes. Length and density of hair are also of use. There is little to be found (so far) in the wing, the length of the pedicel of the second submarginal cell is different in a few 1 Published by a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard College. 1 2 Psyche species. The pale markings are more constant than in many insects ; these, and the punctation, and the shape of the clypeal process in the female are of basic importance. In several of the species in this paper, Isolde , femur- rub rum, orestes, thione, the lower part of the outer edge of the lateral lobes is fitted to the edge of the eye for a short distance ; this occurs in some of the European species and is the normal condition in the subgenus Apiratrix. Some have used the number of spines on the hind tibia as of specific value, but in onr species it is not dependable. In a few species the males have the ends of the last ventral ridge developed, and provided with blunt teeth. In these species the lateral lobe does not reach the eye. The two subgenera may be distinguished by the follow- ing : At base of second ventral segment is a slightly raised area, often semicircular in outline; the stigma of the fore wings is brown to almost black Apiratrix. No raised area at base of second ventral segment ; stigma yellowish to ferruginous Cerceris. Subgenus Cerceris Latr. The majority of the species, and all of the larger ones belong to this subgenus. CERCERIS FEMALES 1. No distinct clypeal process with a free apical edge, or not raised above general surface 2 A distinct clypeal process, with free apical edge well raised above the general surface of clypeus 6 2. No band on second segment of abdomen 3 A yellow band on part or whole of second segment ... 4 3. Face below antennae pale yellowish, except the nar- row black lower border of clypeus; snpraclypeal carina very long and high, bands on fourth and fifth segments quite broad orestes Face below antennae with much black; the hump on 1947] Cerceridce 3 clypeus and the outer part of lateral lobes only yellowish, lateral face-marks mostly above clypens. insolita 4. Hind femora wholly pale ; abdomen with all segments broadly yellow; venter mostly yellowish, spots on vertex arno Hind femora black, venter also, and other femora mostly black , 5 5. Small ; with pale band on third ventrite, scape wholly black; first segment small, not equal one-lialf of second behind; abdomen coarsely punctate, enclo- sure mostly smooth, with median groove ... melanthe Rather large; scape with pale spot below; first seg- ment of abdomen broad, equal to one-half of second behind, enclosure roughened, irregularly striate; abdomen finely punctate denticularis 6. Clypeal projection in form of a large cone, the base occupying almost all of clypeal surface, tapering above to a point ; wings brown, enclosure large, with a smooth pale spot in middle macrosHcta Clypeal projection not in form of such a large cone 7 7. The projection, short, edge concave, with two mem- braneous plates hanging beneath ; propodeum with or without lateral stripes femur-rub rum The projection has no such plates pendent beneath 8 8. Clypeus with one or two small pointed teeth a little above lower margin of clypeus 9 The process on clypeus is of other shape 10 9. Two teeth on clypeus ; very large species, with very broad face grandis One tooth only on clypeus ; rather small species ; face of normal width atliene 10. All femora largely black, venter black, clypeal process twice as broad as long, not divided, black beneath. nigrescens Femora not black, if partly black then venter has much yellow 1 1 11. Very large, almost wholly yellowish or rufous, last joint of antennae wholly black; second submarginal cell very large, sides strongly convex, pedicel not 4 Psyche [Mar. one-third of height of cell ; last segment of abdomen with a sharp tooth each side before end; clypeal process divided into two horns f rontata Not so wholly yellowish or rufous species ; last joint of antennae partly rufous ; second submarginal cell not so large; scape (first joint) of antennae not twice as long as third joint 12 12. Clypeal process broad, divided into two divergent horns 13 Clypeal process without divergent horns 15 13. The separation of horns reaches nearly to base of process 14 The separation reaches hardly more than one-lialf the length of process ; hind femora dark toward tip; enclosure obliquely striate eurymele 14. Venter black, second segment with a median carina; all femora yellow or rufous ; enclosure finely, longi- tudinally striate sexta Venter with much yellow, no carina on second seg- ment; front and mid femora black on base; enclo- sure more coarsely and obliquely striate sextoides 15. Body largely rufous or yellowish; wings quite dark; clypeal process small, lower margin broadly emarginate, and a sharp tooth each side on clypeal margin under the outer corners of clypeal process ; enclosure rufous, punctate on sides fidelis Enclosure black, striate 16 16. Hind femora, and others, a nearly uniform rufous or yellow 17 Hind femora pale yellowish, tip black, other femora black on base ; scape black above 18 17. Tip of clypeal process well raised above clypeus, sides parallel ; enclosure obliquely striate nasica Clypeal process depressed, slightly tapering, tip hardly its breadth above clypeal surface ; enclosure longitudinally striate, scape pale above vicina 18. Clypeal process, but little elevated, much broader than long, margin broadly truncate varians Clypeal process about as long as broad, subtriangu- lar, tapering to black, well elevated cequalis 1947] Cerceridoe MALES 1. Hind femora pale on base, with a large dark mark near tip ; elypeus truncate below 2 Hind femora all dark, all pale, or pale on apical part 8 2. Yellow bands on abdomen so broad on sides as to leave only a median triangular dark spot in front; elypeus with three teeth below; pygidium partly yellow ; hair-lobes little more than twice their breadth apart, venter with complete yellow bands 3 Yellow bands on abdomen not so much broadened on sides, always some black laterally; pygidium black 5 3. Yellow bands on abdomen deeply indented with black in front ; hair on propodeum moderately long ; hair- lobes not as broad as clypeal truncation sextoicles Yellow bands on abdomen scarcely indented with rufous, wide throughout ; hair on propodeum very long; hair-lobes about as broad as clypeal trunca- tion 4 4. First segment black, pale on sides ; head without rufous ; bands on abdomen broad, scarcely in- dented; enclosure obliquely longitudinally striate; teeth of elypeus small eurymele First segment rufous, bands sometimes indented with rufous ; back of head with some rufous ; enclosure obliquely striate on sides, behind with short cross striae crossing the median groove ; teeth of elypeus large nasicci 5. Hair-lobes not twice their breadth apart 6 Hair-lobes about three times their breadth apart ... 25 6. Hair on face (from side) very long; clypeal margin evenly truncate below, no teeth; pygidium plainly narrowed toward base .2 varians Hair on face very short; clypeal margin with three teeth below; pygidium not narrowed toward base; first segment broader than long 7 7. Enclosure strongly longitudinally striate ; second segment band scarcely broader than others; face plainly narrowed above cequalis 6 Psyche [Mar. Enclosure ratlier large, swollen, smooth, with mid groove, a few short striae in each corner ; band on second segment much broader than others ; face but little narrowed above posticata 8. Second abdominal segment without a pale band, hind femora almost wholly brown to black 9 Second segment with distinct pale band 10 9. Face almost wholly pale; band on first segment, pale marks on pronotum, scutellum and often on sides of propodeum; venter with some yellowish orestes Face with only narrow lateral marks pale, no band on first segment, no marks on scutellum nor pro- podeum, lower face with much silvery hair. semiatra 10. A tuft of yellowish spreading hair at each side of pygidium; third submarginal cell with rounded sides ; stigma and marginal cell elongate 11 No such tuft of hair each side of pygidium 12 11. Face with dense, erect, very long hair, longer than scape, much long hair elsewhere ; yellow bands do not cover the segments at sides ; venter black ; pro- podeum and abdomen (except bands) black. englehardti Face with very short hair, scarcely noticeable, yellow bands (except one on second segment) usually cover entire side, venter spotted, thorax and ab- domen usually partly rufous fi delis 12. Enclosure with a smooth pale spot in middle ; pygid- ium broader than long ; scape and hair lobes long. macrosticta No such pale area in enclosure, pygidium longer than broad 13 13. Hind femora wholly black at least on inner side, the black of several segments hardly reaches margin 14 Hind femora paler, rufous or yellowish on apical part 15 14. Venter black; the yellow of bands leaves a black crescent ending shortly before lateral margin. denticidaris 1947] Cerceridce 7 Venter with yellow spots ; yellow of bands leave a somewhat diamond-shaped black mark open only to middle part of front margin completa 15. Hair-lobes less than the breadth of one apart; yellow of clypeus comes to a point in middle of front edge ; femora rufous, body black with yellowish marks ; abdomen strongly convex transversely thione Hair-lobes plainly separated by more than breadth of one of them 16 16. Tip of antennae black ; third joint slender, longer than fourth, marginal cell and stigma very slender ; sec- ond submarginal cell with curved sides ; legs mostly yellowish to rufous ; second submarginal cell very large, face much narrowed in middle 17 Tips of antennae rufous; face less narrowed; second submarginal cell normal size, pedicel full one-half of cell 18 17. Third antennal joint a little longer than the first (scape) ; face narrowed above, near end of lateral face marks becoming wider again, upper side of lateral lobes curved, supraclypeal mark not above antennae ; hair on vertex, thorax and abdomen grey to reddish brown, on face yellowish white ; second submarginal cell very large, sides much curved, pedicel about one-third of cell height orpline Third antennal joint not as long as the long scape; face still more narrowed above than in orpline; upper side of lateral lobes straight; hair on body mostly white to light grey, ventral fringes white, face with snow-white hair ; second submarginal cell still larger, sides more curved, and pedicel less than one-third of cell height front at a 18. Third antennal joint much longer than the fourth, and a little longer than the first (scape), fourth joint three times as long as broad; enclosure ob- liquely striate ; clypeus impressed above the slightly raised three-toothed margin ; pygidium with parallel sides ; abdomen black, with subequal bands above and lateral spots below sexta 8 Psyche [Mar. Third joint not longer than scape ; fourth joint not nearly three times as long as broad 19 19. Yellow of clypens ends below in a point; upper side of the triangular lateral lobes is straight ; little if any rufous on propodeum or abdomen 20 Yellow of clypeus ends broadly below, and at lower margin; often some rufous on thorax and ab- domen; lateral lobes with upper side curved end- ing in a black comma-mark 21 20. A row of white hair across lower face from eye to eye; liair-lobes very narrow; spots on scutellum; enclosure smooth, but anterior corners with a few oblique striae; sometimes lateral spots on pro- podeum ; venter with little if any yellow. femur- rub rum No row of white hair across lower face ; hair-lobes moderately broad, yellow; no spots on scutellum-; enclosure with median groove and each side with coarse oblique striae; venter with yellow bands; sternum with rather long, erect white hair vicina 21. First segment of abdomen plainly longer than broad ; face with lateral lobes wholly pale yellowish ; pro- podeum reddish, smooth and shining ; clvpeal margin slightly rounded, pygidium slender, sides nearly parallel; lateral spots on venter ferruginor First segment not plainly longer than broad; the dorsal surface usually broader than long 22 22. Third joint of antennae plainly longer than fourth, fourth and fifth both rufous ; clypeus projecting below nearly the height of lateral lobes in a short truncate margin; pygidium not twice as long as broad in middle, hind tibia has two basal teeth with an elongate base Isolde Third joint of antennae barely if any longer than fourth, ventral punctate areas reduced to a nar- row row in the middle 23 23. Venter black, trace of rufous on the sides; clvpeal process truncate; propodeum, first, and base of second segment reddish, abdomen slender, the punctate side-lobes of venter much swollen so that 1947] Cerceridce 9 they project below, viewed from side; the ridge on sixth ventral forms a sloping rounded lobe with several teeth on the margin calodera Venter with yellow spots or bands ; the swollen areas are scarcely noticeable from side view; clypeal projection very faintly tridentate, or the margin at least biconcave 24 24. Lateral face marks reach little above antennae ; rather broad at end, supraclypeal mark also short ; scutel- lum black, or at most with small spot each side, pygidium slender, sides nearly parallel; lateral lobe of sixth segment broadly rounded behind and with two large, black, blunt teeth ; and usually some smaller connecting row or ridge with small teeth ; the lateral lobe of fifth segment, though fairly long, also shows some small teeth near inner end and hind border populorum Lateral face marks reach toward top of eyes, supra- clypeal mark extends to anterior ocellus ; some- times spots or band on vertex, and a curved mark back of each eye ; scutellum usually broadly yellow- ish or rufous; propodeum usually wholly rufous, or black; enclosure large, smooth; pygidium with the sides converging toward tip; the lateral lobe of the venter of sixth segment is broad, convex, and shows several rounded teeth, three on the outer corner ; lobe of fifth segment has no distinct teeth. Mot a 25. Enclosure longitudinally striate nigrescens Enclosure mostly obliquely striate abbreviata Cerceris macrosticta V. & C. Viereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 133, 1904. A female from Tucson, Arizona, July (Bequaert). Cerceris front at a Say Say, West. Quart. Kept., 2: 80, 1823. Leconte Ed., 1 : 167, 1859. From Flagstaff, Arizona, 29 July (Carpenter) ; Pal- 10 Psyche [Mar. merlee, Arizona (Biedermann), and Colton, California (Pilate). Cerceris sexta Say Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1 : 382, 1837. Leconte Ed., 2: 763, 1859. This belongs to the group of frontata, but I have not seen it west of Wyoming and Utah. Cerceris sextoides sp. nov. Female. In general similar to sexta (biuugidata) and to eurymele, but the clypeal process is more widely emarginate than in either, and the horns of the process much more slender and sharply pointed, and not at all angulate at the base of the emargination. The markings are similar to those species, the abdomen with a broad band on each segment, emarginate in the middle of the front; the venter is black on the first and basal half of the second segment. Front and mid femora partly black (not in sexta) and the hind femora partly dark above. The hair and sculpture are about as in eurymele. The male is more slender than in eurymele , the second and following segments hardly more than two-thirds as broad as in eurymele, and the yellow bands are more nar- row ; the venter has yellow bands or lateral spots, the hair lobes not as broad as the clypeal truncation. The femora of all legs have some black, the hind femora with a large black spot at tip. Length of '? 12 mm., of <$ 11 to 12 mm. Holotype ? from Lone Tree, Yakima River, Wash., 30 June 1882 (S. Henshaw) ; allotype and paratvpes from Nelson’s, Yakima River, 4-5 July, and Camp Umatilla, 26 June, both Washington and by Mr. Henshaw; also from Davis, Calif., 1 July (Bohart), and one “California.” Type M.C.Z. no. 23547. Cerceris grandis Bks. Banks, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII : 423, 1913. Type from Ft. Yuma, Arizona. 1947] Cerceridce 11 Cerceris eurymele sp. nov. Female. Black, face below antennae pale yellowish, the front edge of the clypeal process slightly reddish, the lateral spots extend a little above antennae, basal half of mandibles yellowish, a large elongate spot back of the eyes and basal joint of antennae yellow, the next four joints and the last joint pale rufous, others dull black; two spots on pronotum, tegulae, small spot on pleura be- low tegnlae, postscutellum, and a stripe each side on pro- podeum yellow. Abdomen with two large spots, almost touching, on first segment ; second, third, and fourth with a broad band, occupying almost entire width except a rather square black space in middle of front margin, band on fifth segment also broad, but without indenta- tion; sides of apical segment yellow, and venter with four very broad bands ; tip below with some long brown hairs each side; legs mostly yellowish, hind femur with a small dark mark before tip on inner side, hind tibiae with larger dark mark at tip ; extreme bases of front and mid femora black ; front basitarsus with six long even bristles on outer side. Wings yellowish hyaline, dark streak beyond the reddish stigma. Body densely and rather finely punctate ; hair on head moderately short, on thorax above shorter, longer hair on back of head, lower pleura, and sides of propodeum. Cly- peal process very large, on the plan of C. sextoides, but the basal part is much longer, and the lateral parts not so divergent, the tips being very blunt. Enclosure strongly, obliquely striate, rather more coarsely than in sextoides, basal segment broader than long, second segment hardly twice as broad behind ; pygidium very finely granulate, tip rounded, at base fully once and a half as wide as at tip, sides with fringe of yellow hair. Male very similar, spot back of eyes small, spots on propodeum sometimes small, yellow bands on abdomen broadly and shallowly emarginate in front, black spots on legs larger ; hair on head and thorax very long ; pygid- ium with parallel sides, truncate at tip, and less than twice as long as broad; face of moderate width, mid lobe of clypeus one and one-half times as high as broad, lower Psyche [Mar. margin with three teeth; hair lobes as broad as the trun- cate edge (broader than in sextoides ), from side the clypeus is somewhat depressed below, and above very faintly convex, and with much rather long hair. Length of $ 15 mm., of 13 mm. The female holotype from Davis, Calif., 30 June (Bo- hart), M.C.Z. no. 23546, and males from El Cajon, Calif., May 1 (Van Duzee), and Santa Barbara, Calif., 18 July (Cockerell), Riverside, Calif., 4 Oct. (Melander). Very similar to C. sextoides but the clypeal process is different, the males with broader hair-lobes, longer hair on body, and the yellow bands on abdomen broader in the middle. Cerceris englehardti sp. nov. Male. Body finely punctured; entire body densely clothed with erect, very long hair, white on face, brown on vertex and mesonotum, rest of thorax grey but white on sternum, first segment of abdomen grey hair above, other segments yellowish, venter with dark grey on ex- treme side, most of venter without hair. On the face some hair is as long as the scape, on vertex longer than scape, on mesonotum somewhat shorter, but on pro- podeum again longer, quite long above on first segment, but shorter on other segments. Black, with yellowish markings ; face pale yellowish, extending higher than usual, supraclypeal mark reaching the anterior ocellus ; scape pale below, dark above, third joint mostly pale all over, beyond the joints are black, but the extreme tip of last is rufous ; third joint nearly as long as the scape ; pronotum with two yellow spots, a tiny spot on middle of postscutellum, rest of thorax black; no spot on first segment of abdomen, second segment with band very broad on sides, reduced to a line in middle, other seg- ments with band less broad and broadly emarginate in front. Legs yellowish to rufous, front femora black ex- cept tip; second femora with black mark at posterior base ; third tibia rufous on apical half, basal half paler. Wings quite clear but broadly darkened along outer mar- gin beyond marginal cell, stigma yellow, veins dark. 1947] Cerceridce 13 Clypeus a little higher than broad, swollen on upper part, lower edge with three black teeth; lateral lobes higher than broad, upper edge curved, for a short distance the lobe is against the eye, hair-lobes no broader than lat- eral lobe and several times their breadth apart, of short white hair. From above the sides of head behind eyes are incurved; hind ocelli fully as near eyes as to each other, enclosure smooth, with a shallow median groove. First segment of abdomen one and one-lialf times as broad as long, more than one-half of width of second segment behind, no ridge separates dorsum from basal slope. Second segment little longer than third, about as broad as third. Last segment with dense, spreading hair each side of pygidium, latter nearly twice as long as broad in middle, tip truncate, almost as broad as at middle, with tine punctures. Venter shining black, second ventrite longitudinally sculptured, but punctate on sides as other ventrites ; the tip of subgenital plate is more narrow than the tip of pygidium, and the corners only slightly project- ing, not spine-like. Hind tibia has seven spines above in the row. Wings with a long and clear marginal cell, second submarginal cell large, the pedicel fully one-third of height of cell, the end of second discoidal is further beyond end of cell than in most species. Length 16 mm. A male from St. John, Arizona, 27 July 1931 (G. P. Englehardt). Type M.C.Z. no. 27638. Cerceris orestes sp. nov. Female. Black with white to pale yellowish marks, coarsely punctate much as in C. insolita. Face below antennae mostly white, the separated spots of insolita are here united, lower edge of clypeus black, supraclypeal mark reaches only to antennae, rest of high carina black, lateral face-marks reach plainly above antennal fossae, tip truncate. Lower margin of clypeus slightly convex, with six blunt, black teeth, two near middle closer to- gether; white of clypeus broader than high, the comma- mark above middle, lower third of upper side of lateral lobe against eye ; interantennal carina very high and 14 Psyche [Mar. short. Scape white below, above black and black out to the rufous last joint; hind ocelli nearer to eyes than to each other, small pale spot back of upper eye. Two pale spots on pronotum, a band on scutellum, and a long* stripe on propodeum, this has a recurved hook at upper end just below sides of enclosure, latter is coarsely punctate, much as on propodeum. First segment of ab- domen with a pale yellowish band, sometimes with sides extended forward ; third segment wholly pale above, fourth and fifth segments with a broad emargination in front ; venter with two or three yellowish spots each side ; pygidium fully as long as broad in middle, ends equals two-tliirds of middle width. Legs mostly black, front and mid femora pale on outer half below, basitarsus pale, rest brown, hind femora pale at tip, tibiae pale beneath, tarsi dark. Wings hyaline, fore wings with a broad dark costal streak, covering marginal cell and widened a little toward tip, second submarginal cell broad and low, the pedicel almost as long as height of cell. Face with some white hair, vertex with some dark, but most of body with little and short as in C. insolita. Length of female 9.5 to 11 mm. Male. Similar to female, but face wholly pale below the antennae and lateral face-marks not extending so high. The clypeus is higher than broad, a little swollen, lower edge quite short, and with two stout, blunt teeth near middle. Mandibles almost entirely black, extreme tip rufous ; third antennal joint plainly a little longer than fourth. Other marks much as in female except on pro- podeum only a small spot or dot pale, and on venter are two or three pale bands; the wings have the same dark costal streak; enclosure mostly punctured as on pro- podeum ; pygidium much as in female, fully twice as long as broad in middle, tip truncate, fully equal base and about two-tliirds of middle width, sides a little curved, with large punctures and black hair; end of subgenital plate with a fairly long, sharp spine each side. Length of male 6 to 8.5 mm. From Patagonia, Arizona, 1 to 4 August (Bequaert). Type M.C.Z. no. 27637. 1947] Cerceridce 15 Cerceris insolita Cress. Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 5 : 129, 1865. One female from Tucson, Ariz., July (Bequaert). Cerceris solidaginis Boliw. Rohwer, Can. Ent., 1908: 323. This species, separated on males from femur -rub rum on having the enclosure with large punctures, not smooth in middle, and no pale lateral mark on propodeum. Of five females before me two have the stripe on propodeum, are larger, broader, three without the stripe are smaller, less broad, and therefore have a slightly less broad cly- peal process. In the numerous males most are without the stripe on propodeum, two with only a dot ; the sculp- ture of the enclosure in most of the specimens is more or less irregular. I doubt if it is a distinct species, but the name may be of use for a lower category. Specimens of each form were taken at Tempe on the same dates. Cerceris femur-rub rum Vier. & Ckll. Yiereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 135, 1904. No record from California, but since it is very common at Tempe, Arizona, it mav occur in southern California. It is structurally much like the eastern C. compacta, but much more yellow. Cerceris fidelis Vier. & Ckll. Yiereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 132, 1904. Have none from California, but it is so common at Tempe and Tucson, Arizona, it quite possibly occurs in southern California. Cerceris orphne sp. nov. Male. Face yellowish, not reaching above antennae, lateral face-marks truncate above, with moderately short whitish hair, denser long dark hair on vertex. Pace broad below, plainly narrowed at antennae. Prom side the clypeus is swollen above, below depressed and the free 16 Psyche [Mar. edge is raised a little ; this process is short, truncate, each side is thickened and almost makes a blunt tooth at outer corner ; hair-lobes almost as broad as lateral lobes ; face rather finely and closely punctate ; scape of antennae yel- low below, rufous above, second and third joints rufous, beyond becoming deep black, last joint without the rufous. Pronotum with a large yellow spot on each side ; band on postscutellum and a short lateral yellowish stripe on pro- podeum each side ; enclosure mostly smooth, a 'broad median groove, some very short striae in anterior angles ; propodeum with longer and paler hair than on meso- notum. Abdomen rather slender; first segment rufous in middle, yellow on sides, other segments with moderately broad bands on sides, emarginate in middle ; venter black, with four yellow spots each side, mostly tapering to point at inner end. Second ventrite longitudinally sculptured ; pygidium broad, sides diverging above, one and one-half times as long as broad in middle, with numerous small punctures. Legs pale, the inner base of front and mid femora ferruginous, the hind femora with apical half a little darker than rest ; hind tibiae not darkened near tip, tarsi pale ; teeth on hind tibiae above much sloping. Wings fuinose darker on upper part and near tip, stigma and marginal cell elongate ; second submarginal about as large as in f rontata, the sides much curved, pedicel hardly one- third of height of cell. Length 16 mm. One male from Jemez Springs, New Mexico, 2 July (Englehardt). Type M.C.Z. no. 23536. Cerceris aequalis Prov. Provancher, Add. Hym. Can., 417, 1888. Female. Black, bases of mandibles, spot on each side of lateral lobe, large one on clypeal process, basal joint of antennae below, stripe each side by eyes, spot behind eyes, yellowish. Two small spots on pronotum, tegulae, postscutellum, two spots on first segment, bands on sec- ond, third, and fourth, narrow in middle, broad on sides, all about equal, venter with three bands, and last segment with two spots, all yellowish or yellow. 1947] Cerceridce 17 Clypeai projection from above almost triangular, below it is black, and a spine each side on margin of clypeus; enclosure moderately large, rather finely longitudinally striate ; pygidium about two and one-lialf times as long as wide at base, much narrowed toward the tip, dark fringe each side. Front and mid femora dark on base, hind femur and tibia dark on tip, hind tarsus very dark, ex- cept a narrow line above on basitarsus. Wings with dark front part, most prominent beyond the yellowish stigma. Body rather finely punctate, hair on head and thorax moderately long. Male very similar in coloration, but the bands on ab- domen are less broad on sides, and the spots on first seg- ment are smaller. The clypeai truncation has three teeth, the hair-lobes about as broad as the truncation; face, from side, is rather short-haired; enclosure longitudinally striate as in the female ; pygidium broadly truncate at tip, its base scarcely more narrow, coarsely punctate, one and a half times as long as broad. Length of $ 12 mm., of <$ 10 mm. Type of Provancher was simply California, a male. I have identified as it a male from San Mateo Co., Calif., 20 June, and a female from Big Flat, Coffee, Trinity Co., Calif. The description of Provancher would fit the male of C. varians just as well. This species is close to C. varians, but the clypeai proc- ess is much more elevated, and there is no mark on the propodeum. In male the face has shorter hair than varians, there are teeth on the truncation of clypeus, and the pygidium is scarcely more narrow at base. Cerceris abbreviate Bks. Banks, Can. Entom., 1919, 84. Specimens from Yakima, Little Spokane, Camp Uma- tilla, all Washington, in July (Henshaw), and Carrville, Trinity Co., Calif., 27 May. Cerceris complete Bks. Banks, Can. Entom., 1919, 83. Have seen only the type from Claremont, Calif. 18 Psyche [Mar. Cerceris nigrescens Smith Smith, Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., IV : 466, 1856. Specimens from Wawawai (W. M. Mann) ; Wenass Valley, 7 July (Hensliaw) ; Spokane, 21 June (Henshaw) ; Ainsworth, 20 July (Henshaw) ; and Gulf of Georgia (A. Agassiz), all in Washington. Also occurs in Montana, British Columbia, and eastward. Cerceris varians Mickel Mickel, Nebr. Univ. Studies, XVII : 336, 1917. Paratype before me from Donner Lake, Calif. ; others from Mammoth, 17 Sept.; Sequoia National Park, 25 July; and San Mateo County, 20 June, all in California. Cerceris munda Mickel Mickel, Nebr. Univ. Studies, XVII: 337, 1917. Described from Sacramento, Calif. I have not seen it. Cerceris thione sp. nov. Male. Black; markings pale yellowish, the face verg- ing to white ; most of mandibles, basal joint of antennae, a small spot back of eyes, pronotum wholly, tegulae, spot below tegulae, scutellum, postscutellum and a fairly broad stripe each side on propodeum, pale yellowish; rest of antennae brown, but rufous below for a few joints and the last joint also rufous. Each segment of abdomen with an apical band, that on second plainly broader than those behind, none much widened on sides ; venter with lateral yellow spots on third, fourth, and fifth segments. Legs yellowish, front and mid femora rufous on base, hind femora rufous, darker on lower edge; more than apical half of hind tibiae black, hind tarsi nearly black, except basitarsi. Wings almost hyaline, brown, beyond the yel- lowish stigma, the tip more broadly brown. Hair of face short, white, vertex and thorax densely dark-haired, on propodeum long and white, that on ab- domen above longer than usual. Body densely and rather finely punctate. Mid lobe of clypeus projects triangularly below, and the white hair-lobes are much less than their breadth 1947] CercericlcB 19 apart, from side the clypeus is evenly convex; enclosure mostly smooth and shining, sides punctate ; basal segment of abdomen much broader than long, fully one-half the apical width of second segment, the abdomen rather broad ; pygidium very broad, hardly one and a half times longer than broad, tip truncate, sides somewhat convex; the hind tibiae are more swollen toward tip than usual, and the outer spines are very prominent. Length 10.5 mm. From Colton, Calif. (Pilate), Eddy Collection, 24 Au- gust and 4 September, and Claremont, Calif. (Baker). One specimen from Colton is only 8 mm. long. Tvpe M.C.Z. no. 23593. Cerceris arno sp. nov. Female. Largely yellowish, face wholly, basal half of the mandibles, and basal joint of antennae, yellow ; vertex with a yellow spot each side from top of eye toward the middle, a very large yellow spot back of eye. Pronotum wholly, tegulae, a spot below it, yellow, below latter is a rufous stain; scutellum, postscutellum, and most of the sides of propodeum yellow, leaving only a median dark stripe and this is partly rufous ; basal segment of ab- domen reddish at base, rest yellow, broad bands on next four segments, that on second with a median dark spot in front, the third and fourth acutely emarginate in front with dark, the fifth entirely yellow ; the terminal segment yellow, except the rufous to brown pygidium; venter al- most wholly yellow, some segments narrowly dark at base; legs almost wholly yellowish to rufous, the tarsi, especially the hind tarsi, darker, and a faint dark mark at tip of hind tibiae. Wings yellowish hyaline, yellow-brown in front, stigma yellowish. Face with much silvery white hair, not very long, but dense, moderately short hair on vertex, thorax, and ab- domen. Punctures dense, but not coarse. Mid lobe of clypeus somewhat swollen above, much broader than high, below with a broad truncation; enclosure mostly trans- versely striate; basal abdominal segment much broader than long; pygidium nearly three times as long as broad 20 Psych e [Mar. at tip, latter somewhat rounded, wider at base, at widest part (above middle) it is twice as wide as at tip, bordered with yellow fringe. Length 10.5 mm. From Colton, Calif. (Pilate), Eddy Collection, and mountains near Claremont (Baker). Type M.C.Z. no. 23542. One specimen has the sternum yellowish, and one has a reddish mark on the mesonotum. Cerceris calif ornica Cress. Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliila., 5 : 128, 1865. Described from a male, possibly related to C. denti- cularis. But the legs brownish at base, four anterior femora ferruginous, posterior pair rufopiceous, tibiae and base of tarsi yellow, is not like denticularis , nor is the unusually small first segment tinged with ferruginous at tip. Cerceris denticularis Bks. Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, 51 : 113, 1917. Specimens from Umatilla, Oregon, and Yakima and Spokane, Wash. Cerceris postieata Bks. Banks, Ent. News, 1916, 64. Described from the Jemez Mts., New Mexico (Wood- gate). Cerceris vicina Cress. Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 5 : 120, 1865. Male from Raton Pass, New Mexico, 26 July (James). Cerceris nasica V. & C. Viereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 132, 1904. Jemez Springs, New Mexico, 2 July (Englehardt) ; 29 June, 2 July (Woodgate). Cerceris athene sp. nov. Female. Black; clypeus and bases of mandibles rather rufous, sides of face yellow, back of eyes, also somewhat rufous, a yellow spot near upper end of eye; on vertex 1947] Cerceridce 21 back of ocelli are two transverse yellow marks, almost united to form a curved band; basal joint of antennae rufous, beyond brown; pronotum with the spots almost united; tegulae rufous on inner part, yellow on outer half ; yellow spot just below tegulae, and below that is a rufous stain ; scutellum, postscutellum, and a stripe each side on propodeum, yellow. First segment of abdomen fully one-lialf yellow; second yellow, with a median indentation ; third broad on sides, narrow in middle ; fourth and fifth bands fainter and very narrow; second and third segments of venter yellowish. Legs almost entirely rufous, tarsi dark; wings brownish along front and more definite near tip. Middle clypeal lobe swollen, and ending in a small median cone-like point, no free edge ; enclosure smooth in middle, punctate on sides ; pygidium with tip truncate, base about as wide as tip, sides curved so that the widest part is a little above the middle, it is fully one and two- tliirds as broad as at tip, rather densely granulate; basal segment of abdomen fully one-half of the second at tip. Length 10.5 mm. From Claremont, Calif. (Baker). Type M.C.Z. no. 23537. C. thione may be the male. Cerceris melanthe sp. nov. Female. Black ; face below antennae, base of mandibles, pronotum, tegulae, postscutellum and a spot on each pos- terior side of propodeum, pale yellowish. On abdomen an apical band on each segment ; that on first narrow, that on second covering about half of segment, angularly emarginate in middle, those on other segments less wide, but covering about one-half of segment, and more deeply emarginate in front ; venter with a large pale yellow spot on each side of third segment. Femora almost wholly shining black, front and mid femora pale at extreme tips, hind trochanters pale, rest of front and mid legs pale, in hind legs fully the apical half of the tibiae and the tarsi black. Wings hyaline, stigma reddish, beyond is a broad brown streak. 22 Psyche [Mar. Body rather coarsely punctate, much as in the section with the dark stigma ; hair on face short and silvery, but long on edges of lateral lobes, that on vertex dark, on pleura and propodeum longer and pale, abdomen scarcely hairy above, below with a band of rather short hairs on each segment. Face moderately broad below, no clypeal process, and the broad middle lobe scarcely reaches below the lateral lobes ; enclosure with a median groove and the sides roughened, but hardly striate; basal joint of abdomen about as long as broad, not half the apical width of second segment ; pygidium elongate, narrowed at each end, more so at base, fully two and a half times as long as broad in middle; the front tarsi (except basal joint) are more broad than usual ; teeth on upper edge of hind tibiae very strong. Length 6 mm. From Apache Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., 25 July, 5500 ft., J. Bequaert collector. Type M.C.Z. no. 23539. Cerceris calodera sp. nov. Male. Small, body slender; face fairly broad, barely narrowed at middle ; face pale yellowish, with silvery hairs, and white hair-lobes ; lateral face marks and supra- clypeal mark reach only a little above antennae. Clvpeus swollen, lower margin slightly concave each side and pro- jecting a little in middle, the process broad and truncate. Antennae short, thick toward the tip, under side of tip rufous, scape pale. Pronotum broadly yellow, the spots nearly touching ; mesothorax black, coarsely punctate, two small rufous spots, one on tubercle, other below wing- base; a faint spot each side on scutellum, band on post- scutellum; propodeum rufous, black in middle and enclo- sure, latter broad, smooth. Abdomen slender, first segment rufous, its dorsum plainly broader than long; second segment rufous on base, behind is a broad yellow band, narrower bands on other segments, but broader on sides ; abdomen from side shows the lateral lobes of venter roundedly projecting below more than in allied species ; venter black, a trace of 1947] Cerceridce 23 rufous on sides. Each ventral segment, back of second, shows a bristly punctate lobe each side, and connecting punctate ridge in middle. On sixth segment the ridge is elevated, each side into a broad lobe, with several fairly large teeth grouped around the outer corner. Pygidium slender, sides nearly parallel, and nearly twice as long as broad in middle, tip truncate. Legs almost wholly yel- lowish, tips of hind tibiae dark, and hind tarsi dusky. Length 9 mm. One from Jacumba, Calif., 12 August 1917 (W. M. Wheeler). Type M.C.Z. no. 27622. Cerceris illota sp. nov. Male. Face yellowish, the lateral and supraclypeal marks tend to extend upward toward top of eyes and the anterior ocellus, sometimes connected with spots or band on vertex ; with short, silvery hair, hair-lobes no broader than lateral lobes. Usually a comma-shaped rufous spot back of each eye, and sometimes a rufous band across vertex from eye to eye, often absent, or two spots. An- tennae with scape pale, second and third joints usually rufous, beyond brown, but tip of last joint rufous, third not longer than fourth. Pronotum with the yellow spots meeting ; mesonotum black, stained with rufous, or all ru- fous, a yellow spot under base of fore wings ; scutellum usually rufous, postscutellum yellow; pleura and pro- podeum black to rufous, yellow stripe each side on pro- podeum ; enclosure fairly broad, smooth, but with one or two punctures in upper corners. First segment of abdomen rufous, dorsum plainly broader than long; second segment more than twice as broad behind as first, sides broadly convex, a nearly square rufous or black spot indenting the broad yellow band covering the rest of the segment; other segments completely covered with yellow band, sometimes slightly indented in front with rufous; from above the segments show the denticulate appearance at outer hind corners. Venter black, with pale yellowish, punctate spots on side narrowly connected across middle. Pygidium one and one-half times as long as broad in middle, tip usually a 24 Psyche [Mar. little narrowed. Sixth ventrite has a lobe each side tipped with several black (or rufous) teeth, many blunt. Legs yellowish to rufous, hind femora darker than others, front and mid femora with some large spots of white ; hind tibiae dark beyond middle, hind tarsi dusky. Wings dark along costa and towards tip as usual. Length 9 to 11 mm. From Tucson, Arizona, August (Bequaert), also Pata- gonia, Arizona, 20 August (Bequaert), and Colton, South- ern California, 16 August (Pilate) ; also two from Pal- merlee, Arizona (Biedermann). Type M.C.Z. no. 23541. Cerceris isolde sp. nov. Male. Face wholly yellowish up to upper edge of an- tennal fossae, with short silvery hair, most dense toward lower margin ; hair-lobes yellowish, short ; antennae mostly rufous out to seventh joint, thence black, hut the last joint is rufous, and scarcely curved. Face not very broad be- low and little narrowed above; lateral lobes high, outer side straight, and fully one-third its length against eye. Clypeus projects below the lateral lobes and ends in a truncate process. Head back of eyes rufous. Pronotum rufous, with two yellow spots above; meso- notum black, closely and coarsely pitted; scutellum broadly and a line on postscutellum yellow; propodeum rufous, the enclosure moderately large, mostly smooth, but a few punctures on sides ; median groove on pro- podeum very distinct, lying in a depression ; mesopleura rufous, sternum black. Abdomen rather slender; dorsum of first segment al- most twice as broad as long; second segment twice as broad behind, in front rufous as the first, behind with broad yellowish band, four similar bands behind occupy- ing all of dorsum, last segment also yellow, all with fine whitish hair; pygidium one and one-fourth times as long as broad in middle, tip broad, sides little curved, little narrowed above. Venter with yellow bands, broad on sides, second ventrite yellowish; on the sixth there is a cross-ridge, but without teeth. Legs also wholly yellow- ish to rufous, hind tibia near inner tip faintly darkened. 