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UJ

PSYCHE

A Journal of Entomology

Volume 56
1949

Editorial Board

Frank M. Carpenter, Editor P. J. Darlington, Jr.

Charles T. Brues Joseph C. Bequaert

Published Quarterly by the Cambridge Entomological Club
Editorial Office : Biological Laboratories
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.

The numbers of Psyche issued during the past year were
mailed on the following dates :

Vol. 55, no. 4,
Vol. 56, no. 1,
Vol. 56, no. 2,
Vol. 56, no. 3,

Dec., 1948 : January 29, 1949
March, 1949 : May 17, 1949
June, 1949 : August 9, 1949
Sept., 1949: October 31, 1949

PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 56 MARCH, 1949 No. 1

TABLE of contents

The Integumentary Sense Organs of the Larvae of Rhipieephalinae (Aca-
rina). J. Dinnilc and F. Zumpt 1

On the Status of Cryptocerus Latreille and Cephalotes Latreille (Hymen-
optera: Formieidae). M. B. Smith 18

Strumigenys venatrix Wesson and Wesson Synonymous with S. talpa
Weber. L. G. Wesson , Jr — ; 21

The Male of Prodidomus rufus Hentz (Prodidomidae, Araneae). F. B.
Bryant 22

Some Flies of the Genus Volucella from the New World. F. M. Hull 26

Synonymic and Other Notes on Formicidae (Hymenoptera). W. L.
Brown, Jr 41

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR 1948^9

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Vice President .
Secretary .

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Executive Committee

. N. S. Bailey
W. L. Brown, Jr.

. F. Werner
. F. M. Carpenter
. B. I. Gerry
. P. J. Darlington, Jr.

EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE

F. M. Carpenter — editor

C. T. Brues

P. J. Darlington, Jr.

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The December, 1948, Psyche (Yol. 55, No. 4) was mailed January 29, 1949.

BUSINESS PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA.

PSYCHE

Vol. 56 MARCH, 1949 No. 1

THE INTEGUMENTARY SENSE ORGANS OF THE
LARVyE OF RHIPICEPHALINAE (ACARINA)1

By J. Dinnik and F. Zumpt2

In 1938 Delpy published a short paper describing the
location and morphology of the so-called spiracles or
respiratory plates (“stigmates respiratoires”) of vari-
ous Ixodid larvae. He examined for the purpose Hya-
lomma dromedarii Koch, H. impressum Koch, Boophilus
annulatus Say, Rhipicephalus bursa Can. and Fanz., and
Hcemaphy satis cinnabarina punctata Can. and Fanz.
Delpy ’s description is brief and lacks illustrations. He
thought that he saw within each “spiracle” 1 or 2 pores,
sometimes reduced in size, leading into an atrium pro-
vided with two valves at the entrance. The base of the
atrium he described as pierced with an opening, and
Delpy considered it possible that a tracheal tube was at-
tached at this point.

With regard to their position, Delpy distinguished
coxal and abdominal spiracles. The coxal spiracles are
in three pairs, placed behind each of the six coxae. The
abdominal spiracles vary greatly in number and position
according to the genus. Hccmaphy satis is said to have
four pairs, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus only one pair,
while they are entirely lacking in Boophilus.

Delpy was not the first, however, to describe supposed
spiracles in Ixodid larvae. Salmon and Stiles (1902) saw

1 Preliminary Study No. 10 for a Revision of the Genus Rhipicephalus
Koch. Nos. 1 to 8 of this series were published in the Zeitschrift fur Para-
sitenkunde from 1939 to 1943. No. 9 is to appear in Dechiana (Festschrift
f. Prof. Reichensperger).

2 Now at The South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg,
South Africa.

1

2

Psyche

[Mar.

them before, and they were also mentioned by Ondemans
(1906), Zebrowski (1926) and Cooley (1938).

All these authors were mistaken in the interpretation
of the function of the organ they had seen. The larvae
of the Ixodidae do not possess any special respiratory
organs. Only Samson (1908) correctly recognized that
the so-called “larval spiracles” described by Salmon and
Stiles were actually the terminal pores of integumentary
sense organs. This correction was, however, overlooked
up to quite recently. Even Vitzthum, in his account of
the Acarina for “Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des
Tierreichs” (1940), adopted in detail the description and
views of Delpy.

K. W. Neumann (1942) and Elishewitz (1942) first re-
examined these structures in an attempt to decide
whether they were respiratory organs or integumentary
glands. Serial sections of larvae of Dermacentor, Hce-
maphysalis, Hyalomma and Ixodes convinced Neumann
that neither the Ixodinae (Prostriata) nor the Khipi-
cephalinae (Metastriata) have respiratory organs and
that the structures thus far interpreted as spiracles are
really integumentary glandular organs.

According to Neumann, these organs are in a direct
view more or less oval in outline. “A broad ellipsoid
chitinized frame at the periphery is attached to the sur-
rounding cuticula by means of a narrow, prominent,
striated edge. The lumen also is oval and contains two
parallel, non-contiguous lips. Two small protuberances
of the frame extend on each side into the lumen, keeping
the lips from touching each other. By lowering the ob-
jective, a small circular opening may be recognized in
the center between the lips.”

“In a side view of the entire organ or in a section, the
structure is also more or less elongate oval. The walls
consist of a rather thick layer of chitin, decreasing in
thickness from the base toward the surface opening. A
short duct leads from the base toward the interior of the
body. On either side of the mouth of this duct a tooth,
anchored to the base of the organ, extends up into its
lumen. Serial sections show that these teeth arise from
a folding of the walls. Their length is approximately
three-fourths of that of the entire organ.”

1949]

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

3

“To what do these several parts correspond? The
broad frame is the wall, the lips are the teeth, and the
circular opening is the month of the short duct.” (See
PI. 1, fig. 1.)

“The organ is securely anchored in the cuticula by
the upper third of its length. The subjacent hypodermal
cells are broader than high and surround the organ. The
adjacent cells ( ?generative cells) are much higher than
broad. Only two seem to be present, placed parallel to
the margins of the lips. A large cell, considerably
broader than high, lies beneath the organ, in close con-
tact with the entire basal surface. The duct mentioned
before is never long enough to pierce this basal cell, but
ends with it without tapering downward. The duct is
never lined with a tsenidium. So far as can be detected,
the plasma of this cell is slightly granular, but a promi-
nent clear spot in the center may be interpreted as an
internal vesicle. It follows from this description that
the structure is an integumentary glandular organ, not
a larval respiratory organ with a spiracle and a rudi-
mentary trachea.”

So much for K. W. Neumann’s account of the mor-
phology of his integumentary sense organ. In addition
he discusses the number and position of these organs in
various genera and believes to be justified in stating that
originally two pairs were present. According to his ac-
count, all the spiracle-like organs show essentially the
same structure, though they are sometimes reduced in
size, and they seem undoubtedly to be peculiar to the
larvae. He does not mention any other integumentary
sense organs besides these so-called “spiracles.”

P. Schulze (1942a) published a detailed study of the
integumentary sense organs of adult ticks and found,
besides true sensory setae (sensilla trichoidea), four other
types of sensilla which he called Sens ilia auriformia (ear-
shaped organs), Sensilla sagittiformia (arrow-shaped
organs), Sensilla Jiastiformia (spear-shaped organs),
and Sensilla laterniformia (lantern-shaped organs).

Large numbers of these organs are located within the
hard and soft chitinized integument of the body. On the
other hand they are sparse on the legs and palps and,

4

Psyche

[Mar.

strangely enough, seem to be entirely missing on the
chelicerae. Characteristic for these sensilla is their con-
nection with two glandular cells which extend partially
into the sensory duct. These cells secrete into the duct a
substance which emerges at the surface after passing an
end organ. P. Schulze assumes that the secretion serves
as a protective coating against evaporation within the
sensillum and on the outer surface, and also as a chem-
ical means of recognition between opposite sexes and in-
dividuals of one species.

The sensory function of the sensilla auriformia seems
to he of a proprio-receptive nature, serving to perceive
changes or shifts within the chitin. It is probable that
the other three types, grouped together as “tuft-shaped”
sense organs or krobylophores, are vibro-chemoreceptive
organs, which react at the same time to chemical as well
as to seismic stimulation. They evidently play an im-
portant part in the sexual life of the ticks.

We examined the larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Latr., Rh. appendiculatus Neum., Rh. bursa Can. and
Fanz., Rh. evert si Neum., Rh. simus Koch, Hyalomma
dromedarii Koch, and Boophilus calcar atus Birula.

The larvae were merely mounted whole on microscopic
slides in Berlese’s medium, a procedure which we found
to be superior for our purpose to all other methods of
mounting. Owing to prevailing conditions we were un-
able to make sections.

We were able to ascertain that the larvae are not
equipped with peculiar integumentary sense organs. On
the contrary we found much the same organs present as
in the adults and nymphs. In the larvae, however, sen-
silla laterniformia seem to be lacking and the other types
of sensilla are to some extent more primitive in develop-
ment. The organs are distributed over the entire body
in fixed numbers and in a definite arrangement.

A detailed account of the three types of sensilla men-
tioned above follows.

1. Sensilla sagittiformia (arrow-shaped organs)

The sensillum sagittiforme represents a new mode of
sensory organ, called by P. Schulze a krobylophore sen-

1949] Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince 5

sory organ, because a tuft-shaped structure is its most
striking characteristic. In the adult tick he described
this organ as follows in side view (PL 1, tig. 2) : “The
distal portion of the chitinized passage or lumen appears
arrow-shaped. Below this lies a narrow pagoda-shaped
‘tuft’ chamber and farther inside a small, more or less
spheroidal ‘terminal chamber.’ This is separated from

cephalus appendiculatus Neum. B, Same in the larva. C, Same
in the nymph. D, Sensillum hastiforme of Ehipicep'halus appendi-
culatus Neum. E, Same in the nymph. F; Same in the adult
female.

the middle chamber by projecting ledges which leave
room only for a small circular opening. The innermost
chamber is attached to a simple duct into which the glan-
dular cells extend, enveloping the nerve cells. The sur-
rounding chitin is especially thick beneath the lower por-
tion of the ‘arrow points.’ The nerve cells decrease in
size as they enter the ‘terminal chamber.’ The axial
fiber is attached to a strong scolopale which enlarges to-

6

Psyche

[Mar.

form a knot and then tapers down, becoming pointed
again npon entering the ‘ pagoda-shaped chamber ’ in
which the ‘tuft’ is located. This tuft has much the
shape of a gas flame and is not chitinized bnt of a uni-
form structure, although at times it seems to be some-
what fibrillar. ”

The larvae we examined all show, contrary to Delpy’s
description, four pairs of spiracle-like structures, three
of them behind the coxae, the fourth on the opisthosoma
(PI. 2, figs. 4 and 5). A comparison of their inner
structure (Text-fig. 1A-C) with P. Schulze’s description
and drawings clearly shows that these so-called “larval
spiracles” are in reality sensilla sagittiformia. The finer
structure of the organ is best seen in the opisthosomal
pair of the larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and
Boophilus calcar atus. It is pear-shaped and pierces
with its conical end the integument on the dorsal face of
the fourth festoon. The walls are of thick chitin, the
chitinons capsule being 0.012 to 0.016 mm. long and 0.011
to 0.014 mm. broad. A funnel-shaped fold is visible
within the capsule. The narrow ends of this capsule,
pointing toward the opening, are less strongly chitinized
and look in direct view like a pair of lips lying within the
capsule (compare PI. 1, fig. 1). Within these lips lies
the tnft-like structure, surrounded by a fine pagoda-like
contour.

The sensilla sagittiformia behind the second and third
coxae are very similar in structure to the opisthosomal
pair described above. On the other hand, the pair lo-
cated behind the first coxae at the edge of the scutum
seems to have a strikingly thick-walled capsule which is
fully embedded in the chitin of the scutum. It is 0.019
to 0.022 mm. long, 0.016 to 0.022 mm. wide at the base,
with the opening 0.011 to 0.014 mm. in diameter. The
“tuft” is difficult to recognize here, bnt is shaped as in
the other pairs.

2. Sensilla hastiformia (spear-shaped organs)

The sensilla hastiformia, as described by P. Schulze
for the adult ticks, are much smaller than the arrow-

1949] Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalinee 7

shaped organs. He was unable to make ont all the de-
tails of the terminal apparatus, but he presumed that
they correspond in general to those of the sensilla sagit-
tiformia and that a tnft-shaped structure is also present.
The main difference lies, according to Schulze, in the
upper portion of the passage leading to the outside.
This lacks the long receding arrow-points, so that the
“ pagoda-shaped chamber,” formed by these points, is
also missing. The passage is distinctly spear-shaped, in
as much as it expands into two mainly horizontal pro-
jections at the base.

The larval sensillum hastiforme could only be recog-
nized as such after comparing it with the corresponding
organ in nymphs and adults (Text-fig. 1, D-F). It lies
as a short funnel-shaped structure in the lower part of
the integument, which it pierces by means of a narrow
passage, ending between the outer folds. The funnel-
shaped portion is approximately 0.008 mm. in diameter
and 0.005 mm. deep. The walls are about 0.002 mm.
thick and the passage is roughly 0.008 mm. long.

We were also unable to recognize the finer structure
of the organ, nor could we find anything comparable to
a “tuft.” In direct view the organ has the appearance
of a ring, 0.008 mm. in diameter. Further details cannot
be recognized, but by lowering the objective the duct
leading inside the body may be followed.

The larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., Rh.
sanguineus Latr., Rh. bursa Can. and Fanz., and Rh.
evert si Neum. studied by us, all have 54 sensilla hasti-
formia on the body proper ; we did not examine the legs.
The sensilla are placed strictly symmetrically and
neither their position nor their number seem to vary to
any extent (PI. 3, fig. 6). One pair is located on the
capitulum, occupying the position taken by the areae
porosae of the adult female tick. Five pairs are situated
on the scutum and nine pairs on the alloscutum, four of
these dorsal, one subdorsal and four sublateral. In addi-
tion eight pairs are found on the edge of the alloscutum,
one sensillum being placed on the edge of each festoon
(or parmula), except on the middle festoon. The ar-

8

Psyche

[Mar.

rangement of these eight pairs is therefore metameric
and seems to be derived from the primitive segmentation
of the opisthosoma.

The “fovese dorsales” of the larva consist of only one
sensillum hastiforme each. The integnmental folds bend
around their openings, whereas on the contrary the open-
ings of the other sensilla hastiformia lose themselves
among the folds of the integument. Aside from the fact

Text-figure 2. Arrangement of the integumentary sense organs of the
larva of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch: Fd, foveae dorsales; Sa,
sensilla auriformia; Sh, sensilla hastiformia; Ss, sensilla sagitti-
formia.

that the openings are more conspicuous, they do not dif-
fer from the usual type of sensilla hastiformia.

Ventrally the body bears four pairs of sensilla hasti-
formia. One pair lies very close to the sensillum sagitti-
forme of the third coxa. In Rh. appendiculatus it is en-
closed by the capsule of the sensillum sagittiforme, so
that it is difficult to see. Though closely adjacent to it
in the other species, the sensillum hastiforme is never-
theless clearly set off.

The number and the arrangement of the sensilla hasti-
formia of the larva of Boophilus calcaratus Birula (PI.
3, fig. 7) are similar to those of the Rhipicephalus, ex-

1949]

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

9

cept that we were unable to discover the two foremost
pairs on the ventral side and that they seem to be missing
also on the fourth and fifth festoons counting from the
middle.

The larva of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch (Text-fig.
2) possesses more sensilla hastiformia than that of Rhipi-
cephalus. It should be mentioned especially that the
middle festoon also bears a terminal and a dorsal un-
paired sensillum. In addition a sensillum liastiforme is
located on the dorsal side adjacent to each of the second,
third and fourth festoons. It is noteworthy that two
pairs of sensilla hastiformia, instead of one pair, were
found on the capitulum of one specimen in the position
of the areae porosae of the adult female.

3. Sensilla auriformia (ear-shaped organs)

The sensilla auriformia discovered by P. Schulze
(1942a) in adult ticks may be traced back with certainty
to setae or hairs. They are located directly under the
cuticula and consist each of a flat disk, usually inclined
a little toward one side, so that it closes outwardly the
sensory duct ascending from below, like a lid with over-
lapping edges (PL 1, fig. 3). The disks vary in details
and have the shape of an ear, a megaphone or a bell.
Their openings face various directions, so that it is pos-
sible to see one sensillum in direct view and the other in
side view when examining two of them placed close to-
gether.

The larval ticks also possess these sensilla in typical
form, but the organs are smaller than in the adult. The
disk is approximately 0.009 mm. in diameter. Arrange-
ment and number again seem to be strictly uniform, but
all the disks lean in one particular direction.

Ten pairs of sensilla auriformia were found on the al-
loscutum of all larvae of Rhipicephalus examined. Five
pairs may be seen dorsally some distance from the
median line and five pairs on the edge of the alloscutum.
Neither capitulum nor scutum seem to have any. Twelve
pairs are located on the ventral side, two of them be-

10

Psyche

[Mar.

tween the coxae, the remainder on the opisthosoma, five
of the latter in the festoons.

The same nnmber of sensilla anriformia is fonnd in
the larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch (Text-fig. 2)
as in Rhipicephalus and their arrangement is similar.
In the larva of Boophilus calcaratus Birnla (PL 3, fig.
7) the pair behind the third coxae and the first pair on
the edge are missing, but the remaining sensilla anrifor-
mia are as in the larva of Rhipicephalus.

Summary

The larvae of the Ehipicephalinae do not possess pecu-
liar integumentary sense organs, as K. W. Neumann
(1942) believed, but rather the same types fonnd in the
nymphs and adults. The organs are merely in a more
primitive state of development and the sensilla laterni-
formia appear to be missing. Sensilla sagittiformia,
sensilla hastiformia and sensilla anriformia may be dem-
onstrated. These organs are strictly specific in nnmber
and arrangement within the genera Rhipicephalus , Hya-
lomma and Boophilus.

Bibliography

Cooley, R. A. 1938, as cited by K. W. Neumann (1942).

Delpy, L.

1938. Morphologie et disposition des stigmates respiratoires chez les
larves hexapodes des Ixodidae. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vol. 31,
pp. 298-300.

Elishewitz, H.

1942. On the structure of the so-called “stigmata” of larval ticks.
Jl. Parasitology, vol. 28, Suppl., p. 25.

Neumann, K. W.

1942. Die “ Dorsalplatte ” der Argasidenlarve als Teil eines Atmungs-
systems und die angeblichen 1 1 Atemplatten ’ ’ der Ixodenlarven.
Zeitschr. Morph. Oekol. Tiere, vol. 38, pp. 420-434.

Oudemans, A. C. 1906, as cited by H. Vitzthum (1943).

Salmon, D. E. and Stiles, C. W.

1902. The cattle ticks (Ixodoidea) of the United States. 17th Ann.

Kept. Bur. Anim. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agric., for 1900, (1901),
pp. 380-491, Pis. 74-98.

Samson, K.

1908. Die Eiablage und die Larve der Zecke Bhipicephalus sanguineus
Latr. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 46-50.

Schulze, P.

1942a. Ueber die Hautsinnesorgane der Zecken, besonders iiber eine
bisher unbekannte Art von Arthropoden-Sinnesorgane, die

1949] Dinnilc and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince 11

Krobylophoren. Zeitschr. Morph. Oekol. Tiere, vol. 38, pp.
379-419.

19426. Die Ruckensinnesfelder (foveae dorsales) der Zecken. Zeitschr.
Morph. Oekol. Tiere, vol. 39, pp. 1-20.

Vitzthum, H.

1943. Acarina. In Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreiches,
vol. 5, section IV, book 5, part 3, p. 363.

Zebrowski, G.

1926. A preliminary report on the morphology of the American dog
tick. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 51, pp. 331-369, Pis. 12-14.

12

Psyche

[Mar.

Explanation of Plate 1

Fig. 1. Larval integumentary sense organ of Haemaphysalis punctata Can.

and Fanz., redrawn from K. W. Neumann (1942). A, in direct
view; B, in side view: aR, sensory duct; Bbl, internal vesicle; Bz,
generative cell; C, cuticula; Dz, gland cell; Hyp, hypodermis; L,
lips; Oe, mouth of the sensory duct; R, frame; Rm, fringe; V,
protrusions of the frame; Z, tooth.

Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of a sensillum sagittiforme of Eyalomma, after
P. Schulze: Astr, axial fiber; Dp, projecting ledges; Dr, gland cell;
Ek, terminal chamber; KEst, knot of the scolopale; NK, enveloping
cell nucleus; Sch, tuft; Schk, tuft chamber; Sg, sensory cell group
outside the duct. The chitinous structure surrounding the sense
organ has been omitted.

Fig. 3. Schematic drawing of a sensillum auriforme on the alloscutum of a
female Eyalomma, after P. Schulze: Astr, axial fiber; Dz, shaded
zone of the disk; Gh, papilla with terminal apparatus in central
area of the disk ; Hz, unshaded zone ; Nk, enveloping cell nucleus ;
Pa, pigmented and thickened section of the duct; Sk, sensory cell
nucleus; Tf, supporting plicature. The chitinous structure sur-
rounding the sensory organ and gland cells has been omitted. The
disk covering the sensory cell and the terminal apparatus is assumed
to be transparent.

1949]

Dinnick and Zumpt — Rhipiceplialince

13

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 1

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalin^:

14

Psyche

[Mar.

Explanation of Plate 2

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of larva of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., show-
ing sensory organs: Fd, fovese dorsales; HO, Haller’s organ; Sa,
sensilla auriformia; Sh, sensilla hastiformia; Ss, sensilla sagitti-
formia.

Fig. 5. Ventral view of larva of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., show-
ing sensory organs: Sa, sensilla auriformia: Sh, sensilla hasti-
formia; Ss, sensilla sagittiformia.

1949]

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

15

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 2

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

16

Psyche

[Mar.

Explanation of Plate 3

Fig. 6. Arrangement of the integumentary sense organs of the larva of
Bliipicephalus sanguineus Latr. : Fd, foveae dorsales; Sa, sensilla
auriformia; Sh, sensilla hastiformia; Ss, sensilla sagittiformia.

Fig. 7. Arrangement of the integumentary sense organs of the larva of
Boophilus calcaratus Birula: Fd, foveae dorsales; Sa, sensilla auri-
formia; Sh, sensilla hastiformia; Ss, sensilla sagittiformia.

1949]

Dinnik and Zumpt- — Rhipicephalince

17

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 3

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalin2e

ON THE STATUS OF CRYPTOCERUS LATREILLE
AND CEPHALOTES LATREILLE (HYMEN-
OPTERA: FORMICHLE)

By Marion R. Smith

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricul-
tural Research Administration, United States
Department of Agriculture

Latreille, in Hist. Nat. Crust, and Ins., volume 3, 1802,
included in the family “Formicaires” two genera, Form-
ica Linnaeus and the new genus Cephalotes. Cephalotes
was monobasic with Formica atrata Linnaeus the only
included species (pp. 357-358). In volume 5, 1803, he
again placed in ‘‘Formicaires’’ only the two genera hut
to the group which he had called Cephalotes in 1802 he
gave the name Cryptocerus (p. 311). Distinguishing
characters were given but no species were mentioned by
name.

Fabricius, 1804, Systema Piezatorum, page 418, used
the name Cryptocerus for atratus Linnaeus and 4 new
species, including umbrqculatus ; and he cited Cephalotes
Latreille in synonymy under Cryptocerus atratus.

In 1810, Latreille (Consid. Gen. Crust. Arachn. Ins.,
p. 437) designated atratus Fabricius (= atratus Lin-
naeus) as the type of Cryptocerus. Since atratus was
available for type designation of Cryptocerus , this action
by Latreille has fixed the matter beyond dispute. Crypto-
cerus Latreille is thus an isogenotypic synonym of Ce-
phalotes Latreille. The interpretation of Cryptocerus
by subsequent authors who considered umbraculatus
Fabricius as its type is erroneous, and a new generic
name is needed for Cryptocerus of Emery (1915) and au-
thors, not Latreille.

On page 253 of his 1805 work Latreille says “Toutes
les especes de cryptoceres, dont la fourmi atrata de Lin.
et de Fab. est une, sont exotiques. Ces insectes ont un
caractere tres remarquable, et qu’on ne trouve a aucun
de cet ordre; c’est le premier article de leurs antennes
qui est insere et loge de chaque cote, dans une rainure

18

1949]

8 mit h — C ryp toce rus

19

laterale de la tete.” In the original description of Ce-
phalotes he writes “Premier article des antennes insere
et loge, de chaque cote, dans une rainure laterale de la
tete,” and in the original description of Cryptocerus —
“Premier article des antennes s’inserant dans une rain-
nre de la tete.” It seems obvious that Latreille con-
sidered Cryptocerus (hidden or concealed horn [an-
tenna]) much more descriptive of the genus Cephalotes
(having a head) and decided to use it instead.

Since the facts in this case are as just stated, the tribe
receives the new name, Cephalotini , based on the type
genus Cephalotes, which must be used for Cryptocerus of
authors. The genera and subgenera involved, with syn-
onymy and types, are as follows :

Genus Cephalotes Latreille

Cephalotes Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Crust, and Ins.
3 : 357.

Type: Formica atrata Linnaeus. Monobasic.

Syn. : Cryptocerus Latreille, 1803, Hist. Nat. Crust, and
Ins. 5 : 311.

Type Formica atrata Linnaeus. Designated by
Latreille, 1810.

Syn. : Cryptocerus Fabricius, 1804, Systema Piezatorum,
p. 418 (in part).

Emery, 1915, Bui. Soc. Ent. de France, p. 192 divided
Cryptocerus into three subgenera: Par aery ptocerus, n.
subgen., type Cryptocerus spinosus Mayr; Cryptocerus,
type C. umhraculatus Fabricius, and Cyathocephalus, n.
subgen., type Cryptocerus pallens Klug. Except for
Cryptocerus he listed additional species in each sub-
genus. In 1922, in Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum, fas-
cicule 174c, pp. 306, 308, he gave a detailed description of
each of the above subgenera, cited the same types and
listed all the known species.

Since Cryptocerus is not available, P ar aery ptocerus
will succeed it. The correct arrangement is as follows:

20

Psyche

[Mar.

Genus Paracryptocerus Emery,
subgenus Paracryptocerus Emery

Paracryptocerus Emery, 1915, Bui. Soc. Ent. de France,
p. 192.

Type : Cryptocerus spinosus Mayr. By original
designation.

Genus Paracryptocerus Emery,
subgenus Harnedia, new subgenus

Harnedia is proposed for Cryptocerus of Emery, 1915,
and subsequent authors, not of Latreille. Its type is
umbraculatus Fabricius (1804). In 1922, Emery char-
acterized the group and listed all the known species.
The name Harnedia is in honor of Mr. R. W. Harned
from whom I have received much encouragement in my
studies of ants.

The following descriptions of the soldier and worker
of this new subgenus are substantially the same as given
by Emery in 1922.

Soldier. — Head usually longer than wide, occasionally
similar to that of Paracryptocerus Emery except that the
head is longer and less convex above. Tubercles near
the posterior border of the head usually connected by a
transverse ridge which unites with the lateral borders of
the head forming a surface within these borders known
as a cephalic disk; anterior border of cephalic disk with
a median gap which exposes the mandibles and clypeus.

Thorax very noticeably more robust than that of the
worker and without foliaceous border as in that caste.
Epinotum with more or less distinct spines ; exceptionally
(■ umbraculatus Fabricius), the posterior spines of the
epinotum are the longest.

Worker. — Thoracic border of variable form, some-
times spined or toothed as in Paracryptocerus Emery but
the posterior pair of the 2 or 3 pairs of teeth on the epi-
notum never the longest. Border of thorax sometimes

1949]

S mit h — C ryp toce rus

21

divided into 3 parts to correspond to its segments, more
or less widely margined, translucent or foliaceons, and
without teeth.

Genus Par aery ptocerus Emery,
suhgenus Cyathomyrmex Creighton

Cyathocephalus Emery, 1915, Bui. Soc. Ent. de France,
p. 192. Preoccupied by Kessler, 1868.

Type: Cryptocerus pallens Klug. By original des-
ignation.

Cyathomyrmex Creighton, 1933, Psyche 40: 98. New
name.

Strumigenys venatrix Wesson and Wesson Synony-
mous with S. talpa Weber. — In the course of his studies
of dacetine ants, Mr. William L. Brown, Jr. secured a
loan of the type of S. talpa Weber (1934, Psyche, 41 : 63-
65, tig. 1) from the collections of the Illinois Natural
History Survey. This specimen he very kindly placed
at my disposal, since I had not seen it during earlier
studies on Strumigenys in Ohio (Wesson and Wesson,
1939, Psyche, 46: 91-112, PI. 3). The type of talpa
proves to be indistinguishable from paratypes of S. vena-
trix which I had described from southern Ohio, and the
latter name should be dropped.

According to Brown’s recent revision of the dacetine
genera, 8. talpa should be transferred from the genus
Strumigenys Fred. Smith to the genus Smithistruma
Brown (1948, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 74: 101-129, 2 figs.).

— Laurence G. Wesson, Jr., Department of Physiology,
New York University College of Medicine.

THE MALE OF PRODIDOMUS RUFUS HENTZ
(PRODLDOMHLE, ARANEH1)1

By Elizabeth B. Bryant
Museum of Comparative Zoology

More than a century ago, in 1847, Nicholas M. Hentz,
one of the first students of American spiders, found a
spider in a box in a dark cellar in Alabama ; it had such
unusual characters that he erected a new genus and spe-
cies for it. Both the generic and specific descriptions
are brief, but because of the unusual arrangement of the
eyes, the genus has been recognized and twenty-four
species from all the warm parts of the world have been
placed in it. But the genotype specimen has disappeared
and the species has long evaded collectors. In 1892, Mr.
N. Banks found a few immature specimens under paper
in a house in Shrevesport, Louisiana, and published a
short description of them. These records have been the
only accounts of the American species until 1936, when
an adult female was found by Miss Sarah Jones under
a stone by the road-side near Dallas, Texas. This I de-
scribed a few months later. Recently, when looking over
some spiders in the Jones Collection, now at the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, an adult male was found. This
specimen was collected in a house at Denton, Texas, the
4th of December 1946, and is here described as the
allotype.

Prodidomus rufus Hentz

Prodidomus rufus Hentz, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1847, 5: 466, pi. 30, fig. 4; reprint, 1875, p. 105, pi. 12, fig.
4, pi. 18, fig. 9.

Male. Length, 3.0 mm., ceph. 1.7 mm. long, 1.4 mm.
wide, abd. 1.5 mm. long, 1.0 mm. wide, palpus, 1.9 mm.
long.

Cephalo thorax pale yellow, smooth and shining, slightly
convex, highest between the second coxae, no thoracic

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

22

1949]

Bryant — Prodidomus

23

groove or radial furrows, anterior margin broad and
slightly rounded, sides rounded, posterior margin slightly
less than the anterior; eyes eight, anterior row straight
by the upper margins, eyes equidistant, a.m.e. largest of
the eight, dark, round and convex, separated by about a
line, a.l.e. white, convex and round, little more than a
radius of the a.m.e., posterior row strongly procurved,
the same length as the anterior, eyes white and flat, p.m.e.
elliptical, separated by more than the long diameter, p.l.e.

elliptical, but the long axis at right angles to the p.m.e. ;
eyes much closer together than in the female; quadrangle
narrower in front than behind, and higher than wide;
clypeus below the a.m.e. about a radius of a.m.e., no hairs
or bristles on the margin as in the female ; mandibles yel-
low, basal third swollen, only slightly divergent, fang
groove oblique, no teeth on either margin, fang long and
very slender, with the base not enlarged; labium, a dull
brown, septum distinct between the sternum, slightly
wider than long, tip not rebordered ; maxillce about twice
as long as the labium, tips inclined and almost touching,
pointed, basal third very wide, origin of the palpus at the
basal third; sternum pale, oval, four-fifths as wide as
long, flat, with no hairs, ending in a point between the
fourth coxae; abdomen oval, and depressed, a deep red,

24

Psyche

[Mar.

covered with short white hairs, posterior third with no
hairs and many transverse wrinkles, venter pale, spin-
nerets pale and smaller than in the female; legs, 4-1-2-3,
pale, coxae and trochanters very long, and can be seen
from the dorsal side, smooth, I femur with a ventral
brush of short colorless hairs, no spines, I coxae the long-
est, about twice as long as wide, trochanter a little shorter
and more slender, IV coxae and trochanter snbeqnal, and
together as long as the femur, a pair of colorless ventral
spines at the distal end of the IV tibia, no trichobothria
at the tip of the IV metatarsus and tarsus as in the
female; palpus, longer than the cephalothorax, femur
more than half the length, pale, patella pale and slender,
twice as long as wide, tibia darker, little more than half
as long as the patella, tibial apophysis a slender dark
dorsal spur and a broad dark lateral spur with a truncate
tip, as figured, the palpal organ nearly as long as the
cymbium, bulb strongly convex, pale and extending onto
the tibia, the tube dark and very distinct, embolus a dark
spiral coil, with the tip resting near a triangular paler
point.

Allotype (cf) Texas; Denton, 4 December 1946, (Jones)

The allotype male and the neotype female were found
in quite different habitats, the female out of doors, and
the male in a house and they do not agree in all char-
acters. The female is larger, pale, and only tinged with
red, on the margin of the clypeus there is a fringe of
hairs, and on the fourth metatarsus and tarsus are some
distinct trichobothria. The male is smaller, the abdomen
a deep red, covered with white hairs, the eyes are more
closely grouped, the first femur has a brush of ventral
hairs and the trichobothria on the fourth leg are lacking.
The difference in color may be due to the habitat and the
other differences are probably sexual.

In 1918-19, Dalmas published an excellent revision of
the family Prodidomidce, which by then included five
genera, all with the same arrangement of eyes and simi-
lar spinnerets. The genotype, Prodidomus rufus, he
knew only from the description of the immature speci-
mens by Banks. Dalmas suggests that the Old World

1949]

Bryant — Prodidomus

25

species placed in the genus Prodidomus might not belong
there. In his diagnosis of the genus, he stresses two
characters that are not found in the genotype. All the
Old World species have the anterior median eyes the
smallest of the eight, and the fourth trochanter longest,
often longer than the fourth femur. This is not found
in P. rufus. The other species from America, P. nigri-
cauda Simon, 1892, and P. opacithorax Simon, 1892, both
from Venezuela, are described with the eyes of the an-
terior row subequal. If the Old World species are sepa-
rated from the American, the genus Miltia, Simon, 1870,
is available as it was established for the species Emyo
amaranthius Lucus, 1846, from Egypt. This species has
the anterior median eyes the smallest of the eight, and
the fourth trochanter is the longest.

In the Dalmas revision, twenty-three species of the
genus Prodidomus have been recognized. These are
found in the warm parts of the world, but only five species
are known by both sexes.

Literature Cited

Banks, Nathan

1892. On Prodidomus rufus Hentz. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 2, p.

259-261, tigs.

Bryant, Elizabeth B.

1936. A rare spider. Psyche, (1935), 42, pp. 163-166, tigs.

Dalmas, [Raymond] de

19t8-1919. Synopsis des Araignees de la Familie Prodidomidae. Ann.

Soc. Ent. France, 87, pp. 279-340, figs. 1-34.

Hentz, Nicholas M.

1847. Descriptions and Figures of the Araneides of the United States.

Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 467, pi. 30, tig. 4; reprint,

1875, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 105, pi. 12, tig.

4, pi. 18, tig. 9.

Simon, Eugene

1893. Histoire Naturelle des Araignees. 2me ed., 1, pp. 332-337, tigs.

SOME FLIES OF THE GENUS VOLUCELLA FROM
THE NEW WORLD

By F. M. Hull
University of Mississippi

Recent studies of American Syrphid flies have dis-
closed a number of species of Volucella which appear to
be undescribed. This paper presents the descriptions
of these species. The types are in the author’s collec-
tion.

Volucella splendens n. sp.

This bright purplish to bluish species is related to
macula Wiedemann. It is distinguished by the general
color of the abdomen and the rusty orange red face with
conspicuous lateral flattened areas on either side of the
tubercle. Length 14 mm.

Male. Head: the face, cheeks and the front, except
for a small brown triangular callus, are entirely pale
rusty orange in color. The facial tubercle is large and
elongate, more abrupt below, with a patch of blackish
pile in the middle and the remainder of the facial pile red.
The frontal pile is reddish in the middle and the sides but
with some black pile in the junction of the eyes. Anten-
nae light brownish orange, the third segment elongate,
narrow upon a little more than the apical half and this
apical portion with parallel sides in the male. Eyes
holoptic for a long distance, flattened above with the up-
per facets greatly enlarged and the ocular pile dense and
long and pale brownish yellow. Vertical pile black. The
pollen of the face is restricted to the upper portion be-
neath the antennae and is distinctly pale brownish yellow.
The sides of the upper portion of the face on either side
of the tubercle are distinctly flattened leaving a rather
sharp ridge laterally and a corresponding well marked
crease beside the tubercle; the intervening area is flat-
tened. Thorax: the mesonotum is shining black, becom-
ing diffusely brown on the notopleura, the humeri, the
intervening area, the margin above the wing and the

26

PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 56 MARCH, 1949 No. 1

TABLE of contents

The Integumentary Sense Organs of the Larvae of Rhipicephalinse (Aca-
rina). J. Dinnilc and F. Zumpt 1

On the Status of Cryptocerus Latreille and Cephalotes Latreille (Hymen-
optera: Formicidae). M. B. Smith 18

Strumigenys venatrix Wesson and Wesson Synonymous with S. talpa
Weber. L. G. Wesson , Jr 21

The Male of Prodidomus rufus Hentz (Prodidomidae, Araneae). E. B.
Bryant 22

Some Flies of the Genus Volucella from the New World. F. M. Hull 26

Synonymic and Other Notes on Formicidae (Hymenoptera). W. L.
Brown, Jr 41

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PSYCHE

Vol. 56 MARCH, 1949 No. 1

THE INTEGUMENTARY SENSE ORGANS OF THE

LARVAE OF RHIPICEPHALINyE (AC ARINA)1

By J. Dinnik and F. Zumpt2

In 1938 Delpy published a short paper describing the
location and morphology of the so-called spiracles or
respiratory plates (“stigmates respiratoires”) of vari-
ous Ixodid larvae. He examined for the purpose Hya-
lomma dromedarii Koch, H. impressum Koch, Boophllus
annulatus Say, Rhipicephalus bursa Can. and Fanz., and
Hcemaphy sails cinnabarina punctata Can. and Fanz.
Delpy ’s description is brief and lacks illustrations. He
thought that he saw within each “ spiracle” 1 or 2 pores,
sometimes reduced in size, leading into an atrium pro-
vided with two valves at the entrance. The base of the
atrium he described as pierced with an opening, and
Delpy considered it possible that a tracheal tube was at-
tached at this point.

With regard to their position, Delpy distinguished
coxal and abdominal spiracles. The coxal spiracles are
in three pairs, placed behind each of the six coxae. The
abdominal spiracles vary greatly in number and position
according to the genus. Hccmaphy sails is said to have
four pairs, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus only one pair,
while they are entirely lacking in Boophilus.

Delpy was not the first, however, to describe supposed
spiracles in Ixodid larvae. Salmon and Stiles (1902) saw

1 Preliminary Study No. 10 for a Revision of the Genus Rhipicephalus
Koch. Nos. 1 to 8 of this series were published in the Zeitschrift fur Para-
sitenkunde from 1939 to 1943. No. 9 is to appear in Dechiana (Festschrift
f. Prof. Reichensperger).

2 Now at The South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg,
South Africa.

1

2

Psyche

[Mar.

them before, and they were also mentioned by Oudemans
(1906), Zebrowski (1926) and Cooley (1938).

All these authors were mistaken in the interpretation
of the function of the organ they had seen. The larvae
of the Ixodidae do not possess any special respiratory
organs. Only Samson (1908) correctly recognized that
the so-called “larval spiracles ” described by Salmon and
Stiles were actually the terminal pores of integumentary
sense organs. This correction was, however, overlooked
up to quite recently. Even Vitzthum, in his account of
the Acarina for “Bronn’s Klassen und Ordn ungen des
Tierreichs” (1940), adopted in detail the description and
views of Delpy.

K. W. Neumann (1942) and Elishewitz (1942) first re-
examined these structures in an attempt to decide
whether they were respiratory organs or integumentary
glands. Serial sections of larvae of Dermacentor, Hce-
maphysalis, Hyalomma and Ixodes convinced Neumann
that neither the Ixodinae (Prostriata) nor the Bhipi-
cephalinae (Metastriata) have respiratory organs and
that the structures thus far interpreted as spiracles are
really integumentary glandular organs.

According to Neumann, these organs are in a direct
view more or less oval in outline. “A broad ellipsoid
chitinized frame at the periphery is attached to the sur-
rounding cuticula by means of a narrow, prominent,
striated edge. The lumen also is oval and contains two
parallel, non-contiguous lips. Two small protuberances
of the frame extend on each side into the lumen, keeping
the lips from touching each other. By lowering the ob-
jective, a small circular opening may be recognized in
the center between the lips.”

“In a side view of the entire organ or in a section, the
structure is also more or less elongate oval. The walls
consist of a rather thick layer of chitin, decreasing in
thickness from the base toward the surface opening. A
short duct leads from the base toward the interior of the
body. On either side of the mouth of this duct a tooth,
anchored to the base of the organ, extends up into its
lumen. Serial sections show that these teeth arise from
a folding of the walls. Their length is approximately
three-fourths of that of the entire organ.”

1949]

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

3

“To what do these several parts correspond? The
broad frame is the wall, the lips are the teeth, and the
circular opening is the mouth of the short duct.” (See
PL 1, fig. 1.)

“The organ is securely anchored in the cuticula by
the upper third of its length. The subjacent hypodermal
cells are broader than high and surround the organ. The
adjacent cells ( ?generative cells) are much higher than
broad. Only two seem to be present, placed parallel to
the margins of the lips. A large cell, considerably
broader than high, lies beneath the organ, in close con-
tact with the entire basal surface. The duct mentioned
before is never long enough to pierce this basal cell, but
ends with it without tapering downward. The duct is
never lined with a tasnidium. So far as can be detected,
the plasma of this cell is slightly granular, but a promi-
nent clear spot in the center may be interpreted as an
internal vesicle. It follows from this description that
the structure is an integumentary glandular organ, not
a larval respiratory organ with a spiracle and a rudi-
mentary trachea.”

So much for K. W. Neumann’s account of the mor-
phology of his integumentary sense organ. In addition
he discusses the number and position of these organs in
various genera and believes to be justified in stating that
originally two pairs were present. According to his ac-
count, all the spiracle-like organs show essentially the
same structure, though they are sometimes reduced in
size, and they seem undoubtedly to be peculiar to the
larvae. He does not mention any other integumentary
sense organs besides these so-called “spiracles.”

P. Schulze (1942a) published a detailed study of the
integumentary sense organs of adult ticks and found,
besides true sensory setae (sensilla trichoidea), four other
types of sensilla which he called Sensdla auriformia (ear-
shaped organs), Sensilla s a gittif or mia (arrow-shaped
organs), Sensilla hastiformia (spear-shaped organs),
and Sensilla laterniformia (lantern-shaped organs).

Large numbers of these organs are located within the
hard and soft chitinized integument of the body. On the
other hand they are sparse on the legs and palps and,

4

Psyche

[Mar.

strangely enough, seem to be entirely missing on the
cheliceras. Characteristic for these sensilla is their con-
nection with two glandular cells which extend partially
into the sensory duct. These cells secrete into the duct a
substance which emerges at the surface after passing an
end organ. P. Schulze assumes that the secretion serves
as a protective coating against evaporation within the
sensillum and on the outer surface, and also as a chem-
ical means of recognition between opposite sexes and in-
dividuals of one species.

The sensory function of the sensilla auriformia seems
to he of a proprio-receptive nature, serving to perceive
changes or shifts within the chitin. It is probable that
the other three types, grouped together as 4 4 tuft-shaped’ ’
sense organs or krobylophores, are vibro-chemoreceptive
organs, which react at the same time to chemical as well
as to seismic stimulation. They evidently play an im-
portant part in the sexual life of the ticks.

We examined the larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Latr., Rh. appendiculatus Neum., Rh. bursa Can. and
Fanz., Rh. evert si Neum., Rh. simus Koch, Hyalomma
dromedarii Koch, and Boophilus calcaratus Birula.

The larvae were merely mounted whole on microscopic
slides in Berlese’s medium, a procedure which we found
to be superior for our purpose to all other methods of
mounting. Owing to prevailing conditions we were un-
able to make sections.

We were able to ascertain that the larvae are not
equipped with peculiar integumentary sense organs. On
the contrary we found much the same organs present as
in the adults and nymphs. In the larvae, however, sen-
silla laterniformia seem to be lacking and the other types
of sensilla are to some extent more primitive in develop-
ment. The organs are distributed over the entire body
in fixed numbers and in a definite arrangement.

A detailed account of the three types of sensilla men-
tioned above follows.

1. Sensilla sagittiformia (arrow-shaped organs)

The sensillum sagittiforme represents a new mode of
sensory organ, called by P. Schulze a krobylophore sen-

1949 ] Dinnih and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince 5

sory organ, because a tuft-sbaped structure is its most
striking characteristic. In the adult tick be described
this organ as follows in side view (PI. 1, fig. 2) : “The
distal portion of the chitinized passage or lumen appears
arrow-shaped. Below this lies a narrow pagoda-shaped
4 tuft’ chamber and farther inside a small, more or less
spheroidal 'terminal chamber.’ This is separated from

cephalus appendiculatus Neum. B, Same in the larva. C, Same
in the nymph. D, Sensillum hastiforme of Rliipicep'halus appendi-
culatus Neum. E, Same in the nymph. F, Same in the adult
female.

the middle chamber by projecting ledges which leave
room only for a small circular opening. The innermost
chamber is attached to a simple duct into which the glan-
dular cells extend, enveloping the nerve cells. The sur-
rounding chitin is especially thick beneath the lower por-
tion of the 'arrow points.’ The nerve cells decrease in
size as they enter the 'terminal chamber.’ The axial
fiber is attached to a strong scolopale which enlarges to>

6

Psyche

[Mar.

form a knot and then tapers down, becoming pointed
again upon entering the ‘ pagoda-shaped chamber’ in
which the ‘tuft’ is located. This tuft has much the
shape of a gas flame and is not chitinized but of a uni-
form structure, although at times it seems to be some-
what fibrillar.”

The larvae we examined all show, contrary to Delpy’s
description, four pairs of spiracle-like structures, three
of them behind the coxae, the fourth on the opisthosoma
(PL 2, figs. 4 and 5). A comparison of their inner
structure (Text-fig. 1A-C) with P. Schulze’s description
and drawings clearly shows that these so-called “larval
spiracles” are in reality sensilla sagittiformia. The finer
structure of the organ is best seen in the opisthosomal
pair of the larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and
Boophilus calcaratus. It is pear-shaped and pierces
with its conical end the integument on the dorsal face of
the fourth festoon. The walls are of thick chitin, the
chitinous capsule being 0.012 to 0.016 mm. long and 0.011
to 0.014 mm. broad. A funnel-shaped fold is visible
within the capsule. The narrow ends of this capsule,
pointing toward the opening, are less strongly chitinized
and look in direct view like a pair of lips lying within the
capsule (compare PI. 1, fig. 1). Within these lips lies
the tuft-like structure, surrounded by a fine pagoda-like
contour.

The sensilla sagittiformia behind the second and third
coxae are very similar in structure to the opisthosomal
pair described above. On the other hand, the pair lo-
cated behind the first coxae at the edge of the scutum
seems to have a strikingly thick-walled capsule which is
fully embedded in the chitin of the scutum. It is 0.019
to 0.022 mm. long, 0.016 to 0.022 mm. wide at the base,
with the opening 0.011 to 0.014 mm. in diameter. The
“tuft” is difficult to recognize here, but is shaped as in
the other pairs.

2. Sensilla hastiformia (spear-shaped organs)

The sensilla hastiformia, as described by P. Schulze
for the adult ticks, are much smaller than the arrow-

1949] Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince 7

shaped organs. He was unable to make ont all the de-
tails of the terminal apparatus, but he presumed that
they correspond in general to those of the sensilla sagit-
tiformia and that a tuft-shaped structure is also present.
The main difference lies, according to Schulze, in the
upper portion of the passage leading to the outside.
This lacks the long receding arrow-points, so that the
“pagoda-shaped chamber,” formed by these points, is
also missing. The passage is distinctly spear-shaped, in
as much as it expands into two mainly horizontal pro-
jections at the base.

The larval sensillnm hastiforme could only be recog-
nized as such after comparing it with the corresponding
organ in nymphs and adults (Text-fig. 1, D-F). It lies
as a short funnel-shaped structure in the lower part of
the integument, which it pierces by means of a narrow
passage, ending between the outer folds. The funnel-
shaped portion is approximately 0.008 mm. in diameter
and 0.005 mm. deep. The walls are about 0.002 mm.
thick and the passage is roughly 0.008 mm. long.

We were also unable to recognize the finer structure
of the organ, nor could we find anything comparable to
a “tuft.” In direct view the organ has the appearance
of a ring, 0.008 mm. in diameter. Further details cannot
be recognized, but by lowering the objective the duct
leading inside the body may be followed.

The larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., Rh.
sanguineus Latr., Rh. bursa Can. and Fanz., and Rh.
evert si Nenm. studied by ns, all have 54 sensilla hasti-
formia on the body proper; we did not examine the legs.
The sensilla are placed strictly symmetrically and
neither their position nor their number seem to vary to
any extent (PI. 3, fig. 6). One pair is located on the
capitnlnm, occupying the position taken by the areae
porosae of the adult female tick. Five pairs are situated
on the scutum and nine pairs on the alloscutum, four of
these dorsal, one subdorsal and four sublateral. In addi-
tion eight pairs are found on the edge of the alloscutum,
one sensillum being placed on the edge of each festoon
(or parmula), except on the middle festoon. The ar-

8

Psyche

[Mar.

rangement of these eight pairs is therefore metameric
and seems to be derived from the primitive segmentation
of the opisthosoma.

The “foveae dorsales” of the larva consist of only one
sensillnm hastiforme each. The integnmental folds bend
aronnd their openings, whereas on the contrary the open-
ings of the other sensilla hastiformia lose themselves
among the folds of the integument. Aside from the fact

Text-figure 2. Arrangement of the integumentary sense organs of the
larva of Hyalomma, dromedarii Koch: Fd, fovese dorsales; -Sa,
sensilla auriformia; Sh; sensilla hastiformia; Ss, sensilla sagitti-
formia.

that the openings are more conspicnons, they do not dif-
fer from the usual type of sensilla hastiformia.

Ventrally the body bears four pairs of sensilla hasti-
formia. One pair lies very close to the sensillum sagitti-
forme of the third coxa. In Rh. appendiculatus it is en-
closed by the capsule of the sensillum sagittiforme, so
that it is difficult to see. Though closely adjacent to it
in the other species, the sensillum hastiforme is never-
theless clearly set off.

The number and the arrangement of the sensilla hasti-
formia of the larva of Boophilus calcar atus Birula (PI.
3, fig. 7) are similar to those of the Rhipicephalus, ex-

i949j Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince 9

cept that we were unable to discover the two foremost
pairs on the ventral side and that they seem to be missing
also on the fourth and fifth festoons counting from the
middle.

The larva of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch (Text-fig.
2) possesses more sensilla hastiformia than that of Rhipi-
cephalus. It should be mentioned especially that the
middle festoon also bears a terminal and a dorsal un-
paired sensillum. In addition a sensillum hastiforme is
located on the dorsal side adjacent to each of the second,
third and fourth festoons. It is noteworthy that two
pairs of sensilla hastiformia, instead of one pair, were
found on the capitulum of one specimen in the position
of the arese porosse of the adult female.

3. Sensilla auriformia (ear-shaped organs)

The sensilla auriformia discovered by P. Schulze
(1942u) in adult ticks may be traced back with certainty
to setae or hairs. They are located directly under the
cuticula and consist each of a flat disk, usually inclined
a little toward one side, so that it closes outwardly the
sensory duct ascending from below, like a lid with over-
lapping edges (PI. 1, fig. 3). The disks vary in details
and have the shape of an ear, a megaphone or a bell.
Their openings face various directions, so that it is pos-
sible to see one sensillum in direct view and the other in
side view when examining two of them placed close to-
gether.

The larval ticks also possess these sensilla in typical
form, but the organs are smaller than in the adult. The
disk is approximately 0.009 mm. in diameter. Arrange-
ment and number again seem to be strictly uniform, but
all the disks lean in one particular direction.

Ten pairs of sensilla auriformia were found on the al-
loscutum of all larvae of Rhipicephalus examined. Five
pairs may be seen dorsally some distance from the
median line and five pairs on the edge of the alloscutum.
Neither capitulum nor scutum seem to have any. Twelve
pairs are located on the ventral side, two of them be-

10

Psyche

[Mar.

tween the coxae, the remainder on the opisthosoma, five
of the latter in the festoons.

The same nnmber of sensilla anriformia is fonnd in
the larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch (Text-fig. 2)
as in Rhipicephalus and their arrangement is similar.
In the larva of Boophilus calcar atus Birnla (PI. 3, fig.
7) the pair behind the third coxae and the first pair on
the edge are missing, but the remaining sensilla anrifor-
mia are as in the larva of Rhipicephalus.

Summary

The larvae of the Rhipicephalinae do not possess pecu-
liar integumentary sense organs, as K. W. Neumann
(1942) believed, but rather the same types found in the
nymphs and adults. The organs are merely in a more
primitive state of development and the sensilla laterni-
formia appear to be missing. Sensilla sagittiformia,
sensilla hastiformia and sensilla anriformia may be dem-
onstrated. These organs are strictly specific in number
and arrangement within the genera Rhipicephalus , Hya-
lomma and Boophilus.

Bibliography

Cooley, R. A. 1938, as cited by K. W. Neumann (1942).

Delpy, L.

1938. Morphologie et disposition des stigmates respiratoires chez les
larves hexapodes des Ixodidae. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vol. 31,
pp. 298-300.

Elishewitz, H.

1942. On the structure of the so-called 1 1 stigmata ’ ’ of larval ticks.
Jl. Parasitology, vol. 28, Suppl., p. 25.

Neumann, K. W.

1942. Die “ Dorsalplatte J ’ der Argasidenlarve als Teil eines Atmungs-
systems und die angeblichen 1 1 Atemplatten ’ ’ der Ixodenlarven.
Zeitschr. Morph. Oekol. Tiere, vol. 38, pp. 420-434.

Oudemans, A. C. 1906, as cited by H. Vitzthum (1943).

Salmon, D. E. and Stiles, C. W.

1902. The cattle ticks (Ixodoidea) of the United States. 17th Ann.

Kept. Bur. Anim. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agric., for 1900, (1901),
pp. 380-491, Pis. 74-98.

Samson, K.

1908. Die Eiablage und die Larve der Zecke Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Latr. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 46-50.

Scijulze, P.

1942a. Ueber die Hautsinnesorgane der Zecken, besonders iiber eine
bisher unbekannte Art von Arthropoden-Sinnesorgane, die

1949]

Dinnih and Zumpt — RhipicephalincE

11

Krobylophoren. Zeitschr. Morph. Oekol. Tiere, vol. 38, pp.
379-419.

1942b. Die Biickensinnesfelder (foveae dorsales) der Zecken. Zeitschr.
Morph. Oekol. Tiere, vol. 39, pp. 1-20.

Vitzthum, H.

1943. Acarina. In Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreiches,
vol. 5, section IY, book 5, part 3, p. 363.

Zebrowski, G.

1926. A preliminary report on the morphology of the American dog
tick. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.-, vol. 51, pp. 331-369, Pis. 12-14.

12

Psyche

[Mar.

Explanation op Plate 1

Fig. 1. Larval integumentary sense organ of Eaemaphy salts punctata Can.

and Fanz., redrawn from K. W. Neumann (1942). A, in direct
view; B, in side view: aR, sensory duct; Bbl, internal vesicle; Bz,
generative cell; C, cuticula; Bz, gland cell; Hyp, hypodermis; L,
lips; Oe, mouth of the sensory duct; R, frame; Em, fringe; V,
protrusions of the frame; Z, tooth.

Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of a sensillum sagittiforme of Eyalomma, after
P. Schulze: Astr, axial fiber; Dp, projecting ledges; Dr, gland cell;
Ek, terminal chamber ; KEst, knot of the scolopale ; NK, enveloping
cell nucleus ; Sch, tuft ; Schk, tuft chamber ; Sg, sensory cell group
outside the duct. The chitinous structure surrounding the sense
organ has been omitted.

Fig. 3. Schematic drawing of a sensillum auriforme on the alloscutum of a
female Eyalomma, after P. Schulze: Astr, axial fiber; Dz, shaded
zone of the disk; Gh, papilla with terminal apparatus in central
area of the disk; Hz, unshaded zone; Nk, enveloping cell nucleus;
Pa, pigmented and thickened section of the duct; Sk, sensory cell
nucleus; Tf, supporting plicature. The chitinous structure sur-
rounding the sensory organ and gland cells has been omitted. The
disk covering the sensory cell and the terminal apparatus is assumed
to be transparent.

1949]

Dinnick and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

13

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 1

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

14

Psyche

[Mar.

Explanation of Plate 2

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of larva of Bhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., show-
ing sensory organs: Fd, fovese dorsales; HO, Haller’s organ,- Sa,
sensilla auriformia; Sh, sensilla hastif ormia ; Ss, sensilla sagitti-
formia.

Fig. 5. Ventral view of larva of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., show-
ing sensory organs: Sa, sensilla auriformia: Sh, sensilla hasti-
formia; Ss, sensilla sagittiformia.

1949]

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

15

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 2

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalince

16

Psyche

[Mar.

Explanation of Plate 3

Fig. 6. Arrangement of the integumentary sense organs of the larva of
RMpicephalus sanguineus Latr. : Fd, fovese dorsales; Sa, sensilla
auriformia; Sh, sensilla hastiformia; Ss, sensilla sagittiformia.

Fig. 7. Arrangement of the integumentary sense organs of the larva of
Boophilus calcaratus Birula: Fd, foveae dorsales; Sa, sensilla auri-
formia; Sh, sensilla hastiformia; Ss, sensilla sagittiformia.

1949]

Dinnik and Zumpt—Rhipicephalince

17

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 3

Dinnik and Zumpt — Rhipicephalin.®

ON THE STATUS OF CRYPTOCERUS LATREILLE
AND CEPHALOTES LATREILLE (HYMEN-
OPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

By Marion R. Smith

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricul-
tural Research Administration, United States
Department of Agriculture

Latreille, in Hist. Nat. Crust, and Ins., volume 3, 1802,
included in the family ‘ ‘Formicaires’’ two genera, Form-
ica Linnaeus and the new genus Cephalotes. Cephalotes
was monobasic with Formica atrata Linnaeus the only
included species (pp. 357-358). In volume 5, 1803, he
again placed in ‘ ‘Formicaires’’ only the two genera hut
to the group which he had called Cephalotes in 1802 he
gave the name Cryptocerus (p. 311). Distinguishing
characters were given but no species were mentioned by
name.

Fabricius, 1804, Systema Piezatorum, page 418, used
the name Cryptocerus for atratus Linnaeus and 4 new
species, including umbraculatus ; and he cited Cephalotes
Latreille in synonymy under Cryptocerus atratus.

In 1810, Latreille (Consid. Gen. Crust. Arachn. Ins.,
p. 437) designated atratus Fabricius (= atratus Lin-
naeus) as the type of Cryptocerus. Since atratus was
available for type designation of Cryptocerus , this action
by Latreille has fixed the matter beyond dispute. Crypto-
cerus Latreille is thus an isogenotypic synonym of Ce-
phalotes Latreille. The interpretation of Cryptocerus
by subsequent authors who considered umbraculatus
Fabricius as its type is erroneous, and a new generic
name is needed for Cryptocerus of Emery (1915) and au-
thors, not Latreille.

On page 253 of his 1805 work Latreille says “Toutes
les especes de cryptoceres, dont la fourmi atrata de Lin.
et de Fab. est une, sont exotiques. Ces insectes ont un
caractere tres remarquable, et qu’on ne trouve a aucun
de cet ordre; c’est le premier article de leurs antennes
qui est insere et loge de chaque cote, dans une rainure

18

1949]

Smit h — C ryp toce rus

19

laterale de la tele.” In the original description of Ce-
phalotes he writes “Premier article des antennes insere
et loge, de chaque cote, dans nne rainnre laterale de la
tete,” and in the original description of Cryptocerus —
“Premier article des antennes s’inserant dans nne rain-
ure de la tete.” It seems obvious that Latreille con-
sidered Cryptocerus (hidden or concealed horn [an-
tenna]) much more descriptive of the genus Cephalotes
(having a head) and decided to use it instead.

Since the facts in this case are as just stated, the tribe
receives the new name, Cephalotini , based on the type
genus Cephalotes, which must be used for Cryptocerus of
authors. The genera and subgenera involved, with syn-
onymy and types, are as follows :

Genus Cephalotes Latreille

Cephalotes Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Crust, and Ins.
3:357.

Type: Formica atrata Linnaeus. Monobasic.

Syn. : Cryptocerus Latreille, 1803, Hist. Nat. Crust, and
Ins. 5 : 311.

Type Formica atrata Linnaeus. Designated by
Latreille, 1810.

Syn. : Cryptocerus Fabricius, 1804, Systema Piezatorum,
p. 418 (in part).

Emery, 1915, Bui. Soc. Ent. de France, p. 192 divided
Cryptocerus into three subgenera: Par aery ptocerus, n.
subgen., type Cryptocerus spinosus Mayr; Cryptocerus,
type C. umbraculatus Fabricius, and Cyathocephalus, n.
subgen., type Cryptocerus pallens King. Except for
Cryptocerus he listed additional species in each sub-
genus. In 1922, in Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum, fas-
cicule 174c, pp. 306, 308, he gave a detailed description of
each of the above subgenera, cited the same types and
listed all the known species.

Since Cryptocerus is not available, Par aery ptocerus
will succeed it. The correct arrangement is as follows :

20

Psyche

[Mar.

Genus Paracryptocerus Emery,
subgenus Paracryptocerus Emery

Paracryptocerus Emery, 1915, Bui. Soc. Ent. de France,
p. 192.

Type: Cryptocerus spinosus Mayr. By original
designation.

Genus Paracryptocerus Emery,
snbgenns Harnedia, new snbgenns

Harnedia is proposed for Cryptocerus of Emery, 1915,
and subsequent authors, not of Latreille. Its type is
umbraculatus Fabricins (1804). In 1922, Emery char-
acterized the group and listed all the known species.
The name Harnedia is in honor of Mr. R. W. Harned
from whom I have received much encouragement in my
studies of ants.

The following descriptions of the soldier and worker
of this new subgenus are substantially the same as given
by Emery in 1922.

Soldier. — Head usually longer than wide, occasionally
similar to that of Paracryptocerus Emery except that the
head is longer and less convex above. Tubercles near
the posterior border of the head usually connected by a
transverse ridge which unites with the lateral borders of
the head forming a surface within these borders known
as a cephalic disk ; anterior border of cephalic disk with
a median gap which exposes the mandibles and clypeus.

Thorax very noticeably more robust than that of the
worker and without foliaceous border as in that caste.
Epinotum with more or less distinct spines ; exceptionally
(umbraculatus Fabricius), the posterior spines of the
epinotum are the longest.

Worker. — Thoracic border of variable form, some-
times spined or toothed as in Paracryptocerus Emery but
the posterior pair of the 2 or 3 pairs of teeth oh the epi-
notum never the longest. Border of thorax sometimes

1949]

Smit h — C ryptocerus

21

divided into 3 parts to correspond to its segments, more
or less widely margined, translucent or foliaceous, and
without teeth.

Genus Paracryptocerus Emery,
subgenus Cyathomyrmex Creighton

Cyathocephalus Emery, 1915, Bui. Soc. Ent. de France,
p. 192. Preoccupied by Kessler, 1868.

Type: Cryptocerus pallens Klug. By original des-
ignation.

Cyathomyrmex Creighton, 1933, Psyche 40: 98. New
name.

Strumigenys venatrix Wesson and Wesson Synony-
mous with S. talpa Weber. — In the course of his studies
of dacetine ants, Mr. William L. Brown, Jr. secured a
loan of the type of S. talpa Weber (1934, Psyche, 41 : 63-
65, fig. 1) from the collections of the Illinois Natural
History Survey. This specimen he very kindly placed
at my disposal, since I had not seen it during earlier
studies on Strumigenys in Ohio (Wesson and Wesson,
1939, Psyche, 46: 91-112, PI. 3). The type of talpa
proves to be indistinguishable from paratypes of S. vena-
trix which I had described from southern Ohio, and the
latter name should be dropped.

According to Brown’s recent revision of the dacetine
genera, S. talpa should he transferred from the genus
Strumigenys Fred. Smith to the genus Smithistruma
Brown (1948, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 74: 101-129, 2 figs.).

— Laurence G. Wesson, Jr., Department of Physiology,
New York University College of Medicine.

THE MALE OF PRODIDOMUS RUFUS HENTZ
(PRODIDOMIDHD, ARANEH])1

By Elizabeth B. Bryant
Museum of Comparative Zoology

More than a century ago, in 1847, Nicholas M. Hentz,
one of the first students of American spiders, found a
spider in a box in a dark cellar in Alabama ; it had such
unusual characters that he erected a new genus and spe-
cies for it. Both the generic and specific descriptions
are brief, but because of the unusual arrangement of the
eyes, the genus has been recognized and twenty-four
species from all the warm parts of the world have been
placed in it. But the genotype specimen has disappeared
and the species has long evaded collectors. In 1892, Mr.
N. Banks found a few immature specimens under paper
in a house in Shrevesport, Louisiana, and published a
short description of them. These records have been the
only accounts of the American species until 1936, when
an adult female was found by Miss Sarah Jones under
a stone by the road-side near Dallas, Texas. This I de-
scribed a few months later. Recently, when looking over
some spiders in the Jones Collection, now at the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, an adult male was found. This
specimen was collected in a house at Denton, Texas, the
4th of December 1946, and is here described as the
allotype.

Prodidomus rufus Hentz

Prodidomus rufus Hentz, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1847, 5: 466, pi. 30, fig. 4; reprint, 1875, p. 105, pi. 12, fig.
4, pi. 18, fig. 9.

Male. Length, 3.0 mm., ceph. 1.7 mm. long, 1.4 mm.
wide, abd. 1.5 mm. long, 1.0 mm. wide, palpus, 1.9 mm.
long.

Cephalo thorax pale yellow, smooth and shining, slightly
convex, highest between the second coxae, no thoracic

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

22

1949]

Bryant — Prodidomus

23

groove or radial furrows, anterior margin broad and
slightly rounded, sides rounded, posterior margin slightly
less than the anterior; eyes eight, anterior row straight
by the upper margins, eyes equidistant, a.m.e. largest of
the eight, dark, round and convex, separated by about a
line, a.l.e. white, convex and round, little more than a
radius of the a.m.e., posterior row strongly procurved,
the same length as the anterior, eyes white and flat, p.m.e.
elliptical, separated by more than the long diameter, p.l.e.

elliptical, but the long axis at right angles to the p.m.e. ;
eyes much closer together than in the female ; quadrangle
narrower in front than behind, and higher than wide;
clypeus below the a.m.e. about a radius of a.m.e., no hairs
or bristles on the margin as in the female ; mandibles yel-
low, basal third swollen, only slightly divergent, fang
groove oblique, no teeth on either margin, fang long and
very slender, with the base not enlarged; labium , a dull
brown, septum distinct between the sternum, slightly
wider than long, tip not rebordered ; maxillce about twice
as long as the labium, tips inclined and almost touching,
pointed, basal third very wide, origin of the palpus at the
basal third; sternum pale, oval, four-fifths as wide as
long, flat, with no hairs, ending in a point between the
fourth coxae; abdomen oval, and depressed, a deep red,

24

Psyche

[Mar.

covered with short white hairs, posterior third with no
hairs and many transverse wrinkles, venter pale, spin-
nerets pale and smaller than in the female ; legs , 4-1-2-3,
pale, coxae and trochanters very long, and can be seen
from the dorsal side, smooth, I femur with a ventral
brush of short colorless hairs, no spines, I coxae the long-
est, about twice as long as wide, trochanter a little shorter
and more slender, TV coxae and trochanter subequal, and
together as long as the femur, a pair of colorless ventral
spines at the distal end of the IV tibia, no trichobothria
at the tip of the IV metatarsus and tarsus as in the
female; palpus, longer than the cephalothorax, femur
more than half the length, pale, patella pale and slender,
twice as long as wide, tibia darker, little more than half
as long as the patella, tibial apophysis a slender dark
dorsal spur and a broad dark lateral spur with a truncate
tip, as figured, the palpal organ nearly as long as the
cymbium, bulb strongly convex, pale and extending onto
the tibia, the tube dark and very distinct, embolus a dark
spiral coil, with the tip resting near a triangular paler
point.

Allotype (J') Texas; Denton, 4 December 1946, (Jones)

The allotype male and the neotype female were found
in quite different habitats, the female out of doors, and
the male in a house and they do not agree in all char-
acters. The female is larger, pale, and only tinged with
red, on the margin of the clypeus there is a fringe of
hairs, and on the fourth metatarsus and tarsus are some
distinct trichobothria. The male is smaller, the abdomen
a deep red, covered with white hairs, the eyes are more
closely grouped, the first femur has a brush of ventral
hairs and the trichobothria on the fourth leg are lacking.
The difference in color may be due to the habitat and the
other differences are probably sexual.

In 1918-19, Dalmas published an excellent revision of
the family Prodidomidce, which by then included five
genera, all with the same arrangement of eyes and simi-
lar spinnerets. The genotype, Prodidomus rufus, he
knew only from the description of the immature speci-
mens by Banks. Dalmas suggests that the Old World

1949]

Bryant — Prodidomus

25

species placed in the genus Prodidomus might not belong
there. In his diagnosis of the genus, he stresses two
characters that are not found in the genotype. All the
Old World species have the anterior median eyes the
smallest of the eight, and the fourth trochanter longest,
often longer than the fourth femur. This is not found
in P. rufus. The other species from America, P. nigri-
cauda Simon, 1892, and P. opacithorax Simon, 1892, both
from Venezuela, are described with the eyes of the an-
terior row subequal. If the Old World species are sepa-
rated from the American, the genus Miltia, Simon, 1870,
is available as it was established for the species Emyo
amaranthius Lucus, 1846, from Egypt. This species has
the anterior median eyes the smallest of the eight, and
the fourth trochanter is the longest.

In the Dalmas revision, twenty-three species of the
genus Prodidomus have been recognized. These are
found in the warm parts of the world, but only five species
are known by both sexes.

Literature Cited

Banks, Nathan

1892. On Prodidomus rufus Hentz. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 2, p.

259-261, figs.

Bryant, Elizabeth B.

1936. A rare spider. Psyche, (1935), 42, pp. 163-166, figs.

Dalmas, [Raymond] de

1918-1919. Synopsis des Araignees de la Familie Prodidomidse. Ann.

Soc. Ent. France, 87, pp. 279-340, figs. 1-34.

Hentz, Nicholas M.

1847. Descriptions and Figures of the Araneides of the United States.

Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 467, pi. 30, fig. 4; reprint,

1875, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 105, pi. 12, fig.

4, pi. 18, fig. 9.

Simon, Eugene

1893. Histoire Naturelle des Araignees. 2me ed., 1, pp. 332-337, figs.

SOME FLIES OF THE GENUS VOLUCELLA FROM
THE NEW WORLD

By F. M. Hull
University of Mississippi

Recent studies of American Syrphid flies have dis-
closed a number of species of Volucella which appear to
be nndescribed. This paper presents the descriptions
of these species. The types are in the author’s collec-
tion.

Volucella splendens n. sp.

This bright purplish to bluish species is related to
macula Wiedemann. It is distinguished by the general
color of the abdomen and the rust}^ orange red face with
conspicuous lateral flattened areas on either side of the
tubercle. Length 14 mm.

Male. Head: the face, cheeks and the front, except
for a small brown triangular callus, are entirely pale
rusty orange in color. The facial tubercle is large and
elongate, more abrupt below, with a patch of blackish
pile in the middle and the remainder of the facial pile red.
The frontal pile is reddish in the middle and the sides but
with some black pile in the junction of the eyes. Anten-
nae light brownish orange, the third segment elongate,
narrow upon a little more than the apical half and this
apical portion with parallel sides in the male. Eyes
holoptic for a long distance, flattened above with the up-
per facets greatly enlarged and the ocular pile dense and
long and pale brownish yellow. Vertical pile black. The
pollen of the face is restricted to the upper portion be-
neath the antennae and is distinctly pale brownish yellow.
The sides of the upper portion of the face on either side
of the tubercle are distinctly flattened leaving a rather
sharp ridge laterally and a corresponding well marked
crease beside the tubercle; the intervening area is flat-
tened. Thorax: the mesonotum is shining black, becom-
ing diffusely brown on the notopleura, the humeri, the
intervening area, the margin above the wing and the

26

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

27

post calli. This marginal color is moderately light brown ;
the mesopleura, pteropleura and upper metapleura, are
similarly brown, but ventrally the pleura becomes black-
ish. There are some bluish reflections upon the posterior
half of the mesonotum in the middle and a pair of faint sub-
lateral shining coppery vittae. The mesonotal pile is
chiefly black with five longitudinal stripes of shorter yel-
low pile which are restricted to the anterior half of the
mesonotum and are best seen in the posterior view. The
bristles of the thorax and scutellum are black ; the meso-
pleura with one bristle, the bulbous notopleura with four,
the post calli with six, the supraalae region with three,
the prescutellar region with eleven, the scutellar margin
with fourteen, all of which are strong and more or less
tuberculate. The scutellum is somewhat flattened and
concave before the apex but without definite crease. The
color of the scutellum is dark brown, over the disc which
is also microgranulate, the base of the scutellum and the
margin hyaline yellowish brown. Scutellum upon the
disc with purplish reflections and the disc with very fine
black hairs, rather long, which seem to proceed from the
granulations hut these hairs are scarce and scattered in
all of my specimens whereas the granulations are very
dense. Squamae dark brown with brown fringe and bor-
der. Legs: the femora are dark reddish brown, the an-
terior pair and middle pair becoming lighter in color on
the apical half. The hind pair are almost black especi-
ally on the dorsal margin. All of the tibiae light coffee
brown, the hind tibiae somewhat darker and with a sug-
gestion of a blackish brown post medial band. First
three segments of anterior and middle tarsi light reddish
brown, the remaining ones black. Hind tarsi similarly
colored but the color a little dark. Pile of legs black.
Ventral tarsal mats blackish and upon the hind pair deep
reddish sepia. Wings: with a large, quadrate, dark sepia
brown spot in the middle of the anterior half, the costal
and the first basal cells, the subcostal cell brownish yel-
low. Marginal cell closed with a short stalk. Abdomen:
first segment black, the remaining segments brilliant
metallic blue with traces of purple reflections in the mid-

28

Psyche

[Mar.

die and very faint traces of green mixed in the bine along
the lateral margins. Abdominal pile entirely black ex-
cept upon the first segment and narrowly along the base
of the second where it is yellowish. Sternites metallic
blnisli black; not so brilliant as the tergites. The pile
chiefly yellow becoming black beyond the middle of the
third sternite.

Female. Similar to the male in every respect with the
front entirely light reddish chestnut brown divided down
the middle with faint linear impressions. The pile of
the eyes is more sparse but is of the same color as in the
male.. Third antennal segment slightly concave in the
middle above, the apical portion not with parallel sides.
Arista pale yellow with about twenty-five long rays,

Holotype : male, allotype female and one paratype fe-
male from Nova Teutonia, Brazil, collected by Fritz
Planmann, Jan.-April 1948.

This species traces to macula Wiedemann or to pana-
mena Curran in Curran’s key.

Volucella liriope n. sp.

A small species related to macula Wiedemann and obli-
quicornis Curran, the tibia are entirely reddish and the
abdomen beyond the first segment is entirely black. There
is a large brown spot upon the wings. Length 7 mm.

Male. Read: the face, cheeks and front are light yel-
lowish brown. The tubercle is low with a patch of stiff
black hairs in the middle ; face otherwise with a few scat-
tered yellow hairs and sparse yellow pollen beneath the
antennae. The frontal callus is dark brown, the frontal
pile and the vertical pile black. The antennae are elongate
and entirely light brownish orange with the arista yellow-
ish on the basal half but darker apically and with about
twenty-one long rays. The eyes have the upper facets
somewhat enlarged but not flattened; the ocular pile is
light brownish to reddish yellow and quite thick upon the
upper half. Thorax: mesonotum with opalescent strong
greenish reflections and a coppery reflection where the
light strikes. The sides of the mesonotum and the an-
terior margin and the upper part of the pleura are light

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

29

reddish or yellowish brown in color. The mesonotal pile
is black with a few pale hairs behind the humeri. The
humeri are pale yellow. All pleural pile black. The
bristles of the thorax and scutellum are black; there is
one bristle upon the mesopleura, three on the notopleura,
three above wing, three upon the post calli, six in front
of the scutellum and six upon the scutellar margin. The
scutellum is dark brown in color, the disc snbopaqne with-
out posterior depression ; the disc also has bluish to cop-
pery reflections and is apparently devoid of pile, although
fine granulations suggest that there may have been pile.
There are also a few slender black hairs on each baso-
lateral margin. Squamae brown with dark brown border
and fringe. Legs: the femora are brown, the hind pair
quite dark, the anterior pair somewhat yellowish brown.
Anterior and middle tibiae brown, the hind pair deep
sepia. First three segments of all of the tarsi rather
light brownish yellow but black pilose, the mat pile on the
hind tarsi light reddish yellow; terminal segments of
tarsi blackish. Wings: distinctly greyish hyaline with
a prominent, large, quadrate, sepia brown spot in the mid-
dle anteriorly; the remainder of the first basal cell is
also blackish except at the base and except just in front
of the large brown spot. The posterior cross-veins and
the margin of the anal vein are blackish ; the stigmal cell
is yellow beyond the quadrate brown blotch then becomes
blackish for a short distance and beyond this for nearly
half of its length the stigmal cell is light brownish grey.
Marginal cell closed with a rather long stalk. Abdomen:
first segment is dark sepia brown, more or less shining;
the remaining segments are black with strong opalescent
bluish reflections ; there is a faint brassy cast where the
light strikes them.

Female. Similar to the male; the front is shining
light coffee brown on the lower half becoming opalescent
blackish on the upper half. There is a medial, linear im-
pression on the upper half of the front and in the middle
of the front the slightly raised portion is longitudinally
striate with some of the striae curved.

Holotype: male, allotype, female, Nova Teutonia, Bra-
zil, Jan. to April 1948, collected by Fritz Plaumann.

30

Psyche

[Mar.

Volucella impressa n. sp.

This species is related to pinhusi Curran and aster
Cnrran but is easily distinguished by the wholly black
abdomen besides other differences. There is a diffuse
brown tinge in the middle of the wing, and a narrow
brown stripe between the face and cheeks. Length 10 mm.

Male. Head: the face, except the region beneath the
antennae, and cheeks, except the posterior part, light cof-
fee brown in color without any medial black stripe. There
is, however, a slender brown stripe from the eye margin
to the epistoma. The lower face is somewhat conical and
slender. The low tubercle is thickly black pilose, the
pile upon the sides of the face reddish yellow. Beneath
the antennae the face is blackish with pale yellow pollen
which continues thinly but widely down to the epistoma.
The front is sepia brown becoming black near the junc-
tion of the eyes with thin, pale brownish yellow pollen.
The frontal and vertical pile is black. The eyes are not
flattened, the upper facets scarcely enlarged, the ocular
pile dense and sepia brown in color, not black. The an-
tennae are reddish brown throughout, the third segment
more narrow on the apical half ; the arista is yellowish
basally, blackish apically, with about seventeen rather
short rays. Thorax: the mesonotum and scutellum, ex-
cept for the humeri and post calli, are entirely black with
strong greenish to bluish opalescent color and coppery
reflection where the light strikes. The humeri and post
calli are light brownish yellow. The mesonotal, pleural
and scutellar pile is black and rather dense and fine ex-
cept for four longitudinal stripes of nearly white pile on
the mesonotum which is most readily seen in posterior
view. These stripes of pile extend fully three-fourths
the length of the mesonotum with the outer pair wider.
There are a very few pale hairs at the extreme base of
the scutellum, but its ventral fringe is black. The bris-
tles of the thorax are black ; there is one bristle upon the
mesopleura, three on the notopleura, three above wing,
three on the post calli, none in front of the scutellum and
ten upon the margin of the scutellum. The scutellum is
concolorous with the mesonotum with a very deep, trans-

1949]

Hull — Genus Volucella

31

verse, preapical depression extending the entire apical
width of the scutellum. The squamae are pale brown, the
outer border, the margin and the fringe very dark sepia
brown. Legs: black, only the extreme base of the an-
terior and middle tibiae and the extreme apex of their
femora yellowish brown. Pile of legs black, the ventral
mat of the hind tarsi very nearly black but actually red-
dish sepia in the middle. Wings: pale brownish hyaline
with more distinct but diffuse yellowish brown tinge in
the middle of the wing in the whole of the stigmal portion
of the subcostal cell and in the outer half of the costal
cell. Marginal cell widely open. Abdomen: the first seg-
ment is shining black, the remaining segments black and
shining with very strong opalescent greenish color and
coppery reflection where the light strikes them. Hypo-
pygium black. Sternites shining black with less conspic-
uous opalescent reflections. The pile of the first and sec-
ond sternites widely white through the middle with a few
black hairs laterally. Third and fourth sternites with
more restricted white pile in the middle.

