i ; Hn icued : i op a Nia : oi y ¥ v . } Ty aN + iP} a2 . Bot CHE \ “A Journal of Entomology Volume XXVIII 1921 EDITED BY CHARLES T. BRUES Published by the Cambridge Entomologicg Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mé NVC steve ~ SRI ee a BNUAL UT Bate Ya Cereiiele eos - \ - . ® th an wea = 9 i ° ‘ - i i ct ee ae ren tt Pad ar - te | a. fea tga PE UL aN Wy & APR 29 1986 PSYC lA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 VOL. XXVIII FEBRUARY, 1921 NUMBER 1 Prodryas persephone Scudder. CONTENTS Atheriz brawnsi nov. sp., A South African Leptid with Gregarious ECan (UN LET m) Cunieke EMCUUULETL 80 aajalela)s nj s'olai2 iniel*\2 = fale a ale eee 1 A New Ptinid for New England. C. W. Johnson ...........+.005 7 Sympetrum corruptum in Massachusetts. A. P. Morse .......... 7 Distributional Notes on Hemiptera, with the Description of a New Cansei ab TPIS) oh BineelO eI Din Ont Gn nae enero ae 8 Okanagana rimosa (Say) in Nova Scotia. C. W. Johnson ........ 15 Professor Emery’s Subgenera of the Genus Camponotus Mayr. Wo. th, “VIEGIGP” eadcgk + boca uacdbcoc Det oom peoonooe de aoarners 16 A Review of the American Species of the Genus Palloptera. GeO OM. miialaete e«\ale aie] crs 6.x 2 eort Cop are las de Noe we Vamdawes 20 Specific Names Repeated in the Linnean Genus Formica. Carlo VOLO coves 26-5 SPROS o, IOCLORID O OI O a ares Lopares 24 Monecphora bicincta (Say) in New England. A. P. Morse ...... 27 Proceedings of the Cambridge Entomological Club .............. 29 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1921 President , : : j ‘ : , NaTHAN BANKS Vice-President. : : 5 : ‘ L. R. ReyNnoups Secretary . : , : ; ; : . J. H. EMERTON Treasurer : ; 5 . F. H. WALKER Haecutive Committee C. A. Frost, W. L. W. FIexp, P. G. BOLSTER EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. Brurs, Harvard University. ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. JOUNSON, NatHaAn BANKS, Boston Society of Natural History. Harvard University. A. L. MELANDER, A. P. 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By J. BEQUAERT, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. The genus Atheriz is unique among the Leptide on account of the remarkable, gregarious habits exhibited by the adults of cer- tain, if not all, of its members. These have been repeatedly de- scribed for the Ibis fly, Atheria ibis (Fabricius), the commonest of the European species. “The female of this fly,” says Walker,! “is gregarious, and attaches. its eggs in large clusters to boughs hanging over streams, and there remains, and shortly dies. The cluster is generally pear-shaped, and sometimes contains many thousands of dead flies, and continually receives accessions by new ~ comers settling upon it. When the larva is hatched it falls into the water, its future residence; it has a forked tail about one-third the length of the body, and has the power of raising itself in the water by an incessant undulating motion in a vertical plane.’’? I am not aware that similar observations have been made on other European species, nor that the metamorphoses of any of these have ever been elucidated. In North America, however, A. varie- gata Walker, a close ally of A. ibis, also oviposits in dense clusters. 1 Walker, F. Insecta Britannica. Diptera. Vol. 1, 1851, p. 70. 2—D. Sharp (The Cambridge Natural History, Insects, Vol. 2, 1909, p. 489. fig. 227) has given a good figure of the egg and fly clusters of A. ibis. Of the many naturalists who have observed the habits of this fly I may mention the following: Egger, J. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 4, 1854, p. 7. Schiner, J. R. Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen. Vol. 1, 1862, pp. 177-178. Chapman, A. Masses of Diptera collected on twigs of alder. Ent. Mo. Mag., 3, 1866, pp. 94-95. b Tournier, H. and Preudhomme de Borre, A. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, 17, STA Oa Raw PDs [xcs xCl- a Pérez, J. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 32, 1878, C. R., p. xliii. Billups, T. R. Note upon Atherix Ibis, Fabricius. Entomologist, 22, 1889, pp. 193-194, Pl. 7; also mentions and figures parasitic Hymenoptera obtained from the egg cluster; W. H. Ashmead (p. 290) and F. W. Frohawk (pp. 290-291) comment further on these parasites. Giard, A. Note sur la larve de l’AtherIx Ibis Fabr. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1902, pp. 220-222. 2 Psyche [ February Tves? describes “a dried-up mass of dead flies, about the size of a man’s fist. Throughout it were scattered light-colored fragments, which had somewhat the appearance of empty egg-cases. The whole mass was very brittle, and readily crumbled to pieces. It was obtained (at Pemberton, N. J.) from the under surface of a trunk overhanging a small stream.” The flies were recognized by Williston as females of a species belonging to the genus Atheriz, probably to Atherix variegata.2 In referring to Ives’ observations, C. V. Riley and Ll. O. Howard® add the following remarks: “Some thirteen years ago we collected a large number of these eggs (of Atherix) upon the piling of Lake Minnetonka, near Minneapolis, and they have formed an interesting part of the Dipterological collection of the National Museum, while more recently we received a bit of piling from the shores of Lake Ontario which were covered with these eggs, from which larve hatched which we were able to determine as belonging to this genus by comparison with the fig- ures in Dr. Brauer’s Monograph of Dipterous Larve. Our corres- pondent stated that wharf piles for hundreds of feet were covered with these eggs.” IT am much indebted to Mr. Geo. P. Engelhardt, of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, for the following notes on A theriax variegata, which he observed first at Beaver Creek, Beaver County, Utah, in July, 1904:4 “The flies were present by thousands in dense clusters attached to the under side of logs and tree trunks a few inches above the water of Beaver Creek, a turbulent moun- tain stream well stocked with mountain trout. By far the greater part of the flies in the cluster were dead, only a few on the outside being alive. The altitude was about 7,000 feet.” Mr. Engelhardt further writes me that “on June 10, 1920, while wading the Car- man River, at Yaphank, Long Island, N. Y., a large cluster of leptid flies was observed under about the same conditions as in aves, J. E. An interesting method of egg deposition. Ent. News, 1, 1890, p.-39. 2 Atherix variegata Walker occurs in New Jersey. I have seen a number of female specimens of this species in the collections of the American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York; they were taken by Mr. A. J. Weidt, at Singac, N. J., in July. It is not included in J. B. Smith’s List of New Jersey Insects (1910). 8 The eggs of Atherix. Insect Life, 2, Nos. 11-12, 1890, pp. 386-387. *Some of the specimens collected on that occasion are preserved in the entomological collections of the Brooklyn Institute, where I have been able to examine them through the kindness of Mr. Chas. S. Schaeffer. 1921] Bequaert—Atheriz braunsi 3 Beaver Creek, Utah. - The time was late afternoon and all the flies were dead.” Though, in this last instance, no specimens were col- lected, this observation most probably also refers to A. variegata. The gregarious habit of the western Atheria has also been ob- served in Utah and Idaho by Aldrich, who gives an interesting account of the manner in which certain California Indians collect and prepare the masses of these flies for food.* . The American Museum of Natural History possesses additional specimens of Atheriz variegata obtained by Dr. F. E. Lutz at Pagosa Springs, Colorado (7,200 ft.), June 22 to 24, 1919, and-on the Green River, Wyoming (6,100 ft.), July 2, 1920. It is indeed well worthy of notice that the same gregarious be- havior of the adult flies has now been noted in one of the African species, which I have named Atherix braunst, in honor of its dis- coverer. There is thus reason to suppose that this curious and thus-far mysterious habit will eventually be observed in many other, if not all, members of the genus. Ina recent letter, Dr. H. Brauns, of Willowmore, describes the habits of A. brawnsi as follows: “This fly is of peculiar interest. It is at home along the margin of swiftly running brooks near Cape Town. One finds females and males of it on stones that emerge above the water (the female is smaller and black), bunched together in masses as large as a man’s head; every moment pieces the size of a fist break away from the waass and, as soon as they drop in the water, are greedily eaten by the trout with which the streams have been stocked.” Atherix braunsi sp. noy. Male. Length 6 mm. Wing, length 7 mm., width 2.4 mm. Head (Tig 1a) broadly elliptical, as wide as the thorax; one and one-third times as wide as high when seen in front; hemispherical in profile. Inner orbits gradually divergent from the vertex to the side-checks. Front very broad; at its narrowest part, the vertex, about half the. width of one eye; at the antenne nearly half the width of the head. Face short, only half as long as the front, obliquely receding below; the antenne inserted on the lower third of the head. Epistoma with a deep depression below each of the 1 Aldrich, J. M. Flies of the Leptid genus Atherix used as food by Cali- fornia Indians. Ent. News, 23, 1912, pp. 159-163. a Psyche | February antennal sockets, slightly raised on the middle line. Posterior orbits moderately broad, gradually narrowed toward the vertex. Ocelli placed in an equilateral triangle, on a slightly raised tubercle which is widely removed from the inner orbits. Proboscis large and thick, slightly shorter than the head; with broad and long labella which are obtusely pointed at the apex. Palpi compara- tively short and thick, barely one-third the length of the proboscis. HKyes bare, with all the facets approximately equal in size. Anten- nx about as long as the face, of the usual shape in the genus (very much like the drawing of the male antenne of A. ibis in Verrall, British Flies, Vol. 5, 1909, p. 242, fig. 171) ; the two basal joints almost of equal length; the third a little longer, of swollen kidney- shape; arista slender, about one and one-half times the length of the antenne, bare. Thorax and scutellum of the usual shape. 7Qe Fig. 1. Atherix braunsl sp. nov. Male: a, head seen in front; b, hind leg; c, hypopygium from above; d, wing. All X 10. Legs comparatively long and thick. Femora distinctly swollen and feebly flattened, especially those of the middle and hind legs. Fore and middle tibixe feebly broadened, much narrower than their femora; the hind tibiw heavier, but a little narrower than their femora; fore tibie without, middle and hind tibie with two spurs. Fore tarsi slender, slightly longer than their tibix ; their basal joint evlindrical, not thickened, about as long as the following four 1921 | Bequaert—Atheriz braunsi 5 joints together. Middle tarsi distinctly shorter than their tibie; their basal joint about the length of the following three together and with a feebly projecting, obtuse, apical expansion on the under side. Hind tasi slightly shorter than their tibizw; their basal joint very short, but a little longer than the following joint; this basal joint is slightly thickened, cylindrical, and ends at the apex in a heavy, broadly obtuse, spur-like expansion which extends on the under side considerably beyond the insertion of the second tarsal joint (Fig. 1b). Pulvilli and claws of the normal shape, even on the fore legs, not distorted as in the male of A. ibis. Abdomen short and broad, but a little longer than the thorax. Hypopygium large, completely exserted ; both parts of the forceps elliptical, thick, with a simple, finger-like apical appendage which is folded inward to cover the apex of the penis (Fig. 1c). Wing venation (Fig. id) as in other members of the genus; the third longitudinal vein forked much before the apex of the discal cell, its basal petiole not half the length of the two branches; anal cell closed far from the margin of the wing. Head and thorax dull dark brown (nearest “mummy brown” of Ridgway’s color nomenclature) ; the antennz, epistoma and mouth parts pale yellowish; the posterior half of the scutellum dirty ocher yellow. Abdomen, including the hypopygium, uniformly bright ocher yellow. Legs dirty yellow, the coxe and tips of tarsal joints slightly. infuscate; the spur-like processes of basal joints of hind tarsi blackish. Halteres white, with a faint yellowish tinge. Wings hyaline, somewhat milky white, with a feebly marked, pale brown stigma which extends between the first and second longi- tudinal veins, from slightly before the anterior cross-vein to the apex of the first vein; wings otherwise entirely without spots or bands. Pubescence concolorous, short but rather abundant on head and thorax; covering the entire vertex, front and side cheeks; face around the antennal sockets and epistoma bare. Hairs much longer and denser on the abdomen, bright yellow with a slight golden suffusion. Upper side of the femora with long, pale pubescence; the hairs of the legs otherwise short and black. No tactile hairs on the fore tarsi; but on the fore femora an irregular, transverse row of five long, pale colored bristles, which are placed before the 6 Psyche [ February middle at the lower edge and are directed obliquely towards the apex of the femur; these bristles are in all probability tactile hairs. Described from two males taken by Dr. H. Brauns at Stellen- bosch, Cape Province, South Africa, November, 1915. According to Dr. H. Brauns, females, seen at the same place and under the same conditions, therefore evidently of the same species, were smaller and black. I have not seen examples of that sex. The salient characters of A. braunsi are found in the broad front of the male, the spur-like apex of the hind metatarsus, the uni- colorous ocher yellow abdomen, and the milky white, unspotted wings. By these characters it differs conspicuously from all other described species and can easily be distinguished from the two previously known in the Ethopian Region: Atherix binominata J. Bequaert (= Atheriz longipes Liew, nec Bellardi)! from Bloemfontein, Orange River Colony; and A. disciclara Speiser,? from Tiko, near Victoria, Kamerun. Loew campares A. binominata with A. crassipes Meigen, but that species has been made the type of Atrichops Verrall® on account of the front in the male and the side-cheeks in both sexes being practically bare. Whether A. bi- nominata agrees in this respect with A. crassipes seems extremely doubtful; but A. braunsi has the front densely hairy from the ocelli to a short distance above the antenne and the side-cheeks also are pubescent. The genus Atheriz Meigen (including Atrichops Verrall) is known from all over the world with the exception of South America. Of the thirty-one described species two are doubtful, seven occur in the Palearctic Region, three in the Ethiopian, eleven 1 Atherix longlpes H. Loew, Wiener Ent. Monatschr., 7, 1863, p. 12. This specific name being preoccupied in the genus by Atherix longipes Bellardi (1861) of Mexico, I propose that Loew’s South African species be called Atherix binominata. For the convenience of South African entomologists Loew’s brief descrip- tion of A. binominata is reproduced here: ‘‘ — Ex Ather. crassipedis affini- bus. Fusco-nigra ,tertio antennarum articulo, scutelli margine abdomineque subfulvis, primo hujus segmento praeter marginem apicalem atro, segmento secundo maculis tribus atris ornato, segmentis tribus sequentibus atro-fas- ciatis, sezgmento sexto subtiliter atro-marginato; pedes longi, cum coxis fulvo- testacei, tibiis tarsisque anterioribus tarsisque posticas praeter basim nigris, tibiis posticis tarsorumque posticorum basi fuscis; alae infuscatae, in disco subnebulosae, stigmate fusco, furca venae longitudinalis tertiae perlonga. Long. corp. 3% lin.—Long. al. 3% lin.’’ 2 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1914, p. 3 ( ). ® British Flies. Vol. 5. Stratiomyide. 1909. p. 291. 1921 | Johnson—A New Ptinid for New England 7 in the Oriental, one in Australia, and seven in North and Central America. ‘To these should be added three Oriental species of Suragina Walker, which, according to Bezzi,! is not generically distinct from Atheriz. In addition, a number of fossil species have been described from Baltic amber -(Lower Oligocene) and from the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado.? As suggested by Knab,? it is by no means certain that all the species included at present in Atherix are congeneric. In this con- nection it is of considerable interest that the female of the Mexican Atherix longipes Bellardi has been reported as a fierce biter and blood-sucker, a habit unknown in the common European A. ibis and in the North American A. variegata.* 1Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, 10, 1912, p. 445. 2 Atrichops hesperius Cockerell, ‘Canadian Entomologist, 46, 1914, p. 101. 3 Proce. Ent. Soc. Washington, 14, 1912, pp. 186-187. *Knab, F. Blood-sucking and "supposedly blood-sucking Leptidz. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 14, 1912, pp. 108-110. . A NEW PTINID FOR NEW ENGLAND. On November 3rd, Dr. J. Payson Clark of Boston brought to the Boston Society of Natural History a small beetle that he was fre- quently finding in his house. I could not name it at the time, but a few days later, Mr. H. C. Fall determined it as Niptus hololewcus Hald., a European species, the only previous record for North America being Montreal, Canada. Dr. Clark continued finding a few each week, and as late as December 27. In all, some thirty-five specimens were obtained. 3 C. W. JoHNsoN. SYMPETRUM CORRUPTUM IN MASSACHUSETTS. On September 10, 1911, I took two males and one female of this dragonfly at the south end of Plum Island, Ipswich, Mass. This is, I believe, the first record of this species in Massachusetts. At the same time and place I also secured a female of T'’ramea lacerata, making the second record of that species for New England, the first having been taken at Chelsea Beach about fifty years ago, and the specimen being now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. The first specimens referred to are in the Essex County collection of the Peabody Museum of Salem, Mass. A. P. Mors. 8 Psyche | February DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON HEMIPTERA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GERRIS.* By Rotanp F. Hussey, Forest Hills, Mass. During the past three years I have collected Hemiptera in vari- ous parts of Michigan, and in the vicinity of Minneapolis and St. Paul, in Minnesota, and during this time several noteworthy cap- tures have fallen to my lot. Some of these are reported below; records from Berrien County, in the extreme southwestern part of Michigan, have largely been omitted, however, in view of a forth- coming list of the Hemiptera taken there. I have also included here a few records, based on specimens in the collections of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, which yield important information as to the ranges of a few species. Inasmuch as the distribution of the various known species of Hemiptera in North America is as yet very imperfectly known, such records as these are of considerable value. Published records of Hemiptera from Michigan are very few indeed—and the records from Minnesota are equally unsatisfactory. Occasional references to species which have been taken in Michigan are scattered among the reports of the proceedings of various ento- mological societies, but the only important list including non- aquatic forms which has appeared is that of Townsend,? who reported ahout eighty-five species from Constantine, St. Joseph County. Some of his records, however, must be regarded as doubt- ful: the species reported as Neottiglossa sulcifrons Stal is un- doubtedly N. undata (Say), which he does not list; I have taken Phymata erosa fasciata Gray and P. e. wolfi Stal in southern Michigan, but I have seen nothing which could be considered P. acutangula Guérin, a Neotropical form which finds its way into Texas; the species listed as Coriscus inscriptus Kirby is probably one of the allied species of Nabis, possibly N. roseipennis Reuter. The Notonecte of Townsend’s list, reported as the Palaearctic 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institu- tion, Harvard University, No. 9. 27Hemiptera Collected in Southern Michigan. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, pp. 52-56, 1891, 1921 | Hussey—Distributional Notes on Hemiptera 9 N. fabricit Fieber (= glauca Linné) and as N. americana Fabri- cius (—tndica Linné), a species occurring in the southwestern ‘United States and Mexico, can be identified only by examination of the specimens. The same is true of the single Corixid species listed, Arctocorisa calva (Say). However, recent work in various parts of Michigan has added materially to our knowledge of the Hemipterous fauna of the state. Collections have been made in four localities in the lower peninsula, and in the western part of the upper peninsula, along the Wis- consin border. ‘These studies will be reported separately in the near future. Acknowledgements are due to Messrs. H. G. Barber, J. R. de la Torre Bueno, H. M. Parshley, and H. H. Knight for identification of several of the species listed below, and to Mr. F. M. Gaige of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan for permis- sion to include several records here. Sciocoris microphthalmus Flor. This Pentatomid, which was first described in 1860 from the Baltic region, is widely distributed in the Palearctic region, where it has been recorded from Europe, Russia, the Caucasus district, Siberia and China. It was first reported in America by Van Duzee in 1904, from Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, and it has since been recorded twice from Maine. Hart? lists it as occurring at Duluth, Minnesota, and in the “Lake Superior region.” Stoner* has recently given an account of its eapture at Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan. I have also taken this species at Douglas Lake, from roadside grasses in a lowland stand of arbor-vite, balsam fir, birch, and aspen; and, while I was at the University of Minnesota, Professor O. W. Oestlund very kindly gave me one of five specimens which he took in the vicinity of Minneapolis a number of years ago. Very recently I have received from the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan a number of Hemiptera collected in North Dakota hy Mr. T. H: Hubbell during the summer of 1920. Among these was a single specimen of S. microphthalmus, taken on the arid top of a butte in the Bad Lands near Amidon, Slope County, in the southwest corner of the state, August 21, 1920. 3 The Pentatomoidea of Illinois. Bull. Ills. Nat. Hist. Surv., xiii, p. 175, 1919. 4Int. News, xxxi, p. 141, May 1920. 10 Psyche | February It appears probable, therefore, that this is another of the hol- arctic species of Hemiptera, and that its range will some day be shown to extend entirely across the American continent, as it is already known to extend across Kurasia. Ploiariola hirtipes Banks. A specimen of this Emesine was taken from a spider-web in a cottage on Lindsley Lake, Gogebic County, Michigan, July 20, 1919 (T. H. Hubbell). This species has been reported from a number of localities in New England, but this is the first record from the central part of the continent. Sirthenea carinata (Fabricius). There is a single specimen in the Museum of the University of Michigan, collected near Ann Arbor, August 22, 1916 (F. M. Gaige). This species has recently been reported from Illinois by Malloch,®- but without definite locality, and Osborn and Drake have recorded its occurrence in southern and central Ohio. Atrachelus cinereus (Fabricius). During the summer of 1918 Mr. A. W. Andrews obtained two specimens of this little Reduviid near Detroit, Michigan (July 4, August 4). This species was pre- viously known only from the southern and southeastern part of the United States. Pagasa pallipes Stal. This Nabid, originally described from Texas, has since been reported from Kansas and Utah. On Au- gust 14, 1918, I took a single specimen at Ingleside, Cheboygan County, near the tip of the lower peninsula of Michigan. This individual lacks the obsolete pale marking on the anterior margin of the pronotum, but otherwise it agrees perfectly with the descrip- tion given by Reuter and Poppius.® ; Sericophanes heidemanni Poppius (= noctuans Knight). One specimen of this pretty little Mirid came to my light at Minne- apolis, Minnesota, June 13, 1920. This record extends the known range of this form far to the westward. I am indebted to Dr. Knight for identification of this form. Gerris argenticollis Parshley. This species is distributed over the eastern part of North America, from the Atlantic seaboard west at least to Michigan and Indiana. I have taken specimens in Michigan at Ann Arbor (April 19, 1919), and in the extreme 5 Ent. News, xxxi, p. 240, Oct. 1920. 6 Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., ix, p. 29, 1909. 1921] Hussey—Distributional Notes on Hemiptera 11 southwestern part of the state, near Three Oaks (June to Sep- tember). These were all taken from woodland pools, or from the slow-flowing stretches of the Galien River in dense woods. Gerris alacris, sp. nov. (Fig. 1). Facies of G. marginatus Say, a little smaller than that species, females larger and more robust than the males; commonly brachyp- terous. Males readily distinguished from the other North Amer- ican species by the prominent omphalium of the metasternum; female easily distinguished from G. marginatus by the shorter spines of the sixth abdominal segment, which only slightly surpass the middle of the first genital segment. Black above, the pronotum and the veins of the hemielytra with fine sparse golden pubescence, anterior lobe of the pronotum with a yellow median line, two small oblique yellowish marks on the base of the vertex. Bucculx yellow, throat slate-gray ; prosternum yellow, the coxal cavities with a black spot outside. Mesosternum blackish, often yellow posteriorly, commonly with two diverging yellow lines extending backward from between the anterior coxe. Metasternum and venter yellowish, median line obsoletely carinate, the sides of the abdomen below and. the region about the metasternal orifice (omphalium Bergroth 1902) blackish. The color of the ventral surface is variable: sometimes it is entirely black. Con- nexivum narrowly yellow outside. _ Antenne dark testaceous, first and second joints with a narrow piceous apical ring, middle of the first joint darker; apical half of the third and the entire fourth joint piceous. Relative lengths of the segments, 43 :21:20:30 (average of 15 specimens). These ratios vary within narrow limits: sometimes the third segment is very slightly longer than the second, and sometimes the first is slightly shorter than the second and third together. Legs colored as in marginatus, the middle and hind legs slightly longer than in that species. In the brachypterous form the hemi- elytra commonly reach to about the middle of the third abdominal segment. Male: sinus of the sixth ventral segment similar to that of marginatus, but with the sides of the median emargination some- what more parallel. Female: genital segment broad at the base, 12 Psyche [ February more narrowed apically than in marginatus; the spines of the sixth ventral segment rather blunt, barely surpassing the middle of the genital segment. Length, 6, 7-8 mm., 2, 9-10 mm.; greatest width (across the middle coxe), ¢, 2.1-2.3 mm., 9, 2.7—2.9 mm. Holotype, macropterous 4, allotype, machopterous @, in coll. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Paratypes, 12 ¢ ¢ and 18 2 , macropterous and brachypterous, in coll. University of Michigan Museum and R. F. Hussey. Described from 82 specimens taken from a small pond at the foot of a sand dune on the shore of Lake Michigan near Sawyer, Fig. 1. 1. Thorax of Gerrls alacris, n. sp., from left side. 2. Thorax of G. marginatus Say. 3. Gerris alacris, sp. nov., female genital segments, ventral aspect. 4. G. marginatus Say, female genital segments. Berrien County, Mich., July 19 and July 26, 1920 (R. F. Hussey). This species was by far the most common water-strider here, and soth adults and nymphs were seen. In company with it were G. marginatus and a few specimens of G. rufoscutellatus. Tenagogonus hesione Wirkaldy. One adult and three nymphs of this water-strider were secured by Miss E. P. Butler at Vicks- burg, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, August 21, 1920. The pre- vious North American records were from Florida and Ohio. Microvelia circumcincta Champion. The University of Michigan 1921] Hussey—Distributional Notes on Hemiptera 13 Museum has one specimen of this species, taken at Fort Davis, Texas, during the summer of 1914 (M. M. Sampson). This Mexi- can Veliid is a new addition to the Hemipterous fauna of the United States. AMicrovelia buenoi Drake. This little water-strider, recently de- scribed’ from the Adirondack Mountains, was taken on a small woodland pool near Three Oaks, Michigan, July 4, 1919; and I also found it common at Minneapolis and St. Paul during May and June, 1920. I have compared these specimens with a para- type kindly given nie by Professor Drake, and can find. no sig- nificant differences. Microvelia fontinalis Bueno. I have taken this species in Michi- gan at Ann Arbor (June 10, 1919), from a small pool in a road- side ditch below a spring, and in Berrien County (July, 1919). Merragata foveata Drake. Apparently generally distributed over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. I have taken it in Michigan; and I found several specimens at Minneapolis, Minnesota, on November 19, 1918—a cold, bleak day, when no other surface-dwelling Heiiptera were to be found. Merragata brunnea Drake. he range of this species extends from Florida to New England, and west at least to Minnesota. I have taken specimens at St. Paul (Nov. 11, 1918), in Berrien and Washtenaw Counties, Michigan, and Miss Butler found it abun- dant at Battle Creek, Michigan, in August, 1920. Ranatra protensa Montandon. This species has been much con- fused with the other two species of Ranatra which occur in north- eastern North America. Its range extends from the Atlantic coast west at least to Minnesota. My Michigan specimens are from Washtenaw and Calhoun Counties, and I have seen it from St. Paul and from Cass County in Minnesota. The forms which I reported as this species from Douglas Lake’ are R. americana edentula Montandon. The present species, as I distinguish it, can be separated from R. kirkaldyi Bueno by its somewhat larger size, its more slender form, and its long and very slender fore femora, which are un- banded; it is smaller than most specimens of R. americana Mon- ™ Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soe., xv, p. 20, 1920. ® Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 75, p. 19, 1919. 14 Psyche . | February tandon, the fore femora are more slender and have no trace of the subapical notch commonly present in that species, and the pro- notum is more distinctly carinate on the posterior part of the anterior lobe. The hind legs of protensa are longer than in either of the other species, reaching to the tip of the air-tube, the femora reaching to the apices of the hemielytra, whereas in americana the legs reach only to about the middle of the air-tube and the hind femora only to the penultimate segment of the abdomen; the © hind legs of kirkaldyi slightly surpass the middle of the tube. R. americana is easily the most abundant species of the genus in Michigan and in Minnesota; Ff. kirkaldyi is much less generally distributed, but is sometimes locally common, especially in waters containing a relatively high content of calcium salts in solution; and fk. protensa is the least common of the three species. Palmacoriza buenoi Abbott. This is a common Corixid’in the Atlantic states, but has not hitherto been reported west of Ithaca, N. Y. During August, 1920, I took two specimens at-Ann Arbor, Michigan, from among waterweeds in the Huron River. Palmacoriza gillettei Abbott. During June and September, 1919, I found this: Corixid abundant in the Galien River a few miles north of Three Oaks, Michigan. The species was previously reported only from Colorado. Corixa verticalis: (Fieber). The range of this species extends from the Atlantic coast west at least to Missouri. I found it abundant in the Galien River in June, in company with P. gillettet, but it was not taken here in September. In Mr. Bueno’s collec- tion there are two specimens from Creve Ceeur Lake, Missouri, labelled Arctocorisa calva (Say) by Professor Abbott. In his description of Palmacorixa gilletter Professor Abbott says,? “Superficially it resembles calva Say.” I believe that the calva to which Professor Abbott compares his new species is cer- tainly Coriva verticalis—especially since I have seen the specimens referred to above—since this species does have a superficial resem- blance to P. gillettei, whereas the true calva is a very different insect. Corixa macroceps (Kirkaldy). This species was described from ® Ent. News, xxiii, p. 339, 1912. 1921] Johnson—Okanagana Rimosa in Nova Scotia 15 North Carolina, and was subsequently reported by Abbott from Georgia. Mr. Bueno has a number of specimens taken in the vicinity of New York, and Miss E. P. Butler found it abundant in a small pond near Battle Creek, Michigan, in August, 1920. Callicoriva praeusta (Fieber). This holarctic species has sey- eral times been reported from the northern parts of America, but the only record from the United States is that of Parshley from Maine. I have seen two specimens from the Pacific coast states, one from Lake Cushman, Washington, July 3, 1919 (F. M. Gaige), in the Museum of the University of Michigan, the other from San Francisco, in Mr. Bueno’s collection. The three females which I reported from northern Michigan!® as “probably C. kollaru Fieber,” should in all probability be placed in preusta. I seriously question the northern records of kollarit, which was originally described from Cuba and from Brazil. 10 Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 75, p.* 21, 1919. OKANAGANA RIMOSA (SAY) IN NOVA SCOTIA. During the past summer (1920), Mr. David H. Linder, while botanizing in southern Nova Scotia, found this little Cicada at several places. In a letter he says: “It appeared to be quite com- mon, especially in dry clearings where white birch and maple is found. About a mile north of Meteghan they were quite common in a dry clearing that had grown up to white birch and were almost numerous enough to be called a swarm.. At Argyle, though not quite so thick, they were nevertheless quite common, as was also the case at Barrington, where I captured the specimen.” Mteghan and Barrington are about fifty miles apart, while Argyle is nearly mid- way between the two places. In Nova Scotia, Mr. W. T. Davis (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1919, vol. 27, p. 205) records it only from Truro. C. W. JoHnson. 16 Psyche | February PROFESSOR EMERY’S SUBGENERA OF THE GENUS CAMPONOTUS MAYR. By WiLit1am Morton WHEELER, Bussey Institution, Harvard University. The great cosmopolitan ant-genus Camponotus, now comprising fully 500 species and as many subspecies and varieties, has become so unwieldy that subdivision has become imperative. As long ago as 1896 Emery! made a serious attempt to render it more manage- able by dividing it into three cohorts (Arcuati, Capitati and Angu- josi) and numerous maniples based for the most part on geograph- ical groups of species. Forel finally grasped the nettle in 1912? and established 16 subgenera in addition to Colobopsis Mayr, which had long been accorded subgeneric rank. » Although he cited species under each subgenus he failed to designate any subgeno- types. I undertook to supply this omission in 1913.3 In 1914 he issued a more extensive account of his subgenera,* increased their number to 24, and appended an extensive list of the known species. In this paper he cited a type for each subgenus but paid no attention to my designations. It happened, however, that in all but eight of the subgenera we had selected the same species. Now Emery® has issued a most painstaking study of the genus and has increased the number of subgenera to 34, excluding the mono- typic Phasmomyrmex Stitz, which he has elevated to generic rank. He has also established a new genus, Notostigma, for three Aus- tralian species (carazzti, foreli and podenzanai); two of which were formerly included by Forel in his subgenus Myrmosphincta. The outlines of the various subgenera have been more accurately defined, much use has been made of the geographical distribution of the species, and the characters of the male Camponoti, which 1Saggio di un Catalogo Sistematico dei Generi Camponotus, Polyrhachis e Affini. Mem. R. Accad. Se. Ist. Bologna (5) 5, 1896, pp. 761-780. 2 Formicides Néotropiques Part VI, Mém. Soc. Ent. Belg. 20, 1912, pp. 59-92. 3 Corrections and Additions to ‘‘List of Type Species of the Genera and Subgenera of Formicidae,’ Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc. 23, 1918, pp. 77-83. 4TLe Genre Camponotus Mayr et les Genres Voisins. Rev. Suisse Zool. 22, 1914, pp. 257-276. ks 5 Le Genre “Camponotus” Mayr, Nouvel Essai de sa Subdivision en Sous- Genres. Rev. Zool. Africaine 8, 1920, pp. 229-260, 1 fig. 1921] Wheeler—Emery’s Subgenera of Genus Camponotus V7 no one had seen fit to study heretofore, have been scrutinized. In Emery’s classification only five of the subgenera are represented in both hemispheres, whereas 11 include only New World, and 19 only Old World species. Unfortunately, a certain amount of confusion has been introduced by Emery’s overlooking my desig- nations of the types of Forel’s subgenera. It becomes necessary, therefore, to discuss very briefly the subgeneric names that are affected by this oversight. These are listed in the following para- graphs, together with the cases in which Forel’s types are invali- dated by my previous designations : Subgenus Camponotus Mayr. When Mayr established the genus Camponotus in 1861, he designated no type but placed Formica ligniperda Latr., first on his list of species, just as he had placed it first in the genus Formica in his work on the Austrian auts (1855). Bingham, perhaps for that reason, selected ligniperda as the type of Camponotus in 1903, ignoring the fact that Forel and Emery had long regarded this ant as a mere sub-species of hercu- leanus L., which they therefore cite as the genotype. I am not aware that our codes make any provision for such cases. Subgenus Myrmothrix Forel. I designated Formica abdominalis Fabr. as the type (1913), but Forel chose F. rufipes Fabr. (1914). Both are retained in the subgenus as accepted by Emery. Subgenus Myrmolophus Emery. Emery has split this subgenus off of Forel’s Myrmepomis and based it on the Neotropical Formica sericeiventris Guérin, leaving the remainder of the species, which are African and Malagasy, in Myrmepomis. I had designated sericeiventris as the type of Myrmepomis in 1913, and Forel had cited the Ethiopian I’. fulvopilosus DeGeer as the type in 1914. As the latter designation is invalid, Myrmolophus becomes a syno- nym of Myrmepomis, and it is necessary to replace Emery’s name for the Old World species. I propose the name Myrmopiromis nom. nov. Subgenus Myrmotarsus Forel. I designated Formica mistura F, Smith as the type of this subgenus, whereas Forel selected FP’. irri- fabilis F. Smith. Both are included in the group as emended by Emery. He includes also F’. quadrisectus F. Smith, which was cited by Forel as the type of Myrmophyma. Since I had previously designated Camponotus capito Mayr as the type of the latter genus, 18 Psyche | February and Forel’s designation is invalid, there can be no objection to Hmery’s procedure. Subgenus Myrmosphincta Forel. I designated the Neotropical Formica sexguttata Fabr. as the subgenotype, Forel the Malayan I’, cinerascens Fabr. Emery has now transferred serguttata to his subgenus Myrmotemnus and has retained the name Myrmo- sphincta for the Malayan, Australian and Malagasy species. It is clear that a new name is required for IMyrmosphincta Emery (1920). I propose Myrmosaulus nom. nov. Subgenus Myrmophyma Forel. As already stated, I designated Camponotus capito as the type, but Forel selected quadrisectus. Emery also designates capito as the type. Forel’s Myrmocamelus becomes a synonym of Myrmophyma, because he selected as its type Formica ephipprum F, Smith, which is merely one of a number of Australian species closely related to capito. Thus owing to my prior designation of the type of Myrmophyma it is unnecessary for Emery to violate the code of nomenclature (1912), according to which genotypes are stable and cannot be changed. Subgenus Myrmosaga Forel. Here, too, there is a discrepancy in the types selected, as I had designated Camponotus kellert Forel and Forel had selected C. quadrimaculatus Forel. Both are in- cluded in the subgenus as emended by Emery. Subgenus Myrmentoma Forel. This subgenus, established by Forel in 1912, was in 1914 regarded by him as a synonym of Ash- mead’s Orthonotomyrmex (1906). I had designated Formica lat- eralis Olivier as the type of Myrmentoma in 1913, and Forel had designated the same type for Orthonotomyrmex in 1914, overlook- ing the fact that Ashmead had designated Formica sericea Fabr. Emery has resuscitated Myrmentoma and defined it and Orthonoto- myrmex more precisely. Subgenus Myrmepomis Forel. See Myrmolophus, above. Subgenus Myrmacantha Emery. This is a synonym of Myrmor- hachis, for in 1913 I designated as the sub-genotype of the latter the Ethiopian Camponotus polyrhachioides Forel, which is closely re- lated to C. aberrans Mayr designated as the type. Forel in 1914 selected the Neotropical Camponotus latangulus Roger as the type of Myrmorhachis. Since Emery restricts the latter name to the American forms it becomes necessary to replace it by a new term. 1921] Wheeler—Emery’s Subgenera of Genus Camponotus 19 T propose Myrmocladecus nom nov., since all or nearly all the species live in hollow twigs. Subgenus Myrmamblys Forel. Here, too, difficulties arise owing to the fact that Emery has restricted the name to American species, I designated an East Indian species, Camponotus reticulatus Roger as the type (1913), but Forel selected a Neotropical form, C. fastt- gatus Roger. As Emery has placed reticulatus in Myrmotemnus, the latter would seem to be a synonym of Myrmamblys Forel (1912 and 1913), and the selection of a new name for Myrmamblys Emery (1920) is made necessary. For this I propose Neomyr- mamblys nom. noy. I have already explained why the small group of American species including sexguttatus must be retained as Myrmosphincta Forel (vide supra). | Subgenus Myrmorhachis Forel. Discussed above in connection with Myrmacantha Emery. Subgenus Myrmeurynota Forel. I designated Camponotus ewry- notus Forel as the type of this subgenus but Forel cites C. gilvi- ventris Roger. Both are included in Emery’s list of species. Subgenus Manniella subgen. nov. I propose this name for the small group comprising the Cuban sphaericus Roger (subgenotype) and its subspecies sphaeralis Roger. Mann has recently discovered and.described the maxima worker of these forms. Both Forel and Emery include them in Myrmeurynota, whereas Mann assigns them to Colobopsis. The structure of the head, pronotum, ete., of the large worker is so aberrant that they cannot be included in these subgenera, nor in Emery’s Hypercolobopsis, Pseudocolobopsis. nor Paracolobopsis. The changes suggested above increase the number of subgenera of Camponotus to 36. 6 Additions to the Ant Fauna of the West Indies and Central America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42, 1920, pp. 403-439, 10 figs. 20 Psyche | February A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PALLOPTERA. By CHARLES W. JOHNSON, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. In a recent study of the species of Palloptera, including the type of P. jucunda Loew, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, if seemed that some discrepancies existed that should be corrected. Prior to Dr. A. L. Melander’s paper! no figures accompanied the original descriptions, and this may account for some of the errors. ° A comparison of the figure of the wing of P. jucunda by Melander with the type shows a marked difference (although the series of P. jucunda shows some variation) and is apt to be misleading, especially since there is a much larger species having practically the same wing pattern as that figured for P. jucunda. The wing figured as P. jucunda in Williston’s Manual of North American Diptera, 3d edition, page 80, is P. superba. I have been unable to find an American species agreeing with the European P. arcuata Meig. It was determined by Coquillett and recorded from Mt. Washington, N. H., by Mrs. Annie T. Slosson, but none of the specimens I have collected there and at Mt. Desert, Me., agree - with that species. Submitting a sketch of the wing of a specimen taken at Base Station, Mt. Washington, to Mrs. Slossom, she writes: “T have looked up the unique specimen of P. arcuata. It is in poor condition, abdomen missing, but wings perfect. They are exactly like your figure, clouded at the tip, not extending along the costa.” TABLE OF SPECIES. 1. Cross-veins not bordered with brown, auxillary and first vein, and apex of wing brownish; thorax grayish-pollinose. terminalis Loew. Only the posterior cross-vein and tip of the wing bordered with brown; thorax yellow (Fig. 1)........ subarcuata sp. nov. Both of the cross-veins, tip of the wing, and costal margin partly or entirely. bordered with brown................ 2 1 Psyche, 1918, Vol. 20, p. 80, pl. 3, figs. 16-21. ; 1921] Johnson—Review of American Species of Palloptera 21 RQ. Costal margin interrupted and the brown clouding of the anterior cross-vein not connected...... Bo cktsnava shceranstes ctu: 3 Costal margin broad and continuous, covering the anterior cross- WV UNMGRes eh erst ohey Sicnick a) opekebencWeRoue saaashene cS oy sde'-0. 4) & spoesucate auretsanto as & 4 First and auxillary veins brown only at the costa, leaving the base and middle of the costal margin hyaline; length 4 mm. (CBee 2) hava care occa oe Lidia Mil ga: Basgats, waka tetas jucunda Loew First and auxillary veins mene in the brown costal margin ; first and basal half of the second costal cell yellow; length ie, DUNN (MIO Ds) eae hash ad fosee oo ab fakes tes lego 5, albertensis sp. nov. Thorax and abdomen largely cinerous-pruinose; abdominal segments setose; four rows of acrosticals; wing pattern re- sembling similis; length 3.5 mm. ............ setosa Mel. Thorax and abdomen shining yellow, brown of the posterior cross-veln not connected with the costal margin; abdominal segments narrowly margined with black, setz small; length Geir EMO A) st ansyevonslieles yy * . ~ a oe - ' . i a 1G i 4 Ye ) Ny j 7 b> 5 fag ‘ \ ; ¥ ' «| Sma ’ ten a ~ HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY WILLIAM A. RILEY, Ph.D., Professor of Insect Morphology andParasi tology, Cornell University, and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph.D., Professor of : Biology, Cornell University. A concise account of poisonous, parasitic and disease-carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with keys for ther determnaton, and methods of control. Bound in library buckrum, medium 8vo. 348 pages. Price, $2.00 net. A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. This handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges. The book is so written that any intelligent teacher can find out for himself the more important facts of insect life. Includes tables for identifying any famil yof insects of North America. The leading school and college text. 700 pages. 800 figures. Price, $4.25 net. OPTIC PROJECTION SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, Emeritus, é Cornell University, and HENRY PHELPS GAGE, Ph.D., . Cornell University. . This is a very comprehensive work, dealing fundamentally and practically with the Magic Lantern, the Projection Microscope, the Reflecting Lantern, -and the Moving Picture Machine. 730 pages. Over 400 figures. Postpaid, $3. THE MICROSCOPE a ; (18th Revised Edition Ready) ; SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embroyology, Emeritus, A Cornell University. ¢ An authoritative, up-to-date guide for everyone who uses the microscope and for every beginner who wishes to use the microscope intelligently and effectively. Should be in every school and college laboratory. 472 pages. 265 figures. Postpaid, $3.00. THE LIFE OF INLAND WATERS A Text-Book of Fresh Water Biology. ° JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Ph.D., Professor of Limnology and General Biology in Cornell University, and JOHN T. LLOYD, A.B., Assistant in Limnology in Cornell University. ; This book is a broad presentation of the field of fresh-water biology, primarily in its scientific aspects, also in relation. to commercial, civic, aesthetic and public health interests of man. There is no book in the Eng- lish language covering the field. Copiously illustrated with photographs from nature. 438 pages. 244 figures. Price, $3.00. THE WINGS OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. : ; ; This volume is an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins of insects. Royal octavo. 430 pages. Illustrated. Price, $3,75 net. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS For Sale at all Bookdealers or Sent Direct from THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY ITHACA, NEW YORK, U. S. A. 500 PIN-LABELS 40 CENTS! Allon a Strip Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line); Additional Characters, 1 cent each, per line, per 500. Trimmed. Prices subject to change without notice. C. V. BLACKBURN, 12 Pine St., STONEHAM, MASS., U. S. A. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September excepted) at 7.45 p. m. at the Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston. The Bussey Insti- tution is one block from the Forest Hills station of both the elevated street cars and the N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Entomolo- gists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. Poy C A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 VOL. XXVIII Wwe Rs “1921 NUMBER 2 CONTENTS New Species of Emphytine and Selandriine-Hymenoptera. MacGillivray New United States Zoocecidia. A New Aberrant Form of Vanessa virginiensis Drury (huntera Habre O., 0. Lox Notes on the South American Lacticas. On Paraperipatus lorentzi Horst and other species of the Genus from New Guinea and Ceram. C, 7’. Brues A New Genus of Termite Guest from Fiji. Wm. WU. Mann New Diptera from Texas and Mexico. (. W. Johnson A Symbiotic Organism in Fulgorids. F. Muir Proceedings of the Cambridge Entomological Club CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1921 President ’ : ; : 3 : ‘ NatHAN BANKS Vice-President . ; : ; ; : L. R. Reynoups Secretary . : : 5 : é ; . J. H. EMERTON Treasurer : : : : . : F. H. WALKER Haecutive Committee C. A. Frost, W. L. W. Frecp, P. G. BoLsTER EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. Brurs, Harvard University. ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. JOHNSON, NatTuan BAnkKs, Boston sence of Natural History. Harvard University. A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morsz, Washington State College. Wellesley College. J. H. EMERTON, J. G. NEEDHAM, Boston, Mass. Cornell University. W. M. WHEELER, Harvard University. PSYCHE is published bi-monthly, the issues appearing in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to subscribers in the United States, Canada or Mexico; foreign postage, 15 cents extra. Single copies, 40 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to Cambridge HMntomological Club, Bussey Institution. Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other editorial matter, should be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Bussey Insti- tution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in meetin will be re- quired to bear a part of the extra expense for additional pag This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per re The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors: the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $3.60 each, and for full page half-tones, $4.80 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office at Boston, Mass. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided in Section 1103, Act of October 8, 1917, authorized on June 29, 1918. on ae VOL. XXVIII APRIL, 1921 No. 2 NEW SPECIES OF EMPHYTINAE AND SELANDRIINAE— HYMENOPTERA. By Auex. D. MAcGILuivray, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. The adults of the following new species of Tenthredinide were all bred from lJarvee. The specimens from New York were collected and bred by Dr. H. Yuasa, and the Maine specimens by the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station at Orono. Strongylogastroidea depressata sp. nov. Female. Body black with the following parts whitish: labrum, tegule, procox, mesocoxe, spot on metacoxe, and trochanters ; with the following parts rufous: mandibles, angles of clypeus, dis- tal three or four seginents of the antenne, legs beyond the troch- anters except the metatarsi which are fuscous to black, abdominal segments three and four, terga and sterna, and saw-guides in great part; third segment of antenne distinctly longer than fourth and not. as long as fourth and fifth together; clypeus very shallowly emarginate; ocellar basin deep with vertical walls, surrounding median ocellus, extending between antacoriz; median fovea ob- scure; surface of ocellar basin and its bounding walls finely punc- tate; postocellar area polished; mesoscutellum with lateral por- tions coarsely punctate; saw-guides with dorsal margin concave and ventral margin convex, distal end bluntly rounded; wings hyaline; veins including costa pale, stigma infuscated. Length 7 mm. Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. 39. This species is similar to wnicincta Nort. The black collar, the pale femora, and the difference in the saw-guides will separate them. Emphytus yuasi sp. nov. Female. Body black with the following parts white: clypeus, labrum, mandibles in great part, tegule, collar, ventral half of 32 Psyche [ April mesopleure and extending over mesosternum, coxae, trochanters, femora except distal ends of mesofemora and metafemora, more or less suffused with rufous, tibize except narrow band on caudal margin and a ring at the distal end, protarsi and mesotarsi except narrow band on caudal margin, narrow band on proximal end of basitarsi of metatarsi, ventral aspect of abdomen, and caudal ter- gum except at sides; mesal portion of terga with a yellowish mark, largest on second to fifth, extending along caudal margin; clypeus deeply squarely emarginate; third segment of antenne distinctly longer than fourth; antennal furrows broadly rounded, indistinct; — ocellar area elevated, ocellar basin a rounded furrow ; median fovea indistinct; head punctate below lateral ocelli; oblique depression extending from lateral ocelli toward compound eye; mesonotum polished; wings hyaline, costal. and proximal spot on stigma yel- lowish, veins and stigma black; saw-guides convex on dorsal and ventral margins, distal end obliquely rounded. Length 6.5 mm. Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 171-1. This species is similar to apertus Nort., but the difference in the length of the third segment of the antenne will separate them. Unitaxonus Gen. nov. Front wings with the radial and radio-medial cross-veins distinct, free part of subcosta one apparently wanting, free part of second anal vein present, slightly oblique, located some distance nearer the proximal end of the wing than media four plus cubitus one; hind wings with the free part of radius four and the transverse part of media two wanting, the second anal cell petiolate; antenne with nine segments; clypeus nearly truncate in the female; the basi- tarsus of each metatarsus about subequal in length to the four fol- lowing segments. Type, Unitaronus repentinus MacG. Unitaxonus repentinus sp. nov. Female. Body black with the following parts rufous; mandibles, femora, tibie, protarsi, mesotarsi, and abdominal segments two to four, including terga and sterna; with the following parts whitish: labrum, tegule, procoxe, distal portion of mesocoxe, and troch- anters; antenne with third segment distinctly longer than fourth; clypeus faintly broadly emarginate, almost truncate; supraclypeal 1921 | MacGillivray—New Species of Emphytine 33 area elevated; median fovea broad, shallow, almost obsolete; ocellar basin oval, not deep; head including postocellar area polished; median and lateral lobes of the mesonotum polished, mesocutellum in part punctate; wings slightly infuscated, stigma and costa yel- lowish infuscated, veins black; saw-guides with dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex, converging toward distal end, dis- tal end truncately rounded. Length 7 mm. Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 129-1-2. The male differs only in having the clypeus more deeply emar- ginate, limited on each side by shght projections and the bottom of the emargination straight. Unitaxonus rumicis spec. nov. Female. Body black with the following parts rufous: labrum, mandibles, distal two-thirds to one-half of coxe, trochanters, fe- mora, tibia, protarsi, mesotarsi, and abdominal segments two to four ; third segment of antenne nearly twice as long as the fourth; clypeus: only slightly emarginate; median fovea wanting; ocellar basin oval, deep, surrounding median ocellus, limited at ventral end by a round flat area between antacoriz; head polished; median and lateral lobes of mesonotum polished; mesopleure densely seta- ceous and finely punctate; wings infuscated, costa pale, veins and stigma black; saw-guides with margins straight and distal end broadly bluntly rounded. Length 8 mm. Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 91-2-1. The length of the third antennal segment and the shape of the saw-guides will separate this species from repentinus MacG. De- scribed from a single specimen in poor condition. Empria cetaria sp. nov. Female. Body black with the following parts white: labrum, tegule, and legs except proximal two-thirds of coxz, distal third of metafemora, and distal ‘end of metatibe; metatarsi infuscated ; head polished, densely setaceous, punctate with numerous fine cal- ices; clypeus flat, squarely shallowly emarginate, lateral projecting angles bluntly pointed ; ocellar basin a shallow shield-shaped depres- sion including median ocellus; median fovea very minute, slight pit-like depression at ventral end of ocellar basin; antenne with 34 Psyche [ April segments four and five subequal, three distinctly longer than four and not as long as four and five together; head with a convex ridge between antennal furrows; ocellar and interocellar furrows obso- ijete; mesonotum, polished, mesoscutellum with caudal half pune- tured ; saw-guides with dorsal margin concave, ventral margin con- vex, converging toward bluntly rounded distal end; wings hyaline, veins, costa, and stigma brownish. Length 6 mm, Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 119-1-2. This species is related to celsa MacG., from which it can be dif- ferentiated by lack of ocellar and interocellar furrows. Empria cerina sp. nov. Female. Body black with the following parts white: labrum in part, collar narrowly, tegule, distal ends of femora, protibiz, meso- tibie, proximal and distal ends of metatibiz, proximal end broader than distal, protarsi, and proximal portion of mesobasitarsi; cly- peus with a fine mesal ridge and tooth, ventral margin narrow, emargination shallow; antenne with third and fourth segments subequal, short; ocellar basin shallow, extending between antacoriz and bearing pit-like median fovea and median ocellus, latter bounded by distinct Y-shaped furrow; ocellar and interocellar fur- rows distinct; antennal furrows interrupted near middle; post- ocellar area broader than long; median and lateral lobes of meso- notum polished; mesocutellum finely punctate; wings hyaline; veins brownish, costa and stigma infuscated ; saw-guides with dor- sal margin straight, ventral margin convex, rapidly converging to obliquely, bluntly pointed distal end. Length 6 mm. Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 107-5-2 and 107-3. This species can be separated from cauduca MacG. by the shallow emargination of the clypeus and the form of the median fovea. Thrinax pullatus sp. nov. Male. Body black with the following parts rufous: collar nar- rowly, trochanters, femora, tibiew, and tarsi except two or three distal segments of the metatarsi; abdominal terga with caudal por- tion with a narrow linear yellowish or rufous margin; antennae with third and fourth segments subequal; labrum densely seta- ceous; clypeus broadly, roundly, shallowly. emarginate; median 1921 | Wells—New United States Zoocecidia 35 fovea punctiform ; ocellar basin broadly limited by a distinct frontal crest, surrounding the median ocellus; antennal furrows obscure, interrupted near middle of their length; vertical furrows deep, broad, longer than broad; postocellar area with a deep mesal fur- row connecting with shallow inconspicuous ocellar furrow; surface of head dull; mesonotum dull, indefinitely punctate or striate; mesoscutellum with distinct furrows on each side, polished on meson; metascutellum polished, impunctuate; mesopleura dull, sparsely sericeous; cerci distinct, short, porrect; caudal margin of caudal sternum rounded; wings hyaline, costa reddish, veins and stigma infuscated. Lenth 8 mm. Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 20-1. The general appearance of this species, the arrangement of the pale color and the line of the abdominal segments is similar to that of Strongylogaster politus Prov. The difference in the coloration of the abdomen will differentiate it from Thrinax impressatus Prov. NEW. UNITED STATES ZOOCECIDIA. By B. W. WELLs, State College, Raleigh, North Carolina. In the descriptions below, the author has indicated in each case whether the gall is a kataplasma or a prosoplasma. ‘These terns of Kiister’s pertaining to the lower and higher galls respectively, deserve a prominent place in gall descriptions, for they connote very significant conditions. The writer has pointed out (Botanical Gazette, May, 1921) that these groups have an evolutionary relationship. By “kataplasma” Kiister means those indefinite galls whose structure is developed through hyperplasia of embryonic tissue, the end product not becoming in its differentiation, orienta- tion and form of tissues, fundamentally different from the normal plant part; they represent inhibitions of the normal differentia- tions, the more advanced ones thus approach homogenity. “Proso- plasmas,” on the other hand, are definite galls whose structure differs fundamentally from the normal plant part, the tissues 36 Psyche [ April in their form and orientation characters constituting an aggrega- tion of new qualities. In presenting these descriptions, it is with the hope that these forms may again be collected and, the adult stages of the cecido- zoons be obtained. Not until the descriptions of the adults appear should names be attached to galls; in the present paper the forms have been given a number which can readily be referred to by any future investigator. I should like to here repeat a statement made in an earlier paper: “The custom on the part of some, of applying a specific name to an insect or mite, merely on the basis of the intimately associated gall, is to be deplored.” . The familiar “catch-all” generic names have been used in those cases in which the nature of the parasitic organism was determined, viz., “Cecidomyia” for an itonidid form, “Cynips” for a eynipi- dous form, and “Eriophyes” for a mite gall-maker. The galls herein described and believed to be heretofore un- reported, are arranged on the basis of the plant affected. The plant genera are arranged alphabetically, Gray’s Manual being fol- lowed in the matter of nomenclature. * Amelanchier Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 1. 1. On Amelanchier canadensis (li) Mefic., leaf; prosoplasma, appendicular, diverticulum type; stout balloon-shape with atten- uate tip, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, reddish purple, surface, how- ever, with bloom which gives it a bluish tinge; galls commonly: found in groups of two, on under side of leaf, each gall tilted out of the perpendicular position ; opening in leaf-blade on side oppo- site the gall, minute, slit-like with definitely raised lips; cavity small in the broader, distal part connected with opening by a rela- tively narrow canal, walls thick with rather prominent veins; not common, Cedar Point, O. Types in author’s collection. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 2. 2. On intervenal areas of leaf of Amelanchier canadensis (LL) Medic. (service berry) ; prosoplasma, sub-ovid, laterally flattened, the sides paralleling the secondary veins, extending from both sides of the leaf, long axis perpendicular to the blade, 2-3 mm. long, 1921] Wells—New United States Zoocecidia 37 upper side rounded, yellow or red, lower side truncate with slit- like opening, yellowish, surface smooth; monothalamous, chamber in upper half of gall connected with slit-like opening by narrow, flattened canal, walls firm; locally abundant, Hocking Co., Ohio, Cedar Point, Ohio. Types in collection of author. Amorpha., Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium noy. Fig. 3. 3. On Amorpha canescens Pursh, leaf rachis, leaflet either side or flower stalks; prosoplasma, up-walled type; cone-shaped with truncate ends, more or less curved, when on leaflet, base projects as a rounded prominence beyond the blade, 4-12 mm. long, larger when on leaf or floral axes, galls of leaflets exposed to light dis- tinctly red in color, pubescence similar to that of normal plant; chamber shape conforms to that of gall; fairly common, numerous on particular plants, Manhattan, Kan. ‘Types in collection of writer. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 4. 4, On Amorpha canescens Pursch, leaflet ; kataplasma, edge-roll type; revolute leaf edge, yellow, 3-5 mm. long, pubescent like nor- mal leaf; fairly common, Manhattan, Kan. Types in collection of writer. aes Albizzia. Coccid sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 5. 5. On Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini, stem surface; kataplasma ; simple, circular elevations with depression in center containing eoccid, 5.8 mm. dia., lighter-in color than surrounding bark, the color of the new hyperplastic tissue which has become exposed; locally common, Raleigh, N. C. Types in collection of the writer. The above gall may be found on stems of widely varying age. It may be formed on trunks measuring 7-8 cm. dia. The figure is from a stem measuring 3 em. in dia. and which is 7 years old. Azalea. Coccid sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 6. 6. On Azalea nudiflora () Torr., stem surface; kataplasma ; simple diamond-shaped elevations with rounded corners with de- pression in center containing coccid, 1 em. long, elevation about ph) (o4) Psyche [ Apri 2 mm. above twig surface. Surface of raised portion coarsely striate due to splitting of original epidermis; abundant locally, Raleigh, N. C. Types in collection of the writer. Castanea. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 7. 7. On Castanea pumila (LL) Mill, leaf; prosoplasma, asym- metric up-walled type; arises from vein (under side) and curls in toward leaf forming pocket, blade above gall pressed upward forming umbo as seen from above, gall flattened parallel to blade, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, surface same as leaf or lighter; chamber ovoid, wall thick especially on vein side; abundant on certain trees, Carolina Beach, N. C. Types in collection of writer. This gall is of especial interest for the reason that it is a strik- ing asymmetric variant of the up-walled type. It appears to be produced by an upgrowth from the vein which instead of being equal on all sides of the larva is. distinctly one-sided, resulting in the strongly curled or revolute structure observed. I know of no other gall lke it in this respect; it constitutes a new fundamental gall type. A relatively large itonidid larva was constantly present in the galls. Chenopodium. Cecidozoon undetermined. Cecidium noy. Fig. 8. 8. On Chenopolium ambrosiodes var. anthelminticum (LL) Gray, stem gall; kataplasma; simple fusiform enlargement of the stem, 1—1.5 cm. long, color and texture same as stem, single chamber elongate, relatively large with irregularly pitted walls; not com- mon, Toledo, O. Types in the collection of the writer. Cunila. Cecidomyia sp. (?) Cecidium nov. Fig. 9. 9. On Cunila origanooides (1) Britt. (Dittany), bud gall, on ends of aborted upper branches; prosoplasma, up-walled type; sub- spherical, tipped with short point, 2-3.5 mm. dia., green at first early becoming bluish-purple, surface glandular same as leaves, sessile on branch end, invested below by an involucre of a few in- conspicuous, foliaceous bracts; chamber large, same shape as gall, 1921] Wells—New United States Zoocecidia 39 wall thin, similar to leaf in texture though slightly thicker than leaf; few on any one plant. Martin Co., Ind. Types in collection of writer. This gall was collected by Mr. Chas. C. Deam, to whom I am indebted for its study. Gleditsia. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 10. 10. On Gleditsia triacanthos \.., leaf rachis; kataplasma; sim- ple elongate swelling of leaf rachis, commonly the secondary axes, 5-10 mm. long, about 1 mm. dia., surface same as normal rachis; monothalamous, the chamber a mere capillary tube; not uncommon, Toledo, O. Types in collection of writer. Grindelia. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium noy. Fig. 11. 11. On Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. (Rosin weed), a modification of the floral head; kataplasma, rosette type; a mass of overlapping . Iinvolucral bracts (each external bract much thicker than normal ones), the whole assuming an ovoid shape, 2.4—3.5 em. long; single chamber at center surrounded by much reduced bracts, elongate- ovoid; one or few galls on single plant, infrequent; Fayetteville, Ark. Types in collection of writer. The characteristic salmon-covered larva of the Itonidide with breast-plate was found in the galls. Fig. 11, left, shows a normal head and a galled one; right, sec- tion of affected head. Grindela. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 12. 12. On Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal, bud gall; kata- plasma; sub-globose with attenuate tip or tips representing aborted leaf elements, 5-8 mm.-dia., green, very prominent in axils of normal leaves, 1-4 chambers, each elliptical in outline, walls thick of firm, fleshy texture; not common, Manhattan, Kan. Types in the collection of writer. Hedeoma. Cecidomyia sp. (?) Cecidium noy. Fig. 13. ; 13. On Hedeoma pulegioides (LL) Pers. (Pennyroyal), a simple 40 Psyche | April inflated calyx; kataplasma, organoid type; calyx slightly inflated to sub-spherical form, 2 mm. dia., segments but slightly differen- tiated if at all, vellowish, normal nutlets undeveloped. Rather abundant on specimens of pennyroyal seen. Jeffersonville, Ind. 1-4 larve present in galls. | Collected by Mr. Chas. C. Deam. Fig. 13, upper, normal calyx; lower, affected calyx. IT eterotheca. Lepidopteron. Cecidium noy. Fig. 14. 14. On Heterotheca subazillaris (lam.) Britton and Rusby, stem gall; kataplasma; simple fusiform enlargement of stem, 3.5-5 em. long, about 1 em. wide, epidermis split into elongate diamond-shaped areas concolorous with stem, chamber relatively large, shape of gall. Not uncommon, Arlington, Texas. Types in collection of writer. Tex: Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 15. 15. On Ilex vomitoria Ait., leaf; kataplasma, leaf-fold type: a simple fold of leaf along midvein with accompanying tnickening of part involved, commonly affecting the terminal leaves in which the largest part of the blade is involved, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, surface same as normal leaf except color is lighter or where exposed to sun, red tinged; Carolina Beach, N. C. (Fort Fisher) occurring on shrubs exposed to ocean; rather common. Types in- collection of writer. Lepidium. : Cecidozoon undetermined. Cecidium noy. Fig. 16. 16. On Lepidium virginicum ., stem or root surface ; kata- plasma; simple, sub-globular, sessile, at stem base or crown of root. .5-1 mm. dia., yellow, smooth; in each gall a yellow-ovoid egg was found (.2x.15 mm.) enclosed by the homogenous, pith- like tissues of the gall; Arkansas. Types in collection of writer. The fact that this gall has developed in the presence of the un- hatched egg indicates the stimulus to have originated with th adult cecidozoon at the time of oviposition. JI was unable to rear the adults and am unable to assign the gall to any group. | 1921] Wells—New United States Zoocecidia 41 I am indebted to Mr. M. R. Ensign for this material. Fig. 16, left, galls on stem base; right, included egg. Liatris. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 17. 17. On Liatris punctata Hook., bud gall; kataplasma; sub- globular, consisting of a mass of swollen and fused leaves, the encs of some of them projecting distally from the gall, 5-10 mm. dia., 3-5 elongate larval chambers; not common, Manhattan, Kan. Types in collection of writer. Lobelia. Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 18. 18. On Lobelia puberula Michx., stem swelling; kataplasma ; simple rather inconspicrious enlargement of stem, variable in length, the maximum being about 10 cm., width varying from 4-5 mm., surface same as normal stem except for presence of a few longi- tudinal fissures in the epidermis exposing the cortical layer; inter- nally the pith tissue contains a more or less broken, narrow cavity occupied by the larvae which are distributed in a linear series; all tissues of the stem are about equally involved in the hyperplasia. Not uncommon, Raleigh, N. C. Types in collection of the writer. I am indebted to Mr. I. V. Shunk for the original collection of this material. Parthenium. Eriophyes sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 19. 19. On Parthenium integrifolium L.; leaf-blade gall; kata- plasma, diverticulum type with trichomes (erineum) ; extremely variable evaginations projecting either side of the leaf, the smaller ones covered internally and exteriorly with a heavy layer of tomen- tum made up of slender, twisted, multicellular trichomes, larger pouches often nearly smooth on exterior. Rather infrequent, West Raleigh, N. C. Types in author’s collection. Fig. 19, left, affected leaf; right, two trichomes. Persea. Aphid sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 20. 20. On Persea Borbonia (li) Spreng., leaf; kataplasma, leaf 42 Psyche [ April edge-roll type; rather definite local inrollings (upper side) of leat edge, wall markedly thicker than ordinary leaf, forming definite cavity, galls variable in size, 4—2 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, surface smooth, often glaucous, lighter in color than leaf when young, changing to red and finally black when old; abundant, Wrights- ville, N. C. Types in author’s collection. Pinus. Eriophyes sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 21. 21. On Pinus echinata Mill., bud; kataplasma; rosette type; excessive proliferation of stem buds, the leaves either remain massed in the bud condition or develop in a semi-aborted fashion, forming a dense cluster or rosette; intermediate states are of course found; not uncommon, 8S. E. Ohio, North Carolina. Types in author’s collection. For the first observed material of this form I am inilebied to Mr. J. 8. Houser of the Ohio Ex. Station. I have repeatedly _ collected it in North Carolina. In all collections the mites were demonstrated. Polygonum. Coleopteron sp. (?) Cecidium nov. Fig. 22. 22. On Polygonum aviculare L. (Bird’s Knot Weed), inter- nodal swelling; ovoid enlargement of internode (sometimes involy- ing two internodes), 8-13 mm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, green to red- dish brown, surface more coarsely striate than normal stem; chani- ber large, same shape as gall, walls firm; few on plant; Mt. Ver- non, Ind. Types in collection of writer. This gall was collected by Mr. Chas. C. Deam of Bluffton, Ind. Larve taken from the galls were tentatively determined as coleopterous by Professor Z. P. Metcalf of N. C. State College. It is to be hoped this insect may soon be successfully reared, for, if it is coleopterous, it will be an interesting addition to the very limited group of gall-making beetles known in America. Polygonum. Cecidozoon undetermined. Cecidium noy. Fig. 23. 23. On Polygonum lapathifohum L., leaf edge-roll gall; kata- plasma; variable in size and shape, often involving leaf to midrib, 1921] Wells—New United States Zoocecidia 43 roll very tight, yellow in color, contrasting strongly with normal part of leaf. Common locally, Raleigh, N. C. Types in collec- tion of writer. In the central region of these galls there constantly occurred a white larva without breast-plate. Whether or not these were merely secondary forms in a possible aphid gall was not determined. : Quercus. Cynips sp. (?) Cecidium nov. Fig. 24. 24. On Quercus Muhlenbergu Engelm., leaf; prosoplasma; broadly crescentic or banana-shaped, attached laterally and sessile on under side of leaf, tips attenuate, 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, smooth, light green, cavity large ovoid not extending into tips, wall thin; not common, Manhattan, Kan. One specimen, type in collection of writer. Houard describes a similar gall formed on Q. toza of Europe by Trigonospis bruneicornis Tay. This form differs, however, in bearing long, straggling hairs. Cynips sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 25. 25. On Quercus stellata Wang., terminal twig swelling; kata- prosoplasma ; broadly clavate to ovate, 1-2 cm. long, surface similar to normal twig, bud-bearing, monothalamous with false chamber occurring distal to larval cell and opening exteriorly by constricted orifice, false chamber widest near proximal end, lined with thin layer of hard tissue, larval cell ovoid embedded in woody tissue which consitutes the bulk of the gall; not common, Arlington, Tex. Types in the collection of writer. Amphibolips sp. (?) Cecidium nov. Fig. 26. 26. On Quercus marylandica Muench. at node (originates from bud meristem) ; prosoplasma, radiate-fiber type; balloon-shaped, 1.5-2.25 cm., long axis, green at first, turning yellow when old, not spotted, smooth; larval chamber connected to peripheral zone by relatively few coarse fibers, outer zone or wall very thick (2-3 mm.) * and of pith-like consistency, not shrinking when old; fairly com- mon, Arlington, Tex. ‘Types in collection of writer. The above is comewhat similar to Amphibolips cooki Gillette. It differs in the absence of the red spots, has a thicker wall, is tA. Psyche | April never distally nippled and does not shrivel upon drying. The galls remain on the trees for some time after the leaves have fallen and thus are readily observed in the winter. Cynips sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 27. 27. On Quercus stellata Wang., leaf petiole; prosoplasma; clus- tered, appendicular; single galls broadly fusiform, angular below through mutual compression, distally round-conic, 4-7 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, reddish brown, puberulent; larval chamber in fail minute, .25 mm. dia., walls correspondingly thick, firm, fleshy, outer half more deeply colored (tannin bearing) than inner half; not uncommon, Arlington, Tex. Types in collection of writer. These galls are most commonly found on the petiole bases of the terminal leaves, where they occur in such masses as to give a strik- ing aspect to the branch end. They dehisce from the trees in late fall, the larva completing its development through the winter and spring. Rhus. Eriophyes sp. Cecidium nov. Fig. 28. 28. On Rhus canadensis Marsh, leaf; kata-prosoplasma, diverti- culum type; irregularly rounded pocket gall, appendicular, under side, 4-6 mm. dia., green to red, on upper side marked by conie depression filled with trichomes; chamber highly branched, opening into depression, trichomes not abundant within; not uncommon, Manhattan, Kans. Types in writer’s collection. Felt? mentions a “cylindric pouch gall” on R. trilobata (canu- densis) from Utah. I have collected this narrow, fusiform type in Kansas. It is sharply and constantly different from the above. i Felt, E. P. Key to Am. Insect Galls. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 200. 1918. Solanum. Cecidozoon undetermined. Cecidium nov. Fig. 29. 29. On Solanum nigrum (L.) bud gall; kataplasma, gall con- sists merely of two highly distorted leaves with their incurled edges tightly appressed, forming a large cavity within. The principal veins are not contorted, this condition being confined to the smaller veins and intervenal tissues which have through slight hyperplasia and hypertrophy grown beyond the normal limits of the principal PSYCHE, 1921. Woes ROSQWIU IG Tete Nato! AL 1921] Fox—A New Form of Vanessa 45 veins. Infrequent; Fayetteville, Ark. Types in. collection of writer. ; This curious, primitive gall is evidently formed as’ follows: The larvee get into the apical region of the developing stem where they are able to interfere with the normal growth of two very young but definitely formed leaves; the embryonic leaves associated with the apical growing point are suppressed and may be observed in the gall as a compact mass of tissue filling the space between the petioles of the leaves involved in the gall proper. One or two empty pupa cases of the web type were found in the galls. Tilia. Cecidozoon undetermined. Cecidium noy. 30. On Tilia americana L., leaf; kataplasma; highly irregular wrinkle and distortion of leaf brought about through inhibition of growth of intervenal tissue; the veins become greatly looped and twisted; not common, Cedar Point, O. Types in the collec- tion of writer. Within the folds of the distorted leaves were found numerous small white larve which apparently were the cause of the galled. condition ; no evidence whatever of the previous presence of aphids was found. A NEW ABERRANT FORM OF VANESSA VIRGINIENSIS DRURY (HUNTERA FABR.). By Cras... Fox. The museum of the California Academy of Sciences contains an apparently undescribed variety of Vanessa virginiensis, which Mr. EK. P. Van Duzee, the curator, has turned over to the writer for . description. Vanessa virginiensis var. ahwashtee var. nov. Upper side. Expanse 43 mm. Primaries: Colors as in typical specimens; fulvous, costal margin, apex and broad outer margin 46 Psyche [ April of posterior half blackish; base shaded with olive-brown; apical area marked nearly as in the typical form except that the sub- marginal line is broader and more suffused ; posterior half showing an absence of the black bars found in typical virginiensis except for a slight trace in the cubitus, cell near a submarginal white spot usually found in the typical form. Secondaries: Ground color as in primaries; submarginal row of blue eyelike spots represented by a row of small indistinct white blotches which run into a suffu- sion of white toward the anterior margin; exteriorly without the submarginal black line found in typical virginiensis; fringes as in typical form. Under side. Primaries: ground color whitish with the olive- brown markings of virginiensis much reduced; disk pale apricot- orange, pink in typical form, showing a white spot exteriorly and wanting the black bars of the typical form; base with a double black mark; costa with two black bars, as in virginiensis. Second- aries: ground color nearly white; a basal band and two bars on the cell approximate anteriorly, one medial, the other apical, blackish, veined with white; anal area delicately shaded with blackish scales; . submarginal eyelike spots characteristic of virginiensis much re- duced, the anterior almost obliterated ; subapical black line heavier than in typical forms; other markings found in virginiensis absent. Described from one male taken by Mr. J. A. Kusche in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California, November 11, 1911. Type in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Named for the Ahwashtee tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the peninsula of San Francisco. This variation of V. virginiensis corresponds with the form muellert of Vanessa carye in the markings of the upper surface, while beneath, by its white color, it approaches Vanessa cardui elymi Ramb.1_ In the type specimen there is a slight folding of the primaries making the outer margin appear to be too deeply notched below the apex. 1 This form is quite distinct from var. fulva Dodge and from the aberration mentioned by Mr. H. M. Simms in Entomological News, XXV, p. 33, 1914. ‘ Explanation of Plate 1. Fig. 1. Vanessa virginiensis ahwashtee n. var. Upper side. Fig. 2. Vanessa virginiensis ahwashtee n. var. Under side. Fig. 3. Vanessa cardui elymi Ramb. . PSYCHE, 1921. Vor. XXVIII, Prare If. Fox—Vanessa. 1921] Bowditch—Notes on South American Lacticas 4? NOTES ON THE SOUTH AMERICAN LACTICAS. By F. C. Bownpircn, Boston, Mass. In Psyche, volume xx page 127, is given a list of the Lacticas of the Stanford Expedition to Brazil. One of the chief character- istics of the genus as originally laid out, is the transverse groove of the thorax, abruptly terminated by a longitudinal cut; soon, however, forms turned up where this transverse groove was much modified, then were added forms like thoracica Jac. where it was almost wanting, and the longitudinal cut only indicated; then calcarata Ill. has a well developed spur on the hind tibia ( 6 only), then a species appeared with anterior oblique depressions on the thorax (impressicollis Jac.), so that the genus as originally planned has been a good deal modified. Among the species undetermined in the above list are: rubricata Ilig., 1 pair, Para. debilis Har., 1 Madeira Mamore, No. 2219 Thaxter. trapezophorus Schf., 1 Porto Velho Rio Madeira, No. 2239 Thaxter. This last species has two foveac on the front and seems rare in collections—though it may be that what seems a fovea’ is merely the rear of the not uncommon ocular sulcus, covered somewhat by the withdrawal of the head into the thorax. Lactica brunneipennis sp. nov. Oblong, medium sized, head, legs and antenne black; thorax, body below and elytra bright shining reddish-yellow, the latter on either side, with a wide black longitudinal median stripe, start- ing from the base and extending nearly to the apex, the dark color especially on the disk, being beautifully shaded into the red ground color. 1 (6) Rio Madeira, Brazil, Mann and Baker, length 4 mm. Head impunctate on the vertex, and coarsely punctate in the deep ocular sulcus at the rear of the eye, antenne reaching a little beyond the middle of the elytra, the basal two or three joints more or less red, second joint short, half the length of the third, that 48 Psyche | April { and the fourth about equal, thorax with nearly straight sides and finely punctuate surface, the usual sulci both deep, straight and well defined, elytra very finely and inconspicuously punctulate, and a very obsolete basal depression; the extremé bases of the femora somewhat rufous. Lactica limbatus sp. nov. Ovate, small, pale straw yellow, labrum, antenne (except the base), vertex and neck, and all the edges of the elytra (including the basal and sutural), very dark reddish, piceous black. 6 and @ Porto Velho Rio Madeira, Brabil (Mann and Baker), length 24%-3 mm. ‘ Head finely punctured on the face, very sparsely on vertex, ihickly in the ocular sulcus, antenne 2/3 as long as body, dilute rufous at base, joints 2, 3, 4, increasingly long, thorax with nearly straight sides, surface very finely punctulate, transverse sulcus fairly well marked, the cut-off at the ends as usual better defined and deeper, scutellum pitchy, elytra thickly and finely punctuate, without basal depression, the disk of each elytron of a pale straw color forming a regular oblong spot from base to apex, but not in any place attaining the edges, body below and legs uniformly pale. The elytral markings easily distinguish this form. Lactica bakeri sp. nov. Small, elongate parallel, anterior face, antenne, thorax and legs pale flavous, tinged (especially the latter) with rufous, rear of head, neck and elytra dark violet, body below greenish-black. 5 examples, Porto Velho, Rio .Madeira, Brazil (Mann and Beker), length 234-3% mm. Mouth parts, and antenne exteriorly, darkened with rufous, ver- tex with scattered punctures, sulcus of eye more thickly punctate ; antenne reaching a little below the middle of elytra, jomts rather stout and flattened, the apex of each joint with stiff hairs, thorax with slightly rounded sides, a few fine punctures on the disk, usual sulci, prominent, deep and straight, elytra parallel, without basal depression sparsely punctulate. The Mexican species hidalgoensis Jac. has the same coloration of the elytra but has the head and body below flavous. 1921 | Bowditch—Notes on South American Lacticas 49 Lactica spinifer sp. nov. Stout, like calcarata Il. or thoracica Jac. entirely flavous with black eyes (antenne except first joint missing), hind tibia with a stout spur-like process (like calcarata) placed a trifle behind the middle on the inside. 1 example Chancomayo Thamm (first Jac. coll.), length 4 mm. Head with a small median fovea, and a few punctures on the front and vertex, thorax sparsely, finely punctulate, sides nearly straight, basal sulcus only moderately deep, the lateral deeply foveate; elytra smooth, polished, sparsely, finely punctulate and with a slight basal depression. The tibial spur easily distinguishes this form. In Ann. de Belg. 1893, Mr. Jacoby describes Lactica thoracica, a Bolivian form, as having the thorax “without any basal sulcus, the lateral grooves just indicated.” My specimen came from Ca- chabe; it is the best example of the absence of the basal sulcus. Another form with the same characteristic is Lactica plagiata sp. nov. Ovate, convex, flavous, palpi, antenne, legs and breast pitchy black, elytra with a large common blue-black spot from the base to below the middle, leaving a narrow strip of the margin flavous, the rear edge of the spot straight. 3 examples, 2 ¢ 1 2, Cachabé 1. c. (Rosenberg), length 4-5 mm. Head with well marked carina between the antenne, front smooth, except for a few punctures, antenne reaching below the middle of the elytra, second joint small, the first two joints some- what testaceous below, thorax with straight sides, smooth and shin- ing above, with a few minute punctures, the basal sulcus barely indicated (it might be called absent), the lateral grooves slightly indented ; elytra smooth, convex, lightly punctulate, thickly on the yellow area at the tip. In what I consider the @ the hind legs are much more strongly developed than in the ¢ and the apex of the hind tibia is broadened and flattened on the inside. The thoracic structure is almost identical with that of thoracica Jae. Sellata Baly is a well known form, widely distributed in Brazil. A species much resembling it superficially I separate as 50 Psyche Z [ Apri! Lactica dilatipes sp. nov. Small, oblong, ight straw- yellow, antenne, except the base, most of the tibe and tarsi and a common triangular spot on the base of . the elytra, dark piceous, hind tibia of ¢ abruptly dilated, inside, near the tip (like some species of Colaspis). 5 6 29, Salinas Beni R. (Stuart), length 3%—4 mm. Head with a broad, smooth front, with a few fine punctures, antenne relatively stout, reaching the middle of the elytra, second joint nearly equal to the third, thorax with nearly straight sides very finely punctulate, sulci well marked, especially the lateral ; elytra, smooth, shining, very minutely punctulate, basal depression slight, the dark spot does not cover the scutel, but touches the base in either side, running round under the shoulder, and a straight line across the middle; distinguished from sellata by the light legs and dilated ¢ tibia; the punctuation of the @ is stronger than the ¢. Lactica semingra Jac. P. Z. S. p. 176, is a preoccupied name and should be changed to Rosenbergi. The 3 hind tibia is di- tinctly curved and has a large spur-like process on the inside middle, like calcarata Ill. In thoracica Jac. what I take to be the é has a well marked dilation of the hind tibia close to the tip. The general shape of the body and the absence or otherwise of the ocular sulcus may be hereafter an aid in the future arrange- ment or division of the species of this perplexing group. ON PARAPERIPATUS EORENTZI HORST AND OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS FROM NEW GUINEA AND CERAM.! By CHARLES T. BRUES. Mr. Frederick Muir forwarded to me some time ago three speci- mens of Peripatus collected by Mr. A. F. Pratt in the Arfak Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institu- tion, Harvard University, No. 182. 1921] Brues—On Paraperipatus Lorentzi Horst 51 Up to the present time, six species of Onycophora, all belonging to Paraperipatus have been found in New Guinea and the adjacent islands of Ceram and New Britain. In order of their discovery, they are the following: P. nove-britanme Willey. 1898. New Britain. P. ceramensis Muir & Kershaw. 1909. Western Ceram. P. papuensis A. Sedgwick. 1910. Arfak Mts., Dutch North New Guinea. P. lorentzi Horst. 1910. Wichmann Mts., South Dutch New Guinea. P. schultzev Heymous. 1912. German New Guinea. P. stresemanm Bouvier. 1914. Ceram. With the exception of P. schultzei and its variety ferrugineus, these have been considered by Bouvier (714) in an admirable paper which includes a key to species based on type material of nove- britannie, papuensis, ceramensis and stresemanni. P. lorentzi is included in his table from Horst’s descriptions (710 and 711), but P. schultzei is not mentioned. An examination of the specimens send by Muir shows that they are not P. papuensis, the type locality of which is the Arfak Moun- tains, from whence the examples before me also have come. Thev agree rather closely with P. lorentzt, originally discovered in the Wichmann Mountains which lie to the south of the region occu- pied by the Arfak range. In spite of the several differences de- tailed below, I have been forced to conclude that two species, papuensis and lorentzt occur in the Arfak Mountains. Whether the two species occupy a different level, cannot be stated, as there is no indication of altitude on the label attached to the present speci- mens. However, papuensis occurs at an altitude of 3,500 feet, and lorentat was originally found at 9,000 feet, so that it is very prob- able that the two do not overlap in their distribution. The types of P. lorentzi were females with 22 pairs of legs. All three of the present species are also females, each provided with 23 pairs of legs. In the types the transverse body folds are of two types, consisting of broad folds bearing mainly large papille, alter- nating with narrow folds, which are supplied mainly with accessory 52 Psyche | April papille. There are five or six folds of each kind to a segment, and the narrow ones sometimes divide or may anastomose with the broad ones. In one of the present specimens such an alternation of broad and narrow folds can be seen, but in the others, and particularly in pieces of integument removed from the body and mounted in balsam under a cover-slip, it is seen that the secondary folds are frequently as broad as the primary ones and that they show much irregularity, division and anastomosis. The middle creeping pad of the legs in the types is twice as broad as the first or the third pad, and in the present examples it varies from one and one-half times the width of the first or third. The nephridial tubercle of the fourth and fifth pairs of legs divides the third creeping pad completely in the type and also in the present specimens, although’ in one individual these tubercles are abnormally small and do not divide the pad. Aside from these differences, there seem to be no distinguishing features, and it would seem that two distinct forms cannot be distinguished. It is interesting to note that the specimens at hand approach P. stresemanni Bouvier from Ceram in having 23 pairs of legs (23-24 in stresemanni and 22 in the typical lorentzi) and that the width. of the second creeping pad on the leg varies. from the size given for lorentzi to that given for stresemanni. In the case of the Papuan species, as more are being made known, it is evident that the same difficulties are to be encountered in differentiating species as have already become apparent among the American Onycophora. While it is apparent that P. lorentzi in the Arfak Mountain region approaches the Ceramese P. stresemanni in the characters mentioned, it seems improbable that the two species are not dis- tinct, although it is evident that they approach one another very closely. As no photographs of the integument of P. lorentzi have been published, I have prepared some from the finely preserved speci- mens forwarded by Mr. Muir. PSYCHE, 1921. Vout. XXVIII, Prats III. 3RUES—Paraperipatus lorentai. 1921 | Brues—On Paraperipatus Lorentzi Horst 53 LITERATURE. Bouvier, E. L. 714. Un nouveau Paraperipatus de Ceram. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 20, pp. 222-226. Heymons, R. 12. Hine neue Peripatusart (Paraperipatus schultzei aus New Guinea. SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr., Berlin, Jahrg. 1912, pp. 215-222. Horst, R. 710. Paraperipatus lorentzi Horst, a new Peripatus from Dutch New Guinea. Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 32, pp. 217-218. Horst, R. 711. Paraperipatus lorentzi nov. sp. Rés. Expéd. Sci. Neerland- aise 4 la Nouvelle Guinée, vol. 9, pt. 2, Zool., pp. 149-154, pl. 5. Muir, F. and Kershaw, J. C. 09. Peripatus ceramensis n. sp. Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci., vol. 58, pp. 737-740, pl. 19. Sedgwick, A. , 710. Peripatus papuensis. Nature, vol. 83, pp. 369-370. Willey, A. 98a. On Peripatus nove-britannie, sp. n. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 1, pp. 286-287. ’98b. The Development of Peripatus nove-britannie. Cam- bridge. ’98c. The Anatomy and Development of Peripatus nove-brit- tanme. 52 pp., pls. 4. Willey, Zool., Results. Cam- bridge. 54 Psyche [April A NEW GENUS OF TERMITE GUEST FROM FUJI. By Wm. M. Mann, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. The beetle described below, was collected by the writer on several different islands in Fiji, where individuals occur, one or two to a colony, with a termite (Nasutitermes sp.) common throughout the group and found in dead wood. They were running among the host where the latter were gathered thickest, in a manner common to many species of termitophiles. and similar in habits and behavior to our southern species, Trichopsenius depressus Lec. Coleoptera, Staphylimde, Aleocharint. Lauella gen nov. Male. (Near Perinthus Casey.) Small, moderately slender. Head, small, not constricted at base, broader than long, sides and occiput convex, vertex flattened. Eyes occupying less than half sides of head, glabrous. Antenne inserted in rather large and shallow fovee near interior margin of eye; 11-jointed; first joint three times as long as the third, remaining joints sub-equal in length; joints 3-7 cylindrical, 8-11 compressed, the apical more _ strongly so than the others. Clypeus submembranous, anterior margin straight. Gula subecampanulate. Labrum twice as long as broad, the anterior border strongly, broadly and triangularly excised at the middle. Mandibles acute at the apex. Submentum and mentum not distinctly divided, together large and sub-quad- rangular, with the outer angles rounded. Ligula small, strongly excised apically ; paraglosse not visible. Labial palp thick basally ; second joint half as broad as the basal; apical joint less than half as broad as the second. Maxillary palp 4-jointed, basal joint short, second and third joints subequal, the apical slender and much shorter than the third. Pronotum broader than long and a little broader behind than in’ front, sides strongly convex, anterior and posterior angles evenly rounded and not at all projecting. Elytra strongly transverse, nearly as broad and about two-thirds as long as pronotum, sides inflexed as in pronotum. Metasternum broad, episterna narrow; coxe contiguous. Abdomen narrower at base 1921 | Mann—A New Genus of Termite Guest 55 than elytra, rather slender and tapering; with six segments visible from above, the first four strongly margined. Legs short and broad; femora and tibie rather strongly compressed; femora with short tibial grooves; tibize rather broad, tarsi long and_ slender, 4-jointed on all the legs; claws small. Fig. 1. Head of Lauella vitiensis sp. nov. ant, antenne; c, cardo; g, galea; gu, gula; 1, lacinia; li, ligula; m, anterior part of mentum (fulcrum); oc, eye; plb, labial palpus; pmx, maxillary palpus; pr, prostheca; sl, labial stipes; sm, posterior part of mentum (sub-mentum). This genus is near Perinthus Casey, of which several species, all of termitophilous habit, are known from tropical America. Lauella is distinct in having the antenne more robust, cylindrical at base, and with only the last. four joints flattened (much less strongly than in any species of Perinthus), the eyes are not setose and the anterior border of the labrum is very strongly excised at middle. The legs of Perinthus are much less compressed. 56 Psyche [April In the male of Lauella the last dorsal segment is broadly and triangularly impressed. In the female seven abdominal segments are visible from above. Genotype.—Lauella vitiensis sp. nov. Lauella vitiensis sp. noy. Length 2.50—2.75 mm. (Fig. 1.) Dark brown, border of abdomen and appendages paler. Head, pronotum and elytra strongly shining, abdomen: moderately so. Head, thorax and elytra sparsely and finely punctate; hairs widely separated, long and erect. Abdomen above densely, though super- ficially punctate ; with a covering of fine, short and silky recumbent hairs, most sparse on the dorsum, and a series of long hairs which are suberect on the mar gins and aay recumbent on the middle of dorsum, Head less than half as broad as pronotum. Pronotum about one and one-half times as broad as long, broadest behind, sides little convex. Elytra together twice as broad as long, broadest in front, sides nearly straight, posterior border straight. Abdomen gradually tapering, a little longer than the anterior part of the body. - Described from several specimens taken at Vunisea, Kadavu (type locality) ; Waquava and 'Tuvuea, in the Fiji Islands. The accompanying drawing of the under side of the head and the terminology of the same were kindly prepared by Dr. A. Boving. 7 NEW DIPTERA FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. By CHARLES W. JOHNSON, Boston Society of Natural History. Lepidostola perpolita sp. noy. Male. Black, face shining, nearly perpendicular, with a slight middle convexity, sides of the face depressed, the depressions and orbits yellowish pruinose, inferior orbit yellow, frontal triangle shining, the upper angle yellow, in a certain light, a narrow orbital line is seen, expanding and forming a spot on each side, narrowly 1921] Johnson—New Diptera from Texas and Mexico 5Y separated from the facial depression, vertical triangle prominent, projecting far above the eyes, occiput shining, antenne yellow, longer than the face, the first jomt longer than the first and second together. Thorax black, with a wide band of bright yellow scale-like tomentum between the shining humeri, a wide arcuate band of the same yellow tomentum in front of the scutellum, be- tween the two bands some scattering yellow scales, pleura and scu- tellum shining, the latter very prominent, conical and slightly ~ pubescent. Abdomen shining, the first and second segments thinly covered with yellowish hairs. Legs black, shining, bases of all the femora and the tarsi (except the last three joints of the front and the last two on the middle and hind tarsi), yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings yellowish hyaline, the veins, stigma and outer third of the wing slightly darker. Squame margined with brown, the lower one fringed with long yellow hairs and the upper one with shorter brown hairs. Length 6 mm. One specimen, Mexico. Spilomyia texana sp. nov. Female. Front and face light yellow with a slight brownish facial stripe and a spot on the inferior orbits; vertex and occiput black, and densely pruinose ; antenne yellow. Thorax black, marked with yellow. The humeri fused with large quadrate spots, occupy- ing about two-thirds of the pronotum, leaving a wide black dorsal and transverse band of equal width, the presutural and post-alar callosities yellow, from the latter extend arcuate markings, the ends of which are separated at the suture by the width of the dorsal line of black, a large triangle in front of the scutellum, pleura with spots above the front and middle cox, and a large median spot in front of the wing, a large spot is also present on each side of the metanotum, scutellum entirely yellow. Abdomen yellow, the extreme bases of the first to fourth segments black, the median interrupted bands on the second to fourth segments and occupying slightly oblique depressions, are brown, not black. Ventral seg- ments brownish black, margined with yellow. Legs, including the coxe, yellow, except the outer half of the front tibie and all the ' front tarsi, which are black. Halteres yellow. Anterior of the wing, as far as the fourth vein, clouded with brown, fifth vein widely margined with brown. Length 18 mm. 58 Psyche [ April Round Mountain, Blanco Co., Texas. Allied to S. hamifera Loew, and previously looked upon as a variation, but having so. many distinguishing characters that it seems worthy of a specific name. ; Xylota nebulosa sp. nov. Male. Face yellow, front brownish, covered with a yellowish pubescence, cheeks brown, vertical triangle and occiput black, shin- ing, antenne and ariste black, the third jomt round. Thorax bronze black, the humeri whitish pollinose, pleura and scutellum black, somewhat shining. Abdomen black, the first segment shin- ing, the second with two large yellow spots narrowly divided-by dorsal line, expanding posteriorly into a large triangle, base mar- gined with black which does not reach the lateral margin, third segment opaque, the side shining, fourth segment metallic green, covered with a yellow tomentum that is longer towards the pos- terior margin, fifth segment shining black. Venter brownish black, the second segment entirely yellow. Femora and cox black, tibiz and tarsi yellow, the last two joints of the front and middle, and the last three joints of the hind tarsi, blackish, middle of the tibia brown. Halteres yellow. The outer half of the wing clouded with dark brown, base hyaline. Length 9 mm. One specimen, Texas. This resembles somewhat the figure and description of XY. paua- illa Will., but the rounded, not elongated, third antennal joint, the less coarctate abdomen and the more heavily clouded wings, readily distinguish this species. Epiplatea dohaniani sp. nov. Male. Front brown, opaque, sparsely covered with short black hairs, the entire orbital margins whitish, face yellow, cheeks brown and about two-thirds the height of the eye, occiput brown, covered with short black hairs and whitish pruinose, sharply defined at the cheeks, antennz yellow, arista dark brown, base yellow. Thorax dark brown with short black hair, macrocheetz as in the genotype 1921] Mwir—A Symbiotic Organism in Fulgorids if Sine (£. erosa Loew), pleura whitish pruinose, scutellum and abdomen dark brown, the fourth and fifth segments blackish. Halteres white. Legs light brown. Wings grayish hyaline with the tip beyond the outer cross-band whitish, the inner edge of this band poorly defined, the middle band extending from the costa (between the ends of the first and second veins), across the posterior cross- vein to the tip of the fifth vein, the inner band extending from the end of the auxiliary across the base of the discal cell to the _ tip of the anal vein, base of the wing yellow. Length 5 mm. One specimen, collected by Mr. S. M. Dohanian, at Kelley Field, near San Antonio, Texas, April 27, 1918. Stegana barretti sp. nov. Female. Face whitish, cheeks brown, shining, front brownish black, opaque, antenne brown. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen bluish black, shining, sparsely covered with fine black hairs, humeri and a large spot on the pleura below the base of the wing, snow white. Femora and tibie black, tarsi yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, with a slight yellow tinge. Length 3.5 mm. Collected at Amecameca, Mexico, Sept., 1900, by Mr. O. W. Barrett. A SYMBIOTIC ORGANISM IN FULGORIDS. By F. Murr, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T. H. When working on the natural enemies of the delphacid, Perkin- siella saccharicida, in Australia, in the latter part of 1919, I found that about eighty per cent of the eggs of this insect in the field were destroyed, and a fungus always present. At first I took the fungus to be the cause of the destruction of the eggs, but upon further investigation, I found that this was not so, and that these eggs were all punctured and their contents sucked up by a Mirid, Cyrtorhinus mundulus (Breda.). Further observations revealed the fact that the young, adults 60 Psyche | [ April . and eggs of all Delphacide contained yeast-like cells very similar to the cells described by Speare in cutworms.* In the adult female Perkinsiella these organisms clustered around certain parts of the ovarian tubes and evidently penetrated the walls and entered the eggs where they could always be found congregated in a round mass at the posterior end of the egg. They appear to be held together by a viscid substance, for under a little pressure they flatten out and return to a sphere when the pressure is released. With greater pressure the ball bursts and the cells are dispersed. After the eggs are laid, this mass becomes reddish, due to minute red bodies; during development it works up to the anterior end ot the egg and breaks up. Most of the cells appear to be thrown out of the embryo and lie under the egg cap, but a number remain within the embryo and multiply by end-building. After the young leave the egg-shell, the cells remaining within the shell germinate, develop hyphe, and, if the conditions be favorable, fructify in a similar manner to Sorosporella uvella described by Speare. All the species of Delphacide that I examined in Australia con- tained this organism, but in no species of Ciccadellide could I find any. ~All species of Hawaiian Delphacide so far examined con- tain them, and also Siphanta acuta, an introduced Australian fulgorid. — It appears that this organism is in no way inimical to its host. Perhaps it is beneficial, helping it to digest the starches and sugars which form a large percentage of its food. This note is published in the hope that some student of mycology will make further investigations, work out the life history and identify the fungus. * Jour. Agri. Research XVIII. 8, 1920, pp. 399-440. 1921] Proceedings of the Cambridge Entomological Club 61 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. The ‘annual meeting was held January 11th. The Secretary reported 11 meetings during the year, with average attendance of 22. Hleven members were elected and the present members number 81. The Treasurer’s report showed that $923.28 had been paid for the publication of Psyche, and $943.06 received from subscribers. $58.00 had been received from assessments and $56.42 paid for general expenses. The editor of Psyche reported that the magazine had been reduced in size and 161 pages published, with a small number of illustrations which had been paid for by con- tributors. The following officers were elected for 1921: HeMESMOEMb eaters s+ cs s-oeee gels ee ete ste Nathan, Banke, Wice=President: s.)..0)5 2.63.0 Pear L. R. Reynolds. BCC TCUCIEN IE acsis Nee 0 ni si: sion ovelpiw sei Ore J. H. Emerton. PRACT Eran ncatigete eee coc ewe oe F. H. Walker. Executive Committee.....C. A. Frost, A. P. Morse, P. G. Bolster. Prof. Brues, who had attended the entomological meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Chicago, gave an account of the proceedings. Prof. Wheeler gave an account of a visit to the entomologists at the University of Ilinois. Mr. A. P. Morse showed several grasshoppers and froghoppers especially abundant on the grass, Andropogon scoparius, widely distributed along the sea coast. Mr. R. H. Howe, Jr., showed a diagram of the elevations of land in New England used for plotting the vertical distribution of insects, Mr. Varas who had attended club meetings for the past three years and was about to return to his home in Chile, asked for cor- respondence and exchange of specimens. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment 84-102 College Ave., Rochester, N. Y. Best equipped establishment in the United States for furnishing Entomological Supplies and Specimens Special Attention is called to our American Ent. Insect Pins. Hand-made Schmitt and other Insect Boxes. 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Co. price list of Lepidoptera. 80 pages. Price 25 cents. Free to our customers. New Illustrated Catalogue of Insects ready for distribution. WARD’S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ——_ 4 HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY > "WILLIAM A. RILEY, Ph.D., Professor of Insect Mor hology an Cornell University, and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. iD va areeeas die Biology, Cornell University. A concise account of poisonous, parasitic and disease- carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, ith keys for ther determnaton, and _ methods of control. Bound in library We medium 8vo. 348 pages. Price, $2.00 net. A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF INSECTS ye JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, ‘Cornell University. “phis handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public copes and of students in high schools and colleges. The book is so written hat ee ae teacher can find out for himself the more impor tant facts te life. 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Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line); Additional Characters, 1 cent each, per line, per 500. Trimmed. Prices subject to change without notice. C. V. BLACKBURN, 12 Pine St., STONEHAM, MASS., U. S. A. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September excepted) at 7.45 p. m. at the Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston. The Bussey Insti- tution is one block from the Forest Hills station of both the — elevated street cars and the N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Entomolo- gists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. YUN a ete TARO EIAR ies Tt) td eh PE ES, A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 VOL XXVIII JUNE, 1921 NUMBER 3 ‘Prodryas persephone Scudder. CONTENTS Museulature and Movement of Tarsi in Aphids. L. B. Vichanco.. 63 Descriptions of New Ichneumonide in the Collection of the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. H. L. Viereck The Origin and Homologies of the So-called “Superlingue” or “Paraglosse” (Paragnaths) of Insects and Related Arthro- pods. G. C. Crampton .. Proceeding of the Cambridge Entomological Club CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1921 President : ; , ‘ 4 ‘ ; NaTHAN BANKS Vice-President. : : ‘ : : L. R. REYNOLDS Secretary . ; : 4 2 : : . J. H. Emerton Treasurer E : : : t F. H. WALKER Haecutive Committee C. A. Frost, W. L. W. Frexp, P. G. BoLstEr EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. Brurs, Harvard University. ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. JOTINSON, NatHan BANKS, Boston Society of Natural History. Harvard University. A. lL. MELANDER, A. P. Morse, Washington State College. Wellesley College. J. H. EMERTON, J. G. NEEDHAM, Boston, Mass. Cornell University. W. M. WHEELER, Harvard University. PSYCHE is published bi-monthly, the issues appearing in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to subscribers in the United States, Canada or Mexico; foreign postage, 15 cents extra. Single copies, 40 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, ete., should be sent to Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution. Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other editorial matter, should be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Bussey Insti- tution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be re- quired to bear a part of the extra expense for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors: the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $3.60 each, and for full page half-tones, $4.80 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office at Boston, Mass. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided in Section 1103, Act of October 8, 1917, authorized on June 29, 1918. Rowe VOL. XXVIII JUNE, 1921 No. 3 MUSCULATURE AND MECHANISM OF MOVEMENT OF THE TARSI IN APHIDS.1 By Leopoipo B. UicHanco, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, P. I. The present work is an attempt to determine the muscles respon- sible for the movement of the tarsi in aphids. The manner of articulation of the first tarsal segment on the tibia and the mech- anism of movement of the tarsi are discussed in some detail. MATERIAL AND METHODs. The form used was Myzus persice Sulzer. Like many other aphids, this species is a very favorable subject for anatomical study of the appendages on account of the semi-transparent condition of the integument, which renders the interior more or less visible, even in the living specimen. ‘Two series were studied: (1) living material and (2) balsam preparations in toto. For the study of the living insects, both nymphs and adults, mounted in aqueous or saline media, were used. In these it was possible to follow the movements of the tarsi under both the 16-millimeter and the 4-milli- meter objectives of an ordinary Bausch and Lomb microscope fitted with a No. 10 ocular. The muscle responsible for the movement and its tendons also showed a fairly sharp definition in the fresh, unstained preparations. Amputated legs were likewise studied, although not used as a basis for the investigation of tarsal move- ments for the reason that the operation might have brought about conditions which would tend to produce abnormal reflexes. A more careful preliminary anatomical study was made of fresn specimens with the aid of Schneider’s acid carmine. ‘This reagent was found to stain the nuclei of the hypodermal cells and the muscle bodies deeply, differentiating them fairly well from the 1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the Bussey Institu- tion for Research in Applied Biology, Harvard University. No. 187. 