icra wichita a8 Na suenane oct HY RR ae H ne Lae uit ! a see H me) Paap ah oi aie ce i ith i Hy i ii SN RAE a iN tated Wk ae ih sip PT elite ay i ine yh) tiaR ihe bong sathon iit nani : . Fa atti Ke ini A Nae eb y a seit Panty Hatt , i a ae et it ae Boas dish 2) : ae Weleny Wea fee tiers rave an ee iy rah sean - finals pointes Asai F854 saa id nee a nitad si i a page) i ee sai i 9 e Be ane 4 cote Seah sane onan sohetea pct eu * } i " oe saa ttre . i i rie a fat ayy "1 a i a me ies oe i pa a i ite Hastie pete tut Le toeite Tit aes ae Bott Ee = ry tl gt Bae Nbtna inn atin . a pa By Ange ma si ey) Ho NT) st fey; Pony v; PSYCHE A OURIN AL OF Ei OM OL OG ¥ ESTABLISHED IN 1874 YOLUME XV 1908 Boston, Mass., U.S. A. MBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB LAN OF cone ER CS YY has om ~Op 1908 ; ry ) ¢ >. Sn “ : > ~f pani °¢% . 43 —_ OUR iA N Bt "A PSY CHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 VOL. XV FEBRUARY, 1908 NUMBER 1 CONTENTS The Workers of Vespa carolina Dr. resemble in coloration the Males. A Correction— C.H.Turner_. : ; : : 1 Recent Entomological Literature —C. W. J. F : ; : : : 3 Two New Mutillidae from Colorado — T. D. A. Cockerell and S. A. Rohwer . 4 Outline Life-History of the Chrysomelid Gastroidea cyanea Melsheimer — A.A. Girault . : : : : : : : : : : 6 Notes on Harris’s Types of Cynipidae — William Beutenmiiller — . : : 9 The Mallophaga of the World: Systematic Summary — Vernon L. Notes on New England Bombyliidae, with a Description of a New Species of Anthrax — Charles W. Johnson . f : : ‘ ; : : 4 The Entomological Society of America — J.C. Bradley : ; 16 BY THE PUBLISHED CAMBRIDGE HNTOMOLOGICAL BI-MONTHLY CLUB OF NATURAL HISTORY USS CARE BOSTON BOSTON, MASS., SOCIETY ADDRESS: — European AGENTS: R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, BERLIN ” ae oa al % = 6 ‘< we f / 4 A v~ — —> 2 . _- UY Pots. Editor-in-Chie} and Publication Manager, W. L. W. Fievp; Associate Editors, C. B. DAvENPoRT, J. H. EMrrton, V. L. KELuLoce, C. W. Jounson, A. P. Morse, J. G. NEEDHAM. 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FIELD TABLES OF LEPIDOPTERA By WILLIAM T. M. FORBES Contains: A Key to the caterpillars of the Eastern United States, — the only general work on American caterpillars published. It separates them in the only practicable way, by artificial characters and prominent structural differences. Field Tables of butterflies, sphinxes, saturnians, etc., giving common as well as scientific names, brief description, size, frequency in New England, seasons, haunts, and other items of interest. An artificial key to the butterflies of New England, more complete than others. Much of it has been tested by the author. A glossary of terms used. In all 141 pages. Price seventy-five cents. For sale by DAVIS & BANNISTER, Worcester, Mass. Locality Pin Labels 20c. 2% Any Number of Lines Printed from smallest type made, on Best Heavy White Paper. Something new. 30 or more labels on a strip; no trimming; 1 cut of scissors makes a label. Orders must be in multiples of 500. Not less than 1000 (2 labels) printed. Please send express money orders — not postage stamps. Cc. V. BLACKBURN, (Member Cambridge Entomological Club) 26 MIAPLE ST., STONEHAM, MASS. Ro Chi Bay OL enV: Pe AgnESalt TURNER : VESPA CAROLINA. ESM Ere THE WORKERS OF VESPA CAROLINA DR. RESEMBLE IN COLORATION THE MALES. A CORRECTION. BY C. H. TURNER, AUGUSTA, GEORGIA. H. W. Lewis in his paper! on the “ Vespinae of the United States and Canada,” says that the worker of Vespa carolina is similar to the female though smaller. This is an error which it is the purpose of this article to correct. ‘The color pattern of the worker is similar, not to that of the. perfect female, but to that of the male. The above statement is based upon a careful study of the contents of a large nest of Vespa carolina Dr. which I dug out of a red clay bank in Atlanta, Ga., October 10, 1904. The nest was six stories high and contained several hundred workers, several hundred males and several dozen perfect females, besides numerous young in all stages of development. The color pattern of the perfect female tallies well with that published by Lewis (I. ¢., p. 180), hence it is evident that Lewis and I are discussing the same species. Since I captured my specimens in the nest, it is evident that the males and workers in my possession belong to the same species as the perfect females. A study of this nest would enable even a casual observer to note that the worker resembles in color pattern, not the perfect female but the male. Indeed, the workers and perfect females are so unlike that one capturing the two in the field, and having no clue to their identity save Lewis’ paper, would assign them to two distinct species. It is in the color pattern of the abdomen that the contrast is noticed; although even on the head the pattern is not the same on that of the worker and perfect female. A description of the perfect female is omitted from this article because such a description would be merely a repetition of Lewis’ work. ‘The black and white figure of the perfect female [fig. 5] which accompanies this paper will serve to show how unlike the worker [fig. 1] it is. The usual length of the females in this nest was 21 mm., but some specimens were only 19 mm. long. The head varied in length from 2 mm. to 3 mm., in width from 5.5 mm. to 6. mm., in height from 5.5 mm. to 6mm. The thorax varied in length from 6 mm., to 7 mm., in width from 6 mm. to 6.5 mm., in height from 6 mm. to 6.5 mm. ‘The abdomen varied in length from 11 mm. to 13.5 mm., in width from 6 mm. to 8 mm., in height from 5.75 mm. to 6 mm. 1 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. XXIV, June, 1897, p. 180. bo PSYCHE [February DESCRIPTION OF THE WoRrKER [PuaTE I, Fia. 1]. Head black or very dark brown; with the mandibles (except a narrow margin), the clypeus (except a large arrow-shaped mark in the middle), a somewhat triangular spot on front, the simus and the space above and behind the eye yellow [in some cases the yellow has a brownish tinge]. Antennae black, with the scape yellow in front and the flagellum sometimes slightly brownish beneath. ‘Thorax dark-brown to black; with the posterior border of the prothorax, a more or less narrow line in front, two longitudinal stripes on the mesothorax, the borders of the tegulae, the scutellum (except a median line) a transverse line on the post-scutellum, two large -irregular spots on the metathorax, a broad band on the mesopleura, two spots on the metapleura yellow. Abdomen black or a very dark brown, with a narrow transverse band on the posterior border of each segment, a narrow transverse band on the anterior border of the first segment, and a narrow transverse band across the second segment, a transverse band across the posterior margin of the ventral side of each segment and large blotches on the ventral side of the second segment yellow. The transverse band across the middle of the dorsal surface of the second segment is slightly ferruginous and is interrupted in the middle; legs yellow, more or less tinged with ferruginous, anterior border of femur brown to black, wings smoky with nervures brown. The length of the workers of this nest ranged from thirteen to fifteen millimeters. The length of the head was 2 mm., the width from 4 mm. to 5 mm., the height from 3.5mm. to 4mm. The length of the thorax was from 4 mm. to 5 mm., the width 4mm., the height 4mm. The length of the abdomen was 7 mm. to 9 mm., the width from 4mm. to 5 mm., the height 3.5 mm. to 4mm. DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE [FIa. 6]. The coloration of the head is similar to that of the worker, but the dark blotch 1s absent from the clypeus. The coloration of the thorax is similar to that of the worker, but the yellow is absent from the metathorax. From the dorsal aspect the coloration of the abdomen is similar to that of the worker. The coloration of the ventral side of the abdomen is similar to that of the worker but the ground plan is more reddish and the yellow markings less distinct. Indeed throughout the yellow is more indistinct on the male than on the female. 1908] TURNER — VESPA CAROLINA DR. 3 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE I. Fig. 1 — Worker Vespa carolina Dr. Fig. 2— Head of the worker Vespa carolina (front view). Fig. 3 — Front wing of Vespa carolina. Fig. 4— Head of the female Vespa carolina (front view). Fig. 5 — Female Vespa carolina. Fig. 6 — Male Vespa carolina. Fig. 7 — Hind wing of Vespa carolina. Haines NorMAL SCHOOL, Augusta, Ga., Nov. Ist, 1907. RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE. Mosquiro Lirr.— By Evelyn Groesbeeck Mitchell. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London. The Knickerbocker Press, 1907, 281 pp. illus., plates. This is an interesting book upon a very important subject. When we consider that the mosquito is one of the great carriers of diseases, we should inform ourselves on this subject for self protection. Since the discovery that the mosquito is a trans- mitter of diseases, volumes, we might say, have been written, but many of these valu- able papers are either scattered and inaccessible, or too technical for the average reader. The authoress has succeeded in presenting a very clear and condensed account of our present knowledge of this great subject. The work is well arranged, with good typography and numerous excellent illustrations. The volume embraces chapters on: Systematic position and structure; Habits; How far mosquitoes fly; The larvae and pupae; The transmission of malaria, yellow fever and other diseases; Remedies and enemies; Notes on the commoner species. Collecting and laboratory methods, and keys to identify not only the adults, but also the eggs, larvee and pupe, followed by a systematic list of the genera and species. ‘The book closes with an appendix — Mosquito and Leprosy —in which some theories bearing on the trans- mission of this disease are discussed. The work is dedicated to the memory of Dr. James William Dupree. CoWerd: 4 PSYCHE [February TWO NEW MUTILLIDAE FROM COLORADO. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL AND §. A. ROHWER. Ephuta sparsiformis n. sp. 2. Length 103-124 mm.; head round, not quite as wide as thorax; scape with large deep punctures; first joint of flagellum not so long as 2+38; mandibles strongly tridentate; thorax moderately elongate, narrowed behind; coxee, trochanters and femora with strong punctures; four posterior tibiae with robust black spines; head and thorax with large, deep, dense punctures, those on the face not so deep, those on the posterior face of metathorax somewhat elongate; first abdominal segment sessile on second; its ventral carina evident, terminating abruptly, but neither bifid nor with a terminal tooth; pygidium longitudinally striated on upper two-thirds, the lower third minutely roughened; abdomen punctured in the same general manner as the thorax, but the punctures on second segment elongate. Color bright ferruginous; with the antennae, legs, base and apex of second abdominal segment (the apex narrowly, wider in the middle), and the segments after the second, all black; face below antennae, and first abdominal segment dark rufous; mandibles black apically, rufous basally; vertex, face, thorax above and second abdominal segment with appressed golden-red pubescence; legs, apices of abdominal segments, except first, and venter to some extent with glittering pale yellowish hair; the light abdominal bands are strongly developed, except the first, which is broadly interrupted subdorsally, being thus divided into three parts; scattered over the insect (including the second abdominal segment) are long erect black hairs; first abdominal segment with many such hairs. Hab— Boulder, Colorado, 1907 (T. D. A. Cockerell). One without further data, the other from the Campus of the University of Colorado, Sept. 9. ‘This belongs to Fox’s group simillima, in which it runs to aectis Fox. It differs from aectis (which is from Florida) by the color of the femora and various other characters. Superficially, it looks like several members of the occidentalis group of Fox, and if sought for in Fox’s table of that group, would run to E. sparsa. From sparsa it may be known by the tridentate mandibles and the form of the ventral carina. ‘The same characters separate it from EH. ferrugata, which it also greatly resembles. It is also distinct from ferrugata by the closer and more elongate punctures of the second abdominal segment, the divided light band on margin of that segment, the strongly 1908] COCKERELL AND ROHWER—TWO NEW MUTILLIDAE oS) yellowish (instead of white) hair on under surface and sides of head and thorax, and the somewhat more slender maxillary palpi. There is also a superficial resemblance to EF. bolliz, but that species has white hair on first abdominal segment, no long black hairs on second, glittering golden hairs at apex of abdomen, a much larger and more quadrate head, ete. Photopsis anaspasia n. sp. 2. Length about 74 mm.; head round, not quite as wide as thorax; eyes convex, strongly polished, slightly oval, not visibly facetted; a small round tubercle above each antennal socket; scape about as long as next four joints together; third joint longer than fourth, and much longer than second; head rather denseiy punctured; mandibles simple; thorax short, moderately narrowed behind, with large deep dense punctures; femora robust, slightly swollen in the middle; tibiz large, somewhat fiattened, with stout ferruginous spines; femora with scattered small punctures, but they are quite numerous and stronger on posterior face of hind femora; abdomen broad, first segment sessile on second; second with deep punctures, which are neither confluent nor elongated; carina on first ventral segment distinct, prominent but obtuse anteriorly; pygidium large, strongly margined, delicately longitudinally striate, except the apical fourth. Ferruginous; narrow apex of second abdominal segment, and the segments following, and the femora and tibize, black or nearly so; antennze ferruginous; head and scape with appressed white pubescence; thorax aud second abdominal segment above with appressed golden-red pubescence, that on the second abdominal segment not so dense as that on thorax; apex of second and following segments fringed with dense white hair, except that in the middle of 3 to 5 the hair is dark brown, forming a large patch, which however does not reach the second segment; scape, occiput, prothorax, sides of thorax, legs and underside of abdomen with long white hairs; an elongate tuft of white hair on each extreme side of second segment; maxillary palpi light ferruginous; apical half of mandiblés black. Hab.— Boulder, Colorado, May 22, 1907 (T. A. D. Cockereil). P. anaspasia belongs in Fox’s group anthophore, and runs in his table, except as to structure of antennz, to aspasia or phaedra, but does not agree with the description of either of these. The color is too red for aspasia, the antenne are not fuscous, and aspasia has no patch of dark hair before the apex of abdomen. From phaedra it is distinguished by the color of the antennae and abdominal pubescence. In Melander’s table for the same group (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1903, p. 319) it runs near to P. empar, but differs entirely in the color of the hair on second abdominal segment. 