Female. Similar to the male, the front shining black
throughout except upon the preantennal callus which is
narrowly reddish. Frontal and vertical pile of the fe-
male black. Pile of the abdomen broadly whitish on the
basal portion of the second, third and fourth segments,
becoming black narrowly on the posterior border of the
second segment, black upon the posterior half of the
third segment and the posterior half of the fourth seg-
ment except in the posterior corners.

Holotype : male, allotype, female, one paratype female,
Nova Teutonia, Brazil, collected by Fritz Plaumann,
Jan.-Apr., 1948.

Volucella tripunctata n. sp.

A small species characterized by the three brown spots
in the middle of the wing, the broad yellow translucent
base to the abdomen. Belated to fracta Curran. Length
7.5 mm.

Male. Head: face and the anterior half of the cheeks
light yellowish brown. There is an indistinct medial

32

Psyche

[Mar.

stripe upon the face which is blackish, a distinct wide
stripe from eye margin to epistoma and the posterior
half of the cheeks are black. Face with yellowish white
pile and the yellow pollen is restricted to the area below
the antennae. The front is black with only a little pollen
along the eye margins ; its pile is yellowish. The pile of
the vertex is black. The eyes are not flattened but the
upper facets are considerably enlarged and thickly dark
reddish brown pilose ; the pile extends more thinly almost
to the bottom of the eye. The antennae are light brown,
the arista yellowish but black apically with about fifteen
short rays. Thorax: the mesonotnm and scutellum are
shining black, the former with rather distinct purplish
reflections which are not opalescent. The scutellum is
slightly opalescent in reflection with a strong, complete,
transverse, preapical depression which is microgranu-
late. The post calli and humeri are light brown ; pleura
black and black pilose. The mesonotal pile and scutellar
pile black but with some scattered shorter yellow pile on
the mesonotnm which extends almost to the scutellum and
is not arranged in rows. The bristles of the thorax are
black ; there is one bristle on the mesoplenra, two on the
notopleura, three above the wing, two upon the post calli,
none in front of the scutellum and eight upon the scutel-
lar margin. Squamae very dark sepia throughout. Legs :
the femora are black becoming obscurely dark reddish
brown near the apex ; the tibiae are black, very narrowly
reddish sepia at the base of the first and second pairs.
Anterior tarsi black, their basitarsi brown upon the sides.
Middle tarsi black with the basitarsi brown. First two
segments of hind tarsi rather light reddish brown, the
remaining segments black. Pile of legs black, reddish
however, beneath the hind tarsi. Wings: very strongly
tinged with yellowish brown especially upon the anterior
half from which it fades and becomes paler and less yel-
lowish posteriorly. The whole stigmal cell is rather
deep brownish yellow beyond the end of the costal cell
and with a slightly darker brown spot across this cell
at the end of the costa. There are deep, distinct, small
brownish spots on the anterior cross vein, the base of the

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

33

third vein and at the base of the discal and third poste-
rior cells. Marginal cell closed in the costa. Abdomen:
first segment and a little more than the basal half of the
second segment light yellowish and translucent. The
translucent area laterally extends almost to the posterior
corners but is narrowly divided in the middle by a medial
blackish vitta which reaches nearly to the base of the
second segment; the remainder of the second and the
whole of the third and fourth segments are shining black.
The pile is yellow upon the yellow areas of the first seg-
ments, widely yellow on the third segment, except imme-
diately along the posterior margin, and yellow upon the
fourth segment. Second sternite and narrow base of the
third light translucent yellowish; sternal pile yellowish
white.

Female. Similar to the male, the front black and shin-
ing with pale yellow pile. The marginal cell rather
widely open.

Holotype: male, allotype, female and one paratype
female, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, Jan. to April 1948, col-
lected by Fritz Planmann.

Volucella palmyra n. sp.

A small species related to zephyrea Curran but dis-
tinguished by the yellow pilose pleura and the entirely
black front tarsi. Moreover, the entire hind tibiae are
unicolorous brownish black, not half brown. The de-
pression of the scutellum is very shallow and oval.
Length 6 mm.

Female. Head: the face is rather deeply conical, the
tubercle moderate but the face very deeply excavated
above. The face and cheeks are pale yellowish brown
with a faint trace of a slender brown stripe from epi-
stoma to eye margin. The facial pile is sparse and short
and yellow, the yellow pollen restricted to the area be-
neath the antennae. The front is shining black with only
the area about the preantennal callus reddish brown.
The pile of the front and ocellar region is sparse, short
and yellow, the upper occipital pile behind the ocelli
black. Eyes with sparse, short yellowish white pile.

34

Psyche

[Mar.

The antennae are light brownish orange, the third seg-
ment rather short but broad on the basal half and nar-
rowing but little apically; the dorsal margin is flat and
straight except at the base and apex. Arista yellow,
black at the apex, with about fifteen rays. Thorax: the
mesonotum is very dark sepia brown across the middle
with strong bluish to purplish reflection ; the blue color is
arranged in faint obscure stripes. The sides of the
mesonotum, the anterior margin and the post calli are
light brown. The upper half of the pleura is lighter
and more yellowish brown. Pleural pile brownish to
reddish yellow. The mesonotal pile is short and sparse ;
from posterior view it appears to be chiefly light yellow
with some brownish or black pile intermixed, especially
in front of the scutellum; from anterior view this pile
appears to be almost entirely brown to black. The
bristles of the thorax are black; there is one upon the
mesopleura, two upon the notopleura, three above wing,
two on post calli, none in front of scutellum and six upon
the scutellum margin. The scutellum is brown; it is
somewhat paler down the middle and in the basal corners
but with haso-lateral flattened granulate areas which
show a blue reflection and which areas are not longer
than wide. Beyond these flattened areas on either side
the scutellum has a purplish reflection. The preapical
depression is large, quite short oval, and extremely shal-
low and granulate. Squamae pale brown with rather
darker reddish brown fringe. Legs: the femora are
blackish becoming yellowish to reddish brown apically.
All of the tibiae are extremely dark sepia brown and
almost black throughout. Anterior tarsi black; the
middle basitarsi dark brown, the remainder of the seg-
ments black. Hind basitarsi rather light reddish brown,
the remaining segments black. The pile of the legs is
black. Wings: tinged with brown which is faintly yel-
lowish; the brown tinge is a little darker on the apical
half. There is a large quadrate brown spot restricted
to the subcostal cell at the end of and including the tip
of the costal cell.

The marginal cell is widely open. Abdomen: the first

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

35

segment is dark brown, the second shining black with a
pair of diffusely margined yellow triangles on the base
of the segment which are suhtranslncent and divided in
the middle by a diffuse blackish vitta. Third and fourth
segments extremely dark sepia but appearing chiefly
blackish especially in the middle. The pile of the second,
third and fourth segments is abundant, very fine and ac-
tually entirely very pale yellowish white ; in some lights
it appears to be blackish.

Holotype: female, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, Fritz Plau-
mann; Jan.-Apr., 1948.

Volucella nigropoda n. sp.

A yellow and black species. Belated to correcta Cur-
ran, the legs are quite black instead of reddish. More
than three-fourths of the mesonotum is black with a
purplish reflection. Length 7 mm.

Male. Head: the face and the posterior portion of the
cheeks and the front are pale yellow. The face has a
brownish black middle stripe becoming evanescent be-
tween the tubercle and the antennae. There is a very
wide polished black stripe from the lower eye margin to
the epistoma. The pile of the front and face is pale
yellow; the antennae are pale brownish orange. The
arista are pale, becoming dark only at the extreme tip ;
it has seventeen rays. The eyes are widely touching, the
upper facets only slightly enlarged; the upper ocular
pile is very dense, longer than that on the lower half and
nearly black in color. This upper pile becomes thinner
dorsally and posteriorly beyond the area of the enlarged
facets. The lower ocular pile appears to be reddish to
yellowish brown. Vertex black with a few black hairs.
The eye facets extend to the posterior rim of the head
upon the upper one-fourth ; the occiput which is yellowish
or greyish white pollinose stops at this point. Pile of
the occiput very short, sparse and pale yellow. Thorax:
the mesonotum is widely shining black with an opalescent
bluish and strong coppery or purple reflection. The lat-
eral margins are broadly pale yellow but the black medial
area is considerably wider than the scutellum and occu-

36

Psyche

[Mar.

pies at least three-fifths the width of the mesonotum.
The humeri are pale yellow. The scutellum is trans-
lucent, light brownish yellow without preapical depres-
sion but with a linear marginal crease or furrow running
from close to the base on either side around the margin
of the dorsal edge of the scutellum. The scutellum has
some thirty or more fine long discal black hairs and more
numerous but sparse short black hairs together with five
pairs of long, slender black bristles on the margin.
Mesonotum with two black notopleurals, two supra-alars
and two post callar and one mesopleural bristle which
are all black. Pleura pale yellow on propleura, ptero-
pleura, metapleura, upper hypopleura and narrowly on
the upper sternopleura. Remainder of pleura brownish
black. Pleural pile pale yellow. Squamae translucent
greyish with sepia border and fringe, the halteres yel-
lowish white. Legs: almost black; actually of a very
dark blackish sepia color. The base of the anterior and
middle tibiae are a little paler in color but the difference
in shade is not readily noticeable. This is also true of
the base of all the basitarsi which are actually yellowish
brown but heavily obscured by the black pile of the legs.
The legs are almost wholly black pilose with a few scat-
tered golden hairs towards the base of the femora.
Wings: hyaline, the dark brown villi nearly restricted to
the outer third. The basal half of the stigmal portion
of the subcostal cell lying beyond the confluence of the
costa and subcosta is pale yellow. The remaining outer
part of this cell is hyaline. There is a diffuse brown
spot in the subcostal cell below the confluence of costa
and subcosta which .is about twice as long as wide. There
is a very small faint brown spot at the base of the submar-
ginal cell but the cross veins are not tinged with brown.
The marginal cell is barely open and is perhaps better
described as closed at the costa. Abdomen: first and
second segments quite translucent and very pale yellow
with the posterior margin of the second segment rather
narrowly brownish black; this band is a little wider in
the middle of the segment where its band occupies not
quite a third of the medial length of the segment. The

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

37

base of the third segment is narrowly and diffusely yel-
lowish translucent. This translucent area extends widely
down the sides and across the posterior portion of the
segment leaving a rather wide, smoky, brownish black
band across the middle. The extreme margin of the
third segment is narrowly black. Fourth segment chiefly
yellowish brown with black posterior margin. The pile
of the abdomen is yellow on the yellow areas of the first
and second segments but black upon the remainder of
the abdomen and quite short except upon the anterior
corners of the second segment. First, second and third
sternites pale yellow and yellow pilose. The third with
a narrow brown post margin.

Holotype: male, Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 4, 1947, Jose
Schunke.

Volucella stigmata n. sp.

A small black species with trivittate face. Related to
fracta Curran. The facial stripes are black, not brown,
the second segment of the abdomen has a pair of distinct
rounded triangles of brownish yellow. The abdomen is
distinctly black, rather than violaceous brown. Length
8 mm.

Female. Head: face and cheeks light brown in color
with a distinct, central, medial black stripe upon the face
over the tubercle and another from the eye margin to
the epistoma. The lower part of the front is obscure
reddish brown, the upper part of the front and vertex
shining black; the facial and frontal pile is pale yellow.
The antennae are yellowish brown, the arista pale yel-
low, reddish brown apically and there are only eight rays
upon the arista ; there may have been one or two others
basally. The eyes have sparse, short, yellowish or
brownish yellow pile. Thorax: the mesonotum and scu-
tellum are black with an opalescent greenish reflection,
coppery in some lights. The sides of the mesonotum
are yellowish brown. There are two long, slender, black
bristles on the notopleura, two above the wing, two upon
the post calli, one upon the mesopleura, a single pair of

38

Psyche

[Mar.

large ones on the scutellum. The scutellum bears a few,
lateral, tine, black hairs. The pleura are dark brown,
yellowish on the metapleura and upon the suture between
the pteroplenra and mesoplenra. The scutellum has a
prominent wide preapical depression. The squamae are
pale yellow with dark brown border and fringe. The
halteres are orange with pale yellow knob. Legs: the
femora are very dark brown, the hind pair black becom-
ing deep brown distally. All of the tibiae are very dark
reddish sepia. The tarsi are all nearly concolorous with
the tibiae. The middle and posterior basitarsi are a little
lighter brown in color. Pile of the legs almost entirely
black. Wings: hyaline except for a pale yellowish brown
tinge which seems to be largely caused by the villi but
may be partly caused by the wing itself. There are sev-
eral brown spots on the wing. There is a quite long,
deep brown spot at the confluence of the subcosta and
costa which is about three or four times as long as wide ;
the apex of the costal cell is barely included in this spot ;
beyond this brown spot, in nearly the middle of the stig-
mal area of the subcostal cell, there is a faint rectangu-
lar brownish smudge or spot. There is a darker brown
spot covering the furcation of the third vein at the base
of the submarginal cell and immediately below it. There
is a trace of brown about the remaining central cross-
veins. The marginal cell is widely open. Abdomen:
the first segment is brownish yellow, the second has a
pair of prominent, distinct, narrowly separated, rounded
and horizontally elongate triangles of brownish yellow.
The remainder of this segment is shining black. The
third, fourth and fifth segments are quite black with a
faint, opalescent greenish reflection which in some lights
is a pale brassy or reddish. First and second sternites,
except the posterior margin of the second, together with
the basal margin of the third sternite, brownish yellow.
Remainder of sternum shining black with sparse subap-
pressed pale yellow pile.

Holotype; female. Pucallpa, Peru, Mar. 12, Jose
Schunke.

1949]

Hull — Genus Volucella

39

Volucella scintillans n. sp.

A brilliant metallic green and purple species. Related
to earnestina Curran. Characterized by the black pile
on the base of the apex of abdominal segment and the
brown spot on the small cross vein of the wing, besides
other differences. Length 9 mm.

Male. Head: face rather deeply projecting, brilliant
metallic green above, bluish violet below. The cheeks
have a large yellowish triangle and are metallic behind.
There is a double band of pale yellow pubescence run-
ning from the eye margin two-thirds of the way to the
epistoma. These bands are separated by the posterior
border of the metallic blue part of the face ; the second
band lies, therefore, on the yellowish triangle of the
cheeks. There is a thick band of white pollen extending
from each eye margin beneath the antennae and thence
in the middle down almost to the center of the tubercle.
The facial pile is fine and white and rather sparse. The
front and vertex are metallic green; the frontal pile is
white except for a few black hairs; the vertical pile is
longer and black. The antennae are elongate and yel-
lowish brown. Third antennal segment perhaps a little
darker in the middle and very slightly concave in the
middle dorsally. The arista is yellowish brown, becom-
ing darker apically and has about twenty-five rays. The
eyes are widely touching, the upper facets only moder-
ately enlarged, the ocular pile thick and nearly white in
color. Thorax: the mesonotum and scutellum are bril-
liant metallic green with faint brassy reflections, only
the humeri being yellowish brown in color. On the noto-
pleura and all of the pleura except the metapleura the
color deepens until it is a deep purplish blue over most
of the pleura with less of a greenish reflection. The pile
of the mesonotum and scutellum is entirely black with
only a few pale hairs behind the humeri and a few more
behind the transverse suture. The scutellum has a deep,
preapical depression and four pairs of long, black
bristles. Squamae brownish white with a round dark
brown spot; they are brown pilose on the outer edge of
the upper squamae; squamal fringe dark sepia brown.

40

Psyche

[Mar.

Halteres yellowish with nearly white knob. Legs: black
with black pile. Wings: nearly hyaline upon the pos-
terior part with slightly brownish appearance due to
thick brown villi. The onter part of the costal cell, the
first basal cell, the basal portion of the snbmarginal cell
and all of the marginal cell, except the apex, are pale
yellowish brown. The basal half of the stigmal portion
of the subcostal cell is yellowish, the remaining onter half
pale brown. There is a distinct, elongate, dark brown
spot just behind the point of confluence of the subcostal
vein with the costa. There is a smaller brown spot upon
the third longitudinal vein at the base of the submarginal
cell, a larger one upon the small cross vein and a large
but not quite so dark spot upon the apex of the marginal
cell which extends into the submarginal cell. The mar-
ginal cell is closed with a short stalk. Abdomen: the
first segment is black, the second, third and fourth are
brilliant shining blue with greenish reflections laterally
and purplish ones centrally as well as along the posterior
and anterior margins of these segments. The pile of the
first segment is almost entirely black, being narrowly
white only in the middle. Of the second segment it is
entirely black except for a broad band of yellowish white
pile in the middle which extends from the base some two-
thirds the length of the segment. Pile of third segment
entirely black except for a few white hairs basally and
sublaterally. Fourth segment’s pile entirely black
throughout.

Holotype: male. Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 9, 1947, Jose
Schunke.

SYNONYMIC AND OTHER NOTES ON
FORMICIDiE (HYMENOPTERA) *

By William L. Brown, Jr.

The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

In 1945 Dr. E. Y. Enzmann published a paper entitled
“Systematic Notes on the Genus Pseudomyrma.”1
Since this contains more confused taxonomy per page
than any other work on the Formicidae I have ever en-
countered in twelve years of reading in the field, I have
considered it advisable to publish an account of some
of the synonymy involved.

The worst, but by no means the only, category of er-
rors lies in the series of forms of Pseudomyrma de-
scribed as new from the types which Wheeler had set up
in his “Studies of Neotropical Ant-plants and Their
Ants,” published posthumously in 19422 and overlooked
by Enzmann.

Wheeler’s types were labelled as types in the usual
Museum manner, and each series bore Wheeler’s clearly
legible determination label. Enzmann copied these names
and used them in his paper, creating a series of synonym-
homonyms, but since he made several mistakes in tran-
scribing the spelling, some of the species may be consid-
ered synonymous but not strictly homonymous. Of the
remainder of Enzmann ’s publication, much may be
safely ignored by taxonomists, including the erratic keys
and the pseudophylogenetic separation into “branches”
and “groups.” Some forms described as new are from
sources other than the Wheeler type material; since the
Enzmannian types have not been made available for
study, it will devolve upon the future reviser of Pseudo-
myrma, a genus well-scrambled even in pre-Enzmannian
times, to decide the fate of the species not treated here.

The species are listed as Wheeler had them, each with
the corresponding Enzmannian form beneath it. To

* Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

1 Psyche, 51: 59-103, 3 pis. (1945).

2 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 90: 1-262, 56 pis. (1942).

41

42

Psyche

[Mar.

shorten the task, I have given date and page references
only; plate and figure references are omitted. Refer-
ences to Wheeler’s 1942 and Enzmann ’s 1945 papers are
given in the preceding footnotes. The Museum of Com-
parative Zoology type catalog numbers are contained in
parentheses with the initials (MCZ).

Pseudomyrma alliodorce Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 157-158.

P. allidora [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945, pp. 77-78 (MCZ
20533).

Pseudomyrma belti subsp. saffordi Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 162.

P. sabanica var. saffordi E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 89 (MCZ
20537).

The term “sabanica” is evidently a misspelling of
Wheeler’s specific name satanica (P. satanica Wheeler,
1942, pp, 174-175), of which Enzmann considered saf-
fordi a variety.

Pseudomyrma belti subsp. venifica Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 162-163.

P. belti subsp. venifica E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 81 (MCZ
20538).

Pseudomyrma belti subsp. bequaerti Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 164.

P. belti subsp. bequaerti E. Enzmann, 1945, pp. 80-81
(MCZ 23139).

Pseudomyrma latinoda var. coronata Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 167-168

P. latinoda var. coronata E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 88 (MCZ
20542).

Pseudomyrma latinoda subsp. bradleyi Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 169.

P. bradleyi E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 82 (MCZ 22864).

1949]

Brown — Notes on F ormicidce

43

Pseudomyrma sericea var. acaciarum Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 176.

P. sericea var. acaciorum [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 90
(MCZ 22865).

Pseudomyrma spinicola subsp. sclerosa Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 180-181.

P. spinolce [sic!] var. inf emails E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 91
(MCZ 20547).

Pseudomyrma spinicola subsp. sclerosa Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 181-182.

P. spinolce [sic!] var. sclerosa E. Enzmann, 1945, pp. 91-
92 (MCZ 23145).

Pseudomyrma triplaridis subsp. baileyi Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 185-186.

P. triplaridis subsp. biolleyi [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945, pp.
93-94 (MCZ 20548).

Pseudomyrma triplaridis subsp. tigrina Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 186.

P. triplaridis subsp. trigona [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945,
pp. 94-95 (MCZ 23147).

Pseudomyrma triplaridis subsp. boxi Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 184.

P. triplaridis subsp. boxi E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 94 (MCZ
23146).

The two following forms which Wheeler saw, but re-
frained from describing, are easily synonymized with
common species of Pseudomyrma.

Pseudomyrma gracilis (Fabricius)

Fabricius, 1805, Syst. Piez., p. 405 (Formica).

P. gracilis var. longinoda E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 87 (MCZ
26812).

44

Psyche

[Mar.

Pseudomyrma triplarind (Weddell)

Weddell, 1849, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. (3) 13: 40-113,
249-268 ( Myrmica ).

P. arboris-sanctce Emery, 1894, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,
26: 147.

P. arboris-sanctce var. ecuadoriana E. Enzmann, 1945,
pp. 79-80 (MCZ 26809).

The types of ecuadoriana are few, partially frag-
mented, and accompanied by what appear to be Azteca
workers glued to the card with the ecuadoriana. I can
see no characters which distinguish them ( ecuadoriana )
from a series of triplarina workers from several South
American localities in the Wheeler Collection.

Following the publication of Dr. Enzmann ’s paper on
Pseudomyrma, others were published by his daughter,
Miss Jane Enzmann. All but one of the species de-
scribed, however, appear to be synonyms of common
Nearctic forms. Dr. William S. Creighton has discussed
these forms with me, and I am grateful for his opinions
on several obscure cases. His forthcoming book, which
amounts to a revision of North American ants, will also
carry notes on the synonymy of these forms, but techni-
cal difficulties prevent him from dealing with them at any
length. Most species treated below involve Enzmannian
names, but several other forms of older authors are
changed in status as well.

Myrmecina americana Emery

M. latreillei subsp. americana Emery, 1895, Zool. Jahrb.
Syst., 8 : 271.

M. latreillei subsp. americana var. brevispinosa Emery,
idem., p. 271.

M. graminicola subsp. quadrispina J. Enzmann, 1946,
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54 : 13-15, tigs. 1, 2, worker.

In the manuscript of his work on North American ants,
which he has kindly allowed me to examine, Dr. Creigh-
ton has raised the form known for many years as Myrme-
cina graminicola subsp. americana to the rank of species.

1949]

Brown — Notes on Formicidee

45

There appears little objection to this move, though the
differences between the Palearctic graminicola and the
Nearctic form are very slight. The forms quadrispina
and brevispinosa, however, cannot be considered valid
forms.

The Enzmannian subspecies ( quadrispina ) was taken
(holotype worker) on the south slope of the Bine Hills,
a rather restricted elevated area just outside Boston,
Massachusetts. Two colonies collected by me in this
locality were confined for several months in artificial
nests. Specimens killed at the time of collection and
others examined after two months of rearing show a
wide range of variation in size, sculpture and color. The
larger workers, mostly those killed at the time of collec-
tion, agree well with the description and figures, as well
as my impressions, gained from a rather cursory exami-
nation of the type, of quadrispina. These workers also
agree with Emery’s original description of americana
and with specimens identified as americana by Wheeler
and by Creighton.

My nests also produced, after a month or so of sub-
starvation condition^, small light-colored workers corres-
ponding well with published descriptions of brevispinosa
and with specimens determined as such in the Wheeler
Collection. These workers were raised from small larvae
during a period in which the colonies refused all types
of prepared foods, including bread and fats. When ripe
seed-heads of timothy and some small herbaceous plants
were later introduced, the colony eagerly accepted the
seeds as food, but the workers which had previously
hatched never became, even after four weeks, as fully
colored as the workers reared in the wild. I conclude
that the variant brevispinosa is merely the stunted
workers from either an incipient or poorly-nourished
colony.

Both my nests were taken under large, well-embedded
stones in a rich, shady beech woods. Each colony occu-
pied a small oval chamber in the soil, about three quar-
ters of an inch in greatest diameter and less than a quar-
ter inch deep, with the smooth lower surface of the stone

46

Psyche

[Mar.

forming the immediate roof. The artificial nests were
set np on the evening of collection (June 10). A few
males also developed from the larvae taken with the
nests, and these pupated during early August and de-
veloped into adults in late August. All the males es-
caped both nests through cracks during one night in
early September, presumably on nuptial flight, since they
had not previously attempted to leave the brood cham-
ber which the ants constructed at the end of each nest
from small particles of earth that had been scattered
over the nest floor. These chambers were an almost
exact replica of the ones found under the stones, open at
the top and with a small passage at one side.

The queens never left the brood except on the occasion
of the introduction of the first grass seed, when all the
workers and one queen left the brood and examined the
seeds. The queen returned after a brief period and re-
sumed her watch over the brood.

In studying various Myrmecina in the Wheeler Collec-
tion, I have seen other forms of very doubtful validity.
All these are presently considered subspecies of grami-
nicola , under which Wheeler placed them in his original
descriptions. Texana is supposed to differ from ameri-
cana by its “scotch grain” shagreening of the first gas-
tric segment. However, specimens from many localities
in the states east of the Mississippi also possess this
characteristic to a varying degree, and specimens from
North Carolina and northern Ohio show much heavier
sculpture of this type than do the texana types. The
texana types, however, do seem to differ slightly from
americana in having a much less definitely longitudinal
orientation to the rugulation of the head, with the longi-
tudinal rugae having many prominent transverse spurs
and branches. Other Texan specimens I have seen all
belong to the typical americana, including a specimen
identified by Wheeler as texana. Since sculpture ap-
pears to be one of the several very unstable features of
Holarctic Myrmecina, I believe that further collecting in
Texas and Mexico will show that this form is synonymous
with americana.

1949]

Brown — Notes on F ormicidce

47

Wheeler’s two Oriental forms, graminicola snbsp.
nipponica and graminicola snbsp. sinensis, are also
doubtful. The former has the anterior clypeal tubercles
developed much as in graminicola, and seems hardly
separable from that form. The latter has the clypeal
tubercles reduced and seems scarcely distinguishable
from americana. I should not be surprised if sinensis
were to prove to be the same as sicula, from the southern
Palearctic region; or if both of these ( sicula and sinen-
sis) were identical to americana. In fact, the entire
Holarctic Myrmecina fauna may end by being considered
as one huge species cline in which the geographical races
have not yet become sufficiently isolated to form distinct
subspecies exclusively inhabiting a given area.

Tetramorium ccespitum (Linnaeus)

Linnaeus, 1785, Syst. Nat. (Ed. 10), 1: 581 ( Formica )
Myrmica ( Myrmica ) brevinodis var. transversinodis
J. Enzmann, 1946, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54: 47-49, figs.
1, 2, worker.

Dr. Creighton and I are in complete agreement that
this form ( transversinodis ) must be added to the long
list of synonyms of the common pavement ant. Al-
though I have not seen the type, the description, figures
and notes on the habits leave little doubt of the correct
placement. This ant should not be mistaken for Myr-
mica Icevinodis, listed under various names and possibly
a subspecies of M. rubra, which is an introduced form
quite common in the Boston area. M. Icevinodis some-
times enters bouses, but then as solitary individuals
probably brought in on clothing, as has been my frequent
observation in Cambridge. This Myrmica possesses a
very potent sting, the effects of which may last for sev-
eral hours.

Crematogaster lineolata (Say)

Say, 1836, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 1: 290,
all castes (Myrmica).

C. lineolata cerasi var. punctinodis J. Enzmann, 1946,
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54 : 91-92, pi. 2, fig. 7, all
castes.

48 Psyche tMar-

C. lineolata cerasi var. wheldeni J. Enzmann, idem., p.

92, worker.

Dr. Creighton and I agree that these two forms either
represent the typical lineolata or intergrade with what
Dr. Creighton considers snbsp. subopaca. Enzmann has
raised cerasi Fitch to subspecific rank, but Dr. Creigh-
ton’s forthcoming book will show that this name must
be dropped.

Crematogaster vermiculata Emery
Emery, 1895, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., B: 286.

Considered impossible of exact determination, but
probably equivalent to vermiculata or an integrade be-
tween vermiculata and a subspecies, are three forms de-
scribed in a paper by Jane Enzmann in 1946. 3 These all
have in common the name coachellai and the subgeneric
classification as Crematogaster ( Acrocodia ), but here
the consistency ends. The synonymous forms with page
references to Miss. Enzmann ’s paper are as follows: C.
lineolata subsp. coachellai “E. Enz. in lit.,” p. 93, sec. iii.
C. sanguinea subsp. coachellai “E. Enzmann, in lit.,”
p. 95, couplet 19. C. lineolata var. coachellai J. Enz-
mann, PL 2 (p. 97), fig. 3.

The first of these three names is given in a grouped
list with a superficial characterization of major sections
only, the second appears in a dichotomous key, and the
third appears in the legend to the plate. It is doubtful
whether or not the authorship should be ascribed to E.
Enzmann for the first two of these, even though it seems
clear that such was intended. The types of these forms
have not been made available to me for study, so I con-
sider the form coachellai unrecognizable in the absence
of a proper description.

In still another paper by Jane Enzmann4 the tribe
Aphcenogastrini is set up, a category which is untenable.
The genera included in this “ tribe” have numerous in-
tergrades with other groups of the Pheidolini J to which

3 Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54: 91-92 (1946).

4 Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 55: 147-152, (1947).

s Pheidolini Emery, Rend. Acad. Sc. Bologna, (1913-14).

1949]

Brown — Notes on Formicidce

49

Aphcenog aster and Novomessor clearly belong. One as-
tounding error is the appearance of Lobognathus as a
sub-genus in the key on page 152. This appeared to be
miscopy of a large label earlier placed by Dr. Creighton
on an unidentified specimen of V eromessor : Creighton ’s
label in the Wheeler Collection reads “lobognathus new
subspecies.” The name must be considered a lapsus
and a synonym of V eromessor.I * * * * 6

Two of the species described in this paper are minor
workers, probably from incipient nests, of two well-
known North American ants, which are listed below.

Novomessor albisetosus (Mayr)

Mayr, 1886, Yerh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 36: 443-446,
(Aphceno g aster) .

N. cockerelli var. minor J. Enzmann, 1947, pp. 147-148,
PI. 8, top.

Aphcenog aster fulva Roger
Roger, 1863, Berl. Ent. Zeitschrift, 7 : 190.
Aphcenogaster fulva var. rubida J. Enzmann, 1947, pp.
147-148, PI. 8, bottom.

I have not considered other Enzmannian forms be-
cause of my unfamiliarity with the groups concerned

and because of my lack of time and taste for the task.

The publications considered above should certainly sug-

gest to all who examine them the need for some means

of formal nullification of the published extremes of such
irresponsible taxonomy.

QVeromessor Forel, 1917, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., 51: 235 (described
as subgenus of Novomessor).

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday
of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8:00
p.m. in Room B^455, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave.,
Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited
to attend.

FOR SALE

The Librarian of the Museum of Comparative Zoology is
offering for sale a limited number of sets of the “Contribu-
tions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey
Institution.’ ’ These are priced at $15.00 f.o.b., Cambridge,

Massachusetts.

Each set includes reprints of 292 entomological papers which
appeared in various entomological and zoological journals pub-
lished during the period from 1909 to 1929. These form seven
large volumes each substantially bound in red buckram, and a
number of additional reprints to form an eighth volume. Alto-
gether there are more than 5800 pages included. Shipping weight
is approximately 50 pounds.

Orders should be addressed to Assistant Librarian, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

The Cambridge Entomological Club has for sale reprints of
articles published in Psyche between 1910 and 1920. A list of
articles available can be obtained from the Editorial Office
of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave., Cambridge,
Mass.

BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE

The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale
the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are
entirely out of print.

Volumes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, each covering a period of three
years, $5.00 each.

Volumes 10, 12, 14, 17, each covering a single year, $1.00 each.

Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, each covering a single
year, $1.50 each.

Volumes 27 to 53, each covering a single year, $2.00.

Volumes 54 and 55, each covering a single year, $3.00.

Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10%.

Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 20%.

All orders should be addressed to

F. M. Carpenter, Editor of Psyche,

Biological Laboratories,
Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass.

1949]

Hull — Genus Volucella

27

post calli. This marginal color is moderately light brown ;
the mesopleura, pteropleura and upper metapleura, are
similarly brown, but ventrally the pleura becomes black-
ish. There are some bluish reflections upon the posterior
half of the mesonotum in the middle and a pair of faint sub-
lateral shining coppery vittae. The mesonotal pile is
chiefly black with five longitudinal stripes of shorter yel-
low pile which are restricted to the anterior half of the
mesonotum and are best seen in the posterior view. The
bristles of the thorax and scutellum are black ; the meso-
pleura with one bristle, the bulbous notopleura with four,
the post calli with six, the supraalse region with three,
the prescutellar region with eleven, the scutellar margin
with fourteen, all of which are strong and more or less
tuberculate. The scutellum is somewhat flattened and
concave before the apex but without definite crease. The
color of the scutellum is dark brown, over the disc which
is also microgranulate, the base of the scutellum and the
margin hyaline yellowish brown. Scutellum upon the
disc with purplish reflections and the disc with very fine
black hairs, rather long, which seem to proceed from the
granulations but these hairs are scarce and scattered in
all of my specimens whereas the granulations are very
dense. Squamse dark brown with brown fringe and bor-
der. Legs: the femora are dark reddish brown, the an-
terior pair and middle pair becoming lighter in color on
the apical half. The hind pair are almost black especi-
ally on the dorsal margin. All of the tibiae light coffee
brown, the hind tibiae somewhat darker and with a sug-
gestion of a blackish brown post medial band. First
three segments of anterior and middle tarsi light reddish
brown, the remaining ones black. Hind tarsi similarly
colored hut the color a little dark. Pile of legs black.
Ventral tarsal mats blackish and upon the hind pair deep
reddish sepia. Wings : with a large, quadrate, dark sepia
brown spot in the middle of the anterior half, the costal
and the first basal cells, the subcostal cell brownish yel-
low. Marginal cell closed with a short stalk. Abdomen :
first segment black, the remaining segments brilliant
metallic blue with traces of purple reflections in the mid-

28

Psyche

[Mar.

die and very faint traces of green mixed in the blue along
the lateral margins. Abdominal pile entirely black ex-
cept upon the first segment and narrowly along the base
of the second where it is yellowish. Sternites metallic
bluish black; not so brilliant as the tergites. The pile
chiefly yellow becoming black beyond the middle of the
third sternite.

Female. Similar to the male in every respect with the
front entirely light reddish chestnut brown divided down
the middle with faint linear impressions. The pile of
the eyes is more sparse but is of the same color as in the
male. Third antennal segment slightly concave in the
middle above, the apical portion not with parallel sides.
Arista pale yellow with about twenty-five long rays.

Holotype : male, allotype female and one paratype fe-
male from Nova Teutonia, Brazil, collected by Fritz
Plaumann, Jan.-April 1948.

This species traces to macula Wiedemann or to pana-
mena Curran in Curran’s key.

Volucella liriope n. sp.

A small species related to macula Wiedemann and obli-
quicornis Curran, the tibia are entirely reddish and the
abdomen beyond the first segment is entirely black. There
is a large brown spot upon the wings. Length 7 mm.

Male. Head : the face, cheeks and front are light yel-
lowish brown. The tubercle is low with a patch of stiff
black hairs in the middle ; face otherwise with a few scat-
tered yellow hairs and sparse yellow pollen beneath the
antennae. The frontal callus is dark brown, the frontal
pile and the vertical pile black. The antennae are elongate
and entirely light brownish orange with the arista yellow-
ish on the basal half but darker apically and with about
twenty-one long rays. The eyes have the upper facets
somewhat enlarged but not flattened; the ocular pile is
light brownish to reddish yellow and quite thick upon the
upper half. Thorax: mesonotum with opalescent strong
greenish reflections and a coppery reflection where the
light strikes. The sides of the mesonotum and the an-
terior margin and the upper part of the pleura are light

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

29

reddish or yellowish brown in color. The mesonotal pile
is black with a few pale hairs behind the humeri. The
humeri are pale yellow. All pleural pile black. The
bristles of the thorax and scutellum are black; there is
one bristle upon the mesopleura, three on the notopleura,
three above wing, three upon the post calli, six in front
of the scutellum and six upon the scutellar margin. The
scutellum is dark brown in color, the disc subopaque with-
out posterior depression ; the disc also has bluish to cop-
pery reflections and is apparently devoid of pile, although
fine granulations suggest that there may have been pile.
There are also a few slender black hairs on each baso-
lateral margin. Squamae brown with dark brown border
and fringe. Legs: the femora are brown, the hind pair
quite dark, the anterior pair somewhat yellowish brown.
Anterior and middle tibiae brown, the hind pair deep
sepia. First three segments of all of the tarsi rather
light brownish yellow but black pilose, the mat pile on the
hind tarsi light reddish yellow; terminal segments of
tarsi blackish. Wings : distinctly greyish hyaline with
a prominent, large, quadrate, sepia brown spot in the mid-
dle anteriorly; the remainder of the first basal cell is
also blackish except at the base and except just in front
of the large brown spot. The posterior cross-veins and
the margin of the anal vein are blackish ; the stigmal cell
is yellow beyond the quadrate brown blotch then becomes
blackish for a short distance and beyond this for nearly
half of its length the stigmal cell is light brownish grey.
Marginal cell closed with a rather long stalk. Abdomen:
first segment is dark sepia brown, more or less shining;
the remaining segments are black with strong opalescent
bluish reflections ; there is a faint brassy cast where the
light strikes them.

Female. Similar to the male; the front is shining
light coffee brown on the lower half becoming opalescent
blackish on the upper half. There is a medial, linear im-
pression on the upper half of the front and in the middle
of the front the slightly raised portion is longitudinally
striate with some of the striae curved.

Holotype: male, allotype, female, Nova Teutonia, Bra-
zil, Jan. to April 1948, collected by Fritz Plaumann.

30

Psyche

[Mar.

Volucella impressa n. sp.

This species is related to pinkusi Curran and aster
Curran but is easily distinguished by the wholly black
abdomen besides other differences. There is a diffuse
brown tinge in the middle of the wing, and a narrow
brown stripe between the face and cheeks. Length 10 mm.

Male. Head: the face, except the region beneath the
antennae, and cheeks, except the posterior part, light cof-
fee brown in color without any medial black stripe. There
is, however, a slender brown stripe from the eye margin
to the epistoma. The lower face is somewhat conical and
slender. The low tubercle is thickly black pilose, the
pile upon the sides of the face reddish yellow. Beneath
the antennae the face is blackish with pale yellow pollen
which continues thinly but widely down to the epistoma.
The front is sepia brown becoming black near the junc-
tion of the eyes with thin, pale brownish yellow pollen.
The frontal and vertical pile is black. The eyes are not
flattened, the upper facets scarcely enlarged, the ocular
pile dense and sepia brown in color, not black. The an-
tennae are reddish brown throughout, the third segment
more narrow on the apical half ; the arista is yellowish
basally, blackish apically, with about seventeen rather
short rays. Thorax: the mesonotum and scutellum, ex-
cept for the humeri and post calli, are entirely black with
strong greenish to bluish opalescent color and coppery
reflection where the light strikes. The humeri and post
calli are light brownish yellow. The mesonotal, pleural
and scutellar pile is black and rather dense and fine ex-
cept for four longitudinal stripes of nearly white pile on
the mesonotum which is most readily seen in posterior
view. These stripes of pile extend fully three-fourths
the length of the mesonotum with the outer pair wider.
There are a very few pale hairs at the extreme base of
the scutellum, but its ventral fringe is black. The bris-
tles of the thorax are black ; there is one bristle upon the
mesopleura, three on the notopleura, three above wing,
three on the post calli, none in front of the scutellum and
ten upon the margin of the scutellum. The scutellum is
concolorous with the mesonotum with a very deep, trans-

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

31

verse, preapical depression extending the entire apical
width of the scutellum. The squamee are pale brown, the
outer border, the margin and the fringe very dark sepia
brown. Legs: black, only the extreme base of the an-
terior and middle tibiae and the extreme apex of their
femora yellowish brown. Pile of legs black, the ventral
mat of the hind tarsi very nearly black but actually red-
dish sepia in the middle. Wings : pale brownish hyaline
with more distinct hut diffuse yellowish brown tinge in
the middle of the wing in the whole of the stigmal portion
of the subcostal cell and in the outer half of the costal
cell. Marginal cell widely open. Abdomen: the first seg-
ment is shining black, the remaining segments black and
shining with very strong Opalescent greenish color and
coppery reflection where the light strikes them. Hypo-
pyginm black. Sternites shining black with less conspic-
uous opalescent reflections. The pile of the first and sec-
ond sternites widely white through the middle with a few
black hairs laterally. Third and fourth sternites with
more restricted white pile in the middle.

Female. Similar to the male, the front shining black
throughout except upon the preantennal callus which is
narrowly reddish. Frontal and vertical pile of the fe-
male black. Pile of the abdomen broadly whitish on the
basal portion of the second, third and fourth segments,
becoming black narrowly on the posterior border of the
second segment, black upon the posterior half of the
third segment and the posterior half of the fourth seg-
ment except in the posterior corners.

Holotype : male, allotype, female, one paratype female,
Nova Teutonia, Brazil, collected by Fritz Planmann,
Jan.-Apr., 1948.

Volucella tripunctata n. sp.

A small species characterized by the three brown spots
in the middle of the wing, the broad yellow translucent
base to the abdomen. Belated to fracta Curran. Length
7.5 mm.

Male. Head: face and the anterior half of the cheeks
light yellowish brown. There is an indistinct medial

32

Psyche

[Mar.

stripe upon the face which is blackish, a distinct wide
stripe from eye margin to epistoma and the posterior
half of the cheeks are black. Face with yellowish white
pile and the yellow pollen is restricted to the area below
the antennae. The front is black with only a little pollen
along the eye margins ; its pile is yellowish. The pile of
the vertex is black. The eyes are not flattened bnt the
upper facets are considerably enlarged and thickly dark
reddish brown pilose ; the pile extends more thinly almost
to the bottom of the eye. The antennae are light brown,
the arista yellowish bnt black apically with about fifteen
short rays. Thorax: the mesonotum and scutellum are
shining black, the former with rather distinct purplish
reflections which are not opalescent. The scutellum is
slightly opalescent in reflection with a strong, complete,
transverse, preapical depression which is microgranu-
late. The post calli and humeri are light brown ; pleura
black and black pilose. The mesonotal pile and scutellar
pile black bnt with some scattered shorter yellow pile on
the mesonotum which extends almost to the scutellum and
is not arranged in rows. The bristles of the thorax are
black ; there is one bristle on the mesopleura, two on the
notopleura, three above the wing, two upon the post calli,
none in front of the scutellum and eight upon the scutel-
lar margin. Squamae very dark sepia throughout. Legs :
the femora are black becoming obscurely dark reddish
brown near the apex ; the tibiae are black, very narrowly
reddish sepia at the base of the first and second pairs.
Anterior tarsi black, their basitarsi brown upon the sides.
Middle tarsi black with the basitarsi brown. First two
segments of hind tarsi rather light reddish brown, the
remaining segments black. Pile of legs black, reddish
however, beneath the hind tarsi. Wings: very strongly
tinged with yellowish brown especially upon the anterior
half from which it fades and becomes paler and less yel-
lowish posteriorly. The whole stigmal cell is rather
deep brownish yellow beyond the end of the costal cell
and with a slightly darker brown spot across this cell
at the end of the costa. There are deep, distinct, small
brownish spots on the anterior cross vein, the base of the

1049]

Hull — Genus Volucella

33

third vein and at the base of the discal and third poste-
rior cells. Marginal cell closed in the costa. Abdomen:
first segment and a little more than the basal half of the
second segment light yellowish and translucent. The
translucent area laterally extends almost to the posterior
corners but is narrowly divided in the middle by a medial
blackish vitta which reaches nearly to the base of the
second segment; the remainder of the second and the
whole of the third and fourth segments are shining black.
The pile is yellow upon the yellow areas of the first seg-
ments, widely yellow on the third segment, except imme-
diately along the posterior margin, and yellow upon the
fourth segment. Second sternite and narrow base of the
third light translucent yellowish; sternal pile yellowish
white.

Female. Similar to the male, the front black and shin-
ing with pale yellow pile. The marginal cell rather
widely open.

Holotype: male, allotype, female and one paratype
female, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, Jan. to April 1948, col-
lected by Fritz Planmann.

Volucella palmyra n. sp.

A small species related to zephyrea Curran but dis-
tinguished by the yellow pilose pleura and the entirely
black front tarsi. Moreover, the entire hind tibiae are
unicolorous brownish black, not half brown. The de-
pression of the scutellum is very shallow and oval.
Length 6 mm.

Female. Head: the face is rather deeply conical, the
tubercle moderate but the face very deeply excavated
above. The face and cheeks are pale yellowish brown
with a faint trace of a slender brown stripe from epi-
stoma to eye margin. The facial pile is sparse and short
and yellow, the yellow pollen restricted to the area be-
neath the antennae. The front is shining black with only
the area about the preantennal callus reddish brown.
The pile of the front and ocellar region is sparse, short
and yellow, the upper occipital pile behind the ocelli
black. Eyes with sparse, short yellowish white pile.

34

Psyche

[Mar.

The antennae are light brownish orange, the third seg-
ment rather short but broad on the basal half and nar-
rowing but little apically; the dorsal margin is flat and
straight except at the base and apex. Arista yellow,
black at the apex, with about fifteen rays. Thorax: the
mesonotnm is very dark sepia brown across the middle
with strong bluish to purplish reflection ; the blue color is
arranged in faint obscure stripes. The sides of the
mesonotum, the anterior margin and the post calli are
light brown. The upper half of the pleura is lighter
and more yellowish brown. Pleural pile brownish to
reddish yellow. The mesonotal pile is short and sparse ;
from posterior view it appears to be chiefly light yellow
with some brownish or black pile intermixed, especially
in front of the scutellum; from anterior view this pile
appears to be almost entirely brown to black. The
bristles of the thorax are black; there is one upon the
mesopleura, two upon the notopleura, three above wing,
two on post calli, none in front of scutellum and six upon
the scutellum margin. The scutellum is brown; it is
somewhat paler down the middle and in the basal corners
but with baso-lateral flattened granulate areas which
show a bine reflection and which areas are not longer
than wide. Beyond these flattened areas on either side
the scutellum has a purplish reflection. The preapical
depression is large, quite short oval, and extremely shal-
low and granulate. Squamae pale brown with rather
darker reddish brown fringe. Legs: the femora are
blackish becoming yellowish to reddish brown apically.
All of the tibiae are extremely dark sepia brown and
almost black throughout. Anterior tarsi black; the
middle basitarsi dark brown, the remainder of the seg-
ments black. Hind basitarsi rather light reddish brown,
the remaining segments black. The pile of the legs is
black. Wings: tinged with brown which is faintly yel-
lowish; the brown tinge is a little darker on the apical
half. There is a large quadrate brown spot restricted
to the subcostal cell at the end of and including the tip
of the costal cell.

The marginal cell is widely open. Abdomen: the first

1949]

Hull — Genus Volucella

35

segment is dark brown, the second shining black with a
pair of diffusely margined yellow triangles on the base
of the segment which are snbtranslncent and divided in
the middle by a diffuse blackish vitta. Third and fourth
segments extremely dark sepia but appearing chiefly
blackish especially in the middle. The pile of the second,
third and fourth segments is abundant, very fine and ac-
tually entirely very pale yellowish white; in some lights
it appears to be blackish.

Holotype : female, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, Fritz Plau-
mann; Jan.-Apr., 1948.

Volucella nigropoda n. sp.

A yellow and black species. Related to correcta Cur-
ran, the legs are quite black instead of reddish. More
than three-fourths of the mesonotnm is black with a
purplish reflection. Length 7 mm.

Male. Head: the face and the posterior portion of the
cheeks and the front are pale yellow. The face has a
brownish black middle stripe becoming evanescent be-
tween the tubercle and the antennae. There is a very
wide polished black stripe from the lower eye margin to
the epistoma. The pile of the front and face is pale
yellow; the antennae are pale brownish orange. The
arista are pale, becoming dark only at the extreme tip;
it has seventeen rays. The eyes are widely touching, the
upper facets only slightly enlarged; the upper ocular
pile is very dense, longer than that on the lower half and
nearly black in color. This upper pile becomes thinner
dorsally and posteriorly beyond the area of the enlarged
facets. The lower ocular pile appears to be reddish to
yellowish brown. Vertex black with a few black hairs.
The eye facets extend to the posterior rim of the head
upon the upper one-fonrth ; the occiput which is yellowish
or greyish white pollinose stops at this point. Pile of
the occiput very short, sparse and pale yellow. Thorax:
the mesonotnm is widely shining black with an opalescent
bluish and strong coppery or purple reflection. The lat-
eral margins are broadly pale yellow but the black medial
area is considerably wider than the scutellum and occn-

36

Psyche

[Mar.

pies at least three-fifths the width of the mesonotum.
The humeri are pale yellow. The scutellum is trans-
lucent, light brownish yellow without preapical depres-
sion but with a linear marginal crease or furrow running
from close to the base on either side around the margin
of the dorsal edge of the scutellum. The scutellum has
some thirty or more fine long discal black hairs and more
numerous but sparse short black hairs together with five
pairs of long, slender black bristles on the margin.
Mesonotum with two black notopleurals, two supra-alars
and two post callar and one mesopleural bristle which
are all black. Pleura pale yellow on propleura, ptero-
pleura, metapleura, upper hypopleura and narrowly on
the upper sternopleura. Remainder of pleura brownish
black. Pleural pile pale yellow. Squamae translucent
greyish with sepia border and fringe, the halteres yel-
lowish white. Legs: almost black; actually of a very
dark blackish sepia color. The base of the anterior and
middle tibiae are a little paler in color hut the difference
in shade is not readily noticeable. This is also true of
the base of all the basitarsi which are actually yellowish
brown but heavily obscured by the black pile of the legs.
The legs are almost wholly black pilose with a few scat-
tered golden hairs towards the base of the femora.
Wings: hyaline, the dark brown villi nearly restricted to
the outer third. The basal half of the stigmal portion
of the subcostal cell lying beyond the confluence of the
costa and subcosta is pale yellow. The remaining outer
part of this cell is hyaline. There is a diffuse brown
spot in the subcostal cell below the confluence of costa
and subcosta which is about twice as long as wide. There
is a very small faint brown spot at the base of the submar-
ginal cell but the cross veins are not tinged with brown.
The marginal cell is barely open and is perhaps better
described as closed at the costa. Abdomen: first and
second segments quite translucent and very pale yellow
with the posterior margin of the second segment rather
narrowly brownish black; this band is a little wider in
the middle of the segment where its band occupies not
quite a third of the medial length of the segment. The

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

37

base of the third segment is narrowly and diffusely yel-
lowish translucent. This translucent area extends widely
down the sides and across the posterior portion of the
segment leaving a rather wide, smoky, brownish black
band across the middle. The extreme margin of the
third segment is narrowly black. Fourth segment chiefly
yellowish brown with black posterior margin. The pile
of the abdomen is yellow on the yellow areas of the first
and second segments but black upon the remainder of
the abdomen and quite short except upon the anterior
corners of the second segment. First, second and third
sternites pale yellow and yellow pilose. The third with
a narrow brown post margin.

Holotype: male, Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 4, 1947, Jose
Schunke.

Volucella stigmata n. sp.

A small black species with trivittate face. Related to
fracta Curran. The facial stripes are black, not brown,
the second segment of the abdomen has a pair of distinct
rounded triangles of brownish yellow. The abdomen is
distinctly black, rather than violaceous brown. Length
8 mm.

Female. Head: face and cheeks light brown in color
with a distinct, central, medial black stripe upon the face
over the tubercle and another from the eye margin to
the epistoma. The lower part of the front is obscure
reddish brown, the upper part of the front and vertex
shining black; the facial and frontal pile is pale yellow.
The antennae are yellowish brown, the arista pale yel-
low, reddish brown apically and there are only eight rays
upon the arista ; there may have been one or two others
basally. The eyes have sparse, short, yellowish or
brownish yellow pile. Thorax: the mesonotum and scu-
tellum are black with an opalescent greenish reflection,
coppery in some lights. The sides of the mesonotum
are yellowish brown. There are two long, slender, black
bristles on the notopleura, two above the wing, two upon
the post calli, one upon the mesopleura, a single pair of

38

Psyche

[Mar.

large ones on the scutellum. The scutellum bears a few,
lateral, fine, black hairs. The plenra are dark brown,
yellowish on the metaplenra and upon the sntnre between
the pteroplenra and mesoplenra. The scntellum has a
prominent wide preapical depression. The squamae are
pale yellow with dark brown border and fringe. The
lialteres are orange with pale yellow knob. Legs: the
femora are very dark brown, the hind pair black becom-
ing deep brown distally. All of the tibiae are very dark
reddish sepia. The tarsi are all nearly concolorous with
the tibiae. The middle and posterior basitarsi are a little
lighter brown in color. Pile of the legs almost entirely
black. Wings: hyaline except for a pale yellowish brown
tinge which seems to be largely caused by the villi but
may be partly caused by the wing itself. There are sev-
eral brown spots on the wing. There is a quite long,
deep brown spot at the confluence of the subcosta and
costa which is about three or four times as long as wide ;
the apex of the costal cell is barely included in this spot ;
beyond this brown spot, in nearly the middle of the stig-
ma! area of the subcostal cell, there is a faint rectangu-
lar brownish smudge or spot. There is a darker brown
spot covering the furcation of the third vein at the base
of the submarginal cell and immediately below it. There
is a trace of brown about the remaining central cross-
veins. The marginal cell is widely open. Abdomen:
the first segment is brownish yellow, the second has a
pair of prominent, distinct, narrowly separated, rounded
and horizontally elongate triangles of brownish yellow.
The remainder of this segment is shining black. The
third, fourth and fifth segments are quite black with a
faint, opalescent greenish reflection which in some lights
is a pale brassy or reddish. First and second sternites,
except the posterior margin of the second, together with
the basal margin of the third sternite, brownish yellow.
Remainder of sternum shining black with sparse subap-
pressed pale yellow pile.

Holotype; female. Pucallpa, Peru, Mar. 12, Jose
Schunke.

1949]

Hull — Genus V olucella

39

Volucella scintillans n. sp.

A brilliant metallic green and purple species. Related
to earnestina Curran. Characterized by the black pile
on the base of the apex of abdominal segment and the
brown spot on the small cross vein of the wing, besides
other differences. Length 9 mm.

Male. Head: face rather deeply projecting, brilliant
metallic green above, bluish violet below. The cheeks
have a large yellowish triangle and are metallic behind.
There is a double band of pale yellow pubescence run-
ning from the eye margin two-thirds of the way to the
epistoma. These bands are separated by the posterior
border of the metallic blue part of the face ; the second
band lies, therefore, on the yellowish triangle of the
cheeks. There is a thick band of white pollen extending
from each eye margin beneath the antennae and thence
in the middle down almost to the center of the tubercle.
The facial pile is fine and white and rather sparse. The
front and vertex are metallic green; the frontal pile is
white except for a few black hairs; the vertical pile is
longer and black. The antennae are elongate and yel-
lowish brown. Third antennal segment perhaps a little
darker in the middle and very slightly concave in the
middle dorsally. The arista is yellowish brown, becom-
ing darker apically and has about twenty-five rays. The
eyes are widely touching, the upper facets only moder-
ately enlarged, the ocular pile thick and nearly white in
color. Thorax : the mesonotum and scutellum are bril-
liant metallic green with faint brassy reflections, only
the humeri being yellowish brown in color. On the noto-
pleura and all of the pleura except the metapleura the
color deepens until it is a deep purplish blue over most
of the pleura with less of a greenish reflection. The pile
of the mesonotum and scutellum is entirely black with
only a few pale hairs behind the humeri and a few more
behind the transverse suture. The scutellum has a deep,
preapical depression and four pairs of long, black
bristles. Squamae brownish white with a round dark
brown spot; they are brown pilose on the outer edge of
the upper squamae; squamal fringe dark sepia brown.

40

Psyche

[Mar.

Halteres yellowish with nearly white knob. Legs: black
with black pile. Wings : nearly hyaline upon the pos-
terior part with slightly brownish appearance dne to
thick brown villi. The outer part of the costal cell, the
first basal cell, the basal portion of the submarginal cell
and all of the marginal cell, except the apex, are pale
yellowish brown. The basal half of the stigmal portion
of the subcostal cell is yellowish, the remaining outer half
pale brown. There is a distinct, elongate, dark brown
spot just behind the point of confluence of the subcostal
vein with the costa. There is a smaller brown spot upon
the third longitudinal vein at the base of the submarginal
cell, a larger one upon the small cross vein and a large
but not quite so dark spot upon the apex of the marginal
cell which extends into the submarginal cell. The mar-
ginal cell is closed with a short stalk. Abdomen: the
first segment is black, the second, third and fourth are
brilliant shining blue with greenish reflections laterally
and purplish ones centrally as well as along the posterior
and anterior margins of these segments. The pile of the
first segment is almost entirely black, being narrowly
white only in the middle. Of the second segment it is
entirely black except for a broad band of yellowish white
pile in the middle which extends from the base some two-
thirds the length of the segment. Pile of third segment
entirely black except for a fewT white hairs basally and
sublaterally. Fourth segment’s pile entirely black
throughout.

Holotype: male. Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 9, 1947, Jose
Schunke.

SYNONYMIC AND OTHER NOTES ON
FORMICHME (HYMENOPTERA) *

By William L. Blown, Jr.

The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

In 1945 Dr. E. V. Enzmann published a paper entitled
“Systematic Notes on the Genus Pseudomyrma.”1
Since this contains more confused taxonomy per page
than any other work on the Formicidae I have ever en-
countered in twelve years of reading in the field, I have
considered it advisable to publish an account of some
of the synonymy involved.

The worst, but by no means the only, category of er-
rors lies in the series of forms of Pseudomyrma de-
scribed as new from the types which Wheeler had set up
in his “Studies of Neotropical Ant-plants and Their
Ants,” published posthumously in 19422 and overlooked
by Enzmann.

Wheeler’s types were labelled as types in the usual
Museum manner, and each series bore Wheeler’s clearly
legible determination label. Enzmann copied these names
and used them in his paper, creating a series of synonym-
homonyms, but since he made several mistakes in tran-
scribing the spelling, some of the species may be consid-
ered synonymous but not strictly homonymous. Of the
remainder of Enzmann ’s publication, much may be
safely ignored by taxonomists, including the erratic keys
and the pseudophylogenetic separation into “branches”
and “groups.” Some forms described as new are from
sources other than the Wheeler type material; since the
Enzmannian types have not been made available for
study, it will devolve upon the future reviser of Pseudo-
myrma, a genus well-scrambled even in pre-Enzmannian
times, to decide the fate of the species not treated here.

The species are listed as Wheeler had them, each with
the corresponding Enzmannian form beneath it. To

* Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

1 Psyche, 51: 59-103, 3 pis. (1945).

2 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 90: 1-262, 56 pis. (1942).

41

42

Psyche

[Mar.

shorten the task, I have given date and page references
only; plate and figure references are omitted. Refer-
ences to Wheeler’s 1942 and Enzmann’s 1945 papers are
given in the preceding footnotes. The Museum of Com-
parative Zoology type catalog numbers are contained in
parentheses with the initials (MCZ).

Pseudomyrma alliodorce Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 157-158.

P. allidora [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945, pp. 77-78 (MCZ
20533).

Pseudomyrma belti subsp. saffordi Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 162.

P. sabanica var. saffordi E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 89 (MCZ
20537).

The term “sabanica” is evidently a misspelling of
Wheeler’s specific name satanica (P. satanica Wheeler,
1942, pp, 174-175), of which Enzmann considered saf-
fordi a variety.

Pseudomyrma belti snbsp. venifica Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 162-163.

P. belti snhsp. venifica E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 81 (MCZ
20538).

Pseudomyrma belti snbsp. bequaerti Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 164.

P. belti snbsp. bequaerti E. Enzmann, 1945, pp. 80-81
(MCZ 23139).

Pseudomyrma latinoda var. coronata Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 167-168

P. latinoda var. coronata E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 88 (MCZ
20542).

Pseudomyrma latinoda snbsp. bradleyi Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 169.

P. bradleyi E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 82 (MCZ 22864).

1949]

Brown — Notes on F ormicidce

43

Pseudomyrma sericea var. acaciarum Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 176.

P. sericea var. acaciorum [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 90
(MCZ 22865).

Pseudomyrma spinicola subsp. sclerosa Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 180-181.

P. spinolce [sic!] var. inf emails E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 91
(MCZ 20547).

Pseudomyrma spinicola snbsp. sclerosa Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 181-182.

P. spinolce [sic!] var. sclerosa E. Enzmann, 1945, pp. 91-
92 (MCZ 23145).

Pseudomyrma triplaridis snbsp. b alley i Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, pp. 185-186.

P. triplaridis snbsp. biolleyi [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945, pp.
93-94 (MCZ 20548).

Pseudomyrma triplaridis snbsp. tigrina Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 186.

P. triplaridis snbsp. trigona [sic!] E. Enzmann, 1945,
pp. 94-95 (MCZ 23147).

Pseudomyrma triplaridis snbsp. boxi Wheeler
Wheeler, 1942, p. 184.

P. triplaridis snbsp. boxi E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 94 (MCZ
23146).

The two following forms which Wheeler saw, bnt re-
frained from describing, are easily synonymized with
common species of Pseudomyrma.

Pseudomyrma gracilis (Fabricins)

Fabricins, 1805, Syst. Piez., p. 405 (Formica).

P. gracilis var. longinoda E. Enzmann, 1945, p. 87 (MCZ
26812).

44

Psyche

[Mar.

Pseudomyrma triplarina (Weddell)

Weddell, 1849, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. (3) 13: 40-113,
249-268 (My r mica) .

P. arboris-sanctce Emery, 1894, Bnll. Soc. Ent. Ital.,
26: 147.

P. arbor is- sanctce var. ecuadoriana E. Enzmann, 1945,
pp. 79-80 (MCZ 26809).

The types of ecuadoriana are few, partially frag-
mented, and accompanied by what appear to be Azteca
workers glued to the card with the ecuadoriana. I can
see no characters which distinguish them ( ecuadoriana )
from a series of triplarina workers from several South
American localities in the Wheeler Collection.

Following the publication of Dr. Enzmann ’s paper on
Pseudomyrma , others were published by his daughter,
Miss Jane Enzmann. All but one of the species de-
scribed, however, appear to be synonyms of common
Nearctic forms. Dr. William S. Creighton has discussed
these forms with me, and I am grateful for his opinions
on several obscure cases. His forthcoming book, which
amounts to a revision of North American ants, will also
carry notes on the synonymy of these forms, but techni-
cal difficulties prevent him from dealing with them at any
length. Most species treated below involve Enzmannian
names, but several other forms of older authors are
changed in status as well.

Myrmecina americana Emery

M. latreillei snbsp. americana Emery, 1895, Zool. Jahrb.
Syst., 8 : 271.

M. latreillei snbsp. americana var. brevispinosa Emery,
idem., p. 271.

M. graminicola snbsp. quadrispina J. Enzmann, 1946,
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54 : 13-15, figs. 1, 2, worker.

In the manuscript of his work on North American ants,
which he has kindly allowed me to examine, Dr. Creigh-
ton has raised the form known for many years as Myrme-
cina graminicola snbsp. americana to the rank of species.

1949]

Brown — Notes on Formicidce

45

There appears little objection to this move, though the
differences between the Palearctic graminicola and the
Nearctic form are very slight. The forms quadrispina
and brevispinosa, however, cannot be considered valid
forms.

The Enzmannian subspecies ( quadrispina ) was taken
(holotype worker) on the south slope of the Blue Hills,
a rather restricted elevated area just outside Boston,
Massachusetts. Two colonies collected by me in this
locality were confined for several months in artificial
nests. Specimens killed at the time of collection and
others examined after two months of rearing show a
wide range of variation in size, sculpture and color. The
larger workers, mostly those killed at the time of collec-
tion, agree well with the description and figures, as well
as my impressions, gained from a rather cursory exami-
nation of the type, of quadrispina. These workers also
agree with Emery’s original description of amerieana
and with specimens identified as amerieana by Wheeler
and by Creighton.

My nests also produced, after a month or so of sub-
starvation conditions, small light-colored workers corres-
ponding well with published descriptions of brevispinosa
and with specimens determined as such in the Wheeler
Collection. These workers were raised from small larvae
during a period in which the colonies refused all types
of prepared foods, including bread and fats. When ripe
seed-heads of timothy and some small herbaceous plants
were later introduced, the colony eagerly accepted the
seeds as food, but the workers which had previously
hatched never became, even after four weeks, as fully
colored as the workers reared in the wild. I conclude
that the variant brevispinosa is merely the stunted
workers from either an incipient or poorly-nourished
colony.

Both my nests were taken under large, well-embedded
stones in a rich, shady beech woods. Each colony occu-
pied a small oval chamber in the soil, about three quar-
ters of an inch in greatest diameter and less than a quar-
ter inch deep, with the smooth lower surface of the stone

46

Psyche

[Mar.

forming the immediate roof. The artificial nests were
set up on the evening of collection (June 10). A few
males also developed from the larvae taken with the
nests, and these pupated during early August and de-
veloped into adults in late August. All the males es-
caped both nests through cracks during one night in
early September, presumably on nuptial flight, since they
had not previously attempted to leave the brood cham-
ber which the ants constructed at the end of each nest
from small particles of earth that had been scattered
over the nest floor. These chambers were an almost
exact replica of the ones found under the stones, open at
the top and with a small passage at one side.

The queens never left the brood except on the occasion
of the introduction of the first grass seed, when all the
workers and one queen left the brood and examined the
seeds. The queen returned after a brief period and re-
sumed her watch over the brood.

In studying various Myrmecina in the Wheeler Collec-
tion, I have seen other forms of very doubtful validity.
All these are presently considered subspecies of grami-
nicola, under which Wheeler placed them in his original
descriptions. Texana is supposed to differ from ameri-
cana by its “scotch grain’ ’ shagreening of the first gas-
tric segment. However, specimens from many localities
in the states east of the Mississippi also possess this
characteristic to a varying degree, and specimens from
North Carolina and northern Ohio show much heavier
sculpture of this type than do the texana types. The
texana types, however, do seem to differ slightly from
americana in having a much less definitely longitudinal
orientation to the rugulation of the head, with the longi-
tudinal rugae having many prominent transverse spurs
and branches. Other Texan specimens I have seen all
belong to the typical americana, including a specimen
identified by Wheeler as texana. Since sculpture ap-
pears to be one of the several very unstable features of
Holarctic Myrmecina, I believe that further collecting in
Texas and Mexico will show that this form is synonymous
with americana.

1949]

Brown — Notes on Formicidce

47

Wheeler’s two Oriental forms, graminicola snbsp.
nipponica and graminicola snbsp. sinensis, are also
doubtful. The former has the anterior clypeal tubercles
developed much as in graminicola, and seems hardly
separable from that form. The latter has the clypeal
tubercles reduced and seems scarcely distinguishable
from americana. I should not be surprised if sinensis
were to prove to be the same as sicula, from the southern
Palearctic region; or if both of these ( sicula and sinen-
sis) were identical to americana. In fact, the entire
Holarctic Myrmecina fauna may end by being considered
as one huge species cline in which the geographical races
have not yet become sufficiently isolated to form distinct
subspecies exclusively inhabiting a given area.

Tetramorium ccespitum (Linnaeus)

Linnaeus, 1785, Syst. Nat. (Ed. 10), 1: 581 ( Formica )
Myrmica ( Myrmica ) brevinodis var. transversinodis
J. Enzmann, 1946, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54 : 47-49, figs.
1, 2, worker.

Dr. Creighton and I are in complete agreement that
this form ( transversinodis ) must be added to the long
list of synonyms of the common pavement ant. Al-
though I have not seen the type, the description, figures
and notes on the habits leave little doubt of the correct
placement. This ant should not be mistaken for Myr-
mica Icevinodis, listed under various names and possibly
a subspecies of M. rubra, which is an introduced form
quite common in the Boston area. M. Icevinodis some-
times enters houses, but then as solitary individuals
probably brought in on clothing, as has been my frequent
observation in Cambridge. This Myrmica possesses a
very potent sting, the effects of which may last for sev-
eral hours.

Crematogaster lineolata (Say)

Say, 1836, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 1: 290,
all castes (Myrmica).

C. lineolata cerasi var. punctinodis J. Enzmann, 1946,
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54 : 91-92, pi. 2, fig. 7, all
castes.

48 Psyche tMar-

C. lineolata cerasi var. wheldeni J. Enzmann, idem., p.

92, worker.

Dr. Creighton and I agree that these two forms either
represent the typical lineolata or intergrade with what
Dr. Creighton considers subsp. subopaca. Enzmann has
raised cerasi Fitch to subspecific rank, but Dr. Creigh-
ton’s forthcoming book will show that this name must
be dropped.

Crematogaster vermiculata Emery
Emery, 1895, Zool. Jalirb. Syst., 8: 286.

Considered impossible of exact determination, but
probably equivalent to vermiculata or an integrade be-
tween vermiculata and a subspecies, are three forms de-
scribed in a paper by Jane Enzmann in 1946. 3 These all
have in common the name coachellai and the snbgeneric
classification as Crematogaster ( Acrocodia ), but here
the consistency ends. The synonymous forms with page
references to Miss. Enzmann ’s paper are as follows: C.
lineolata subsp. coachellai “E. Enz. in lit.,” p. 93, sec. iii.
C. sanguinea subsp. coachellai “E. Enzmann, in lit.,”
p. 95, couplet 19. C. lineolata var. coachellai J. Enz-
mann, PI. 2 (p. 97), fig. 3.

The first of these three names is given in a grouped
list with a superficial characterization of major sections
only, the second appears in a dichotomous key, and the
third appears in the legend to the plate. It is doubtful
whether or not the authorship should be ascribed to E.
Enzmann for the first two of these, even though it seems
clear that such was intended. The types of these forms
have not been made available to me for study, so I con-
sider the form coachellai unrecognizable in the absence
of a proper description.

In still another paper by Jane Enzmann4 the tribe
Aphocno gastrini is set up, a category which is untenable.
The genera included in this “ tribe” have numerous in-
tergrades with other groups of the Pheidolini ,5 to which

3 Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 54: 91-92 (1946).

4 Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 55: 147-152, (1947).

3 Pheidolini Emery, Bend. Acad. Sc. Bologna, (1913-14).

1949]

Brown — Notes on Formicidce

49

Aphcenog aster and Novomessor clearly belong. One as-
tounding error is the appearance of Lobognathus as a
sub-genus in the key on page 152. This appeared to be
miscopy of a large label earlier placed by Dr. Creighton
on an unidentified specimen of V eromessor : Creighton’s
label in the Wheeler Collection reads “lobognathus new
subspecies.” The name must be considered a lapsus
and a synonym of V eromessor.I * * * * 6

Two of the species described in this paper are minor
workers, probably from incipient nests, of two well-
known North American ants, which are listed below.

Novomessor albisetosus (Mayr)

Mayr, 1886, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 36 : 443-446,
(Aphcenog aster) .

N. cocherelli var. minor J. Enzmann, 1947, pp. 147-148,
PI. 8, top.

Aphcenogaster fulva Roger
Roger, 1863, Berl. Ent. Zeitschrift, 7 : 190.
Aphcenogaster fulva var. rubida J. Enzmann, 1947, pp.
147-148, PI. 8, bottom.

I have not considered other Enzmannian forms be-
cause of my unfamiliarity with the groups concerned

and because of my lack of time and taste for the task.

The publications considered above should certainly sug-

gest to all who examine them the need for some means

of formal nullification of the published extremes of such
irresponsible taxonomy.

6 V eromessor Forel, 1917, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., 51: 235 (described
as subgenus of Novomessor) .

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 56 June, 1949 No. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

On a Small Collection of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from the Virgin

Islands. B. G. Fennah 51

A New Genus and Species of Theridiidae from Eastern Texas (Araneae).

E. B. Bryant 66

A Correction. W. L Brown , Jr 69

A Note on Pheidole ( Macropheidole ) rhea Wheeler (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae). B. E. Gregg 70

Epicauta diversicornis and its Allies in the Neotropical Region (Coleop.,

Meloidae). F. G. Werner 74

A New American Amhlyopone, with Notes on the Genus (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae). W. L. Brown, Jr 81

North American Menoponidae (Mallophaga) . Ill; Notes on Some of

Kellogg’s Types. E. C. Emerson 89

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PSYCHE

Vol. 56 June, 1949

No. 2

ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF FULGOROIDEA
(HOMOPTERA) FROM THE VIRGIN ISLANDS1

By R. G. Fennah

Entomologist, Food-crop Pests Investigation,
Windward and Leeward Islands

The Virgin Islands, which lie between 18°55 N. 64°10
W. and 18°25 N. 65°00 W., are the eastern outliers of the
Greater Antilles. St. Thomas, the westernmost, is sepa-
rated by a channel 30 miles wide from Cnlebra, off Puerto
Rico, while St. John is 70 miles from the St. Barts group
to the south. St. Croix, though politically grouped with
the Virgin Islands, is not considered here as it stands
apart from the chain of islands between St. Thomas and
Anegada.

The natural vegetation of these islands consists to an
overwhelming extent of dry scrub. At the summit of the
highest points occur small patches of woodland with the
characteristics of true mountain forest.

As far as Fulgoroidea are concerned, the affinities of
the fauna are unquestionably with that of Puerto Rico,
and it would seem (in the absence of collections from the
St. Barts group) that the islands represent the further-
most limit of some of the Greater Antillean species.
Of the species discussed below Bothriocera eborea Fenn.
and 8 bgata furcifera (Horv.) are the only two which
range southward through the Leeward and Windward
Islands : Oliarus campestris Fenn., Petrusa marginata

i Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

51

52

Psyche

[June

(Brunn.) and Melormenis quadripunctata (F.) occur in
the Greater Antilles and in the Leeward Islands (An-
tigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat) but not in the Wind-
ward Islands ; Cuhana tortriciformis Muir is represented
in the Lesser Antilles by very close geographical equiva-
lents grouped around the St. Vincent Cuhana tortrix Uhl. ;
Neurotmeta occurs as far south as Dominica; Oliarus
campestris is very clearly replaced in the Windward
Islands and Trinidad by 0. maidis Fenn. The group of
species or subspecies closely resembling Acanalonia de-
pressa Mel. has no representatives in the Lesser Antilles,
while the Thionia described below is not very close to any
Lesser Antillean species. The genera Ladella, Remosa,
and Tangella and the flatid Parthenormenis described
below do not occur in the Lesser Antilles and have no
obvious equivalents there, though by contrast the forest-
dwelling Chasmacephala of the Windward Islands clearly
shares a common ancestry with the Greater Antillean
Parahydriena and Cyphoceratops.

In so small a collection little significance can be at-
tached to the absence of species but, in view of their
abundance in the Leeward Islands as far north as An-
guilla, the writer would have expected to find a species
of Ilesia among the flatids of the littoral zone. The genus
Antillormenis does not reach northward of the Leeward
Islands and even here occurs only in Montserrat.

ClXIIDiE

Cuhana Uhler

Uhler 1895 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 62. Haplotype, Cu-
hana tortrix Uhler loc. cit.: 62.

Cuhana tortriciformis Muir
Muir 1924 Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 5, 3 : 461.

A single female taken by the writer at Road Town,
Tortola (Feb. 25, 1944) is assigned to this species. The
specimen differs from the type of C. tortrix only in hav-
ing the distal fuscous line in the tegminal membrane
overlying cell R2 and the large spot basad of it bicon-
cave on its inner face. It is probable that Pintalia alta
Osborn is this species.

1949]

Fennah — Fulgoroidea

53

Oliarus ( Melanoliarus ) Fenn.

Fennah 1945 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 58: 141. Subgeno-
type, Oliarus maidis Fenn. 1945 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
95 : 423.

Oliarus ( Melanoliarus ) campestris Fenn.

Fennah 1945 loc. cit.: 141.

One male was taken by the writer on Jost Van Dyke
(Feb. 18, 1944). In this subgenus of Oliarus each ovary
comprises sixteen ovarioles. In the closely allied genus
Vincentia each ovary has eighteen ovarioles.

Bothriocera Burm.

Burmeister 1835 Handbuch der Entomologie : 156. Hap-
lotype, Bothriocera tinealis Burmeister loc. cit.: 156.

Bothriocera eborea Fenn.

Fennah 1943 Psyche 52 : 14.

Three males and four females were taken by the writer
on Jost Van Dyke on Coccoloba uvifera (Feb. 18, 1944),
and two males and eight females on Tortola (Feb. 15-
17, 1944).

Delphacim:

Sogata Distant

Distant 1906 F. B. I. 3 : 471. Orthotype, Sogata dohertyi
Distant loc. cit.: 471.

Sogata furcifera (Horv.)

Delphax furcifer Horvath 1899 Term. Fuz. 22: 372.

One male taken by the writer at Road Town, Tortola
(Feb. 14, 1944). This generic assignment is merely pro-
visional pending revision of the family.

TnopiDUCHimE

The tropiduchid fauna of Central America and the
West Indies is rich in genera and nomenclatorial con-
fusion has arisen as a result of changed conceptions of
generic limits. In his classification of the family Meli-
char accorded tribal status to genera in which a costal
area with transverse veinlets is present in the tegmina;
genera within this group characterised by marked elonga-

54

Psyche

[June

tion of the vertex were separated as a further tribe (Peg-
giogini). These tribal characters are not rigorous in
their application, but intergrade with those found in the
Tambiniini both in West Indian and Australasian genera.
The development of a costal area, for example, may
vary within a single genus. The South American Rotu-
nosa indicanda (Wlk.) has a narrow costal area with
distinct transverse veinlets in the distal part of the cor-
ium; nearer the base the costal area narrows and these
veinlets progressively merge into the membrane, where
they are visible only as faint striae, and finally dis-
appear. In Rotunosa grandis (Fenn.) the costal vein is
slightly submarginal and devoid of transverse veinlets,
though towards the node faint transverse striae can be de-
tected. This condition can be matched elsewhere in tam-
hiniine Tropiduchidae. As far as American genera are
concerned the writer proposes to regard all in which the
antennae are short, with the second joint subglobose, the
mesonotum less than 1.5 times as broad as long with the
lateral discal carinae parallel in their basal half, the
tegmina thin and subhyaline, with a line of transverse
veins between the node and apex of the clavus as belong-
ing to a single subfamily. This group appears to be
naturally related to the Old World Tropiduchus.

A key to the new world genera, based on this view, is
git^en below, being modified from the writer’s earlier key
to Tambiniini ( sensu Melichar).