1947] Cerceridce 25 Wings darkened in front and towards tip; marginal cell quite long and narrowed toward tip; pedicel of second submarginal fully one-half of cell’s height. Length 10 mm. o From Palmerlee, Arizona, Biedermann coll. Type M.C.Z. no. 23540. Cerceris ferruginor V. & C. Viereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 134, 1904. Described from New Mexico; I have one from Tucson, Arizona, July (Bequaert). The unusual length of the first segment readily distinguishes it. Cerceris populorum V. & C. Viereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 135, 1904. Tucson, Arizona (F. H. Snow). Cerceris semiatra sp. nov. Male. Deep black; from middle of third abdominal segment above to tip of abdomen yellow, and a narrow yellowish band on these segments below. On face is a narrow orbital streak, at top occupying hardly one-half of space between eye and antenna, and below running out before reaching the mandibles; the yellowish hair-lobes are short ; face below antennae with much rather long hair, in most views silvery. The antennae (including scape be- low) are black. On the pronotum there is a trace of a narrow, yellowish line each side; no other pale on head nor thorax. Legs black, front and mid tibiae show a pale streak on front side, tarsi more brown, but with white hair, appear paler. Fore wings with usual dark spot at tip ; stigma and the veins before it yellow, veins beyond and behind stigma brown. Face with nearly parallel sides, higher than broad; clypeus quite large, rounded above and on sides, below truncate, and not as coarsely punctate as rest of face. Antennae as long as width of head, broadened toward tip, 26 Psyche [Mar. third joint short, but a little longer than fourth, a high carina between bases of antennae. Mesonotmn coarsely punctate, enclosure broad and smooth, propodeum very coarsely punctate. First abdominal segment with nearly parallel sides, not one-half the width of hind margin of second segment, latter quite long as usual, sides rounded in to front, surface coarsely punctate, third segment about as broad as second, others shorter; pygidium fully one and one-half as long as broad, tip truncate and more than one-half of base, sides slightly curved ; ventral seg- ments without definite fringes. In fore wings, the third submarginal cell has an oblique base and sinuous tip, and is a little longer than broad, and beyond this cell the marginal cell tapers a little to tip. Length 10 mm. One male from Patagonia, Arizona, 20 August (Be- quaert). Type M.C.Z. no. 27620. Subgenus Apiratrix Shest. This subgenus is easily separated not only by the origi- nal character of a small basal raised area on the second ventrite, but also by the darker color of the stigma, brown to black against the yellow to ferruginous of the typical forms ; the lateral lobes reach the eye higher than in many of the true Cerceris , and in most of the species there is a mesosternal tubercle in the female. APIRATRIX FEMALES 1. Propodeum and base of abdomen rufous; face with three pale spots, lateral lobes black; clypeus with a small median, pointed cone conifrons Propodeum and base of abdomen not rufous, no pointed cone on clypeus 2 2. Front femora impressed on outer dark part when seen from above 3 Front femora not impressed behind, convex; end of clypeus upraised a little, so with free, dark edge 4 3. Clypeus plainly swollen above, but not quite in a cone; white of clypeus not nearly twice as broad as long ; apex of pygidium more than one-half its 1947] Cercericlce 27 greatest width; hind femora more than one-half black below complanata Clypeus evenly convex; white of clypens fully twice as broad as long ; apex of pygidium not one-half its greatest width, hind femora not so much black. vanduzeei 4. Scape of antennae pale above and below; often two spots on vertex ; marks mostly white ; enclosure punctate on sides acantliopJiila Scape of antennae dark above 5 5. Lateral face marks separated from clypeus by black ; enclosure with transverse striae vie reck i Lateral face marks reach yellow of clypeus 6 6. Enclosure nearly cross-striate ; clypeal lobe short, truncate; face-markings yellowish; pale abdominal bands deeply indented with black ; yellow spots on venter minax Enclosure largely smooth, not cross-striate 7 7. Enclosure smooth, no punctures; face with much white hair below ; clypeal lobe broadly emarginate in middle ; yellow of clypeus separated from lateral face marks by a black line ; pygidium not especially slender nor narrowed more than usual toward tip ; hair-lobes white, broad, partly on clypeus snowi Enclosure mostly smooth, but with some striae or punctures ; yellow of clypeus adjoins lateral face- marks 8 8. Enclosure with rather hue oblique striae each side of median groove ; pygidium not particularly slender near tip ; clypeal margin scarcely elevated. hesperina Enclosure mostly smooth but fine transverse striae in upper part, the groove with lines across ; pygidium very slender and apical third more narrowed ; cly- peal margin plainly a little elevated convergens APIRATRIX MALES 1. First and second segments entirely jet black, rest of abdomen with yellow bands ; hind legs almost 28 Psyche [Mar. 9 o l)< 4. o. 6. 8. 9. wholly black; lateral lobes black; hair-lobes so broad they almost touch each other seminigra Second segment with a pale band 2 Propodeum and first segment reddish, face below antennae wholly pale conifrons These parts not reddish 3 Clypeus wholly black as also supraclypeal area ; hind femora black almost to tip 4 Clypeus, at least, with a large pale spot 5 Enclosure partly punctate ; lower face densely white- haired snowi Enclosure smooth, corners finely striate; lower face not especially densely hairy convergens Lateral lobes at least partly black 6 Lateral lobes wholly pale 8 A supraclypeal pale mark ; clypeus higher than broad; enclosure cross-striate; body very slender. arizonella No supraclypeal mark, at most a dot, body less slender, enclosure not cross-striate; clypeal lobe with three teeth or lobes 7 Lateral lobes partly pale ; enclosure smooth ; teeth of clypeus blunt, rounded; hair-lobes small ... eriogoni Lateral lobes black; no spot on pleura, teeth sharp, mid tooth rounded hesperina Scape pale above as below ; marks white, face rather narrow ; lower edge of clypeus trilobed, acanthophila Scape dark above 9 Hind femora with apical third beneath pale, venter with some yellowish; two oblique stripes on pro- podeum 11 Hind femora with less than one-fourth pale ; venter black, unspotted 10 Clypeus about as broad as high, broad on lower mar- gin, comma-mark a little below middle of clypeus, clypeal edge short, truncate ; hair-lobe not equal breadth of clypeal lobe, marks snow-white. huachuca 1947] Cerceridce 29 Clypeus plainly higher than broad, comma-mark plainly above middle, a noticeable mass of silvery, hair on lateral lobes and lower clypens somewhat obscuring the hair-lobes ; marks yellow, hair-lobes nearly as broad as clvpeal lobe complanata 11. Spots on scutellum and first segment; no pale marks on propodenm; enclosure with oblique striae; pv- gidium oblong cockerelli Band on scutellum and first segment; two oblique stripes on propodeum behind; enclosure trans- versely striated; pygidium slender, about equally narrowed at each end vanduzeei Cerceris (Apiratrix) convergens V. & C. Viereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 136, 1904. Several from Jacumba, Calif., 12 to 17 August (Wheeler) ; Patagonia, Ariz., 20 Aug. (Bequaert), and Apache Cp., Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., 25 July, 5500 feet (Bequaert). Cerceris (Apiratrix) huachuca sp. nov. Male. Black, with snow-white marks. Face moder- ately narrow, white, with short white hair, longer at lower margin ; clypeus scarcely higher than broad, comma-mark near middle ; clvpeal edge short, truncate, hair-lobes not quite as broad as clvpeal edge; third joint of antennae barely longer than fourth, scape above dark, two spots on pronotum, not meeting; two on scutellum, not far apart ; line on postscutellum, two small spots, touching on first segment of abdomen ; rather broad band on second segment, not broadened on sides ; narrow band on tip of next four segments; pygidium twice as long as broad in middle, a little broader above, tip truncate ; venter black. Very short pale hairs on abdomen, longer on first segment above, darker, but rather short, on mesonotum. Hind femora black almost to tip, second femora and first black behind on basal two-thirds ; enclosure smooth. Length 5 mm. From Patagonia, Arizona, 20 August (Bequaert). Type M.C.Z. no. 27636. 30 Psyche [Mar. Cerceris (Apiratrix) eriogoni V. & C. Viereck and Cockerell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 12: 139, 1904. Two from Tempe, 31 July, and 2 August (Bequaert). Cerceris (Apiratrix) acanthopJiila Ckll. Cockerell, Entom., 1897, 135. Several from Arizona, Tempe, August 1 and 2 (Be- quaert) ; August 5 (Wheeler) ; Tucson, July (Bequaert) ; Tucson, September 1-5 (Carpenter). Two females, 4 August, from Tempe, agree with the description of C. chilopsidis Vier. & Ckll. and are, I believe, the female of acanthophila. Cerceris (Apiratrix) vierecki sp. nov. Female. Black. Face with a large pale yellowish spot on middle lobe of clypeus, a spot on outer side of each lat- eral lobe, a supraclypeal spot, and an elongate spot each side by eye. This leaves on each side a black streak be- tween the supra-clypeal mark and the eye-spot running down on the lateral lobe. Basal joint of antennae pale beneath, also most of the mandibles, and a small spot be- hind each eye ; most of the antennae pale below and brown above. Pronotum with a spot each side, tegulae, spot each side on scutellum, line on postscutellum, all yellow- ish ; sometimes a spot below tegulae. Abdomen with a narrow apical band on the first seg- ment, a broad band on the second, broadly emarginate in front; third and fourth segments with a more broadly emarginate band, very narrow in the middle ; fifth with a narrow apical band, all yellowish; venter unspotted. Legs very pale, the femora largely black, front and mid pairs with apical fifth pale; hind tibiae with large black spot over apical half, and the tarsi (except basitarsi) brown. Wings faintly infumate, stigma brown, and a broad brown streak beyond. Body densely and rather coarsely punctate. Hair on face pale and very short, that on ver- tex and thorax longer and darker ; propodeum and basal segment with long white hair, rest of abdomen hardly hairy above, and few hairs in the ventral bands. 1947] Cerceridce 31 Face moderately broad, border of mid lobe truncate ; enclosure with middle groove, and coarsely transversely ridged ; basal segment of abdomen broader than long, al- most one-half the apical width of second segment ; pygid- ium broader at base than at tip, about three times as long as wide at tip, sides slightly bowed. Length 6 mm. From Tempe, Arizona, 1 August (Bequaert). Type M.C.Z. no. 23544. Cerceris (Apiratrix) conifrons Mickel Mickel, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLII : 410, 1916. Specimens from Tempe, Ariz., 31 July (Bequaert) ; described from Nebraska and Wyoming, having spread so far may extend into California. Cerceris (Apiratrix) cockerelli Vier. Viereck, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, 731. Described from La Jolla, Calif. Cerceris (Apiratrix) complanata Mickel Mickel, Nebr. Univ. Studies, XVII : 340, 1917. Described from Auburn, Calif. Specimens from Three Rivers, Calif., 12 to 14 July; and Antioch, Calif., in May and June. Cerceris (Apiratrix) snowi Bks. Banks, Can. Entom., 1919, 84. Based on males from Tucson, Ariz. (Snow), and San Diego Co., Calif. (Van Duzee). I have also a male from Jacumba, Calif., 12 to 17 August (Wheeler), and females from Jacumba, Calif., 12 to 17 August, which are evi- dently this species. They are larger than the males ; agree with males in lacking a supraclypeal mark, but the clypeus is almost wholly pale, the lower edge of mid lobe black, and forming a slightly bilobed rim ; lateral lobes with long silvery hair. Two small spots on scutellum (often absent in the male), a spot below tegulae (usually absent in male), a spot on the pleural spine ; basal segment with a small transverse line or two small spots (as in one of the male types) ; rest 32 Psyche [Mar. of abdominal marks are like those of the male; that on second broad, that on third broken in one female (as in all males). Legs have black femora, excepting tips of the front and mid pairs. The enclosure is smooth. The pygidium is long, almost to a point below, and with sides much bowed; the front tarsi are flattened. Length of ? 10 mm. Cerceris (Apiratrix) vanduzeei Bks. Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXI : 114, 1917. Types from San Diego Co., Calif., June (Van Buzee), and also from Claremont, Calif. (Baker). Cerceris (Apiratrix) arizonella sp. nov. A small very slender male with supraclypeal area wholly pale and wholly united with lateral face-marks, the latter do not extend down to mandibles, as the lateral lobes are black, antennae pale rufous, scape beneath white ; two white spots on pronotum, nearly meeting; dot on tubercle, two spots on scutellum, and a line on postscutel- lum, a spot on first segment of abdomen, fairly broad; band on second, and narrow, white bands on those behind, except that on the sixth segment is very faint; venter black. Except face much like acanthophila, but more slender. Face more narrow than that species, the clypeus higher than broad, from side, evenly convex, lower margin con- vex; hair-lobes very short; antennae quite slender, third joint much longer than fourth, last joint but little curved ; mesonotum coarsely pitted, with little very short hair; propodeum roughened somewhat transversely, enclosure with transverse striae. First segment of abdomen about as broad as long, sides slightly rounded, all segments coarsely punctate, third and fourth segments of equal width, pygidium small and slender, base about one-half width, tip about half the width of base, rounded, surface with a few large punctures. In the fore wings the third submarginal cell is no longer than broad, beyond it the marginal cell is narrowed toward tip. 1947] Cerceridce 33 Length 5 mm. One male from Tenrpe, Arizona, 1 August (Bequaert). Type M.C.Z. no. 23538. Cerceris (Apiratrix) seminigra sp. nov. Male. Deep black; first and second segments of ab- domen jet black, no pale marks, third to sixth segments inclusive entirely yellow above. Venter with yellow spots on sides of segments four to sixth ; face with lateral marks touching a large spot on clypeus, lateral lobes and face above clypeus black; long silvery hairs on face-marks and lower face ; antennae rufous, darker toward tip, scape be- low pale. Two small spots on pronotum, tegulae, two fairly large spots on scutellum, all pale yellowish. Hind legs almost wholly black, a small pale streak at base of tibia above, front and mid legs wholly black on femora ; tibiae black except yellow on upper side ; tarsi pale. Wings slightly fumose, darker in front toward tip, stigma brown. Face rather wider above than below, clypeus rounded above and on sides, almost as long as broad, below con- vex; the white hair-lobes very broad, almost meeting in middle ; a moderately high carina between antennae ; an- terior ocellus hardly larger than others, and about one and one-half diameter from them. Antennae short, not equal width of head, broader towards tip, third joint slender, much longer than the fourth. Hair on head and mesonotum plainly shorter than usual; enclosure smooth, with distinct mid groove. Abdomen rather short, first segment broader than long, fully one-half of hind width of second segment, latter not as long as usual, but broader in front at attachment, third segment scarcely broader than second. Pygidium about one and one-half times as long as broad, tip very broad, truncate, nearly as broad as the base, slightly broader in middle, surface minutely granulate, and with about ten large punctures. Much long white hair on underside of last three segments. Fore wings have the marginal cell a little narrowed toward tip, second submarginal with very short pedicel, third a little longer below than broad, outer side bent a little near end, not sinuous. 34 Psyche [Mar. Length 7 mm. One male from Patagonia, Arizona, 20 August (Be- quaert). Type M.C.Z. no. 27621. Cerceris minax Mickel Mickel, Nebr. Univ. Studies, XVII : 339, 1917. I have a paratype from Auburn, Calif. ; also described from Sacramento. Cerceris hesperina Bks. Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXI: 115, 1917. Specimens from Ainsworth, 20 July and Yakima City, 2 July, both Wash. (Henshaw). C. pudorosa Mickel (Nebr. Univ. Studies, XVII: 338, 1917) appears to be a synonym; hesperina has several months priority. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Explanation of Plate 1 Cerceris athene, base of abdomen. Cerceris athene, pygidium, side of head. Cerceris completa, base of abdomen. Cerceris illota, teeth on lobe of sixth ventrite. Cerceris arno, pygidium. Cerceris viereclci, pygidium. Cerceris snoivi, pygidium. Cerceris calodera, side-view of abdomen. Cerceris illota, clypeus. Cerceris isolde, clypeus. Cerceris convergens, pygidium. Cerceris cequalis, pygidium. Cerceris eurymele, clypeal process from above. Cerceris thione, clypeus from in front. Cerceris melanthe, pygidium. Cerceris femur-rubrum, clypeus of male. Cerceris complanata, head from side. Cerceris populorum, edge of clypeus. Cerceris populorum, teeth on lobe of sixth ventrite. Cerceris illota, lobe of fifth ventrite. Cerceris athene, clypeus. Cerceris sextoides, clypeal process from above. 1947] Cerceriche 35 Psyche, 1947 Vol. 54, Plate 1 Banks — Cerceridee NEW SPECIES OF DIPLOSPHYRONID PSEUDO- SCORPIONS FROM AUSTRALIA1 By C. Clayton Hoff Department of Zoology and Parasitology, Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College Through the kindness of Professor Nathan Banks, the writer has been able to study the collections of Australian and New Zealand pseudoscorpions deposited in the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology. The majority of these collections were taken by members of the Harvard Aus- tralian Expedition in 1931 and 1932. The present paper is concerned only with the diplo- spliyronid pseudoscorpions. The specimens have been mounted on microscope slides after being cleared in beech- wood creosote. Measurements were made with a cali- brated micrometer ocular and are expressed in milli- meters. All of the specimens described here have been returned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Family OLPIIDLE Chamberlin 1930 Subfamily Olpiin^: Banks 1895 Genus Olpium L. Koch 1873 Olpium zealandiensis sp. nov. Figures 1-3 Female. Body moderately slender ; carapace moder- ately brown, abdomen and legs light yellowish brown, palpi deep reddish brown. Length of body 2.7 mm. Carapace smooth except weakly developed netlike lines on the posterior one-third of the face and along the sides. Setae sparse, only two setae along the posterior margin of the carapace. The two eyes of each side separated by less than the diameter of the posterior eye. Lateral margins of the carapace weakly convex, posterior margin nearly straight. Length of carapace about 0.8 mm., great- est width across posterior margin and equal to 0.71 mm., ocular width about 0.5 nun. 1 Published by a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard College. 36 1947] Pseudoscorpions 37 Abdomen elongate with sides weakly and evenly con- vex, length 1.9 mm., width 1.05 mm. All tergites equally sclerotic, not divided, surface marked by very faint net- like sculpturing*. Each of the first two tergites with four setae, more posterior tergites with six setae, the tenth and the eleventh with 10 setae. St emit es a little more lightly pigmented than the tergites and virtually unsculptured. Most sternites with six to 10 very fine acuminate setae ; sternites not divided. Chelicera fairly stout, 0.27 mm. long, width of base 0.16 mm. Flagellum of three setae, anterior one stout and denticulate along the distal one-third ; the middle seta about two-thirds the length of the distal one and also sub- terminally denticulate ; the proximal seta inconspicuous, less than one-half the length of the middle one, and ap- parently acuminate. Fixed finger gently curved, with four or five small, retroconical teeth along the distal one- half of the inner margin; lamina exterior wide and con- spicuous ; distal tooth of serrula interior ligulate and with finely serrate margin, next three more proximal teeth platyform and with serrate margins, other teeth modified to form a velum. Movable cheliceral finger a little curved, fairly slender; serrula exterior of 20 ligulate plates ; subapical lobe stout and with two rounded cusps ; apical tooth no more sclerotic than the rest of the finger ; galeal seta inserted near the base of the subapical lobe and not reaching to the tip of the galea; galea (Fig. 1) stout, straight, and with three fairly stout and little- curved terminal and subterminal rami ; length of movable finger 0.2 mm. Palps (Fig. 2) moderately stout; polished reddish brown in color; investing setae long, acuminate, and fairly numerous ; surface smooth except for weakly developed granules on the sides of the maxillae, on the trochanteral protuberances, on the central portion of the flexor surface of the femur, and along the distal half of the flexor surface of the chelal hand. Maxilla 0.44 mm. long, 0.28 mm. wide ; trochanter 0.40 mm. long, 0.24 mm. wide; femur 0.71 mm. long, width 0.26 mm. ; tibia 0.71 mm. long, 0.31 mm. wide ; chela without pedicle 1.16 mm. long, 0.44 mm. wide ; chelal 38 Psyche [Mar- hand without pedicle 0.60 mm. long, 0.42 mm. deep. From the side, chelal hand (Fig. 3) stout, depth little less than the width ; hand not much narrowed towards the fingers ; length of movable finger 0.62 mm. Many marginal teeth of chelal fingers broken hut apparently about 45 conical and cuspid teeth distributed along nearly the entire mar- gin of each finger. Legs moderately stout, yellow in color; setae fine and acuminate, sparse on the proximal podomeres but longer and more numerous on the distal podomeres ; surfaces of pedal podomeres apparently unsculptured ; tarsal claws stout. First leg with pars basalis deepest across the dis- tal end, length measured along the extensor margin 0.264 mm., depth 0.13 mm. ; pars tibialis stout, extensor margin flatly convex, flexor margin more convex, length measured along the extensor margin 0.22 mm., depth 0.143 mm. ; tibia subcylindrical except in the proximal portion, length 0.30 mm., depth 0.103 mm. ; metatarsus subcylindrical, length 0.135 mm., depth 0.07 mm. ; telotarsus a little deeper proximally than distally, length 0.133 mm., depth 0.067 mm. Fourth leg with extensor margin of femur a little flatly convex in the center, more convex near the ends; flexor margin of femur more weakly and evenly convex than the extensor margin; length of pars basalis 0.23 mm. ; length of pars tibialis measured along the extensor margin 0.55 mm., depth 0.265 mm. ; length of entire femur 0.67 mm.; tibia with extensor margin nearly straight except at the proximal end, flexor margin weakly convex, length 0.50 mm., depth 0.14 mm. ; metatarsus subcylindri- cal, with a long tactile seta inserted very close to the proximal margin, length 0.20 mm., depth 0.095 mm. ; telo- tarsus subcylindrical, length 0.17 mm., depth 0.078 mm. Genital complex very simple ; posterior operculum or third sternite with four setae. One median and two lateral cribiform plates, all small and subequal in size. Type locality. The female holotype collected by Mr. G. Archey on Tera Kihi Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zea- land, on October 25, 1924. Remarks. A single species of Olpium, 0. michaelsoni Tullgren, 1909, has been reported previously from the 1947] Pseudoscorpions 39 Australian region. From the description given by Cham- berlin (1930), it is evident that zealandiensis differs from michaelsoni by having much stouter palpal podomeres. By comparing the palp of zealandiensis with the figure given by Beier (1932, fig. 210) for the palp of michaelsoni, it may be seen that a number of slight differences exist between the two forms with respect to the shape of the palpal podomeres. Olpium zealandiensis may be readily separated from other species of the genus by character- istics of the palpal podomeres. Genus Xenolpium Chamberlin 1930 Xenolpium granulosum sp. nov. Figures 4-6 Female. Body elongate; length 4.65 mm. Carapace light brown in color; posterior margin nearly straight, anterior margin weakly bilobed, lateral margins very weakly convex to straight behind the eyes ; posterior mar- gin with two setae, each placed some distance anterior to the actual margin; anterior margin with four setae; eves prominent ; anterior eye separated from the anterior cara- pacal margin by more than the diameter of the eye, eyes of each pair separated by about one-half the diameter of the eye; carapace smooth except for netlike markings along the side and weakly developed granules behind the eyes ; length of carapace 1.08 mm. ; posterior and greatest width about 0.9 mm.; ocular width 0.5 mm. Abdomen much wider than carapace ; lateral margins gently con- vex; length 3.55 mm., greatest width 1.9 mm. Tergites light brown in color, surface virtually smooth; first ter- gite with four setae, central tergites with six to eight setae; all tergites undivided. Sternites smooth, light brown in color ; most sternites with eight, some with six or 10 marginal setae. Chelicera moderately deep brown in color ; base fairly stout and marked by a few netlike lines on the exterior surface ; all setae long and acuminate ; flagellum of four stout blades, each with an almost smooth margin; cheli- cera 0.29 mm. long, base 0.175 mm. wide. Fixed finger with wide and evenly convex lamina exterior ; distal one- 40 Psyche [Mar. half of inner margin with five or six retroconical teeth, two other teeth in the inner margin of the apical tooth ; terminal plate of serrula interior spinelike, the next three conical, others fused into a velum, all teeth with entire margins. Movable finger fairly stout, a little curved ; subapical lobe much smaller than the apical tooth and located verv close to the latter ; serrula exterior of about 20 ligulate plates (exact count prevented by broken plates) ; galea (Fig. 4) trifid near base, each branch sim- ple and fingerlike ; galeal seta fairly stout and not reach- ing to the tip of the galea ; movable finger 0.26 mm. long. Palps (Fig. 5) moderately stout, deep reddish brown in color; setae acuminate; surface of podomeres very weakly granular, with the granules minute and hardly discernible on the extensor surfaces of all podomeres except the trochanter ; chelal fingers with surface smooth. Maxilla 0.54 mm. long, 0.38 mm. wide; trochanter with conical extensor protuberance and a more rounded sub- dorsal one, granules of the extensor side confined to the protuberances ; length of trochanter 0.54 mm., width 0.31 mm. ; femur 0.88 mm. long, 0.35 mm. wide ; tibia 0.92 mm. long, with 0.37 mm. Chela from the dorsad with hand stout, fingers gently curved and well separated from the hand ; chela without pedicle 1.58 mm. long, 0.55 mm. wide ; chelal hand exclusive of the pedicle 0.85 mm. long, 0.49 mm. deep ; movable finger 0.8 mm. long. From the side, chelal hand (Fig. 6) subcylindrical ; basal margin rounded and blended into the dorsal and ventral margins without interruption; fingers fairly slender; each finger with about 60 marginal teeth distributed along almost the entire finger margin; teeth of the distal portion of each row retroconical and with well-developed cusps, those of the proximal end of each row rounded and acuspid. The legs deep yellow in color; fairly stout; surface ap- parently not sculptured ; setae long and acuminate, more numerous on the distal than on the proximal podomeres ; tarsal claws stout. First leg with femoral parts stout, margins of pars basalis flatly convex, margins of pars tibialis more rounded; length of pars basalis measured along the extensor margin 0.285 nun., depth 0.185 mm. ; 1947] Pseudoscorpions 41 pars tibialis measured along the extensor margin 0.30 mm. long, 0.182 mm. deep; tibia with extensor margin nearly straight except at the proximal end, weakly convex on the flexor margin, pedicle not developed, length 0.375 mm., depth 0.118 mm.; metatarsus subcylindrical but a little narrowed distallv, length 0.16 mm., depth 0.083 mm. ; telotarsus like the metatarsus in shape but somewhat more slender, length 0.16 mm., depth 0.067 mm. Fourth leg with subtriangular pars basalis, length 0.315 mm., depth 0.20 mm. ; flexor margin of pars tibialis almost straight, extensor margin flatly convex with a distinct angulation near the basal end, length measured along the extensor margin 0.78 mm., depth 0.335 mm. ; entire femur 0.93 mm. long; tibia and tarsal podomeres with shape much like the corresponding podomeres of the first leg ; tibia 0.62 mm. long, 0.175 mm. deep ; metatarsus 0.245 mm. long, 0.115 mm. deep ; telotarsus 0.225 mm. long, 0.095 mm. deep ; metatarsus with a tactile seta located on the exten- sor surface near the base of the podomere ; telotarsus with two tactile setse, one located 0.045 mm. and the other 0.125 mm. from the proximal margin. Genital complex very simple. Second sternite or an- terior operculum with 11 small marginal setae; third sternite or posterior operculum with five marginal setae. Small median and lateral eribiform plates present. Type locality. The female holotype from Mullewa, Western Australia. Collection made by Dr. W. M. Wheeler on September 20, 1931. Remarks. Xenolpium granulosum appears closely re- lated to 0. amboinensis Chamberlin, 1930, from the Dutch West Indies. The two species differ by the more slender chela, the basallv less truncate chelal hand, and the larger size of the body in 0. granulosum. Family GARYPIDJE Hansen 1894 Subfamily Gaeypix.e Simon 1879 Genus Gary pus L. Koch 1873 Garypus longidigitus sp. nov. Figures 7, 8 Female. Body large, stout, 4.4 mm. long; appendages long and slender. Carapace light brown in color ; surface 42 Psyche granular and marked by netlike lines; anterior margin bilobed, lateral margins weakly convex; eyes large, the eyes of one side separated by less than one ocular diame- ter; eyes removed from the anterior carapacal margin by between two and three ocular diameters ; transverse furrows weakly developed; setae scattered, fairly numer- ous ; length of carapace 1.28 mm., greatest width pos- teriorly and equal to 1.1 mm., ocular width 0.7 mm. Ab- domen oval-elongate, length 3.1 mm., width about 1.9 mm. Tergites 2 to 10 divided; surface sculptured as on the carapace ; brown in color ; setae weak and short ; first ter- gite with 10 setae, lialf-tergites of central and posterior part of body with six or seven setae along the posterior margin and two or three setae along the lateral margin; intertergal membranes and median membranes between lialf-tergites continuous, wide, and marked by wavy st na- tions. Sternites 4 to 10 divided; very lightly pigmented, especially anteriorly; sculpturing scalelike or netlike and much more weakly developed than on the tergites; setae short, fine, more or less similar in number and ar- rangement to those of the tergites ; intersternal mem- branes like those of the tergites. Pleural membranes wide, marked by rugose or papillose striations. Stig- mata placed entirely in the pleural membranes and not on the sclerotic sternal halves. Chelicera fairly sout, yellowish brown in color; length 0.36 mm., width of base about 0.215 mm. Base quadrate ; inner margin with a deep sinuation between the base and the fixed finger ; setae is, Is, and sb located on the promixal half of the fixed finger; dorsal surface of base weakly sculptured by netlike lines. Flagellum with three stout and much flattened blades ; the posterior blade two-thirds as long as the anterior one, the central blade intermediate in length; each blade denticulate, with the teeth long, slender, irregular in distribution and length, and confined to the distal two-thirds of each blade. Fixed finger very convex, with well-rounded lamina exterior; apical tooth very dark brown and sclerotic, with two small denticles on the inner surface ; inner margin of finger with one or two stout, sclerotic, retroconical distal teeth followed 1947] Pseudoscorpions 43 proximally by three to five weaker, non-sclerotic, retro- conical teeth becoming progressively smaller in size ; dis- tal plate of serrnla interior spinelike and directed anteri- orly. Movable finger gently curved; apical tooth acute, darkly pigmented, and sclerotic; subapical lobe subdi- vided distally into two acute teeth ; galeal seta inserted at the level of the subapical lobe and not reaching to the tip of the galea ; serrula exterior partly broken but probably composed of about 25 ligulate plates; galea stout, fairly straight, with six slender and gently curved simple rami confined to the distal one-third; length of movable clieli- ceral finger about 0.31 mm. Palps (Fig. 7) slender; yellowish brown except chela reddish brown; surface of podomeres except the chelal fingers marked by netlike lines and granulations ; setae fairly numerous, short, acute, slightly curved, and incon- spicuous. Maxilla 0.78 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide; trochanter 0.65 mm. long, 0.38 mm. wide ; femur 1.65 mm. long, 0.318 mm. wide ; tibia 1.38 mm. long, 0.35 mm. wide ; chela without pedicle 2.65 mm. long, 0.65 mm. wide ; depth of chela 0.59 mm., length of hand without pedicle 1.1 mm. ; length of movable finger 1.65 mm. Shape of chela from the side and the arrangement of tactile setae as shown in figure 8. Marginal teeth of chelal fingers cuspid, ar- ranged along the entire finger margin ; about 85 teeth on the fixed finger, about 70 teeth on the movable finger; teeth near each end of the row on each finger more or less conical, those of the center of the row on the fixed finger retroconical, those of the center of the row of the movable finger retroconical to much flattened so that they are much less acute than the opposing teeth of the fixed finger. Legs very slender ; deep yellow in color ; surface marked by netlike lines ; setae like those of the palpi, except longer and more numerous on the flexor surfaces of the tibial and tarsal podomeres. First leg with stout trochanter, 0.33 mm. long, 0.235 mm. deep ; pars basalis slender, flexor margin nearly straight, extensor margin convex in the center, podomere deepest near the distal end, length mea- sured along the extensor margin 0.62 mm., depth 0.185 mm. ; pars tibialis subcylindrical, length measured along 44 Psyche [Mar. the extensor margin 0.39 mm., depth 0.18 mm. ; tibia with extensor margin convex, flexor margin concave, deepest at the distal end, length 0.57 mm., 'depth 0.135 mm. ; meta- tarsus subcylindrical in shape, length 0.38 mm., depth 0.105 mm.; telotarsns 0.345 mm. long, 0.1 mm. deep. Fourth leg with trochanter 0.55 mm. long, 0.24 mm. deep ; pars basalis subtriangular in outline, 0.395 mm. long, 0.215 mm. deep; pars tibialis with very weakly convex flexor margin continuous with the margin of the pars basalis, extensor margin weakly to flatly convex hut a little more convex basally than distallv, length measured along the extensor margin 0.995 mm., depth 0.275 mm. ; entire femur 1.25 mm. long; tibia shaped as in the first leg hut much more slender, length 0.98 nun., depth 0.15 mm. ; meta- tarsus subcylindrical but a little narrower across the dis- tal than the proximal end, length 0.48 mm., depth 0.13 mm. ; telotarsus 0.38 mm. long, 0.12 mm. deep. Genital complex simple ; anterior operculum with 17 setae, many of which are arranged in a row along the pos- terior margin ; posterior operculum or third sternite with eight setae forming a single row; lateral cribiform plates smaller than the somewhat fragmented median plate. Type locality. Weier, Murray Islands, Torres Strait, Queensland. Collection made by H. L. Clark on October 4, 1913. Unfortunately, no ecological data accompany the single individual (holotvpe) in the collection. Remarks. This is the first record of the genus Gary pus L. Koch from the Australian region and its occurrence fulfills a prophecy made by Chamberlin (1934) that the genus should be present in Oceania. Garypus longidigitus is readily separated from other species of the genus by the characteristics, especially the length : width ratios, of the palpal prodomeres. The very long and slender chelal fingers are among the most sig- nificant of the diagnostic features. Genus Synsphyronus Chamberlin 1930 Synsphyronus + Maorigary pus Chamberlin, 1930, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 5: 616, 617. Synsphyronus -{-Maorigary pus Chamberlin, 1931, Stan- 1947] Pseudoscorpions 45 ford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., Biol. Sci., 7(1) : 135, 153, 155, 208, 215, 228 (figs.). Synsphyronus Chamberlin + Synsphyronidee Beier + Mao rig ary pus Chamberlin, Beier, 1932, Das Tierreich, 57: 226, 238. Synsphyronus emend., Chamberlin, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36 : 488, 489. Genus emendatus. On studying in detail the new spe- cies described below, it becomes obvious that the species belong to the genus Synsphyronus in spite of the presence of seven, instead of eight or nine, tactile setae on the fixed finger of the palpal chela. Since Chamberlin (1943) has shown that the variable number of tactile setae is not a useful diagnostic character in this genus, there is no justi- fication for the erection of a new genus. As a result, the genus Synsphyronus is hereby emended to include forms that have seven to nine tactile setae on the fixed chelal finger. The presence of seven setae on the fixed chelal finger indicates relationship to the genus Anagarypus Cham- berlin, 1930. However, the nature of the vestitural setae of the palps and the position of tactile seta est of the fixed chelal finger preclude assignment of the present three species to the genus Anagarypus. Synsphyronus (Maorigarypus) niger sp. nov. Figures 9, 10 Male. Body, legs, and clielicerae brown in color ; palpi dark reddish brown ; sculpturing of body and appendages as in the genus ; length of body 3.6 mm. Carapace as in the genus ; eyes of each side separated by about the lesser diameter of the anterior eye ; carapacal furrows not evi- dent ; posterior margin with four setae ; length of carapace 1 mm., greatest width across the posterior margin and equal to 1.1 mm., ocular width about 0.6 mm. Tergite 1 with six setae; each half of tergite 2 and tergite 3 with three setae, more posterior tergites with four or five setae on each half ; tergal setae subclavate to clavate. Sternites with setae acuminate to terminally truncate ; setae similar to those of the tergites in number and arrangement ; con- 46 Psyche [Mar.. tral sternites not divided, anterior and posterior ones divided. Abdomen stout, 2.6 mm. long, about 1.85 mm. wide. Chelicera with chaetotaxy and flagellum as in the genus ; length of chelicera 0.25 mm., width of base about 0.16 mm. Inner margin of fixed finger with three or four retroconical teeth, inner margin of apical tooth of fixed finger with two small denticles. Movable chelieeral finger a little curved; subapical lobe very near the base of the apical tooth ; serrula exterior of 18 ligulate plates ; galea relatively short, simple, stout, terminally rounded and without rami; length of movable finger 0.19 mm. Palps (Fig. 9) very similar in outline to those of other species of the genus. Setae of maxilla chiefly acuminate ; setae of the trochanter, femur, and tibia distinctly clavate ; setae of the chelal hand subclavate to clavate ; setae of the fingers acuminate and relatively long. Maxilla 0.60 mm. long, 0.34 mm. wide ; trochanter nearly square in outline with the pedicle short and stout, length including pedicle 0.47 mm., greatest width taken at about a right angle with the longitudinal axis 0.37 mm. ; femur 1.07 mm. long, width 0.30 mm. ; tibia 0.81 mm. long, 0.325 mm. wide ; chela ba sally truncate and little convex, fingers very slender in relation to the hand and gently curved; length of chela without pedicle 1.52 nun., width 0.44 mm. ; length of hand without pedicle 0.83 mm., depth of chelal hand 0.36 mm. ; length of movable finger 0.70 mm. Marginal teeth of the chelal fingers conical to retroconical in the distal part of the row of each finger, much flattened in the proximal portion of each row; cusps poorly developed; about 35 teeth on the movable finger, about 45 on the fixed finger. Tactile seta arranged as shown in figure 10. Legs dark brown in color, with the more distal podo- meres somewhat dusky ; setae of femoral parts and the ex- tensor margins of the more distal podomeres clavate, being conspicuously long and club-shaped on the tarsal podomeres of the fourth leg; setae of the flexor surface of the tibial and tarsal podomeres acuminate ; tarsal claws moderately stout. First leg with trochanter 0.245 mm. long, 0.175 mm. deep; pars basalis with flexor margin more or less evenly convex, 0.253 mm. long, 0.163 mm. 1947] Pseudoscorpions 47 deep; pars tibialis with evenly convex extensor margin, flexor margin bulging near the center ; length 0.285 mm., depth 0.19 mm. ; tibia as in other species of the genus, length 0.335 mm., depth 0.125 mm. ; metatarsus subcylin- drical, length 0.158 mm., depth 0.095 mm. ; telotarsus with both margins a little convex, length 0.145 mm., depth 0.075 mm. Fourth leg with extensor margin of the tro- chanter evenly convex, length 0.365 mm., depth 0.17 mm. ; pars basalis subtriangular in shape, 0.265 mm. long, 0.19 mm. deep ; pars tibialis with extensor margin more or less evenly but not strongly convex, flexor margin nearly straight and continuous with the flexor margin of the pars basalis, greatest length 0.61 mm., depth 0.245 mm. ; entire femur 0.80 mm. long; tibia very weakly S-shaped, length 0.49 mm., greatest depth in the distal half and equal to 0.14 mm. ; metatarsus subcvlindrical, 0.195 mm. long, 0.102 mm. deep; telotarsus stout, length 0.19 mm., depth 0.10 mm. Genital complex with the anterior operculum asetace- ous except for six small acuminate setae just anterior to the genital pore ; posterior operculum with seven or eight small setae approximate to the genital pore and five longer setae along the posterior margin. Both opercula with numerous slitlike lyrifissures. Type locality. The single male, the liolotype, collected by Dr. P. J. Darlington on November 30, 1931, at Ade- laide, South Australia. Remarks. The present species differs from all pre- viously described species of the subgenus Maorigarypus by having two rather than one or three tactile setae on the movable clielal finger and differs from all described species of the genus Synsphyronus by having only seven tactile setae on the fixed clielal finger. Synsphyronus niger is similar in these characters to S. magnus described below. Methods of separating these two species will be given under the description of the latter. Synsphyronus (Maorigarypus) magnus sp. liov. Figures 11, 12 Female. Very large; body ovate in general shape; abdomen, carapace, and legs light to medium brown ; palpi 48 Psyche [Mar. deep reddish brown; sculpturing as typical in members of the genus; body 4.45 mm. long. Carapace as in the genus ; anterior eye of each side narrowly elliptical and separated from the posterior eye by about twice the lesser diameter of the anterior eye ; a heavily sclerotized keel or ridge between the eyes, reaching its greatest development at the anterior border of the posterior eye ; anterior eye removed from the anterior carapacal margin by a dis- tance equal to four or five times the diameter of the pos- terior eye ; lateral margins of carapace gently and evenly convex ; posterior margin with six marginal setae ; length of carapace 1.35 mm. ; greatest width along the posterior margin and equal to 1.5 mm. ; ocular breadth about 0.8 mm. Tergites 2 through 10 divided; tergites 4 through 10 with each tergal half marked by a centrally located and more deeply pigmented spot; setae subclavate, ter- minally truncate but not much widened ; tergites 1 and 2 with eight setae; other tergites with 10 to 16 setae. Ster- nites 5 through 10 marked by pigmented spots similar to those of the tergites; division of some sternites weakly indicated; sternite 4 with eight marginal setae; setae of other sternites ranging from 10 to 14; setae of anterior sternites acuminate, some setae of posterior sternites weakly subclavate. Abdomen stout; 3.1 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide. Chelicera as usual in members of the genus; longest blade of flagellum with three or four slender and long dentations placed a little distal to the midpoint; length of chelicera between 0.35 and 0.36 mm., width of base 0.21-0.22 mm. ; length of movable finger about 0.26 mm. Fixed finger with relatively narrow lamina exterior ; four retroconical teeth on the distal half of the inner finger margin, two smaller denticles on the inner margin of the apical tooth. Movable finger little curved ; subapical lobe poorly developed, located approximate to the apical tooth; apical tooth little sclerotic; galea gently curved, simple, stout, terminally rounded and blunt, with con- spicuous gland ducts passing from the base to the tip ; serrula exterior of 19 ligulate plates ; galeal seta not reaching nearly to the tip of the galea. 