64 Psyche [ June adjoining tissues, which do not take the stain so readily. Balsam mounts were prepared from legs excised above the bases of the coxe, fixed in Gilson’s mercuro-nitric mixture and stained in either Ehrlich’s acid hematoxylin (12 hours; then differentiated in 70 per cent. alcohol which had been slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and dehydrated) or in alum-cochineal prepared according to Guyer’s formula? (36 hours; then washed 20 minutes in several changes of water and dehydrated). Alum-cochineal was found to produce more delicate differentiation. Ehrlich’s hematoxylin also gave good results, but its tendency to stain the material too deeply makes it inferior to the alum-cochineal for preparations i toto. ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Except in size and in some other minor differences, the three pairs of legs are apparently uniformly similar in their anatomical characters. In the absence therefore of any important structural modifications in any of the legs, no attempt is made in the present discussion to treat each of the three pairs separately. The legs of aphids have two tarsal segments. In the case of Myzus persice the first segment (Plate IV, figures 1 and 3. C) is nearly one-fourth the length of the second (Plate IV, figures 1 and 3. ¢). The former is subtriangular from the lateral aspect, and is produced at the entoproximal*? margin into two subconical pro- jections, as follows: (1) A longer one, which is subconfluent with the ental wall of the first tarsal segment (Plate IV, figures 3 and 5. H). This serves as the base for the insertion of a muscle which by its analogy in function to certain vertebrate muscles will be termed the extensor tarsi.* (2) A smaller projection which branches from the former at the base and is directed entally with respect to the median line of the insect’s body at an angle of about 90 degrees 2Guyer, M. F. 1917. Animal Micrology: 9. Chicago. *In this and the paragraphs which follow, such terms as ental, ectal, etc., refer to the normal position of the leg with respect to the median line of the insect’s body. 4In vertebrates, muscles are usually ‘‘arranged in antagonistic groups, the action of one being the opposite of its antagonist. Thus there are flexors to bend a limb, extensors to straighten it... .’’ Kingsley, J. S. 1917. Out- lines of Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, second edition, revised: 134. Philadelphia. 1921] Uichanco—Movement of Tarsi in Aphids 65 from the ental wall of the first tarsal segment (Plate IV, figures 3 and 5. J). This projection is connected at the apex and sides with the articular membrane (Plate IV, figures 3 and 5. J), and will be described presently. The ectal wall of the first tarsal seg- ment is very short, and is broadly and deeply cleft at the proximal margin, forming an outer, round-top, subconical process, which fits rather snugly into a groove at the ectodistal margin of the tibia. This arrangement (Plate IV, figures 3 and 4. @) serves as the single hinge on which the tarsus moves, a condition contrasting with that of the adjoining segment, the tibia, since the latter, as pointed out by Woodworth (1908), moves on two hinges, situated on either side at its junction with the femur. At its ento- and lateroproximal sides, the first tarsal segment fits telescopically into the thickly chitinized distal wall of the tibia (Plate IV, figures 3 and 5). When the tarsus is extended, the intervening space is widest between the ental walls of the two segments and narrows down ecto- laterally into the hinge. The proximal margin of the first tarsal seg- ment apparently first snugly into the distal rim of the tibia when the former is flexed outward. The cuticular membrane connecting the proximal margin of the first tarsal segment with the distal margin of the tibia (Plate IV, figures 3 and 5. J) is a continuation of the cuticula of the leg and is very flexible owing to its being only thinly chitinized. It is widest entally and narrows ectolaterally into the hinge, remotely assuming when stretched a semilunar shape. The darker appearance of a small area immediately adjoin- ing the tarsal projection, which has been referred to above, indi- cates a marked reinforcement in this region. As has been mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs, a subconical projection at the entoproximal margin of the first tarsal segment serves as the base for the insertion of the extensor tarsi. This muscle, as far as I could make out, both in the fresh preparations and in balsam mounts, has its origin within the ectal wall of the tibia, near the proximal end of the latter (Plate IV, figures 1 and 2. #). The body of the muscle is at the subdistal portion. This is a short, spindle-shaped mass, which is readily distinguishable through the tibial wall in whole mounts (Plate IV, figure 3. /). 66 Psyche | June A short tendon® connects it with the projection of the tarsus. The tendon which connects this muscle with the subproximal end of the tibia is relatively much longer and narrowly subfusiform, abruptly expanding subconically toward the point of origin. It is of considerable interest in connection with the musculature of the tarsi in aphids that the flexor is absent, its function haying been taken over by another arrangement which will be described presently. In the more primitive types of insects, as in the Blat- tide, two antagonistic sets of tarsal muscles are present. Miail and Denny (1886) found a flexor and a retractor moving the tarsi of Blatta orientalis Linn. The disappearance of the flexor tarsi in aphids must have been the result of degeneration consequent upon the more highly speciahzed habits of this insect. The junction between the first and the second tarsal segments has not been satisfactorily studied in connection with the present work. It appears, however, that the two segments are more or less firmly connected by a narrow strip of articular membrane in such a way as to give the second tarsal segment only a very restricted amount of independent movement. MECHANISM OF TARSAL MOVEMENT. From an examination of the anatomical structure of the legs, as well as from direct study of their movements under the microscope, it is evident that movement in the tarsal region centers around the first tarsal segment. Apparently, the tension of the highly chitin- ized wall of the tibia has the tendency to stretch the articular membrane outward, and, since the single hinge is located at the ectal part of the articulation of the first tarsal segment with the tibia, where it offers resistance to the tension of the tibial wall, the tarsus is bent on this hinge at an angle of about 90 degrees. As the extensor tarsi contracts, an upward pull is appled on the entoproximal margin of the first tarsal segment. Pivoted on the 5 The term tendon, as used in the present paper, is applied to the more or less subcylindrical strand of tissue which connects the main body of the rnuscle with the inner wall of the insect’s legs. As used by Woodworth (1908), the word apparently has a different significance. So far as I was able to make out from both his discussion and his figures, it is apparently meant by him to apply to the projection or elongation of the chitinous wall which serves as the muscular insertion. 1921] Uichanco—Movement of Tarsi in Aphids 6F hinge, the tarsus is stretched medially and becomes extended so as to bring it at an approximately straight line with the tibia. telaxation of the extensor removes the force which pulls the first tarsal segment at the place indicated, and the tension of the wall of the tibia brings the former back to its original position. It appears, therefore, that the wall of the tibia performs the function of the lost antagonistic muscle of the tarsi in aphids. The move- ment of the tarsi in either direction is limited by the articular membrane. As has already been noted, the movement of the second tarsal segment is apparently very restricted, probably to the extent of merely giving the tarsus a certain amount of resilency when the insect is walking. It has not been observed in the present wori to flex to any marked extent either ectally or entally with respect to the first tarsal segment. SUMMARY. In certain more primitive insects, two antagonistic muscles move the tarsus. In the aphids, one of these is lost through degenera- tion or atrophy, only the extensor remaining. The function of the lost antagonistic muscle is taken over by the walls of the tibia, which, by its tension, has the tendency to flex the tarsus outward at an angle with the tibia. The tarsus moves on a single hinge, located at the ectal portion of the articulation of the first tarsal segment with the tibia. The articular membrane limits the movements of the tarsus in either direction. The second tarsal segment is apparently very restricted in its movement, perhaps to the extent of only giving the tarsus a cer- tain amount of resiliency when the insect is in motion. LITERATURE CITED. Miatr, L. C., anp Denny, A. 1886. The Structure and Life History of the Cockroach (Periplaneta orientalis): 77. Fig. 37. London and Leeds. Woopworrn, C. W. 1908. The Leg Tendons of Insects. The American Naturalist, 42: 452-456. 68 Psyche | [June EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Detaits or Lees or Myzus persice SuLzer. A. Femur. Be Mibia: C. First tarsal segment. c. Second tarsal segment. D. Ungues. #. Extensor tarsi. F. Hypodermis of tibia. G. Hinge at articulation of first tarsal segment with tibia. HI. Subconieal projection of entoproximal margin of first tarsal segment, serving as base for insertion of extensor tarsi. I. Another projection of first tarsal segment, connecting with articular membrane. J. Articular membrane connecting proximal margin of first tarsal segment with distal margin of tibia. Figure 1. Lateral view of leg, showing relative positions of femur and more distal adjoining segments ; muscle and hypodermis. Se aie Figure %. Articulation and adjoining portions of femur and tibia, showing origin of extensor tarsi. Lateral aspect. > 350. Figure 3. Distal portion of tibia and adjoining segments, show- ing insertion of extensor tarsi; articulation of first and second tarsal segments; hinge of first tarsal segment; and articular mem- brane. Lateral aspect. 350. Figure 4. Ectolateral portion of leg adjoining articulation of first tarsal segment with tibia, showing hinge. Lateral aspect. 65. Figure 5. Entolateral portion of leg adjoining articulation of first tarsal segment with tibia, showing articular membrane and the subconical projections at entoproximal margin of the first tarsal segment. Lateral aspect. 675. Vou. XXVIII, Puate IV. 1921. PSYCHE, Uicuanco—Musculature of Tarsi in Aphids. 70 Psyche | June DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ICHNEUMONIDA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. By Henry L. VIERECK, Washington, D. C. With one exception the following new species are all from locali- ties in Virginia near the District of Columbia. Ameloctonus xanthocerus sp. nov. Type.—No. 11182, M. C. Z. Type-locality—Great Falls, Virginia, June 5 (N. Banks). Female.—Length, 7 mm.; ovipositor 1.25 mm.; related to A. clisiocampe Weed, from which it is readily known by the color of the antenne, the less completely areolated propodeum, etc. Head black, dullish, finely densely sculptured, sericeous with silvery pu- bescence, temples and occiput between occipital carina and top of head shining and less densely sculptured than the face, facial line : transfacial line :: 25 : 34, axial line : temporal line :: 10 : 6, greatest diameter of lateral ocelli apparently a trifle longer thaa the ocellocular line, which latter is shorter than the lateral ocellar line which in turn is shorter than the postocellar line which in turn is distinctly shorter than the ocelloccipital line, clypeus truncate, finely granular and indistinctly punctured, mandibles mostly yellow, with brownish teeth, palpi mostly pale, antenne mostly yellowish stramineous, blackish or black beyond the 10th joint, scape nearly as thick as long, pedicel apparently less than half as long as scape, joint 3 distinctly longer than 4 but shorter than 475 and at least three times as long as thick at apex, following joints subequal, joint 27 apparently thicker than long; thorax colored, sculptured and pubescent much like the head, mesonotum sculptured much like the clypeus except where the notauli ought to be where the sculp- ture is not so fine, pronotum reticulated, laterally striate, meso- pleure mostly densely reticulated and punctured, the upper halt with a striate depressed area and an almost sculptureless streak, scutel sculptured much like the clypeus, metanotum with indefinite sculpture, metapleure sculptured and pubescent much like the 1921] Viereck—Descriptions of New Ichneumonide va lower half of the mesopleura, wings almost colorless with a uni- formly distributed brownish tinge, costa blackish, stigma yellowish stramineous, rest of veins brownish stramineous, bulle whitish, cubitus beyond second transverse cubitus mostly paler than the other veins, areolet petiolate, receiving recurrent vein beyond its middle, the petiole shorter than the shortest side of areolet, wing base yellowish-stramineous, tegule mostly yellowish with a pale- stramineous margin, fore and mid coxe and trochanters pale-stra- mineous, hind coxe brownish stramineous, hind trochanters pale- stramineous, rest of fore and mid legs mostly brownish-stramineous except claws and empodia which are more or less brownish to black- ish, hind femora reddish-brown, hind tibize and tarsi brownish- stramineous with the former darker near the base and at apex than elsewhere, hind claws and empodia concolorous with those of fore and midlegs, claws pectinate; propodeum black, finely seulp- tured and pubescent with silvery pubescence, exareolate beyond the basal transverse carina, the latter obtusely angulate in the middle, basalarea triangular, apical transverse carina incomplete, propodeum apparently shorter from base to apex, than wide at base, rather rugulose beyond the basal transverse carina, not at all de- pressed down the middle; abdomen shining, covered with pale pubescence and rather fusiform, truncate at apex, first segment with its basal two-thirds subcylindrical, its apical third convex but broader than thick dorso-ventrally, black throughout, petiole with a fossa on each side, spiracles distinctly nearer to each other than to the apex, second and third sternites yellowish stramineous, second tergite black except for the apical third which is mostly reddish, rest of tergites reddish except the sixth which has a black stain on its basal half above, thyridia rather oval, brownish much nearer the base than to the spiracles and as near the lateral edge as to the base, spiracles of second tergite apparently nearer the base than the apex and not much more than their own width from the lateral edge, sheaths of ovipositor blackish and hardly longer than the apical truncature of abdomen. Angitia ezstivalis sp. nov. Type.—No. 11183, M. C. Z. 72 Psyche | June Type-locality—Falls Church, Virginia, July 4, Aug. 27 (N. Banks). Other localities—Glencarlyn, June 30, Great Falls, June 21, Virginia (N. Banks). Female.—Length 9 mm.; ovipostor 1 mm.; compared with the original description of (Amorphota) Angitia? lawrencei (Viereck). This species differs as follows: Very like (Amorphota) Angitia? augusta (Viereck) in color. Head.—Face indistinctly punctured, clypeus more distinctly punctured, antenne 36-jointed. Thorax.— Hind coxe black, hind proximal trochanters mostly black, other trochanters yellowish-stramineous, claws brownish to blackish and pectinate, all of fore tarsi reddish brown,mid onychii blackish, hind tibie reddish brown except for a blackish apex and a yellowish base, mid tarsi brownish stramineous, hind tarsi mostly blackish brown, the joints yellowish at base. Propodeum.—Basal area circum- scribed, nearly quadrate and nearly as large as the areolet, areola and petiolarea confluent, slightly concave, covered with decussating, conspicuous silvery hairs, costule wanting, lateral and median logitudinal carine present. Abdomen.—Compressed like a knife blade, black throughout, exserted portion of ovipostor apparently as long as the first tergite. Compared with the original description of Angitia? augusta (Viereck). This species differs in its wider cheeks, in its antenne having more joints, stigma blackish brown. Areolet distinctly petiolate, fore and mid cox brownish stamin- eous, ete. Campoplex banksi sp. nov. Type.—No. 11184 M. C. Z. Type-locality—Falls Church, Virginia, July 12, at honey dew on tulip tree (N. Banks). Female—Length 10 mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm.; black and seri- ceous with silvery pubescence ; agrees with C.nigricincta (Ashmead ) in the greatest diameter of lateral ocelli being longer than the ocellocular line, in the quadrate head with outside line of eyes and temples nearly in the same plane, ete., but differs in size, in the mandibles and palpi which are almost entirely black or blackish, in the antenne which are black except for a brownish edge at apex 1921 | Viereck—Descriptions of New Ichneumonide 73 of scape and pedicel, in the tegule which are stramineous, in the legs which are black or blackish except for the fore tibiae and tarsi, basal half of mid tibia, part of mid tarsi, base of hind tibie and hind metatarsi, all of which are pale stramineous or yellowish white. in the propodeum which is rather indistinctly areolated, rugulose and longitudinally channeled, longitudinal carine virtually want- ing, and the apical transverse carina confused with the sculpture down the middle of the propodeum, in the abdomen which has a yellowish band at apex of first and second tergites, the basal third of the second tergite mostly brownish, second sternite yellowis! and brownish stramineous, and in the wings which are broadly margined with a blackish brown stain the lower edge of which is parallel or nearly parallel to the terminal or pale abscissa of the eubitus, stigma and costa blackish, rest of veins blackish-brown, areolet sessile, five-sided. It gives me much pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to its well-known collector. Cryptohelcostizus Cushman. Judging from the following species this is an atypical member of the Osprhynchotine with the spiracles of the first tergite in or before the middle and nearer to each other than to the apex of the tergite. According to Ashmead’s classification this genus is related to Callicryptus Ashmead, it also has characters in common with Spilocryptus as exemplified by S. extrematis Cresson. Cryptohelcostizus dichrous sp. noy. Type.—No. 11189, M. C. Z. Type-locality—Southern Pines, North Carolina, November 3, 1908. (A. H. Manee). Female.—Length 12 mm.; shiny, black except an almost con- tinuous yellowish line along the eye margin of the head, the red- dish abdomen and the deeply infumated wings; axial line : tem- poral line :: 25 : 10, malar space : width of mandiles at base as 8 : 8 or malar space or width of mandibles at base, each 336 u, anterior third of clypeus in the form of a broad facet, antennie twenty-five joimted, the terminal joint truncate at apex, face with v4 Psyche [ June distinct punctures that are mostly either adjoining or one or two puncture width apart, non-facetted portion of clypeus punctured much like face, almost impunctate down the middle, shiny and finely sculptured, facetted portion polished or nearly so, pronotum mostly, deeply punctured, striate in and along the deepest portion of the sclerite, dorsulum punctured much like the face, but pol- ished, its notauh deep and ribbed, mesopleure sculptured much like the dorsulum, sternauli wanting except for a difference in sculp- ture evidenced by short vertical strix, metapleure rugoso-punctate, scutel planate or nearly so, rather truncate at apex, areolet pent- angular, its inner side formed by the first transverse cubitus, dis- tinctly longer than the next longest side that is formed by the second transverse cubitus, its upper side or second abscissa of radius a little shorter than the outer side, but a little longer than the lower inner side, the latter a little longer than the lower outer side which is the smallest side, nervulus received by the median cell before the basal vein, nervellus broken distinctly below the middle and forming an obtuse angle, fore tibize almost club-shaped, as if pinched near base; propodeum shiny, the upper aspect separ- ated from the posterior aspect by the apical transverse carina, upper aspect polished, transversely striate down the middle, punctured laterally, its punctures adjoining or nearly, posterior aspect pol- ished, coarsely reticulate except the upper half of the posterior aspect down the middle; abdomen punctured, its first tergite pol- ished and with its punctures mostly from one to three puncture widths apart, the succeeding tergites a little more closely punc- tured, shiny and finely reticulated, fifth, sixth and seventh tergites with more or less shallow and indistinct punctures, ovipostor ap- parently a little more than 3.5 mm. long, its apex with a rather coarse structure. ; Allotype.-—No. 11189, M. C. Z. Southern Pines, North Caro- lina, Feb. 5, 1909 (A. H. Manee). Compared with the description of the type given above this differs as follows: Length, 10 mm.; axial line : temporal line :: 19 : 8, malar space : width of mandibles at base :: 4 : 5, or malar space 168 u, width of mandibles at base 210 u, antenne 26-jointed, the terminal joint not truncated, but nearly pointed, lower half of 1921] Viereck—Descriptions of New Ichneumonide 75 clypeus forming a broad, polished facet, the remainder of the clypeus dullish and sparsely indistinctly punctured ; pronotum with faint strie in the furrow, elsewhere more or less sparsely pune- tured, first transverse cubitus a little longer than the lower inner side of the areolet or the next longest side, second transverse cubi- tus a little shorter than the lower inner side, second abscissa of radius : lower outer side of areolet :: 5 : 4, fore tibia normal as in Spilocryptus eaxtrematis Cress., posterior aspect of propodeum coarsely reticulate throughout; abdomen sculptured much as in the type but not so distinctly. Holocremnus flaviclypeus sp. noy. Type.—No. 11185, M. C. Z. Type-locahty— Chain Bridge, Virginia, June 14 (N. Banks). Male.—Length 8 mm.; compared with the original description of H. virginiensis Viereck this species differs as follows :—Head, black except the face below antenne, which, including the clypeus is mostly yellow, lower edge of temples yellowish, transfacial line : facial line :: 36 : 33, interocellar space finely sculptured, though not so finely as along the ocellocular line, lateral ocellar line slightty shorter than the ocellocular line, clypeus apparently punctured and granular, scape almost entirely yellow, pedicel yellow beneath (antenne broken), pedicel nearly one-half the length of scape; thorax, black except for appendages and yellowish tubercles, costa stramineous, stigma and other veins, except bulla, brownish stra- mineous, stigma palest, terminal abscissa of cubitus mostly nearly as pale as center of stigma, fore coxew yellow throughout as are the mid coxe, hind coxe black at base and laterally on basal half, elsewhere more or less reddish or yellowish, fore and mid femora yellowish, appendages of fore and mid onyechii dark brown or black- ish, basal half of their claws pectinate, hind trochanters concolor- ous yellowish, hind femora reddish, hind tibie brownish stramine- ous except for a yellowish base, hind tarsi yellowish, with dark- ened tips and darkened onychii, appendages of latter similar to those of fore and mid legs ; propodeum, basal area triangular, petio- late, petiolarea transversely rugosostriate, areola mostly indefinitely sculptured; abdomen, distance between first pair of spiracles more 76 Psyche | June than two-thirds the length of the post petiole, thyridia oval, spira- cles of second tergite as near to the apex as to the base, abdomen mostly reddish above, post petiole partly reddish, second tergite with its basal half mostly black, its apex also black, third tergite blackish at base, remaining tergites reddish throughout, plica stra- mineous, rest of visible sternites reddish though not so dark as the tergites. Holocremnus virginiensis sp. noy. Type.—No. 11186, M. C. Z. Falls Church, Virginia, June 28 (N. Banks). Other locality—Glencarlyn, Virginia, June 24 (N. Banks). Female. Type-locality. Length 9.5 mm.; head dullish, covered with silvery pubescence, black and densely sculptured, temples and occiput shin- ing and rather indistinctly punctured, transfacial line : facial line 41 : 34, lateral ocellar line distinctly shorter than the post- ocellar line, interocellar space coarsely reticulately sculptured, con- trasting sharply with the fine reticulation along the ocellocular line, lateral ocellar line distinctly shorter than the ocellocular line and apparently as long as the greatest diameter of the lateral ocell, postocellar line apparently half as long as the ocelloccipital line, eyes slightly concave along the inner margin, malar line distinctly shorter than the mandibles are wide at base but distinctly longer than half the width of the mandibles at base, axial line : temporal line :: 20 : 10, clypeus punctured and partly indistinctly striate, finely sculptured between the punctures, clypeus truncate, man- dibles yellow with stramineous lower edge and blackish-castaneous teeth, antennz black or blackish excepting the scape which is mostly yellowish in front, 37-jointed, scape apparently twice as long as thick, pedicel hardly one-third the length of the scape, joint 3 distinctly longer than 4 but shorter than 4+5 and at least 4 times as long as its greatest thickness, following joints subequal in length except the ultimate joint which is distinctly longer than the pe- nultimate joint, latter joint apparently two and one-half times as long as thick; thorax, colored, sculptured and pubescent much like the head, mesonotum densely reticulated and punctured, in part almost striate-punctate, notauli represented by a more coarsely 1921] Viereck—Descriptions of New Ichneumonide ae sculptured area than elsewhere on the anterior half of mesonotum, pronotum more or less striate all over, mesopleure and mesoster- num mostly punctured and finely reticulated, the upper half of the former partly striate, partly sculptureless or nearly so, scutel sculptured much like the center of the mesonotum, metanotum coarsely indefinitely sculptured, wings transparent with a uniform- ly distributed brownish tinge, subcosta blackish, stigma and other veins dark brown excepting bulle and most of the terminal abscissa of cubutus which latter is brownish-stramineous, areolet petiolate, recurrent vein received distinctly beyond the middle, wing base yel- lowish, tegule yellowish and pale stramineous, fore cox blackish brown at base, mostly yellowish, mid and hind coxe blackish, con- colorous, fore and mid trochanters and their tibiz and tarsi mostly yellowish, fore and mid femora reddish stramineous except for yellowish tips, fore and mid onychiz brownish, their claws pectinate and blackish, proximal trochanters of: hind legs mostly blackish, their distal trochanters yellowish, their femora, tibie and tarsi reddish, their claws pectinate and blackish, metapleure sculptured like lower half of mesopleure; propodeum, mostly punctured and shining, basal area wider at base than at apex and distinctly longer than wide at base, not as distinctly separated from the areola as from the pleural areas, areola and petiolarea confluent and rugoso- punctate, costule wanting, abdomen reddish, shining except the petiole which is mostly black and almost polished, plica brownish, petiole almost cylindrical, somewhat depressed above, with a fossa on each side, post petiole minutely reticulated and convex, distance between spiracles nearly two-thirds as great as the distance from spiracles to apex, second tergite finely reticulated and punctured, thyridia almost reniform, somewhat nearer to the lateral margin than to the base, spiracle with its diameter equal to the distance between it and the lateral edge of the second tergite, a little nearer to the base than to the apex, rest of abdomen more or less com- pressed, ovipositor a little longer than the apical truncature. In the paratype the areolet is neither petiolate nor sessile. Idechthis nigriscapus sp. noy. Type.—No. 11187, M. C. Z. ~ ee) Psyche | June Type-locality—Glenearlyn, Virginia, June 8, 17, 30, July 2, on flowers of Ceanothus americana (Nathan Banks). Other localities—Great Falls, June 25 and Sept. 24, and Falls Church, Va., June 11, 27 (N. Banks), Plummer Island, Maryland, Aug. 25, 1907 (A. K. Fisher). Female.—Length 11 mm.; head dullish, covered with silvery pubescence, black and densely sculptured, temples and occiput shin- ing and rather distinctly punctured, transfacial line : facial line :: 44 : 37, lateral ocellar line hardly more than half as long as the postocellar line and apparently a little shorter than the ocel- locular line and as long as the greatest diameter of the lateral ocelli. postocellar line apparently a little longer than the ocelloccipital line, eyes slightly concave, along the inner margin, malar line more than half as long as the mandibles are wide at base, occiput extend- ing distinctly behind a vertical plane tangent to the hind ocellhi, axial line : temporal line :: 22: 10, clypeus almost rugoso pune- tate, with adjoining punctures, truncate, mandibles yellow with brownish stramineous lower edge and castaneous teeth with blackish tips, palpi pale, antenne black except for the apical edge of scape and pedicel which is stramineous, 44-jointed, scape nearly as thick as long, pedicel apparently less than half the length of the scape, joint 3 distinctly longer than 4 but shorter than 4-5 and at least three times as long as thick, following joints subequal in length except the ultimate joint which is distinctly longer than the pe- nultimate joint, the latter joint apparently one and one-half times as long as thick, thorax colored, sculptured and pubescent much like the head, mesonotum densely reticulated and punctured, in part striato-punctate, notauli present on the anterior third and transversely striate, pronotum more or less striate all over, meso- pleure and mesoternum mostly punctured and finely reticulated, the upper half of the former partly striate, partly sculptureless, -seutel and metanotum more densely sculptured than mesonotum though apparently not more densely covered with pubescence, wings almost colorless, with a uniformly distributed brownish tinge, sub- costa and stigma blackish, rest of veins dark brownish stramineous except bulle which are whitish and the cubitus beyond the second transverse cubitus which is paler beyond its first ninth than its 1921] Viereck—Descriptions of New Ichneumonide (i) first ninth, areolet petiolate, the recurrent vein interstitial with the second transverse cubitus, wing base yellowish, tegule yellow and pale stramineous, fore cox mostly yellow brownish at base, mid coxe with the basal half mostly black, the apical half mostly yellowish, hind cox black except for yellowish tips, all trochanters, fore and mid femora and most of fore and mid tibiz more or less yellow or yellowish, fore tarsi except onychii, the latter and all of mid tarsi dark brown, hind femora reddish brown, hind tibizw and tarsi blackish, their spurs stramineous, metapleurze more closely and finely punctured than the mesopleure; propodeum, black, mostly shallowly punctured, shining and covered with silvery pubescence, basal apical and longitudinal carine present, the median longitudinal carine rather poorly developed, petiolaree and thirc lateral area transversely ribbed, abdomen mostly reddish and shin- ing, first segment black, petiole polished and cylindrical, post petiole minutely reticulated and bulbous, the distance from the spiracles to the apex nearly three times as great as the distance between the spiracles, second tergite black except for reddish brown apical margin and subtly sculptured, finely reticulated, thyridia oval, brownish, nearer to the lateral edge than to the middle of the tergite, spiracles of the second tergite distinctly beyond the middle and not as near to the lateral edge as are the thyridia, third tergite with its uper aspect, black and sculptured much hke the second tergite, the sides of the third tergite, finely reticulated ,punctured, shining and reddish like the rest of the tergum except for a black- ish longitudinal tinge down the middle of the compressed tergum, visible sternites, excepting the first, yellowish, abdomen obliquely truncate, ovipositor at least half as long as the abdomen. ‘The recurrent vein is not always interstitial. Labrorychus estivalis sp. nov. Type.—No. 11188, M. C. Z. Type-locality—Chain Bridge, Virginia, June 23 (N. Banks). Other localities—Falls Church, June 22, at flowers of Ceanothus, Glencarlyn, July 2, Virginia (N. Banks). Type @; length 13 mm.; reddish maculated with black and yellow; head, transfacial line : facial line :: 42 : 35, axial line : 80 Psyche | June temporal line :: 26 : 12, narrowest space between eyes on front : narrowest space between eyes on face :: 23 : 14, occiput polished and punctured, black with a reddish border, vertex reddish with the interocellar region black, apparently as sparsely punctured and polished as the reddish edge of occiput except for the interocellar area where the punctures are deep and almost adjoiming on each side of a median longitudinal fovea, front partly striate, partly nearly as closely punctured as the interocellar area and black ex- cept a border along the eye margin which is reddish and not so closely punctured as down the middle of the front, temples mostly reddish and punctured like the sides of the vertex, lower fourth mostly yellowish, malar space almost crowded out, finely sculp- tured, malar line apparently less than one-fourth the width of man- dibles at base, face below antennal line, including clypeus and mandibles mostly yellow, face most densely punctured, clypeus polished, with a few scattered punctures, acutely pointed with its anterior edge stramineous, teeth of mandibles blackish, palpi yel- low, antenne mostly brownish, 10.5 mm, long, 51-jointed, scape almost as thick as long yellowish beneath, blackish above, pedicel mostly blackish nearly as long as scape, third antennal joint curved, blackish beneath and also on its basal half above, elsewhere brown- ish, joint 3 longer than 4-+-5 but shorter than 4-++5-+6, flagel with its apical half mostly blackish like the basal half above; thorax colored, sculptured and pubescent much lke the head, prescutum mostly black, more densely punctured than the reddish scapule, notauli represented by punctures and rugosities, pronotum reddish with a black stain along the anterior margin, punctured and striate, upper half of mesopleure reddish, partly striate, mostly almost impunctate and polished, rest of mesopleure and all of mesosternum black and closely punctured, scutel rugoso-punctate, brownish stra- mineous and distinctly bounded anteriorly and laterally by a dis- tinct carina, metanotum indefinitely sculptured, wings transparent, with a brownish tinge, subcosta and most veins blackish, stigma stramineous, transverse cubitus distinctly longer than the second abscissa of the cubitus, wing base yellowish, tegulz brownish stra- mineous and concave, fore and mid coxe mostly yellow, brownish stramineous at base, hind coxe reddish except for a black spot on 1921] Viereck—Descriptions of New Ichneumonide 81 the inner aspect near the base, fore and mid trochanters yellow, hind trochanters mostly reddish with a blackish stain above, rest of legs mostly reddish or yellowish stramineous, empodia black, claws brownish stramineous, fore and mid tibiz yellowish-stra- mineous above, reddish-stramineous beneath, fore tarsi yellowish, mid tarsi with the basal joint yellowish, the remaining joints brownish, hind tibie dark brown, hind tarsi pale brown, meta- pleure reticulated, black and reddish; propodeum reticulated, with a black band at base, elsewhere reddish, the neck of the propodeum extending nearly to the apex of the hind cox; abdomen mostly reddish and shining, first segment reddish throughout, almost cylin- drical and polished. post-petiole planate above, the distance between the spiracles and the apex nearly twice the distance between the spiracles, second tergite blackish above, reddish laterally, subtly sculptured except at base and apex where it is nearly polished, spiracles of second tergite removed from the lateral margin at least as much as three times their diameter, the distance between the spiracles and apex nearly twice the distance between the spira- cles, third tergite sculptured much lke the second, a little more than half as long as the second tergite with somewhat more than the apical half blackish above, succeeding tergites successively shorter and blacker until the seventh which is hardly exserted, ovipositor distinetly longer than the apical truncature of the abdomen. Zastenomorpha gen. nov. According to the latest classification of the Ophionine* this genus appears to be related to Nothanomalon Szépligeti, from which it may be distinguished by the convex non-carinate scutel and in the second abdominal segment being shorter than the first. Pro- podeum extending to apex of hind coxe. Zastenomorpha lamina sp. nov. Type.—No. 11190, M. C. Z. Type-locality—Great Falls, Virginia, June 16, Oct. 21 (N. Banks). *Szépligeti, Gen. Ins., fasc. 34, 1905. 82 Psyche [ June Transfacial line or greatest width of head : facial line or great- est distance from top of head to apex of clypeus :: 42 : 32. Female.—Length 12.5 mm.; head dullish black and densely sculptured, except on the temples and occiput, where it is rather indefinitely pitted and shining, head covered with silvery pubes- cence, lateral ocellar line shorter than the postocellar line and apparently as long as the ocellocular line and the greatest diameter of the lateral ocelli, eyes distinctly emarginate, malar line appar- ently not more than half as long as the mandibles are wide at base, ocelloccipital line apparently more than twice as long as the ocello- cular line, occiput hardly extending behind a vertical plane tangent to the hind ocelli, axial line or greatest axial diameter of head : the temporal line or greatest diameter of temples :: 21 : 6, clypeus finely granular and punctured, truncate, mandibles black with black- ish castaneous tips, palpi mostly pale, antenne black, 41-jointed, scape nearly as thick as long, pedicel apparently less than half the length of the scape, joint 3 distinctly longer than 4 but shorter than 4-++5 and nearly four times as long as thick at apex, following joints subequal in length, except the ultimate joint, which is dis- tinctly longer than the penultimate joint, the latter joint almost exactly as thick as long: thorax, colored, sculptured and pubescent much like the head, mesonotum densely reticulated and punctured, notauli completely wanting, pronotum dorsally rather smooth, lat- erally striate, mesopleuree with the upper half mostly almost sculp- tureless and polished partly punctured and striate, the lower half and the mesosternum granular and punctured much like the meso- notum, scutel and metanotum more densely sculptured than the mesonotum and densely covered with silvery pubescence, meta- pleure sculptured and pubescent much like the mesonotum, wings. almost colorless with a brownish tinge that is imtensified along the margin of the apical fourth, veins and stigma blackish except bulle which are whitish and the cubitus beyond the second trans- verse cubitus which is mostly brownish stramineous, areolet petio- late receiving the recurrent vein beyond its middle, wing base pale stramineous, tegule black, coxe, trochanters and femora mostly black, femora yellowish at apex, fore femora brownish stramineous. 1921] Viereck—Descriptions of New Ichneumonidae 835 above, fore and mid tibizw and tarsi mostly whitish yellow, fourth, and fifth joints of fore tarsi and third, fourth and fifth joints of mid tarsi brownish to blackish, hind tibiz black beneath, brownish above, yellowish at base, hind tarsi blackish except at base of hind metatarsi where they are yellowish, claws pectinate and with red- dish brown tips; propodeum, black, rugulose, dullish and covered with silvery pubescence, nearly twice as long as broad at base, with a median, shallow, narrow, longitudinal furrow that is transversely striate, with a poorly circumscribed basal area and areola, the latter open at apex, apical transverse carina represented on each side by a short carina, abdomen shining, covered with pale pubes- cence and compressed like a thin knife blade, truncate at apex, first segment cylindrical with the apical third bulbous, black except the postpetiole which is reddish apically and laterally, spiracles dis- tinctly nearer to each other than to the apex, venter beyond the first segment brownish stramineous, second tergite black except for the basal half which is brownish stramineous on the lateral fourths, thyridia stramineous, cuneiform, nearly one-sixth the length of the tergite, nearly adjoining the lateral edge of the tergite and the apical end of the basal half of the tergite, apical half of second tergite reddish along the lateral edge and with subapical reddish band, spiracles apparently nearer to the apical edge than to each other and almost adjoining the lateral edge, third tergite reddish except a longitudinal black streak above on the basal two-thirds, which streak broadens out toward the base of the tergite, the following tergites reddish except for a blackish tinge along the upper edge of the fifth and sixth tergites, sheaths of the ovipositor blackish and hardly longer than the apical truncature of the abdomen. fore) HS Psyche | June THE ORIGIN AND HOMOLOGIES OF THE SO-CALLED “SUPERLINGU A” OR “PARAGLOSS A” (PARAGNATHS)} OF INSECTS AND RELATED ARTHROPODS. By G. C. Crampton, Px. D., Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. In several recent papers published in the Fiftieth Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, the Transactions of the Entomo- logical Society of London, and the Annals of the Entomological Society of America, I have called attention to many current mis- interpretations of the homologies of various structures in insects; but since no figures were there given, in which the parts of insects were compared with those of Crustacea and allied arthropods, f would present the following brief consideration of the comparative anatomy of the paragnaths (or “superlingue’’) in insects, Crus- tacea, etc., as the second of a series of papers dealing with the comparative morphology of insects and their arthropodan relatives, from the standpoint of evolution (the first paper of the series, which deals with the evolution of the mandibles, has recently been published in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society). During the course of these investigations, it has been a source of continual amazement to me that such patently impossible, and obviously untenable views concerning the interpretation of the mouthparts of insects, as are now current among entomologists, could have gained such universal acceptance in these days of scien- tific progress, when abundant, and easily-examined material, illus- trating the true interpretation of the parts so clearly that the veriest tyro could not mistake them, is available to anyone with enterprise enough to capture a common mayfly naiad (nymph) from the nearest stony brook, and compare it with any common Asellus from the nearest pond! That this statement is not exag- gerated may be seen, for example, when one compares the much- misunderstood “superlingue,” “paraglosse,” or “maxillule’” of an insect, such as the common mayfly naiad shown in Fig. 2 (Plate V), with the corresponding parts in one of the common Ligyda exotica (Fig. 1) from the Carolina coast. The ubiquitous Asellus 1921] Crampton—Superlingue or Paraglosse of Insects 85 communis, found in almost any pond, would have served equally well for the purpose of comparing the “superlingue” (paragnaths) in the two groups of arthropods, but Ligyda has a large median lobe, or lingua, which is not developed in Asellus, thus making it somewhat easier to compare all of the parts under consideration, in the two groups of arthropods (insects and Crustacea), and on this account, Ligyda, rather than Asellus is here used for the pur- pose of comparison. If the underlip and maxille of the mayfly naiad are removed, as in Fig. 2, one may readily observe immediately behind, and between, the mandibles “md”, a structure called the hypopharyna, which is composed of a median, tongue-like lobe, the lingua, “li”, and a pair of lateral lobes, “pg”, which the entomologists call “superlingue”, or “paraglosse” (a term which should be restricted to the outer lobes on either side of the gloss of the labium). Similarly, in the crustacean shown in Fig. 1, if the underlip and the two pairs of maxille are removed, one may observe immedi- ately behind, and between, the mandibles, “md”, a hypopharynx (exactly like that of the mayfly shown in Fig. 2) composed of a median, tongue-like lingua, “li”, and a pair of lateral lobes, “pg”, which the carcinologists call paragnaths. In the following discus- sion, I have applied the carcinologists’ term paragnaths, to the corresponding structures in insects, and I have applied the ento- mologists’ terms lingua and hypopharynx to the corresponding structures in Crustacea, and allied arthropods. The absolutely patent correspondence between the parts of th® hypopharynx of an insect (Fig. 2), and a crustacean (Fig. 1), which is so simple and utterly obvious, that it should be evident to anyone possessed of even the rudiments of a knowledge of comparative anatomy, has apparently suffered through its very obviousness and simplicity, for the human mind is apt to regard the obvious with suspicion, as though it were a snare to entrap the careless or undiscriminating observer, and to seek for subtler analogies which appeal more strongly to the imagination, and stimulate the speculative faculties. 'The unmistakeable resem- blance between the hypopharynx of an insect (Fig. 2) and that of a crustacean (Fig. 1), however, is not merely a superficial re- 86 Psyche | June semblance calculated to deceive the unwary, since the hypopharynx in the two groups not only occupies the same position, and has the same form and structure in both insects and Crustacea, but it also has exactly the same embryological development, and serves the same function (i.e., that of a secondary underlip, provided with taste organs, etc.) in both groups—and what more could one ask, to establish complete homology? I would therefore maintain that the so-called “superlingue” of insects do not represent the maxillule or first maxille of Crustacea, since they do not occupy exactly the same position, they do not exhibit the same form and structure, they do not have exactly the same embryological develop- ment, and they do not have exactly the same function in the two groups; and I would claim that the so-called “superlingue” of insects most emphatically do represent the paragnaths of Crus- tacea, since they agree with these in all of the features mentioned above. Since the “superlingue’’ of insects represent the paragnaths of Crustacea, by comparing the higher Crustacea, which are near insects, with the lower Crustacea, which approach the trilobites and other primitive arthropods, we are able to trace the evolution of these structures, and to determine their morphological significance. In Ligyda (Fig. 1) the paragnaths, “pg”, are rather closely asso- ciated with the median lingua, “li”, which appears to be formed as a projection of the pharyngeal ridge, “pe”, behind it, which appar- ently includes in its composition a portion of the sterna of certain of the mouthpart segments. In Talorchestia (Fig. 3) the lingua, “11”, is represented by a double ridge, or lobe-like projection of the median pharyngeal ridge, “pe”; and it would appear that the median, basal portions of the paragnaths, “pg”, likewise take part in the formation of the lingua, “hh”, so that the lingua of higher Crustacea and insects may be formed in part by the paragnaths, although the greater part of the lingua is probably formed by por- tions of the sterna of certain of the mouthpart segments, as is indicated by embryology. On either side of the median pharyn- geal ridge, “pe”, of Figs. 1 and 3, are rib-like structures, “tc”, which are located at the base of the trophi or mouthparts. It is possible that the lingual lore, “Il”, of Figs. 2 and 8, represent 2) 2 1921] Crampton—Superlingue or Paraglosse of Insects é modifications of these rib-like or ridge-like structures in insects, and it is also possible that certain of these structures may be the precursors of portions of the tentorium of insects, although I have not been able to determine this point as yet. The pharyngeal ridge, “pe”, of Fig. 3, etc., appears to represent a portion of the sterna of the mouthpart segments, which are quite broad in Fig. 4; and the lingua is not developed in the lower Crus- tacea. In Mysis (Fig. 4) the paragnaths, “pg”, are borne at the anterior margin of the sternite, “mxs”, of the first maxillary seg- ment; and in the lower Crustacea, the paragnaths appear to be more closely associated with the maxillule or first maxille, than they are with the mandibles, thus indicating that the paragnaths may represent detached lobes of the first maxille. In Squilla (Fig. 6), the paragnaths, “pg”, are attached to the basal portions of the maxillule or first maxilla, “mx”, and in the very primitive crustacean Apus (Fig. 7) both paragnaths, “pg”, and mavxillule, “mx”, arise from the same basal lamina, “bl”, which projects internally beneath the body wall. The paragnaths and maxillule in Fig. 7 are bent over backward (instead of being repre- sented in their normal upright position, as in Fig. 6), in order to show that both paragnaths and maxillule are borne on the same basal lamina. ‘The fact that both paragnaths and mavxillule arise from the same basal lamina in such primitive forms as Apus, would indicate that the paragnaths of higher Crustacea are merely de- tached lobes of the maxillule, possibly corresponding to the endites or gnathobase-hke structures of the trunk limbs of Apus; and in the higher Crustacea, these paragnathal lobes become more or less separated from the remainder of the first maxille (maxillule), and become somewhat more closely associated with the mandibles, as a secondary modification. I do not know of any instance in which the paragnaths are situ- ated in front of the mandibles, so that the metastoma, “mts”, of the trilobite Triarthrus (Fig. 10), which is situated in front of the bases of the so-called mandibular appendages, “md”, (only the tips of the basal segments of these are shown in the figure) and occupies a position between the bases of the so-called second an- tenner, “at”, is situated too far forward in the head region, to , 88 Psyche [ June occupy a position strictly comparable to that of the paragnaths, unless it be true that the so-called second antenne of trilobites, are in reality the representatives of the mandibular appendages of other arthropods. In certain trilobites there is a rather deep median incision, or emargination in the metastoma, thus suggest- ing that this organ may have been formed by the union of two lobes like the paragnaths; but this cannot be demonstrated from the material at present available. The suggestion that the metas- toma of trilobites may represent the united paragnathal lobes of Crustacea, is thus merely a speculation, and has no particular bear- ing upon the subject of the origin and development of the parag- naths in Crustacea and insects. I imagine that there are still some individuals who will vigor- ously maintain that the “superlingue” of insects must represent the maxillule (first maxille) of Crustacea, on the ground that Folsom, 1900, has described in a collembolan embryo a supposed “superlingual” segment, or neuromere, which he claims is the rep- resentative of the first maxillary segment of Crustacea; and he further claims that since the “superlingue” are supposedly the appendages of this alleged “superlingual” segment, they must there- fore represent the maxillule, or appendages of the corresponding first maxillary segment, in Crustacea. In reply to this argument, it is sufficient merely to call atten- tion to the fact that Philiptschenko, 1912 (Zeitschr. Wiss. Zoologie, Bd. CIIL), who has made an exceptionally careful and thorough study of collembolan embryology, and has attempted to verify Fol- som’s work on these, insects (Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zoology, 1900, Vol. 36, No. 5), has demonstrated that the supposed “super- lingual” neuromere, or embryonic segment, described by Folsom, exists only in its author’s imagination; and recent writers who quote Folsom’s mistaken observations as though they were estab- lished facts, are apparently wholly ignorant of Philiptschenko’s work, and know even less of the anatorny and embryological devel- opment of the structures of Crustacea with which they seek to compare the structure of insects. If there were no other reasons for discrediting the statement that the “superlingux’ represent the maxillule of Crustacea, the fact that the paragnaths (not the 1921] Crampton—Superlinque or Paraglosse of Insects 89 maxillule) of Crustacea develop embryologically in exactly the same position and in the same way as the “superlingue” do in the embryos of insects, would be sufficient to completely disprove this unfounded and misleading statement, and it is hardly in keeping with the modern scientific spirit to continue to promulgate such misinformation, when a little time spent in the reading of the literature of the subject, or in easily conducted research, would readily convince anyone of its falsity. Carpenter, 1903 (Proc. Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 24, Section “B”, Part 4), interprets the structures labeled “a”, “b”’, and “c”, in Fig. 9, of the paragnath of Machilis maritima, as the repre- sentatives of the lacinia, galea, and palpus of the first maxilla (or “maxillula”) of a crustacean, in an effort to prove that the “superlingue” (paragnaths) of insects represent the maxillule of Crustacea. The structures which he figures in the “superlingua” of Machilis, however, are nothing like the true lacinia, galea, and palpus of the maxillule themselves, in Crustacea, but are exactly like similar structures found in the paragnaths of Crustacea, as one would expect to be the case if the “superlingue” of Machilis represent the paragnaths, not the maxillule, of Crustacea. Liter- ally hundreds of Crustacea exhibit in their paragnaths small pro- jections like those labeled “a” and “b” in Fig. 9; and these pro- jections of the paragnaths of Crustacea not only have the same appearance as these structures in the “superlingua” of Machilis, but they also bear the same type of hairs, taste organs, etc., as in Machilis. Furthermore (as I have pointed out in several papers), the palpus of a maxilla of an insect, or crustacean, represents the terminal segments of a mouthpart limb (the endopodite) in which the basal segments form the body of the maxilla, the galea and Jacinia being appendages (endites, or gnathobase-like structures) of the basal segments of the maxillary limb. Since the palpus represents the terminal segments of such a modified limb, and since the “superlingue” (paragnaths) do not represent modified limbs, they cannot possibly have a palpus; and the small outgrowth labeled “c” in Fig. 9 of the paragnath (“superlingua”) of Machilis, is merely a small, secondarily formed appendage, similar in nature to the articulated appendage “c”, borne on the paragnath of the 90 Psyche [| June crustacean shown in Fig. 5. In Fig. 14, Plate II, of a paper on Anurida (l.M. B. C. Memoir No. XIII), an appendage of this kind, borne near the tip of the paragnaths as in A pseudes (Fig. 5), is figured in the “mavyillule”’ (i.e. the true paragnaths) of the insect Anurida, by Imms, 1906; and in both insects and Crustacea, these appendages of the paragnaths cannot possibly be homologized with the palpus, or terminal segments of the endopodite of the himb forming the maxillula, or first maxilla. The principal points brought out in the foregoing discussion may be briefly summarized as follows. The great similarity between the hypopharynx of insects and Crustacea lends additional weight to the evidence of a very close relationship between these two groups of arthropods, furnished by a study of numerous other structures of the body as well; and since no such close correspondence in the details of the parts of insects and chilopods exists, it is infinitely more probable that insects were descended from crustacean-lhke (instead of chilopod-like) ancestors. The “superlingu” of insects are completely homologous with the paragnaths of Crustacea, be- cause they occupy exactly the same position, and have the same form, structure, and function in the adult condition, and arise in the same location, and in the same fashion, during embryoni¢ development in both groups of arthropods, thus fulfilling all the requirements for establishing complete homology between the cor- responding parts in insects and Crustacea. Since the paragnatiis of Crustacea are not the maxillule of Crustacea, it is folly to state that the “‘superlingue” of insects correspond to the mavxillule of Crustacea, if they represent the paragnaths of Crustacea instead ; and it is to be hoped that if anyone is unwilling or unable to inform himself as to the truth in this matter, that he will at least refrain from deceiving others by promulgating the misinformation that the “superlingue” of insects represent the maxillule of Crustacea, as though it were a demonstrated fact! EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Fig. 1. Posterior (ventral) view of mandibles and hypopharynx of the crustacean Ligyda. Fig. 2. Same of a nymph of the mayfly Heptagenia. The hypoporus, or salivary pore beneath the hypopharynx is not shown. Fig. 3. Posterior (ventral) view of the hypopharynx of the crustacean Talorchestia. Fig. 4. Ventral (posterior) view of the sternum of the first maxillary seg- ment, and the paragnaths of the crustacean Mysis. Viol; DOORS Pram) Vi PSYCHE, 1921. a SSS SS. Wifi Uhl PSSSSS SS Crampron—Superlingue or Paraglosse of Insects. 