Key to New World Genera of Tropiduchint

(1) (2) Tegmina with a distinct costal area, subequal

in width to costal cell, traversed by veinlets
to margin for most of length (3)

(2) (1) Tegmina with costal vein marginal, or very

narrowly separated, no veinlets to margin along
most of length (11)

(3) (4) Vertex twice as long as broad or nearly so

Pseudotangia Metcalf

(4) (3) Vertex relatively shorter (5)

(5) (6) Vertex as long as broad or slightly longer than

broad (7)

(6) (5) Vertex broader than long (9)

1949]

Fennah — Fulgoroidea

55

(7) (8) Frons with an oblique ridge distally on each

side of middle V anuoides Metcalf

(8) (7) Frons with median carina only Ladella Stal

(9) (10) Median carina of vertex A -shaped

Tang yria Uhler

(10) (9) Median carina simple, not forked basally

Tangella Metcalf and Bruner

(11) (12) Vertex as long as pronotum and mesonotnm,

more than twice as long as broad (13)

(12) (11) Vertex produced before eyes but not greatly

prolonged anteriorly (15)

(13) (14) Vertex with median carina simple to base

Remosa Distant

(14) (13) Vertex with median carina forked basally

Rotunosa Distant

(15) (16) Tegmina with one or no transverse line distad

of nodal line (17)

(16) (15) Tegmina with numerous irregular cross-veins

in membrane (25)

(17) (18) Vertex distinctly longer than broad (19)

(18) (17) Vertex not longer than broad (21)

(19) (20) Tegmina with a row of subapical areoles dis-

tad of nodal line Athestia Melichar

(20) (19) Tegmina with only apical areoles distad of

nodal line, no subapical line Riruga Fennah

(21) (22) Vertex three times as broad as long

Colgorma Kirkaldy

(22) (21) Vertex twice as broad as long, or less (23)

(23) (24) Species more than 7 mm. long; lateral pronotal

fields and mesopleurites green

Neorudia Fennah

(24) (23) Species less than 7 mm. long; lateral pronotal

fields at margin and a spot on mesopleurites
piceous Amapala Melichar

(25) (26) Vertex with median carina simple, unbranched

basally (27)

(26) (25) Vertex with median carina A or A-shaped (33)

(27) (28) Frons ecarinate, sides of vertex parallel

Pelitropis Van Duzee

(28) (27) Frons medially carinate (29)

56

Psyche

[June

(29) (30) Tegmina with M not forked before nodal line;

two irregular ranks of transverse veins in mem-
brane distad of nodal line Amaclardea Mnir

(30) (29) Tegmina with M forked before nodal line, more

than two ranks of irregular transverse veins in
membrane (31)

(31) (32) Media forking near base of tegmen

Monopsis Spinola

(32) (31) Media forking near middle of tegmen

Neurotmeta Gruerin-Meneville

(33) (34) Vertex with median carina A -shaped (35)

(34) (33) Vertex with median carina A -shaped (39)

(35) (36) Vertex longer than broad, directed upward

distally Dictyotangia Fennah

(36) (35) Vertex not longer in middle line than broad

across base (37)

(37) (38) Vertex as broad as long in middle, lateral mar-

gins of frons not meeting lateral margins of
vertex, a broad callus on anterior margin of
vertex Aripoa Fennab

(38) (37) Vertex broader than long, lateral margins of

frons meeting lateral margins of vertex, an-
terior margin of vertex not callussed

Neotangia Melicbar

(39) (40) Submarginal carinae of pronotum obsolete, re-

presented only by a bump, species about 6 mm.
long, tawny, marked with spots of darker
brown Tangidia Ubler

(40) (39) Submarginal carinae of pronotum very sharp,

arcuate, species about 8.6 mm. long, uniformly
pale green Dioxyomus Fennab

Ladella Stal

Stal 1859 Berl. Ent. Zeit. 3 : 319. Haplotype, Monopsis
pallida Wlk.

Ladella pallida (Wlk.)

Monopsis pallida Walker 85. List Horn. 2 : 325.

The figures were kindly made by Mr. W. E. China from
the type. It is very distinct from the Puerto Rican
species identified as Monopsis pallida by Stal and figured

1949]

Fennah — Fulgoroidea

57

by Melichar (1914 Ver. Nat. Ver. Brunn 53: 106). The
latter species, based on Stal’s labelled specimen in the
Berlin collection, requires a new name, for which Ladella
stali is now proposed.

Tangella Metcalf and Bruner
Metcalf and Bruner 1930 Psyche 37, 4 : 397. Orthotype
Tangia hraatzi Stal Bert. Ent. Zeit. 3 : 318.

Tangella schaumi (Stal)

Tangia schaumi Stal 1859 Berl. Ent. Zeit. 3 : 318.

Male. Length, 5.6 mm. ; tegmen, 4.9 mm.

Vertex 3.3 times as broad as long in middle line, medi-
ally carinate, carina broad, obsolete at apex, simple at
base; frons in middle line 1.5 times as long as broad, a
broad callus across basal margin, median carina rather
broad. Pronotum with disc large, carinae stout, two
carinae at each lateral margin between eye and tegula;
mesonotum relatively long, lateral earinae of disc parallel
in basal half. Tegmina with costal area broad with
about 14 transverse veinlets, nodal line straight, Sc + R
fork distad of M fork which is distad of Cu 1 fork, none
of these veins forked again before nodal line, membrane
with five or six irregular ranks of transverse veinlets,
about 16 cells adjoining apical margin between node and
apex of clavus. Post-tibiae with three spines.

Anal segment relatively narrow, each lateral angle pro-
duced into a spatulate vertical lobe. AMeagus laterally
flattened, upeurved, distally, a long spine lying below it
on left, bent across to right and curved upward at apex,
a group of four processes at apex of aedeagus, the basal
process sinuate and spinose, the lateral flattened, sym-
metrical, pointed distally, the median acicular.

Redescribed from a male taken, along with a nymph, on
Jost Van Dyke (Feb. 18, 1944).

Tangyria Uhler

Uhler 1901 Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 4.: 512. Haplotype,
Tangyria frontalis Uhl.

Tangyria frontalis Uhler
Uhler 1901 loc. cit.: 512.

58

Psyche

[June

The figures, made by the writer from a female speci-
men from Port an Prince, Haiti, in the U. S. National
Museum bearing Uhler’s label, are published to facilitate
identification of this genus.

Amaclardea Muir

Muir 1931 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 7 : 301. Ortbotype,

Amaclardea gowdeyi Muir.

Amaclardea gowdeyi Muir
Muir 1931 loc. cit.: 302.

The figures were made by Mr. China from the type.
The genus has not yet been reported outside Jamaica.

Neurotmeta Guerin-Meneville

Guerin-Meneville 1856 Hist. Fisica. Homopt. : 180. Logo-
type, Neurotmeta sponsa Guerin-Meneville.

N eurotmeta viridis (Wlk.)

Monopsis viridis Walker 1851 List Horn. 2: 325.

LEdeagus with two short spines closely approximated
and directed caudad lying adpressed to ventral surface,
the spine on left slightly curved laterad at apex; apical
portion of aedeagus membranous, with a broad opening on
right side, an aciculate porrect sclerotised and pigmented
spine near dorsal margin directed caudad, a broad taper-
ing process near ventral margin on right, rather flattened,
somewhat sclerotised but not pigmented, curved dorsad
distally, acute at apex.

The Lesser Antillean representatives of Neurotmeta
agree with the species before the writer in all adult struc-
tures examined, with the exception of the aedeagal arma-
ture, which differs considerably in detail, although con-
forming to a standard basic pattern of two or three
ventral spines along the ventral margin, and from one to
four processes directed caudad on the apical membranous
portion.

One male and four females and a nymph taken by the
writer on Coccoloba uvifera, Virgin Gorda (Feb. 11,

1949]

Fennah — F ulg oroide a

59

1944), and one female and two nymphs on the same host,
Tortola (Feb. 21, 1944). Walker’s type from St. Thomas
is a female, and the above assignment requires confirma-
tion.

Colgorma Kirkaldy

Kirkaldy 1904 Ent. 37 : 279. Orthotype, Achilus dilutus
Stal.

Colgorma diluta (Stal)

Achilus dilutus Stal 1859 Engen. Resa. 4: 271.

This genns superficially resembles the following, but
is readily separated by the tribal character of a relatively
long mesonotum. The frons of the type species is longer
than broad (1.3:1) and medially longitudinally tumid
rather than carinate.

Tangiopsis Uhler

Uhler 1901 Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 4: 512. Haplotype,
Tangiopsis tetrastichus Uhler.

Tangiopsis tetrastichus Uhler
Uhler 1901 loc. cit.: 513.

The figures are of the Haitian type in the, U. S. Na-
tional Museum, and are given merely to illustrate the
differences between Tangiopsis and Colgorma , as no ma-
terial of either genus is to hand from the Virgin Islands.

Acanaloniid^

Acanalonia Spinola

Spinola 1839 Ann. Soc. Ent. France. (1) 8: 447. Haplo-
type, Acanalonia servillei Spin.

Acanalonia depressa Melichar

Melichar 1901 Ann. K. K. Nat. Hist. Hofmus 16, 3 : 190,
pi. 1, fig. 6.

HMeagus submembranous, not pigmented, a broad fold
laterally on each side near base, narrowing distally into
a ribbon-like process which recurves at apex and lies be-
low sedeagus to its base, giving off a small S-shaped spine

60 Psyche [June

laterally, and truncate at apex; remaining portions as
figured.

Two males taken by the writer on Jost Van Dyke (Feb.
18, 1944). These specimens differ from Melichar’s de-
scription and figure only in the profile of the head. Ac-
cording to Dr. Paul Oman, material from St. Thomas and
St. Croix differs from the Puerto Rican A. brevifrons
Muir in being smaller, and having the vertex more
sharply declivous, the portion of the head in front of the
lateral frontal carinae shorter, the costal margin of the
tegmina more strongly curved and the anterior portion
of the apical margin more broadly rounded. The male
genitalia of the specimen before the writer are very close
to those of A. impressa Mete, and Bruner. The species
is evidently polytypic and the taxonomic relationship of
its members might be most appropriately expressed by
regarding brevifrons and impressa as geographical sub-
species.

IsSIDiE

Thionia Stal

Stal 1859 Berl. Ent. Zeit. 3: 321. Logotype, Issus longi-

pennis Spinola 1839 Ann. Soc. Ent. France (1) 8: 348.

Thionia argo sp. n.

Male. Length, 5.8 mm. ; tegmen, 4.3 mm. Female.

Length, 6.7 mm. ; tegmen, 5.0 mm.

Vertex broader than long in middle line (1.5:1),
slightly depressed, anteriorly transverse, posteriorly an-
gulately excavate, frons very slightly longer than broad,
median carina most prominent in basal half, four callo-
sities on each side near margin, lateral discal carinae
visible only near base where they curve to unite at mid-
dle. Posttibiae bispinose.

Fuscous ; all carinae and margins, parallel oblique striae
on clypeus, minute speckling on frons, vertex, pro- and
mesonotum, and sometimes a transverse bar in basal
third of frons, and abdominal ventrites testaceous ; sides
of head on concealed surface behind eyes and a round
spot in each lateral field of pronotum piceous. Tegmina

1949]

Fennah — Fulgoroidea

61

translucent, testaceous, marbled with fuscous, though not
in basal third of corium, three oval spots in cell R, a
similar spot basally and a fainter spot distally in cell
M 3 + 4 fuscous-piceous. Veins fuscous-piceous, paler in
clavus. Transverse veins mostly pallid.

Anal segment of male elongate-rhomboidal, convex-
truncate at apex, anal foramen near middle. +Edeagus
moderately short, tubular, curved upward distally, dorsal
margin with an eminence on each side at base and at
middle, the latter bearing a short tooth directed caudad,
a pair of long spines arising laterally at middle, curved
outward, cephalad and finally mesad; sedeagus distally
reflected anteriorly in the form of a trough, striate and
membranous. Genital styles short and stout, subtri-
angular, expanding distally; apical process broad, hol-
lowed out on its anterior surface, minutely pointed at
apex and with a crescentic plate attached laterally near
its base.

Anal segment of female very long distad of anal fora-
men, deeply rounded at apex.

Nymph with vertex relatively shorter than in adult, the
pro- and mesotibiae distinctly foliate and post-tibiae four-
spined.

Described from four males and seven females and four
nymphs taken by the writer on Jost Van Dyke (Feb. 18,
1944). This species may well prove to be closely allied
to the Puerto Rican Thionia borinquensis Doz. and the
Jamaican Thionia impressa Melichar, though it differs
markedly in the coloration of the tegmina. Holotype $
and allotype ? at Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 27819.

Flatid^

Parthenormenis gen. nov.

Frons as long as broad, apical margin little shorter
than basal, lateral margins shallowly arcuate; vertex
obsolete. Pronotum anteriorly roundly convex, pos-
teriorly subangulately concave, a distinct broad callus
along anterior margin near middle, a slight median sulcus
posteriorly; mesonotum not inflated with median carina
indicated only at base, lateral carinas feebly present

62

Psyche

[June

throughout ; post-tibiae bispinose, abdomen dorsally
rounded, not conical. Tegmina moderately expanding
distally, costal margin straight distad of middle, apical
margin straight, apical angle rounded, sutural angle
rectangulate, rather abruptly rounded, costal area
slightly narrower than costal cell one third from base,
costal veinlets shorter than apical veins, apical veins
mostly forked, apical line slightly irregular but distinct,
joining costa anteriorly, nodal line indistinguishable, Sc
simple to apex, R forking near middle of tegmen, M fork-
ing slightly basad of R fork, Cu 1 forking basad of M
fork. Wings with R simple to apex, M with two branches,
Cu 1 with five branches.

Anal segment of female broadly ovate, indented at
apex, anal foramen relatively small. Ovipositor with
third valvulse each armed with nine or ten stout spines
in two rows, with a single spine situated on inner face
remote from margin.

Type species, Parthenormenis sanctce-ur suite sp. n.

Parthenormenis sanctae-ursulae sp. n.

Female. Length, 6.0 mm. ; tegmen, 6.2 mm.

Testaceous-yellowish ; pronotum and mesonotum
clouded fuscous, legs faintly so ; abdomen pallid, sclero-
tised portions of genitalia piceous. Tegmina translucent,
brownish, anterior half of costal membrane and trans-
verse veinlets just basad of apical line of cross-veins
pallid; base of costal cell, except at margin, and base of
clavus deeply infuscate. Veins on corium deeply fuscous,
on membrane concolorous. Wings infuscate, veins dark
fuscous. Insect in life powdered brownish or pruinose,
somewhat variegated.

Ovipositor with third valvulse armed on posterior mar-
gin with a row of five or six stout teeth ; basad of this an
inner row of two or three teeth, and a single tooth still
further basad on inner face.

Described from a single female taken by the writer at
1,000 ft., Tortola (Feb. 20, 1944). Type at Mus. Comp.
Zool. No. 27930. The genus, to which at present only
this species is referred, is distinguished by having the

1949]

Fennah — Fulgoroidea

63

apical margin of the tegmina transverse, not oblique, and
the sutural angle boldly, though not sharply, rectangulate,
and by the armature, of the third valvulae. It differs
from Ormenoides Mel. in the shape of the frons, and
from Ormenana Mete, in that of the tegmina.

Melormenis Metcalf

Metcalf 1938 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 82, 5: 395. Ortho-
type, Cicada quadripunctata F.

Melormenis quadripunctata (F.)

Cicada quadripunctata Fabricius 1794 Ent. Syst. 4 : 30.

Ten males and eight females, Jost Van Dyke (Feb. 18,
1944), twenty-six males and sixteen females, Tortola
(Feb. 14—17, 19-24, 1944), three males, Virgin Gorda
(Feb. 11, 1944).

Petrusa Stal

Stal 1869 Hem. Fabr. 2: 111; (1866 Hem. Afr. : 237).
Haplotype, Cicada marginata Brunnich.

Petrusa marginata (Brunnich)

Cicada marginata Brunnich 1767, in Linne Syst. Nat. 1
(2) : 710.

Four males and ten females taken by the writer on Jost
Van Dyke (Feb. 18, 1944), six males and seven females,
Tortola (Feb. 14-17, 1944), eight males and four females,
Virgin Gorda (Feb. 11, 1944). Both color forms are
represented in each hatch of material.

64

Psyche

[June

Explanation of Plate 4

1. Ladella pallida (Wlk.) vertex, pronotum and mesonotum.

2. idem, anal segment of male, ventrolateral view.

3. idem, sedeagus, right side.

4. idem, sedeagus, left side.

5. Amaclardea gowdeyi Muir, vertex, pronotum and mesonotum.

6. idem, tegmen.

7. Tangella schaumi (Stal), sedeagus, left side.

8. idem, sedeagus, ventral view.

9. idem, vertex, pronotum and mesonotum.

10. idem, frons and clypeus.

11. idem, tegmen.

12. Neurotmeta viridis (Wlk.), sedeagus, ventral view.

13. idem, sedeagus, right side.

14. Colgorma diluta (Stal) frons and basal part of clypeus.

15. idem, vertex, pronotum and mesonotum.

16. Tangyria frontalis Uhl., vertex, pronotum and mesonotum.

17. Tangiopsis tetrastichus Uhl., vertex, pronotum and mesonotum.

18. Acanalonia depressa Mel., anal segment and sedeagus, left side.

19. idem, head in profile.

20. Thionia argo Eenn., frons and clypeus.

21. idem, vertex and pronotum.

22. idem, tegmen.

23. idem, sedeagus, left side.

24. Parthenormenis sanctce-ursulce Fenn., tegmen.

25. idem, apical portion of wing.

1949]

Fennah — Fulgoroidea

65

Psyche, 1949 Vol. 56, Plate 4

Fennah — Fulgoroidea

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THERIDIIDyE
FROM EASTERN TEXAS (ARANE^E)1

By Elizabeth B. Bryaht
Museum of Comparative Zoology

Among some material sent me several years ago, by
Miss Sarah E. Jones collected by her at Dallas, Texas,
was a small male spider which particularly attracted my
attention. Tentatively I placed it in the little known
genus Umfila Keyserling, (Theridiidae), based on a single
species from Brazil. Recently, I had the pleasure of
showing it to Dr. Alexander Petrunkevitch of Yale Uni-
versity. He kindly called my attention to characters
which certainly preclude it from that genus and sug-
gested that a new genus be erected for it.

Genus Mufila gen. nov.

Cephalo thorax about as wide as long, anterior margin
broadly convex, longer than the posterior margin, cephal-
ic portion rather high, thoracic groove long, in a depres-
sion; eyes closely grouped, differing little in size, ante-
rior row slightly recurved, a.m.e. largest of the eight,
posterior row almost straight, lateral eyes touching;
guadrangle wider in front and not as high as wide;
clypeus very high, about three times the height of the
quadrangle; mouth parts weak; sternum oval, three-
quarters as wide as long, anterior margin rounded, pos-
terior margin pointed and extending between the fourth
coxae; abdomen narrow, pointed above the spinnerets,
with a corneous ridge at the base which connects with a
large epigastric scutum; legs, 4-1-2-3, with no spines,
a tarsal comb of 6 to 7 curved bristles on the fourth
metatarsus ; palpus large, patella short and much rounded
on the dorsal side, tibia small. Female not known.

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

1949]

Bryant — Theridiidae

67

Genotype : Mufila texana spec. nov.

The genus Mufila probably belongs with the Asageni-
nce, as a remnant of a stridnlating organ remains on the
base of the abdomen. It differs from the other genera
in that sub-family by the very broad cepbalo thorax, the
high clypeus and the closely grouped eyes that vary lit-
tle in size. It differs from the genns Umfila Keys, by
the cephalothorax which is as wide as long, the very high
clypeus, the pointed sternum, and the lack of a dorsal
scutum on the abdomen.

Mufila texana spec. nov.

Figure 1

Male. Length, 2.5 mm., ceph. 1.2 mm. long, 1.2 mm.
wide, abd. 1.4 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide.

Cephalothorax golden brown, shining, with a few short
hairs below the a.m.e., almost circular, anterior margin
strongly convex, and wider than the posterior margin,
sides rounded, almost flat, cephalic portion highest,
thoracic groove long and deep, in a depressed area ; eyes
closely grouped, area slightly elevated, each eye heavily
ringed with black, and not varying much in size, anterior
row slightly recurved, a.m.e. largest of the eight, sepa-
rated by about a diameter and from the a.l.e. by a little
less, posterior row the same length as the anterior row,
almost straight, eyes equidistant and suhequal, p.m.e.
separated by little more than a diameter, lateral eyes
touching; quadrangle wider in front and not as high as
wide ; clypeus Below a.m.e. almost equals three times the
ocular area, with a stripe of short dark hairs directed up-
ward, from the margin to the a.m.e. ; mandibles dark,
small and vertical, weak, fang short ; labium very narrow,
more than twice as wide as long, suture between the
labium and sternum very indistinct; maxillce yellow,
shaded with gray, more than twice as long as the labium
and strongly inclined; sternum bright yellow, darker
about the margins, slightly convex, three-quarters as
wide as long, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin
pointed, first pair of coxae widely separated, fourth pair

68

Psyche

[June

of coxae separated by more than a diameter and the ster-
num carried between; abdomen oval, pointed above the
spinnerets, two-thirds as wide as long, brown with five
white spots, at the base a corneons line which may be
the remnant of a sound organ, but no cross ridges on the
cephalothorax remain, many long scattered hairs from
corneons pits, venter pale, with a strongly marked epi-
gastric scutum that covers the basal third and connects

Figure 1. Mufila texana spec. nov. $ . A, Dorsal view. B, Left palpus,
lateral view.

with the corneous ridge on the dorsum, a broad dark ring
surrounds the spinnerets which may be chitinized, spin-
nerets small, posterior spiracle probably opens directly
anterior to the spinnerets, two small chitinized ovals
about the middle of the venter, may be muscle spots;
1 2 3 4*

legs , ■ q 0 n 0 a , rather short, pale yellow, with the

2.U l.o 2.U 2.0

* The leg formula used was suggested by Mrs. Harriet Frizzell and modi-
fied by Dr. Alex. Petrunkevitch in “A Study in Amber Spiders, ” Trans.
Conn. Acad., 1942, 34, p. 137. The lower figure represents the length of
the leg divided by the length of the carapace.

1949]

Bryant — TJieridiidae

69

distal joints darker, femora with a dark anterior lateral
line, much fainter on the posterior pairs, all joints with
rows of small hairs, no spines, tarsal comb of 6 or 7
curved bristles on the fourth metatarsus; palpus, large
for the size of the spider, shorter than the cephalothorax,
femur pale and bent, other joints dark, patella short and
much swollen on the dorsal side, tibia very small and
pressed close to the cymbium, palpal organ short, barrel-
shaped, embolus probably a short black spine at the tip.

Holotype : <$ Texas ; Dallas, on the outside of a house,
9 July 1936, (Jones) ; in MCZ.

A Correction-. — In Pysclie, Vol. 56, No. 1, I published
a synonymic list involving some species in Pseudomyrma
and other genera of ants (pp. 41-49). On page 43 occur
two errors, the first of which was made at the printing
office after the page proof had been read by both author
and editor. Page 43, line 5, should read “Pseudomyrma
spinicola subsp. infernalis”, not “subsp. sclerosa.”
Line 9 on the same page mistakenly omits an “e” from
“ subsp. scelerosa”, the latter being Wheeler’s original
spelling. Enzmann’s transcription of the name was
“ sclerosa”. — W. L. Brown, Jr., Biological Laboratories,
Harvard University.

A NOTE ON PHEIDOLE ( MACROPHEIDOLE )
RHEA WHEELER (HYMENOPTERA:
FORMICHUE)

By Robert E. Gregg

Department of Biology, University of Colorado

This species was described by Wheeler (1908), from
a single, very large, dealated female collected at Nogales,
Arizona. Though later synonymized (Wheeler, 1915),
with Pheidole fimbriata Roger of tropical America, M. R.
Smith (1943), has reviewed in detail the status of Phei-
dole rhea , drawing pertinent distinctions between it and
fimbriata. He has shown that rhea deserves specific
rank, and has provided a description of both the soldier
and the worker castes.

Through the assistance of Mr. L. F. Byars and Mr.
J. B. Zuck, I have received a large series of specimens
of Ph. rhea from the type locality, representing all castes
with the exception of the males. The ants were obtained
at different periods from the same colony located near
the top of a dry hillside on Washington Drive, Nogales,
Arizona. The site was characterized by very rocky soil
originally covered with coarse desert grasses and weeds.
Fortunately, my wife and I were able to visit the spot in
April, 1948, and collect additional material before the
nest was completely destroyed by landscaping. It was
first discovered under a stone, but had moved after be-
ing disturbed. The total number of specimens secured
are as follows, according to caste : 201 soldiers, 262
workers (media), and 274 workers (minima). The spe-
cies is highly polymorphic, and for convenience several
size classes of individuals are grouped as media, al-
though no sharp gaps are detectable in the series from
largest to smallest individuals. One dealated female was
captured by Mr. Zuck from under a stone, and though
isolated, is believed to have come from the same nest as

70

Gregg — Pheidole rhea

71

the above series. Dates on which the ants were obtained
are March 2 , 1947 (wingless female), June 18, 1947;
March 29, April 10, April 14, and April 25, 1948. Besides
these specimens, a few soldiers and numerous workers
have been added to our collection from Colossal Cave
State Park, southeast of Tucson, Arizona, which we
visited on April 20, 1948. The ants were collected as
they foraged for the. seeds of various desert plants near
the entrance to the cave. ,

On comparing my material with the detailed descrip-
tions published by Smith for the soldier and worker of
rhea , it seemed that a new form of the species might be
recognized, especially in view of the much greater size of
the soldiers in my samples and certain differences in
the queen. However, after studying specimens from the
Pinal Mountains and the Santa Catalina Mountains of
Arizona (sent respectively through the courtesy of the
United States National Museum and the Museum of
Comparative Zoology), the variability of the species
noted by Smith is fully confirmed, and it is impossible to
discern adequate bases for erecting a new subspecies at
this time. Nevertheless, it is desirable to record certain
features of my Nogales specimens which depart from
the published accounts.

The great variability and continuous gradation in size
from the smallest to the largest individuals makes it
difficult to distinguish rhea from other species if only the
smaller intermediates are available, although its long
epinotal spines should suffice. The upper size limit of
the soldier has been uncertain, and Smith gives 5.5 mm.
as the size for the soldier in his description. He does
mention, though, an unusual soldier from Escuinapa,
Mexico, which is 8 mm. The soldiers which I have mea-
sured reach 9.8 to 10.2 mm. in the largest size class, and may
be regarded as the probable upper limit since they ap-
proach the queen which is 14.3 mm. (Wheeler). This in-
crease over the 8 mm. linear dimension noted by Smith, is
accentuated by the allometric growth in proportions of
the head which accompany it, rendering the soldiers
quite huge. The width of the soldier head varies from

72

Psyche

[June

3.3 mm. to 3.7 mm., while its length, excluding the mandi-
bles, varies from 3.6 mm. to 4.0 mm. All possible inter-
mediates connect the soldier with the smallest worker
which measures 3 mm. (Smith), or 4 mm. among my ma-
terial.

Ph. fimbriata is furnished with tufts of short, dense,
erect hairs on the under surfaces of the petiole and post-
petiole, while these are absent on rhea (s. str.). The
ants before me show a few, spaced hairs in those posi-
tions. Also, some of the intermediate sizes possess a
slender, acute, erect spine on the ventral aspect of the
petiolar peduncle, and others show an aborted spine,
while most have only a slight elevation. The eyes of the
rhea soldier have 15 facets, according to Smith, but my
examples show only 13 to 14 facets; fimbriata has 11 or
12. The color of the largest soldiers and some of the
intermediates is somewhat lighter than that indicated in
the description, or of those received for study ; it is dis-
tinctly red on the middle and posterior portions of the
head, though the thorax and abdomen are brownish to
black.

The single specimen of wingless female in my posses-
sion differs also from Wheeler’s description of the type,
and is probably another indication of the considerable
variation to which the species is subject. The head is
distinctly broader than long (exclusive of the mandibles),
and the posterior border of the orbit is precisely at the
middle of the head, rather than in front of it. The cly-
peus has an obvious median elevation or carina, and a
broad, shallow emargination, opposite to the condition
of these structures in Wheeler’s specimen. The thorax
through the wing insertions is as broad or broader than
the head through the posterior corners (narrower in
rhea ), the petiole is subquadrate rather than suborbicu-
lar, and the mesonotum is not shagreened, but very
smooth and shining with a few striations near the mid-
dle of the posterior border and on the sides of the an-
terior border. The gaster is distinctly shagreened and
feebly shining. In size, this ant is 14 mm., and therefore
not quite as long as Wheeler’s specimen.

1949]

Gregg — Pheidole rhea

73

In view of the fact that Wheeler described rhea from a
lone female, the marked variability of the other castes
subsequently obtained, and the lack of females definitely
known to be from the same colony as the series of soldiers
and workers in the Nogales nest, it is advisable to with-
hold description of a new form unless indicated otherwise
by additional material.

Literature Cited

Smith, M. R.

1943. Pheidole ( Macropheidole ) rhea Wheeler, a valid species. Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 45: 5-9.

Wheeler, W. M.

1908. The ants of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., 24: 399-485.

1915. Some additions to the North American ant-fauna. Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 34: 389-421.

EPICAUTA DIVERSICORNIS AND ITS ALLIES
IN THE NEOTROPICAL REGION
(COLEOP., MELOHLE)1

By F. G. Werner

Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

Epicauta diversicornis and related species form a
closely-knit group which can be defined as possessing the
following characters in the male. Posterior tibiae with a
row of short teeth internally at the apex. First two an-
tennal segments enlarged, denuded except for scattered
erect setae, and shiny, the first not excavated externally
at the tip. Anterior tibiae with a single spur and an-
terior tarsi with the first segment flattened, usually shiny
and expanded.

All of the known species in the group are moderately
slender and almost uniform in width (see figure in Cham-
pion, 1892). Except for size and color there is great
similarity in all the species. None has been seen less
than ten millimeters long or more than twenty. Females
can be known by the distinctive shape and usually can be
placed by color and locality. All the species have a small
scutellar and humeral spot on the elytra when fully
marked. There are several species outside the group
which have females similar to those in the group so that
caution should be observed when making determinations.

Attention should be called to the variation that occurs
in the width of the first two antennal segments of the
male. An example is shown in figures 4 and 5, both of
diversicornis. This much variation occurs also in isth-
mica and probably in the other species with these seg-
ments flattened.

All the known species of Epicauta with the posterior
tibial comb are restricted to the region from Southwestern

i Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

74

1949]

Werner — Epicauta diver sicornis

75

United States to Guiana and Colombia. The diversi-
cornis group is interesting in that it contains the only
species known to occur in South America.

A key to the males of the known species follows.. Ex-
cept where noted, all specimens on which ranges are
based have been examined by the author.

1. First antennal segment triangular in cross-section,

with three almost flat surfaces 2

First antennal segment flattened or oval in cross-
section, with at most two flat surfaces 4

2. First tarsal segment slightly longer than second, with

uniform sparse pubescence. Antennae as in figure
2. Brown, clothed with cinereous pubescence, which
is denser in a line down each elytron. Mexico :
Nayarit (Tepic), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Yucatan

(Chichen Itza) E. forticornis (Haag), 1880

First tarsal segment shorter than second, denuded,
shiny 3

3. First two antennal segments equal to rest in length.

Black, the elytra luteous, uniformly clothed with
cinereous to luteous pubescence. U.S.: Texas (Val
Verde Co. to El Paso Co.), New Mexico (southern),
Arizona (Douglas, Sta. Catalina Mts.). Mexico :

Nuevo Leon (Monterrey) E. polingi Werner, 1943

First two antennal segments longer than the rest.
Brown, with the margins of the elytra paler and with
paler pubescence. U.S. : Arizona (Maricopa Co. to
Gila Co.). Mexico : Sonora (Imuris).

E. liebecki Werner, 1943
First two antennal segments shorter than the rest.
Brown to luteous, with uniform cinereous pubescence.
U.S.: Arizona (Maricopa Co. to Cochise Co.).
Mexico : Sonora (Arizpe)

E. arizonica Werner, 1943

4. Second antennal segment distinctly more than half

as long as first. Fig. 1 and fig. 3 5

Second antennal segment half as long as first or
shorter. Fig. 4 to fig. 8 6

5. First segment of anterior tarsi longer than second,

not expanded and with at least scattered pubescence.

76

Psyche

[June

Antennae as in fig. 1. Body brown, elytra lnteons,
with uniform pale pubescence. Mexico: Jalisco
(Guadalajara), Nayarit (Tepic, fide Duges), Morelos

(Cuernavaca) E. humeralis (Duges), 1889

First segment of anterior tarsi shorter and broader
than second, partly denuded and shiny. Brown, with
the margins of the elytra paler and with a fringe of
denser pubescence. Antennae as in fig. 3. Guiana
fide Erichson, Venezuela (Las Trincheras), Colom-
bia (Amaya-Cispata Bay), Panama (Ft. Clayton,
C.Z.) \=Lytta intermedia Haag, 1880]

E. flagellaria (Erichson), 1848

6. Second antennal segment distinctly longer than the

following three. Fig. 4 and fig. 5. Black or dark
brown, the elytra luteous. First segment of the
anterior tarsi subequal to second, slightly expanded,
shiny. Mexico : Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Venodio), Naya-
rit (Tepic), Jalisco (Guadalajara), Michoacan
(Apatzingan), Hidalgo (Pachuca), D.F. (Mexico
City), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Guerrero (Acapulco),
Vera Cruz (Cordoba). [= Macro basis flavens Duges,
= Macrobasis diver sic o mis , Champion, in part.]

E. diver sicornis (Haag), 1880
Second antennal segment at most slightly more than
equal to the following two. Fig. 6 to fig. 8 7

7. Second antennal segment slightly longer than the fol-

lowing two. First segment thickened, oval in cross-
section. See fig. 6. Dark brown to black, with the
margins of the elytra fringed with pale pubescence.
Averaging smaller than diversicornis and the other
species in the group in its region. Mexico : Durango
(Canelas, fide Duges), Jalisco (Colima Vulcano),

Nayarit (Tepic). E. beckeri (Duges), 1889

Second segment of antennae slightly longer than the
following two. First segment flattened. See fig. 7.
Dark brown, with uniform pale to dark pubescence.
As small as beckeri , usually less than 12 mm. Gua-
temala (Guatemala City), Mexico (Chiapas), Sal-
vador (Sta. Ana). E. candezi (Haag), 1880

Second segment of antennae only slightly longer

1949] Werner — Epicauta diver sicornis 77

than the third. See fig. 8. Middle tarsi with a
fringe of long hairs along the inside. Panama to
Vera Cruz. E. isthmica sp n.

Epicauta isthmica sp. n.

Length: 10 to 20 mm. Body black, elytra brown to
luteous ; legs except for tarsi, palpi, labrum, labium and
clypeus luteous. Pubescence uniform, moderately dense,
decumbent, cinereous to pale luteous. There is a dark
scutellar and humeral spot, dark pubescence on the tarsi
(some pale pubescence at the base of the first segments)
and on the tips of the femora and outer edge of the
tibiae. No dark pubescence on the abdominal sternites
except on the apex of the fifth. Any of this dark pubes-
cence may be greatly reduced or even absent.

Head subquadrate ; eyes prominent, transverse, exca-
vated but moderately broad, four-sevenths as long as
broad at the broadest place when seen from the side, sepa-
rated dorsally by an area slightly narrower than their
greatest width. Surface of head densely but finely punc-
tured, uniformly, densely microreticulate. Antennal cal-
luses narrow, denuded, without punctures. Median im-
pressed line distinct down to the level of the eyes, not
augmented by a denuded border. Mouth parts except for
mandibles luteous. Last segment of maxillary palpi
quite narrow, half as long as wide at the widest place,
two-thirds from the base. Male antennae as in figure 8
or with the first two segments broader or slightly nar-
rower, the first two segments black to luteous. Female
antennae as in diversicornis but with the second segment
slightly shorter than the third.

Pronotum narrower than head, one-third longer than
broad. Sides roughly parallel for the basal three-fourths,
then converging at a sixty degree angle, the side slightly
arcuate and the change in angle not abrupt. Basal im-
pressed line distinct. Median impressed line fine hut dis-
tinct. Surface more densely punctured than on head.
Scutellum black. Elytra brown to luteous, with the lute-
ous form more prevalent in the northern part of the
range.

78

Psyche

[June

Underside uniformly pale pubescent, except for the
apical half of the fifth abdominal sternite. The apices of
the abdominal sternites have a fringe of slightly denser
pubescence so that they appear indistinctly margined.

Anterior tibiae of male denuded externally, with one
straight, spiniform apical spur. First segment of male
anterior tarsi denuded except for a few hairs along the
outer margin and apex, shiny, expanded on the inner
margin, concave behind. Middle tarsi of male with a
fringe of long erect black hairs along the inside. Each
hair of this fringe is as long as the fourth segment. Pos-
terior tibial spurs expanded spiniform, the outer shorter
than the inner.

Holotype : <d, Cabima, Panama May 28, 1911 A. Busck
(USNM)

Allotype: $, eutopo typical (USNM)

Paratypes: Panama: 65$, topotypical (USNM);

Bocas del Toro (USNM) ; 1$, Taboga I.

(USNM); 2??, La Chorrera (USNM); 4??, La

Chorrera (Cal. Ac.) ; Id1, 3$$, St. Maria, El Beal (MCZ) ;
2c?c?, 2??, Sta. Eosa (Chic. N.H.M.) ; 1?, Panama (MCZ).
Canal Zone: 4dcf, 3$$, Madden Dam (Cal. Ac.) ; 6,dd, 5$?,
Madden Dam (Cal. Ac.) ; 5dc?, 2?$, Ft. Clayton (Cal.
Ac.) ; 1?, Gamboa (Cal. Ac.) ; 2dd, Ancon (Chic. N.H.M.)
Id, 1?, Ancon (Ohio) ; 1?, Ancon (USNM) ; 1$, Culebra
(Ohio) ; 3dd, Barro Colorado I. (USNM) ; Id*, 1?, Paraiso
(USNM); Id, Tabernilla (USNM); 1?, Alhajuelo
(USNM); 1$, Canal Zone (USNM). Costa Pica: 3dd,
2??, Bebedero, Guanacaste (USNM) ; Id, 1?, Santa
Elena, Guanacaste (USNM) ; 1$, Guanacaste (USNM) ;
1J1, Sarchi (USNM); 2dd, IS, Port Parker (Cal. Ac.);
2$S, Costa Bica (Chic. N.H.M.). Nicaragua: 1$, Mana-
gua (USNM). Honduras: Id, IS, La Libertad, Comay
(MCZ); Id1, San Pedro S. (Chic. N.H.M.). Salvador:
Id, Santa Ana (USNM). British Honduras: 1$, Punta
Gorde (Parker). Mexico: 2dd, 3SS, La Gloria, Cardel,
Vera Cruz (USNM) ; 2dd, 2$S, Atoyac, Vera Cruz
(USNM).

1949]

W erner — Epicauta diversicornis

79

Explanation of Plate 5

Male antennae. Cross-section of first segment on left.
Fig. 1. Epicauta forticomis (Haag)

Fig. 2. Epicauta humeralis (Duges)

Fig. 3. Epicauta flagellaria (Erichson)

Fig. 4. Epicauta diversicornis (Haag)

Fig. 5. Epicauta diversicornis (Haag)

Fig. 6. Epicauta becTceri (Duges)

Fig. 7. Epicauta candezi (Haag)

Fig. 8. Epicauta isthmica sp. n.

80

Psyche

[June

Werner — Epicauta diversicornis

A NEW AMERICAN AMBLYOPONE, WITH NOTES
ON THE GENUS (HYMENOPTERA :
FORMICHUE)1

By William L. Browh, Jr.

Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

Amblyopone (Stigmatomma) trigonignatha new species

Figure 1

Holotype worker: Total length measured from lateral
profile, mandibles included but sting excluded, 6.12 ± .10
mm.; Weber’s length of alitrunk, 1.60 ± .05 mm.; maxi-
mum measurable length of the head from the center of
the anterior clypeal border to a line connecting the pos-
terior extremities of the occipital corners, 1.22 ± .005
mm. ; maximum width of head, 1.05 ± .005 mm. ; cephalic
index, 86 ± 1 ; left mandible, straightline distance, when
closed, from the point of contact with the anterior border
of head to apex, 0.80 ± .01 mm., or, more roughly, about
two thirds of the length of the head proper.

Head a little more slender than in A. ( 8 .) pallipes
(Haldeman), sides gently convex, greatest width at about
the anterior third, slightly convergent behind and pass-
ing into the rounded occipital corners through easy
curves; posterior border of head moderately but dis-
tinctly concave in outline. “ Amblyoponine teeth” at the
anterolateral corners of the head reduced to small,
bluntly rounded tubercles which are more or less hidden
in dense pilosity; this reduction much greater than in
any small specimens of the pallipes complex I have seen.
Clypeus dorsally weakly convex, its anterior apron
rather narrow, with a very feebly convex anterior border
which appears straight at some angles of view. This
apron is rather abruptly terminated on each lateral ex-
tremity by an angle which marks the boundary between

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

81

82

Psyche

[June

it and the medial wall of a notch which receives the acute,
triangular basal mandibular tooth. Anterior margin of
clypeal apron set with twelve small, regular separated
denticles which are truncate, subcylindrical and not sock-
etted on snbconical tubercles as are those of pallipes and
its subspecies, also one of these tubercles on each short
lateral margin. This makes 14 denticles in all, more
than in pallipes, all separate, smaller and more regular
than in the pallipes complex, and with the exception of
the tooth on each lateral margin, on approximately the
same level. Eyes about the same size and in the same

Figure 1. Awiblyopone ( Stigmatomma ) trigonignatha new species,
worker, left mandible and anterior clypeal border.

position as in medium-sized pallipes workers, with only
3 or 4 of the facets actually pigmented in each. A faint
median depression on the cephalic dorsum at about the
midlength evidently represents a vestige of the anterior
ocellus.

Mandibles distinctive; considering only the basal
halves each forming an obtuse triangle, with the inner
border of the basal part just before the midlength dis-
tinctly angulate at somewhat more than a right angle;
this angle, which is capped by two massive, blunt double
teeth partially fused at their bases, marks oft fairly
distinct basal and apical borders. The basal border
bears two rows of teeth, a dorsal and a ventral; there
are two teeth in each row, the ventral ones triangular,

1949]

Brown — Amblypone

83

acute, the dorsal low and rounded and alternating with
the ventral ones so that all may be seen from a position
directly dorsad. The more basal of the two ventral
teeth is the larger, and this fits into the notch mentioned
above just lateral to the clypeal apron. The apical bor-
der distad of the two large double teeth at the angle with
two more blunt, massive double teeth, which are well
separated; these followed by a smaller acute tooth just
before the acute, stoutly spiniform apex. Seen from the
side, the mandibles are nearly twice as thick dorsoven-
trally as in pallipes, and not quite so strongly projecting
anteriorly; the apices somewhat recurved.

The alitrunk is very similar to that of small pallipes
workers, but perhaps very slightly more slender; the
rounded lamellae at the base of the propodeal declivity
smaller. The petiolar node is very slightly longer than
broad seen from above, much as in smaller workers of
pallipes.

Sculpture throughout less pronounced than in pallipes,
the head and thorax shining to the naked eye. Seen at
very high magnifications, the dorsum of the head is sown
with very small, regular punctures which are separated
from each other by plane, shining surfaces which do not
form the fine longitudinal costulation or rugulation seen
in the forms of pallipes. Clypeus very indistinctly and
irregularly longitudinally striate ; mandibles striate
longitudinally as in pallipes , but less regularly and dis-
tinctly. Sculpture of dorsum of alitrunk much like that
of the head, but the sides posteriorly are longitudinally
striate as in pallipes ; propodeal declivity with a large
central area devoid of transverse striae and smooth and
shining.

Color rather uniform medium ferrugineous. Other
characters of structure and pilosity within the range of
variability shown by small to medium-sized pallipes
workers from the eastern United States. Male and fe-
male unknown.

Holotype worker, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University, Catalog No. 28231. Collected at
Concord, North Carolina, by Dr. D. L. Wray, who sifted

84

Psyche

[June

it from leaf mold by means of the Berlese funnel. One
Stigmatomma pallipes worker was also taken by the
same funnel, a fact which has caused me to examine a
large quantity of pallipes specimens in making sure that
the new species cannot be an extreme example of the very
variable common species. I have found it very generally
true that closely related ant species often occur in the
same Berlese batch, especially with forms living in or
beneath the soil cover or in rotten logs, so the proximity
of the two forms in collecting need not trouble us too
much. The differences are so striking that I cannot con-
sider trigonignatha as merely an abnormal specimen of
pallipes, and the sting rules out the possibility of it being
an ergatoid male like those found in Ponera.

Amblyopone ( Stigmatomma ) pallipes (Haldeman)

Typhlopone pallipes Haldeman, 1844, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Pliila., 2: 54, worker.

Stigmatomma pallipes subsp. montig ena Creighton, 1940,

Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 1079, p. 7, figs. 6 and 8.

The remainder of the synonymy is given in Creighton’s
paper cited above on page 3. The correct spelling of
Provancher’s name is Arotropus binodosus, not “ Atro-
pus binodus,” as Creighton has it.

Since Dr. Creighton’s paper describing the form mon-
tig ena was published, I have been accumulating Stigma-
tomma specimens year by year from various states, prin-
cipally Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Tennessee. I
have looked over specimens from the Pennsylvania Alle-
ghenies (where Stigmatomma is often the most abundant
or only ant occurring in very wet mountain valleys in
which rhododendron and hemlock form the main cover)
with the hope of finding montigena specimens. I suc-
ceeded in finding some specimens with a rather convex
anterior clypeal border, but these were often mixed in
the same colony with specimens having the border nearly
straight. Two specimens from rich, low beech woods in
a city park in Philadelphia, however, showed very
marked convexity of the clypeal border to a degree com-
parable with the montigena types; since these latter

1949]

Brown — Amblypone

85

specimens were taken in very close association with sev-
eral other workers having much less convex borders, I
believe that the geographical basis of this subspecies
becomes very weak. The length of the funicular joints,
the sculpture, and the presence or absence of a tubercle
distad of the basal tooth are also variable characters in
both Pennsylvania and North Carolina specimens, and
the first of these auxiliary characters is subject to dif-
ferences brought about by the contraction of funicular
joints into one another to different degrees at death in
alcohol. In conclusion, Dr. Creighton’s material, while
reasonably abundant, just happened to show a distribu-
tional pattern which led naturally to the erection of a
subspecies. The additional material now available shows
so many contradictory features that montigena cannot be
retained as a separate form any longer.

Amblyopone ( Stigmatomma ) subterranea Creighton

I regard this form for the present as a good species,
though it was described as a subspecies of pallipes in
Creighton’s 1940 paper (p. 8, fig. 4). Though the dif-
ference from pallipes is very slight, it seems constant in
the specimens from Kansas, and the specimen from Aus-
tin, Texas, may also be considered as of this form instead
of as a pallipes-subterranea intergrade. Buren has re-
ported this form from Iowa, so the range appears wide
in the plains states. Specimens of pallipes from Illinois
and western Tennessee do not seem to intergrade with
subterranea, and no true intergrades seem yet to have
been reported from anywhere, with the exception of the
single doubtful specimen from Texas. Though it is true,
as Creighton states in his description, that most of the
sculpture of subterranea is rather light, the Kansan and
Texan specimens show rather characteristically strong
longitudinal ruguke in the area just behind the frontal
region of the dorsum of the head which are not quite like
those of pallipes. The structure of the anterior clypeal
border seems rather distinct and diagnostic also.

Though Creighton regarded the single Arizona record
of Stigmatomma as doubtful in 1940, there have been

86

Psyche

[June

several collections made in that state by Mr. R. G. Wes-
son since Creighton’s writing. Dr. Creighton has sug-
gested to me in a letter that these specimens may provide
a basis for reviving Wheeler’s Arizona race, but since
these collections are not presently available to me, I
shall provisionally accept the synonymy of this form
under 8. pallipes pallipes.

Subgenera of the genus Amblyopone Erichson

In 1934, Mr. John Clark of Melbourne1 adopted
Wheeler’s earlier suggestion2 that Stigmatomma Roger,
Fulakora Mann and Xymmer Santschi were only sub-
genera of Amblyopone Erichson. On the basis of workers
alone, it is hard to see why any of these names should be
maintained if the known world fauna of the complex is
considered as a whole. An examination of the venation
of the winged males and females of several species re-
ferred at present to Amblyopone ( aberrans Wheeler,
several forms of the australis-cephalotes complex) and
to Stigmatomma ( rothneyi Forel, pallipes (Haldeman),
pallipes oregonensis Wheeler) reveals a difference which,
if consistent in the two groups, will serve to separate
them satisfactorily as subgenera; I should not be sur-
prised to find this character intergradient and thus not
any longer separatory when more of the males and fe-
males are known. In Stigmatomma , the second free
abcissa of Rs (Rs FA 2), the vein which splits the cubital
cell longitudinally, is present in its entirety (somewhat
weak in rothneyi ), while in all the Amblyopone sensu
stricto, this vein is entirely gone and the cubital cell
resulting is very large and undivided. Furthermore, the
venation of the Stigmatommas from the United States
(not rothneyi) is more primitive in that the first free
abcissa of M (M FA 1), the posterior part of the vein
persistently called the “ basal vein,” is lined up or nearly
lined up with crossvein cu-a, a condition characteristic of
the Myrmeciini and also of at least some Mystrium
Roger and Myopopone Roger.

1 Clark, 1934, Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria, No. 8, p. 27.

2 Wheeler, 1927, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 63: p. 1.

1949]

Brown — Amblypone

87

I liave not seen any winged forms of Fulakora Mann;
this genus or subgenus cannot at present be separated
from Stigmatomma, since the prime character, approxi-
mation of the frontal carinse, is intermediate through to
S. williamsi Wheeler (Philippines) in at least two Aus-
tralian forms of Fulakora described by Clark ( punctu -
lata, gracilis) . Williamsi and silvestrii Wheeler (Japan)
form a very close series connecting forms like punctulata
with those like denticulata Mayr and other “typical”
Stigmatomma. In the absence of evidence to the con-
trary, I propose that the name Fulakora Mann be con-
sidered a synonym of Amblyopone ( Stigmatomma ).

Two synonyms were unwittingly created by Wheeler
(see synonymy below) when he stated that he thought the
use of Clark’s names, proposed in lit. at an earlier date,
to be “ inadvisable. ’ ’ Both names were put in print, with
genotypes stated. According to present practice as em-
ployed by many systematists, these names are available
and in force, a fact pointed out to me by my friend, Mr.
Floyd G. Werner. It appears best to list them formally
as synonyms. The arrangement below shows my conclu-
sions as to the relationships of the names discussed
above. For fuller synonymy, references can be found
in Emery’s section on the Amblyoponini in the Genera
Insectornm.

Genus Amblyopone Erichson

Erichson, 1841, Arch. Naturg., 8: 254, 260.
Neoamblyopone Wheeler, 1927, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
and Sci., 62 : 1.

Protamblyopone Wheeler, Idem., p. 1.

As far as I can see, there is only one valid snbgenns in
addition to Amblyopone (s. str.) :

Snbgenns Stigmatomma Roger

Roger, 1895, Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., 3: 250.
Stigmatomma (Xymmer) Santschi, 1914, Boll. Lab. Zool.
Portici, 8: 311.

Ximmer Emery, 1919, Ant. Soc. Ent. Belg., 59: 106, as
snbgen. of Stigmatomma.

88

Psyche

[June

Fulakora Mann, 1919, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool., 63: 279,
snbgen. of Stigmatomma.

Amblyopone (Xymmer) Clark, 1934, Mem. Nat. Mns.,
Melbourne, No. 8, p. 27.

A. ( Stigmatomma ) Clark, 1934, Idem., p. 27.

A. ( Fulakora ) Clark, 1934, Idem., p. 27 et suiv.

Since botb Santscbi and Emery have shown (works
cited in synonymy) that Santschi’s Xymmer muticum is
connected to Stigmatomma through A. ( S .) belli Forel, I
can see no reason for retaining Xymmer as a separate
subgenus any longer.

NORTH AMERICAN MENOPONIDyE (MALLO-
PHAGA). Ill; NOTES ON SOME OP
KELLOGG’S TYPES

By K. C. Emerson

Oklahoma A. and M. College, Stillwater, Oklahoma

Kellogg in his numerous papers on Mallophaga de-
scribed many new North American species. The taxo-
nomic importance of the male genitalia was unknown to
him, and a large number of his host records have been
proven incorrect. The latter item, particularly, has led
to great confusion ; the only solution has been to remount
and examine his type specimens.

His types in many instances have proved to be imma-
ture specimens of known species. For such instances
indicative of incorrect host designation, records of the
correct host with the same date and locality information
can be found leaving little doubt that the hosts were not
kept separated in the game bag.

Hopkins has presented an interesting discussion on
synonymy of Mallophagan names, and the author agrees
with his views. The purpose of this paper is not to dis-
cuss the validity of certain forms sometimes referred to
the names listed, but the validity of those names.

The author wishes to acknowledge the kindness of Dr.
G. F. Ferris in lending the Stanford University Collec-
tion containing Y. L. Kellogg’s type material, and of Mr.
G. H. E. Hopkins of the Tring Museum and Miss Theresa
Clay of the British Museum for their help and criticisms.

Colpocepkalum abbotti Kellogg 1899 — Actornithophi-
lus lari (Packard 1870). The type is an immature speci-
men, and the correct host is probably Larus sp.

Colpocephalum fumidum Kellogg 1896 = Actornitho-
philus lari (Packard 1870). The type is an immature
specimen, and the correct host is probably Larus sp.

89

90

Psyche

[June

Colpocephalum grandiculum Kellogg and Chapman
1899 = Actornithophilus lari (Packard 1870). The type
is an immature specimen, and the correct host is prob-
ably Larus sp.

Colpocephalum pcetulum Kellogg and Kuwana 1900 =
Actornithophilus bicolor (Piaget 1880). Absolute syn-
onymy.

Menopon striatum Kellogg 1899 = Amyrsidea lagopi
(Grube 1851). Absolute synonymy.

Menopon irrumpens Kellogg and Chapman 1899 —
Austromenopon navigans (Kellogg 1896). Absolute syn-
onymy ; with each sex being described as a different spe-
cies.

Menopon petulans Kellogg and Chapman 1899 = Aus-
tromenopon paululum (Kellogg and Chapman 1899). M.
paululum was described from male specimens collected
from the Black-vented Shearwater, Puffinus opisthomelas
Coues ; the Sooty Shearwater, Puffinus griseus (Gmelin) ;
and the Pink-footed Shearwater, Puffinus creatopus
Coues. I designate as lectotypes the types collected from
Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). M. petulans was described
from a single female specimen collected from the Sooty
Shearwater, Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). The types of
both species were collected on the same day from the
same locality. An examination of the types proved them
to represent only a single species with the name paulu-
lum having page priority.

Colpocephalum laticeps Kellogg 1896 = Ciconiphilus
obscurus (Giebel 1874). Absolute synonymy, and the
latter name may prove to be a synonym of Ciconiphilus
decim-f as datum (Boisduval and Lacordaire 1835).

Menopon decoratum Kellogg 1896 described from spe-
cimens taken from the White-tailed Kite has led to a great
deal of confusion. The correct host for this species is
the California Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus occidentalis
Bidgway; and the correct name should be Cuculiphilus
decoratum (Kellogg 1896). This species is distinctly dif-
ferent from Cuculiphilus fasciatus (Scopoli 1763), which
probably does not occur in North America.

1949]

Emerson — Menoponidae

91

Menopon galapagensis Kellogg and Knwana 1902 =
Cuculiphilus snodgrassi (Kellogg and Knwana 1902).
Absolute synonymy, and the correct host is Coccyzus
melacoryphus Vieillot.

Menopon longicephalum Kellogg 1896 = Menopon gal-
lince (Linnaeus 1758). Absolute synonymy.

Menopon mesoleucum americanum Kellogg 1896 =
Myrsidea interruptus (Osborn 1896). Absolute syno-
nymy.

Menopon titan impar Kellogg 1896 = Piagetiella pera-
lis (Leidy 1878). Absolute synonymy.

Menopon titan linearis Kellogg 189 6 = Piagetiella
bursce-pelecani (Perry 1876). Absolute synonymy.

Ferris has stated that Menopon tridens pacificum
Kellogg 1896 could not be separated from Pseudomeno-
pon tridens (Burmeister 1838). The author has com-
pared Kellogg’s material of M. tridens insolens, M. tri-
dens par, and a slide labeled “var C” with specimens of
P. tridens (Burmeister 1838) collected from Fulica atra
atra (Linnaeus) and believes them to be the same. The
forms were separated only on size ; but in any large series
from the American Coot, Fulica americanus Gmelin,
forms representing all of Kellogg’s sub-species can be
found.

References

Boisduval and Lacordaire

1835. Faune Entomologique des Environs de Paris, Paris, pp. 117-
125.

Burmeister

1838. Handbuch der Entomologie, Berlin. Bd II, pp. 418-433.

Ferris

1924. The Mallophagan Family Menoponidae, Part I. Parasitology,
XVI, pp. 55-65.

Giebel

1874. Insecta Epizoa, Leipzig.

Grube

1851. Parasiten. Middendorff ’s Sibirische Reise, Bd II, Th. I, pp.
467-497.

Hopkins

1942. Stray Notes on Mallophaga. — V. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. II IX, pp. 108-118.

Kellogg

1896. New Mallophaga, I. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 31-168.

92

Psyche

[June

New Mallophaga, II. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., VI, p. 431-548.
and Chapman

1899. New Mallophaga, III. Oec. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., VI pp.

1-142.

- — — and Kuwana

1900. Mallophaga from Alaskan birds. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1900, pp. 151-159.

1902. Mallophaga from birds. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 457-
491.

Leidy

1878. A Louse of the Pelican. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1878, p.

100.

Linnaeus

1758. Systema Naturae, 10th Edition.

Osborn

1896. Mallophaga. Bull. No. 5 (n. ser.), Div. Ent., U. S. Dept, of
Agri., pp. 189-249

Packard

1870. Certain parasitic insects. Amer. Naturalist, IV, pp. 83-99.
Perry

1876. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverpool, XXX, pp. lxxx and lxxxi.

Piaget

1880. Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique, Leyden.

Scopoli

1763. Entomologia Carniolica, Vindobonae, pp. 381-385.

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 56 September, 1949 No. 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Additions to Epicauta, with New Synonymy and a Change of Names

(Coleoptera: Meloidse). F. G. Werner 93

A New Leptothorax Commonly Inhabiting the Canyon Live Oak of

California (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). M. B. Smith 112

Tritoma dissimulator Crotch. C. A. Frost 115

A New Gruimenopon (Mallophaga-Menoponidse). B. L. Edwards 116

New American Syrphid Flies of the Subfamily Eristalinae.

F. M. Hull 120

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PSYCHE

Vol. 56 September, 1949 No. 3

ADDITIONS TO EPICAUTA, WITH NEW
SYNONYMY AND A CHANGE OF NAMES
(COLEOPTERA: MELOHLE)1

By F. G. Werner

Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

The numerous specimens of Epicauta which have been
made available to the author in the past two years have
included several new species from the United States and
Lower California as well as specimens which indicate that
some of the former conclusions regarding our species
were erroneous. The most important changes are in-
cluded in this paper. The author owes a debt of gratitude
to the curators of almost all the major museums in North
America for their generosity and especially to Mr. Frank
H. Parker and Mr. G. P. Mackenzie, who have been most
free with specimens from their private collections and
with information of real value in understanding the limits
of some of our species.

The arrangement followed is that of my former paper
on the genus, and changes that will have to be made in the
key to species and in descriptions will be noted in their
proper places under the species concerned.

Epicauta tenebrosa sp. n.

Epicauta pedalis, Horn, 1873, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 13: 99

(in part). Werner, 1945, Bull. M. C. Z. 45: 440 (in part).

Arizona specimens which have been assigned to Epi-
cauta pedalis Lee. should be referred to this species. The

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

93

94

Psyche

[Sept.

California Academy series of pedalis from Lower Cali-
fornia, the type locality, shows that there is a constant
difference between the Lower California and Arizona
specimens. From pedalis , tenebrosa can be distinguished
in either sex by the lack of a pale sutural margin on the
elytra and by its smaller size. The males have much more
slender antennae and have the tip of the aedeagus of a
different shape. (Fig. 1.)

A

Fig. 1. A. Antenna of Epicauta pedalis Lee., male. B. Antenna of
Epicauta tenebrosa sp. n., male. C. Tip of aedeagus of Epicauta pedalis,
male. D. Tip of aedeagus of Epicauta tenebrosa } male.

Length : 8 to 10 mm. Black, moderately densely clothed
with decumbent pubescence, which is tan on the elytra,
paler on the head and pronotum and cinereous on the
underside. Legs pale brown. Head subquadrate, with
moderately dense and deep punctures, distinctly microre-
ticulate on the intervals. Suture very distinctly im-
pressed. Antennal calluses small, denuded, shiny. Eyes
prominent, transverse, slightly wider than in pedalis.
Antennae in both sexes quite slender, tapering, reaching
almost to the middle of the elytra, two and four-fifths
times as long as an anterior tibia. First segment slightly
thickened, reaching halfway across the eye ; second short,
three-sevenths as long as the first; third slightly longer
than first ; fourth four-fifths as long as third ; succeeding
segments decreasing slightly in length and width. The

1949]

Werner — Epicauta

95

third and following segments are just perceptibly flat-
tened, especially in the male.

Pronotum as broad as long, subquadrate, with the sides
parallel for the basal three-fourths, then converging at a
forty-five degree angle, with the anterior angles rounded.
Surface like that of head. Midline distinctly impressed
and narrowly denuded. Basal impressed line distinct but
not denuded. Elytra with a narrow denuded zone across
the base, where normally covered by the base of the prono-
tum. Tips of femora and tibiae and all of tarsi, except for
a few hairs at the base of the basal segments, with dark
brown pubescence. Anterior tibiae of male with a single
stout, slightly incurved spur. Posterior tibial spurs
slightly broadened and flattened, the outer broader and
longer.

Holotype : <?, Tucson, Arizona VII-30 (Fall Coll. M.C.Z.
No. 28221)

Allotype: 2, topotypical, VIII-1 (Fall Coll.)

Paratypes: Tucson. Arizona: 12 VII-21 (Fall Coll.),
12 VII-21 (Liebeck Coll.), 6c?<?, 622 Aug. 1935 Bryant
(Parker). Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Ari-
zona: 12 7-14-32 E. D. Ball (Parker), 1<?, 12 7-12-32 R.
H. Beamer (U. Kansas), 1<? VII-26-1948 F. Werner & W.
Nutting, at light (Werner).

Tenebrosa runs to couplet 63 in my key. It can be dis-
tinguished from pedalis by the characters mentioned
above and from balli by the normal mandibles and the
presence of a single spur on the anterior tibiae in the male.

Epicauta bispinosa sp. n.

This is the third species to be discovered in the United
States belonging to a very closely-knit group, composed
of E. maculata (Say), normalis Werner and bispinosa sp.
n. These all have the same color, form and markings and
the females cannot be distinguished except by association
with males. All have numerous denuded spots over the
whole body and elytra and have the elytra covering the
abdomen almost completely and not conspicuously bulg-
ing. The male of maculata has the last segment of the
labial palpi expanded and suborbicular in outline and the

96

Psyche

[Sept.

second segment also expanded, one short, incurved spur
on the anterior tibiae and the first segment of the anterior
tarsi padded almost to the base. The male of normalis
differs from it in having unexpanded palpi and in having
the pad confined to the apical third of the first anterior
tarsal segment but is like it in having a single anterior
tibial spur. The male of bispinosa has two slender spurs
on the anterior tibiae as in the females of all three, has un-
expanded palpi and the pad of the first anterior tarsal
segment as in maculata. This combination of characters
in the males is exactly like that of the female of any of the
three species and it is only by the genitalia that the male
can be distinguished from the females at all.

Length : 9 to 12 mm. Black, quite densely clothed with
pale olive-cinereous to cinereous pubescence, with scat-
tered denuded spots as in maculata (Say). Indistin-
guishable from maculata and normalis in shape, propor-
tions and sculpture of head and pronotum. Antennae
almost identical with those of maculata , which vary
slightly in different sized specimens.

Holotype : c? 10 mi. E. of Sonoita, Sta. Cruz Co., Ari-
zona, alt. 4800 ft., in grassland, Aug. 1, 1948. F. Werner,
E. & W. Nutting. Feeding on leaves of Chamcesaracha
coronopus (Dunal) A. Cray. (M.C.Z. No. 28219)

Allotype: ? eutopotypical (M.C.Z.)

Paratypes: 62JV?, 9?? eutopotypical, in U.S.N.M.,
Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., U. Kansas., Cal. Acad., collec-
tions of F. H. Parker, C. P. Mackenzie and F. Werner.

In an area less than one hundred miles square in south-
eastern Arizona there occur no less than four distinct,
apparently very closely related species in the maculata
group ( maculata , normalis, bispinosa and nogales ). One
would expect that if these species were interfertile a fair
number of hybrid forms would occur. There has been no
attempt made to cross one with another experimentally
but so far no morphological evidence of hybridization has
come under observation. It is within the realm of pos-
sibility that hybrids do occur, at least among the first
three species, since there is no difference in habitus, all
varying greatly in the size and number of denuded spots

1949]

W erner — Epicauta

97

and in body size so that unusual specimens might be
overlooked in the field.

When one examines the distribution of the four species
in Arizona, a region well-known for its diversity of habitat
and life zones, he gets some clue as to the possible reasons
for segregation. E. maculata, ranging across the Great
Plains and even as far east as Ohio, extends its range
westward south of the Rockies onto the Colorado Plateau,
just north of the Arizona AVhite Mts., where it is quite
abundant, feeding on the leaves of a species of Amaran-
thus and Salsola. It also reaches the plateau to the north
of the Huachuca Mts., where it is likewise abundant and
feeds on the same or similar plants. On this plateau
and nearby it is taken occasionally on Solanum elceagni-
folium. The specimens on this plant tend toward smaller
spots and more luteous pubescence than most populations
and may represent a separate race. A series collected by
Mr. Parker at Phoenix was feeding on Kallstrcemia. It
does not seem to differ from normal specimens from other
parts of the range.

The record of E. nor mails is not as complete. It is
found from the Rockies to the Sierras and seems to range
farther north than maculata. It has been taken in the
Chiricahua and Huachuca Mts. and at Willcox. No food
plant records had been kept for these specimens. The
Willcox series was mixed with maculata but no attempt
had been made to segregate by food plant or exact locality.
It seems possible that normalis usually is found at higher
altitudes than its near relatives. Extensive collecting on
the plateau in 1948 did not produce any specimens.

E. no gales has turned up only in or near the Santa Cruz
river valley and it is quite evident that it must have a
more extended range in the adjacent part of Mexico. The
other species have not been taken in this valley.

The occurrence of the fourth species, E. bispinosa, on
the plateau north of the Huachuca Mts. in an area where
E. maculata also occurs abundantly, would be quite in-
explicable were it not for some observations made at the
time it was taken. Both species were abundant at a road-
side stop 10 miles east of Sonoita. Maculata was feeding

98

Psyche

[Sept.

on Amaranthus and Salsola, in considerable numbers.
Under these plants were scattered patches of Chamcesa-
racha, a low solanaceons plant, which had hispinosa feed-
ing on them. The species, as mentioned before, differ
only in the male secondary sexnal characters and several
specimens were collected from both hosts before the dif-
ferences were discovered. Then careful collecting by host
plant revealed that out of 87 maculata and 63 hispinosa
males not a single one was on the wrong plant. It can be
safely surmised that the females show the same selection.

The question of expressing the known relationships in
the taxonomy of the group is one to which the author has
given considerable thought and which he has discussed
with his colleagues in some detail. Dr. George Horn
would probably have left at least the three very similar
species as one, readily identifiable, species. This ap-
proach is particularly attractive to one who attempts to
determine numerous museum specimens but is becoming
increasingly indefensible as we attempt to apply the
taxonomist ’s results to problems in the field.

Assuming that we attach names to all three forms, we
still have at least two possible techniques, each with some
merit. Using the extreme similarity of the three as a
criterion, we can place them all in one species, with the
typical and two other subspecies, with supposed geo-
graphical replacement. This view would be strengthened
if hispinosa were found to have a wide range in northern
Mexico and maculata not. It serves to point out the ex-
tremely great similarity of the three. It is weakened by
the lack of evidence that the three hybridize where they
meet, as in southeastern Arizona. We expect subspecies
to be populations which have differentiated slightly be-
hind barriers but which have not gone so far in differentia-
tion that they cannot interbreed wherever they come to-
gether geographically.

The alternative method, and the one which the present
author favors, is to call each a species. From the avail-
able evidence we have three geographically isolated
species which show no tendency to interbreed. Where the
ranges of maculata and normalis meet, along the front of

1949]

W erner — Epicauta

99

the Kockies, an altitudinal segregation acts and the same
mechanism may act in Arizona where the ranges overlap.
Where maculata and bispinosa overlap, or where one has
differentiated from the other as the case may be, strict
adherence to host plant specificity serves to segregate the
two in the adult stage and present a barrier to inter-
breeding.

Present-day conditions in Arizona are exceedingly
favorable for study of host specificity of Epicauta. A
good proportion of the land is heavily grazed, the only
comparatively untouched parts of many areas being along
the main roads where the vegetation is protected by
fences. Any adults of the herb-feeding species that
emerge congregate on the roadside plants. A fairly high
percentage of the individuals in the area must assemble
here. Being parasitic and living in an area of uncertain
rainfall, the number of individuals varies greatly from
year to year. When a patch is found which supports
blister beetles it usually has several species within a small
area. Under such conditions one would expect any pos-
sible hybridization to occur. When none does occur, it is
certainly an indication that there is some barrier, be it
intersterility, micro-ecological isolation on host plants or
even psychological.

Therefore the author maintains that the occurrence of
maculata and bispinosa side by side on different food
plants is a clear indication that they are distinct popula-
tions and since no intergrades have been found to indicate
hybridization, prefers to treat them as species. At the
same time, he feels certain that as more becomes known
about both, this food plant isolation will be found not to
be the primary factor in keeping the two separate.

Epicauta cinerea (Forst.)

Meloe cinereus Forster, 1771, Cat. Animals N. Am.: 62.
Lytta fissilabris LeConte, 1850, Agassiz Lake Superior
4: 232 ; 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 6: 339. (new
synonymy)

Epicauta fissilabris, Horn, 1873, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.
13 : 102. Werner, 1945, Bull. M.C.Z. 45 : 456.

100

Psyche

[Sept.

LeConte described fissilabris from Lake Superior and
Hudson’s Bay Territory and since the time of its descrip-
tion very few specimens have been taken. These, how-
ever, show that there is a close relationship between it and
cinerea. The author was unable to distinguish between
the two species at the time he wrote his revision of the
genus, except on the basis of color. Subsequent speci-
mens indicate from their distribution that fissilabris is a
marginal form of cinerea. It has been taken at Aweme,
Manitoba; Tokio, North Dakota; Hope, Arkansas and
Smithville and Stillwater, Oklahoma. These localities
coincide fairly well with the northern and western limits
of cinerea. The Arkansas and Oklahoma specimens were
taken in company with normal cinerea.

Epicauta pestifera nomen novum

Epicauta marginata auct., nec Fabricius (in part).
Epicauta cinerea auct., nec Forster (in part).

Epicauta solani Werner, 1945, Bull. M.C.Z. 45:457, nec

Epicauta Koehleri var. solani Denier, 1940, Bev. de la

Soc. Ent. Argentina 10 : 421.

It is hoped that at last our common margined blister
beetle has a name that will stick with it.

Epicauta ficta sp. n.

This unicolorous grey species is most closely allied in
our fauna to cinerea (Forst.), having similar antennse but
broad posterior tibial spurs. It differs from grey speci-
mens of pestifera in its short, stout antennse and from
brunnea Werner by the broad posterior tibial spurs and
unexpanded anterior tarsi in the male. It seems to be
most closely related to Epicauta obesa from Vera Cruz on
the Caribbean coast of Mexico.

Length: 9 to 12 mm. Black, densely clothed with de-
cumbent cinereous to yellowish-cinereous pubescence.
Antennse short but of a form similar to those of cinerea.

Head subtriangular. Surface microreticulate, densely
ard rather deeply punctured. Midline very feebly im-
pressed, usually not visible under low magnification.
Antennal calluses small, slightly raised, denuded and

1949]

Werner — Epicauta

101

shallowly microreticulate. Eyes rather small, transverse,
narrow, barely extending inwardly beyond the antennal
sockets. Antennse short, extending to just beyond the
base of the elytra, twice as long as an anterior tibia. In
the male the first segment is stout, the heaviest segment,
reaching one-third across the eye ; second slender, seven-
tenths as long as first ; third one-sixth longer than first,
increasing gradually in thickness toward the apex where
it is one and six-tenths times as wide as at the base. First
two segments and base of third with cinereous pubescence.
Fourth segment three-fifths as long as third; fifth and
sixth equal to fourth in length, the apices of the third,
fourth and fifth equal in thickness, wider than their bases.
The length decreases gradually from the sixth to the
tenth, which is five-sixths as long as the sixth. The sixth
to the tenth are individually almost uniform in thickness.
Last segment one and one-half times as long as tenth.
The proportions are the same in the female except that the
first and intermediate segments are not enlarged. Pro-
notum subquadrate, slightly longer than broad. Midline
not impressed or denuded.

Elytra narrowly denuded and with a little black pubes-
cence at the base where covered by the base of the prono-
tum. Outer margin of anterior tibiae and top of anterior
tarsi of male slightly denuded, the first tarsal segment
slightly thickened. Posterior tibial spurs broadened, the
outer slightly the broader and longer. In some of the
males there is a small spot of black pubescence on the hind
margin of the abdominal sternites and a mid-dorsal black
line on the pygidium. This character is present in obesa
and several other species in southern Mexico.

Holotype: Broken Bow, McCurtain Co., Oklahoma

Aug. 27, 1931 M. L. Costner (M.C.Z. No. 28223).

Allotype: 2 Smithville, Payne Co., Okl. Aug. 24, 1931
W.D. Davis (M.C.Z.) .

Paratypes : Oklahoma : 3c?<? eutopotypical ; 3Jc? Broken
Bow Aug. 29, 1931 M. L. Costner; 1? Broken Bow Aug.
26, 1931 W. D. Davis; 1<?, 322 Smithville Aug. 24, 1931
W. D. Davis; 2JV? Idabel July 27, 1931 A. 0. Elrod; 12
Stillwater Sept. 3, 1931 E. Hixon; 1<? Stillwater Sept. 14,

102

Psyche

[Sept.

1930 E. Hixon; 1$ Stillwater Sept. 15, 1930 E. Hixon; 1$
Stillwater Oct. 1, 1930 V. Laird ; 1$ Jay Jul. 5, 1931 M. L.
Costner.

Paratypes deposited in the collections of the U.S.N.M.,
Cornell U., U. of Oklahoma and F. Werner.

Males with midventral spots on the abdominal sternites
rnn to couplet 37 in the key but can be separated by the
absence of scutellar and humeral spots on the elytra. The
rest key to solani ( pestifera ) and can be separated by the
short, heavy antennae-.

Epicauta senilis sp. n.

The combination of shaggy grey pubescence and pair of
denuded callosities on the pronotum distinguish this
species from all others in our fauna. Champion’s candi-
data from Mexico has similar characters but has the outer
posterior tibial spurs spoonshaped.

Length : 9 mm. Head broadly triangular, quite densely
and moderately deeply punctured, with the intervals quite
densely punctulate. Median impressed line distinct down
to the level of the eyes, bordered by a narrow denuded
area. Antennal calluses small, low. Eyes large, narrow,
excavated next to the antennae. Antennae slender, twice
as long as an anterior tibia. First segment slender,
reaching three-fourths across the eye ; second half as long
as first ; third just shorter than the first. The basal three
segments with some short cinereous pubescence behind.
Fourth and following segments two-thirds as long as
third, gradually decreasing in thickness. Pronotum
quadrate, conspicuously bulging on the disc. Median
impressed line distinct, supplemented by a narrow de-
nuded area. Basal impressed line distinct. With a pair
of smooth, denuded callosities just before the middle, as
in callosa. Surface similar to that of head. The pubes-
cence on the pronotum is directed irregularly, giving a
ragged appearance. Elytra black next to the scutellum
and across the base where normally covered by the base
of the pronotum. Anterior legs of male not modified.
Anterior tibial spurs of both sexes rather stout, spiniform,

1949]

W erner — Epicauta

103

somewhat incurved. Posterior tibial spurs slender, the
outer sticklike, the inner spiniform.

Holotype: Luna Co., New Mexico , 4000 ft. July 25,

1939, Rehn and Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.)

Allotype: $ Douglas, Arizona, July 23, 1929 W. W.
Jones (Parker)

Paratypes : Dragoon Mts., Arizona IX-1CM:7 D. J.

& J. N. Knull (Ohio State) ; 1J1 Sierra Blanca, El Paso Co.,
Texas, Sep. 13-14, 1912 (USNM).

This species runs to callosa LeConte in my key but is
distinguished by the long, shaggy pubescence of the pro-
thorax and back of the head and heavy anterior tibial
spurs. It goes to group BB in the table but does not seem
to be very closely related to any known species.

Length : 7 to 9 mm. Black, sparsely clothed with pale
cinereous pubescence. Elytra with inconspicuous scutel-
lar and humeral black spot. A member of the caviceps

Fig. 2. A. Head of Epicauta afoveata sp. n. B. Head of Epicauta im-
pressifrons V.D.

group, apparently most closely related to impressifrons
Van Dyke, which it resembles in general appearances,
differing mainly in the lack of occipital callosities, lack of
a pit at the inner border of the eyes and by certain second-
j ary sexual characters in the male. (Pig. 2.)

Epicauta afoveata sp. n.

A

B

104

Psyche

[Sept.

Head subtriangular, without occipital callosities or
deeply impressed hind margin. Surface shiny, feebly
microreticulate, moderately densely and deeply punctured
except near the midline on the occiput, on the antennal
calluses and on a narrow zone behind the eyes. Midline
distinctly impressed to just below the upper level of the
eyes. A narrow zone in the middle of the head often gla-
brous and without punctures, as in Fig. 2A. Antennal
calluses small but denuded. Eyes oblique, narrow,
rounded at the inner margin, bordered behind by a nar-
row, smooth, denuded zone one-fourth their greatest
width. There is no trace of a pit at the inner edge of this
denuded zone. Clypeus and labrum sculptured like rest
of head. Antennae almost uniform in thickness, reaching
the basal third of the elytra, two and one-half times as
long as an anterior tibia. First segment reaching one-
third across the eye, moderately slender but nevertheless
the thickest segment. There is often some cinereous pu-
bescence on the dorsal and posterior surfaces. Second
segment two-sevenths as long as first, moderately slen-
der ; third slender, a little more than twice as long as sec-
ond; fourth three-fourths as long as third; the rest de-
creasing slightly in length and thickness.

Pronotum slightly broader than long, with the sides
roughly parallel on the basal two-thirds, then converging
at a forty-five degree angle. Surface more deeply punc-
tured and microreticulate than that of head. Disc
roughened, flattened on the basal two-thirds, with a feeble
narrow median smooth area on the basal half. Basal
impressed line deep ; median suture absent or present only
on the middle of the disc. Pubescence of the disc sparse,
directed laterally in part and in a pair of small anterior
whorls. Elytra with slightly denser pubescence than the
head, with scutellar and humeral black spot, inconspicuous
because of the sparseness of the pubescence. Pubescence
of the underside denser than above, uniformly pale ciner-
eous. Second to sixth abdominal sternites of male
broadly denuded, the sixth strongly notched apically.
Legs with pale cinereous pubescence except for the tips
of the femora, tips of the tibiae and outer edge of mid-

1949]

W erner — Epicauta

105

die tibisB and the tarsi, which are black. The first tar-
sal segments often have a few cinereous hairs dorsally at
the base.

Male with two spurs on the anterior tibiae and with
posterior surface of trochanter, femur and tibia of mid-
dle and hind legs denuded, slightly flattened, with a dor-
sal fringe of long cinereous hairs. Posterior tibial spurs
slender, sticklike.

Holotype: Borrego, San Diego Co., California Oct.

8, 1947 G. P. Mackenzie (M.C.Z. No. 28220)

Allotype: ? eutopotypical (M.C.Z.)

Paratypes: llcft?, 3?? eutopotypical; 2?? topotypical
Oct. 28, 1939; 1<?, 1? topotypical Oct. 14, 1948. 5c?cf, 6??
San Jacinto Mts., Riverside Co., California Oct. 7, 1947.
lc? Vallecitos, San Diego Co., California Oct. 28, 1939.
All collected by G. P. Mackenzie.

Paratypes are deposited in the collections of the U.
S.N.M., Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., Calif. Acad., G. P.
Mackenzie and F. Werner.

Mr. Mackenzie, who kindly loaned this fine series for
description, appends the following information on the
localities: Borrego (sometimes spelled Borego), several
miles south of the town; San Jacinto Mts., about fifteen
miles west of Indio on Rt. 74, on the east slope of the
mountains; Vallecitos, 20 miles south of Borrego. El-
evation of all three places ca. 2500 ft. Vegetation of
a desert type.