1947] Pseudoscorpions 49 Palps (Fig. 11) with sculpturing and general shape of podomeres as usual in members of the genus ; setae of the maxillae weakly subclavate like those of the tergites ; setae of all other podomeres of the palp, including both margins of the chelal hand, short, stout, clavate, and fairly numer- ous ; setae of the chelal fingers acuminate. Maxilla 0.81 mm. long, 0.46 mm. wide; trochanter including pedicle 0.67 mm. long, greatest width measured at about a right angle to the longitudinal axis 0.51 mm. ; femur 1.50 mm. long, 0.39 mm. wide ; tibia 1.17 mm. long, 0.42 mm. wide ; length of chela without pedicle 2.05 mm., width 0.63 mm. ; length of hand without pedicle 1.16 mm., depth 0.53 mm. ; length of movable fingers 0.97 mm. Marginal teeth of chelal fingers weakly retroconical and strongly cusped in the distal part of the row, but flattened and acuspid in the proximal portion of the row of each finger ; about 40 teeth on the movable finger and about 45 on the fixed finger. Movable finger with two tactile setae, the fixed finger with seven, distributed as shown in figure 12. Legs as typical in the subgenus M a o rig a rypiis ; anterior legs stout, posterior legs relatively slender; yellowish brown in color ; tarsal claws moderately stout ; setae of the femur and the extensor margins of the tibial and tarsal podomeres short and subclavate to clavate, setae of the flexor margins of the tibial and tarsal podomeres acumi- nate and relatively long. First leg with flexor margin of trochanter evenly covex, 0.35 mm. long, 0.25 mm. deep; pars basalis with both extensor and flexor margins weakly convex, the flexor flatly so, length measured along the extensor margin 0.35 mm., depth 0.24 mm. ; pars tibialis subfusiform, length 0.40 mm., depth 0.27 mm. ; tibia stout, the extensor margin weakly concave except in the proxi- mal one-fourth, flexor margin convex, length 0.50 mm., depth 0.175 mm.; tarsal podomeres subcylindrical ; meta- tarsus 0.21 mm. long, 0.13 mm. deep ; telotarsus 0.225 mm. long, depth 0.11 mm. Fourth leg with extensor margin of trochanter highly arched or covex, flexor margin weakly but evenly convex, length 0.52 mm., depth 0.265 mm. ; pars basalis subtriangular, 0.355 mm. long, 0.23 mm. deep ; pars tibialis with extensor margin flatly convex, flexor 50 Psyche [Mar. margin weakly concave and continuous witli that of the pars basalis ; length of pars tibialis measured along the extensor side 0.91 mm., depth 0.28 mm. ; entire femur 1.16 mm. in length; tibia weakly S-sliaped, length 0.75 mm., depth 0.18 mm.; both tarsal podomeres subcylindrical ; length of metatarsus 0.275 mml depth 0.135 mm. ; telo- tarsus 0.28 mm. long, depth 0.13 mm. Genital complex simple, opercula little differentiated; anterior operculum with eight setae, chiefly along the medial portion of the posterior margin; posterior opercu- lum with nine marginal setae; cribiform plates relatively large ; two median plates with one located anterior to the other, the posterior one the smaller; lateral plates sub- equal in size to the larger of the median plates. Type locality. A single specimen, the female holotype, in a collection taken by Dr. P. J. Darlington in November, 1931, on the Margaret River, Western Australia. Remarks. The present species may be separated from other members of the subgenus Maorigarypus , except S. niger , by the reduced number of tactile setae on the fixed chelal finger and by the presence of two tactile setae on the movable finger. From S. niger, S. magnus may be separated by the larger size of the body and appendicular podomeres, differences in shape of the palpal tibia, and differences in the nature of the carapacal eyes and the teeth of the chelal fingers, as well as other specifically significant characteristics. Synsphyronus (Synsphyronus) callus sp. nov. Figures 13-15 Female. Description based on two individuals, the holotype and one female paratype. Measurements of the paratype are given in parentheses immediately after the corresponding measurements for the holotype whenever the two show significant difference. Body ovate; body, carapace, and legs light to moderately brown; palps deeper brown in color ; sculpturing as typical in members of the genus ; anterior legs somewhat stout, posterior legs relatively more slender ; body 3.3 (3.25) mm. long. Cara- pace as usual in the genus ; eyes of each side separated by 1947] Pseudoscorpions 51 about tlie diameter of the anterior eye, a sclerotic keel or ridge just anterior to the posterior eye ; anterior eye of each side more or less circular in outline, posterior eye a little elliptical; four setae along the posterior margin of the carapace ; carapace 0.9 (0.95) mm. long, 0.1 mm. wide ; ocular breadth about 0.55 mm. Ter git es except the first divided; tergites 1 and 2 with four setae, greatest number of setae on any tergite is eight; all setae subclavate; ter- gites 4 through 10 with a pigmented spot on each half- tergite. St emit es 4 and 5 nearly entire, sternites 6 through 10 divided; sternites 5 through 10 with darkly pigmented spots much as on the tergites ; most sternites with six setae, a few with eight setae; setae of anterior ster- nites usually acuminate, those of posterior sternites weakly subclavate. Abdomen oval in general shape, length about 2.4 mm., breadth about 1.9 mm. Chelicera as usual in the genus; flagellum with the two short blades little more than one-fonrth as long as the longest blade ; the longest flagellar blade with one to three slender denticles near the center of the anterior margin ; length of the chelicera about 0.23 mm., width of base 0.15 to 0.16 mm.; movable finger 0.165 (0.185) mm. long. Fixed cheliceral finger with three retroconical teeth on the distal half of the inner margin; inner margin of the apical tooth nearly edentate; apical tooth stout, termi- nally blunt; lamina exterior narrow. Movable cheliceral finger little curved, outer margin nearly straight; sub- apical lobe blunt, not well developed, approximate to the apical tooth in position ; serrnla exterior of 19 to 21 ligu- late plates (condition and position of specimens preclude exact count) ; galea broken in all specimens, but evidently stout. Palps (Fig. 13) with setae of maxilla acuminate to sub- clavate ; setae of chelal fingers acuminate ; all other palpal setae clavate and relatively long ; podomeres with the usual pseudoderm and sculpturing. Maxilla 0.47 (0.49) mm. long, 0.30 mm. wide ; trochanter 0.42 mm. long, width at right angles to greatest length 0.34 (0.33) mm., width across the distal end 0.27 mm. ; femur 0.98 mm. in length, 0.245 (0.25) mm. in width; tibia with length 0.73 (0.74) 52 [Mar. mm., width 0.27 (0.28) mm. ; length of chela without pedicle 1.38 (1.43) mm., width 0.39 (0.375) mm. ; chelal hand with- out pedicle 0.68 (0.7) mm. long, 0.33 mm. deep; movable huger 0.7 (0.75) mm. in length. Chelal teeth retroconical and cuspid at the distal end of the row of each finger, coni- cal to rounded and acuspid at the proximal end of the row ; fixed huger with 45 to 50 teeth, movable finger with about 35 teeth. Movable huger with one tactile seta, hxed huger with seven ; setae distributed as indicated in hgure 14. Legs as in the subgenus Synsphyronus except that the tarsus of one or more legs may have a suture dividing the tarsus into two parts, which, however, are never articu- late; incompletely fused metatarsus and telotarsus may occur on the same animal as has some of the tarsal podo- meres completely fused; tarsal claws stout; pedal chaeto- taxy much as in S. niger described above. First leg fairly stout; trochanter 0.235 mm. long, 0.16 mm. deep; pars basalis with extensor margin nearly straight, flexor mar- gin weakly convex, length 0.26 mm., depth 0.135 mm. ; pars tibialis with extensor margin nearly straight except near the proximal end in the holotype but somewhat evenly convex in the paratype, flexor margin moderately convex, length 0.25 mm., depth 0.16 mm. ; tibia with extensor mar- gin nearly straight, length 0.31 mm., depth 0.105 mm. ; miotarsus (fused metatarsus and telotarsus) 0.285 (0.305) mm. long, 0.08 mm. deep. Fourth leg relatively slender; trochanter about 0.34 mm. long (broken in holotype and length not determined), 0.16 (0.17) mm. deep ; pars basalis with a slight protuberance at the distal end of the nearly straight flexor margin, 0.275 mm. long, 0.16 mm. deep; pars tibialis with extensor margin a little flatly convex except at the ends, flexor margin nearly straight, length 0.55 (0.54) nun., depth 0.19 (0.185) mm. ; entire femur 0.75 (0.74) mm. long; tibia weakly S-shaped, length 0.52 mm., depth 0.115 (0.11) mm.; miotarsus subcvlindrical or a little fusiform, 0.38 (0.39) mm. long, 0.095 (0.09) mm. deep. Genital complex simple, anterior operculum with six setae, posterior operculum with six (paratype) or eight (holotype) setae; two median cribiform plates, arranged 1947] Pseudoscorpions 53 one behind the other and with two or three very small accessory plates between; lateral plates snbequal to or smaller than the anterior median plate. Tritonympli. A single nymph, probably a tritonymph. Similar to the adult in general appearance and many de- tails ; appendages stouter and, especially the palpi, a little lighter in color; body 2.4 mm. long. Carapace 0.73 mm. long, 0.89 mm. wide across the posterior margin, ocular breadth about 0.45 mm. Chelicera much as in the adult; galea (Fig. 15) bifurcated at the very tip ; serrula exterior of 16 plates. Palpi in general as in the adult, except podo- meres somewhat smaller and stouter; femur 0.73 mm. long, 0.195 mm. wide ; tibia 0.53 mm. long, 0.23 mm. wide ; chela including pedicle 1.02 mm. in length, 0.30 mm. in width ; length of hand including pedicle 0.53 mm. ; movable linger 0.52 mm. long. Movable chelal finger with about 25 marginal teeth; one tactile seta, probably t, located somewhat distal to the midpoint of the finger. Fixed chelal finger with about 35 marginal teeth ; six tactile setae present and distributed as follows : et about one-third of the finger length from the tip ; it on a level about one areo- lar diameter proximal to et; est located a little distal to the basal one-third of the finger; ist ( ?) and ib situated a little more than one-fifth of the finger length from the base of the finger and separated by less than one areolar diameter; a single exterior seta (probably eh) located near the base of the finger and considerably proximal to the level of ib. Legs similar to those of the adult but poclomeres smaller and somewhat stouter. Type locality. Australia. The female holotype from a collection taken on Rottnest Island, Western Australia, in December, 1931, by members of the Harvard Australian Expedition; the female paratype collected by Dr. P. J. Darlington at Cottesloe Beach, near Perth, Western Aus- tralia, on October 17, 1931 ; and the paratype nymph in a collection made by Dr. Darlington on October 24, 1931, at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Remarks. Synsphyronus callus is unique among mem- bers of the genus by having a combination of one tactile seta on the movable chelal finger and seven tactile setae on the fixed chelal finger. 54 Psyche [Mar. Literature Cited Beier, Max. 1932. Pseudoscorpionidea. I. Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Das Tierreich, 57 : 1-258. Chamberlin, J. C. 1930. A synoptic classification of the false scorpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a cosmopolitan collection of the same. — Part II. The Diplospliyronida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 5: 585-620. Chamberlin, J. C. 1934. Check list of the false scorpions of Oceania. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Occ. Papers, 10(22) : 1-14. Chamberlin, J. C. 1943. The taxonomy of the false scorpion genus Syn- sphyronus with remarks on the sporadic loss of stability in generally constant morphological characters. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 36 : 486-500. Explanation of Plates 2 and 3 Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. The tactile seta? are omitted from most of the dorsal views of the palpi and the marginal teeth are omitted from the exterior views of the chelae. Plate 2 Fig. 1. Olpium zealandiensis sp. nov., galea, female holotype. Fig. 2. Olpium zealandiensis sp. nov., dorsal view of palp, female holotype. Pig. 3. Olpium zealandiensis sp. nov., exterior view of chela, female holotype. Fig. 4. Xenolpium granulosum sp. nov., tip of movable cheliceral finger and galea, female holotype. Fig. 5. Xenolpium granulosum sp. nov., dorsal view of palp, female holotype. Fig. 6. Xenolpium granulosum sp. nov., exterior view of chela, female holotype. Fig. 7. Gary pus longidigitus sp. nov., dorsal view of palp, female holotype. Fig. 8. Garypus longidigitus sp. nov., exterior view of chela^ female holotype. Plate 3 Fig. 9. Synsphyronus niger sp. nov., dorsal view of palp, male holotype. Fig. 10. Synsphyronus niger sp. nov., exterior view of chela, male holotype. Fig. 11. Synsphyronus magnus sp. nov., dorsal view of palp, female holotype. Fig. 12. Synsphyronus magnus sp. nov., exterior view of chela, female holotype. Fig. 13. Synsphyronus callus sp. nov., dorsal view of palp, female holotype. Fig. 14. Synsphyronus callus sp. nov., lateral view of chela, female holotype. Fig. 15. Synsphyronus callus sp. nov., galea, nymplial paratype. 1947] Pseudoscorpions * 55 Psyche, 1947 Vol. 54, Plate 2 Hoff — Pseudoscorpions 56 Psyche [Mar. Psyche, 1947 Vol. 54, Plate 3 Hofe— Pseudoscorpions THE GENUS CALLICTITA (LEPIDOPTERA, LYCH3NHUE)1 By Robert G. W ind Berkeley, California and Harry K. Clench C amb ridge, Ma s s acbns e tt s In 1908 Bethune-Baker erected tlie genus Callictita for a single and very distinct new species, cyara, from the Angabunga River, British New Guinea. Eight years later Joicey and Talbot extended the range of this species by adding a new subspecies, albiplaga, from the Wandam- men Mts. of Dutch New Guinea. Peculiarly, in Seitz’ addenda to Volume 9 of the Macrolepidoptera of the World (1927) appears this same name albiplaga, but credited to Frulistorfer, i.l., with no mention of Joicey and Talbot whatsoever. Seitz figured the form, but gave no locality. His illustration looks suspiciously similar to that of Joicey and Talbot. Frulistorfer in Seitz (loc. cit. infr.) gives the following diagnosis of the genus: “Structure of the fore wings dif- ferent from Cast alius by the first subcostal immediately disappearing in the costal and crossing it. The subcostal fork is shorter, its branches more closely together than in Cast alius or Tar aba. Fore wing exhibits a roundish, large, discal black androconial area. Clasping organs highly specialized, cedeagus canaliculate as in Upolampes. Uncus remarkably feeble, short, narrow, but with very long apophysis. Valve trumpet-like, distally wide open, with a sharp dorsal tooth, everywhere extremely long- haired. ’ ’ Callictita Bethune-Baker Bethune-Baker, 1908, P.Z.S., 1908: 118. Genotype (by monotypy), Callictita cyara B.-B. Frulistorfer, 1923, [in] Seitz, Macrolep. World, 9 : 891. 1 Published by a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard College. 57 58 Psyche [Mar. Apparently this genus is distributed from one end of New Guinea to the other, but only in the mountains. Callictita cyara cyara Bethune-Baker Callictita cyara Bethune-Baker, 1908, P.Z.S., 1908 : 119, pi. 8, fig. 1; Fruhstorfer, 1923, [in] Seitz, Macrolep. World, 9 : 891, pi. 145k. Callictita albiplaga (nee albiplaga Joicey and Talbot) : Jordan, 1930, Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 5: 60. The species was described originally from the Anga- bunga River and Owgarra, in eastern New Guinea. Fruh- storfer (loc. cit .) records it as well from Mt. Gelu (1100 meters) in eastern New Guinea, and Jordan (loc. cit.) gives the Edie River, west side of the Herzog Mts., east- ern New Guinea, April ( !). In the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology is a series of 18 specimens from Mt. Misim (6000 feet), Morobe District, eastern New Guinea, taken Jan.-Marcli, 1933, by Herbert Stevens. Males above with the fore wing bright iridescent violet, with a central patch of jet black scales, and a narrow black outer marginal border. Hind wing is black-brown en- tirely, save for a central white patch, about the same size as the discal black patch of the fore wing. Females above similar, save for : the slightly larger, somewhat less intense black discal patch of the fore wing above ; the much broader outer marginal border, and the extension of this border in on the inner margin to the base, where it thickens up to the lower Dc. The hind wing is largely white, with a border of black-brown com- pletely surrounding the wing, on costa, outer margin and inner margin, including the base. On the outer margin, near the anal angle, just outward of this band is a row of two or three white internervural dashes. A tail at Cu2. Underside of male is white on both wings. The fore wing is crossed by four bands of black-brown, one on the margin, to 2 A, one post-discal to Cu2, one discal to inner margin, and a basal one, covering the whole base, save for a costal dash of white. Hind wing has an irregular heavy dark band running from costa near base, across base, and along inner margin, frequently showing white within it 1947] Genus Callictita 59 (evidently remnants of white centering of spots). On the costa is a small triangular dark spot, reaching Rs, and rarely Ml. Outer margin brown, with occasional marginal white spots, particularly in M3-Cul. In Cul- Cu2 is a jet-black marginal spot, ringed with metallic green, strongest basallv, and rather weak outwardly, and in Cu2-2A is a jet-black dash, basally lined with a metal- lic green bar. Females similar, but with the bar on the inner margin lacking the white, or almost lacking it. The costal tri- angular spot constantly reaches Ml instead of Rs. Remarks. The male of the typical subspecies is ap- parently described here for the first time. Betliune- Baker erroneously sexed his specimens as males. Jordan ( loc . cit.) evidently based his Edie River record of “ albi- plaga Fruhst.” on males of this subspecies, though he failed to describe them. Males of the three subspecies ( cyara , albiplaga , and arfakiana ) do not seem to differ on the upper surfaces, and only more material will tell whether the same is true of the females. The real difference between the subspecies lies on the under surface. The pattern here varies consistently. From albiplaga the typical subspecies may be told by the more scalloped outer marginal border of the former, and the consequent increase in white outward of it. The band on the inner margin is in albiplaga more broken up into spots. In general, there appears to be a decrease in the amount of black in albiplaga in the hind wing below, but on the fore wing there is, if anything, an increase. Typical cyara may be separated from arfakiana by the latter’s smaller size, and the presence of two well-defined costal spots on the hind wing below, instead of one as in cyara. There is on this surface more metallic scaling in arfakiana, near the anal angle. Callictita cyara albiplaga Joicey and Talbot Callictita cyara albiplaga Joicey and Talbot, 1916, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8)17: 80, pi. 7, fig. 5. Callictita cyara albiplaga Seitz, 1927, Macrolep. World, 9 : 1114, pi. 147b. 60 Psyche [Mar. Described from the Wandammen Mts. in Dutch New Guinea at an elevation of 3-4000 feet. Differs from cyara in characters mentioned under that subspecies. From arfakimna it may be told by the more scalloped outer marginal border on the hind wing below, the defined spots on the inner margin and the single iso- lated spot on the costa (rather than two, as in arfakiana ), No specimens of this subspecies have been seen, but it is well described and illustrated, in color, by Joicey and Talbot. Callictita cyara arfakiana, new subspecies Upper side : Male. Fore wing brilliant iridescent purple. Outer margin narrowly black-brown. A large central patch of jet-black raised scales. Hind wing black-brown with a central white patch. At Cul-Cu2 in one specimen is a suggestion of a pale spot. A tail at Cu2. Underside : Male. Fore wing white, crossed by four brown bands, one on the outer margin (with a faint streak of white out- ward of it), one post-discal (fusing with the first at Cu2), one discal (swelling at the inner margin and fusing with the basal), and a basal (which includes the whole base save for a small costal creamy bar). Hind wing white, with a long bar of black-brown running from costa at base to just basad of the anal angle, spotted infrequently with white. On the costa are two triangular spots, the inner reaching the center of the cell, the outer reaching All near the cell-end. On the outer margin is a band of brown from outer angle to M3, from M3 to anal angle becoming differentiated into three black spots ringed with metallic blue-green. Marginal to the whole band is a narrow line of white, thicker in M3-Cul and Cu2-2A. Length of fore wing: Male, 11-11.5 mm. Holotype, male, Mt. Siwi, Arfak, Dutch New Guinea, 800 meters, May 4, 1928 (Dr. E. Mayr). Paratype, one male, same locality and collector, April- June, 1928. 1947] Genus Callictita 61 Holotvpe and paratype in tlie American Musenm of Natural History. Remarks. Differs from both other subspecies in its smaller size, the presence of two, instead of one, costal spots on the hind wing below, and the large amount of metallic scaling near the anal angle of this wing below. Differences between arfakiana and each of the other two are discussed more fully above. FIELD NOTES ON TABANUS N1GBO- V1TTATUS MACQUART1 By N. S. Bailey Cambridge, Mass. This horsefly was the subject of an intensive study that was started in mid-Julv, 1946, and was suspended only with the advent of winter. The fly might well be called the Saltmarsh Greenhead since its immature stages are evidently quite dependent on the conditions of the Spar- tina zones for their development. Wherever expansive salt marshes occur — from Nova Scotia to Texas — this insect is known and may become locally abundant. At such times it is extremely annoying to man and to do- mestic animals. Despite its general coastal distribution and common occurrence, the literature records only meagre details of its life history or of its specific require- ments. This paper reports some initial results of the current investigation. Abundance. Two incidents will serve to emphasize how abundant the species is at the height of its season. In Essex County, Massachusetts they appear about the first of July each year and are at their peak for the last three weeks of that month. Usually there is a marked decline in their numbers by early August. The decline is augmented when a northeast storm brings a spell of unseasonably cold, wet weather. The past summer was typical in this respect. My real introduction to this species came on the warm, sunny afternoon of July fifteenth. A call was made at the farm of Mr. Martin Burns on U. S. Route 1 in New- bury. He was found mowing a field that lies above and just south of the Parker River. Two sturdy grey horses 1 This investigation of the biology of T. nigrovittatus is being conducted for a joint board of the State Department of Public Health and the State Reclamation Board with a grant from the Massachusetts Legislature. I wish to acknowledge the generosity of Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, Curator of Insects in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, who freely devoted his time to the determination of the Tabanidae and liberally assisted me in many other ways. For the progress of this study I am greatly indebted to his friendly guidance. 62 1947] Tabanus nigrovittatus 63 were hitched to the mowing machine. Tabanids were swarming around the patient animals. Practically all were Tabanus nigrovittatus , although a few other types — notably T. atratus and Chrysops species — were ob- served. The team was flecked with blood from the fly bites. The clots showed plainly on their light coats and gave an indication of favored feeding areas. In order of decreasing frequency, the chest region, the head and neck, the median side of the upper legs, the flanks, and the belly received most attention from the flies. However, the Tabanids were all over them and allowed them no respite. They were experienced horses and maintained a remarkable calm considering the severity of the inces- sant attack. It has long been known that such conspicuous objects as automobiles attract Tabanids. July eighteenth was another bright, warm day. After lunch the writer drove out Argilla Road towards Crane’s Beach, Ipswich. Where the road crosses Fox Creek its bed is raised well above the marshes. The coupe was parked just beyond the bridge while some observations were made. On re- turning to the car an astounding number of greenheads were noted in it. The thought of making a timed collec- tion suggested itself. The results are numerically em- phatic. They give graphic evidence of the abundance of the Saltmarsh Gfreenliead under favorable circumstances. In fifteen minutes actual collecting time a total of 475 flies were taken by simply lifting a half -pint bottle, containing some alcohol, under them when they alighted on the inner roof covering. The disturbance caused them to fly down- ward into the liquid which quickly dispatched them. This collecting, at the rate of more than thirty a minute, could unquestionably have been continued much longer without noticeably diminishing the supply. Mating. The mating of Tabanids is seldom observed. On one occasion only it was my privilege to find several pairs of T. nigrovittatus in copulation. At that time, un- fortunately, the rarity of such an event was not realized or more attention would have been given to details. The morning of July twenty-fifth was very warm, humid, and 64 Psyche [Mar. hazy-bright. There was still some fog lingering over the marsh at Conomo Point, Essex, when I arrived at nine- thirty. On approaching the Point, a sharp left turn was made over a small hut abrupt rise from which the road falls quickly away to the tide line. The first cottage on the left was surrounded on three sides by salt marsh. There was a convenient place to park in front of it. Im- mediately after getting out on the marsh a continuous low buzzing sound was noted. Then swarms of greenlieads were seen hovering just a few inches above tile dense cover of the fine marsh grass ( Spartina patens). On the far side of the cottage a slight depression was discovered where a small, sparse patch of the larger and coarser Spartina alterniflora stood. On the upper surface of the broader blades of these plants some mating pairs of greenheads were seen. One was resting on the back of the other with its head about over the mesothorax of the mate beneath. Although it was possible to approach the paired flies more closely than is usual with individuals, they remained alert and were not too easy to catch with the net. The carrier could still take off readily and fly rather well. If disturbed they would move to another plant two or three yards away while retaining their rela- tionship. Four or five pairs were caught there and they included the first males taken. Another stop was made at the same place on August sixth. In the thirty or forty minutes then spent on the marsh only five or six flies were seen. This time the owner of the cottage mentioned above was there. After explaining the purpose of the visit to him, Mr. Derby remarked that a carpenter he had engaged to work on the building in a previous year had told him of the hum produced by the hovering flies. This volunteered information was of interest in the light of my own experi- ence. That spot is apparently a regular mating place for this species. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8:00 p.m. in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave., Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. FOR SALE The Librarian of the Museum of Comparative Zoology is offering for sale a limited number of sets of the “Contribu- tions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution.” These are priced at $15.00 f.o.b., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Each set includes reprints of 292 entomological papers which appeared in various entomological and zoological journals pub- lished during the period from 1909 to 1929. These form seven large volumes each substantially bound in red buckram, and a number of additional reprints to form an eighth volume. Alto- gether there are more than 5800 pages included. Shipping weight is approximately 50 pounds. Orders should be addressed to Mrs. M. D. Frazier, Librarian, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Mass. BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are entirely out of print. Volumes 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, each covering a period of three years, $5.00 each. Volumes 10, 12, 14, 17, each covering a single year, $1.00 each. Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, each covering a single year, $1.50 each. Volumes 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, each covering a single year, $2.00. Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10%. Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 20%. All orders should be addressed to F. M. Carpenter, Associate Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 Vol. 54 JUNE, 1947 No. 2 table of contents Early Insect Life. F. M, Carpenter 65 A List of Spiders from Mona Island, with Descriptions of New and Little Known Species. E. B. Bryant 86 Taxonomic Notes on the Dilaridae (Neuroptera) . F. M. Carpenter 100 On Some Acarina from North Carolina. N. Banks 110 Trichopria tabanivora Fonts in Massachusetts (Hymenoptera, Dia- priidae). N. S. Bailey 142 Book Notice — Hubbard’s Fleas of Western North America 143 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1946-47 President P. J. Darlington, Jr. Vice President ..... J. Bequaert Secretary N. S. Bailey Treasurer F. M. Carpenter N. Banks Executive Committee < C. T. Brues F. M. Carpenter EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE C. T. BRUES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF F. M. Carpenter — associate editor P. J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert PSYCHE is published quarterly, the issues appearing in March, June, Septem- ber, and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance : $3.00 to Subscribers in the United States ; Canadian and foreign subscriptions $3.25, payable at par. Single copies, 85 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomo- logical Club, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to Professor F. M. Carpenter, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. important notice to contributors Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other edi- torial matter, should be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra expense, for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors ; the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full page half-tones, $7.50 each ; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. The March, 1947, Psyche (Vol. 54, No. 1) was mailed April 4, 1947. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY, LANCASTER, PA. PSYCHE Vol. 54 June, 1947 No. 2 EARLY INSECT LIFE* By Frank M. Carpenter Harvard University Most entomologists, whether concerned with insect con- trol or taxonomy, are convinced that we have enough living insects to contend with, without bothering about those of prehistoric times. Paradoxical as it may be, how- ever, man apparently owes his very existence to the early insects. Some three hundred million years ago, as the first Amphibia abandoned the aquatic environment of their ancestors and explored the possibilities of terres- trial life, they were obliged to find a new source of food. By that time, the insects had already become established on land and, being especially abundant near water, were readily available to them. The amphibians were thus able to survive in their new environment and eventually their descendants gave rise to reptiles, birds and mam- mals. Many geologic periods later — only a few million years ago, in fact — man evolved within the mammalian complex. Cannot the insects claim, therefore, that if it were not for their early ancestors, the vertebrates might have failed to gain a foot-hold on land and man might not have come into existence? Let us consider the nature and extent of the earlv insect life to which we presumably owe so much. 4 ‘Early” is of course a relative term, and to define my present use of it, I must refer to the conventional geologic timetable. Figure 1 lists the eras and periods of that part of geologic time with which paleontology is chiefly concerned. Of the three eras, the Paleozoic is the earliest and longest, * Annual Public Address of the Entomological Society of America, Rich- mond, Virginia, December 9, 1946. Published with the aid of a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. [June 66 Psyche beginning abont 550 million years ago and extending up to some 190 million years ago. For convenience, it is divided into six periods of unequal duration, their limits being arbitrarily set with reference to extensive geologic events. In this account of early insect life, I am refer- ring only to the insects of the Paleozoic era — from the first appearance of the group through the Permian Period. The question of the oldest geologic occurrence of any group of organisms is always a controversial one, for much depends on interpretation of fragmentary material TABLE OF GEOLOGIC PERIODS ERA PERIOD approximate time (IN MILLIONS OF YEARS) DURATION OF PERIOD SINCE BEGINNING OF PERIOD Cenozoic (age of mammals and man) Quaternary 1 1 Tertiary 69 70 Mesozoic (age of reptiles) Cretaceous 50 120 Jurassic 35 155 Triassic 35 190 Paleozoic (age of invertebrates and PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATES) Permian 25 215 CARBONIFEROUS' Upper Lower 35 50 250 300 Devonian 50 350 Silurian 40 390 Ordovician 90 480 Cambrian 70 550 Figure 1. Table of Geologic Periods. (Adapted from Romer’s Verte- brate Paleontology, University of Chicago Press.) and the definition of the group. Handlirsch showed in 1906 that the fossils described as insects from strata older than those of the Upper Carboniferous Period were not insects at all; and he concluded that the earliest record of the class was in the lower part of that period. During the past forty years discovery of three older insects has been announced. Two of these, identified as Collembola, have been described from Devonian rocks, the Khynie Chert, of Scotland.1 Without going into details, we can 1 R. J. Tillyard, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1928: 65-71; H. Womersley, Victorian Naturalist, 1934, vol. 51 : 159—165 ; D. J. Scourfield, Proc. Linn. Soc. London, 152 sess., 1939-40 : 113-131. 1947] Early Insect Life 67 state that these fossils are very fragmentary, the largest specimen being only about a millimeter long. Many parts of the head and thorax have been found, but since only the first three abdominal segments are known, there is no evidence that the collembolan “spring” was present, or that the abdomen consisted of but six segments, as in living Collembola. Consequently, although such eminent authorities as G. H. Carpenter and If. Womersley have accepted the specimens as Collembola, I believe that doubt about their relationship will exist until additional fossils have been found showing those two characteristic fea- tures of the Collembola. As a matter of fact, as Imms and others have pointed out, the Collembola are not true insects — that is, although hexapodous arthropods, they arose independently from pre-insectan types. The possi- ble occurrence of Collembola in Devonian rocks, there- fore, has no direct bearing on the earliest record of true insects. The other discovery of an insect in rocks older than the Upper Carboniferous was announced by the French paleontologist, Dr. Pierre Pruvost, in 1919. The speci- men concerned was found in Lower Carboniferous strata of Nova Scotia (Horton’s Bluff), and identified by Pru- vost as a member of the extinct Order Palseodictyoptera.2 However, examination of this fossil, which is now in the Peabody Museum at Yale University, convinces me that it is in reality part of a plant stem. A similar conviction was expressed by Dr. David White,3 then paleobotanist of the United States Geological Survey, who studied the specimen shortly after it was found, although he did not publish his conclusion. According to our present knowledge, therefore, the earliest unquestionable insects occur in Upper Carbon- iferous strata. This first occurrence is not extensive, but it does indicate the approximate time of origin of the insects. Let us return for a moment to the geologic time- table, and examine in more detail the Upper Carbonifer- ous Period (Figure 2). This represents an interval of 2 La Faune continentale du terrain Houiller dn Nord de la France, p. 283. 