92 Psyche | June Fig. 5. Posterior (ventral) view of the paragnaths of the crustacean Apseudes, Fig. 6. Posterior (ventral) view of a paragnath and mavxillula of the crus- tacean Squilla. Fig. 7. Anterior (dorsal) view of a paragnath and maxillula of the crus- tacean Apus, bent over backward to show attachment to the basal lamina. Fig. 8. Ventral (posterior) view of a paragnath and the lingua of the insect Machilis. Fig. 9. Same view of a paragnath of Machilis taken from a drawing by Carpenter. Fig. 10. Anterior view of metastoma of the trilobite Triarthrus from a drawing by Raymond. Abbreviations. a, Lobule of paragnath; at, Portion of basal segment of trilobitan limb homologized with second antenna; b, Lobule of paragnath; bl, basilamina, or basal lamina which bears the paragnath and maxillula; bp, Basiparagnath, or basal portion of paragnath; c, Epiparagnath, or appendage of paragnath; dp, Distiparagnath, or distal portion of paragnath; li, Lingua; Il, Lingua- lora, or lora of lingua; md, Mandibles; mts, Metastoma of trilobite; mx, First maxilla, or mavxillula; mxs, Sternum of first maxillary segment; pg, Paragnaths, ‘‘superlinguse’, or ‘“‘paragosse’’; pc, Pharyngocrista, or median pharyngeal ridge; tc, Trophicoste, or rib-like structure at bases of trophi. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. At the meeting of February 8, Prof. W. M. Wheeler described the nesting habits of some ants of the genus Carebara, found in South America. These live in nests of Termites, making their own burrows between those of their hosts and feeding on the young of the latter. The various forms of these ants had been obtained from the stomachs of Anteaters killed near their nests. The males and females were of large size and the workers extremely small. When the males and females leave the nest for the mating flights some of these minute workers cling to their hairs, and when the females start new colonies these workers bring in food and feed the first-hatched young, which the female herself is unable to do. Another genus of ants of small size, Allomerus, lives partly in the swoollen branches of certain plants, going up and down between the plant and the underground nest in earth-covered galleries attached to the hairs of the plant. Prof. C. T. Brues described some guests of Ants and Termites from South America. Wingless flies of the family Phorid@ live in the nests of some ants and even travel with them in their raids outside the nest. In some termite nests are minute hymenopter- 1921] Proceedings of the Cambridge Entomological Club 93 ous parasites with wings reduced to thread-like appendages. Speci- mens and enlarged drawings were shown. Mr. C. W. Johnson spoke of the female of the rare fly Glutops singularis, and made some additions and corrections to his notice of this species in the December Psyche. Mr. L. R. Reynolds and several other members discussed the recently published list of American Coleoptera by C. W. Leng. At the meeting of March 8, Mr. L. R. Reynolds read a paper ou zoological nomenclature, which was discussed by Messrs. Banks, Frost, Howe and Johnson. The discussion dealt mainly with the difficulties of the subject and led to no practical plans for improve- ment. At the meeting of April 12, several designs for a club seal were shown. Mr. Roland Hussey read a paper on “Hibernation of Aquatic Hemiptera.” After a review of hibernation in general, Mr. Hus- sey told about his observations at a pond near Minneapolis, where he watched large numbers of Corixide which, as the cold weather came on, collected in the part of the pond where there was most vegetation, in some places on October 29, as closely as 150 to a square foot under two inches of ice. In January, under ice eight inches thick, there were but few in motion, and in February none, all being torpid at the bottom. January 15, under ice two feet thick, a species of Cymata was found hibernating, entirely torpid, in air bubbles in the ice, with- out the insects themselves being frozen. Mr. Hussey started to investigate this curious method of hibernation, but was taken sic and obliged to give it up for the season, and the next winter conditions were unfavorable for continuing the study. Mr. Gove showed a table which he had prepared of the eleva- tions at which he had collected butterflies, showing that each species habitually flies at certain heights above the general level of the country. Mr. C. A. Frost spoke of the recent collections of Coleoptera by Mrs. Hippisley, at Terrace, B. C., Canada, a newly settled country within a hundred miles of the Pacific Coast. Mr. R. H. Howe, Jr., showed a metal tray of triangular section for holding insects wrapped in papers. Mr. Howe spoke of the discoyerey of insects in the peat at Eastham, Cape Cod. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment 84-102 College Ave., Rochester, N. Y. Best equipped establishment in the United States for furnishing Entomological Supplies and Specimens Special Attention is called to our American Entomological Insect Pins. Hand-made Schmitt and other Insect Boxes. Cabinets and Exhibition Cases of the finest workmanship. Life Histories of Insects of Economie Importance, in Riker Mounts, Pasteboard and Wooden Exhibition Cases, and Preparations in Alcohol. Type, Mimiery, and Protective Coloration collections. Collections of Household, Garden, Orchard, Forest and Shade Tree Pests. Fine Specimens representing Sexual and Seasonal Dimorphism, and Warning Colors. Our Stock of Exotic Insects is unsurpassed, shipments from our Collec- tors abroad arriving nearly every week. The following lists are sent free on application: 116. Biological material for dissection. 125. Live histories of economic insects. 128. List of living pupae. 129. Exotie Lepidoptera. 130. North American Lepidoptera. 131. Exotic Coleoptera. 132. North American Coleoptera. 143. Type, Mimicry, ete., collections. 145. List of Pest Collections. 147. List of Butterflies for trays and decorative work. C-30. Catalogue of Entomological supplies. Amer. Ent. Co. price list of Lepidoptera. 80 pages. Price 25 cents. Free to our customers, New Illustrated Catalogue of Insects ready for distribution, WARD’S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY WILLIAM A. RILEY, Ph.D., Professor of Insect Morphology andParasi Cornell University, and O. A. JOHANNSEN, EERE PEpOreaaGe OME : Biology, Cornell University. A concise account of poisonous, parasitic and disease-carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with keys for ther determnaton, and methods of control. Bound in library buckrum, medium 8vo. 348 pages. Price, $2.00 net. x A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, : : : Cornell University. This handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges. The book is so written that any intelligent teacher can find out for himself the more important facts of insect life. Includes tables for identifying any famil yof insects of North America. The leading school and college text. 700 pages. 800 figures. Price, $4.25 net. OPTIC PROJECTION SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, Emeritus, Cornell University, and HENRY PHELPS GAGE, Ph.D., : Cornell University. This is a very comprehensive work, dealing fundamentally and practically with the Magic Lantern, the Projection Microscope, the Reflecting Lantern, q and the Moving Picture Machine. 730 pages. Over 400 figures. Postpaid, $5. THE MICROSCOPE (18th Revised Edition Ready) . 7 SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embroyology, Emeritus, Cornell University. An authoritative, up-to-date guide for everyone who uses the microscope and for every beginner who wishes to use the microscope intelligently and effectively. Should be in every school and college laboratory. 472 pages. 265 figures. Postpaid, $3.00. | _ THE LIFE OF INLAND WATERS A Text-Book of Fresh Water Biology. - JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Ph.D., Professor of Limnology and General Biology in Cornell University, and JOHN T. LLOYD, A.B., Assistant in ; : Limnology in Cornell University. : ; This book is a broad presentation of the field of fresh-water biology, 4 primarily in its scientific aspects, also in relation to commercial, civic, aesthetic and public health interests of man. There is no book in the Eng- lish language covering the field. Copiously illustrated with photographs from nature. 488 pages. 244 figures. Price, $3.00. 2 THE WINGS OF INSECTS a JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. } : , . This volume is an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins ~ of insects. Royal octavo. 430 pages. Illustrated. Price, $3,75 net. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS For Sale at all Bookdealers or Sent Direct from THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY ITHACA, NEW YORK, U. S. A. 500 PIN-LABELS 40 CENTS! All ona ‘Strip ‘ Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line); Additional Characters, 1 cent each, per line, per 500. Trimmed. eal Prices subject to change without notice. C. V. BLACKBURN, 12 Pine St., STONEHAM, MASS., U. S. ne E CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September excepted) at 7.45 p.m. at the Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston. The Bussey Insti- tution is one block from the Forest Hills station of both the elevated street cars and the N. Y., N. H. & H.R. R. Entomolo- gists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. ; a a oe =e 7 } » ins aa as il = ay . eae Y © x a ie ie en a A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1871 oe 7 eek? ne sacs ~ * VOW ee eV Ir AUGUST, 1921 NUMBER 4 ~ Va 1 fer ae Se ee Me a * ‘Prodryas persephone Scudder. CONTENTS {i Reproduction in the Aphididzw with a consideration of the modifying Ay influence of Environmental Factors. L. B. Vichanco........... 95 | Chinese Ants collected by Prof. C. W. Howard. W. M. Wheeler .... 110 | On some recent remarks on the Phylogeny of Homoptera F, Muir.... 116 || Notes and Description of a few North American Dolichopodidz (Diptera) : MEIC VAMERDUZEE ns» wien seed’ Ruras = In the same paper I described a second species of Gesomyrmex, annectens, from the Baltic Amber. In 1892 Ernest Andre® described and figured an extant species, capperi from the Kapouas Basin of Borneo. This insect has not been seen since. It is therefore of considerable interest to find on the Asiatic conti- nent a second living Gesomyrmex. It is evident that the Bornean and Chinese species are very rare and probably vanishing relicts of a group of Formicine with huge eyes and 8-jointed antenne, which was represented by numerous species during the Oligocene and Miocene Tertiary. To this group we must also assign the allied genera Sicelomyrmex and Dimorphomyrmex. The latter is known from two species from the Baltic Amber, theryi Emery and mayri Wheeler, and three extant species, andrei Emery and janeti Ern. André from Borneo, and luzonensis Wheeler from the Philippines. Judging from André’s figures and description, Gesomyrmexr howardi differs from capperi in its smaller size, less reniform eyes, broader pronotum, more cylindrical mesonotum, more convex epi- notum, thicker petiole and more uniform honey-yellow color. Andreé’s specimens measured 3.5 to 4 mm. and seem to have been minor workers. Since the major worker measures in all probability not far from 4.5 mm. cappert must be considerably larger than the Chinese species. The amber specimens which I described as annectens may, perhaps, be major workers of hoernesi, but the measurements seem not to favor this supposition, since annectens varies from 4 to 6 mm., hoernesi from 2.5 to 6 mm. The great similarity of all four described species of Gesomyrmex leads me %’ Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins. Beitr. Naturk. Preussens. Physik. Okon. Ges. K6Gnigsberg 1, 1868, pp. 1-102, 5 pls. 4Le Formiche dell’Ambra Siciliana nel Museo Mineralogica dell’Universita di Bologna. Mem. R. Accad. Sc. Ist. Bologna (5) 1, 1891, pp. 141-165, 3 pl. >The Ants of the Baltic Amber. Schrift. physik. 6konom. Ges. K6nigsberg 55, 1914, pp. 1-142, 66 figs. 6 Voyage de M. Chaper a Borneo. Catalogue des Fourmis et Description des Espéces Nouvelles. Mém. Soc. Zool. France 5, 1892, pp. 46-55, 5 figs. 1921] Wheeler—Chinese Ants Collected by Prof. Howard 115 to suspect that the amber specimens, which I examined, may rep- resent more than two very closely related forms. The worker major of G. howardi shows that the genera Gesomyrmex and Di- morphomyrmex are more closely related than was supposed. Nev- ertheless, the gizzard of D. andei figured by Emery" is quite dif- ferent from the gizzard of G. capperi figured by André. In the former insect the organ is short and broad with short, terminally reflected calyx-lobes, in the latter long and slender and more as in Camponotus and Oecophylla. The thickened bases of the femora of G. howard: indicate that this ant can jump like the large-eyed Gigantiops destructor Fabr. of the Neotropical Region, and the rather feeble tarsal claws would seem to indicate that it is not arboreal but nests in the ground. 24. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) nicobarensis Mayr 8 9 —Many specimens from Honan Island, Canton. 25. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) mitis Sm. 8 —Many specimens from Canton. 26. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) barbatus Roger var albosparsus Forel §—HEight specimens from Canton. 27. Camponotus (Myrmosericus) rufoglaucus Jerd. subsp. parva Emery §—Numerous specimens from Tei-loi, Canton. 28. Polyrhachis (Myrma) mayri Roger §—Three specimens from Canton. 29. Polyrhacis (Myrmhopla) dives Sm. % ¢—Numerous spe- cimens from Canton. 30. Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) rastellata Sm. subsp. laevior Roger var. debilis Emery %—Three specimens from Canton. 7 Descriptions de deux fourmis nouvelles. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 63, 1894, pp. 72-74, 2 figs. 116 Psyche | June ON SOME RECENT REMARKS ON THE PHYLOGENY OF HOMOPTERA. By F. Murr, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T. H. In a recent publication Dr. G. C. Crampton? remarks: “In any phylogenetic study we must consider the lowest representatives rather than the highly specialized members of a group.” Unfortunately Dr. Crampton, on more than one occasion when discussing the phylogeny of Homoptera, has not followed this good advice. In a recent paper? he has compared the wing of a Psyllid and a wing of a Psocid and concluded that their simi- larity is due to their common ancestry. The-Psocid wing he fig- ures is a specialized one and not the lowest representative of the group, and Psyllide are highly specialized Homoptera. Any simi- larity between the venation of the wings of these two insects js therefore of no phylogenetic significance, but due to convergence. As I am not an authority upon the Psocide I can only support my contention by a comparison of the Psocid wing figured by Dr. Crampton with such genera as Amphientomum and Cyma- topsocus, where the venation is more generalized but still too specialized to be ancestral to the Homoptera. My contention that the Psyllide do not represent the primitive type of Homoptera is based upon a detailed study of the sub- order. The evidence is too lengthy to give in detail in this paper, but the following is a brief summary of some of the points. The Hemiptera form a homogeneous and monophyletic order characterized by a unique shape and arrangement of the mouth parts found in no other order of insects. Although the order is of great size and the forms found within it are very diverse, yet the mouthparts are always of the same type and far more uniform than is found in any other of the large orders. That such a type of mouth organs should have arisen independently in two or more groups seems highly improbable. ‘ The nearest approach to the Hemipterous mouthparts is found 1Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 23, 2, p. 37 (1921). 2Ent. News XXII, No. 4, p. 97-105 (1921). areal Muir—The Phylogeny of Homoptera Aye in the Thysanoptera. But here we find two distinct types of mouth organs and both are so dissimilar to the Hemiptera that it is not likely that one arose from the other. The Psocidz possess a semi-free maxillary style which may represent a condition found in the ancestors of the Hemiptera, but no Psocids that we know today could have been that ancestor because they are far too spe- cialized in certain directions. The most generalized head in the Hemiptera is found among the Heteroptera where the gula is well developed or very large, the head capsule of more normal shape and position, the labium is four-jointed and consists of a submentum, mentum, subgalea with amalgamated paraglossa and lacinia. In some few species the labial palpi are also present. In the Homoptera the gula has disappeared or is represented only by a membrane, and the labium is in close association with the pronotum. The reduction of the gula has drawn the head downward and under, bringing the top of the head to the front and altering the whole shape of the head capsule. In this respect the Cicadoidea are more primitive than the Fulgoroidea. In the Sternorhynchi this line of evolution of head set up in the Auchenorhynchi is carried to a still greater extent. In the Psyllide the clypeus, frons (bearing the phrayngeal muscles), ten- torial structure and the labium have separated themselves from the head capsule and become still more closely connected with pro- sternum. To accommodate the long mandibular and maxillary sete an invagination at the base of the labium penetrates the prothorax. In the Coccide the reduction of the head capsule is carried to the extreme, so that the frons, clypeus, tentorial struc- ture, labium and the styles are isolated in a membraneous areca and appear to be thoracic structures. The line of evolution of the head of the Hemiptera is so well defined that any student of com- parative morphology, except an extreme mutationist, will agree that the Psyllide are highly specialized and do not represent the ancestral form. The Hemiptera can be divided into two groups on the condition of the alimentary canal. In the Heteroptera, Fulgoroidea and Cicadellide this is simple. In the Cicadade, Cercopide, Mem- bracidz and the Sternorhynchi the posterior portion of the midgut is in intimate contact with the anterior portion and forms a filter 118 Psyche [| June chamber. ‘This is of a simple nature in the Psyllide. The fact that this division separates the Cicadellide and the Membracidez raises difficulties, as they are otherwise so closely related. It seems improbable that such a condition arose in two or more groups independently. It seems more probable that it has been lost in two or more groups independently. Kershaw has shown that the connection is fully developed in nymphs when hatched, so that it is an embryonic character and not a later development to meet spe- cial conditions. Judging by venation the Hemiptera must have divided into two groups, the Homoptera and Heteroptera, early in the history of the order, but not early enough, in my opinion, to justify making it into two orders. A very shght study of the venation of the Homoptera shows that the nearest approach to the hypothetical ancestral type is not found among the Psyllide but among the Auchenorhynchi. A study of the hind legs also indicate a state of high specializa- tion in the Psyllide. Again, in discussing the male genitalia of Homoptera, Dr. Crampton has offended against his own advice. Although there are several distinct types of both male and female genitalia among the Auchenorhynchi he has selected Ormenis as the type to homo- logize with other orders. But unless it can be shown that this genus possesses a generalized type, any homologies drawn from it are of little phylogenetic value. Among the Cicadoidea we have two distinct types of male geni- talia and a third in the Fulgoroidea. Cicadade have no genital styles or these are only rudimentary and are articulated and the aedeagus comparatively simple. This is most likely specializa- tion by reduction. In the other Cicadoidea there are two pairs of appendages, the outer pair or plates and the inner pair. In some forms the outer pair are amalgamated together and appear to be part of the pygofer. In the Membracide the aedeagus is gener- ally simple; in the Cercopide it is often complex; in the Cica- dellide it is of various forms, some of which are highly complev and others greatly reduced. In the Fulgoroidea there is only one pair of styles, which in certain cases are amalgamated into a single organ. Both the inner styles of the Cicadoidea and the styles of the 1921] Muir—The Phylogeny of Homoptera 119 Fulgoroidea are in connection with the base of the wdeagus. They are probably homologous. In the Fulgoroidea there is great diversity of structure and it is very difficult to decide which is the most generalized. In cer- tain forms (i.e., certain Delphacide) it is of a simple tubular nature with a small ring round its base. In other forms this ring is greatly enlarged and forms an outer tube around the inner tube. In some forms there are even three tubes and one may be exceed- ingly complex. Until we understand the homologies of the various types within the order Hemiptera any homologizing with other orders is but guesswork and not scientific evidence, although the guesses may be correct. Dr. Crampton has so often associated the Psocide and Psyllide together, as if the latter were descended from the former and all else followed naturally, that there is a possibility of readers not acquainted with the Homoptera accepting that conclusion as well founded. For that reason I raise the above objections. Certain remarks in Dr. Crampton’s papers leads one to believe that he holds views on evolution considerably different to those of the majority of biologists; or his metaphors are so anthropomorphic that they are misleading. As an example of this I quote from a recent work :* “Taking their anatomy as a whole, the Hymenoptera show un- doubted affinities with the Neuropteroid insects (i.e., the Neu- roptera, Mecoptera, Tricoptera, etc.), but they also present certain points of similarity to the Psocoid insects, such as the Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Psocida, ete. The lines of development of all of these forms apparently arose from ancestors intermediate between the Zoraptera (with the Isoptera) on the one side, and the Cole- optera (with the Dermaptera) on the other—much as a family of children inherit traits from the father’s side—and I am inclined to consider that the Hymenoptera inherited their social tendencies from the side of the Zoraptera (with the Isoptera) while their type of genitalia apparently comes from the side of the Coleoptera (with the Dermaptera).” Does Dr. Crampton believe that new orders arise as hybrids from the crossing of individuals belonging to different orders, or are things not what they seem in the quoted paragraph? Sint. News XXXII 5, (1921) p. 187. 120 Psyche | June NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW NORTH AMERICAN DOLICHOPODIDA (DIPTERA). By M. C. Van DvzreE Buffalo, N. Y. Diaphorus hirsutus sp. noy. Male: Length 4—4.5 mm.; of wing 4 mm. Face narrow, sil- very white. Palpi yellow, proboscis brownish. Front nearly opaque with grey pollen, the ocular tubureul more blackish ; ocullar bristles long, a bristle close to the orbit on each side curves for- ward. Antenne black; first joint long, hairy above; second joint large with rather long bristles at tip; third small, not as large as second, rounded at tip; arista basal, long, pubescent. Lateral and inferior orbital cilba whitish, five or six of the upper cilia on each side black. Thorax nearly opaque with brown pollen, the median line on the dorsum and the scutellum green, quite shining; acrostichal bristles small, in a single row; six large dorsocentral bristles on each side; scutellum with four large bristles on its margin; pleur more blackish with gray pollen, its posterior edge yellow. Abdo- men yellow with the posterior edge of first segment, large triangles on the dorsum of second, third and fourth, which nearly reach the preceding segment on the median line and the sides on the pos- terior margin of the segments, and nearly the whole of fifth and sixth segments, shining green or bronze; hairs on the dorsum rather long, especially near the base of the abdomen, those on the sides of the abdomen yellowish. Hypopygium rather conspicuous, blackish, still more or less yellow towards the ventral point; its appendages small brownish lamellz, it has about four rather long and conspicuous, although not very stout bristles at tip. Coxe yellow; middle pair with a blackish streak on outer side; fore and middle pairs with black bristles on the apical half of their anterior surface. Femora and tibie yellow, very hairy; fore femora with a few slender bristles on the apical part of the lower posterior edge, which are as long as the width of the femora; pos- terior femora infuscated on apical half of upper surface, and the slender hairs of their lower surface as long as the width of the femora; bristles on upper surface of the tibizw small and incon- 1921] Van Duzee—A Few North American Dolichopodide 121 spicuous. Tarsi hairy, more or less blackish from the tip of the first joint; fore and middle tarsi nearly as long as their tibia, the former with fourth and fifth joints of about equal length. All fifth tarsal joints with bristle-like hairs at tip; their pulvilli much enlarged and with the empodium also elongated and hairy, appear- a meen ee cnet?” EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Fig 1, Diaphorus hirsutus sp. nov., wing.; Fig. 2, Proarchus violaceus sp. nov., antenna; Fig. 3, Proarchus violaceus sp. nov., Hypopygium; Fig. 4, Leucostola terminalis VanDuzee, hypopygium of male; Fig. 5, Thripiticus longicauda sp. nov., hypopygium of male; Fig. 6, Thripticus nigripes sp. nov., hypopygium of male; Fig. 7, Paraclius ornatus sp. nov., wing; Fig. 8, Paraclius ornatus sp. nov., last four joints of fore tarsus; Fig. 9, Paraclius ornatus sp. nov., outer appendages of the hypopygium of male. ing like claws when seen with a low-power lense; hind tarsi scarcely as long as their tibiew, the first and second joints of nearly equal length. Calypters and halteres pale yellow, the former with a brown tip and yellowish cilia. Wings (Fig. 1) grayish; first vein reaching a little more than one-third the distance from the root of the wing to tip of second vein; third vein bent backward at tip; last section of fourth vein with a quite abrupt bend at a point opposite the tip of fifth vein, 122 Psyche [June from which point it is parallel with third vein and ends in the apex of the wing; sixth vein reaching the wing margin; anal angle rounded but rather full, the wing being of somewhat parallel width. Female: Two females which seem to belong here have the face wide, still rather narrow for a female, white. They have only the second and third abdominal segments yellow on the dorsum, these have the same metallic triangles as are found in the male; the legs and feet have only short hairs; the scutellum has one pair of bristles ; the second vein reaches only half the distance to the tip of second; last section of fourth vein is nearly straight and parallel with third. ; Described from three males and two females from California; the males were taken at Berkeley, Calif., May 10, 20 and 28, 1915; the females at Alpine, San Diego County, April 8 and 11, 1915. Type in the author’s collection. Diaphorus fuscus nom. nov. D. adustus Van Duzee, Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. XJ, p. 173, 1915, as the name Diaphorus adustus Wied. of Europe has precedence. I would change the name of my species to Diaphorus fuscus. Leucostola terminalis Van Duzee. In the Entomological News, Vol. XXV, p. 405, I described a female under this name. Since then I have seen several male specimens, one of which is in my collection. It agrees with the female described in having the first antennal joint wholly yellow, it also has the reddish coppery stripes above the root of the wing, although they are not as conspicuous and are divided into two spots, one at the suture and one above the root of the wing. It has the last two joints of the middle tarsi, a little flattened, of about equal length, each nearly as wide as long, the two taken together about as long as the third joint; hind tibie black at tip for nearly one-fourth their length; hind tarsi wholly black, the second joint a little longer than the first; last section of fourth vein only a little bent at its middle; hypopygium (Fig. 4) with its lamelle developed into long hairy filaments, and with two bristles at tip, which are slender and hair-like. 1921] Van Duzee—A Few North American Dolichopodide 123 Proarchus (Phylarchus) Aldrich. Dr, Aldrich described this genus from two females taken in Mexico, and has placed the genus in the Thinophiline. I have a species found in New York and Virgina which I am placing in that genus. It has the antenne and plumose arista as in his spe- cies, the face of the female is as he described it (about as in Pelas- tonerus). My specimens have distinct acrostichal bristles, while his species was destitute of these bristles. The hypypygium of this new species is large, extending forward under the venter, as in Dolichopus and its lamelle are as in that genus (fig. 3). If the male of his species proves to have the hypopygium as in my species, it would place the genus in Dolichopodine, I should say after Polymedon, or perhaps after Sarcionus and next to Pelas- toneurus, from which it is separated by its nearly parallel third and fourth veins. This would place the genus near the European genus Poecilob- thrus Mik. The female of the only species of that genus that I have seen, P. nobilitans, has the face formed very much as in Pelastoneurus and has a plumose arista. I should place our species in that genus, only the second and third veins are not approxi- mated nor the wing of the male ornamented with black as in all species of Poecilobothrus known to me. Proarchus violaceus sp. nov. Male: Length 4—-4.5 mm.; of wing 4 mm. Face wide, covered with grayish-white pollen, sometimes almost silvery, upper portion a little concave and with a slightly depressed median line, the lower part rather short and slightly convex. Front dark violet, sometimes almost black, a little dulled with brown pollen. Palpi yellow with black hairs and a little white pollen. Antenne (fig. 2) yellow; third joint sometimes mostly brown, short, somewhat oval in outline; arista dorsal, distinctly plumose, although the hairs are not long. Orbital cilia wholly black. Dorsum of the thorax violet with the lateral and anterior mar- gins quite broadly greenish; acrostichal bristles rather large, in two rows; scutellum violet with two large and two very small bristles on its margin; pleurz more black with gray pollen. Abdo- men green with white pollen; incisures black; hind margins of segments with stiff black bristles. Hypopygium (fig. 3) formed 124 Psyche [ June about as in Dolichopus, black, greenish on basal half; its lamella large, somewhat oval but tapering into the stem, yellowish with a wide black border on the apical margin, which is jagged and fringed with long black bristles. Coxe, femora and tibiew yellow; middle coxe blackened on outer surface, hind ones a little infuscated at base; fore coxe covered with black hairs on their anterior surface, hind ones with one large and one small bristle on outer surface. Middle and hind tobiz each with four blackish spots on upper surface where the bristles are inserted. Fore tarsi a little longer than their tibiw, a little blackened from the tip of the first joint; middle and hind tarsi black from the tip of the first joint, the latter with the first joint distinctly shorter than the second. Calypers and halteres pale yellow, the former with black cilia. Wings grayish, tinged with brown in front of the third vein; broad, distinctly expanded at tip of fifth vein; anal angle promi- nent, although the hind margin of the wing is slightly excavated at tip of sixth vein; costa slightly thicker from the tip of the first vein; last section of fourth vein nearly straight, ending a little before the apex of the wing, nearly parallel with third vein, which is a little bent backward so as to approach fourth vein a very little at tip; cross-vein a little more than its length from the wing margin, measured on fifth vein. Female: Face a little wider than in the male; color of head, thorax, abdomen and legs as in the male; wings as in the male, but not quite as wide at tip of fifth vein. Described from three males and three females; I took the holo- type and allotype at Dayton, Erie County, N. Y., July 5, 1920; two males were taken by Mr. Banks at Falls Church, Va., May 30; one female was taken by Mr. Hine at Kent, Ohio, June 18; and one female was taken at Bridgewater, Mass., July 11. Table of North American Snecies of Thripticus. Males. 1,’ Femora ‘black, -or:ereen a. Fy. creus, eile ss pis 0 sree eon 2 Memora sve blows bx'2)laletaota chp eeepc saletel adete at Ge teya ia eee 4 2. Hypopygium with yellow lamelle (Calif.), longicauda sp. nov. Hypopyeimeal Jamelize brow... < ices cm. os oe ees cunnieiieiselt 3 3. Hypopygium somewhat oval in outline, rather thick (Calit.. Wher, aNi aye ota jae crs eaten ee aire fraterculus Wh. 1921] Van Duzee—A Few North American Dolichopodide 125 be (oe) 10. iil Lz: Hypopygium rather slender, tapering towards its apex, more conical than oval (Nev.).......... nigripes sp. nov. Venter and part of the dorsum of the abdomen yellow..... 5 Abdomen without yellow, except sometimes on the venter.. 6 Whole of sixth abdominal segment and base of the hypo- pygmy lows (Wee) nals fee ke sees cupuliferous Ald. First abdominal segment and more or less of the base of the hypopygium yellow (Ind., Mo., N. C., Ga., D. C., TNERAN GD) BichGid Sar CRR a in aoe len Sa aR abdominalis Say Hypopygium ovipositor-like, bent under the abdomen MOVPE Vielereyercrarss c crcrttvater as Sree ocrel aosr sia cts ct ohal sc OULOQUHLTES: AMG: ETOP OM UTI WORM AL As sats ac. 4 tise yal cles clea tvete eee Ste ee nt ae 7 Fourth vein bent backward to meet the cross-vein, forming aidistinet angle at thisspoint (Wolk) ar... - minor Ald. Fourth vein only gently bent at the cross-vein............ 8 anitennce yellow), or ryellowish) 2. %s\.ci- sts 0 Hereiagclos s oleiere one 9 PaMTGe MM DICK 6d. et a soe wine he aldatecete to fldacde eee 10 Capsule of hypopygium truncate at tip (Fla.)....vietus V. D. Capsule pointed at tip (N. Y., Md.)...muwhlenbergie J. & C. Hypopyginal lamelle sessil, rounded at tip (N. Y.) tectus V. D. hamellesisomewhatypetiolates . 5. 0s, 1c <= ve ete See ticle Ore 11 Lamelle nearly round in outline (Wis., N. Eng., Mo., Neg Very Ue Wiyro ee ONES re conic Nels, @ ec oroh ciao willistonii Wh. Liamelle decidedly longer than wide.................... 12 Thorax with violet reflections and with a golden spot on the posterior slope before the scutellum (Ga.) aurinotatus V. D. Thorax green or purple with the posterior slope green... .13 Thoracic dorsum purple; hypopygium rather pointed, its lamella \poimted at tip (Mex:)......0 00000200. pusillus Ald. Dorsum of thorax green; hypopygium rounded at apex, its lamelle rounded at tip (N. Y., Ont.)...... comosus V. D. Thrypticus nigripes sp. nov. Male: Length 1.75 mm. Face, front, thorax and abdomen dark shining blue-green. Face very narrow below. Antenne and mouth parts black. Bristles of the thorax and the conspicuous hairs on the abdomen yellow. Hypopygium blue-green, its hairs yellow; 126 Psyche [ June the lamelle brown, large, about as long as the main portion of the hypopygium, rather bare (fig. 6). Coxe, legs and feet black, except the extreme tips of the coxew and the trochanters, which are yellowish. Calypters, their cilia and the halteres yellow. Wings nearly hyaline; third and fourth veins nearly parallel. Female: Face a little wider; otherwise about as in the male. Described from one male and two females which I took at Wells, Nev., June 6, 1915. Type in the author’s collection. The wings in all my specimens are in poor condition. This is very much like 7. fraterculus Wh., it differs in having the capsule of the hypopygium conical, not oval as in Wheeler’s species, and the lamelle much longer and less hairy. Thrypticus longicauda sp. nov. Male: Length 3mm. Face green, narrow below, the lower edge and the palpi covered with white pollen. Front blackish. Anten- ne black, small. Lateral and inferior orbital cilia white. Frontal bristles black. Thorax green with bronze reflections; there is but one bristle left on the thorax and that is black with the tip more whitish, the minute hairs on the anterior portion are yellow. Abdomen long and slender, green, its hairs and the bristles on the hind margins of the segments are yellow, but they are small and inconspicuous. Hypopygium long and slender, green, its hair yellow (fig. 5) ; its lamelle very long, yellow, with a few yellow hairs. Fore cox yellow with white hairs, its basal half on the anterior surface green. Middle and hind coxe and all the femora green, with the tips of coxe, extreme base of middle and hind femora, apical third of fore, and apical two-thirds of middle femora, tips of hind femora, and all tibie and tarsi yellow. Fore and middle tarsi nearly twice as long as their tibia. Second joint of hind tarsi longer than the first. Calypters, their cilia and the halteres yellow. Wings grayish; costa black; veins brown; third and fourth veins parallel, the fourth ending in the apex of the wing; last sectioi of fifth vein nearly three times as long as the cross-vein. Female: Face wider; thorax with black and yellow bristles mixed; coxe and femora mostly black; tibie and tarsi yellowish 1921] Van Duzee—A Few North American Dolichopodide 12% brown; fore tarsi scarcely one and a half times as long as their tibie. Wings as in the male. Described from one pair which I took at San Francisco, Cali- fornia, May 12, 1915. Type in the author’s collection. Paraclius minutus sp. noy. Male: Length 2.5 mm.; of wing 2 mm. Face rather narrow, covered with white pollen, the suture near apical third, lower por- tion flat. Palpi blackish with a little white pollen and black hairs. Front almost opaque with brown pollen. First two antennal joints yellow; third mostly brown, small, rounded at tip. Arista long with long pubescence, but scarcely plumose. Inferior orbital cilia whitish. Thorax greenish, dorsum more brown with coppery reflections, which form a median vitta extending to the hind margin of the scutellum. The ante-alar black spots distinct but nearly divided by the green of the dorsum; when viewed from behind there are four silvery-white spots visible, a large one at the lower edge of the front end of the black spot, and a very small one above the root of the wing; pleaure and cox covered with white pollen. Abdomen green; the spots of white pollen on its sides not very conspicuous. Hypopygium rather small, entirely sessel, black; its lamelle quite small, black, they appear to be nearly bare on their edges. Coxe yellow, middle ones blackened on basal half, hind ones a little blackened at base; anterior pair with black hairs on their front surface. Femora and tibie yellow. All tarsi black from the tip of the first joint. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with black cilia. Wings tinged with brownish gray; first section of costa not thickened, last section of fourth vein rather abruptly bent beyond its middle, beyond which it curves forward so the tip is near the tip of the third vein; last section of fifth vein a little longer than the cross-vein. Female: About like the male in the width of the face, color and venation, except that the last section of the fifth vein is a little longer. Described from two males and three females which I took in 128 Psyche | June Florida, four at Bradentown and one pair at Anna Maria Key, all in March. Type in the author’s collection. This is much hke P. quadrinotatus Ald., but does not have the anta-alar spots divided as in that species, and these spots are not as large. Paraclius ornatus sp. nov. Male: Length 3-3.5 mm.; of wing, the same. Face narrow, silvery-white. Palpi small, vellow, with a black bristle at tip. Proboscis yellow, with a fringe of little yellow hairs on its edge. Front silvery-white, widened above. Antenne wholly black or with the lower edge of the first joint slightly vellowish; third joint small, about as long as wide, scarcely pointed at tip. Arista dorsal, pubescent. Lower orbital cilia yellowish, slender. Thorax green with bronze reflections, a little dulled with white pollen; there are no ante-alar black spots. Abdomen green with quite abundant white pollen. Hypopygium small, but little longer than thick, extending forward under the venter, black with green reflections; its outer appendages look like small yellow lameliz (fig. 9) with black bristles, but they seem to be united at base as in the figure; the inner appendages are darker and rather small, they are deeply slit into three parts at tip. Coxe, femora and tibie yellow. Fore coxe with black hairs on the inner edge of their anterior surface; middle and hind cox eacn with a long black bristle on outer side, the former darkened on the outside. Hind femora scarcely darker at tip above, their tibie more distinctly brown at tip. Middle and hind femora each with a slender preapical bristle, the former also has smaller ones below near the tip. Fore tarsi (Fig. 8) more than one and a half times as long as their tibie, first two joints yellow with their extreme tips blackish, second slightly longer than the first and very thin, it is about as long as the last three joints taken together; third and fourth joints black, compressed and widened, fringed above with little black hairs; fifth yellow with the base narrowly black. Middle tarsi longer than their tibiw, black from the tip of the first joint. Hind tarsi equal to their tibie in length, wholly black, still sometimes the first joint is yellowish at base, first joint shorter than the second. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with yellow cilia, which appears nearly black in certain lights. 1921] Van Duzee—A Few North American Dolichopodide 129 Wings (fig. 7) grayish; third vein bent backward at tip; last section of fourth vein bent at its basal third, approaching third, but bending back a little toward its tip so as to be parallel with third vein for its apical third and ending in the apex of the wing; last section of fifth vein twice as long as the cross-vein; anal angle of wing rounded but rather prominent. Female: Like the male in general color and the form of the wings. The face is not very wide and is hollowed out almost to its lower edge; face and front wholly silvery-white, proboscis narrowly blackish on the edge, which is fringed with quite conspicuous black hairs. Ovipostor yellowish with a circlet of short, blunt spines at tip. Fore tarsi blackened from the tip of the first joint; their second joint about three-fourths as long as the first. This female is easily recognized by its venation, together with the silvery front and yellow proboscis and ovipostor. Described from many males and females. I took them in Wil- liamsville, Erie County, N. Y., August 8 and 29, 1920. Mr. Burns took many at the Palisades, N. J., July 5, 1920. Holotype and Allotype in the author’s collection and taken at Williamsville, N. Y. Those I took were flying around the surface of the water which was running over the rocks, and resting on the moss and rocks in the little falls, very much as does Liancalus. The very short hypo- pygium would almost separate this species from Paraclius, but it is entirely disengaged although sessil and extends a little under the venter. Paraclius ovatus Van Duzee. This is the same as Paraclius venustus Aldrich, and is therefore a synonym of that species. Dr. Aldrich reports it as abundant in the West Indies and Mexico. I have seen specimens from Georgia and Costa Rica. 130 Psyche [ June CICADELLA GOTHICA SIGN.—A CORRECTION. By Gro. W. BARBER, U.S. Bureau of Entomology, Arlington, Mass. In' Vol. XX VII, page 147, 1920, of this journal, I have recorded the occurrence of Cicadella hieroglyphica (Say) from Massachu- setts. The record was an error and was based on a determination submitted to me which, at the time, I had no reason for questioning. The insects recorded under this name are all Cicadella gothica Sign., as are all of a large number of specimens from New England at hand. The confusing of these two species, which has so often happened, is further made possible by the discovery of a dark variety of gothica which resembles Cicadella hieroglynhica, var. dolobrata Ball very closely indeed. This variety seems to be undescribed, and as to its future collection may again lead to a confusion of these species, it may be well to characterize it at this time. Cicadella gothica, var. atra var nov. General structure and size of gofhica: Shining black, markings on anterior half of vertex nearly as in gothica, except that the yellow area surrounding the black apex is narrowly produced pos- teriorly for a third the length of the vertex. The black markings on the posterior half of the vertex confused, so that this portion appears solidly black with some light points indicating the yellow markings of gothica; eyes irregularly margined with yellow; mar- gins of clavus light. Beneath, black; tips of femora, tibize anal tarse lighter; front, dark brown, median stripe tawny. One male taken at Lexington, Mass.. September 8, 1920. This variety is distinct from any dark forms of the typical insect that I have seen, although dark individuals are not uncommon. 1921] Barbour—Spiders Feeding on Small Cyprinodonts 131 SPIDERS FEEDING ON SMALL CYPRINODONTS. By T. Barzsour, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. This spring was unusually dry in Southern Florida, especially during March and early April. Ponds were low and even the large lakes were considerably reduced in area. This condition may have influenced the habit which I observed and which Mr. Banks and Mr. Emerton have kindly suggested my recording. While fishing for bass in the upper St. John River, above Lake Washington, where the river is a narrow, sluggish stream, I have always camped to cook my midday meal on a willow tussock in a shallow slough, which offers about the only chance to build a fire in this very boggy country. This year the water in the little bayou was low and the water hyacinths and lettuce plants usually afloat were resting with their roots on the mud in the shallows. The vegetation swarmed with Dolomedes, but then these spiders always seem to have a predilection for creeping about on the floating lettuce, especially. The water, both beneath the plants and in the little open spaces between them, teemed with several species of eyprinodont fishes, of which a Gambusia, beyond doubt affinis, was the most abundant. After eating, I rested quietly awhile in the stern of my boat, which was partly hauled up on the tussock, hence quite motionless. A tiny flash of silver caught my eye, and I looked again, to see a spider carrying a small dead fish, perhaps an inch long, across a wide leaf to the dark interior of a large lettuce cluster. I thought that probably the spider had found a dead fish by chance, and I relit my pipe, when about six feet away in another direc- tion the episode was repeated. This time the little fish was still struggling feebly in the spider’s chelicere. Later I saw a third fish being carried off which was dead and quite dry. At the time I presumed that the habit of catching fish was probably well known and I thought no more about the happening until I spoke to my friends and searched the literature with small results. McCook, in his “American Spiders and their Spinning Work,” (Vol. 1, 1889, p. 236, fig. 219), pictures an enormous spider riding on the back of a moribund and gigantic carp, if the relation of 132 Psyche [ June the size of the fish to that of the surrounding lily leaves is normal. The accompanying story of the unique event is too flamboyant to be very convincing. Comstock (Spider Book, 1912, p. 186), offers no original observations but adds, “Several apparently well- authenticated instances of the destruction of small vertebrated animals, including birds, a mouse, a fish and a snake, by spiders that are much smaller than the Avicularia are given by McCook. But, of course, all such occurrences are exceptional.” I presume that, given conditions such as I have described, small fish may offer an easy and frequent prey for spiders with the habits of Dolo- medes. Otherwise the opportunity to secure such prey cannot be very frequent. The species involved I believe to have been Dolo- medes tenebrosus. Ward’s Naiural Science Establishment 84-102 College Ave., Rochester, N. Y. Best equipped establishment in the United States for furnishing Entomological Supplies and Specimens Special Attention is called to our American Entomological Insect Pins. Hand-made Schmitt and other Insect Boxes. Cabinets and Exhibition Cases of the finest workmanship. Life Histories of Insects of Economic Importance, in Riker Mounts, Pasteboard and Wooden Exhibition Cases, and Preparations in Alcohol. Type, Mimiecry, and Protective Coloration collections. 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Se np ae" va) me ep age new cine vintiee (en) ES Bi 1 ae on HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY WILLIAM A. RILEY, Ph.D., Professor of Insect Morphol n Cornell University, and O. A. JOHANNSEN, PED PuOreioe or ee : Biology, Cornell University. A concise account of poisonous, parasitic and disease- carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with keys for ther determnaton, and methods of control. Bound in library -buckrum, medium 8vo. 348 pages. Price, $2.00 net. A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. This handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges. The book is so written that any intelligent teacher can find out for himself the more important facts of insect life. Includes tables for identifying any famil yof insects of North America. 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Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line); Additional Characters, 1 cent each, a per line, per 500. Trimmed. Prices subject to change without notice. C. V. BLACKBURN, 12 Pine St., STONEHAM, MASS., U. S. AS CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB . 4 A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday — of each month (July, August and September excepted) at 7.45 p.m. 4 at the Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston. The Bussey Insti- tution is one block from the Forest Hills station of both the a8 elevated street cars and the N. Y., N. H. & H.R. R. Entomolo- 4 gists visiting Boston are cordially ated to attend. ; WANTED :—Small, bright colored butterflies. Will | pay cash for them in quantities. We desire Lycaenas, — Small Coppers and any other bright colored small flies for use in butterfly work. THE CASSINO STUDIO SALEM, MASS. A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 yVOU.XXVILE OCT!: DEG. 1991. NOS. 5-6 li WC rae ‘Prodryas persephone Scudder. CONTENTS Vespa artica Rohwer, a parasite of Vespa diabolica de Saussure. W.M. Wheelerand L.H. Taylor... 135 Notes on Defensive Scent Glands of Certain Coleoptera. a: S, Wade. 145 A New Species of Heterocampa (Lep., Notodontidae). Wm. Barnes and A. W. Lindsey. . : 150 Note on the mare onorods of Certain. Mecoptera and Neuroptera. ls G. C. Crampton, . 151 Notes on Orchestes rufipes Lec. 45 in New Jersey. Harry B. Weiss ; and Ralph B. Lott. : 152 | Notes on Noctuidae, with Descriptions of Some New Species (Lep. ) Wm. M. Barnes and A. W. Lindsey. . 156 | | On Humenes alluaudi Perez, a Precinctive Wasp of ‘the Seychelles __. (Hymenoptera). J. Bequaert. . - c < 160 Notes on Canadian and Arctic Spiders. B H. Eme rton. . : 165 Proceedings of the Cambridge Entomological Club js 168 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFF:iCERS FOR 1921 President : : : ; : . NatHan Banks Vice-President . jf ; ; ; : L. R. ReyNoups Secretary . ; , ‘ : : : . J. H. EMERTON Treasurer : : é ; : : F. H. WALKER Executive Committee C. A. Frost, W. L. W. Frexp, P. G. BotstEer EDITORIAL BCARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. Brurs, Harvard University. ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. Jonson, NATHAN BANKS, Boston Society of Natural History. Harvard University. A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morss, Washington State College. . Wellesley College. J. H. Emerton, J. G. NEEDHAM, Boston, Mass. Cornell University. W. M. WHEELER, Harvard University. PSYCHE is published bi-monthly, the issues appearing in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to subscribers in the United States, Canada or Mexico; foreign postage, 15 cents extra. Single copies, 40 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. 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AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. f Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office at Boston, Mass. | Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized on June 29, 1918. Peo Oyo ue VOL. XXVIII OCTOBER - DECEMBER, 1921 Nos. 5-6 VESPA ARCTICA ROHWER, A PARASITE OF VESPA DIABOLICA DE SAUSSURE.? By W. M. WHEELER AND L. H. TAytor. The summer of 1921, at least in New England, was a “wasp summer,” probably on account of the protracted, hot, dry weather during June and July. Certain species of Vespa, especially the common yellow-jacket, V. diabolica, were unusually abundant. Probably for this reason we were able to make the following obser- vations on a rare wasp, V. arctica, which, as shown by Fletcher in a paper read before the Entomological Society of America (1908), is a parasite in the nest of diabolica. Unfortunately, Fletcher died before he could publish his paper, and the very brief notice of it in the proceedings of the Society is all that has appeared, During the summer of 1921 the senior author spent his vacation at Colebrook, in the Litchfield Hills of Connecticut; the junior author at Forest Hills, near Boston. In both places a number of diabolica nests were examined, and in three of them arctica was taken. The latter species? is black and white, and in size and markings may be very readily mistaken for V. consobrina De Saussure, but closer examination shows that it has long cheeks and long hairs on the tibiw. It lacks, moreover, the worker caste, and therefore differs from all known species of Vespa, except austriaca Panzer, which will be considered more fully in the sequel. This absence of the worker caste at once suggests that arctica is a social parasite like the species of Psithyrus in the nests of bumble-bees and certain ants (Anergates, Epoecus, Epipheidole, Sympheidole, Anergatides, etc.) in the nests of Tetramorium, Monomorium and 1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institu- tion, Harvard University. No. 195. ? This species was originally described by Lewis (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 24, 1897, p. 173) as Vespa borealis, but Rohwer (in Viereck, Hymenoptera, or Wasp-like Insects of Connecticut, 1916, changed the name to arctica, as Kirby had previously described a V. borealis (Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1837, p. 264). 136 Psyche [Oct.-Dee. Pheidole. V. arctica belongs to the Canadian and Upper Tran- sition zones. Sladen (1918) records it as ranging from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. It has been recorded from Amherst, Mass., according to Rohwer (Viereck, 1916), and by him included in the list of Connecticut Hymenoptera as probably occurring in that state. The senior author has taken it repeatedly but sparingly at Colebrook (1200-1600 ft.) during the summers of 1918 and 1919, on the flowers of Spirea salicifolia. Until it was taken by the junior author at Forest Hills during the past summer, there was no record of its occurrence near sea-level and in Eastern Massa- chusetts. The three observations that go to confirm Fletcher’s contention that arctica is a social parasite in the nests of diabolica are the following: 1. On July 4, the senior author’s attention was called to a dia- bolica nest attached to the bottom of the back-net of his tennis- court, at the surface of the ground, in a bunch of grass and sensi- tive fern. As the wasps were intimidating the players, the colony was asphyxiated after dusk on July 7 by throwing cloths satu- rated with carbon bisulphide over the nest. On removing the cloths on the following morning, the nest and its occupants were carefully examined. The structure had attained the size and shape of an orange about 12 cm. in diameter, and contained two broadly elliptical combs, a larger, upper, measuring 8 by 6.5 em., and a smaller, lower, measuring 7 by 5 mm. There were 64 wasps in the colony, 62 workers of diabolica, a queen of the same species, and a queen arctica. The upper and older comb had two concen- tric circles of capped cells, enclosing pupating larve and pupe. The open cells contained eggs and young larve of different sizes. Undoubtedly all the brood in this comb represented workers of. diabolica. The lower comb (Fig. 1) had a single circle of 20 pupe of diabolica on half its area, while the center of the other half was occupied by a clearly defined cluster of 11 very large, elongate cells, each containing a conspicuously large larva. These cells are marked with white crosses in the figure. The remaining cells were very small and short and contained eggs and very young larve. Evidently all or nearly all the brood, except the 11 large 1921] Vespa arctica, a parasite of Vespa diabolica 137 larvee belonged to diabolica. These large larvee, which were nearly ready to pupate, must have belonged to arctica, and were probably females. That they had been abundantly fed by the diabolica workers and their development favored beyond that of the remain- ing larvee was evident from a glance at the two combs. Examina- tion of the two queens, which were of the same size, showed that their wings were mutilated. The apical halves of both wings of the arctica queen on the right side had been bitten off. As both queens were still fresh when found in the nest on the morning of July 8 (the diabolica queen, when stimulated, still moved her tarsi!) we may infer that both were living together in the nest, though probably not on the best of terms, that the arctica queen had prob- ably entered the nest just as the workers were beginning to build the second comb and had oviposited in 11 of its cells, and that the resulting larve were being actively fed by the diabolica workers. because the parasite’s wings were too much mutilated to permit her to leave the nest and forage. 2. On June 29, the junior author killed a colony of diabolica which had its nest in the hay-scales of the State Antitoxin. Labor- atory on the grounds of the Bussey Institution. It was younger than the preceding, had one comb and only a few cells of a second, and contained only a small number of diabolica workers and an arctica queen. Since the colony was captured during the day, most of the diabolica workers were probably out foraging, and the absence of the diabolica queen may, perhaps, be accounted for on the same supposition. 