In my key the male runs to couplet 37, differing from
aspera and nigrit arsis by being black with sparse cin-
ereous pubescence and in having the midventral abdom-
inal black markings composed of denuded areas with at
most scattered, very short pubescence, rather than of
black pubescence which is as dense as on the rest of the
abdomen in aspera. The female keys to couplet 67, but
differs from ingrata and longicollis in its small size and
uniform pubescence. Some females of impressifrons
also key out here but can be distinguished by head form.

Epicauta impressifrons Van Dyke

1929, Bull. Br. Ent. Soc. 24: 12.

Several samples of Epicauta from near the type lo-

106

Psyche

[Sept.

cality of impressifrons are composed of specimens which
seem most closely related to that species but which dif-
fer in several characters ordinarily of importance in the
group. The variation is continuous enough that all
should he included in impressifrons but isolated samples
often have a distinctly different aspect.

First there is a striking difference in size and more
or less correlated with it a difference in pubescence, the
larger specimens having it much denser. Also more or
less correlated with the denser pubescence is the pres-
ence of the midventral, lateral and dorsal black abdom-
inal markings and scutellar and humeral spots charac-
teristic of the caviceps group to which impressifrons be-
longs.

One lot of eight specimens from Whitewater has mid-
ventral spots in both males and females. Another se-
ries of 25, from Morongo Valley, collected by G. P.
Mackenzie, has these spots in the male but not in the
female even though some are as large as the Whitewa-
ter females. This series has sparser pubescence than
the Whitewater lot. Other smaller lots from several
localities are similar to the Morongo Valley set.

The distribution of the species seems to follow a def-
inite northwest-southeast line, from Cajon Pass in San
Bernardino Co. to Fish Springs on the Salton Sea. It
has been taken most abundantly in the vicinity of Palm
Springs in Riverside Co., at Whitewater, Cabazon, Mo-
rongo Valley and Indio, all within twenty miles map dis-
tance from Palm Springs, in the Coachella Valley.

Epicauta occipitalis sp. n.

Length: 8 to 11 mm. Black, densely clothed with yel-
low-cinereous to light rufous pubescence, which is dark-
er above than below. Disc of pronotum with dense
short, erect pubescence, not denuded anteriorly as in di-
ver sipubescens Mayd. Elytra usually with a small
black scutellar spot. Denuded spots on the midline of
the abdominal sternites in the male. Middle and hind
femora of male flattened behind, denuded and with a
margin of long hairs above. Head bulging at the oc-
ciput, the bulge not split by a deepened midline.

1949]

W erner — Epicauta

107

Head suboval, widest just behind the eyes, broadly
rounded behind, with the posterior margin straight in
front view, excavated when seen from above. Seen in
side view, the occiput appears bulged. Surface densely
punctured except along the narrowly denuded midline.
Antennal calluses small, denuded. Median impressed
line distinct down to the level of the eyes. Eyes fairly
prominent, rather narrow (.47 times as wide as long),
transverse. Antennae reaching to the middle of the
elytra in the male, two and two-thirds as long as an an-
terior tibia, slightly shorter in the female, two and one-
half times as long as an anterior tibia, slender, almost
uniform in thickness, slightly thicker in the male than in
the female. First segment reaching halfway across the
eye, the stoutest segment; second .55 times as long as
first; third as long as first; fourth and following sub-
equal, three-fourths as long as third. The first three
segments have some pale pubescence.

Pronotum broadly campanulate, slightly longer than
broad, densely clothed on the disc with short erect
pubescence. This pubescence is composed of short,
swollen but pointed hairs which are circular in cross-
section. E. wheeleri Horn has similar discal pubes-
cence, E. rileyi and E. rehni similar but much more slen-
der. The midline and an oblique area from the anterior
angles to the middle somewhat elevated. Elytra with
a small scutellar black spot which may be reduced to a
few hairs. Abdominal sternites of male with a denuded
spot on the midline posteriorly, with only a few short
black hairs and setae present on them. Middle and pos-
terior trochanters, femora and tibiae of male flattened
and broadly denuded behind, fringed above with long
pale pubescence. The corresponding edge . of the an-
terior trochanters and femora also denuded but not
fringed with long hairs. Anterior tibial spurs of male
slightly shortened, the first tarsal segment a little thick-
ened. Posterior tibial spurs slender, sticklike. Tips
of femora and tibiae and all but base of tarsi with black
pubescence.

Holotype: c? 20 mi. N. of Mesquital, Lower California

108

Psyche

[Sept.

IX-27-1941 Ross and Bohart (Calif. Acad. No. 6126)

Allotype: ? eutopotypical (Calif. Acad.)

Paratypes : 17<&?, 10?? eutopotypical. El Arco, L.
Calif. IX-28-1941.

Paratypes have been placed in the M.C.Z. collection
(No. 28222), Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., collections of F.
H. Parker, Gr. P. Mackenzie and F. Werner.

The localities are in the Vizcaino Desert in the south-
ern part of the northern district of Lower California.
(See Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4th ser.) 24: 8.)

This species belongs to the caviceps group and looks
most like diver sipuhescens Mayd. but differs in its
narrower head, bulging occiput and thickened erect
hairs on the pronotum. The male keys to couplet 37,
aspera but differs in the broadly denuded flattened sur-
face of the femora. The female keys to part 2 of couplet
64 (with the addition of “or with a small scutellar spot”)
and thence to rehni in couplet 75. It differs from
rehni in lacking the ridges on the head and from uni-
forma and alpina by the dense erect pubescence on the
pronotal disc.

Epicauta lauta subsp. rossi subsp. nov.

Large series of Epicauta lauta from the United
States show very little variation in color. One specimen
from Lower California, the only representative of the
species seen from there, shows a striking deviation from
the usual uniform coloration. It has the pubescence the
same as in lauta but the ground color is black, with the
elytra tan. It looks more like the female of polingi than
lauta but is structurally identical with the latter.

Holotype: <?, 15 mi. S. of San Domingo, Lower Cali-
fornia October 4, 1941. Ross and Bohart. (Calif. Acad.
No. 6127).

Epicauta virgulata (Lee.)

Macrobasis virgulata LeConte, 1866, Smiths. Misc. Coll.

6: no. 167, 2nd ed. : 156.

Epicauta virgulata, Werner, 1945, Bull. M.C.Z. 45: 512

(in part).

1949]

Werner — Epicauta

109

A re-examination of material in this species shows
that two species are present, virgulata being the Lower
California species, extending to southwestern Arizona
and hirsutipubescens (Mayd.) being found from western
Texas to southeastern Arizona.

The description of virgulata in my revision need not
be greatly changed except for addition of characters by
which it differs from hirsutipubescens. The shape of
the hind trochanters serve to separate it in both sexes
(Fig. 3). In the male the first antennal segment reaches

B

Fig. 3. A. Antenna of Epicauta virgulata (Lee.), male. B. Antenna
of Epicauta hirsutipubescens Mayd., male. C. Metatrochanter of Epi-
cauta virgulata , male. D. Metatrochanter of Epicauta hirsutipubescens,

male.

nearly to the hind margin of the head and is equal to the
following four in length. It is deeply excavated ex-
ternally near the apex. Second segment small, two-
thirds as long as third, which is also broader. The sec-
ond to sixth segments are dorso-ventrally flattened, the
ventral surface of the second to fourth smooth and ap-
parently forming a clasping organ, opposing the an-
tennal excavation. Middle femora and trochanters de-
nuded behind, flattened and slightly excavated, margined
ventrally with a few long hairs and also dorsally on the
trochanters.

Specimens from Lower California have the body col-

110

Psyche

[Sept.

or dark brown to black, the legs rufous. The Sinaloa
and Arizona specimens have the legs of the same color
but the body color paler so that the contrast is not as
great. I can find no other differences. There is a slight
variation in the width of the antennal segments but it oc-
curs in the Lower California and Arizona specimens
alike. The pubescence is composed of hairs which are
brown at the base and cinereous apically. The brown
zone may be up to two-thirds of the length of the hair
or reduced to less than one-third, thus affecting the gen-
eral color of the insect considerably. Lower California
specimens in general have more brown than Arizona
specimens.

Localities: Lower California: Comondu; 5 mi. So. of
San Miguel, San Domingo ; San Quentin ; Coyote Cove,
Conception Bay; Venancio; Triunfo; 10 mi. S. of Cata-
vina ; La Paz ; Todos Santos ; all in the southern district.
Sinaloa: Los Mochis. Arizona: Ehrenburg, Yuma Co.;
Cave Creek, Maricopa Co. ; Gillespie Dam, Maricopa Co. ;
Florence, Pinal Co. I am very much indebted to the
California Academy for permission to study the Lower
California and Sinaloa specimens.

Epicauta hirsutipubescens (Mayd.)

Macro basis hirsutipubescens Maydell, 1934, Trans. Am.

Ent. Soc. 60: 334.

Epicauta virgulata , Werner, 1945, Bull. M.C.Z. 45: 512

(in part).

This species can be distinguished from virgulata by
the shape of the hind trochanters (Fig. 3) and by the
shorter first antennal segment and lack of long hairs on
the middle femora of male. In the male the first an-
tennal segment reaches the hind margin of the eye and
is equal to or slightly shorter than the following three,
and is not as deeply excavated as in virgulata (Fig. 3).
The second to fifth segments are not flattened and ex-
panded. The posterior trochanters of the male have
a tuft of hairs on the posterior border as in the figure.

West Texas specimens are usually black, with grey
pubescence (as in the type) or with tan pubescence, in

1949]

W erner — Epicauta

111

which the individual hairs are unicolorous. The discal
stripe on the elytra is not as prominent as in virgulata
and southeastern Arizona specimens. Arizona spec-
imens, from the southeastern part of the state, have the
ground color brown and the pubescence brown at the
base and white at the apex, and with the discal stripe
very distinct. There seems to be no morphological dif-
ference between the two groups and it must be presumed
that the range is continuous in northern Chihuahua.
Occasional specimens from Arizona have the pubescence
very similar to western Texas specimens. The south-
eastern Arizona specimens tend to be a little stouter and
shorter than the Texas series or southwestern Arizona
virgulata.

Localities: Texas: Lozier Canyon, Terrell Co.; Tor-
nilla Flat, Big Bend Nat. Pk. ; Marathon; Culbertson
Co.; Ft. Stockton; McNary, Hudspeth Co. New Mexico:
Organ, Dona Ana Co.; Hope, Eddy Co.; Hot Springs,
Sierra Co. Arizona : Benson ; Huachuca Mts. ; Sta.
Rita Mts; Globe; Badger; Tubac; San Carlos; Tucson;
Patagonia; Nogales; Calabasas Canyon, Tumacacori
Mts; Arivaca, Pima Co.

A NEW LEPTOTHORAX COMMONLY INHABITING
THE CANYON LIVE OAK OF CALIFORNIA
(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICICLE)

By Marion R. Smith

Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of
Entomology and Plant Quarantine, U. S.

Department of Agriculture

In the late nineteen thirties Arnold Mallis of the Uni-
versity of California sent me, for determination, a new
species of Leptothorax which he and Jack Schwartz had
collected at DeviPs Gate Dam, Pasadena, California.
Later the same ant was received for determination from
Mrs. Wilda S. Ross of Santa Barbara, California, who
had been given specimens of it by C. H. Muller. Dr.
Muller’s specimens were found nesting in an oak gall
in the Figueroa Mountains of Santa Barbara County,
California. Although recorded from a small number of
California localities only, it is probable that the new ant
has a much wider distribution, occurring wherever the
canyon live oak is found or perhaps even beyond. Be-
cause of the commonness of this new species on canyon
live oaks and its association with galls on these trees from
near San Francisco to Los Angeles County, it seems de-
sirable to describe the form.

Leptothorax (Leptothorax) gallae, new species
Worker. — Length 3 mm.

Head measured through its greatest breadth and
length, one and one-seventh times as long as broad, with
approximately straight posterior border, rounded pos-
terior corners and weakly convex, somewhat subparallel
sides. Eye rather large, located at approximately the
middle of the side of the head. Antenna 12-segmented;
apex of scape failing by more than its greatest diameter
to attain the posterior border of the head ; funiculus with
a 3-segmented club, which is scarcely longer than the re-

112

1949]

Smith — Leptothorax

113

mainder of the funiculus, last segment of the club longer
than the combined length of the two preceding segments.
Frontal area present but not strongly defined. Middle
of the anterior border of the clypeus with a distinct but
weak impression or emargination. Mandible 5-toothed.
Thorax slender, highest in the vicinity of the junction
of the promesonotum, sloping both anteriorly and pos-
teriorly from this region; from above, widest in the pro-
notum and narrowest at the base of the epinotal spines,
with rounded humeri and obsolescent or missing dorsal
thoracic sutures, also lacking the mesoepinotal impres-
sion. Epinotal spines fairly robust, not strongly diver-
gent, longer than the distance between their bases.
Femora and tibiae, especially the former, noticeably in-
crassated. Peduncle of petiole with a small but distinct
anteroventral tooth. Petiolar node, in profile, angular,
the anterior slope almost straight, the posterior slope
shorter and more irregular than the anterior. Postpeti-
olar node, from above, about one and one-fourth times
broader than long, with rounded humeri and subparallel
sides, somewhat constricted in the posterior half. Gas-
ter with distinct angles.

Mandibles striate, also punctate. Clypeus with about
7 to 9 prominent carinae, one of them median and the
other lateral. Head densely and minutely punctate with
the front bearing delicate longitudinal rugulae. Cheeks
rugulose or rugulosepunctate. Thoracic dorsum rugulose-
punctate, the rugulae most evident on the promesono-
tum; meso and metapleurae longitudinally rugulose punc-
tate. Petiolar and postpetiolar nodes more minutely
rugulosepunctate than the thorax.

Head, thorax, petiole and postpetiole subopaque ; fron-
tal area and gaster shining. In some lights the head is
almost shining.

Body with moderately abundant, coarse, suberect to
erect, pale yellowish or grayish hairs ; those on the gaster
more abundant than elsewhere. Antennae and legs hair-
less, bearing only appressed pubescence.

Brown; posterior part of gaster and much of head
blackish.

114 Psyche tSepl-

Type locality. — Devil’s Gate Dam, Pasadena, Califor-
nia.

Described from a holotype and 15 paratype workers
collected by Arnold Mallis and Jack Schwartz at the type
locality indicated above. Six of the specimens including
the holotype are labeled 2-20-38, no. 1 and the remainder
2-26-38, no. 2. No information on their biology is avail-
able. The holotype and some of the paratype workers
are in the United States National Museum collection
under U. S. N. M. No. 59152.

The paratypes differ from the holotype especially in
size, color and the degree of sculpturing. The largest
paratype is 3.4 mm., the smallest 2.8 mm. Some specimens
have the body a more uniform brown than others ; in most
specimens, however, the head is darker than the remain-
der of the body. The sculpturing on the head and thorax
varies considerably with regard to coarseness and abun-
dance but in general is of a similar nature.

Leptothorax gallce appears to be related to nevadensis
rudis Wheeler from which it especially differs in its more
slender thorax, with more rounded humeri and less flat-
tened dorsum; petiolar node, in profile, more sharply
angular ; postpetiolar node, from above, longer in propor-
tion to its breadth; head darker, and usually with less
satiny luster or shine. So far as I am aware, gallce nests
in trees, especially in galls that occur on trees, whereas
nevadensis rudis has only been reported nesting in the
soil beneath stones. Further collecting however, may
prove that neither species is confined to the habitat indi-
cated by observations thus far recorded.

Other localities in California where this ant has been
collected :

Arroyo Seco in Pasadena ; 2-6-37; Arnold Mallis and
Jack Schwartz. Camp Baldy in Los Angeles County;
9-6-18; L. H. Weld; on Quercus chrysolepis Liebm., the
canyon live oak; Hopkins U. S. No. 15611 b. Mill Valley,
Marin County ; Mch. 1947, Wilda S. Boss.

Los Gatos in Santa Clara County ; different dates dur-
ing 1918 and 1919; R. D. Hartman; on Quercus chryso-
lepis Liebm., the canyon live oak; Hopkins U. S. No.
15922 e, h.

1949]

Smith — Leptothorax

115

Figueroa Mt., Santa Barbara County; 11-4-45 ; C. H.
Muller; from an oak gall.

From these data it can be seen that the new ant is com-
monly found on the canyon live oak, Quercus chrysolepis
Liebm., which is distributed along the California Coast
Range and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada.
This oak however, is not confined to California, but occurs
in southwestern Oregon, northern Mexico and Baja Cali-
fornia, southwestern Utah and New Mexico, southeastern
Nevada, and much of Arizona. At Los Gatos the species
has been collected from twig galls made on the canyon
live oak by cynipid wasps belonging to the following
species: Heteroecus pacificus (Ashm.), H. sanetce-clarce
(Fullaway) and Disholcaspis truckeensis (Ashm.).

Tritoma dissimulator Crotch. — There seems to be
no record of this species from either Maine or Mass,
and it is listed as from “111.,” which is the locality given
by the describer. I took it at Paris, Me., June 15, 1910,
and July 12, 1914, and in June, 1945. My records from
Mass, are: Framingham, Oct. 10, 1915, under bark;
Sherborn, June 8, 1913; Hopkinton, June 7, 1925; Berlin,
July 5, 1936, in fungus. Other records in my col-
lection are: Mt. Washington, N. H., June 24, 1913; Mont-
real Id., Quebec, taken by G. Chagnon; Edmonton and
Leduc, Alta., F. S. Carr; Victoria Beach, Man., June 17,
1923, C. S. Brooks. There are single records in both the
New York and the New Jersey lists. — C. A. Frost, Fram-
ingham, Mass.

A NEW GRUIMENOPON (MALLOPHAGA—
MENOPONIDAE)1

By R. L. Edwards

Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

The genns Gruimenopon, typically parasitic on the bird
family Gruidse (cranes), has not been previously recorded
from North America.

Gruimenopon canadensum, n. sp.

Plate 6

A relatively atypical member of the genus. 14 males
averaged 1.94 mm. in length and 12 females averaged 2.29
mm. in length. Uncleared specimens superficially resem-
ble species of the genus Colpocephalum , being light tan
in color with large, dark ocular and cervical sclerotiza-
tions. Sexual dimorphism, excluding size, very slight.

Head broader than long, not as smoothly rounded an-
teriorly as in G. Ion gum. Antennae with terminal segment
typically elongate-cylindrical (Fig. 4). Latero-posterior
margin of temple with three very long, stout setae.
Thorax as in longum. Prothoracic tibia with fairly well
developed comb. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae with rela-
tively thick patches of setae distally. These patches con-
sist of three or more almost comb-like rows of fine and
coarse setae. Metathoracic femora and fourth abdominal
sternite with large brushes typical of genus. Terminal
segments with very long, stout setae directed posteriorly.

Female with only shallow, median indentation in eighth
sternite.

Male genitalia characterized by large, hyaline, termin-
ally squared prolongation of basal plate. Parameres hya-
line, only slightly curved, each with single seta terminally.
Preputial sac beset with numerous, small teeth. Other
sclerotized structures connected with basal plate and pre-
putial sac best indicated by figure 3.

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

116

1949] Edwards — Gruimenopon 117

Type host: Grus c. canadensis (Linn.), the little brown
crane.

Type Material: Holotype male, allotype female, 13
paratype males and 12 paratype females. Material col-
lected from skins in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
as follows; skin #63187, collected by F. B. Armstrong,
Refugio Co., Texas, December 11, 1912 ; and skin #252139,
collected by F. S. Hersey, St. Micheal, Alaska, June 3,
1915. Holotype and allotype deposited in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology. Paratypes will be distributed to
United States National Museum, American Museum of
Natural History, and British Museum of Natural History.

Discussion : This enigmatic species seems to be inter-
mediate between Gruimenopon and Heleonomus. The
ocular and cervical sclerotizations, the general head
shape and the male genitalia all seem to be more closely
allied to Heleonomus . In other features, such as shape
and chaetotaxy of thorax and abdomen, it is like members
of the genus Gruimenopon, in which genus it is retained
because these features seem more significant generically.

118

Psyche

[Sept.

Explanation of Plate 6

All figures refer to Gruimenopon canadensum , n. sp.
Fig. 1. Male, dorsal- ventral view.

Fig. 2. Female, dorsal-ventral view.

Fig. 3. Male genitalia.

Fig. 4. Male antenna.

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 6

Edwards-Gruimenopon

NEW AMERICAN SYRPHID FLIES OF THE
SUBFAMILY ERTSTALTN7F

By Prank M. Hull
University of Mississippi

A number of species of Syrphid flies from the Neo-
tropical region have been studied by the author during
the past year. This paper describes the members of the
subfamily Eristalinae. The types are in the author’s col-
lection.

Eristalis vera n. sp.

A large species related to scutellaris but distinguished
by entirely black pile in front of the transverse mesonotal
suture and by the polished black hind tibiae. Length 13
mm.

Female. Head: face, front and cheeks shining black,
the sides of the face with wide, thin, greyish white polli-
nose bands which reach to the epistoma. Facial pile
white; frontal pile, vertical pile black. The greyish
white pollen of the face proceeds narrowly up along the
frontal eye margin for two-thirds the length of the front.
The upper portion of the front has an opaque black band
extending from margin to margin which is acutely pro-
duced forward in the middle of the front for a short dis-
tance. The anterior margin of the black spot tends to
be bordered by white pollen. The lower part of the front
above the preantennal callus is slightly raised and mi-
nutely punctate. The callus has diagonal, rugose furrows
on either side. The antennae are black ; the arista is red-
dish sepia becoming a little lighter towards the base.
Eyes bare. Facial concavity moderately deep above the
tubercle. Thorax: mesonotum and scutellum entirely
black pilose ; only the notopleura and the ventral scutel-
lar fringe are whitish pilose. There is an indistinct grey
band in front of the transverse suture. The anterior
margin of the transverse suture itself is obscurely mar-
gined with greyish white pollen. Behind the transverse

120

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

121

suture there is a broad band of opaque black followed by
a wider band of shining bluish black. In front of the
scutellum there is a medially rounded, transverse band
of opaque black extending forward at the postcalli to in-
clude all of these structures. The pile of the postcalli
is entirely black. The scutellum is clear, opaque yellow
with the declivitous portion of the base and narrow lat-
eral basal triangles black. The pleural pile is white but
black on the pteropleura. Squamae white on the outer
lateral basal corners, the remainder black or dark brown
with blackish border and fringe. Legs: black, the basal
third of the anterior and middle tibiae dark sepia brown
but only when viewed anteriorly or posteriorly. Hind
femora and tibiae polished black, the former considerably
thickened, especially in the middle, the latter with a low,
short, apical, angular production. Tarsi black. Wings:
not quite hyaline basally; they are heavily but diffusely
tinged with dark brown beginning just before the end
of the second basal cell and the beginning of the submar-
ginal cell. The deep brown color extends a little beyond
the anterior cross vein and includes the stigmal area.
Remaining apical half of wing pale brownish grey, partly
due to the thick villi. Abdomen: shining black; very
faintly bluish. There is a large, medial, posterior, hol-
low-sided triangle on the apex of the second segment
which in the middle extends broadly to the base of the
segment but quite narrowly to the posterior corners.
Third segment with a posterior, biconvex, medially
notched, opaque band. Fourth segment similar, the
band less convex and the medial notch minute. Fifth
segment with a small, oval basal black spot on either side,
the remainder shining. Abdomen elongate and charac-
teristic of the species of the scutellaris group.

Holotype: Female, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, Fritz Plau-
mann. Jan. to April, 1948.

Eristalis cora n. sp.

A dull obscure species with opaque rusty brown scu-
tellum. Distantly related to obsoleta Bigot. Length 10
mm.

122

Psyche

[Sept.

Female. Head: Face and front black, largely shining,
the former with a very large, rounded, shining tubercle
leaving the face deeply concave above. Upper portion
of the face and narrowly along the sides of the eye mar-
gin above the tubercle, together with a diagonal stripe
from the lower eye margin to the epistoma all greyish
white pubescent. Pile of face long and yellowish white.
Lower frontal pile yellowish with some black hairs inter-
mixed, the pile becoming entirely black on the upper part
of the front and vertex. There is a narrow, complete
band of pale brownish yellow to yellowish white pollen
across the front before the anterior ocellus and a similar
narrow band across the middle of the front. The inter-
vening area is opaque black but the transverse margins
of these pollinose bands are irregular. The front has a
crescentic, transverse crease just above the low short
callus. The antennae are very dark sepia becoming black-
ish on the dorsal half of the quite large third antennal
segment. Third segment dark reddish below. Arista
dark red and bare. Eyes with sparse, pale brown pile.
Thorax: mesonotum dull in color and largely obscure
yellowish grey pollinose. There is a diffuse, obscure,
blackish spot in front of the suture on either side of the
mesonotum. There is a larger, subtriangular, similarly
opaque black spot widely bordering the posterior margin
of the suture; this spot is widely separated from the
spot upon the other side of the mesonotum and each ex-
tends posteriorly for a short distance towards the corners
of the scutellum. This opaque black spot is rounded
posteriorly but tends to fade out and become indistinct.
From the posterior view the transverse suture is con-
spicuously bordered by a linear, pale, yellow, pollinose
stripe. Scutellum opaque reddish brown or rusty brown.
Pile of mesonotum yellowish anteriorly becoming dis-
tinctly brownish red on the posterior half of the meso-
notum. Scutellar pile abundant, rather long and yellow,
postcallar pile entirely reddish. Pleural pile entirely
yellow to reddish yellow. Legs: the femora are shining
black with the narrow apex of the anterior and middle
pairs brown. The hind femora are considerably thick-

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

123

ened in the middle and become obscurely reddish upon
the outer fourth, but more clearly reddish towards the
apex. The anterior tibiae are quite black except nar-
rowly at the base where it is reddish brown to yellowish
brown in color. The middle tibiae are yellowish brown
becoming more reddish in color beyond the middle. The
hind tibiae are somewhat flattened, slightly arcuate and
entirely deep reddish brown; the apex is without spur,
the anterior tarsi are blackish with the first and second
segments narrowly brown at the apex. The middle and
hind tarsi are light brownish red to yellowish brown ex-
cept upon the last segment which is dark brown. Wings:
tinged with pale brownish yellow throughout, the costal
and subcostal and narrow posterior margin somewhat
paler. There is a very strong stigmal cross vein present.
Abdomen: black and almost entirely shining with strong
brassy reflections especially upon the second, third and
fourth segments. The first segment is opaque grey and
there is in the middle of the base of the second segment
a rather large, opaque black, diffusely margined triangle
which is bordered laterally by a wide, diagonal stripe of
opaque grey pollen fading out before reaching the apex
of the segment. Posterior margins of third, fourth and
fifth segments with quite narrow, laterally attenuate,
linear, opaque black margins followed by even wider,
opaque, pale yellow margins ; the pale yellow margin on
the fourth segment is especially wide and conspicuous.
Fifth segment shining black and somewhat brassy but
this reflection is less pronounced than upon previous
segments.

Holotype : Female, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, Fritz Plau-
mann. Jan. to April, 1948.

Eristalis claripennis n. sp.

A small species with opaque rusty brown scutellum,
the eyes of the male narrowly separated and densely
blackish pilose above. Related distantly to obsoleta
Bigot. Length 8 mm.

Male. Head: face and front black, largely shining,
the sides of the face widely greyish yellow pubescent

124

Psyche

[Sept.

with long, sparse, yellowish pile. The front is obscurely
brownish yellow pollinose above; the eyes are separated
by not quite twice the width of the anterior ocellus. Ver-
tex opaque black, the pile of front and vertex long and
black. The upper ocular pile is long, abundant and very
dark brown to almost black ; the lower pile is more sparse
and yellowish in color. The antennae are black, the third
segment a little more elongate and perhaps from one and
one-third to one and one-half times as long as wide.
Arista dark reddish. The facial tubercle is well devel-
oped but most abrupt below leaving the face gently con-
cave above. Thorax: mesonotum dull opaque black with
faint traces of a pair of brownish grey, submedial vittae
anteriorly; the transverse suture is conspicuously bor-
dered anteriorly by a linear band of yellowish white
pollen. Behind the transverse suture the mesonotum is
somewhat more obscurely opaque black fading away into
very dark greyish black pollen. The mesonotal pile is
yellowish on the anterior half becoming chiefly blackish
posteriorly; the postcallar pile is almost entirely black
with two or three yellow hairs. Scutellum opaque orange
or rusty brown, the lateral corners narrowly blackish.
The scutellar pile is long, erect and yellow except for a
group of black hairs in each basal corner. Squamae dark
brown. Legs: the femora are blackish becoming ob-
scurely yellowish brown near the apex; the apex of the
hind femora is subapically reddish. The hind femora are
considerably thickened, the point of greatest thickness
lies just beyond the middle. The anterior tibiae are
blackish except the very narrow base which is yellowish
brown. Middle tibiae light yellowish brown throughout.
Hind tibiae slightly flattened with very little pile, the apex
transverse, the base and apex light brownish red, the
middle diffusely blackish but divided, except upon the
narrow dorsal margin, by a conspicuous, light yellow tri-
angle. Anterior tarsi blackish. The middle and hind
tarsi upon the first three segments are brownish yellow
but the medial margin of the hind basitarsi is dark brown ;
remaining segments of these tarsi dark brown. Wings:
quite hyaline with a strong stigmal cross vein. Ah do-

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

125

men: black and largely shining, the first segment is chiefly
opaque grey, the second is opaque black on the anterior
and posterior margins and these fascia are joined in the
middle. Third segment with a moderately large, opaque,
black triangle resting on the base of the segment in the
middle and connected to a wide, black, posterior fascia
which occupies fully one half the length of the segment.
Fourth segment with a minute, basal, medial triangle
narrowly connected to the wide, black, posterior fascia.
Hypopygium entirely shining. Posterior margins of
second, third and fourth segments quite narrowly brown-
ish yellow.

Holotype: male, Nova Teutonia, collected by Fritz
Plaumann. Jan. to April, 1948.

Mallota intermedia n. sp.

An aberrant species covered with light reddish brown
pile upon the thorax and abdomen. Abdomen shining
black, slightly metallic. Mesonotum brownish orange
pollinose with obscure darker vittse. Length 12 mm.

Female. Head : the face, cheeks and front are shining
black, the face has a band of sparse, greyish white pile
rather narrowly encircling the low tubercle and then pro-
ceeding upward to the antennae. There is a narrow,
wedge-shaped triangle of similar pubescence proceeding
from the eye margin opposite the antennae towards the
base of the antennae. The lower eye margins are also
bordered narrowly with similar pollen, which does not
extend upward upon the front. However, most of the
frontal eye margins are narrowly bordered with brown-
ish yellow pollen and the upper third of the front is
broadly dark brown pollinose ; the lower part of the front
is shining black and the vertex is shining black. The
pile of the face is long, rather abundant and white. The
frontal pile is long and black and white intermixed with
a few yellow hairs along the eye margins and in front
of the ocelli. The occipital pile is yellowish above with
a few black hairs anteriorly along the eye margin. The
occipital pile becomes almost white ventrally. The first

126

Psyche

[Sept.

and second antennal segments are black, the third very
dark brown with reddish base. The arista is slender,
bare and yellowish brown with white apex. The third
antennal segment is short oval. The eyes are rather
thickly covered with shining yellowish white pile.
Thorax: the mesonotnm and humeri are black, feebly
shining, heavily obscured with an orange brown pollen.
There is a pair of snbmedial, rather wide, definite but
indistinct, blackish vittae which run about three-fourths
the length of the mesonotum; there is also a large spot
anterior to the transverse suture and another wedge-
shaped spot posterior to the transverse suture. These
spots and vittae are also overlaid with brown pollen and
they are only visible at certain angles. The scutellum
is translucent, brownish orange with light brownish
orange pile. The mesonotal pile is similar in color but
seems to have less reddish tint and there are numerous
fine black hairs interspersed upon the posterior half of
the mesonotum. Pleura black, thinly yellowish pubes-
cent on the posterior border of the mesopleura, the ster-
nopleura and the anterior half of the hypopleura and all
of the metapleura. Pleural pile orange above, nearly
white below. Squamae yellowish brown, the halteres yel-
low with brown stalk. Legs: black, the tarsal segments
narrowly reddish brown in the middle of the apex. The
hind femora are only moderately thickened, are long yel-
low pilose medially and dorsally with a few reddish hairs
along the middle of the lateral surface and with black
pile or bristles ventrally on the apical half. The hind
tibiae are arcuate and flattened ; they are black pilose on
the apical half, medially, ventrally and dorsally but yel-
low pilose throughout the entire length laterally. The
pile of the anterior femora and tibiae is almost entirely
black but is narrowly yellow along the anterior margin
of each and posteriorly along the basal half of the femora.
The middle tarsi are chiefly reddish brown with diffuse,
central blackish areas on these tarsi dorsally. Wings:
distinctly tinged with yellowish or reddish brown over
the middle of the wing, more dilutely in the costal cell

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

127

and throughout the entire marginal cell, subcostal cell
and all of the submarginal cell. The stigmal cross vein
is distinct and well formed. The marginal cell is widely
open. Abdomen: black with a distinct metallic appear-
ance ranging from brassy for the most part to patches
of bluish or coppery color. The pile of the first segment
is pale yellow ; on the remainder of the abdomen the pile
is long and thick and light reddish brown, and the ground
color is not obscured. Along the lateral margins of the
third and fourth segments the pile is pale yellow but
along the lateral margin of the second segment and more
widely towards the base there are numerous long black
hairs and a fewjong black hairs on the lateral margin of
the fifth segment. Sternites shining black with very long
pale yellow hair.

Holotype : female, F. Sinchono District, Huanuco,
Peru, Aug. 20, 1947, Jose Schunke.

Meromacrus matilda n. sp.

A dull black species with reduced quantity of yellow
tomentum. Related to brunneus Hull, it is a smaller spe-
cies and the anterior diagonal band of tomentum upon
the thorax ends at the inner end of the humeri and the
sutural band of similar tomentum extends the length of
the suture. Length 10-11 mm.

Female. Head: face and cheeks black, the former with
a wide band of pale yellowish white or grey pubescence
which extends across beneath the antennae. The pile of
the face is pale yellow and extends together with the
pubescence narrowly up the sides of the front. The
front is black, shining on the lower half with extensive
brown pollen across the upper half. The vertex is black,
its pile and that of the front black except along the eye
margins where the frontal pile is yellow. The antennae
are black ; the third brown becoming paler apically, and
is somewhat thickened. The eyes are bare, the occiput
conspicuously covered with pale, creamy yellow tomen-
tum extending to the vertex. Thorax: the mesonotum is
black; there is a not very conspicuous, moderately wide
band of pale yellow tomentum placed diagonally forward

128

Psyche

[Sept.

to the anterior margin of the mesonotum. The trans-
verse sutnre is bordered by a complete band of similar
tomentnm from its medial end to the edge of the meso-
pleura. There is a similar band, rather narrow just be-
fore the scutellum including the posterior border of the
postcalli. This band is not wider in the middle. On the
anterior half of the mesonotum there is a rather wide
but not conspicuous, grey, medial, pollinose vittse. It is
bordered on either side by a faint but wider blackish
stripe with faint, brown pollen and outside of these sub-
medial vittae there are large, triangular areas of a faint
but still lighter pollen. The remaining lateral area of
the mesonotum, the notopleura excluded, are dull, dead
black. The pleura are black with pale yellowish grey
pollen on the posterior border of the mesopleura. The
pile of the pleura is yellowish white and not very long.
Scutellum black becoming obscurely dark brown on the
posterior third of the middle only. The scutellar pile is
black and rather sparse. Squamae subtranslucent grey-
ish brown with narrow black border and brownish yellow
fringe. Halteres orange. Legs: black with the ventral
apical half of the hind femora very dark reddish brown ;
this reddish color includes the whole of the extreme apex
of the hind femora. The hind tibiae are very dark red-
dish brown throughout and while the anterior and middle
tarsi are nearly or quite black, the hind tarsi are very
dark brown. Wings : the entire anterior margin of the
wings including the costal, subcostal cells and the stig-
mal areas are rather uniformly reddish brown. This
color includes all of the submarginal cell, except the
loop, and it extends into the upper basal corners of the
first posterior cell, into nearly all of the first basal cell
above the vena spuria, except the outer lower corners,
and it includes the posterior basal half of the first basal
cell and more dilutely the basal half of the second basal
cell. Abdomen: entirely black with a thin, inconspicuous
band of sparse, appressed, yellow tomentum in the mid-
dle of the posterior border of the first segment. The
pile of the second segment is entirely black setate and
appressed except upon the lateral margin and the an-

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

129

terior corners. Third segment appressed, black pilose
except the lateral margins and except for an inconspicu-
ous row of appressed yellow hairs on the extreme base
of the margin. These yellow hairs are not tomentose.
Fourth segment chiefly black pilose but an oblique view
shows scattered, appressed, yellow hairs among the black
ones. Fifth segment with sparse yellow hairs. The
yellow pile upon the lateral margins of all of the seg-
ments is comparatively short and inconspicuous.

Holotype: female, Pucallpa, Peru, Nov. 8, 1947, Jose
Schunke.

Meromacrus villosa n. sp.

A trim, black and yellow species, rather similar to anna
Curran. Length 12 mm.

Male. Head: face and cheeks black, the cheeks with a
broad band of pale yellow pubescence in which however
there is a peculiar dark spot best viewed from the side.
This pollen also extends beneath the antennae. The pile
of the face is pale yellow together with the pollen ex-
tending upon the sides of the front. Middle of front
dully shining black with linear, medial depression; the
frontal pile is entirely yellow except for one or two black
hairs. The antennae are entirely black; second segment
longer than the first, the third elongate oval, gently
arched dorsomedially but not truncate. The arista is
but little thickened, is brownish basally, becoming pale
at the immediate tip. The vertex is shining black with
pale pollen in front of the ocelli, short black pile be-
tween the ocelli and yellow pile behind. The occiput has
pale yellow tomentum which extends up to the vertex.
The eyes are bare and narrowly touching. Thorax:
mesonotum dull deep black with a fine, narrow, greyish
white line of pollen medially which runs only a short dis-
tance beyond the transverse suture. There is a band of
rather wide, thick, well developed, pale, creamy yellow
tomentum running inside the humeri directly across the
notopleura almost to the wing base and anteriorly it runs
diagonally forward towards but not to the midline where
it ends in a sharp medial point. The posterior margin

130

Psyche

[Sept.

of this band is straight. There is a minute, narrow patch
of similarly colored tomentnm on the medial half of the
transverse suture separated from the diagonal hand by
a distance equal to its own length. In an oblique light
the anterior diagonal yellow band is bordered by a wide,
extensive, jet black, opaque stripe which occupies the full
width between this diagonal band and the slender, medial
sutural band. There is a similar band of creamy yellow
tomentum just in front of the suture covering the pos-
terior ends of the postcalli and expanded medially but
gradually until it is about twice as thick as laterally.
The scutellum is deep black with short, dense, black pile
and a few longer pale hairs. The extreme posterior mar-
gin of the scutellum is yellowish brown but this can
scarcely be seen from above. Pleura black, the posterior
margin of the mesopleura and all of the remaining pleura
except the posteroventral half of the hypopleura thinly
yellowish white pollinose. There is a vertical middle
hand of only moderately long but thick white pile on the
pleura. Squamae smoky brown in color with nearly white
fringe and dark brown border. Halteres orange. Legs:
all of the femora are black to the apex except the hind
femora. On the hind femora the ventral apical third,
half way up the sides, and at the extreme apex, is yel-
lowish brown ; this color diffusely merges into the black
of the remainder. The anterior and middle tibiae and
their tarsi are entirely black. The hind tibiae are black
except upon the basal ventral half. The hind tarsi are
black. Coxae and the lower and basal portions of the
hind femora with long, thick, crinkly pile, pale yellow
except in the middle of the femora where it is brownish.
The ventral apical third of the hind femora also is thickly
beset with short, fine, black bristles. Pile of the hind
tibiae and their tarsi pale yellow except that in the middle
of the hind tibiae ventrally the yellow is mixed with con-
siderable long, dark brown pile. Wings: mostly hyaline.
The subcostal cell proximal to the stigmal cross vein, the
basal half of the marginal cell and all of the submarginal
cell, except the loop, are pale smoky brown in color. The
anterior margin of the second longitudinal vein is nar-

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

131

rowly brownish. The greater part of the outer half of
the marginal cell and all of the stigmal portion of the
costal cell, except the apex, and all of the costal cell, are
hyaline as is the remainder of the wing. There is some
suggestion of two tones in the colored portion of the wing
as the posterior margin of the second longitudinal vein
seems to be slightly more yellowish and the area behind
more blackish. Abdomen: dull black with prominent
bands of pale creamy yellow tomentum as follows: the
posterior margin of the first segment except the sides,
the entire anterior margin of the third segment and
fourth segment. The pile of the second segment is en-
tirely dense, short, black setate except that the lateral
margins are narrowly fringed with conspicuous, pale,
brassy yellow pile. The third segment is entirely brassy
yellow pilose although in some lights it appears to be
blackish. The margin of this segment is likewise tinged
with yellow pile. Fourth segment with longer and there-
fore more conspicuous brassy pile, subappressed through-
out the segment except for the basal tomentum. Hypo-
pygium thickly pale yellow pollinose with long, scattered,
golden pile.

Holotype: male, Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 8, 1947, Jose
Schunke.

Meromacrus flavolinea n. sp.

A large black species in which the femora and coxae
are long pilose. Delated to brunneus Hull. Length 14
mm.

Male. Head: face and cheeks shining black, the face
with a broad stripe of pale yellow pubescence running
from eye margin to the epistoma and continued beneath
the antennae and more narrowly up the sides of the front.
The greater part of the front is shining black, becoming
deep reddish black immediately in front of the antennae.
The pile of the face is pale yellow and that of the front
of the same color with four or five black hairs intermixed.
The vertex is black with black pile except in front of the
anterior ocellus. The eyes are bare, touching for a short
distance; the occiput is black with yellow tomentum ex-

132

Psyche

[Sept.

tending np to the vertical triangle. The first and second
segments of the antennae are black ; the third is black ex-
cept at the extreme base which is slightly reddish; sec-
ond segment longer than the first; the third segment is
distinctly, obliquely truncate dorsoapically, with a single
basal pore laterally and another medially. The arista is
brownish yellow basally, paler distally and somewhat
thickened, except that the apex is quite fine. Thorax:
mesonotum dull black with a distinct, medial, yellowish
grey pollinose vitta which becomes more narrow and is
almost evanescent as it reaches the scutellum. There
is a diagonal band of yellow tomentum on the inner bor-
der of the humeri which does not extend to the lateral
margin and which becomes wider medially. It is not
clearly bordered by opaque black except in an oblique
light. The transverse suture is bordered with yellow to-
mentum rather widely and evenly from its medial end
past the notopleura to the extreme lateral margin and
there is a prescutellar band uniform in width of thick-
ness equal to the one upon the transverse suture. The
scutellum is black basally becoming diffusely brown pos-
teriorly, the pile abundant and of varying length and
black except for a few pale hairs on the margin. The
pleura are black with the whole sternopleura, the an-
terior half of the hypopleura and the posterior border of
the mesopleura densely pale yellow pubescent or polli-
nose and with a thick, vertical, middle band of long, fine,
pale yellow pile with crinkled ends. This long yellow
pile is situated on the posterior part of the mesopleura,
the pteropleura and the upper sternopleura. Squamae
brown with dark sepia brown border and fringe. Hal-
teres orange yellow. Legs: the femora are black, the
hind pair greatly thickened and becoming diffusely red-
dish brown upon the outer third. The entire ventral sur-
faces of these femora are also reddish. The anterior
tibiae are dark reddish brown becoming black anteriorly
and their tarsi are nearly black. The middle tibiae are
entirely reddish brown, their tarsi dark reddish brown
and the hind tibiae and tarsi also entirely brownish red.
The pile of the hind tibiae is golden in color, the dorsal

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

133

pile of their tarsi black. The coxae and femora are long,
thickly bushy pilose; the pile is pale golden yellow but
the hind femora vent rally and apically have a tuft of
fine, long, black hair. Wings: anterior border of the
wings dark brown, extending almost to the apex of the
first posterior cell leaving the loop of this cell entirely
clear. The costal cell and the basal portion of the stig-
mal area and also the subcostal cell are more yellowish.
Abdomen: black, the first segment with a posterior band
of yellow tomentum; the second is entirely black pilose
upon the posterior half with golden yellow pile anteriorly
and laterally. The third segment has a prominent, nar-
row, basal margin of yellow tomentum, the remainder of
its pile short setate and black, except medially on the pos-
terior margin where it becomes reddish. Fourth seg-
ment with a similar band of yellow, basal tomentum, the
remainder of its pile entirely golden red. Pile of the
hypopygium yellow, the entire hypopygium greyish yel-
low pollinose.

Holotype : male and one paratype male, Pucallpa, Peru,
Dec. 11, 1947 and Feb. 5, 1948, Jose Schunke.

Quichuana nigra n. sp.

A rather large black species which is related to bezzi
Ceresa. It clearly lacks brown color below the spurious
vein. From parisii Ceresa it differs in the quite black
tibiae. Length about 12 mm.

Female. Head: the face is brownish black, the sides
entirely pubescent without bare sublateral stripes. The
tubercle and a short stripe above which reaches only to
the bottom of the concavity are shining and bare. The
facial pile is abundant and long and yellow. The front
and upper part of the face are quite protuberant. The
front is shining black with an obscure reddish line down
the middle of the lower part ; the frontal pile is abundant
and except for two or three black hairs it is entirely
brassy yellow but this pile nowhere obscures the ground
color. Viewed from above there is an acute triangle of
coarse yellow micropubescence on the upper part of the
front a little way below the ocelli. This triangle is con-

134

Psyche

[Sept.

fluent with the narrow and similarly pubescent eye mar-
gins. The pile on the anterior part of the raised ocella-
rium is black; upon the posterior portion it is yellow.
The occipital pile is brassy yellow with some slender
black hairs above lying anterior to the yellow ones.
The ocular pile is slightly flattened, moderately abun-
dant and brilliantly shining silvery with perhaps a faint
yellowish cast. The first segment of the antenna is black,
the second almost black ; both are black pilose. The third
segment is comparatively short compared to other spe-
cies of this genus; it is distinctly wider basally and
viewed from the outside this segment is about one and
one-third times as long as its greatest width. The third
segment is narrowly reddish basally but otherwise black ;
it has a large, medial, basal, ventral pore. The arista is
light brownish yellow throughout; the apex quite fine.
Thorax: mesonotum shining black with a pair of dull,
rather well separated, brownish grey pollinose vittae situ-
ated in the middle of the mesonotum which are distinct
for only a short distance beyond the transverse suture.
The humeri are a deep reddish brown with a large,
rounded patch of dense, pale yellow pubescence upon the
medial portion. This patch does not extend to the pos-
terior part of the humeri. Between this patch of pubes-
cence and the medial grey stripes there is an opaque
black spot which fades out diffusely behind and which
has a very short, diffuse, posterior extension bordering
the grey vittae and an equally obscure diffuse extension
partially encircling the humeri. The scutellum and post-
calli are very dark reddish brown and shining with short,
erect yellow pile on each. The mesonotal pile is quite
short and golden or brassy yellow but over the wing there
is a wide dense patch of black setae. The notopleura and
a small spot behind the suture are covered with a dense
tuft of curly yellow long pile. Pleura black with long
curly yellow pile on the mesopleura and thick yellow pile
and pubescence on the pteropleura, sternopleura and
hypopleura. Squamae nearly white with dark brown bor-
der and fringe. Halteres orange on both knob and stalk.
Legs : the femora are black, the apices of the anterior

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

135

femora are yellowish brown, but those of the middle fe-
mora are darker and the bind pair are entirely black ex-
cept at the acute basal union with the trochanters and a
small yellow ventral apical spot. The pile of the femora
is yellow with sharp black setae ventrally upon the outer
third of the bind pair. The bind femur is distinctly more
enlarged and thickened than in most species of Quichuana.
The anterior tibiae are reddish brown, obscurely darker
near the apex anteriorly and posteriorly. The middle
tibiae are similar. The bind tibiae are unusually arcuate,
quite flattened and nearly black from a lateral view ; they
are a little more reddish medially, their ventral margin
black pilose, their medial pile yellow except apically
where it becomes black or dark reddish brown. The an-
terior and middle tarsi are brownish black on the second,
third and fourth segments, lighter on the remainder. All
of the bind tarsi are quite black with black pile. Wings:
with distinctly two shades of color in addition to the hya-
line portion. The costal and first basal cell behind the
spurious vein and the whole of the second basal cell are
distinctly pale brownish yellow. The subcostal cell, mar-
ginal, all of the submarginal cell, except the loop, all of
the first basal cell above the spurious vein and the antero-
basal corners of the first posterior cell, are rather deep
sepia brown. Abdomen: The first segment black and
nearly opaque with only a few, posteriorly directed, fine,
yellow hairs and an oval, medial patch of yellow pollen in
the middle. There is yellow, laterally directed, matted
hair only upon the sides and not entirely throughout the
posterior half of the segment. The second segment is
shining black with a distinct, rather large, nearly equi-
lateral, rounded triangle of opaque black lying on the
middle of the base of the segment and extending half the
length of the segment. The pile of this segment is widely
yellow upon the sides extending from the posterior cor-
ners diagonally but narrowly to the base of the segment
in the midline, the remainder of the pile is black and also
nearly erect. Third segment shining black with a narrow,
basal band of brassy yellow pile of nearly uniform width
but expanding close to the lateral margins to include the

136

Psyche

[Sept.

whole lateral margin. Fourth segment similarly colored
and pilose, the yellow pile expanding gradually immedi-
ately from the middle of the segment and running di-
agonally to the postero-lateral corner. The pile of all
three of these segments, second, third and fourth, is
thick and abundant but short. Pile of fifth segment
scarcely longer, black down the middle narrowly and
upon the posterior margin but widely yellow upon the
remainder.

Holotype: female, Pucallpa, Peru, Feb. 5th, 1947 ; Jose
Schunke.

Quichuana Ursula n. sp.

This is a black species which traces to picadoi Knab
from which it is immediately distinguished by the black
hind tibiae and the dark brown anterior ones. Length
8 mm.

Male. Head: face yellowish white pubescent with
brassy yellow pile and an indistinct, nearly bare sublateral
stripe in addition to the shining medial stripe over the
face. The front is shining black with a distinct tuber-
cular swelling at the upper part of the front and a very
slight, rounded elevation subapically below over which
there is a medial crease. The frontal pile is quite long
and sparse and chiefly black with a few yellow hairs along
the sides and a thin line of yellow pubescence along the
eye margins. The front and the upper part of the face
are but slightly projecting and the facial concavity very
low. The occiput is black with black pile in front and
black and yellow pile behind; the yellow pile is more
abundant. Extending throughout upon the occiput there
is an anterior fringe of black hairs which is quite long
upon the upper third of the occiput. The minute triangle
in front of the ocelli is yellow pubescent. The antennae
are comparatively short ; the third segment is at least one
and a half times as long as wide when viewed laterally,
perhaps a little longer; its basal margin is reddish and
the remainder black ; the arista is light brownish red with
fine apex ; the first two segments are black with black pile.
The eyes have moderately thick bright shining yellowish
white pile. Thorax: mesonotum dully shining black with

1949]

Hull — Syrphid Flies

137

a pair of brownish grey, well separated, submedial vittse
extending a short distance behind the transverse suture.
The scutellum is almost black and might easily be mis-
taken for black. There is an elongate oval, posteriorly
acute spot of dense, pale yellow pubescence inside of the
black humeri and between this spot and the submedial
vittae there is a quite obscure, opaque black area which is
not easily seen except from the rear; this opaque area
extends obscurely for a short distance posteriorward and
also sends an equally obscure band laterally behind the
humeri. This pattern is quite distinct. The pile of the
mesonotum is brassy yellow, abundant, longer than in
nigra , still longer before the scutellum and longer upon
the scutellum. There is a distinct, thick, wide patch of
black setae above the base of the wing and there is a patch
of long, crinkled yellow tomentum upon the notopleura
immediately behind it and down the posterior margin of
the mesopleura. The sternopleura and pteropleura are
yellow pilose and together with the hypopleura are
thickly, densely pale yellow pubescent. The squamae are
pale brownish white with the posterior third blackish;
their border is black with a pale yellow fringe. Halteres
orange. Legs: femora quite black, the anterior and mid-
dle pair obscurely brown at the apex, the hind pair with
a small yellowish spot ventrally near the apex. The hind
pair are moderately thickened with yellow pile but short,
stout black setae ventrally upon the apical third. The an-
terior and middle tibiae are very dark reddish brown
throughout; the hind tibiae are only slightly arcuate,
moderately flattened and quite black, their ventral, dorsal
and lateral pile black ; their medial pile is pale yellow, be-
coming brownish red at the apex. The anterior tarsi are
uniformly dark reddish brown and this is true of the mid-
dle tarsi which are perhaps only a very little paler on the
first segment. The hind tarsi are very dark brownish
black with black pile above and dark reddish brown pile
below. Wings: The costal cell is perhaps faintly yellow
throughout. The whole of the subcostal cell, the marginal
cell and all of the submarginal cell except the loop are
dark brown ; the brown color extends on either side of the
anterior cross vein to fill the upper basal angle of the first

138

Psyche

[Sept.

posterior cell and the upper onter angle of the first basal
cell and also connects with the central node of the spuri-
ous vein just below the base of the marginal cell, the re-
mainder of these cells as well as the remainder of the
wing hyaline. Abdomen: first segment black with sparse
yellow pile throughout upon the posterior border which
is tufted and matted but not conspicuously; it has a few
hairs directed posteriorly in the middle. The second seg-
ment is dully shining black with a large, diffuse margined,
opaque black, basal triangle which extends from close to
the antero-basal corners to nearly two-thirds the length
of the segment. The basal pile of the second segment is
rather long, erect and yellow even on the basal triangles
but near the middle of the segment it becomes black and
the whole posterior margin of the segment is rather long,
fine, erect black pilose except that there is none upon the
lateral margins. The third segment has similar pile only
a little shorter across the base of the segment which ex-
tends more or less diagonally down to include the pos-
terior corners ; the remainder of the pile is black, erect
and scarcely shorter. On the fourth segment the pile is
erect and yellow but sparse on the basal half ; it becomes
entirely black and snberect upon a large posterior tri-
angular area of the segment which also excludes the
lateral margins. Hypopyginm quite shining and quite
black with long fine yellow pile.

Holotype: male, Pucallpa, Peru; Dec. 4, 1947; Jose
Schunke.

I would consider this to be the male of nigra because of
its black color and similarly obscure thoracic pattern if
there were not so many differences. The front is less
protuberant, the antennae slightly longer, the frontal pile
predominantly black. There are semi-bare sublateral
facial stripes and the hind femora of the male is slightly
but distinctly less thick than in nigra which is a female ;
the hind tibiae are much less arcuate, the squamae have
wide blackish borders, the scutellum is more blackish,
the pile of the mesonotum and scutellum much longer and
there are some differences upon the pattern of brown
upon the wing besides still other differences.

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 56 December, 1949 No. 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

New Species of Mecoptera from Northwest China. F. Y. Cheng 139

Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Cambridge Entomological Club 174

Acanthepeira venusta (Banks) (Arane®» E. B. Brya7it 175

Further Description of Polyplax alaskensis Ewirig (Anoplura). W. B.

Quay

A New African Milliped Observed in Migration. B. V. Chamberlin 184

Some American Saldidse (Hemiptera). C. J. Brake 187

Index to Volume 56 195

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PSYCHE

Vol. 56 December, 1949

No. 4

NEW SPECIES OF MECOPTERA FROM
NORTHWEST CHINA1

By Fung Ying Cheng
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute

The Mecoptera or scorpion flies described in the present
paper were mostly collected by Prof. Io Chou, Mr. Tien
Ho Hei and the writer in Sikang Province during the
course of an insect pest survey for the scientific expedi-
tion of the Sino-British Committee in 1939. Other speci-
mens were sent to me by Prof. Io Chou, Mr. Chuan Lung
Lee and Mr. Chia Chu Tao, to whom I am deeply indebted.
In this paper, seventeen new species are described, in-
cluding one previously identified by Dr. Tjeder as cor-
nigera.

In describing the new species, I have followed the termi-
nology of R. E. Snodgrass in his “Principles of Insect
Morphology” (1935) and F. M. Carpenter in his “Re-
vision of the Nearctic Mecoptera” (Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. 1931, 72; 205-277), viz., coxopodites (“basistyles”),
harpagones (“dististyles”), hypandrium (“lower ap-
pendage”), hypovalvse (branch of hypandrium), preepi-
proct (“upper appendage or epiandrium”), parameres
(“ventral valves or tittilators”) and sedeagus (“dorsal
valves”) for the males, and subgenital plate and internal
skeleton for the females.

1 Contribution from the Department of Economic Zoology, Taiwan Agri-
cultural Research Institute, published with the approval of the Director of
the Institute and with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

139

140

Psyche

[Dec.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. S. F. Chin
of National Peking University and Prof. S. Issiki of Na-
tional Taiwan University for their encouragement during
the course of my study ; and to Prof. F. M. Carpenter of
Harvard University for his kindness in reading over this
paper.

Family P ANORPiDiE
Genus Panorpa Linn.

This genus is represented in China (not including For-
mosa) by 17 species, which may be grouped into three
categories on the structure of the 6th abdominal segment
of the male, as shown by Carpenter. In the first or cen-
tralis group, with a single anal horn, we have centralis
Tjeder and flavipennis Carpenter ; in the second or dicer as
group, with the double anal horn, we have dicer as McLach-
lan, tjederi Carpenter, stotzneri Esben-Petersen and kim-
minsi Carpenter ; in the third or davidi group, without the
anal horn, we have a great number of species, i.e., davidi
Navas, stigmalis Navas, cladocerca Navas, tetrazonia
Navas, waongkehzeni Navas, tincta Navas, japonica Thun-
berg, curva Carpenter and difficilis Carpenter. Two other
species, guttata Navas and bonis Cheng are known only
from the female, so that the position of these two species
in the above grouping has yet to be determined.

Panorpa emarginata n. sp.

Figures 1, 11, 12, 24, 26, 29

Vertex entirely black; rostrum grayish brown anterior-
ly, yellowish brown laterally; thorax yellowish brown
laterally, pronotum blackish brown, meso- and meta-
notum entirely pitchy black; the 1st to 6th abdominal
segments pitchy black dorsally and ventrally, last few
abdominal segments yellowish brown ; 6th abdominal seg-
ment of male with a single anal horn, yellowish brown in
color. Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; mem-
brane hyaline, without markings except for a slight sus-
picion of gray at the apex ; pterostigma prominent, indi-

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

141

cated by light brown color; the distal hind margin of
wings slightly emarginated. Hind wing: length, 12.5
mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; similar to fore wings. <? genitalia :
genital bulb less rounded ; coxopodites long, broadened to-
wards its apex ; harpagones short, the outer margin very
slightly concave at the middle the inner margin with a
median small triangular tooth and a large basal concave
area; hypandrium inconspicuous; hypovalvse long, with
slightly concave median outer margins, extending nearly
to the base of the harpagones; parameres simple and
long, usually reaching to the distal part of harpagones,
each consisting of a single stalk, which broadens at the
middle, and each very long and sharp distally, hearing a
series of long barhs at its distal inner margin; preepi-
proct narrow towards the apex, with nearly straight
sides and a narrow U-shaped distal incision; sedeagus
with very long apical processes and well prolonged lat-
eral processes, the distal inner margin of the former usu-
ally jointed with a broad triangular plate. '? genitalia :
subgenital plate elongated, emarginated posteriorly, the
incision being very small; internal skeleton large, the
plate concave at its median sides with a pair of sharp
distal posterior arms and two pairs of small basal side
plates, the axis straight, extending beyond the plate
nearly one-fourth its length.

Holotype (t?) : Mt. Hwa, Shensi ; June, 1942 ; Io Chou ;
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Allotype (?) :
Same collecting data as holotype; in my own collection.
Paratypes : 3 4 ?, same collecting data as holotype; in

National Northwest College of Agriculture, Wukung,
Shensi.

This species, possessing a single anal horn, belongs to
the centralis-g roup, with the wing membrane transparent
as in centralis Tjeder. The wing apex of centralis Tjeder
is colorless, whereas that of emarginata is maculated with
a slight suspicion of gray. The male genitalia differ from
those of centralis Tjeder by the less rounded genital bulb
and the longer and sharper parameres.

142

Psyche

[Dec.

Panorpa obtusa n. sp.

Figures 2, 25, 27, 30

Vertex entirely black; rostrum reddish brown, with
weakly defined grayish stripe on each side ; thorax reddish
brown laterally, entirely black dorsally; the 1st to 6th
abdominal segments black dorsally and ventrally, last few
abdominal segments of male reddish brown, the hind
border of the third tergite of male prolonged into a small
semicircular process, 6th abdominal segment furnished
with a single anal horn, reddish brown in color. Fore
wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 3.55 mm. ; membrane light
grayish brown, without markings except for a slight sus-
picion of grayish brown at the apex ; pterostigma promi-
nent, indicated by grayish brown color ; the wing apex ob-
tuse, broader than in the preceding species. Hind wing :
length, 13 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; similar to fore wing, c?
genitalia : genital bulb rounded, coxopodites long ; harpa-
gones short and stout, the outer margin smoothly curved,
the inner margin with a greatly reduced median tooth
which cannot be seen from ventral view and a large basal
concave area ; hypandrium inconspicuous ; hypovalvse
rather straight, reaching nearly to the base of the harpa-
gones ; parameres simple and stout, usually not extending
beyond the tips of coxopodites, each consisting of a single
spindle-shaped stalk, formed by the outer strongly sclero-
tized part; the distal inner margins of parameres fur-
nished with a series of long barbs ; preepiproct slightly
narrow towards the apex, with a wide U-shaped distal
incision ; sedeagus with small lateral processes and a pair
of long apical processes, the inner margins of the latter
nearly parallel to each other.

$ unknown.

Holotype (<?) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi; July 14, 1943;
Chuan Lung Lee; in my own collection.

This species belongs to the centralis group, having the
same wing marking as the preceding species, but the body
color and the structure of male genitalia, especially the
short parameres, make its recognition easy.

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

143

Panorpa typicoides n. sp.

Figures 3, 13, 14, 28, 31

Body mostly black ; vertex black anteriorly, brown pos-
teriorly; rostrum entirely brown; thorax black dorsally,
yellowish brown laterally, meso- and meta-notnm as a
rule with a broad brown median band ; 1st to 6th abdomi-
nal segments of male black dorsally and ventrally, last few
abdominal segments reddish brown, anal horn absent ; the
hind border of third tergite slightly prolonged behind,
and in contact with the small, sharp conical production on
the median axis of the fourth tergite ; abdominal segments
of female entirely black. Fore wing : length, 12.5 mm. ;
width, 3 mm.; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown;
pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch
and a separated narrow apical branch ; basal band inter-
rupted, represented by two large spots ; apical band broad,
with a large hyaline spot posteriorly; basal spot very
small; marginal spot large, not extending beyond the vein
Bl; pterostigma brown, very prominent. Hind wing:
length, 11.5 mm. ; width, 3.3 mm. ; similar to fore wings,
except that the basal spot and the anterior part of the
basal band are entirely lacking. <$ genitalia : genital bulb
rounded; coxopodites long, U-shaped, furnished with a
series of long hairs at the distal inner portions ; harpa-
gones slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the
middle, the inner margin with a median angle and a small
basal concave area ; hypandrium inconspicuous ; hypoval-
vse rather long, reaching to the base of the harpagones ;
parameres simple and slender, each consisting of a single
stalk, which is distinctly twisted and pointed at its apex ;
preepiproct slender, slightly narrow towards apex, with
a deep U-shaped distal incision; sedeagus with finger-
shaped apical processes and slightly prolonged lateral
processes, the distal inner margins of the former usually
produced inwards to form a small nipple-shaped plate.
? genitalia : subgenital plate elongated, broadened at the
middle ; internal skeleton long, the plate narrow towards
its base with a pair of sharp posterior arms, the axis very

144 Psyche [Dec-

long, extending nearly two-thirds its length beyond the
plate.

Holotype (c?) : Tachienln, 5000-8500 ft., Sikang; Ang.
27, 1939 ; F. Y. Cheng, Io Chon and Tein Ho Hei ; in the
Mnsenm of Comparative Zoology. Allotype (2) : Same
collecting data as holotype, in my own collection. Para-
type: 1 <?, same collecting data as holotype, in my own col-
lection.

This species, belonging to the davidi group, is a very
interesting one, superficially resembling the common
European species communis ; but the peculiar shape of the
genital segments both in male and female makes it easily
recognized as a distinct species.

Panorpa fructa n. sp.

Figures 5, 6, 7,

Body mostly sooty black, last few abdominal segments
of male reddish brown, vertex black anteriorly, deeply
reddish brown posteriorly; rostrum uniformly reddish
brown. Fore wing : length, 11.5 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; mem-
brane hyaline, markings light brown, ill-defined, frag-
mentary; pterostigmal band incomplete, with a spot-like
basal branch ; basal band represented by two spots ; apical
band appears as a light suspicion of brown at the apex;
basal spot very small ; marginal spots large ; pterostigma
not very prominent. Hind wing : length, unknown ; width,
3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that basal band and
basal spot are entirely absent. genitalia : genital bulb
very rounded; coxopodites long, stout, with four spine-
like hairs and a series of short hairs in its distal inner
portions; harpagones slender, the outer margin rather
straight, the inner margin with a median angle and a
rather large basal concave area; hypandrium inconspic-
uous ; hypovalvse shorter than in the preceding species, far
from reaching to the base of the harpagones ; parameres
simple, long and twisted, the distal half well-developed,
with rounded apex furnished with a short spine-like tip ;
preepiproct rather short, broad at the base, narrow
towards apex, with a broad U-shaped distal incision;

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

145

aedeagus with long apical processes and long lateral proc-
esses, the former with rather straight inner margins and
double sinuous outer margins.

$ unknown.

Holotype (rf) : Wakiakeng, 50 miles west of Tachienlu,
Sikang ; Sept. 9, 1939 ; F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho
Hei ; in my own collection.

This species belongs to the davidi group, and resembles
that species superficially, but differs in the broader genital
bulb and especially in the well-developed distal part of
the parameres and in the shape of the aedeagus.

Panorpa sexspinosa n. sp.

Figures 4, 8, 9, 15, 16

Vertex yellowish brown, with four dark spots on its
anterior region, one small spot enclosing the median
ocelli anteriorly, one around the other two ocelli posteri-
orly, the other two are on both sides of the former two
spots; rostrum uniformly yellowish brown; thorax
blackish brown dorsally, light yellow laterally, meso- and
meta-notum as a rule with broad median light yellowish
streaks ; abdominal segments dark brown dorsally, light
brown ventrally, hind part of 6th abdominal segment of
male and its last few abdominal segments yellowish
brown, the hind border of the third tergite with a hand-
like prolongation. Fore wing : length, 12 mm. ; width, 3
mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings darkish brown ; ptero-
stigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch and a
narrow apical branch ; basal band unusually broad ; apical
band complete, with a hyaline spot ; basal spot very small ;
pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length, 10.8
mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the
small basal spot is lacking. genitalia: genital bulb
rounded; coxopodites long, with six spines on its distal
inner margins; harpagones slender, the outer margin
smoothly curved, the inner margin with a reduced median
angle and a large basal concave area ; hypandrium incon-
spicuous; hypovalvae rather short, not nearly reaching
to the base of the harpagones; parameres narrow and

146

Psyche

[Dec.

slender, each consisting of a single stalk which is some-
what twisted and pointed at its tip ; preepiproct slender,
the distal incision being almost quadrate ; apical proces-
ses of sedeagus somewhat prolonged on its distal outer
margins, lateral processes well-developed. $ genitalia:
subgenital plate elongated, slightly emarginate posteri-
orly ; internal skeleton large, the plate distinctly concave
at its base, with a pair of sharp posterior arms and a pair
of anterior side plates; axis well-developed, extending
beyond the plate for nearly one-third its length.

Holotype (<?) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, June, 1942; Io Chou;
in my own collection. Allotype (?) : Same collecting data
as holotype; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Paratype : 1 ?, same collecting data as holotype ; in my own
collection.

This species, belonging to the davidi group, differs
from the others in its wing markings ; the basal band is
as broad as in cladocerca Navas, but its pterostigmal band
is quite different. The structure of male genitalia, espe-
cially the six spines on the distal coxopodites, makes its
recognition easy.

Panorpa semifasciata n. sp.

Figures 19, 20, 21, 53

Body entirely sooty black; vertex black; rostrum uni-
formly black; the middle part of 8th abdominal tergite
slightly prolonged into a band-like prolongation, the 9th
abdominal tergite very broad, its lateral borders bent ven-
trad to embrace the posterior part of subgenital plate in
ventral view. Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 3.5
mm. ; membrane light yellow, markings sooty brown ;
pterostigmal band incomplete, with an interrupted nar-
row basal branch; apical band small, with two hyaline
spots; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing: length, 12.8
mm.; width, 3 mm.; similar to fore wing, except that the
basal branch of pterostigmal band is greatly reduced. ?
genitalia: subgenital plate broad, with strongly sclero-
tized median part and less sclerotized lateral borders,
apex of subgenital plate rounded, less sclerotized, fur-

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

147

nished with several long Stairs ; internal skeleton flattened,
the plate very small, less sclerotized, the posterior arms
of the internal skeleton very long, sharp and strongly
sclerotized, axis flattened, jointed with posterior arms
and extending a little beyond the plate.

c? unknown.

Holotype (?) : Jihti, 30 miles east of Tachienlu, Sikang;
Sept. 1, 1939 ; F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei ; in
my own collection.

This species differs from all the formerly described spe-
cies by its body color, reduced wing markings and the
peculiar shape of the genital segment of female. The
position of this species in the above grouping is not de-
termined.

Panorpa leei n. sp.

Figures 17, 18, 54

Vertex black; rostrum reddish brown, with a short and
deep brown stripe on each side of its upper portion;
thorax black dorsally, yellowish brown laterally; 1st to
6th abdominal segments black dorsally and ventrally, the
7th to 9th abdominal segments very small, reddish brown.
Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 4 mm. ; membrane hya-
line, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal hand broad,
with a complete basal branch, and a greatly reduced spot-
shaped apical branch; apical band small, including a
prominent narrow band and some faintly smoky spots;
pterostigma prominent. Hind wing: length, 13 mm.;
width, 3.55 mm.; similar to fore wing, except that the
basal branch of pterostigmal band is greatly reduced.
$ genitalia : subgenital plate small, narrowed posteriorly,
apex rounded ; internal skeleton long, the plate abruptly
narrow at the base, with a pair of sharp posterior arms,
the axis extending for nearly half its length beyond the
plate.

c? unknown.

Holotype (?) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi ; July 14, 1943 ; Chuan
Lung Lee ; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Para-

148 Psyche tDec-

type: 1 ? same collecting data as Lolotype ; in my own col-
lection.

The material was collected by Chuan Lung Lee, in
honour of whom I name the species.

This species differs from all the formerly described spe-
cies by its wing markings and the peculiar shape of the
genital segment of the female. The position of this spe-
cies in the above grouping is not determined.

Panorpa statura n. sp.

Figures 32, 33, 34, 57

Vertex dark brown anteriorly, with a black mark with-
in the ocelli, light brown posteriorly, with a median and a
pair of longitudinal bands; rostrum uniformly reddish
brown; thorax entirely brown laterally, prothorax dark
brown dor sally, meso- and meta-notum uniformly black-
ish brown ; the 1st to 4th abdominal segments of the fe-
male blackish brown dorsally; brown ventrally, last few
abdominal segments entirely brown. Fore wing : length,
16.5 mm. ; width, 4.55 mm. ; membrane yellowish brown,
markings deep brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with
a broad basal branch and a broad apical branch; basal
band interrupted ; apical band large with a hyaline spot ;
marginal spot very small; pterostigma not very promi-
nent. Hind wing : length, 15 mm. ; width, 4.2 mm. ; simi-
lar to fore wing, except that the small marginal spot is
lacking. ? genitalia: subgenital plate elongated, nar-
rowed posteriorly, shallowly emarginated at its apex, its
lateral borders bent laterad to form a narrow lateral por-
tion; internal skeleton long, the plate concave on its
median sides with a pair of short tooth-like posterior
arms, the axis long, extending beyond the plate for ex-
actly half its length.

c? unknown.

Hclotype (?) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi; July 14, 1943; Chuan
Lung Lee, in my own collection.

This species, having a yellowish brown wing membrane,
differs from flavipennis Carpenter by its very long wing
and the markings of the apical band. The peculiar shape

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

149

of the genital segment of the female enables its easy
recognition. The position of this species in the above
grouping is not determined.

Panorpa pusilla n. sp.

Figures 37, 38, 52

Vertex yellow anteriorly with a black spot enclosing
ocelli, sooty brown posteriorly with a median quadrangu-
lar plate; rostrum uniformly yellow; thorax brownish
yellow dorsally, yellow laterally, meso- and meta-notum
with sooty brown markings on each side ; abdominal
segments sooty brown dorsally, yellow laterally and ven-
trally. Fore wing: length, 1.8 mm.; width, 0.28 mm.;
membrane yellow, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal
hand complete, with a complete basal branch and a sepa-
rated apical branch; basal band complete; apical band
represented by two prominent bands, the inner one nar-
row, being parallel to the pterostigmal band, the outer
one including the wing apex; basal spot situated on the
bind margin of wing; marginal spot very large; ptero-
stigma not very prominent. Hind wing : length, 0.95 mm. ;
width, 0.28 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the
basal spot on the bind margin of wing is entirely lacking.
2 genitalia : subgenital plate elliptical, with a slightly dis-
tal emargination ; the plate of internal skeleton small, the
posterior arms of the plate large, twisted at the middle,
the axis short and slender, not extending beyond the
plate.

c? unknown.

Holotype (2) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, June, 1942; Io Chou;
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratype: 1 2,
same collecting data as holotype ; in my own collection.

This species, having yellowish wing membrane differs,
from the other described species by its very small body
size, wing markings and the peculiar shape of the genital
segment of the female. The position of this species in
the above grouping is not determined.

150

Psyche

[Dec.

Panorpa bonis n. sp.

Pcmorpa cornigera Tjeder (nec McLachlan) Ark. Zool.,
Bd. 27A, no. 33, p. 7 (1935).

The female of this species, which has been well de-
scribed and figured by Tjeder, resembles cornigera, but
I am convinced that it is a distinct species. This is also
the opinion of Dr. Issiki, who has collected many indi-
viduals of the true cornigera in Korea and East Siberia.
I am, therefore, describing here as new the species identi-
fied as cornigera by Tjeder.

The 44 additional side plates” of 7th-8th abdominal seg-
ments of this species are not so slender as those of corni-
gera. The subgenital plate is pointed at its posterior
part, and shallowly emarginate at its apex, while that of
cornigera is rounded and not emarginate. The internal
skeleton of this species is quite distinct from that of cor-
nigera: the plate of the former is slender with a small
proximal part and short blunt posterior arms ; while that
of the latter is broad, with a well-developed oval proxi-
mal part and long pointed posterior arms. The axis of
this species extending beyond the plate is less than half
the length of the whole axis, while that of cornigera
usually extends beyond the plate more than half its
length.

unknown.

Holotype (?) : Lupasze, at River Tao Ho, South Kansu,
about 2.750 m. ; July 11, 1930; Dr. D. Hummel; in the
Stockholm Museum.

The position of this species in the above grouping is
not determined.

Genus Neopanorpa Weele

This genus has heretofore been represented in China
(not including Formosa) by ten species, of which apicata,
caveleriei, dimidiata, lacunaris, pielina and brisi were de-
scribed by Navas; and claripennis, nigritis, chelata and
banksi by Carpenter.

In this paper six species are described as new, of
which validipennis and taoi have undeveloped parameres,

1949] Cheng — Mecoptera 151

and choui bears a large internal skeleton with a well-de-
veloped axis.

Neopanorpa choui n. sp.

Figures 22, 23, 43, 44, 45, 62

Body light brown, the middle part of the thoracic no-
tum sooty brown ; vertex entirely black ; rostrum yellow-
ish brown ; median process of third abdominal tergite of
male extraordinarily long (measuring up to 4.2 mm.) ap-
parently divided into two portions and bearing a series of
dense, short stiff hairs on its ventral surface ; the fourth
tergite extremely long, almost covering the following
abdominal segments, somewhat elevated, and furnished
with many short stiff hairs on its surface. Fore wing:
length, 3.5 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; membrane light yellowish
brown, markings light brown, very indistinct; oterostig-
mal band incomplete, usually represented only by the
faint basal branch and apical branch; basal band repre-
sented only by two small spots on the hind margin ; apical
band large; pterostigma brown, very prominent. Hind
wing : length, 12 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing,
except that the pterostigmal band and the basal are en-
tirely lacking. <$ genitalia: genital bulb slender; coxo-
podite long, with truncated apex ; harpagones slender, the
outer margin concave at the middle, inner margin with a
triangular angle and a large basal lobe; hypandrium
short and broad; hypovalvae broad and less sclerotized,
with an abruptly narrow apex, extending beyond the base
of the harpagones; parameres modified into a pair of
sclerotized rods, greatly swollen distally and with an in-
cised apex and fused with the basal part of aedeagus
basally; preepiproct narrow distally with truncated and
slightly concave apex. HSdeagus rather small, the two
apical processes united together ; lateral process extend-
ing upward with tooth-like apex. 2 genitalia : subgenital
plate broad basally, narrow towards apex and with a nar-
row U-shaped incision distally; internal skeleton large,
the plate little sclerotized, very small, its posterior arms

152

Psyche

[Dec.

narrow and slender, sword-shaped, the axis very stout
with abruptly curved hook-shaped basal ends.

Holotype (c?) : Mt. Chowkung, Yaan, Sikang; July 14,
1939 ; F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei ; in my own
collection. Allotype (?) : Same collecting data as holo-
type ; in my own collection. Paratypes: 1 ?, same collect-
ing data as holotype ; in the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy ; 2 ?, same collecting data as holotype ; in my own col-
lection.

I take the liberty of naming this species in honour of
Prof. Io Chou, of the National Northwest College of Agri-
culture, who was so kind to me during our expedition.

This species differs from other described Neopanorpa
by its very long median process of the third abdominal
segment and the peculiar structures of both male and fe-
male genitalia.

Neopanorpa heii n. sp.

Figures 35, 36, 49, 50, 51

Vertex entirely black; rostrum uniformly brown;
thorax sooty brown dorsally, deep brown laterally; the
1st to 5th abdominal segments of male sooty brown dor-
sally, deep brown laterally and ventrally, 6th abdominal
segment twice the length of 5th segment, sooty brown in
color, last three abdominal segments also very long, deep
brown in color ; median process of the third tergite short,
never extending to the middle of the fourth tergite, and
in contact with the conical projection on the median axis
of the fourth tergite ; abdominal segments of female
sooty brown dorsally, deep brown laterally and ventrally.
Fore wing : length, 12.8 mm. ; $ 13.5 mm. ; width, c? 3.2
mm. ; $ 3 mm. ; membrane slightly brown, markings sooty
brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal
branch and a greatly reduced and separated apical
branch; basal band represented by a reduced marking
on the hind margin; apical band well-developed; basal
spot very small ; marginal spot consisting of two reduced
spots; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing: length, $
11.5 mm. ; $ 12.2 mm. ; width, <$ 3.2 mm. ; ? 3 mm. ; simi-

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

153

lar to fore wing, except that apical branch of pterostig-
mal band, basal band, basal spot and marginal spot are
entirely lacking. <? genitalia : genital bulb slender ; cox-
opodites rather long, with a projecting apex; barpagones
very slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the
middle, inner margin with a smooth angle and a true
basal lobe ; hypandrium rather long ; hypovalvae not flat-
tened, broadened towar4s the apex, the basal portion
wide apart, the median inner parts greatly prolonged
upward and overlapping each other ; parameres appar-
ently absent; preepiproct slightly narrow towards the
apex, the distal portion bent laterad and caudad so as to
embrace the proctiger; aedeagus very small, both the ap-
ical and the lateral processes tootb-like, the basal part
usually covered by a pair of elliptical membranous plates.
$ genitalia : subgenital plate broad, with a wide U-sbaped
distal incision; internal skeleton small, the plate being
band-shaped, transversely elongated, the posterior arms
of the internal skeleton lanceolate, extending laterad and
reaching to the side margins of the subgenital plate, the
axis small, fork-shaped, the distal portions of the forks
jointed with the basal posterior arms closely.