6 PSYCHE [February OUTLINE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE CHRYSOMELID GASTROIDEA CYANEA MELSHEIMER. BY A. A. GIRAULT, WASHINGTON, D. C. DurinG late June, 1907, adults of this species were observed feeding on the leaves of a species of dock (Rwmex) in a garden at New Richmond, Ohio. On June 28, a female beetle was captured which had a greatly swollen abdomen, and upon con- finement in the laboratory, she deposited eggs in abundance. Other gravid females were likewise confined and from their eggs a second ge. ‘ation was obtained in July. These notes briefly record the general outline of the cycle, together with a descrip- tion of the egg. (bisna) Voveres, The eggs of this species are uniformly bright orange yellow (Gamboge), with one end rather conspicuously transparent in most cases. ‘They are elongate oval in shape, the ends somewhat obtuse, and one side slightly concaved. The surface is glabrous and simple, and the micropyle inconspicuous. After several days the transparent end becomes concolorous, through expansion of the embryo. The eggs measure in length, 0.95 mm. ‘They are deposited in conspicuous masses of from 20 to 40 on an average, side by side on the under surfaces of the leaves of dock, and perhaps (7?) other weeds. The egg-masses are irregular in shape. Table I. Duration of the Period of Incubation, July 2-11, 1907. Lot No. Length Av. daily effective No. eggs. Deposited. Hatched. Days. hours. temperature. iV 52 Noon, July 2 10 P. M., July 6 4 10 31.5° Bahr, 2. 40 10 A. M., July 5 LOPE uly 9 4 12 36.1 3. 35 10:30 A.M.,July7 7P.M., July 11 4 84 37.1 The eggs were all of the first reared generation. They were confined in the laboratory in darkness, under the cover of paste-board boxes, and were supplied moisture by the daily addition of fresh foliage. The egg-masses found in nature were not exposed to the direct rays of the sun. No parasite were obtained from 40 eggs found on dock July 2, all hatching by July 6. “J 1908] GIRAULT —GASTROIDEA CYANEA POSTEMBRYONIC STAGES. The larvae resemble in general aspect those of Haltica chalybea Mliger, but are not as robust. ‘They are inclined to be gregarious during early life. Three larval ecdyses and four postembryonic instars occur during development. Table II. Average Duration of Postembryonic Instars for a Generation, July, 1907. av. daily ef- No. 1st ecdysis. 2nd ecdysis. Entered soil. | Emerged. fective tem- eggs. Hatched. Instar I. Instar IT. Instar II]. Pupal instar. Total. perature. 521, 10p.m., July 6 7a.m., July9 Noon, July 116 p.m., July 13 7p.m., July 20 2dys.,9 hrs. 2 dys., 5 hrs. 2 dys., 6 hrs. 7 dys. 1 hr. 13 dys.,21 hrs. 36.3° F. The larvae were given an abundance of food and confined in the laboratory in an open glass jar filled with clay loam soil. They eat irregular patches of matter from the leaves. Pupation takes place beneath the soil. Table III. Av. Width of the Head for Respective Larval Instars. Instar: I. i: JUL. Greatest diameter, mm. 0.3735 0.6474 0.9860 DuRATION oF LIFE CYCLE. By combining Table II with Lot No. 1, Table I, the length of the life cycle for a single set of individuals is obtained as follows: Table IV. Duration of life cycle for a single generation, July 2-20, 1907. Egg. Larva. Pupa (time in soil). Life cycle No. Days. hours. Days. hours. Days. hours. Days. hours. 52 4 10 6 20 7 if 18 1 THe ADULTS. Gravid females captured on their foodplant, growing in clay loam of a garden, on June 28th, July Ist and 7th, were confined in glass jars in the laboratory and sup- plied food daily. Table V summarizes. The three females were probably some days old when taken, so that the records probably fall short of the average. It is 1Lot No. 1, table I. 8 PSYCHE [February rather hazardous, however, to say even that, in the absence of extensive data, but analogy would lead me to believe that the number of eggs deposited, for instance, is much greater than the maximum here recorded, and so on for the other points in- volved. But reasoning by analogy is untrustworthy in these cases, and the records must stand for themselves. Table V. Gravid jemales in confinement. No. tr 2s 3. Date captured. A, M., June 28th. 4P.M., July. 10 A. M., July 7th. Oviposition: By July 1—181 Noon, July 2—52 Noon, July 7— 33 Ds Bee dal as, 3— 42 a., 8— 81 say A= G2 Dp 3— 40 De 9 —'27 10a., 5— 40 Ds 4—g9 Byp., 11\— 13 6p., 6— 34 a; 6 — 43 De; 11— 38 ae 8— 48 10:30a., 7— 35 Bon 14—'31 Dp: 9— 36 ps 15 — 35 11— 37 2, 16 — 32 a., 14— 34 aes sj 7 p., 15— 64 Eggs in ovaries at death — 15 Seces eee a er nmeiee) Total number eggs deposited — 634 303 295 Died. 6 p., July 22. July 13. July 22. Length period oviposition June 30—July 15 July 2-July 7 July 7—July 16 Length of life June 28-July 22 July 1-July 13 July 7—July 22 Note: a. and p. mean A. M. and P. M. respectively. The adults of the reared generation, issuing at the average time of 7 P. M., July 20th, were confined together with food, and did not commence to mate until July 25th, feeding during the interval. At emergence, the two sexes are similar in appearance, but after mating the females become greatly swollen about the abdomen, giving them a characteristic appearance. Two pairs were observed mating, presumably for the first time, on July 25th, and they were confined separately. ‘The female of one pair deposited 211 eggs, from July 26-29, dying on August 3 without further deposition. ‘The female of the other pair laid 412 eggs, from July 26 to August 5, dying on August 9. Many of the eggs deposited by these pairs failed to hatch. In nature the adults feed exten- sively on the foliage. 1908] BEUTENMULLER — CYNIPIDAE 9 In regard to the number of generations in this locality, it appears that there is one in June or earlier and one in July. The first eggs were found early in June, and gravid females were observed in nature as late as July 24, 1907. Although these two generations are all that were observed occurring on Rumex, yet my observations were not extensive enough to say that there were not earlier or later ones. I am under obligation to Mr. Eugene Amandus Schwarz, U.S. National Museum, for identification of the species. NOTES ON HARRIS’S TYPES OF CYNIPIDAE. BY WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK CITY. THRrouGH the kindness of Mr. C. W. Johnson, I was enabled to examine the types of the species of Cynipidae described by the late Thaddeus William Harris, whose collection is in the Boston Society of Natural History. RHODITES SEMIPICEUS (Harris). Cynips semipiceus Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. Inj. Veget. 1841, p. 400; Treat. Ins. New Engl. Inj. Veget. 2nd edit. 1852, p. 436; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. 3rd edit. 1862, p. 549; abid. New Edit. Flint, 1862, p. 549; bid. 1863, p. 549; zbid. 1880, p. 549. One gall and one female adult are in the collection. The head and abdomen of the specimen are wanting, but from the remaining parts and the characteristic gall, the species may be recognized as being the same as Rhodites fulgens Gillette. Harris’s species was heretofore erroneously considered to be a guest-fly (Periclistis semipiceus) of Rhodites radicum by the late R. von Osten Sacken. The type gall is very similar to the one I figured in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XXIII, 1907, plate XLVI, fig. 2. The galls may be found at or on the roots of Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa humilis, Rosa carolina and probably other species of wild roses. RHODITES BICOLOR (Harris). Cynips bicolor Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. Inj. Veget. 1841, p. 399; Treat. Ins; New Engl. Inj. Veget. 2nd Edit. 1852, p. 435; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. 3rd Edit. 1862, 10 PSYCHE [February p. 548; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. New Edit. Flint, 1862, p. 548; bed. 1863, p. 548. ibid. 1880, p. 548. Two galls and one female in fairly good condition of this well known species are in the Harris collection. DIASTROPHUS DICHLOCERUS (farris). Cynips dichlocerus Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. Inj. Veget. 1841, p. 399; Treat. Ins. New Engl. Inj. Veget. 2nd Edit. 1852, p. 435; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. 3rd Edit. 1862, p. 549, pl. VIII, figs. 6, 7, 8; 2bed. New Edit. Flint, 1862, p. 549; zbid. 1863, p. 549; zbid. 1880, p. 549. One gall and one female in broken condition. Only the legs, abdomen and wings are extant. ‘This species has been identified correctly by subsequent writers. It cannot be confounded with any other known American Rhodites. AMPHIBOLIPS CONFLUENS (/Tarris). Cynips confluens (Harris). Rep. Ins. Mass. Inj. Veget. 1841, p. 397; Treat. Ins. New Engl. Inj. Veget. 2nd Edit. 1852, p. 433; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. 3rd Edit. 1862, p. 546, pl. VIII, fig. 9, 10 and figs. 253, 254; ibid. New Edit. Flint. 1862, p. 546; zbid. 1863, p. 546; zbid. 1880, p. 546. Two galls and one female gall-fly are in the collection. Amphibolips spongifica O. 5. is a synonym of Cynips confluens. AMPHIBOLIPS NUBILIPENNIS (/Zarris). Cynips nubilipennis Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. Inj. Veget. 1841, p. 398; Treat. Ins. New Engl. Inj. Veget. 2nd Edit. 1852, p. 434; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. 3rd, Edit. 1862, p. 548; zbid. New Edit. Flint, 1862, p. 548; abid. 1863, p. 548; ebid. 1880, p. 548. Four galls and two females in good condition are in the collection. I have care- fully compared Harris’s types with Bassett’s types of Amphibolips sculptus and find them to be one and the same species. CALLIRHYTIS SEMINATOR (farris). Cynips seminator Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. Inj. Veget. 1841, p. 399; Treat. Ins. New Engl. Inj. Veget. 2nd Edit. 1852, p. 484; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. 3rd. Edit. 1862, p. 548; ibid. New Edit. Flint, 1862, p. 548; abid. 1863, p. 548; bid. 1880, p. 548. One gall and two female gall flies in good condition are extant. It is the well known white, wooly gall on the twigs of white oak (Quercus alba). It has been cor- 1908] KELLOGG — MALLOPHAGA OF THE WORLD il rectly identified by subsequent writers on Cynipide and placed in the genus Calli- rhytis. SYNERGUS ONERATUS (Harris). Cynips oneratus Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. Inj. Veget. 1841, p. 398; Treat. Ins. New Engl. Inj. Veget. 2nd Edit. 1852, p. 434; Treat. Ins. Inj. Veget. 3rd Edit. 1862, p. 548; zbed. New Edit. Flint, 1862, p. 548; zbed. 1863; bid. 1880. Several galls and one adult in good state of preservation are in the collection. The gall is the product of Holcaspis globulus (Fitch) and the type of oneratus is a guest-fly of that species. THE MALLOPHAGA OF THE WORLD: SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY. BY VERNON L. KELLOGG, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIF. AFTER many tedious hours I have made an end of compiling a catalogue, with references to original descriptions, and with host and geographic records, of the Mallophaga of the world, for publication in Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum. This is a highly needed work — not the list of Mallophaga, but the Genera Insectorum — and I suppose no sacrifice of time and happiness on the part of an entomologist is to be reckoned too great, if he can help further this larger enterprise. But doing the Mallophaga has approached, from my point of view, somewhere near the limit of this sacrifice. Twelve hundred and fifty-seven species of these little parasites of birds and mammals have been described: 52 from mammal hosts and 1205 from birds. About one fourth of these are recorded from North American hosts, and of these approxi- mately 300 species two thirds have been described as new, the other 100 being con- sidered to be identical with species originally described from European, Asiatic or African hosts. The order Mallophaga comprise twenty-seven genera, grouped into four families, constituting two sub-orders. Each sub-order includes a family found on bird hosts and one found on mammal hosts. However, a few species in the bird-infesting families are being found on mammals, especially on kangaroos and wallabies in Australia. Of course, in addition, a number of normally bird-infesting species have been found as stragglers on bird-catching mammals. The division of species among 12 PSYCHE [February these genera is so extraordinary that I give it in detail in the following complete list of genera: Sub-order Amblycera Family Gyropidae (found exclusively on mammals). Genus Gyropus, 7 species. Family Liotheidae (found almost exclusively on birds). Genus Latumcephalum, — 1 species. Genus Heterodoxus, 1 species. Genus Ancistrona, 2 species. Genus Nitzschia, 4 species. Genus Boopia, 5 species. Genus Trinoton, 10 species. Genus Laemobotbrium, 24 species. Genus Physostomum, 29 species. Genus Colpocephalum, 137 species. Genus Menopon, 212 species. a Sub-order Ischnocera. Family 'Trichodectidae (found exclusively on mammals). Genus Trichodectes, 45 species. Family Philopteridae (found exclusively on birds). Genus Eurymetopus, 1 species. Genus Philoceanus, 1 species. Genus Bothriometopus, — 1 species. Genus Kelloggia, 1 species. Genus Ornicholax, 1 species. Genus Nesiotinus, 1 species. Genus Giebelia, 1 species. Genus Ornithobius, 5 species. Genus Akidoproctus, 6 species. Genus Oncophorus, 19 species. Genus Goniocotes, 56 species. Genus Goniodes, 63 species. Genus Lipeurus, 181 species. Genus Docophorus, 214 species. Genus Nirmus, 229 species. This really extraordinary disposition of species merits some special attention. In the first place it is of interest to note that exactly the members of the pair of largest 1908] KELLOGG — MALLOPHAGA OF THE WORLD 13 genera in each sub-order are the ones most difficult to define satisfactorily. As a matter of fact the genera Menopon and Colpocephalum practically run into each other as do the genera Docophorus and Nirmus. Most of the aberrant monotypic genera, on the other hand, are unusually well distinguished. It is a matter of note that the species definitions throughout the Mallophaga have to be very plastic. This comes about almost certainly through the fact that the isolation on different host individuals of groups of parasitic individuals is often (cases of nongregarious, solitary hosts for example) considerably in degree, and leads to the restriction of the swamping and evening effects of free inter-crossing. ‘here must be much in-and-in-breeding of successive generations of the parasites on such solitary and monogamous hosts as eagles, for example. (It should be remembered that the Mallophaga are wingless and migrate from host individual to host individual only at times of the actual contact of the host bodies. Mallophaga cannot live off of the host body for more than a few hours or days and as a matter of fact are very rarely [except in hen houses] ever to be found off the host body.) But while this isolation of groups of individuals of a Mallophagan species tends to foster and fix many slight variations and hence to break down species limits, the general similarity or identity of environment and food, viz., birds’ bodies and feathers, tends to restrain any tendency toward large variation, or at least does not tend to encourage any such modification. Buird’s feathers are about the same as food and bird’s bodies as habitat whatever the species of bird or its habit. Mallophaga on water birds have no aquatic life at all but live against the dry warm skin of the host, surrounded by the air held among the interlacing feathers. How then have the monotypic aberrant genera come to be developed at all? A problem. And one quite beyond my power to answer. Has there been such per- sistent and positive determinate variation that despite the monotony of environment these radically different types have come to exist? Or have there been considerable mutations or cases of discontinuous variation resulting in the sudden appearance of fixed new forms of markedly different type from their progenitors ? Thus even from the tedious work of competition and cataloging one may rescue some stray bits of interest. As a matter of fact if we could really understand the why of the generic relations of our twelve hundred odd Mallophaga we should have the key to the master puzzle. And then how stale and profitless would the rest of our cataloging and scrutinizing of species be! 14 PSYCHE [February NOTES ON NEW ENGLAND BOMBYLIIDAE, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANTHRAX. BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON, BOSTON, MASS. ANTHRAX SHAWII N. sp. 3 2. Face and front black, with blackish pile and tomentum, that on the face showing in certain lights a whitish reflection, occiput black, with a silvery white tomentum; antennae black. Thorax and abdomen black, front and sides of the thorax, margins of the scutellum, and sides of the abdomen to the base of the third segment, bordered with dark orange red pile; dorsum of the thorax and disc of the scutellum with black tomentum showing a whitish reflection. Abdomen with two broad bands of yellowish white tomentum, the one on the second segment occupying the basal half, while that on the fourth covers the entire segment the last segment is also covered with yellowish tomentum margined with black, a few scattered yellow- ish scales sometimes present on sixth segment. Legs black, wings hyaline, the costal cells and base, including the alulet dark brown. Length 6 mm. Five specimens of this interesting little species were collected by Mr. 5. Albert Shaw, among the sandhills at Hampton Beach, N. H., August 27, 1906. Types in the New England collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. Paratypes in Mr. Shaw’s and the author’s collection. Through the kindness of Mr. A. H. Kirkland, I have also seen a specimen from Westport, Mass., Sept., 1907. The species resembles some of the smaller examples of A. lateralis Say, but can be readily separated, by the dark tomentum of the face, the dark orange-red (not yellow) pile and dark costal cells. ANTHRAX LATFRALIS Say. This variable and widely distributed species has in the Eastern United States two well marked variations which cause considerable confusion when lumped with the typical form. In order to eliminate this confusion provisionally I will briefly define the two forms. The one more commonly observed has the tomentum on the front black, on the face it is grayish, but in certain lights blackish; anterior margin of the thorax, pleurae and sides of the first two segments of the abdomen, with yellow pile; entire dorsum of the thorax, the middle of the first and second segments and all the other segments of the abdomen with black tomentum and pile. In some specimens there is a faint band of yellow tomentum at the base of the fourth seg- ment and more or less prominent tufts of silvery tomentum on the terminal segment. 