3. August 4, the junior author took in the Arnold Arboretum a nest of diabolica containing three recently emerged males of arctica. Jn the same nest were about a dozen large larve and two or three pup, evidently queens, though whether of diabolica or arctica was not determined, as they were unpigmented. In all probability, however, they belonged to arctica. The presence of worker larvee and pup indicated that the queens of both species were in the colony at about the same time (that is, if the time for development of diabolica workers is about the same as that required for the arctica males), and that at least one of the queens had been in the nest very recently was indicated by the numerous eggs, although these might, of course, have been laid by the workers, 138 Psyche [Oct.-Dec. During the entire summer we sought carefully for additional nests of diabolica infested with arctica, but none was found. At Colebrook the males of arctica were not uncommon on the flowers of Spriwa salicifolia and Pastinaca sativa, usually during the morn- ing or late afternoon hours in three different localities where in- fested colonies of diabolica must have been present but could not be located. The first of these males was captured as early as July 16, and a few were taken every few days throughout the remainder of July and the first two weeks of August. Thereafter the species seemed to have disappeared, though in previous years a few males and females were captured as late as September 1. No males of V. consobrina were seen on flowers till July 31, and virgin females and males of diabolica did not appear till later (August 20 to 22), and soon afterwards disappeared. It would seem, therefore, that the early emergence and long flying period of the arctica males is an adaptation to insuring the fecundation of the much less numerous females, an adaptation the more necessary because the species is very rare most summers, when the host spe- cies, too, is less abundant. The foregoing observations have an important bearing on what has been learned concerning V. austriaca. This wasp, which also lacks a worker caste, has long been known in Europe, where it ranges from Ireland to Russia, with a marked preference for mountains up to an altitude of 5500 feet. It seems also to occur 14 Palearctic Asia. Recently Bequaert (1916) took two females of austriaca at Fort Lee, New Jersey, opposite New York City, and recorded a specimen taken by Prof. J. S. Hine on the same day (July 16) on Staten Island. More recently (1918) Sladen has taken qaustriaca at Ottawa and Chelsea, Quebec (mid-June), and at Winnipeg and Kaslo, British Columbia (mid-July), and Be- quaert (1920), cites specimens from Savonoski, Alaska (July), Mt. Hood, Oregon (G. P. Engelhardt Coll.), and Beaver Mouth, Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia (J. C. Bradley Coll.). In Europe this wasp has been taken in the nests of V. rufa and has been regarded as a parasite of the latter by Morawitz (1864), Schmiedeknecht (1881), Robson (1898), Saunders (1903), Sharp (1893), Pérez (1910), and Bequaert. Carpented and Pack-Beres-, ford (1903) have published a careful account of an austriaca-rufa 1921 ] Vespa arctica, a parasite of Vespa diabolica 139 colony taken in Ireland. They show that the two species are very closely related taxonomically, and infer that ‘the old austriaca queen was the foundress of the nest and that both the rufa and austriaca are her offspring.” ‘The evidence with which they en- deavor to support this inference seems to us to be very inconclusive. It is indeed surprising that such accomplished entomologists should have failed to take account of the habits of other parasitic Aculeata, such as Psothyrus and the workerless ants, which are all so much better known than the wasps they werestudying. The occurrence of austriaca in the vicinity of New York City and in British America and Alaska, at once raises the question as to its American host, since rufa is not known to occur on this side of the Atlantic. Bequaert surmises that consobrina may be the American host, and maintains that this wasp, “although very different in coloration, is very probably the American rase or sub- species of Vespa rufa L.” If this proves to be the case, we should have the short-cheeked, black.and yellow austriaca living with the short-cheeked, blach and white consobrina, just as our long-cheeked, black and white arctica lives with the long-cheeked, black and yellow diabolica. The dates of flight of male and female austriaca and rufa, care- fully recorded by British entomologists (Carpenter and Pack-Beres- ford and Evans (1903)), indicate that the austriaca queens issue from hibernation later in the spring than the nest-founding rufa queens. The same is probably also true of arctica as compared with diabolica. Hence the parasitic queens, when they first appear in the spring, find the host nests already well-established and con- taining a worker personnel ready to nurse the parasitic brood. The parasitic Psithyri show the same tendency to enter the Bombus colonies only after their first batch of workers has emerged (Sladen, 1912), and the parasitic ants take a similar advantage of their host. species. The presence of both host and parasitic queens in the arctica- diabolica nest examined by the senior author at Colebrook, raises the question as to the probable eventual fate of the host queen in infested nests. In the various cases of the mixed colonies among ants the host queen is soon eliminated, and, according to Sladen (1912), the same rule applies to the Bombus queens of colonies 140 Psyche [Oct.-Dee. invaded by Psithyrus and to the queen of B. terrestris lucorum when its nest is invaded by the queen of B. terrestris virginalis.' Had the Colebrook arctica-diabolica colony, which was still young when asphyxiated, been permitted to continue its growth and development, the diabolica queen might, of course, have been elim- inated. This would, indeed, seem probable, if we may judge from the observations of Robson and Carpenter and Pack-Beresford on austriaca-rufa colonies, which were well-developed when examined. The colony observed by Robson had no rufa queen, but must have been founded by one, since typical rufa males were present. He saw the rufa workers dragging out of the nest the decapitated and mutilated carcass of an austriaca queen, presumably after her brood had been reared by the rufa workers. Thus it would seem that in this colony the host-queen had been killed either by her own workers or by the parasitic queen, and that the latter had been killed by the rufa workers or had died a natural death in the nest after com- pleting her life-work. Carpenter and Pack-Beresford give a de- tailed census of their austriaca-rufa colony. It contained an old austriaca but no rufa queen, besides many males and three pupal queens of austriaca. In this case also, the host queen seems to have been eliminated earlier in the season. The absence of the host-queen from nests infested by the para- sitie wasps, as in the nests of austriaca-rufa just considered and the two arctica-diabolica nests found by the junior author, may be due, nevertheless, to quite other causes. Desertion of the nest by its foundress, even after brood is present, or her destruction while feraging, may leave the colony motherless and open to invasion by parasitic queens. Janet (1903) has even observel the invasion of a motherless V. crabro nest by a strange crabro queen, and her adoption by the workers. Both Janet and Marchal (1896) have failed to find the queen in several nests of this wasp, and the latter shows that in the case of V. media the queen is so short-lived that she completes oviposition by the beginning of August and dis- appears soon afterwards. The development of media colonies is, therefore, considerably accelerated as compared with the colonies 1 This rule does not seem to apply to some of our American Psithyrus- Bombus colonies, to judge from the very interesting, unpublished observa- tions made by Mr. O. E. Plath at the Bussey Institution during the past summer, PSYCHE, 1921. Vou. XXVIII, Puatre VI. Wheeler & Taylor — Vespa diabolica Fig. 1. Combs from nest of Vespa diabolica taken by the senior author at Colebrook, Conn. The white croses at the left mark the large cells occupied by the larve of the parasite, Vespa arctica. Natural size. Fig. 2. Typical nest of Vespa diabolica. about 2/5 natural size. PSYCHE, 1921. VoL. XXVIII, Puate VIT. LD cen B Fig. 3. Nest built by workers of Vespa diabolica. Natural size. 1921] Vespa arctica, a parasite of Vespa diabolica 147 of V. germanica and communis, in which the mother queen is often found as late as the last of September or early October. Perhaps the diabolica queen may resemble the crabro queen in her tendency to desert an incipient nest and found another, or perhaps, as a rule, she may desert her nest as soon as it is invaded by an arctica queen. That she is short-lived, like the queen of media, seems to be indicated by the following observations on uninfested nests: July 21, the senior author asphyxiated a diabolica colony which was nesting very near the ground at the base of a cluster of golden- rods in a deserted pasture. The nest was well-developed, with two large combs and a very small, four-celled third comb. There were 76 workers but no queen, although her presence might have been expected, since the colony was asphyxiated after dark. August 27, the senior author found depending from the ceiling of a porch a small abandoned diabolica nest. It had only a single small comb, about 3.5 cm. in diameter, containing some dead worker pupz and small larve. A similar deserted nest was found earlier in the season attached to the limb of a tree. Also on August 27 a large, well-developed diabolica nest was found under the roof of a water-tank. Two living workers were still clinging to the involucre, which contained three well-developed combs. There were a few living worker pup in the combs and a number of dead workers that had fallen from the nest. The males and virgin females had departed, so that the colony must have completed its development several days and possibly a few weeks before the first of September. Of eight diabolica nests taken by the junior author before August 4, on the grounds of the Arnold Arboretum, only one contained an old queen, although in each case care was taken to secure the entire colony. A flourishing colony of V. diabolica comprising 200 to 250 workers, also without a queen, was taken August 10. The appar- ently exclusive emergence of males from this colony, as a result of which there were scarcely 25 workers left in the nest by Sep- 142 : Psyche [ Oct.-Dee. tember 10, suggested that the queen might have been absent for some time before the earlier date.1 Of two diabolica nests taken September 14, one contained approx- imately 150 workers and 250 males, though the colony must have numbered fully a thousand during its prime. This nest had no queen, but in the other one killed the same day, along with 40 workers and 60 males, was a single virgin female, the last of a considerable number that the colony had produced. Onr observations on V. arctica and diabolica, though fragmen- tary, seem to justify the following conclusions: 1. The nest-founding queen of V. diabolica, like that of the European media, is rather short-lived, completing oviposition and perishing rather early in the season, probably not later than the middle or early part of August, at least during favorable summers. 2. There are some indications that the diabolica queen, like the crabro queen, has a tendency to desert her nest in an incipient stage and found another. 3. V. arctica is a permanent social parasite in the nest of dia- bolhica, and her brood, consisting exclusively of males and fertile females, is reared by the diabolica workers. 4, The over-wintering queen of arctica, like that of austriaca, probably appears late in spring, at a time when the nests of the host-species are already established and contain enough workers to nurse her brood. 1In taking this nest at dusk the junior author failed to capture about a dozen workers which were still flying about, and which finally settled on the tree from which the nest had been cut. Deprived of their habitation, and even of the branch which supported it, these few workers were huddled together the next evening at a place remote from the original position of the nest. Closer observation revealed that they had already attached bits of newly-made paper to the bark of the tree. It was about this paper that the workers were congregated. By the end of the second day the wasps had suspended a single cell from a strong filament of paper after the manner of a queen in founding her nest in the spring, and in a few more days the structure had begun to assume the proportions of a normal nest. On Sep- tember 10 it was about the size of a hen’s egg and there were still two or three workers defending it (Fig. 3). Six days later this nest was found torn open, apparently by a predator, perhaps a bird, which had robbed it of whatever it might have contained, thereby preventing further observation. The construction of nests by workers of European species of wasps has been observed by several authors, notably Janet (1903), who describes three new nests built successively by workers of the same colony. Other accounts are given by Ormerod (1859), Stone (1860), von Siebold (1871), Kristof (1878) and Marchal (1896). 1921] Vespa arctica, a parasite of Vespa diabolica 145 5. The fate of the host queen in such nests is unknown. Whether she voluntarily deserts the nest soon after the parasite enters or is killed by the latter or by her own workers, or whether the parasitic queen has a tendency to enter young motherless nests of the host species, remains to be determind. That both queens may occasionally live side by side for some time, would seem to be demonstrated by the colony examined by the senior author. 6. From what is known of V. arctica and austriaca we may conclude that these workerless wasps have essentially the same relations to their host-colonies as the parasitic Psithyri and worker- less ants (Anergates, etc.). BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1916. Bequaert, J. On the Occurrence of Vespa austriaca Pan- zer in the Northeastern United States. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 11, 1896, pp. 101-107. 1920. Bequaert, J. Bees and Wasps. Scientific Results of the Katmai Expedition of the National Geographic Society. Ohio Journ. Sci. 20, 1920, pp. 292-297. 1903-1905. du Buysson, R. Monographie des Guépes ou Vespa. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 72, 1903, pp. 260-288; 73 (1904), 1905, pp. 485-556, 565-634. 1903. Carpenter, G. H. and Pack-Beresford, D. R. The Rela- tionship of Vespa austriaca to Vespa rufa. Ent. Month. Mag. (2) 14, 1903, pp. 230-242, 1 pl. 1903. Hvans, W. Vespa austriaca and V. rufa in Scotland. Ent. Month. Mag. (2) 14, 1903, pp. 299, 300. 1908. Fletcher, J. Vespa borealis an Inquiline? Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1, 1908, p. 30; Psyche 15, 1998, p. 16. 1903. Janet, Ch. Observations sur les Guépes. Paris, C. Naud. 1903. 1878. Kristof, L. J. Ueber einheimische, geselliglebende Wespen und ihren Nestbau. Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark, 1878, p. 38. 1896. Marchal, P. Wa Reproduction et Evolution des Guepes Sociales. Arch. Zool. Expér. et Gén. (3) 4, 1896, pp. 1-100, 6 figs. 144 1864. 1919. Psyche [ Oct.-Dec. Morawitz, F. Ueber Vespa austriaca Panz. und drei neue Bienen. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow 37, 1864, pp. 439- 449, Ormerod, FE. L. Contributions to the Natural History of the British Vespide. The Zoologist 17, 1859, pp. 6641- 6655, Pérez, J. Notes sur les Vespides. Actes Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux 44, 1910, pp. 1-20. Robson, J. HE. Vespa austriaca, a Cuckoo-Wasp. Science Gossip (N. 8.) 5, 1898, pp. 69-73. Saunders, HE. On the Relationship of Aculeate Inquilines and their Hosts. Ent. Month. Mag. (2) 14, 1903, pp. RV2-2TA, Schmiedeknecht, O. Ueber einige deutsche Vespa-Arten. Ent. Nachricht. 7, 1881, pp. 313-318. von Siebold, C. Th. H. Beitrage zur Parthenogenesis der Arthropoden. Engelmann, Leipzig, 1871. Sladen, F. W. L. Bombi in Captivity and Habits of Psithy- rus. Ent. Month. Mag. 35, 1899, pp. 230-234. Sladen, F. W. L. The Humble-Bee, its Life-History and How to Domesticate it. Macmillan & Co., London, 1912. Sladen, F. W. L. The Genus Vespa in Canada. Ottawa Naturalist 32, 1918, pp. 71-72. Stone, S. Facts connected with the History of a Wasp’s Nest. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (2) 6, 1860, pp. 86-87. Viereck, H. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Part III. The Hymenoptera, or Wasp-like Insects of Connec- ticut. Bull. No. 22, State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Connecticut. 1916. Wheeler, W. M. The Parasitic Aculeata, a Study in Evolu- tion. Proc. Amer. Phil Soc. 58, 1919, pp. 1-40. 1921] Scent glands of Coleoptera 145 NOTES ON DEFENSIVE SCENT GLANDS OF CERTAIN COLEOPTERA. By J. S. WADE, Scientific Assistant, Bureau of Entomology. Washington, D. C. The attention of the writer was first directed to the functions of defensive or repugnatorial scent glands in certain Coleoptera during the study some time ago of the biology of some of the more common species of Coleoptera belonging to the Tenebrionid tribe Eleodini, inhabiting portions of the central Great Plains region. Later, a growing interest led to closer field observation and to the examination, as opportunity offered, of available literature on the subject. The notes which follow are intended merely to supple- ment data already published, te which reference is made. It is obvious to anyone at all familiar with insect life, that the degree of sensitiveness and response in insects to certain external phenomena is enormously greater than in vertebrates, and that their organs of sense are developed accordingly. It always has been a cause for wonder to human beings as to the means by which the various lower animals recognize, distinguish and communicate with each other. Although we know very little about the senses of the lower animals, it long has been known that such senses as sight or touch are not nearly so important to insects as to us. We know that insects actually do distinguish and communicate with each other, or are attracted or repelled by each other, and as the means of communication are not known to use, may we not safely assume that such is brought about through factors, the existence of which is not yet recognized or understood? Packard (1898) has called attention to the ease and rapidity with which exceed- ingly delicate, attenuated, and highly volatile odors unknown to us are perceptible to insects. McIndoo (1917) has suggested the presence of a chemieal sense or senses, somewhat comparable to our olfactory sense, which receives and transmits stimuli in a way somewhat like that of odors, and has ably discussed the results of observations and experiments upon certain insects, and has given a short historical review of the literature on the subject. In fact, 146 Psyche [Oct.-Dee. the subject as a whole in its relation to animal ecology makes a powerful appeal to the human imagination. It has been well understood that the presence of defensive or repugnatorial scent glands in certain insects exists in direct adap- tation to the needs and habits of their owners and in close response to their environment; also that such glands are of very frequent occurrence and with much variation as to position, form, and function; and that their presence is of value to the insect for repellent, defensive, and warning purposes. These eversible glands most frequently occur in the form of simple hypodermic pouches from which can be emitted, when desired, varying amounts of an odorous spray capable of permeating throughout considerable sur- rounding atmosphere. Biologically speaking, the principle involved in such cases, though often modified, is practically identical with that of the mephitic, sulphuretted, oil-lke fluid ejected by the skunks. Thus far anal glands are known to be present in the follow- ing families of Coleoptera: Cicindelide, Carabidee, Dytiscide, Gyrin- ide, Staphylinide, Silphidze, and Tenebrionide. The blood itself serves as a repellent fluid in the Meloide, and in the Coccinellide and Lampyride, and it issues from a pore at the end of femur as a yellowish fluid. The cantharidine in the blood of some species of Meloide, commonly known as “Spanish Fly,” forms an espe- cially caustie protection against birds, predaceous insects and rep- tiles. A number of the Carabide eject from a pair of anal glands a pungent, acid, and often corrosive fluid, staining the hands a rust-red color, and in Galerita janus Fab., the “Bombardier beetles” (Brachinus), and others, it “explodes” or volatilizes as soon as it comes in contact with the air, and the discharge and puff of vapor is accompanied by an audible report. This occurrence may be repeated over and over again in succession at frequent intervals. Westwood (1839) has recorded that specimens of a Brachinus of large size from South America, when captured “immediately began to play off their artillery, burning and staining the flesh to such a degree that only a few specimens could be cap- tured with the naked hand, leaving a mark which remained for a considerable time.” The odor of rose or hyacinth given out by certain Cicindelide, or the fragrance exhaled by the European Aromia moschata, are secretions probably formed by similar glands. 1921] Scent glands of Coleoptera 147 The larve of certain Coleoptera, notably in the Chrysomelids, alse are supplied with eversible hypodermal glands of various kinds. Folsom (1906) states that “the larve of Melasoma lapponicum evert numerous paired vesicles which emit a peculiar odor.” Packard has divided all scent-producing organs into repugnatorial and alluring organs, and a third class including those for recog- nition only, has been suggested by McIndoo, who has directed attention to the fact that it often is impossible to determine pur- poses for which such organs are used. During the summer and fall of 1914 and the spring of 1915 collections of various species of adults of Eleodiini for breeding purposes, aggregating several thousand specimens, were made by the writer over a considerable area in Western Kansas and Western Nebraska, and during this period there were many opportunities for making observations relative to a curious habit possessed by many members of that tribe. When disturbed, many of them have a habit of standing on their anterior and middle legs, elevating the abdomen to its utmost height, appearing at times fairly to stand upon their heads, and spurting sidewise right and left from their eversible repugnatorial glands, a persistently malodorous liquid having a peculiar penetrant odor, and capable, when brought into accidental contact with the skin of the human hand, of making a stain almost impossible to wash off, and the odor of which varies in intensity with some of the species. “The smell of the glandular secretions,” says Gissler (1879), “is to my knowledge incomparable to anything else.” The glands of the species examined, Hleodes gigantea Mann., are in both sexes embedded in the fat bodies on each side of the intestinal tract, and consist of two reddish-brown organs about 6 mm. in length, somewhat cylindrical at one end and roughly flattened at the other. Gissler has records concerning the fluid that “When the secretion is spurted on a glass slide, it solidifies within a few seconds, form- ing an orange-colored magma of minute crystals, in other cases it only partially crystallizes, and in others it remains entirely liquid. It is in all cases of an acid reaction, and of an intensely penetrant odor, causing the eye to lachrymate. It is soluble in water, aleohol and ether. Boiled with concentrated sulphuric acid and alcohol an ethereal aromatic vapor is produced, indicating the 148 Psyche [ Oct.-Dec. presence of one or more organic acids. . . . Having tested for valerianic acid in the usual way with neutralized soda solution upon sesquichloride of iron, no red precipitate of valerianate of iron was formed, nor have I obtained a bluish-white opalescent liquid of butyrate of copper on adding acetate of copper. Urie acid was also found to be absent, on treating with nitric acid and ammonia in the usual way; neither could I detect formic or acetic acid, nor did boiling with caustic soda liberate ammonia. A few drops of the secretion, put on a piece of dry caustic soda, turned at first dark green, became in a few seconds dirty brown, and cleared up to a brownish red after several hours.” It was interesting to note that the quantity of the secretion voided varies noticeably with the different species under observation, both under field and under laboratory conditions, and some of the spe- cies, notably Hleodes tricostata Say, undoubtedly have the habit of erecting the abdomen in a threatening manner when approached, though no secretion may be voided. Such species undoubtedly find protection through imitation of the threatening movements of their more formidable associates. Two of the characteristics of the Eleodes are their slowness of movement, and their habit of coming out of their hiding places about sunset for feeding purposes, and their presence is readily noticed on the bare sandy plains by birds, skunks, and other enemies, hence their protective secretion, or, in the absence of this, their threatening maneuvers are no doubt of highest value to them. REFERENCES. 1839. Westwood, J. O. Modern classification of insects, Vol. 1, pp. 75-76. 1879. Gissler, C. F. On the Repugnatorial Glands of Eleodes. Psyche, Vol. 2, pp. 209-210, ine. 1882. Dimmock, G. On some glands which open externally on insects. Psyche, Vol. III, pp. 387-401. 1884. Williston, S. W. Protective Secretions of species of Ele- odes. Psyche, Vol. IV, pp. 168-169 ine. 1895. Packard, A. S. The Eversible repugnatorial Scent Glands of Insects. Jour. N.-Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. III, pp. 110-127. 1921] 1896. 1898. 1906. 1906. TOA. Scent glands of Coleoptera 149 Packard, A. S. Literature on defensive or repugnatorial glands of insects. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, pp. 26-32 ine. Packard, A. S. A Text-book of Entomology, pp. 368 to 390 ine. Melander, A. L. and Brues C. T. The Chemical Nature of some Insect Secretions. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soe. Vol. 4, pp. 22-36. Folsom, J. W. Entomology with special reference to its biological and economic phases. Pp. 81-82 ine. McIndoo, N. E. Recognition Among Insects. Smith. Mise. Colls., Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 1-78. 150 Psyche [Oct.-Dec. A NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCAMPA (LEP., NOTODON- TID.) By Wo. Barnes, M. D. anp A. W. Linpsey, PH. D. Decatur, Ill. Heterocampa amanda n. sp. Head, thorax and abdomen light gray or brownish gray to dark gray. Tufts and tips of patagia darker. Pectinations of 4 antenne long, gray-brown; shaft with some light gray scales. Primaries gray, the costa powdered with whitish scales and the veins in part somewhat darker than the ground color. Within the basal area, below Cu,, and beyond the cell there are sometimes paler, somewhat brownish areas. Basal line geminate, the outer black, the inner gray, and the included space buff. T. a. line gem- inate, faint, outwardly convex between the veins. This line is oblique, almost reaching the middle of the inner margin, and is slightly curved. TT. p. line similar but with scallops reversed and much slighter. This line is almost upright, but is slightly concave outwardly beyond cell and inside of Cu,, leaving the usual square projection between Cu, and M,. The s. t. line is made up of two blackish shades, one almost straight from near apex to M,, the other beginning outside of the first on M;, running thence to Cu,, and then curving outward toward the anal angle. Both are followed by vague slender whitish lines. There is a blackish ter- minal line, sometimes cut by white on the veins, and the fringes are concolorous with the wing, but with blackish at the veins. Cell terminated by a curved blackish line. Secondaries white in male, the costa, outer margin (very slenderly), terminal quarter and sometimes a short median portion of veins marked with gray- brown. Fringes more or less grayish, darker at the veins. In the female the secondaries are more gray-brown with a variably definite band filling the terminal third and a less strongly marked median shade and discal spot. Fringes grayish white, dark at the veins. Under surface white in the male, the secondaries marked much as above and the primaries darker toward costa and apex, with only the markings of the fringes, a discal bar, and sometimes a paler terminal area visible. In the female this surface is much darker, as would be expected. The primaries are otherwise similar 1921] ~~ Surgonopods of Mecoptera and Neuroptera 15i to those of the male, while the secondaries have a terminal pow- dery whitish area, preceded by a broad vague transverse shade and then by a slender median shade, both of which lose their identity toward the costa. The discal bar is present. Expanse 35 to 45 mim., the sexes similar. Described from ten specimens in coll. Barnes. Holotype ¢, 3 paratypes ¢ and one paratype 9, from the Hualapai Mts., Mohave Co., Ariz., May. One paratype ¢ from the Planet Mine, Bill Williams R., Yuma Co., Ariz., and four paratypes @ from Mohave Co., Aug. In addition we have specimens from Yavapai and Cochise Counties, Ariz. We place this species after wmbrata Wlk. and its forms, though it is not closely related. Its superficial appearance suggests Fen- tonia miranda Dyar, but it is a true Heterocampa and this resem- blance is only general. - NOTE ON THE SURGONOPODS OF CERTAIN MECOP- TERA AND NEUROPTERA. By G. C. CRAMPTON. Through the kindness of Mr. A. N. Caudell, I have recently been able to examine a specimen of the interesting Mecopteron Merope tuber, preserved in alcohol. Since the specimen was pre- served in fluid, this permitted the moving of the parts without danger of breaking them, and enabled me to determine that the parts which I formerly considered to be the dorsal penis valves (i. e., the parts labeled “dv” in Fig. 24, Plate III, of Psyche, Vol. | 25, 1918), from an examination of a dried specimen of Merope in the Cambridge museum, are in reality the surgonopods, or lateral appendages of the tenth abdominal segment. It would also appear that certain of the structures called gonopods in the Neuroptera shown in Figs. 14, 12, etc., of the article in question, are likewise homologous with the surgonopods, as I have pointed out in a paper which will later be published, dealing with the terminal structures of insects in general. 152 Psyche [Oct.-Dee. NOTES ON ORCHESTES RUFIPES LEC., IN NEW JERSEY. By Harry B, WEIss AND RALPH B. Lort, New Brunswick, N. J. According to Blatchley and Leng?! this weevil is known to occur in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Newfoundland and Quebec. At Batavia, N. Y., according to H. H. Knight, it was abundant on’ the shining willow Salix lucida, the adults feeding on the leaves, July 1 to 15, the larve mining the leaves in August and Septem- ber; other species of willow in the same locality were not infested. Gibson? states that in Ontario an outbreak of rufipes occurred locally on willow toward the end of May and during the first half of June at the Experimental Farm; beetles were first noticed on the laurel-leaved willow Salix pentandra on May 31, and were quite numerous by June 15, and their work noticeable. In one leaf, two and one quarter inches long and one inch wide, 329 feed- ing holes were counted. The species is not recorded in Smith’s List of the Insects of New Jersey, although it is known to occur on Salix lucida and also on black willow Salix nigra, at Ruther- ford, where all of the observations recorded in this paper were made, In New Jersey the beetles go into hibernation about the latter part of September and first of October, selecting such places as under loose bark, in partly dead wood, in dry stumps of limbs, ete. Here they may be found in colonies of varying numbers, depending on the size of their hibernation quarters. If suitable weather pre- vails a few beetles will emerge about the middle of April or even before and can be found crawling over the bark. Feeding soon takes places and by the last of April and first of May noticeable damage is being done to the leaves. Even at this early date many leaves will be brown and dry if the beetles are numerous. Feeding continues all during May, interrupted by copulation during the latter half of this month. Eggs are deposited during the last of May and first part of June, and by the middle of June hatching is under way and small mines are visible. By the last of June the mines, together with the larve, are good-sized and much in 1 Rhynch. N. E. Amer., p. 282, 1916. 241st Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 15, 1910. 1921] Notes on Orchestes rufipes 153 evidence. Practically all of the adults disappear by the middle of June. The mining of the foliage continues until about the end of the first week of July, at which time most of the larve are full grown and pupation is starting. ‘This takes place within the mine, requiring about a week or ten days. By the middle of July many beetles are out and by the last of July the entire brood is in evidence, feeding on such green foliage as escaped the ravages of the larve and the hibernating brood of beetles. Feeding con- tinues until cool weather forces the beetles to seek winter quarters. As has been stated before, a noticeable browning of the foliage starts about the last of April or first of May. As the feeding increases so does the injury, and by the time the mines are starting much of the foliage is brown and dead. The larve complete the destructive work, and by the end of July infested trees have the appearance of having been swept by fire. The adult eats a hole usually through the lower epidermis and then consumes the tissue and juices between the upper and lower epidermis for a short distance around the original opening. This results in a little circular or oval hollow area in the leaf along the inner edge of which is the opening through which the beak was inserted. Later, the lower epidermis over the hollow space dries and falls off. This leaves a depression on the under surface. Still later the upper epidermis over the eaten portion becomes brown, dries and cracks, and this may result in a hole through the leaf. The injury really consists of a skeletonizing of the leat from the lower surface, but it is not accomplished directly as in the case of most skeletonizing by other species. In severe infesta- tions the feeding punctures are so close that the entire leaf is covered by them. The eggs are inserted singly anywhere under the lower epidermis in irregular oval cavities, which resemble feeding punctures. The tissue above and below the egg becomes brownish. The female cuts nearly a complete circular slit in the lower epidermis, leaving enough tissue for a hinge. This circular flap is pushed to one side and an irregular oval area cleaned out. This results in a somewhat oval cavity with the opening at one end. The egg is then inserted and the flap closed. Eggs were found in young and old leaves, even when they were considerably injurd by feeding. 154 Psyche [Oct.-Dee. The completed mines are blotch-like and usually extend from the midrib to the edge of the leaf, occupying from one-sixth to one-fourth of the entire leaf surface. They are visible plainest from the upper surface, where they appear as brownish, discolored, dead areas. As a rule, there is only one larva in a mine, but in many cases the mines merge, so that the entire leaf consists of a solid mine containing numerous larve. Many leaves contained from seven to twenty-two small mines. On account of the merging of some of these, and on account of the death of some of the partly grown larve, only from three to five completed large mines were found in most of the leaves at the end of the season. Ecc. Length, 0.82 mm. Width across middle portion, 0.2 mm, Oval, ends broadly rounded; translucent, somewhat whitish. Larva. Length about 3.7 mm. Width of thorax about 1 mm. Form subcylindrical, thoracic segments wider than abdominal ones, body tapering slightly from thorax to posterior portion of abdomen. Segentation distinct. Whitish except for a median dorsal and ventral row of abdominal spots, the head and thoracic shield which are brownish (young larve is greenish-white, translucent). Head small, subcircular, sparsely hairy; collum absent; epicranial halves separated dorsally by faint median suture; front large, triangular ; gula membraneous, indistinct; mouth parts small. Labrum tri- angular with truncate apex, anterior edge fringed with chitinous hairs. Mandibles broad across basal three-fourths, apical fourth narrow, acute, entire. Labium transverse with mentum and sub- mentum fused, indistinct, anterior edge arcuate. Mavxilla fused with labium to near apex, lacinia simple fringed with chitinous hairs on inner distal surface; maxillary palpi two-jointed. Tho- racic shield transverse, covering most of prothoracic dorsum, Mesothorax and metathorax wider than all other segments. Sides of thoracic and abdominal segments produced laterally. True legs’ absent. Cerci absent. Anal segment wart-like. Body hairs short and sparse, more apparent laterally. Pupa. Length about 2.6 mm. Oval, white to brownish black. Posterior dorsal portion of prothorax bearing prominent chitinized hairs, a transverse row of ten arising from dark, tuberculate bases, five on either side of middle. Dorsal posterior portion of abdomen terminated by a pair of upward-directed, stocky tubercles, tipped 1921] Notes on Orchestes rufipes 155 with sharp chitinous points. Dorsal surface of abdomen and meta- thorax bearing a few minute hairs. Head and snout bearing several chitinized hairs. 23 The Seal of the Cambridge Entomological Club i “i, UES AUMEATS | REN AO Pe on a ee 42 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1922 2 President . ; : : : . W. M. WHEELER | Vice-President : : ; ; L. R. REYNOLDS Secretary . : : . J. H. EMERTON Treasurer : ; $ : : . F. H. WALKER Executive Commitee : NATHAN Banks, W. L. W. FIELD, P. G. BOLSTER EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. BRuEs, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. JOHNSON, NATHAN BANKS, Boston Society of Natural History. Harvard University. A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morse, | Washington State College. Wellesley College. J. H. EMerton, J. G. NEEDHAM, Boston, Mass. ~ Cornell University. W. M. WHEELER, Harvard University. PSYCHE is published bi-monthly, the issues appearing in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to subscribers: in the United States, Canada or Mexico, foreign postage, 15 cents extra. Single copies, 40 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. ’ Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other editorial matter, shoe be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, ass Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra, expense for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors: the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5. 00 each, and for full age half-tones, $7.50 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. , : =e Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on anny cation. ; Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office at Boston, Mass. Acceptance tie mailing at special rate of postage provided in Section 1103, Act of October 3, I9I7, autho on June 29, rors. , oo PSYCHE VOL. XXIX. FEBRUARY 1922 No. 1 EGGS OF THREE CERCOPID. By Gro. W. BarBer and Ws. O. ELLs. Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture. In Eastern Massachusetts, Philenus leucophthalmus Linn, and Philenus lineatus Linn which Prof. Herbert Osborn (Bull. 254, Me. Agri. Exp. Sta. 1916) has designated as the Meadow Froghopper and the Grass-feeding Froghopper respectively, are undoubtedly the most numerous species of Spittle insects. Philaronis bilineata (Say) is also found, sometimes in large num- bers, usually on grasses, near or on the extensive salt marshes of this region. In August 1921, the writers confined adults of these three species in separate lantern-globe cages in which plants of Setaria glauca were growing. This grass was used because it was near at hand—not because these insects had showed any partiality for it as a food plant. Eggs were easily obtained in this way, and the method of oviposition was found to agree exactly with that observed during 1920 when eggs of P. leucophthalmus Linn. were obtained in confinement and found in the field on Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare. Oviposition of these three species is very similar indeed. Individual eggs nearly agree both in shape and in color and are deposited in the same manner. The eggs are laid in single rows, side by side, in numbers of from 2 to 24. Individual eggs are imbedded in, and the entire mass is surrounded with a white, frothy appearing material which is tough and inelastic and securely holds the individual eggs so that they can be dissected from it only with difficulty. This protective material is more plentiful about the edges of the mass and becomes sparse at the top and bottom where the mass lies in close contact with the stem and sheath of the plant. 2 Psyche [February The eggs are inserted between the stem and the leaf sheath at a point where the sheath adheres closely to the stem, the mass lying parallel with and very near to the edge of the sheath. It is evident from all the egg masses thus far observed that the female does not thrust her ovipositor thru any portion of the plant tissue, Fig. 1. A, Philaronia bilineata (Say), egg mass; a, egg of same; B, Philaenus lineatus Linn. eggs in situ; b, egg of same; C, Philaenus leucophthalmus Lian. egg mass; c, egg of Same» but merely inserts the eggs between the stalk and leaf sheath. Frequently the masses can be seen thru the leaf sheath, particu- larly when the latter is dried. Sometimes a portion of the mass can be seen exposed along the edge of the sheath. 1922] Barber—Egqgs of Three Cercopide 3 Individual eggs are smooth, shining, slightly flattened, more than two times as long as wide, one end tapering, the other bluntly rounding; sides each convexly curved or with one side slightly incurved. They are light yellow in color, usually with a slight lemon tinge. Prof. Osborn (ibid 1916) described and figured the eggs of P. leucophthalmus Linn. dissected from the female adult. Our description nearly coincides with his. Philenus lineatus Linn.) Egg; Length. 98 mm; Width .37mm. Protecting material only moderately abundant to sparse; individual eggs scarcely separated Eggs per mass 2 to 24. Philenus leucophthalmus Linn. Ege: Length 1.03 mm; Width .89 mm. Protecting material abundant; individual eggs slightly separated. Eggs per mass 2 to 18. Philaronia bilineata (Say.) Egg: Length 1.22 mm; Width .42 nmm. Protecting material abundant; individual eggs more noticeably separated by protect- ing material. Eggs per mass 5. 1Since this paper has been in the hands of the publisher there has appeared a study of Philaenus lineatus Linn., (Philip Garmon, Conn. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 230, in which the eggs are described. + Psyche [February A NEW SPECIES OF NEW ENGLAND COLEOPTERA. By C. A. Frost, Framingham, Mass. Cantharis (Telephorus) andersoni, sp. nov. Size and form of rotundicollis Say. Color entirely testaceous except for the following black, or at least dark piceous areas: the outer joints of antennsz, a diamond-shaped spot on the vertex a spot between the front cox and one on each side of the gular suture, the meso and metasternum, the greater part of the first six ventral segments, the hind tibize and generally the middle tibie and the distal ends of the hind femora, a dark spot occa- sionally on the middle femora above at the knees, the scutellum generally dark and sometimes black, the tarsi more or less dark especially beneath. Head sparsely punctured and pubescent, tumid between and in front of the antenne, with a transverse impression above each antenna, the second joint of which is short and the rest subequal. Thorax orbicular, nearly smooth and sparsely pubescent; front and side margins translucent and reflexed, more deeply concave at the sides before the middle, the tumid cordiform area of the disk abruptly limited by a deep groove in front of the hind margin of the thorax, the median impressed line faintly indicated at the middle becoming deeper and broadly triangularly depressed behind. Elytra more densely pubescent with yellowish hairs, smooth (finely punctured at the insertions of the hairs) at the base, becoming gradually strongly granulato-rugose to the apex. Beneath finely punctured and pubescent, more sparsely so on the abdomen. Anterior claw on all the tarsi with a basal tooth which is more slender and with the inner edge more curved on the hind and middle ones. Length 11 to 13 mm. The sexual characters are as usual not strongly indicated. The male antenne are slightly longer, the second joint being shorter in comparison with the third, and the basal tooth of the claw on the anterior tarsi are broader than in the female; the seventh segment of the abdomen is broadly emarginate, ex- posing an eighth segment, in the male. 1922] Frost—A New Species of New England Coleoptera 5 There seems to be little variation in the 13 males and 8 females from Belmont, Mass., or in the two males and four females from Mt. Desert Island, Me. One of the females has the elytra distinctly darker and in another the occipital spot is obsolete. The dark portions of the 5th and 6th abdominal segments show a tendency to vanish on the median line behind and almost disappear in some of the males. This species belongs near rotundicollis but can easily be dis- tinguished by the color, orbicular thorax and sculpture of the elytra. Specimens of both these species were sent to Dr. Horn of Berlin, Germany, who writes that they are distinct from known European forms although the present species slightly resembles obscura L. The species was first brought to my attention by a specimen in some material sent me in the summer of 1920 by Mr. C. 8 Anderson to whom the species is dedicated. On May 28 he took 50 specimens at Belmont, Mass. May 18, 1921, a few specimens were seen and on May 20 he made a special visit there without success. On May 22 he found them present in great numbers on Japanese barberry, and also in lesser numbers on grasses and other plants; 72 were taken, and 50 more on the 25th. The owner of the estate said they had first been noticed in 1918 but in much less numbers. A few scattered specimens were noticed in Arlington in June and July. Mr. G. C. Wheeler took two specimens in Forest Hills on English elms. Mr. C. W. Johnson took one specimen on July 18, 1919 at Jordan’s Pond on Mt. Desert Island, Me., and on June 7 and 8, 1921 he found it very common around hedges and on fences at Bar Harbor on the Island. Like the parallel case of C. neglectus Fall (which is, however, much less strikingly differentiated from its congener carolinus with which it was undoubtedly confused) we have here a still stranger and more sudden appearance in numbers of an undes- cribed species of this genus in these comparatively well-collected regions. It would seem to have been extremely rare or local to have escaped the notice of Dr. Harris, Frederick Blanchard 6 Psyche [February and the many other assiduous collectors who have diligently combed this section of New England. Paratypes are in the collections of Mr. H. C. Fall, C. S. Anderson, Col. T. L. Casey, U. 8. National museum, Boston Soc. Nat. History, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- bridge, and the National Museum at Ottawa, Canada. THE EMBOLEMID GENUS PEDINOMMA IN NORTH AMERICA. By Cuar.es T. BRUEs. Bussey Institution, Harvard University. Several years ago Dr. Joseph Bequaert showed me a strange wingless Hymenopteron that had been collected by Mr. Wm. T. Davis on Staten Island, New York in 1910. Neither of us was able to recognize it at the time and he kindly allowed me to re- tain the specimen for closer study. During early May of the present year, when collecting insects in the Stony Brook Reser- vation near Boston, Mass., Professor W. M. Wheeler found a second specimen beneath a stone which I saw at once was exactly similar to the one obtained by Mr. Davis. During the remainder of the afternoon we searched carefully for further specimens in the neighborhood, but were unsuccessful. The insect proves to be a species of Pedinomma, a genus described nearly a century ago by Westwood and not known outside of Europe till 1912 when Kieffer? described as P. angus- tipenne a species obtained by Prof. F. Silvestri at Coipué in Chile. . The North American specimens agree quite closely with Westwood’s European species, Pedinomma rufescens as nearly as I can ascertain from descriptions which have been given by several writers’, but it does not seem probable on account of its wingless condition that our American species can be identical with the paleearctic one. 1Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 496 (1833). 2Bol]. Lab. Zool. Gen. Portici, vol. 6, p. 174. 3Westwood (loc. cit.), Forster, Keiffer and Marshall. 1922] Brues—The Genus Pedinomma in North America 7 Pedinomma nearcticum sp. nov. & Length 4-4.3 mm. Fulvo-ferruginous; flagellum, palpi, legs beyond femora and the adbominal segments beyond the middle of the second, lighter; first and basal half of second abdominal segments and teeth of mandibles darker, more or less fuscous. Head and thorax, except as noted, subopaque finely, granular. Head seen from above one-half longer than broad, its sides parallel behind the eyes, the centers of which are at the anterior third of the head; narrowed obliquely in front of the eyes so that the short antennal prominence is one-third as wide as the vertex. In profile the head is an almost equilateral triangle gently convex above and below. Eyes ovoid, placed near the top of the head, broadest in front, separated by a little more than their length from the base of the antenne and as broad as the thickness of the scape. Maxillary palpi short, 3- jointed; first joint very short; second broad, enlarged at apex; third slender, pointed, nearly as long as the second; labial palpi 2-jointed, short. Mandibles broad, with four subequal teeth, clypeus clearly separated, one-third as long as the face, with large lateral foveee. Antenne 10-jointed; scape as long as the head, as long as the four following joints; second twice as long as thick and two-thirds as long as the third which is two and one-half times as long as broad; following gradually more attenuate, but not perceptibly shorter; last (the tenth) one- fourth longer than the ninth. Ocelli entirely absent. Thorax three times as long as broad above where it is barely as wide as the head; widened below, especially in front so that the pleure are visible from above; dorsal surface almost flat above; pronotum as long as the propodeum, but the mesonotum and scutellum together about half as long as either of the others; prothorax with a distinct constriction near the anterior edge extending from the lateral edge entirely across the middle; anterior to this it is indistinctly transversely aciculate. Mesono- tum very small, in front two-thirds as wide as the pronotum, and narrowed behind, with the lateral edge raised and preceded by a 1lWestwood applied the name Myrmecomorphus to'his species, but Férster considered this as a homonym of Dufour’s dipterous genus Myrmemorpha since the latter word is incorrectly formed. Later authors have used Forster’s name Pedinomma and I have here followed them 8 ; Psyche [February groove. Tegule large and distinct; wings reduced to small oval bulbs, but little longer than the tegulz, lying in depressions at the side of the mesonotum and scutellum. The latter small, broader than long with a pair of deep, nearly conflunt fovez at the base. Propodeum a little longer than wide, sides parallel ; apex of dorsal face truncate, apical angles each with a minute tooth; posterior face nearly perpendicular. Meso and meta- pleurzee and sides of propodeum obliquely rugoso-striate; pro- podeal spiracle elongate, almost near. Abdomen not depressed, nearly circular in cross-section, strongly bent downwards at apex, the upper surface smooth, without any constrictions, the tergites extending well down on the sides; first one almost as long as second; third, fourth and fifth each about two-thirds as long, subequal; apical segments short. Anterior femora and tibiz greatly thickened; middle legs slightly so; hind legs moderately slender. Tarsi, especially the four posterior ones long and slender; inner spur of hind tibia oval, pad-shaped, outer one nar- rowly spatulate, but not pointed at tip and less than one-third as long as the metatarsus. Claws slender, simple. Type from Stony-brook Reservation, Boston, Mass., May 8, 1921 (W. M. Wheeler); paratype from Wyandauch, Long Island, N. Y., May 1, 1910 (W. T. Davis) I have stated that the specimens are males as the antenne are 10-jointed although I cannot be sure, and Kieffer was also in doubt as to the sex of the Chilian species. Both sexes of the European form are practically apterous, although the Chilian, P. angustipenne has very short, strap-shaped wings. As already noted, P. nearcticum is very close to P. rufescens, but the comparative lengths of the antennal joints are different. Several European varieties have been based on slighter variations of the same sort, however, and the American form may possibly prove to represent only a variety or subspecies. Pedinomma is not known from Asia, but it is a very rare insect in Europe and may quite possibly range far to the east of its present known habitat. 1922] Chamberlin—A New Chilopod from Mexico 9 A NEW SCHENDYLOID CHILOPOD FROM MEXICO. By RaupyH V. CHAMBERLIN, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. The type of the interesting new chilopod described below was taken by Dr. Wm. M. Mann several years ago at Guerrero Mill, Hidalgo, Mexico. It represents a new genus related to the North American genera Nyctunguis Chamberlin and Nesonyx Chamberlin in having ventral pore areas in the anterior region and in possessing a well developed claw on each anal leg. It differs from these genera in having only a single coxal pore on each side. In this respect it agrees with the West African Mesos- chendyla of Attems, but the latter genus has no claw on the anal legs. Mexiconyx, Gen. nov. Claw of the second maxille pectinate. Labrum with median are bearing true teeth which are well chitinized and have dis- tinct roots. Mandible with a single pectinate lamella. Ventral pores present on sternites of the anterior region. A single coxal pore on each side, this simple or homogeneous. Anal legs terminating in a normal claw. Genotype.—M. hidalgoensis, sp. nov. Mexiconyx hidalgoensis, sp. nov. Head longer than wide, widest in front of middle; anterior margin convex or very obtusely subangular, the caudal margin straight and the lateral margins convex and converging caudad from in front of middle. Prebasal plate not exposed, the head well overlapping the basal plate, the exposed portion of which is rather short. Claws of prehensors when closed surpassing the head, reaching to the end of the second antennal article or nearly so. Joints of the prehensors unarmed within. Prosternum also unarmed; without chitinous lines. Labrum rather deeply ex- cavated at the middle and bearing in the type twenty-two teeth of which those of the median arc are more strongly chitinized and differentiated; five teeth at the crest of the are are directed ventrad. Dentate lamella of mandible presenting six or seven 10 Psyche [February conical and strongly chitinous teeth which do not seem to be segregated in distinct divisions. Ventral pores present in a cire- ular area on sternites of anterior region but absent from middle and posterior regions, last ventral plate wide. Coxal gland one on each side, this homogeneous, and, while large, was evident in the type only after clearing of the specimen. Anal legs long, with well developed claws, with sparse stiff hairs over surface in general and numerous finer and shorter ones on ventral surface of proximal joints in particular, as usual, e. g. in species of Nyctun- guis. Palpusof second maxilla rather short and stout; claw short, excavated, pectinate along the edge to and around the end, the setee long. Number of pairs of legs, in female, fifty-five. Length, about 18 mm. PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA FROM THE FIJI ISLANDS. By CuHarues T. BRUES. Several years ago when Dr. Wm. M. Mann visited the South Seas, he collected extensively in the British Solomons and in Fiji where he obtained a small number of Parasitic Hymenoptera. These he very kindly gave me for study and those from the Solomons have already been dealt with. Meanwhile Turner has published a list and descriptions of some new Hymenoptera from Fiji in which he enumerates 53 species. Of Mann’s material there remains a smaller, but perhaps even more interesting series from Fiji and many of these are treated in the present paper. I have also included one particularly curious genus contained in a small lot of Serphoidea from Fiji sent me by Mr. F. Muir who collected it when he visited these islands in 1905. As will appear evident from the context, these groups at least, show a strong Australian element in the fauna, but suggest the probable occurrence of a considerable number of peculiar endemic genera.’ 1Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution Harvard Uni- versity, No. 197. 2Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 97-130, pl. 1 (May 1918). 3Turner (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1918, p, 334) has expressed a similar opinion, based mainly on the aculeata of these islands. 1922] Brues—Parasitic Hymenoptera from Fijt Aa Family Evanide. Hemifenus extraneus Turner. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1918, p. 342 (Hyptiogaster). & Length 7-8 mm. Dark reddish brown, varied with lighter -brown, the paler markings, not very sharply defined, as follows: head below the antennz, entire orbits, vertex, neck behind, irregular streaks on mesonotum, margin of propleura, mesopleura except behind, propodeum except for a median dark line, lateral spot at middle of first and at tip of first,of second and of third abdominal segments, posterior margin of following segments, base of antennal scape and four anterior tibiz; hind legs with the femora and tibie lighter on the lateral surfaces. Wings hyaline, stigma and veins piceous. Head distinctly wider than the thorax, one-half broader than thick, occipital margin sharp, but not strongly elevated; ocelli in a triangle, as far from one another as from the eye-margin. Eyes with their facial margins parallel, surface sparsely but distinctly hairy; almost touching the base of the mandibles. Occiput irregularly, transversely aciculate, the strize oblique to the side of the ocelli and very fine and more or less concentric about the base of the antenne; clypeus and face below antennz smooth, except for very delicate dense punctures at the sides just below the antenne. Mandibles large, the basal and the apical tooth long. Antenne inserted just above the middle of the eye: scape and first flagellar joint about equal, each two and one half times as long as the pedicel; second and third flagellar joints equal, together barely one-third longer than the first, each nearly twice as long as thick; following gradually decreasing in length, the penultimate but little longer-than thick. Head behind the eyes smooth, the foraminal margin higher than on the occiput, transparent. Neck barely as long as the distance from tegula to anterior margin of mesonotum, with a very strong median carina below. Mesonotum with a V-shaped impression formed by the parapsidal furrows which originate on the sides at the anterior third and meet medially behind at the posterior third; between them near the anterior margin are traces of two delicate impressed longitudinal lines; surface coarsely transversely striate, 12 Psyche [February these strize curving backwards on the lateral lobes; scutellum flat, the postscutellum concave with raised lateral and posterior margin, almost contiguous with the tubercle upon which the abdomen arises. Thorax in lateral view slightly higher than long, the propodeum almost vertical behind. Propleura smooth except for a few short coarse horizontal strie centrally, below, and along the posterior margin; mesopleura punctulate, but smooth and polished behind; metapleura [smooth and polished; propo- deum reticulate, more coarsely so medially in front, with a dis- tinct transverse carina just behind the middle (obliterated in some specimens). Abdomen three times as long as the thorax; petiole smooth, as long as the three following segments together, the spiracle at the middle; second to sixth of about equal length, the whole abdomen formed as in Gasteruption; polished basally and subopaque beyond. Hind coxe striate above, smooth below; femora slender, the tibiz constricted at base, but not greatly swollen apically, not broader than the femora; hairy, but without any short stiff spinules; longer tibial spur a little more than half the length of the metatarsus, the latter at least four times as long as thick and as long as the following joints together; claws long, slender, simple. Wings with the basal nervure arising consider- ably to the base of the stigma; cubitus arising just behind the middle of the basal; first section of radial vein two-fifths as long as the second which is reduced in thickness on its apical half; recurrent nervure entering the first cubital cell Just beyond the basal third; anterior discoidal cell more than twice as long as the posterior one which is open behind; nervulus interstitial. Hind wing with three frenulum hooks. Six males from Fiji (W. M. Mann). One specimen is from Navai and all the others from Nadarivatu. Turner records Cuvu. Turner (loc. cit) has placed this species in Hyptiogaster and compared it with H. darwinii Westw. If Kieffer’s genus Hemi foenus is distinct, it seems to me that the Fijian form must be placed there on account of the very short thorax. H. darwinii was unknown in nature to both Schletterer and Kieffer, and the latter author (Das Tierreich, Lief. 30, p. 212) refers it to Pseudo- 1922] Brues—Parasitic Hymenoptera from Fiji 13 foenus, giving a translation of Westwoods original description which did not enable him to place the species generically. The type and only species so far referred to Hemifcenus is from Australia. No specimens are available for comparison, but from Kieffer’s comprehensive description! it is evident that the Fijian species differs in several respects from his H. brevithorax. The eyes are pubescent, not bare and the posterior femora are but slightly swollen, scarcely “keulenférmig” as in H. brevi- thorax. Unfortunately all the known examples are males and the - type species is known in the opposite sex only, which might account for these rather pronounced differences. Turner’s type is also a male although both sexes of darwinii are known. Evania impressa Schletterer. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 4, p. 153 (1889) Enderlein, Arch. Naturges. 1901, p. 191. Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 173 (Acan- thinevania) Kieffer, Das Tierreich, Lief. 30, p. 109 (1912). Turner, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1918, p. 342. Two males and two females from Lasema, Fiji (W. M. Mann). Both females and one male show a distinct, although very short, median keel on the face just. below the antenne and the ab- dominal petiole in all is distinctly longer than the distance from its base to the base of the propodeum. The Fijian examples therefore approach the Australian H. angulata Schlett. which I am inclined to believe is not a distinet species. Family Braconide. Exobracon nitidulus sp. nov. 2 Length 7-9 mm.; ovipositor 4-5 mm. Head, prothorax and first segment of abdomen, except tip, pale yellow; thorax bright ferruginous; abdomen, beyond petiole black above, except for a narrow white band just before apex; venter white between the small, white sclerites; sheaths of ovipositor black; antennal 1Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 80, p. 182 (1911) and Das Tierreich, Lief, 30, p. 192 (1912). 14 Psyche [February scape black, flagellum brown; wings very dark brown, yellowish, and with the viens lighter, near their bases; body sparingly clothed with short, sparse yellowish brown hairs. Head but little wider than long, the temples broadly rounded and the occiput weakly excavated; front with a slight impression above the antenne ocelli small, very close together. Eyes large, distinctly emargin- ate opposite the base of the antenne; malar space short, with a weak furrow; mandibles bidentate, black at tips; head smooth, except for some very minute punctures on the face. Scape of antennz simple, twice as long as thick; first flagellar joint less than twice as long as thick; second and all the following, quadrate or nearly so. Prothorax entirely smooth, above with a sharp transverse groove which extends to the middle of the pro- pleurze. Mesonontum highly polished, the parapsidal furrows impressed, but not very deep. Propodeum smooth and polished, with a linear groove just below the small, round spiracle. Abdomen smooth and shining, with few minute scattered punc- tures on the second and following segments. Median area of first segment nearly as broad as long, side pieces with a longi- tudinal groove, the segment about as long as wide; second segment twice as wide as long, with a large basal median area that is as long as wide and reaches nearly to the posterior margin, just outside it is an oblique furrow, parallel with the lateral margin of the segment and not attaining the posterior margin; third segment a little shorter and considerably wider than the second, anterior corners produced forward; but not separated by a furrow; fourth and fifth segments narrower, but nearly as long as the third; following very short. Hypopygium cultriform, but not exceeding the pygidium. Pleurz smooth, the metapleura indistinctly punctulate. Sheaths of ovipositor nearly bare. Legs stout, but not thickened; hind coxe short, flattened and much expanded inwardly at the base. Radial vein arising at the middle of the rather broad stigma, not attaining the wing tip, third section as long as the other two combined; cubitus bent at base, recurrent nervure interstitial with the very oblique first transverse cubitus; second cubital cell scarcely half as high as long above, the sides parallel; nervulus postfurcal, 1922 Brues—Parasitic Hymenoptera from Fiji 15 not oblique; nervellus arising below the middle of the cell; sub- median cell in hind wing very short. o'.Length 7 mm. Similar, but with the middle part of the first abdominal segment longer and blackened on the apical half. Eyes no longer than those of the female. Type from Lobasa, Fiji; eleven female and one male paratype from Lobasa, Navai and Vunisea, Fiji (W. M. Mann). I have not been able to compare this with any other species of the genus, but am satisfied that it is properly placed. It differs from Archibracon (Pseudobracon) in the basally bent cubitus, shorter, distinctly ovate abdomen and more clearly cubical head. It is evidently a common Fijian species. Palinzele Gen. nov. Related to Zele Curtis, but differing in the immargined head, non-convex propodeum, with the abdomen inserted well above the hind cox. Malar space as long as the basal width of the mandible; hind coxz long and slender; nervulus post-furcal; second cubital cell elongate; ovipositor very short; spur of hind tibia half as long as the metatarsus; tarsal claws simple. Type: Palinzele oceanica sp. nov. This genus is similar to Zele, but differs in the absence of a margin on the head behind and in the higher insertion of the abdomen. The slender hind coxe as well as the other two char- acters just mentioned are similar to Macrocentrus and the several genera grouped about it. On account of the very short ovipositor and habitus, however, the type appears to approach Zele and its allies more closely. Palinzele oceanica sp. nov. 2.8-8.5 mm. Pale ferruginous, the face and anterior legs paler yellowish; flagellum of antennz, ocellar space and sheaths of ovipositor black; hind tibiz, except knees, and hind tarsi piceous; wings subhyaline, with a brownish tinge, stigma and veins very dark brown. Head more than twice as broad as thick, not mar- gined behind; its surface smooth, except for minute punctures on the face, more conspicuous medially and on the clypeus; 16 Psyche [February clypeal foveze deeply impressed, nearly as far from one another as from the eye; face slightly tuberculate above each fovea and clypeus strongly elevated centrally; malar space one-fourth the eye-height, with a distinct furrow; mandibles large, inner tooth well developed; palpi short, third joint of the maxillary ones scarcely two-thirds as long as the first flagellar joint; ocelli well separated, the lateral ones separated by their own length from one another and from the eye margin. Antenne with about 55 joints, considerably longer than the body; second joint. of flagellum practically as long as the first, the following growing very slightly shorter. Mesonotum and _ scutellum smooth; median lobe highly convex; furrows crenulate, basal scutellar impression cross-striate. Propodeum granulate, finely reticulate apically; the subspiracular carina complete, but the transverse one entirely wanting; spiracle small, oval; upper surface oblique, not convex in profile, the abdomen inserted well above the hind coxee. Pleursee sparsely, minutely punctate, the propleura smooth, except at center. Abdomen slightly longer than the head and thorax together, compressed apically; first segment as long as the scutellum and propodeum; four times as long as broad at apex which is twice as wide as the base, spiracles at the basal fourth; entire abdomen smooth, conspicuously yellowish pilose apically. Legs rather long and slender, the hind coxee about three times as long as broad. Hind tibiz and tarsi very slender, but the longer apical spur fully half the length of the metatarsus; the tibia distinctly flattened, except on the basal third. Radial cell not attaining the wing tip; first section of radius more than half as long as the second which is less than half as long as the third; first discoidal cell not petiolate; nervulus perpendicular, distinctly postfurcal; recurrent nervure entering half its length before the tip of the first cubital cell; second cubital cell narrowed apically, the second transverse cubitus half as long as the first and three fourths as long as the second section of the radius; nervulus arising at the lower fourth of the dis- coidal cell; last section of cubitus imperfectly chitinized. Radial cell of hind wing enlarged basally and constricted, but not divided medially. 1922] Brues—Parasitic Hymenoptera from Fijv iL? ‘Type and paratype from Fiji (W. M. Mann); the former from Vunisea and the latter from Levuka. . Aulacocentrum Gen. Nov. (Fig. 1, A, B, C.) Related to Macrocentrus, but differing especially in the following particulars: mandibles very small and acute, with the apical tooth very small; clypeus highly convex, not dis- tinctly separated from the face; first segment of abdomen some- what longer than the distance from the tegule to the apex of propodeum, six times as long as wide at the apex which is but little wider than the base, its spiracles projecting as tubercles at the basal third; second and third segments equal, together one-third longer than the first and very narrow; radial cell in hind wings divided by constriction, the apical part narrow, the basal broad, with the radial vein thick and heavily chitinized. Fig. 1, Aulacocenirum pedicellatum sp. nov. Q; profile view of body, front view of head and wings. 18 Psyche [February Head three times as wide as thick; not margined behind; ocelli very large; maxillary palpi long, five jointed; labial palpi 4-jointed; eyes large and strongly projecting, antenne thin, longer than the body. Mesonotum strongly trilobed; propodeum and pleure finely sculptured; spiracle minute, circular. Legs very slender; ovipositor longer than the body. Recurrent ner- vure entering the first cubital cell; first discoidal cell barely sessile above; nervulus postfurcal; nervellus issuing at the lower third of the discoidal cell. Type: A. pedicellatum sp. nov. Aulacocentrum pedicellatum sp. nov. 2 Length 13 mm.; ovipositor 15 mm. Dull ferruginous; antenne black, except on scape above; lateral lobes of mesono- tum, tegule, four anterior legs beyond coxze and abdomen toward tip, flavous. Wings hyaline at base, the apical half dis- tinctly infuscated; venation piceous, the stigma dark, but with a pale central streak. Ovipositor ferruginous, its sheaths black. Face faintly punctate, shining; malar space one-fifth as long as the eye-height; vertex and head behind smooth. Antenne with about 55 joints, the first flagellar joint nearly as long as the eye-height, following decreasing in length, those near the middle of the flagellum thrice as long as thick. Mesonotum shining, the furrows deeply crenate, meeting near the middle; lobes smooth and shining. Scutellum highly convex; finely, closely punctate. Propodeum above minutely rugulose-recticulate, irregularly transversely striated behind the spiracle; anteriorly below the spiracle with a longitudinal carina; sides below confluently punctate; margin next to the mesopleura impressed, cross- striated; spical angle at base of the hind coxa produced. Meso- pleura with an oblique impression, below sparsely punctate. Propleura smooth, with a median impression. First segment of abdomen transversely aciculate (as in Stephanus); second segment and base of third somewhat irregularly longitudinally aciculate; apical segments faintly punctulate. Tibial spurs of hind leg less than half as long as the first tarsal joint; claws minute, simple. Second section of radius twice as long as the first, third longer than the other two; nervulus received less than 1922] Brues—Parasitic Hymenoptera from Fiji 19 half its length fromthe base of the first discoidal cell; recurrent nervure entering nearly its own length before the apex of the first cubital cell; second transverse cubitus half as long as the first; basal part of radial cell in hind wing oval, one third as broad as long. Type from Suene, Fiji (W. M. Mann). Family Ichneumonidse Echthromorpha immaculata Krieger. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 4, p. 331 (1909). Morley, Revis. Ichneum. British Mus., pt. 2, p. 47 (1913) (diversor). Bridwell, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 110 (1919). Turner, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1918, p. 344. There are numerous specimens of both sexes from Vunisea, Labasa, Somo-somo, Wainunu, Vagasau, and Ovalau. Bridwell records Viti Levu from material collected by Muir, and lists E. diversor described from the Solomons or New Hebrides as a synonym. Paniscus fijiensis sp. nov. 9 Length 14-16 mm. Uniformly pale dull ferruginous, with the head, except ocellar tubercle and posterior margin pale yellowish; antenne blackened, except at extreme base; wings hyaline, with the stigma ferruginous and the venation piceous. Face very slightly narrowed below; clypeal foveze contiguous to the eyes; emargination of eyes strong and acute. Ocelli separated by distinctly less than their diameter, the posterior ones touching the eye margin. Apex of mandible long and acute, inner tooth short and blunt. First joint of flagellum fully one-half longer than the second which is barely longer than the third. Thorax more noticeably pubescent than usual, its surface appearing dull and conspicuously silvery; sculpture very delicate, con- sisting of dense, very minute punctures; on the upper side of the propodeum these merge to form extremely fine transverse aciculations. Transverse carina of propodeum indicated only as a lateral tubercular ridge; subspiracular carina complete, 20 Psyche [February delicate; profile of propodeum oblique, only slightly curved. Tibi and tarsi of all legs spinulose; external hair brush of hind tibiee distinct, extending from the constriction at basal fourth to the apex. Nervulus postfurcal by two-thirds its own length, strongly arcuate above, but scarcely oblique; second recurrent nervure bifenestrate; apical vein of areolet obsolete below, not produced apically; tip of recurrent nervure distinctly beyond the hayline side of the areolet. o' Differs only by having the aciculations of the propodeum more clearly indicated medially, and by the white face and orbits, as well as the larger ocelli. The lower outer side of the areolet is more distinct. Type, six paratype females and six males from Vunisea, Fiji and one male from Lau, Fiji (W. M. Mann). This is evidently related to P. productus Brullé, with which it shares the externally angulate, although not appendiculate areolet. The propodeal striz are, however, not ‘very distinct’ as described by Brullé for his species, and the stigma is not red as described by Morley from Tasmanian examples, this island being the type locality for productus. From P. contrarius Morley, the present form differs entirely in the position of the nervulus, the only character which he gives to separate this Queensland species from productus. Turner has recorded the widespread P. opaculus (testaceus, var.) from Fiji, but the present series do not belong to that species; the propodeum is scarcely curved above, the tibial spinules more sparse and the second flagellar joint longer. Henicospilus turnert Morley. Revis. Ichneum., vol. 1, p. 51 (1912). One female from Vunisea (W. M. Mann). Henicospilus apicifumatus, Morley. Entomologist, vol. 48, p. 189 (1915). One female from Labasa (W. M. Mann). 1922] Brues—Parasitic Hymenoptera from Fiji 21 Family. Scelionide. Platyscelio Kieffer. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, Ser. 3, vol. 2 (42), p. 11 (1905). This remarkable genus of Scelionide, with greatly flattened body was first found in New Guinea from whence Kieffer (I.c., p. 12) described the type, P. pulchricornis in 1905. Since then it}has been found in Indo-malaya, Australia and Polynesia (Guam). All of the species so far described appear to be very Fig.2. Platysceliosp. ©! closely related, and from the several descriptions I have been unable to distinguish clearly two male specimens from Fiji which quite possibly represent an undescribed species. These were collected on Rewa of the Fiji group by Mr. F. Muir in 1905. As the genus has never been figured, except for a diagram of the De Psyche [February female antenna by Kieffer (l.c.). I have taken this opportunity to publish a figure (Fig. 2) of the complete insect which was drawn by my wife several years ago. As Fiji is so far removed from the localities where the other species have been taken, it would appear probable that the present species is new. From the Australian P. mirabilis Dodd (Trans. Roy. Soc. So. Australia, vol. 37, p. 182 (1913) and zbid. vol. 39, p. 444 (1905) it differs in having the propodeal groove trongly crenate and also in having the apical abdominal seg- ments entirely punctate. However, my only specimen of the Australian species is a female, and the male may be still more similar. From the type species, P. pulchricornis Wieffer (l.c.) it differs by the presence of oblique striz on the propodeum behind and by a longer marginal vein (six times as long as thick) which extends only to the middle of the wing. From P. abnormis Crawford (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, p. 126 (1910) known from Manila, it differs by lacking distinct punctures in the eroove along the anterior orbits and the antenne are blackened apically. From Fullaway’s, P. wilcor: found on Guam, (Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. ,vol. 2, p. 283 (1913) it differs in having the abdomen entirely black and in having the apical antennal joints elongate; it 1s possible however, that Fullaway may have had a female and not a male as he supposed at the time the des- cription was written; P. punctatus Kieffer. (Insecta Rennes, vol. 3, p. 321, (1914) may be the same species. So far the habits of these strangely flattened insects do not appear to have been observed. Neither have those of the Australian Platytelenomus Dodd (Ent. News, vol. 25, p. 126 (1914) which is modified in the same way. Dodd refers to the latter as common in ‘forest country’”’ and as it is probably an ege parasite, the females may find their hosts beneath bark as appears to be the case with the greatly flattened although much larger Braconids of the genus Platybracon. 1922] Crumpton—Relationship of Hemiptera-H omoptera 23 EVIDENCES OF RELATIONSHIP INDICATED BY THE VENATION OF THE FORE WINGS OF CERTAIN INSECTS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA. By G. C. Crampton, Pu. D. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. In the August issue of Psyche for 1921 (Vol. 28, p..116) Mr. F. Muir offers a criticism of certain views proposed by me concerning the origin and relationships of the Hemiptera, and since Mr. Muir’s criticism is apparently based upon a complete misunderstanding of my contentions concerning the interrela- tionships of the insectan orders in general, and the Hemiptera and Homoptera in particular, I would take this opportunity of correcting the mistaken impression given by Mr. Muir in his criticism. It is necessary first, however, to clearly understand the interrelationships of the lower forms and allied insects, before taking up the discussion of the phylogenetic development of the Hemiptera and Homoptera, and on this account I would postpone the discussion of Mr. Muir’s criticism until the evidence of relationship to be gained from a study of the venation of the fore wings has been presented. The discussion of the evidences of relationship in the different orders of insects indicated by a study of the venation of the fore wings has been taken up in the present paper because the wing veins are practically the only structural details preserved in a condition suitable for a comparative study in the fossil pre- cursors of living insects, and because the evidence of the wing venation is apparently the only evidence of relationship which recent students of insect phylogeny deem worthy of their con- sideration! So far as possible, however, I have used the evidence of the wing veins to corroberate the evidences of relationship drawn from the study of numerous other structures of the body as well, thereby obviating the danger of being deceived by con- vergent development—as might be the case if one were to depend upon the evidence of one set of structures, such as the wing veins, alone. 24 Psyche [February The anatomy of the body in general in the Plecoptera in- dicates that they are among the most important of the living forms which have departed but little from the condition typical, in many respects, of the ancestors of the Orthoptera-like insects, and the higher orders. The venation of the fore wings of recent Plecoptera, however, does not furnish a particularly favorable basis of comparison in attempting to determine the paths of development followed in the evolution of the higher orders of insects, while the venation of the Protorthoptera in par- ticular, and in some respects that of the Protoblattids, (Propaleoptera) Hadentomoids, (Proplatyptera) Megasecoptera etc., as well, apparently furnish certain servicable clews for tracing the origin of some of the developmental (evolutionary) tendencies exhibited in the wing venation of certain of the higher orders of insects. Since the Protorthoptera appear to be as important as any of the fossil forms suggestive of the precursors of the higher insects, it is of some interest to establish as closely as possible the types ancestral to the Protorthoptera. Handlirsch appar- ently derives the Protorthoptera directly from the Palzodic- tyoptera (or from the Synarmogoidea, which he derived from the Palodictyoptera); but a comparison of the wings of such a Protorthopteron as Spaniodera ambulans, or even the Protorthopteron shown in Fig. 30, with the Protoblattid shown in Fig. 32, would indicate that the Protoblattids are in- termediate between the Protorthoptera and the Palsodicty- optera. In the forewings of the lower Protorthoptera and in certain Protoblattids, the anal veins are numerous, and in the hind wings of certain Protorthoptera there occurs an anal! fan very suggestive of that found in many Protoblattids. The character of the cubital vein with its numerous oblique branches (cubital bars) and its rather wide extent in the posterior portion of the fore wing, is strikingly similar in both Protorthoptera and Protoblattids, and the nature and extent of the subcostal bars, or veinlets extending from the subcostal vein to the anterior margin of the wing, are much alike in both groups of insects (Protorthoptera and Protoblattids). When the more primitive 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera 25 representatives of the Protorthoptera are compared with certain Protoblattids, it may readily be seen that the branches of the median and radial veins are also much the same in both groups of insects, so that the Protoblattid types of wings may be re- garded as representing as nearly as any known forms, the pre- cursors of the Protorthopterous types of wings; and the Proto- blattids serve to connect the Protorthoptera with the Paleo- dictyoptera. I do not believe that the Protoblattids themselves are to be derived directly from the Palewodictyoptera, however, but their ancestors were possibly intermediate between the Paleodictyoptera and the ancestors of the Synarmogoids; and the Protorthoptera possibly sprang separately from the same stock, although the Protorthopterous and Protoblattid lines of descent apparently merge as we trace them back to their common stem, so far as the evidence of the wing veins would indicate. In the reduction of the anals, the shortening of the cubital bars, and the reduction of media to two branches, the fore wing of the Hadentomoid shown in Fig. 10 presents many features suggestive of a rather close relationship with the Protorthoptera, such as the ones shown in Figs. 28 or 26, and the nature of the radius and subcosta is quite similar to that of certain other Protorthoptera. On the whole, however, the type of Hadento- moid wing shown in Fig. 10 might more readily be derived from the type of Protoblattid wing shown in Fig. 12, and it is quite possible that the line of development of the Hadentomoids arose from ancestors anatomically intermediate between the Protoblattids and the Protorthoptera very near the point where these two lines of descent began to diverge from their common Protoblattid-like forebears. The Hadentomoid type of venation ‘is a very important one in suggesting a possible starting point in the the development of the types of venation occuring in the Embids and their allies, as will be shown later. The character of the anal, subcostal and cubital veins of the Mixotermitoid fore wing shown in Fig. 25, is very suggestive of both Hadentomoids (Fig. 10) and Protorthoptera (Fig. 28), -and the character of the median vein is somewhat suggestive of bo (=p) Psyche [February that of certain Protorthoptera (Fig. 9), while the branching of the radial vein is somewhat suggestive of the condition occurring in other Protorthoptera—although the nature of the median and radial veins in the Mixotermitoids is much more suggestive of the Palzeodictyoptera. The ancestors of the Mixotermitoids were possibly intermediate between those of the Hadentomoids and those of the Protorthoptera, though the Mixotermitoid type apparently harks back to the Paleodictyoptera in many respects. In the general character of the anals and the cubital veins, and more strikingly in the nature of the branching of the median vein, the fore wing of the Hapalopteroid insect shown in Fig. 6 ap- proaches the Protorthopteron type (Fig. 9) more closely than any other, so far as I am aware, and the precursors of the Hapalo- teroids are doubtless to be sought among the Protorthoptera or their forebears. I formerly adopted Handlirsch’s suggestion that the Hapalopteroids were very like the ancestors of the Plecoptera; but a closer examination of the venation of the Hapalopteroid wings would not bear out this assumption. The more primitive types of forewing venation in the Plecop- tera, such as that of Husthenia shown in Fig. 13, apparently hark back to a Protoblattid type resembling in some respects the one shown in Fig. 12,in the nature of the cubital and anal veins; and the anal fan in the hind wing of Husthenia is suggestive of the anal fan of the Protoblattid hind wing. On the other hand, I find much in the venation of the Plecoptera which is suggestive of a rather close relationship to the Protorthoptera, and an even closer relationship to the Hadentomoids, particularly in the nature of the branching of media and radius in the fore wing, as may be seen by comparing Fig. 11 with Fig. 10. Furthermore, if we compare the fore wing of the Plecopteron shown in Fig. 11 with the fore wing of the Embiid shown in Fig. 8. the branching of cubitus, media and radius is strikingly similar, and the evidence of the venation is therefore in harmony with that drawn from the study of other structures of the body indicating a close rela- tionship between the Embiids and the Plecoptera—and if the Imbiids are to be derived from ancestors resembling the Haden- 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera 27 tomoids and Protorthoptera in many respects, their near rela- tives, the Plecoptera should also be derived from ancestors resembling the Hadentomoids and Protorthoptera in many respects. It is quite possible that the line of development of the Plecoptera branched off from the common Protoblattid- Pro- torthopteron stem very near the point of origin of the Hadento- moid line of descent, or paralleled these lines very closely and the Plecoptera thus inherited characters found in all three of these groups (Protoblattids, Protorthoptera and Hadentomoids) from the common ancestors which combined all of their common characters in themselves. As was mentioned above, the Embiid types of fore wings (Fig. 8 and 7) could be readily derived from precursors resem- bling the Hadentomoids (Fig. 10); but the Embiid types like- wise approach very closely to the Protorthopteron types of venation, as one may see by comparing the anal, cubital, and median veins of the Embiid shown in Fig. 8, with these veins in the Protorthoptera shown in Figs. 26 and 28. The second and third branches of radius have begun to coalesce in the Protor- thopteron shown in Fig. 26, thus indicating a tendency toward the further coalescence of these veins which has reached com- pletion in the insect shown in Fig. 8; and in the Protorthopteron shown in Fig. 4, the second and third branches of radius coalesce and the fourth and fifth also unite, as is the case with the Embiid shown in Fig. 7. Furthermore, the tendency for all of the branches of media to coalesce exhibited by the Embiid shown in Fig. 7, also occurs in certain Protorthoptera, such, for example, as the one shown in Fig. 30, in which the media consists of but a single branch. From the foregoing facts, it is evident that the tendencies exhibited by the veins of the Embiids could be traced back to Protorthopteron predecessors quite readily. On the other hand, the character of the anals, cubitus, media, radius and subcosta of the Embiids shown in Figs. 8 and 7 is strikingly similar to the branching of these veins in the Hadentomoid in sect shown in Fig. 10, and I am convinced that the ancestors of the Embiids must have resembled both the Hadentomoids and tho Protorthoptera in many respects. The general anatomy of the ‘28 Psyche [February Psocids such as Embidopsocus, for example, suggests a very close relationship between the Psocids and Embiids, and since the Psocids were apparently derived from Protorthoptera-like ancestors (as will be presently discussed) it is to be expected that their near relatives, the Embiids, would also be derived from Protorthoptera-like ancestors, so that in indicating an ancestry for the Embiids anatomically intermediate between the Haden- tomoids and Protorthoptera, the evidence of the wing venation is quite in harmony with that from other sources as well. The venation of the Psocid wing shown in Fig. 1 is so similar to that of the Zorapteron shown in Fig. 3, that both were evident- ly derived from the same source, and what applies to one applies to the other as well. The Psocid and Zorapteron wings shown in Figs. 3 and 1 could readily be derived from the Embiid type of fore wing shown in Fig 7 (as is indicated in the hypothetical intermediate condition shown in Fig.5)* in the following way. The second branch of cubitus of Fig. 7 might become more verti- cal, while vein M, which arises from M+ Cu and coalesces for a short distance with Rs. in Fig. 7, might unite with Rs further from the base of the wing thus lengthening that portion of M which extends between M+ Cu and Rs, as in Fig. 3. R2+3 of the radial sector, Rs, bends upward toward R;, in Fig. 7, and if R4-+5 were to unite with it to form a single branched Rs bending forward to meet Ri, the condition exhibited by Rs in Fig. 3 would be produced. A deposition of chitin and pigment in the space between Se and R, (as indicated in Fig. 5) would produce a pterostigma such as the one labeled ‘ps’ in Figs. 1 and 3. Judging from the same developmental tendencies found in the Psocids, Zoraptera, and Embiids, it would appear that all three were derived from a common ancestral source, and many of the genes, determinants, or factors occurring in this common source were inherited by the three derived groups, although they were naturally slightly modified by other factors in the derived groups, as would be expected. As is pointed out in the next paragraph, the ancestors of the Psocids were apparently very similar to the Protorthoptera, and since the Psocids, Zoraptera paune figure in the left hand column between Figs. 3 and 7 is Fig 5. The label was lost ‘from this figure, having been pasted on too insecurely. 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera 29 and Embiids apparenty sprang from the same source, it is very probable that their common ancestors were very like the Pro- torthoptera in many respects. That the fore wing of a Psocid could be readily derived from a Protorthopteron prototype may be seen by comparing the fore wing of the Psocid shown in Fig. 2 with that of the Protorthop- teron shown in Fig. 4, since the venation of the two wings is strikingly similar, and the Protorthopteron type is evidently the more primitive one, since it is one of an older and lower group, and the branching of the veins in general begins nearer the base of the wing—which is usually a more primitive character than for the branches to come off nearer the apex, since the latter usually indicates a degree of coalescence, and hence a special- ization, in the veins. The three anal veins are much alike in Figs. 2 and 4, and the forking of the cubitus in the Protor- thopteron shown in Fig. 4 (or better still in the Protorthopteron shown in Fig. 26) is strikingly like that of the Psocid shown in Fig. 2. The three branches of media, and the two branches of Rs are also strikingly similar in the insects shown in Figs. 4 and 2, and the nature of the first branch of radius and the subcostal vein is much the same in both. The Psocids and Protorthoptera thus apparently have many developmental tendencies in com- mon, and probably inherited them from a common ancestry which was very like certain Protorthoptera in may respects, and as was mentioned above; the ancestors of the Zoraptera and Embiids probably also resembled the Protorthoptera in many respects. As will be shown in the next paragrpah, the Psocids and Hemiptera-Homoptera have so much in common, that they also in all probability were derived from the same type of an- cestors which must likewise have resembled the Protorthoptera in many respects, although the ancestors of the Homoptera in all probability resembled the Protoblattids as well, and the “roots” of the Homopteron stem apparently strike somewhat more deeply down into the Palaodictyopterous types. The peculiar bulging antefrontal region of the head incorrectly called the ‘“clypeus” in’ Cicadid Homoptera and Psocids, the peculiar lengthening of the segments of the antenns, which, so 30 Psyche [Februar Vv far as I am aware, occurs exactly in that fashion only in the Homoptera and Psocids, the nature of the thoracic terga and wing bases, the nature of the tarsal segmentation, and other regions of the leg, the nature of the abdominal segments in general, the segments of certain males and the ovipositors of certain females in particular, and many other features too numerous to mention at this point, all clearly indicate so close a relationship between the Psocids and Homoptera, that it would be stretching the laws of probability and chance far beyond the breaking point to claim that the marked similarity in all of these structures from all parts of the body, and extending through a wide-ranging series of forms, is merey the result of ‘“conver- gence,” and it would be very interesting to learn from those who continually ery “convergence” whenever similarities are pointed out between the Psocids and Homoptera, Just how “convergence”’ could be brought about in so wide a range of forms and in such a multitude of details from all parts of the body! That the many similarities in structures from other parts of the body extend to the venation of the wings as well, in the Psocids and Homop- tera, 1s shown in the series of insects figured in Figs. 17 to 24, which includes some of the most primitive, and the most highly special- ized, as well as the intermediate types of venation, in the two groups of insects. Thus, the peculiar ‘‘broken” character of the venation of the apical portion of the Psocid wing shown in Fig. 24 is paralleled by the wing of the Homopteron shown in Fig. 23, al- though the fore wing of the Homopteron Cercopis sp., figured by Handlirsch, 1909, would have been better for a comparison with the Psocid shown in Fig. 24, than is the case with the Homopteron shown in Fig. 23. The broader more primitively veined Psocid wing shown in Fig. 22 is paralleled by that of the Homopteron shown in Fig. 21, and the venation in the two is quite similar. Turning next to the intermediate type of venation shown in Fig. 18, it is quite evident that the Psocid shown in Fig. 18 is approached by the Homopteron shown in Fig. 20, especially in the char- acter of the anals, and the branching of cubitus and media, which is strikingly similar in the two groups of insects, and there is evidently a tendency toward the formation of a pterostigma 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera 31 between the first branch of radius and the anterior margin of the wing, as well as a tendency for Rs to turn forward toward the anterior margin of the wing. In order to make the series include as wide a range of types as possible, I have included some of the most specialized types as well, and, as one may see by com- paring Figs. 17 and 19, in which radius and media are practically the only veins retained in a well develped condition, there is a marked parallelism in the more highly specialized members of the two groups, as well as in the intermediate and more primitive representatives of the Psocids and Homotera. This parallelism in a wide range of wing types, as well as in a multitude of structures from all parts of the body, can be explained only as the result of the operation of the same developmental ten- dencies (i.e. the expression of the presence of the same genes, determinants or factors—albeit these are modified to some extent in the derived groups by the influence of other factors) inherited from a common ancestry. From the foregoing facts, I would conclude that the Psoecids and Hemiptera-Homoptera were descended from very similar ancestors, and since the Psocids were apparently descended from ancestors closely resembling the Protorthoptera in many res- pects, it naturally follows that the ancestors of the Homoptera must also have resembled the Protorthoptera in many respects. The fact that the saltatorial Orthoptera, which are the modern representatives of the Protorthoptera, have likewise retained many features suggestive of affinities with the Hemiptera- Homoptera is also in harmony with such a derivation of the Homoptera; but there are other factors involved, which further complicate the question of the origin of the Homoptera. The primitive type of venation exhibited by the fore wing of the Homopteron Hotinus sp., figured by Handlirsch, 1909, appears to be of a lower type than that of most Protorthopterous fore wings, and suggests affinities with the Neuroptera and Proto- blattids. The venation of the Homopteron Ormenis is also very suggestive of that of certain Neuroptera such as Psychopsis, particularly in the peculiar arrangement of certain small cross veins which unite end-to-end to form a paramarginal line extend- By Psyche [February ing parallel to the margin (but at some distance from it) in the fore wing. The nature of the thoracic sclerites of the Homop- tera would lend further weight to the view that the ancestors of the Homoptera were very like those of the Neuroptera, and the fact that many insects descended from the common Neurop- teroid stem, such as the Mecoptera (and even the Siphonaptera) exhibit very similar tendencies in the specialization of their mouth-parts (which tend to lose the ligula, while the labial palpi become approximated and unite to some extent, and the maxil- lee become much elongate and somewhat stilet-like) would suggest that they and the Homoptera inherited these tendencies from a common ancestry. Furthermore, the fore wings of certain primitive Trichoptera and Mecoptera, which were derived from a common Neuropteroid stem, show undoubted affinities with certain types of Homopterous fore wings, and lend further weight to the supposition that the ancestors of the Homoptera resembled those of the Neuropteroid insects in many respects. Thus, the Trichopterous fore wing shown in Fig. 27 is remarkably like that of the Homopteron shown in Fig. 29, especially in the character of the anal and cubital veins; and the other veins of the wing are also of much the same type in the two wings under con- sideration. All of these facts, which indicate that the ancestors of the Homoptera and Neuroptera were very closely related, are in harmony with the fact that the Homoptera and Psocids are also very closely related, since the Psocids themselves are clearly related to the Neuroptera, and their line of development apparently merges with that of the Neuroptera near its point of origin, thereby involving the line of develpoment of the Homoptera with that of the Neuroptera through their mutual relationship to the Psocids, as well as through the more direct affinities of the Homoptera themselves with the Neuropteroid insects. I have therefore maintained that the ancestors of the Homoptera were intermediate between those of the Psocids and those of the Neuroptera, and the present study of the fore wing venation would uphold the correctness of this view. If one compares the wing of a Neuropteron such as the one shown in Fig. 34, with the wing of a Protoblattid such as the one 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera 33 shown in Fig. 32, there is a pronounced similarity between the two types of wings, especially in the nature of the anal veins, and the cubital and subcostal bars. The character of the median vein is also quite similar in both, although the radial veins are not quite so much alike in the two insects. While there is con- siderable evidence pointing to the Protoblattids as the probable precursors of certain primitive types of Neuropterous wings, some of the Neuropterous types, on the other hand, have re- tained certain Palzodictyopterous characters which suggest that they hark back to Paleodictyoptera-like forebears. Handlirsch suggests that the Megasecoptera represent the precursors of the Neuroptera, and certain tendencies in the Megasecopterous wing, such as the tendency toward the anastomosis of the radial sector, media, and cubitus, are certainly very suggestive of similar tendencies in the wings of certain Neuroptera. I would not derive the Neuroptera directly from the Megasecop- tera, however, as Handlirsch does, since the Neuropterous wings evidently partake of certain characters in common with the Protoblattids in addition to preserving certain features suggestive of the Palzeodictyoptera, so that all of these lines of descent apparently either branched off near the base of the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem, or they parallel each other remarkably closely as we trace them all back to their common Palzeodictyoptera-like ancestors. In the nature of the branching of its anal, cubital, and median veins, Hugereon, the supposed ancestor of the Hemiptera and Homoptera (Fig. 31) is apparently a Palzodictyopteroid insect resembling, in some respects, the Palewodictyopteron shown in Fig. 33, while in many features the wing of Hugereon is very suggestive of the Megasecopteron type. The primitive type of Homopterous wing shown in Fig. 29 is not very similar to Eugereon’s wing (Fig. 31), and it would be very difficult to derive the primitive type of venation exhibited by the Homopteron Hotinus (which is more like a Neuropterous or Protoblattid type) mentioned above, from a wing such as that of Hugereon, since the latter appears to be somewhat more specialized than the venation of Hotinus. Taking all of the facts into con- 34 Psyche [February sideration, it would appear to be more probable that instead of arising from Hugereon, the line of descent of the Homoptera arose at the base of a common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem, or it parallels the common Protorthopteron- Protoblattid stem very closely as we trace them all back to their common ancestors resembling the Palxodictyoptera, which gave rise to such forms as Hugereon, and the Megasecoptera. In the nature of their mouthparts, their widely separated cox and broad sterna, and to some extent in the nature of their ovipositors, etc., the Thysanoptera exhibit many features sug- gestive of a relationship with the Hemiptera; but the venation of the Thysanoptera is too highly specialized to be of much value in determining the origin and affinities of the Hemiptera, although they do offer certain points of contact with both Hemiptera and Psocids, which would be expected if the Psocids and Hemiptera were related both to each other and to the Thysanoptera. The character of the radial and median veins which extend parallel to each other down the center of the wing of the Psocid shown in Fig. 17 is very suggestive of the character of the radius and media which also extend parallel to each other down the middle of the Thysanopteron wing shown in Fig. 15. The radial and median veins of the Orthopteron shown in Fig. 16, however, likewise extend parallel to each other down the center of the wing, and the character of the cubital vein, and the branches of the radial vein of the Orthopteron shown in Fig. 16 are even more like those of the primitive Thysanopteron shown in Fig. 14. These similarities may be taken to indicate that the Orthoptera, Psocids and Thysanoptera were all des- cended from Protorthoptera-like precursors, and inherited much the same tendencies from this common ancestry, although these tendencies (or the genes, determinants, or what not, which they express) were slightly modified by different factors in the differ- ent lines of development derived from this common source If the Hemiptera-Homoptera were also descended from ancestors similar to the Protorthoptera in many respects, this might also account for certain similarities between the Hemiptera-Homop- tera and certain Orthoptera, which are too evident to be entirely passed over. 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera 35 The facts brought out in the foregoing discussion would indicate that the ancestors of the Hemiptera-Homoptera arose from forms anatomically intermediate between the ancestors of the Psocids and those of the Neuropteroid insects. In other words, the ancestors of the Hemiptera-Homoptera were apparent- ly anatomically intermediate between the insects forming the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem and the Megasecop- tera, and their line of descent either merged with that of the Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem and the Megasecoptera, or paralleled them extremely closely, as they all approached their common origin in an ancestral group resembling the Paleodicty- optera in many respects. The interrelationships of the primitive forms grouped about the base of the lines of descent of the Homoptera and the Neuropteroid insects is shown in the ap- pended diagram (Text figure 1) in which the lines of descent in HEMIPTERA NEUROPTERA HADENTOMOIDA PROTORTHOPTERA- PROTOBLATTIDA MEGASECOPTERA PROTOHEMIPTERA PALAEODICTYOPTERA PROTEPHEMERI DA LEPISMATIDAE Fig) Fig. 2 question are represented as though branching off in different directions, since this method apparently is more in accord with the facts of a complicated interrelationship between these groups of insects than is the case when one attempts to represent their lines of descent by means of a dichotymously branching tree. Having repeatedly stated that no living forms can be derived from other living forms (see footnote to page 148 of the American Naturalist, Vol. LIII, 1919, ete.) and since this fact is so widely accepted as to be more of the nature of a truism, it hardly seemed necessary to waste energy and space by repeating this utterly obvious fact every time a living insect was compared with a 36 Psyche [February another living insect belonging to a more primitive group; and on this account it is amazing that Mr. Muir should accuse me of deriving living Psyllids from living Psocids especially since I definitely state in a paragraph which he quotes, that the lines of descent of the Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Psocids Hymenoptera and related forms “apparently arose from an- cestors intermediate between the Zoraptera (with the Isoptera) on the one side, and the Coleoptera (with the Dermaptera) on the other.” In other words, the ancestors of the Homoptera, Psocida, Hymenoptera, ete., were very similar to the Prot- orthopteron-like and Protoblattid-like ancestors of the Zoraptera and Coleoptera. This is surely a very different matter from claiming that the Homoptera were descended from living Psocids! I have always been careful to state that the Psocids were in many respects very like the ancestors of the Homoptera, just as the chimpanzees are in many respects very like the ancestors of man (i.e. the Pithecanthropus-like forms), yet such a statement by no means implies that men were descended from living chimpanzees—and the same principle holds true in the com- parison of the Homoptera with the Psocids, abeit the groups compared in the latter case belong to different orders instead of belonging to different families of the same order, and the differ- ences are naturally somewhat greater in the one instance than in the other. The idea which I intended to convey is that the Psocids and Homoptera are very closely related (i.e. they have both inherited many tendencies in common which cause their lines of development to parallel each other quite closely) and since the Psocids have evidently departed less than the Homop- tera have from the common ancestral types, the ancestral features which they have preserved in a less modified condition, enable us to form some conception of the character of these features in the ancestors of the Homoptera. Starting with the false assumption that I would derive living Homoptera from living Psocids (an obvious impossibility), Mr. Muir proceeds to a second equally false assumption that I would derive all Homoptera from living Psocids by way of the highly specialized recent family Psyllide, simply because I 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera ov chanced to use a fore wing of an insect belonging to the genus. Psylla to illustrate the operation of the same developmental tendencies in the evolution of the wing veins throughout the orders Homoptera and Psocida. The wing type exhibited by Psylla, however, is but one of a wide-ranging series of forms (a few of which are shown in Figs. 17 to 24), extending from the lower Psocids and Homoptera to the higher specialized members of the two groups, in which the developmental tendencies operative in directing the evolution of the various types of venation in the Psocid wings are closely paralleled throughout the series by similar developmental tendencies operating in the evolution of the various types of Homopterous wings. In other words, the same genes, determinants or factors were in many cases inherited in both groups from a common ancestry, although they were naturally modified somewhat by different factors in the two distinct orders of insects. This again is a very different matter from claiming that all Homoptera were descended from the highly specialized recent Homopterous family Psyllide, and I am at a loss to understand how Mr. Muir could have so completely misconstrued my meaning in this matter. As a final and culminating false assumption, Mr. Muir implies that I “believe that new orders arise as hybrids from the crossing of individuals belonging to different orders’? of insects! The fact that every student of evolution knows full well that the off- spring of crosses between different species are generally sterile, and those between different genera are almost invariably so (save in the plant kingdom) should have deterred Mr. Muir from making this curious mistake. However, lest others be misled by Mr. Muir’s implication, I would endeavor to indicate graphically by means the diagram shown in Text figure 2, how a third order of insects may partake of characters present in two other orders, without being the result of the crossing of members of the other two orders possessing characters in common with it. I have drawn a similar diagram, and explained it, in an article published in the Fiftieth Annual Report of the Ent. Society of Ontario for 1919; and in order to use the same concrete examples, let us suppose by way of illustration that “A” in Text figure 2 38 Psyche [February represents the line of development of the higher Crustacea (Iso- pods, etc.), while ““B” represents the line of development of the lower Insecta, and “C”’ represents the line of development of the “Myriopoda’’, all of which were derived from a common ancestral group ‘““D’’, some of whose members contained the factor or group of factors “x”, which produces a flat head with mandibles ex- tending up the sides of the head to a point behind the eyes (as the insect Lepisma, and the isopod Asellus) while others of the ancestral group contained the factor “‘y,” which produces a pyriform head with cryptognathous (endognathous) mouthparts (as in the insect Campodea and the “myriopod” Scolopendrella). It should be quite evident from the diagram in Text figure 2 that certain insects in “B’” could inherit the characters ‘“x”’ (flat head with huge mandibles) from the “side” of, or in common with, certain higher Crustacea in “A”, having inherited these tendencies or factors from the common group “D”’, which gave rise to both “A” and “B’’, while certain other insects in ‘‘B’”’ could inherit the characters “y’’ (pyriform head with cryptognathous mouthparts) from the “side” of, or in common with certain Symphyla (“myriopods’’) in “C”, having inherited these tend- encies from the common ancestral group ‘‘D’’, which gave rise to both “B” and “C’’, without postulating that members of ‘A”’ and ‘‘C”’ must have interbred to produce these characters in “B’’, In order to apply the same principle to the orders of insects, let us suppose that “A” represents the line of development of the Psocids, ‘“B”’ that of the Hymenoptera, and “C” that of the Coleoptera, all of which were descended from ancestors resembling the Protorthoptera in many respects, which may be represented by the-ancestral group “D”. If “x” represents the factor or factors producing colonial tendencies, while “y’”’ represents the factors producing styli-bearing ovipositors, for example, it should be readily apparent from the diagram, that some members of both Psocids (‘A’) and Hymenoptera (‘‘B’’) could inherit tendencies toward “social” life (represented by ‘‘x’’) from a common source in “D”, while some members of both Hymenoptera (‘B”’) and Coleoptera (C”) could inherit their tendencies toward the development of styli-bearing ovipostors (represented by “‘y’’) 1922] Crampton—Relationship of Hemiptera-Homoptera 39 from a common source in “D’’, without postulating that Cole- optera with styli-bearing ovipositors mated with “‘socially”’ inclined Psocids to produce Hymenoptera possessed of these qualities, and it is difficult to understand how Mr. Muir could have arrived at such an obvious ‘‘reductio ad absurdum”’ in this matter. From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that it would be impossible to accurately represent the lines of development of the various insectan orders by means of a dichotomously branch- ing tree, since such an arrangement ignores the evident interrela- tionships between several orders of insects which apparently have sprung from a single ancestral group, and I know of no developmental law necessitating that all evolution in living things shall follow a dichotomously branching path. In fact, the known evidence would seem to indicate that such a method is extremely rare among insects, and it is better to make a theory to fit the facts, than to adhere to some hypothesis which is not in accord with most of the facts which one encounters in his observations. I would therefore prefer to represent the orders comprising the lines of descent of the three sections of winged insects by means of cone-like figures in which the closely in- terrelated orders converge to a common point of origin in each section. Of these three Pterygotan sections, the higher insects or Neuropteradelphia include the Neuropteroid super-order ‘(Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, etc.) and the Psocoid superorder (Psocids, Zoraptera, Homoptera, etc.); while the intermediate insects or Orthopteradelphia include the Orthop- teroid superorder (Orthoptera, Phasmids, ete.) the Blattoid superorder (Blattids, Isoptera, Mantids, etc.) and the Plecopter- oid superorder (Plecoptera, Embiuids,, ete.); and the lower in- sects or Plectopteradelphia include the Palodictyoptera, Odonata, Ephemerida, etc. The final assignment of certain aberrant orders of obscure affinities has not been definitely determined, but in the main, the venation of the fore wings is in agreement with the grouping of insects into superorders given on page 114 of Vol. 53 of the Canadian Entomologist for 1921. PsycHE, 1922. VOL, eX Pearce ile SOE T a ia CRAMPTON—WINGS OF HemiIprERA-HOMOPTERA PsycHE, 1922. WOE, ROXIDS len wane INET CRAMPTON—WINGS OF HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA 1922] 41 Fig. 14.