Holotype (<?) : Mt. Cbowkung, Yaan, Sikang; July 29,
1939, F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei ; in my own
collection. Allotype (?) : Same collecting data as holo-
type, in my own collection.

I take the liberty of naming this species in honour of
Mr. Tein Ho Hei, who was so kind to me during our ex-
pedition.

This species superficially resembles caveleriei Navas
in wing markings, but it can be distinguished by the
greatly reduced apical branch of the pterostigmal band
in the fore wing and the entire lack of this band in the
bind wing. Another difference is the unforked R2a of
this species as compared with the forked R2a in the re-
described figure of caveleriei Navas by Esben-Petersen
(1921, p. 83). However, the specific characteristics can-
not be determined for certain until the structure of the
9th abdominal segment has been studied. This species

154

Psyche

[Dec.

also resembles chelata Carp, in wing markings but these
two species are at once distinguished by the forms of
both male and female genitalia.

Neopanorpa validipennis n. sp.

Figures 46, 47, 48, 64, 65

Vertex entirely black; rostrum deep brown, with a
median longitudinal light brown streak; thorax sooty
brown dor sally, brown laterally, the 1st to 5th abdominal
segments of male dark brown dorsally, reddish brown
ventrally, 6th segment long, sooty brown, 7th segment
reddish brown, 8th segment reddish brown anteriorly,
sooty brown posteriorly, both the 7th and 8th segments
broaden towards apex, the posterior end of the pleural
regions of 7th segment protruding posteriorly to form
two small processes, median process of the third tergite
rather long, extending nearly to the hind border of the
fourth tergite, pointed at the apex when seen dorsally.
Under this median process, there is another reddish
small process, and on both sides of this median process
is a pair of small tooth-like prolongations, the median
axis of the fourth tergite slightly protruding upward.
Fore wing : length, 14.5 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; membrane
grayish brown, no markings present; veins very stout,
R2a usually forked into R2al and R2a2 ; pterostigma not
very prominent. Hind wing : length, 13.5 mm. ; width,
3.5 mm. ; similar to fore wing. $ genitalia : genital bulb
slender ; coxopodites very long, abruptly narrow distally,
bearing a number of long hairs on the distal inner mar-
gins; harpagones short and slender, the outer margin
slightly concave at the middle, furnished with a series of
short barbs at the basal half, inner margin with a large
lobe basally; hypandrium long, slightly narrow towards
apex; hypovalvae with slender basal stalks, wide apart
basally, overlapping each other, the outer borders ex-
tending laterad and concave near its middle ; parameres
club-shaped with rounded apex ; preepiproct slender with
rounded apex, the distal outer portion extended laterad
to embrace the proctiger, and forming distal tooth-like

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

155

processes; aedeagus very small, the two apical processes
nearly united, lateral processes extended posteriorly,
sharp and tooth-like.

? unknown.

Holotype (c?) : Jihti, 30 miles east of Tachienlu, Si-
kang ; Sept. 2, 1939 ; F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho
Hei; in my own collection.

This species resembles claripennis Carp, and nigritis
Carp, in lacking color markings of wings, but the form of
the male genitalia makes its recognition easy.

Neopanorpa taoi n. sp.

Figures 10, 58, 66, 68

Body light brown ; vertex entirely black ; rostrum light
brown with sooty brown stripe on each side; pronotum
sooty brown, meso- and meta-notum sooty brown on the
median portion; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of
male sooty brown dor sally, last few abdominal segments
brown in color, median process of third abdominal ter-
gite short with swollen and truncated apex, not extend-
ing beyond the middle of the fourth tergite. Under this
process, there is a small median process and a pair of
lateral processes; the fourth tergite is provided with a
concave area on its anterior portion. Fore wing : length,
0.7 mm. ; width, 3.8 mm. ; membrane light gray, no mark-
ings present, R2a usually forked into R2al and R2a2 ; pter-
ostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, 15.8 mm. ; width,
3.8 mm. ; similar to fore wing. genitalia : genital bulb
slender ; coxopodites long, narrow distally, bearing many
long hairs ; harpagones rather short, the outer margin
convex basally, furnished with a series of short barbs at
the middle, inner margin with a large basal lobe with
two tooth-like processes, hypandrium broad, hypovalvae
wide apart basally, slightly overlapping each other dis-
tally, the basal outer margins greatly convex and strongly
sclerotized, parameres simple, lanceolate; preepiproct
slender, with median concaved margins, the distal outer
portions extended laterad, forming large, distal, tooth-
like processes; aedeagus rather small, both apical proc-

156

Psyche

[Dec.

esses and lateral processes tooth-like, extending the same
direction and having nearly the same size.

? unknown.

Holotype (<?) : Mt. Lo, Sichang; June 10, 1944, Chia
Chu Tao; in my own collection.

The species is named in honour of Chia Chu Tao. It
differs from the preceding one by the broadened apex of
the median process of the 3rd abdominal segment and
also by the structure of the male genitalia.

Neopanorpa latipennis n. sp.

Figures 39, 40, 55

Body deep brown, black above, vertex black anteriorly,
brown posteriorly, with a sooty brown marking on the
median portion; rostrum brown, with a sooty brown
median stripe on its lower portion. Fore wing: length,
14 mm. ; width, 3.53 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings
sooty brown ; pterostigmal band very broad, with broad
basal branch and narrow apical branch, basal band not
very prominent, extending to the median portion of the
fore wing, apical band very large, represented by a big
marking and an inner small Y-shaped band; marginal
spots small; pterostigma prominent; the wing apex
rather broad. Hind wing : length, 12.55 mm. ; width, 3.5
mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the apical branch
of pterostigmal band, the inner small Y-shaped band of
apical band and the basal band are greatly reduced. ?
genitalia : subgenital plate abruptly narrow posteriorly,
with a wide U-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton
small, being U-shaped, with a small stalk at its base, the
axis apparently absent.

<? unknown.

Holotype (?) : Moupin, Sikang; July 29, 1941; Chuan
Lung Lee : in my own collection.

This species differs from described Neopanorpa by its
additional small Y-shaped band between the pterostig-
mal and apical bands in the fore wings. The stalk bear-
ing U-shaped internal skeleton of the female enables its
easy recognition.

1949]

Clieng — Mecoptera

157

Neopanorpa varia n. sp.

Figures 41, 42, 56

Body light brown, black above, last few abdominal seg-
ments brown, vertex entirely black ; rostrum light brown
with black stripe on each side. Fore wing: length, 14
mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. ; membrane slightly brown, markings
sooty brown; pterostigmal band complete, with a sepa-
rated basal branch and a narrow apical branch; apical
band complete; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing:
length, 13 mm. ; width, 3.3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, ex-
cept that the basal band is represented by a small mark-
ing on the bind margin. ? genitalia: subgenital plate
broad, with a U-sbaped distal incision; internal skele-
ton large, U-sbaped, posterior arms rather long, obtuse
distally, very large basally, with a narrow sclerotized
bridge and a rounded membranous portion between them,
axis apparently absent.

c? unknown.

Holotype (?) : Heierbwan, 100 miles south of Tachi-
enlu, Sikang; Sept. 20, 1939; F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and
Tein Ho Hei; in my own collection. Paratypes : 1 ?
Jihti, 20 miles east of Tacbienlu, Sikang; Sept. 2, 1939;
1 ? Tienwan, 30 miles south of Tacbienlu, Sikang; Sept.
9, 1939; 1 ? Wantung, 50 miles south of Tacbienlu, Si-
kang ; Sept. 17, 1939 ; F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tien Ho
Hei ; in my own collection.

This species is somewhat variable with regard to the
markings of the wings ; in my collection, there is one indi-
vidual collected in Wantung, Sikang, with a greatly re-
duced pterostigmal band on both fore and hind wings and
without the basal band on the hind wing.

This species resembles chelata Carp, in wing markings,
but differs greatly in the structure of the female geni-
talia. The internal skeleton of this species resembles
banksi Carp, superficially, but differs in its basal struc-
ture as compared with the three well-developed plates
which appear on the base of the internal skeleton of
banksi Carp. The wings of this species differ from

158

Psyche

[Dec.

those of caveleriei Navas by the absence of a trans-
verse marking which joins the pterostigmal and apical
bands at the anterior margin of the wing. The wings of
this species resemble those of dimidiata Navas, bnt the
body color differs very much. However, the specific
characteristics cannot be determined with certainty until
the structure of the 9th abdominal segment has been
studied.

Family Bittacid^:

Genus Bittacus Latr.

This genus has been represented in China (not includ-
ing Formosa) by four species, of which sinensis was de-
scribed by Walker, pieli by Navas, and triangularis and
sinicus by Issiki.

Bittacus planus n. sp.

Figures 59, 60, 61, 63, 67

Body light brown, vertex brown, with sooty brown
marking enclosing ocelli; rostrum brown; meso-thorax
with two sooty brown spots on each side dorsally. Fore
wing: length, 20.2 mm.; width, 5.2 mm.; the wing apex
broad, obtuse ; membrane light brown without markings,
veins brown, cross veins slightly emarginated; ptero-
stigma not very prominent, apical cross vein in the area
between Cu2 and 1A absent. Hind wing: length, 17.5
mm.; width, 4.2 mm.; similar to fore wing, except that
there is only one cross vein between the pterostigma and
B2. c? genitalia : preepiproct with V-shaped inner mar-
gins, when seen from above, with truncated apex, the ap-
ical margins being slightly concave, furnished with a series
of short black bristles on its interior sides ; caudal end of
coxopodites produced upward rather long with smooth
apex; harpagones broad basally, very narrow and slen-
der distally, with prominent inner process; sedeagus
lobes on each side of the base of filum broaden towards
apex with truncated tips; proctiger narrow towards
apex, furnished with a bundle of short hairs ; the lower
process very long, pointed towards its apex.

1949]

Cheng — Mecoptera

159

Holotype (<?) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, June, 1942; Io Chon;
in my own collection. Paratypes : 1 c?, 1 ?, same collect-
ing data as holotype; in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. 2 <?, 3 ?, same collecting data as holotype ; in
National Northwest College of Agriculture, Wukung,
Shensi.

This species differs from the previously described spe-
cies by the peculiar shape of the preepiproct in lateral
view, the slender harpagones and the broadened apex of
the aedeagus lobes.

160

Psyche

[Dec.

Explanation of Plate 7

Fig. 1. Panorpa emarginata n. sp., preepiproct of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 2. Panorpa oltusa n. sp., preepiproct of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 3. Panorpa typicoides n. sp., preepiproct of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 4. Panorpa sexspinosa n. sp., preepiproct of $ . (Holotype) .

Fig. 5. Panorpa fructa n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holotype).

Fig. 6. Panorpa fructa n. sp., preepiproct of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 7. Panorpa fructa n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo-
type).

Fig. 8. Panorpa sexspinosa n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo-
type).

Fig. 9. Panorpa sexspinosa n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb, show-
ing aedeagus. (Holotype).

Fig. 10. Neopanorpa taoi n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo
type).

W77

Cheng — Mecoptera

162

Psyche

[Dec.

Explanation of Plate 8

Fig. 11. Panorpa emarginata n. sp., subgenital plate of $ . (Allotype) .

Fig. 12. Panorpa emarginata n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Allotype).

Fig. 13. Panorpa typicoides n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Allotype).
Fig. 14. Panorpa typicoides n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Allotype).

Fig. 15. Panorpa sexspinosa n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Allotype).

Fig. 16. Panorpa sexspinosa n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Allotype).

Fig. 17. Panorpa leei n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 18. Panorpa leei n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 19. Panorpa semifasciata n. sp., ventral view of $ last few abdomi-
nal segments. (Holotype).

Fig. 20. Panorpa semifasciata n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Holotype).
Fig. 21. Panorpa semifasciata n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Holotype).
Fig. 22. Neopanorpa choui n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Allotype).

Fig. 23. Neopanorpa choui n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Allotype).

Vol. 56, Plate 8

Psyche, 1949

Cheng — Mecoptera

164

Psyche

[Dec.

Explanation of Plate 9

Fig. 24. Panorpa emarginata n. sp., lateral view of $ last few abdominal
segments. (Holotype).

Fig. 25. Panorpa obtusa n. sp., lateral view of $ last few abdominal seg-
ments. (Holotype).

Fig. 26. Panorpa emarginata n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo-

type).

Fig. 27. Panorpa obtusa n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo-
type).

Fig. 28. Panorpa typicoides n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo-
type).

Fig. 29. Panorpa emarginata n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb, show-
ing aedeagus. (Holotype).

Fig. 30. Panorpa obtusa n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb, showing
aedeagus. (Holotype).

Fig. 31. Panorpa typicoides n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb, showing
aedeagus. (Holotype).

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 9

Cheng — Mecoptera

166

Psyche

I Dec.

Explanation of Plate 10

Fig. 32. Panorpa statura n. sp., lateral view of subgenital plate of $ .
(Holotype).

Fig. 33. Panorpa statura n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 34. Panorpa statura n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 35. Neopanorpa heii n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Allotype).

Fig. 36. Neopanorpa heii n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Allotype).

Fig. 37. Panorpa pusilla n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 38. Panorpa pusilla n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 39. Neopanorpa latipennis n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Holotype).
Fig. 40. Neopanorpa latipennis n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Holo-
type).

Fig. 41. Neopanorpa varia n. sp., subgenital plate of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 42. Neopanorpa varia n. sp., internal skeleton of $. (Holotype).

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 10

Cheng — Mecoptera

168

Psyche

[Dec.

Explanation of Plate 11

Fig. 43. Neopanorpa choui n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo-
type).

Fig. 44. Neopanorpa choui n. sp., preepiproet of (Holotype).

Fig. 45. Neopanorpa choui n. sp., ventral view of genital bulb, showing

aedeagus. ( Holotype ) .

Fig. 46. Neopanorpa validipennis n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb,
(Holotype).

Fig. 47. Neopanorpa validipennis n. sp., preepiproet of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 48. Neopanorpa validipennis n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb,
showing aedeagus. (Holotype).

Fig. 49. Neopanorpa heii n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb. (Holo-
type).

Fig. 50. Neopanorpa heii n. sp., preepiproet of (Holotype).

Fig. 51. Neopanorpa heii n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb, showing

aedeagus. (Holotype).

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 11

Cheng — Mecoptera

170

Psyche

[ Dec.

Explanation of Plate 12

Fig. 52. Panorpa pusilla n. sp., fore wing of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 53. Panorpa semifasciata n. sp., fore wing of 9. (Holotype).
Fig. 54. Panorpa leei n. sp., fore wing of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 55. Neopanorpa latipennis n. sp., fore wing of 9- (Holotype).
Fig. 56. Neopanorpa varia n. sp., fore wing of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 57. Panorpa statura n. sp., fore wing of $. (Holotype).

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 12

Cheng — Mecoptera

172

Psyche

[Dec.

Explanation of Plate 13

Fig. 58. Neopanorpa taoi n. sp., preepiproct of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 59. Bittacus planus n. sp., wings of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 60. Bittacus planus n. sp., terminal abdominal appendages, lateral
view of the proctiger. (Holotype).

Fig. 61. Bittacus planus n. sp., terminal abdominal appendages, dorsal
view. (Holotype).

Fig. 62. Neopanorpa choui n. sp., lateral view of $ abdominal segments,
showing long median process. (Holotype).

Fig. 63. Bittacus planus n. sp., terminal abdominal appendages, caudal
view. (Holotype).

Fig. 64. Neopanorpa validipennis n. sp., dorsal view of the median process
of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 65. Neopanorpa validipennis n. sp., lateral view of the median process
of $. (Holotype).

Fig. 66. Neopanorpa taoi n. sp., ventral view of $ genital bulb, showing
aedeagus. ( Holotype ) .

Fig. 67. Bittacus planus n. sp., terminal $ abdominal appendages, lateral
view. (Holotype).

Fig. 68. Neopanorpa taoi n. sp., lateral view of abdominal segments of $ .
(Holotype).

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 13

Cheng — Mecoptera

174

Psyche

[Dec.

Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Cambridge Ento-
mological Club. — As this issue of Psyche goes to press,
plans are being made for a 75th anniversary meeting of
the Cambridge Entomological Club, on December 20, 1949.
The Clnb was formed on January 9, 1874, by thirteen
local entomologists, who met at Dr. Hagen’s house. In
addition to Hagen the group included Samuel Scudder,
A. S. Packard, Samuel Henshaw, Edward Burgess,
George Dimmock, J. H. Emerton, E. Schwarz, E. P.
Austin, B. P. Mann, J. C. Munro, G. R. Crotch and H. R.
Morrison. The first scientific communication of that
evening was a discussion by Dr. Hagen of an amber insect
from Maryland. At the fourth meeting, on April 10,
1874, the members voted to publish a monthly journal,
named Psyche. Five hundred printed copies of the first
issue were brought to the next meeting, on May 8. With-
in the next few years many well-known entomologists
joined the Club, among them being H. R. Grote, Baron
Osten-Sacken, Samuel Williston, J. L. Leconte, C. V.
Riley, J. A. Lintner and W. H. Edwards. The Club was
incorporated on February 9, 1877. Most of the early
meetings were held at Scudder ’s house, on Brattle St.,
Cambridge. After 1900 the group met at either the
Boston Society of Natural History building or the Appa-
lachian Mountain Club rooms. Subsequent to the ap-
pointment of W. M. Wheeler at Harvard University in
1910, the meetings have been held at one of the Univer-
sity’s buildings — the Bussey Institution until 1931, and
the Biological Laboratories from then until the present
time. The 75th Anniversary Meeting will be the 647th
meeting since the formation of the Club. Psyche is now
in its 56th volume. — F. M. Carpenter.

ACANTHEPEIRA VENUSTA (BANKS)
(ABANEHE)1

By Elizabeth B. Bryant
Museum of Comparative Zoology

Among the collection of spiders in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, several specimens including both sexes
of Acanthepeira venusta (Banks), from various locali-
ties in Florida, were identified. The male has never been
recognized before, and as the original description was
based on a female, a more complete description of both
sexes with figures seems desirable.

The genus Acanthepeira appears in the list of Arach-
nida by Marx in Howard’s “List of the Invertebrate
Fauna of South Carolina” 1883, used for the species
Epeira stellata Walck., 1805. As Howard’s list is quite
rare, it is not surprising that the Marx genus has been
overlooked. In 1892, McCook proposed the genus Marxia
for the same species, Epeira stellata Walck. The gen-
eric description lists few structural characters and is
based largely on the marginal tubercles of the abdomen
and the width of the clypeus, characters that are shared
by other genera of the family. So in 1904, F.O.P.-Cam-
bridge redescribed the genus using more definite charac-
ters. This definition has been generally accepted. In
1941, Archer reinstated the generic name, Acanthepeira
and it has also been recently used by Kaston in the
“Spiders of Connecticut,” 1948.

Acanthepeira venusta (Banks)

Figures 1-5

Plectana venusta Banks, 1896, p. 69. “? Florida;

Punta Gorda. ”

Female. Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 3.0 mm. long, 2.2 mm.
wide, abd. 4.2 mm. long without the anterior and pos-
terior tubercles, 4.0 mm. wide.

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

175

176

Psyche

[Dec.

Cephalothorax brown, cephalic portion pale and cov-
ered with white hairs, a pair of large circular elevations
directly posterior to the eyes, anterior margin wide and
truncate; eyes in three groups, seen from the front, the
anterior row procurved, median eyes carried forward on
a small lobe, a.m.e. smaller than the p.m.e., separated by
about two diameters, p.m.e. separated by a diameter, lat-
eral eyes subequal on a distinct tubercle at the extreme
angle of the carapace ; quadrangle higher than wide and
as wide in front as behind; clypeus below the a.m.e. as
high as the quadrangle: mandibles brown, vertical, fang

Figs. 1-5. Acanthepeira venusta (Banks). Fig. 1. Female, dorsal,
(type); fig. 2. Epigynum, ventral; fig. 3. Epigynum, lateral; fig. 4. Left
palpus, retrolateral ; fig. 5. Male, dorsal.

groove oblique, upper margin with a row of black bristles
followed by three teeth, lower margin with four subequal,
contiguous teeth, fang short; labium wider than long,
basal half dark, tip pale ; sternum lateral margins dark,
triangular, one and a half times as long as broad, fourth
coxae touching; abdomen pale, with a vague folium on the

1949]

Bryant — Acanthepeira

177

posterior half, with ten tubercles on the margin, each
with a corneous tip, the pointed anterior median tubercle
extends well over the cephalothorax, the posterior median
tubercle blunt^ and hairy, and the tip darker, as wide at
the base as it^is long, extends well over the spinnerets,
four pairs of graduated lateral tubercles, the largest at
the lateral angles, bifid at the tip, the posterior pair very
small and not in line with the other pairs, venter infus-
cate with a pale transverse bar posterior to the epi-
gynum; legs, 1-2-4-3, rather short, brown, with darker
brown rings, more distinct on the ventral side, spines
shorter than the diameter of the joint, no ventral spines
on the femora, a dorsal basal spine on III and IV tibiae;
epigynum, area longer than wide, a narrow chitinized
base, from which projects a slender, graduated fleshy
scape, fully twice as long as the chitinized base, tip curled
inward, each side of the base a circular opening, with a
second smaller opening at the base of the scape.

Male. Length, 6.2 mm., ceph. 4.0 mm. long, 3.4 mm.
wide, abd. 3.0 mm. long, 2.9 mm. wide.

Cephalothorax dark brown, broader than in the female
and the anterior margin much narrower, many pale hairs
in the ocular area, the circular elevations posterior to the
eyes more distinct than in the female, with a pair of dark
dots close together as figured ; eyes, median eyes carried
forward on a lobe, lateral eyes on distinct tubercles;
mouth parts and sternum as in the female ; abdomen with
the tubercular pattern as in the female, except that the
anterior median tubercle is more slender, and the pos-
terior median tubercle is cone-shaped and extends up-
ward at almost right angles to the abdomen, not a longi-
tudinal extension, the muscle spots large and chitinized
with numerous small chitinized flecks on the dorsum;
legs, 1-2-4-3, brown, with darker rings on all joints, legs
longer than in the female, with no hook on the first and
second coxae, a coniform spur on the fourth coxa, second
tibia not incrassate, nor with any specialized spines,
spines longer than in the female, a retrolateral row of
spines on the fourth femur, with two short chitinized

178

Psyche

[Dec.

spurs on tubercles near the base; palpus not as long as
the cephalothorax, patella with one long stout bristle at
the tip, tibia not as long as the patella, swollen ventrally,
with a long pale, retrolateral process extending dorsally
with several long colorless bristles near the tip, paracym-
bium in two parts, the ventral section small, of the typ-
ical form, dark and strongly chitinized and almost touch-
ing the tip of the ventral process, the dorsal portion pale,
larger, with a recurved tip, the basal part of the cymbium
depressed, cymbium not covering all parts, embolus an
obscure process near the tip.

Holotype 2 Florida; Punta Gorda, Banks Coll., no.
B.0183. Allotype (by present designation) Florida;
Royal Palm Park, 25-30 March 1927, (Blatchley).

Additional material, not types: 2 c?s Georgia; Way-
cross, August 1903, (Morse), Emerton Coll.; 2 Florida;
Coconut Grove, July 1929, (Fairchild); A 2 Florida;
Royal Palm Park, 25-30 March 1927 ; A 2 1-18 April
1927; 2 5 — 17 December 1927, (Blatchley) ; A 2 Florida;
Dade Co., Paradise Key, from a nest of mud dauber, 23
May 1927 (Dow).

Cambridge had but one species of Marxia from Central
America when he defined the genus and he states that the
species identified as stellata from Mexico and Guatemala
may not be the same species as figured by Emerton in
the Epeiridae of New England, 1884.

Acanthepeira venusta differs from the generic descrip-
tion as given by Cambridge in three structural characters.
The p.m.e. are larger than the a.m.e. ; the quadrangle is
as wide behind as in front, and it is distinctly longer
than wide ; the lower margin of the fang groove has four
teeth.

The males of A. venusta can be separated from A. stel-
lata by the narrower abdomen with the terminal tubercle
turned upward, the much narrower ventral apophysis on
the tibia of the palpus and the paracymbium. The fe-
males can be separated from A. stellata by the narrower
abdomen and the epigynum.

1949]

B ryan t — Acanthep eira

179

References

Archer, Allan F.

1941. The Argiopidae or Orb-weaving Spiders of Alabama. Geol. Surv.
Alabama, Mus. Pap., no. 14, pp. 1-77.

Banks, N.

1896. New North American spiders and mites. Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc., 23, pp. 57-77.

Cambridge, F. O. P.

1897-1905. Arachnida, Araneida. Biologia Central Americana. 2,
pp. 1-610, 54 pis.

Emerton, J. H.

1884. New England Spiders of the family Epeiridae. Trans. Conn.
Acad., 6, pp. 295-342, pis. 33-40.

Kaston, B. J.

1948. Spiders of Connecticut. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull,
no. 70, pp. 1-874, includ. 114 pis.

Marx, George

1883. Howard’s List of the Invertebrate Fauna of South Carolina.
Order Araneina, Chap. XI, pp. 21-26.

McCook, H. C.

1889-1894. American Spiders and their Spinning Work. 3, pp. 1-406,
pis. 1-30.

Walckenaer, Charles Athan, Baron de

1805. Tableau des Araneides. Paris, xii + 88 pages, 9 pis.

1847. Histoire naturelle des Insectes Apteres. vol. 2.

FURTHER DESCRIPTION OF POLY PL AX
ALASKENSIS EWING (ANOPLURA)1

By W. B. Quay

Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

Polyplax alaskensis was first described by H. E. Ewing
(1927, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 29: 118-121) from a single
male taken from a mouse, Microtus sp., in Alaska. No
subsequent collecting records of this species have been
found in the literature. During the summer of 1948 a
large series of individuals of both sexes was secured from
mice, Microtus o. operarius (Nelson), collected on the
Seward Peninsula by the writer. Since the original de-
scription is brief and unfigured, I am including here a
further description of the species based on the numerous
specimens now at hand.

Acknowledgments are made to J. C. Bequaert of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology and to Floyd G. Werner
of the Harvard Biological Laboratories for aid and ad-
vice. I am also very grateful to C. F. W. Muesebeck of
the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, for corroborating the identi-
fication by comparing a specimen from my series with
the type.

Female (Fig. 1, A). Length 1. 2-1.4 mm. Head al-
most as broad as long and generally similar to that of
spinulosa ; first antenna joint much longer than the others
and set close to the anterior margin. Thorax dorsally
similar to that of spinulosa ; ventrally, the sternal plate
is longer than it is broad; the anterior lateral margins
are nearly parallel ; the posterior lateral margins are con-
cave and slope to a blunt point ; the legs, of usual form,
are of increasing size posteriorly.

Pleural plates : (Fig. 2, B) first pleurite elongate,
faintly if at all chitinized medially and usually with three

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

180

1949]

Q nay — P o lyplax

181

setae anteriorly on the ventral lobe, and one anteriorly on
the dorsal lobe; the ventral marginal seta of the first
plenrite is usually more than twice the length of the dorsal
seta and may approach the length of the pleurite itself ;
second pleurite, elongate and attenuated anteriorly, the
ventral marginal seta exceeds the dorsal in length and is
usually about half the length of the pleurite ; third pleu-
rite, elongate and attenuated anteriorly, with the spiracle
barely inclosed by the ventral margin, and with the dorsal
marginal seta the same length as that of the second pleu-

Figure 1. Polyplax alasTcensis. A. Female. B. Male.

rite but longer than the ventral marginal seta of its own
pleurite ; the spiracles of the third to seventh pleurites are
uniformly large and are progressively more centrally

182

Psyche

[Dec.

located ; pleurites four and five are less elongate and are
progressively less attenuated anteriorly, the dorsal mar-
ginal setae are longer than the ventral ; pleurite six is nar-
row and tapers anteriorly ; the seventh plenrite is narrow
and very blunt anteriorly ; in the sixth and seventh pleu-
rites the chitinized area at the base of the marginal setae
is progressively more isolated from the anterior and
major portion of the pleurite, and the marginal setae are
greatly elongated, the ventral ones being somewhat longer
than the dorsal.

Tergal and sternal plates of the abdomen are well chi-
tinized and cover most of the surface area, the anterior
plate of each segment tending to be larger than the pos-
terior; on their posterior margins most of the tergites
have from eight to thirteen setae and most of the sternites
have from six to ten ; however, there is considerable varia-
tion in these numbers. The first abdominal sternite is
much wider than the second, is pointed anteriorly and
concave posteriorly; the second abdominal sternite is
almost a half circle; the third is more than twice the
width of the second and has a pointed anterior margin.
Between the ends of the posterior plate and the corres-
ponding pleurite on the fourth to seventh segments dor-
sally and the third to seventh ventrally, there is a single
seta of moderate length. Ventral to and parallel with
the posterior margin of the seventh pleurite, a small plate,
bearing three setae on the posterior margin, has a lobe di-
rected anteriorly from its lateral half.

Male (Fig. 1, B). Length 0.8-1.0 mm. As described
by Ewing, except for the following modifications and ad-
ditions. Sternum usually longer than it is broad and
may sometimes overlap the second and third coxae.

Tergal and sternal plates of the abdomen are well de-
veloped. The first large tergite is usually strongly con-
cave and irregular along its anterior border ; the second,
third, and fourth tergites progressively increase in length
and are convex anteriorly; the fifth, sixth, and seventh
tergites are progressively reduced in size and only in a
narrow zone near their anterior margins are they strongly

1949]

Quay — Polyplax

183

chitinized. First three sternites are strongly convex an-
teriorly and are quite long ; the third is much longer than
the other two and the central area of its anterior margin
is produced into a pointed lobe limited laterally by the
base of a large seta ; the greatest length of the third ster-
nite distinctly exceeds that of the fourth and is about half
that of the following four sternites ; all five have roughly
parallel and straight anterior and posterior borders.

Genitalia (Fig. 2, A) as described by Ewing and fig-
ured here.

Figure 2. Polyplax alasTcensis. A. Genitalia of males: bp, basal plate;
pm, parameres; pp, pseudopenis (also shown in oblique view). B. Pleural
plates of female (setae of the sixth and seventh are abbreviated).

Specimens examined: twenty-four of both sexes and
different ages, collected at Cloud Lake (near Asses Ears),
Seward Peninsula, Alaska, July 27, 1948. Representa-
tive specimens have been deposited in the collections of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the National
Museum.

A NEW AFRICAN MILLIPED OBSERVED
IN MIGRATION

By Ralph V. Chamberlin
University of Utah

The mass migration of millipeds is a phenomenon that
has been observed in species of various families of Julida,
Spirobolida and Polydesmida. The phenomenon has
never been adequately studied or explained. To the list
of those observed in such migration may now be added
an African member of the Spirostreptida, herein first
named and described. Dr. Neal A. Weber, who collected
specimens and submitted them to me for identification,
supplies the following on the occurrence and behavior of
this form as he noted them in the field :

4 • The animals were discovered Mar. 2, 1948 at the junc-
tion of the Vele and Bomokandi Rivers, Lat. 3°38" N. and
Long. 26°8// E. There were thousands milling about at the
river ’s edge and many had crawled into the river and
drowned. There were at least 500 millipeds in one place
hanging on a nearly vertical slope of the river bank. In
an area of a hundred square meters there were at least
5,000 or that order of magnitude and they were spread
over about 150 meters along the river’s edge. The air
temperature was 89.5° F. Eight kilometers away a few
of the same animals were to be found as well as smaller
numbers between that point and the river. This was the
time approaching the end of the dry season, and it may
well be that the population had gradually built Aip to this
peak and migration ensued. There were no animals
preying on these and no obvious cause impelling their
migration in this direction and into the river where they
drowned. The land was not flooded back of this area.”

Zantekius, new genus

A genus of the Spiro streptidse related to Mardonius
and Eumehius of Central Africa and Madagascar. Spira-
cles beginning on the sixth segment. Metazonites without
trace of longitudinal keels, being smooth above and striate

184

1949 ] Chamberlin — African Milliped 185

below. Anal valves not spined. In the posterior gono-
pods of the male the coxa without trace of spines and set
off distinctly from the telopodite; telopodite long and
slender, not at all laminate and entirely without lobes or
branches. The inner lamina of the anterior gonopods
much produced distad, presenting on the outside at level
of the gonocoel a lobe directed proximad and on mesal
side near distal end a large T-shaped lobe with one arm
directed distad and the other proximad.

Generotype : Zantekius weberi, new species.

This genus differs from Mardonius in lacking a femoral
lobe or spine on the posterior gonopod and from Eume-
kius in having an ectal cone or lobe on the median lamella
of the anterior gonopod as well as in having the con-
spicuous mesal lobe.

Zantekius weberi, new species

Metazonites black about caudal borders, anteriorly
more grayish, the last segment entirely gray or grayish
brown. Head with face below level of antennae reddish.
Legs and antennae red, contrasting sharply with the dark
body.

Labral excavation very shallow. Labral pits 2-2, the
front of head elsewhere smooth, wholly without rugae.
Eyes with inner angles extending mesad a little beyond
base of antennae, the two separated by somewhat more
than their transverse length ; individual ocelli convex and
distinct. Median sulcus across vertex line, ending in a
slightly depressed pit at level of inner angles of eyes.
No interocular sulcus evident except faintly for a short
distance each side of end of vertigial sulcus. Antennae
reaching to third segment.

Collum moderately narrowing on each side from level
of eye ventrad; in the male produced forward at lower
anterior corner, with three deep sulci in addition to the
margining sulcus as shown in the accompanying figure
(Fig. 1A) ; not produced in the female.

Encircling striae of prozonites of the other segments
fine, mostly about six in number. The surface of the
metazonites above and laterally entirely smooth and shin-

186

Psyche

[Dec.

in g. Each somite with diameter greatest at caudal
border, decreasing gradually forward excepting for the
moderate depression between prozonite and metazonite.
Segmental sulcus fine but sharply defined throughout.

Fig. 1, A. Left side of collum of male. B. Left gonopod of male, with
sternite, anterior view.

The usual sharply impressed longitudinal sulci across the
metazonite below, the series ending considerably below
level of repugnatorial pore. Each pore located well in
front of middle of metazonite.

Dorsal line of anal tergite as seen in profile nearly
straight. Anal valves distinctly exceeding the tergite;
mesal borders strongly elevated. Caudal margin of anal
scale weakly obtusely angular.

Ventral pads present on penult and antepenult seg-
ments of most of the legs, these pads produced into a short
lappet at their distal end beneath the succeeding joint.

The distinctive features of the anterior and posterior
gonopods are shown in fig. 1, B.

Type locality: Africa: Belgian Congo, near Bembi, at
junction of Vele and Bomokandi Rivers. Mar. 2, 1948.
Many specimens collected by Dr. Neal A. Weber.

SOME AMERICAN SALDIDyE (HEMIPTERA)1

By Carl J. Drake
Ames, Iowa

The present paper is based largely upon Saldidae in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
Some records from the author’s private collection are also
included. The disposition of types is given beneath the
descriptions of new species.

Micracanthia pusilla Van Duzee

Lake Tahoe, Calif., 1 specimen, Aug. 8, 1937, C. J. Drake
and Floyd Andre ; Ft. Collins, Colo., 1 specimen, May 5,
1898, E. D. Ball; Georgetown, Colo., 7 specimens, July 27,
1898, W. J. Gerhard; Provo, Utah, Aug. 10, 1930, E. D.
Ball.

Pentacora bruesi, sp. n.

Plate 14

Small, broadly ovate, blackish, slightly shining, with
yellowish brown markings along exterior margins of hem-
elytra. Head rather broad, black, a narrow crescentric
streak along inner margin of each eye and head in front
(including callosities) flavous, the ocelli amber ; eyes dark,
rather large. Antennae moderately long, moderately
hairy; segment I stout, flavous; with a few scattered
setae; II yellowish brown; III and IV dark brown, the
last three segments with some scattered long hairs ; pro-
portions : I, 20 ; II, 38 ; III, 28 ; IV, 32. Rostrum yellow-
ish brown, extending to hind coxae. Legs testaceous,
sparsely hairy, with scattered brown spots ; coxae becom-
ing dark basally, the front coxal plates largely whitish.
Body beneath black, the venter brownish black, the pubes-
cence pale, reclining posteriorly.

Pronotum broad, moderately narrowed anteriorly,
three times as wide as long, broadly excavated behind, the

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

187

188

Psyche

[Dec.

lateral margins a little rounded, with a few short hairs
along the edges; front margin rather wide, extending
laterally a little beyond the middle of each eye, pubescence
yellowish, reclining ; callus large, shining, moderately con-
vex, not extending on lateral margins, extending posteri-
orly beyond middle of pronotum, with large discal impres-
sion and a smaller one on each side, the discal impression
with deep furrow leading posteriorly to the end of sulcus ;
transverse sinuate impression separating lobes not very
deep, not conspicuously pitted at the bottom; hind lobe
indistinctly rugulose, about one-fourth the length of the
frontal; sides of pronotum narrowly embrowned along
the margins, the sides beneath widely flavous. Scutellum
black, slightly shining, slightly rugulose, the transverse
impression placed slightly before the middle. Hemelytra
brownish black, with six or seven rounded, bluish, serice-
ous spots on each side, the pubescence yellowish, moder-
ately long, somewhat decumbent, yellowish; clavus dull,
grayish black, with a sericeous, yellowish spot before the
apex; corium within concolorous with clavus, the rest
largely black-fuscous, with five or six pale sericeous spots ;
embolium, save base, narrowly margined with flavous,
the flavous color wider near base and before apex, there
extending a little into corium ; membrane largely whitish,
black within at base, with five cells (only four on right
wing, the outer vein being absent) each cell with a small
spot before apex, the spots forming together a transverse
fuscous streak, the veins dark brown to dark fuscous.

Length, 3.65 mm. ; width, 2.00 mm.

Type, female, Matucana, 7,300 ft. elevation, Peru, taken
by C. T. Brues, Museum Comparative Zoology No. 28266.

Resembles Saldula reperta Uhler in size, color and
markings, but stouter and with broader pronotum. Re-
perta has only four cells in membrane. Saida rubro-
maculata Heidemann from Albemarle Island off the coast
of Peru has five cells in the membrane and is herewith
transferred to the genus Pentacora Reuter. The clavus
and corium are largely yellow in rubromaculata.

The following is a list of the species of the genus Pen-

1949]

Drake — American Saldidce

189

tacora (Reuter, 1912; genotype, Acanthia signoreti
Guerin) of the Americas :

1. angusta Drake, 1948 Argentina

2. bruesi Drake2, 1949 Peru

3. hirta (Say), 1932 Ind., Iowa, Mass., Conn., Me.,

syn. pellita (Uhler), Mass., N. Y., Penna., Md., N. C.,
1877 Miss., Ala., Miss., Tex., Canada

(Quebec).

4. ligata (Say) 1832 Me., Mass., N. H., Conn., N. Y.,

syn. variegata (Prov.), Md., N'. J., N. Y., Penna., Ohio,
1872 Iowa, Ind., Minn., Nebr., Minn.,

111., Canada (Man., Ont., Que.).

5. rubromaculata (Heide-

mann)2, 1901 ...Galapagos (Albemarle Is.).

6. signoreti (Guerin),

1856 Mo., Kan., Colo., Calif., N. H.,

Mass., N. Y., Md., K J., Ga.,
Iowa, Tex., Ala., N. Mex., N. C.,

S. C., Fla., Mexico, Cuba, Cat
and Long Is. (Bahamas), Haiti,
Porto Rico, Dom. Rep.

7. sphacelata (Uhler),

1877 Mass., Conn., N. J., N. Y., Md.,

Mo., Miss., Tex., Calif., Cat.Is.
(Bahamas), Dom. Rep., Cuba.

Soldula sulcata (Barber)

Originally described as Micracanthia sulcate Barber,
but belongs to the genus Saldula Van Duzee. In addition
to a paratype from Porto Rico, specimens are at hand
from Camp Perrin, British Guiana; Trinidad, B. W. I.,
Oct. 27, C. J. Drake; Pto. Plata, Dom. Rep., June, 1938,
Darlington.

Saldula elongata (Uhler)

Corvallis, Oregon, male, June 26, 1926, C. J. Drake.
Distinctly elongate and of a similar color as female, but
much smaller in size.

2 The generic position of P. bruesi and P. rubromaculata (Heidemann)
will be discussed in a subsequent paper.

190

Psyche

[Dec.

Saldula bassingeri, sp. n.

Small, obovate, clothed with short golden pubescence,
blackish, scarcely shining, the hemelytra conspicuously
marked with large whitish spots or areas. Tylus and
juga yellowish white, ocelli amber. Rostrum dark rufo-
fuscous, reaching hind coxae. Antennae shortly hairy,
brownish black, the basal segment (save large elliptical
fuscous spot beneath) and apical portion of second seg-
ment yellowish white ; proportions : I, 14 ; II, 26 ; III, 20 ;
IV, 18. Legs shortly hairy, testaceous ; coxae black-
fuscous, shining; femora beneath (save apices) black-
fuscous, somewhat shining, above usually with scattered
fuscous spots; tibiae above dark; tarsi darker at tips.
Body beneath blackish, the pubescence pale.

Pronotum black, moderately shining, densely clothed
with golden, decumbent pubescence, a little narrower in
front than eyes, two and a half times as wide as long,
deeply excavated behind, the lateral margins moderately
rounded; callus only moderately convex, not reaching
lateral margins, with large discal impression ; lobes sepa-
rated by transverse, sinuate impression, pitted at bottom
of depression, the front lobe twice as long as posterior.
Scutellum moderately convex, moderately shining, sub-
equal in length and width, the pubescence as on pronotum.
Hemelytra rather densely clothed with reclining pubes-
cence, with large yellowish or flavous markings on corium,
the pubescence reclining; membrane pale, semitrans-
parent, with four cells, the base and an elongate spot in
each cell brown, the veins darker brown ; clavus blackish,
with subapical yellowish spot ; inner clavus largely black-
ish, with three spots along lower edge (one subbasal, one
near middle and other apical) yellowish white or yellow-
ish ; outer corium largely yellowish or yellowish white, the
base, a small spot near middle, a quadrate spot beyond
middle and an apical spot blackish ; the amount of yellow-
ish white or size or dark spots varies somewhat in differ-
ent specimens.

Length, 2.90-3.20 mm. ; width 1.30-1.50 mm.

Type (male), allotype (female) and 50 paratypes,

1949]

Drake — American Saldidce

191

Riverside, California, Aug. 16, 1937, A. J. Basinger, C. J.
Drake and Floyd Andre. Paratypes, San Francisco, 4
specimens, Aug. 11, 1937, collected by Drake and Andre ;
2 specimens, Dolores, Colorado, Aug. 16, 1935, C. J.
Drake.

Separated from other western Saldula Van Duzee by its
smaller size and prominent hemelytron markings. When
the pubescence is rubbed off, the pronotum is quite shin-
ing.

Saldula fernaldi, sp. n.

Moderately large, broad, black, slightly shining, with
some brownish markings on hemelytra, the pubescence
very short, moderately dense, reclining, golden. Head
broad, black, apex and callosities brownish or flavous;
ocelli amber. Rostrum dark fuscous, shining, extending
to hind coxae. Antennae blackish, shortly pilose; largely
flavous above, the rest dark fuscous and shining; II
brownish apically ; proportions : I, 20 ; II, 40 ; III, 24 ; IV,
22. Body beneath black, the pubescence grayish. Legs
testaceous, the femora with some dark brown spots.

Pronotum broad, black, slightly shining, broadly
roundly excavated behind, moderately narrowed anteri-
orly, in front a little narrower than head and eyes to-
gether, nearly four times as wide as long, the exterior
margin slightly rounded; callus moderately raised, not
extending on lateral margins, deeply impressed on disc,
a little longer than hind lobe ; transverse impression be-
hind callus sinuate, moderately deep, pitted at bottom;
hind lobe one half as long as frontal. Scutellum black,
slightly shining, as wide as long, indistinctly rugulose,
the transverse impression near middle. Hemelytra
broad, brownish black, dull; clavus with small, brownish
subapical spot ; corium more or less variable in brownish
markings ; inner corium with two brownish streaks above
middle, a large elongate, circular mark (center dark) in
front of middle along lower margin and two or three
streaks apically brownish, some times with a very long,
narrow, marginal streak, which arises a little behind the
base; membrane yellowish brown, basally within and a

192

Psyche

[Dec.

long streak in each cell dark fuscous, the lighter areas
subhyaline, the veins dark.

Length, 4.25 mm. ; width, 2.45 mm.

Type (male) and allotype (female), Flower’s cove,
Newfoundland, Aug. 17, Dr. Fernald. Paratypes, 5 speci-
mens, taken with type. Type, in Mus. Comp. Zool. No.
28267.

This species is much shorter and not as dull as S. major
(Prov.). It is much broader and differently colored than
S. pallipes (Fabr.)

Saldula franciscana, sp. n.

Elongate-ovate, black, shining, with short, rather
sparse, golden pubescence, each hemelytron with one
(sometimes two) subapical flavous spot. Head polished,
with a yellowish spot posteriorly between each ocellus and
eye; tylus fuscous-black, polished. Bostrum dark fusc-
ous, reaching to hind coxae. Antennae black, moderately
stout, shortly pilose, the last two segments with scattered
long hairs, second segment above and apical portion of
second brownish, — porportions, I, 22 ; II, 48 ; III, 30 ; IV,
32. Body beneath black, with pale pubescence. Leg
shortly pilose, mostly brown, or fuscous; coxae black,
polished ; femora of fore and middle legs often dark fusc-
ous, all femora towards apex and beneath at base becom-
ing testaceous ; tibiae yellowish to brown, darker basally
and apically; tarsi dark apically; middle and hind legs
often brown above, beneath on basal half yellowish.

Pronotum highly polished, behind roundly excavated,
narrowed anteriorly, the sides practically straight
(slightly rounded) ; callus raised, prominent, with deep,
large, discal impression, not extending to lateral margins ;
lobes divided by a deep, sinuate impression, pitted at bot-
tom of depression, the hind lobe about half as long as
frontal ; pronotum two and one-half times as wide as long,
the callus occupying most of fore lobe. Scutellum moder-
ately convex, subequal in length and width, polished, the
transverse impression near the middle. Hemelytra only
slightly polished, brownish black, not as black or as pol-
ished as pronotum and scutellum, with a moderately large

1949]

Brake — American Saldidce

193

yellowish-white spot on each side a little before the apex
of outer corium, the inner corium sometimes with rather
indistinct brownish patches ; clavus entirely black, with-
out subapical spot; membrane distinct, slightly fumose,
hyaline, with four cells, each cell with a brown spot near
its middle, the veins dark brown.

Length, 4.00 mm. ; width, 1.80 mm.

Type (male) and 3 paratypes, San Francisco, Calif.,
collected on rocks in a small stream north of the city,
Aug. 11, 1937, by C. J. Drake and Floyd Andre. Female
is unknown.

This species has a stouter antennae than the other
American members of the genus. The hemelytra are
darker in some examples than others. In one paratype,
the hemelytra have two spots on each side. S. francis-
cana, sp. n. is much more slender and more shining than 8.
lucuosa Stal. It also lacks the hairy clothing.

Psyche, 1949

Vol. 56, Plate 14

Pentacora bruesi Drake

PSYCHE

INDEX TO VOL. 56, 1949

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Drown, W. L., Jr. Synonymic and Other Notes on Formicidae (Hymen-
optera). 41
A Correction. 69

A New American Amblyopone, with Notes on the
Genus (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). 81
Dry ant, E. D. The Male of Prodidomus rufus Hentz (Prodidomidae,
Araneae). 22

A new Genus and Species of Theridiidae from Eastern
Texas (Araneae). 66

Acanthepeira venusta (Danks) (Araneae). 175
Carpenter, F. M. Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Cambridge Entomo-
logical Club. 174

Chamberlin, R. V. A New African Milliped Observed in Migration. 184
Cheng, F. Y. New Species of Mecoptera from Northwest China. 139
Dinnik, J., and F. Zumpt. The Integumentary Sense Organs of the Larvae
of Rhipicephalinae (Acarina). 1
Drake, C. J. Some American Saldidae (Hemiptera). 187
Edwards, R. L. A New Gruimenopon (Mallophaga-Menoponidae) . 116

Emerson, K. C. North American Menoponidae (Mallophaga) . Ill; Notes
on Some of Kellogg’s Types. 89

Fennah, R. G. On a Small Collection of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from
the Virgin Islands. 51

Frost, C. A. Tritoma dissimulator Crotch. 115

Gregg, R. E. A Note on Pheidole ( Macropheidole ) rhea Wheeler (Hymen-
optera: Formicidae). 70

Hull, F. M. Some Flies of the Genus Volucella from the New World. 26
New American Syrphid Flies of the Subfamily Eristalinae.
120

Quay, W. D. Further Description of Polyplax alaslcensis Ewing (Ano-
plura). 180

Smith, M. R. On the Status of Cryptocerus Latreille and Cephalotes Latreille
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 18
A New Leptothorax Commonly Inhabiting the Canyon Live
Oak of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 112

Werner, F. G. Epicauta diversicornis and its Allies in the Neotropical
Region (Coleop., Meloidae), 74
Additions to Epicauta, with New Synonymy and a Change
of Names (Coleoptera: Meloidae). 93
Wesson, L. G., Jr. Strumigenys venatrix Wesson and Wesson Synonymous
with S. talpa Weber. 21

195

196

Psyche

[Dec.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS

All new genera, neAV species and new names are printed in Large and
Small Capital Type.

Acanalonia depressa, 59
Acanathepeira venusta (Banks) (Ar-
aneae), 175
Acarina, 1

Additions to Epicauta, with New
Synonymy and a Change of Names
(Coleoptera: Meloidae), 93
Amaclardea gowdeyi, 58
Amblyopone ( Stigmatomma ) palli-
pes, 84

Amblyopone ( Stigmatomma ) subter-
ranea, 85

Amblyopone ( Stigmatomma ) tri-
GONIGNATHA, 81

A New African Milliped Observed in
Migration, 184

A New American Amblyopone, with
Notes on the Genus (Hymenop-
tera: Formicidae), 81
A New Genus and Species of Ther-
idiidae from Eastern Texas (Ar-
aneae), 66

A New Gruimenopon (Mallophaga-
Menoponidae), 116
A New Leptothorax Commonly In-
habiting the Canyon Live Oak of
California (Hymenoptera : Formi-
cidae), 112
Anoplura, 180

A Note on Pheidole, ( Macropheidole )
rhea Wheeler (Hymenoptera: For-
micidae), 70

Aphcenog aster fulva, 49
Araneae, 22, 66, 175

Bittacus planus, 158
Bothriocera eborea, 53

Cambridge Entomological Club, Sev-
enty-fifth Anniversary, 174
Cephalotes, 18
Cixiidae, 52
Colgorma diluta, 59
Crematogaster lineolata, 47
Crematogaster vermiculata, 48
Cryptocerus, 18
Cubana tortriciformis, 52

Delphacidae, 53 ,

Diplopoda, 184

Epicauta afoveata, 103
Epicauta bispinosa, 95
Epicauta cinerea, 99
Epicauta diversicornis and its Allies
in the Neotropical Region (Coleop.,
Meloidae), 74
Epicauta ficta, 100
Epicauta hirsutipubescens, 110
Epicauta impressifrons, 105
Epicauta isthmica, 77
Epicauta lauta rossi, 108
Epicauta occipitalis, 106
Epicauta pestifera, 100
Epicauta senilis, 102
Epicauta tenebrosa, 93
Epicauta virgulata, 108
Eristalis claripennis, 123
Eristalis cora, 121
Eristalis vera, 120

Flatidae, 61

Formicidae, 18, 21, 41, 69, 70, 81, 112
Fulgoroidea from the Virgin Islands,
51

Further Description of Polyplax
alaskensis Ewing (Anoplura), 180

Gruimenopon canadensum, 116

Harnedia, 20
Hemiptera, 187
Homoptera, 51

Issidae, 60

Ladella pallida, 56
Leptothorax ( Leptothorax ) gall^e,
112

Macropheidole, 70
Mallota intermedia, 125
Mecoptera, 139
Meloidae 74, 93

Melormenis quadripunctata, 63
Menoponidae, 89, 116
Meromacrus flavolinea, 131
Meromacrus matilda, 127
Meromacrus villosa, 129
Micracanthia pusilla, 187
Mufila texana, 66, 67
Myrmecina americana, 44

1949]

Index

197

Neopanorpa choui, 151
Neopanorpa heii, 152
Neopanorpa latipennis, 156
Neopanorpa taoi, 155
Neopanorpa validipennis, 154
N eopanorpa varia, 157
Neurotmeta viridis, 58
New American Syrphid Flies of the
Subfamily Eristalinae, 120
New Species of Mecoptera from
Northwest China, 139
North American Menoponidae (Mall-
ophaga). Ill; Notes on some of
Kellogg’s Types, 89
Novomessor albisetosus, 49

Oliarus campestris, 53
On a Small Collection of Fulgoroidea
Homoptera) from the Virgin Is-
lands, 51

On the Status of Cryptocerus Lat-
reille and Cephalotes Latreille
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae), 18

Panorpa bonis, 150
Panorpa emarginata, 140
Panorpa fructa, 144
Panorpa leei, 147
Panorpa obtusa, 142
Panorpa pusilla, 149
Panorpa semifasciata, 146
Panorpa sexspinosa, 145
Panorpa statura, 148
Panorpa typicoides, 143
Parthenormenis sanctae-ursulae,
61, 62

Pentacora bruesi, 187
Petrusa marginata, 63
Pheidole (Macropheidole) rhea, 70
Polyplax alasTcensis, 180
Prodidomus rufus, 22
Pseudomyrma alliodorce, 42
Pseudomyrma belti bequaerti, 42
Pseudomyrma belti saffordi, 42
Pseudomyrma belti venifica, 42
Pseudomyrma gracilis, 43
Pseudomyrma latinoda bradleyi, 42
Pseudomyrma latinoda coronata, 42
Pseudomyrma sericea acaciarum, 43
Pseudomyrma spinicola infernalis,
43, 69

Pseudomyrma spinicola scelerosa, 43,
69

Pseudomyrma triplaridis baileyi, 43
Pseudomyrma triplaridis boxi, 43
Pseudomyrma triplarina, 44

Quichuana nigra, 133
Quichuana ursala, 136

Rhipicephalinae, 1

Saldidae, 187
Saldula bassingeri, 190
Saldula elongata, 189
Saldula fernaldi, 191
Salldula franciscana, 192
Saldula sulcata, 189
Sense Organs of Larvae of Rhipi-
cephalinae, 1
Sogata furcifera, 53
Some American Saldidae (Hemip-
tera), 187

Some Flies of the Genus Volucella
from the New World, 26
Strumigenys talpa, 21
Strumigenys venatrix Wesson and
Wesson Synonymous with S. talpa
Weber, 21

Synonymic and other Notes on For-
micidae (Hymenoptera), 41
Syrphid Flies, 26, 120

Tangella schaumi, 57
Tangiopsis tetrastichus, 59
Tangyria frontalis, 57
T etramorium ccespitum, 47
The Integumentary Sense Organs of
the Larvae of Rhipicephalinae (Ac-
arina), 1

The Male of Prodidomus rufus Hentz
(Prodidomidae, Araneae), 22
Theridiidae, 66
Thionia argo, 60
Tritoma dissimulator, 115
Tropiduchidae, 53

Volucella impressa, 30
Volucella liriope, 28
Volucella nigropoda, 35
Volucella palmyra, 33
Volucella scintillans, 39
Volucella stigmata, 37
Volucella tripunctata, 31

Zantekius weberi, 184, 185

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PSYCHE

A Journal of Entomology

Volume 57
1950

Editorial Board

Frank M. Carpenter, Editor P. J. Darlington, Jr.
Charles T. Brues Joseph C. Bequaert

Published Quarterly by the Cambridge Entomological Club
Editorial Office; Biological Laboratories
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.

The numbers of Psyche issued during the past year were
mailed on the following dates :

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 57 March, 1950 No. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Note on the Method of Colony Foundation of the Ponerine Ant

Brachyponera ( Euponerci ) lutea Mayr. C. P. Haskins and E. F.
Haskins 1

A New Genus of Flea Beetles from the West Indies. D. II. Blake 10

The Salagubong Gong, a Filipino Insect Toy. C. T. Brues 26

The European Mantis ( Mantis religiosa L.) in New England. W. L.
Nutting 28

On the Status of Leptothorax Mayr and Some of its Subgenera.

M. R. Smith. 29

Book Review: Ants of North America 31

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S. K. Harris

EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE

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PSYCHE

Vol. .57 March, 1950 No. 1

NOTE ON THE METHOD OF COLONY FOUNDATION
OF THE PONERINE ANT BRACHYPONERA
(. EUPONERA ) LUTE A MAYR

Caryl P. Haskins and Edna F. Haskins
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y .

Introduction

The methods of colony foundation among the Ponerinae are
of peculiar interest to students of the phylogeiry of the Formi-
cidae, for, as emphasized elsewhere, (Wheeler, 1900a, 1900b,
1906, 1932, 1933, Haskins, 1928, 1930, 1941, Haskins and
Enzmann, 1938, Haskins and Haskins, 1950a, 1950b) careful
study of this most elementary stage of social development in the
socially most primitive subfamily of ants may well shed very
considerable light on the manner of origin and of subsequent
evolution of the social mode of living in the Formicidae. In this
connection, it is of particular interest that the observations of
Clark (1925, 1934a, 1938), of Wheeler (1932, 1933), and of
Haskins and Haskins (1950a, 1950b) on perhaps the two most
archaic and socially generalized tribes of the Ponerinae, the
Myrmeciini and the Amblyoponini, have indicated that in both
of them, despite wide differences in morphology, physiology,
and general habitus, the methods of colony foundation are
closely similar, and are of a cruder and less specialized charac-
ter than in any other known ants. In both cases the young
female dealates herself, before or after fertilization, secretes
herself in a chamber excavated in the soil, and then leaves this
chamber at more or less frequent intervals to forage in the open
for nourishment to sustain first herself and later her develop-

1

2

Psyche

[Mar.

in g brood. The brood, when mature, comprises a few workers of
the smallest form of the species. The workers and the adult
female continue to forage in common until the colony is well
developed.

This pattern of colony foundation suggests rather forcefully
the nature of social organization of the earliest semi-social ants,
which must long since have become extinct, and suggests fur-
ther that the development of the social habit in the Formicidae,
while strikingly similar to that well understood among the
social wasps and bees and attested in those groups by the exist-
ence today of contemporaneous living intermediate forms,
occurred independently in evolution, and probably at a much
more remote period of time. It contrasts very strongly with the
evidently derived pattern of claustral colony foundation which
is common among the higher ants, in which the sexual female
and the workers commonly differ greatly in stature, and in
which a complicated physiological mechanism has been devel-
oped leading to the deterioration of the wing musculature
shortly after dealation and, probably, to the conversion of this
bulky protein reserve to a suitable form to assist in the sus-
tenance of the queen, and to provide food reserves for the devel-
oping brood. These females, which are typical in such well-
known genera as Lasius and Camponotus , after flight and deala-
tion commonly isolate themselves in closed cells, from whicli
they never emerge to forage. Eggs are laid, larvae are reared
on a diet consisting entirely of ingluvial food administered by
mouth, and at maturity the young workers, and they alone,
break open the cell, emerge to forage, and bring back provender
to restore the depleted fat-body of the sedentary queen, which
never emerges into the open air again, except occasionally very
briefly under unusual circumstances connected with a shift of
the nesting site.

This specialized method of colony foundation common to so
many Myrmicine and Formicine ants presents obvious selec-
tional advantages over the primitive pattern as exemplified in
Myrmecia. The young founding female, being amply supplied
with reserve food material, is far less at the mercy of seasonal
and environmental hazards than is the female of Myrmecia.
The female of Myrmecia , forced to forage in the open every
day or two for nectar or for living prey, is constantly exposed

1950]

Haskins and Haskins — Brachyponera lutea

3

to dangers from predators from which the female of Lasius or
Camponotus is permanently protected as soon as its first cell
is constructed. Finally, even if the young queen of Myrmecia
succeeds in overcoming the numerous environmental hazards of
drought or excessive moisture, of scarcity of food-sources, and
of reptilian, avian, and mammalian predators during the diffi-
cult days of colony foundation, it is quite likely to become lost
or otherwise permanently separated from its nest and its first
brood in the course of its extensive wanderings.

Before this advantageous specialization can have taken place
in the course of Formieid evolution, however, several con-
comitant physiological specializations must have occurred in
whole or in part, and have been at least partially perfected. One
of them is the ability of the individual to regurgitate ingluvial
food for the larvae, thus precluding the necessity of supply-
ing the larvae entirely with solid nourishment which must be
brought in from outside. This power of regurgitation seems to
be wholly lacking in both the Myrmeciini and the Amblyoponini.
A second specialization which, while not essential to the develop-
ment of the claustral method of colony foundation, is exceed-
ingly helpful to it, is the facult}^ of breakdown of wing-muscle
tissue to form a reserve of nutriment for the female. Work is in
progress to determine whether there is any indication of such
a development in Myrmecia or in Amblyopone. If present at all,
it is certainly not nearly so conspicuous as among the higher
ants. Third, it must have been essential, before the claustral
method of colony foundation could be fully established, that a
considerable difference of size should have been developed be-
tween the queen and the worker forms of a given species, so
that several of the latter, pupating prematurely, could be sus-
tained from the much greater bulk of the queen, with its spe-
cialized reserve of fat-body and perhaps of transformed wing-
muscle tissues.

It is clear that none of these specializations occurred sud-
denly in evolution, and that they must all have been closely
interrelated. Concomitantly, it would be expected that the devel-
opment of the claustral mode of colony foundation would have
occurred gradually, as these physiological specializations pro-
gressed, manifesting itself as a growing reliance of the queen
on the sustaining powers of her own tissues, and an increasing

Psyche

[Mar.

tendency to limit foraging to more and more lengthy intervals,
feeding the larvae less and less upon insect prey and more and
more upon ingluvial food, until, at last, the habit of foraging
disappeared altogether.

The higher tribes among the Ponerinae, especially the Ecta-
tommini, the Odontomachini, and the Ponerini are of peculiar
interest in this connection. Here two of the three requisite
physiological specializations, at least, seem to be moderately
developed in certain species. Considerable discrepancy of stature
between the perfect female and the first-brood workers is notable
in a number of species of all these tribes. The power of regurgi-
tation, though feebly developed, has been reported for the Bra-
zilian Odontomachus affinis by Borgmeier (1920), for Ecta-
tomma tuberculatum by Cook (1904— 5) and has been observed
in Euponera gilva harnedi by Haskins (1931). It might be
supposed, therefore, that among these higher Ponerinae, exam-
ples could be found in which the females, unusually capable of
fasting, tended to supply the first-brood larvae at least par-
tially with ingluvial salivary or regurgitated substances and
only in part with captured insect food, and to forage much less
frequently than the fertile females of Myrmecia or Amblyopone.

A very definite suggestion of this intermediate situation was
obtained in the course of the present study with Odontomachus
haematoda. A young female, taken immediately after the nuptial
flight and dealation, isolated itself in the artificial nest in a
closed cell in the typical manner reported by a number of stu-
dents of this genus. In this case, however, all opportunities to
obtain nourishment outside the nest were withdrawn, so that the
young queen was thrown entirely on its own resources. Under
these conditions, this Odontomachus female produced numerous
eggs, hatched them, and evidently fed the resulting larvae with
ingluvial food (although the process was difficult to observe)
since they developed rapidly. They remained healthy for some
time but, when somewhat less than one-half mature, declined
slowly and eventually perished. Shortly after this, the female
perished also. It had been captured on December 9, 1947, and
died on March 3, 1948. Thus, although it had been unable to
bring its young larvae to mlaturity or to establish a permanent
formicary without outside nourishment, it had raised a good-
sized brood through almost half the period of growth on nour-

1950]

Haskins and Haskins

Brachyponera lutea

5

ishment supplied by its own body and had itself survived for
ninety days without food. This represented a much closer ap-
proach to the claustral condition than could be achieved among
the lower Ponerinae, and it was clear that the question of the
intermediate evolutionary stages in colony formation exhibited
among the higher Ponerinae merited further investigation.

Perhaps the most interesting of all Ponerine ants for studies
of this kind is the Australian species Brachyponera lutea , be-
cause of the great disparit}^ of size and differentiation of bodily
structure between the perfect females and workers, in which it
is unique among the Ponerines but approaches rather closely
the condition among higher ants. It might be expected that in
this species, above others, a close approach to the claustral
mode of colony foundation might be achieved. Accordingly,
observations were undertaken in the field and in the artificial
nest which are recorded herewith.

Brachyponera lutea

The genus Brachyponera was considered by Emery ( Genera
Insectorum ) as a subgenus of Euponera, and exhibits close
affinities with that group, and with the genus Ponera s. str. in
many respects of structure and behavior. As in Euponera, it is
composed of active ants of wide distribution, showing a remark-
able degree of variability and of plasticity of habit for a
Ponerine group. In the majority of forms of Brachyponera, as
in Euponera , the stature of the perfect females and of the
workers is rather similar. In two species, however, B. sennaaren-
sis Mayr of tropical Africa and B. lutea Mayr of Australia, the
workers are very much smaller than either sexual form. In
B. lutea this differentiation reaches an extreme both qualita-
tively and quantitatively, the workers averaging but 4—5 mm.
in length and being of a pale yellow to brownish coloration,
while the queens attain dimensions of 10—11.5 mm., are of
brownish black pigmentation, and carry so much fat-bodv that,
their form is very different from that of the workers as, indeed,
from the typical form of Ponera or Euponera.

The species was first described by Mayr (1868, 1876). The
extraordinary difference in stature and appearance between
queens and workers caused Crawley (1918) to call the co-
specificity of the described types into question. The cospecificity

6 Psyche [Mar*

has, however, been thoroughly established by studies of Clark,
Wheeler, and many others.

Brachyponera lutea is nearly ubiquitous in Australia, extend-
ing from the tropics almost into the coldest areas of the con-
tinent, and from the very moist soils of the extreme southwest
into comparatively dry dune or rocky regions far from the
coast. In some areas it is very common. It forms rambling
meshes of galleries interwoven in a complex fashion, and prob-
ably often extending well underground. These galleries are ex-
cavated by preference underneath flat stones or fallen logs, but
may occasionally show open craters. The colonies are unusu-
ally populous for a Ponerine, and fully developed communities
may well comprise over two thousand individuals. There seems
to be good evidence that the species feeds extensively on ter-
mites, and probably also on the larvae of other ants. Frequently,
but not always, it nests close to or within the mounds of vari-
ous species of termites, or near other ants, not excluding Myr-
mecia. It is very probable that it commonly behaves as a faculta-
tive, primitive thief ant.

The habits of B. lutea have been described by Clark (1925,
1938) and particularly by Wheeler (1933) who studied the
method of colony foundation in the field. During November and
December of 1911 and 1931 numerous recently fecundated
females were taken by Wheeler in many localities in Australia
including Queensland, New South Wales, and southwestern West
Australia. All of them were isolated in cells under stones and
logs, and in all cases these cells, unlike those typical of Myr-
mecia females, were located so far from the edges of the over-
lying cover that, in Wheeler’s view, it would have been difficult
for the occupants to excavate galleries to the outside permitting
them to emerge periodically to forage, after the manner of
Myrmecia and Amblyopone. From this evidence, together with
the great relative stature and the voluminous fat-body of the
queen, Wheeler concluded that colony foundation occurred in
the claustral fashion typical of higher ants. Since none of the
females observed by him in the field had produced eggs by the
end of December, however, he was unable to confirm this con-
jecture. In the present study, it has been possible to observe the
process of colony foundation in Brachyponera lutea in the arti-

1950]

Haskins and Haskins — B r achy p oner a lutea

7

ficial nest from its inception until the maturation of the first
brood of workers.

On January 15, 16, and 17, 1918, three isolated fertile
females of Br achy p oner a lutea were taken in closed cells ex-
cavated in nearly pure sand under stones in a typical Hawkes-
bury sandstone area near Sydney, N. S. W. These chambers
were essentially as. described by Wheeler, but one of the three
queens had two small worker cocoons, evidently recently spun,
and a second had several nearly grown larvae in the chamber.
The third was without brood. The existing brood of the two
females was destroyed in order to stimulate a recapitulation of
the founding process, and all three insects were isolated in
artificial nests. Here they soon excavated typical closed cells,
which they showed no tendency to reopen. One of the three
females was lost. The other two shortly produced further eggs,
which were formed into packets and carefully tended.

Drops of a dilute solution of honey were proffered to these
females from time to time, and were greedily accepted when
thrust within the brood-chamber, but the females did not emerge
to hunt for them. No solid food was made available. As the eggs
hatched, the young were fed entirely by regurgitation, and de-
veloped rapidly. At maturity, the larvae were banked with
earth in the usual fashion, the cocoons were spun, were cleaned
by the female, and continued to be attentively cared for. By
March 15, one of the females had brought to maturity three
exceedingly small cocoons and had several young larvae, while
several nearly mature (though still small) larvae were present
in the other cell. By the end of the month the first cocoon was
hatched, the extremely small and very callow young worker
being much assisted by the female in eclosion. A second cocoon
was successfully hatched by the female on April 11. The young
workers remained for some time in the parent chamber, which
was still tightly closed, before essaying to forage for food. No
assistance was given by the queen in this process, just as the
queens had shown no tendency to emerge to forage during the
period of growth of the young.

These observations would seem to indicate fairly conclusively
the correctness of the conjectures of Wheeler, first, that feeding
by ingluvial regurgitated food is the commonest if not the only
method by which the young queen of B. lutea nourishes the first-

8

Psyche

[Mar.

brood workers, in contrast to the lower Ponerines, and second,
that the colony may be formed in a perfectly claustral manner
in this Ponerine, as among the higher ants.

There is some indication, however, that although such per-
fectly claustral colony foundation can and perhaps usually does
occur in B. lutea, the pattern may not be as firmly established
as among the Formicinae or the Myrmicinae. Thus five mature
but virgin females, taken from adult nests near S}^dney, when
artificially dealated in Lubbock nests, behaved somewhat more
typically of the lower Ponerines. All of them formed cells of the
usual type, and all shortly produced eggs which were kept in
compact packets and carefully tended. The cells, however, were
not completely closed in this series. They were, in fact, fre-
quently opened to permit the queens to emerge and forage.
These queens, in sharp contrast to those described above, ex-
cavated extensive galleries, and, although they spent consider-
able periods quiescent within the brood-chambers, they also
spent much time foraging, and eagerly accepted both nectar
and insects, taking workers of Reticulitermes ftavipes with espe-
cial avidity. At times, the females left the nests altogether to
wander for periods in the open air before returning to the
galleries and eventually to the brood chambers. Although these
queens persisted until June, the infertile eggs failed to hatch,
and no colonies were established. This was very probably abnor-
mal behavior, based on the infertility of the females. It is of
some interest, however, since the pattern so closely approxi-
mated that of the normal pattern of the fertile females of other
Ponerine species.

It may be concluded, then, that the fertile females of Braclry-
ponera lutea are capable of founding their colonies in the typi-
cally claustral fashion of higher ants, isolating themselves in
permanently closed cells and bringing a few very small workers
to maturity on ingluvial food probably derived entirely from
their own tissues. At the same time, this remarkably advanced
behavior-pattern may be more labile than among the higher
ants. It is evident that the females of B. lutea retain the capacity
to actively forage under certain conditions, and, it is quite
likely, may do so normally if an unusually rich supply of insect

1950]

Haskins and Haskins — Br achy p oner a lutea

9

food is present, as it might be, for example, in a termite mound.
This matter remains to be confirmed.

Literature

Borgaieier, T.

1920. Zur lebenweise von Odontomachus affinis Guerin. Deutsch. Ver.
Wiss. u. Kunst Sao Paulo: 31-38.

Clark, J.

1925. The ants of Victoria (Part II). Victor. Naturalist, 42: 135-144.
1934. Notes on Australian ants, with descriptions of new species and a
new genus. Mem. Nat. Mus. Melbourne, 8: 5—20.

1938. Insects of Victoria. Part I. (Ants). Victorian Year Book, 1937,
38: 7-11.

Cook, O. F.

1904. Report on the habits of the Kelep or Guatemalan cotton-boll weevil

ant. U. S. Dept. Agri. Div. Ent. Bull., 48: 15 pp.

1905. Progress in the study of the Kelep. Science N. S. 21: 552-554.
Crawley, W. C.

1918. Some new Australian ants. Ent. Rec. Jour. Var., 30: 86-92.
Haskixs, C. P.

1928. Notes on the behavior and habits of Stigmatomma pallipes Halde-
mann. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 36: 179-184.

1930. Preliminary notes on certain phases of the behavior and habits of

Proceratium croceum Roger. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 38: 121-126.

1931. Notes on the biology and social life of Euponera gilva Roger var.

harnedi M. R. Smith. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 39: 507-521.

1941. Note on the method of colony foundation of the Ponerine ant
Brothroponera soror. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 49: 211-216.

AND E. V. Enzmann.

1938. Studies of certain sociological and physiological features in the
Formicidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 37: 97-162.

and E. F. Haskixs.

1950a. Notes on the biology and social behavior of the archaic Ponerine
ants of the genera Myrmecia and Promyrmecia. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer. (in press).

1950b. Note on the method of colony foundation of the Ponerine ant
Amblyopone australis Erichson. Amer. Mid. Nat. (in press).

Mayr, G.

1868. Formicidae in Novara Expedition. Zool. Theil. 2: 1-119.

1876. Die Australischen ameisen. Jour. Mus. Godetfroy, 5, Heft 12:
56-115.

Wheeler, W. M.

1900a. A study of some Texan Ponerinae. Biol. Bull. 2: 1-31.

1900b. The habits of Ponera and Stigmatomma. Biol. Bull. 2: 44-69.

1906. On the founding of colonies by queen ants, with special reference

to the parasitic and slave-making species. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 22: 33-105.

1932. How the primitive ants of Australia start their colonies. Science,

N. S. 76: 532.

1933. Colony-founding among ants, with an account of some primitive

Australian species. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.

A NEW GENUS OF FLEA-BEETLES FROM THE
WEST INDIES*

By Doris H. Blake
Arlington, Va.

In 1868 Suffrian1 described two species of small flea-beetles
from Cuba which he placed under his section “h” of Haltica
with a suggestion that the legs were similar to those in the genus
Aphthona of Chevrolat (which, incidentally, is not true). In
the DeJean Catalogue2 are listed under Podagrica three names
for one species from Santo Domingo, all nomina nuda, some of
which names I have seen on old labels on specimens of this group
in the Bowditch collection. In both cases the genus to which
these beetles were more or less tentatively assigned was doubt-
less a matter of convenience, since they do not bear more than
a superficial resemblance to the other species in either genus.

In addition to the two species carefully described by Suffrian
from Cuba, and the ones named in the DeJean Catalogue from
Santo Domingo, there exists an untold number of species of this
group scattered on the various islands of the West Indies.
Since they are all similarly colored, being yellowish or reddish
with violaceous or blue-green elytra, and are minute beetles
from 2—4 mm. long, up to the present they have been divided
simply into two species — a bigger one ( compressa ) and a
smaller one ( auripennis ) as described by Suffrian. Possibly it
would be simpler to leave them as such, in the light of what dis-
section reveals.

As might be expected, there are certain resemblances to be
found in the aedeagi of some of these beetles. A similar but
somewhat different sort of aedeagus appears in some beetles on
each island. Sometimes there are several very similar ones on
the same island. This sort of similarity occurs in three groups
composed of three or four species each. Besides these, there are

* Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

1 Suffrian, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., vol. 34, 1868, p. 211.

2 DeJean Catalogue, 1837, p. 418.

10

1950]

Blake — Flea Beetles

11

a number of other beetles with aedeagi that are widely unlike
any other and that cannot be grouped with the rest or with
each other. When I consider the relatively small number of
specimens I have before me and the possibilities in the way of
those that may be collected later in the West Indies, I realize
how small a contribution to the genus I am able to give in m}r
analysis of the few species (17) that I have studied. No one
can distinguish these beetles from mere outward examination.
Furthermore, it is not possible at present to identify Suffrian’s
two species with any degree of certainty. Even if the types are
still in existence in the Museum at Halle, there is no certainty
that any males are in the lot. Since the Gundlach collection of
insects in Cuba, which contains specimens identified by Suffrian,
is kept strictly under glass, little can be learned from it.

Maulik writes of Aphthona, “the genus being artificial is very
difficult to define.” Possibly he means that so many diverse
species from all over the world are included under Aphthona
that of necessity the group is far from homogeneous. It is true
that the American species pigeon-holed with Aphthona do not
altogether fit into the description of the European or Asiatic
ones. For one thing, the elytra in many are striatelv punctate
instead of confusedly punctate. Crotch described insolita Melsh.,
which is now referred to Aphthona, under the genus Ceratal-
tica, as subquadrate in shape and striate-punctate. On the
other hand, some of the species of Aphthona that Jacoby de-
scribed from Central America seem closer to Jacoby’s genus
Palaeotliona, which he described as “rather depressed, elongate
and posteriorly widened,” and with longer antennae and more
transverse thorax. All these species need more study in order
to determine their proper relationships. The West Indian group
is unlike any of those that I have examined from the North
American continent. In shape the beetles are generally broader
and more convex than in Palaeotliona and not at all subquad-
rate nor with striately punctate elytra as in the species related
to insolita Melsh. The hind tibia, contrary to Suffrian’s state-
ment, is not like that in the European species of Aphthona,
being rounded, not flat, and having a spur at the tip in the
middle, not on the outside, and the claws are appendiculate, not

12

Psyche

[Mar.

simple. Since this group appears to be a sizable as well as
homogeneous one and confined to the West Indies, I am pro-
posing for it the generic name Homoschema , from 6/xo<? the same ,
and o-x^/xa (to) outward appearance. The type of the genus is
H. ornatum.

Description of the Genus

From 2— d mm. in length, oblong oval, widened posteriorly in
female, moderately convex, often impunctate and at most very
finely and confusedly punctate, lustrous reddish or yellowish
with violaceous or blue-green elytra.

Antennae longer than half the body, always pale, rather
stout; first joint long, 2nd short, both swollen, 3rd longer
than 2nd, dth longer than 3rd, the rest more or less subequal,
gradually shortening a little. Head with distinctly marked
frontal tubercles and an impressed line of punctures running
up to the large fovea near the upper part of eye, a few scattered
punctures usually in the space between eye and antennal sockets.
Space between antennal sockets variable, in some narrower spe-
cies a slightly elevated line gradually vanishing in the lower
front, in other wider species, a broad, more convex carina that
spreads out down the lower front with a depression on either
side below the antennal sockets, this interantennal area very
useful in identification as to the group but not to the species
of the genus. Thorax considerably wider than long but never
twice as wide, with curved and margined sides, and oblique
angles anteriorly and almost straight basal margin ; moderately
convex without depressions, except in one species ; surface
usually mirror-smooth, sometimes very finely punctate. Seutel-
lum large, triangular, and usually but not in all species, palely
conspicuous in the dark violaceous elytra. The elytra often
mirror-smooth or very finely and confusedly punctate, wider
than the prothorax, convex, with a transverse depression below
the humeri, the female usually slightly wider posteriorly. Be-
neath, the epipleura wide but disappearing at the apical angle.
Body beneath usually pale, in a few species the breast and abdo-
men, and, in these cases, the scutellum too, dark. Legs and
antennae always pale. Anterior coxal cavities open. Legs rather

1950]

Blake — Flea Beetles

13

short and stout with the hind femora well developed. Tibiae not
channelled or flat but rounded and with a short spur in the
middle at the end of the hind tibiae. In the male the first joint
of anterior tarsi enlarged and also in one species the first joint
of the hind tarsi. In all, the first tarsal joint of the hind legs
moderately long, in one species about equal to the following
joints together. Claws appendiculate.

Key to the Species of Homo schema

1. Prothorax with a slight depression on either side near
base ; elytra deep violaceous with a pale yellowish tip.

Haiti H. leucurum n. sp.

Prothorax not at all depressed on either side near base ;
elytra dark without pale yellowish tip 2

2. First tarsal joint of hind legs in male swollen, aedeagus
long with a flat, roundish tip. Puerto Rico

H. latitarsum n. sp.

First tarsal joint of hind legs in male not swollen. . . .3

3. Scutellum usually, and breast and abdomen always,

dark .4

Scutellum, breast and abdomen pale 6

4. Aedeagus with a long attenuated tip. Haiti

H. hojfmani n. sp.

Aedeagus with a broad point at tip 5

5. Aedeagus widened to approximately twice the width
of tip behind the tip. Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St.

Croix H. nigriventre n. sp.