1908] JOHNSON.— NEW ENGLAND BOMBYLIIDAE 15 They vary in length from 7 to 11 mm. This seems to be the only form that can, with any certainty be referred to Macquart’s gracilis “Face et front & poils noirs. Un peu de fond testacé sur les c6tés des deux premiers segments de |’abdomen. Long. 44 1. 9”. The varietal name of gracilis might therefore be used. Speci- mens are before me from Cranberry, N. C., June 10, 96 (H.W. Wenzel); West- ville, N. J., June 15, 94 (C. W. Johnson); Lehigh Gap, Pa., July 2, ’01-(H. L. Viereck) Lake Pleasant, N. Y. (Dr. E. G. Love). Woods Hole, Mass., July 24, ’03 (Johnson) Jaffrey, N. H.; Waterville, Me., July 19, 07 and Hampden, Me., Aug. 16,07 (E. F. Hitchings). In appearance it seems to hold the same relation to the typical lateralis that hypomelas holds to alternata, although in the latter case hypomelas is considered a good species. ‘The group should be carefully studied in connection with some of the western species. _ The other is a small form 6 to 7 mm. in length, with white tomentum and pile. The only yellow tomentum is a small triangular patch in front of the scutellum and sometimes scattered scales on the terminal segment of the abdomen. The second, third and fourth segments have prominent basal bands of white tomentum. This form seems to be more numerous in the spring. It was collected at Riverton, N. J., April 30; at Clementon, N. J., numerous specimens were taken from May 16 to 30, flying over the white sand; it was also collected among the sand dunes back of Provincetown, Mass., June 25, 1904. The varietal name of arenicola might be applied to this form. A number of other interesting species of Bombylidae have been added to the New England fauna, including:— Spogostylum albojasciatum Macq., Provincetown, Mass., June 25-27, 1904. Spogostylum pauper Loew, Provincetown, Mass., June 25; Manomet, Mass., July 17, (J. A. Cushman). Oncodocera leucoprocta Wied., West Bedford, Mass., June 8, 1906 (L. W. Swett). Phthiria coquilleti Johnson, Nantucket, Mass., July 4,’06 (J. A. Cushman). The latter were slightly smaller than the types collected at Riverton, N. J. 16 PSYCHE [February THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. Tue third meeting of the Entomological Society of America was held at the University of Chicago, December 30 and 31, 1907, in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and other societies. About one hundred were in attendance, coming from as widely remote localities as Maine and California, - Ottawa and Louisiana. On Monday sessions were held for the reading of papers, the program of which follows: Notes on the Geographical Affinities of the Isle Royale, Lake Superior. (An outline of the relations of the Isle Royale fauna (beetle fauna) to that of Northern North America. General remarks on the major faunal centers based on beetles.) Charles C. Adams. Some problems in Nomenclature. (A brief discussion of the validity of names, particularly those bestowed on insect galls and larvae.) Dr. E. P. Felt. Stereoscopic Photography Applied to Entomological Subjects. (Exhibition of excellent stereoscopic effects brought about by an ingenious but simple apparatus.) Professor F. L. Washburn. Life History and Habits of the Dimorph of Chaitophorus nequndinis 'Thos. (Previous knowledge of the dimorph. Comparison with a similar dimorph in Europe. Life history; appearance in summer. Part played in the survival of species, etc.) John J. Davis. Is Mutation a Factor in the Production of Vestigial Wings among Insects? (A summary of some observations among insects belonging to various groups, where the evolution of wingless or subapterous species can be traced within a genus or small group.) Charles 'T. Brues. * The Sense of Sight in Spiders. Dr. Alexander Petrunkevitch. External Wing-Buds in Larvae of Holometabolous Insects. (A discussion of the general subject and recorded instances; and a report of an unrecorded instance.) Dr. William A. Riley. Notes on the Nervous System of the Corydalis Larvae. A. G. Hammar. Notes on a Chalcid Infesting Apple Seeds. C. R. Crosby. The Mouthparts and Phylogeny of Siricidae. J. Chester Bradley. On Certain Structural Characters of the Genus Catocala. W. Beutenmiiller. Is Vespa borealis an Inquiline? (An account of finding males and females of Vespa borealis living in the nest of V. diabolica on several occasions, apparently on perfectly friendly terms.) Dr. James Fletcher. 1908] ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA £7, The Entomological Society of America and Its Work. Henry H. Lyman. The Habits of the Crane-Fly, Dicranomyia defuncta O. 5S. Dr. James G. Needham. The Life History of a Bee-Fly (Spogostylum anale Say); the Larvae Parasitic on the Larvae of a Tiger Beetle Cicindela soutellaris Say. (The eggs are laid in July and August; larvae on the last larval stage of the host in the spring; when the host makes its pupal cell and the internal parts become semi-fluid, the parasite moults and grows very rapidly completely destroying the host. (July.) The pupa digs toward the surface by wriggling movements of the body, and the adult emerges when the surface is reached.) (Title only.) Victor E. Shelford. Circumfili in the Cecidomyiidae. (A discussion of the morphology and taxono- mic value of these organs.) Dr. E. P. Felt. Ancestral Ephemeridae from the American Permian Formation. (A group of true Ephemeridae obtained from the Permian of Kansas. The earliest known true Ephemerids, and with the exception of a few Russian specimens all that are known from the Permian. They present a distinct early stage in the evolution of the Ephemerid line.) Dr. E. H. Sellards. Observations on the Life History and Adaptation of a New Semi-Aquatic Aphid. (Habits, life history, and specialization of Aphis aquaticus, novus, found on the water thyme; many remarkable adaptations to its semi-aquatic life.) C. F. Jackson. The New Biological Field Station of Cornell University. Dr. James G. Needham. Collecting Grounds around Chicago. A. Kwiat. Habits of the Larvae of Lycaena. J. H. Cook. On Monday evening the annual address was given before the Society by Professor Herbert Osborn, of the Ohio State University, his subject being ‘“’The Habits of Insects as a Factor in Classification.”” The address was followed by a most enjoy- able smoker, at which the members of the Society and their friends were the guests of the Entomological Section of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. At the Annual Business Meeting on Tuesday, the 31st, the following officers were elected: President, Dr. William Morton Wheeler, Ist Vice-President, Dr. John B. Smith, 2nd Vice-President, Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Secretary-Treasurer, J. Chester Bradley. Additional members of the Executive Committee:— Dr. James G. Needham, 18 PSYCHE [February Prof. V.S. Kellogg, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Prof. J. H. Comstock, Dr. P. P. Calvert, Mr. F. M. Webster. Standing Committee on Nomenclature. To serve 3 years, Dr. H. T. Fernald, To serve 2 years, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, To serve 1 year, Dr. E. P. Felt. Committee on Nomenclature :— Dr. Fernald moved, seconded by Dr. Smith, 1. That the Entomological Society of America hereby endorses the Code of Nomenclature adopted by the International Zoological Congress as the code which should be used by the members of the Society so far as it can be applied. . 2. ‘That cases not covered by this code which may be presented to the Society for consideration, be referred to a standing Committee on Nomenclature, to consist of three members, one member of which shall be elected each year for a term of three years, and the opinion of this Committee on cases referred to them, shall be reported to the Society at the first annual meeting subsequent to their reference to the Com- mittee. Mr. Bradley moved to amend by striking out the second clause, because ento- mology should not be treated as distinct from zoology in general, and because the Commission on Nomenclature established by the International Congress of Zoology is the sufficient and proper body before which to bring such question for decision. Dr. Fernald stated that the reports of the Commission on Nomenclature of the International Congress of Zoology are greatly delayed by the fact that the Congress meets only once in three years, and by the rule that a question must be presented at least a year before the meeting at which it is to be considered. It was not the inten- tion of the mover that the Committee should act in opposition to or independently from the Commission on Nomenclature, but that it should be instrumental in voic- ing the needs of entomology before that body, which should be the final court of reference. With that explanation, the amendment was withdrawn and motion passed. Publication of a Journal :— Perhaps the most important act of the meeting was embodied in the following resolutions adopted by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the Society: 1. That the Society undertake a publication to be called “Annals of the Ento- mological Society of America,” to be issued in quarterly fascicles. 2. ‘That it include only papers of importance or marked merit, and that each be issued and bound separately as well as in fascicles so that each paper may be sold separately. 1908] ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 19 3. That proceedings of the meetings be included either at the beginning or end of each volume and form one separate, which is to be sent to all members of the society. 4. That a subscription price of One Dollar in addition to the membership fee be charged members for the annals and that the subscription price to non-members, libraries, etc., be $3.00. 5. ‘That an Editorial Board be selected by the Executive Committee and that this Board shall select one of its members as managing editor, who, with his associates, shall be responsible for the selection of material to be published. 6. ‘That if possible someone living in a suitable location and who can undertake the work of managing editor for a series of years, be selected for this position. 7. That details not covered in this report are to be determined by the Editorial Board. 8. That actual publication under the provisions of this report be inaugurated as soon as possible. It will be seen from the above that all members will receive the number contain- ing the full proceedings of the meetings free, and upon payment of one dollar the entire annals; while the regular subscription price to non-members will be $3.00. A resolution was passed limiting the number of Fellows for the present to 10% of the membership. The meeting then adjourned, to meet next December in Baltimore. During the sessions the Executive Committee selected the following Fellows: Justus Watson Folsom, William Joseph Holland, Clarence Preston Gillette, Lawrence Bruner, Mark Vernon Slingerland, Henry Clinton Fall, Charles Lester Marlatt. The following were elected members: G. E. Sanders, Urbana, Ill.; G. D. Shafer, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. J. A. Nelson, Ithaca, N. Y.; A. G. Hammar, Ithaca, N. Y.; William H. Blatchley, Indianapolis, Ind.; A. B. Wolcott, Chicago, Ill.; E. 8S. Worsham, Atlanta, Ga.; R. W. Harned, Ag. College, Miss.; Dr. Alex. Petrunke- vitch, Short Hills, N. J.; Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Colo.; Wilmon Newell, Baton Rouge, La.; J. C. Hambleton, Columbus, Ohio; G. Ainslee, South Anthony Park, Minn.; L. H. Weld, Evanston, Il.; Prof. B. H. Guilbeau, Baton Rouge, La. ; J. Zetek, Urbana, Ill.; Prof. 5. W. Williston, Chicago, Ill.; Mr. C. F. Curtis Riley, Mankato, Minn.; Dr. J. F. Abbott, St. Louis, Minn.; Mr. W.S. Fisher, Harrisburg, Pa. During the sessions an exhibit of entomological specimens and materials was open for the mspection of those interested. The titles of the exhibit are given below: 20 PSYCHE [February Some Enlarged Photographs of Fossil Insects. Charles ‘T. Brues. New Devices in Economic Entomology. W. E. Hinds. Stereoscopic Pictures of Insects. Professor F. L. Washburn. Dimorph of Chaitophora nequndinis ‘Thos. John J. Davis. Case of Fall Webworm Moths (Hyphantria textor and H. cunea) Showing Range of Variation of the Latter; Inflated Larvae. Henry H. Lyman. Entomological Specimens and Equipment; Interesting Insects from Mexico, Cuba, and Indo-Australia; New Species of Dynastes, etc. Dr. G. Lagai. Stereoscopic Photographs of Oryssidae ‘Taken with the Camera Attachment to the Zeiss Greenough Binocular Microscope. Mouth parts of Siricidae. J. Chester Bradley. Stereoscopic Photograph of a ‘Tenebrenoid Beetle Taken with an Ordinary Camera Using an Eccentric Diaphragm. C. R. Crosby and J. C. Bradley. J. OF BRADIGEWS Secretary- Treasurer. POYCHE A “JOURNAL “OF =- ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 WOE: XV. APRIL, 1908 NUMBER 2 CONTENTS Observations on the Breeding Habits of Three Chrysomelid Beetles, Calli- grapha bigsbyana, C. multi-punctata and C, lunata — Robert W: Hegner . 21 Tettigidean Notes, and a new Species — A. P. Morse : : : 25 A Note on the Distribution of Bittacomorpha jonesi—C. W. Johnson . ; 25 Notes on Attelabus rhois and Parasite—C. A. Frost. : : : i 26 The Halictidae of southern Maine — John H, Lovell : ; p ; : 32 Notes on the Bee-genus Exaerete — 7’. D. A. Cockerell . : : é : 41 Proceedings of the Club : : : : : ‘ : . : : 42 Two Books of Evolution —W. L.W. F. : : : : : . 