—Thysanopteron Palzeothrips fossilis, from Crampton, 1921, after Scudder, 1890. Fig. 15; —'Thysanopteron Aelothrips nasturii, from Crampton, 1921, after Jones, 1912.** Fig. 16.—Orthopteron Dioconema ornata, redrawn from Hand- lirsch, 1909. Fig. 17.—Psocid Embidotroctes paradoxus from Crampton, 1921 ‘after Enderlein. Fig. 18.—Psocid Hemicaecilius pgatanas from Crampton, 1921, ae Enderlein, 1903. Fig. 19. —Coccid Pseudococcus citri, redrawn from Patch, 1909. Fig. 20.—Psyllid Psylla sp., from Crampton, 1921. Fig. 21. —Fulgorid Bothriocer a prosignoretti, redrawn from Metcalf, 1913. Fig. 22.—Psocid Calopsocus infeliz, redrawn from Enderlein, 1903. Fig. 23.—Cercopid Monecphora bicincta, redrawn from Met- calf, ‘1917. Fig. 24.—Psocid Neurosema apicalis, redrawn from Enderlein, 1903. Fig. 25.—Mixotermitoid Mixotermes lugauensis, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1920. Fig. 26. — Protorthopteron Delopterum latum, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1920. Fig. 27.—Trichopteron Rhyacophila redrawn from Betteu, 1913, and Tillyard, 1919. Fig. 28.—Protorthopteron Probnis speciosa, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1920. Fig. 29.—Homopteron Dictyophora europea, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1909. Fig. 30.—Protorthopteron Gyrophlebia longicollis, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1920. Fig. 31. —Protohemipteron Eugereon beckingi, redrawn from Handlirrsch, 1920. Fig. 32. —Protoblattid Protophasma dumasi, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1920. Fig. 33. —Palwodictyopteron Homoioptera woodwardi, redrawn from “ Handlirsch, 1920. Fig. 34. —Neuropteron Nymphites braueri, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1920. *The label was accidentally scraped off from this figure, which is the third from the top in the right hand column of figures. **The basal portion of this figure was not inked in, (through an oversight) and conse- -quently does not appear in the plate. 42 Psyche [February- THE SEAL OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB By A. P. Mors, Wellesley, Mass. [The following note concerning the seal recently adopted by the Club has been supplied by A. P. Morse to whom we are in- debted, not only for the design, but also for its artistic execution in the final form which appears on the cover of the present issue of Psyche. Editor] The Cambridge Entomological Club has always recognized New England as its special and appropriate tho not exclusive field of activity. It is, therefore, fitting that a typically New England insect, the Semidea butterfly, whose habitat is the al- pine zone of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, should be chosen for representation on its Club Seal. The insect is here shown perched characteristically on the dark gray, deeply weather-bitten rock-fragments of its mountain home, whose tints and texture its own so closely resemble, that when lying on its side with wings closed to escape the wind it becomes almost invisible. Beyond it at the right is suggested the sedgy slope of ‘‘Semidea plateau”’ (so christened by Seudder) with its rock-rivulets in whose crannies the butterfly often seeks shelter from the furious blasts which sweep over the summits even in midsummer. Beyond, from the depths of the Great Gulf, rise the slopes of the northern peaks, Mts. Jefferson, Adams, and Madison, with Mt. Washington suggested at the left. Over all float the summer clouds which often shroud the summit of Washingion for days at a time even when the other peaks are free. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment 84-102 College Ave., Rochester, N. Y. Best equipped establishment in the United States for furnishing Entomological Supplies and Specomens Special Attention is called to our American Entomological Insect Pins. Hand-made Schmitt and other Insect Boxes. Cabinets and Exhibition Cases of the finest workmanship. Life Histories of Insects of Economic Importance, in Riker Mounts, Paste- board and Wooden Exhibiton Cases, and Preparations in Alcohol. Type, Mimicry, and Protective Coloration collections. Collections of Household, Garden, Orchard, Forest and Shade Tree Pests. Fine Specimens representing Sexual and Seasonal Dimorphism, and Warning Colors. ‘Our Stock of Exotic Insects is unsurpassed, shipments from our Collectors abroad arriving nearly every week. The following lasts are sent free on application: 116. Biological material for dissection. 125. Life histories of economic insects. 128. List of living pupae. 129. Exotic Lepidoptera. 130. North American Lepidoptera. 131. Exotic Coleoptera. 132. North American Coleoptera. 143. Type, Mimicry, etc., collections. 145. List of Pest Collections. 147. List of Butterflies for trays and decorative work. C-30. Catalogue of Entomological supplies. ‘Amer. Ent. Co. price list of Lepidoptera. 80 pages. Price 25 cents. Free to our customers. New Illustrated Catalogue of Insects ready for distribution. WARD’S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY WILLIAM. A. RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and Parasitology, Cornell University, ‘and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. D., Professor of Biology, Cornell University. A concise account of poisonous, parasitic and disease-carry ing insects and their allies, in- cluding descriptions and illustrations of the principal species,with keys for their determination, and methods of control. Bound inlibrary buckrum, medium 8vo. 348 pages. Price, $2.00 net. ) ~ A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. This handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges. The book is so written that any intelligent teacher can find out for himself the more important facts of insect life. Includes tables for identifying any family of insects of North America. The leading school and college text. 700 pages. 800 figures. . Price, $4.25 net. } SON, HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, Emeritus, Cornell . ‘University, and HENRY PHELPS GAGE, Ph. D., Cornell University. This is a very comprehensive work, dealing fundamentally and practically with the Magic Lantern, the Projection Microscope, the Reflecting Lantern, and the Moving Picture Machine. 730 pages. Over 400 figures. Postpaid, $5. | | OPTIC PROJECTION > ; “THE MICROSCOPE (13th Revised Edition Ready) SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, Emeritus, Cornell University. An authoritative, up-to-date guide for everyone who uses the microscope and for every beginner who wishes to use the microscope intelligently and effectively. Should be in every school and college laboratory. 472 pages. 265 figures. Postpaid, $3.00. THE LIFE OF INLAND WATERS A Text-Book of Fresh Water Biology. JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Pd, D., Professor of Limnology and General Biology J in Cornell University, and JOHN T. LLOYD, A. B., Assistant in Limnology in Cornell University. This Books 15s broad presentation of the field of fresh-water biology, primarily in its scientific aspects, also in relation to commercial, civic, aesthetic and public health interests of man. There is no book in the English language covering the field. Copiously illustrated with ae from nature. 438 pages. 244 figures. Price, $3.00. THE WINGS OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK. Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. This volume is an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins of insects. Royal octavo. 430 pages. Illustrated. Price, $3.75 net. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS For Sale at all Bookdealers or Sent Direct from THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY ITHACA, NEW YORK, U. S. A. 500 Pin Labels all alike, 50 Cents. 1000 Pin-Labels all alike, 80 Cents. Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line) Additional Characters, 2 cents each, in total and per line, per 500. Trimmed. Prices subject to change without notice. C. V. BLACKBURN, 30 South St., STONEHAM 80, MASS., LAs CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September excepted) at 7.45 p.m. at the Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston. The Bussey Institution is one block from the Forest Hills station cf both the elevated street cars and the N. Y., N. H.& H.R. R. Entomolo- — : gists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. WANTED :—Small, bright colored butterflies. Will pay — ; cash for them in quantities. We desire Lycaenas, Small Coppers and any other bright colored small flies for use in butterfly work, THECASINO SS RUDI SALEM, MASS. FOR SALE:—Tropical African (Uganda, Kenia Colony) Butterflies and Moths, etc. etc., in great variety and beauty. Special Bargain lot of 200 Specimens (50 species) at 25 Dollars Post Free . Remittance with order. R: A. DUMMERS Care S. A. Museum, Cape Town. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 APRIL, 1922 My idly ai BX CONTENTS g | Microsania, A Genus of the Platypezidae. a Wai Miclonder 8. 3 2. Spe aici OS cis PEs ea eae Notes on the Biology of Certain Wasps of the Genus Ancistrocerus (Eu- xy menidae. , PML MIRONLOR Me ya Mee eee dec thyge ae ee AN. meek Nett es B Biological Notes on Parthenogenetic Macrosiphum tanaceti Linnaeus i 4 Beis Homoptera). ESTES OEY “as ar a a a ea Sate OP Se a Notes on Distribution and Habits of ae of the Bird-Flies, Hippo- i} boscidae. EE Co LOR MSOM Nan 8e i a nie wie Be oie ep obs we © 6) te ce ae | heg - I] | Notes on Neottigiossa trilineata Kirby Cease. Pentatomidae. I] Bi I, LASMBM GS ESS ho Sia eee ann, Ne Pee aR ar ee Ac we a ‘cyto I] ss ‘ Ba: nobel 43 48 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1922 President . : F 5 : . W. M. WHEELER Vice-President . : , : L. R. REYNOLDS Secretary” « : : . ‘ . J.H. EMERTON Treasurer : ee Ct. : . F. H. WALKER Executive Commuitee : NATHAN BAnkS, W. L. W. FIELD, P. G. BOLSTER EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. BRuES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. JOHNSON, NATHAN BANKS, Boston Society of Natural History. Harvard University. A. L. MELANDER, — A. P. Morse, Washington State College. Wellesley College. J. H. EMERTON, J. G. NEEDHAM, Boston, Mass. Cornell University. W. M. WHEELER, Harvard University. PSYCHE is published bi-monthly, the issues appearing in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to subscribers in the United States, Canada or Mexico, foreign postage, 15 cents extra. Single copies, 40 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other editorial matter, srould be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, fass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra, expense for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors: the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full age half-tones, $7.50 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on appli- cation. : Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office at Boston, Mass. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized on June 29, 1918. PSYCHE VOL. XXIX. APRIL 1922 No. 2 MICROSANIA, A GENUS OF THE PLATYPEZIDAE! By A. L. MELANDER, Pullman, Wash. Microsania Zetterstedt, Isis, 1837, 1. 30 [1837]; Ins. Lapp. 534, note [1838]; Dipt. Sc. i. 333 [1842]; Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. [6] ix. 123 [1889]; Melander, Williston’s 3d. Man. 225 [1908]; Lundbeck, Dipt. Dan. Emp. iii. 18 [1910]; Wahlgren, Ent. Tidskr. xxxi. 48, 47 [1910] Microcyria Bigot. Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. [3] v. 557, 564 [1857]; Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. v. 253 [1903]; Pachypeza Lioy, not Serville, Coleoptera, 1835; Lioy, Atti. Inst. Veneto [3] ix. 723 [1863]; Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. v. 255 [1903]. Platytelma Rondani. Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodr. i. 188 [1856]; Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. v. 256, 261 [1903]. Small, hunchbacked species with open venation and inflexed hypopygium. Head rather globular, eyes bare, of the male entirely contiguous above the antenne, the facets of the upper two-thirds large, of the female broadly separated, the facets uniform, the front of the female with one pair of vertical and two pairs of orbital bristles, the lower pair converging, and a pair of diverging supraantennal interfrontal bristles; face of the male deeply concave, its sides divergent below, of the female strongly convex below, almost nasiform; proboscis fleshy, short, not extending beyond the broad oral cavity, palpi very wide, disci- form and appressed against the cheeks; occipital hairs sparse but stiff; antenne short, basal joints small, the third joint orbicular, with a terminal tapering arista at whose base are two minute segments. Chaetotaxy of the thorax as follows: one humeral, two or more posthumeral, four to six notopleural _ 1Joint contribution from the Bussey Institution of Harvard University No. 150, and the Zoology Laboratory of the State College of Washington. 4 44 Psyche [ April arising as an oblique row, several supraalar, one postalar, four scutellar, about ten dorsocentral and a single median row of acrostichal bristles; pleurze entirely bare. Abdomen cylindrical but curving downward in the male, the hairs of the male long, the eighth segment of the female retracted and blunt, the basal three ventral segments of the male inflated, the sixth and seventh segments forming a stout pedicel to the large globose inflexed hypopygium which bends forward under the abdomen. The hypopygium is bilaterally symmetrical and terminates in a pair of small bristly ovate valves and a subdorsal median prong. Legs rather short, the middle tibiz with an apical flexor bristle, hind femora pectinate above, hind tibize somewhat compressed clavate, pectinate on the extensor edge, the posterior side tomen- tose like the swollen metatarsus. Wings very broad at the base, the anal angle very full and rectangular, costa abruptly thinned at the end of the first vein, two basal bristles present and also numerous costal setule but no hairs, auxiliary and first veins strong, the other veins very weak and almost straight and radiating, stigma very prominent and so sharply limited behind as to present an extra vein between the first and second veins, the second vein ending near the tip of the wing, anterior cross- vein wanting, a terminal spur of the anterior fork of the fourth vein present, discal cell open, only a trace of the crossvein at the end of the minute second basal cell, anal cell short and apically acute, alula well developed and margined with long flattened scale-like hairs. Type species, M. stigmaticalis Zetterstedt. The genus Microsania includes very small, inconspicuous flies that are rarely observed by the general collector. Because of a superficial resemblance in the open venation to the species of Bicellaria (Cyrtoma) previous authors have been led to locate the genus in the Empidide. A close inspection discloses that the resemblance gives way to far more significant differences, and that Microsania is not an empid but is closely related to Platyenema and Opetia, forming with them a group of the Platypezide characterized by an open discal cell and by the presence of a distinct humeral bristle. Microsania differs from Platycnema and Opetia in lacking the anterior crossvein and in 1922] Melander—Microsania, a New Genus of the Platypezide 45 having a heavily thickened stigma formed about the shortened first vein. Microsania departs from all empid genera in possessing a large and inflexed hypopygium and a single median row of acrostichal hairs. The anal crossvein continues toward the hind margin of the wing forming a pointed anal cell and this im- portant phyletic character thus suggests the Hybotine. Mzcro- Microsania pectipennis Meig. Male x 20. sania differs from all the members of this subfamily in the interrupted setulose costa, open venation and short fleshy pro- boscis, and shows no evident relationship to this group. The platypezid traits of Microsania are as follows: The antennal excision of the eye is no stronger than in Opetia; strong interfrontal bristles are present; the arista has two basal joints; the proboscis is short and fleshy; the notopleural suture is very short and above it is a vertical row of notopleural bristles; posthumeral bristles are present; the middle tibiz have strong apical bristles; the hind tarsi are large, compressed and sericate within; the pedicel of the second and third veins is long, and a distinct alula is visible. Such differences as the large broad palpi, swollen clypeus of the female, more bristly thorax, rounder cox and pectinate hind legs, and short bristly costa and open neuration are no more empidine than platypezine. Three species of Microsania are known: pallipes, with light colored legs; stigmaticalis, with minute costal setule; and pectz- 46 Psyche [ April pennis, with longer costal setule. All three occur in Europe, the last two are here recorded also from America, where stigma- ticalis has been previously known under the name of Platycnema imperfecta Loew. The two American species are separable on the following characters: First section of the costa with evident setulze, second section with more than ten setule; hind femora pectinate above with long bristles, hind metatarsi setose above; bristles black; 2-2.25 mm. pectipennis Meigen. First section of the costa with very weak setulz, second section with less than ten setule; hind femora short-pectinate, hind metatarsi not setose above; bristles at least of the lower occiput and of the front coxe whitish; 1-2 mm. stigmaticalis Zetterstedt. I have specimens of pectipennis from the Pacific slope, its range indicating a continuous distribution through to northern Europe. The following localities are represented: Yellowstone Park, Wyoming; Bovill, Coeur d’Alene, Collins, and Potlatch, Idaho; Olga, Pullman, Spokane, Tacoma and Woodland, Wash- ington; Douglas, Alaska; and Eureka, California. M. stigmaticalis, as P. imperfecta, was described from the District of Columbia. There are no further records of its occur- ence in America. I have specimens from the following widely separated localities, which have been compared with Dr. Loew’s type of imperfecta, now located in the Agassiz Museum of Harvard University, and with European specimens of stzgmaticalis. Boston, Massachussetts; Cold Spring Harbor and Ithaca, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Washington, D. C.; St. Augustine, Florida; Paris, Texas; Chicago, Illinois; Brookings, South Dakota; Lawrence, Kansas; Thompson, Montana; Coeur d’Alene and Potlatch, Idaho; Colfax, Friday Harbor, Index, Mount Rainier, Pullman and Quilcene, Washington; Nelson, British Columbia; and Panama. Males of both species have been taken in a light trap at night. Most of the females were caught on windows in houses, a habit originally noted by Zetterstedt. On several occasions 1922] Melander—Microsania, a New Genus of the Platypezide 47 the species have been found running about on a tent while in camp in the woods. Quite a few of the specimens are heavily parasitized by mites, of which several species are distinguishable, clustering on the underside of the abdomen. Summary. The genus Microsania, hitherto assigned to the Empidide, belongs to the Platypezide. There exist in America two species, idential with two of the three European species. One of these, M. stigmaticalis, has previously been known from North America only through its original finding which was recorded under the name of Platycnema imperfecta. The genus is widely distributed from Alaska to Florida and Central America and apparently from its prevalence in Northern Europe and the mountainous districts of Western America has a circumpolar range. Bibliography of the Species of Microsania. pallipes Meigen. C. Europe Meigen, Syst. Bes. vi. 356 (1830) Cyrtoma Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt. i. 360 (1834) Cyrtoma Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodr. i. 188 (1856) Platytelma Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) v. 557 and 564 (1857) Microcyrta Schiner, F. A. Dipt. i. 76 (1862) Cyrtoma Lioy, Atti. Inst. Ven. (3) ix. 723 (1863) Pachypeza pectipennis Meigen C. and N. Europe; W. N. America Meigen, Syst. Bes. vi. 356, pl. Ixvi. f. 15, 16 (1830) Cyrtoma Zetterstedt, Dipt. Se. i. 335 (1842) pectinzpennis; viii. 3013 (1849) pectinipes Wahlgren, Ent. Tidskr. xxxi. 47 (1910) pectinipennis stigmaticalis Zetterstedt N. Europe; and N. and Cent. America. Zetterstedt, Lapp. 534 (1838) Cyrtoma Dipt. Sc. i. 334 (1842); vii. 3013 (1849); xili. 4998 (1859); Bonsdorff, Finl. tv. Ins. i. 157 (1861) Lundbeck, Dipt. Dan. iii. 19, f. 3 (1910); 48 Psyche [April Wahlgren, Ent. Tidskr. xxxi. 47, f. 3 (1910); Frey, Acta Fenn. xxxvii. (3) 8 (1913) imperfecta Loew Loew, Berl. Ent. Zts. ix. Cent. vi. 82 (1865) Platyenema Aldrich, Cat. Dipt. 342 (1905) ? Platycnema. NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN WASPS OF THE GENUS ANCISTROCERUS (EUMENIDA:): By LEuAND H. Taytor. During the summer of 1921, while attempting to get some material for the study of the biology of the Chrysidide, I was able to make some fragmentary observations on three species of Eumenide which I present here. The biology of various species of Eumenids has received much attention from both European and American observers, whose work cannot be reviewed in this paper. Particular men- tion should be made of the observations of Fabre (1882, 1884, 1891), Ferton (1895, 1901-1921) and Roubaud (1916) among Europeans, and of the studies of such American workers as the Peckhams (1900, 1905), Hartman (1905), Hungerford and Williams (1912), Isley (1913) and the Raus (1918). With the exception of Ancistrocerus capra de Saussure, the species of Eumenide treated in this paper have not been studied, and it is hoped that these notes, if presenting nothing particularly new, will help to confirm previous observations on this highly interesting group. The species which I have been permitted to observe are apparently those which are usually accustomed to nesting in suitable cracks and crevices of stone and wooden walls. Under ordinary circumstances, therefore, their workings are practically inaccessible, but by the use of artificial nesting places? it has 1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University. No. 198. 2Both solitary wasps and bees have been induced by other investigators to nidificate in tubes of glass. See the papers of Fabre (1884) and Bordage (1912). 1922] Taylor—Biology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus 49 been possible to keep in close touch with the operations of nest construction and also to observe the development of egg, larva and pupa. About the middle of June sixty artificial nesting places were put out on the window sills and in other situations near the walls of the Bussey Institution where Eumenids had been noticed searching for places in which to nidificate. These nesting places were crudely and variously constructed, all, however, consisting of glass tubes inserted in holes bored in blocks of wood. A type of the apparatus used is shown in figure 1; others were more simple, but all were so constructed that the tube could be ex- peditiously removed and replaced. It was found by trial that tubes having an inside diameter of from six to eight millimeters were preferred by the wasps. Individuals repeatedly entered and examined tubes of greater diameter, but in no instance did they make use of them. That these tubes were acceptable to the wasps isshownby the fact that no less than three started their building within the first three days after the tubes were placed out, one nest having been entirely completed during that time. The device proved to be convenient for the study of the occupants but for two disadvantages. First, the condensation of moisture on the inside of the glass tubes sometimes caused the egg or young larva to adhere to the walls so that it was prevented from reaching its food. The moisture also accelerated bacterial infection which in some cases destroyed both egg or larva and provisions. Second, the activities of the larva after the spinning of the cocoon could not be well observed without breaking the tube. I wish to thank Doctor Joseph Bequaert of the American Museum of Natural History who has very kindly determined the species of Ancistrocerus mentioned in this paper. Ancistrocerus tardinotus Bequaert MS. This species of Ancistrocerus is treated in detail,as I had the opportunity toobserve rather closely the nest-building activities of two females. It will also serve as a type of the work done by other Eumenids which came to my notice. 50 Psyche [April Nest No. 2.2 Scarcely 24 hours had passed after the tubes had been placed out, when a wasp was seen (June 13) entering one of them carrying mud or gravel which she got at a driveway 25 feet distant. Between each trip for gravel, which always took several minutes, she took a shorter flight which I could not follow, probably to her water supply. She continued in this way from four until five o’clock P. M., when I was obliged to leave. At six P. M. she entered her nest carrying beneath her body a small green caterpillar, which she quickly deposited, then flew away. Between six and seven o’clock she made about six or seven visits to her nest, each time bearing a similar cater- pillar. One of her absences from the nest was of only two or three minutes duration, but usually she did not meet with such prompt success. She spent no more time within the nest than would allow her to deposit her prey. From this time on I ob- served her only sufficiently to state that she worked quite con- sistently for the next two days and completed her nest at some time just previous to four P. M. on June 15. Nest No. 3. On June 16 at four P. M. a wasp of this species; possibly the same one as described above, was seen to enter one of the nesting places not far from nest No. 2. An examination of the tube at this time showed two cells already completed. Out™ side the closing partition of the second cell was a third egg and a single caterpillar. The wasp continued to work until seven P- M. at which time she had nearly completed the closure of het third cell. During the night she did not occupy the nest as these wasps commonly do, possibly because there was hardly sufficient room. Indeed, it seemed that she would not be able to construct an additional cell in such a limited space. Observations at 5:30 and at 7:30 the next morning showed that the wasp had not re- sumed her work, but by 8:30 she had already finished the closing partition of the third cell and had laid her fourth egg. During the morning she caught and deposited three caterpillars and at 10:45 she brought the bit of cement that would have closed the last cell had I not captured her for identification before she had been able to apply it. 38The numbers designating the nests described in this paper are the original ones used in my field notes; they are thus not consecutive. 1922] Taylor—Biology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus 5il The two nests built by wasps of this species did not differ greatly from each other or from those constructed by the other wasps noted in this paper. Wasp No. 2 built her nest (Fig. 1) in a tube which had an inside diameter of 7.5 millimeters. It contained four cells whose respective lengths were as follows: cell No. 14, 14mm.; No. 2, 8 mm.; No. 3, 6 mm.; and No. 4, 5mm. In each cell at about two millimeters from the inner wall was suspended from above by means of a fine thread about a millimeter in length a white, glistening egg. The egg, which resembled almost exactly eggs of other members of this genus which I have observed, was about 2.5 mm. long, subeylindrical, concave dorsally (?) and convex ventrally (?) (Fig. 3). In some cells it hung freely; in others, where the provisions were more tightly packed, it was pushed firmly against the upper wall of the cell. Cell No. 1 was provided with ten caterpillars, No. 2 with six, No. 3 with three and No. 4 also with three. The cater- pillars were of uniform size, about 12 mm. long and all appeared to be of the same species, probably of the family Tortricide- They were imperfectly paralyzed and responded to mechanical stimulus by quick, jerky movements of the abdomen. The head and thorax, however, seemed little capable of movement, the mouth parts and legs scarcely responding to the touch. It would seem then that the sting of the wasp must be introduced in the region of the thorax, thus bringing about partial paralysis of the parts which might tend to injure the egg or young wasp. The cells of the nest were separated by partitions one milli- meter in thickness, constructed of earth of a fine clayey consis- tency and moistened with water (and perhaps secretions) to form a cement which at first had a brownish color but became gray after drying. The partitions were not laid with precision transversely in the tube, but were often irregular with a slight oblique tilt. The inner surfaces of the partitions appeared more rough than the outer surfaces, due to their having been smoothed out by the wasp’s mandibles. In constructing these partitions the wasp first lays down the rim, flattening out her first lump of 4In designating the cells of a particular nest the numbers 1, 2, 3 etc. refer to the order in wich the cells were constructed by the wasp. Thus the innermost cell is no. 1, the next, no. 2 and so on. 52 Psyche [ April mud between the mandibles and adding further material con- centrically within until only a minute opening remains. This she plugs with a small bit of mud and then apparently smooths out the surface of the whole. In the nest of wasp No. 2 a vacant space about 10 mm. long was left between the outermost oc- cupied cell and the entrance.® The closure was flush with the surface of the entrance block; it was a plug of cement twice as thick as the partitions within and not smoothed off outwardly. The nest of wasp No. 3 was made in a tube which differed sightly from that shown in the figure (Fig. 1) in that the outer end of the tube was flush with the entrance, there being no en- trance block. In this nest the outermost cell reached the entrance of the nest, no empty space having been left by the wasp as in the former case. The glass tube had an inner diameter of only 5 mm. The wasp had adapted her construction to this smaller diameter by making the cells longer. The comparative lengths of the cells in this nest and the number of caterpillars provided in each were as follows: cell No. 1,-17 mm., 6 caterpillars; No. 2,-17 mm., 7 caterpillars; No. 3,-11 mm., 3 caterpillars; No. 4,-5.5 mm., 3 caterpillars. The caterpillars appeared to be of two species and perhaps represented two families (Pyralids and Tor- tricidee?). The following tabulation gives the life histories of the wasps in nests 2 and 3. Nest No. 2. Date of Cell No.1 CellNo.2 Cell No.3 Cell No. 4 2 of ot Ce Oviposition June 13 June 14(?) June 14(?) June 15(?) Hatching June 16 June 17 Junel7 June 18(?) Cocoon spinning 3 June 23 June23 # June 23 Pupation June 30 June 29(?) June 29(?) June 30 Imagination July 18 July 9(?) July 9 (?) July 10(?) Emergence July Lo imlyalel July 11 July 11 Death Oct. 15 July 19 Octal oes pe Nueesty, *This wasp curiously spun no cocoon, only a few loose threads. It became inactive June 25. **Death of this male may have been hastened by falling into the sirup, supplied as food. 5According to Roubaud (1916) such empty cells are evidently for the purpose of confusing parasites. 1922] Taylor—Biology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus 53° Nest No. 8. Date of Cell No.1 Cell No.2 Cell No.3 Cell No. 4 2 (?) (?) of of Oviposition June 16(?) June 16 = Junel6 June 17 Hatching + que MD) June 19(?) June 20 Cocoon spinning ....... June 24 June 25 EA OCIOMieME MB hs ls Ack ha ee June 29 June 30 Inmvetemmation 9 6.2526 se ee July 10 July 10 MENG eICE Tye a das) Seles wee Jubyet Sedialiya ta Deal a Ay Ge Peace weeps Oct. 6 Aug. 27 *Did not hatch. **Died June 22. ***Hmergence probably premature; cocoon broken open for observation. The above tables give the following as the lengths of the stages in the life of Anczstrocerus tardinotus: egg, 3 days; larva, 10-14 days; pupa, 11-14 days. The larger figure for the larval and pupal stages represents the length of these stages in the single female which reached maturity, from the innermost cell of nest No. 2. The other five individuals which matured from these two nests were all males. The eggs of this species, like those of other species noted here, show the first sign of hatching by a swelling of the chorion on one or both sides. This seems to be due to the flattening of the larva, the pleura becoming somewhat protuberant. (Fig. 4). The chorion then becomes ruptured at its anterior or lower end, and the minute larva by slow movements works about three- quarters of its body out. Thus suspended it remains for half or three-quarters of an hour during which time it appears to derive some nourishment through the integument of the caterpillars which it may be able to reach. Figure 5, sketched from an un- determined larva of Ancistrocerus illustrates the appearance of the larva in this position. Soon freeing itself from the chorion, the larva moves about actively, finally taking a position with its mouth closely applied to the integument of one of its caterpillars often just behind or near the thorax. At first it appears to feed 54 Psyche [April without biting the skin of its prey and its feeding is indicated only by the rhythmic movement of its body, but as it increases in size it may be seen to bite rather ferociously at its caterpillar, sinking its mandibles and even its entire head into the now lacerated body. Growth is rapid and usually the food is con- sumed to the last bit, even the heads being eaten by some of the more voracious individuals. When all the food is gone the larva may be observed moving about its cell, its mandibles constantly working along the walls. Whether it is searching for more food or attempting to begin its cocoon is not entirely evident. At any rate, the result of this activity seems to be that all the de- tritus in the cell, including the excrement of the caterpillars and whatever of the food supply may occasionally remain uneaten, becomes gathered at one end or along the lower wall of the cell, so that it does not interfere with the spinning of the cocoon. Before actually spinning the cocoon the Ancistrocerus larva makes a rather coarse-meshed network closely applied to the walls of the cell, entirely lining it and excluding all debris. The cocoon is variable in shape, irregularly cylindric-elliptical with one of its ends and its lower surface touching the walls of the cell, usually at the inner and lower end. It is tough, closely woven, translucent and semi-transparent, usually of a pale brownish tint with a slight silky lustre. Figure 2, though per- haps of a different species, illustrates the position of these cocoons in situ. Pupation does not take place immediately, the larva remaining quiescent in the cell for from five to seven days. As in most nidificating Hymenoptera which construct similar nests, the outermost occupant of the nest is the first to emerge, though it is necessarily the product of the most recent egg laid by the builder. All the males reach the adult stage at. about the same time, byt until the one nearest the entrance makes its escape, there appears to be no attempt on the part of the others to break out, though they often may have already broken from their cocoons and are free to emerge as soon as the way is clear. Once the first male has made its escape the others follow in rapid succession, the females only remaining after the males have been gone for some little time. 1922] Taylor—Biology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus 55 In the species of Ancistrocerus which have come to my notice, the wasps which have developed from the innermost cells of a nest have been invariably females. These inner cells are always of greater capacity and more bountifully provisioned than the smaller, outer cells, which are destined to give forth males'. In a very painstaking study Fabre (1884) found a similar distribution of the sexes in the nests of certain solitary wasps and bees. Later Verhoeff (1892a, 1892b) made like ob- servations and gave the name proterothesie to this phenomenon. Bordage (1912) and Roubaud (1916) have found it also in solitary wasps of the Malagasy and Ethiopian regions. This dis- position of the males and females is supposed by authors to permit the males on emerging to fly about and thus come in contact with females from other nests, achieving cross-fertilization. In one of the nests which I had in confinement, however, (nest no. 2) one of the first two emerging males constantly sat at the entrance of the nest from which it had just escaped, apparently waiting for a female. The next wasp to emerge was another male; the new arrival was met with palpations of the antenns similar to those which precede copulation. In nature, however, this might not have occured. In confinement copulation was witnessed. The female ap- parently copulates but once, as the one observed repeatedly rejected males after having been fecundated. The males, on the other hand, are apparently able to fertilize more than one female, since they make repeated attempts after their first mating. The tables given above show several instances of longevity among individuals of this species, both in males and in the single female, one individual of each sex living longer than three months. Whether the period of life would be as long under normal con- ditions of subsistence and expenditure of energy is perhaps questionable, but it seems highly probable that a single female lives sufficiently long to construct several nests of the type described in this paper. 6This difference in size is evidently the general rule. Aberrations have been noticed and one of these is shown in figure 2, where cell No. 2 is larger than No. 1. This condition seems to be exceptional. 56 Psyche [April Ancistrocerus capra de Saussure. The habits of this wasp have been recorded briefly by the Peckhams (1900), who describe three successive nests cons- tructed by this species in the mouthpiece of a tin horn. Their observations differ from mine in that they found the duration of the egg stage to be four days instead of two. These authors point out the similarity of the habits of this species to those of the European A. nidulator de Saussure, observed by Fabre (1891). The Raus (1918) have published observations on a nest made by capra in a woody elder twig, in which the innermost cell was of much greater capacity than the seven (one empty) additional cells, but no mention is made of the sex of the wasps reared from the nest. Observations of Rev. T. W. Fyles, reported by Ash- mead (1894), show that this species provisions its nest with larvee of the larch saw-fly (Lygwonematus erichsonit Hartg.) Unfor- tunately I did not preserve any of the larve used by capra, but I am almost certain that in this case they were lepidopterous rather than of saw-flies. It seems probable that species of An- cistrocerus do not limit themselves to a particular kind of cater- pillar, but avail themselves of whatever desirable food may be abundant. Nest No. 6. At 3:30 P. M. on June 20, I observed a large Ancistrocerus apparently just selecting her nesting place. She made repeated entrances, coming out each time and flying off for a short distance, apparently carrying nothing. She was possibly making a long distance locality study. Soon she began to bring in mud, out of which she constructed a basal partition at about 7 mm. from the interior end of the tube. During the cons- truction of this partition I took many liberties with the nest, removing the glass tube during the wasp’s absence and sometimes failing to get it replaced before she returned. She seemed little disturbed. Once, as she hovered before the window sill where her nest should have been I slowly placed it in front of her and she entered as though nothing had happened. Perhaps as a result of this interference, she abandoned her first partition and started another about 5 mm. from the first. When this was 1922] Taylor—Biology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus Bf finished the wasp backed out of the tube, turned about and backed in presumably to oviposit, but strangely no egg was laid until half an hour later (5:30 P. M.). At six o’clock she brought in a caterpillar and suspended operations, remaining asleep in the cell all night. During the building of the partition described above, I re- moved a small stone which had been resting on the nesting block and placed it a few inches to one side of the nest while the wasp was away. On her return, instead of flying directly to the en- trance as she had been doing, she made for a position Just beneath the misplaced stone. Discovering her mistake, she soon found her nest by flying about at a few inches from the wall. A little later, while examining the tube during the wasp’s absence, I placed the entrance block on the window sill at a short distance from its right position. The wasp returned and entered the hole in the entrance block. Finding nothing behind it, she retreated for some distance, and the nest meanwhile having been replaced, she then entered without hesitation. This would seem to in- dicate that certain objects, such as the stone, serve as guides to the wasp, but this and further observations show that the wasp is not helpless when such guides are removed, since after once finding her nest in the absence of the stone she apparently made use of other means to locate her nest. June 21 at 9:15 A. M. wasp No. 6 was carrying in mud. This she deposited and went off again returning with a drop of water shining at her mouth. She was apparently just finishing a partition, for she appeared at the entrance, came out and backed in, remaining within for three minutes to lay an egg. Oviposition finished, she appeared at the entrance and after ex- citedly waving her antenne, flew off. At this time I made a further test of her ability to locate her nest by placing a similar nesting block about five inches away from the original and marking it with the stone which had for- merly served asa guide. At 10:00 A. M. the wasp came back, bearing a large green caterpillar; she flew directly to the wrong nest, but did not enter, retreating from it and approaching it 58 Psyche [April several times, finally flying to a tree twenty feet distant. The stone was then replaced on the true nest. The wasp returned, still bearing her prey, tried the false nest as before, but almost immediately went to the right nest and entered. This wasp was captured for identification as she was about to complete her nest at 1 o’clock (June 21). Nest No. 7. Another Ancistrocerus capra was .discovered constructing her nest on the same day at 5 P. M. Two hours later she had made a basal wall of mud, deposited an egg and was resting in the tube. During the mud-carrying operations of this wasp, I re- moved the stone which marked her nest and placed it six inches to one side. Returning, she flew directly for a point beneath the removed stone, discovered her error and flew along the wall in a horizontal direction, pausing before another nesting block, similarly located on an adjacent window ledge and similarly marked by a small stone. She hovered in front of this empty nest, still holding the lump of mud she was carrying, then sud- denly made a swift flight perpendicularly from the building, turned and made a bee line for her true nest, which she found without delay. The stone was not immediately replaced, but the wasp on subsequent trips entered her nest without hesita- tion, approaching it, however, in a perpendicular direction, instead of obliquely as she had done before her landmark had been misplaced. When the stone was replaced she continued to enter the nest without confusion. The second day of this wasp’s activities was extremely hot and humid. I had always believed that such a day would be particularly conducive to work with the wasps, and was surprised to find that this individual responded to the heat in much the same manner as her observer, for she remained in her nest the greater part of the day and brought in only three caterpillars, one in the early morning and two in the late afternoon. The following day (June 23) heavy clouds kept off the heat of the sun during the morning so that by ten o’clock four caterpillars had been stored. A half hour later the rim of the closing partition of 1922] Taylor—Biology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus Ou No) a second cell had been made. The mid-day heat doubtless de- layed the closing of the entrance until about 4 P. M., when the wasp was captured before she had quite finished. The nests built by these two individuals of Ancistrocerus capra were similar to those described for A. tardinotus. As men- tioned above nest No. 6 had two basal partitions, one 7 mm. from the inner end of the tube and the second about 5 mm. from this. There were four cells, the first, between the two basal partitions, empty; the second, 28 mm. long, was provided with a suspended egg and four caterpillars; the third was 26 mm. in length and had the same amount of provisions with an egg; the fourth cell was 25 mm. long and quite empty, its closing partition, Incom- plete, was about 12 mm. from the entrance. The entrance was not closed, as the wasp was captured before she had been able to do so. The inside diameter of the tube was 6 mm. Nest No. 7 contained a tube having an inside diameter of 7.5mm. Its basal partition was constructed at about 15 mm. from the inner extremity of the tube. The first cell was 25 mm. long and contained its suspended egg and seven caterpillars; the second cell was empty, its length about 40 mm. and at about 8 mm. from its base was a very light rim of cement where the wasp had started and abandoned a partition. The closing partition of this long empty cell was about 12 mm. from the plug which closed the entrance, the latter being incomplete since the wasp was captured during its construction. I was unsuccessful in rearing the wasps from nest No. 6. The egg in cell No. 1 adhered to the wall of the tube, because of excessive moisture and did not develop. The second egg became detached from its filament, hatched in two days and lived two days longer, attaining a length of about 7.5 mm., when it suc- cumbed to the unfavorably moist conditions. The single egg in nest no. 7 hatched (June 23) also in two days, after having become detached from its hanging position. On June 28 it had reached a length of 15 mm. and was vigorously feeding on the remnants of its provisions. In feeding it held it- self in a curled up position, its back nearly forming a circle, the 60 Psyche [April piece of food held down against its ventral abdominal segments beneath its head. On June 29 it started spinning, but did not finish its cocoon until July 2. Six days later it pupated and on July 24 shed its pupal skin, emerging the next day. In captivity this wasp, a female, lived until August 22, nearly a month after emerging. The lengths of its stages were as follows: egg, 2 days; larva, 15 days; pupa, 16 days. Ancistrocerus albophaleratus de Saussure. Two nests built by wasps of this species came under obser- vation. Ashmead (1894) records it as having been bred from an oak gall in Massachusetts. Nest No. 14. This nest was started July 4 at about 4 P. M. The nest builder was observed rather constantly until July 10, when she was found dead within the entrance of her uncompleted nest. The preceding day had been rainy and may have brought about her untimely death, but the somewhat erratic construction of her nest may indicate that she was at the end of her resources. Nest No. 21. This nest of albophaleratus was commenced July 19 and finished five days later. During a cool, wet day the wasp was inadvertently knocked from her nest, while she was apparently sleeping and lost in the grass. Although she re- turned the next day, her absence may have given an opportunity for a fly to enter her nest and deposit eggs, the larvee from which later destroyed the entire nest and its contents. The tube in which nest no. 14 was built had an inside diameter of 7.5 mm. Its inner end being completely closed, the wasp built no basal partition. The first cell was 18 mm. long and contained about 14 caterpillars; the second, 15 mm. in length, contained only six; the third cell, 16 mm. long, was empty; the fourth cell had a very imperfect basal partition, in which spaces had been left and was 10 mm. long. There was an ege suspended in this cell, but no caterpillars had been provided. It was in this cell that the wasp was found dead. A rim of mud about the periphery of its outer end showed that an attempt 1922] Taylor—Bviology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus 61 had been made to close the cell. Evidently the wasp had been unable to provision this last cell and was in the act of closing it when she met her death. The tube utilized by the other wasp of this species (No. 21) had an inside diameter of 6 mm. The nest had three cells,the basal partition of the first having been built about 5 mm. from the plug of cotton which stopped the inner end of the tube. Cell No. 1, 30. mm. long, had 13 caterpillars, cell No. 2, 28 mm. long, had seven and cell No. 8, 138 mm. long, contained eight. All were provided with eggs suspended in the usual manner. The entrance to the nest had no closing plug, the outer wall of the third cell being about 12 mm. from the entrance and the space beyond it was entirely vacant. Only one wasp from these nests reached maturity, a female. The duration of the stages in her life was as follows; egg, 3 days; larva, 16 days; pupa, 13 days. The larva became inactive about six days after hatching and spun no cocoon. The imago lived thirty-five days. MIscELLANEOUS NOTES. Other nests built by undetermined species of Ancistrocerus were observed during the summer, but with most, because of parasites or other unfavorable conditions, the data obtained are too fragmentary to be of further use than to substantiate the findings on the species treated in more detail. In general the observations on these nests are consistent with what has already been recorded. Nests started later in the summer (four in number, built Aug. 8, 16, 17, and 22) have a somewhat different history. Instead of pupating a few days after spinning, individuals from these nests still remain as larve during the winter and will probably not complete their development until the following June. Not a few nesting places presented evidence of nests having been started by wasps and abandoned in an incipient stage. In some basal partitions were made, never to be utilized. In two 62 Psyche [April ‘tubes an initial cell was provided with an egg and several para- lyzed caterpillars and then abandoned. In both of these, eggs and caterpillars disappeared within a day, and the presence of ants in both leads me to believe that these depredators may have been guilty of the robbery. Whether the nests were abandoned by their builders before the incursions of these ants or whether the desertion was a result of their intrusion could not be deter- mined. The paralyzed caterpillars and the wasp egg would doubtless be attractive to these insects and it is not unlikely that the presence of a few worker ants in a nest would drive the owner away. Three nests of Ancistrocerus were infested by dipterous larvee. In one of these the eggs were very evidently deposited in the nest by the adult fly; the others may have been deposited on the caterpillars before they were brought to the nest. In all three nests the behavior of the fly larvee was the same—they devoured everything. After consuming the contents in one cell they broke through the mud partition and fed on the contents of the next and so on until the entire nest was destroyed. At- tempting to rear the adults for identification, I placed the pupz of these Diptera in glass tubes fitted with tight cotton plugs, thinking to prevent their escape. But the adults were evidently well provided with means for escaping from wasp’s nests, for on emerging they worked their ways through the cotton and were lost. An undetermined species of Chrysidid, which I shall men- tion elsewhere, was also associated with wasps of the genus Ancistrocerus observed during the summer of 1921. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. Observations on the three species of EKumenide treated in this paper (Ancistrocerus tardinotus Bequaert, A. capra de Saussure and A. albophaleratus de Saussure) bring out the fol- lowing facts concerning their biology. 1. These species appear to nest usually in suitable cracks and crevices adapted to their needs. 1922] Taylor—Bviology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus 63 2. The nests made by these wasps in glass tubes have the following characteristics: a. Tubes having diameters of from six to eight millimeters were utilized by the wasps. b. Nests consist of from one to four cells, these apparently varying in length conversely to the diameter of the tube, the inner cells being usually larger than the outer. The cells are separated by partitions of mud which the wasp makes by mixing fine sand and water. c. The cells are each provided with an egg, suspended by a filament from above and each contains from three to fourteen caterpillars; these are supplied after the egg has been deposited. 3. The caterpillars are paralyzed by the wasp by stinging probably at some point near the thorax. 4. From rather fragmentary evidence it appears that the larger, inner cells contain eggs which are destined to produce females, while the smaller, outer cells contain those which are to become males. 5. There are probably two generations of these wasps annually, the eggs of the first being laid from mid to late June, the adults from them appearing during the first half of July. The eggs of the second generation are laid during the latter part of July and the first of August, the wasps from them hibernating as larvee and probably emerging in June. 6. From the longevity of certain of these wasps in captivity it is concluded that the females live long enough to construct several nests of the sort described here. 7. The females are apparently guided to their nests by certain landmarks, but are not helpless when such landmarks are removed or distrubed. 8. Dipterous larve, Chrysidide and perhaps ants have been observed as enemies of the species studied. 64 1894 1912 1882 1884 1891 1895 Psyche | April LITERATURE CITED. Ashmead, W. H. The habits of the aculeate Hymenop- tera, IV, Psyche, 7, pp. 75-79. Bordage, E. Notes biologiques recueillies a l’He de la Réunion. Bull. scient. France et Belg., 7e sér., 46, pp. 29-91. Fabre, J. H. Nouveaux souvenirs entomologiques (Souvenirs entomologiques, sér. 2), pp. 77-98. Paris, Delagrave. eee Etudes sur la répartition des sexes chez les Hyménoptéres. Ann. Sci. Nat., (6) Zool. 17, Art. 9, pp. 1-53. Sey arya: Souvenirs entomologiques, sér. 4, pp. 162- 190. Paris, Delagrave. Ferton, Ch. Observations sur l’instinct de quelques Hyménoptéres du genre Odynerus. Act. soc. Linn. Bor- deaux, 48, pp. 219-230. [9OTAIOD has. ee eee: Notes detachées sur l’instinct 1905 1912 1913 1900 des Hyménoptéres melliféres et ravisseurs. 1901, sér. 1,* Ann. Soc. ent. France, 70, pp. 83-148; 1902, sér. 2,* ibid., 71, pp. 499-531; 1905, sér. 3,* ibid., 74, pp. 56-104; 1908, sér. 4, ibid., 77, pp. 535-586; 1909, sér. 5,* ibid., 78, ° pp. 401-422; 1910; sér, 6*, ibid., 79, pp. 145-1782 1911; sér. 7,~ tbid:, 80, pp: 351-712-1914. ser: 1S* ibids 83; pp. 81-119; 1921, sér. 9,* ibid., 90, pp. 329-375. (The series marked with asterisks have notes on Eumenide.) Hartman, C. Observations on the habits of some solitary wasps of Texas. Bull. Univ. Texas, 65 (Scient. ser., 6), pp. 1-72. Hungerford, H. B. and Williams, F. X. Biological notes on some Kansas Hymenoptera. Ent. News, 23, pp. 241- 260. Isley, D. The biology of some Kansas Eumenide. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 7, pp. 335-309. Peckham, G. W. and E. G. Additional observations on the instinets and habits of the solitary wasps. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1 (new ser.), pp. 85-93. PsycHeE, 1922. WOlig DOM. Tesi, IW, TAYLOR—BIOLOGY OF ANCISTROCERUS ae, i dd re ae oe fir : ns 1922] Taylor—Biology of Wasps of Genus Ancistrocerus 65 L805 Ss Ota ete eralon Me aes Wasps, social and_ solitary. Cam- bridge, Houghton-Mifflin. 1918 Rau, Phil and Nellie. Wasp studies afield. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press. 1916 Roubaud, E. Recherches biologiques sur les guépes solitaires et sociales d’Afrique. La genése de la vie sociale et l’évolution de l’instinct maternel chez les Vespides. Ann. Sei. Nat. (9) Zool. 1916, pp. 1-160. 1892a Verhoeff, C. Neue und wenige bekannte Gesetze aus der Hymenopteren-Biologie. Zool. Anzeiger, 15, 362-370. SOD ia eRe Seneca et Beitrage zur Biologie der Hymenop- tera. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Syst., 6, pp. 680-751. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of nesting block, showing glass tube in position and nest no. 2 containing four cells, each with its egg and caterpillars. (24 natural size.) Fig. 2. Nest built by Ancistrocerus sp. showing three cells with larvee in cocoons. (24 natural size.) Fig. 3. Egg of Ancistrocerus sp. with suspending filament. (This and the next two figures enlarged about fifteen times). Fig. 4.° Same egg as in figure 3, about to hatch. Fig. 5. Larva (just hatched from egg shown in figure 3) suspended from the shrunken chorion. 