Aedeagus widened less than twice the width of tip be-
hind the apex. Puerto Rico ......... .H. fraternum n. sp.

6. Beetles larger (3—4 mm.) and broadly convex; aedea-
gus broad with a short, acute tip 7

Beetles not so large, aedeagus not so broad and not
with a short acute tip 9

7. Aedeagus in dorsal view widened in a smooth curve

behind the tip. Cuba H. latum n. sp.

Aedeagus in dorsal view widened in a sinuous curve be-
hind the tip 8

14

Psyche

[Mar.

8. Aedeagi differing slightly in specimens from each

island: Puerto Rico. See illustration H . ohesum n. sp.

St. Croix. See illustration H. pingue n. sp.

Haiti. See illustration H. opimum n. sp.

9. Aedeagus with a more or less acute tip, not broadly

rounded 10

Aedeagus not at all acute at tip but more or less
rounded 13

10. Aedeagus widened shortly behind apex to nearly twice

width of apex 11

Aedeagus more gradually widened behind apex 12

11. Aedeagus with complicated structure on dorsal side
at tip, not readily described (see illustration). Cat Is.

Bahamas H. felis n. sp.

Aedeagus with complicated structure on dorsal side at
tip, see illustration. Cuba H. ornatum n. sp.

12. Beetle broadly convex. St. Francisco Mts., Dominican

Republic H . buscki n. sp.

Beetle more slender, not very convex. Jamaica

H. jamaicense n. sp.

13. Aedeagus tapering to apex 14

Aedeagus narrowed before broad apex. 15

14. Median orificial plate curving slightly upward with-
out any transverse carina. Guantanamo, Oriente Prov.,

Cuba H. orientense n. sp.

Median orificial plate apically strongly recurved and
elevated. Coast below Pico Turquino, Oriente Prov.,
Cuba H. darlingtoni n. sp.

15. Aedeagus shorter, broader, the subangular apex very
obtuse with straight sides. Felton, Oriente Prov.,

Cuba H. manni n. sp.

Aedeagus narrower, apex rounded. Andros Is., Ba-
hamas H. androsense n. sp.

Since all the species resemble each other closely in external
appearance, and since the generic description is already given,
only a short description with the few slight differences to be
observed in each species is necessary.

1950]

Blake — Flea Beetles

15

Homoschema hoffmani n. sp.

Fig. 10

From 2. 5-3. 2 mm. in length, 1.5-1. 8 mm. in width, mod-
erately convex, thorax and elytra smooth with fine punctation
seen only under high magnification ; antennae, head, thorax
and legs reddish yellow, breast and abdomen dark, scutellum
often dark, elytra violaceous. Area between antennal sockets
moderately broad and convex, and extending down the short
lower front, with a depression on either side below- the antennal
sockets.

Type.— Male, and 2 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59192.

Type locality. — Bizoton, Haiti, Nov., 1925, collected on
Stigmatophyllum lingulatum, by W. A. Hoffman.

Other localities. — Camp Perrin, W. A. Hoffman, 1925; Mt.
Trou d’Eau, Nov., 1934, P. J. Darlington; Manneville, Nov.
16—17, 1934, P. J. Darlington; Cape Haitien, W. M. Mann;
Port au Prince, all Haiti.

Remarks — The distinguishing characters of this species are
the dark coloring of the undersurface and the exceedingly long-
narrow point at the tip of the aedeagus, the latter unlike any
other known in the genus.

Homoschema leucurum n. sp.

Fig. 12

From 2.7—3 mm. in length, 1.4— 1.7 mm,, in width, prothorax
with a slight depression on either side at base ; very faintly and
finely punctate, reddish yellow with deep violaceous elytra
having a pale apex. Head with a short elevated area between
antennal sockets, lower front flattish.

Type. — Male, and 5 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59193;
1 paratype in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Type No.
28238.

Type locality. — La Vanneau, Haiti, June, 1925, collected by
W. A. Hoffman, on Bunchosia glandulosa.

Remarks. — This is the only one of the genus with a pale tip
on the elytra. Another unusual feature is a slight depression
on either side at the base of the prothorax.

16

Psyche

[Mar.

Homoschema latitarsum n. sp.

Fig. 15

From 3—3.5 mm. in length, 2.5 mm. in width, broad, convex,
very lustrous, not visibly punctate, reddish yellow with deep
violaceous elytra, sometimes deep bronzy purple. Head with a
narrow inter antennal elevation extending from between anten-
nal sockets halfway down to labrum. First tarsal joint of hind
leg in the male broadened as is usually the case in the first
tarsal joints of the anterior legs.

Type.— Male, and 1 paratype, Museum of Comparative
Zoology Type No. 28237.

Type locality. — Maricao Forest, 2000-3000 ft. alt., Puerto
Rico, collected May 31— June 2, 1938, bv P. J. Darlington.

Other localities.-— Yauco, June, 1934, by C. M. Matos,
(Stuart T. Danforth coll.) ; Adjuntas, July, 1933 and June,
1934, by R. G. Oakley, both Puerto Rico.

Remarks. — The unusual feature about this species is the
enlarged first tarsal joint of the hind leg in the male. The long
aedeagus with the flat, rounded tip is also unlike any other in
the genus.

Homoschema ornatum n. sp.

Fig. 1

From 2—3 mm. in length, 1.2— 1.5 mm. in width, not very con-
vex, finely punctate, reddish or yellowish with deep violaceous
elytra. Head with a narrow elevation between antennal sockets
and a short line from it down lower front. Lower front unusually
long and flattish.

Type. — Male, and 5 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59194,
2 paratypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Type No.
28242.

Type locality. — Cayamas, Cuba, collected by E. A. Schwarz
in February and March, also by C. F. Baker and George
Dimmock in April.

Explanation of Plate 1

Fig. 1. Homoschema ornatum n. sp. Fig. 2. Homoschema felis n. sp. Fig. 3.
Homoschema nigriventre n. sp. Fig. 4. Homoschema fraternum n. sp. Fig. 5.
Homoschema jamaicense n. sp. Fig. 6. Homoschema androsense n. sp.
Fig. 7. Homoschema darlingtoni n. sp. Fig. 8. Homoschema manni n. sp.
Fig. 9. Homoschema orientense n. sp.

Psyche, 1950

Vol. 57, Plate 1

Blake — Flea Beetles

18

Psyche

[Mar.

Remarks.— The relatively flat and distinctly punctate upper
surface and the narrow aedeagus with a complex structure at
the tip in the way of orificial plate distinguish this species. It
belongs to a group that is represented in several other islands of
the West Indies.

Homoschema felis n. sp.

Fig. 2

About 2.5 mm. in length, 1.2 mm. in width, not very convex,
finely punctate, reddish yellow with green elytra ; head with a
short, narrow elevation between antennal sockets and a line
from it down lower front, lower front flat.

Type. — Male, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No.
28213.

Type locality. — Arthurs Town, Cat Island, Bahamas, col-
lected July 10, 1935, by W. J. Clench.

Remarks. — This species is very closely related to H. ornatum ,
showing only a slight difference in the orificial plate of the
aedeagus.

Homoschema nigriventre n. sp.

Fig. 3

From 2.5—3 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. in width, moderately con-
vex, finely punctate, reddish yellow with violaceous eljffra and
dark breast and abdomen. Head with a slight narrow elevation
between antennal sockets and a line proceeding from this down
lower front, lower front flattish.

'Type. — Male, and 5 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59195.

Type locality. — Ponce, Puerto Rico, collected Aug. 11, 1933,
by R. G. Oakley.

Other localities. — Algarrobo, Feb., 1931, San German,
Oct. 11, 1937, Mayaguez, Sept., 1930, all in the Stuart T. Dan-
forth collection; Parguera, Sept., 1933, on Coluhrina; La Sar-
dinera, June, 1939, W. A. Hoffman; Mona Island, April,
1910, on young shoot of Clusia rosea , L. F. Martorell; Rio
Piedras, April, 1912, D. L. Van Dine; Manati, Feb., 1933, on
leaf of Crotalaria: all Puerto Rico.

Remarks. — The dark breast and abdomen as well as its
greater convexity separate this species from its close relatives,
H. ornatum and H. felis. The head is not so long either. It has a

1950]

Blake — Flea Beetles

19

similarly shaped aedeagus but with a less complex orificial
plate. I am unable to separate a series of specimens taken on
St. Croix by H. A. Beatty and another series taken on St.
Thomas, V. I. collected in January, 1937, in the Stuart T. Dan-
forth collection, from this Puerto Rico species-.

Homoschema fraternum n. sp.

Fig. 4

About 2.5 mm. in length, 1.3 mm. in width, not very convex,
finely punctate, reddish yellow with violaceous elytra and dark
breast and abdomen. Head with a slight narrow elevation be-
tween antennal sockets and a line running down the lower front,
lower front flat.

Type.— Male, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59196.

Type locality. — San Juan, Puerto Rico, collected Oct. 13.
1932, by R. G. Oakley.

Remarks. — This single specimen differs from the others from
Puerto Rico in having a narrower aedeagus with considerably
less widening behind the tip. It belongs to the same group as
H. ornatum and H. nigriventre, and like the latter is dark
below.

Homoschema jamaicense n. sp.

Fig. 5

From 2.4—3 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. in width, not very convex,
elytra very finely punctate, yellow or reddish with violaceous
elytra ; head with a very narrow and short elevation between
antennal sockets, and a line extending down in the lower front.
Lower front flattish.

Type. — Male, and 7 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59197 ;
1 paratype in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Type No.
28236.

Type locality. — Bath, parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica, col-
lected Feb. 8, 1937, by E. A. Chapin and R. E. Blackwelder.

Other localities. — Kingston, Balaclava, Jamaica, Feb. 13,
collected by E. A. Chapin and R. E. Blackwelder.

Remarks. — This is the only Jamaican species thus far col-
lected, and is a small, rather flat species with an aedeagus that

20 Psyche CMar-

is suggestive of that of H. nigriventre. It probably belongs to
that group of species.

Homoschema buscki n. sp.

Fig. 11

From 2.5— 3.2 mm. in length, 1.7—2 mm. in width, convex,
elytra very finely punctate ; yellowish or reddish with violaceous
elytra ; interantennal area narrowly elevated and extending
down a little in lower front, lower front flattish.

Type. — Male, and 6 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59198.

Type locality. — S. Francisco Mts., Dominican Republic, col-
lected Sept. 4—14, 1905, by August Busch.

Other localities. — Blanton mine, north of San Cristobal,
Dominican Republic, July 26, 1917, Harold Morrison, col-
lector.

Remarks. — The convex elytra and the long, gradually acu-
minate aedeagus unlike any other in this group, distinguish this
species. It is not closely related to the group that follows, which
is also composed of large convex species.

Homoschema latum n. sp.

Fig. 16

About 3 mm. in length, 1.6 mm. in width, convex, elytra very
faintly and finely punctate, reddish or yellowish with violaceous
elytra. Head with interantennal area convex and extending
down in lower front, a depression on either side below antennal
sockets.

Type. — Male, U. S. N. M. Cat, No. 59199.

Type locality. — Upper Yara Valley, Cuba, collected Oct. 18,
1928, on weeds and grasses by L. C. Scaramuzza.

Remarks. — The broad, convex elytra and the short, wide
aedeagus distinguish this species. It is closely related to the
three following species from Haiti, Puerto Rico and St, Croix,

Explanation of Plate 2

Fig. 10. Homoschema hofmani n. sp. Fig. 11. Homoschema buscki n. sp.
Fig. 12. Ilomoschema lencurum n. sp. Fig. 13. Homoschema pingue n. sp.
Fig. 14. Homoschema opimum n. sp. Fig. 15. Homoschema latitarsum n. sp.
Fig. 16. Homoschema latum n. sp. Fig. 17. Homoschema obesum n. sp.

Psyche, 1950

V OL,. 57, Plate 2

10. H. hoffmcinl

1 1. H. busc K i

12. H. leucurum

15. H. la t i tars urn

16. H. latum

17. H. obesum

Blake

Flea Beetles

99

Psyche

[Mar.

but not so closely to them as they are to each other. From the
one specimen seen, it would seem to be slightly smaller and has
a differently shaped apex on the aedeagus.

Homoschema obesum n. sp.

Fig. 1|

From 3.2—4 mm. in length, 2—2.8 mm. in width, convex, elytra
very faintly and finely punctate, reddish or yellowish with
violaceous elytra. Head with an inter antennal area broadly con-
vex and extending down the lower front, depressed below the an-
tennal sockets.

Type. — Male, and 8 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59200 ;
1 paratype in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Type No.
28239.

Type locality. — El Vigia, Ponce, Puerto Rico, collected on a
vine by R. G. Oakley, July 26, 1934.

Other localities. — Yauco, March 28, 1929, Mayaguez,
Feb. 24, 1925, Algarrobo, Feb. 27, 1931, Boqueron, April 18,
1924, all from Puerto Rico, in the Stuart T. Danforth collec-
tion.

Remarks. — This is one of the largest species of the genus and
very closely related to the two following from St. Croix and
Haiti. It has a short broad aedeagus very similar to that of
B . latum but with a more sinuate apex.

Homoschema pingue n. sp.

Fig. 13

From 3.2—4 mm. in length, 2—2.8 mm. in width, convex, very
faintly and finely punctate, reddish or yellowish with violaceous
elytra ; head with a broad median convex area from between
antennal sockets extending down lower front with a depression
below antennal sockets.

Type. — Male, and 1 paratype Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy Type No. 28240; 1 paratype in U. S. N. M. Cat. No.
59201.

Type locality. — St. Croix, V. I., H. A. Beatty collector, also
collected there by H. Morrison June 14, 1917.

Remarks. — This is very closely related to H. obesum from

1950]

Blake — Flea Beetles

23

Puerto Rico, showing only a slight difference in the tip of the
aedeagus.

Homoschema opimum n. sp.

Fig. 14

From 3.3-4 mm. in length, 2. 1-2. 4 mm. in width, convex,
very faintly and finely punctate, reddish or yellowish with viola-
ceous sometimes even deep bronzy purple elytra; head with a
broad median interantennal convexity extending down front
and a depression on either side below antennal sockets.

Type. — Male, and 2 paratypes, Museum of Comparative
Zoology Type No. 28241.

Type locality. — San Jose de las Matas, Dominican Republic,
1000-2000 ft. alt., collected in June, 1938, by P. J. Darlington.

Other localities. — Macoris, March 30, 1913, P. G. Russell;
S. Francisco Mts., April 9, 1905, August Busck ; Duarte,
Domingo City, July 21, 1917, H. Morrison, all Dominican
Republic. Poste Terre Rouge, Oct. 5, 1934, P. J. Darlington;
Cape Haitien, W. M. Mann; Port au Prince, April, 1925, G. N.
Wolcott; La Vanneau, June 20, and Bizoton, Nov. 25, on Stig-
matophyllum lingulatum, both by W. A. Hoffman, all Haiti.

Remarks. — This is the fourth of the group and closely re-
lated to the Puerto Rico and St. Croix species with only a little
difference in the aedeagus. The frontal convexity on the head
seems a little narrower and less convex.

Homoschema orientense n. sp.

Fig. 9

From 2.4— 2.9 mm. in length, 1.4— 1.7 mm. in width, convex,
distinctly punctate, reddish yellow with violaceous elytra. Head
with a broad interantennal elevation extending down the short
lower front.

Type,- — Male, and 8 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59202 ;
1 paratype in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Type No.
28245.

Type locality. — Guantanamo, Cuba, collected in 1918 bv
W. M. Mann.

Remarks. — The only way of distinguishing this from the
following species is by comparing the aedeagi. In this species
the aedeagus is narrowed towards the apex, instead of being

24

Psyche

[Mar.

broader near the apex than behind it. The distinct punctation of
the elytra distinguishes this from H. latum.

Homoschema manni n. sp.

Fig. 8

From 2.5—3 mm. in length, 1.5— 1.7 mm. in width, convex,
with distinctly punctate elytra, reddish yellow with violaceous
elytra. Head with a moderately broad interantennal area ex-
tending down the front and slightly elevated.

Type. — Male, and 2 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 59203,
1 paratype in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Type No.
28244.

Type locality. — Felton (Oriente Province on Antilla Bay),
Cuba, collected by W. M. Mann.

Other localities. — Cayamas, Cuba, E. A. Schwarz, Bah.
Honda, Cuba, in June by H. F. Wickham.

Remarks. — Like the preceding species this is distinctly punc-
tate. The shape of the aedeqgus separates it from its close
relative, H. orientense.

Homoschema darlingtoni n. sp.

Fig. 7

From 2.4— 2.8 mm. in length, 1.3— 1.5 mm. in width, mod-
erately convex, without distinct punctures, reddish yellow with
violaceous elytra. Head with a rather broad interantennal area
elevated between antennal sockets and extending down the
short lower front.

Type-. — Male, and 1 paratype, Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, Type No. 28246; 1 paratype in U. S. N. M. Cat. No.
59204. ‘

Type locality. — Coast below Pico Turquino, collected June
26-30, 1936, by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. — This species although closely related to H. orien-
tense and H. manni , differs in not having visibly punctate
elytra. It has a shorter frontal elevation on the head. The aedea-
gus is not so broad as in manni and broader than in orientense
with a strongly recurved orificial plate.

1950]

Blake — Flea Beetles

25

Homoschema androsense n. sp.

Fig. 6

From 2.5—3 mm. in length, 1.5— 1.8 mm. in width, convex, dis-
tinctly punctate, reddish yellow with violaceous elytra. Head
with a short, broad, elevated interantennal area that extends
down the lower front.

Type. — Male, and 1 paratype, Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy Type No. 28247.

Type locality. — Andros Island, Bahamas, collected Aug.
1-10, 1904, by “Barber” (? Barbour).

Remarks.— The distinctly punctate and convex elytra and
the broadly rounded apex on the aedeagus place this species
very near H. manni. The area between the antennal sockets of
the head is short and broad as in H. darlingtoni.

THE SALAGUBONG GONG, A FILIPINO INSECT TOY

By Charles T. Brues
Harvard University

While staying in the hills above Dumaguete on the island of
Negros in the Philippines we had the opportunity to see in
operation a very interesting and ingenious mechanical toy made
and operated by the native children.

The motive power is furnished by a good-sized melolonthid
beetle somewhat larger, but quite similar to our North Ameri-
can species of Phyllophaga, and still more like the common
European dor beetle, Melolontha vulgaris. The specimens used
by the children belong to two species. Most of them were Leu-
copholis pulverulentus Burm. and one belongs to another some-
what closely related species, Lepidiota punctum Blanch. Doubt-
less any other similar, lubberly lamellicorn would serve equall}T
well. Beetles of this type are abundant in the region, and in
general, together with other large phyllophagous lamellicorns
are known by the Visayan name, Salagubong. The “gong,”
as operated by the beetle is one of the five-gallon kerosene or
gasoline tins which consistently carry the flavor of civilization
ever}T where into the furthest reaches of the tropics. We have
seen these tins used for a multiplicity of purposes, and may now
add still another which seems never to have been called to the
attention of entomologists.

Aside from the beetle and the can, two plant materials are
used in the construction of the gong: four thin sticks of bamboo,
each about two feet in length, and three strands of tenacious
fibre taken from the leaf-sheaths of the abaca plant, Musa teoc-
tilis, which is grown extensively in the region for the commercial
production of Manila hemp.

As shown in the accompanying illustration, two of the bamboo
sticks are implanted in the ground and connected near their
tops by a strand of fibre securely tied at each end, forming a
miniature pair of football goal posts. The third stick is simi-
larly fixed in the ground to form the apex of a triangle. One
end of the fourth bamboo stick is now fastened to the trans-
verse abaca fibre by a tight abaca loop, and suspended near

1950]

Brues — Filipino Insect Toy

27

its other end to the third stick by a fibre which allows it to
move freely back and forth next to the vertical stick. The tin
is placed near this vertical stick where it will be tapped bv the
horizontal stick as the latter swings on its longitudinal axis.
Finally, the beetle is tied toward one side of the horizontal fibre
by still another fibre which is short enough to keep the beetle
off' the ground. The base of the hind femora next to the coxae
form a secure point to tie the beetle at the end of its abaca
tether.

Fig. 1. The salagubong gong. The oil can which acts as a resonator is
shown at the left. The first pair of bamboo sticks mentioned in the text are
at the right, connected by the thread from which the beetle is suspended.

After a little teasing and manipulation, the beetle gets into
action and attempts to fly away. As the abaca fibre grows taut,
the path of motion assumes a circular orbit and the transverse
fibre sways violently back and forth as the beetle circles unwill-
ingly on its flying trapeze. The tin may now be shifted till it
receives a staccato tap from the end of the stick at each revolu-
tion of the beetle. These taps strike the gong at the rate of two
or three per second, dependent upon the muscular tonus of the

28

Psyche

[Mar.

salagubong. Such taps are surprisingly loud and sufficiently
strong to attract attention within a radius of 100 feet or more.

Each performance lasts half a minute or longer, till the beetle
gives up the attempt to escape. After a short period of inactiv-
ity, further prodding readily induces an encore performance of
similar, duration.

The European Mantis ( Mantis religiosa L.) in New Eng-
land.— In view of the recent reports from Ontario (James,
H. G., 1948, 79th Annu. Kept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 41-44) it seems
pertinent to list the following New England records of this
introduced insect: one 5? Burlington, Vt., July 27, 1949; one
2, Chester, Vt., Sept. 7, 1948 (Dr. C. T. Parsons) ; several
specimens on summit of Mt. Mansfield, Vt., Aug., 1949 (Dr.
E. A. Chapin); several at Cummington, Mass., Oct., 1949;
one egg mass also at Cummington, Nov., 1949 (Dr. A. B.
Gurney) ; one 2, Melrose, Mass., Sept., 1949 (Dr. B. R. Lutz) ;
one 2? Watertown, Mass., Aug., 1949 (Mr. H. L. Starrett) ;
one specimen, possibly from Conn., in Agr. Exp. Sta. Collec-
tion, no data. A number of specimens were also brought in from
the Boston area during the 1949 season.

Dr. K. D. Roeder of Tufts College released specimens in
Medford and Concord, Mass., in 1945, which seem to have
been responsible for specimens taken in the same localities the
following year. It remains for future winters to determine just
how permanent this apparently wide establishment may be. —
William L. Nutting, Biological Laboratories, Harvard Uni-
versity.

ON THE STATUS OF LEPTOTHORAX MAYR AND
SOME OF ITS SUBGENERA

By Marion R. Smith

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural
Research Administration, United States Department
of Agriculture

The genus Leptothoraoc was established by Mayr in 1855
(Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien 5:431) for a number of Pale-
arctic ants, such as clypeatus (Mayr), acervorum (F.), musco-
rum (Nyl.), tuberum (F.), and unifasciatus (Latr.), without
genotype designation. This was not done until 1903, when
Bingham (Fauna of British India (Hymenoptera) , vol. 2, p.
214) selected acervorum as the genotype. Ruzsky, in 1904
(Zapiski Imp. Russk. Geogr. Obshch. 41 (1):288), described
a new genus, Mychothoraoc , and chose the same form, acervo-
rum, as a genotype, thus making Mychothoraoc an isogenotypic
synonym of Leptothoraoc. W. M. Wheeler, in 1911 (Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 21:166), overlooking Bingham’s previous designa-
tion of acervorum as genotype of Leptothoraoc, named acervo-
rum a second time as type of this genus. Then in 1922, Emery
(in Wytsman’s, Genera Insectorum, fascicule 174 c:248),
apparently unaware of the previous designation, selected cly-
peatus as genotype for Leptothoraoc, presumably because it
was the first species listed by Mayr in his original article ; and
this concept has been universally adopted. However, since Bing-
ham’s is the first valid genotype designation for Leptothoraoc ,
the genus must be based on acervorum.

It thus becomes necessary to propose a new subgenus for
Emery’s concept of Leptothoraoc, subg. Leptothoraoc. This
group, which is both Holarctic and Neotropical in distribution,
and contains a large number of North American ants, I propose
to name Myrafant, for my wife, whose maiden name was
Myra Fant.

29

30

Psyche

[Mar.

Leptothorax, subg. Myrafant, new subgenus

Type: Leptothorax curvispinosus Mayr. By present designa-
tion.

This subgenus includes such common North American forms
as fortinodis Mayr, rugatulus Emery, longispinosus Roger,
teccanus W. M. Wheeler, tricarinatus Emery and many others.
For a list of forms see Emery, 1922 (in Wytsman’s, Genera
Insectorum, fascicule 171 c: 251-259).

The worker has 11- or 12-segmented antennae; thoracic
humeri usually rounded, occasionally subangular ; mesoepinotal
impression on the dorsal surface of the thorax usually absent,
if present, scarcely perceptible.

In the preparation of a catalogue of Nearctic ants, it was
noted that Goniothoraoc Emery, 1896, is preoccupied b}T
Gonio thorax ' Milne-Edwards, 1879. As Nesomyrmex W. M.
Wheeler is the next available name, it supplants Goniothorax
Emery. The synonymy is as follows:

Leptothorax subg. Nesomyrmex W. M. Wheeler

Leptothorax , subgenus Goniothorax Emery, 1896, Bol. Soc.
Ent. Ital. 28:26, 58. Preoccupied. Type: Leptothorax vicinus
Mayr. Designated by W. M. Wheeler, 1911.

Nesomyrmex W. M. Wheeler, 1910, Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 28:259. Type: Nesomyrmex clavipilis W. M. Wheeler.
Monobasic.

Caulomyrma Forel, 1911, Bui. Soc. Vaud. des Sci. Nat. 50:
233. T}^pe: Leptothorax echinatinodis Forel. Original designa-
tion.

Most of the ants of this subgenus occur in the Ethiopian,
Oriental and Neotropical Regions. Our only known North
American species is wilda M. R. Smith, from extreme southern
Texas.

1950]

31

BOOK REVIEW

The Ants of North America, by William S. Creighton. Bulle-
tin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,
vol. 104, pp. 1-585, 57 plates (April, 1950).

For the first time in this century, there is available in one
volume a comprehensive treatment of all the genera and species
of North American (Nearctic) ants. Interest of entomologists
in this work will be aroused chiefly by the complete keys and
plates, which allow more accurate determination of our ants
than has ever before been possible. The major significance of
this volume does not rest with this quality, however.

Professor Creighton’s long-awaited work easily ranks with
the two most fundamental and influential previous works in
formicid taxonomy, Mayr’s “Formicina Austriaca” and Emery’s
contributions to the “Genera Insectorum.” Mayr was the first
to recognize and apply generic differences among ants on a log-
ical and systematic basis. Emery digested the vast amount of
world literature and produced a comprehensive classification,
generic key and catalog for the family. Creighton, in a single
stroke that cannot be ignored, has applied the modern concepts
of population systematics to the entire North American fauna.

In its purpose and effect, Dr. Creighton’s work is a detailed
generic and specific revision of the Nearctic ants. It is bold,
sweeping and relentless. The author lucidly exposes the confu-
sion that has attended the growth of the taxonomy of our fauna.
Familiar but worthless names of some of our commonest forms
fall into synonymy by the score. The taxonomic categories are
restricted to the species and subspecies (geographical race)
below the subgenus, and the concept of variety is rejected as
useless and meaningless. The evidence presented for this system
is so overwhelming and detailed, in the opinion of this reviewer,
that any myrmecologist clinging to the pentanomial or hex-
anomial systems will find logical refutation impossible. Al-
though systematics based on population concepts has presum-
ably not been completely unknown to myrmecologists, the litera-
ture of the past ten years abundantly proves that the major
principles set forth by Ernst Mayr and others have rarely been
applied correctly in specific cases among the ants. Most

32

Psyche

[Mar.

myrmecographers seem to have understood rather vaguely that
varieties should not be described, but that subspecies were allow-
able ; the essentially geographical nature of the subspecies is not
evident at all in the majority of forms placed in that category
up to the present.

In the matter of individual case treatments in Creighton’s
work, it is necessarily true that many of the subspecies are little
more than intelligent guesses based on abundant, but still in-
sufficient material. During the many months the book remained
in the hands of the editor, proofreaders and printers, some of
the names carried in it have been synonymized, and several new
forms haye been described in the mounting North American
literature. One could scarcely expect a work of this scope to be
in any sense a final treatment of the group. Few entomologists,
even including some mvrmecologists, realize the extreme confu-
sion that has reigned in the taxonomy of our ant fauna ; the
most experienced entomologists have been unable to name with
any confidence many of our commonest species. For this reason,
it must be made as emphatic as possible that “The Ants of North
America” is not an infallible guide based upon a triumphant cen-
tury of myrmecographic endeavor ; rather, it is the exposure of
the fundamental taxonomy that may make such a century pos-
sible.— William L. Brown, Jr., Biological Laboratories, Har-
vard University.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday
of each month (July,, August and September, excepted) at 8:00
p.m. in Room B-155, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave.,
Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited
to attend.

FOR SALE

The Ants of North America, by Professor Wm. S. Creigh-
ton. Published in April, 1950, as volume 104 of the Bulletin of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with 585 pages and 57
plates. Price $10.00 (postpaid). Send orders to Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.

BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE

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Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass.

PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 57 June, 1950 No. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Influence of Temperature upon the Respiration and Heart
Activity of Thermobia and Grylloblatta. G. A. Edwards and

W. L. Nutting 33

The C. Andresen Hubbard Collection of Fleas of the Pacific North-
west. J. Bequaert . 44

Notes and Descriptions of Western Chrysopidae. (Neuroptera) .

N. Banks 45

Two New Paussid Beetles from the Panama Canal Zone and the
Philippines. P. J. Darlington, Jr 68

A New Species of Limnephilidae from Maine (Trichoptera) . N. Banks 72

Large Raptorial Birds as Enemies of Cicadas. Charles T. Brues . . 74

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

Officers for 1949-50

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Treasurer

Executive Committee

. F. G. Werner
. W. L. Nutting
. J. Woodland
F. M. Carpenter
. B. I. Gerry

. S. K. Harris

EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE

F. M. Carpenter — editor

C. T. Brues

P. J. Darlington, Jr.

J. Bequaert

PSYCHE is published quarterly, the issues appearing in March, June, September,
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Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc.,
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IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

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Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to
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EATON PRESS INC., WATERTOWN, MASS.

Vol. 57

PSYCHE

No. 2

June, 1950

THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE UPON
THE RESPIRATION AND HEART ACTIVITY OF
THERMOBIA AND GRYLLOBLATTA.1

By

George A. Edwards (Tufts College)
and

Wm. L. Nutting (Harvard University)

A recent survey of the literature concerning the metabolism-
temperature response of insects suggested that this large and diverse
class makes no metabolic adaptations to fluctuations in environ-
mental temperature. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to investigate
several specialized insects to determine if metabolic adaptations are
made to particular temperature ranges. The initial experiments
included representatives of two primitive orders occupying extremes
on the temperature scale. It is hoped that these may serve as limits
for future work of similar nature on the insects as a group.

The firebrat, Thermobia domestica Packard (Thysanura), was
selected as the representative of a hot environment. The firebrat
has a well deserved name in that it is found in hot, damp places such
as boiler rooms. It has a temperature preferendum of 32° to 44° C,
and an optimum of 37.5° C and 60% relative humidity, at which
level it completes the life cycle in about three months. It molts
and continues to increase in weight throughout the whole life span
(Adams, 1933; Sweetman, 1938; Woodland, personal communica-
tion).

1 The work described in this paper was done, in part, under contract
between the Medical Division, Chemical Corps, U. S. Army and Tufts
College. Under the terms of this contract the Chemical Corps neither
restricts nor is responsible for the opinions or conclusions of the authors.

33

34

Psyche

[June

Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker (Orthoptera) was chosen
to represent a cold environment. The grylloblattids generally have
been collected in late fall and winter, being found in mountainous
areas on hillsides with coarse rock slides, in deep crevices, under
stones, or in decaying moss-covered logs and stumps at the margins
of glacial bogs. On mild winter days a few have been found craw-
ling on the open snow slopes (Gurney, 1948- — extensive biblio-
graphy). The nymphal stages are long, in campodeiformis occupy-
ing five years, with the eggs laid in the sixth year (Ford, 1926).
Its food consists chiefly of softbodied insects.

Material and Methods

A culture of Thermobia that had been maintained at 37.5° C was
obtained from Mr. John Woodland, of Harvard University. They
were kept in plastic utility dishes in an incubator at 37.5° C and
25% R.H., fed on wheat flour and dried beef, and watered from a
vial and wick.

The grylloblattids were obtained from Dr. J. H. Pepper, of Mon-
tana State College. They were kept in plastic dishes at 3° to 5° C
in a mixture of moss and leaves and fed on pieces of freshly killed
flies and roaches.

The oxygen consumption was determined in volumetric micro-
respirometers (Scholander, 1942), using “Ascarite” to absorb CO2
produced, oxygen from “Oxybombs” to fill the reservoirs, and shell
vials of appropriate size for animal chambers. Constant temperature
at each level was secured by immersing the respirometers in stirred,
plastic, water baths, which were immersed in turn in a large, stirred,
thermoregulated water bath. The animals were exposed to each
temperature for about 1% hours. At the end of each run the animals
were weighed and their sex determined.

For determining the heart rate, each insect was coaxed into a
short length of glass tubing, the ends of which were then lightly
plugged with cotton. This confinement prevented violent struggling
and afforded a clear view of a few cardiac chambers. Of the several
available grylloblattids, only two adult females proved suitable for
accurate observation of heart activity through intersegmental mem-
branes of the anterior abdominal region. Five adult females and
four adult males of Thermobia were selected. Each of these speci-
mens was nearly free of scales, while dark material in the crop made

1950] Edwards and Nutting — Thermobia and Grylloblatta 35

the heart visible through the mesothorax and first abdominal seg-
ment.

The tube containing the insect was placed on a plasticine plat-
form in a porcelain crucible which could be closed with a loose-
fitting, transparent cover. The temperature of the air in the chamber
was taken from a thermometer piercing the cover, (with the bulb
close to the specimen). Lower temperatures were obtained by sup-
porting the chamber in a salt and ice water bath. High temperatures
were furnished by fitting the chamber into the top of a paraffin oven.
For many of the heart rate counts laboratory light was sufficient; for
others, a diffuse, water-filtered beam from a microscope lamp was
directed into the chamber.

Except at the damaging extremes, Grylloblatta was exposed for
an average of 17 minutes to each temperature level. Thermobia was
exposed for an average of one hour and ten minutes at each level. At
least two readings were made for each temperature, but three or
many more were made in most cases. No specimens were used for
further recordings, afer being exposed to temperatures that might
be considered damaging. In all cases the rates for previously known
temperature preferenda were obtained before subjecting a few in-
dividuals to lethal limits. During each run it was frequently noticed
that struggles or movements of the alimentary tract produced marked
irregularities or even brief cessations of heart activity.

Results

A. Oxygen consumption:

Grylloblatta. — The oxygen consumption of Grylloblatta at
various temperature levels throughout the range —2.5° to 20.5°C
is given in Figure 1. The animals remained active for a number of
hours at — 5.0°C though the oxygen consumption at that temperature
was not measurable by the techniques available. The metabolism-
temperature curve for Grylloblatta is a straight line (Fig. 1), with
an average Qio of 2.7. With increase in temperature there was a
regular increase in oxygen consumption up to 20.5 °C. At that tem-
perature the animals became paralyzed quickly so that a full hour
exposure was not realized. Subjection of the data to an Arrhenius
plot gives a temperature characteristic of 14,600 calories over the
range -2.5° to 20.5°C (Fig. 3).

At — 5.0°C the animals were active but movement was noticeably

36

Psyche

[June

Fig. l. — Oxygen consumption of Thermobia (circles) and Grylloblatta
(crosses) over a range of temperatures.

LOG BEATS / MINUTE

195°] Edwards and Nutting — Thermobia and Grylloblatta 37

Fig. 2 — Heart rate of Thermobia (circles) and Grylloblatta (crosses)
over a range of temperatures.

THERMGBIA

GRYLLOBLATTA

38

Psyche

O x

X X

XX

X

© O
GO C)

X

X X

* CD

<300

X
x

X)©0

o

X XGD O

0^0

o

o oo
© o

oo o

GO

OGD O
© O

a©

GD O

OO

20l X 31VB 'dS3ti 901

^r

o

i- x
ro

-It-

ro

[June

Fig. 3— Arrhenius plot of the oxygen consumption of Thermobia
(circles) and Grylloblatta (crosses).

GRYLLOBLATTA

1S50]

Edwards and Nutting — Thermobia and Grylloblatta

39

<2> 0*0
o o*

<*88°o °

oo o

cno o o

o ODO

|Po

1 1

> o

j —

31Vd 1UV3H 901

* 2

ro

Grylloblatta (crosses). Activation energy calculated from equation:

^4.58(1°^ ~ j°lM

40

Psyche

[June

slower than normal. In the respirometers the animals remained quiet
in the range —2.5° to 11.3°C. Above this temperature they showed
increased activity, struggling violently in the vessels. At 18.0°C they
struggled for the first half hour and then became abnormally quiet,
but still responsive to tapping. At 20.5°C the two specimens ap-
peared to be in poor condition, moved feebly, and finally fell to the
bottom of the vials and curled up after 20 minutes exposure. At
this point the respirometers were shifted to a 6°C water bath and
the oxygen consumption followed for an hour, during which time it
fell continuously. The following day the animals were still para-
lyzed, showing a low oxygen consumption, feeble heart beat, and in-
creasingly weak reponses to prodding. The female existed two and
the male four days in this condition before dying.

Thermohia. — The oxygen consumption of Thermohia was de-
termined at various temperatures in the range 1.0° to 51.3°C. The
results are given in Figure 1.

The slope of the log QO2 — temperature curve of Thermohia
from 12° to 50°C is practically identical with that of Gryllohlatta,
the average Q10 being 2.8. The temperature characteristic for this
range was 15,100 calories (see Fig. 3). Below 12°C the slope in-
creased to 3.8 and the temperature characteristic became 23,300.
At 1.0° and 51.3°C the animals were irreversibly injured. Below
12°C activity was not observable, though the insects would make
slow, appendicular movements when prodded. On return to room
temperature, after exposure to the range 3° to 12°C, they became
normally active within 3 to 20 minutes. Between 12° and 50° C
activity appeared normal.

B. Heart activity:

Gryllohlatta. — Over the range —2.5° to 29.5°C, heart rate in
beats per minute was recorded and plotted as shown in Figure 2.
The heart rate — temperature curve approximates a straight line,
although there is a tendency toward levelling off and decline above
20° C, which may be due to heat damage. The average Qk), figured
from —2.0° to 28.0°C is 2.1. Excluding possibilities of damage and
resulting deviation at temperature extremes, a mass Arrhenius plot
(Figure 4) gives a slope of 2.8 over a conservative intermediate
range of 0° to 18°C, with a resulting temperature characteristic of
12,800 calories.

At about 2°C the beat became rather feeble, at 0° it was hardly
discernible, and after a few minutes at — 3°C no form of heart ae-

1950] Edwards and Nutting — Thermobia and Grylloblatta 41

tivity was observable. Up to 20° C the heartbeat was strong and
regular, but after 15 minutes at 22°C diastole appeared incomplete.
After 15 minutes at 27°C the heart was almost completely relaxed
but continued to beat with an increasing amount of fibrillation. This
type of activity was maintained for nearly 20 minutes while the
temperature was raised to 29.5°C, at which point all activity ceased.

Thermobia. — The record of heart rate from 11° to 49.5°C is
presented in Figure 2. The average Qio calculated from 12° to 42°
is 2.6. A mass Arrhenius plot (Figure 4), over an intermediate
range of 15° to 45 °C, gives a slope of 2.7 and a temperature
characteristic of 12,300 calories.

As the temperature was lowered the heartbeat became more and
more feeble, although often quite “deliberate”, (i.e. with definite
pauses between systole and diastole) until, with most specimens, no
heart movements were visible after 30 to 60 minutes at 11°C. At
the opposite end of the scale, normal heart activity was observed up
to about 42 °C, after which the beat became extremely rapid with
incomplete diastole and intermittent fibrillation. Cessation of ac-
tivity occurred between 45° and 49.5°C. General movements of the
limbs and body of both Thermobia and Grylloblatta approximated
those observed during the respiration experiments.

Discussion

The results show essential agreement with observations on the
activity of Grylloblatta reported by Mills and Pepper (1937). With
short exposures, they found that cold prostration set in at —6.2°,
activity was observable from —5.6° to about 20°, and paralysis
occurred at 24.9°, with 27.8°C being fatal. Also substantiated is
their statement that Grylloblatta shows no dormancy at low tem-
peratures but probably tries to avoid unpleasant conditions by sun-
ning or seeking shelter.

The results suggest also an answer to the question of what hap-
pens to the firebrat when the fire goes out, but do not explain why
the animal has a temperature preferendum so high. Data on the
firebrat fit the metabolism — temperature curve of other insects for
which information is available, suggesting that the wide tem-
perature tolerance of this insect is not due to any special metabolic
adaptation.

All insects thus far investigated have the same general metabolism-
temperature curve, in all seasons and from all climes. The only

42

Psyche

[June

possible exception is the hive bee, which increases its respiratory
rate and activity on either side of a preferred temperature range
of 20° to 25°C (Woodworth, 1936). It was expected that Thermobia
and Grylloblatta might prove to be exceptions to the rule. How-
ever, the slopes of the two oxygen consumption curves are practically
identical (2.7 and 2.8) ; in the intermediate temperatures their
respiratory rates overlap; and their Q10’s are in the same range as
those of all insects previously reported. They extend the general
metabolism — temperature curve, and Thermobia most amazingly so.
They are similar to other insects in that they are evidently strictly
poikilothermal and utilize only supplementary insulation to offset
unfavorable temperatures.

The temperature characteristics obtained over the intermediate
temperature ranges agree essentially with previous work on arthro-
pods concerning heart activity and other rhythmic neuro-muscular
processes. Comparison of the two sets of data here presented, plus
the fact that the heart rate temperature characteristics are not typ-
ical of catalyzed oxidative reactions, seem to support the view that
respiration is not the fundamental process determining heart rate
(see Fries, 1926, for further discussion and bibliography). The
temperature characteristics obtained from the oxygen consumption
curves are typical values for cellular respiration.

What is now needed most urgently is a thorough study of the
biology of Grylloblatta, which would provide a firmer ground for
the interpretation of data such as here presented. How does the
insect manage to stay within the narrow range of —5° to 18°C in
nature? Does it escape the inevitably severe sub-zero temperatures
of its habitat by crawling into deep, rocky, fissures, or in and around
roots and in humus where the temperature may remain close to
freezing? Is it possible, however unlikely, that the paralysis pre-
ceding death at the extremes of its range may be a hibernation state ?
What relationship exists between the length of the nymphal stages
and the low temperature range? What intra- and interspecific var-
iations in temperature responses occur and how do these relate to
distribution? A clue to the answer to the last question has perhaps
been suggested by Campbell (1948). He reported that a form of
Grylloblatta found at Kamloops, under conditions less severe than
those of the Canadian Rockies and Montana, did not succumb to
warmth as easily as typical campodeiformis usually does. This may
represent lack of uniformity in temperature preferenda, but it

1950] Edwards and Nutting — Thermobia and Grylloblatta 43

strongly suggests physiological adaptation and perhaps even tax-
onomic subspeciation.

Summary

The oxygen consumption, heart rate, and activity at various tem-
peratures over the range —5.0° to 51.3°C have been determined for
the firebrat, Thermobia domestic a Packard and for Grylloblatta
campodeif ormis Walker.

Grylloblatta is normally active from —2.5° to 11.3°C. At lower
temperatures activity is decreased and at higher temperatures ac-
tivity is increased until at 18.0° the animals become stuporous and
at 20.5 °C become irreversibly damaged by heat. Over the range of
temperatures from —2.5° to 20.5°C the log Qio — temperature
curve is a straight line, having the slope of 2.7 per 10 degrees. In
this range the temperature characteristic for oxygen consumption
is 14,600 calories. In the range —2.5° to 29.5°C the curve relating
heart rate to temperature resembles the respiratory curve giving an
average Qio of 2.1. In the intermediate range of 0° to 18°C an
Arrhenius plot of heart rate gives a slope of 2.8 and temperature
characteristic of 12,800 calories.

Thermobia is active throughout the range 12° to 50°C. Below 12°
it becomes inactive, and is irreversibly injured by cold at 1°C. At
50° activity decreases and heat injury becomes apparent at 51.3°C.
The log QO2 — temperature curve has a slope of 3.8 per 10° from
3° to 12°C, and a slope of 2.8 between 12° and 50°C. Temperature
characteristics for respiration in these ranges are 23,300 and 15,100
calories respectively. The heart rate — temperature curve is prac-
tically identical with the respiration curve, giving an average Qio
of 2.6. The temperature characteristic for heart beat in the inter-
mediate range of 15° to 45°C is 12,300 calories.

These two insects extend the general insect metabolism — tempera-
ture curve, and appear to be strictly poikilothermal in that they
make no metabolic adaptation to offset unfavorable temperatures.

Literature Cited

Adams, J.

1933. Biological notes upon the fire-brat, Thermobia domestica (Pack-
ard). Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 41: 557-562.

Campbell, M. G.

1948. Notes on Grylloblatta at Kamloops. Proc. Ent. Soc. British
Columbia, 45: 1-5.

44

Psyche

[June

Ford, N.

1926. On the behavior of Grylloblatta. Canadian Ent., 58: 66-70.
Fries, E. F. B.

1927. Temperature and frequency of heart beat in the cockroach.

Jour. Gen. Physiol., 10: 227-237.

Gurney, A. B.

1948. The taxonomy and distribution of the Grylloblattidae (Orth-
ptera). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 50: 86-102.

Mills, H. B., and J. H. Pepper.

1937. Observations on Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker. Ann. Ent.

Soc. America, 30: 269-275.

SCHOLANDER, P. F.

1942. Volumetric micro-respirometers. Rev. Sci. Insts., 13: 32-33.

SWEETMAN, H. L.

1938. Physical ecology of the firebrat, Thermobia domestica. Ecol.

Monographs, 8: 285-311.

Woodland, J.

Personal communication.

Woodworth, C. E.

1936. Effect of reduced temperature and pressure on honeybee respira-
tion. Jour. Econ. Ent., 29: 1128-1132.

The C. Andresen Hubbard Collection of Fleas of the
Pacific Northwest. — Students of fleas will be interested to learn
that the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University
recently received from Dr. C. Andresen Hubbard a collection of
carefully prepared and labeled slides representing about 75 species
and sub-species of western fleas. The slides are neatly put up in
a case^ together with a numbered index of the forms represented
and a copy of Dr. Hubbard’s paper on “The Fleas of California”
(1943). Appropriate gaps are left in the case for additional kinds
which Dr. Hubbard intends adding from time to time to this set. It
now contains paratypes of Megabothris clantoni, Epitedia jordani ,
and Corypsylla jordani. The Harvard set is Dr. Hubbard’s “De-
pository No. 20,” as he is sending similar sets to 19 other institu-
tions here and abroad, in addition to the “Master Collection” to be
deposited at the U. S. National Museum. Dr. Hubbard is to be
greatly commended for his unusual generosity and foresight in dis-
tributing his material so widely so that it may be available to many
present and future students of this most fascinating and medically
important order of Insects. — J. Bequaert, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF WESTERN
CHRYSOPIDAE (NEUROPTERA)1

By Nathan Banks
Holliston, Mass.

For some years Chrysopidae have been accumulating in the col-
lection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and in recent years
I have received, with other Neuropteroids, many specimens from
Grace H. and John L. Sperry, especially from California and Ari-
zona, from Prof. A. L. Melander also material from the same states,
and from P. H. Arnaud specimens from California. During the sum-
mer of 1948 two students, F. Werner and W. Nutting, made an
automobile trip to the southwest and to Mexico, and captured many
hundreds more.

Most of the new species are from the western part of the United
States and this paper is devoted to their description.

Many of the new forms are in the Eremochrysa section, so I have
tabulated them, and made new descriptions of some of the old
species.

Genus Meleoma

The males of the species of Meleoma can be recognized by the
interantennal process. In the western States are four species, to
these I add three more, two of them from California; another spe-
cies occurs in Arizona, but the specimen has no antennae, so I leave
it undescribed.

Meleoma comata sp. nov.

A species similar to M. emuncta with a different interantennal
piece, the wings less coarsely haired.

Green; a medium white stripe from vertex back over the abdomen;
in the female there is a faint trace of a reddish stripe before the
side-margin; legs greenish, tarsi soiled whitish; antennae mostly
pale, first joint green. Venation green, a few crossveins dark,
mostly toward wing-base; several costals toward base, and some

1 Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

45

46

Psyche

[June

beyond dark at one end ; gradates green. Cheeks with a narrow
black line, interrupted near middle; palpi with a narrow black line
above on one or two joints; in the male these lines more prominent,
and the basal joint of antennae pale, with a reddish mark in front
toward the tip, the basal joint extends laterally over the eye; the
upper edge, seen from in front very concave; the second joint is
much longer than broad, constricted below the middle, the lower part
bearing minute erect hairs. The third joint is elongate, swollen
mostly toward the inner base, the outer edge there concave, the
inner edge has the row of white curved hairs which extends, some-
what obliquely upward. The interantennal process is much broader
than long, concave in front (seen from above) each side at tip ex-
tending somewhat laterally and tipped by some short bristles. On
the front, just before the anterior slope, is a group of erect hairs,
pointing toward the process.

The wings are more slender than in M. emuncta, the tip almost
in a point. The hairs on the costal fringe are very much shorter
than in M. emuncta, and those elsewhere on the venation are much
fewer. In the fore wing about twenty-four costals before stigma,
the cells, except toward stigma, are plainly higher than broad; the
costal area (at widest) hardly equal the radial area; the divisory cell
two and a half times as long as broad, ending beyond cross-vein
above ; below there are seven cubital cross-veins. The hind mar-
ginal area is one and one-half times as broad as the cubital, but not
quite twice as broad as costal area. Seven to nine inner gradates
and eight to ten outer ones, in parallel rows ; each gradate separated
about its length from the next. In hind wings eight gradates in
each row, about parallel. Beyond the end of medius (fore wing)
there are five or six forks before wing tip. Length of fore wing,
14.5 mm.; width, 5 mm.

Male and female from Upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino
Co., California, 15 July, 6 Aug., 1948. (G. H. and J. L. Sperry).
Also an old female from San Bernardino Mts., South Fork, 20 June,
6000 ft. (Grinnell).

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28348.

Meleoma cavifrons sp. nov.

A small, slender-winged species, with few cross-veins, basal joint
of antennae erect, and, seen from in front, each side convex, the

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae ( Neuroptera )

47

male with almost entire front forming a large heartshaped concavity.

Body and wings pale yellowish, female rather more green, a broad
black stripe on cheek, scarcely interrupted; palpi lined with black;
pronotum broadly reddish brown on each side; third antennal joint
scarcely longer than second or fourth, not modified; second joint
constricted below middle; vertex with the median raised area mar-
gined on sides and front by a dark line. Basal joints of antennae
hardly one-half their diameter apart, erect, and sides convex, in both
sexes alike. The interantennal process is slender between antennae,
but widened and forked in front, each arm with bristles at tip; below
there is a great, heart-shaped concavity occupying almost entire
dorsal surface of face, each upper corner reaching to the eyes; its
surface and margin bears erect, short hairs, and below tip of inter-
antennal process are two tufts of long, erect hairs ; pronotum
narrowed in front, behind as broad as long.

Wings about three and one-half times as long as broad, tip nearly
in a point; venation open, but eighteen to twenty costals, and only
nine or ten radial cross-veins, mostly dark. Medius to tip of the
second cubital cell is dark, also the basal part of the radial sector;
branches of radial sector dark on basal part; also dark are the gra-
dates, cubital cross-veins, and branches of anal vein near wing base;
marginal veins pale. In hind wings not so many veins dark. The
costal fringe is moderately long, but much shorter than in M.
emuncta ; hairs on cross-veins but few. Divisory cell ends at the
cross-vein above.

The costal cells are higher than long, except near the stigma;
radial cells about as long as high ; the gradates in parallel rows,
inner of three or four, outer of five, each widely separate from the
next. Beyond the end of the medius but two and one-half forks be-
fore wing-tip. Length of fore wings, 11.8 mm.; width, 3.7 mm.

Male type from Pinecrest, Tuolumne Co., California, 10 July,
1948. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., collector.

A female taken at the same locality, but on 19 Julya is apparently
the same species. The head and a median stripe on the pronotum are
whitish, elsewhere and wings green. Nine radial cross-veins as in
male, and other venation similar; the costal fringe longer than the
male, but six cubitals beyond the divisory cell; basal antennal joint
as in male; of same size.

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28350.

48 Psyche [June

Meleoma delicata sp. nov.

A small species, the third antennal joint not modified, the basal
antennal joint, slender, enlarged at tip in usual manner, but with a
flat area or scar at tip ; nearly all of the cross-veins are dark.

Pale greenish, abdomen green, wings hyaline, cross-veins and
branches of anal are dark. Basal antennal joints hardly diameter
apart, cylindric, from in front outer side concave, somewhat shorter
than usual, with a swelling near tip in front. Interantennal process
broad, nearly truncate at tip, below it is a broad cavity, each side
reaching to eyes, but not long, and reaching scarcely one-third way
to tip of head; the margin is bordered with hairs, and a central
group of hairs a little in front of it; from the side an erect process
is seen, with an upcurved tip, pointing toward the front of the inter-
antennal process. In certain views the upper outer corner of the
basal antennal joint shows a short spur, Pronotum short, brown,
with a pale median line.

Wings sparsely veined, but hardly as much so as cavifrons. Costal
area quite broad, but the radial area broader, and about equal to
marginal; cubital area almost as broad as costal; tip of wings al-
most in a point.

Practically all cross-veins, and the gradates dark, or at least
partly so, also the anal branches. Divisory cell about two and one-
half times as long as broad, ending beyond the cross-vein above.
Twenty costals before stigma, the cells higher than broad, except
those toward stigma; eleven radial cross-veins, three cells near mid-
dle higher than broad; gradates parallel, seven in each row, mostly
about their length apart; six cubitals beyond the divisory; hind
margins of fore wing with four forks beyond end of medius and
before tip of wing. Costal fringe fairly long, hairs on cross-veins
few and rather short.

In hind wings the costal cross-veins and the radials mostly dark,
nearly all the other venation greenish; six inner gradates, seven
outer rows parallel. Length of fore wing, 12 mm.; width, 4 mm.

A male from Ft. Wingate, New Mexico, 14 August 1908, John
Woodgate.

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28349.

Another male from two miles southwest of Patagonia, Santa Cruz
Co., Arizona, 30 July 1948 (Werner and Nutting).

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)

49

Chrysopa pinalena sp. nov.

Head rather short and broad, pale ; directly below the antennal
sockets is a transverse dark brown band from eye to eye, it bends
upward in the middle, below it on the clypeal edge is another and
similar band, almost as broad, reaching from eye to eye, and also
bent up in the middle, a little more than the upper band; below this
in the middle is a short, slightly down-curved brown band. At each
end of both complete bands the dark is enlarged. In the specimen
figured the antennae are strongly thrown back, in one with the
antennae porrect, the upper band is almost hidden. Palpi black,
with pale tips to the joints ( except last) ; antennae (including sec-
ond joint) pale, unmarked. Vertex rufous, and somewhat swollen
in middle, leaving only a very narrow groove between it and the
eyes. Pronotum narrowed in front, longer than broad, at least a
little; pale in middle, dark on sides, broadly so behind; also the
meso- and metanotum pale in middle, the lateral lobes dull black.
Legs pale, unmarked.

Abdomen pale below, and mostly on the sides ; above with several
segments toward base with a large dark mark, sometimes the marks
hardly distinct.

Fore wings with anals black, the subcostal vein toward, but not
at base and the upper side of third cubital cell dark, other veins
slightly darkened, but often only at bases of hairs ; gradates no
darker than others.

Stigmal area darkened for a long space, and with five to seven
subcostal cross-veins ; twenty-four or twenty-five costals, twelve
radials, four or five inner, and six to eight outer gradates, sub-
parallel, the inner as near radial sector as to outer, seven branches
of radial sector reach outer margin. Divisory cell slender, ending
much beyond the cross-vein above, seven cubitals beyond the cell.
Hind wing very similar, with seven branches of radial sector to
margin, and one or two fewer gradates. Length of fore wing, 13.5
mm. ; width, 4 mm.

Two specimens from the Pinals, Globe, Arizona, 18 July 1948.
(Nutting and Werner).

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28345.

Chrysopa yum a sp. nov.

Body green as also venation, legs and antennae. Face scarcely
marked; there is a very faint reddish tinge under the base of each

50

Psyche

[June

antenna; there is no cheek mark, nor any spots on the clypeus;
palpi wholly pale green. Antennae entirely pale greenish, no marks
on basal nor second joint; in one specimen the vertex is faintly
yellowish in front; the snb triangular elevated area is rather smaller
than usual, the groove between it and the eye being quite broad.

Pronotum nearly twice as broad as long, sides parallel, but in
front narrowed at the head. Legs short, pale, unmarked. Abdomen
of female about as long as usual, in male not reaching half way to
tip of wings, its tip rounded. The hairs on abdomen (and pronotum)
are wholly white.

The wings of male are almost acute at tip, but more rounded in
female. The venation is the usual Chrysopa type; the sub-costal
cross-veins at stigma weak and few. Sixteen costals before stigma,
eight radials; costal area only a little more than one-half the width
of the radial area; marginal area much broader than cubital; di-
visorv vein ends beyond the cross-vein above, but five cubital cross-
veins beyond; three or four outer gradates, and one inner, about the
same in hind wing. The third cubital cell has two branches to the
hind margin, and the next cell beyond but one branch (as normal
Chrysopa ).

The costal fringe is quite long, but not dense, the hairs on the
veins are long, but not numerous. Length of fore wing, 8.5 mm.;
width, 2.8 mm.

Male and female from Ft. Yuma, California, 6 June, 13 June,
Andahl collector, from G. H. and J. L. Sperry.

This insect has no near relation to the plorabunda section of
Chrysopa, which are almost wholly green. It has no sinuous costal
cross-veins found in that section. The venation is more open than
the usual Chrysopa . In the male the apical part of wing is more
narrow and there are but three branches of the radial sector that
reach the outer margin of wing.

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28346.

Chrysopa elariveita sp. nov.

Pale; no marks on face nor cheek; basal antennal joint unmarked,
second joint black, beyond faintly darkened; basal joint rather
short and broad at base, little separated from each other, palpi pale,
last joint darkened. Vertex with a red mark each side by eye,
middle area elevated.

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)

51

Pronotum pale, with sides parallel, but in front narrowed; no
distinct marks ; meso- and metanotum dull, pale brownish ; legs
wholly pale, hind femora unmarked. Abdomen pale, dull gray to
brown above with the apical three segments pale yellowish, below
with only the apical segment pale.

Wings hyaline, with hyaline or whitish (perhaps greenish alive)
venation, the base of the second cubital cell and the cross-vein below
it in certain views dark; no sinuous costal cross-vein; the costal
area, which, at broadest, is much more than one-half of radial area,
has three long cells near base (fourth, fifth, and sixth) which are
almost or fully as long as high and beyond are several cells longer
than usual. The divisory cell very slender, narrowed at base, and
ending beyond the cross-vein above, six cubitals beyond the divisory
cell; two inner gradates and five outer, the inner much nearer to
outer than to the radial sector. Three branches of radial sector
reach to margin, tip of fore wing rounded, that of hind wing plainly
acute; costal fringe fairly dense and of moderate length, hairs on
veins rather few and quite long. Length of fore wing, 10.2 mm. ;
width, 3.7 mm.

One specimen from Ehrenberg, Yuma Co., Arizona, 11 July 1948,
mesquite area (Nutting and Werner).

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28347.

This species is peculiar in the long costal cells, but not unique;
this character is found in Chrysopa apache Bks., and in Chrysopa
yuma, the small green species described in this paper. For them I
make a new subgenus with Chrysopa apache the type. It is based
on the character of having especially long cells at the widest part
of the costal area, at least one of them being as long as high; the
antennae beyond the second joint, tend to be darkened, and the inner
gradates much reduced, sometimes none; the number of branches of
radial sector to reach hind margin is reduced so that the wings tend
to have the shape of Eremochrysa. The three species now known to
belong to this subgenus Yumachrysa, are apache with venation al-
most wholly dark, longitudinal as well as cross-veins, and the hind
femora have a black band. The others, yuma and clarivena (de-
scribed in this paper) have almost wholly pale venation; yuma with
the radial area but little broader than the costal, and clarivena with
the radial area much broader than the costal, elsewhere also broader.

52

Psyche

[June

Genus Eremochrysa

This genus is represented in the western part of our country by
many species. All have the cross-veins more or less darkened, and
often the longitudinal veins dotted. As a rule the wings are less
widened apically than in Chrysopa, and the tips more rounded. In
Chrysopa the branches of the radial sector which reach the outer
wing-marking are forked beyond the outer gradates, in Eremochrysa
rarely more than one is forked beyond the outer gradates.

The males have an extension at the lower end of the abdomen,
not present in Chrysopa j in one group this process is upcurved, and
with simple hairs, in the other group the process is straight and pro-
vided with reclinate hairs or bristles.

Table of Species of Eremochrysa

1. Front and mid tibiae with a dark cross-band about one-third
way from base, often also a dark spot at base of these tibiae;
venation mostly dotted, vertex usually with reddish lines or

spots tibialis sp. nov.

Front and mid tibiae without dark band 2

2. Antennae just beyond second joint with several joints black or

with a black band; face with a reddish stain under bases of
antennae rufina sp. nov.

Antennae beyond second joint not at all black 3

3. Veins and many of the cross-veins dotted with dark 4

Veins not dotted, cross-veins mostly entirely dark 5

4. Face often with yellowish or reddish marks (sometimes
united) vertex with reddish lines or spots; fore wings rather
broad so that four or five of the branches of radial sector reach

the outer margin punctinervis McLach.

Face usually without marks, vertex mostly rufous, at least in
front, and few if any lines or spots; the apical part of wing
more narrow so that only two or three branches of radial
sector reach outer margin pumilis sp. nov.

5. Four or five branches of radial sector reach margin; usually
black or dark marks on face and vertex, and three stripes on
the basal joints of antennae, and three on pronotum.

fraterna Bks.

But two or three branches of radial sector reach outer margin.
Not so heavily marked, few marks on face or pronotum 6

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae ( Neuroptera )

53

6. Vertex at least in front rufous, no marks or few; cross-veins
of fore wings rather fine, face with few or no marks.

rufifrons sp. nov.

Vertex mostly pale, with reddish or darker lines; face below
antennae more or less plainly rufous, cross-veins of fore wing
noticeably heavy altilis sp. nov.

Eremochrysa punctinervis McLach.

Female. — Head with line below each eye extending towards
mouth; a row of three black spots (often connected) across clypeus;
below antennal sockets usually a transverse band (yellowish to
rufous) ; a black spot between the bases of the antennae, and ex-
tended behind on vertex as two slender divergent lines. Palpi partly
dark. Basal antennal joint usually with one nearly complete dark
line and one or two dark spots; second antennal joint with a dark
ring.

Pronotum with two broad brown or reddish brown spots on each
side, usually more or less connected, and sometimes with median
extensions ; usually a dark median line ; me so- and metanotum
usually with dark or black spots laterally.

Wings with both longitudinal and cross-veins dotted with black
(dark), sometimes some of the cross-veins are wholly dark, espe-
cially the costals ; the markings are more prominent on the fore
wings, and sometimes venation of hind wings is almost wholly pale.
The hairs on pronotum are short and black, on the abdomen often
longer but mostly, at least, black.

The males are usually less completely marked; at the tip of the
abdomen of the male there is a lower process, projecting more or
less conical, and provided with short hairs among which are some
reclinate stiff bristles, some almost spine-like.

The type is from Texas, but the species is widely distributed in
the western states, most common in the southern ones; eastward it
extends to Florida.

Eremochrysa fraterna Bks.

A long black streak on each cheek; three, usually elongate, dark
spots form a line across clypeus ; below antennal sockets sometimes
a transverse dark line, or often broken in middle; between the
antennae two dark (black) lines extend up and on the vertex and

54

Psyche

[June

diverge; often a dark line along inner edge of eyes. Palpi mostly
black, including last joint. Basal antennal joint with two stripes
nearly black, and very prominent, usually also a third shorter stripe ;
second joint with a black ring or more fully black; rest of antennae
pale for some distance, but toward tip often a stretch of nearly black
joints.

The pale legs nearly always have a dark spot on under side of the
femur near tip, most prominent on hind legs ; sometimes the tibiae
show a cross-band of brown near base. Hairs on pronotum mostly
black, and also most of those on the abdomen.

Fore wings with many of the cross-veins, and the gradates wholly
black, especially costals and radials; longitudinal veins often also
may be almost wholly dark, but in many cases they are dark at
connections and elsewhere more or less dotted. Radial area plainly
a little broader than costal area, marginal area plainly broader than
cubital area, six cubitals beyond the divisory cell, latter not much
narrowed at base, ending beyond the cross-vein above. About eight-
een to twenty costal cross-veins ; three or four subcostal cross-veins
at stigma, and each dark and bordered with yellowish brown; gra-
dates two to four inner; and about as many outer ones, well sep-
arated. Sometimes the cross-veins are not entirely black, especially
in teneral specimens.

At the tip of the abdomen of the male the lower projecting piece
is larger and less tapering than in punctinervis.

This species occurs over most of the western states, and often in
mountainous areas, but not as common as punctinervis.

Eremochrysa rufina sp. nov.

Face with a reddish fan-shaped mark under antennae, broad
below, ending on each side in three branches, other small reddish
spots on lower face, palpi marked with dark; vertex with a narrow
angulate line above antennae, another across the front margin of
the elevated area, also somewhat irregular marks each side on the
elevated area, and a reddish spot each side close to eye. Antennae
not marked on basal joint, second joint faintly rufous, about three
joints beyond are black, and four or five with a basal black ring.

Pronotum narrowed in front, each side broadly dark reddish;
rest of thorax and abdomen above dark reddish-brown, the abdomen
near tip with some white spots ; pleura and venter pale ; hairs white,
as also on pronotum; legs pale, unmarked. Wings with dull brown

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)

55

cross-veins and gradates, longitudinal veins pale, without dark dots ;
in hind wings the dark less distinct; stigma somewhat infuscate, but
the cross-veins not bordered. Tip of hind wing pointed, that of the
fore wing more broadly rounded; venation very similar to the other
species ; the costal area rather narrow near base ; three inner and
four outer gradates. Hairs on veins about as in allied species. The
divisory cell is shaped much as in Nodita, with a broad, oblique base.

The process at tip of abdomen is shorter than in the other species,
and projects only a little; it is densely long-haired and I see no
reclinate bristles, but there are raised conical processes tipped with
a stiff hair (best seen on lower edge). The elliptical pale lobe on
side of last segment is larger than in the other forms. Length of fore
wing, 10 mm.; width, 3 mm.

One male from Grand Canyon, Arizona, 24 July.

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28351.

Eremochrysa tibialis sp. nov.

Head, thorax, legs whitish; face with a reddish mark each side,
divided inwardly ; the upper, narrow part borders the antennal
socket, the lower and broader reaching nearly to middle of face;
clypeus with a dark median spot near lower edge, and a larger
black spot at upper corner of clypeus, and extending a bit onto
clypeus; cheek with a broad, dark brown (or rich brown) stripe,
reaching to upper edge of clypeus ; palpi dark, except tips of the
joints. The basal antennal joint has a short black line or spot
toward the inner tip; a black line on outer side and one above, and
the second antennal joint dark (rich brown). The vertex has a dark
spot each side on the raised area, with a short line extending for-
ward, and a long dark spot close to the posterior part of eye; the
collar (below the front of pronotum), has two dark brown marks on
outer side.

The pronotum has a dark margin (formed of dark lines), broken
near middle; there is a dark dot near the middle of front margin,
another at middle before the cross-groove, and two behind the
groove. The lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum have dark spots,
and one on each lateral corner of the mid-lobe of mesonotum. Legs
pale, all the tibiae have a dark dot near base, and a dark cross-line
about one-third way down; the hind femur has a small dark spot
near end.

The abdomen above is dull yellowish, with narrow dark hind

56

Psyche

[June

borders on the segments, broader on the fourth and fifth segments.
Pleura and venter dull, with a broad pale border to the fourth and
fifth segments ; the last two segments wholly pale. Apical process
of male straight and rather stout, but tapering, with reclinate
bristles, and some long, simple hairs. The tip of upper part has
long, slender hairs ; elsewhere the numerous hairs are extremely
minute and very short, shorter than in E. fraterna.

The venation is mostly pale, with numerous dots, a few of the
costals wholly dark; gradates partly dark, three inner, four outer.
The divisory cell, rather slender, ends on the cross-vein above. Fif-
teen costals ; eight radials ; gradates parallel, inner about as near to
radial sector as to outer series. In this male there is but one cross-
vein from the third cubital cell to margin, two from the fourth
cubital cell. Length of fore wing, male 8.5 mm.; female 9.5 to
10 mm.

A male from Florence Jet., Arizona, 18 April 1935 (F. H.
Parker) and many specimens from Watson, Utah, 22 July (F. M.
Carpenter), also Vidal, California, 9 April (Sperry).

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28358.

Eremochrysa altilis sp. nov.

Head pale, face below antennae to the clypeus almost entirely
reddish brown; a pale spot between antennal bases, and a smaller
one on middle of clypeal margin; three dark spots on clypeus, one
each side, and a median one, higher up. Below each eye is the
usual dark brown stripe on the cheek; palpi reddish-brown, tips of
joints, and basal joint pale; basal joint of antennae has a dark
stripe on outer side, and a much shorter one on inner side; second
joint not darkened. Rest of antennae whitish, but toward tip some
joints are partly dark.

Pronotum longer than broad, sides parallel, rather broadly dark,
mesonotum and metanotum with dark spots ; legs pale, hind femora
with a rather broad red-brown band a little before the tip.

Abdomen grey, somewhat marked with darker above; tip pale;
the lower piece of male is rather broad and tapering but little until
near the tip; it bears many reclinate bristles, and below near base
is a group of erect hairs, the upper tip of abdomen is thickly clothed
with long white hair, much shorter white hairs elsewhere.

Wings shaped as in E. fraterna, a broadly rounded tip, no acute
point; costal area quite narrow; thirteen costals, before stigma.

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae ( Neuroptera )

57

marginal area scarcely more narrow than the cubital, six radial
cross-veins, four outer gradates, these close to wing-tip; no inner
gradates. Cross-veins wholly dark brown, longitudinals pale, un-
marked except at joinings. Three stigmal cross-veins dark, but
scarcely bordered; hind wings also with the cross-veins dark, and
the longitudinal pale, except at joinings.

A female is similar, but the mark below antennae does not occupy
the whole area; pronotum as broad as long. Length fore wings,
male 6.5 mm. ; female 8 mm.

One male and several females from Stockton Pass, Pinaleno Mts.,
Graham Co., Arizona, 5440 ft. (Nutting and Werner).

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28357.

Eremochrysa rufifrons sp. nov.

Face whitish or pale yellowish, usually the three clypeal dark
spots and a slender cheek-mark; basal antennal joint with an outer
black stripe, and one on the inner side, none above, second joint
of antennae more or less darkened; palpi mostly black, with more
or less distinct pale bands; vertex more or less rufous in front,
shining. Legs pale, hind femur with a dark mark near tip.

Pronotum usually a little longer than broad and tapering slightly
in front; pale, dull yellowish, no marks on side nor band across, bpt
in front are two small dark spots, sometimes faint. Meso- and
metanotum and pleurae also pale yellowish, without marks. Ab-
domen also pale, unmarked. Hairs on pronotum dark, those on
abdomen mostly pale, but in females there are some black bristles
on the dorsum of some segments near tip of abdomen; in the male
the hair on abdomen is white and very short.

Fore wings with cross-veins wholly dark, some toward base are
often more broadly dark; the longitudinal veins are pale, except at
endings of the cross-veins, no dots. Stigma but little darkened, and
the three cross-veins not strongly marked. The wings are not
broadened before tip as much as in E. fraterna, there being but two
or three branches of radial sector to reach the outer border.

Twelve or thirteen costals, six or seven radials, two or three inner
gradates and three or four outer ones. The divisory cell is slender
and ends well beyond the cross-vein above, six cubital cross-veins
beyond. In the hind wing the median and cubitus are united for a
long distance near base; no inner gradates. Length of fore wing,
8 mm.

58

Psyche

[June

From Globe, Arizona, 9 August 1933 (Parker 34), also Globe,
Arizona, 19 July, at light (Werner and Nutting).

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28356.

In structure and color of veins, this species is close to E. fraterna,
but readily separated by the absence of markings on pronotum and
rest of thorax, and on the vertex, and absence of a stripe on the
upper side of basal antennal joint.

Eremochrysa pumilis sp. nov.

Face pale whitish or yellowish; usual black cheek-mark, clypeus
with a dark spot each side, a larger median spot, no marks on face.
Basal antennal joint with a black line on outer side, and one on inner
side; second joint dark above. Vertex pale, with two more or less
distinct dark spots on middle area, and a dark spot each side close to
eye.

Pronotum with distinct dark border each side; in front at middle
a short dark line, and behind usually some traces of its continuance ;
a black point each side near the middle on the transverse groove.
Meso- and metanotum show dark marks on the lateral portions
above, and also on sides. Legs pale, a small dark mark near tip of
hind femur; palpi banded with dark.

Abdomen pale; hairs mostly pale, black and longer on the seg-
ments near tip, in male almost all very short and white. The wings
are moderately slender; the costals (about fifteen), the radials
(eight or nine), and gradates are dotted, all are fine, not bordered,
a few cross-veins toward base wholly dark. Usually four in each
row of gradates; but two or three branches of radial sector reach
the outer margin. The stigmal area is colored, and the subcostal
cross-veins darkened.

The lower process of the tip of abdomen of the male is rather
large for the small insects, and rather blunt at tip with fine
apical hairs, and before with recurved bristles. Length of fore
wing, male 8 mm.

Type and two others from Garland, Colorado, July (Yarrow),
other from Eureka, Utah, 17 July (Spalding) ; Chisos Mts., Texas,
9 to 12 July (Nutting and Werner).

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28355.

1950]

59

Banks — Western Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)

Lolochrysa subgen. n.

A species (male) I described in 1903 as Eremochrysa hageni from
Texas was, I noted, different from the other forms. I now see that
the male has the lower process at the tip of abdomen long, slender,
upcurved, and at tip has only short fine hairs, none of the short,
reclinate bristles of the normal Eremochrysa . The hairs on pro-
notum are longer and white and that on the abdomen is also long
and chiefly white. The raised area on the vertex occupies almost
the whole vertex. There is none of the dotting of the veins, these
being dark only at connections ; the tip of the wings is very broadly
rounded. In the female there is no median spot on the clypeus.

For E. hageni and related forms I propose a new subgenus —
Lolochrysa , with E. hageni as type.

Table of Species of Lolochrysa

1. Antennae without marks on first and second joints; no face
marks, except a black dot between antennae, and faintly on

sides of clypeus; palpi pale, unmarked calif ornica Bks.

Antennae have the basal joints with lines on side or broad
upper surface brown or darker, palpi mostly black (except

pima ) 2

2. Upper surface of basal joint almost wholly brown 4

Upper surface of basal joint largely pale, but a black line. ...3

3. Pronotum mostly white, a deep black spot (quite large) in
middle of front margin, another at each hind corner; palpi

mostly black spilota sp. nov.

Pronotum brown, with a black line across, connecting three
small black spots ; palpi mostly pale pima sp. nov.

4. Costal cross-vein almost wholly pale, dark only at sub-costal

end; costa also very pale, unmarked; fourth and fifth seg-
ments above pale, with dark preapical band...... hageni Bks.

Costal cross-veins wholly dark, and costa also somewhat
darkened 5

5. Upper edge of the abdominal process bordered with black,
many cross-veins bordered ; but three branches of radial
sector reach the outer border of wing; hair on abdomen white
and rather short, pronotum narrowed in front. .yosemite sp. nov.
No dark border to process; cross-veins not bordered, fine;

60

Psyche

[June

four branches of radial sector reach outer border; hair on
abdomen white, and plainly longer; pronotum not narrowed
in front canadensis Bks.

Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) hageni Bks.

The type is a female from Austin, Texas; another female from the
same locality agrees with it, as below.

Face white, a black spot on each outer side of clypeus; cheeks
with a very broad black stripe, tip joining the clypeal black spot;
palpi plainly black; a black spot between antennae, extending a
little below on face, and above antennae spreads widely on the
front of the elevated part of the vertex, and fades gradually behind;
basal antennal joint has a broad brown mark covering the upper side
of the joint; second joint with a dark ring at tip; beyond, the
antennae are pale.

Pronotum with three dark spots on each side-margin, one in mid-
dle of front margin, and another opposite the second spot of the
side, the two in middle may be united by a dark line. Lateral lobes
of meso- and metanotum darker. Legs very slender and very pale.
Hair on pronotum mostly white.

The abdomen is mostly pale, many clear white spots, the second
and third segment dark above, and also the sixth and seventh.
Venter wholly pale, with white hair.

Wings with broad, rounded tips as in allied species; venation as
other species of this subgenus.

The costal area not nearly as broad as the radial, and the mar-
ginal very much broader than cubital area; two inner and four outer
gradates ; at the stigma the subcostal area is more than twice as
broad as the costal area, and with three cross-veins not margined;
fifteen costals before stigma, eight radials. The longitudinal veins
are pale, dark only where touched by a cross-vein; the cross-veins
are mostly dark, but the costals are almost entirely pale, only a
few dark at the subcostal end; the costal vein is also pale. Length
of fore wing 9 to 9.5 mm.

The types are from Texas; I have another from Austin, Tex.;
two from Eureka, Utah, 26 July (Tom Spalding) ; one from St.
Augustine, New Mexico (Cockerell 2102) ; and one from Globe,
Arizona, 14 April (Parker). The head and antennae are much like
eastern specimens of E. canadensis, but the markings of pronotum,

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)

61

and abdomen, and the entirely dark costal cross-veins readily sep-
arate them.

Eremochrysa (Lolochrysa) spilota sp. nov.

Pale yellowish to greenish white, almost white on thorax; a short
black streak below each eye, a black spot on each lateral corner of
clypeus (no middle spot), face below antennae unmarked; basal
antennal joint with three black stripes; one on outer side, one on
upper side, and one (often short) on inner edge; sometimes a pair
of rufous streaks on raised area of vertex, and a prominent black
spot each side near eye. Palpi mostly black. Pronotum white, with
a large diamond-shaped spot on middle near front margin, toward
anterior corner a small black spot, in the transverse groove near
middle are two black dots, a fairly large black spot on hind margin
each side; seen from side a black spot in front and another near
middle of the edge. Mesonotum with a prominent black spot near
base of wing, the cavity each side behind is black. Metanotum with
a small black spot on each lateral lobe.

Legs very pale whitish, the tibia in front with a black dot near
base, and lower, but before middle, is a narrow black line across.
Abdomen a dull yellowish grey, no dark marks. Hair on pronotum
and abdomen white, and rather longer than usual.

Wings clear; the veins marked with dark, outer end of costals
dark, two subcostals in stigma broadly dark. The cross-veins and
gradates rarely wholly dark, most cubitals and marginals only
dotted; longitudinal veins unmarked except a dot at junction of a
cross-vein. The fore wings are proportionally broader on outer part
than in punctinervis. The divisory cell slender, ends at or near the
cross-vein above; six cubitals beyond. Seventeen costals before
stigma, eight or nine radials ; three inner and four outer gradates.
Costal area near base broader than in other species, almost or quite
as broad as radial area ; marginal area much broader than the cubital ;
tip of fore wings very broadly rounded. Length of fore wing.
9.5 mm. to 9.8 mm.

The four specimens are from Ft. Yuma, California, 6 to 13 June
1948 (Andahl coll.) from G. H. and J. L. Sperry; another from
Brawley, 8 April, California (A. L. Melander), all are females.

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28352.

Eremochrysa (Lolochrysa) pima sp. nov.

Face pale; a black streak on cheek from eye toward mouth;

62

Psyche

[June

clypeus with a black dot on each side, a deep black mark between
antennae, below somewhat swollen, above spreading each side and
connected to the broad, parallel marks on the raised area of the
vertex; palpi mostly pale, basal antennal joint with a black spot
on inner side above, and below an oblique mark more on upper side,
no mark on outer side; second joint with a black ring, beyond, the
antennae are more or less brown.