3 In a letter dated May 11, 1914, and on file in the Peabody Museum. 68 Psyche [June PERIOD P E R M I A N U P P E R C A R B 0 N 1 F E R O U s STAGES Upper Middle Lower Stephanxan W E S T P H A L I A N C&D A&B Upper Namurian INSECT ORDERS Coleoptera Thysanoptera, Perlaria Protoperlaria , Protelytroptera, Ephemerida, Odonata, Corrodentia, Hemiptera, Mecoptera, Neuroptera Protohemiptera Megasecoptera, Caloneurodea Palaeodictyoptera , Blattaria Protodonata , Protorthoptera Figure 2. The First Occurrence of Insect Orders in the Permian and Carboniferous Periods. Names of exinct orders are italicized. 1947] Early Insect Life 69 about thirty-five million years, and on the basis of its flora and fauna, is divided into three main stages, the Upper Namurian, Westphalian, and Stephanian. The record of insects is very scanty in the oldest of these ; not until the late Westphalian and Stephanian rocks are insect re- mains sufficiently abundant and preserved to give us a concept of the fauna. Nevertheless, three species are known from the Upper Namurian, at the very base of the Upper Carboniferous, and they constitute the earliest record of the insects. One of these (Erasipteron larischi Pruvost), from Czechoslovakia, consists of part of a wing, which, though incomplete, clearly belongs to a member of the extinct Order Protodonata, related to the Odonata. Another fossil ( Stygne roemeri Hand!.), from Germany, is a nearly complete wing with ortliopteroid features that place it in another extinct order, the Protortlioptera. The third specimen ( Metropator pusillus Handl.), from Penn- sylvania, is a very fragmentary wing which might have belonged to any one of several orders. Now this is truly a meagre record, but it does reveal two facts : first, insects with fully developed wings existed in the earliest part of the Upper Carboniferous Period, about 250 million years ago ; and second, at least two orders, widely separated phylogenetically, occurred at that time. We can infer from this record that insects must have arisen at least as far back as the Lower Carboniferous in order for such di- versity to be attained by the beginning of the Upper Car- boniferous. This inference becomes even more obvious, when we bear in mind that morphological studies have shown that the most generalized or primitive insects were wingless, like the Thysanura. Apterous species must have existed, therefore, even before the winged ones. So much for the first record of the insects. Let us now briefly consider the development of the class during the rest of the Paleozoic era. Referring again to the LTpper Carboniferous table (Figure 2) we find that as we go up through the several stages, additional orders appear, and there is an increase in the total number of orders. From the lower half of the Westphalian stage (A and B) there are forty species known, representing the two orders 70 Psyche [June previously mentioned (Protodonata and Protorthoptera), as well as the extinct order Palseodictyoptera and the existing order Blattaria or cockroaches. In the upper half of the Westphalian stage (C and D), about 15 million years after the first record of the insects, we come to the level of the Mazon Creek nodules in Illinois, second only to the Commentry shales in France as a source of Carbon- iferous insects. From this part of the Westphalian more than four hundred insects are known, representing the four orders already mentioned and in addition two other extinct ones, the Megasecoptera and Caloneurodea. From the Stephanian stage, which includes the Commentry de- posit, about fifteen hundred species have been described, belonging to the orders previously mentioned as well as still another exinct one, the Protohemiptera. Thus, we see that by the end of the Upper Carboniferous seven orders of insects had come into existence, of which one, the Blattaria, survived for some two hundred forty mil- lion years to the present time.4 Let us now continue into the Permian Period (Figure 2), which represents an interval of about twenty-five mil- lion years. In the lower or oldest strata of the period eight orders have been found in addition to the seven which have persisted from the Carboniferous. Two of these, the Protoperlaria and Protelytroptera, are extinct, hut the others are living orders. These are the Ephem- erida, Odonata, Corrodentia, Hemiptera, Mecoptera, and Neuroptera. This fauna was an extremely interesting one, combining as it did eight extinct and seven existing orders. The Lower Permian was the last time, so far as our records now show, that the extinct orders out- numbered the existing ones. In Middle Permian rocks, Thysanoptera and Perlaria have been found ; and in upper Permian strata the Coleoptera appear. These make a total of eighteen living and extinct orders of insects which came into existence before the end of the Paleozoic era, about two hundred million years ago ; and of these ten are still living. 4 I have not included in this account several extinct orders which are based upon very fragmentary specimens. 1947] Early Insect Life 71 This brief survey gives an idea of the extent of the early insect life. The fauna was obviously a complex one — probably more so than we fully realize, for our present roster of the orders existing at the time is surely far from complete. Nevertheless, the variety of insect types proba- bly fell far short of that which exists now, their biological environment being relatively simple. The plants of the time were largely seed-ferns and other gymnosperms ; angio sperms were entirely absent, and, incidentally, did not arise for many millions of years later. It is difficult for us, living at a time when angiosperms dominate the plant world, to imagine a time of their complete absence ; and equally difficult to imagine an extensive insect fauna without them. Also, there was a complete absence of birds and of mammals. Insects were then the only flying creatures on earth; they could readily escape by flight from their amphibian and reptilian enemies without danger of pursuit. Certainly the life of the insects must have been very different then from what it is now — with birds, bats, man, and DDT. Our knowledge of the habits, life histories, and food of these early insects is necessarily slight, but certain infer- ences can be made from their structure, as we now know it. Let us see what this was like and what conclusions can be reached. The order Pakeodictyoptera, which existed during the Upper Carboniferous and Permian, is a negative and ill- defined group. Attempts to divide it into two or more orders have not proven successful, because some species seem to merge into the Ephemerida, and others into the Orthopteroids. Nevertheless, I believe that most of the one hundred fifty species which have been described are members of one order. Their closest living relatives are the Ephemerida and, to a lesser extent, the Odonata. The fact that all complete specimens are preserved with their wings outspread shows that, like the Ephemerida and Odonata, they were palaeopterous, i.e., unable to fold their wings back over the abdomen at rest. They had nearly similar fore and hind wings and were apparently weak fliers. Although they are mostly preserved as isolated 72 Psyche [June wings, enough whole specimens have been found to give us a slight knowledge of their body structure. They were primitive insects, probably more so than any other known winged insects, but they did have some specializations. It should be noted, in this connection, that no remains of bodies of any insects have been found in the older half of the Upper Carboniferous strata. Not until we come to the Mazon Creek deposits, about 15 million years after the first record of the insects, are body remains known. This probably would have provided ample time for extensive specialization to develop. At any rate, the Palaeodicty- optera were more primitive than any winged insects now living. They show about the same range in size as living dragonflies, many having a wing expanse of about two inches. The head was relatively small ; the mouth-parts mandibulate and inconspicuous. Their antennae are un- known, except for the proximal segments ; probably they were moderately long and multisegmented. The thoracic segments and legs were nearly homonomous. The most striking characteristic of the Palaeodictyoptera was the presence of paired membraneous lobes on the prothorax ; these resembled miniature wings and are usually con- sidered liomologues of the functional meso- and meta- thoracic wings. The abdominal segments showed little differentiation, and the abdomen terminated in a pair of long, multisegmented cerci. Well preserved specimens have paired lateral lobes on each abdominal segment. The immature stages of the Palaeodictyoptera are com- pletely unknown. Several vague and fragmentary speci- mens, which are probably insect nymphs of some sort, have been assigned to the Palaeodictyoptera, but they could just as well belong to certain other groups. The paired abdominal lobes of the adult have been generally interpreted as vestigial tracheal gills of the nymphs. This of course implies that the nymphs were aquatic ; and in view of the close relationship between the Ephemerida and Odonata, both of which have aquatic nymphs, we may infer this to have been the case. From this you will see that our knowledge of the Palaeodictyoptera is not great. Their general activities were probably much like those of 1947] Early Insect Life 73 the present-day may-flies, crawling and fluttering among the plants bordering the ponds or swamps in which their nymphs developed — inoffensive creatures whose only claim to fame is their antiquity and proximity to the great ancestor of all insects. They had no defense against the more powerful, predaceous insects which developed dur- ing the later Carboniferous and Permian, and for which they must have been easy prey. Related to these Palseodictyoptera was another order of ephemerid-like creatures, termed the Megasecoptera. They were small to large insects, with a wing expanse ranging from one-half to five inches, and, like the Palseo- dictyoptera, they were unable to fold their wings over the abdomen. Until about 12 years ago they were known exclusively from the Upper Carboniferous; many Per- mian species have since been found, and it has become apparent that the order did not attain its greatest devel- opment until that period. They had moderately long an- tennae, and extremely long cerci. In the Carboniferous species the head was small and short, but in some of the Permian types it was prolonged into a rostrum, probably much like that of the scorpion-flies. The older forms had mandibulate mouth-parts, and this was probably true also of the later species. The thorax and abdomen were slender, and, in the main, generalized in structure. In certain Carboniferous species, however, the prothorax was highly modified, bearing conspicuous projections or spines, which may have had some protective value. The legs of most were of the ordinary walking type, but in one Carboniferous genus (. Mischoptera ) the fore legs were short and raptorial in form though there are no other indications of predaceous habits. The wings were the most characteristic structures of the Megasecoptera. In most species they were very narrowed basally, and in one family they were arcuate, as in many families of living insects. Two abdominal structures are noteworthy : the very elongate cerci, which surpass in length those of most other insects ; and, in certain families, lateral gill-like proc- esses, resembling those of the Palseodictyoptera. Nothing is known of the immature stages of the Megasecoptera, hut 74 Psyche [June the presence of the supposed gill-vestiges just mentioned suggests that at least some of them had aquatic nymphs. The Megasecoptera were probably no better fliers than the Palaeodictyoptera, and their long cerci must have handicapped them in their attempts to escape from ene- mies. Perhaps this had something to do with their abrupt disappearance at the close of the Permian, for no sign of them has been found in later strata. We next come to the insect dinosaurs- — the Protodonata. These include the largest insects known, living or extinct. Although all species were large, as insects go, not all were giants, as is usually stated; some had a wing expanse of five inches, which is well within the limits of many living insects. Three very large species have been found, all belonging to the family Meganeuridae. One, from the Carboniferous of France, was about twenty-six inches across the wings ; the other two, from the Lower Permian of Kansas and Oklahoma, were somewhat larger, with a wing expanse of about thirty inches. The distribution of these species, both in space and time, indicates that the giant meganeurids inhabited an extensive area of the earth for some fifty million years, though the whole order became extinct shortly after the close of the Permian Period. The protodonates resembled dragon-flies in gen- eral appearance, and the earlier forms were probably directly ancestral to the true Odonata. They had large, toothed mandibles and spiny legs, and were undoubtedly predaceous. What they fed on, we can only guess. The contemporary slow moving Palaeodictyoptera and Mega- secoptera, which, because of their wing structure, were unable to hide easily among plants or under rocks, were probably their chief source of food. Protodonate nymphs are unknown. They were probably aquatic, although Dr. August Krogh has asserted that nymphs of the giant meganeurids could not have breathed through caudal or rectal tracheal gills, as odonate nymphs do, since in order to convey the necessary quantity of oxygen to the head, their tracheae would have required a cross-section greater than that of the body itself. However, passage of oxy- gen in the tracheae might well have been sufficiently aided 1947] Early Insect Life 75 by muscular movement to make this mechanism practical. At any rate, the adult Protodonata and Odonata are so much alike, I find it difficult to believe that their nymphs were very different. The insects which we have been considering so far are primitive types which we would expect to find as part of early insect life. The group we are now to discuss is not in this category. For although their wings were of the paheopterous type, the head was modified into a long rostrum, with suctorial mouth-parts. The best preserved specimen ( Eugereon ) of this group has been found in Upper Permian rocks of Germany, but other representa- tives, also with elongate beaks, have been collected in Carboniferous strata of France, Belgium, and England. Since these insects were at first thought to have been related to the Hemiptera, Handlirscli termed the order the Protoliemiptera. The choice of name was unfortu- nate, for, with the discovery of new specimens, it has become increasingly clear that they had nothing to do with the Hemiptera, but are instead closely related to the Palaeodictyoptera. The order was obviously a widely dis- tributed one, members having been found in Permo-Car- boniferous strata of both Europe and North America; and specimens from Trias sic rocks of Australia show that it persisted into the Mesozoic. The Triassic representa- tives, by the way, are remarkable in that the fore wings had a very large stridulatory area. The Palaeozoic Proto- hemiptera had long cerci and well developed prothoracic wing lobes, like those of the Palaeodictyoptera. The pres- ence of suctorial mouth-parts raises the question of feed- ing habits. It is obvious from their modified mouth-parts that the Protoliemiptera consumed liquid foods ; whether this was plant juice, from such gymnosperms as lycopods, seed-ferns, and horse-tails, or the blood of reptiles and amphibians, is uncertain. But it is most interesting that as far back as the Upper Carboniferous, at least two hun- dred twenty-five million years ago, the suctorial mecha- nism had been developed in insects ; and also that this device originated in relatives of the may-flies and dragon- flies, quite independent of its subsequent development in the Hemiptera and the Diptera. 76 Psyche [June The largest extinct order of Carboniferous and Per- mian times was the so-called Protorthoptera. This in- cluded a bewildering variety of insects, suggestive of most of the orders to which we apply the term Orthop- teroidea. Some show definite traces of characteristics found in the cockroaches, others recall the mantodean and even the saltatorial Orthoptera ; but so far no satisfactory division of the Protorthoptera has been proposed. All of them were neopterous, i.e., folded their wings over the abdomen at rest. The more primitive types, however, possessed pronotal lobes, like those of the Palaeodicty- Figure 3. Probnis speciosa Sellards (Order Protorthoptera), from the Lower Permian of Kansas. Original restoration, based upon specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. optera. Their wings were unequal, the hind pair having an expanded and plicate anal area. In certain Permian species, and perhaps also some Carboniferous ones, the fore wings were tegminous and distinctly punctate. A prominent ovipositor and cerci were present in most spe- cies. Apart from the wings, the prothorax showed the greatest amount of diversity. In many Carboniferous species, the prothorax was long and even armed with large spinous projections, whereas in others this segment was small and inconspicuous. The legs also showed much diversity. The fore legs of some were clearly raptorial, 1947] Early Insect Life 77 long and armed with spines and teeth ; in others they were curiously modified, perhaps for digging or climbing (Fig- ure 3). The hind legs were specialized in some species for leaping, as in grasshoppers and crickets. It is appar- ent, therefore, that these early orthopteroids were a varied lot. They probably inhabited small seed-ferns, the phytophagous species feeding on the leaves and the pre- daceous ones on Palaeodictyoptera and other defenseless insects. They were not very large creatures, though a few attained a wing-expanse of six inches. The nymphs Figure 4. Paleuthy gramma tenuicornis Martynov (Order Caloneurodea), from the Upper Permian of Russia. (After Martynov.) of several families are known; they resembled the adults closely and were obviously terrestrial. Related to the Protortlioptera, hut different enough to require ordinal separation, were the Caloneurodea, which existed during the Upper Carboniferous and Permian periods. They were slender insects, with long antennae and tenuate wings (Figure 4). The largest of them had a wing expanse of five inches. They differed from the Protortlioptera chiefly in having hind wings like the fore wings, with no enlargement of the anal area. In general appearance the caloneurodeans probably resembled the 78 Psyche [June long-horned grasshoppers, except that their legs were cursorial, not modified for jumping. Their nymphs are unknown. The extinct orders which we have been considering have had a geologic record extending throughout the Carboniferous and Permian. We now come to two orders which are known only from the Permian period. One of these, the Protoperlaria, is the best known of all the ex- Figure 5. Protoperlarian nymph, from the Lower Permian of Kansas. Original restoration, based upon specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. tinct orders of insects, their remains being very abundant in Lower Permian rocks of Kansas and Oklahoma. The adults were similar to the existing stone-flies, but they had pronotal lobes like the Palaeodictyoptera, five tarsal segments, and a distinct, though small, ovipositor. The abdomen had long cerci and nine pairs of vestigal lateral gills, recalling those of the Palaeodictyoptera and some Megasecoptera. That they were vestigial gills is shown by the nymphs (Figure 5). These were well adapted to 79 1947] Early Insect Life an aquatic life, with swimming legs, and the lateral ab- dominal gills. The other extinct Permian order is the Protelytroptera, which includes the most highly modified of all the Paleo- zoic insects. They had true elytra, very thick and convex, though with vestiges of venation (Figure 6). The hind wings were large, with a greatly expanded anal region, and with hinges on the longitudinal veins enabling the wing to fold up transversely as well as lengthwise. In Figure 6. Trot elytron permianum Tillyard (Order Protelytroptera), from the Lower Permian of Kansas. Original restoration, based upon specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. general appearance these insects were highly suggestive of beetles, hut the venation of their hind wings shows clearly that they were not at all allied to the Coleoptera. They might be related to the roaches or to the Dermap- tera, hut most likely they represent an early and inde- pendent origin of the elytrophorous condition. Nothing is known yet of their mouthparts or of their immature stages. The foregoing discussion has dealt only with the extinct insect orders of the Upper Carboniferous and Permian periods. Let us now turn to the living orders. As we ■80 Psyche [June noted earlier, although ten of these are known from Paleozoic rocks, only one has a record which goes back to the Upper Carboniferous — the Blattaria or cockroaches. Their oldest remains are found in early Westphalian strata, which were deposited about two hundred forty million years ago. These first specimens consist only of wings, but complete or nearly complete specimens have been found in late Westphalian and Stephanian rocks. It is clear from these fossils that even that early in the earth’s history, the roaches were not very different from what they are now. They were flat, and had a broad pro- notum and tegminous wings like modern types. The venation, also, was similar to that which occurs in many of our living species — so much so that it is not easy to find obvious differences between Carboniferous and existing members of the group. Nymphal forms and several egg cases, which have been found in Permian rocks, serve to emphasize their similarity. Poaches are the most abundant of all Carboniferous insects. How- ever, this does not necessarily mean, as it has usually been interpreted, that they were the prevailing insects of the time ; it merely means that they were numerous in a par- ticular region or environment. Most insect-bearing rocks were first deposited as mud, and the roaches presumably thrived in moist or damp regions having a luxuriant plant growth. The picture we get from the fossils can therefore be misleading, for it gives us a conception of the local biota only ; if we had equally good samples of. the fauna of dry regions, we would probably find the roaches less numerous. The size of the Paleozoic roaches has also been erroneously described. Although the statement is often made that giant roaches lived in the Carboniferous, no fossil specimens have been found which exceed the size of some of our living species. It is true, of course, that the average size of fossil roaches exceeds that of the exist- ing species ; but that is because the large roaches had a better chance of being preserved as fossils than the small ones. This selective aspect of preservation is often over- looked. Let us now consider the existing orders which first 1947] Early Insect Life 81 appear in the Permian. The best known of these is the Ephemerida or may-flies, remains of which have been found in the Lower Permian rocks of Kansas and Okla- homa, as well as in Upper Permian deposits of Russia. They were about the same size as living may-flies, with a wing expanse of less than two inches. Their antennae were much longer than those of existing species, however, and the prothorax was slightly broadened, with an indica- tion of membranous lobes in some species. The abdomen, which terminated in long cerci and a median caudal fila- ment, closely resembled that of Recent members of the order. The wings were their most interesting structures. Living members of the order, and even those from Meso- zoic rocks, have greatly reduced hind wings ; but in the Permian species, the hind wings were about equal to the fore wings in size, and had nearly the same venation. Some of the specimens from the Lower Permian of Kan- sas are clearly in the subimaginal stage, showing that this distinctive phase of ephemerid metamorphosis occurred even in those early days. Several nymphs, found in the Permian of Oklahoma and Russia, have the character- istics of living epliemerids — swimming legs, caudal fila- ments, and lateral abdominal gills. True Odonata are represented in Permian strata only by wings. They have been found in Permian rocks in North America, Russia and Australia. Most species were surprisingly small, a few being less than an inch and a half across the wings. Both dragon-fly and damsel-fly types were present in the Lower Permian. Their nymphs are unknown, but they were almost certainly aquatic. The Corrodentia or bark lice are relatively common in Permian strata. Like existing species, they were very small and even minute, most having a wing expanse of about half an inch, some a quarter of an inch. The body structure of a few Lower Permian species is well known. The head was relatively large, with long antennae and prominent eyes (Figure 7). Surprising enough, the ante- rior part of the head was prolonged into a short rostrum, but whether the mouth-parts were adapted for chewing or some other method of feeding has not been determined. 82 Psyche [June At any rate the maxillary and labial palpi were conspicu- ous and generalized in structure. Another interesting feature of the early psocids was their wings. In existing species the hind pair are much smaller than the fore, with a reduced venation, but in the Lower Permian species the fore and hind wings were alike. Some of the Upper Per- mian members show the beginnings of hind wing reduc- tion. Presumably these small creatures had essentially the same habits as many modern species, living under Figure 7. Dichentomum tinctum Tillyard (Order Corrodentia), from the Lower Permian of Kansas. Original restoration, based upon specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. bark of trees or in leaf mould — hut the trees and leaves were very different from those now inhabited by their descendants. All the true bugs, i.e., Hemiptera, of the Permian were members of the suborder Homoptera. Most of them were small, with a wing expanse of less than an inch, though in a few this reached two inches. The Lower Permian spe- cies were much less specialized than the Upper Permian ones, but they had the characteristic beak and maxillary and mandibular bristles of existing bugs. The wings are interesting because they were about equal in size, and because the hind wing had the venational features of 1947] Early Insect Life 83 psocid wings. The best known of the Lower Permian Hemiptera had a long, straight tube projecting from the end of the abdomen, but whether this was an ovipositor or respiratory tube remains to be determined. By Upper Permian time the Homoptera had developed a variety of families, some of them approaching certain existing fami- lies (Figure 8). There can be no doubt, on the basis of their known structure, that these early bugs had already settled down to a diet of plant juices. We now come to the two remaining orders of insects which appear in the Lower Permian, the Mecoptera and Neuroptera. Their presence in Lower Permian rocks is Figure 8. P er mo cicada inter g a Beck. (Order Hemiptera), from the Upper Permian of Bussia. (After Becker-Migdisova.) interesting and surprising. Since existing members of both these orders have complete metamorphosis, we can conclude that the Permian species also had that type of development— unless, of course, we grant that complete metamorphosis might have arisen independently in the two orders, which seems improbable. True larval forms have been found in Permian deposits of Kansas, but their ordinal affinities have not been determined with certainty. The Lower Permian Mecoptera, or scorpion-flies, were very small, with a wing expanse of about an inch, though some of the later Permian species were more nearly the size of existing members of the order. Their body struc- ture was much like that of certain living genera, such as the Australian Chorista , the head including a short ros- trum (Figure 9). During the late Permian, and, inci- 84 Psyche [June dentally, the early Mesozoic, the Mecoptera were rela- tively abundant and diverse. In one Permian deposit in Russia the Mecoptera make up 20% of the insect fauna found there, though at the present time they comprise less than .05% of the world’s insect fauna. The Neuroptera of the Permian are no less interesting than the scorpion- flies. Two distinct types occur in Lower Permian rocks — the Rapliidiodea or snake-flies, and the Planipennia. Very little is known of their body structure, but their wings indicate that, whereas the Lower Permian snake-flies were primitive and closely related to existing families, the Figure 9. Agetocliorista tillyardi Martynov (Order Mecoptera), from the Upper Permian of Russia. (After Martynov.) Planipennia were highly specialized, and only remotely related to existing groups. In Upper Permian rocks, however, the Planipennia are represented by an extensive series of fossils which are close to certain living families, such as the Berothidse, Sisyridae, etc. There remain to be considered now three other orders, two of which, the Tliysanoptera and Perlaria, appear first in Middle Permian rocks, and the third, Coleoptera, in late Permian deposits. The earliest Perlaria have been found in Russian strata and although they are very frag- 1947] Early Insect Life 85 mentary, their identification is substantiated by the pres- ence of more definite specimens in late Permian rocks of Australia. The latter were considered by Tillyard as being very closely related to the existing Eustheniidae of the Australian region. The Tbysanoptera or thrips, also found in Russian deposits, are of course minute and the details of the wings are not known; but the fossils certainly show the general characteristics of the tlirips. The first unquestionable Coleoptera, or beetles, are found in the Upper Permian of Russia and Australia. Un- fortunately, complete specimens are unknown, though sev- eral well preserved elytra have been found. The family relationships of the fossils cannot be ascertained on these structures alone ; but several types of elytra are repre- sented, including some which are alike those of the Cu- pedidae, and others which recall those of the Hydrophilidae. It should be noted that since beetles are very abundant in Triassic deposits, their presence in the Permian is not surprising. This then, is a general picture of early insect life. Our knowledge of it is limited, and there are many gaps to he filled, but we do have some idea of its nature. In reality, two faunas existed during the geologic periods consid- ered— a Carboniferous fauna and a Permian one. The contrast between these two is fully as great as that be- tween the faunas of the Triassic and the present. Even by late Permian time, about one-third of all the living orders of insects had come into existence, and the abrupt appearance of so many existing orders in the Lower Per- mian suggests that some of them lived in Carboniferous time, though not yet found in strata of that period. This early insect fauna included both predators and plant feeders, some of which had suctorial mouth-parts. The metamorphosis of the Carboniferous species, so far as known, was of the incomplete type, some apparently having aquatic nymphs ; but by early Permian time, com- plete metamorphosis had been acquired. All of this took place before the existence of flowers or mammals or birds — to say nothing of man. It is no wonder that the insects have such a tenacious hold on what we consider to be our planet. A LIST OF SPIDERS FROM MONA ISLAND, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES1 By Elizabeth B. Bryant Museum of Comparative Zoology The small Mona Island, between Haiti and Puerto Rico, is rarely visited by collectors and its spider fauna is little known. In 1914 Mr. N. Banks described two new species from there in a short paper published in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, and much later, 1929-1930, Dr. A. Petrunkevitch noted in his “Spiders of Porto Rico” fifteen species, of which three were new. Recently, two small collections from Mona have been received by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The first was from Dr. Serralles of Puerto Rico, who spent a week there during April, 1944. He very kindly sent the material to me for identification. The second collection was from Mr. Harry Beatty, who spent the month of August of the same year there. Neither collection is large, either in species or specimens, but as the island is small and not very diversified, the spider fauna probably is small. Four species are new. This paper lists the forty-one species that have been reported from Mona and includes descriptions of the four new species and the hitherto unknown form of Hentzia squamata (Petr.), with elongate mandibles. Collecting at a different season would undoubtedly add many more species. The following is a list of the species collected by Dr. Serralles in April and by Mr. Beatty in August 1944. Fam. Filistatid^ 2 F Hist at a hib emails Hentz Apr. Aug. Fam. (Ecobiid^ 2 CEcobius benneri Petr. Apr. 1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 86 1947] Spiders from Mona Island 87 Fam. Oxyopid^ 2 Peucetia viridans Hentz Aug. 5 Oxyopes salticus Hentz Aug. $ Hamataliwa haytiana (Cbamb.) Apr. Fam. Pholcuxe 2 Physocyclus globosus (Tacz.) Apr. Aug. Fam. Thebidiid^ A 2 Anelosimus studio sum (Hentz) Apr. A 2 Conopistha ary yr odes (Walck.) Apr. Aug. A 2 Latrodectus mactans (Fabr.) Aug. 2 Theridion insulicola spec. nov. Fam. Argiopid^: pullus Aranea displicata (Hentz) Apr. A 2 Argiope argentata (Fabr.) Apr. Aug. 2 Cyclosa caroli (Hentz) Aug. 2 Eriophora (scape broken) Apr. Aug. 2 Edricus crassicauda (Keys.) Aug. 2 Eustala anastera (Walck.) Aug. 2 Gasteracantha cancriformis (Linn.) Apr. Aug. 2 Leucauge argyra (Walck.) Apr. 2 “ regni (Simon) Apr. A 2 Metepeira virginensis Cbamb. and Ivie Apr. 2 Neoscona volucripes (Keys.) Apr. A 2 Nephila clavipes (Linn.) Apr. Aug. 2 Parawixia cambridgei Bryant Aug. A 2 Wixia serrallesi spec. nov. Fam. Sparassidje 2 Stasina macleayi Bryant Apr. A Olios bicolor Banks Aug. 2 Heteropoda venatoria (Linn.) Apr. Fam. Selen opidje A 2 Selenops insularis Keys. Apr. Aug. Fam. Thomisuxe A 2 Misumenops celer (Hentz) Aug. Fam. Clubionidje A 2 Aysha tenuis (L. Kocb) Apr.Aug. A 2 Chiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) Aug. 2 Wulfila immaculata Banks Aug. Fam. Salticuxe A 2 Habronattus translatus (Peckham) Aug. 88 Psyche [June cf 2 Hentzia squamata (Petr.) Apr. Aug. ? Sidusa mona spec. nov. Aug. 2 Stoides placida spec. nov. Aug. The following is a list of species reported from Mona but not seen by me. Fam. OxYOPIDiE Oxyopeidon rana Simon (Petrunkevitch, 1929) Fam. Argiopid^e Argiope trifasciata (Fabr.) (Petrunkevitch, 1929) Fam. Ctenimj Oligoctenus ottleyi Petrunkevitch (1930) Fam. Thomisim: Misumenops asperatus (Hentz) (Petrunkevitch, 1930) Fam. Salticidje Siloca minuta Petrunkevitch (1930) FAM. THERIDIIDiE Theridion insulicola spec. nov. Figure 1 Female. Length, 3.0 nun., ceph. 1.2 mm., abd. 1.7 mm. long, 1.6 mm. wide. Cephalothorax pale, shining, very slightly convex, ante- rior margin less than half the greatest width, widest between the third pair of legs, thoracic groove covered with a broad black line that does not reach the ocular area or the posterior margin, row of black bristles from the p.l.e. to the groove and two long median bristles between the groove and the posterior eyes ; eyes cover the anterior margin, anterior row recurved, a.m.e. largest of the eight, separated by less than a diameter, and from a.l.e. by a radius, posterior row straight, eyes equidistant, lateral eyes subequal and touching, p.m.e. separated by less than a diameter, each eye surrounded by a black ring; quad- rangle higher than wide and narrower behind than in front; clypeus higher than the eye area, a small median black spot on the margin; mandibles pale, shaded with gray on the median margin, long, cone-shaped, weak, groove short, fang short; labium fused to the sternum, wider than long, tip not narrowed; maxillce almost twice 1947] Spiders from Mona Island 89 as long as the labium, slightly inclined, tips transverse; sternum pale, shaded with gray about the margins and a short median gray stripe at the tip, triangular, as wide as long, ending in a broad round tip in front of the fourth coxae, fourth coxae separated by more than a diameter; abdomen pale, with a short median gray spot at base, followed by a pair of converging gray spots, entire abdo- men covered with black granules, each hearing a long colorless bristle, strongly convex, almost as wide as long, venter a dull yellow with small pale spots; legs , 1-2-4-3, not varying much in length, pale, with black spots on ventral side, so that the legs have a spotted appearance, no spines but rows of hairs and bristles, III and IV tibiae with a median dorsal bristle ; epigynum, area wider than long, divided by a narrow median septum, each side pale oval areas, which probably are the openings, near the pos- terior margin and below the surface, each side, a trans- verse oval sac, with a small circular sac just anterior. Holotype 2 Mona Island, 5 April 1944 (Serralles). Theridion insulicola differs from Theridion antillanum Simon, from St. Vincent, and reported by Petrnnkevitch from Puerto Pico, by the smaller size, the quadrangle of median eyes narrower behind, and the black granules on the abdomen. These granules are very conspicuous, even after the long bristles have been broken off. Fam. AnGiopiDiE Genus Parawixia F.O.P. -Cambridge 1903 Parawixia cambridgei Bryant Parawixia cambridgei Bryant, 1940, p. 342, figs. 104- 106. “c? 2 Cuba; Oriente, coast below Pico Turquino, June 1936” (Darlington). This species was described from the Oriente, Cuba, and afterwards found in a collection from Diquini, Haiti, made by Dr. W. W. Mann. It has the same number of tubercles on the abdomen as Marxia grisea McCook, American Spiders, 1893, 3, p. 195, pi. 13, fig. 10, described from a female, 8.00 mm. long, from Biscayne Bay, Florida. The two genera belong to separate sections of the family. The male of Marxia has two long bristles on the patella of the 90 Psyche [June palpus, and both male and female have five teeth on the lower margin of the fang groove. The male of Parawixia has but one bristle on the patella of the male palpus, and the lower margin of the fang groove has but three teeth. McCook does not state the number of teeth on the fang groove and he evidently placed the species in the genus Marxia because of the abdominal tubercles. He does de- scribe the cephalothorax rather definitely, as “ divided into two low ridges by a lateral depression passing just behind the ocular quad, giving the head a lumpy appear- ance.” These two low elevations just posterior to the eyes are even more conspicuous in the male than in the female but until the number of teeth on the fang groove on the type specimen is known, the two can best be con- sidered as separate species. ? Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty). Genus Wixia O.P. -Cambridge 1882 Wixia serrallesi spec. nov. Figures 2, 3 Male. Length, 6.6 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm. long, 3.0 mm. wide, abd. 3.6 mm. long, 2.8 mm. wide. Cephalothorax brown, with a broad pale median stripe from the lateral eyes to the posterior margin, anterior margin shaded with brown and a mass of white hairs pos- terior to the lateral eyes, a narrow marginal pale stripe, anterior margin about half the greatest width, sides evenly rounded, eye area carried foreward, cephalothorax rather flat, thoracic groove long and deep; eyes in three groups, anterior row strongly recurved, a.m.e. largest of the eight, convex, separated by about a diameter, p.m.e. slightly smaller than the a.m.e., separated by almost two diameters, a short bristle between each a.m.e. and p.m.e., lateral eyes small, subequal, on a common tubercle, a long bristle anterior and another posterior to the tubercle; quadrangle of median eyes slightly narrower behind and not as high as wide; clypeus below a.m.e. less than a diameter of a.m.e. ; mandibles dark brown, vertical, small, cone-shaped, fang groove oblique, four teeth on the upper margin, the second tooth from base of the fang the small- 1947 J Spiders from Mona Island 91 est, lower margin with four small, subequal teeth ; labium fused to the sternum, brown, tip rebordered and pale, wider than long; maxillce brown, distal half pale, about twice as long as labium ; sternum pale, triangular, three- quarters as wide as long, widest between the second coxae and pointed in front of the fourth coxae, coxae pale, I coxa with a hook, III and IV coxae with a strong dark cusp or spine about the middle, IV trochanter with a cusp ; abdo- men oval, with a pair of well-defined tubercles between the shoulder angles that extend upwards, first pair of muscle spots between the tubercles, a median basal pale stripe heavily outlined with black spreads towards the tubercles and fades posteriorly, a vague dark spot be- tween the second pair of muscle spots, entire abdomen with scattered long bristles, venter dark with a pair of pale spots anterior to the spinnerets; legs , 1-2-4— 3, III left missing, all joints pale with broad dark bands, median on femora, basal, median and distal on tibiae and meta- tarsi, spines, I pair, femur, dorsal, 3 whorls, ventral, 11 pairs, the 6 spines at the distal end of the prolateral row, very long and strong, patella, 1 at the tip, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 1, tibia, spines scattered on the dorsal and ventral sides, metatarsus, ventral, 0, II pair, femur, dor- sal, in 3 whorls, ventral, a prolateral row of 11 spines, patella same as I pair, tibia, bent, ventral, 4 pairs of strong spines with a curved tip, each from a raised base, III pair, femur, 2 small ventral spines near the base, IV pair, femur, ventral, prolateral row with 4 basal strong spines each from a raised base, retrolateral row only at the distal end; palpus not as long as the cephalothorax, patella with 1 long strong bristle, tibia about as long as wide, paracymbium long with a truncate tip, clavis long, with a broad recurved spur from the base, tip extends far beyond the cavity, embolus probably a very small, short black spur near the tip. Female. Length, 9.0 mm., ceph. 3.2 mm. long, 3.0 mm. wide, abd. 7.9 mm. long, 5.5 mm. wide. Cephalothorax brown, covered with short white hairs, the pale stripe much narrower than in the male, eye area not carried forward as much as in the male ; eyes same as 92 Psyche [June in the male ; mandibles brown, vertical, fang groove ob- lique, upper margin with three teeth, middle tooth the largest, lower margin with two widely separated teeth; mouth parts and sternum same as in the male, no spurs on coxae or trochanter; abdomen dorsal tubercles not as distinct as in the male but the markings the same; legs , 1-2-4-3, much darker than in the male, spines, femora with 0 ventral spines, I pair, femur, dorsal, small and scattered, 3 strong prolateral spines, patella, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 1, tibia and metatarsus, spines small and not paired, II pair, tibial spines not modified ; epigynum , chitinized area longer than wide, a wide spoon-shaped scape, deeply depressed in the middle area with the tip rebordered. Holotype <$ Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty). Allo- type $ Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty). Paratype A Mona Island, 6 April 1944 (Serralles), I pair of legs missing. Paratypes 2? Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty), probably in the penultimate moult. The genus Wixia was based by O.P. -Cambridge in 1882, on the species abdominalis known only from the female from the Trail collection from the Amazon. In 1889, he erected the genus Amamra in the Biol. Centrali- Ameri- cana, 1, p. 55, for five species from Central America. A few years later, in the second volume of the Biol., F.O.P.- Cambridge placed this genus as a synonym of Wixia but he gave no reason for so doing. Wixia serrallesi does not agree perfectly with the defi- nition of the genus as given bv F. O.P. -Cambridge. The eyes are the same in both male and female, with the a.m.e. the largest, the clypeus is less than a diameter of a.m.e., instead of very high, the abdominal tubercles are small in both male and female. Eventually, the genus Amamra may be revived, either as a distinct genus or a subgenus of Wixia , and serrallesi would be placed with it, rather than in the genus Wixia , which has large abdominal tuber- cles and the quadrangle of median eyes square. Wixia serrallesi is very near to Wixia clivosa (O.P.- Camb.) known from both male and female from Mexico and placed by O.P. -Cambridge in the genus Amamra. 1947] Spiders from Mona Island 93 Both have a very long clavis that has a circular sweep outside the cymbium and both have the median area of the scape depressed. Fam. Salticid^ Genus Hentzia Marx 1883 Hentzia squamata (Petrunkevitch) W ala squamata Petrunkevitch, 1930, p. 146, figs. ISO- 134. “several As and ?s, from Mona Island, 24 Febru- ary 1914, in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. ” The specimens described by Dr. Petrunkevitch all had the short vertical mandibles. Six males and six females were collected by Beatty in August, 1944. Three of the males have the short mandibles and the others have mandibles of varying length. When the mandibles are long and porrect, the two teeth on the promargin are widely separated, one near the base of the fang and the other near the base of the joint. The large tooth on the retromargin is much nearer the tooth at the distal end, than to the second tooth that is almost hidden by the scopula of the maxillae. The largest male is 6.0 mm. long with the cephalothorax, 2.5 mm. long and 2.2 mm. wide. The mandibles are 2.0 mm. long, with the outer margins parallel and fringed with long white hairs ; the inner mar- gins are touching on the basal quarter and then gradually narrow to the width of the fang. On the specimens with the long, porrect mandibles, the fang is longer than the basal joint with the distal third very slender and curved. In all specimens of females, the mandibles are vertical, rather thick, with a large bicuspid tooth on the retromar- gin. A large female is 6.7 mm. long. The species is very close to Hentzia peckhami (Cocker- ell), 1893, from Jamaica, (Anoka moneagua Peckham, 1894). This species is smaller and all of the type speci- mens of the Peckham species from Moneague, have short mandibles, with no white scales, either on the mandibles or on the cephalothorax. The females are also small and dark. The epigynes are very similar. 94 Psyche [June Genus Stoides Simon 1901 Stoides placida spec. nov. Figure 4 Female. Length, 3.4 mm., ceph. 1.5 mm., abd. 2.1 mm. Cephalothorax dark brown, ocular area covered with golden iridescent scales, a large pale transverse spot, twice as wide as long on slope posterior to the dorsal eyes, probably in life covered with white scales as a few remain on the lateral margins, a few white scales on margin above the posterior legs, clypens with white scales, cepha- lothorax very high, widest posterior to the dorsal eyes, in a lateral view, slightly depressed posterior to the ocu- lar area, then sloping very gradually to near the posterior margin where it falls abruptly, thoracic groove very short and faint ; eyes, anterior row recurved, so that the pos- terior margins form a straight line, the eyes inclined downward, so they can not be seen from the dorsal view, a.m.e. very large, almost touching, a.l.e about a radius of a.m.e. and separated from them by less than a diameter of a.l.e., eyes of the second row midway between the first and third rows, eyes of the third row snbeqnal with a.l.e. and on the extreme margin of the carapace ; quadrangle slightly narrower behind than in front and about two- thirds as long as wide ; clypeus retreating, about two- tliirds as wide as the diameter of a.m.e., with a long re- curved bristle between a.m.e. ; mandibles brown, with many white scales, rather small, cone-shaped, fang groove short, no teeth on either margin, fang short with a very thick base ; labium pale, longer than wide, tip pointed ; maxillae pale, one and a half times as long as labium and inclined ; sternum pale brown, about as long as wide, con- vex, fourth coxae almost touching; abdomen a broad oval, dorsum flat with scattered scales and white hairs and longer dark hairs or bristles, a short dark basal band, fol- lowed by a pale brown median stripe with irregular mar- gins, on anterior half a pair of large brown spots, fol- lowed on the posterior half by a pair of darker brown spots, venter pale with three narrow brown stripes, spin- nerets pale, long, closely grouped and extending some distance from the abdomen; palpi pale, patella and tip of 1947] Spiders from Mona Island 95 femur with white scales; legs, 4-3-1-2, pale, femora with basal and distal dark rings, more distinct on ventral side, posterior tibiae with basal and distal dark rings, scattered white iridescent scales on distal joints, spines, I pair, no patella spines but a long trichobothria at the tip, tibia, dorsal, 0, ventral, 2 distal, 1-lr, prolateral, 1, metatarsus, dorsal, 0, ventral, 2-2, II pair the same as I pair, III and IY pairs, patellae with prolateral and retrolateral spines, a dorsal basal spine on tibiae, tibiae spiny, metatarsi with three whorls of spines ; epigynum, the pair of spermatheca separated by almost two diameters, with smaller sacs just anterior which are separated by about a diameter, be- tween the two sacs a depressed area. Holotype ? Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty). The genus Stoides was based by Simon on Prosthesima pygmcea Peckham from St. Vincent. Later the Peckhams added to the genus, Attus auratus Hentz, common in the southern part of the United States. It is questionable if the latter species belongs in the genus. The types of Prostheclina pygmcea, both male and female, were proba- bly returned to the British Museum and the co-types, an adult female and an immature specimen, retained by the Peckhams and are now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology collection. They are old and very much rubbed but probably once had hairs and scales on the ceplialo- thorax. In the female the second row of eyes is plainly midway between the first and third rows as stated by the Peckhams. Simon in the description of the genus, places the eyes of the second row nearer the third than to the first row. Stoides placida is congeneric with Stoides pygmcea (Peck.). It is slightly larger and has the ante- rior row of eyes more retreating so that the eyes are not visible from the dorsal side. Genus Sidusa Peckham 1895 Sidusa mona spec. nov. Figures 5, 6 Male. Length, 4.5 mm., ceph. 2.4 mm. long, 1.6 mm. wide, abd. 2.1 mm. CepJudothorax dark brown, ocular area covered with white scales with scattered dark bristles, the white scales 96 Psyche [June extend in a long point behind the dorsal eyes half way to the posterior margin, marginal stripe of white scales, cephalothorax moderately high, highest posterior to the dorsal eyes, widest posterior to the dorsal eyes, posterior margin about two-thirds as wide as the anterior, thoracic groove short, in a shallow depression covered with white scales ; eyes cover about one-third of the carapace, ante- rior row strongly recurved, a.m.e separated by little more than a line, a.l.e. about a radius of a.m.e., separated from them by less than a radius of a.l.e., second row of eyes midway between first and third rows, third row of eyes slightly narrower than the first row, eyes not on extreme margin, subequal with a.l.e. ; quadrangle about half as wide as long ; clypeus slightly protruding, about as wide as a radius of a.m.e. ; mandibles brown, vertical, rather short, promargin of fang groove with 3 teeth near the median margin, retromargin poorly defined with no teeth, fang with a heavy base, as long as groove; labium pale brown, about as wide as long ; maxillee pale, about one and a half times as long as labium ; sternum dark brown, with a few long white hairs, three-fifth as wide as long, first pair of coxae separated by a little more than a diameter, fourth pair almost touching ; abdomen oval, covered with short white hairs and longer dark bristles, a pair of wide dark stripes, heavier at the base show beneath the white hairs, venter pale; legs , 4-1-3-2, pale, with white scales and longer dark hairs, I pair with a prolateral dark mark on the tibia, IV pair with the femur darker at the tip, spines, I pair, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, dorsal, 0, ven- tral, 2-2, followed by lr, retrolateral, 0, prolateral, 1-1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, II pair, patella, lateral, 2, tibia, ventral, 2 distal followed by 1-lr, prolateral, 1-1, retro- lateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, retrolateral, 1, III and IV pairs with dorsal basal spine on tibiae, patellae with prolateral and retrolateral spines, whorl at the tip of the metatarsi ; palpus about as long as cephalothorax, femur and patella pale, covered with white scales, tibia and cymbium darker, both with many long dark hairs, tibia but little longer than the patella, about as wide as long, tibial apophysis a long slender spine parallel to the cym- 1947] Spiders from Mona Island 97 bium and almost reaches the tip of the palpal organ, palpal organ small and confined to the basal two-thirds of the joint, embolns a strong black spine with a heavy base and does not extend beyond the cavity. Female. Length, 5.5 mm., ceph. 2.6 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide, abd. 3.6 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide. C ephalothorax brown, covered with white scales and longer dark bristles in the eye area, widest just posterior to the dorsal eyes ; eyes same as in the male ; clypeus covered with white hairs, less than a diameter of a.m.e. ; mandibles pale brown, vertical, promargin of the fang groove with three teeth, retromargin with no teeth; ster- num and mouth parts same as in the male ; abdomen oval, covered with white hairs and longer dark bristles, with the pair of broad lateral dark stripes showing nnder the white hairs as in the male, on the posterior half the dark stripes broken into two pairs of spots, venter pale ; palpi pale, covered with white hairs; legs, 4-1-3-2, pale with a dark prolateral spot near the tip of the first femur, spines the same as in the male ; epigynum shows little exterior structure, two lobes with deeply chitinized margins and dark spermatheca near the posterior margin. Holotype S Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty). Allo- type $ Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty). Paratypes several ?s Mona Island, August 1944 (Beatty). Sidusa mona is closely related to Sidusa pavida Bryant, from the Virgin Islands. The former has the tibial apophysis of the palpus much longer and the embolus heavier. Neither belong to the genus Sidusa in the sense used by either Peckham or Simon, as there is no tooth on the retromargin of the fang groove and there is a dorsal basal spine only on the posterior tibiae. But F.O.P.- Cambridge has placed in the genus several of the Peck- ham genera that eventually may be recognized. Literature Cited Banks, N. 1914. New West Indian Spiders. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33: 637-642, pi. 43. Bryant, Elizabeth B. 1940. Cuban Spiders in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 249-532, pis. 1-22. 98 Psyche [June 1942. Notes on the Spiders of the Virgin Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 89: 317-363, pis. 1-3. Cambridge, F.O.P.- 1899-1905. Arachnida; Araneides and Opiliones. 2: XII + 610, pis. 1-54. Biologia Central- Americana. Cambridge, O.P.- 1889-1902. Arachnida; Araneidea, 1: XV + 317, pis. 1-39. Biologia Central-Americana. McCook, Henry C. 1893. American Spiders and Their Spinning Work. Philadelphia, 1: 1-284, pis. 1-30. Petrunkevitch, Alexander 1929-1930. The Spiders of Porto Bico. Trans. Conn. Acad., 30 : 1-355, figs. 1-240 ; 31 : 1-191, figs. 1-168. Explanation of Plate 4 Fig. 1. Theridion insulicola spec, nov., epigynum. Fig. 2. Wixia serrallesi spec, nov., left palpus, ventral. Fig. 3. Wixia serrallesi spec, nov., epigynum. Fig. 4. Stoides placida spec, nov., epigynum. Fig. 5. Sidusa mona spec, nov., left palpus, ventral. Fig. 6. Sidusa mona spec, nov., epigynum. 1947] Spiders from Mona Island 99 Psyche, 1947 Vol. 54, Plate 4 Bryant — Spiders from Mona Island TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THE DILARIDiE (NEUROPTERA)1 By F. M. Carpenter Harvard University The little-known family Dilaridse has been represented in the New World by two genera, N ulema and N allacinus. N ulema, which is based upon championi Navas (1914), from Guatemala, is very close to N allachius and may turn out to be synonymous with it. N allachius has included seven species from the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Its genotype, prestoni McLachlan, has been inadequately known, the type of the species only recently becoming available for study at the British Museum. In reply to my inquiry about this type, Mr. D. E. Kimmins kindly sent me excellent drawings of its venation and abdomen. On the basis of this information and the examination of specimens of other species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, I am redefining here the genus N allachius , with a review of the known species; describing a new species of N allachius from Paraguay; and proposing a new genus for one of Banks’ species from Colombia. Navas’ grouping of the dilarid genera into two tribes, Dilarini and Nallachiini, was mainly based upon the width of the subcostal space and the number of subcostal vein- lets. In all probability, however, the width of the sub- costal space is merely correlated with the size of the insect and does not represent a phylogenetic division of the family. On the number of subcostal veinlets Navas was clearly in error, for in this respect not even the genotype of N allachius fits his definition of the genus. He also pointed out that whereas all the Dilarini are restricted to the Old World, the Nallachiini occur exclusively in the New World. This is no longer true, however, for her- mosa Banks, from Colombia, obviously falls into the Dila- rini. In defense of Navas’ classification, however, it should be noted that there are certain general differences i Published by a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard College. 100 1947] Dilaridce 101 between the members of the tribes Dilarini and Nallachiini. The former are relatively large, with a wing expanse of 20 mm. or more, whereas the Nallachiini have a wing expanse of less than 10 mm. Furthermore, the wings and antennae of the Dilarini show much less sexual dimor- phism than they do in the Nallachiini. But these are dif- ferences in degree and will undoubtedly break down as more species are known. I believe that a more satisfac- tory and distinctly phylogenetic division of the family might be attained on the structure of the male genital armature and of the media and cubitus of the wings, as in other families of the Neuroptera (Hemerobioidea and Raphidioidea ; see Carpenter, 1935, 1940). Some evidence for this has already been obtained and will be presented in a later paper on the Dilaridae. Genus Nallachius Navas Nallachius Navas, 1909, Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Art. Barcelona, 7(17) : 665; Navas, 1914, Gen. Insectorum, 156: 11. Male: antennae with long pectinations (usually 9-12). Fore wing distinctly triangular, coastal space of moder- ate width, traversed by numerous branched or unbranched veinlets; subcostal space narrow, with from 2-7 short veinlets ; Rs usually with 4-5 main branches ; MA always anastomosed proximally with Rs. Hind wing about two- thirds as long as the fore wing; Rs usually with one main branch less than in the fore wing. Genital armature consisting of a transverse proximal plate, two pairs of slender processes extending posteriorly from the plate, and a median aedeagus. Female: antennae filiform, as in other female Dilarids. Fore wing : more slender than that of the male, but with essentially the same venation. Hind wing: about two- thirds the length of the fore wing. Venation as in the male. Genotype : Filar prestoni McLachlan. Navas’ diagnosis of this genus is not entirely satisfac- tory. His statement that the subcostal space of the fore wings contains almost no veinlets, in contrast to the 102 Psyche [June several veinlets in Pilar , etc., is not true ; even in the type of prestoni there are seven subcostal veinlets. Nallachius is undoubtedly a valid genus, however. It differs from Pilar and the other Old World genera by the triangular fore wings of the male, the long antennal pectinations of the male, the smaller number of cross-veins in the fore wings, the reduced hind wings of both sexes, the sexual dimorphism of the wings, and especially the male genital armature. It is impossible to give a more precise generic diagnosis at this time because of the few species known in the genus. In addition to prestoni the genus includes americanus McL., pulchellus Banks, bruchi Navas, loxanus Figure 1. Nallachius prestoni (McL.). Drawing of fore wing of the type ( £ ) in the British Museum (made by D. E. Kimmins). Lettering (original) : Rs, radial sector; MA, anterior media; MP, posterior media; CuA, anterior cubitus. Navas, and reductus, n. sp., described below; and of these only americanus and pulchellus are known (in the litera- ture) by both sexes. Furthermore, in the course of mak- ing this study, I have noted that the fore wings of ameri- canus (and presumably also of loxanus ) differ from those of the other species mentioned by having the posterior branch of MP anastomosed with CuA for a short interval. This is a very striking and unusual characteristic to find in the Neuroptera, and may turn out to be of generic significance, when the venation of loxanus is known for certain. The male genital structures show only slight differences in the several known species of the genus. In all proba- bility they will not be as useful in specific taxonomy as venational details. 1947] Dilaridce 103 N allachius prestoni (McLachlan) Figure 1 Dilar prestoni McLachlan, 1880, Ent. Mon. Mag., 17 : 39. N allachius prestoni Navas, 1909, Real. Acad. Cienc. Art. Barcelona, 7(17) : 667. I have seen no specimens of this insect, but include here a drawing of the fore wing made from the type ( a single year, $1.00 each. Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 24, 25, 26, each covering a single year, $1.50 each. Volumes 27 to 53, each covering a single year, $2.00. Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10%. Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 20%. All orders should be addressed to F. M. Carpenter, Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. PSYCHE A Journal of Entomology Volume 55 1948 Editorial Board Frank M. Carpenter, Editor P. J. Darlington, Jr. Charles T. Brues Joseph C. Bequaert Published Quarterly by the Cambridge Entomological Club Editorial Office : Biological Laboratories Harvard University Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. The numbers of Psyche issued during the past year were mailed on the following dates : Vol. 54, no. 4, Dec., 1947 : February 17, 1948. Vol. 55, no. 1, March, 1948 : June 30, 1948. Vol. 55, no. 2, June, 1948 : October 23, 1948. Vol. 55, no. 3, Sept., 1948: November 13, 1948. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 Vol. 5 5 MARCH, 1948 No. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Neotropical Dorilaidae (Pipunculidae) Studies, Part 1 (Diptera). D. Elmo Hardy 1 New and Little Known Species of Nearctic Trichoptera. D. G. Henning 16 Notes on Chinese Panorpidae (Mecoptera). F. M. Carpenter 28 Notes on Melanophora roralis (Linn.) (Diptera). F. M. Jones 31 Theodore Dru Addison Cockerell 35 Accidental Parasitism of a Tick by a Tick. G. Anastos 36 A New Discothyrea from New Caledonia (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). W. L. Brown , Jr 38 The Supposed Nymphs of the Palaeodictyoptera. F. M . Carpenter 41 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1947-48 President . G. A. Edwards Vice President . C. L. Remington Secretary ....... N. S. Bailey Treasurer ....... . F. M. Carpenter Executive Committee j . B. I. Gerry V. Nabokov EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE F. M. Carpenter — editor C. T. Brues P. J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert PSYCHE is published quarterly, the issues appearing in March, June, Septem- ber, and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance : $3.00 to Subscribers in the United States ; Canadian and foreign subscriptions $3.25, payable at par. Single copies, 85 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomo- logical Club, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to the Editorial Office of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other edi- torial matter, should be addressed to Professor F. M. Carpenter, Biological Labo- ratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra expense, for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors ; the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full page half-tones, $7.50 each ; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. The December, 1947, Psyche (Yol. 54, No. 4) was mailed February 17, 1948. BUSINESS PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. PSYCHE Vol. 55 March, 1948 No. 1 NEOTROPICAL DORILAHLE (PIPUNCULID^) STUDIES, PART 1 (DIPTERA)* By D. Elmo Hardy Assistant State Entomologist, Ames, Iowa This paper deals with the new species of Neotropical Dorilaidae in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. These were kindly loaned to the writer for study by Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert. The species herein described will be keyed in a monograph of the Neotropical Dorilaidae which is being prepared. Dorilas (Dorilas) latifrons n. sp. (Pigs, la-b) This species is related to D. flavitarsis (Williston). The species is distinguished by the broad front and nar- row face of the female, the presence of well-developed flexor spines on the femora, by having the r-m crossvein at the basal third of the discal cell and the last section of the fourth vein not sinuous. Female. Head: Front very broad, expanded in the middle, gray on the sides and with a polished black ridge running its entire length down the middle. At its widest point the front is two times wider than the ocellar triangle. Face very narrow, at its narrowest point it is about equal, in width to one eye facet. The occiput is chiefly gray brownish on the upper portion behind the vertex. The labellum and the third antennal segment are yellow, the palpi and the first two antennal segments are brown. The third segment is acute at apex (Pig. la). Thorax: Dor- sum black in ground color, sides yellow brown. Mesono- tum and scutellum chiefly brown pollinose, pleura gray. * Published by a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 1 Psyche [Mar. 2 Humeri, tegulae and halteres yellow. Propleura each with a fan of fine pale hairs. Dorso-central hairs con- spicuous, marginal scutellars very short, poorly devel- oped. Legs: Coxae and femora, except for yellow apices, dark brown to black. Trochanters, tibiae and most of tarsi yellow. Femora moderately swollen, flexor spines well developed. Tibiae without apical spurs or spines and with no strong bristles on the swollen portion. Tarsal claws and pulvilli small, but little longer than the last subsegment of the tarsus. Wings: Distinctly fumose, stigma dark brown and not quite filling all of the third costal section. Third section equal in length to the fourth. The two combined are slightly longer than the fifth sec- tion. The r-m crossvein is at the basal third of the discal cell and the last section of the fourth vein is gently curved. The last section of the fifth vein is slightly longer than the m crossvein. The petiole of the cubital cell is about equal to the length of the r-m crossvein. Abdomen: Sides almost parallel, first three terga opaque, rather densely grayish pollinose; terga four to six subshining, rather lightly brownish dusted above, gray on the sides. First tergum with two strong hairs on each side, abdomen otherwise sparsely but conspicuously covered with short erect hairs. Hind margin of sixth tergum not excised. Venter yellowish brown. Ovipositor : Base subshining black, subglobose in shape and with a pair of small tubercles below. Piercer yellow, very slightly upcurved near apex, one and one-half times longer than the base and extending to about the middle of the fourth abdominal segment (Fig. lb). Length: Body, 2.8 mm.; Wings, 3.0 mm. Male unknown. Holotype female : Whitfield Hall, Blue Mts., near 4500 ft., Jamaica, Aug. 13-20, 1934 (P. J. Darlington). Type (M.C.Z. No. 27700) returned to the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology. Dorilas (Eudorylas) replicatus n. sp. (Figs. 2a-b) This species is related to D. rex (Curran) ; it is best distinguished by the yellow antennae and the differences 1948] Hardy — Neotropical Dorilaidae 3 in the liypopygial characters. The outer harpago is two or more times longer than wide and the inner is very differently shaped than in rex. The processes on the sixth segment of the abdomen are also distinctive. Male. Head: Eyes very narrowly separated on the front, nearly touching for half the length of the front. Front and face silvery gray pubescent. Mouth parts and third antennal segment bright yellow. First two antennal segments brown, ventral bristles of second as long as the segment. Third segment gently rounded below, shaped as in D. rex (Curran). Thorax: Pleura yellow brown in ground color, densely gray pollinose. Dorsum black, covered chiefly with brownish pollen. Propleura bare dorsocentral hairs very small and inconspicuous; mar- ginal fringe of scutellum distinct but the hairs are short and tine. Humeri, tegulse and knobs of halteres dark brown to blackish. Legs: Coxae and femora chiefly dark brown, the latter with yellow bases and apices. Trochan- ters, tibiae and basal subsegments of tarsi yellow; the apical subsegments blackish. All femora silver pollinose on the posterior side and with a row of fine cilia near the upper portion of the posterior side. Flexor spines pre- sent only on the basal one-third to one-half of the middle femora, absent on the other legs. Middle coxae with a row of black bristles at apices above. Hind tibiae without strong erect bristles on the swelling. Wings: Very lightly fumose, stigma brown and filling all of the third costal section. Third section slightly longer than the fourth, the two combined are slightly longer than the fifth. The r-m crossvein is located at the basal third of the discal cell and the last section of the fourth vein is strongly curved. Abdomen: Chiefly dark brown with broad gray fasciae on apical halves of segments, these are broadly interrupted with brown in the middle. Hypopygium: Similar in general appearance to D. rex except that the apical membranous area is not so large (Fig. 2a). The outer harpago is two times longer than wide and oyer one- third as long as the inner harpago. The inner is greatly enlarged on apical half and also produced on inner side of basal portion (Fig. 2b). The sixth abdominal segment 4 Psyche [Mar. is developed on tlie venter into two elongate processes, the larger (first) process is trifid, with two extra teeth developed near base (Fig. 2b). The aedeagus is very complex in structure and possesses numerous points and processes. Length : Body, 4.5-5.0 mm. ; female, 6.0 mm. Female unknown. Holotype male: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado, July 13, 1924 (N. Banks). One paratype male, same locality and collector, June 20, 1924. Type (M.C.Z. No. 27711) returned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratype deposited in the United States National Museum Collection. Dorilas (Eudorylas) spinosus n. sp. (Figs. 3a-c) This species keys out near D. stygius n. sp. but is readily distinguished by the presence of apical spurs or spines on the femora and first two pairs of tibiae, the long acuminate third antennal segment and bare propleura. Female. Head: Front equal in width to the face. Upper third of the front shining black, lower portion gray- ish with a narrow median black line extending about one- half the length of the front. Face and most of occiput gray, upper portion of occiput blackish. Moutliparts and first two antennal segments brown, third segment yellow, long acuminate and covered with long pale pubescence (Fig. 3a). Tho rax: Mesonotum chiefly polished black, lightly brownish in the middle and gray just inside the humeri. Scutellum subshining, lightly brownish polli- nose. Pleura brownish in color, densely gray pollinose. Humeri, tegulae and lialteres yellow. Propleura bare, dorsocentral and scutellar hairs very small and incon- spicuous. Legs: Yellow red in color except for brownish coxae, apical subsegments of tarsi and slight discolorations at middles of hind femora. Femora slender, no flexor spines on hind pair. Middle femora each with eight to ten pairs of small flexor spines beneath, front femora with three pairs. All femora with a pale yellow apical spur- like process below (Fig. 3b), this fits into a grooved out portion of the tibia base when the leg is folded. Front 1948] Hardy — Neotropical Dorilaidae 5 and middle tibiae each with a pair of strong; apical spines below. All tibiae with a strong bristle on the outer side of the swollen portion near the middle (Fig. 3b). Wings: Hyaline or nearly so, stigma light brown and tilling most of the third costal section. Third section slightly shorter than the fourth. The two sections combined are longer than the fifth. Crossvein r-m located at the basal one- third of the discal cell, the last section of the fourth vein straight or nearly so. Abdomen: First and second terga chiefly grayish pollinose, remainder of dorsum polished black, lightly grayish on the sides. First tergum with one or two strong bristles on each side, remainder of abdomen with very sparse short hairs. Sixth tergum not excised on hind margin. Ovipositor : Base small, black and globose from a lateral view. From above the base is seen to be divided into two lobes by a median furrow extending longitudinally down the dorsum. Piercer short and straight about as long as the base in length and ex- tending to base of fourth abdominal segment (Fig. 3c). Length: 3.0 mm. ; wings, 4.0 mm. Male unknown. Holotype female : Hamburg Farm, Costa Rica, April 1 (C. W. Dodge). One paratype female: Grenada, Grand Etang, Sept., 1910 (Allen and Brues). This specimen is headless. Type (M.C.Z., No. 27701) and paratype returned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Dorilas (Dorilas) stygius n. sp. (Figs. 4a-c) This species runs near D. spinosus n. sp. but has no apical spines on the tibiae or femora, the third antennal segment is acute below and the propleura are haired. Male. Head: Eyes joined for a distance slightly less than the length of the frontal triangle. Front and face gray pubescent, the former shining black on the median swelling. Occiput gray on sides and below, brown to blackish above. Labellum and third antennal segment yellow, palpi and first two antennal segments brown. Second segment with long pale bristles above and below. Third segment acute (Fig. 4a). Thorax: Subshining 6 Psyche [Mar. black in ground color, brownish gray pollinose on the dor- sum gray on the sides. Humeri yellowish brown. Tegulse and halteres yellow. Propleura each with a fan of hairs, dorsocentral and marginal scutellar hairs small and incon- spicuous. Metanotum evenly convex, without a transverse furrow. Legs : Chiefly yellow, coxae and apical subseg- ments of tarsi brown, femora with slight discolorations of brown in the middle. Hind trochanters with a dense patch of short yellow pile beneath. Middle coxae with several long curved hairs at their apices above. Femora rather slender, flexor spines well developed, these are short and black on the middle and hind pairs and long, yellow and bristle like on the first pair. Tibiae without strong erect bristles medianly. Tarsal claws and pulvilli very small, shorter than the last subsegment of the tarsus. Wings: Very lightly fumose, stigma pale brown and filling all of the third costal section. Crossvein r-m situated at about the basal three-sevenths of the discal cell. Last section of the fourth vein very gently curved, almost straight. Ultimate section of the fifth vein slightly shorter than the m crossvein. Abdomen: Chiefly polished black, first tergum entirely gray, other terga very nar- rowly opaque at the anterior margins. Sides of abdomen almost parallel. First tergum with three or four black bristles on each side, remainder of abdomen very sparsely haired. Sixth and seventh terga not visible from a dorsal view. Hypopygium: Compressed to the right, with an apical membranous area on the right side. From a dorsal view it is about three-fourths as long as the fifth abdominal segment (Fig. 4b). From a ventral view the membranous area extends to the base of the coxopodite. The coxopodite is largely black in color, the harpagones are yellow and are short, broad, densely gray pubescent and rounded at apices. Length: Body, 3.3 mm.; wings, 4.0 mm. Female. Front broader than the face, shining black on the upper one-third and on frontal tubercle, remainder of front gray. Second antennal segment more yellowish than in the male. The mesonotum and scutellum are more grayish brown pollinose and the sides of the abdomen 1948] Hardy — Neotropical Dorilaidae 7 more distinctly gray than in the male. The femora are entirely yellow. The hind margin of the sixth tergum is straight, not excised. Ovipositor : Base reddish brown, subelongate, slightly swollen below, upper surface of base minutely gray pubescent. Piercer yellow, short and straight, about equal to the base in length and extending to about the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment (Fig. 4c). Length: Body, 2.6 mm.; wings, 3.3 mm. Holotype male: Moneague, Jamaica, Jan. 28 (W. S. Brooks). Allotype female same locality and collector, Feb. Type (M.C.Z. No. 27702) and allotype returned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Dorilas (Eudorylas) trinidadensis n. sp. (Figs. 5a-c) This species appears to be most closely related to D. lindneri (Collin), but eyes of the male are separated on the front. The antennae are entirely yellow and the genital characters and wing venation are very different. Male. Head: Eyes very narrowly separated on the front, in the median portion this separation is about one- third the width of one eye facet. Narrowed portion of the front and ocellar triangle shining black, frontal triangle and face silvery gray pubescent. Occiput chiefly gray, brownish to black pollinose on upper portions. Mouth- parts and antennae entirely yellow. Bristles of second antennal segment yellowish brown and rather strong. Third segment obtuse, rounded below (Fig. 5a). Basal portion of each arista yellow. Thorax: Mestonotum, scutellum and metanotum black in ground color, the latter grayish pollinose the others chiefly brownish. The hind margins of mesopleura, upper halves of pteropleura and upper margins of sternopleura are yellow, the remainder of the pleura are brown. The humeri are dark yellowish brown, the tegulae are brown and the halteres yellow ex- cept for brownish discolorations on the knobs. The propleura are bare, the dorsocentral hairs are present but weak and the marginal hairs of the scutellum are not 8 Psyche [Mar. well developed. Legs : Entirely yellow except for brown- ish coxae and apical subsegments of tarsi. Femora slen- der, flexor spines absent, except on the middle pair. Tibiae without apical spurs or spines and with no well- developed bristles on the outer sides. Wings: Hyaline or nearly so. Stigma brown, filling all of the third costal section. Third section equal in length to the fourth. The fifth section is about equal in length to the third and fourth combined. The r-m crossvein is situated near the basal fifth of the discal cell and the last section of the fourth vein (Ml + 2) is very slightly curved. Abdomen: Sub- shining black, rather lightly brown pollinose on the dor- sum and gray on the sides. The side spots of the fifth tergum extend rather conspicuously onto the dorsum, the interruption between the two spots is equal to about one- third the width of the abdomen. The sides of the abdo- men are almost parallel. The first tergum has a row of six to eight short dark bristles on each side, the remainder of the abdomen is rather conspicuously covered with short erect hairs. Hypopygium: Almost equal in length to the fifth abdominal segment and with a very large apical membranous area (Fig. 5b) . The sixth and seventh terga are plainly well developed, visible from a dorsal view. From a lateral view the seventh tergum is wider than that portion of the eighth segment visible from the side (Fig. 5c). The eighth segment is dark brownish black, lightly grayish brown pollinose. The coxopodite is brownish red at the base and yellowish on apical portion. The har- pagones are yellowish red in color, are rather slender and each harpago is pointed on the inner apex (Fig. 5c). Length: Body, 4.0 mm. ; wings, 5.7 mm. Female unknown. Holotype male: Port of Spain, Trinidad, July (W. S. Brooks). Type (M.C.Z. No 27703) returned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cephalosphaera panamaensis n. sp. (Figs. 6a-d) This species is related to C. elegantula (Williston), it is distinguished by the short acuminate, yellow third anten- 19481 Hardy — Neotropical Dorilaidae 9 nal segment; the opaque abdomen and the all yellow femora. Male. Head: Eyes joined on the front for a distance slightly greater than the length of the frontal triangle. Front and face silvery pubescent, occiput chiefly gray, lightly brownish above. Mouthparts and antennae bright yellow, first two antennal segments slightly discolored with brown. Basal portion of the aristae yellow. Second anten- nal segment with one long and two or more shorter bristles below. Third segment moderately pointed but not long acuminate below (Fig. 6b), rather densely covered with yellow pubescence. Thorax: Mesonotum black in ground color densely brown pollinose except for gray anterior corners. Posterior calli, scutellum and pleura brownish yellow in ground color, the scutellum is brownish dusted and the pleura gray. The humeri are bright yellow in color, the tegulae are yellow brown. The halteres are chiefly pale yellow with the knobs slightly discolored. The propleura each have a fan of yellow hairs, the dorso- central hairs are present although weak and the scutel- lum has a row of moderately developed hairs on its hind margin. Legs: Coxae and apical subsegments of tarsi brown, legs otherwise yellow. Femora stout, flexor spines well developed. Tibiae without strong apical spines or spurs and with no unusually strong bristles on the outer side of the swollen portion. Wings: lightly brownish fumose, stigma brown and occupying all of the third costal section. Third section two times longer than the fourth and equal in length to the fifth costal sec- tion. Crossvein r-m situated at the basal third of the discal cell. The appendix on the fourth vein (Ml + 2) is one and one-half times longer than the r-m crossvein and extends nearly half way to the wing margin. The last section of the fourth vein (beyond the fork of Ml and 2) is one and two-thirds longer than the penultimate section. The last section of the fifth vein is equal to the m cross- vein in length. The petiole of the cubital cell is one and one-half times longer than the r-m crossvein. Abdomen: Chiefly brown pollinose, very faintly subshining. First tergum entirely gray. Terga two to four gray only on the 10 Psyche [Mar. sides. Fifth tergum with a large silvery gray spot on each side occupying posterior half of segment, these are rather narrowly separated in the middle. First tergnm with four or more strong black bristles on each side. Abdomen otherwise very sparsely haired. Hypopygium: Asymmetrical, developed toward the right side and with an elongate membranous area at the apex (Fig. 6d). The hypopygium, from dorsal view is about equal to slightly longer than the fifth abdominal segment. The seventh tergum is poorly developed, scarcely visible from a dorsal view. The eighth tergum is brown in color, the coxopo- dite and harpagones are yellow brown. The harpagones are short and broad and appear to be blunt at apices. Length: Body, 5. 