5 43 Cambridge Entomological Club PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB ADDRESS: CARE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY BOSMON GMASS.,., Wino. oA. EUROPEAN AGENTS: R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, BERLIN mo) Cle te Editor-in-Chiej and Publication Manager, W. L. W. FIELD; Associate Editors, C. B. Davenport, J. H. Emerton, V. L. KELuLoae, C. W. JoHnson, A. P. Morsg, J. G. NEEDHAM. PsycuHe is published bi-monthly, 7. e. in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $1.00 to subscribers in the U.S. and its Terri- tories and Dependencies or in Canada or Mexico; $1.25 to those in other countries. Vo Contributors: Copy should be typewritten whenever possible. Separates, if desired, must be ordered in advance of publication, Fifty Separates of leading articles will be furnished gratis; additional copies will be supplied at cost. ADVERTISING RATES furnished upon application. All material for publication in a given number must be in the hands of the Editors on or before the first day of the month preceding the month of publication. All correspondence should be addressed to CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, CaRE Boston Society oF NATuRAL HIsTory, BERKELEY STREET, BOSTON, MASS. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 21, 1906, at the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. FIELD TABLES OF LEPIDOPTERA By WILLIAM T. M. FORBES Contains: A Key to the caterpillars of the Eastern United States, — the only general work on American caterpillars published. It separates them in the only practicable way, by artificial characters and prominent structural differences. Field ‘Tables of butterflies, sphinxes, saturnians, ete., giving common as well as scientific names, brief description, size, frequency in New England, seasons, haunts, and other items of interest. An artificial key to the butterflies of New England, more complete than others. Much of it has been tested by the author. A glossary of terms used. In all 141 pages. Price seventy-five cents. For sale by DAVIS & BANNISTER, Worcester, Mass. Locality Pin Labels 20c. ?*, Any Number of Lines Printed from smallest type made, on Best Heavy White Paper. Something new. 30 or more labels on a strip; no trimming; 1 cut of scissors makes a label. Orders must be in multiples of 500. Not less than 1000 (2 labels) printed. Please send express money orders — not postage stamps. C. V. BLACKSURN, (Member Cambridge Entomological Club) 26 MAPLE ST., Sil OUNFESHEACM\. il Ay S7S). ES ae EE’. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING HABITS OF THREE CHRYSO- MELID BEETLES, CALLIGRAPHA BIGSBYANA, C. MULTI- PUNCTATA AND C. LUNATA. BY ROBERT W. HEGNER, MADISON, WISCONSIN. Durrine the summers of 1905-07 I was engaged in the hybridization of a number of chrysomelid beetles, chiefly three species of the genus Calligrapha, namely C. multipunctata, C. bigsbyana and C. lunata. My experiments are not yet completed but some points of interest have developed in regard to the breeding habits of these species while kept in the laboratory under artificial conditions. The geographical distribution of the Calligraphas cannot be given accurately because of the fragmentary condition of the data concerning their occurrence. They have been reported from eighteen states situated in boreal America and no doubt may be found in-favorable localities anywhere in this region. The willow is the principal food plant of C. bigshyana and C. multipunctata; all authors who have made observations on the subject include this plant, and all specimens that have been collected for me or by me were found on its leaves. The beetles prefer the long-leafed species, Salix longifolia, and, as far as I know, do not occur in nature on any other form. They will live however on other willows if forced to do so as adults and larvae will eat Salix amygdalordes in the laboratory. Hamilton (95) gives Alnus and Acer as the food plant of C. bagsbyana in southwestern Pennsyl- vania as does Smith (’99) also for New Jersey. C. lunata has been found only on the wild rose, Beutenmuller (90), Lugger (’99) and others having reported its capture on this plant. There are four methods that may be mentioned of keeping these beetles in the laboratory — all of which have been used. First, the glass tank made in such a way as to allow the experimenter to subject the insects to various degrees of moisture, temperature, etc; second, the plaster of paris cage used by Janet (’93) for breeding ants and later by Dimmock and Knab (’04) for raising carabid beetles; third, the ordinary wire cage; and fourth, glass covered slender dishes. The last named was found to be the easiest to manage. The dishes should be about 10 cm. in diameter, if larger the food tends to become dry. 2D) PSYCHE [April One or more pairs of beetles may be kept in a single dish. A few fresh leaves of willow or rose were placed in each dish every morning and the partly eaten leaves of the previous day removed. Eggs were collected at various times, usually in the morning unless the exact time of laying was desired when the dishes were examined every hour throughout the day. They are laid in batches on the side of the leaf which is beneath. ‘The part of the leaf to which the eggs were attached was cut out and placed in a watch glass. A water soaked piece of filter paper was included to prevent desiccation. If kept too moist a fungus, one of the mucors, attacks the eggs. ‘The eggs remained in the watch glass until they hatched. The larvae were placed in small dishes and fresh food was given them every day as in the ease of the adults. When the larvae were nearly ready for pupation they were transferred to dishes containing an inch of sandy loam. They burrowed into this and formed a spherical chamber in which they lay on their backs while their last larval skin was shed and during the pupal period. The imagos escaped to the sur- face immediately after being freed from their pupal covering and before their color pattern had made its appearance. Egg-laying in C. multipunctata will answer for that of the three species under con- sideration as there was no appreciable variation in time, number, or method. A number of beetles were examined while laying, the process being as follows. The beetle selects a leaf and clings to its under surface. The tip of the abdomen moves rhythmically up and down about fifteen times at intervals of a little less than one sec- ond. This results in the exudation of a drop of viscid colorless fluid about one third the transverse diameter of the egg. The egg is forced out a moment later and car- ries with it this drop of fluid by means of which it is fastened to the leaf. When the egg reaches the leaf it is pushed back away from the beetle which then moves to one side and begins the rhythmical movements which precede the laying of another egg. In this way eggs are laid in a double row as shown in the accompanying figure, but frequently three or more may be laid in one row. The intervals between the layings of the individual eggs average one minute and twenty seconds. Fifty-four pairs of beetles were examined daily during the laying period and a record made of the number of eggs laid. One pair produced fourteen eggs on June fifteenth and a batch was laid every day with the exception of several longer intervals until August twenty-seventh. ‘Two to nineteen were laid at one time, the largest number for any one day being twenty-nine and the average number per batch, eight. The total number laid by this pair was three hundred and seventy-six in seventy-four days. Other pairs produced eggs as follows: 281 between June 22 and Aug. 3, 38 1908] HEGNER — THREE CHRYSOMELID BEETLES 23 days; 287 between June 22 and Aug. 1, 41 days; 352 between June 11 and Aug. 31, 82 days; 234 between June 25 and Aug. 3, 40 days. This is sufficient to show the quantity of eggs laid by a single female during its life, the average of 54 records being 315. There is no definite number of hours constituting the hatching period as the time varies from 4 to 7 days according to conditions of temperature and moisture. The average for many batches was 53 days. All the eggs of one batch.are in approximately the same stage of development and the larvae grow up together,— all pupating at about the same time. Larval life ranges from 17 to 24 days, 20 days being the aver- age. Food conditions are no doubt responsible for the rapid growth of some larvae and the slow growth of others. ‘The pupal period is usually 12 days although many emerge in 11 days and a few linger on to 13 or 14 days. The entire period then from the laying of the egg to the emergence of the imago is 38 days although a few covered this period in 35 days and others occupied 40 days.. The sexes of the imago are distinguishable because of the larger size of the female. A number of beetles were allowed to select their own mates; others were artificially paired. Copulation occurred from 6 to 10 days after emergence and the first eggs were laid 10 to 16 days later making the entire cycle a period of 64 days. The eggs are differently colored and of different sizes in the three species studied. Those of C. bigsbyana are the smallest and are straw colored; those of C. multi- punctata are slightly larger and are light aN orange in color; while the eggs of C. [ \ lunata are white and are larger than | i either of the other two. The figure gives y, a good idea of the comparative sizes. As 4 may be expected, the newly hatched ) larvae have a ground color similar to the color of the egg being straw colored, i aay aii wre F ; _ Fig. 1. Eggs of C. bigsbyana. Fig. 2. Eggs of light orange, and white according to the C. muitipwnctzta. Vig. 3. Egg of C. tunata. species. Pedigreed material raised in the laboratory was experimented with in an effort to learn the results of hybridizing different species. Pure specimens of C. bigsbyana and C. multipunctata crossed freely, their eggs being always fertile. ‘The eggs and larvae produced by these crosses were of course in size and color like those of the female parent. No differences were noted in the size or coloration of the hybrids until emergence when the resultant beetles were always intermediate between the two 24 PSYCHE ; [April parents. Specimens similar to these intermediate forms are frequently found in nature, a fact that points towards a widespread crossing of these beetles, the food plant, breeding range, and period of growth being identical for the two species. The ontogeny of the color pattern is similar to that recorded by Miss McCracken (’06) for Lina lipponica, i. e., it is the same for both species up to a certain point where the color of C. multipunctata ceases and retains a rufous tint, while that of C. bigsbyana proceeds until the rufous is covered by a layer of darker green pigment. C’. lunata is more difficult to cross with the other two species and only one such case was brought about. A female C’.. /unata was crossed with a male C. multipunctata. Both beetles were raised in the laboratory and had not been contaminated before they were put together. They were often found in copulation and two batches of eggs were laid. The first batch did not hatch although the full grown embryos could easily be seen through the chorion. ‘The eggs of the second batch were pre- served at the age of five days for microscopical examination. LITERATURE LIST. 1890.— Beutenmuller, W. ‘‘ Food Habits of Some Chrysomelidae.” Entomologica Americana, Vol. VI, pp. 175-178. 4904. Dimmock, C. and F. Knab. “Early Stages of Carabidae.” Bull. 1. | Springfield Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 4. 1894.— Hamilton, J. “Cat. of Coleoptera Common to North America, etc.” Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. 21, pp. 345-416. 1893.— Janet, C. ‘‘Etudes sur les fourmis.” Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Vol. 62, pp. 467- 482. 1899.— Lugger, O. ‘Beetles Injurious to Our Fruit-producing Plants.” Bull. 66, Min. Agri. Exp. St., pp. 85-331. 1906.— MeCracken, I. “Inheritance of Dichromatism in Lina lapponica.”’ Journ. Exp. Zoo!., Vol. 2, pp. 119-136. 1899.— Smith, J. B. “Insects of New Jersey,” p. 307. Proressor V. L. KeLLoaa, of Stanford University, will be in Europe from April to December of this year. His address is, care French, Lemon & Co., Flor- ence, Italy. 1.) cn 1908] MORSE — TETTIGIDEAN NOTES TETTIGIDEAN NOTES, AND A NEW SPECIES. BY A. P. MORSE, WELLESLEY, MASS. AMONG some Tettiginae recently received for study from Mr. Wm. 'T. Davis I find a male and female of Tettigidea acuta Morse taken on Staten Id. in April. ‘These are the first examples I have seen since the preparation of the original description which was based on specimens in the Scudder collection taken by or secured from Uhler and labeled simply “N. Y.” This material contains also two females of Tettigidea lateralis from the same locality, one macropterous, Mar. 2, one microp- terous, Oct. 23. The most interesting part of the collection, however, is a series of 15 specimens of an undescribed form or species of this genus, related to armata Morse, collected at Perth Amboy, N. J., May 31; Jamesburg, N. J., Aug. 31; and Staten Id., N. Y., in April, June, and August. All are brachypterous, the pronotum nearly reaching or slightly passing the hind knees. This form is distinguished from armata, which it most resembles, by the customary lack of a cuspidate point on the front margin of the pronotum, which is for the most part simply obtuse-angulate with the sides straight, slightly sinuate, or shallowly excavate, occasionally showing variations toward . acuspidate condition. The tegmina are relatively short, bluntly rounded or truncate at apex, with the usual white spot exceptionally large, triangular, sometimes covering nearly two-thirds of the exposed distal half of the tegmima. In size, sculpture of surface of pronotum, and form of vertex it is apparently not distinguishable from armata. I take pleasure in naming this species Tettigidea davis: for its discoverer, in def- erence to his studies on the orthoptera of the vicinity of New York. A Nove ON THE DistriBution oF BirracoMORPHA JONESI.— Since describing this species (PsycHe, XII, p. 75, 1905) from Mt. Taxoway, N. C., I have collected four specimens, June 18, 1906, along the foot of the Hoosac Mt. at Briggsville, two miles northeast of North Adams, Mass., and one specimen near St. Johnsbury, Vt., June 27, 1906, along a branch of the Passumpsic River. Recently Mr. H.S. Harbeck informs me that he has collected a specimen at Clementon, N. J. C. W. JOHNSON. 