Pronotum grey, or with a little brown, with a narrow transverse
black mark slightly behind middle, and with a short, blunt extension
before tip in front and also one behind; the hairs short and at least
mostly white, the lateral margins are narrowly black, and some
black on front margin; the pronotum is almost twice as broad as
long. Mesonotum grayish brown, a large black spot on the front
of each lateral lobe, and extending onto the sides of the middle area.
Legs pale, some black on coxae.

Abdomen beneath pale, with much white hair, above much mottled,
a long black area before the tip, next to last segment above (in
male) pale, with a narrow median black line.

Wings hyaline; cross-veins and gradates mostly black or very
dark, cubitals sometimes pale in middle, some veins toward base
may be slightly bordered with dark. The costals are usually pale
on outer part. Divisory cell slender, ends beyond cross-vein above,
six cubitals beyond, two to four inner gradates, three or four outer
gradates. Twenty costals before stigma, eight or nine radials.
Costal area at broadest much narrower than the radial area, latter
about equal to cubital, the marginal area only toward base broader
than cubital area. Fore wing not so broadly rounded at tip as spilota.
Length of fore wing, 9.5 mm.

One from S. Fork Camp, White Mts., Arizona, 22 June 1947,
G. H. and J. L. Sperry. The other from Santa Fe, New Mexico,
Cockerell 4305.

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28354.

Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) calif ornica Bks.

Head yellowish; vertex somewhat reddish each side; no face marks,
but the usual dark streak on cheek, and a dot between bases of
antennae ; a faint dark mark on extreme side of the clypeus ; palpi
pale, unmarked; basal antennal joint small, short, and rounded,
unmarked, nor on second joint, the joints beyond are pale for about
one-third way out, then becoming darker. The vertex with a short
black spot each side, close to the eye.

1950]

Banks — Western Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)

63

Pronotum short and broad, roundedly narrowed in front; three
small dark marks on front part, not plainly marked on sides. Rest
of thorax not very plainly marked, pale above. Legs pale, unmarked,
tarsi a little darker.

Abdomen pale brownish above, last two segments pale, the two
before them plainly brown above.

Wings long and slender; fore wings with cross-veins, costals, and
gradates brown, the veins dark only at joining; divisory vein dark
and ending at or just beyond the cross-vein above. Costal area
slender; some cells toward base are twice as long as broad; twelve
or thirteen costals, six radials, and six cubitals, beyond the divisory
cell. Between end of medius and end of radial sector but two
branches reach outer margin. One or two inner and one to four outer
gradates, rather far apart. In hind wing the veins are paler, but
none dotted. Length of fore wing, 8 to 9 mm.

Described from Santa Clara Co., California; I have seen but one
other specimen, it is from Globe, Arizona, II April 1935 (Parker).

Eremochrysa (Lolochrysa) vosemite sp. nov.

Face white; a broad black cheek-mark reaching to the side of
clypeus ; a black dot between bases of antennae; basal antennal joint
dark brown on whole of upper side; second joint black. Elevated
area of vertex a broad dark stripe on each side, connected in front,
and a dark spot each side in the lateral groove, close to eye. Pro-
notum plainly narrowed in front, a little longer than broad behind;
two dark spots near front margin, with a streak reaching back, a
spot in middle of each side margin, a spot near each side connecting
through the middle spot; another larger dark spot covering each
hind corner. Thorax pale but with large dark spots on the lateral
lobes ; and on the sides, of the anterior lobe, and on its hind border.

Abdomen above black ; a broad white mark on first segment
above, a smaller one on second ; fourth and fifth white above, with
dark spots at each end, and traces of a median line ; sixth and
seventh black ; eighth mostly black but with a pale spot over most
of apical part; ninth pale. The hairs mostly white and rather short.
Legs pale, the hind femur with a dark mark above near middle of
length.

Wings with all cross-veins wholly dark, those on disc of fore wings
plainly bordered, and a dark spot covering the origin of the radial
sector. But three branches of radial sector reaching hind border;

64

Psyche

[June

also in the hind wing, and two much curved toward base to do it.
Divisory cell ends just beyond the cross-vein above; about fifteen
costals, and seven radials; two inner gradates and four outer ones,
the latter fairly close to outer margin; the three stigmal cross-veins
hardly bordered. Length of fore wing, 9 mm.

A male from Yosemite, California, 12 June 1931, Essig. In wing
appearance it is much like Eremochrysa altilis.

Type: M. C. Z. no. 28353.

Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) canadensis Bks.

Face white to slightly yellowish, no marks; clypeus with a small
dark mark on each side margin ; the usual black cheek mark, broader
than usual; palpi mostly black; a black spot between bases of an-
tennae, connected to the double black mark on the front of the raised
part of the vertex, sometimes with two streaks tapering behind.
Basal joint of antennae with a large brown spot covering the upper
side (as in E. hageni), no other mark; the second joint is black both
in front and behind.

Pronotum is much broader than long, sides parallel, generally pale
brownish, two black spots in front part, and a more or less definite
row of spots across near the groove, rear corners usually black.
Lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum with brown spots, legs very
pale, unmarked.

Abdomen gray to yellowish below; above the first two or three
segments black, then three segments mostly white, with a median
black line, sometimes broadened behind, next segment black above,
then the last two more or less pale, and with much long, pale hair.

Explanation of Plate 3

Fig. 1. Eremochrysa rufina, face. Fig. 2. Eremochrysa fraterna, tip of
male abdomen. Fig. 3. Meleoma delicata, basal part of antennae, and
interantennal process. Fig. 4. Meleoma cavifrons , face and interantennal
process. Fig. 5. Eremochrysa punctinervis, tip of female abdomen. Fig.
6. Eremochrysa altilis, tip of male abdomen. Fig. 7. Eremochrysa punc-
tinervis, tip of male abdomen. Fig. 8. Meleoma delicata, side of antennae,
and lower piece of process. Fig. 9. Chrysopa yuma, tip of male abdomen.
Fig. 10. Meleoma delicata , tip of male abdomen. Fig. 11. Eremochrysa
rufifrons, tip of male abdomen. Fig. 12. Eremochrysa rufina, tip of male
abdomen, and lower edge more enlarged, Fig. 13. Meleoma cavifrons,
basal part of antenna. Fig. 14. Eremochrysa pumilis, tip of male ab-
domen. Fig. 15. Lolochrysa canadensis, abdomen of male from side.
Fig. 16. Lolochrysa hageni, abdomen of male from side. Fig. 17. Lolo-
chrysa yosemite, abdomen of male from side.

Psyche, 1950

Vol. 57, Plate 3

Banks — Limnephilidae

66

Psyche

[June

The lower edge of all the dorsal segments has a jet black stripe,
which continues in a curve on the last segment; over all the seg-
ments are scattered snow-white hairs. The apical process of the
male is very long and quite slender, extending more than usual
beyond the tip of abdomen.

The wings are not very broad; usually but three branches of the
radial sector reach the outer margin. Costal area near base is mod-
erately broad ; the costals, cross-veins, and gradates wholly brown, a
cloud covers the base of radial sector ; longitudinal veins pale, except
at joinings, thirteen costals, seven or eight radials, and six cubitals
beyond the divisory cell; the divisory vein ends a little beyond the
cross-vein above; there are three to five inner gradates, about four
outer ones. The inner series is nearly parallel to the radial sector,
the first being about as near to the sector as the last; the three or
four outer gradates are very short, and not far from the outer
margin. The hind marginal area is broad so that the first few mar-
ginal cells are much more than twice as high as broad. Length of
fore wing, 10 mm.

The type is from Go Home Bay, Lake Huron, Canada, 12 July;
others are from Provincetown, Mass., July 1877 (Sanborn), Prince-
ton, Mass., 16 Aug. (Johnson), Durham, N.H. (Fiske) and Mt.
Desert, Me. (Proctor).

Explanation of Plate 4

Pig. 18. Costal area of fore wing of Chrysopa clarivena (top) and Chry-
sopa azteca (below) . Pig. 19. Meleoma comata, basal part of antenna.
Fig. 20. Chrysopa pinalena, face. Fig. 21. Eremochrysa altilis, face. Fig.
22. Meleoma comata, face from side, obliquely. Fig. 23. Eremochrysa
pumilis, tip of male abdomen. Fig. 24. Lolochrysa spilota, pronotum and
mesonotum. Fig. 25. Lolochrysa pima, vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum.
Fig. 26. Meleoma cavifrons, face from side. Fig. 27. Lolochrysa cana-
densis, tip of male abdomen. Fig. 28. Lolochrysa pima, tip of male ab-
domen. Fig. 29. Eremochrysa tibialis, face. Fig. 30. Lolochrysa spilota,
tip of female abdomen. Fig. 31. Lolochrysa californica, tip of male ab-
domen (type). Fig. 32. Meleoma delicata, interantennal process.

Psyche, 1950

Vol. 57, Plate 4

^iTTTT7

Banks — Limnephilidae

TWO NEW PAUSSID BEETLES FROM THE PANAMA
CANAL ZONE AND THE PHILIPPINES1

By P. J. Darlington, Jr.

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

The following two new species of paussid beetles are described
here for reference in other connections.

HomoptePus (s. s.) subcordatus n. sp.

Fig. 1

Form average in genus; castaneous, moderately shining; most
of head, pronotum, and elytra rather closely punctate with punctures
of moderate size, but not obviously pubescent (some of the punc-
tures have very short hairs which scarcely rise above the level of
the body surface). Head across eyes (not including post-ocular
tubercles) about 5/6 as wide as prothorax; post-ocular tubercles
prominent; occiput only vaguely swollen; front concave, with a pair
of deeper impressions within the concavity; antennae as figured,
the flattened segments irregularly granulate above, more closely so
on the anterior sides of the transverse segments and around the
apical segment, the granules bearing short, inconspicuous hairs ;
mouth-parts normal for genus. Prothorax as figured, wide, with
sides sinuate before base ; disk convex, slightly swollen on each side,
rather deeply longitudinally impressed at middle ; disk also vaguely
impressed or flattened across base and apex; lateral margins un-
usually broad, running into moderate baso-lateral impressions.
Elytra rather elongate (in genus), about % wider than prothorax,
subparallel, with outer sides very weakly arcuate. Femora and
tibiae only moderately wide in genus. Pygidium closely punctate;
preceding dorsal abdominal segment more finely and less closely so.
Male copulatory organs as figured. Length to apex of elytra, about
8 mm. ; width , about 3 mm. or slightly more (both specimens too
warped for accurate measurement of width).

Holotype $ in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 28,369)
from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, 5-6-37, col-

iPublished with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

68

1950]

Darlington — Paussid Beetles

69

lected and very kindly presented by Prof. S. W. Frost. One S
paratype in the United States National Museum (No. 59,425) from
the same locality, June 1940, collected by James Zetek (original
No. Z-4669).

Fig. 1. Homopterus subcordatus n. sp. (Holotype $ ) : prothorax, head,
and right antenna; left hind tibia with retractile tarsus indicated; and
male copulatory organs from left.

Fig. 2. Paussus occlusus n. sp. (Holotype $ ) : whole insect; left antenna
from above and (flagellum only) from behind; and male copulatory
organs from left.

The subcordate prothorax, prominent post-ocular tubercles, un-
usually wide lateral prothoracic margins, triangular rather than
rounded tibiae, absence of distinct pubescence on upper surface of
body, and antennal form are characters which, combined, distinguish

70

Psyche

[June

this new species from all previously known Homopterus. The an-
tennae are intermediate in form within the genus, with the posterior
edges of the flagellar segments not so straight as in kriegi Reich-
ensp., holivianus Kolbe, or hrasiliensis Westw., but not so deeply
emarginate as in steinhachi Kolbe etc, (cf. Reichensperger 1938,
Figs. 1-8). As compared with H. hondurensis Dari., which is of
about the same size and general appearance and which also occurs
on Barro Colorado Island (five specimens from various sources in
M. C. Z. and U. S. N. M.), the present new species has a more
cordate prothorax, slightly different antennae, and more prominent
post-ocular tubercles, and the new species lacks the light but dis-
tinct pubescence of hondurensis.

I suspect, incidentally, that my Homopterus hondurensis (1937)
and H. kriegi Reichensperger (1938) are the same, but a comparison
of specimens will be necessary to establish the synonymy.

Paussus occlusus n. sp.

Fig. 2

Form as figured, convex; color light brown, redder anteriorly,
with the following parts black or piceous : anterior and supra-ocular
callosities of head, lateral and apical marks of elytra, lower sur-
faces of head and prothorax and (in part) mesothorax, and main
portions of appendages ; surface of body above (including elytra)
and below dull, microscopically wrinkled; pubescence above of
rather sparse, short, slightly curved, slightly thickened, yellowish
hairs (this type of pubescence lacking in depressions of back of
head and of pronotum, and rubbed off inner portions of disk of
elytra) ; pubescence below of more inconspicuous, minute, pale hairs.
Head: front with 2 longitudinal, parallel ridges anteriorly, curving
in and nearly meeting above bases of antennae, and with 4 tubercles,
1 median, 1 occipital, and 1 above and behind each eye, each supra-
ocular tubercle with a semicircular impression concave inwardly;
antennae as figured, flagellum sub-cylindrical, with fine raised
margin along anterior edge, and with the vestige of a longitudinal
sulcus posteriorly under a slight ridge which shows traces of seg-
mentation although the bottom of the sulcus does not; surface of
both basal and flagellar parts of antennae closely, coarsely punctate,
each puncture with a short, slightly thickened, pale hair ; labial and
especially maxillary palpi broad, moderately flattened, more finely
sculptured and pubescent than antennae. Prothorax deeply, trans-

1950]

Darlington — Paussid Beetles

71

versely divided, with large trichomes in the cleft on each side, and
pronotum also with a less sharply defined longitudinal depression,
widest basally but deepest toward the middle. Elytra and pygidium
without dense trichome-fringes or special marginal hairs; pygidial
margin indistinct. Legs not flattened. Male copulatory organs as
figured. Length (to apex of elytra), just over 7 mm.

Holotype $ in the United States National Museum (No. 59,426)
from Biliran Island [north of Leyte], Philippine Islands, C. F.
Baker Collection; unique.

This new Paussus goes in a group to which belong also P. cat-
oxanthus Gestro, tagalicus Gestro, and kolbei Reichensperger. The
group in the strictest sense may be confined to the Philippines, but
it is probably related to Paussus waterhousei Westwood and some
other Oriental-Malayan forms. The new species is probably closest
to tagalicus (Gestro 1918), which it resembles in coloration and
most other details, but the new species is distinguished from tagalicus
by much more strongly tuberculate head and much narrower pos-
terior sulcus of the antennal flagellum.

References

Darlington, P. J., Jr.

1937. A new paussid bettle from Central America. Psyche 44, 56-7.
Gestro, R.

1918. Sui Paussidi delle Isole Filippine. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova 48, 5-8.
Reichensperger, A.

1938. Sudamerikanische Paussiden (Col.) und einige Vorbemerkungen.

Rev. de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro) 8, 68-79.

A NEW SPECIES OF LIMNEPHILIDAE FROM MAINE
(TRICHOPTERA)

By Nathan Banks
Holliston, Mass.

Hydatophylax victor sp. nov.

In general appearance similar to Allegophylax subfasciatus. Body,
legs, antennae, palpi mostly pale yellowish; fore wings with a large
brown or yellowish brown area, mostly over the posterior part of
wing, sometimes covering the basal two-thirds of the front part
also. The apical third of the discal cell and of the cell behind it
remains clear whitish hyaline; this is usually connected to a sim-
ilar spot in the apical part of the thyridial cell. These clear areas
are constant, although the amount of dark above, before, and behind
them varies.

There is a curved brown mark, somewhat before outer half of
apical area, over the second and third apical cells. Sometimes the
area beyond it is also darkened a little ; the tips of the outer veins
are also dark.

The surface of the fore wing is closely roughened as in Allego-
phylax. The venation of fore wing is similar to that of Allego-
phylax, except that the discal cell reaches almost as far back as the
thyridial cell. In the hind wing the discal cell is also very slender
and reaches much further basally than in Allegophylax. In the
anal cells of the fore wing, the separation from Allegophylax is
very distinct; the third anal cell being extremely long and slender.

The head is scarcely as broad as in Allegophylax, but the vertex
and ocelli about the same. The pronotum is extremely short, as in
Allegophylax, each side with tubercles and stout bristles.

The legs are also similar to Allegophylax, the front and middle
tibiae spined to base, and on outer side a few spines near base. The
hind legs are long; the tibiae spined a little before middle; the last
joint of hind tarsus has one or two spines below.

The male genitalia has a pair of slender processes from the lower
base, with more slender tips, these (seen from side) reach above the
top of the last dorsal segment; from the side one sees a short median
projection.

Length of fore wing: 14 to 16 mm.

72

1950]

Banks — Limnephilidae (Trichoptera )

73

Types numbered 28499 in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Several specimens taken at light at Round Mt., Maine, by the
Maine Forest Service, 15, 16, 17 July.

Figure 1. Hydatophylax victor, sp. nov. A, fore wing; B, posterior view,
and C, lateral view, of end of abdomen of male.

74 Psyche [June

LARGE RAPTORIAL BIRDS AS ENEMIES OF CICADAS

By Charles T. Brues
Harvard University

Cicadas form an important source of food for many carnivorous
birds. There are abundant published records which attest the fond-
ness of a great variety of birds for these large Homoptera which
constitute a notable part of the insect fauna over many extensive
areas throughout the world.

By reason of its periodical appearance in immense swarms, the
North American Magicicada septendecim is naturally eaten in large
numbers by a great variety of insectivorous birds on the rare oc-
casions that it appears. Extensive records collated by Marlatt,
Myers and McAttee1 show that this cicada, as well as many others,
frequently forms a part of the avian diet.

It is usually the smaller and less powerful species of birds which
prey on cicadas, but often some of the larger raptorial Falconidae
do not disdain to capture and eat them with apparent relish. An
early account of kites feeding on cicadas in the American tropics
is contained in Belt’s “Naturalist in Nicaragua” published in 1874
(p. 230), where he found on dissection that their crops were filled
with these insects. Later, in India, Distant, and also Bingham
noted similar birds preying on cicadas and Myers ( loc . cit .) quotes
Australian records of similar occurrences.

During our recent stay in the Philippines we had the opportunity
to observe the frequent capture of a very large cicada ( Cryptotym-
pana acuta Sign.) that was common during the summer months
(May and June) in the wooded foot-hills above Dumaguete on
Negros Island. I am indebted to my friend, Dr. Z. P. Metcalf for
the specific determination. The cicadas could be seen frequently
resting in numbers among the smaller branches of trees, and at
frequent intervals one or several soaring kites would appear, circle
among the high trees and pick off the immobile insects.2 At this
season the shrill din of the singing insects was very pronounced and

2Marlatt, C. L. The Periodical Cicada. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., n. s.
No. 14 (1878). Myers, J. G. Insect Singers. G. Rutledge & Sons, London
(1929). McAttee, W. L. Effectiveness in Nature of the So-called Adapta-
tions of animals Chiefly as Illustrated by the Food Habits of Nearctic
Birds. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol 85, No. 7 (1932).

2The identification of the birds is not positive, but they were, without
much question, the common honey buzzard ( Pernis ptilorhynchus) .

1950]

Brues — Enemies of Cicadas

75

the capture of one or two specimens was accomplished so adroitly
that there was no interruption in the rhythm of the chorus. Oc-
casionally a cicada would let out a piercing shriek as the bird’s beak
closed upon it, and instantly the whole assemblage lapsed into silence
for a time while the kites drifted away. When picked up in the
fingers the cicadas behave similarly with a sudden vocal outburst
of unbelievable vigor, or if one is captured by a large mantis its
prolonged swan-song assumes deafening proportions. Neither the
mantises nor larger birds give any indication that they notice such
outbursts, although they must have some protective value against
smaller birds. In my own experience, the cicadas of more temperate
regions do not respond so loudly to rough handling, particularly the
periodical cicada which is very docile in this respect.

Although the actual capture of the cicadas by kites must depend
upon sight, the preliminary approach of the birds to the trees is
probably influenced by the shrill and incessant singing of the in-
sects since the birds lose interest during temporary lulls in the
chorus.

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 57 September, 1950 No. 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Water-mite Parasitic in Fresh-water Clams. A. G, Humes and

H. A. Jamnback 77

Notes on the Habits and Habitat of Geotrupes chalybaeus LeConte

in Florida (Coleoptera) . F. N. Young ...... 88

Chalepus bicolor Oliv. (Coleoptera) . C. A. Frost 92

Polyhomoa Azuma, a Synonym of Kyidris Brown (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae) . W. S. Creighton 93

Massachusetts Records of Cyphoderus assimilis Borner (Collembola) .

K. A. Christiansen 94

Some New Nearctic Collembola. D. L. Wray 95

Ant Larvae of the Subfamily Cerapachyinae. G. C. Wheeler . . 102

The Northernmost Extension of Bird Hippoboscidae in the New

World (Diptera) . J. Bequaert 113

Vespid Wasps ( Eumenes curvata ) Attracted to Smoke. C. T. Brues . 114

The Alessandro Focarile Collection of Carabidae (Coleoptera) .

A. Focarile . 116

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

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PSYCHE

Vol. 57 September, 1950 No. 3

NAJADICOLA INGENS (KOENIKE),

A WATER-MITE PARASITIC IN FRESH-WATER CLAMS
Arthur G. Humes and Hugo A. Jamnback
Department of Biology, Boston University

The distribution of Najadicola ingens (Koenike 1895) Piersig
1897, a hydrachnid parasite of fresh-water clams in North America,
is known only from a few scattered records. Relatively few speci-
mens have been reported up to the present. Koenike (1895) de-
scribed the species from specimens found in Anodonta fragilis
Lamarck and Unio complanata (Solander)1 and sent to him by Dr.
Tyrrell of Ottawa. The collection locality was given only as Canada.
Wolcott (1899) collected this mite from Anodonta fragilis at “26”
Lake, near Charlevoix, Michigan, and Intermediate Lake, Ellsworth,
Michigan, from Unio gibbosus Barnes, U. ligamentinus Lamarck,
and Anodonta footiana Lea at Grand Rapids, Michigan, and from
U . luteolus Lamarck at Long Lake, Kalamazoo, Michigan. He ex-
amined 3500 clams representing 60 species from Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, Nebraska, New York, Illinois, Iowa, and Pennsylvania, but
found not more than 16 specimens, all from the Michigan localities
just mentioned. Wolcott (1918) stated that the species is generally
distributed, but did not give additional distribution records. Marshall
(1929) reported 16 adults and a few nymphs in two specimens of
Anodonta in a small lake on Bruce peninsula, near Georgian Bay,
Ontario. Kelly (1899) examined 1614 clams representing 44 species
from Illinois, Iowa, and Pennsylvania, but reported no N. ingens,
although he found several species of Ataoc (now Unionicola ). In
view of the abundance indicated below of N. ingens in New Eng-

lrrhe name Unio is now properly applied to certain European clams, the
North American species formerly included having been placed in other
genera.

77

78

Psyche

[September

land, the apparent scarcity in other parts of the United States and
Canada would seem to be only because of the inattention of in-
vestigators to this species and lack of collections.

During the five months from June 14 to November 19, 1949, 8077
fresh-water clams from 74 localities in New England, Quebec, and
New Brunswick, representing 14 species, were examined for N.
ingens. The mite was found in 48 or 58% of the localities. Al-
together 906 specimens of N. ingens were collected, comprising 494
males and 412 females. Specimens of the clam hosts, together with
about 50 mites of both sexes and from each of the three hosts re-
ported below, have been deposited in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University. The assistance of Mr. William J.
Clench of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in identifying the
clams is gratefully acknowledged.

Mites were collected from clams in the following localities which
are indicated on the accompanying map (Fig. 1) :

Massachusetts: (1) Sampson Pond, South Carver; (2)Monponsett
Pond, Halifax; (3)Unionville Pond, Holden; (4)Carbuncle
Pond, Oxford; (5)Lake Chaubunagungamaug, Webster; (6)
Wiekaboag Pond, West Brookfield; (7) Sandy Pond, Ayer; (8)
Ward Pond, Ashby; (9)Nabnassett Pond, Tyngsboro; (10)
Mashpee Pond, Mashpee; (1 l)Buckmaster Pond, Westwood;
(12) Lake Winneconnet, Taunton; (13)Quarter Mile Pond,
Medford; (14) Forge Pond, Westford; (15) Bare Hill Pond,
Harvard; (16) Warner’s Pond, Concord; (17) Heart Pond,
South Chelmsford; (18) Lake Cochichewick, North Andover;
(19) Winter Pond, Winchester; (20) Lake Attitash, Amesbury;
(21)Fort Pond, Lancaster; (22)Hoosicwhisick Pond, Milton;
(23)Hemenwav Pond, Milton.

Rhode Island: (24) Worden’s Pond, South Kingston.

Vermont: (25) Island Pond, Brighton; (26)Bomoseen Lake, Castle-
ton; (27)Lake Champlain at Sandbar State Forest Park, Mil-
ton.

New Hampshire: (28) Crystal Lake, Eaton Center; (29) Province
Lake, Effingham; (30) Wash Pond, Hampstead; (31) Island
Pond, Hampstead; (32) Great Pond, Kingston; (33) Angle
Pond, East Hampstead; (34) Country Pond, Newton.

Maine: (35) Long Pond, at Long Pond; (36)Madawaska Lake,
Stockholm; (37)stream at Ouelette ; (38)Eagle Lake; (39)

1950]

Humes and J amnback — Parasitic Water-mite

79

Fig. 1. Localities in New England, Quebec, and New Brunswick where
Najadicola ingens was collected.

80

Psyche

[September

Park’s Pond, Clifton; (40) Unity Pond, Unity; (41) China
Lake, China.

Quebec: (42)Massawippi Lake, at Ayer’s Cliff.

New Brunswick: (43) Cranberry Lake, Harvey Station.

Of the 14 species of clam hosts 3 were parasitized by N. ingens
and 11 were negative. The 3 positive species were Elliptio complan-
atus (Solander) (2054 specimens of which 231 or 11.2% were
positive), Anodonta cataracta Say (625 specimens of which 242 or
38.7% were positive), and Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin) (152 speci-
mens of which 18 or 11.8% were positive). The negative species
included 17 Ligumia nasuta (Say), 3 Lampsilis cariosa (Say), 3
Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes), 19 Lampsilis ochracea (Say), 79
Anodonta implicata Say, 59 Anodonta marginata Say, 38 Alasmi-
donta undulata (Say), 1 Alasmidonta heterodon (Lea), 25 Strophi-
tus rugosus Swainson, 1 Leptodea fragilis Rafinesque, and 1 Prop-
tera alata Say.

The highest degree of parasitism in any single locality was 87.3%
for Anodonta cataracta at Wash Pond, N.H., and 57% for Elliptio
complanatus at Crystal Lake, N.H.

Judging from the relative number of individual clams parasitized,
the preferred host seems to be Anodonta cataracta , with 1 out of
every 3 clams containing mites. Elliptio complanatus appears to
be next in preference, with 1 out of every 9 parasitized. Lampsilis
radiata seems least preferred of the three hosts. The high figure of
11.8% is misleading, since it is based upon parasitized clams from
only two localities. One, Massawippi Lake, Quebec, produced 18
clams of which 16 were parasitized; the other, Lake Champlain at
Sandbar State Forest Park, Vt., comprised 23 L. radiata of which
only 2 contained mites. The remaining 134 L. radiata were negative.

The samples of clams from the various localities were not of equal
size. At several localities only a few clams were collected. Table I
shows the number of clams of each of the 3 host species examined
in the 43 localities. The numbers in parentheses indicate the number
of individuals which were parasitized by N. ingens. The average
number of clams examined of all 14 species in the 43 positive local-
ities was 51 (1-253) and in the 31 negative localities 28 (3-134).
Only 2 of the negative localities comprised more than 100 clams.
Excluding these the average number of clams examined in 29 neg-
ative localities becomes 21 (3-80). These data indicate the possibil-

1950]

Humes and J amnback — Parasitic Water- mite

81

locality

number

Anodonta

cataracta

Elliptic)

complanatus

Lampsilis

radiata

locality

number

Anodonta

cataracta

Elliptio

complanatus

Lampsilis

radiata

1

16(1)

3

23

75(27)

7

1

2

4

16(1)

24

64(6)

1

3

2(2)

4

25

6(6)

16

4

1(1)

26

10(2)

4

4

5

8

113(12)

27

18(2)

23(1)

6

29(9)

28

9

63(36)

7

54(7)

29

25(12)

8

15(2)

30

142(124)

9

25(1)

208(43)

20

31

23(21)

22(2)

10

2

16(1)

3

32

4(1)

12(3)

11

8(5)

32

33

2(1)

6

12

77(8)

19

34

2

5(2)

13

4(4)

35

13

12(1)

14

2

80(3)

1

36

12(3)

11

15

2(2)

18

37

3(1)

9

16

185(7)

1

38

11(1)

11

17

26(2)

5

2

39

22

10(1)

18

2(2)

40

17

17(1)

12

19

1(1)

41

34(2)

1

20

19

57(19)

8

42

11

22

18(16)

21

11(8)

193(49)

43

4(4)

12

2

22

46(6)

1

Table I. The total number of clams examined and number with N.
ingens for each of the three host species in the 43 positive localities.

[September

82 Psyche

ity that mites in certain localities may have been overlooked because
of the small sampling.

Commonly 1 male and 1 female mite were found in each par-
asitized A. cataract a and E. complanatus. Single males and single
females were frequently found in these clams, but very rarely two
of the same sex. This was not the case in L. radiata, where at least
two of each sex were present, one clam having 4 males and 8 females.
The average number of mites per clam was 1.7 in E. complanatus
and 1.8 in A. cataracta.

The smaller and presumably younger individuals of E. complan-
atus and A. cataracta were more frequently parasitized, as shown in
Figs. 2 and 3. The arithmetical mean length for unparasitized E.
complanatus was 6.9 cm. and for parasitized individuals 5.6 cm.
The arithmetical mean length for unparasitized A. cataracta was
7.1 cm. and for parasitized individuals 6.2 cm. The largest par-
asitized clam was an A. cataracta 11.2 cm. in length. The smallest
was an E. complanatus 2.7 cm. in length.

The position of N. ingens in the host clams varied with the host
species. Almost invariably when there was a male and a female
present they occurred in the same suprabranchial chamber, usually
in the anterior half of the gill area. Immature mites or single males
were generally located distally between the gill lamellae. The mites
occurred in any of the four suprabranchial chambers, but there was
noticed a distinct difference in location in E. complanatus and A.
cataracta. In A. cataracta the mites occurred with about equal fre-
quency in the right and left outer suprabranchial chambers. In
only 4 individuals were mites found in the inner gill chambers. In
E. complanatus the mites occurred nearly equally in the right and
left inner suprabranchial chambers. In only 6 individuals were
mites found in the outer gill chambers. Since mites were found in
the outer chambers of E. complanatus and in the inner chambers of
A. cataracta , they are probably not mechanically prevented from
entering those chambers. The position of the mites seems to have
little relation to the use of the gill as a marsupium, since in A.
cataracta mites were found in both gravid and non-gravid gills.
According to Baker (1928) the specialized long-term breeding clams
like Anodonta have the gills modified to provide better water circula-
tion than in the short-term breeders like Elliptio. This may have
some bearing on the difference in location of the mites in the two
clam genera. It is of interest to note that both these genera use the

1950]

Humes and J amnback — Parasitic Water-mite

83

two outer gills as marsupia. In the 17 positive Lampsilis radiata
the mites occurred nearly equally in the four suprabranchial cham-
bers. One clam had mites in all four of its suprabranchial chambers.

Ninety-one per cent of the parasitized clams had papillae of var-
ious sizes on the walls of the suprabranchial chambers. As many
as 40 papillae were counted in one suprabranchial chamber contain-
ing a pair of mites. The largest papillae measured were 3 mm. in
diameter and 5 mm. in length. Fig. 4 shows a specimen of Anodonta
cataracta from which the left valve and mantle have been removed.
The left outer suprabranchial chamber has been opened to show the
papillae, a male and a female N. ingens, and several small, dark egg
masses. In only 10 clams were papillae found without mites. Pre-
sumably these clams had previously been parasitized by N. ingens.
The papillae were often arranged in an incomplete ring around the
mites and their egg masses, perhaps acting as a barrier to prevent
the eggs from being carried out of the gill chambers, either via the
excurrent siphon in Anodonta or into the mantle cavity by way of
the incomplete connection of the innermost gill lamella and visceral
mass in Elliptio. The papillae occur mostly within the supra-
branchial chambers, but in a few cases in E. complanatus extended
down on the side of the visceral mass.

The presence of the mites apparently interferes with the use of
the gills as marsupia. In many gravid, parasitized A. cataracta the
marsupia containing mites were asymmetrically developed. The
anterior half of the parasitized gill contained few or no glochidia,
while the unparasitized gill of the opposite side was normally de-
veloped.

The factors involved in regulating the geographical distribution
of N. ingens are difficult to determine. The mites occurred in small
ponds, large lakes, and in slowly flowing streams. All clams ex-
amined were taken from a depth of not more than 4 feet. The types
of bottom included soft clay, silt, fine white sand, gravel, or small
stones.

Both N. ingens and species of Unionicola were occasionally found
in the same clam host. Adults of the two genera are easily differ-
entiated, Najadicola being larger, cream-colored, and remaining
within the suprabranchial chambers, while Unionicola is smaller,
dark-colored, and crawling about over the surface of the gills and
mantle.

The eggs of N. ingens are laid in masses in the suprabranchial

[September

84

Psyche

LENGTH IN CM

1950]

Humes and J amnbach — Parasitic Water-mite

85

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CD

>

>

*05

*c3

f>

>

i— i

r-4

%

n

A

w

tZJ

t(-l

O

o

A

41

4-3

4-3

bfl

be

g

S

CD

■ — 1

>»

>5

42

42

-o

T3

0) .

CD

"tj 60

4-3

o sr

<3

pi

£ •§
CO C3

■w O
C3 «
£

a e

Is

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8 I

r^> d;

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cc

in relation to presence of Najadicola ingens.

86

Psyche

[September

chambers of the clams, not inserted into the mantle or gills as in
Unionicola. The greatest number of egg masses found in a single
clam was 23 in one A. cataracta. Each egg mass contained approx-
imately 250-300 eggs, and was enclosed in gelatinous material, lying
unattached in the suprabranchial chamber. The color of the eggs
varied from light cream when freshly laid, through orange, to nearly
black when about to hatch. Masses of light cream-colored eggs were
hatched in 17 days in distilled water at summer room temperature.

Sexual dimorphism is very pronounced in N. ingens , gravid
females reaching a diameter of 5 x 6 mm., 3 or 4 times that of males.
The color varies from honey yellow to light reddish brown. Micro-
scopically the sexes may be recognized by the position of the pair of
triangular genital plates. Those of the male are contiguous medially,
while in the female the two plates are separated. The average num-
ber of acetabula per plate in 10 males was 72 (39-142) and in 10
females 94 (59-122). The two acetabula located near the outer apex
of the plate are larger than the others.

Adult N. ingens can survive for several weeks at least outside the
clam host. In distilled water at summer room temperature a male
survived 36 days and a female 49 days. The female laid eggs during
this period.

Fig. 4. Anodonta cataracta with left valve and mantle removed and
left outer suprabranchial chamber opened to show papillae, a male and
a female N. ingens, and several small, dark egg masses, (xl.5)

1950]

Humes and J amnbach — Parasitic Water-mite

87

Summary

Najadicola ingens is reported from 43 localities in Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Quebec, and New
Brunswick, after an examination of 3077 fresh-water clams from
74 localities in New England and adjacent areas of Canada. The
mite parasitizes principally two host clams, Anodonta cataracta and
Elliptio complanatus, and occasionally Lampsilis radiata.

The smaller and presumably younger A. cataracta and E. com-
planatus are parasitized more often than larger individuals. In A.
cataracta the mites occur mostly in the outer suprabranchial cham-
bers, but in E. complanatus in the inner suprabranchial chambers.
The walls of the suprabranchial chambers containing mites almost
invariably bear numerous papillae. The presence of mites in gravid
gills apparently interferes with the normal use of the gill as a
marsupium.

Literature Cited

Baker, F. C.

1928. The fresh-water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Part II. Pelecypoda.

Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, ser. no. 1527, gen. ser. no. 1301, pp. 1-495.
Kelly, H. M.

1899. A statistical study of the parasites of the Unionidae. Bull. Illinois
State Lab. Nat. Hist., 5, pp. 399-418.

Koenike, F.

1895. Nordamerikanische Hydrachniden. Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Bre-
men, 8, pp. 167-226.

Marshall, R.

1929. Canadian Hydracarina. Publ. Ontario Fish. Res. Lab., 37-39, pp.

57-93.

PlERSIG, R.

1897. Bermerkungen zur Hydrachnidenkunde. Zool. Anz., 20, pp. 59-61.
Wolcott, R. H.

1899. On the North American species of the genus Atax (Fabr.) Bruz.

Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 20, pp. 193-259.

1918. The water-mites (Hydracarina) .

In: Fresh-water Biology, by Henry B. Ward and George Chandler
Whipple, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 851-875.

NOTES ON THE HABITS AND HABITAT OF GEOTRUPES
CHALYBAEUS LECONTE IN FLORIDA1

By Frank N. Young

Geotrupes chalybaeus described by LeConte2 from fragments
found at Tampa, Florida has long been a rarity in collections. This
rarity seems to be due to the restricted habitat of the species and
to its occurrence in the winter and early spring months. In many
areas of “Scrub” vegetation on St. Lucie and other deep sands it is
relatively common, and can be trapped in numbers by burying pint
jars up to the neck in the ground and placing an inch or so of
molasses and water, honey and water, or decaying mushrooms in the
bottom.3 Careful examination of other unusual habitats and use of
different methods of collecting will probably reveal that many
“rarities” are really quite common when their exact habitat is known.

In February, 1949, I stumbled upon a “colony” of Geotrupes
chalybaeus in a small area of scrub in Putnam County south of In-
terlachen, Florida. The abundance of this supposedly rare beetle
in this situation aroused my interest and subsequent collecting and
observation indicated that the species extends over most of the dry
sand areas of northern peninsular Florida. Its burrowing habits
seem to restrict it to deep sands, and it can probably be expected
wherever such occur within its range — possibly as far north as
Maryland. There is some indication that local populations differ,
but further study will be necessary to determine the significance of
this variation.

The area in which the beetles were first observed south of Inter-
lachen is largely covered by a stand of mature sand pines ( Pinus
clausa )4 on St. Lucie sand on top of an elevation completely sur-
rounded by the ground-water podzols of the Leon-St. Johns series

Contribution No. 431 from the Department of Zoology, Indiana Uni-
versity and from the Department of Biology, University of Florida.

2Coleoptera of Florida, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.. 17, 1878: 402.

3See also Hubbell, T. H. A monographic revision of the genus Ceutho-
philus, Univ. of Fla. Publ., Biol. Sci. Ser., 2(1), 1936, for further notes
on methods of using “molasses traps.”

4Plant names are after Davis, J. H. Natural features of southern
Florida, Fla. Geol. Surv., Bull. 25, 1943.

88

1950]

Young — Geotrupes chalybaeus

89

of “Flatwoods” soils. The area actually represents an island, prob-
ably developed as an offshore bar in the Pamlico or earlier sea, of
the late Pleistocene epoch. It appears as an isolated, low hill about
a mile in diameter (Putnam County, T-ll-S, R-25-E, Sec. 17) on
the topographic map of Florida (Contour Topographic Map, scale
1 :500,000) prepared by the U. S. Engineer Department. The high
central part of the “island” is almost pure sand pine scrub sur-
rounded by a zone of Quercus laevis-Pinus palustris associes which
grades through an ecotonal belt of Quercus cinerea-Pinus palustris/
Pinus elliotti into the Pinus palustris- Aristida associes on Leon sand
— in local terms “Scrub” surrounded by “High Pine-Turkey Oak”
grading through “High Pine-Blue Jack Oak” into “Long Leaf Pine
Flatwoods”.

Large specimens of the sand pine ( Pinus clausa ) cover the central
portion of the “island” so closely that there is almost no ground
vegetation except for a few small and scattered scrub oaks ( Quercus
chapmani , Q. myrtifolia, and Q. virginiana geminatd) , straggling
patches of sedges and wire grass, and a few stunted Xolisma, Gar-
beria, and other shrubs. A very few specimens of Ceratiola ericoides,
the Scrub Rosemary, were found after some searching. The surface
of the sand beneath the trees is covered with a thin mat of pine
needles which together with an occasional fallen pine trunk, scat-
tered plants of reindeer moss (Cladonia spp.), and occasional poly-
pore and other mushrooms give the surface a characteristic aspect.
The porous nature of the soil makes this a very dry situation. It
was noticed on several occasions that the surface sand would be
quite dry a short time after a heavy rain.

In late February, I found yellowish mounds of sand scattered over
the pine needle mat in every direction. It was soon discovered that *
these mounds marked the burrows of Geotrupes chalybaeus since an
occasional specimen could be dug out of the burrow beneath a mound
by quickly thrusting a trowel or shovel into the ground so as to
intercept the burrow. In a relatively small area, about 50 by 100
feet, along the western edge of the pines almost a thousand mounds
were counted. This was the maximum density encountered, although
some were found almost everywhere the sand pines occurred. Not
all were fresh, many showing the slumping effect produced by rains,
and some were so old that only the difference in color indicated their
former position.

A series of “molasses traps” was extended from the edge of the

90

Psyche

[September

scrub area across the thickest concentration of the mounds and
about 150 feet farther into the pines. About 50 jars and cans
were used placed about 5 to 10 feet apart. Several days later, as
many as 15 G. chalyhaeus were found in a single jar, the number
generally being highest near the greatest concentration of mounds.
No specimens were taken in the five traps which extended outside
the sand pine area, probably because of the density of the wiregrass
which interfered with the movements of the beetles.

Burrowing Habits

Geotrupes chalyhaeus is a remarkable burrower. The burrows
beneath the mounds or “throwups” descend practically straight
down, and apparently offer no particular difficulties to excavation,
but the loose sand falls into burrows so readily it is very difficult
to reach the bottom. In early March, several burrows were ex-
cavated to a depth below 60" below which they were lost or the sand
caved in upon them. One burrow was excavated to a depth of 61"
at which point it turned abruptly at right angle and ran 3" more
before coming to an end at which a small female beetle was found
among some pine needles and male pine cones. None of the burrows
excavated gave any clue as to the possible larval or adult food. Old
burrows which might have contained larval chambers could not be
traced because they had filled with sand to within a short distance
of the surface.

The mounds or “throwups” are quite characteristic and easily
identified once they have been seen. Groups of typical mounds found
in many places seldom failed to produce at least a token specimen
or be associated with fragments caught in spider webs beneath logs
or rocks. In size the G. chalyhaeus “throwup” is intermediate be-
tween that of smaller Geotrupes , Bolhoceras, etc. and the smallest
pocket gopher mounds. A typical “throwup” is about 6" long by
5" wide by 1^2 to 2" high. The burrow (about in diameter)
opens under one end of this small mound and is usually loosely closed
with a plug of damp sand. In the fresh burrows a small clump of
roundish roll of damp sand broken into small segments indicates
the end of the mound at which the burrows opens. Occasionally this
roll of damp sand was seen being pushed out of the burrow, and
once a beetle was taken by thrusting a trowel into the soil beneath
the end of the roll. It seems very probable that the beetle excavates
its burrow by bringing up small pellets of damp sand from the bot-

1950]

Young — Geotrupes chalybaeus

91

tom and pressing them against the bottom of a plug which is grad-
ually forced out upon the surface. Such a method would allow the
burrow to be closed most of the time, which might be of value in
preventing excess evaporation in so xeric an environment. Burrows
in which the mouth was open were in many cases filled with sand a
little ways beneath the surface. This sand seemed to have been
washed in rather than being a plug formed by the beetles.

Aboveground Activities

Night observations revealed a few males and females on the sur-
face among the mounds. No feeding, mating, or other activities were
observed, however, since all specimens found were lying on the pine
needle mat and did not move while under observation which in some
cases lasted as long as half an hour. The smaller size of the fe-
males in relation to the males and the grouping together of the
mounds suggests that some sub-social activity might be expected.
Presence of light in the area and other activity may have disturbed
the beetles because the trapping results indicated that there was
considerable wandering about at night.

Food

The only information on food is indirect. Adult beetles were at-
tracted to molasses and water, honey and water, decaying mush-
rooms, and molasses-honey-mushrooms and water. Some specimens
were trapped in empty jars or jars containing only water. Jars
containing cow manure, horse dung, or human excreta seemed to
repel the beetles since none were taken in such traps although others
in the same area fell into empty jars. Molasses and honey caught
more beetles than decaying mushrooms, but the latter did not trap
the beetles as did the sticky solutions so that many more may have
visited the mushrooms and then left. The amount of possible food
in such a situation as the “Scrub” is rather limited, but mushrooms
and various lichens are frequently very abundant.

Distribution In Florida

“Throwups” accompanied by fragments or specimens of G. chaly-
baeus were found in a number of places in northern peninsular
Florida. All were located in areas of St. Lucie, Lakeland, Chiefland,
or Orlando sands. None were found in St. Lucie or Dade sands in

92

Psyche

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southern Florida during June, 1949, but search in the period from
January to May might reveal them. The largest “colony” found
beside the one near Interlachen was near Belleview in Marion
County. Several hundred “throwups” were found there in deep
Lakeland sand supporting the Quercus laevis-Pinus palustris as-
socies. Typical “throwups” were also found in the “Big Scrub”
south of the Oklawaha River, but no beetles were taken.

Florida counties from which records were established are: Gil-
christ (2 localities), Levy (2 localities), Alachua (2 localities, also
records by T. H. Hubbell), Putnam [3 localities, also Welaka (A. F.
Van Pelt and J. C. Moore), and north of Palatka (H. K. Wallace)],
Volusia (1 locality), Marion (2 localities), and Hernando (1 lo-
cality.) All of these localities were in areas of Pinus clausa-Ceratiola
ericoides associes or Quercus laevis-Pinus palustris associes. In
nearly all cases they were associated with mounds of pocket gophers
( Geomys spp.) and the gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ).

All specimens are in the collection of the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Chalepus bicolor Oliv. (Coleoptera). — This species has not
been listed north of Connecticut but I took one here on June 19,
1942, by sweeping. About a dozen were taken here on August 2 and
10, 1947, on Panicum scribnerianum Nash. The determination of
this grass was obtained through the kindness of Dr. I. M. Johnston
of the Arnold Arboretum. Another specimen of the beetle was
obtained by sweeping in the Quabbin Reservation in Ware, Mass.,
June 26, 1947. My other specimens are from South Carolina, In-
diana, Florida and Connecticut. — C. A. Frost, Framingham, Mass.

POLYHOMO A AZUMA, A SYNONYM OF KYIDRIS BROWN
(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

By William S. Creighton
Dept, of Biology, College of the City of New York

During April of 1950 the writer received from Professor Masao
Azuma of Nishinomiya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, a short paper
dealing with Japanese ants. The paper is a separate from Volume
1, No. 4 of a publication entitled Hyogo Biology . Its pages are
numbered 34-37 and it bears the date 30 Aug. 1949. As I shall
subsequently show, this date is the acceptance date of the article,
not its date of publication.

As the paper is almost entirely in Japanese I could make little
of it other than to note that it carries the original description of a
new genus Polyhomo a. Some weeks later Dr. Wm. Brown, who had
meanwhile had the paper translated into English, informed me that
Polyhomoa is the same as his Kyidris and that, if the date on the
reprint represents its time of publication, Azuma’s name would
take precedence. The original description of Kyidris Brown
was published in the Japanese journal Mushi in the issue which
appeared on September 20, 1949 (Vol. 20, pars 1, p. 3.)

Dr. Brown made various efforts to learn the significance of the
date on Azuma’s article. The only positive response came from
Dr. Yasumatsu, to whom Dr. Brown had applied for information.
According to Dr. Yasumatsu the date of publication of Hyogo
Biology, Volume 1, No. 4 was January 10, 1950. This strongly
suggested that the date carried on Azuma’s article was an accept-
ance date. The verification of this surmise required access to the
entire number of Hyogo Biology containing Azuma’s article. With
the distribution of the journal restricted to Japan, this possibility
seemed remote. However Miss Hazel Gay, the Librarian of the
American Museum of Natural History became interested in the
problem and was able to secure a full file of Hyogo Biology (Volume
1, Nos. 1-4) for the Museum library. As nearly as can be ascer-
tained, this is the only set of this journal in the United States and
Miss Gay is to be congratulated on the success of her efforts.

The articles which compose the Number 4 issue of Hyogo Biology
are separately dated during the year 1949. The dates run from

93

94>

Psyche

[September

March to September, at which time the number was apparently
closed and sent to the printer. The printing of the issue consumed
three months. In consequence, the cover bears the date of publica-
tion, January 10, 1950.

This being the case, the genus Kyidris Brown takes precedence
over the synonymic genus Polyhomoa Azuma. As to whether Az-
uma’s species itoi is a synonym of Brown’s mutica is not certain
but it seems probable that this is the case.

Massachusetts Records of Cyphoderus assimilis Borner (Col-
lembola). — During the last three years, specimens of this species
have been recovered in the field from ant nests in four localities in
Massachusetts. The species has been taken from Annisquam in
May, June, and July, from Boston in September, from Swampscott
in September, and from Cambridge in October. In the New World
this species is ordinarily found in tropical and subtropical areas,
and when taken in more northerly regions it is usually in such art-
ificially sheltered areas as greenhouses. Its occurrence in Massa-
chusetts may be only a local invasion, but that this has been
successful to some extent is shown by the recovery of specimens in
one area (Annisquam) in three successive years. Although the
species has not been found outside of ant nests, it shows little se-
lectivity as to the ant, having been found in nests of Aphaenogaster,
Acanthomyops, Chthonolasius, Lasius, and Tetramorium.-— K. A.
Christiansen, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University.

SOME NEW NEARCTIC COLLEMBOLA

By D. L. Wray
Raleigh, N. C.

The insect order Collembola seems to have as extensive geograph-
ical distribution as any other animal group. Many species are very
widely distributed geographically, but some are limited to particular
ecological situations. A few years ago I described T etracanthella
ethelae taken here at Raleigh, N. C., at an altitude of only 325 feet.
The habitat of this genus was the Arctic regions of North America
and the higher mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. This past
year T. ethelae was taken near the top of Mt. Mitchell, at an al-
titude of about 6500 feet and up on the side of Grandfather Mt.
at an altitude of about 5000 feet. Hence here is a species with a
wide range as to both altitude and geographical distribution. Re-
cently in some material sent to me for study by Dr. G. F. Knowlton
from Utah I found a Tullhergia having three anal horns, a form
very close to the European T. affinis Borner. Bonet (1944) has
described a form ( Mesaphorura incisa ) with three anal horns from
Mexico. Of particular interest is the occurrence of another Eur-
opean form ( Xenyllodes armatus Axels.) in North America fauna.
A note on this species is given below.

The forms described in this paper are Tullhergia hnowltoni
(Onychiurinae) , Onychiurus wilchi {Onychiurinae) , and Folsomia
highlandia ( Isotominae ).

Family Entomobryidae.

Genus Folsomia Willem.

Folsomia highlandia, n. sp.

(Figs. 10-17)

Length up to 1.8 mm. Dirty gray in color, speckled with purplish-
black pigment over head and body segments dorsally and ventrally.
The pigment is noticeably heavy on the frontal area of the head
(Fig. 16). The pigment on the body segments is heavier on the

95

96

Psyche

[September

median portion, each margin lightly pigmented, or with it entirely
lacking, giving the body a banded appearance. Antennae slightly
pigmented basally, lighter distally. Basal segments of legs pig-
mented, lighter distally. Manubrium lightly pigmented basally.

Eyes (Fig. 13) 4 on each side of head, equal, three anterior ones
close together on a dark eye patch, the posterior one is situated
back of others about 4 eye-diameters on a dark eye-patch. Post-
antennal organ (Fig. 13) unusually elongate, bent, and 6 or 7 times
as long as the diameter of adjacent eye, notched in middle. Anten-
nae as long as head on well developed antennal base. Antennal seg-
ments as: 7:15: 10:30. Sense organ of third antennal segment
(Fig. 11) consisting of two small, slightly bent sense rods. Fourth
antennal segment with several olfactory setae. Last three abdom-
inal segments ankylosed, sometimes with a trace of a suture showing
between fourth and fifth segments.

Unguis (Fig. 10) curved, unarmed. Unguiculus (Fig. 10) un-
armed, broadly lanceolate, and extended setaceously; about two-
thirds the length of unguis. Tenent hairs absent. Furcula reaching
to the middle of the second abdominal segment. Manubrium (Fig.
12) with several fine, short setae dorsally and with many short,
stout setae ventrally. Manubrium to dens to mucro as: 25:35:5.
Dentes (Fig. 15) with a long basal seta and at least 3 shorter,
curving setae dorsally; with many short, rather stout setae ventrally;
dorsally crenulate, the crenulations ending about two mucro-lengths
from mucro. Mucro (Fig. 15) large, bidentate, the apical tooth
much smaller than ante-apical. Rami of tenaculum quadridentate,
with one stout, curving seta on corpus (Fig. 14).

Clothing at posterior end of abdomen composed of very many long
setae intermingled with shorter, curving ones. Clothing on body
segments (Fig. 17), from a lateral view, generally consists of two
long, curved setae, and numerous shorter, reclinate ones. Body in
general unusually heavily clothed with setae.

This species is very close to an eight-eyed species ( Folsomia
octoculata Handschin) described from Java and the South-west
provinces of India, as to number and arrangement of eyes, but differs
in other body structures.

Highlands, N. C., September 22, 1949, D. L. Wray. Eighteen
specimens were taken from leaf mould from a mixed pine, hemlock,
and hardwood forest at about 4000 feet altitude. This region stays

1950]

Wray — Nearctic Collembola

97

rather moist due to the very heavy yearly rainfall making it ideal
for collembolan fauna. Cotypes in author’s collection.

Family Poduridae.

Genus Tullbergia Lubbock.

Tullbergia (Mesaphorura) knowltoni, n. sp.

(Figs. 1-9)

Length up to 0.7 mm. White. Slender (Fig. 1), body five times
as long as broad. Antennae short, two-thirds as long as head, the
third and fourth segments not distinctly separated. Relative lengths
of antennal segments as: 3:4:6:5. Antennal base well developed.
Fourth antennal segment with a terminal sense knob and with 6 to 8
large, curving olfactory setae (Fig. 4). Organ of third antennal
segment (Fig. 5) with three guard setae, two large sub-reniform
sense clubs, curving toward each other, and two large papillae
shielding the sense clubs ; ventro-laterally to these is an auxilliary
sense club. Postantennal organ in an elongated groove, with about
24-28 irregular tubercles (Fig. 3), somewhat shaped like the Ony-
chiurus fimetarius group postantennal organ. Pseudocelli, rosette-
like, situated on each side as follows : 1 between postantennal organ
and base of antenna, 1 on posterior part of head, 1 on mesothorax
and metathorax, and with 1 on abdominal segments I-V, wanting
on abdominal segment VI.

Unguis (Fig. 8) unarmed. Unguiculus absent. Anal horns (Fig.
7) 3 ; two long, strongly curved ones about twice the length of the
hind unguis are situated on the postero-dorsal end of body on large
nearly contiguous papillae ; the third horn is short, bluntly rounded
at apex, in length about half the unguis, and is situated mid-ventral
to the pair above.

Body with short backward curving setae in three rows on meso-
thorax to abdominal segment V. Longer setae intermingled in one
row on each segment and are more abundant on head and 5th and
6th abdominal segments. The 6th abdominal segment with two rows
of long curving setae. Integument granulate, becoming coarser dor-
sally on the posterior margin of thorax II to abdominal segment V.

Logan, Utah, October 31, 1949, G. F. Knowlton and S. C. Ma.
Taken in honeysuckle leaves by means of a modified Berlese fun-
nel. Cotypes at present in author’s collection.

98

Psyche

[September

This species is very close to Tullhergia affinis Borner in the
arrangement and size of the 3 anal horns, but differs in that pseud-
ocelli were not observed on thorax I, the unguiculus was not dis-
tinguished, the size is smaller, and there seems to be differences in
the organ of the 3rd antennal segment and postantennal organ.

Genus Onychiurus Gervais.

Onychiurus wilchi, n. sp.

(Figs. 18-25)

Length up to 1.5 mm. White. Postantennal organ (Fig. 20) of
the fimetarius type, each with 18-20 branched tubercles placed at
right angles to the long axis. Antennae shorter than the head, with
the antennal segments in the following proportions: 7:13:15:17.
Organ of the third antennal segment (Fig. 19) with 5 papillae, 5
guard setae, 2 sense rods, and 2 sense clubs. Fourth antennal seg-
ment with 10-12 curving olfactory hairs. Pseudocelli (Fig. 18) on
each side as follows: 2 on inner side of antennal base and one be-
tween antennal base and postantennal organ ; 2 obliquely situated
on back of head; meso- and meta-thorax 2; 2nd and 3rd abdominal
2; 4th and 5th abdominal 3. One pseudocellus on each precoxal.

Unguis (Fig. 21) stout, curving, unarmed. Unguiculus unarmed,
slender, gradually tapering to apex which is extended in the form of
a fine filament to length of unguis. Anal spines 2 (Fig. 23), stout,
and almost straight, bases widely separated; two-thirds as long as
hind unguis. Long curving setae at posterior end of abdomen. Cloth-
ing of scattered long straight setae, sparse short setae, and a few
minute strongly curved setae (Fig. 24). Cuticular tubercles (Fig.
23) coarse.

Highland, Illinois June 7, 1946, B. T. Wilch. This species is
named for Mr. B. T. Wilch who collected fifteen specimens from
garden soil, and which were transmitted to me for study by Dr.
H. H. Ross, of the Illinois Natural History Survey, with whom
most of the cotypes will be deposited.

Genus Xenyllodes Axelson, 1903.

Eyes 5 on each side of head. Postantennal organ consisting of
a single, trilobed tubercle. Antennae with broad basal segments.

1950]

Wray — Nearctic Collembola

99

almost touching, distally segments become conical. Mouthparts
reduced. Unguis unarmed. Unguiculus present. Furcula shorter
than antennae; manubrium slightly longer than dens, which is
slightly longer than mucro. Anal horns 2. Integument finely
granulated. Body short, thick, length up to 1 mm.

Xenyllodes armatus Axelson 1903.

(Figs. 26-30)

This form from Raleigh, N. C., collected from leaf mould has
been referred to this species as it agrees very well fn most essential
characters with the description given by Axelson (1912), and also
with that by Dr. Jan Stach (1949). However, it does vary in some
characters, such as the length of the anal horns, postantennal organ,
and furcula measurements, from the illustrations given by Axelson.
This is probably the first time this genus has been recorded as oc-
curring in North America. The form from here has been examined
by Dr. H. B. Mills, Illinois Natural History Survey, and credit is
given him as first recognizing this form as occurring in North Amer-
ica as he states that he found it in Montana, previously to the ones
I sent from this locality. As far as we are aware this genus has not
been in North American literature as yet. Dr. Jan Stach (1949)
states that till now this species is only known from Europe. Thus,
this is an interesting extension of the range of this genus and as
with other genera, when more intensive collecting is done, one may
expect or not be surprised to find an ever widening geographical
distribution.

Description of North Carolina form. Eyes 5 (Fig. 26) on each
side of head, equal in size on a dark eyepatch. Postantennal organ
consisting of a single, trilobed tubercle with a round “central
organ”; situated in a depression close to front of the eye complex
(Fig. 26). Antennae with broad basal segments, almost touching,
distally segments become conical (Fig. 27) ; shorter than head, rela-
tive lengths of segments as: 3:5:5:8. Fourth antennal segment with
a rounded lobe at tip, and with 5 or 6 olfactory hairs. Mouthparts
reduced. Unguis (Fig. 28) unarmed. Unguiculus present but weakly
developed, small, spinnate. Furcula well developed, shorter than
antennae; manubrium slightly longer than dens, which is slightly
longer than mucro (Fig. 30). Anal horns 2, very small but well
developed (Fig. 29). Integument finely granulate. Clothing of

100 Psyche [September

short, curving setae; posterior end of abdomen with longer curving
setae (Fig. 29). Length 0.4 mm. White with bluish tinge mainly on
head.

I wish to express my many thanks and appreciation to Dr. G. F.
Knowlton and Mr. S. C. Ma for material from Utah, to Dr. H. B.
Mills for his notes on Xenyllodes, to Dr. H. H. Ross for material
from Illinois, and to Dr. Hermann Gisin, Geneve, Switzerland, for
making available specimens of Tullbergia affinis Borner from
Europe.

Explanation of Plate 5

Tullbergia knowltoni, n. sp. (Figs. 1-9) 1. Dorsal view of the whole an-
imal. 2. Ocellus. 3. Postantennal organ. 4. Tip of fourth antennal segment.
5. Organ of third antennal segment. 6. Mandible. 7. Posterior end of ab-
domen showing anal horns. 8. Unguis. 9. Ventral view of posterior end
of abdomen. Polsomia highlandia, n. sp. (Figs. 10-17) 10. Hind foot.
11. Organ of third antennal segment. 12. Dorsal surface of manubrium.
13. Eyes and postantennal organ. 14. Tenaculum. 15. Dens-mucro 15. Dor-
sal surface of head. 17. Pigmentation of body segment, dorsal surface
scheme. Onychiurus wilchi, n. sp. (Figs. 18-25) 18. Dorsal view of whole
animal. 19. Organ of third antennal segment. 20. Postantennal organ.
21. Hind foot. 22. Ocellus. 23. Anal horn. 24. Clothing arrangement of
setae. 25. Mandible. Xenyllodes armatus Axelson. (Figs. 26-30) 26. Eyes
and postantennal organ. 27. Antenna showing round knob at tip. 28. Hind
foot. 29. Posterior end of body, dorsal view, showing anal horns. 30. Dens-
mucro.

Psyche, 1950

Vol. 57, Plate 5

Wray — Collembola

ANT LARVAE OF THE SUBFAMILY CERAPACHYINAE

By George C. Wheeler

Department of Biology, University of North Dakota

The Cerapachyinae are a neglected group of ants even among
myrmecologists. This may be attributed to a combination of factors;
the subfamily is a small one, about one hundred species; all species
are rare and sporadic; their colonies are small; nearly all are trop-
ical; they have no spectacular habits or bizarre structures; they are
of no economic importance.

Nevertheless, they are a very interesting group phylogenetically,
since they show both doryline and ponerine affinities. In fact, they
have been included in both subfamilies. Forel in 1893 first rec-
ognized the group of genera as a tribe and placed it in the Poner-
inae. In 1895 Emery transferred it to the Dorylinae. After protests
from Forel and Wheeler he returned it in 1913 to the Ponerinae as
the Section Prodorylinae. Wheeler considered the group to be in-
termediate between the Dorylinae and the Ponerinae and in 1920
elevated it to the rank of subfamily. It is especially significant here
that he used larval as well as adult characters to justify this change.

In view of the neglect just mentioned, it is surprising that so many
cerapachyine larvae are known: six species representing four of the
eight genera.

Subfamily Cerapachyinae Forel

Elongate and very slender; subcylindrical ; arcuate, i.e., the whole
body rather evenly curved ventrally. Segmentation distinct. Spir-
acles small. Vestigial legs present or absent. Head small; at the
anterior end. Mouth parts large and prominent. Head hairs few,
short and nearly always simple. Antennae moderately large, with
two or three sensilla. Labrum a thick flap, usually small. Mandibles
rather feebly sclerotized; typically long and slender; base moder-
ately stout; distal two-thirds narrow and thin; tapering to an apex
which is slightly curved backward and medially; medial border
serrate. Maxillae lobose; mostly rather long and round-pointed;
palp small, a cluster of three to six sensilla or a low elevation bear-

102

1950]

Wheeler — Ant Larvae

103

ing sensilla or a short obtuse projection bearing sensilla; galea a
slender conical projection bearing a single apical sensillum. Labium
large and prominent; palp a cluster of three to five sensilla, some-
times slightly elevated. Opening of sericteries mostly well de-
veloped. Trophorhinium poorly developed or absent.

Emery (1911) describes the larvae (under Section Prodorylinae
of the Subfamily Ponerinae) as “uniformement poilues, sans tuber-
cules piligeres” (p. 4) and “a peu pres cylindrique (comme la larve
d’ Eciton) revetue de poils courts et san tubercules piligeres” (p. 5).

Wheeler, 1903, pp. 208-209: “What light do these few observa-
tions, together with those recorded in my previous paper, shed on
the affinities of the Cerapachyi to the Ponerinae on the one hand and
the Dorylinae on the other? . . . The following characters [of Cera-
pachys augustae ] are common to both Dorylinae and Ponerinae: —
1. The method of carrying the larvae is common to forms like Eciton
and Leptogenys. 2. The larva is intermediate between that of Eciton
and Stigmatomma. It is covered with shorter, less flexuous, and less
abundant hairs than the latter and in these particulars resembles the
larvae of Eciton.”

Wheeler, 1920: “During the past year a study of ant-larvae,
representing more than a hundred genera and many subgenera of all
five subfamilies, has convinced me that Emery was right in 1899,
when he regarded the Pseudomyrminae as constituting an indepen-
dent subfamily. I am also of the opinion that the Cerapachyini
should be removed from the Ponerinae and raised to the rank of
an independent subfamily, between the Dorylinae and the Poner-
inae” (p. 46). “A study of the larvae of the Cerapachyini shows
that they are extremely like the larvae of the Dorylinae. This was
noticed by Emery in his observations on the larva of Acanthostichus
serratulus (1899). The mandibles are small, narrow, pointed and
rather feebly chitinized, and I have failed to find a trophorhinium
in either group. Apparently the young are fed only on soft food”
(p. 50). On page 48 he states that the larvae of the Cerapachyinae
are exceptional in not having a beautifully developed trophorhinium.

Wheeler, 1922, p. 52: “The larvae are extremely like those of the
Dorylinae; they are elongate and almost cylindrical, uniformly
covered with short hairs, and without piliferous tubercles. The
mandibles are small, narrow, pointed, and rather feebly chitinized,
and I have failed to find a trophorhinium, or triturating organ in
the mouth. Apparently the young are fed only on soft food.”

104

Psyche

[September

Tribe Cerapachyini Forel
Genus Eusphinctus Emery

Diameter greatest at the sixth abdominal somite decreasing grad-
ually toward the anterior end (except for a slight enlargement of
meso- and metathorax in mature larvae) and more abruptly toward
the posterior end. No leg vestiges. Hairs rather numerous, uni-
formly distributed, short and bifid. Cranium about as long as its
greatest breadth ; broad above, narrowed below. Head hairs simple
(except one or two pairs which are bifid) and minute. Labrum small,
not covering the bases and tips of mandibles ; about twice as broad
as long; slightly narrowed distally; a few sensilla on the anterior
surface near the distal border; central cluster of sensilla on the
posterior surface. Maxillary palp a short stout peg. Labium with
a few spinules.

Eusphinctus steinheili Forel. — Figure 1. Elongate, slender, sub-
cylindrical, arcuate (i.e., rather evenly curved ventrally). Diameter
greatest at the sixth abdominal somite ; decreasing gradually toward
the anterior end (except in mature specimens in which there is a
slight enlargement of the meso- and metathorax) and more abruptly
toward the posterior end which is round-pointed. Anus ventral.
Anterior portion of prothorax constricted rather abruptly to form
a sort of wedge-shaped neck, which is naked except for a few ventral
hairs. Ten differentiated somites. No leg vestiges. Spiracles small.
Body uniformly and rather densely covered with short bifid hairs
about 0.04 mm. long. Intersomitic membranes and anterodorsal sur-
face of prothorax naked. Head small. Cranium about as long as
its greatest breadth ; broad above, narrowed below ; occipital border
slightly curved. Mouth parts large and prominent. Head hairs few
and scattered; one or two pairs bifid, the rest simple; minute (length
0.018 - 0.028mm.). Antennae of moderate size; with two or three
sensilla. Labrum a small thick flap, about twice as broad as long,
slightly narrowed distally; a few sensilla on the anterior surface
near the distal border; a central cluster of six sensilla on the pos-
terior surface. Mandibles rather feebly sclerotized; long and slen-
der; base moderately stout; distal two-thirds narrow and thin, tap-
ering to an acute apex which is slightly curved backward and
medially; distal half of medial border serrate with five or six den-
ticles. Maxillae lobose, round-pointed, rather long; palp a short
stout projection bearing five or six sensilla; galea a slender truncate
cone bearing a sensillum on the apex. Labium subhemispherical;

1950]

Wheeler — Ant Larvae

105

capping the ventral end of the gula; anterior surface with a few
minute spinules in regular transverse rows (concealed behind la-
brum) ; palp a cluster of three sensilla. Opening of sericteries a
long transverse slit. (Material studied: several larvae from New
South Wales.)

Wheeler, 1918: “Long and slender, cylindrical and not enlarged
at the posterior end, with eleven distinct postcephalic segments, all
uniformly clothed with short, erect, two-branched hairs. Head
small, as broad as long, with vestigial antennae and long falcate
mandibles, which have finely serrate internal borders. There are
few hairs on the head and these are simple, with the exception of a
pair near the occipital border, which are two-branched like those on
the body. The color of the larva is dull white” (p. 228). Fig. 2
shows a larva in side view, a head hair, the head in anterior view
and a mandible (p. 227).

Wheeler, G. C., 1938; no leg vestiges (p. 140) ; no vestigial gon-
opods (p. 142).

Genus Cerapachys F. Smith

Leg vestiges small paraboloidal papillae. Body hairs simple.
Head (including mouth parts) subpyriform in anterior view; cran-
ium transversely subelliptical ; occipital border slightly curved. Head
hairs short. Labrum small, not covering the bases and tips of the
mandibles ; breadth one and one-half times the length ; constricted
near the base; free border strongly curved; numerous sensilla on
the free border and posterior surface; posterior surface spinulose
near periphery. Maxillae with the apical half spinulose ; palp a low
elevation together with a contiguous papilla. Labium with spinules
on the middle of the anterior surface.

Cerapachys ( Syscia ) cryta Mann. — Fig. 2 a-d. Anterior portion
of prothorax constricted abruptly to form a short wedge-shaped
neck. Vestigial legs a pair of small paraboloidal papillae on the
ventral surface near the middle of the posterior border of each
thoracic somite. Spiracles small. Body hairs few, very long (0.4-0. 6
mm.), simple, flexuous and extremely slender; longest and most
abundant near posterior end; also a very few minute (0.013 mm.)
stiff hairs. Head (with mouth parts) subpyriform in anterior view;
small ; mouth parts large and prominent ; cranium transversely sub-
elliptical. Head hairs few and scattered; simple, slightly curved,
short (0.036 mm.). Antennae moderately large; each with three

106

Psyche

[September

sensilla. Clypeus distinct; a thick flap. Labrum a thick flap; small;
broader than long; constricted near base; free border strongly
curved and bearing several conspicous sensilla; posterior surface
with numerous sensilla near the middle and with spinules arranged
in short arcuate rows near the periphery. Mandibles rather feebly
sclerotized; long and slender; base moderately stout; apical two-
thirds narrow, thin, curved backward and medially, and tapering to
a rounded point; apical half of medial border serrate will five or
six denticles. Maxillae lobose, round-pointed, rather long; apical
half spinulose, the spinules grouped in short rows; palp a low el-
liptical elevation (bearing two sensilla) together with a contiguous
papilla (which bears an apical sensillum) ; galea a long slender
finger-like projection bearing an apical sensillum. Labium prom-
inent, constricted at the base; free end broadly rounded; middle of
anterior surface spinulose, with the spinules arranged in short trans-
verse rows ; palp a low rounded elevation (bearing three sensilla)
together with a contiguous paxilla (bearing a single apical sensil-
lum). Opening of sericteries distinct. (Material studied: three
semipupae from Fiji collected by Dr. W. M. Mann.)

Cerapachys ( Cerapachys ) sp. — Fig. 2e. Similar to crypta but dif-
fering in a few details. The body hairs are shorter (0.2 - 0.3 mm.
long) but more abundant. The head hairs are longer (0.054 mm.
long). The mandibles have more denticles (about a dozen on each).
The maxillary palp is a low elevation bearing four sensilla. The
labial palp is a low elevation bearing five sensilla. (Material studied:
10 semipupae from Borneo.)

Wheeler, G. C. 1938, p. 141 : no evidence of wing rudiments.

Cerapachys ( Parasyscia ) augustae Wheeler. — Text fig. 1. “The
larvae were extremely slender, not twice as broad behind as at the
anterior end, with well-marked segmental constrictions. The head
is proportionately large, with strong, acute mandibles projecting
beyond the clypeal and labial regions. The maxillae are furnished
with a pair of prominent sensory papillae and the labium with a
well-developed duct to the spinning glands. The dorsal surface of
the head as well as the whole surface of the body is covered uni-
formly with short, slightly curved hairs. There are no traces of
tubercles of any description. Attempts to observe the method em-
ployed by the ants in feeding their larvae were unsuccessful. Once,
on placing a number of eggs and young larvae of Camponotus
festinatus in the nest I saw the young Cerapachys larvae feeding

1950 J

Wheeler— Ant Larvae

107

Text figure 1. — Cerapachys ( Parasyscia ) augustae. a, eggs; b, young
larva in lateral view. (After Wheeler, 1903 and 1910. By permission of
Columbia University Press.)

on the former after they had been carried under the slide by the
workers. It was apparent also that the ants and their older larvae
soon began to feed on the unhatched eggs and younger larvae of
their own species, for the number of progeny decreased rapidly from
day to day . . . These larvae were carried by the ants after the
manner of Eciton and Leptogenys, i.e., by the neck, with the long
slender body extending back between the legs of the worker. The
ants were quite as careful of their larvae as of their eggs.” (Wheeler,
1903, p. 207.) The figure of the young larva on page 206 is re-
peated by Wheeler (1910, Fig. 37 on p. 71) and is reproduced here
(Text fig. 1) through the courtesy of Columbia University Press.

Wheeler, 1903, p. 209: “The larva probably spins a cocoon . . .
The larva is intermediate between that of Eciton and Stigmatomma.
It is covered with shorter, less flexuous, and less abundant hairs
than the latter and in these particulars resembles the larvae of
Eciton.”

Wheeler (1910) describes the larva of Parasyscia as “more cylin-
drical” than typical ant larvae (p. 72) and as “smooth, slender
larvae, with a rather dense covering of hairs” (p. 233).

108

Psyche

[September

Genus Leoponera Mayr

Diameter least at the first abdominal somite, increasing toward
either end. No leg vestiges. Body hairs of three types: (1) long and
flexuous with the tip hooked; (2) short and simple; (3) minute and
simple. Cranium subhexagonal in anterior view; occipital border
broadly angulate. Head hairs minute or short. Labrum large, cover-
ing most of the mandibles ; width about three times the length ; free
border strongly curved ; numerous sensilla on posterior surface.
Mandibles short and stout; very feebly sclerotized. Maxillae very
large and inflated; palp represented by a cluster of sensilla. No
spinules on the mouth parts.

Lioponera luzuriagae Wheeler & Chapman. — Fig. 3. Elongate,
slender, subcylindrical, arcuate (i.e., rather evenly curved ventral-
ly) ; diameter least at the first abdominal somite, increasing grad-
ually toward the ends. Anus subterminal. Eleven differentiated
somites. No leg vestiges. Spiracles small. Body hairs of three types:

(1) long (0.1 - 0.2 mm.) and flexuous, with the tip hooked, arranged
in rows, one row of 6-12 hairs around each somite near the middle;

(2) short (0.05 - 0.1 mm.), simple, slightly curved, sparsely and
irregularly distributed, except on the prothorax, where they produce
a bristly aspect; (3) minute (0.013 - 0.026 mm. long), simple,
moderately numerous and uniformly distributed. Head small. Cran-
ium subhexagonal in anterior view; a little broader than long; oc-
cipital border obtusely angulate at the middle. Head hairs very
few; simple; variable in length (0.013 - 0.027 mm.), number
and location. Antennae moderately large, each with three sensilla.
Labrum a large thick flap twice as broad as long and covering most
of the mandibles ; with its base constricted and its free border broad-
ly rounded; numerous sensilla on posterior surface. Mandibles very
feebly sclerotized; short and stout; with the basal two-thirds
greatly inflated and subtriangular in anterior view ; distal third very
small and curved posteriorly, its apex curved medially and blunt-
pointed; distal half of medial border furnished with five to nine
sharp denticles of various sizes and irregularly arranged. Maxillae
very large, inflated, lobose; palp represented by a cluster of five
sensilla; galea a small finger-like projection bearing an apical
sensillum. Labium large and prominent; palp a cluster of five sensil-
la. (Material studied: several larvae from the Philippine Islands,
collected by Dr. J. W. Chapman.)

A few of the larvae in the vial have branched hairs, but they also

1950]

Wheeler — Ant Larvae

109

have a very wrinkled integument. This latter causes me to suspect
that they have been dried out and later relaxed. At any rate, they
do not differ otherwise from the larvae described above. Hence I
conclude tentatively that the branching may be an artifact due to
dessication. Dimorphic larvae are extremely rare among the Form-
icidae. Without better evidence I would not wish to consider the
larva of this species dimorphic.

Whether dimorphic or not, Lioponera larvae are still the queerest
of the cerapachyines. Their hooked hairs and their short broad
mandibles make them decidely atypical.

The only reference to the larva of Lioponera in the literature
refers to the absence of vestigial legs in L. luzuriagae (G. C.
Wheeler, 1938, p. 140).

Text figure 2. — Acanthostichus serratulus. a, nearly mature larva; b,
head enlarged, in profile; c, same in dorsal (sic!) view; d, mandible
greatly enlarged, viewed obliquely from the side. (After Emery, 1899)

Tribe Acanthostichini Emery
Genus Acanthostichus Mayr

I have seen no larvae of this genus and hence must be content
with Emery’s description (1899, p. 4) and figures (PI. 2, figs. 5

110

Psyche

[September

a - d) of A. serratulus (F. Smith). His description is quoted and
translated below and his figures are copied as Text fig. 2.

“Sono . . . subcilindriche, coi segmenti tutti distinti: sono prive
di tubercoli o altre appendici e fornite di peli numerosi, brevi e
semplici; non esistono peli forcuti, ritorti o uncinati ... II capo,
benche piu piccolo e meno convesso che nelle Ponerinae e ben stac-
cato dal tronco, e le mandibole sono lunghe, strette, sporgenti in
avanti, fuori del labbro superiore; il loro margine interno e dentel-
lato e off re alia base una forte dilatazione. Nelle mascelle, il cono
piu vicino all’apice e semplice e allungato; al posto del l’altro cono,
si trova una sporgenza ottusa, fornita di due piccoli tubercoli.”
[Translation: Subcylindrical, with all segments distinct; no tub-
ercles or other appendages ; furnished with numerous short simple
hairs; no forked, twisted or uncinate hairs. The head, although
smaller and less convex than in the Ponerinae is quite distinct from
the body and the mandibles are long and narrow and project for-
ward beyond the labrum; their medial borders are denticulate and
strongly dilated at the base. The subapical cone of the maxillae is
simple and elongate ; in place of the other cone there is an obtuse
projection furnished with two small tubercles.]

Discussion

The ant larvae of the Subfamily Cerapachyinae constitute a
well defined group which may be distinguished from the larvae of
other subfamilies by the elongate, very slender, subcylindrical
body which is rather strongly curved ventrally; by the large and
prominent mouth parts ; by the paucity and shortness of the head
hairs ; bv the rather feebly sclerotized mandibles, which are typically
elongate and slender and have the medial border denticulate in part ;
by the inconspicuousness of the labial and maxillary palps ; and by
the absence (or scant development) of a trophorhinium.

Explanation of Plate 6

Eusphinctus steinheili Forel, Fig. 1. - a, head in anterior view, x 97;
b, left mandible in anterior view, x 150; c, left mandible in side view, x
150; d, body hair, x 167; e, larva in side view, x 27. Cerapachys ( Syscia )
crypta Mann, Fig. 2. - a, head in anterior view, x 74; b, head in side view,
x 74; c, two body hairs, x 100; d, right mandible in anterior view, x 100.
Cerapachys (C.) sp. Fig. 2e, ventral view of vestigial legs, x 22. Lio-
ponera luzuriagae Wheeler and Chapman, Fig. 3, - a, head in anterior
view, x 120; b, left mandible in anterior view, x 387; c, three body hairs,
x 167; d, larva in side view, x 20.