2-5. 5 mm.; wings, 6.7-7. 5 mm. Female: The front is entirely silvery. At its widest portion it is scarcely more than half as wide as the face just above the mouthparts. Front gradually narrowed, at the ocellar triangle it is about equal to the width of one ocellus. The coxae are yellow and the apical subseg- ments of the tarsi lighter brown than in the males. The tarsal claws and pulvilli are very strongly developed especially on the front two pairs of legs, about equal in length to the last three subsegments of tarsus. Each subsegment of posterior tarsi is produced into a moder- ately strong spur-like projection at the apex above (Fig. 6a). The abdomen is rather clavate in shape, being widest at segments four to five. The sides of the abdomen are yellowish brown in ground color with the gray side spots as in the male. The gray markings of the fifth tergum are rather broadly joined on the hind margin and the sixth is all gray except for a small basal portion which is brown. Hind margin of sixth tergum not excised. Ovipositor base rather globose, swollen above and below. Base chiefly polished bright red, covered with white pubescence on the anterior portion. Piercer straight, yellow, about equal in length to its base and extending slightly beyond apex of the third abdominal segment (Fig. 6c). Length: Body, 5.0 mm.; wings, 6.0 mm. Holotype male : Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, Panama, July 17, 1924 (N. Banks). Allotype female: Ancon, 1948] Hardy — Neotropical Dorilaidae 11 Canal Zone, Aug. 6, 1924 (N. Banks). One paratype male, same locality and collector as type, July 16, 1924. Type (M.C.Z. No. 27704) and allotype returned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratype retained temporarily in the Iowa State College collection, to he later deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Tomosvaryella tuberculata n. sp. (Figs. 7a-d) This species is related to T. sachtlebeni (Aczel). It differs by having a strong tubercle on each of the hind femora, by having the projection on the hind trochanters more broad and rounding at the apex, by having the abdomen more polished and sparsely haired and the harpagones more broad and curved on outer edges. Male. Head: Junction of the eyes about equal to the length of the upper portion of the front. Upper portion of front shining black, lower part and face gray pubescent. Occiput gray on sides and below, subshining black above. Mouthparts and antennae brownish yellow, third antennal segment rather long acuminate below (Fig. 7c). Thorax: Chiefly shining black in ground color, very lightly brown- ish pollinose on the dorsum, scutellum polished black. Humeri and halteres yellow, tegulae black. Dorsocentral hairs very fine, scutellum almost bare. Legs: Chiefly black, apices of femora, broad apices and bases of tibiae and the first four subsegments of tarsi yellow. Hind trochanters each with a large rounded projection at apex below. Each hind femur with a strong tubercle near base below (Fig. 7a). Femora moderately slender, first two pairs with flexor spines, hind pair with flexor bristles. Tarsal claws and pulvilli small, about as long as the last subsegment of tarsus. Wings: Hyaline, without a per- ceptible tinge of brownish. Third costal section just one- half as long as the fourth, the two combined are about one-half as long as the fifth section. Crossvein r-m situ- ated slightly before the middle of the discal cell and last section of fourth vein very slightly curved, almost straight. Abdomen: Metallic black, very lightly dusted with gray. Sides slightly rounding, widest at about seg- 12 Psyche [Mar. ments three to four. First tergum with a fan of five or six long dark bristles on each side, abdomen otherwise almost devoid of conspicuous hairs. Seventh tergum slightly visible from dorsal view. Hypopygium : About three-fourths as long as the fifth abdominal segment, with a large apical membranous area, which extends through the middle to the base on the dorsum (Fig. 7d). Hypopygium microscopically gray pubescent. From a ventral view the coxopodite is elongate, slightly longer than the sclerotized portion of the eighth segment on the right side. The harpagones are broad and curved, cupped out on the inner surfaces and pointed at inner apices (Fig. 7b). The inner harpago is the larger of the two. Length: Body and wings, 2.8 mm. Female unknown. Holotype male: Soledad near Cienfuegos, Cuba, Aug. 6-20 (N. Banks). One paratype male, same data at type. Type (M.C.Z. No. 27705) returned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The paratype has been deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Explanation of Plate 1 Fig. 1. Dorilas latifrons n. sp. a. Antenna. b. Female abdomen, lateral. Fig. 2. D. replicatus n. sp. a. Male hypopygium, dorsal. b. Ventral of male harpagones and tip of sixth abdominal segment. Fig. 3. D. spinosus n. sp. a. Antenna. b. Front leg of female. e. Female abdomen, lateral. Fig. 4. D. stygius n. sp. a. Antenna. b. Male hypopygium, dorsal. c. Female abdomen, lateral. 1948] Hardy — Neotropical Dorilaidae 13 Psyche, 1948 . Vol, 55, Plate 1 Hardy — Neotropical Dorilaidae 14 Psyche | Mar. Explanation of Plate 2 Fig. 5. D. trinidadensis n. sp. a. Antenna. b. Male hypopygium, dorsal. c. Male hypopygium, right side. Fig. 6. Cephalosphcera panamcensis n. sp. a. Hind tarsus, female. b. Antenna. c. Female abdomen, lateral. d. Male hypopygium, dorsal. Fig. 7. Tdmosvaryella tubercidata n. sp. a. Hind trochanter and femur, male. b. Male hypopygium, ventral. c. Antenna. d. Male hypopygium, dorsal. 1948] H ardy — N eot ropical D o rilaidae 15 Psyche, 1948 Vol. 55, Plate 2 Hardy — N eotropical Dorila idae NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF NEABCTIC TEICHOPTEEA By D. G. Denning University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming Examination of additional caddis fly material from western United States lias resulted in the recognition of several new and little known species. Descriptions of five of the new species appear in this paper. Unless other- wise stated the types of the new species are in the writers collection at the University of Wyoming. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. L. J. Milne who made avail- able one of his holotypes for comparison with a species illustrated herein. Leptocella aeolius n. sp. This is an interesting species which can readily be dif- ferentiated from other described Nearctic Leptocella by the fuscous colored wings. The clasper and tenth tergite are also markedly different from other described species. This species was collected from a clear, cold, rapidly flowing mountain stream at approximately 7,500 feet ele- vation. Male. — Forewing length 10 mm. General color of forewings and hindwings reddish brown, considerably brighter toward apex, a series of transverse whitish spots from stigma to apex, fringe along margin near tip of anal veins reddish brown, fringe at apex of hind wing reddish brown. Genitalia as in fig. 1. Ninth segment with dorsum pro- duced caudad as a concave dorsal hood, below which arises a pair of long finger-like processes ; lateral margin pro- duced caudad as a triangular side piece. Tenth tergite practically ventrad in position, wide basally, gradually acuminate, slightly upturned distally, apices narrowly in- cised for a short distance, fig. 1A ; pair of curved filaments which arise near base of tergite expanded at apex into a slightly convex plate. Clasper with basal flap narrow, irregular in outline, neck narrow; mesal lobe subacute 16 1948] Denning — Near die Trichoptera 17 from lateral aspect, spatulate from dorsal or ventral as- pect ; lateral apical lobe very irregular and bearing sev- eral long stout setae. Between base of claspers arise a pair of filamentous lobes bearing at apex two long slender setae. MMeagus semi-membranous with characteristic spoonlike ventral plate. Holotype. Male. — Sybille River, near Wheatland, Wyoming, June 19, 1947 (D. G. Denning). Athripsodes pfadti n. sp. This species is very similar to arielles Denning, but differs from it in details of the tenth tergite, such as the clusters of minute spines along the lateral surface, in the wide sclerotized lobe of the clasper, and the presence of two large internal spines in the aedeagns. Male. — Length 8-9 mm. Eyes small, separated on dor- sum by about five times the dorsal width of one eye. An- tennae rather short, about one and one-third times the length of the forewing; basal portion of each segment white, gradually becoming uniformly brownish. Wings light brown, a prominent white spot at tip of anal veins, a fringe of white hairs along margin, extending from R to Ms. Legs a lighter shade than wings. Genitalia as in fig. 2. Ninth segment with base wide, considerably narrowed toward center; articulation with cerci quite indistinct. Cerci, from dorsal aspect, sub- triangular, apices separated by a wide triangular incision, a few long fine setae present. Tenth tergite reaching caudad slightly beyond cerci, apex upturned ; viewed from dorsal aspect apical margin straight ; lateral surface with two clusters of minute spines, one nearly circular group of six, and one group of three. Clasper with basal por- tion projected caudad a short distance which appears as a prominant sub-triangular point when viewed from the caudal aspect, fig. 2A; apical segment semi-membranous, digitate, bearing a scattering of rather stout setae ; sclero- tized lobe shorter than apical segment, considerably ex- panded apically, margin rounded when viewed laterally ; somewhat hammer-shaped from caudal view, fig. 2A, a pair of small setae along margin ; caudal surface of basal 18 Psyche [Mar. portion bears several large and small setae. iEdeagus with apical portion semi-membranous, trilobed from lat- eral view, two prominant spines internally, fig. 2B. Female. — Length 6.5-8 mm. Very similar in general characteristics to male. Genitalia as in fig. 2C. Holotype. Male. — Albany County, Wyoming, Little Laramie River, August 1, 1947 (R. E. Pfadt). Allotype. Female. — Same data as for holotype. Paratypes. — 17 males, 21 females, same data as for holotype. Ecclisomyia maculosa Banks Originally described from Colorado ; very little is known of the distribution of this characteristically western species. Male. — Length 9 mm. Wings light brown, rather con- spicuously irrorate with white markings. Legs a trifle lighter brown than wings, spines black, spurs luteous. Genitalia as in fig. 3 and 3A. Female. — Genitalia as in fig. 3B. General character- istics very similar to male. Cercus, from lateral aspect, short and stocky, apex blunt ; from dorsal aspect Y-shaped incision extends nearly to base ; cerci form a tubular struc- ture with basal portion fused to dorsal portion of tenth segment. Dorsal portion of tenth segment very thin, spatulate, deeply incised, lateral portion also very thin and extending to subgenital plate. Subgenital plate seen from ventral aspect truncate, short and wide, reaching caudad almost to distal margin of dorsal portion of tenth segment. This species was collected at an elevation of approxi- mately 10,700 feet, along a shallow, narrow swift flowing mountain stream. The majority of the specimens col- lected were found resting on the banks of the stream, often only an inch or so above the water. Wyoming: Albany County, Snowy Range Mountains, July 26, 1947 (D. G. Denning) ; 19 males, 3 females. Limnephilus utahensis n. sp. This species is closely related to occidentalis Banks and labus Ross. It can easily be differentiated from these 1948] D e nnin g — N ear die Trichoptera 19 species by the short stocky tenth tergite, the shape of the cerci and claspers and the presence of 3 subapical spines on the lateral arm of the aedeagus. Male. — Length 14-15 nun. Fore wings tawny except for irregular dark brown markings along the veins and a concentration of irregular dark brown markings from the cubitus to the inner margin of the wing. Front femur with a linear patch of black spinules along under side and with 2 small apical spines ; front basitarsus subequal to following segment; front tibia with 8 to 10 black spines including one apical pair. Eighth tergite with mesal pro- jection covered with black spinules. Genitalia as in fig. 4. Ninth segment with lateral por- tion wide, markedly reduced to a narrow bridge dorsally, portion next to cerci arcuate. Lobes of tenth tergite very short and stocky, apex small and only slightly upturned. Cerci, from lateral view, only a trifle longer than wide, posterior margin slightly sinuate ; convergent from dorsal view and with an acute apex; viewed from caudal aspect, fig. 4A, mesal margin black and sharply bent mesad. Claspers longer than wide, sides practically parallel, dor- sal and ventral corners rounded, a small acute projection along distal margin. Lateral arms of aedeagus fig. 4B, shorter than main body, apically enlarged into a lobe bearing a brush of fine setae, apex acute, just caudad to apex occur three small spines as in fig. 4B. Apparently some modification of these subapical spines may occur, as on one lateral arm of the paratype the most ventrad spine is considerably elongated, fig. 4C. Female. — Length 16 mm. Genitalia as in fig. 4D. Same color and general structure as male. Ninth segment com- pletely divided dorsally. Tenth tergite tubular, apex at- tenuated, bifid from dorsal view, fig. 4E. Holotype. Male. — Callao, Juab County, Utah, August 7, 1945 (G. F. Knowlton), at light. [U. S. National Mu- seum Collection.] Allotype. Female. — Same data as for holotype. Paratype. Male. Same data as for holotype. Holotype and allotype deposited in the U. S. National Museum. 20 Psyche [Mar. Dr. G. F. Knowlton collected these specimens from a light trap operated near a small pond fed from an artesian well. Callao is located just southwest of the Great Salt Lake Desert. Lepidostoma veleda n. sp. This species belongs to the Pluvial group and bears closest resemblance to ormea Ross and rayneri Ross. It can be distinguished from these species by the lateral lobe of the tenth tergite which bears a dorsal and ventral spine opposite one another and the short truncate condition of the tenth tergite when seen from the dorsal aspect. Male. — Length 7.5-8 mm. Basal segment of antenna long, almost equal to dorsal width of head, a scattering of black scales over most of segment, especially dense along mesal surface. Third segment of maxillary palpus with a very dense brush of long black scales. Costal cells of forewing reflexed nearly to media, resultant pocket lined with dense brown setae and black scales which are espe- cially heavy along margin, in a few individuals a scatter- ing of black scales will be found extending beyond mar- gin of pocket. Genitalia as in fig. 5. Ninth segment annular, tergite produced into a triangular projection. Tenth tergite di- vided into a pair of divergent lateral lobes, separated on meson to base, from dorsal aspect, fig. 5A, short, truncate, prominent acute dorsal spine near center of margin ; from lateral aspect, fig. 5, dorsal spine directed dorsad, in a straight line with the ventral spine which is curved slightly cephalad. Claspers long, narrow, convergent from ventral view, at base the short digitate process is gradually curved caudad, apex sub-acute with small acute caudad directed process near apex on mesal surface. MMeagus long, tubular, base bulbous, apex of main por- tion submembranous and with a pair of long, slender, acute tubular processes along dorsal surface. Female. — Length 8-8.5 mm. Similar to male except for sexual dimorphic characters. Ninth and tenth tergites, fig. 5B, relatively short ; ninth tergite becomes a darkened sub-acute angulation at apex, the tenth tergite lobes di- vided and broadly rounded at apex. Spermatheca, fig. 19483 Denning — Near ctie Trichoptera 21 5C, with ventral bridge well marked and crossing sperma- theca near margin. Holotype. Male. — Albany County, Wyoming, Snowy Range Mountains, near Centennial, Wyoming, August 3, 1947 (D. G. Denning). Allotype. Female. — Same data as for holotype. Paratypes. — 5 males, 2 females ; Woods Landing, Wyo- ming, August 10, 1947 (D. G. Denning). 3 males ; Poudre River, 15 miles west of Teds Place, Colorado, August 17, 1947 (D. G. Denning). 3 males, 4 females ; Poudre River, approximately 15 miles east of Cameron Pass, Colorado, August 19, 1947 (D. G. Denning) . 10 males ; Rocky Moun- tain National Park, Colorado, August 9, 1947 (D. G. Denning). In all instances the species was collected only from clear, swift flowing mountain streams. Lepidostoma ormea Ross This recently described species was previously known only from a male collected in Utah. Colorado: Illinois River, south of Walden; August 10, 1947 (D. G. Denning), 1 male. Collected from a shallow, clear swift flowing stream at approximately 8,000 feet elevation. Rhyacophila mirus n. sp. This species is very closely related to alberta Banks. Male. — Length 11-12 mm. Color brownish yellow, with a scattering of dark brown markings over most of forewing. First and second pair of legs light brown ex- cept for a light yellowish color over apical portion of tibia, third pair of legs luteous. Sternum of sixth and seventh segment with a short acute mesal projection. Genitalia as in fig. 6. Ninth segment with a wide emar- gination laterally resulting in the ventral half being greatly narrowed. Tenth tergite declivous from lateral view, reaching ventrad to margin of claspei*; from dorsal aspect, fig. 6A, slender, practically same width through- out, apical portion produced into a pair of thin plates, the inner pair (best viewed from lateral aspect) slender and 22 Psyche [Mar. rounded distally, the outer pair convex, wide and distally nearly truncate. Basal segment of clasper long, almost two and one-half times as long as wide, margins nearly parallel; apical segment about one-half as long, the ven- tral margin attenuated as in fig. 6. ^Edeagus long, reach- ing to caudal margin of basal segment of clasper, apical half of exposed portion slender, tubular, apex bifid; lat- eral arms from ventral aspect, fig. 6B, reaching caudad one-third length of apical segment of clasper, apices gradually convergent, near middle of lateral arms area is expanded, its ventral surface bearing a number of minute spicules and its margin bearing a series of seven flat setae. Female. — Length 12 mm. Same general color and char- acteristics as for male. Sixth sternum with an acute mesal projection. Eighth sternum with a wide mesal pro- jection. Genitalia simple, tubular and tapering from base to apex. Holotype. Male. — Albany County, Wyoming, Snowy Range Mountains, outlet of Mill Pond; September 25, 1947 (D. G. Denning). Allotype. Female. — Same data as for holotype. Paratypes. Same data as for holotype, except August 31, 1947, 2 males. All specimens collected from a clear, cold, swift-flowing mountain stream at approximately 10,500 feet elevation. Rhyacophila verrula Milne The collecting of this species in southeastern Wyoming constitutes a considerable extension to its previously known range of British Columbia, Alberta, Oregon and Washington. Male genitalia, fig. 7, drawn from a speci- men compared to holotype. Wyoming: Snowy Range Mountains, outlet of Lake Marie; August 31, 1947 (D. G. Denning), 3 males, 1 fe- male. Collected along a rapid mountain stream at 10,500 feet elevation. Albany County, Snowy Range Mountains, outlet of Mill Pond; September 25, 1947 (D. G. Denning), 1 male. Collected along a rapid mountain stream at 10,500 feet elevation. Albany County, Snowy Range Mountains, Nash Fork Creek; September 25, 1947 (D. G. 1948 J Denning — N ear ctic Trichoptera 23 Denning), 3 males. Collected along a rapid mountain stream at 9,600 feet elevation. Polycentropus halidus Milne This species has not been recorded since it was de- scribed in 1936 by Milne from New Mexico. The deter- mination of the specimen used in the illustration, fig. 8, was checked by Ross. California: Morgan Hill; September 5, 1939 (C. E. Mickel), at light, 2 males, 1 female. Arizona : Oak Creek Canyon, Banjo Bill Forest Camp ; June, 1942 (C. P. Alexander), 2 males. Polycentropus variegatus (Banks) Very little is known regarding the distribution of this species previously recorded from Washington and British Columbia. The collecting of the species in southeastern Wyoming is a very interesting extension in its known range. Male genitalia as in fig. 9. British Columbia : Cowichan Lake, August 1940 (C. P. Idyll), 2 males. Wyoming : Pole Mountain, near Laramie ; August 16, 1947 (D. G. Denning), 1 male. Collected along a clear, shallow mountain stream at approximately 7,500 feet ele- vation. California: Lake Tahoe; August 20, 1916 (L. Bruner), 1 male, 1 female. 24 Psyche [Mar. Explanation of Plate 3 Fig. 1. Leptocella ceolius, lateral aspect; 1A, tenth tergite, ventral aspect. Fig. 2. Athripsodes pfadti, lateral aspect; 2A, clasper, caudal aspect; 2B, aedeagus, lateral aspect; 2C, lateral aspect of female. Fig. 3. Ecclisomyia maculosa lateral aspect; 3 A, ventral aspect; 3B, lateral aspect of female. Fig. 4. Limnephilus utahensis , lateral aspect; 4A, margin of claspers, caudal aspect; 4B, lateral arm of aedeagus; 4C, apex of lateral arm of aedeagus of paratype; 4D, lateral aspect of female; 4E, dorsal aspect of tenth tergite of female. 1948] Denning — Near die Trichoptera 25 Psyche, 1948 Vol. 55, Plate 3 Denning — Ne arctic Trichoptera 26 Psyche [Mar. Explanation of Plate 4 Fig. 5. Lepidostoma veleda, lateral aspect; 5 A, dorsal aspect of tenth tergite; 5B, lateral aspect of female; 5C, spermatheca. Fig. 6. Bhyacophila minis, lateral aspect; 6A, dorsal aspect of tenth tergite; 6B, ventral aspect of aedeagus and lateral arms. Fig. 7. Bhyacophila verrula, lateral aspect; 7A, sheath of aedeagus from ventral aspect ; 7B, dorsal aspect of ninth and tenth tergites. Fig. 8. Polycentropus halidus, lateral aspect. Fig. 9. Polycentropus variegatus, lateral aspect; 9A, lateral aspect of aedeagus. 1948] Denning — Near die Trichopt e ra 27 Psyche, 1948 Vol. 55, Plate 4 Denning — Nearctic Trichoptera NOTES ON CHINESE PANORPID^E (MECOPTERA)1 By F. M. Carpenter Harvard University Panorpa die eras was described by McLachlan in 1894 from Szechuan, China. Lack of knowledge of the geni- tal structures of the male type, which has been in private hands and inaccessible for many years, has prevented recognition of the species, though both Dr. Tjeder and I attempted it. Acquisition of the McLachlan collection by the British Museum (Natural History) in 1938 has finally made the type available for study, and in reply to my request for information about it, Mr. D. E. Kimmins very kindly sent me two drawings, which enable recog- nition of the insect. Since it is now apparent that both Dr. Tjeder and I have misidentified diceras, I include here an account of its structure and of the taxonomic changes involved. Panorpa diceras McL. (Fig. 1) Panorpa diceras McLachlan, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13 : 423 [nee P. diceras Tjeder, 1935, Arkiv for Zoologi, 27A(33) : 7; nec P. diceras Carpenter, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 40: 270). Panorpa grahami Carpenter, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 40 : 272, figs. 5, 9. The drawings of the genital bulb of the type sent by Mr. Kimmins are reproduced in the accompanying fig- ure. A comparison of these with Dr. Tjeder ’s illustra- tions of his species, and with my drawings (1938) of the supposed diceras reveals obvious differences, especially in the form of the hypovalvae and ventral valves. On the other hand, comparison with my figures of the geni- talia of grahami leaves no doubt of the identity of this species with diceras . In other details of body structure, as well as wing coloring, grahami also agrees with Mc- 1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 28 1948] Carpenter — Chinese Panorpidae 29 Lachlan’s account of dicer as. It is significant that the type of grahami was collected only a few miles from Tachienlu, the type locality of diceras. My failure in 1938 to recognize the specimen of grahami as diceras was due to an incorrect interpretation of McLachlan’s description of the liypovalvae. Fig. 1. Panorpa diceras McLachlan. A, ventral view of $ genital bulb, drawn from type in the British Museum (Natural History) by D. E. Kimmins. B, preepiproct of same specimen. I have already (1938, p. 271) proposed a new name ( tjederi ) for the species which Tjeder identified and described as diceras. The following is a description of the species which I originally identified as diceras : Panorpa kimminsi, n. sp. Panorpa diceras Carpenter, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 40: 270, fig. 2, 10, 11 (nec P. diceras McLachlan, 1894). The genital bulb of the male and the internal skeleton of the genital segment of the female have already been described and figured in the paper mentioned above, so I add here only an account of the rest of the body and the wings : Body yellow, with black in the region of the ocelli and between the antennal bases; also, a black stripe 30 Psyche [Mar. along each side of the rostrum ; eyes gray-brown ; thorax and abdomen yellow, with a black stripe laterally, sixth abdominal segment of male with a pair of short posterior horns, as in dicer as. Fore wing : length 15-18 mm. ; width, 4 mm. ; wing membrane dusky hyaline, with grey- ish yellow at apex; pterostigma yellow. Holotype (c?) : Omei (11,000 ft.), Szechuan, China, July, 1936 (D. C. Graham) ; in the IJ. S. National Mu- seum. This is the specimen which I illustrated under the name diceras McL. in 1938, figures 2 and 10. Allotype (?) : near Tachienlu (5000-8500 ft.), Szechuan, China, June 18-July 12, 1923 (D. C. Graham) ; in U. S. National Museum. This specimen was illustra- ted in the same paper (1938), figure 11. Paratypes : 1 gives the other seasonal extreme of September 8th at Rochester, New Hampshire. My latest record is a female from Pine Island on September 11th. There is something of interest in the fact that all of my earlier 1947 captures were males. The second one was taken at Ipswich on July 16th, two more on July 24th at Newbury, and the final male at the last mentioned locality on August 27th. Females, possibly of this subspecies, were seen annoying horses in a field above the Parker River saltmarshes on July 15, 1946. In 1947, however, the first female was ob- served, in the act of ovipositing, on August 19th. From that day until September 8th one or two were seen, and usually taken, on each of my almost daily trips to the marsh. Pine Island is a partly wooded knoll, large enough for a few cottages, that lies in the midst of the saltmarsh somewhat less than half-way from the mainland proper to Plum Island. It is about a half of a mile from the up- * My thanks to Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert for this determination. 131 132 Psyche [Sept. land to the Island over a gravel road that rises only 2-4 feet above the marsh. Usually I drive along this cause- way to the mid-section where a small ditch, running parallel to the road on the north, overflows to form a broken chain of small shallow pools. Where these begin I shift into low gear and drive on slowly while watching for Tabanids. The larger ones are readily seen and egg masses can frequently be spotted in this manner. It is convenient to turn in a driveway at the edge of the Island and then drive back to park beside the ditch wherever anything of interest has been noted. Ordinarily, oviposit- ing females are not easily disturbed and they may be casually approached without any special precautions. My experience with the first female is of some interest in this respect. She was busy ovipositing on a blade of Spartina glabra Muhl. var. alternijlora (Loisel.) Merr. which grew thinly in the shallow water of the pond margin. They show a strong preference for scattered culms rather than dense stands and eggs were found only on this plant. It was about 4 p.m. when she was first observed as I drove towards the Island. (All time E.D.S.T.) There I turned and went back to park as indicated above. Then I crossed the ditch and skirted the pond to get a closer look at her. She seemed quite indifferent as I carefully moved to within a foot of her and even touched the tip of the blade she was laboring on. For several minutes I watched her lay her eggs in the manner so well described by Hine (1903, 1906) for Chrysops callidus 0. S. and C. moerens Walker. Then I decided to return to the car for a con- tainer in which to take her alive. She was still at work when I got back, but just as I was reaching out to lower the jar over her she flew away. Her egg mass was prob- ably nearly complete since she had been ovipositing for at least an hour by that time. It measured 15 mm. long by 5 mm. wide at the base. The eggs were glistening white then but by 6 p.m. had become dull and somewhat greyish. By 9 : 30 the mass was mottled greyish brown and subsequently darkened but slightly. The upper ends of the eggs are a bit darker, which gives the appearance of stripes on close inspection since they are so uniformly 1948] Bailey — Tab anus atratus 133 placed in the mass. Cameron (1926) states that the darkening process takes about six hours for Chrysops eggs, which become jet black. He notes that the pigmen- tation develops much more rapidly in full sunlight than in the laboratory. The egg mass of T. atratus Fabricius has been described in detail by Hart (1895), and Schwardt (1936) provided photographs which agree closely with Hart’s description. Schwardt also states “T. atratus deposits its eggs in masses which are so constant in structural plan as to make specific determination of the egg mass readily possible.” Fig. 1. Egg masses of Tabanus atratus nantucTcensis. Photograph by Arthur F. Dewsnap, Jr. (About 4x natural size) This is especially noteworthy since the egg masses of the subspecies nantuckensis are strikingly different (see Figure 1). In the words of Hart (1895), atratus egg masses are “ subconic, with oval base, 10-15 mm. long and 8-10 mm. wide, height 5-7 mm. ; sides convex or con- cave, apex correspondingly rounded or pointed. . . . The eggs are stacked in four or five tiers, one above another, and gummed together in a firm mass.” This is the type very rarely found on the saltmarsh where the usual form of the egg mass closely resembles the basal one in the accompanying figure. The measurements given by Hart (1895) and by Stone (1930) suggest a maximum of 2 : 1 for the length to width ratio of T. atratus egg masses whereas those of the sub- 134 Psyche [Sept. species nantuckensis have a minimum ratio of 3 : 1 and may be over 7 : 1. This difference in proportions is very characteristic and accounts for a marked difference in the appearance of the saltmarsh* egg masses. They are no wider than the supporting grass blade while those of atratus may be twice as wide. There may be a possible connection between the more uniform exposure of the eggs in these thinner, extended masses and the temperature conditions of the coastal marshes. Nantuckensis egg masses vary at least from 15-35 mm. in length. However, they are very regularly only 4-5 mm. wide which is nearly the width of the Spartina blade. Generally they are laid in 2-3 well defined layers and at the highest point the mass will measure only 3-4 mm. Study of the figure will reveal that it is a photograph of a double egg mass. Horseflies not uncommonly add their eggs to previously deposited masses. However, the circumstances were somewhat un- usual in this case. About noon on August 22nd a restless female was seen flying from plant to plant along the border of the roadside ponds at Pine Island. She was apparently selecting an egg site, as subsequent events proved. After stalking her for several minutes, I succeeded in capturing her and put her in a small jar with a blade of grass bearing an egg mass that I had found shortly before. When I reached camp half an hour later she was already busily ovipositing directly over the older mass and continued without inter- ruption until 2 : 05 p.m. She probably started to lay between 12 : 30 and 12 : 45 and, therefore, was so engaged for nearly an hour and a half. As the photograph clearly shows, she neatly arranged her eggs over the older mass. The picture was taken at 4 :30 p.m. on August 23rd when the fresher eggs were about 27 hours old. The older ones beneath had hatched in mass early that morning. The ovipositing behavior of two other females was suf- ficiently aberrant to mention. When discovered one had laid about three quarters of her eggs and the second had deposited about a third of hers. Those of the first were in three small discreet clusters on the same grass blade. She was put into a pint container with her eggs and while 1948] Bailey — Tabanus atratus 135 there laid another little batch on the inside of the box. Very few of these eggs produced larvae. The other female was handled in the same manner. The form of her egg mass was not unusual, but she ap- parently lost her sense of direction in the darkness of the container and laid the rest of her eggs in a neat pattern well below the others and with her head up, facing them. This final batch was stacked in four tiers and was, con- sequently higher than usual. Hine (1903) stated that, “Between nine o’clock and noon seems to be the favorite time of day for oviposition with the various species of both Chrysops and Tabanus, and I have seldom been able to observe females oviposit- ing at other hours of the day.” My own observations for nantuckensis are just the reverse. All ovipositing was seen in the afternoon — from just after 12 until 5 p.m. However, Cameron (1926) is probably justified in saying that oviposition may take place at any time between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. on bright days in June and July — and, I would add, in August. It is very likely that there is some such activity in the morning on the saltmarsh, but cer- tainly it is not restricted to the forenoon hours in Essex County. The incubation period was obtained for three egg mas- ses. Hatching occurred in the early morning in one in- . stance and probably at that time of day in the others. A mass deposited on August 19th hatched on August 26th after an incubation of seven days. The other two, laid August 27tli and 29th, hatched on September 5th and 7th respectively after incubating 9 days. In each case the blade of grass was stuck into sand in a pint jar. Water covered the sand to a depth of half an inch and the eggs were at a level just below the rim of the uncovered jar in a relatively moist atmosphere. However, the containers were kept indoors and this probably lengthened the in- cubation period appreciably. The 7 and 9 day periods correspond with those similarly obtained by Hart (1895) and by Hine (1906), in that order, for T. atratus Fabri- cius, while Schwardt noted a 5 day period for eggs of this species in an outdoor insectary in Arkansas. Full sunlight undoubtedly hastens development. 136 Psyche [Sept. Among the egg masses taken at the same Pine Island locality in 1946 were two, having all the characteristics described for known masses of T. atratus subsp. nan- tuckensis, from which hymenopterous parasites were reared. These were kindly identified for me as the Proctotrypid T elenomus goniopis Crawford by C. F. W. Muesebeck. As far as I have been able to ascertain, this species has previously been reported only twice. It was originally described from specimens reared by McAfee from eggs of Goniops chrysocoma (0. S.) found on Plum- mer’s Island, Maryland in 1910 (Crawford, 1913). Dur- ing the 1932 season Schwardt (1936) collected many egg masses of Goniops in Arkansas which were similarly destroyed. Therefore, this note reveals another host genus and a considerable extension of range. Although several egg masses were collected and reared in 1947, no parasites appeared. Most of these were taken while the flies were still ovipositing or were laid entirely in captiv- ity. Consequently, they were not long exposed to normal environmental hazards. One of the parasitized egg masses was found on August 13, 1946 and the parasites emerged on August 20th. At the time of preservation, 54 specimens of T. goniopis (8 males and 46 females) had emerged. Others were still within many of the eggs. The relatively small number of males produced is appar- ently usual for this insect. In reducing nantuckensis to a variety of atratus and in naming the variety fulvopilosus, Johnson (1919) calls at- tention to the considerable amount of variation seen in this species in coastal areas and raises the question of the influence of the environment as the agent responsible for it. Stone (1938) mentions the fact that many females have both the wing color that distinguishes nantuckensis and the lateral tufts of fulvous hairs just above the wing bases which are characteristic of fulvopilosus. It is of further interest to note that no males bearing such fulvous hairs have ever been collected. Five of the eleven fe- males taken at Pine Island in 1947 (from August 20tli to September 8th) had both varietal features. Two of them laid egg masses which were no different from others found 1948] Bailey — Tab an us atratus 137 on the saltmarsh. It appears that these names designate the extreme forms in a population showing marked vari- ability. Whether the basis of this variability is genetic, the result of physiological responses to environmental factors or, perhaps, both deserves investigation. Present evidence at least suggests that the fulvopilosus condition may be sex linked inheritance. Since there are females with both varietal characters and with no other recognized differences, the validity of distinct names seems question- able. On the other hand, if the form of the atratus egg mass has the specific significance indicated by Schwardt (1936), the status of nantuckensis needs clarification from this angle as well. A few observations on the larvae and pupae demand notice. The former are most commonly found under mats and piles of straw and other plant debris which becomes stranded in soggy spots subject to frequent tidal flooding or sufficiently depressed to hold rain water. Where such trash lies on soft mud in very shallow water they are especially common. If uncovered they retreat by bur- rowing rather rapidly into the surface muck. Now and then one may he found in the thick algal mats on the sur- faces of deeper pools. These saltmarsh larvae closely re- semble typical atratus larvae as described by Walsh (1863), Riley (1870), Stone (1930), et al. but should he examined critically for possible differences. It would also be interesting to rear some under conditions com- parable to (a) salt and (b) fresh marsh habitats to deter- mine what influence, if any, the environment has in the production of the variation characteristic of the adults. Pupal cases are often numerous in the drift left at the edge of the marsh by exceptionally high tides. This leads one to wonder at the relative scarcity of the flies themselves. The cases may also be found protruding from heaps of straw along the ditch banks. Yet only rarely are living pupa? encountered. One was located on the Parker River saltmarsh just east of Route I on July 17, 1947, and a male emerged on July 21st. This speci- men was killed while still somewhat teneral and was reared indoors. The coloration of his wings is only slightly less uniform than in typical atratus. 138 Psyche [ Sept. Summary Original observations on the seasonal distribution, abundance, oviposition, egg masses, incubation period, probable larvae and the pupae of Tabanus atratus subsp. nantuckensis Hine are given. Males were taken from July 12th to August 27th and females from August 19th to September 11th on the saltmarshes of Essex County, Massachusetts. A figure of two egg masses, one super- posed on the other by a captive female, shows that the structural plan is notably different from that of typical atratus figured by Schwardt (1936) and noted by him to be specifically distinct. The ratio of length to width is not over 2 : 1 for typical atratus egg masses while those of the subspecies nantuckensis may be 7 : 1 and are nor- mally at least 3 : 1. The incubation period was 7-9 days for egg masses kept indoors between August 19th and September 7th. Probable larvae of this subspecies occur rather commonly in soggy mats of plant debris on bare mud or where shallow water covers the mud. Pupal cases are numerous in the marsh drift but living pupae are only rarely recovered from the piles of straw. The question of the validity of the present status of these variants of Tabanus atratus Fabricius is raised. Telenomus goni- opis Crawford is reported as an egg parasite of this species for the first time and with a notable extension of its range. Bibliography Bailey, N. S. 1947. Psyche, 54(1) : 62-64. Cameron, A. E. 1926. Bull. Ent. Res., 17(1) : 14-17. Crawford, J. C. 1913. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, 45: 243-244. Hart, C. A. 1895. Entomology of the Illinois River, pp. 242—247. Hine, J. S. 1903. Ohio Acad. Sci., Special Paper No. 5: 4-5. 1906. U.S.D.A. Tech. Series 12(11): 36-38. 1917. Ohio. Jour. Sci., 17: 271. Johnson, C. W. 1919. Psyche, 26: 163-164. Philip, C. B. 1947. Amer. Midi. Nat., 37(2) : 302-303. Riley, C. V. 1870. Second Missouri Report, p. 128. Schwardt, H. H. 1936. Ark. Agri. Exper. Station Bull. 332 : 14-15, 27-32. Stone, Alan. 1930. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann., 23 : 261-304. 1938. U.S.D.A. Miscl. Publ., 305: 89. Walsh, B. D. 1863. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 304. THE GENERIC NAME TROMBICULOIDES JACOT, 19381 By G. W. Wharton Department of Zoology, Duke University Jacot (1938) obtained some specimens of mites and identified them as Trombidium scabrum Say, 1821. How- ever, be realized that liis specimens were not representa- tive of tbe genus Trombidium. Therefore tbe new ge- neric name T rombiculoides was proposed, witb Trombid- ium scabrum designated as type. His generic diagnosis was based however, on bis specimens and not on Say’s description. Say’s description was disregarded when- ever a discrepency arose between tbe specimens and tbe description. Ewing 1946 reported that Jacot bad misidentified bis specimens and that Trombidium scabrum was in reality a species of Sericothrombium. Ewing therefore consid- ered T rombiculoides a synonym of Sericothrombium Berlese, 1910. Furthermore be points out that Howard (1918) bad given an excellent account of tbe species in- cluding figures of both larval and adult stages. It is obvious from tbe descriptions of Howard and Jacot that they are not dealing witb the same or even closely related species. On tbe other band it is also obvious that Say’s description is so incomplete that bis name T. scabrum might apply to any one of several species in different families, or might refer to a concept that includes a com- plex of several species. Jacot ’s specimens were borrowed from tbe Museum of Comparative Zoology through the courtesy of Dr. Be- quaert. A study of the specimens showed that they were compared witb specimens of Eutrombicula alfreddugesi Oudemans, 1910 from cultures, and no significant differ- ences between tbe two could be noted. It is impossible to identify Jacot ’s specimens as Eutrombicida alfreddugesi at tbe present time, however, because this species can be 1 This paper is a report on work done in connection with a Grant-in-Aid from the Research Grants Division of the U. S. Public Health Service. 139 140 Psyche [Sept. recognized as distinct from Eutrombicula masoni (Ewing, 1943) only on the basis of larval characteristics. According to Opinion 168 of the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature, “it is to be assumed that the original author of a genus correctly identified the species assigned by him there to, ... . but that, where there is evidence that .... (this) assumption (s) is at variance with the facts, the case should be submitted with full details to the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature, and that pending their decision thereon, the genus should be regarded as of doubtful status.” In this case it seems that there is evidence that Jacot misidentified the specimens on which he based Trombi- culoides. The facts will be presented to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. It therefore follows that until the Commission acts, Trombiculoides Jacot, 1938 must be considered as of doubtful status. Fortunately Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938, the name now used for the genus that includes the specimens on which J acot based his Trombiculoides , has priority over Trombi- culoides Jacot, 1938. The date of Eutrombicula is 15 June 1938 while that of Trombiculoides is 10 October 1938. Therefore no change in the generic names is anticipated in settling the status of Trombiculoides Jacot, 1938. References Ewing, H. E. 1938. A key to the genera of chiggers (mite larvae of the sub-family Trombiculinae) with descriptions of new genera and species. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 28: 288-295. Ewing, H. E. 1946. Notes on the taxonomy of three genera of trombiculid mites (chigger mites), together with the description of a new genus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 59: 69-72. Jacot, A. P. 1938. Thomas Say’s free-living mites rediscovered Psyche. Boston, 45 : 121-132. Say, T. 1821. An account of the arachnids of the United States. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 2 : 59-83. SEVEN NEW FLEA BEETLES FROM THE WEST INDIES ( COLEOPTERA — CHRY SOMELIDiE ) 1 By Doris H. Blake Arlington, Va. This paper contains descriptions of seven new flea beetles from Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- bridge. Five of these were collected by P. J. Darlington. Lactica xanthotrachela n. sp. Fig. 1 From 3-4 mm. in length, elongate oblong, shining, dark blue or green with yellow head and thorax and deep brown antennae, mouthparts and legs, hind legs usually with metallic lustre. Head with interocular space over half its width, shin- ing, smoothly rounded over occiput with a large puncture on either side near eye and obsolete small punctures on front, tubercles more or less distinctly marked, the space between antennal sockets a little produced and rounded; mouthparts dark. Antennae with slightly paler basal joints, deep brown otherwise, third joint shorter than fourth, remainder subequal. Prothorax not quite twice as broad as long with almost straight sides and deep and very slightly sinuate basal sulcus ; surface shining and finely punctate. Elytra more distinctly punctate than pro- thorax, very shining, green or blue, the humeri well marked by a short intrahumeral sulcus, otherwise the elytra smoothly convex. Epipleura wide but disappear- ing before the apex. Body beneath lustrous, the pale color of thorax extending down to the coxae of the middle legs, rest of undersurface lustrous black or with metallic blue color, and finely pubescent. Legs dark, the hind ones, at least, with metallic lustre. First tarsal joint of hind legs long, claws appendiculate. Length 3. 1-4.1 mm. ; width 1.5-2 mm. 1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 141 142 Psyche [ Sept. Type male and 5 paratypes M.C.Z. Type No. 27797. 1 paratype in U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 58723. Type locality . — Mandeville, Jamaica, collected by A. E. Wright. Other localities. — Pt. Antonio, Jamaica, collected by A. E. Wright, Dec. 1931; “Jamaica,” collected by L. Gr. Per- kins, in the Stuart T. Danforth collection. Remarks. — In coloration this species is similar to a great many others that occur on the continents both of North and South America, but upon careful comparison I have not been able to find any other species that entirely corresponds with this Jamaica species. For instance, L. iris (Oliv.) of North America has pale front and mid- dle legs ; L. elegans Harold of Colombia has a pale margin on the elytra, L. semiviolacea Jac. and L. mexicana Jac. and L. hogei Jac. are all much larger. Lactica darlingtoni n. sp. Fig. 2 From 3-3.5 mm. in length, elongate oblong, shining, deep blue or blue green with black antennas, legs and undersurface, the two latter often with a blue or green lustre; very finely punctate. Head with interocular space more than half its width, very polished over occiput and front with a median line between tubercles extending upwards (in one specimen) to end in a small depression in middle of the front; a large puncture on either side near the eye; frontal carina between antennal sockets somewhat produced, rounded. Antennae scarcely reaching the middle of the elytra, 3rd joint shorter than 4th, the basal joints with a metallic lustre. Prothorax twice as wide as long with slightly curved sides and explanate margin and a well marked basal sulcus, surface polished, very finely punctate. Ely- tra elongate, the humeri small with a short intrahumeral sulcus and slight transverse depression below basal cal- losity; surface polished, very finely but distinctly punc- tate throughout. Epipleura broad, gradually diminish- ing and disappearing before the apex. Body beneath usually with a metallic lustre, very finely pubescent. 1948] Blake — Flea Beetles 143 First joint of hind tarsi long, claws appendiculate. Length 3. 1-3. 5 mm. ; width 1.5-1. 7 mm. Type male and 3 paratypes M.C.Z. Type No. 27798. 1 paratype in U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 58724. Type locality. — Whitfield, Bine Mts., Jamaica, elevation 4500 feet, collected in Ang. 1930 by P. J. Darlington. Remarks. — In coloration this is similar to L. violacea Jac. described from Guatemala and Panama. It differs from that species in being a little more elongate and with extremely fine punctation which is the same throughout, not disappearing at the apex as in violacea. The sculp- ture of the head with its distinctly marked frontal tuber- cles also appears different, and the sulcus across the prothorax is not sinuate at all but straight. Lactica porphyrea n. sp. Fig. 3 From 2.5-3 mm. in length, ovate, shining yellowish or reddish with violet elytra and dark abdomen ; only faint traces of a basal sulcus across the prothorax most marked on each side at the limiting ends ; elytra distinctly and rather densely punctate. Head with interocular space over half its width, frontal tubercles and space between the antennal sockets some- what elevated with a depressed spot or area above the tubercles, the surface of the occiput and front and frontal carina densely and shallowly punctate and alutaceous ; a large puncture on either side of front near the eye. An- tennae more than half the length of the beetle, third joint shorter than fourth, remainder subequal and rather heavy. Prothorax fully twice as wide as long with arcu- ate sides and narrow explanate margin; surface smooth, polished and fairly alutaceous with sparse punctation; across base an ill marked and, in some specimens, very in- distinct trace of sulcus, the rather faint limiting depres- sions at either end the most distinct part of it. Scutellum usually deep reddish brown. Elytra with small humeri and a slight basal callosity, very shiny deep violet, with dense distinct punctation in basal half becoming smoother near the apex. Epipleura wide, gradually diminishing 144 Psyche [Sept. to end shortly before the apex. Body beneath shining yellowish or reddish with dark brown abdomen, very finely pubescent. Hind tibiae with a short spur, first tarsal joint of hind legs long, claws appendicnlate. Length 2. 6-2.9 mm. ; width 1.5-1. 6 mm. Type male M.C.Z. Type No. 27799 and four paratypes, 1 in the U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 58725. Type locality. — Mt. Diego de Ocampo, circa 3 — 4000 ft. elevation, Dominican Republic, collected in July 1938 by P. J. Darlington. Remarks. — The extremely indistinct sulcus on the pro- thorax of many of the specimens at first confuses one as to the generic place of this beetle, but Lactica seems to be the genus to which it most closely corresponds. Lactica megaspila n. sp. Fig. 5 About 3 mm. in length, oblong ovate, shining, yellow brown, antennae with the outer joints dark, elytra with four large dark spots having a greenish lustre, two at base and the other two at the apex of the elytra. Head rather deeper brown on the occiput, possibly with aenous lustre in some specimens, densely and obsoletely punctate with a few larger punctures on inner side near the eye ; frontal tubercles well marked with a depression above, the space between the antennal sockets a little produced; lower front rather short; interocular space over half the width of the head. Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra, third joint shorter than the fourth, remainder subequal, the three basal joints paler. Prothorax not twice as broad as long, moderately convex with a wide explanate margin on sides and a clearly marked basal sulcus deepest at limiting ends; surface finely punctate. Elytra shining yellow brown, each with a basal and larger apical spot, the basal spot extending nearly across the base, the apical spot extending from the middle almost to the apex, in the apical spot an aeneous lustre ; a short intrahumeral sulcus and depression behind the basal callosity ; surface shining, very faintly punctate, a wide explanate margin along the sides. Epipleura 1948] Blake — Flea Beetles 145 wide, gradually disappearing before the apex. Body beneath pale, shining beneath the short pale pubescence ; hind tibiae with small spur, first tarsal joint moderately long, claws appendiculate. Length 3.1 mm; width 1.6 mm. Type male M.C.Z. Type No. 27800. Type locality. — Villalba, Puerto Rico, collected by C. M. Matos June 28, 1934, in the Stuart T. Danforth col- lection. Remarks. — There are two species from Central Amer- ica that have somewhat similar markings, — L. nigromacu- lata Jac. with four small basal spots and a large apical spot but with a pale undersurface and pale femora ; and L. variabilis Jac. which has two basal spots and two apical spots. The second species also has quite differently colored legs. Pseudoepitrix hottensis n. sp. Fig. 4 About 2.5 mm. in length, elongate, shining reddish brown, outer joints of antennae and undersurface deeper brown in color; pronotum densely and rather coarsely punctate. Head with interocular space half its width, occiput rounded, not very shiny but finely alutaceous, a circle of fine punctures in front and over the indistinct tubercles, a sulcus running from antennal sockets up to eye ; anten- nal sockets situated about midway down front of head, lower front tapering. Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra, third joint shorter than fourth, last five joints darker. Prothorax not twice as wide as long with only slightly curved and nearly straight sides, having a prominent anterior angle under eye ; a well marked and somewhat sinuate basal depression; surface finely alu- taceous, somewhat shiny, moderately coarsely and densely punctate. Elytra with the striate punctures coarser in basal half, becoming fine at apex, basal callosities well marked and a transverse impression below them. Body beneath deeper brown, shining, lightly pubescent, legs yellow brown, tibiae not sulcate, first tarsal joint not so 146 Psyche [Sept. long as the remaining joints together, claws appendicu- late. Length 2.5 mm. ; width 1.2 mm. Type male M.C.Z. Type No. 27801. Type locality. — Desbarriere, Mt. LaHotte, Haiti, about 4000 ft. elevation, collected Oct. 12-14, 1934, by P. J. Darlington. Remarks. — This is the second species to be described from Hispaniola. P. hispaniolcc Blake, described from the Dominican Republic, is more robust with a much more densely and coarsely punctate pronotum, and has a dif- ferently shaped aedeagus. Pseudoepitrix punctatissima n. sp. Fig. 7 About 2 mm. in length, elongate oblong, moderately convex, shining, very dark reddish brown, almost piceous, with densely and coarsely punctate pronotum and elytra ; legs and antennal joints 3-6 and 10 and 11 pale. Head with interocular space fully half its width ; occiput rounded, distinctly punctate, a deeply impressed line straight across front over frontal tubercles joining with a sulcus about inner and upper side of eye ; frontal tuber- cles somewhat elevated; space between antennal sockets narrow, and lower front to labrum short, labrum long and paler in color. Antennae not reaching the middle of the elytra, joints 3-6 and 10 and 11 pale, outer joints heavier. Prothorax not twice as wide as long, rather convex, with prominent anterior angle under eye and tooth at basal angle, basal margin a little sinuate, a shallow depression along base ; anterior margin a little paler reddish brown ; surface shining, densely, deeply and coarsely punctate. Elytra with rounded basal callosity and depression below, convex, very shining dark reddish brown, coarsely striate punctate, the punctures near the suture dense and a little confused and at apex becoming fine, on sides next to mar- gin deeply impressed. Epipleura not reaching apical angle. Body beneath shining deep reddish brown, with paler legs. Anterior coxal cavities open, hind tibiae not grooved, claws appendiculate. Length 2 mm. ; width 1 mm. 1948] Blake — Flea Beetles 147 Type female M.C.Z. Type No. 27802. Type locality. — Desbarriere, Mt. LaHotte, about 4000 feet elevation, Haiti, collected Oct. 12-14, 1934, by P. J. Darlington. Remarks. — Tbis species is more convex than the other species of Pseudoepitrix from the West Indies, and it has short antennae and much coarser punctation, which near the suture of the elytra is confused. It may possibly belong to a different genus. Aphthona fraterna n. sp. Fig. 6 About 2 mm. in length, ovate, shining reddish brown with yellow antennae having joints 6-9 black; elytra very finely striate punctate. Head with interocular space a little more than half its width, smoothly rounded over occiput, frontal tubercles indistinct, a narrow carina from between antennal sockets down to labrum, a lightly impressed line on either side of forehead running up from short sulcus near eye. Anten- nae scarcely reaching the middle of the elytra, joints 3 and 4 subequal and shorter than 5, joints 6-9 black. Pro- thorax not twice as wide as long with obliquely cut anter- ior angles, only slightly curved, nearly straight sides, and basal margin forming an oblique angle near sides, disk polished, impunctate. Elytra polished, convex, with out depressions, with faintly striate punctation becoming indistinct at apex. Body beneath shining reddish brown, anterior coxal cavities open, hind tibiae sulcate, with a small spur at apex; claws simple. Length 1.8 mm.; width 1.2 mm. Type female, M.C.Z. Type No. 27803. Type locality. — Desbarriere, Mt. LaHotte, Haiti, near 4000 ft., collected Oct. 12-14, 1934, by P. J. Darlington. Remarks. — This species is closely related to A. insolita Melsh. from North America and A. fulvipennis Jac. from Guatemala. All three are reddish brown beetles having the antennae pale with the outer joints in part dark. All have very lightly striate-punctate elytra. A. fulvipennis from its description appears to resemble A. insolita in the 148 Psyche [Sept. sculpture of the head in that the frontal tubercles are elevated. In A. fraterna the tubercles are not even dis- tinctly marked and the lower front is excavated with only a very narrow ridge running down the front between the antennal sockets. A. insolita has a quite different face, particularly in the lower front. It has also very tine punctures on the pronotum, the antennae are heavier and the entire beetle is more convex than A. fraterna . Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Explanation of Plate 14 Lactica xanthotrachela, n. sp. Lactica darlingtoni, n. sp. Lactica porphyrea, n. sp. Pseudoepitrix hottensis, n. sp. Lactica megaspila, n. sp. Aphthona fraterna, n. sp. Pseudoepitrix punctatissima, n. sp. 1948] Blake — Flea Beetles 149 Psyche, 1948 Vol. 55, Plate 14 Blake — Flea beetles CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8 : 00 p.m. in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave., Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. FOR SALE The Librarian of the Museum of Comparative Zoology is offering for sale a limited number of sets of the “Contribu- tions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution. ” These are priced at $15.00 f.o.b., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Each set includes reprints of 292 entomological papers which appeared in various entomological and zoological journals pub- lished during the period from 1909 to 1929. These form seven large volumes each substantially bound in red buckram, and a number of additional reprints to form an eighth volume. Alto- gether there are more than 5800 pages included. Shipping weight is approximately 50 pounds. Orders should be addressed to Assistant Librarian, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. The Cambridge Entomological Club has for sale reprints of articles published in Psyche between 1910 and 1920. A list of articles available can be obtained from the Editorial Office of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave., Cambridge, BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are entirely out of print. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, each covering a period of three years, $5.00 each. Volumes 10, 12, 14, 17, each covering a single year, $1.00 each. Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, each covering a single year, $1.50 each. Volumes 27 to 53, each covering a single year, $2.00. Volume 54, covering a single year, $3.00. Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10%. Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 20%. All orders should be addressed to P. M. Carpenter, Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 Vol. 55 DECEMBER, 1948 No. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chrysopidae (Nothochrysidae) Collected in Mexico by Dr. A. Dampf (Neuroptera). N. Banks 151 Hovering Males of Hybomitra cincta (Fabricius) (Diptera, Tabanidae). N. S. Bailey 178 The Distribution of Onychophora in New Guinea and Neighboring Islands. C. T. Brues 181 Another Record for Mantispa interrupta Say. N. S. Bailey 183 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1947-48 President . . . . . . . . . N. S. Bailey Vice President ...... W. L. Brown, Jr. Secretary ......... F. Werner Treasurer . . . . . . . . F. M. Carpenter . B. I. Gerry P. J. Darlington, Jr. EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE F. M. Carpenter — editor C. T. Brues P. J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert Executive Committee PSYCHE is published quarterly, the issues appearing in March, June, Septem- ber, and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance : $3.00 to Subscribers in the United States ; Canadian and foreign subscriptions $3.25, payable at par. Single copies, 85 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomo- logical Club, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to the Editorial Office of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. important notice to contributors Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other edi- torial matter, should be addressed to Professor F. M. Carpenter, Biological Labo- ratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra expense, for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.75 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors ; the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full page half-tones, $7.50 each ; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. The September, 1948, Psyche (Yol. 55, No. 3) was mailed November 13, 1948. BUSINESS PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. PSYCHE Vol. 55 DECEMBER, 1948 No. 4 CHRYSOPIDyE (NOTHOCHRYSIDyE) COLLECTED IN MEXICO BY DR. A. DAMPF (NEUROPTERA)1 By Nathan Banks Holliston, Massachusetts Early in 1947 Dr. Dampf sent me a large number of Chrysopidae, and later a smaller lot. Much of the mate- rial was collected in the 1920’s, and almost all before 1938 ; so much of it had been in papers for many years it was fragile. Nearly a thousand specimens of Chryso- piella sabulosa were taken in the northern parts of Mex- ico ; it occurs in the dry parts of Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. About half of the rest was taken in or near Mexico City or at least in the Federal District. Of the others the most interesting were specimens from the States of Guerrero and Chiapas ; many I had not seen. Dr. Dampf intended to send a third lot, and to collect in the summer of 1947, but sickness, and his unfortunate death induce me to publish on what I have now. As in other cases, I have been greatly helped by the notes pre- pared by Prof. R. C. Smith on the types of Navas that he examined in his sojourn in Europe. Genus Chrysopa Synopsis of species in collection 1 — Antennae beyond second joint black (or very dark) for some distance, often paler before tip 2 Antennae not darkened beyond the second joint 7 2 — Black or reddish stripe or spot on cheeks ; palpi pale 3 Cheeks pale, unmarked 4 3 — Gradates bordered with brown, inner series not much 1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 151 152 Psyche [Dec. nearer to outer series than to radial sector; second joint of antenna dark; three forks beyond end of medius before the acute tip of fore-wing, small spe- cies gradata Navas Gradates not bordered, and inner series almost twice as near to outer as to radial sector ; four or four and one half forks beyond end of medius before the tip of wing, moderately large lateralis Guerin 4 — Pronotum with a red line or stripe each side (not marginal) broken at the groove into two stripes; on face a dark spot below the basal joint; costal area (fore-wing) broader than the radial; five forks be- fore the acute tip ; bead very broad tortolana n. sp. Pronotum with an unbroken red line each side at or near margin ; no mark below basal joint, costal area not broader than radial area 5 5 — Basal joint of antennae without any spot or line; gradates parallel and inner much nearer to the outer row, wings slender, third cubital cell longer than second everes Bks. Basal joint with a dark line or a spot 6 6 — Gradates divergent, inner row fully as near to radial sector as to outer row, not bordered, each gradate hardly its length from next; hairs on veins very short sarta Bks. Gradates parallel, inner row much nearer to outer than to radial sector ; each gradate usually its length or more from next, small species herlandi Navas 7 — No dark mark on cheek, nor a band or spots on face 8 A distinct reddish or darker mark on cheek, some- times a band on face 11 8 — Basal joint of antennae without a mark or stripe; palpi lined with dark, last joint dark; no red on vertex castalia n. sp. Basal joint of antennae with a mark or stripe 9 9 — Basal joint with two dark stripes; one continued on vertex for a short distance; palpi pale, last joint partly dark arioles Bks. Basal joint with but one dark stripe or spot 10 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 153 10 — Almost all cross-veins and the gradates of fore wing very dark; from the third cubital cell but one vein to margin, but four or five inner gradates ; two or three forks beyond medius tolteca Bks. Costals and some other cross-veins dark only in middle, from third cubital the usual two veins to margin, six or seven inner gradates, and four or four and one-half forks beyond end of medius before the acute tip ; pronotum plainly broader behind than in front; palpi pale caligata Bks. 11 — A distinct dark or reddish band (or two lunules) across the face just below the base of antennae, often also a lower band 12 No band across face 16 12 — Second joint of antenna black; vertex with two spots in front, sometimes also behind; pronotum un- marked; venation mostly green, costals often dark at ends ; five or six forks beyond end of medius be- fore tip or fore wing mexicana Bks. Second joint of antennae not dark 13 13 — Vertex without marks except a red line close to each eye; venation, including gradates, pale; face-marks are red; five forks beyond end of medius before wing-tip; inner gradates near the outer row. acolhua n. sp. Vertex with dark or reddish marks near middle; in- ner gradates about as near to radial sector as to outer row 14 14 — Pronotum without lateral dark stripes ; vertex with a red thrice-forked mark; cross-veins mostly brown, divisory cell not twice as long as broad at base; three and a half or four forks beyond end of medius trifurcata n. sp. Pronotum with a dark or black stripe each side ; ver- tex with two parallel lines near middle, sometimes connected in front ; lateral lobes of meso- and meta- notnm more or less rufous ; anal veins black for some distance 15 15 — Venation (including gradates) largely pale green; pronotal stripes broad, reach side margin. nahoa n. sp. 154 Psyche [Dec. In fore wings many cross-veins (including gradates) black; pronotal stripes slender, not reaching to side margin tezcucana n. sp. 16 — Pronotnm with two red spots each side, separated by the groove, cheek with a red streak from lower inner edge of eye ; basal antennal joint quite long ; fore wings with the gradates and many cross-veins dark, inner gradates nearer to the radial sector, and more or less divergent from the outer row ...houvieri Navas Pronotnm not so marked 17 17 — Pronotnm with two small dark spots in front part; basal antennal joint very short and much rounded on inner side; some red on vertex near antennal sockets; gradates and most other cross-veins dark; pronotnm plainly broader behind than in front, red- dish on anterior corners exotera (?) Navas Pronotnm without two dark spots 18 18 — Pronotnm with a distinct red lateral stripe each side ; palpi partly dark 19 No red lateral stripe on pronotnm 20 19 — Vertex with a transverse reddish area behind an- tennae; each lateral reddish stripe fully its width from the side margin of pronotnm; wings not espe- cially slender quadornia n. sp. No reddish on vertex, reddish stripes on pronotnm are on the side margin of pronotnm; wings notice- ably slender, second and third cubital cells more elongate than usual marginata (?) Navas 20 — Gradates in the front wing plainly dark 21 Gradates in both wings wholly pale green; basal joints of antennae rather widely separated 22 21 — Pronotnm broadly green on sides, also lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum; basal antennal joints well separated, short but not much swollen on inner side ; cheeks broadly red, palpi partly black; many cross- veins dark incisa n. sp. Pronotnm not broadly green on sides; cheeks red- dish; last joint of palpi black, gradates dark, most other cross-veins pale comanche var. ? 22 — Cheeks with a black line or streak, often some red Banks — Chrysopidae 155 adjoining; palpi pale calif ornica Coq. Cheeks reddish, usually rather broadly; last joint of palpi black comanche Bks. Chrysopa nahoa sp. now Figures 18, 21 Green; face with two maroon bands; one from just be- low eyes and across clypeus, the other just below anten- nas, this one has an extension from the middle between the antennas to vertex where it divides and extends later- ally as a narrow streak just above antennal sockets to the eyes ; the median lobe of vertex has two short parallel red streaks, and there is also a slender red line close to each eye ; palpi partly black ; antennae pale, the basal joint rather more red at tip. Pronotum pale in middle and each side with a broad maroon stripe ; the meso- and metanotum are pale in middle and broadly pale reddish on the lateral lobes ; the abdomen has a narrow maroon stripe on each side. The pronotum is almost as long as broad behind, and about one-third narrowed in front. In the fore wing the subcosta is black to beyond the divisory cell, and many costals dark at one end; the first and second anal veins are also dark (maroon), and their branches' are dark on base; elsewhere the venation (in- cluding gradates) is largely greenish; the costal area is not as broad as the radial area; the divisory cell ends beyond cross-vein, both sides convex; there are nine cubi- tals beyond end of divisory cell. In fore wing there are eight outer and seven inner gradates, in parallel rows, inner scarcely nearer to outer than to the radial sector, the first four of inner series disjoints the sectorals a little ; in the hind wing there are seven gradates in each row, parallel, and the inner toward end nearer to radial sector than to outer row. The radial area is only a little broader than the costal area, the costals numerous, twenty-five before the stigma, beyond the last there are none in stigmal area, but six in the subcostal area. The cubital area is about two thirds of the marginal area. In hind wing the costal cells are much longer than high. The hairs on all veins are rather short. 156 Psyche [Dec. Length of fore-wing, 14 mm., width 4.3 mm. One from La Venta, southwest of Mexico City, 2800 m. alt., forest, 22 May. Type: M.C.Z. no. 27994. Chrysopa mexicana Bks. Figures 13, 17, 20, 37 The venation is largely green; there are twenty-four costals, dark at upper end; the fourth and fifth slightly sinuous ; eight inner gradates, nine outer, parallel, inner much nearer to outer than to radial sector; costal area about as broad as radial, cubital area about two-thirds of marginal area ; in hind wing six inner and seven outer gradates, placed as in fore wing. In both wings several of the sectorals are bent by the inner gradates ; in fore wing six forks beyond end of medius before the wing- tip. Palpi lined and last joint almost wholly black; the hairs on veins are quite long and reach half way across the slender costal cells. From Presa San Jose, San Luis Potosi, 23 November. Chrysopa acolhua sp. nov. Figure 5 Face with a reddish lunule under base of each antenna ; a narrow, reddish band below from under each eye and across base of clypeus, latter with a reddish spot each side; palpi mostly pale, but marked with dark; antennae pale, basal joint in front with an elongate reddish streak or triangle on the lower part; vertex with a red border each side close to eye, and a more narrow border to upper side of the antennal sockets, united to form an acute angle between antennae. Pronotum much broader than long ; each side is broadly reddish brown, leaving a much more narrow pale median area; thorax and abdomen without markings (but possibly with some when fresh). Wings long and moderately slender, venation pale, stigma scarcely darkened; costal cells on basal half of wing not numerous, and few, if any, twice as high as long, 20 costals before stigma, last four very short; divis- 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 157 ory cell ends a little beyond cross-vein, fully twice as long as broad, six cnbitals beyond; in fore wing eight outer and five inner gradates, in hind wing seven outer and four inner, in both wings the inner row is much nearer to the outer than to the radial sector, at junctions the sectorals are slightly disjointed; costal area plainly not as broad as radial area ; cubital area as broad as mar- ginal area except toward base of wing. Fore wing length 13-15 mm., width 3. 8-4.2 mm. Type, from Pungarabato, Guerrero, Mexico (Jose Paner), 22 August. Type: M.C.Z. no. 27997. This species in many ways agrees with the descrip- tion of C. varicosa Navas, but Navas says the inner gradates are arcuate, and the Smith Notes, 4 Mowed up”. Here the inner gradates parallel to the outer. Two speci- mens from El Mante, Tamaulipas have the venation al- most the same, but the cubital area is not so broad in pro- portion to the marginal area; the wings more slender, fore-wing 14 mm. long, width 4.6 mm. ; the two lunules under antennas of the typical form here form a band, barely broken in middle ; I presume they are a form of the same species. Chrysopa tezcucana sp. nov. Figures 7, 11, 28, 31 Pale greenish; face with a rather broad maroon band below bases of antennae, a zigzag black stripe under each eye, between are two pairs of rounded dark areas ; a nar- row dark stripe between bases of antennae which forks on the vertex, but the forks soon become parallel; on each side of the pronotum is a red stripe, well separated from the margin, this stripe extends back on the lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum. Wings with green vena- tion, the bases of the first and second anal veins are black; the costals are black, twenty before the stigma, the cells higher than broad, the third or fourth costal is more or less sinuous ; bases of radial sector and of dis- coidal cell black, most of the radial cross-veins black, 158 Psyche [Dec. except ends, tlie cnbitals and gradates also black. Six cubitals beyond the divisory cell, latter about three times as long as broad; five or six gradates in each series, nearly parallel, and the inner nearer to radial sector than to the outer row; radial area much broader than costal ; the cubital area about two-thirds of the marginal area. In hind wings five or six gradates in each row, about parallel, and inner nearer to radial sector than to the outer row; the inner row disjoints the sectorals in both front and hind wings; the costal cells much longer than high. Length fore-wing 14.8 mm., width 3.4 mm. Type from Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City, Mex- ico 8 August, also Cuernavaca, Mexico City, 26 April, the latter are a little smaller. Type: M.C.Z. no. 27993. Chrysopa trifurcata sp. nov. Figures 1, 2, 32 Head pale, with pale red marks on face and vertex; face broad, a narrow band below antennae, making two curves, a broad red spot below each eye; in middle a transverse mark rounded above and with two projections below, enclosing a median pale spot. On vertex a mark starting between the antennae, giving off each side a streak to margin upper edge of antennal sockets, shortly behind the median streaks forks again, and each fork gives off a branch to the eye, the fork still curving out- ward and reaching the hind border, each end being fully twice as near to eyes as to each other. The pronotum shows no definite markings, but the lateral lobes of mesonotum are partly suffused with red- dish and some faint reddish in some of the grooves. Ab- domen dark above (possibly reddish alive). Wings with pale veins ; in fore wings the gradates and many cross-veins pale brown, some almost margined. Costal area almost half as broad as radial area ; 18 cos- tals before stigma, none sinuous, cells about as long as high; divisory cell is very broad, not twice as long as broad, the oblique base occupies about three-fourth of 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 159 the cross-vein. From the third cnbital cell there is but one vein behind, but it forks, equally in both wings, only one branch behind from the fourth cell ; six cubitals be- yond end of divisory cell. In fore wings five gradates in each row and almost parallel, but both rows slope up- ward more than usual, the inner row much nearer to radial sector than to the outer row; the inner gradates strongly disjoint the sectorals ; the median vein ends fur- ther out on margin than usual, the end being as far out as the end of the stigma. In hind wing there are four gradates in each row, the inner row much nearer to radial sector than to outer row, and also strongly disjointing the sectorals, the costal cells are mostly twice as long as high. Length of fore wing 12.5 mm., width 4.1 mm. From Navojoa, Sonora, 24 March, 1927. Type: M.C.Z. no. 27995. The marks on vertex resemble those given by Navas for his Leucochrysa delicata; hut trifurcata is not a Leu- coclirysa; the face has various red marks; Navas says head etc. “subtota fusca.” moreover he figures the pro- notnm broader behind, in trifurcata the sides are parallel. Chrysopa bouvieri Navas Figures 16, 20 From Vergel, Chiapas 18, 30 May, 3 June; Finca Ger- mania, Chiapas, Sierra Madre del Sur, 20 June; Coffee Plantation, Sierra Madre del Sur, Chiapas 11 May; Es- peranza Plantation, Sierra Madre del Sur, Chiapas, 5 March, all in forest. The red of the anterior spots usually extends forward onto the vertex as a line near each eye. Costal area very broad near base, equal to the radial area; 19 to 22 cos- tals, the third usually slightly sinuous ; three to four inner gradates and about eight outer, the inner more or less divergent and generally nearer the radial sector, first of inner gradates bends the sectoral at juncture; divisory cell full twice as long as broad; cubital area 160 Psyche [Dec. hardly two-thirds of marginal area. I believe that yuca- tanensis and divergens are synonyms. Chrysopa tortolana sp. nov. Face pale, no cheek mark, bnt a dark spot below each basal joint close to the socket, some irregular dark spots on basal joint and four to six joints beyond black (ex- cept second joint), beyond this some joints dark on one side; palpi pale; vertex and basal joints above faintly pink. Pronotum with a narrow red line on each side of front part, and a shorter red line on posterior part, much more than its width from lateral margin, rest of thorax very pale yellow. Venation green; gradates black, several of the longer radials dark near upper end, but not at end; some of the longer costals marked the same. Basal joint of antennae very short and small; prono- tum a little broader than long in middle, sides nearly parallel. Wings rather broad; costal and medial areas both very broad at widest part, but the costal plainly the broader; eighteen costals, none sinuous; marginal area much broader than cubital, in fact almost twice as broad beyond the third cubital cell ; third cubital cell as long as and broader than the second ; divisory cell about twice as long as broad; six cubitals beyond; medius ends far be- fore tip, full five forks before the tip. In fore-wing six inner and seven outer gradates, each gradate well separated from next ; rows not parallel, the inner as near radial sector or nearer toward end than to the outer row; in bind wing four inner, six outer gra- dates, inner nearer to radial sector for most of length; in bind wings all veins green. Length of fore-wing 14 mm., width 4 mm. One from Vergel, Chiapas, 4 June, at light. Type: M.C.Z. no. 27998. This species resembles Ch. tetrasticta , but the anten- nae are black for a short distance and partly black for a greater distance, also the black on face, and the cross- veins not clouded separate it; the red marks on prono- tum are more slender than in tetrasticta. 