26 PSYCHE [April NOTES ON ATTELABUS RHOIS AND PARASITE. BY C. A. FROST, SOUTH FRAMINGHAM, MASS. Durina July, 1904, while collecting Coleoptera along the edge of a large tract of alders (Alnus incana) that covers a rocky hillside in the town of Wales, Maine, I found this beetle occurring in great abundance. As many as a dozen of their rolls or nests in various stages of freshness could be counted on a single small cluster of bushes while the ground was littered with the dried, brown cylinders that had fallen. This was on the 15th of the month and five miles away at Monmouth I was unable to find a single specimen. On the 20th of June of the following year a few nests were found at Wales and on the 30th they were quite plentiful in a few places at Mon- mouth. While | have taken only two or three specimens of the adult weevil in Mass- achusetts during the last five years, similar nests, each containing a similar egg, have been found in numbers at Framingham, Mass., on the hazel (Corylus americana). In Maine the adult insect feeds upon the alder leaves, eating long narrow holes between the veins in a manner that gives the leaves a very peculiar and distinctive appearance. Most of the small cross veinlets are eaten off leaving the ends sticking into the hole and giving it a ragged or notched outline, while here and there a veinlet is left untouched. Dr. A. S. Packard, in 1872, published an article entitled Embryological Studies on Hexapodous Insects, 11] Memoir Peabody Academy of Science, in which he gives a fev, observations on the habits of this species of Attelabus. Therefore, while the ¢ roll, or nidus, are not entirely new, 5 there may be a few more points worthy of consideration. following notes ou the construction of the eg The work of preparing and rolling the nidus, so far as shown by my observations, is done entirely by the female weevil. She selects a leaf and cuts a slit on each side of the petiole, extending from the blade to the mid-rib at a short distance from the base of the leaf. This cutting leaves a triangular piece of the blade attached to the petiole while the major part of the leaf is held only by the mid-vein at the point where the cuts converge. This point is next attacked. The front legs are thrust down through the two cross cuts and clasped around the mid-vein, while the hind legs are spread far apart and extended out on the blade of the leaf. Then pushing downward with the hind feet and pulling upward with the front legs, she bites the mid-vein until it droops and hangs at right angles to the stem. The operation is not always done in this way, however, for one female was observed standing on the petiole while at 1908] FROST — ATTELABUS RHOIS AND PARASITE De work, and, not using the legs at all, relying upon the weight of the leaf-to bring it down when sufficiently cut through. One female was timed while cutting the mid- vein; she completed the work in four minutes. As soon as the leaf falls into a pendent position, the weevil begins travelling over the upper (in every case observed) surface, biting it at every step and at the same time drawing it into a wrinkle by the two sharp spurs at the tarsal ends of the anterior tibiae. The path over the leaf was in many cases parallel to the edge but became very irregular after two or three rounds had been made. Leaves examined at this stage show, on holding to the light, the course of the weevil by a series of small holes. The time required by one female to finish the upper side was about fifteen minutes of continuous work. In every case observed the mid-vein was the first point to be attacked on the under side of the leaf; and the cross-veins showed by the brown spots plainly visible on the more wilted leaves that the biting was done mostly on them. ‘This may be on account of the thick pubescence on the under side of the alder leaf being shorter and less troublesome on the veins. ‘They may be bitten their whole length or only a short way from the mid-vein. As soon as the under side is completed, which does not take as long as the upper side, copulation often takes place, although cases were noticed when this occurred while the preparation of the upper side of the leaf was in progress. Dr. Packard states in the article previously referred to, “I once saw a female pick up a leaf with her jaws, then stop, and run back to receive the embraces of the male, and then resume her work. In another case I saw the sexes unite after a roll had been half made, so that it is probable that union occurs several times at short intervals, as I have observed to be the case with G. polygoni.” When the male appears on the leaf he takes a position on the petiole, or sometimes, as Dr. Packard mentions, on an adjoining one. If alarmed, he sits nearly upright with the head and snout raised as if scenting an enemy and remains motionless for a long time. The least jar of the bush, unless the wind be blowing strongly, or a quick movement on the part of the observer, should he be too near, will often cause the male to drop to the ground from this apprehensive attitude. The female is not so easily disturbed and observations were frequently made with a hand lens of about an inch focus without attracting her attention. A slight jar would generally cause her to suspend operations for a moment or so, but there would be very little fear exhibited. In one instance the male was observed to run down the leaf, around the female, and back again as if inspecting her work; and after she began to roll the leaf he became very excited and kept moving continually. After the biting is completed, the female, sitting upright, oviposits on the tip of 28 PSYCHE, [April the leaf. In nearly every nest examined the egg was placed on the under or pubescent side but the tip had been bent back against the smooth surface and the egg had become the very center of the roll. Out of the dozens of nests opened only one was found to have two eggs, all the rest contained but a single, yellow, translucent egg. Dr. Packard states, ‘‘ Before the leaf is entirely rolled, she deposits a single egg, rarely * He also describes the egg as being nearly spherical, though a little longer than thick, .04 of an inch long, by .03 of an inch in diameter. two, in the middle, next the mid rib, in a little cavity, where it lies loose.’ The leaf, by the time oviposition has been completed, has become very much wrinkled and wilted so as to be easily manipulated in any way. It may be the object of the biting process to accomplish this result more quickly by weakening the leaf by cutting so many small fibres and causing the sap to evaporate more rapidly. The female with her snout and fore legs now crumples up the tip of the leaf with the egg in the center for the beginning of the roll, at the same time folding the leaf so as to bring the two smooth halves together. It is then rolled up with the mid-vein as one edge of the roll and the doubled serrated edge as the other. ‘The rolling is done by the tibial spurs and the jaws which are much stouter and thicker than those of the male. When the serrated edge of the roll becomes twisted at times like the top of a paper bag, the snout and jaws are thrust into the end of the roll until the head is out of sight, and the protruding edges are tucked carefully within while the legs are used to pull the edges of the roll together and hold them for several seconds in this position. One weevil was timed from the commencement of the biting and wrinkling process until she stood on the completed roll taking a rest; it was almost exactly one hour. ‘This seemed a shorter time than usual which may be accounted for by the fact that there had been no interruptions. During my observations in 1904, at Wales, while the leaf was being wrinkled, there appeared from two to six small, green-bodied hymenoptera with conical abdo- mens on each leaf. ‘They either followed the female weevil at a short distance or remained at rest on different parts of the leaf. The male weevil would, apparently, make efforts to drive them away, once even pushing one from the leaf with his snout, but no attempt to bite them was observed. A leaf was picked on which a weevil had just oviposited and on which were four of these hymenoptera; while held in the hand two of them evidently oviposited and immediately left. No egg could be seen. At Monmouth in 1905, not more than one of these parasites could be found attending a weevil, and then only after the rolling process had been started. ‘The insect ran about or rested on the upper part of the leaf. When ovipositing, it generally selected a place on the side of the roll that was about to be covered by the next fold; 1908] FROST — ATTELABUS RHOIS AND PARASITE 29 rising to the full length of its legs, it would then be able to insert the end of its oviposi- tor, and it was thrust down into the roll sometimes by twisting and turning the body as if the entrance was rather difficult. When the ovipositor was in full length, the center of the body was touching the leaf and the tip of the abdomen pointing up into the air, making nearly a right angle with the head and thorax. ‘This operation occu- pied only a second or two, and one parasite was seen to oviposit, or, at least, to thrust the ovipositor down into the same roll sixteen times during the formation of the nest. The female weevil did not notice the parasite even when it was within a quarter of an inch of her. ‘The male weevil was patrolling the roll while the parasite was ovi- positing and only once did he seem to interfere with its work. A sudden shower stopped these observations and another favorable opportunity did not occur. Specimens of the weevil and parasite were sent to Washington where Dr. Chit- tenden identified the weevil as Attelabus rhois, Boheman, and Dr. Ashmead pro- nounced the parasite to be Omphale (Euderus) elongatus, Ashmead. It had not been recorded before as an enemy of the weevil. A number of alder rolls were brought from Maine in 1904 and opened at different dates. ‘The following notes were made: On July 30th one was found to contain a yellowish, shrunken larva, bent at right angles in the middle, and’ apparently just alive. There was also found in this roll a smaller white larva, slim and straight, about 1 mm. in length. A large yellow larva in plump condition was found in another roll and no parasite. ‘This larva was 2.5 mm. long and covered with whitish hairs which were longer and pointing forward on the thoracic segments. The head and jaws were of a chestnut color. It was flattened beneath and seemed incapable of straightening itself from its curled-up position, On September 4th I opened all the remaining alder rolls and found the inmates dead probably from mould. In one nest were three small larvae, apparently Hyme- nopterous. The investigations of the habits of this weevil has brought out the peculiar fact that while the weevil feeds and makes its nest upon the alder (Alnus incana) in Maine, in Massachusetts, as far as I have yet been able to discover, it makes its rolls from the leaves of the hazel (Corylus americana). I found one instance where it had fed on the leaves of this species of hazel in Maine, but the bush was growing beside an infested alder and the branches were intermingled. I have never taken the adult weevil on the hazel in Massachusetts, in fact, during the past seven years I have taken but two specimens in this state. On August 6th, 1904, I secured a dozen or more nests from the hazel in Framing- 30 PSYCHE [April ham. Of the two examined at this time, one contained a very small larva and the other was empty. One of the alder rolls from Maine was opened at the same time and found to contain a much larger larva. On September 4th three of the hazel rolls were opened and several small, yellowish white, footless larvae were found between the folds of the roll, and a larger larva in the center of the roll. These small larvae were about 1 mm. in length. ‘There were several of the rolls that were fastened to- gether by a web at this time and an examination showed that a dark, smooth, Lepidop- terous larva had been feeding on the rolls and leaving a mere shell with a hole in the side. The rolls were also covered with small white mites. On February 4th two hazel rolls were opened and one larva about 6 mm. long was found in each. ‘They were similar to the one found in the alder roll on July 30th, but larger. ‘The inside of the roll was filled with fine dust leaving only two or three of the outside folds intact. A large number of alder and hazel rolls were collected in 1905 and kept until the next summer when, in June, nearly every alder roll yielded an adult weevil and six or more were obtained from the hazel rolls. The latter were, however, not fully developed, perhaps on account of being kept too dry. Not being able to detect any marked difference between the alder and the hazel specimens, I sent several of each to Mr. Frederick Blanchard who very kindly examined them and wrote me that he was unable to discover any difference between them, but on account of the condition of the specimens he could hardly consider this as being conclusive. Assuming that there is only one species, I am unable to offer any explanation why the food plant should differ in the two localities. It cannot be attributed to the abundance of one species of plant in one locality and its scarcity in the other because at Monmouth, Maine, the two species of shrubs grow side by side; at Wales, Maine, I do not remember seeing any hazel, certainly not in the immediate vicinity of the infested alders; at Framington, Mass., in one locality the alder is the more abundant and in another place the hazel patch is isolated. Besides the article by Dr. Packard, previously referred to, the following papers on the habits of the species of the Attelabidae have been brought to my attention by Mr. Blanchard: Notes on Attelabus Bipustulatus by Miss Mary Murtfeldt, Can. Ent. v. IV, 1872, p. 143. Attelabus Bipustulatus, Fab. Theory of Oviposition and Construction of Nidus; Miscellaneous Notes by A. Arsene Girault, Ent. News, v. XV, pp. 189-193. A brief mention of Attelabus rhois on the hazel in the Can. Ent. v. XXIII, pp. 21 and 26. Cambridge Natural History of Insects, pt. II, p. 29, gives an account of the operations of Rhynchites betulae, an European leaf roller, and refers to more extensive remarks by German writers. 1908] FROST — ATTELABUS RHOIS AND PARASITE ol SExuaL CHARACTERS. Male.— Apical angles of the beak prolonged, acute; beak longer before the eyes and slenderer than in the female causing the eyes to appear slightly more prominent. By careful comparison the antennae will be found to be stouter, with the club larger and the joints more loosely articulated than in the female. Head narrower behind the eyes than the female, with a prominent median carina extending from the posterior line of the eyes to the occiput, carina often black and sometimes with a black area surrounding it. Prothorax more narrowed in front than in the female. Anterior tibiae arcuately curved, slender, equal in length to one and one half times the length of the prothorax; all the tibiae are armed at the distal end with a single curved hook, the inner or posterior one wanting; all tibiae with two rows of serrations on the inner edge. ‘The anterior femora, viewed laterally, are straight on the upper edge — that is, the clavate portion is asymmetrical; the femora are longer and the coxae longer and stronger than in the female. ‘The prosternum is not so deeply excavate (or emar- ginate) in front, and with an evident depression before the coxae. Female.