//T^VCSN

Psyche, 1950

Vol. 57, Plate 6

Wheeler — Ant Larvae

112

Psyche

[September

Cerapachyine larvae most nearly resemble the larvae of the
Dorylinae. Both types have an elongate subcylindrical body with
the head at the anterior end; rather feebly sclerotized mandibles,
which are typically elongate and slender and have the medial border
denticulate in part ; inconspicuous maxillary palps ; and the tro-
phorhinium wanting or poorly developed. They differ in that dory-
line larvae are a little stouter and more nearly straight, have more
hairs on the head and have smaller mouth parts.

Cerapachyine larvae also show a marked resemblance in body
shape to the larvae of the ponerine genus Myrmecia. The larvae of
this genus have the posterior half of the body noticeably stouter
than in the Cerapachyinae, but there is a gradual attenuation from
behind forward; hence there is no sharply defined “neck” which is
characteristic of the higher Ponerinae. Wheeler considered the
adults of Myrmecia to be eminently primitive and generalized and
the larvae the most primitive of existing Formicidae.

It seems therefore that the following hypothesis might be justified.
The larva of Myrmecia represents an ancestral formicid type.
From this type, by differentiation into a large “body” and a slender
curved “neck”, the higher Ponerinae evolved. But before this dif-
ferentiation occurred, a side branch was formed, the larvae of which
became more attenuated posteriorly. This line led to the Cerapachy-
inae. A secondary offshoot from it gave rise (through straightening
of the larval body) to the Dorylinae.

This study, then, supports Wheeler’s conclusion (see above)
that the Cerapachyinae are intermediate between the Ponerinae
and the Dorylinae and also tends to confirm his diagram (1920, p.
52) of the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies of Form-
icidae.

A Bibliography of the Larvae of the Cerapachyinae
Emery, C.

1899. Intorno alle larve di alcune formiche. Mem. R. Accad. Sci. 1st.
Bologna (5) 8: 1-8. 2 pi.

1911. Fam. Formicidae, Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum Fasc.
118: 125 p., 3 pi.

Wheeler, G. C.

1938. Are ant larvae apodous? Psyche 45: 139-145, 2 pi.

Wheeler, W. M.

1903. Some notes on the habits of Cerapachys augustae. Psyche 10:
205-209, 1 fig.

1910. Ants, their structure, development and behavior, xxv+663 p.,
286 fig. New York: Columbia University Press.

1950]

Wheeler — Ant Larvae

113

1918. The Australian ants of the ponerine tribe Cerapachyini. Proc.
Amer. Acad. Arts. Sci. 53: 215-265, 17 fig.

1920. The subfamilies of Formicidae, and other taxonomic notes.
Psyche 27: 46-55, 3 fig.

1922. The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition.

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 39-269, 22 pi., 76 text fig., 41
maps.

The Northernmost Extension of Bird Hippoboscidae in the
New World (Diptera). — The Hippoboscidae are essentially a
tropical and subtropical group of insects. In cold temperate regions
the number of species is very small and most of them seem to occur
only as accidental summer visitors. In the New World the 50th
parallel forms about the northern limit for the family as a whole.
Farther north the flies are probably not truly part of the autoch-
thonous fauna. Among the many hundreds of North American
flies I have seen in recent years, only half a dozen, all of one
species, Ornithomyia fringillina Curtis, were taken in Alaska, at
the following localities: Crater Mt., off “Columbia falcon” ; Nelchina
River, north of Mt. Witherspoon (N.W. of Valdez) ; Takotna,
63 °N., 165°W., off Hudsonian spruce grouse, Canachites c. can-
adensis (Linnaeus) ; and Old Crow River, Timber Creek, Yukon.
Takotna is the northernmost locality for a hippoboscid in the New
World. In the eastern part of the continent these flies stay much
farther south, the northernmost record there being an Ornithomyia
fringillina taken by Eidmann off a junco on the Matamek River in
the southern part of the Labrador Peninsula (50° 17r N.). Hip-
poboscidae of birds seem to extend farther north in Europe, where
several species occur in Finland. One of them (0. fringillina ) has
been reported also from Iceland. None are known from Greenland.
Several of the common passerine birds, serving as hosts of O.
fringillina in southern Canada and the United States, extend during
the summer to the Arctic Circle and beyond, so that the virtual
absence of hippoboscids from the far north is most probably due to
adverse climatic conditions. — J. Bequaert, Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Harvard University.

VESPID WASPS ( EUMENES CURVATA )
ATTRACTED TO SMOKE

By Charles T. Brues
Biological Laboratories, Harvard University

Smoke is not ordinarily attractive to insects, but certain flies of
the family of Clythiidae have been noted by several entomologists
to be strongly attracted by the smoke from burning weeds or even
by chimney smoke. Kessel has recently published an account1 of
the American smoke flies which belong to the genus Microsania. The
genus is represented by several species in Europe, two in North
America, and others in Australia, |New Zealand and equatorial
Africa. From Kessel’s account of his own observations made in
California and his well documented summary of observations re-
ported by others, it is evident that all the known species of Micro-
sania throughout the world are irresistably attracted to smoke.
Smoke from varied sources causes the flies to congregate, as the
numerous observations relate to smouldering fires of vegetable
debris, smouldering heath fires, forest fires, smouldering bonfires,
and the dense smoke cloud from the chimney of a barbecue. Their
occurrence on the tent of a camp in the woods is undoutedly a sim-
ilar response to a camp-fire.

My own observations on the vespid wasp, Eumenes curvata
Saussure,2 were made in the Southern Philippines, near Dumaguete,
on Negros Island. This is a common wasp in the locality, frequently
building its clay nests attached to walls covered with shingles made
of the leaf sheaths of abaca or on bamboo slats on porches and in
rooms open to continuous access from without. The flying wasps
were frequently noticed flying in the porch and adjoining room of
a cottage where we were living, in the hills above Dumaguete at an
elevation of about 1500 feet.

When we were smoking on the porch it was noted on many oc-
casions that the wasps on the way back and forth to their nests
hovered in lanes of drifting cigarette smoke. This is obviously very

1 Kessel, E. M., American Smoke Flies. Wasmann Collector, vol. 7, pp.
23-30 (1947).

2This and the other identifications of Vespidae were kindly made by
Dr. J. Bequaert.

114

1950]

Braes — Wasps Attracted to Smoke

115

attractive and quickly sensed by them, either by sight or odor from
adjoining areas of clear air. Aside from certain small vespid wasps
( Ropalidia ) which nest in hollow bamboo railings, the large Vespa
tropica philip pinensis Sauss. which builds its carton nests under
wide overhanging eaves, and certain itinerant scoliids in search of
prey, this is the commonest wasp to be seen about houses. It is the
only one which deliberately enters any zones of smoke that may be
drifting about, as such fumes cause the others to dart quickly away
when encountered during flight.

There can be no doubt that the Eumenes wasps, like the small
Microsania flies are attracted by some material in smoke, quite
possibly the creosote emanating from incompletely aerated fires.

Fig. 1. Eumenes curvata Sauss. on nest; specimen now in the collection
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

116

Psyche

[September

The Alessandro Focarile Collection of Carabidae (Col-
eoptera). — The main part of my collection of Carabidae (as of
1949) is now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. This museum now pos-
sesses the types, as listed below, of the ten species and subspecies
of Trechus described by me in Bollettino della Societa Entomologica
Italiana Vol. LXXIX, 1949, pages 71-79. In some cases I did not
select the actual “Tipi” (holotype and allotype) specimens from
the type series at the time of description. In these cases I have
asked Mr. P. J. Darlington to select and label appropriate speci-
mens from the type series in question. His selections, listed below,
I here designate as the holotypes and allotypes of the forms in ques-
tion. The following types are now in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology:

Trechus ohtusus lucanus Focarile: original $ and 2 (holo- and
alio) types.

Trechus strigipennis valstronae Focarile: $ holotype and $

allotype from Lago Capezzone, selected by Mr. Darlington from
the original type series.

Trechus schatzmayri Focarile: original $ and 2 (holo- and
alio) types.

Trechus marianii Focarile: $ holotype and 2 allotype from

Cima di Piazzo, selected by Mr. Darlington from the original type
series.

Trechus hremhanus Focarile: original $ (holo)type; and 2 allo-
type from Mte. Ponteranica selected by Mr. Darlington from the
original type series.

Trechus magistrettii Focarile: original $ (holo) type; and 2
allotype from (Pizzo) Presolana selected by Mr. Darlington from
the original type series.

Trechus harii Focarile: original $ and 2 (holo- and allo)types.

Trechus harajoni Focarile: original $ and 2 (holo- and allo)-
types.

Trechus larianus Focarile: original $ (holo)type; and 2 allo-
type from Passo di Sasso Canale selected from the original type
series by Mr. Darlington. «>

Trechus maritimus pesianus Focarile: original $ and 2 (holo-
and allo)types. — Alessandro Focarile, Milano, Italy.

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Established in 1874

Vol. 57 December, 1950 No. 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Generic Names for Tabanidae (Diptera) Proposed by Adolfo Lutz.

G. B. Fairchild 117

A New Leptothorax from Alabama (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) .

E. O. Wilson 128

Additions to the Nearctic Meloidae (Coleop.) . F. G. Werner . . 131

Records and Flower Preferences of Masarid Wasps (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae) . K. W. Cooper and J. Bequaert 137

An Asiatic Tingid New to North America (Heteroptera) . N. S. Bailey. 143

A Bibliographic Note on Say’s Two Tracts of March, 1831, and

January, 1832. J. Bequaert 146

Index to Volume 57 147

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

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EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE

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PSYCHE

Vol. 57

December, 1950

No. 4>

THE GENERIC NAMES FOR TABANIDAE (DIPTERA)
PROPOSED BY ADOLFO LUTZ1

By G. B. Fairchild2
University of Minnesota

Beginning in 1905, Dr. Adolfo Lutz published a considerable
number of papers on South American Tabanidae, mainly the Brazil-
ian fauna. He had evidently intended to monograph the fauna, and
did treat the Pangoniinae, the Diachlorini and the genera Dichela-
cera, Stibasoma and Acanthocera in a thorough way. His other
publications on the family consisted mostly of local lists, descrip-
tions of new species, and short papers outlining his views on the
generic classification of the Neotropical species.

In his papers of a monographic or revisional nature, Dr. Lutz
appears to have well understood the rules governing zoological
nomenclature, and new names appearing in these publications are
for the most part validly proposed. In his papers on general classi-
fication and in his local lists, however, which he seems to have con-
sidered of a preliminary nature, it appears that he did not realize
that the names he was using were then appearing for the first time
and would have to be taken into consideration by subsequent stu-
dents. In many cases these names were so casually proposed, either
without adequate definition or without valid included species, and
almost always without bibliographic reference, that it has proven
very difficult to come to a decision on their validity. In other cases,
it has been difficult to decide on the year in which a certain name,
published as new on several occasions, was validated.

:Paper No. 2455 of the Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station, St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

2On leave of absence 1949-1950 from Gorgas Memorial Laboratory,
Panama, Republic of Panama.

117

118

Psyche

[December

Several students have attempted to clarify these matters, notably
Bequaert (1924) who selected genotypes of many of Lutz’ genera
and Borgmeier (1933) who, with better access to Lutz’ published
works, corrected the dates of first appearance of some of his names
and added others overlooked by previous workers. Enderlein (1922,
1925) and Krober (1932, 1934) have used a number of Lutz’
names, and placed a good many more in synonymy, in some cases
without adequate consideration.

In spite of these efforts, however, no complete listing of Lutz*
generic names has appeared, nor has the status of a number of them
ever been carefully examined in the light of the International Rules
of Zoological Nomenclature. The present paper is an attempt to do
this. I have seen, I believe, all of Lutz’ publications, except one,
which contain new generic names for Tabanidae, though there is
always the possibility that others will turn up. Carlos Chagas (1925,
1929, 1934) published a list, with supplements, of Lutz’ published
works on all subjects numbering over 200, but even it contains some
errors and omissions. His papers dealing, in whole or in part, with
Tabanidae number 27, of which about 17 contain matter of nomen-
clatorial importance. I have appended a list of all his papers con-
taining references to Tabanidae of which I have knowledge, but
there may be others.

Lutz appears to have published, alone or jointly, 43 generic names.
Some of these were variants in spelling or new names to replace
preoccupied names, but 32 seem to refer definitely to newly defined
groups of generic or subgeneric rank. All these names are here
listed, together with references to their first appearance in print and
remarks on their validity. I have not attempted to show synonymies
except in a few undoubted cases, as generic and subgeneric concepts
in Tabanidae are still in a rather fluid state.

The most difficult point to settle is the status of the names pub-
lished in the 1909c list. This publication is an illustrated brochure
or guide book giving a description of the physical plant and investi-
gations being undertaken by the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. It also
contains lists of the collections, publications, and library. It bears
no date other than the year, and no authorship. In the list of
Tabanidae, 15 new generic names are proposed, being indicated by
“nov. gen.” or “n. gen.” in all cases. 13 of these appear with valid
specific names, and, although the International Rules are somewhat
loosely worded on this point, I believe, ignoring other considerations,

1950]

Fairchild, — Generic Names for Tahanidae

119

they are thereby validated. In regard to the authorship, it is now
well known that Lutz was the author of this list. It is doubtful if
he realized that the names appearing therein were being published
in the nomenclatorial sense as he never subsequently referred to this
paper although he consistently used the names proposed therein. He
himself gave me my copy, and the whole list, with minor changes,
was republished in 1911a, where the new genera are all credited to
Lutz, according to Borgmeier. I have not been able to secure a
copy of this paper, but it seems to have been also in the nature of a
guidebook to the exhibit of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz at some sort
of international scientific exposition.

The difficulty in accepting these names as of 1909 lies not only
in a lack of definitions, (which is of less importance, as the names
were published before 1930, when the rules on this point were mod-
ified), but in the dubious character of the publication itself. The
pamphlet is anonymous, it is not a periodical, nor any regular form
of scientific publication, and there is much probability that it was
never intended or offered for sale, though it may have had wide
distribution. There is, thus, strong reason for considering that the
names appearing in it were not validly published and are hence un-
available as of that date. If this stand be taken, the next chronolog-
ical appearance of the names must be considered. This was the 1911a
paper, which seems to have suffered from all the faults of its pred-
ecessor except anonymity. (The Pangoniinae may be excluded from
further consideration, as the new genera of this division were all
validly proposed with definitions or species in recognized journals
in 1909, so that they date from this year in any case). If the 1911a
paper be excluded from consideration nomenclatorially, the next in
chronological order is 1912, where Dicladocera, although not defined
as a genus, is accompanied by the description and figure of a valid
species in a nomenclatorially acceptable publication. The difficulty
here is that this species, unicolor Lutz, appears not to be congeneric
with the species previously included, as Bequaert and Rengifo (1947
Psyche, 53 [3-4] :68) have pointed out, necessitating the use of
Enderlein’s Dasy chela for the species placed by Lutz in Dicladocera.

Lutz’ 1913a paper validates Stigmatophthalmus and adds Ilim-
antostylus. Then, also in 1913, comes the first exposition of Lutz’
scheme for the classification of the Tabaninae. Here appear all the
remaining names of the 1909c list, plus four additional new ones.
They are not formally proposed as new genera and are not ac-

120

Psyche

[December

companied by specific names or references to previous publications,
but they are recognizably defined by being placed in a key. They
appear in an acceptable publication and would seem certainly avail-
able nomenclatorially as of this date. This paper was published
twice, the first time above, and a year later, 1914b, where it is ac-
companied in parallel columns by a German translation, a common
custom at that time in this journal. I can find no changes whatever
in the later edition. Between the appearances of these two “edi-
tions”, the 1914a paper appeared. In lists of species all the re-
maining 1909c names appear and are accompanied by valid specific
names except Macrocormus while several of the names first pub-
lished in 1913 are here accompanied by valid specific names for the
first time. Macrocormus does not appear with a valid specific name
in an acceptable publication until 1918, where it is listed as “T.
(. Macrocormus ) ruhescens Bigot*’ and “Macrocormus sorhillans** .

It is thus seen that if the names appearing in the 1909c and 1911a
papers are not considered nomenclatorially available as of these
dates, they became available in 1913 when they were defined, or in
1912, 1914, or 1918 when they were accompanied by valid specific
names. This change in dates appears to affect but two of these
names, Dicladocera, which changes its sense as mentioned above
and N eotahanus which becomes a homonym of N eotahanus Ricardo
1911 (Rec. Ind. Mus. 4;36 3, Type N. ceylonicus Ric. 1911). No
new proposal of name for N eotahanus Lutz is necessary, since
Taeniotahanus Krober 1930 (Dipt. Pat. S. Chile P. 140, Type T .
occidentals Linn.) is already available. In any event the group is
hardly of subgeneric rank and may eventually prove undefinable.

The author has hitherto been inclined to take a liberal view of
the case and accept the 1909 dating, though for the sake of fore-
stalling possible future controversy, it might be well to adhere to a
stricter interpretation of the rules and accept 1913 as the date for
these names.

Amphichlorops , Lutz 1909c, p. 29, with A. flavus Wied., and A.
variegatus n. sp. 1913b, defined in key. 1914a, with flavus
Wied., Type T. flavus Wied. 1828 (Bequaert 1924).
Bomhylopsis Lutz 1909a, p. 31, with nitens (Bigot), fanalis (Fab.)
and leonina n. sp. 1909b, p. 646, with erythronotata Big.,
pseudoanalis n. sp., analis Fab. 1805 and leonina n. sp. 1909c,
p. 28, with erythronotata Big., fanalis Fab. and leonina n. sp.
Type erythronotata Big. (Borgmeier 1933).

1950]

Fairchild — Generic Names for T abanidae

121

Bomhylomorpha Lutz 1911a, p, 33, with erythronotata Big., pseudo -
analis n. sp., analis Fab. and leonina n. sp. Type erythronotata
Bigot (Borgmeier 1933).

Bombylomyia Lutz 1911b, p. 69 with B. splendens n. sp. descr.
Bombylopsis changed to Bombylomyia. 1914a with nitens Big.
The status of these names is confusing. Bombylomorpha and
Bombylomyia may have been created to replace Bombylopsis ,
thought to be preoccupied. I have been unable to find that this
name is preoccupied and Lutz and Castro 1936 have reverted
to its use. The selection of erythronotata Big. as type of Bom-
bylopsis is incorrect, as it was not included in the original pub-
lication. The only species available as genotype for Bombylop-
sis is nitens Bigot 1892 and it is here selected. Since both
Bombylomyia and Bombylomorpha were substitute names, they
take the same genotype. Ionopis or Ionopsis (q.v.) will fall
as a synonym, as it has the same genotype. There is no need
to replace the latter name until it becomes clear that the con-
cept it was intended to cover is needed.

Catachlorops 1911a. emendation of Katachlorops (q.v.).

Chelotabanus 1913b, p. 5, in Ley, no species. 1914a, p. 72, with
fuscus Wied., impressus Wfied., aurora Macq., cinerarias Wied.
1918 with aurora and impressus. See Odontotabanus. Type I.
fuscus Wied. 1819 (Bequaert 1924).

Chlorotabanus 1909c, p. 30, with mexicanus L. 1913b, in key, no
species. 1914a, with mexicanus L. 1911a, with mexicanus L.
Type T. mexicanus L. 1767 (Bequaert 1924).

Chrysochiton Lutz and Castro, 1936, with auricinctus (Lutz and
Neiva) bocainensis n. sp., nubiapex (Lutz) and rubrithorax
(Krob.). Type by original designation, Erephopsis auricinctus
Lutz and Neiva 1909.

Cryptotylus 1909c, with unicolor Wied. 1911a with unicolor Wied.
1913b defined in key (Chryptotylus) . Monotypic for T. uni-
color Wied. 1828 (Borgmeier 1933).

Dicladocera 1909c, p. 29, with immaculata Macq., furcata Wied.
(macrodonta Macq.), potator Wied., guttipennis Wied., macula
( scutellata ) Macq., luctuosa Macq, and rufipennis Macq. 1911a,
p. 34, with same species. 1912, with Z). unicolor Lutz n. sp.
descr. 1913b, defined in key ( Dichladocera .) Type T. gutti-
pennis Wied, 1828 (Enderlein 1922). The designation of uni-
color Lutz by Bequaert (1924) and his subsequent restriction

122

Psyche

[December

(1946 p. 68) rest on the assumption that Lutz’ 1909c names
were invalidly published. See introductory discussion above.

Dyspangonia 1905, p. 22. defined and with fuscipennis Wied., clari
n. sp., fasciata Macq., lugubris Macq., ferruginea Macq. 1909b
p. 625—Esenbeckia Rond. Type Pangonia fuscipennis Wied.
1828 (Bequaert 1924).

Epipsila 1909b, p. 648 with eriomera Macq. and eriomeroides n. sp.
descr. Type E. eriomeroides Lutz (Enderlein 1925).

Himantostylus 1913a, p. 183, defined and with intermedius n. sp.
descr. Monotypic (not Himanthostylus Borgm. 1933).

Ionopsis 1909c, p. 28 with nitens n. gen. (sic) and Foetterlei n. sp.
1909b, p. 650 defined and with nitens Bigot and Foetterlei n. sp.
described ( Ionopis ). The spelling will depend on which of
these publications appeared first. Neave’s Nomenclator gives
Ionopis, while Borgmeier (1933) maintains that Ionopsis was
the original spelling. Type nitens Bigot 1892 (Enderlein
1925). The type species was originally included in Bombylopsis
Lutz 1909a (q.v.) which has some months priority.

Katachlorops 1909c, p. 29, with fuscipennis Macq., rufesceus Fab.
intereuns Walk., capreolus Wied. and bitinctus Walk. 1911a,
p. 34. with same species. 1913b, defined in key only ( Cathach -
lorops, Gatachlorops ) Type. Dichelacera fuscipennis Macq.
1847 (Bequaert 1924). The emended spelling Catachlorops,
has largely prevailed.

Laphriomyia 1911b, p. 70. defined and with mirabilis n. sp. descr.
The erroneous variant Laphriopsis appears on p. 71. 1911a
p. 34 ( Laphromyia ) Monotypic for L. mirabilis Lutz 1911.

Leptotabanus 1914a, p. 72, with nigrovenosus Lutz in list of Tab-
anidae from Xerem. 1918, in list only, no authority. 1921, in
list only, no authority. The species seems never to have been
described, though it is possible that Melanotabanus fuliginosus
Lutz and Neiva (q.v.) was based on the same specimen. It is
described in the same paper from a single specimen from
Xerem, Rio de Janeiro, and the authors state in the paragraph
preceding their list of Tabanidae from Xerem that the list in-
cludes a new species based on one specimen from Xerem.
Leptotabanus nigrovenosus is the only new species in this list.
Since the name is invalid, a nomen nudum, as listed by Neave,
it does not preoccupy Leptotabanus Krober 1931 as believed

1950]

Fairchild — Generic Names for Tahanidae

123

by Miller (1945), who proposed the unnecessary name Neo-
leptotabanus (Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London (B) 1^: 72).

Leucotabanus 1913b, defined in key. 1914a, p. 71, with leucaspis
Wied. in list. 1914b, defined in key. Type Tabanus leucaspis
Wied. 1828 (Bequaert 1924)).

Macrocormus 1909c, p. 29, with badius n. sp. sorbillans Wied.,
pseudosorbillans n. sp. and trizonophthalmus n. sp., 1911a,
p. 35 with same species. 1913b, defined in key. Type Tabanus
sorbillans Wied., 1928 (Bequaert 1924).

Melanotabanus 1914a, p. 76. defined and with fuliginosus n. sp.
described. Monotypic.

Micropangonia 1922, p. 5, defined briefly by comparison with
Erephopsis. Said to contain two species, but none named. I
believe this to be a lapsus for Neopangonia (Lutz (q.v.) as the
characters mentioned (open first posterior cell, long proboscis
and small size) are those used earlier to separate Neopangonia
from “Erephopsis’* . Since the name could be construed as
having been defined, and hence valid, I hereby select Neo-
pangonia pusilla Lutz 1909 as genotype, as it agrees with the
definitions, thus making Micropangonia a synonym of Neo-
pangonia.

Microtabanus 1922, p. 9, defined only by having unicolorous eyes
and being small. No species. This can hardly be construed as
a “definition” under the rules, and I consider the name invalid
and not preoccupying Microtabanus Fairchild 1937.

Myiotabanus 1928, p. 59, with sarcophagoides n. sp. descr. and fig.r
Although there is no statement that the genus is proposed as
new, it is combined with a valid specific name and I believe
should be considered valid. Monotypic.

Neopangonia 1909b, p. 651, defined and with pusilla n. sp. descr.
and fig. Monotypic. See also Micropangonia.

Neotabanus 1909c, p. 29, with trilineatus Latr., modestus Wied.
and 16 other named species. 1911a, with same species. 1913b,
defined in key. 1914a, with obsoletus Wied., comitans Wied.,
ixyostactes Wied., ochrophilus Lutz, triangulum Wied., trili-
neatus Latr. and others in list. Type Tabanus trilineatus Latr.
1814 (Bequaert 1924).

Odontotabanus 1918 Lutz, Araujo and Fonseca, with aurora , cin-
erarias, fuscus. 1926 Bequaert, Exped. Amazon, p. 233, cited

124

Psyche

[December

in synonymy with aurora. Lutz 1928, p. 56-57, with cinerarias
. Wied., testaceus Macq., olivaceiventris Macq., and importunus
. Wied. in list. Type aurora Macq. 1838 (Borgmeier 1933).
Doubtfully distinct from Chelotahanus ; Lutz used both names
interchangeably in 1918.

Orthostylus 1914a , p. 74, defined and with amhiguus n. sp. descr.
Monotypic. Preoccupied. See below.

Orthostyloceras Lutz in Borgmeier 1933, p. 298. New name for
Orthostylus Lutz and Neiva, not Orthostylus Beck 1837 Mol-
lusca. Type amhiguus Lutz and Neiva 1914.

Phaeoneura 1909a, p. 645, defined in key and with hasilaris Wied.
sole species. 1909c, p. 29, with hasilaris Wied. in list. 1911b,
with hasilaris in list (in German translation the name is
Phaeomyia, evidently a lapsus ).

Phaeotahanus 1913b, defined in key. 1914a, in list with litigiosus
Walk., aphanipterus Wied. Type Tahanus litigiosus Walk.
1850 (Bequaert 1924).

Poecilosoma 1909c, in list with punctipenne Macq., quadripunctatum
Macq., histrio Wied., and cinereum Wied. 1911a, same species.
1913b, defined in key. Type Tahanus quadripunctatus Fab.
1805 (Bequaert 1924). (The name is four times preoccupied).

Poeciloderas 1921, in list with “quadripunctatum” . Type T. quadri-
punctatus Fab. 1805 (Borgmeier 1933).

Poecilochlamys 1922, briefly defined and in key. 1928, in list with
quadripunctatus Fab. Type T. quadripunctatus Fab. (Borg-
meier 1933). The key is the same as the 1913 key, and this
name replaces Poecilosoma in it.

Pseudocanthocera 1913b, in key, no species. 1914a, in list with
marginata Macq., Silveirii Macq. Type Silvius Sylveirii Macq.
1838 (Enderlein 1925).

Plesiophthalmus 1911a (not seen), with fenestratus Lutz undes-
cribed. Monotypic. Nomen nudum. Preoccupied by Motschoul-
sky 1858 Coleopt. (Borgmeier 1933).

Pseudoscione 1918, in list as Pseudoscione longipennis Ricardo. No
description. 1928, p. 54, proposed for Diatomineura longipennis
Ricardo and an unnamed species from Ecuador. Species said
to resemble Scione but have venation like Diatomineura. No
statement that genus is proposed as new. Genotype Diatomin-
eura longipennis Ricardo 1902 here designated.

1950]

Fairchild — Generic Names for Tahanidae

125

Rhabdotylus 1909c, p. 29, with viridiventris Macq. and plani-
ventris Wied. 1913b, defined in key. 1914a, with viridiventris
Macq. in list. Type T. planiventris Wied. 1828 (Bequaert
1924).

Stenotabanus 1913b, defined in key. 1914a, with taeniotes Wied. in
list. Type T. taeniotes Wied. 1828 (Bequaert. 1924).

Stictotabanus 1914, in list with anonymous n. sp. and maculipennis
Macq. 1918 in list with conspicuus n. sp., no description. 1922,
defined as having unicolorous eyes and a spot on the trans-
verse veins; no species. Borgmeier 1933 gives type as T.
maculipennis Macq. 1834, but this is unjustified, as there are
two Macquart species of this name and Lutz did not specify.
See also Bequaert 1924, Enderlein 1925. Maculipennis Macq. is
invalid, (nec Wied. 1828). The name is very doubtfully valid.

Stigmatophthalmus 1909c, with altivagus n. sp. in list. 1911a. (not
seen). 1913a, with altivagus n. sp. descr. and fig. Monotypic.

Bibliography

Bequaert, J.

1924. Notes upon Surcouf’s treatment of the Tahanidae in the Genera

Insectorum and upon Enderlein’s proposed new classification
of this family. Psyche 31 (1) : 24-40.

Borgmeier, T.

1933. A proposito da nomenclatura dos Tahanidae da regiao neotropica.

Rev. Ent. 3 (3) : 286-303.

Bequaert, J. and Rengifo, S.

1946. The Tahanidae of Colombia. Psyche, 53 (3-4) : 52-88.

Chagas, C.

1925. Bibliography of Lutz. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz. 18(1) :VII-XXII

Supplements were issued in 1929 and 1934 but do not appehr
to have been published in the Memorias.

Enderlein, G.

1922. Ein neues Tabanidensystem. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 10(2) : 333-
351.

1925. Studien an blutsaugenden Insekten. 1. Grundlagen eines neuen
Systems der Tabaniden. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 11(2) : 1-409.

Krober, O.

1932. Bermerkungen liber die Systematik der neotropischen Tabaniden,
Bestimmungstabelle der Subfamilien und Gattungen. Rev.
Ent. 2(2) : 185-202.

1934. Catalogo dos Tahanidae da America do sul e Central incluindo o

Mexico e as Antilhas. Rev. Ent. 4(2-3) : 222-276 and 291-333.

Lutz, A.

1905. Beitraege zur Kenntniss der brasilianischen Tabaniden. Rev. Soc.
Sci. Sao Paulo, No. 1, pp. 19-32. June.

126

Psyche

[December

Lutz, A.

1906. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der brasilianischen Tabaniden. Zweite

Mittheilung. Rev. Soc. Sci. Sao Paulo, No. 3-4, pp. 1-4
(Separatabdruck) .

Lutz, A.

1907. Bemerkungen liber die Nomenclatur und Bestimmung der Brasil-

ianischen Tabaniden. Zentralblatt f. Bakteriologie, Abt. 1,
Vol. 44, pp. 137-144. Some specific synonymies, no new names.

Lutz, A. and Neiva, A.

1909. Erephopsis auricincta, uma nova motuca da subfamilia Pan -
goninae. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 1 (1) : 12-13, Pl.l.

Lutz, A. and Neiva, A.

1909. a Contributes para o conhecimento da fauna indijena de Tab-

anidas. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 1 (1) : 28-32. April, (in Port-
uguese and German).

Lutz, A.

1909b Tabaniden Brasiliens und einiger Nachbarstaaten. Zool. Jahrb.,
Suppl. X, heft 4, pp. 619-692, pi. 1-3, August.

Lutz, A.

1909c Institute Oswaldo Cruz en Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Colleccao
de Tabanidas, pp. 28-30.

Lutz, A.

1910. Notas dipterologicas. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 2:58-59.

Lutz, A.

1911a (list of Tabanidae) in “Internationale Hygiene-Ausstellung,
Dresden 1911, Institut Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de
Janeiro, Brasil5’, pp. 33-35. (Not seen. According to Borgmeier
this is a reprinting of the 1909c brochure, with some changes,
in which the new generic names are credited to Lutz) .

1911b Novas contributes para o conhecimento das Pangoninas e
Chrysopinas do Brazil. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 3 (1) : 65-85,
PI. 4.

Lutz, A.

1912. Commissao de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matte
Grosso ao Amazonas. Annexe 5, Historia Natural, Zoologia.
Tabanideos. pp. 1-9, 1 plate.

Lutz, A.

1912a Contribuigao para o estudo da biologia dos dipteros hematofagos.

Ill Sangue verde em Tabanidas e outros dipteros. Mem.
Inst. Osw. Cruz. 4 (1) : 79-81.

Lutz, A.

1913a Tabanidas do Brazil e de alguns Estados visinhos. Mem. Inst.
Osw. Cruz. 5 (2): 142-191, pi. 12-13.

1913. b Sobre a systematica dos tabanideos, subfamilia tabaninae. Brazil

Medico, No. 45, 1 December 1913. (reprint pp. 1-7) .

Lutz, A.

1914. Notas Dipterologicas. Contribuigao para o conhecimento dos

primeros estados de tabanideos brasileiros. Mem. Inst. Osw.
Cruz, 6 (1) 43-49.

1950]

Fairchild — Generic Names for T ahanidae

127

Lutz, A. and Neiva, A.

1914a As “Tabanidae” do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Mem. Inst. Osw.
Cruz, 6 (2) : 69-80.

Lutz, A.

1914b Sobre a sistematica dos tabanideos, sub-familia tabaninae. Mem.
Inst. Osw. Cruz, 6 (3) : 163-168.

Lutz, A. and Machado, A.

1915. Viagem pelo rio S. Francisco e por alguns dos seus afluentes
entre Pirapora e Joazeiro. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz. 7 (1) :5-50,
(List of Tabanidae pp. 46-47) .

Lutz, A.

1915a Tabanidas do Brazil e de alguns Estados visinhos. Segunda
Memoria, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz. 7 (1) : 51-119, PI. 19-21.
Lutz, A., Araujo, H. C. de Souza, and Fonseca, Filho, O. da.

1918. Viagem scientifica no rio parana e a Assuncion, com volta par
Buenos Aires, Montevideo e Rio de Janeiro. Mem. Inst. Osw.
Cruz, 10 : 104-199.

Lutz, A.

1921. Motucas de Guaratuba. Boletim do Inst. Osw. Cruz, Supplement©

dos Memorias, 1 p. 15.

Lutz, A.

1922. Zoologia Medica. Tabanidae ou Motucas. Publicagao Separada

da Folha Medica, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1-17.

Lutz A. (and Nunez Tovar)

1928. Estudios de Zoologia y Parasitologia Venezolanas. Rio de Janeiro,
December, (pp. 51-64 and PI. 8-9 deal with Tabanidae and
are to be credited to both authors).

Lutz, A.

1931. Sur Tabanus importunus. Comptes Rend. Soc. Biol. Rio de
Janeiro, 109:751.

Lutz, A. and Castro, G. M. de O.

1935. Sobre algumas novas especies de motucas do genero Esenbeckia

Rondani. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz 30(3) : 543-562.

Lutz, A. and Castro, G. M. de O.

1936. Consideracoes sobre especies affines do genera Melpia Walker

(1850) e descripgao de um genero novo e duas especies
novas. Sobre duas especies novas do genero Fidena Walker.
Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz. 32 (1) : 169-183.

Lutz, A. and Castro, G. M. de O.

1937. Sobre uma especie nova do genero Laphriomyia Lutz, e descripgao

do macho de L. mirabilis Lutz. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz. 32
(2) : 231-233.

A NEW LEPTOTHORAX FROM ALABAMA
(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)1

By Edward O. Wilson
University of Alabama

Leptothorax (Myrafant) tuscaloosae, new species

Holotype worker. - Total length approximately 1.9 mm.; length
of alitrunk, measured from the dorsal base of the pronotal collar
to the tip of the posterior propodeal flange, 0.554 mm.; length of
head, measured in profile from the anterior margin of the clypeus
to the extreme occipital border, 0.512 mm.; cephalic index 93.5.
(All measurements except total length given in this description
with a maximum error of ±0.016 mm.)

Eye oval, moderately prominent, with nine ocelli across its great-
est length, located nearer the anterior than the posterior border of
the head. Head subrectangular, with weakly convex posterior
border, rounded posterior angles, and weakly convex, subparallel
sides. Clypeus depressed, 1.2 times longer than broad, its anterior
border rounded and entire. Antenna eleven-segmented; scape fail-
ing by approximately its greatest width to meet the occipital angle ;
funicular club three-jointed, as long as the remainder of the funi-
culus, the apical segment longer than the preceding two combined.
Mandible with five teeth, the apical tooth the largest. Alitrunk
slender, seen from above 0.272 mm. across its greatest width at the
pronotum, evenly arcuate in profile, sloping to the base of the pro-
podeal spines ; humeri well rounded ; pro-mesonotal and meso-
epinotal sutures absent; other thoracic sutures weak or absent. Pro-
podeal spines slender and acute, slightly and gradually curved
inward and downward, approximately as long as the declivious face
of the propodeum, the basal portions in profile forming an angle
of approximately 120° with the basal face of the propodeum, their
bases 0.096 mm. apart. Femora and tibiae noticeably incrassated.
Petiolar node in profile with anterior face concave, and meeting the
dorsal face in a bluntly rounded angle. Dorsum of postpetiole 1.5
times broader than long, not constricted in posterior half, with sub-
parallel sides.

Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

128

1950]

Wilson — A New Leptothorax

129

Mandibles covered dorsally by close-set, longitiudinal striae.
Clypeus with a dark median carina running from anterior to poster-
ior border; the remainder of the clypeus more or less longitudinally
rugulose. Frontal area, frontal lobes, and cheeks rugulose. Re-
mainder of head, most of the thorax, and the gaster moderately
shining, with extremely fine punctures. Propodeum and meso- and
metasternal regions of thorax rugulose, the rugulae of the declivious
face of^the propodeum transverse. Petiole and postpetiole densely
and coarsely granulose.

Body covered by moderately abundant, long, coarse, grayish, erect
hairs. Antennae with moderately abundant, short, very fine hairs
over entire surface; many of these hairs on funiculus and a small
number on scape suberect to erect but the majority appressed. Legs
with a sparse growth of hairs similar to those on antennae; most of
these appressed by a scattered few suberect to erect.

Body dark brown; mandibles, antennae, and legs pale yellow;
femora infuscated over entire surface except for ends.

Gynetype. - Differing from the worker in the usual characters
separating these two phases. Total length approximately 2.7 mm.,
length of alitrunk 0.912 mm., greatest width of alitrunk 0.576 mm.,
length of head 0.568 mm., cephalic index 100. Propodeal spines
short and robust, their length less than the distance between their
bases and approximately half the length of the declivious face of
the propodeum. Sculpturing, pilosity, and color essentially the
same as in the worker.

Type locality. - Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

The holotype worker, the gynetype, and forty-two paratypes
consisting of seven dealate queens and thirty-five workers were
collected by the author August 20, 1947, in a small patch of woods
directly north of Guthrie’s Nursery, which is at the Tuscaloosa
Memorial Cemetery near the outskirts of the city.

Additional locality: Elrod, Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. Thirteen para-
types consisting of two dealate queens and eleven workers were col-
lected by Barry D. Valentine and the author May 10, 1949, in the
Sipsey River swamp several miles east of the town.

The paratypes of this small species vary from the holotype and
gynetype noticeably in color and size. Callows are pale yellow,
with infuscated head, gaster, and femora. The other specimens in
the type series vary from medium to dark, almost piceous, brown.
The mandibles, antennae, and legs of all are pale yellow, the femora

130

Psyche

[December

infuscated. Total length in the workers varies (approximately)
from 1.9 mm. to 2.1 mm.; length of alitrunk varies from 0.554 mm.
to 0.684 mm. ; with a mean of 0.609 mm. ; length of head varies
from 0.505 mm. to 0.570 mm., with a mean of 0.530 mm. Total
length in the queens does not possess variability sufficient for meas-
urement, which is somewhat dependent on the degree of distention
in the gaster; length of alitrunk varies from 0.929 mm. to 0.962 mm.,
with a mean of 0.942 mm.; length of head varies from 0.570 mm.
to 0.603 mm., with a mean of 0.590 mm. The workers from Elrod
are notably larger on the average than the ones from Tuscaloosa:
mean length of alitrunk 0.649 mm. as opposed to 0.600 mm., mean
length of head 0.549 mm. as opposed to 0.524 mm.

The holotype, the gynetype, and twelve paratypes have been
deposited in the United States National Museum under U. S. N. M.
No. 60339. Paratypes are in the collections of the author, the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, and the University
of Alabama.

Dr. M. R. Smith has very kindly examined types of the new
species and has expressed the opinion that its closest morphological
affinities are apparently to Leptothorax ( Myrafant ) curvispinosus
Mayr. It can be distinguished from that species by its differently
shaped propodeal spines and petiole, its smaller size, much darker
body coloration, and feebler cephalic and thoracic sculpturing. Be-
cause of the shining dorsal surface of the head, the new species runs
down to L. (Af.) longispinosus Roger in W. S. Creighton’s recent
key of the North American Leptothorax ( The Ants of North Amer-
ica, Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. 104). It can be distinguished from longis-
pinosus by its smaller size, different coloration (mandibles, antennae,
and legs in longispinosus moderately brown), feeble thoracic sculp-
turing, and shorter and more elevated propodeal spines (the spines
of longispinosus form an angle of nearly 180° with the dorsum of
the propodeum when viewed in profile).

The Tuscaloosa colony was found in a small cavity in a bank of
earth under a bed of moss. It was at the base of a large oak in an
open area fringing a bay-gum swamp. The Elrod colony was found
in a small cavity in the earth covered partly by an overhanging root
and party by thin leaf litter. It was in a densely shaded area also
on the fringes of a bay-gum swamp. Stray workers were taken
during the day on low bushes near both nests.

ADDITIONS TO THE NEARCTIC MELOIDAE (COLEOP.)1

By F. G. Werner

Harvard University and University of Vermont

Among specimens sent for determination by several institutions
and collectors are three striking additions to our fauna, which are
described below.

Epicauta cicatrix sp. n.

Figure 5

This, the thirteenth member of the caviceps-g roup, is the only
one of the group thus far known from the Big Bend region. It can
be distinguished from the other members, and from all other
Nearctic and Neotropical members of Epicauta , by the form of the
second antennal segment (see fig. 5).

Length: 8 to 12 mm. Black, moderately densely clothed with
cinereous to yellow-cinereous pubescence, except for the black
markings at the base of the elytra and on the abdomen which are
characteristic of the group, and a partially denuded spot on the
temporal angles of the head.

Head broad, 2/5 broader across the eyes than from vertex to
clypeus, tapering from just behind the eyes to the broadly rounded
temporal angles. Surface moderately densely punctured and strong-
ly microreticulate, appearing fairly shiny. Median impressed line
narrowly denuded, distinct down to the level of the eyes. Antennal
calluses small, denuded, shiny. Eyes prominent, slightly oblique
but unmodified, 3/5 as wide as high, as seen from side, with a nar-
row denuded zone surrounding them. Pubescence short on top of
head, very short and fine, black on the patch on the temporal angles.
Rest of head with rather coarse pubescence.

Antennae tapering gradually, with the intermediate segments
stouter and the apical segments more slender in the $ than in the
$ . $ antennae slightly more than three times as long as anterior

tibia; segment I stout, reaching l/4 across eye; II 2/3 as long as I,
posteriorly flattened and smooth, the base of the flattened area

Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College.

131

132

Psyche

[December

with a transverse oval scar-like area, slightly elevated from the rest
of the surface. This scar-like area has the surface roughened and
with some very short erect hairs. Segment III l/2 times as long as
I, almost circular in cross-section and slightly curved posteriorly;
IV as long as I, almost tubular ; rest decreasing gradually in thick-
ness and almost imperceptibly in length; XI 2/8 as wide as III,
l/3 longer than X. 9 antennae 2 3/5 as long as an anterior tibia;
segment I reaching to just beyond the margin of the eye, the rest
bearing approximately the same proportion to I as in the $ but
more slender basally and not tapering as much, so that XI is only
3/4 as wide as III.

Pronotum quadrate, l/lO broader than long. Sides straight,
diverging slightly from base to l/3 from apex, then forming a
fairly sharp angle, converging abruptly to the collar, which projects
forward slightly. Surface densely punctured and microreticulate.
Disc elevated in the center into a low hump; from the central hump
a set of more or less well-defined ridges project as follows: an-
teriorly a strongly elevated ridge, sometimes higher than the hump
near its base ; laterally a weak pair tending anteriorly and ending
in a pair of feeble elevations on the edges of the disc; posteriorly
a weak pair directed toward the posterior angles, leaving the mid-
dle of the base more or less excavated. Pubescence of disc confused,
directed generally away from the central hump, toward the lateral
elevations and often in a pair of whorls anteriorly.

Elytra with black scutellar markings extending across the base
and forming a very weak humeral spot of a few hairs. Suture
elevated on the basal l/4 and apical l/3. Underside with antero-
lateral black spots on sternites II to IV, sometimes also on I and V,
posterior midventral spots on II to IV, often on V in the $ , re-
duced to one spot, on III, in one 9 . Middle and posterior trochan-
ters and femora of $ denuded behind, the denuded area having
scattered short black hairs and margined above with long cinereous
hairs ; the femora slightly bowed, the middle femora more than the
posterior. Posterior tibia! spurs slender, sticklike.

Holotype: Presidio, Texas, Nov. 14, 1944, J. H. Russell

(USNM).

Allotype: 9, eutopotypical (USNM).

Paratypes: 27 eutopotypical, 3 topotypical, Nov. 6, 1944, 6 Nov.
8, 1947, 18 Nov. 27, 1948. Distributed in the USNM, MCZ, (No.
28502), in the collections of the author and F. H. Parker. All taken

1950]

Werner — Nearctic Meloidae

133

about a mile from Presidio, in the valley flat of the Rio Grande, on
flowers and leaves of a yellow-flowered composite, Viguiera steno-
loba.

Lytta mirifica sp. n.

Figures 1,3

This is one of the most striking new species of Lytta to turn up
in the United States since the revision of the genus by Fall. The type
locality, Anthony, N.M., is in the Rio Grande valley, about ten miles
north of El Paso, Texas. The species probably ranges over at least
the adjacent area of Mexico but cannot be very widespread in the
United States or it would certainly have been collected before.

Length: 16 to 25 mm. Stout, black, with brick-red pronotum.
Almost glabrous above, with some short, erect black pubescence
below. Elytra coarsely reticulate, as in reticulata Say. Intermediate
segments of $ antennae somewhat lengthened and thickened. In
Fall’s key2 this species would go to Group I, near ulhei Horn. How-
ever, it is unique in our fauna in combination of color pattern and
elytral reticulation.

Head subquadrate, 9/ 10 as long from vertex to clypeus as wide
just behind the eyes, with scattered coarse punctures, fine punc-
tulation and deep microreticulation, appearing roughened but some-
what shiny. Median impressed line distinct above, becoming weak
or obsolete toward the clypeus. Eyes half as wide as high as seen
from the side. Clypeus and lab rum sculptured like head but with
denser pubescence ; labrum feebly emarginate.

$ antennae (fig. 1) half as long as body from vertex to tip of
elytra, reaching basal fourth of the elytra. Intermediate segments
elongate-moniliform, longer and stouter than in the $ , particularly

IV to VI. Segment I stout, reaching l/4 across the eye; II short,
3/8 as long as I, strongly constricted at base, particularly extern-
ally; III 5/6 as long as I, normal; IV l/5 longer than II, slightly
swollen; V equal to IV or slightly longer, slightly thicker; VI to X
decreasing slightly in length and thickness; XI l/lO longer than
I and slightly thicker than X.

$ with first antennal segment stout, twice as long as broad and
reaching l/4> across eye; II short, 3/8 as long as I and constricted
as in $ ; III 3/4 as long as I and 4>/ 5 as thick ; IV 9/ 10 as long as I ;

V to VII decreasing in length; VII to X approximately equal, l/3
as long as I ; III to XI gradually increasing in thickness, X being

2Fall, H. C., 1901, Trans Am. Ent. Soc. 27:295.

134 Psyche [December

l/3 thicker than III; XI stout, slightly thicker and almost 4/5
longer than X.

Pronotum l/lO broader than long, hexagonal, angulate at the
sides just before the middle, with scattered coarse punctures, fine
punctulation and shallow microreticulation, appearing smooth and
feebly shiny. Disc flattened, with a feeble median impressed line,
a pair of feeble impressions laterally behind the middle and one in
the center of the base. Basal impressed line distinct.

Elytra coarsely reticulate, with the ridges of the reticulations
narrow. The entire surface is punctulate and microreticulate, ap-
pearing dull and roughened. Underside entirely black, more densely
punctured and pubescent than above. Anterior tibiae with two
slender apical spurs in both sexes. Middle tibiae bowed; posterior
tibiae slightly bowed, with the inner apical spur slightly broadened,
the outer broad and longer, both obliquely excavated. $ with the
sixth abdominal sternite with a V-shaped notch which extends for-
ward as a feeble groove ; pygidium normal, rounded apically ;
aedeagus (fig. 3) flattened, with two recurved spines.

Holotype: S, Anthony, New Mexico, June 21, 1941, R. H.

Crandall (MCZ No. 28500).

Allotype: $ , eutopotypical (MCZ).

Paratypes: 20 $ 11 $ $ topotypical. May 23 to July 15,

1941, R. H. Crandall. In the collections of Cornell University,
F. H. Parker and the author.

Lytta navajo sp. n.

Figures 2,4

Length: 16 to 23 mm. Moderately stout, deep blue-black except
for a small orange frontal spot on the head, semi-opaque and with
the elytra scabrous. In Fall’s key (footnote 2) this species runs to
Group II, couplet 1, but differs from all of the species listed there
in being all blue-black, having the elytra scabrous and the meta-
trochanters of the $ not spinose. Entire surface deeply microreti-
culate, appearing dull. Head and pronotum with some short, erect
pubescence ; elytra almost glabrous ; underside with slightly longer
pubescence than head and pronotum.

Head triangular, widest at the temporal angles, l/5 broader
than long, with dense, moderately deep but small punctures, some-
what uneven on the disc. Median impressed line distinct down to
the level of the hind margin of the eyes. Eyes slightly more than

1950]

Werner — N e arctic Meloidae

135

half as wide as high as seen from side. Clypeus with a broad trans-
verse basal impression, and with sculpture like head ; labrum smooth-
er, feebly emarginate.

$ antennae (fig. 2) 2/5 as long as body from vertex to tip of
elytra, almost the same as in the $ , becoming gradually stouter
apically. Segment I moderately stout, reaching l/3 across eye,
with the apex oblique; II short, 3/8 as long as I; III 9/ 10 as long
as I; IV to X subequal to III in length, becoming moniliform: XI
2/ 5 longer than I, sharply pointed. The antennae of the $ are
essentially like those of the $ .

Pronotum l/7 broader than long, about as wide as head, flattened
and roughened on the disc, widest at apical third. Sculpture similar

I

Figs. 1-5. Fig. 1. Lytta mirifica sp. n., £ , right antenna. Fig. 2 Lytta
navajo sp. n., 3 , right antenna. Fig. 3. Lytta mirifica, $ , genitalia, from
right side. Fig. 4. Lytta navajo, $ , genitalia, from right side. Fig. 5.
Epicauta cicatrix sp. n., second segment of right antenna, dorsal and
posterior views.

136

Psyche

[December

to head except toward middle of disc, which is smoother. Base with
a strong transverse impression. Median impressed line feeble.

Elytra coarsely scabrous, with very feeble costulae, one near the
margin, another arising one third of the way from the humeri to
the suture and a third arising near the scutellum. Legs stout, with
the tibiae flattened, the middle and posterior tibiae bowed in both
sexes. Outer spur of the posterior tibiae broad, the inner slender.
8 with sixth abdominal sternite deeply and sharply notched, fifth
broadly and feebly notched; aedeagus (fig. 4) constricted near
apex, and with a small double recurved spine.

Holotype: 8 , 22 mi. N. of Cameron, Coconino Co., Arizona, May
19, 1949, H. Epson, feeding on Astragalus. (MCZ No. 28501).

Allotype: 2, eutopotvpical (MCZ).

Paratypes: 1 8,2 2 2, eutopotvpical, in the collections of the
University of Wyoming, F. H. Parker and the author.

RECORDS AND FLOWER PREFERENCES
OF MASARID WASPS
(HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

By

Kenneth W. Cooper (Princeton University)
and

J. Bequaert (Harvard University)

The observations which follow on the masarid wasps in Colorado
are based largely upon collections made (by KWC) in the vicinity
of the Science Lodge of the University of Colorado during the in-
terval July 26 — August 21, 1949. Additional flower records and
information upon eleven species of Pseudomasaris from Arizona,
California, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas and Utah, as well as
from Colorado, are included (by JB) from previously unpublished
notes. All records, therefore, rest on the authority of Dr. J. Bequaert
if they are not initialled “(KWC)”.

Science Lodge, it should be remarked, is located at the margin
of Arapaho Moraine, below Mount Niwot, approximately eight miles
NNW of the town of Nederland, Colorado, at an altitude of 9,528
ft., just three miles East of the Continental Divide. It is thus in
the uppermost fourth of Ramaley’s “Montane Zone”, heavy stands
of lodgepole pine characterizing the region. Road margins and
clearings were frequently densely populated with flowers very at-
tractive to aculeate Hymenoptera, and collecting could hardly have
been better. The varied terrain with predominantly ponderosa
pine-Douglas fir forests below, subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce
stands and tundra above, all make Science Lodge located in the
intermediate lodgepole pine forest ideally situated as a central base
for the field naturalist.

The records which follow may be added to those of Bradley
(1922) and Bequaert (1929, 1940, 1943). As many of the older
records of Pseudomasaris flower preferences are today uncertain
because of obvious misidentification of the plant concerned, it is
very important that all new records be validated by authority. The

137

138

Psyche

[December

Penstemon 1 species recorded from Colorado (by KWC) were all
checked or identified by the well known authority on the Scrophu-
lariaceae, Dr. Francis W. Pennell of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia, Pa. The Colorado Phacelia were likewise
checked by Prof. Robert Prettyman of Butler University. Phacelia
sericea and Ph. ramosissima were named by Dr. R. E. Schultes, of
Harvard University, from dried specimens. Dr. C. D. Michener
supplied the name Phacelia popei for the record of Pseudomasaris
texanus, and Dr. J. Bequaert determined the Ph. calif ornica from
fresh material.

Of the 1 1 species mentioned below, the first three are all that are
known from Colorado. The Colorado captures are set off from
other records in separate paragraphs for ease of reference.

1. Pseudomasaris (T oryna) vespoides (Cresson)

Colorado: Hill’s Mill (directly above Science Lodge, 10,000 ft.),

I $ sunning on open, gravelly ground, at 9 AM, July 26 (KWC) ;
Rainbow Lakes, 10,000 ft., 7 $ and 6 $ at Penstemon alpinus Torr.,

II AM to 4 PM, and 1 $ at Penstemon unilateralis Rydb., 9 AM,

July 30 (KWC) ; Gold Hill, 8,300 ft., 1 $ and 2 $ at Penstemon
alpinus , 8:45 AM, Aug. 6 (KWC); vicinity of Science Lodge,
9,500 ft., 2 $ within flowers of Penstemon alpinus , 11:20 AM, Aug.
13, and 1 $ sunning at road margin, 8 AM, Aug. 14 (KWC) ; Poudre
River Canyon, 9 $ (L. D. Anderson) ; Creede, 8,844 ft. (S. J.

Hunter) ; Pike’s Peak, 1 $ and 1 $ (L. Bruner) ; Ute Creek, Sage
Flats (L. Bruner) ; Grand Junction, 1 $ (L. Bruner) ; La Junta,
1 $ (Lantz) ; Florissant, at Penstemon sp. (S. A. Rohwer).

Oregon: Hood River, 1 $ (J. Nottingham); Milton, 2$, June
22, 1938 (K. Gray and J. Schuh); 10 miles West of Bend, 1 $ ,
June 21, 1939 (K. Gray and J. Schuh); Hart Mountain, 1$,
June 17, 1938 (K. Gray and J. Schuh); Cornucopia, 6,200-7,000
ft., 1 $ at Penstemon sp., July 25, 1936 (H. A. Scullen). Cali-
fornia: Auburn, many $ 9 (L. Bruner); San Jacinto Mts., 1 $

(R. M. Beamer) ; Altadena, 2 $ (KWC) ; Pasadena, 1 $ at culti-
vated Penstemon azurea Benth. (tentative determination by A. H.
Sturtevant), June 9, 1945 (KWC). Utah: Provo (T. Spalding).
South Dakota: Custer; Whitewood; Spearfish, 1 $ , July 15, 1924.
Wyoming: about 10 to 15 miles W. of Cheyenne, on the highway to
Laramie, 8,500 ft., Albany Co., August 11, 1949, and August 10,

xWe follow Pennell (1935, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 1, p.
200) in using Penstemon, rather than Pentstemon or Pentastemon.

Cooper and Bequaert — Records of Masarid Wasps 139

1950, at Penstemon unilateralis (R. R. Dreisbach) ; flower deter-
mined by Dr. F. W. Pennell; both 2 and $ very numerous while
the sun was shining, visiting the flowers; none were at the flowers
while it was cloudy.

This species is one of the most widely distributed of the genus,
being known at present from Oregon, California, Nevada, Wyoming,
Idaho, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Arizona and New
Mexico. Its true foodplants appear to be several species of Penste-
mon, as discussed elsewhere. In this connection, Cresson (1864)
states that Ridings collected Ps. vespoides near Empire City,
Colorado, at flowers of “a plant allied to the genus Lobelia, grow-
ing abundantly on the roadsides.” This was evidently a Penstemon .

The extent of the yellow marking varies greatly. Females from
California are often more yellow than those from Colorado, some-
times even showing short yellow longitudinal streaks on the meso-
notum before the scutellum. Some females are nevertheless practical-
ly colored alike in both geographic regions, so that it does not seem
possible to segregate the very xanthic specimens as a distinct geo-
graphical subspecies. Moreover the specimen with the greatest
extent of yellow is a female from Arizona (White Mesa, Kayenta),
which not only has very wide abdominal bands, but also has most
of the pronotum, scutellum, postscutellum, propodeum and pleura
yellow, curved yellow lines along nearly the entire notauli and
side lines near the tegulae on the mesonotum. Such extreme var-
iants are very similar to Ps. wheeleri. If the need were felt for a
special name, they should be called var. robertsoni Cockerell.

2. Pseudomasaris ( Pseudomasaris ) marginalis (Cresson)

Colorado: Moraine below Hill’s Mill, 9,800 ft., 1 $ at Phacelia
heterophylla Pursh, 10 AM, July 27 (KWC) ; Rainbow Lakes,
10,000 ft., 3 $ and 2 $ at Phacelia heterophylla, 9 AM to 2 PM,
July 30 (KWC); vicinity of Science Lodge, 9,500 ft., 1 2 sunning
on open, sandy bank of road, 9:25 AM, Aug. 5 (KWC); Sierra
Blanca (L. Bruner) ; Ute Creek (L. Bruner) ; Cascade Lodge,
Rocky Mountain National Park; Echo Lake, 12,000 ft., 1 2 (R. R.
Dreisbach and R. K. Schwab).

Utah: Bear River, North slope of Uinta Mts., 8,000 ft., 2 $
and 3 2 at Phacelia sericea (Graham) Gray, June 27, 1949 (F.
Werner and W. Nutting).

Known from British Columbia, Alberta, Utah, Colorado and
New Mexico. The food plants are species of Phacelia.

140

Psyche

[December

3. Pseudomasaris ( Ps .) zonalis (Cresson)

Colorado : vicinity of Science Lodge, 9,300 ft., 2 $ and 3 $ at
Phacelia heterophylla Pursh, 7:45 to 11:30 AM, July 28, and 2 $
and 1 $ at Phacelia heterophylla , 10:15 to 10:45 AM, Aug. 5
(KWC) ; Rainbow Lakes, 10,000 ft., 3 $ at Phacelia heterophylla ,
1 PM, July 30 (KWC) ; Gold Hill, 8,300 ft., 1 $ at Phacelia
heterophylla, 8:50 AM, Aug. 6 (KWC); Mont Alto, 8,000 ft.,
1 $ at Phacelia heterophylla, 1 PM, Aug. 6 (KWC) ; Boulder, 1 2
at Besseya plantaginea (Benth.) Rydb., May 15, 1908 (S. A.
Rohwer).

Oregon: Cornucopia, 6,200 to 7,000 ft., 1 $, July 25, 1936 (R.
E. Reider) ; Mt. Hood, 1 $ (J. Nottingham) ; 5 miles west of

Suttle Lake, 1 $ , July 8, 1939 (K. Gray and J. Schuh). California:
Lassen National Park, 1 $ (C. T. Brues) ; Emigrant Gap, 1 2 (M.
Cazier).

Known at present from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon,
California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Colorado and Nebraska. The
normal foodplants appear to be species of Phacelia and possibly
Besseya. Aside from Cresson’s (1864) remark that Ridings dis-
covered Ps. zonalis in August “on a plant most likely to be of the
genus Phacelia/’ the above flower records appear to be the first
definite observations on the flower choice of this species. It is of
interest that Ridings also found Ps. marginalis on the same “ Pha-
celia” as Ps. zonalis.

4. Pseudomasaris ( Ps .) occidentalis (Cresson)

Known from Kansas, New Mexico and Texas. Its only known
foodplants are Penstemon.

5. Pseudomasaris (Ps.) coquilletti Rohwer

California: Marsh Creek, Mount Diablo, 1 $ and 1 $ at
Phacelia calif ornica Cham., April 20, 1949 (R. M. Bohart). Ari-
zona: Upper Basin, Sabino Canyon, Sa. Catalina Mts., 4 $ at
Phacelia ramosissima Dougl., April 22, 1949 (JCB).

Known only from California and Arizona thus far. The food-
plants are species of Phacelia and Eriodictyon.

6. Pseudomasaris (Ps.) wheeleri J. Bequaert

California: Yosemite, 12, June 12, 1925 (A. L. Melander) ;
Big Pine Creek, Inyo Co., 1 2 at Penstemon sp. (R. M. Bohart) ;
Charleton Flats, 6,000 ft., Los Angeles Co., 1 $ and 1 2 (KWC) ;

Cooper and Bequaert — Records of Masarid Wasps 141

Chilao, 6,000 ft., Los Angeles Co., 12, July 23, 1944 (A. H.
Sturtevant) .

Known only from California. It seems to use as foodplants both
Eriodictyon and Penstemon.

7. Pseudomasaris ( Ps .) edwardsii (Cresson)

California: San Jacinto Mts. (R. H. Beamer) ; Deep Creek, at
edge of Mohave Desert, at Eriodictyon tomentosum. Utah: Eureka.

Known from Washington, California, Nevada and Utah. Visits
both Eriodictyon and Phacelia.

8. Pseudomasaris ( Holopticus ) texanus (Cresson)

Texas: Big Bend National Park, Chisos Mts., 3 $ at Phacelia
popei Torrey and Gray, April 11, 1949 (C. D. Michener and R. M.
Beamer).

Typically Ps. texanus has part of the thorax (particularly on the
pronotum) and part of the abdomen ferruginous-red; but the ex-
tent of this color varies. It is usually more developed in the females,
and even in Texas some males are almost without reddish colora-
tion. The other pale markings are decidedly yellowish. Ps. texanus
appears to occur only in Texas and New Mexico. The published
records from California and Arizona, and probably also those from
Utah, should be referred to Ps. rohweri , which is possibly only a
subspecies of texanus (see below). The normal foodplants are
most likely species of Phacelia, although there is as yet but one
definite observation.

9. Pseudomasaris (H.) rohweri Bradley

California: Westgard Pass, Inyo Co., many $ and 2, at
Phacelia sp., June 18, 1942 (R. M. Bohart). Arizona: Upper
Basin, Sabino Canyon, Sa. Catalina Mts., 1 2 at Phacelia ramosis-
sima Dougl., April 22, 1949 (JCB).

Ps. rohweri is known from California and parts of Arizona (the
published records of texanus for Tempe, Globe and Phoenix refer
to rohweri ). Ps. rohweri has been taken at Phacelia only. It is
very closely related to Ps. texanus, differing mainly in the pure
white, not yellowish, markings.

10. Pseudomasaris (LT.) hariscapus Bradley

More information is urgently needed for this species which is
known only from the male holotype collected at Quartzite, Arizona.

142

Psyche

[December

11. Pseudomasaris ( H .) phaceliae Rohwer

More information is needed for this species also. It is known
only from New Mexico where it was collected attending Phacelia.

References Cited

Bequaert, J.

1929. A new Pseudomasaris from California, with some considerations
on the masarid wasps. Psyche 36: 61-88.

1929. Some additional remarks on the masarid wasps. Psyche 36:
364-369.

1940. Notes on the distribution of Pseudomasaris and on the foodplants
of the Masaridinae and Gayellinae. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.
35: 37-45.

1943. Pseudomasaris in Wyoming and Nebraska. Bull. Brooklyn Ent.
Soc. 38: 120.

Bradley, J. C.

1922. The taxonomy of the masarid wasps, including a monograph of
the North American species. Univ. California Pub. Ent. 1:
369-464.

Cresson, E. T.

1864. Descriptions of two new species of Masaris. Proc. Ent. Soc.
Philadephia 3: 672-678.

AN ASIATIC TINGID NEW TO NORTH AMERICA
(HETEROPTERA)

By Norman S. Bailey
Boston University

In studying a collection of Tingidae from the New Haven Con-
necticut Agricultural Experiment Station, two somewhat damaged
specimens of an unfamiliar Stephanitis were noted. Since no descrip-
tion of the species could be found in the literature dealing with
American species, they were sent to Dr. Reece I. Sailer for determin-
ation. They proved to be Stephanitis glohulifera (Matsumura)
when compared with specimens in the National Museum. The
species was first described by Matsumura as Tingis glohulifera in
1905. Later Horvath (1912) properly transferred it to the genus
Stephanitis and redescribed it in some detail. In a 1930 publication
Matsumura supplied an English translation of the description which
is not very satisfactory and a very small, unsatisfactory figure is
also given. Since these three references are not generally available,
it seems desirable to include a brief comparative description of this
recent addition to our insect fauna.

The two specimens mentioned above were sent to the Experiment
Station by Mrs. L. B. Winton of Greenwich in late October of 1946.
Therefore, correspondence was initiated to gather more details of
their occurrence. Mrs. Winton kindly kept me well informed con-
cerning the appearance and development of the population in her
garden during the summer of 1950. However, it was after mid-
August before many adults were observed. On August twenty-third
I visited her garden and found a heavy infestation of nymphs and
adults (mostly somewhat teneral) on a splendid specimen of Pieris
japonica (Thunb.) Don planted in a sheltered corner between the
house and an open porch. More than 150 adults were collected in
a few minutes and a score or so more were kept alive for further
study.

Mrs. Winton reported that the lace-bugs were first troublesome
on the Pieris in 1945. By the following year they were destructively
abundant. For a time she considered removal of the host plant
because it was so seriously injured by them. However, by frequent

143

144

Psyche

[December

spraying, continued intermittently even throughout the mild winter
of 1949-50, the population was somewhat controlled and the plant
was still vigorous at the time of my visit.

The late appearance of the adults suggests that this species over-
winters in the egg stage as do the other two species of Stephanitis
that occur in New England and that also infest members of the
plant family Ericaceae. Of added interest is the fact that Stephanitis
pyrioides (Scott) was collected on a deciduous azalea on the opposite
side of the house. This species was not found on Pieris. However, a
few specimens of S. glohulif era were associated with S. pyrioides
on the azalea. Such other ericaceous plants as Kalmia and Rhodo-
dendron in her garden supported no lace-bugs at that time.

It is evident that this recently introduced species may become a
serious pest of Pieris and possibly of other ornamental Ericaceae.
Through Dr. C. L. Remington I learn that for two or three years
the nurserymen of Fairfield County, Connecticut have complained of
serious damage to Pieris by lace-bugs. Since other species are not
known to feed on that host, it is apparent that S. glohulif era is al-
ready well established. At this time it is only possible to suggest
that eggs of the species were probably introduced before 1945 in
the foliage of evergreens shipped from Japan or elsewhere. Mrs.
Winton knew of infested plants in four or five gardens within three
to eight miles of her home. She thought these infestations were
probably of earlier origin than the one on her Pieris.

The following notes provide criteria for the identification of the
three species of Stephanitis now established in the northeast. Both
S. pyrioides (Scott) and S. glohulif era (Matsumura) may be readily
distinguished from S. rhododendri Horvath by their somewhat
greater length, by their darker hood and hemielytral markings
(which become intensely black in S. glohulif era) , by their much
more inflated hoods (again extreme in S. glohulif era) , and by their
much abbreviated lateral carinae. The paranota of S. rhododendri
flare conspicuously. This species also differs from both the other
species in the greater width of the hemielytra and in the abundance
of silky setae on all the nervures of the membranous parts.

The differences between S. pyrioides and S. glohulif era are less
obvious, but, nevertheless, pronounced. The most noticeable dis-
tinguishing features include the conspicuously dark color pattern of
S. glohulif era. In this species the entire hood of mature specimens
is black. All the pronotal (including paranotal) nervures, except

1950]

Bailey — Asiatic Ting id

145

the apex of the median carina, are black as are most of the hem-
ielytral nervures. Areolae of the hood, the discoidal, and the sutural
areas are fumeus as are the cells of the basal and apical bands. Al-
though the color pattern of S. pyrioides is similar, the paranota and
the discoidal elevations are nearly colorless and in all areas the
coloration is brownish and much less intense. Only the areolae of
the hemielytral bands are fully infuscated.

Interesting differences are seen in the relative proportions of the
hoods and pronotal carinae of these two species. In S. globulifera
the much inflated, globose hood is twice as high at its peak as the
crest of the median carina while in S. pyrioides the hood and carina
are sub-equal in height. Both species have the lateral carinae much
reduced in length as compared with S. rhododendri. However, in
S. globulifera they are half again as long as the distance between
their anterior ends and the back of the hood while in S. pyrioides
they are about as long as the distance between their anterior ends
and the back of the hood. In S. globulifera the hood is much wider
than the distance between the lateral carinae while in S. pyrioides
the hood is only slightly wider. Both species have the paranota
almost vertical rather than flaring as in S. rhododendri. Although
differences in the relative lengths of the antennites and differences
in other features can be shown, they are slight and those indicated
are adequate for the ready separation of the three species now oc-
curring in New England.

References

Drake, C. J.

1948. New species of Stephanitis Stal including a list of species of the
World. Musee Heude. Notes d’Entomologie chinoise, 12
(6) : 45-56.

Horvath, G.

1912. Species Generis Tingitidarum Stephanitis. Musei Nationalis
Hungarici. Annales, 10:319-339.

Matsumura, S.

1905. Thousand Insects of Japan, II, pi. 19, fig. 16. p. 36, N. 246. As
Tingis globulifera.

1930. Illustrated Thousand Insects of Japan I. Rhynchota, p. 24, pi.
14, fig. 16.

146

Psyche

[December

A Bibliographic Note on Say’s Two Tracts of March, 1831,
and January, 1832. — In vol. 8 of “Psyche” (1899, pp. 306-308),
S. H. Scudder called attention to the existence of a tract entitled
“Descriptions of New Species of North American Insects Found in
Louisiana by Joseph Barabino,” by Thomas Say. This was pub-
lished at New Harmony, Indiana, with the date March, 1831,
printed on the title page, and has 19 numbered pages. Scudder
pointed out that the text matter of this tract differed entirely from
the one Say published, also at New Harmony, in January, 1832,
under the similar title: “New Species of North American Insects
Found by Joseph Barabino Chiefly in Louisiana” (16 numbered
pages). The text of the 1832 tract was copied by J. LeConte in
his edition of Say’s “Complete Writings”, 1859, vol. 1, pp. 300-
309), but not that of the 1831 tract. Although this was made per-
fectly clear by Scudder, the matter was misunderstood by W. Horn
and S. Schenkling, when they prepared their “Index Litteraturae
Entomologicae.” The entry No. 190018 in this work (1928, vol. 3,
p. 1050) is erroneous in two respects. Both tracts are listed under
this one item number and the 1831 tract is given as “separate” (or
reprint) of the 1832 tract. In addition the text on pp. 300-309 of
the LeConte edition is given as covering both tracts. An original
of the March, 1831, tract was for many years in the library of the
Boston Society of Natural History. Its present location is unknown
to the writer. However, the library of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology contains a photostat of the original (including a copy of
the Boston Society’s bookplate). It may be useful to point out that
this tract has no introductory remarks nor any special information
on localities additional to the statements given with the several
descriptions. Furthermore the description of 3 of the 4 new species
of Hymenoptera ( Polistes metrica, p. 15; Anthophora frontalis ,
p. 16; and Megatchile policaris, p: 17) are copied almost word
for word in Say’s later article in Boston Jl. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pt. 4,
1837 (respectively on pp. 388, 409 and 406). The generic name
Megachile is also misspelled Megatchile in 1837, but the specific
name is now spelled pollicaris. The description of the fourth species,
Formica mellea (p. 14) is copied in the first installment of the
same article. Op. cit., vol. 1, pt. 3, 1836, p. 286. The 1831 tract
also contains a redescription of both sexes of Xylocopa Carolina
Fabricius (pp. 18-19), later reproduced by Say in 1837. — -J.
Bequaert, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

PSYCHE

INDEX TO VOL. 7, 1950

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Bailey, N. S. An Asiatic Tingid New to North America (Heteroptera). 143
Banks, N. Notes and Descriptions of Western Chrysopidae. (Neuroptera).

45

A New Species of Limnephilidae from Maine (Trichoptera). 72
Bequaert, J. The C. Andresen Hubbard Collection of Fleas of the Pacific
Northwest. 44

The Northernmost Extension of Bird Hippoboscidae in the New World
(Diptera). 113

A Bibliographic Note on Say’s Two Tracts of March, 1831, and January
1832. 146

Blake, D. H. A New Genus of Flea Beetles from the West Indies. 10
Brown, W. L., Jr. Ants of North America. (Book Review). 31
Brues, C. T. The Salagubong Gong, a Filipino Insect Toy. 26

Large Raptorial Birds as Enemies of Cicadas. 74

Vespid Wasps ( Eumenes curvata) Attracted to Smoke. 114
Christiansen, K. A. Massachusetts Records of Cyphoderus assimilis Borner
(Collembola). 94

Cooper, K. W., and J. Bequaert. Records and Flower Preferences of
Masarid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). 137
Creighton, W. S. Polyhomoa Azuma, a Synonym of Kyidris Brown (Hy-
menoptera: Formicidae). 93

Darlington, P. J., Jr. Two New Paussid Beetles from the Panama Canal
Zone and the Philippines. 68

Edwards, G. A., and W. L. Nutting. The Influence of Temperature upon
the Respiration and Heart Activity of Thermobia and Grylloblatta.
33

Fairchild, G. B. The Generic Names for Tabanidae (Diptera) Proposed by
Adolfo Lutz. 117

Focarile, A. The Alessandro Focarile Collection of Carabidae (Coleoptera).

116

Frost, C. A. Chalepus bicolor Oliv. 92

Haskins, C. P., and E. F. Haskins. Note on the Method of Colony founda-
tion of the Ponerine Ant Brachyponera ( Euponera ) lutea Mayr. 1
Humes, A. G., and H. A. Jamnback. A Water-mite Parasitic in Freshwater
Clams. 77

Nutting, W. L. The European Mantis ( Mantis religiosa L .) in New Eng-
land. 28

Smith, M. R. On the Status of Leptothorax Mayr and Some of its Sub-
genera. 29

Werner, F. G. Additions to the Nearctic Meloidae (Coleop.). 131
Wheeler, G. C. Ant Larvae of the Subfamily Cerapachyinae. 102
Wilson, E. O. A New Leptothorax from Alabama (Hymenoptera: Form-
icidae). 128

Wray, D. L. Some New Nearctic Collembola. 95

Young, F. N. Notes on the Habits and Habitat of Geotrupes chalybaeus
LeConte in Florida (Coleoptera). 88

147

148

Psyche

[December

INDEX TO SUBJECTS

All new genera, new species and new names are printed in Large and
Small Capital Type.

Acanthostichus, 109
Additions to the Nearctic Meloidae
(Coleop.), 131

An Asiatic Tingid New to North
America (Heteroptera), 143
A New Genus of Flea-beetles from
the West Indies, 10
A New Leptothorax from Alabama
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae, 128
A New Species of Limnephilidae
from Maine (Trichoptera), 72
Ant Larvae of the Subfamily Cera-
pachyinae, 102

Ants of North America (Book Re-
view), 31

Bibliographic Note on Say’s Two
Tracts of March, 1831, and Jan-
uary, 1832, 146

Brachyponera ( Euponera ) lutea, 1

Carabidae, Focarile Collection, 116
Cerapachyinae, 102
Cerapachys, 105

Chalepus bicolor Oliv. (Coleoptera),
92

Chrysopa clarivena, 50
Chrysopa pinalena, 49
Chrysopa yuma, 49
Collembola, 95

Colony Foundation of Brachyponera
( Euponera ) lutea, 1
Cyphoderus assimilis, 94

Enemies of Cicadas, 74
Epicauta cicatrix, 131
Eremochrysa altilis, 56
Eremochrysa jraterna, 53
Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) Californ-
ia, 62

Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) cana-

densis, 64

Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) hageni,

60

Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) pima, 61
Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) spilota,

61

Eremochrysa ( Lolochrysa ) yosemite,
63

Eremochrysa pumilis, 58
Eremochrysa punctinervis, 53
Eremochrysa rufifrons, 57
Eremochrysa rufina, 54
Eremochrysa tibialis, 55
Eumenes curvata, 114
Eusphinctus, 104

Flea-beetles, 10

Fleas, Hubbard Collection, 44

Formicidae, 93, 128

Geotrupes chalybaeus, 88
Grylloblatta, 33

Habits and Habitat of Geotrupes
chalybaeus, 88
Hippoboscidae, 113
Homopterus subcordatus, 68
Homoschema, 13
Homoschema androsense, 25
Homoschema buscki, 20
Homoschema darlingtoni, 24
Homoschema felis, 18
Homoschema fraternum, 19
Homoschema hoffmani, 15
Homoschema jamaicense, 19
Homoschema latitarsum, 16
Homoschema latum, 20
Homoschema leucurum, 15
Homoschema manni, 24
Homoschema nigriventre, 18
Homoschema obesum, 22
Homoschema orientense, 23
Homoschema opimum, 23
H omoschema ornatum, 16
Homoschema pingue, 22

Influence of Temperature upon the
Respiration and Heart Activity of
Thermobia and Grylloblatta, 33
Insect Toy, 26

Kyidris, 93

Large Raptorial Birds as Enemies
of Cicadas, 74
Leptothorax, 29

Leptothorax ( Myra] ant ) Tusca-

loosa, 128

19503

Index

149

Limnephilidae, 72
Lioponera, 108
Lolochrysa, 59
Lytta mirifica, 133
Lytta navajo, 134

Mantis religiosa, 28
Masarid Wasps, 137
Massachusetts Records of Cypho-
derus assimilis Borner (Collem-
bola), 94

Meleoma cavifrons, 46
Meleoma comata, 45
Meloidae, 131
Myrafant, 30

Najadicola ingens (Koenike), a
Water-mite Parasitic in Fresh-
water Clams, 77
N esomyrmex, 30

Note on the Method of Colony
Foundation of the Ponerine Ant
Brachyponera ( Euponera ) lutea
Mayr, 1

Notes and Descriptions of Western
Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). 45
Notes on the Habits and Habitat of
Geotrupes chalybaeus Le Conte in
Florida, 88

Onychiurus wilchi, 98
On the Status of Leptothorax Mayr
and Some of its Subgenera, 29

Paussid Beetles, 68
Paussus occlusus, 70
Polyhomoa Azuma, a Synonym of
Kyidris Brown (Hymenoptera :
Formicidae, 93

Records and Flower Preferences of
Masarid Wasps (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae), 137

Respiration and Heart Activity of
Thermobia and Grylloblatta, 33

Some New Nearctic Collembola, 95

Tabanidae, 117

The Alessandro Focarile Collection
of Carabidae (Coleoptera), 116

The C. Andresen Hubbard Collec-
tion of Fleas of the Pacific North-
west, 44

The European Mantis ( Mantis re-
ligiosa L.) in New England, 28

The Generic Names for Tabanidae
(Diptera) Proposed by Adolfo
Lutz, 117

The Northernmost Extension of
Bird Hippoboscidae in the New
World (Diptera), 113

Thermobia, 33

The Salagubong Gong, a Filipino
Insect Toy, 26

Tingid, 143

Tullbergia ( Mesaphorura ) knowl-
TONI, 97

Two New Paussid Beetles from the
Panama Canal Zone and the Phil-
ippines, 68

Vespid Wasps ( Eumenes curvata )
Attracted to Smoke, 114

Water-mite Parasitic in Fresh-water
Clams, 77

Xenyllodes armatus, 99

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CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of
each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8:00 p.m.
in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divinity Ave., Cambridge.
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FOR SALE

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