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 161 Chrysopa arioles Bks. Figures 6, 21 From Esmerelda, Chiapas, Sierra Madre del Sur; Ver- gel, Chiapas, 18 May; El Dorado, Sinaloa, 23 Jan. and Matemorelos, Nuevo Leon, 3 Jan. The divisory cell is very slender; costals 16 to 18, cos- tal area hardly as broad as radial area, the third or fourth costal is plainly sinuous. There is no mark on the cheek, the antennal sockets are usually margined with red, the inner stripe on basal joint is continued back on the vertex. Chrysopa caligata Bks. From Vergel, Chiapas, 29 May, 17 May, 22 May, 1, 4 June; Esmerelda, Chiapas, Sierra Madre del Sur, 11 May. The divisory cell is much like that of arioles, but often a little broader; about 18 to 20 costals, the third or fourth is sinuous ; there is ordinarily no mark on cheek nor face, but one of the Vergel specimens has a black streak from eye toward mouth, ending in a slender point on clypeus ; the basal joint of antennae is wholly black (instead of the two black marks) ; in this specimen and several of the others the gradates are faintly bordered with brown; the marks on basal joint in these usually black, or almost so. Chrysopa tolteca Bks. Figure 27 From Centinella, Colima, 28 Jan., El Mante, Tamauli- pas, 7 Aug., Villa Hermosa, Tabasco, 14 June, 13 Aug., Navojoa, Sonora, 24 March, Vergel, Chiapas, 12 May, Frontera, Tabasco, 7 June. The costal area is not nearly as broad as radial area, 14 to 15 costals, the third or fourth often a little sinuous ; practically all the cross-veins and the gradates of fore wing are black. In hind wing the gradates dark, most other veins pale ; the costal cells fully twice as long as broad. In neither wing do the gradates bend the sec- 162 Psyche [Dec. torals ; the third cubital cell has hut one branch to the hind margin, the next cell has two. The numerous speci- mens I have seen have but one branch to the hind margin. Chrysopa sarta Bks. Figure 15 One from Vergel, Chiapas, 12 May, 1935. It has but one marginal vein from the third cubital cell, and that from beyond the middle of cell. The costal area is not quite as broad as the radial area ; about twenty costals, none plainly sinuous; all the costal cells before the middle of wing are higher than broad, some twice as high. The inner gradates start from near the penulti- mate cubital and plainly diverge from the outer row; beyond end of rnedius there are four marginal forks be- fore the acute tip ; the cubital area is fully two-thirds of the marginal area. Chrysopa herlandi Navas From Esmerelda, Sierra Madre del Sur, Chiapas, 11 May 1937, and several from Vergel, Chiapas, 22, 23, 29 May, 4 June. There are about seventeen costals, the third or fourth a little sinuous; the costal area plainly less broad than the radial. The gradates in parallel rows, the third cubi- tal cell much narrowed at base. The cubital area is but little more than half the marginal area; three forks be- yond end of rnedius before acute tip. Chrysopa graclata Navas One from Vergel, Chiapas, 17 May, 1 June, at light. It is much like herlandi , but with a distinct black stripe on each cheek. The second vein from the third cubital cell to margin is (or almost) interstitial with the end of the third cubi- tal cell; just as it is in herlandi. Chrysopa everes Bks. One from Vergel, Chiapas, 28 May, at light. The first and second joints of antennae are wholly pale 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 163 rufous, without marking. This has a very short face; seen from the side the part in front of eye is not quite as long as the eye. The wings are longer and more slender than in C. berlandi. Chrysopa lateralis Guerin Figure 22 One from Esperanza, Chiapas, 14 June, another from Vergel, Chiapas, 31 May. Pronotum with a reddish stripe each side, a short dis- tance from margin; costals (19) and gradates in fore wings all dark, other venation mostly pale greenish; three inner and seven outer gradates, parallel, and inner row much closer to outer than to radial sector, sectorals not bent by gradates ; divisory cell fully three times as long as broad, both sides curved, ends beyond cross-vein ; six cubitals beyond. Costal area not quite as broad as radial; no costal cells twice as high as broad; cubital area not quite so broad as marginal area. In hind wing vena- tion pale, three inner and six outer gradates, parallel and inner near the outer. Chrysopa incisa sp. nov. Figure 8 Head, thorax, legs, antennae pale, under the eye there is an elongate, reddish stripe, without any inner reddish streaks, more like calif ornica, but not black; palpi pale, darker at tip, lower end of head in two divergent points. Pronotum green, with a white stripe along the middle, and extending onto mesonotum ; pronotum about as long as broad, sides nearly parallel, lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum green; abdomen of male with a pale median stripe above, with white hairs. Wings with venation pale green, few darkened veins, and then at one end. Radial area hardly broader than costal area, 20 costals, third and fourth sinuous ; second and third cubital cells about equal, divisory cell ends just before cross-vein, cell about two and one-half times as long as broad, six cubitals beyond; cubital area hardly 164 Psyche [Dec. two-thirds the width of marginal area. In fore wing six or seven outer gradates, and three of four inner ones, in- ner about one-half way between, the first inner bends the sectoral, others but little. In hind wings five outer and four inner gradates, inner about one-half to radial sector ; the costal cells very much longer than high. Length of fore wing 11.5-13. mm., width 3.8-4. mm. From Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, 4 June 1927, and Hermosillo, Sonora, 23 March 1927. Type : M.C.Z. no. 28000. Chrysopa quadornia sp. nov. Figures 23, 36 Thorax, legs, antennae pale yellowish, head somewhat suffused with reddish, broadly red below eye, palpi al- most wholly black, vertex with a transverse reddish area above antennae, lower face at end only slightly emargi- nate. Pronotum with a reddish stripe on each side, not near margin, posterior portion with a transverse reddish streak. Wings with pale green venation, some costals, radials, cubital cross-veins, and gradates darkened in middle or at one end, but none really black, the gradates darkest. Radial area a little broader than costal ; radial sector not strongly curved, 20 costals, third and fourth plainly sinu- ous, cells rather high, but few twice as high as broad; divisory cell ends much before the cross-vein, about two and one-half times as long as broad, base full half of cross-vein ; six cubitals beyond the divisory. Six or seven gradates in each row in fore wing, rows parallel, the inner row almost as near radial sector as to outer row, first of inner row plainly bends the sectoral ; second cubital cell scarcely as long as third; cubital area about two-thirds of marginal area. In hind wing four inner and six outer gradates, placed as in fore wing; a few costal cells about twice as long as broad, but mostly shorter. Length of fore-wing 12.2 mm., width 3.5 mm. One from Acapulco, Mexico, 19 Dec. 1924. Type : M.C.Z. no. 28001. 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 165 Chrysopa castalia sp. nov. Figures 4, 30 Head, thorax, antennae pale yellowish, no marks on head; the outer side of the last two joints of palpi is black; antennae wholly pale, basal joint short, tapering above, third fully twice as long as broad; vertex not as broad proportionally to eyes as in calif ornica or coman- che. Pronotum narrowed in front, behind about as long as broad, the hind border strongly convex, an elevated transverse ridge in front of the groove. The venation is mostly greenish; a couple of cross- veins near base, the gradates in both wings are dark, also the last cubital cross-vein. There are 21 costals, the fourth, fifth, and sixth sinuous ; the divisory cell is about two and one-half times as long as broad, both sides con- vex, and ends just beyond the cross-vein. Costal area not quite as broad as radial area, the first section of radial sector curved. Second cubital cell a little longer than third, six cubitals beyond the divisory cell ; gradates paral- lel, five inner, seven or eight outer, inner a little nearer to outer than to radial sector, first inner plainly bends the sectoral, other much less ; cubital area fully two-thirds of the marginal area, veins sparsely haired, but hairs fairly long. In hind wings seven outer and five inner gradates, in- ner ones fully as near to radial sector as to outer. Length of fore wing 14. mm., width 4. mm. One from Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, 3 Febr. 1936. Type: M.C.Z. no. 28002. Chrysopa exotera Navas Figures 10, 24 One specimen from Cuernavaca, Morelos, 20 Febr. 1933, seems to agree with the description; face marks much as in C. comanche, but practically all cross-veins black or dark. In this specimen the two submedian de- pressions on the front part of pronotum are almost black. 166 Psyche [Dec. Chrysopa margindta Navas ( !) Figure 19 Several specimens of this delicate form with the dis- tinct red margins of pronotum; it has the cheek mark much as in comanche , but the wings are more slender. Hacienda Nainari, Sonora, 10 August, in the desert; El Dorado, Sinaloa, 23 Jan.; Cuernavaca, Morelos, 2 March; and Ayotzinapa, Guerrero, 14 Jan. 1941. Navas gives a very brief description of marginata as a variety of C. externa; not enough for certainty. Chrysopa comanche var. About 6 specimens are like comanche , but the gradates distinctly dark. Hacienda Nainari, Sonora, 15 Aug. 1927, desert; Lomas de Chapultepec, 27 June, 1942, and four from Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, 2, 3, 20, 25, Feb- ruary, 1936. Two other specimens from Santa Engracia, 3 February, 1936, have green gradates and appear typical comanche. Chrysopa comanche Bks. This is a very common species. San Jacinto, Mexico City, 3 Febr. 14 March, 2, 8, 24 May, 4, 7, 12, June, 23 July; Cuernavaca, 29 March, 7 April; Torreon, 6 July; Montemorelos, Nueva Leon, 3 June; Hacienda Buena- vista, Coahuila, 10 June ; Hacienda Fresno, near Torreon, 11 June; Hacienda Nainari, Sonora, 10, 15 Aug; La Barca, Jalisco, 20 May; Los Tablas, S. L. Potosi, 11 Oct., 23, 29 Nov.; St. Engracia, Tamaulipas, 3 Febr.; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, 20, 24 March; San Miguel Totolapan, Guer- rero, 15 Aug. ; Ayotzinapa, Guerrero, 14 J an. ; Acapulco, Guerrero, i9 Dec.; and Villago Arista near Arriaga, Chiapas, 24 May. Chrysopa calif ornica Coq. Figures 3, 35 More common than C. comanche. San Jacinto, Mexico City, 2, 4, 8, 9, 24 May; 4, 7, 12, 20, 21, 22, June; 23, 27 July ; 11 Aug. ; 18 Oct. ; 16 Nov. ; 14 March ; Torreon, Coa- 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 167 huila, 19 June; Hacienda Santa Barbara, 16 July; Sal- tillo, Coahuila, 10 June; Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, 3 June, 13 April; Granja Rodriguez, Nueva Leon, 6 June; Presa San Jose, S. L. Potosi, 23 Nov.; Hacienda Fresno, Torreon, Coaliuila, 11 June; Hacienda Buenavista, Coa- buila, 10 June; Navajoa, Sonora, 24 March; and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, 4 July. Genus Chrysopiella Chrysopiella sabulosa Bks. Figures 25, 26 The front of the basal joint of antennae is usually wholly black, but sometimes with two parallel stripes, face with two submedian black dashes, stripe on cheek ending with a black dash, upward. About 15 to 22 cos- tals, the third or fourth slightly sinuous ; the radius ex- tends far beyond end of subcosta so there are several (four or five) cross-veins from radius to margin; costal area not quite as broad as the radial area, radial sector for much of its length parallel to radius. The divisory cell is more than twice as long as broad, ends beyond the cross-vein, sometimes at end of second cubital cell; cubi- tal area at widest not two-thirds of marginal area at widest part, both narrowed to tip ; there are four or five outer gradates, rather widely separated ; in hind wing five to six outer gradates ; in fore wing the sectorals are curved, in hind wing several are sinuous. One specimen has two inner gradates in fore wing, near the radial sector. It is extremely common in northern parts of Mexico, and in desert regions in central and southern Mexico. From Palomas, S. L. Potosi, 12 Oct. ; Los Tablas, S. L. Potosi, 11 Oct. Genus Eremochrysa Eremochrysa punctinervis Me Lacli. Saltillo, Coahuila, 10 June; Hermosillo, Sonora, 23 March; Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City, 23 Sept., 10 July, 6, 8 Aug.; Montemorelos, 3 June; Presa San 168 Psyche [Dec. Jose, San Luis Potosi, 23 July, 23 Nov.; Granja Rodri- guez, Neuva Leon, 6 June; Hacienda Nainari, Sonora, 15 Aug.; Torreon, Coahuila, 6 June; Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, 14 July. Eremochrysa hageni Bks. From Bejuco, Guerrero, 3, 4 Sept.; Cuernavaca, 8 April. Genus Nodita The few species present in this collection can be sepa- rated by the following table. 1 — Fully thirty costals before stigma; many costal cells more than three times as high as broad ; about ten cub- ital cross-veins beyond the divisory cell; part of the radial sector dark; cubital area hardly one third the width of marginal all one lira Bks. Few, if any, more than twenty costal cross-veins ; few, if any, costal cells more than three times as high as broad; six to eight cross-veins beyond the divisory cell ; cubital area nearly one-half or more of marginal area 2 2 — A black spot on base of fore-wings 3 No such spot; but spots on side and ends of mesono- tum 4 3 — Costal area very broad near base, plainly a little broader than the radial area; inner gradate series starts at the penultimate cubital cross-vein sp. Costal area not as broad as radial area ; inner gradate series starts much beyond the penultimate cubital cross-vein punctata Bks. 4 — Antennae wholly pale antennata Bks. Antennae from second segment out dark for ten or more joints maculata Navas Nodita antennata Bks. From Indian Village, Zoagochi, Sierra Juarez, Oaxaca, 24 June (Francisco Reyes coll.). 19481 Banks — Chrysopidae 169 Nodita maculata Nav. From Vergel, Chiapas, 18 May; Villa Tabasco, 16 June. Nodita punctata Bks. From Yagalaxi, Sierra Juarez, Oaxaca, 29 Dec.; Ver- gel, Chiapas, 21, 26 May. Chrysopa salleana Nav., ac- cording to the Smith Notes, appears to be a synonym. Nodita alloneura Bks. From Esperanza, Chiapas, 30 May. Genus Leucochrysa Leucochrysa pretiosa Bks. From Vergel, Chiapas, 19 May. Genus Meleoma Hagen (1861) described a Chrysopa innovata from Mexico. The type is in the Berlin Museum; I saw it in 1912, and noted it was a Meleoma, with a process between and below antennae shorter than in our northern M. signo- retti. Banks (1899) described Meleoma mexicana from Mexico City, and later placed it (incorrectly) a synonym of innovata. Navas (1914) described Chrysopa dolichartha from Gua- temala; a female with extremely slender basal joint of antenna. The Smith notes say it is a Meleoma. Navas (1928) described Meleoma titschacki from Costa Rica. In the Dampf material are two species, both taken in Mexico City, two males and four females. The two males differ in the structure of head ; one male and two females have a pair of short parallel red lines near the center of vertex. Navas says of titschacki that a “ stria sanguinea longitudinali in vertice et occipite juxta oculos.” The dolichartha has a much more elongate basal antennal joint than in any I have seen. So both of the Navas names do not apply to the Dampf material. M. mexicana and the two species in the Dampf material 170 Psyche [Dec. are readily separated in the male by several characters. M. mexicana has two rather slender pointed horns from between the bases of the antennae; the front of head (seen from side) is much sloping above; the others have the tip more vertical; in one ( hageni ) there are two small truncate, hairy plates between the antennae, and the an- terior lobe of head has a tuft of hair above ; in the other ( colhuaca ) there is a small process, with a trilobed tip between the antennae, and the basal antennal joint has a large lobe at inner base, bilobed above, and in the fore wing most of the radial cross-veins are swollen in the middle. The female of hageni has two short reddish stripes on the middle of vertex; I am not sure of the fe- males of the two other species. Meleoma hageni sp. nov. Figures 12, 33 Pale greenish; face with a black streak from eye to month; last joint of palpi largely dark, lower side of basal joint of antenna reddish; the median lobe of vertex with two short parallel reddish stripes, not near the eyes ; sides of pronotum slightly yellowish brown, a reddish brown mark on each side of anterior lobe of mesonotnm. Wings with greenish venation, the gradates and costals of fore wings wholly black, sectorals, cnbitals, and some other cross-veins dark at ends, branches from cubitus to hind margin remain green ; in the hind wings the gradates and costals dark, most other venation pale. Seen from the side the head of the male is short, the end blunt, on the part near to antennae there is an erect median hairy process ; the portion extending down from between the antennae ends in two short, broad flat pieces, the outer corner of each projecting more than the rest. Each basal joint of antennae is hollowed out in front, leaving a lobe at base and tip, this under surface is red- dish ; the median lobe of vertex is very broad. Pronotum somewhat broader behind than in front, and in front a little broader than long. The female has the same dark streak in cheeks, the palpi dark on outer side, the two short reddish lines on 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 171 vertex (in some specimens faint or absent) ; antennae pale, but in some with a faint reddish transverse mark on the front of basal antennal joint. In the wings (both sexes) the divisory cell is abont two and one-half times as long as broad, and ends beyond the cross-vein, the base occupies fully one-half of the cross-vein, seven cubitals beyond divisory cell, mostly oblique ; gradates nine in each row, rows parallel in fore wing, in hind wing seven inner, eight outer row, in both wings the inner row is about as near to radial sector as to outer row ; costal area not as broad as radial area, cub- ital area little more than one-half of marginal area, branches of cubitus sloping; about 25 or 26 costals, the fifth slightly sinuous. Length of fore-wing ? 17. mm., width 6. mm. From Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City, 25 July, 4, 15, 22, 27, Aug., 22 Oct. The wings of the only male are crumpled, and probably about 14 mm. long. Type : M.C.Z. no. 27996. Meleoma colhuaca sp. nov. Figures 9, 14, 29, 34 Male. Face, vertex, pronotum, greenish ; thorax green on sides with a pale yellowish median stripe; vertex of head swollen, yellowish; abdomen dull green, venation also, many cross-veins at least partly black, tips of palpi black. Head similar to M. mexicana, the swollen front part with short erect hairs above ; the antennas very widely separated, the basal joint crowding the eye, near the inner base of each basal joint is a rounded lobe, the upper part plainly bilobed, between the two is a slender projection forward from the vertex downward, elongate, and faintly trilobed at tip. The basal joints are short, enlarged at tip, without elongate impression on lower inner side, but a slight impression on outer side where it rests against the eye. The vertex is swollen, roundedly triangular, the occiput is reddish. The pronotum is broadly dark green on each side, and pale yellowish in middle; the green (somewhat paler) extends over the lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum; the pronotum is 172 Psyche [Dec- much broader than long, the sides parallel, but close to head narrowed. The wings are fairly long and slender; the gradates, costals, and some basal cross-veins black, many others dark at ends ; the divisory cell ends at or near the end of the third cubital cell, it is about three times as long as broad, the base occupying one-half of base-vein; seven cubitals beyond end of divisory cell. About ten gradates in each series in the fore wing, sectorals scarcely bent by the gradates; in the hind wing nine inner and ten outer gradates ; in both wings the rows are parallel and the inner row about as near radial sector as to the outer row. The radial area is much broader than costal area; about thirty costals, the fifth sinuous ; about fifteen radial cross-veins, in all, except the first two or three, the vein is swollen except at ends ; likewise most of the sectorals are also swollen ; the venation is densely haired, the hairs mostly fairly short, the costals however are not so thickly haired. The cubital area is about two-thirds of the marginal, both cubitals and marginals oblique ; about twenty-eight costals, the fifth sinuous. Length of fore wing 16 mm., width 5.6 mm. One from Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City, 23 June. Type: M.C.Z. no. 27999. Explanation of Plate 18 1. Chrysopa trifurcata, face. 2. Chrysopa trifurcata, vertex. 3. Chrysopa calif ornica, basal antennal joint. 4. Chrysopa castalia, lower paH of face. 5. Chrysopa acolhua, face. 6. Chrysopa arioles, vertex. 7. Chrysopa tezcucana, vertex, pronotum, mesonotum. 8. Chrysopa incisa, pronotum, left; lower part of face, right. 9. Meleoma colhuaca, basal antennal joints, and interantennal process. 10. Chrysopa exotera, pronotum. 11. Chrysopa tezcucana, face. 12. Meleoma hageni , side of head, and interantennal process. 13. Meleoma mexicana, side of head, and interantennal process. 14. Meleoma colhuaca, side of head. 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 173 Psyche, 1948 Yol. 55, Plate 18 Banks — Chrysopidae 174 Psyche [Dec. Explanation of Plate 19 15. Chrysopa sarta, venation near divisory cell. 16. Chrysopa bouvieri, basal antennal joint. 17. Chrysopa mexicana, basal antennal joint. 18. Chrysopa nahoa, vertex and pronotum. 19. Chrysopa marginata, venation near divisory cell. 20. Costal area at stigma, above C. mexicana, below C. bouvieri. 21. Venation near divisory cell; above Chrysopa arioles, below C. nahoa. 22. Chrysopa lateralis, venation near divisory cell. 23. Chrysopa quadornia, pronotum. 24. Chrysopa exotera, basal antennal joint. 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 175 Psyche, 1948 Vol. 55, Plate 19 Banks — Chrysopidae 176 Psyche [Dec. Explanation of Plate 20 25. Chrysopiella sabulosa, venation near apex of fore wing. 26. Chrysopiella sabulosa, venation near divisory cell. 27. Chrysopa tolteca, venation near divisory cell. 28. Chrysopa tezcucana, basal antennal joint. 29. Meleoma colhuaca, swollen radial cross-veins. 30. Chrysopa castalia, basal antennal joints, and two beyond. 31. Chrysopa tezcucana, venation near divisory cell. 32. Chrysopa trifurcata, venation near divisory cell. 33. Meleoma hageni, venation near divisory cell. 34. Meleoma colhuaca, venation near divisory cell. 35. Chrysopa calif ornica, anal area of fore wings. 36. Chrysopa quadornia, basal antennal joint. 37. Chrysopa mexicana, side of head. 1948] Banks — Chrysopidae 177 Psyche, 1948 Vol. 55, Plate 20 Banks — Chrysopidae HOVERING MALES OF HYBOMITRA CINCTA (FABRICIUS) (DIPTERA, TABANIDJE) By Norman S. Bailey Boston University In a recent paper (Annals, E.S.A., December, 1948) I reviewed the literature dealing with the hovering and mating of Tabanids. The observations recorded in this item corroborate the opinion then expressed that hover- ing is primarily a male activity among the horseflies. Brimley and Sherman (1908) had previously noted the males of this species so engaged. The following data reveal some of the conditions under which Hybomitra cincta (Pabr.) hovers. During the 1948 season I was regularly in the field from early June until October. On July 7th I was pleased to observe and net a hovering male of Hybomitra cincta at a station that I had recently discovered to be of con- siderable entomological interest in other respects. Con- sequently, an effort was made to visit the locality at frequent intervals throughout the summer and early fall. Specimens of H. cincta were seen and taken on nine oc- casions from July 7th to July 29th inclusive. After the last date mentioned none were seen. There were a few days within the period indicated when none of them was observed. Of further interest is the fact that not one female was captured, although, with only one or two exceptions, every fly of that species was successfully netted. Probably females were not far away, however. A total of 28 hovering males were taken. Seven is the largest number captured on any one day. The accom- panying table shows that they hover from 8 :30 to 9 :40 a.m. and from 1:30 to 5:10 p.m. (Eastern Daylight Saving Time.)1 However, no flies were taken between 10 a.m. and 1 :30 p.m. Tabulated field notes also suggest that hovering goes on within rather wide limits (for the 1 One hour later than Eastern Standard Time. 178 1948] Bailey — Hybomitracincta 179 season, i.e.) of temperature, relative humidity, and light conditions. Another year an attempt will be made to accumulate more detailed information of this nature. Table 1. Date Hour Males taken Light Remarks 7- 7- ’48 3:30 p.m. 1 8 9 :40 a.m. 3 15 2 :30-3 : 30 p.m. 7 17 12:30-1 :30 p.m. . 0 18 8:30-8:45 a.m. 2 W arm, humid, high clouds. 19 3 :45 p.m. 4 High overcast. 20 1 :30 p.m. 3 10,500 ft. candles 2 : 20 p.m. 1 21 12-12 :30 p.m. 0 5,500-12,000 ft. c. Very warm, humid, cloudy. 5 : 10 p.m. 2 3,500 ft. candles Missed a third fly. 22 4:00 p.m. 1 27 2:05 p.m. 0 6,000 ft. candles 29 2:00 p.m. 4 10,500 ft. candles Hot and clear. The light values were all determined with a G-E ex- posure meter (Model DW-58) using the 100:1 incident light mask. Readings were taken with the meter held vertically (openings up) at shoulder height. Values of 300 :1 may be obtained with this instrument by covering two of the three mask apertures. This is necessary for readings above 7,000 foot candles. The station lies in the Neponset River Reservation along Route 128 in Canton, Massachusetts. The area is somewhat below the road level and the plant cover con- sists of clumps of young deciduous trees, shrubs, and evergreens with grassy glades interspersed. A bridle path, with evidence of slight usage, makes an irregular loop through the part under consideration. It was only beside the bridle path in two of the larger open places that hovering flies were seen. The two sites are sepa- rated by a wooded area a few hundred yards wide. About 80% of the flies were taken at the spot nearest the highway. Here the first male was encountered. He was hovering 180 Psyche [Dec. in mid-afternoon sunlight and the rich color contrast of his black and red-orange banded abdomen attracted my notice. This species hovers just over the herbs and low shrubs at heights ranging conveniently from 1-4 feet above the ground. My first attempts with the net were unsuccessful. However, I soon discovered a method that was nearly always effective. After approaching slowly within reach, the net may be raised gradually into a position directly beneath the fly. Then, with a swift upward sweep he is readily captured. Hovering flies are not easily disturbed if a person moves unhurriedly. Even if they escape the net at first, they almost invariably return to hover in approximately the same position. Therefore, although they usually evade a head-on or a down sweep, they may be readily captured by the casual approach from beneath. Hovering is an individual affair for this species. In contrast to the mass hovering of Tab amis nigrovittatus Macquart (Bailey, 1947, 1948), usually no more than one or two II. cincta males were seen so engaged at the same time. On the few occasions when two or three flies were found hovering in an area, they were always some yards apart and appeared to be acting quite independently. In conclusion, attention should be called to the fact that this is the first time that hovering during both the morning and afternoon has been recorded for a particular species, as far as I am aware. Literature Cited Bailey, N. S. 1947. Psyche, 54(1): 62-64. 1948. Annals, Ent. Soc. Amer., December (in press). Brimley, C. S. and Sherman, F., Jr. 1908. Ent. News, 19: 172. Philip, C. B. 1947. Am. Midi. Nat., 37(2) : 257-324. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ONYCHOPHORA IN NEW GUINEA AND NEIGHBORING ISLANDS* By Charles T. Brues Biological Laboratories, Harvard University Just half a century lias elapsed since the presence of Onychophora in the Papuan area was first recognized. In 1898 Willey described Peripatus novce-britanniee from New Britain and since then eight others have been added from New Guinea and other adjacent islands. All of these belong to the genus Paraperipatus, but as in the dominant neotropical genera Peripatus and M aero per i- patus, the species are closely similar. However, as they show recognizable and apparently constant structural differences they must be accorded specific or at least sub- specific rank. In 1931 Leloup proposed a new name for the whole group of Papuan species, which he designated as Paraperipatus leopoldi as a patriotic gesture to the Belgian king. This nomenclatorial faux pas was first noticed publicly by Brongermsa (’32) who placed P. leo- poldi as a synonym of P. papuensis Sedgwick. The lat- ter is the first species described from New Guinea and furthermore the types came from the Arfak mountain range not far from the locality where Leloup ’s types were obtained. However, if several species are recog- nized this synonomy must remain doubtful. During his stay as a military officer in New Guinea, Dr. P. J. Darlington of the Museum of Comparative Zoology collected three specimens of Paraperipatus in the Bismarck range of the central mountain system near latitude 145° E. They were taken at two elevations on Mount Wilhelm which rises to a height of 15,400 feet, first at an altitude of 8000 ft. in the forest below timber- line and again, in moss, at 10,000 ft. which is above tim- ber-line. This is not very far from the type locality of P. lorentzi. There are two males, each with 21 pairs of legs and a single female with 22 pairs of legs. In this * Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 181 182 Psyche [Dec. and in the size and distribution of the integumentary papillae they agree closely with the original description of Horst (’10). I have previously recorded P. lorentzi from the Arfak mountains in western New Guinea on the basis of specimens sent me many years ago by Fred- erick Muir (Brues ’21). These western individuals ap- pear to approach P. stresemanni in having 23 pairs of legs in all three female specimens. They are now in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology to- gether with those more recently obtained by Dr. Dar- lington. The accompanying outline map shows the pres- ent known distribution of the Papuan Paraperipatus.1 Fig. 1. Map showing the distribution of Paraperipatus in the Papuan area. 1, P. ceramensis (Ceram) ; 2 , P. stresemanni (Ceram) ; 3, P. Tceien- sis (Great Key Island) ; 4, P. papuensis (New Guinea) ; 5, P. leopoldi (New Guinea) ; 6, P. vanheurni (New Guinea) ; 7, P. lorentzi (New Guinea) •; 8, P. novce-britannice (New Britain). It is clear that they occur very generally throughout the area, but the scarcity of records and paucity of specimens indicates that they are by no means abundant. In New Guinea they seem to be restricted to high altitudes, al- though this is not true of the neighboring smaller islands. Taxonomic References to Paraperipatus Bouvier, E. L. 1914. Un nouveau Paraperipatus de Ceram. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 20, pp. 222-226. Brongermsa, L. D. 1932. Suppression of the Name Paraperipatus leo- poldi Leloup. Entom. Ber. s ’Gravenhage, vol. 9, pp. 410-411. Brues, C. T. 1921. On Paraperipatus lorentzi Horst and other Species of the Genus from New Guinea and Ceram. Psyche, vol. 28, pp. 50-53, 1 pi. i The type locality of P. schidtzei Heymons is too vaguely indicated to place it on the map with full assurance. 1948] Brues — Distribution of Onychophora 183 Heymons, R. 1912. Eine neue Peripatusart ( Paraperipatus schnitzel ) aus New Guinea. SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr., Berlin, Jahrg. 1912, pp. 215-222. Horst, R. 1910. Paraperipatus lorentzi Horst, a new Peripatus from Hutch New Guinea. Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 32, pp. 217-218. Horst, R. 1911. Paraperipatus lorentzi nov. sp. Res. Exped. Sci. Neer- landaise a la Nouvelle Guinee, vol. 9, pt. 2, Zool., pp. 149-154. Leloup, E. 1931. Paraperipatus leopoldi norm nov. Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique, Hors Ser., vol. 2, fasc. 9, pp. 3-16, 1 pi. Muir, F., and J. C. Kershaw. 1909. Peripatus ceramensis n. sp. Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci., vol. 53, pp. 737-740, pi. 19. Sedgwick, A. 1910. Peripatus papuensis. Nature, vol. 83, pp. 369-370. Willey, A. 1898. On Peripatus novce-hritannice, sp. n. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 1, pp. 286-287. Another Record for Mantispa interrupta Say. — A few weeks ago Mr. F. R. Burrill gave me a fine, fresli speci- men of Mantispa interrupta Say which he had taken in Lincoln on foliage of scrnb oak, September 26, 1948. Examination of the collection in the Mnsenm of Compara- tive Zoology revealed just one other Massachnsetts speci- men, which had been found at the Blue Hill Observatory, a few years ago, by Dr. C. F. Brooks, on Sept. 16, during a strong south wind. The new record suggests that this interesting Neuropteron may be a member of the fauna of this State. Mr. Burrill’s specimen has been deposited in the M.C.Z. — Norman S. Bailey, Boston University, Department of Biology. o PSYCHE INDEX TO VOL. 55, 1948 INDEX TO AUTHORS Anastos, G. Accidental Parasitism of a Tick by a Tick. 36 Banks, N. A New Species of Corydalus (Neuroptera) . 82 Notes on Perlidae. 113 Chrysopidae (Nothochrysidae) Collected in Mexico by Dr. A. Dampf (Neuroptera). 151 Bailey, N. S. Pupal Parasites of Tabanidae. 112 Notes on Tabanus atratus subsp. nantuckensis Hine (Dip- tera). 131 Hovering Males of Hybomitra cincta (Fabricius) (Diptera, Tabanidae). 178 Another Record for Mantispa interrupta Say. 183 Barber, H. G. Concerning Esuris Barber (not Stal) and Neosuris Barber, with a New Subspecies from Idaho. (Hemiptera-Heteroptera : Lygaeidae). 84 Bequaert, J. C. The Genus Pachodynerus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in the Antilles. 105 Blake, D. H. Seven New Flea Beetles from the West Indies (Coleoptera- Chrysomelidae) . 141 Brown, W. L., Jr. A New Discotliyrea from New Caledonia (Hymenop- tera: Formicidae). 38 Bryant, E. B. Some Spiders from Acapulco, Mexico. 55 Brues, C. T. The Distribution of Onychophora in New Guinea and Neigh- boring Islands. 181 Carpenter, F. M. Notes on Chinese Panorpidae (Mecoptera). 28 The Supposed Nymphs of the Palaeodictyoptera. 41 A Permian Insect from Texas. 101 Denning, D. G. New and Little Known Species of Nearctic Triclioptera. 16 Donisthorpe, H. A Redescription of the Types of Strumigenys mandib- ularis F. Smith, and Cephaloxys capitata F. Smith (Hymenoptera). 78 Hardy, D. E. Neotropical Dorilaidae (Pipunculidae) Studies, Part 1 (Dip- tera). 1 Jones, F. M. Notes on Melanophora roralis (Linn.) (Diptera). 31 Werner, F. G., and R. L. Edwards. Leptinus americanus Leconte Taken on a Shrew (Coleoptera-Leptinidae) . 51 Wharton, G. W. Four New Peruvian Chiggers (Acarina-Trombiculidae) . 87 The Generic Name Trombiculoides Jacot, 1938. 139 INDEX TO SUBJECTS All new genera, new species and Small Capital Type. Accidental Parasitism of a Tick by a Tick, 36 A New Discothyrea from New Cale- donia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), 38 w names are printed in Large and A New Species of Corydalus (Neu- roptera), 82 Another Record for Mantispa inter- rupta Say, 183 Anyphcenella pavida, 63 186 Psyche [Dec. A Permian Insect from Texas, 101 Aphthona fraterna, 147 Aranea pallidula , 59 Aranea vesta, 60 A Rediscription of the Types of Strumigenys mandibularis F. Smith, and Cephaloxys capitata F. Smith, 78 Athripsodes pfadti, 17 Atoperla consors, 123 Beetles, Flea, 141 Cephalo splicer a panamjensis, 8 Cephaloxys capitata , 78 Chiggers, 87 Chinese Panorpidae, 28 Chrysomelidae, 141 Chrysopa acolhua, 156 Chrysopa arioles , 161 Chrysopa berlandi, 162 Chrysopa bouvieri, 159 Chrysopa caligata, 161 Chrysopa castalia, 165 Chrysopa comanche , 166 Chrysopa everes , 162 Chrysopa exotera , 165 Chrysopa gradata, 162 Chrysopa incisa, 163 Chrysopa lateralis , 163 Chrysopa marginata, 166 Chrysopa mexicana, 156 Chrysopa nahoa, 155 Chrysopa quadornia, 164 Chrysopa sarta , 162 Chrysopa tezcucana, 157 Chrysopa tolteca , 161 Chrysopa tortolana, 160 Chrysopa trifurcata, 158 Chrysopidaa (Nothochrysidae) Col- lected in Mexico by Dr. A. Dampf (Neuroptera) , 151 Chrysopiella sabulosa , 167 Cockerell, Theodore Dm Addison, 35 Concerning Esuris Barber (not Stal) and Neosuris Barber, with a New Subspecies from Idaho. (Hemip- tera-Heteroptera: Lygeeidae), 84 Corydalus ecuadorianus, 82 Discothyrea, 38 Discothyrea remingtoni, 38 Distribution of Onycliophora in New Guinea, 181 Dorilaidae, 1 Dorilas latifrons, 1 Dorilas replicatus, 2 Dorilas stygius, 5 Dorilas spinosus, 4 Dorilas trinidadensis, 7 Ecclisomyia maculosa , 18 Eremochrysa , 168 Eriophora edax} 62 Esuris , 84 Euschongastia phylloti, 90 Flea Beetles, 141 Formicidae, 38 Four New Peruvian Chiggers (Aca- rina-Trombiculidae), 87 Habronattus cambridgei, 64 Harrisiola abbreviata, 122 Harrisiola americana, 121 Harrisiola annulipes , 120 Harrisiola flavescens, 119 Harrisiola klapaleki, 121 Harrisiola modesta, 121 Harrisiola nigrescens, 119 Harrisiola tristis, 120 Hovering Males of Hybomitra cincta (Fabrieius) (Diptera, Tabanidae), 178 Hybomitra cincta, 178 Ideliopsis ovalis, 101 Lactica darlingtoni, 142 Lactica porphyrea, 143 Lactica xanthotrachela, 141 Lepidostoma ormea, 21 Lepidostoma veleda, 20 Leptinus americanus Leconte taken on a Shrew (Coleoptera-Leptini- dae), 51 Leptocella ^eolius, 16 Limnephilus utahensis, 18 Lygaeidae, 84 Mantispa interrupta, 183 Melanophora roralis, 31 Meleoma, 169 Meleoma colhuaca, 171 Meleoma hageni, 170 Metaphidippus grattjs, 66 Metaphidippus purus, 68 Nearctic Trichoptera, 16 1948] Index 187 Neoperla clymene mainensis, 124 Neosconella lineatipes, 62 Neosuris, 84 Neosuris castanea fraterna, 86 Neosuris fulgida, 86 Neotropical Dorilaidse (Pipunculi- dae) Studies, Part 1 (Diptera), 1 New and Little Known Species of Nearctic Triclioptera, 16 Nodita, 168 Notes on Chinese Panorpidae (Me- coptera), 28 Notes on Melanophora r oralis (Linn.) (Diptera), 31 Notes on Perlidae, 113 Notes on Tabanus atratus subsp. nantuclcensis Hine (Diptera), 131 Nothochrysidae, 151 Nymphs of the Palaeodictyoptera, 41 Oecobius beatus , 57 Onychophora in New Guinea, 181 Pachodynerus, 105 Pachodynerus alayoi, 110 Pachodynerus tibialis barbouri, 109 Palaeodictyoptera, Nymphs, 41 Panorpa diceras, 28 Panorpa kimminsi, 29 Panorpidae, 28 Parasites of Tabanidae, 112 Parasitism of a Tick, 36 Peltoperla nigrisoma, 124 Perlesta frisoni, 116 Perlesta placida nitida, 115 Perlidae, 113 Permian Insect, 101 Peruvian Chiggers, 87 Pictetia bimaculata, 122 Pipunculidae, 1 Polycentropus halidus, 23 Polycentropus variegatus, 23 Pseudoepitrix hottensis, 145 Pseudoepitrix punctatissima, 146 Pupal Parasites of Tabanidae, 112 Bhyacophila mirus, 21 Bhyacophila verrula, 22 Seven New Plea Beetles from the West Indies (Coleoptera-Chryso- melidae), 141 Some Spiders from Acapulco, Mex- ico, 55 Spiders, 55 Strumigenys capitata, 80 Strumigenys mandibidaris, 78 Tabanidae, 112, 178 Tabanus atratus nantuckensis , 131 The Generic Name Trombimdoides Jacot, 1938, 139 The Genus Pachodynerus (Hymenop- tera, Vespidae) in the Antilles, 105 The Distribution of Onychophora in New Guinea and Neighboring Islands, 181 Thericlion maculipes, 57 Theridion placidum, 58 The Supposed Nymphs of the Pal- aeodicytoptera, 41 Tick, 36 Tomis jONESiE, 71 T dmdsvaryella tuberculata, 11 Triclioptera, 16 Trombicula biops, 94 Trombicida chara, 98 Trombicula pearsoni, 92 Trombiculidae, 87 Trombiculoides, 139 Vespidae, 105 I S ■ r ■ CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of tlie Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8 : 00 p.m. in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave., Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. FOR SALE The Librarian of the Museum of Comparative Zoology is offering for sale a limited number of sets of the “Contribu- tions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution. ” These are priced at $15.00 f.o.b., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Each set includes reprints of 292 entomological papers which appeared in various entomological and zoological journals pub- lished during the period from 1909 to 1929. These form seven large volumes each substantially bound in red buckram, and a number of additional reprints to form an eighth volume. Alto- gether there are more than 5800 pages included. Shipping weight is approximately 50 pounds. Orders should be addressed to Assistant Librarian, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. The Cambridge Entomological Club has for sale reprints of articles published in Psyche between 1910 and 1920. A list of articles available can be obtained from the Editorial Office of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Mass. BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are entirely out of print. Volumes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, each covering a period of three years, $5.00 each. Volumes 10, 12, 14, 17, each covering a single year, $1.00 each. Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, each covering a single year, $1.50 each. Volumes 27 to 53, each covering a single year, $2.00. Volume 54, covering a single year, $3.00. Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10%. Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 20%. All orders should be addressed to F. M. Carpenter, Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 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