— Apical angles of the beak only very rarely prolonged; beak shorter and stouter, broader and thicker at the apex than in the male. Head with the carina usually replaced by a smooth median line, sometimes with a black area as in the male. Prothorax broader in front. Anterior tibiae equal to or slightly exceeding the length of the prothorax; the inner row of serrations on the inner edge of the tibiae are more prominent than in the male; first serration sometimes half the length of the inner hook of the tibia. In the females all the tibiae are armed at the distal ends with two hooks curving inward toward the body, the outer one of which is longer and stouter. All the femora are symmetrically clavate. | Prosternum emarginate or excavated in front nearly to the coxae. I am indebted to Mr. Frederick Blanchard for pointing out the characters of the prosternum, and antennae, and for informing me that the serrations of the tibiae are disposed in two rows. He has also very kindly verified the other characters from specimens in his cabinet. My few specimens of Attelabus analis and bipustulatus agree with rhovs in the sexual difference of the tibial hooks, and Mr. Blanchard writes me that his specimens of analis, nigripes, and bipustulatus all differ in the same manner sexually. He also says regarding the two last mentioned species, “It seems not to have been noticed that in Attelabus nigripes and bipustulatus the beak is obliquely truncate beneath and that the gular peduncle is obliquely compressed each side, converging to a distinct Ve PSYCHE [April angle which is still more marked and almost dentiform, when viewed laterally. This is most distinct in the females of bzpustulatus.” I have none of the former species, but my few females of the latter show very clearly the above characters as he describes them. In connection with this subject, attention is called to an error in the Rhyncho- phoridae of America North of Mexico, LeConte and Horn, p. 10; under A ttelabus analis the sex marks should be reversed in the description of the sexual characters. Also in the Family characters on the same page the statement “armed at the tip with two strong hooks” is misleading and should be qualified, because this, as it now reads, applies only to the females and not to the males which have only one hook. ‘This lat- ter statement appears also in the “Classification” and should be restricted likewise. THE HALICTIDAE OF SOUTHERN MAINE. BY JOHN H. LOVELL, WALDOBORO, MAINE. WHILE comparatively few new species of bees have been found in southern Maine, the described species very frequently differ in a greater or less degree from southern and western material. This is especially true of the species of Halictus, which present variations in the descriptive characters in consequence of which it is difficult in many instances to determine whether they are of varietal or specific 1mpor- tance. H. provancheri D. T. exhibits only slight differences, but the female of H. lerouxii Lep. is narrower than the Illinois representative of this species, and has the pubescence of the thorax above ochreous instead of grayish-white. H. craterus is a new species allied to H. similis and H. discus. H. arcuatus var. parisus, especially the male, differs so widely from typical material that it might well be regarded as a new species. The local specimens of H. foxii closely resemble the Hlinois form and at most constitute only a race; while H. divergens sustains a nearly similar relation to H. quadrimaculatus. Maine specimens of H. pilosus are usually smaller than those from Indiana; while H. pilosus var. leucocomus occupies an intermediate position between this species and H. pruinosus, and is usually mistaken for the latter species. H. hortensis is near to H. sparsus, but it may be separated from specimens of the latter species received from Pennsylvania by its larger size, and in the female by the broader and lighter-colored abdomen, and in the male by the more coarsely striated 1908] LOV ELL — HALICTIDAE OF SOUTHERN MAINE 33 disc of the metathorax. Opportunity for more extensive comparison would doubt- less reveal numerous differences in other species. Only the females of Halictus fly in spring, while the males are found in midsum- mer and autumn. In the flower records given in this paper an endeavor has been made to give the earliest and latest dates upon which each sex has been captured. The females have been taken from April 30th to Sept. 6th; during the early part of the season they are common on the flowers of the willows, plums and blackberries and later on Rosa humilis, Aralia hispida, Rhus typhina and other plants. The males have been collected from July 19th to Sept. 12th (garden marigold), but chiefly during the month of August. There is no better collecting ground for this sex than the various species of golden-rod, and on a single inflorescence on Sept. Sth I collected nearly a dozen specimens. ‘The males, however, of H. arcuatus var. parisus have been taken almost exclusively on the flowers of the thoroughwort, or Eupatorium perfoliatum, one only having been found on Solidago. Late in the season numerous specimens of Halictus may be taken on the fall dandelion, or Leontodon autumnalis; thus I find in my notes a record that twenty-four specimens, mostly of species of Halictus, were collected on this plant on Sept. 6th. The females of H. lerouxii and H. craterus are very common, and the males are nearly equally abundant, in which respect they differ from the males of all other species of Halictus found in this locality. All of the species appear to be polytropic except H. nelumbonis, which at Waldoboro has been observed only on Nuphar advena. In some instances where only one or two flower-records have been given this is due to the rarity of the species or to an insufficient number of observations. ‘The collecting season in this locality closes for all genera except Apis and Bombus by the middle of September. Specimens of many of the species enumerated in this paper have been kindly examined by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell who has compared them with authentic mate- rial, and furnished valuable notes and suggestions. HaAtictus. (Halictus sens. str.) Halictus provancheri D. T. 1882 Halictus constrictus Prov. (not Sm.), co’, Nat. Can. 13: 202. 1888 Halictus constrictus Prov. 2 o, Add. faun. Can. Hym. p. 316. 1895 Halictus fasciatus Robt. Mot Nyl.), Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 22: 117. 1896 Halictus provancheri D. T. Cat. Hym. 10:77. 34 PSYCHE [April H. fasciatus Nyl. is a European species and probably does not occur in America. According to Mr. J. C. Crawford “H. fasciatus” Robt. is the species described by Provancher as H. constrictus. This is also doubtless the bee recently described by Vachal as H. nearcticus. The female has been taken on Salix Bebbiana, May 13; Ogon plum (to which it is a common visitor), May 29; Eupatorium perfoliatum, Aug. 24; and Leontodon autumnalis, Sept. 6; the male on Aralia hispida, July 27-30; and Solidago, Aug. 17. A common and widely distributed species, easily recognized by the dull greenish color, and the length of the third submarginal cell equalling twice that of the second submarginal. Halictus lerouxii Lep. me 1841 Halictus lerouxii Lep. 2, Hist. nat. Insect. Hym. 2: 272. 1898 Halictus lerouxii Robt. o, Trans. Ac. Sei. St. Louis, 8: 44. The female specimens were collected on Salix discolor, Apr. 30; 5. Bebbiana, May 13; garden plum, May 28; Carduus arvensis, Aug. 7; Leontodon autumnalis, Aug. 8; and many other plants; the male on Aralia hispida, July 19; and Solidago juncea, Aug. 4-11. A very common species. The females may often be seen on the flowers of Lonicera Tatarica, collecting pollen, for their proboscides are not long enough to reach the nectar, which is eagerly sought by bumblebees. ‘This is our largest species of Halictus, the females more closely resemble in the color of the pubescence the forms from Colorado and Washington than those of Illimois. H. parallelus Say and H. armaticeps Cr. do not occur here. (Lasioglossum). Halictus coriaceus Sm. 1853 Halictus coriaceus Sm. 2, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 1: 70. 1853 Halictus subquadratus Sm. co‘, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 1: 72. . This species is much less common than H. lerouxii; in most specimens of the female there are white basal fasciae on abdominal segments 2-3, but not infrequently segment 4 is also fasciate. Female taken on flowers of Salix Bebbiana, May 12; garden blackberry, June 19; Carduus arvensis, Aug. 7; male on Carduus arvensis, Aug. 7; and garden marigold, Sept. 12. 1908] LOVELL —— HALICTIDAE OF. SOUTHERN MAINE 35 (Evylaeus). Halictus craterus n. sp. 1905 Halictus similis Lovell, 2 oc, Can. Ent. 37: 299. 2 .— Length 9-10 mm.; a broad, robust bee, entirely black, front and meso- thorax subopaque, abdomen shining. Face much longer than broad, the sides nearly parallel; clothed with thin, pale yellowish pubescence; with close, shallow, often indistinct, punctures; clypeus produced, coarsely and sparsely punctured, with an apical fringe of reddish-yellow hair; the labrum is broad, with a central tubercle or prominence, the apex produced into a stout tooth fringed with stiff, fulvous hair; antennae black, the flagellum faintly brownish. Mesothorax closely but very dis- tinctly punctured, the punctures large; the dorsum and pleurae clothed with pale ochraceous hair; metathorax sharpiy truncate, the area not well-defined, shining, with coarse longitudinal ridges. Wings hyaline, reddened, nervures and stigma dark ferruginous, 3rd submarginal cell larger than the 2nd, but about equal on the marginal nervure; tegulae rufo-piceous or nearly black. Legs black, joints 1-4 of the posterior legs with bright orange fulvous hair on the inner side, the hind spur pale yellow, serrate, with about eight short teeth. Abdomen shining, strongly convex; segment 1 is distinctly but sparsely punctured, segments 2-3 are finely punctured all over; segments 2—3 with white basal fasciae often interrupted on 2, segment 3 is also rarely fasciate; apical fimbria reddish-brown. o’.— Length 9 mm., narrower and more slender than the female. Face densely clothed with nearly white or pale buff-colored hair; clypeus with a transverse pale yellow mark; antennae long, joint 4 longer than 2 plus 3, black, the flagellum brown- ish. Pubescence of the mesothorax thinner and lighter colored than in the female, the punctuation similar. Abdominal segments 1-2, sometimes 3, with white basal fasciae interrupted in the middle; otherwise closely resembles the female. Female specimens taken on Salix Bebbiana, May 13; Iris versicolor, June 24 to July 5; Eupatorium perfoliatum, Aug. 24; Leontodon autumnalis, Sept. 6; males on Aralia hispida, July 30; Carduus arvensis, Aug. 7; and Leontodon autumnalis, Sept. 6. A very common species easily separated from all other Maine bees belong- ing to this genus. It is closely related to H. discus Sm., but discus has the meso- thorax smooth and shining, with the punctures widely scattered; the pubescence of the legs is silvery tinged with yellow; and abdominal segments 2-4 are fasciate. H. similis Sm. was described from Hudson’s Bay. It differs from H. craterus in the finely punctuated mesothorax, the sparsely pubescent pleurae, the pale testaceous 36 PSYCHE [April nervures, the testaceous apical margins of the abdominal segments, and the light fulvous apical fimbria. From H. truncatus Robt. the Maine species may be separated by the Ist abdominal segment being punctured all over, and by the serrate hind spur. H. arcuatus Robt. var. parisus n. var. According to Mr. J. C. Crawford the female differs from typical arcuatus in the weaker striae of the metathorax and the less distinct punctures on the 1st abdominal segment; the male in having the whitish mark on the clypeus shorter and less distinct, and the apical joints of the tarsi reddish,— in H. arcuatus they are all nearly white. Compared with specimens of both sexes of H. arcuatus received from Mr. Crawford, the males of the Maine variety are larger, with the apical margins of the abdominal segments black instead of pale testaceous, and the mandibles are also darker; the females are very similar to those of arcuatus, but the apical margins of the abdominal segments are less testaceous, and the fasciae are thinner. The female was taken almost exclusively on Rhus typhina, July 10; and the male on Eupatorium perfoliatum, Aug. 25. Descriptions of H. arcuatus Robt. will be found in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 20: 145, 1893, 9; Can. Ent. 34: 247, 1902, 9 0. Halictus pectoralis Sin. 1853 Halictus pectoralis Sm. 2°, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 1: 68. 1898 Halictus pectoralis Robt. o, Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis, 8: 44. Female on Crataegus coccinea, June 14; garden blackberry, June 21; Solidago fo) ») to) J? tao) juncea, Aug. 8; Leontodon autumnalis, Sept. 6; male on Solidago, Auge. 9-25; ’ SD ’ ) ) fo) fo) Leontodon autumnalis, Sept. 6. Not common, the specimens are typical, this species has a great north and south distribution. oD Halictus foxiit Robt. 1890 Halictus gracilis Robt. (not Mor.), 2 co’, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 17: 316. 1895 Halictus foxii Robt., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 22: 117. 1896 Halictus gracillimus D. T., Cat. Hym. 10: 63. The Maine bees referred to this species may constitute a distinct variety, but it is doubtful if the differentials prove reliable in a large series. The females differ from typical H. foxii in their larger size, area of metathorax larger and with its margin better defined, stigma darker, abdomen blacker and nearly smooth, wings more dusky, tegulae darker. Female specimens taken on Salix Bebbiana, May 12; garden plum, May 28; Crataegus coccinea, June 14; Rubus strigosus, June 16; Epilobium, angus- tifolium, July 23; male on Aralia hispida, July 30, 1904. O\.— Length 5mm. _ Clypeus produced, apex yellow, labrum black; mandibles 1908] LOVELL — HALICTIDAE OF SOUTHERN MAINE 37/ yellowish-red in the middle, darker at base and apex; flagellum testaceous beneath, joint 4 longer than 2 plus 3; tegulae black, nervures and stigma dark brown; legs black, tibiae entirely so, tarsi reddish-brown; area of metathorax rougher than in the female, with many parallel rugae extending to the posterior margin; abdomen entirely black, apical margins of segments very slightly ‘estaceous. Halictus quadrimaculatus Robt. 1890 Halictus quadrimaculatus Robt. (not Schenck), 2 o’, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. i SiG: 1895 Halictus macoupinensis Robt. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 22: 117. 1905 Halictus divergens Lovell, 2, Can. Ent. 37: 299. The female specimens were collected on the garden blackberry, June 24; Rosa humilis, July 4; and Aralia hispida, July 27. The Maine bees were at first thought to differ from typical material in the longer head and darker wings, but more extended comparison shows that these characters are not constant. At most the local form is only of varietal importance. Halictus nelumbonis Robt. 1890 Halictus nelumbonis Robt. 2 co’, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 17: 316. Two females on Nymphaea (Nuphar) advena; an oligotropic visitor of the Nymphaeaceae. (Chloralictus). Halictus pilosus Sm. 1853 Halictus pilosus Sm. 2, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 1: 71. 1895 Halictus pilosus Robt. co’, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 22: 117. Female on Salix, May 7; 5. Bebbiana, May 12; Epilobium angustifolium, July 20; male on Solidago, Aug. 21-22. Rare in this locality. The Maine specimens are generally smaller than a large series received from Elkhart, Indiana, where it seems to be a common bee. Halictus pilosus Sm. var. leucocomus n. var. 2.— Length 6 mm. Closely allied to H. pilosus in its brassy green color, yel- lowish wings, punctuation of head and mesothorax, and in the longitudinal striae on the area of the metathorax. It differs from H. pilosus and is allied to H. pruinosus in the color of the pubescence, which is nearly white or only tinged with yellow. ‘The 38 PSYCHE [April size is smaller than that of pilosus, hardly half as large as specimens from Ind., and in some cases the tegument is much less brassy and more bluish as in pruinosus, for which species this variety at first is usually mistaken. It is, however, undoubtedly derived from H. pilosus. Female taken on flowers of Prunus, May 28; Crataegus coccinea, June 14; and Solidago, Sept. 6. Halictus viridatus Lovell. 1905 Halictus viridatus Lovell, 2 o, Can. Ent. 37: 300. ee female is very common visiting a great variety of flowers; Salix Bebbiana, May 12; Aralia hispida, July 28; garden rhubarb, June 12; and Leontodon autum- nalis, Me 8. The male has the apex of clypeus, labrum, mandibles and tarsi yellow, the tibiae are yellow at base and apex w ith an oblong black spot in the center; taken on Solidago, Aug. 20. Halictus oblongus Lovell. 1905 Halictus oblongus Lovell, 2 o', Can. Ent. 37: 40. 1905 Halictus planatus Lovell, 2, Can. Ent. 37: 300. Only a single specimen of H. oblongus @ has been taken, and while it differs from H. planatus in some minor characters, careful comparison shows that it cannot be separated from the latter species. Both sexes of the bee described as H. planatus are common, and the description of the female should be taken as that of typical material. Female on Salix Bebbiana, May 12; Aralia trifida, May 21; Rhus typhina, July 10; Araha hispida, July 27; male on Solidago, Sept. 8. o'.— The head and thorax are bluish-green as in the female, but the disc of the metathorax is more coarsely rugose. From H. viridatus it is separated by the entirely black clypeus, labrum, and the black mandibles rufous at tips. The tibiae are wholly black, the tarsi yellow with the apical joints pale brown, the stigma and nervures dark brown, and the antennae brown-black. Halictus versans Lovell. 1905 Halictus versans Lovell, 2, (not co‘), Can. Ent. 37: 39, Female taken on Epilobium Ce July 23-30. It may be distinguished from H. oblongus by the much darker color of the head and thorax, and the numerous fine striae on the disc of the metathorax not extending to the posterior margin, which is slightly gibbous. o'.— The male described with this species belongs to H. oblongus. I have, ih a 1908 LOVELL — HALICTIDAE OF SOUTHERN MAINE 39 however, a male taken on Epilobium angustifolium, July 23 (the same flower-record as the female), and which from its close resemblance is undoubtedly the male of this species. Length a little over 5 mm. Head and thorax very dark green appearing almost black; face thinly clothed with white hair; mandibles black, red at apices; flagellum brown-black, jomt 4 = 2 + 38. Metathorax with fine radiating raised lines at base of area, not extending to the posterior margin, gibbous at apex; tegulae black, stigma and nervures dark brown; legs and abdomen black. Halictus nymphaearum Robt. 1890 Halictus palustris Robt. (not Mor.), 2 co, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 17: 317. 1895 Halictus nymphaearum Robt., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 22: 117. 1896 Halictus paludicola D. 'T., Cat. Hym. 10:75. One female on Iris versicolor the latter part of June; two males on Sagittaria latifolia. Rare in this locality. Halictus hortensis Lovell. 1905 Halictus hortensis Lovell, 9, Can. Ent. 37:39. Female taken on garden plum, May 28; Sedum acre, July 14; Leontodon autum- nalis, Sept. 6; male on Sedum acre, July 18; Solidago, Aug. 22; and Leontodon autuimnalis, Aug. 17. A common species closely allied to H. sparsus, but sparsus is darker colored and smaller (specimens received from Lehigh Gap, Pa., from Mr. Viereck, are less than 4 mm. in length), with the abdomen obovate, and the pubes- cence upon the apical segments thinner or sometimes nearly absent. From Wash- ington Co., Wis., through the kindness of Dr. S. Graenicher, I have received speci- mens of both hortensis and sparsus; the much darker color of sparsus, and the very thin, sparse pubescence on the apical segments easily separates it from hortensis. The specimens of H. hortensis have the hair on the apical segments inclined to pale buff-color, while in the Maine specimens it is usually white though occasionally vary- ing slightly. Dr. Graenicher informs me, however, that on looking through his material he found several specimens with white pubescence. o\.— Length 5 mm. Head longer than broad, face clothed with short, white appressed pubescence; mandibles black, rufous at apices; antennae testaceous be- neath; mesothorax finely punctured; disc of metathorax coarsely rugose, the rugae extending to the apex; nervures and stigma dark brown; tegulae testaceous, or partly dark; legs black, tibiae at base and apex, and tarsi testaceous; abdomen cylindrical, finely punctured, apical margins testaceous. 40 PSYCHE [April Halictus albipennis Robt. 1890 Halictus albipennis Robt. 2 co, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 17: 317. 1905 Halictus nubilus Lovell, 2, Can. Ent. 37:40. Female on Sedum acre, July 12; Rosa humilus, July 16; Solidago, Aug. 21; male on Solidago, Aug. 1-17. The Maine specimens exhibit considerable variation in size. Halictus cressonii Robt. 1890 Halictus cressonii Robt. 2 o, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 17:31. Female on cultivated blackberry, June 24; Epilobium angustifolium, July 23; Rhus typhina, July 11; Eupatorium perfoliatum, Aug. D5. Apparently common throughout New England. AUGOCHLORA. While Augochlora confusa is not uncommon in this locality, the rarity of bees belonging to the genus Agapostemon is shown by the fact that I have collected only four specimens in ten years. Augochlora confusa Robt. 1897 Augochlora confusa Robt. 2 oc’, Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis, 7: 324. Female on Garden plum, May 28; Solidago, Sept. 2; Leontodon autumnalis, Sept. 6; two males on Solidago, Aug. 17. | AGAPOSTEMON. Agapostemon radiatus Say. 1837 Halictus radiatus Say, 2, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 394. 1897 Agapostemon radiatus Robt. 2 o’, Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis, 7: 397. One female on Rubus strigosus, June 16; two females on Cornus alternifolia. Agapostemon viridulus Fabr. 1793 Apis viridula Fabr. 9, Ent. Syst. 2: 342. 1897 Agapostemon viridulus Robt. 2 co’, Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis, 7: 326. One female taken on Rosa rugosa (cultivated), June 18, 1905. 1908] COCKERELL — BEE-GENUS EXAERETE 4] NOTES ON THE BEE-GENUS EXAERETE. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. THE parasitic or inquilinous genus Exaerete Hoffmannsegg (Chrysantheda Perty) is placed by Ashmead and other authors in the vicinity of Melissa, Mesochetra etc., these and many other genera forming a family Nomadidae. ‘That these genera repre- sent several different stocks, is recognized by Ashmead himself (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 65), and of all the discordant elements assigned to the ‘ Nomadidae,” the most discordant is Exaerete. The brilliantly colored bees of this genus were re- ferred by Fabricius, Latreille, Lamarck, and other early authors to Euglossa, and this I believe was more nearly correct than their present position in the midst of the parasitic bees of Anthophorid stock. In structure and appearance they resemble Euglossa, and especially the closely related genus Eujriesea,' in which the pubescence is rather scanty, the mouth parts are dark, and the scutellum has no patch of black tomentum. It is also to be noted that they are parasitic in the nests of Huglossa and its immediate allies (cf. Ducke, Zeits. f. wiss. Insektenbiol., 1906, p. 58.). It seems evident that Exerete is derived from the Euglossids, and is related to them as Pszthyrus is to Bombus. Ashmead makes a distinct family, Psithyridae, following Schmiedek- necht; but it seems better to recognize only a subfamily, Psithyrinae, for Psithyrus, and similarly to refer Exaerete to a subfamily Exaeretinae of the Euglossidae. The immediate occasion of these remarks was a specimen of Exaerete dentata (L.), received from the Museum of Comparative Zoology; the first member of the genus I had ever had occasion to study. I refer it to the Linnean dentata, but I find no really adequate description of that species, and it is not impossible that there are several forms in the great Amazonian region which would equally fit the Linnean diagnosis. The following particulars regarding the specimen before me may therefore be useful. Exaerete dentata (1..) 2. Length (the head somewhat extended) about 174 mm.; entirely bright green, with strong purple tints on thorax and abdomen in certain lights, the color exactly like that of Euglossa cordata townsendi Ckll.; wings exceedingly dark fuligi- nous; mandibles and labrum without light marks; cheeks with short scanty white 1 Fufricsea n. n. = Eumorpha Friese, Termés Fiizetek, 1899, p. 126 (not Hiibner, 1806). Type Eujriesea pulchra (Euglossa pulchra Smith.). 42 PSYCHE [April hair above, and long glittering white hair below; long black hairs project from below the mandibles, some of them shining brilliant coppery-red in certain lights; clypeus densely punctured, the median keel feeble; clypeus and front with some purple lustre amid the green, but vertex behind the ocelli, and sides of mesothorax, shining golden- green; mesothorax with strong punctures on a shining ground, and with short pubes- cence, mixed black and dull white, only easily seen in lateral view; hair of pleura and metathorax dull white; scutellum with a strong shining boss on each side; punctures of scutellum very strong, except on the anterior middle, when they are small and very few on a smooth brilliant surface; no longitudinal groove or ridge on scutellum, and of course no little patch of black hair; tegulae very large, with dense small punctures; second r. n. joining third s. m. a little before its end; legs with mostly light hair, but black bristles on basitarsi behind; outer face of hind tibiz coarsely tuberculate; abdomen shining, closely punctured, the punctures running together transversely ; hair above pale, but very scanty, coarse black bristles beneath about apex; second dorsal segment with the apical margin broadly purple in the middle. The hind tibiae are convex without, and so coarsely punctured and cancellate as to be tuberculate. The broad hind basitarsus has a wide and rather deep groove, which is beset with yellowish hairs. On the middle of the hind femur beneath is a conspicuous tubercle. The second ventral segment is without any peculiar features. The labial palpi, directed posteriorly, reach just beyond the middle of the hind coxae. Hab.— Veffe, Brazil (Raulin, Thayer Expedition). PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB.— At the Annual Meeting of the Cambridge Ento- mological Club, held in the rooms of the Appalachian Mountain Club on the evening of January 21, 1908, the following officers were elected: President, C. W. Johnson; Secretary, C. A. Frost; Treasurer, F. A. Sherriff; Members at Large of Executive Committee, J. H. Emerton, H. H. Newcomb; Editor in Chief of Psyche and Publica- tion Manager, W. L. W. Field. The retiring President, Mr. Newcomb, delivered a brief address in which he reviewed the recent progress of the science of entomology, and Mr. W. F. Fiske read a paper on “The Butterflies of Western Texas.”’ At the regular February meeting, held in the same rooms on February 18, Miss. E. N. Buckingham spoke on “‘ Methods of keeping Ants and studying their habits,” and exhibited various types of portable ant-nests and a convenient carrying-case. 1908] TWO BOOKS OF EVOLUTION 43 TWO BOOKS ON EVOLUTION, THERE Is a growing demand for elementary treatises upon the subject of Organic Evolution, in which the more important theories are presented briefly and with rea- sonable impartiality. President Jordan and Professor Kellogg have recently made a welcome contribution! to this class of literature. ‘Teachers of Zoology will recognize in “Kyolution and Animal Life’’ many illustrations and passages of text which first appeared in the school book “Animal Life,” by the same authors; and will value them more highly in their new setting. The new volume is fully twice as large as the earlier one, and is meant for maturer readers, though admirably suited for use as a reference book in secondary schools. The new title happily avoids confusion with that of Karl Semper’s classic work. Professor Kellogg’s “Darwinism To-day’” is a scholarly statement of evidence and arguments for and against the Darwinian ideas of species-forming, designed to show the place which Darwinism holds in the growing pattern of modern biological theory. Perhaps too solid a treatise to attract popular attention, it is nevertheless most interestingly written, and must commend itself strongly to the educated layman and the professional biologist alike. The notes and citations appended to the chap- ters give a convenient synopsis of literature dealing with Darwinism, on a scale which has not been attempted in any other work of the kind. This feature is im- mensely valuable. Careful readers will lament the small size and occasional indis- tinctness of the figures by which references to notes are made (those in the body of the book are of the same size as the ones used in PsycHE’s foot-notes) ; but this is a minor fault. There is scant room for lamentation in the midst of the enthusiastic welcome which the book deserves. \ Nie be 1 Evolution and Animal Life. An elementary discussion of facts, processes, laws and theories relating to the life and evolution of animals. By David Starr Jordan and Vernon Lyman Kellogg. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1907. 2Darwinism To-day. A discussion of present-day scientific criticism of the Darwinian selection theories, together with a brief account of the principal other proposed auxiliary and alternative theories of species-forming. By Vernon L. Kellogg. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1907. 44 PSYCHE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. List or ActivE MEMBERS, CoRRECTED TO Marcu 18, 1908. Blackburn, C. V., 32 Chestnut St., Stoneham, Mass. Bolster, P. G., 161 Devonshire St., Boston. Bowditch, F. C., 164 Rawson Road, Brookline, Mass. Cushman, J. A., 284 Berkeley St., Boston. Denton, W. D., Wellesley, Mass. Emerton, J. H., 194 Clarendon St., Boston. Farley, J. A., 6 Beacon St., Boston. Field, W. L. W., 378 Canton Ave., Milton, Mass. Fiske, W. F., 6 Beacon St., Boston. Flanders, C., Medford, Mass. Frost, C. A., 40 Grant St., So. Framingham, Mass. Harris, R. W., 9 Youle St., Melrose, Mass. Henderson, W. P., 27 Johnston Road, Dorchester, Mass. *Henshaw, S., 8 Fayerweather St., Cambridge. Herrick, J. H., 292 Main St., Hudson, Mass. Higbee, H. G., 13 Austin St., Hyde Park, Mass. Higginson, Col. T. W., 25 Buckingham St., Cambridge. Johnson, C. W., 234 Berkeley St., Boston. Lambert, Dr. A. E., Normal School, Framingham, Mass. Lewis, A. J., 55 Kilby St., room 61, Boston. Lowe, F. B., 6 Beacon St., Boston. Lowell, John, 38 Equitable Bldg., Boston. Lucas, G. W., 60 Astoria St., Mattapan, Mass. Mayer, A. G., Biological Station, Dry Tortugas, Fla. Mitchell, H., Westbrook, N. J. Morse, A. P., 10 Upland Road, Wellesley, Mass. Munro, D., 173 Beacon St., Boston. Newcomb, H. H., 43 Tremont St., Boston. Osgood, C. A., Box 73, Arlington, Mass. Parker, H., 400 Washington St., Boston. *Life Member. [April 1908} CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB 45 Pearmain, W. R., 388 Beacon St., Boston. Plummer, F. W., 17 Greenleaf St., Quincy, Mass. Reynolds, L. R., 233 Aspinwall Ave., Brookline, Mass. Rogers, D. M., 6 Beacon St., Boston. Rogers, J. H., 152 Washington St., Medford, Mass. Rogers, S. C., 58 Englewood Ave., Boulevard Sta., Boston. Russell, Dr. F. W., P. O. Box 284, Winchendon, Mass. Sampson, A. C., Glendale Road, Sharon, Mass. *Scudder, S. H., 156 Brattle St., Cambridge. Sherriff, F. A., Auditor’s office, B. & M. R. R., Boston. Smith, M. D., 400 Washington St., Boston. Swett, L. W., 187 Summer St., Malden, Mass. Thompson, ‘Dr. E. C., 4228 Washington St., Roslindale, Mass. Weeks, A. G., Jr., 8 Congress St., Boston. * Life Member, PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 VOL. XV JUNE, 1908 NUMBER 3 CONTENTS A new species of Tipula with Vestigial Wings —R. W. Doane . : : 47 Notes on the Inheritance of Variations in the Color Pattern of Crioceris asparagi — Frank E. Lutz , : : c : ; : : c 50 Encarsia versicolor Species Novum, an Eulophid Parasite of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westwood — A. Arscne Girault . : 53 A Note on Calotarsa, and Descriptions of Two New Species of Callimyia — Charles W. Johnson ; : : : , : 5 : F , 58 The Screw Worm (Chrysomyia macellaria) — C. W. Johnson ; : 5 60 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB ADDRESS: CARE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY BOSON, MASS.) Uscoso8 EvurorEAN AGENTS: R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, BERLIN PoC Clale Editor-in-Chief and Publication Manager, W. L. W. FIELD; Associate Editors, C. B. Davenport, J. H. Emerton, V. L. KEeLioae, C. W. Jounson, A. P. Morse, J. G. NEEDHAM. PsycuHeE is published bi-monthly, 7. e. in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $1.00 to subscribers in the U. S. and its Terri- tories and Dependencies or in Mexico; $1.15 to those in other countries. To Contributors: Copy should be typewritten whenever possible. Separates, if desired, must be ordered in advance of publication, 25 Separates of leading articles will be furnished gratis; additional copies will be supplied at cost. ADVERTISING RATES furnished upon application. All material fot publication in a given number must be in the hands of the Editors on or before the first day of the month preceding the month of publication. All correspondence should be addressed to CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, CARE BostToN Socirry oF NATURAL History, BERKELEY STREET, BOSTON, MASS. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 21; 1906, at. the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. FIELD TABLES OF LEPIDOPTERA By WILLIAM T. M. FORBES Contains: A Key to the caterpillars of the Eastern United States, — the only general work on American caterpillars published. It separates them in the only practicable way, by artificial characters and prominent structural differences. Field Tables of butterflies, sphinxes, saturnians, etc., giving common as well as scientific names, brief description, size, frequency in New England, seasons, haunts, and other items of interest. An artificial key to the butterflies of New England, more complete than others. Much of it has been tested by the author. A glossary of terms used. In all 141 pages. Price seventy-five cents. For sale by DAVIS & BANNISTER, Worcester, Mass. Locality Pin Labels 20c. 2, Any Number of Lines Printed from smallest type made, on Best Heavy White Paper. Something new. 30 or more labels on a strip; no trimming; 1 cut of scissors makes a label. Orders must be in multiples of 500. Not less than 1000 (2 labels) printed. Please send express money orders — not postage stamps. C. V. BLACKBURN, (Member Cambridge Entomological Club) 26 MAPLE ST., STONEHAM, TIASS. EPS y,.C Eire. A NEW SPECIES OF TIPULA WITH VESTIGIAL WINGS. BY R. W. DOANE, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL. Tipula vestigipennis n. sp. Brownish yellow; head and rostrum yellowish, grayish above, sometimes with a brownish stripe: palpi yellowish at the base, brown- ish toward the tip; first, second and third segments of the antennz yellow, the latter darker toward the tip, the remaining segments brownish, growing darker toward the tip of the antennee, finely pubescent, with the black bases slightly swollen and fur- nished with a whorl of four or five rather stiff hairs; collar yellowish with median and lateral brownish spots; dorsum of thorax light yellow, dorsal stripes yellow, often indistinct, median stripe divided by a rather broad yellow line; pleura and coxe hoary; scutellum yellow, lighter laterally, with a narrow median brown line; metanotum light yellow; halteres yellow, knobs black; femora and tibia yellowish, much darker toward the tip; tarsi brownish to blackish; abdomen with broad dorsal, lateral and ventral brown stripes; seventh and eighth segments often almost wholly blackish or brownish; posterior margin of the eighth sternite of the male gently curved, with a broad shallow median incision which is usually filled with the light colored membrane from which arise two tufts of very light yellow hairs, these tufts cross each other close to the base at an angle of about forty-five degrees; to the lateral margins of this sternite are attached rather broad sub-triangular chitinized plates which stand at right angles to the sternite; posterior margin of the ninth tergite with a broad rather shallow circular incision from the middle of which arise two short triangular processes; ovipositor long, rather stout, upper valves straight, acute, lower valves reaching almost to the tip of the upper valves, tips rounded; wings small, more or less distorted, sometimes but little longer than the halteres, sometimes twice as long; veins more or less distinct but crowded together and deformed as shown in the figures. Length, male 15 mm., wing 5 to 9 mm.; Female 22 mm., wing 5 mm. to 6mm. Hab. San Francisco, Cal., four males, three females. Col- lected by Mr. F. X. Williams, Stanford University, one female. Osten Sacken in his ‘Western Diptera” (p. 209) after referring to Tvpula precisa Lw. as a common California species says, “I have two males from Brooklyn, 47 48 PSYCHE [June Alameda Co., Cal., with abortive wings which are hardly twice as long as the halteres; in all the other characters, as well as in the structure of the hypopygium, they agree with the males of 7’. precisa. I suppose this is a case of dimorphism.” He then mentions this species as having been taken at the same time and place as the apterous Bitticus which is rather common at times. For a long time we have had in our collections here at Stanford a poorly preserved sub-apterous female Tipula which I have been unable to identify. Indeed I thought it might be one of the common species that had failed to expand its wings after issuing from the pupa. Last winter however Mr. Williams found these sub-apterous forms very common in and about San Francisco and the three pairs that he brought in show that they cannot be placed with T. precisa, which they, at first sight, closely resemble except for the short wings. They differ from precisa in several respects, the most important of which are in the structure of the hypopygia and the oyipositors. In precisa, which is one of our most common California ~~~“ forms, the posterior margin of the eighth sternite of the ete ea mentee very deep rounded incision which is bordered, broadly toward the apex, narrowly on the sides, by a lighter colored membrane from the middle of which arise two parallel tufts of long reddish hairs. In vestigz- pennis this sternite is only gently excised medianly, the whitish membrane almost or quite filling the incision. The two tufts of whitish hairs which arise from this membrane instead of extending parallel cross each other close to the base at an angle of about forty-five degrees. The posterior margin of the ninth tergite of the male of precisa has a very deep broad V-shaped incision which almost or quite divides the tergite. In vestigipennis the posterior margin of this tergite is gently rounded with a median pair of brownish triangular processes. There are other differences in the hypopygia but these are the most striking and easily detected. The most noticeable difference in the ovipositors of the two species is in the shape of the tip of the upper lamella. In precisa they are obliquely truncated and slightly excised. In vestigr- pennis they are drawn out to a very sharp point. So we have here not a case of dimorphism as Osten-Sacken suspected, but another species of this family Tipulide, which is so abundantly represented in Cali- fornia, in which the wings are apparently becoming vestigial. The fact that there is so great a variation in the degree of development in the few specimens before me would indicate, it seems, that this tendency or condition is only a recently acquired one for although they can no longer serve as organs of flight they have by no means reached the stage of degeneration that is represented by the females of T7pula sim- plex Doane. (Ento. News, Vol. 18, No. 1.) 1908] DOANE — NEW SPECIES OF TIPULA 49 So far this species has been recorded as most abundant in the wind-swept hills southwest of San Francisco where Mr. Williams says they occurred by the hundreds, usually on the sides of the hills away from the ocean or in the lower places between the hills. ‘This would at first suggest that the winds might be a factor in this change that is being brought about but the same species is also found further inland where strong winds very rarely occur. As pointed out in the article on T. simplex we can hardly see how natural selection can be the cause of such changes as this. Hetero- genesis would more easily explain such cases. We propose, if possible, to study large series of these for a few years to see if any appreciable change is actually taking place at the present time. 50 PSYCHE [June NOTES ON THE INHERITANCE OF VARIATIONS IN THE COLOR PATTERN OF CRIOCERIS ASPARAGI. BY FRANK E. LUTZ, COLD SPRING HARBOR, N. Y. Crioceris asparagi is the ordinary asparagus beetle. Both males and females hibernate as adults in the stalks of dead plants — chiefly asparagus. ‘They emerge about the middle of May, and eggs are laid in a few days. ‘These hatch in 2 to 4 days. The larvee feed on the asparagus for from 1 to 3 weeks and then go into the ground to pupate. ‘The pupal stage is from 4 to 10 days in duration. The maxi- mum number of offspring I was able to rear from a single pair was 57. Copulation is repeated and frequent. There seem to be, normally, two generations a season, although a few of a third generation can be procured. It is comparatively easy to keep the adults over winter in glass vials loosely stuffed with paper. In doing pedigree work with Crioceris much time can be saved by growing asparagus seedlings where beetles can not get at them. Otherwise, one must look over the “leaves” of the food plant very carefully to guard against the introduction of wild eggs or larvee. If a branch of asparagus be put in a vial with a gravid female she will lay freely upon it and the larvee may be fed in the vial by supplying fresh food daily. When full grown, they will pupate in the vial even without earth to go into. However, I found the following plan much easier. Asparagus seedlings were grown in pots. Then a lamp chimney was put over the seedlings and partly sunk into the earth. The top was covered with netting. Into this the mated pair was put. After ten or a dozen eggs were laid the pair was transferred to another similar cage. The larve which hatched fed on the growing seedlings and when full grown went into the earth to pupate. By that time most of the asparagus had been consumed, so that when the beetles emerged they could easily be seen and removed for recording and mating. The elytra of Crioceris are blue-black in ground color with a reddish anterior and distal border. There are three yellow areas or ‘‘spots”’ on each elytron. ‘These spots are frequently united in various ways giving quite a range of variation in color pattern. The character whose inheritance was studied was the joining of the anterior 1A study of the inheritance of variations in the color pattern of this beetle was started several years ago, but owing.to the press of other work there is little likelihood of the present writer’s completing it in the near future. These notes are submitted in the hope that some one may take up and solve the several important problems which are involved. The cut is kindly loaned by The Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1908] LUTZ — CRIOCERIS ASPARAGI 51 and middle spots. It will be seen in the figure that the gradation from a to e is perfect, the melanic pigment disappearing last (or coming in first, according to the view-point) from a small dot in the centre of the band of union. Furthermore, the two elytra of a single insect occasionally show the two extremes of this range and the inter- mediate combinations are common. This phenomenon is not illustrated in the figure. At first sight this is hopeless from a Mendelian standpoint. It was found, however, that ‘spots united” is; within limits, recessive to ‘‘spots distinct”’ in the Mendelian sense. A female of pattern a, mated with a male c on the left elytron and e on the right (DD X RR) gave 37 offspring only one of which had any sign of union of the spots. ‘The latter had the spots distinct on one elytron and only slightly joined on the other. Another similar mating gave 42 in 47 offspring with no sign of union of the spots. The remaining 5 had a very slight joining on one elytron. A female having e on the right and 6 on the left by a male b on the right and ¢ on the left (RR * RR but with Variation in the Color Pattern of Crioceris asparagi. the recessive characteristic only slightly developed) gave 16 offspring all but one of which had the spots more or less united. Eight matings of spots united x spots united gave 132 offspring of which only 3 had the spots distinct. Four matings of DR X DR were obtained. The result was spots distinct : spots united : : 11:6, 22 :9, 34: 13, and 15: 7, ora total of 82:35. Three matings of DR X RR gave spots distinct : spots united : : 8:8, 3 :3, and 13 : 12, or a total of 24: 23. These results are surprisingly close to Mendelian expectation. ‘Ten matings of a X a (DD X DD) gave 285 offspring only 6 of which had the spots at all joined. Thus we have here a good case of a perfectly graded variation obeying rather closely the Mendelian law. Spots joined, even slightly and on one elytron only, marks a “‘pure”’ recessive individual. However there are variations in the relative potencies of the allelomorphs such as have been found in the cases of height or nostrils in chickens, abnormal wing veins in Drosophila and other characters. Some of the interesting problems suggested are: (1) Is pattern c, for example, dominant over 52 PSYCHE [June pattern e — both in the recessive group? (2) Pattern b seems to be characteristic of the DR’s. In how far is this so? (3) Specimens occur in which the middle spot is joined to the posterior one. How does this character behave in inheritance ? (4) Specimens having all the spots jomed are more common near Washington, D. C., than near New York. Is there a definite geographic variation, melanism increasing toward the North? (5) How is the color pattern affected by experimentally modi- fied environment? 1908] ' GIRAULT — ENCARSIA VERSICOLOR 53 ENCARSIA VERSICOLOR SPECIES NOVUM, AN EULOPHID PARA- SITE OF THE GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY, ALEYRODES VAPORARIORUM WESTWOOD. BY A. ARSENE GIRAULT, OFFICE OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, URBANA, ILLINOIS. Female: — Length, 0.62-0.69 mm.; ay. length, 0.6545 mm.; expanse, exclud- ing cilia, 1.309 mm.; width of forewing, 0.145 mm.; length of forewing, 0.545 mm. ; length of head (dorsal aspect), 0.109 mm.; thorax, 0.273 mm.; abdomen, 0.273 mm. ; length of ovipositor, balsam mounts, 0.145 mm. General color pale cadmium yellow, marked with variable dusky. Cephalic sides of thorax, mesopleura, metapleura, tips of scape, base of pedicel, and occipital region at apex of the neck with more or less dusky; apical joint of antennz sometimes dusky. Basal two-thirds of dorsum of abdomen, tegulee, and cephalic half of axille, dusky, in the former case usually deeper on the two proximal segments and especially at the meson, forming two (2) more or less rounded spots; incisions of abdominal segments dorsad paler. A discal inverted triangular area with concave sides, in the mesocutum, slightly duller in color; this becomes wholly black in the male. Eyes blue green, apparently with a conspicuous central dark spot from lateral aspect, but which varies in position with the aspect, always appearing in the plane of the perpendicular; from latero-dorsal aspect, apparently two, one in the center of the eye and one at its dorsal apex. Eyes prominent, rounded, and rather coarse, and with moderately abundant short hairs. Caudal edge of mesoscutum, between the bases of the parapsidal furrows, black or darkened, straight or very slightly convex. Ocelli in a small isosceles triangle on the dorsal aspect of the vertex, somewhat nearer the occipital margin, the lateral ones farther from the margin of the eyes on each side than from each other, and the distance between them is at least twice greater than the distance between either and the apical (cephalic) ocellus; the ocellar triangle margined outwardly by two converging sutures meeting just cephalad of the apical ocellus; medio-cephalic portion of the cephalic ocellus concolorous with body, the caudal border margined with ruby red; the latero-caudal portions of the two caudal ocelli concolorous, the cephalic borders margined with ruby red; the ocelli therefore are ruby red and pale cadmium yellow. At the caudal margin of the vertex, beginning slightly caudo-mesad of each lateral ocellus, at the occipital margin, and slightly obliqued latero-cephalad toward the apical margin of each eye, is a conspicuous dusky or darkened carina, one on each 54 PSYCHE [June side; apparently these do not join; these carine are margined caudad by more or less dusky, and they do not quite approach the margin of the eye. Head rugulose, but portions of the lower face near the eyes delicately hexagonally sculptured; occiput rugulose. ‘Thorax more regularly sculptured into delicate hexagonal figures, fainter or absent on the narrow parapsides, but present on mesoscutellum, mesoscutum and axille. Scutellum normal, hemispherical, but with a regularly convexed cephalic margin; mesopostscutellum narrow.