66 Psyche | April BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON PARTHENOGENETIC MACRO- SIPHUM TANACETI LINNAEUS (APHIDIDA, HOMOPTERA)! By Lrorotpo B. UicHanco CoLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILLIPINES Los Banos, P. I. The data on which the present paper is based have been collected while I was conducting experiments on Macrosiphum tanaceti, In connection with another problem. The work was done at the Bussey Institution during the earlier part of the summer of 1921. A few of the facts brought out in the discussion are somewhat fragmentary, and require more thorough investi- gation; but, in view of the scarcity of such records of aphid behavior in the literature, they have been introduced here, in the hope that they may help to stimulate further research along these lines. I. Ecdysis. There are no appreciable differences in the behavior of Macrosiphum tanaceti during the four successive molts. No attempt, therefore, will be made in the present paper to describe the methods separately for each ecdysis. Preliminary to the process, the nymph ceases to feed for a few minutes, and in the meantime holds with its claws on the surface of the sup- porting part of the plant. The position of the insect during molting has always been found to be such that the head points toward the ground. The legs are spread far apart, so that the prothoracie pair is directed anterolaterally with reference to the insect’s body; the mesothoracic, ectolaterally; and the meta- thoracic, posterolaterally. The haustellum is held close to the sternum. The subcaudal portion of the abdomen almost touches the surface of the plant. The antenne are directed posteriorly, and are subparallel to the lateral margin, but diverge at an angle of about thirty degrees above the dorsal surface of the body. ; 5 p ' if, et 2a oy ; 7 : ” a : » : ‘ 4 -p * | ; ; ; om | y a 3 it : : 9 »* en Pa - a a ;: 7 1 q i ‘DBD Htle } | gi 7 ' oe) i mw a 2 ok 1am i pieced Tod io A 7 = y 4 ee oA) 7 wi tv uJ i aly ie PS 7 “pees ; _— : nly) (eee ments; i eas : " ieetoh if x A J : ey a é ‘” ‘y : : 7 HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY WILLIAM. A. RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and Parasitology, Cornell University, and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. D., Professor of Biology, Cornell University. A concise account of poisonous, parasitic and disease-carrying insects and their allies, in- cluding descriptions and illustrations of the principal species,with keys for their determination, and methods of control. Bound inlibrary buckrum, medium 8vo. 348 pages. Price, $2.00 net. A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. This handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges. The book is so written that any intelligent teacher can find out for himself the more important facts of insect life. Includes tables for identifying any family of insects of North America. The leading school and college text. 700 pages. 800 figures. Price, $4.25 net. OPTIC PROJECTION SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, Emeritus, Cornell University, and HENRY PHELPS GAGE, Ph. D., j Cornell University. This is a very comprehensive work, dealing fundamentally and practically with the Magic Lantern, the Projection Microscope, the Reflecting Lantern, and the Moving Picture Machine. 730 pages. Over 400 figures. Postpaid, $5. THE MICROSCOPE (13th Revised Edition Ready) SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, Emeritus, Cornell University. An authoritative, up-to-date guide for everyone who uses the microscope and for every beginner who wishes to use the microscope intelligently and effectively. Should be in every school and college laboratory. 472 pages. 265 figures. Postpaid, $3.00. a, THE LIFE OF INLAND WATERS A Text-Book of Fresh Water Biology. JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Pd, D., Professor of Limnology and General Biology in Cornell University, and JOHN T. LLOYD, A. B., Assistant in Limnology in Cornell University. This book is a broad presentation of the field of fresh-water biology, primarily in its scientific aspects, also in relation to commercial, civic, aesthetic and public health interests of man. There is no book in the English language covering the field. Copiously illustrated with photographs from nature. 438 pages. 244 figures. Price, $3.00. THE WINGS OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK. Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. ; This volume is an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins of insects. Royal octavo. 430 pages. Illustrated. Price, $3.75 net. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS For Sale at all Bookdealers or Sent Direct from THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY ITHACA, NEW YORK, U. S. A. | 4 500 Pin Labels all alike, 50 Cents. 1000 Pin-Labels all alike, 80 Cents. Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line) Additional Characters, 2 cents each, in total and per line, per 500. Trimmed. Prices subject to change without notice. C. V. BLACKBURN, 30 South St., STONEHAM 80, MASS., easel CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday — of each month (July, August and September excepted) at 7.45 p. m. at the Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston. The Bussey Institution is one block from the Forest Hills station cf both the elevated street cars and the N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Entomolo- gists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. WANTED :—Small, bright colored butterflies. Will pay © cash for them in quantities. We desire Lycaenas, Small Coppers and any other bright colored small flies for use in butterfly work. THE GASING STUDIO SALEM, MASS. FOR SALE:—Tropical African (Uganda, Kenia Colony) Butterflies and Moths, etc. etc., in great variety and beauty. Special Bargain lot of 200 Specimens (50 species) at 25 Dollars — Post Free . Remittance with order. R. A. DUMMER, Care S. A. Museum, Cape Town. oe Pe rie A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ESTABLISHED IN 1874 VOL. XXIX JUNE, 1922 NO. 3 YA Nae ANT > 4 ir es . Ft A i ht = (OWA muse Tinned {ys Rea | Ay) y —s CONTENTS | The North Aenean Species of Cryptolucilia Brauer and Bergenstamm. (Pseudopyrellia Girschner); Diptera, Anthomyide). SERCO LOCH Ol Ps Gt. Ie Rea ac tbat wale atte eat Rant oro ree he 89 jj Notes on the Puffball Beetle, Caenocara oculata (Say). a SFL Bea WETS «hove. 0 Nt beer Ie eRe y af Be ecutitra dap ae. ais ts Nagai 92 - Records of Hymenopterous Parasites in Pennsylvania. ARS CLEP HOLM rd cot win: Shans sett dae oily Chia chat eoreia te ee 30's weet OO On the SRE a Genus Herne octybeus and its Allies. (CLEP NENT Din PESOS Ee IO OEE COREE DOr Bee Le COM CCoen on oe a PLOL A Bibliographical Notice on the Reduviid Genus Triatoma emp: ) UME AELUS SOs PH EP sos 5s 0,00 8 Wiis Dy ceenttar Behe ee terc etl adenetts sis 109 | Proceedings of the Cambridge Entomological Club.................... 123 L ee CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1922 President . ‘ ; : ; . W. M. WHEELER Vice-President : ; : 5 L. R. REYNOLDS Secretary . : : : : . J. H. EMERTON Treasurer A : ; : ; . F. H. WALKER Executive Committee : NATHAN BANKs,S. W. DENTON L. W. Swerr EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. BRuEsS, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. JOHNSON, NATHAN BANKs, Boston Society of Natural History. Harvard University. A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morse, Washington State College. Wellesley College. J. H. EMERTON, J. G. NEEDHAM, Boston, Mass. Cornell University. W. M. WHEELER, Harvard University. PSYCHE is published bi-monthly, the issues appearing in February, April, June, August, October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to subscribers in the United States, Canada or Mexico, foreign postage, 15 cents extra. Single copies, 40 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other editorial matter, phould be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, ass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra, expense for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors: the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full age half-tones, $7.50 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on appli- cation. Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office at Boston, Mass. Acceptance for _ mailing at special rate of postage provided in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized on June 29, 1918. PSYCHE VOL. XXIX. JUNE 1922 No. 3 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CRYPTOLUCILIA BRAUER AND BERGENSTAMM (PSEUDOPY RELLIA GIRSCHNER) (DIPTERA, ANTHOMYID). By J. BEQUAERT. Some time ago I sent to the eminent French dipterist, Dr. J. Villeneuve, a series of specimens of the common blue-green anthomyid fly which is passing in this country under the name “Pseudopyrellia cornicina.”’ Dr. Villeneuve called my attention to the fact that these specimens were not true cornicina but belonged to a related species, cesarion (Meigen). On taking the matter up with Dr. J. M. Aldrich and Mr. C. W. Johnson, and on examining a number of public and private collections, it becomes apparent that these two species are generally confused here. Aldrich (Cat. North American Dipt., 1905, p. 524), for instance, treats cornicina and cesarion as synonyms. It seems useful therefore to point out the main differences between them, so as to facilitate their identification by local entomologists. As indicated by Stein (Arch. f. Naturg., 83, Abt. A, Heft 1, 1919, p. 105), the name Cryptolucilia Brauer and Bergenstamm (Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 60, 1893, pp. 179 and 206; type: C. asiatica Brauer and Bergenstamm == Musca cesarion Meigen according to Stein) has priority over Pseudopyrellia Girschner (Berlin. Entom. Zeitschr., 38, (1893) 1894, p. 306), since Girsch- ner’s paper was not issued until January 1894. The species of Cryptolucilia have long been placed among Lucilia, which they resemble in color and general appearance. They are, however, easily separated from the latter genus by the absence of hypopleural bristles and the arrangement 1:2 of the sternopleural bristles. Cryptolucilia therefore belongs to the Anthomydiz as defined by Girschner. Of the Nearctic anthomyid genera, Pyrellia and Morellia alone have a similar metallic blue-green color. Cryptolucilia can 90 Psyche [June be distinguished from these by the contour of the fourth longi- tudinal vein, which in its apical part is bluntly angular and a little sinuate beyond the bend, whereas in Pyrellia and Morellia the curve of the distal section of the fourth vein is broad and gentle. 1. Cryptolucilia caesarion (Meigen) (Musca cesarion Meigen, Syst. Beschreib. Europ. zweifl. Ins., 5, 1826, p. 57). Thorax with a pair of acrosticals before the transverse suture, usually placed rather irregularly in an oblique line; three pos- terior dorsocentrals. Front of the male about one-sixth the width of the head; in the female comparatively wide, measuring over one-third of the total width of the head. This is a common and widely distributed North American species and, as stated above, is labeled ‘“‘Pseudopyrellia cor- nicina”’ in American collections. The figures given by Hough (Biol. Bull., 1, 1899, p. 27, fig. 9) for cornicina undoubtedly refer to this species. I have seen specimens from the following States: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Nebraska, Texas, South Dakota, Arizona, California, and Washington; also from Canada (Ontario, Quebec.) In addition, Dr. Aldrich possesses specimens from Kansas, Idaho, Nevada, and New Mexico. The brilliant blue larva lives in cow manure and the adult flies are commonly found on fresh cow dung. This is evidently the species which was reported by Howard (Proc. Washington Ac. Sci., 2, 1900, p. 579), Brues (Psyche, 9, 1902, p. 354), and F. C. Pratt (Canad. Entom., 44, 1912, p. 181) under the name “Pseudopyrellia cornicina”’ as having been bred in abundance from cow manure. Howard figures the early stages. Among the very large number of Cryptolucilie from North America examined, I have found only one in which the anterior acrosticals were lacking, but as this specimen possessed three posterior dorsocentrals, I believe it is an abnormal example of C. cesarion. 1922] The North American Species of Cryptolucilia. 91 2. Cryptolucilia cornicina (Fabricius) (Musca cornicina ‘abricius, Spec. Insect., 2, 1871, p. 438). Thorax without acrosticals before the transverse suture; four posterior dorso- centrals. Front comparatively narrower in both sexes. This species is thus far unknown from North America. In Europe, however, it is not less common than the foregoing. I have examined a male from Rambouillet, France, kindly sent to me by Dr. Villeneuve. Stein (Arch. f. Naturg., 83, Abt. A, Heft 1, 1919, p. 105) synonymizes Pyrellia frontalis Thomson (Eugenies Resa, 2, Zool., 1, Diptera, 1868, p. 545), from California, with C. cornicina. Whether this is based on an examination of Thomson’s type specimen is not known, but the description applies equally well to C. cesarion. The failure of North American entomologists to separate cesarion and cornicina is evidently due to the confusion on this subject which has been allowed to prevail until recent years by European dipterists. Even Girschner while establishing his genus Pseudopyrellia on “P. cornicia F11.” was evidently using specimens of cesarion, since he expressly mentions among the generic characters the presence of a pair of heavy acrosticals. Sehnabl and Dziedzicki (Die Anthomyiden. Nov. Acta Ac. Leop. Car. Nat. Cur., 95, 1911, pp. 224 and 229) repeated the same error. The two species, however, have been correctly separated by Stein (Arch. f. Naturg., 81, Abt. A, Heft 10, 1916, p. 18), who has also examined their type specimens. Considering the constant association of Cryptolucilia cesarion with cattle dung, the question might be raised whether this fly has not been imported from the Old World through the agency of man, at a comparatively recent date. It is, moreover, remarkable that of the two common Palearctic species, only one has thus far established itself in North America. 92 Psyche [June NOTES ON THE PUFFBALL BEETLE, CHNOCARA OCULATA (SAY) By Harry B. Weiss, New Brunswick, N. J. This member of the family Anobiide was described by Say in 1824 (App. vol. II, Keating’s Exp. to source of St. Peters Riv. under Maj. Long, Phila., 1824, p. 273) and has long been known to collectors as being associated with the fungi commonly called puffballs. Blatchley (Col. Ind., 1910, p. 884) records it from Indiana as occurring throughout the state on low vegetation in damp localities and also in small puffballs (Lycoperdon). Smith (Ins. N. J., p. 807) records it as common throughout the state but does not mention any host. For the past two years it has been noted at Monmouth Junction, N. J., breeding in a species of puffball known as Scleroderma vulgare and undoubtedly occurs in many localities where its host grows. Leng (Check List Col. Amer. N. of Mex. p. 244) indicates its wide distribution by the following localities— Ct., Fla., New Eng., Ariz., Ind. Fungi belonging to the genus Lycoperdon are small puffballs with somewhat thickened bases or stalks. When young the interior is soft, white and firm; later it becomes yellowish and finally forms a purplish brown, dusty mass consisting of spores and threadlike filaments. Species of this genus appear in the summer and autumn and are common on the ground or on old stumps, usually in clusters. In the genus Scleroderma, the plants are sessile or nearly so. The peridium is thick and leathery and sometimes becomes cracked and ruptured at the apex. Scleroderma vulgare in which Cenocara oculata was found breeding is about 5 em., in diameter, subglobular, with a thick, yellowish or pale brown scaly or warty, leathery peridium. The spore mass is purplish black. This species is quite common and occurs in dry places and on hard ground. At Monmouth Junction, N. J., the fructifications were found in the dry parts of a large wooded area. wo) oo 1922] Notes on the Puffball Beetle. On September 5, several adults of Canocara oculata were noted with their bodies projecting slightly from small circular holes in the walls of the fungi. Upon cutting such fungi open, they were found to contain, in addition to the blackish, powdery mass of spores, numerous full grown larvee some of which had constructed pupal chambers or cells. One puffball contained fully 100 larve. Many of the larve pupated by September 9 and on September 22 fully colored adults were found in the cells. When full grown each larva constructs an oval cell in the spore mass. These are about 4 mm., long and 2 mm., wide and many are attached to the inner side of the peridial wall. Pupation takes place in these cells and when the adult is ready to emerge it simply eats through the wall of the fungus. Upon examining these exit holes it will be found that they are shallow and extend in only to the depth of the pupal cell. The larvee undoubtedly do most if not all of their feeding in the fungus when it is young as at this time, the interior is solid and fleshy. When ripe, the spore mass is dry and powdery. Larve. Length about 4mm. -Width about 1.5 mm. Form subeylindrical, tapering toward head, posterior end rounded, somewhat white grub-like in appearance. Body curved, almost semicircular in outline. White except for brownish mouth parts. Head small, subcircular, bearing minute hairs; collum absent; antenne single jointed, minute, almost obsolete; ocelli absent; cranial sutures indistinct; gula membraneous; ventral mouth parts fleshy. Clypeus and labrum distinct, former transverse, latter small, semicircular bearing several minute hairs on anterior edge. Mandibles comparatively large, heavy, broad across base, narrowing toward tip which is strongly bifid. Lacinia and galea distinct, well separated, each bearing chitinous hairs; maxillary palpi two-jointed, second joint tapering and twice as long as the first; labium with mentum and submentum indis- tinct; labial palpi two-jointed. Body segmentation indistinct; body bearing numerous minute hairs and irregular transverse rows of larger hairs on raised dorsal folds of thoracic and ab- 94 Psyche [June dominal segments. Anal end of body and anal area bearing numerous longer hairs. True legs absent, indicated by ambula- tory tubercles. Pupa. Length about 3 mm. Width about 1.8 mm. White; oval; posterior end of abdomen terminated by a pair of tubercles each bearing a short, weak spine; remainder of body surface devoid of spines or hairs. Adult. Reference to the place of original description has already been made and Blatchley’s description (Col. Ind. p. 884) is available if the original is not. The adult is interesting on account of its ability to pack itself up into a little globe or ball. The legs shut together; a cavity on the breast receives the antennz and large mouth parts and the head is folded down over the chest closing this cavity. In such a closely packed condition, the insect resembles a small seed. When disturbed, it immediately folds up. 1922] Records of Hymenopterous Parasites in Pennsylvania. 95 RECORDS OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES IN PENNSYLVANIA By A. B. CHAMPLAIN. BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, HARRISBURG, PA. Definite breeding records of Hymenopterous parasites are a ways valuable contributions to our knowledge of this order of insects. The follow:ng collection of fragmentary records of parasitic Hymenoptera and their hosts are from rearings by the author, and from notes in the file of the Bureau of Plant Industry, extending over a period of years. Due credit for the records obtained appears throughout the paper. The recorded species which are in the collection of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry were all identified or verified by leading authorities on Hymenoptera,—Ss. A. Rohwer and R. A. Cushman of the U. 8. National Museum, and some by H. L. Viereck of the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey. The abbreviations—Det. Roh., Det. Cush., Det. Vier.—designate. the species identified by each. Evaniide Hemistephanus sp. (Det. Cush.). Hummelstown, Pa., Rockville, Pa., Magnolia, Md., is a parasite of Dicerca divaricata in Betula lenta and of unknown borers in Quercus bicolor and Quercus sp. Notes by H. B. Kirk and J. N. Knull. Oleisoprister abbotii Westw., Hummelstown, Pa., reared from Liriodendron tulipifera infested by Leptura mutabilis. Odontaulacus bilobatus (Prov.), (Det. Roh.) Mt. Holly, Pa., June 14, 1921—Knull and Champlain. Adults were flying around and alighting on dying hemlock Tsuga canadensis. Upon cutting into the bark a heavy infesta- tion of Melanophila fulvoguttata was found in adult and pupal stages. In some cells adults and pup (one to a cell) of O. bilobatus were found with remnants of the host. 96 Psyche [June Odontaulacus rugitarsis Cress. (Det. Cush.) New Bloomfield, Pa., June 16. Adults were plentiful flying around and alighting on cut white pine (Pinus strobus) infested by Scolytoids and Cerambycids. Pammegischia burquet Prov. (Det. Cush.), Harrisburg, Pa. A parasite of Xzphidria champlaini Roh. in dead branches of Carpinus caroliniana; X. attenuata Nort. in dead branches of Tilia americana and of X. maculata in dead Acer rubrum. Adults fly during May. Braconide Macrocentrus delicatus Cress. (Det. Vier.). Willow Street, Pa. Reared from pup of Mineola indiginella. Helconidea ligator Say (Det. Cush.), Hummelstown, Pa., Jan. 23. Reared from oak (Quercus bicolor) infested by Purpuricenus axilaris. J. N. Knull; West Chester, Pa. Reared from dead Morus sp. infested by borers, Camp Hill, Pa., from dead Robinia pseudacacia, infested by Neoclytus erythrocephalus, F. M. Trimble. Helconidea borealis Cress. (Det. Roh.), Harrisburg, Pa. Parasite on Cerambycid larva in dead Rhus toxicodendron, H. B. Kirk, Hummelstown, Pa. Parasite of Cerambyeid larva in dead mulberry (Morus rubra) branches,—J. N. IKnull, Helcon pedalis Cress. (Det. Roh.), Hummelstown, Pa. Parasite on Xylotrechus larvee in dead hemlock (T'suga canadensis), —J. N. Knull. Ichneumonide Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) (Det. Cush.), Butler, Pa., IX. 25. In flour mills. A parasite of Mediterranean flour moth. Orthopelma luteolata (Grav.) (Det. Cush.), Chester, Pa. VI-27. Reared from Cynip galls on wild rose. 1922] Records of Hymenopterous Parasites in Pennsylvania. 97 Cremastus gracilipes Cush. (Det. Cush.), Rockville, Pa. Reared from cat tail rush infested by Dicymolomia julianalis; Collins, Pa. Lepidopterous larve infesting ‘‘cat-tails” growing along canal, caged IX-22, indoors—Noy. 23 to next April, many moths and ichneumonid parasites emerged—A. F. Satterthwait.” Identified same as above. Labena apicalis Cress. (Det. Cush.), Rockville, Pa. Parasite of Stenosphenus notatus in Hicoria sp., I-II,—J. N. Knull. Xorides calidus (Prov.) (Det. Roh.), Harrisburg, Pa. Parasite of Phloeotrya 4—maculata in dead sumac (Rhus typhina). Odontomerus canadensis Proy. (Det. Cush.), Hummelstown, Pa.., V-18. Parasite of Cerambycid in sumac (Rhus sp.), Knull. Glypta simplicipes Cress. (Det. Cush.), Philadelphia, Pa., V-20. Reared from larva of leaf tyer on Azalea sp.,— JK Primm: Scambus (Epiurus) tecumseh Vier. (Det. Cush.). Host—Dicy- molomia julianalis Walsh, in ecat-tail rush, Rockville, Pa., VI-6 to 19. Tromatobia rufopectus Cress. (Det. Cush.). ‘Harrisburg, Pa., collected egg mass of garden spider from shrub. On opening egg cocoon found that eggs had been parasitized by an Ichneumonid, and the case contained a dozen or more whitish cocoons matted together. Upon opening one of these cocoons found the parasite in mature larval stage. Material caged. March 22 the parasites had emerged. There were twelve females and one male,— J. R. Stear.”’ Scambus indigator Walsh (Det. Vier.), Willow Street, Pa. Reared from pupa of Mineola indiginella Zell. Perithous pleuralis Cress. (Det. Cush.), Hummelstown, Pa. Cocoons found in old (borer?) burrows in Platanus occ?- dentalis, I1-17—Knull. Ephialtes aequalis (Prov.) (Det.Cush), Ledy, Pa., from Codling moth puparia. 98 Psyche [June Ichneumon irritator Fab., New Cumberland, Pa. Host—Cyllene pictus. Hummelstown, Pa., parasite of Chrybothris sp. larvee found in sapwood of dead Cercis canadensis,— Kirk and Knull. Ichneumon comstocki Cress. (Det. Vier.), Rockville, Pa. Reared from Hvetria comstockiana,—V. A. E. Decke. Rhyssa lineolata Kirby (Det. Cush.), Mt. Holly, Pa., June 14. Adult female ovipositing in dead hemlock infested by Urocerus albicornis. Urocerus albicornis Fab., New Bloomfield, Pa. This horntail infested hemlock stumps, trees cut one year ago. At this time (Aug. 1) adult females are flying. Cutting into infested stumps we found pupz of males and females, also mature larve, small larve and apparently newly hatched larvee, as well as parasites. Among the parasites, R. lineolata was common. Adults were collected from July 10 to 30 at various localities. On Aug. 1, at New Bloomfield, pupz and newly transformed adults were chopped from the Urocerus cells. Observation by Knull and Champlain. Rhysella humida Say (Det. Cush.), Rockville, Pa. "ers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges. The book is so written that any intelligent teacher can find out for himself the more important facts of insect life. Includes tables for identifying any family of insects of North America. The leading school and college text. 700 pages. 800 figures. Price, $4.25 net. OPTIC PROJECTION SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, Emeritus, Cornell University, and HENRY PHELPS GAGE, Ph. D., Cornell University. This is a very comprehensive work, dealing fundamentally and practically with the Magic Lantern, the Projection Microscope, the Reflecting Lantern, and the Moving Picture Machine. 730 pages. Over 400 figures. Postpaid, $5. THE MICROSCOPE (13th Revised Edition Ready) SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology, rs Cornell University. An authoritative, up-to-date guide for everyone who uses the microscope and for every beginner who wishes to use the microscope intelligently and effectively. Should be in every school and college laboratory. 472 pages. 265 figures. Postpaid, $3.00. THE LIFE OF INLAND WATERS A Text-Book of Fresh Water Biology. JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Pd, D., Professor of Limnology and General Biology in Cornell University, and JOHN T. LLOYD, A. B., Assistant in Limnology in Cornell University. This book is a broad presentation of the field of fresh-water biology, primarily in its scientific aspects, also in relation to commercial, civic, aesthetic and public health interests of man. There is no book in the English language covering the field. Copiously illustrated with photographs from nature. 438 pages. 244 figures. Price, $3.00. THE WINGS OF INSECTS JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK. Professor of Entomology, Emeritus, Cornell University. This volume is an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins of insects Royal octavo. 430 pages. Illustrated. Price, $3.75 net. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS For Sale at all Bookdealers or Sent Direct from THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY ITHACA, NEW YORK, U.S. A. 1 SS SS SE 500 Pin Labels all alike, 50 Cents. 1000 Pin-Labels all alike, 80 Cents. Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. Not over 4 Lines nor 30 Characters (13 to a line) Additional Characters, 2 cents each, in total and per line, per ’ 500. Trimmed. Prices subject to change without notice. Cc. V. BLACKBURN, 30 pe Se STONEHAM 80, MASS., CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tuesday of each month (July, August and September excepted) at 7.45 — p. m. at the Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston. The Bussey Institution is one block from the Forest Hills stationofboththe — elevated street cars and the N. Y., N. H.& H. R. R. Entomolo- gists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. WANTED :—Small, bright colored butterflies. Will pay cash for them in quantities. We desire Lycaenas, Small Coppers and any other bright colored small flies for use in butterfly work. THE (CASING: SLUDIO SALEM, MASS. FOR SALE:—tTropical African (Uganda, Kenia Colony) Butterflies and Moths, etc. etc., in great variety and beauty. Special Bargain lot of 200 Specimens (50 species) at 25 Dollars Post Free. Remittance with order. R. A. DUMMER, Care S. A. Museum, Cape Town. Beet sy CHE. A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY ‘ | ESTABLISHED IN 1874. PiOk kx be, 4° “AUGUST, 1922 NO. 4 e s | CONTENTS | Possible Pedogenesis of the Blow-fly, Cailiphora erythbrocephala Meigen. i 5 ESM eB Parker. Ee La Re Oe ick Ae. RINE leet Ty Se ers ee sind ie cd “On pe Trophobiotic Coccidee From British Guiana. ' ety? 9, MUP TSO RAN, pap, Pee a a a Re Seay Oe Romolo hM Conic, a New Genus of the Hymenopterous Family Eurytomide, with a Description of its Larva and Pupa. £ I C.T. Brugs .. Fed ee aaa EERIE oe fA nh ear Men Tees tase 153 _ Synopsis of Panurgidie ( Hymenoptera). ; K? STEPS ORAS I ost Space A voqy) fot PIR eer Re AM ce 2 tek on Ae, 0's 159 Re Ants of the Genus Formica in the Tropics. e SM TRIB VE OPLE 1. ob Ste a scoke’ staal Rt hier ee WN Sake erpoae 174 pif: New lee Chilopod of the Genus Mecistocephalus. S | meV, GUICMUETILIUS oS tok 8 ee a AM. Ao ene Pee Lalit _ A Unique ae of Defense of Bremus (Bombus) fervidus Fabricius. i OSEROP Gt peice. Ot. LAO Otte sherk SAA itech eas Se Pree) CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1922 President . 4 : . : . W. M. WHEELER Vice-President ; : : : L. R. REYNOLDS Secretary . : j : ; . J. H. EMERTON Treasurer : : : : : . F. H. WALKER Executive Committee : NATHAN Banks, 8. W. DENTON L. W. SwEtTr EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF C. T. BRuEs, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. W. JOHNSON, NATHAN BANKS, Boston Society of Natural History. Harvard University. A. L. MELANDER, - A. P. Morse, Washington State’ College. Wellesley College. J. H. EMERTON, J. G. NEEDHAM, Boston, Mass. Cornell University. W. M. WHEELER, Harvard University. PSYCHE is published bi-monthly, the issues appearing in February, April, June, August, — October and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $2.00 to subscribers in the United States, Canada or Mexico, foreign postage, 15 cents extra. Single copies, 40 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent. to Cambridge Entomological Club, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other editorial matter, ne be addressed to Professor C. T. Brues, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston 30, ass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra, expense for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting only, which is about $2.00 per page. The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by contributors: the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $5.00 each, and for full age half-tones, $7.50 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time ; proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on appli- cation. : ; Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office at Boston, Mass. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized — on June 29, 1918. PSYCHE VOL. XXIX. AUGUST 1922 No. 4 POSSIBLE PEDOGENESIS IN THE BLOW-FLY, Calliphora erythrocephala MEIGEN. By Gs. PARKER? Zoological Laboratory, Harvard University. In the early autumn of 1918 I prepared a number of cultures of larvae of the common blow-fly, Calliphora erythrocephala, and in several of these cultures the numbers of maggots seemed to exceed considerably the numbers of eggs that had been intro- duced. This aroused the suspicion that some unusual form of multiplication such as polyembryony or pedogenesis was oc- curing and to test this definite experiments were attempted. On November 25, 1918, thirty bottles closed with aluminum caps through each of which a minute hole had been punched, were supplied with small pieces of fish-meat carefully inspected to see that they carried no fly eggs. In each of twenty of these bottles a single blow-fly egg was placed, ten bottles having been retained as checks. On December 9, 1918, all these bottles were carefully examined. Seven of the infected bottles contained no maggots, ten contained each one maggot, one contained two maggots, another three, and a third four. One of the check bottles, however, contained nine small maggots showing that the procedure that had been followed was defective. Either un- seen eggs had been accidentally introduced with the meat, or flies had slipped eggs into the bottle through the small hole in the cap. Hence the increased numbers in several of the infected bottles could not be said to be due to multiplication within the bottle itself and this type of test was, therefore, abandoned. In the spring of 1919, with the return of the flies, a new procedure was employed. Fifty clean quart jars were prepared by pouring into them enough coarse sand to cover their bottoms. This sand had previously been sterilized by baking. Into each 128 Psyche [August jar was then introduced a small glass beaker containing a bit of carefully inspected fish meat. The jar was then closed by having mosquito netting tied over its open end and by setting in place on this netting the glass cover of the jar without, however, clamping it down. Thus it was believed that the jars were effectively protected against the introduction of eggs from the outside and that the gases generated by the decomposing meat within could escape. Fluid could be introduced into the jar by removing the glass top and pouring it in through the meshes of the netting without, however, allowing the accidental en- trance or escape of flies should there be any at hand. The fish- meat in the jars was not sterilized by cooking, for it was found to decompose much more freely and satisfactorily when un- cooked. The fifty jars thus prepared were set aside April 2, 1919, and allowed to stand twenty days. After this period a searching inspection showed that none of them contained maggots. These would surely have been seen had they been introduced by ac- cident with the meat. On April 23 twenty-five jars were infected each with a single fly egg and the remaining twenty-five were held unchanged as checks. From time to time during the next few weeks a small amount of distilled water was poured into each jar but otherwise the jars remained closed for this period. On May 14 the contents of the jars were examined. The twenty- five jars used as checks contained no evidence of flies. In the twenty-five infected jars seven were without maggots or pups and eighteen contained each a single pupa. Thus there was no evidence of increase. A second trial carried out in the same way in May and June yielded similar results. In the autumn of 1919 tests were resumed. These were of two kinds, one to ascertain what hatched from an individual egg and the other to find out what came from the larva. To de- termine what came from a single egg, twenty eggs on October 29 were put with a few drops of water each into a separate Syracuse watch-glass. Twelve of these had hatched by October 30 and each produced a single larva. Eight failed to hatch probably because of mechanical injury. Between October and the end of 1922] Possible Pedogenesis in the Blow-fly 129 December, 1919, 502 eggs were hatched in this way and in no instance did an egg produce more than a single larva. It was therefore concluded that Calliphora gave no evidence of poly- embryony such as has been found so abundantly in certain hymenopters. To test again the possible production of maggots from other maggots, the experimental procedure of April 2, 1919, was repeated. On October 2, fifty jars were set up with fish-meat. They were examined on October 28 and were found to contain no maggots. On the next day into each of twenty-five of these jars a single newly hatched maggot was introduced and the remaining twenty-five were kept as checks. On November 10 an examination of the jars showed no maggots in the twenty-five check jars, no maggots in three of the infected jars, probably because of accidental death, one maggot each in twenty of the infected jars, eight in one infected jar, and twenty-one in another. The maggots in the last two jars were carried on to pupation and hatched. All proved to be Calliphora erythrocephala. Of the eight inthe first jar, five were males and three were females. Of the twenty-one in the second jar, five failed to hatch, nine emerged as males and seven as females. On October 18, a second set of fifty jars was started in the same way as in the preceding test. On November 15 these jars were examined and found to contain no maggots showing that they had not been accidentally infected. Into each of twenty- five of them a single newly hatched maggot was introduced and the jar closed. On November 26 pupation was completed and an examination of the set showed that the twenty-five check jars were without pup as well as six of the infected jars; eighteen of the infected jars contained each a pupa, and one contained seven. These seven were subsequently hatched and all proved to be Calliphora erythrocephala, four females and three males. The tests of October 2 and October 18 were carried out with such precautions that it seems impossible that the results could be due to accident. The increases observed have always occured in the autumn and never in the spring and I am, there- fore, led to believe that in October and November or even later 130 Psyche |August Calliphora erythrocephala occasionally multiplies in an unusual way, and that this way is not polyembryony but pedogenesis. At the appropriate season it is planned to conduct an in- vestigation of the maggots of Calliphora to ascertain whether they contain parthenogenetic eggs or young. If they do, the blow-fly will constitute another instance among insects of pedogenesis. The original and best known case of this kind is that of the fly Miastor and its allies discovered by Wagner (1862, 1865) and studied by Kahle (1908) and by Felt (1911). Less clear is the case of Chironomus reported by Grimm (1870) and of its near ally Tanytarsus observed by Johannsen (1910). All these are Dipterans but within a few years Barber (1913a, 1913b) has claimed an instance, Micromalthus, among the beetles. The wingless female aphids must also be regarded as pedogenctic. Possibly this form of reproduction is more generally spread among insects than was originally supposed. References. Barber, H. 5. 1913a. Observations on the Life History of Mzcromal- thus debilis Lec. Proc. Entom. Soc., Washington, vol. 15, pp. 31-38. Barber, H. 8. 1913b. The Remarkable Life-History of a New Family (Micromalthide) of Beetles. Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash- ington, vol. 26, pp. 185-190. eli i. iP 1911. Miastor and Embryology. Science, vol. 33, pp. 302-305. Grimm, O. 1870. Die ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung einer Chi- ronomus-Art und deren Entwicklung aus dem unbe- fruchteten Ei. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, tome 15, no. 8. 1922] Possible Pedogenesis of the Blow-fly 131 Kahle, W. 1908. Die Paedogenesis der Cecidomyiden. Zoologica, Bd. 21, Heft 55, 80 pp. Johannsen, O. A. 1910. Pedogenesis in Tanytarsus. Science, vol. 32, De 10S: Wagner, N. 1862. On Spontaneous Reproduction of Larve in the Insects (Russian.) Kasan. (Original not accessible.) Wagener, N. 1865. Ueber die viviparen Gallmiickenlarven. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., Bd. 15, pp. 106-117. 132 Psyche [August ON SOME TROPHOBIOTIC COCCIDA FROM BRITISH GUIANA. * By Haroutp Morrison. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Representatives of all of the species of Coccide discussed in the following pages were collected by Dr. W. M. Wheeler of Bussey Institution, Harvard University, in the course of his investigatoins at the Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society in British Guiana and were recently submitted to the writer for determination. Critical study of the material available for examination in the National Collection of Coecide has shown that two of these species have also been collected in certain of the West Indian islands by the writer and others, and this opportunity has been taken to add these records to those from British Guiana. SUBFAMILY MARGARODIN/® GENUS STIGMACOCCUS HEMPEL. Stigmacoccus asper (Hempel) A number of specimens of this species were received with the following note by Dr. Wheeler: “No. 757. Kartabo, B. G. Sept 5, 1920. Taken from a huge colony of Crematogaster sp. (near acuta Fabr.) nesting under bark of a large standing tree. The nest covered an area of more than 12 square feet and contained several hundred coccids enveloped in black carton. The young coccids were golden yellow, the older darker.” lPublished with the permission of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 2__The intimate relations described—as existing between ants on the one hand and the various Homoptera—on the other hand—have a common peculiarity. In all of these cases the ants are supplied with food in the form of an excretion or secretion elaborated from the juices of the plants. Wasmann has therefore designated these relationships as lrophobiosis to distinguish them from the cases of myrmecophily proper—.”’ (Wheeler, Ants, etc. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1913, p. 360). 1922] On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 133 Only preadult specimens and one partially molted adult could be located in the material submitted, and mounts of such specimens have been carefully compared with the corresponding stages from cotype material received by the Bureau of Entomo- mology from Prof. Adolph Hempel, the describer of the species. Some slight differences in the length and stoutness of the heavy spines crowding the derm of the preadult have been observed, but no other morphological characters that even suggest that the specimens from British Guiana represent another species than S. asper. In the absence of other stages, as larvae and well developed females and males, in which specific differences might appear, it seems best to regard the specimens from British Guiana as Hempel’s species. SUBFAMILY DACTYLOPIINA GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS WESTWOOD Pseudococcus bromeliae (Bouché) References.—Ferris, Journ. Econ. Ent. vol. 12. no. 4, Aug. 1919, p. 196—Morrison, Phil. Journ. Sci. vol. 17, no. 2, Aug. 1920, p. 173.—Cockerell, Science n.s. vol. 55, no. 1492, 1922, p. 351. After extended critical study the writer has placed as this species the material from Dr. Wheeler’s collections listed below together with his notes on the same. “No. 116. Kartabo, B. G. July 17, 1920. In the cavities of the stems of a seedling Cecropia (angulata I. W. Bailey). The ants belonged to a black species of Azteca not yet identified.” “No. 247. Kartabo, B: G. July 23, 1920. The coccids were in the hollow bases of the leaf-petioles of a Tachigalia paniculata Aublet with a black species of Azteca (Azteca foveiceps Wheeler).”’ “No. 367. Kartabo, B. G. Aug. 3, 1920. In node-like stem swellings of Cordia nodosa Lani. var. hispidissima Freser, with the ant Brachymyrmex sp. (probably heerz Forel).” No number. ‘“‘Kartabo, July-Aug. 1920. In the swellings 134 Psyche [August of the stems of Cordia nodosa Lani. var. hispidissima Freser, with Allomerus octoarticulatus Mayr, the typical ant of this myrmecophyte.”’ Nos. 209 and 175 have previously been identified in con- nection with Dr. Wheeler’s extended account of the curious social beetles which he found in this region. An exmination of these specimens in comparison with an extensive series of individuals from many other tropical and subtropical areas has indicated that this species is subject to a certain degree of variation in respect to the structural characters that are at present regarded as of taxonomic value, this variation occuring particularly in the number of spines in the different marginal ceraril, the shape of the ventral chitinized area at the caudal apex of the body, and the number of antennal segments. In the specimens collected by Dr. Wheeler the cerarian spines average slightly more numerous for corresponding cerarii than in typical forms from pineapple, that is, for example, in the same cerarius in ten specimens instead of, say, four having four spines and the other’six, three spines each, the proportions may be six with four spines and four with three spines to each. The chitinized ventral thickening in nearly all of the specimens from pineapple is irregularly quadrate, at most only shghtly longer than wide, but in the specimens from Dr. Wheeler, while the variation is marked, the average shape of each thickening is distinctly elongate, in this respect more nearly resembling the shape as figured by Ferris (ref. cited) for the species than the usual shape in the specimens from pineapple. The accompanying figure indicates this variation quite clearly. Finally, P. bromelie normally has 8-segmented antenne, while in a majority of the specimens sent by Dr. Wheeler these are 7-segmented; however, since these specimens show a range of from six to eight segments there seems no ground for attaching any taxonomic significance to the presence of one less segment in the majority of the antennze examined. Prof. Cockerell (ref. cited) has recently called attention to the fact that the identification by modern coccidologists of the mealybug commonly ceccuring on pineapple as the “Coccus 1922] On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 135 bromelize”’ of Bouché rests on a very unstable basis due to the ambiguity of the original description. As a matter of fact, it appears to be entirely impossible to determine positively what species was described by Bouché under this name, and our present notion of the species really dates from Signoret’s redes- cription in 1875. As Prof. Cockerell suggests, his “‘Dactylopius brevipes” described from Jamaica on pineapple is identical with the species at present recognized as P. bromeliw, but as Pseudo- coccus brevipes has never attained any standing among coccid workers, while several at present recognize and identify a certain mealybug as P. bromelie, the writer has preferred to retain the older name regardless of the uncertainty as to what was actually described by Bouché, at least until his species is clearly shown to be something other than the one at present given the name bromelie. Pseudococcus rotundus sp. nov. Occuring in cavities in stems of the host, attended by ants. Adult Female——AIl specimens available preserved in liquid, so nothing regarding norma! external appearance can be given; maximum length as mounted 3 mm., maximum width 2.75 mm., specimens in preservative proportionately somewhat more elongate, flattened beneath but strongly convex above; derm clearing completely on treating with potassium hydroxide, except for the appendages and the ventral chitinized areas; antennae normally 8-segmented, not unusual, the range of measurements in microns of segments in four individuals as follows: I, 72-79; II, 68-79; III, 54-64; IV, 36-46; V. 46-54; VI, 48-57; VII, 50-54; VIII, 107-114; legs normal, stout, hind femur and tibia with numerous tiny pores, those on femur frequently clustered, digitules probably normal, but all injured, claw stout, without denticle; beak elongate triangular, with a narrow basal collar and two much larger, distinct segments; with the usual two pairs of dorsal ostioles; normally with 17 pairs of cerarli each composed of spines with accessory set and a cluster 136 Psyche [August of triangular pores, but some of those on the thorax often greatly reduced or entirely wanting; the numbers of spines in the different cerarii showing the following range in four speci- mens: /L (anterior); 3-1-1179 3-4. Til 2-3= TVs O=3. VaMieas- Vi OP VITA Eb) VILE O=25 TX, 2=4 0 Xs 224 ST QAe XI, 2-43, XIV, 4-5; XV, 4-55 XVI,. 6-9; XVIT (anal lobe), 11-22; in mounted specimens, with the posterior two or three cerarii on each side dorsal and the remainder ventral; apex of abdomen not produced into lobes; ventral chitinous thickening elongate, bearing several set; apical setze about 145u long; longest and anal ring seta about 938y long; anal ring of normal form and construction, with inner and outer rows of pores but with the setze more numerous than in other species of the genus, there being three larger primary setz and from five to ten smaller supplementary setz on each half of the ring,the smaller setee about half the length of the larger; dorsally with small triangular pores only, these scattered rather uniformly over the surface except along the body margin and at the ceraril where they are more numerous; ventrally with the triangular pores over most of the surface, with a few large, circular, multilocular disk pores around the genital opening, with two median trans- verse rows of tiny tubular ducts just anterior to these, and with a very few disk pores at the spiracular openings; cerarian spines conical, varying greatly in size; body with numerous, but scattered, slender set, these averaging larger dorsally and most abundant along the body margin; with a single, large | quadrate median ventral cicatrix posterior to the hind legs. Immature Stages.—None available for examination. This species has been described from five specimens with the following data, according to Dr. Wheeler’s notes: “No. 87. Barakara, B. G. July 15, 1920. In the cavities of the stems of Cecropia angulata I. W. Bailey. The ants in this Cecropia were a species of Azteca not yet identified.” (Holotype). “No. 89. Barakara, B. G. July 15, 1920. In the cavities of 1922] On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 137% the stems of Cecropia angulata I. W. Bailey. The ants belonged to a species of Azteca not yet identified.” (Paratypes). No number. “I Kartabo, B. G. August 1920. In stems of Cecropia with Azetca sp. (Paratypes). The types are in the U. 8. National Collection of Coccide, The proliferation of the anal ring setz in this species is a marked digression from the normal condition in the genus Pseudococcus and might be regarded as of sufficient importance to justify the separation of the species from that genus. How- ever, most, if not all, of the other structural characters of the species appear to be characteristic of Pseudococcus and it has therefore been placed in that genus. Genus Farinococcus, gen. nov. A member of the group of which Pseudococcus is the typical genus; body oval, antenne 8-segmented, legs normal, without tiny pores, claw without denticle, beak short triangular, 2- segmented, spiracles stout with large opening and numerous disk pores near mouth, two pairs of dorsal ostioles, cerarii very large, composed of many lanceolate spines, setee and pores and joined into a continuous band anteriorly; anal lobes not de- veloped, with ventral chitinized thickening and apical seta, anal ring normal, with pores and six sete, derm with triangular pores dorsally and ventrally and many multilocular disk pores ven- trally in genital region, no other pore types, derm with slender setze dorsally and ventrally, with a single median ventral ci- catrix. Genotype.—Farinoccusus multispinosus, sp. nov. This genus diverges from the normal Pseudococcine type most conspicuously in the marked development of the cerari and the great increase in the number of ventral disk pores, and, to some extent, in the enlargement of the spiracles. Farinococcus multispinosus sp. nov. Occuring in cavities in the stems of the host.attended by ants. Adult female.—Preserved in liquid, so nothing regarding the normal external appearance can be given; color of alcoholic 138 Psyche [August specimens mostly a light yellow brown; body elongate oval, tapering somewhat behind the middle; average length 3.5 mm., width 2.25 mm; uniformly elongate oval when flattened on a slide; clearing completely, except for appendages and ventral chitinized thickenings, on treating with potassium hydroxide; antenne normally 8-segmented, not unusual, the range of measurements in microns of the different segments as follows: I, 68-78; II, 64-71; III, 46-53; IV, 28; V, 48-57; VI, 43; VII, 46; VIII, 110-118; legs fairly large, stout, the claw without denticle, the digitules normal, those of claw slightly knobbed at tip, all the legs without tiny pores, but all the coxe with large distinct basal aerolations, and the femora and tibiz with similar, but quite indistinct, very large aerolations on the upper halves of each; beak short and stout triangular, two segmented; spiracles large and stout, with a number of disk pores near mouth; with two pairs of heavy, thick-lipped dorsal ostioles, cerari very strongly developed, those on the posterior abdominal ‘segments narrowly but distinctly isolated from each other, those on the anterior portion of the body united to form a narrow continuous submarginal band made up of hundreds of closely crowded lanceolate spines and triangular pores flanked within by dozens of slender setze aggregated to form more or less distinct groups; posterior cerarli made up of numerous lanceolate spines (apical about 70, preapical about 85, ante- penultimate about 80, fourth from last about 70, next about 65, next about 55) and within each of these ventrally a triangular cluster of setze and in and around both spine and sete clusters numerous triangular pores; anal lobes not developed, ventral chitinous thickening heavily chitinized, irregular in shape, en- closing three or four sete; apical sete set off Just outside the ventral thickening, large and stout as compared with the anal ring setze, perhaps three times the length of these (broken); anal ring placed dorsally well anterior to the body apex, small, of normal structure, with double pore row and six sets, the derm on each side of the ring protruding and overlapping to form two longitu- dinal folds covering the ring, except for a linear or oval median slit; derm dorsally with numerous, uniformly distributed, 1922] On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 139 triangular pores, ventrally with these pores less numerous, but also uniformly distributed, except at and near the body margin, where they are closely crowded, with numerous large circular multilocular disk pores in a heavy collar around the genital opening and in transverse bands on three segments anterior to genital collar, and quinquelocular disk pores of approximately the same size as the genital pores in numbers at the spiracles; no other pore sorts located; dorsallv and ventrally with numbers of scattered, slender, faintly lanceolate setze; with a single large quadrate median ventral cicatrix posterior to the hind legs. Preadult female.—In general resembling the adult quite closely, differing in the smaller size, the 7-segmented antennae, the smaller and less developed spiracles, the reduced numbers of spines, sete and pores in the cerarii and the very great reduction in the number of ventral disk pores. No other stages have been available for examination. This species has been described from four mounted and a few unmounted specimens received from Dr. Wheeler with the following note: “In the cavities of the stems of Triplaris surinamensis Chane. with Pseudomyrma sp. nov. (allied to Ps. triplaridis Forel.)”’ The types are in the U. 8. National Collection of Coccide. GENUS RIPERSIA SIGNORET This genus is at present merely a convenient dumping eround for those species of mealybugs having the number of antennal segments reduced and the cerarii usually much reduced in number or even wanting. Until the genera of the true mealy- bugs are based on an adequate morphological foundation, little else can be done with apparently new species than to place them in some such convenient genus as this one, and it is on this basis that the two species described below have been assigned to a position here. 140 Psyche [August Ripersia petiolicola sp. vov. Occuring in the hollow bases of the leaf petioles of the host, attended by ants. Adult Female.—Preserved in liquid leaving none of the se- cretionary covering available for examination, average length as mounted, 1.8 mm., width 0.875 mm; clearing completely on treating with potassium hydroxide, except for the appen- dages; antenne small, placed fairly close together at anterior apex of head, not unusual, normally 6-segmented, but frequently 5 and rarely 4-segmented, the normal measurements in microns ranging as follows: I, 33-39, II, 29-36; III, 36-48; IV, 18-25, V, 18-25; VI, 50-61; legs normal, fairly stout, claw without denticle, hind femur and tibia each with a number of pores; beak triangular, with an incomplete basal collar and two distinct segments; with the usual two pairs of dorsal ostioles; only the two anterior and the two posterior cerarii developed to a definitely recognizable state, the anal pairs with relatively large conical spines, several triangular pores and four to six accessory sete, the spines in the other recognizable cerarii slender, lanceolate, setalike, the pores less numerous and the accessory sete fewer or wanting; probably with a more or less complete series of cerarli around the body margin, but these not definitely re- cognizable, due to the separation of the component parts; anterior cerari with three spines in each, all others with two; anal lobes slightly indicated, with the apical cerarii underlaid by a faint suggestion of chitinization, with a small, irregular, elongate ventral thickening and an apical seta about 100u long; largest anal ring seta about 78y; anal ring normal with the usual pores and six setze; body, as far as noted, with only two sorts of derm pores, a few multilocular disk pores around the genital opening and smaller triangular pores scattered rather uniformly over the surface, but more numerous along the margin and in the cerarii; body dorsally with some scattered, slender, lanceo- late setee and ventrally with even fewer, distinctly longer and more slender, hair-like sete; with a single, indistinct, transverse oval ventral cicatrix posterior to the hind legs. 1922] On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 141 Immature stages.—-None available for examination. This species has been described from three specimens having the following collection data according to Dr. Wheeler’s notes: “No. 247. Kartabo, B. G. July 23, 1920. The coccids were in the hollow bases of the leaf-petioles of a Tachigalia paniculata Aublet with a black species of Azteca (Azteca foveiceps Wheeler.)”’ The types are in the U. 8. National Collection of Coccide. Ripersia subcorticis sp nov. Occuring under the bark of the host, attended by ants. Adult Female.—Preserved in fluid, so nothing regarding the normal external appearance can be given; color of alcoholic specimens ranging from yellow brown to dull purple, but usually with a purple tinge; stout oval, flattened beneath, fairly convex above, average length of mounted specimens 2 mm., width 1.5 mm; clearing completely, except for appendages, on treating with potassium hydroxide; antenne not unusual, normally 7- segmented, but frequently with six, the range of measurements in microns of those available for examination as follows: I, 47-54; II, 39-50; III, 25-35; IV, 22-32; (III and IV where combined, 57-61), V, 22-29; VI, 28-32; VIII, 71-82; legs normal, the claw without denticle, the hind coxa, but not the femur and tibia, with a number of pores; beak elongate triangular, with an obscure basal collar and two distinct segments; with the usual two pairs of dorsal ostioles; cerarii, as such, not distinctly developed, but with loose marginal or ventral submarginal clusters of slender, conical to slightly lanceolate spines, ac- companied by a closer grouping of the small triangular pores, these clusters distinctly isolated on the posterior abdominal segments, but forming an almost continuous but inconspicuous band around the anterior margin of the body; anal lobes barely indicated, the apical seta immediately adjacent to the posterior cluster of spines, length not certain, probably about one and a half times that of the anal ring set, without any trace of ventral chitinous thickenings; derm dorsally with only the small tri- 142 Psyche [August angular disk pores, these scattered rather uniformly over the body surface; ventrally with these pores distributed uniformly except at margin close to and in the ‘“‘cerarii,’’ with some large circular, multilocular disk pores around the _ genital opening and in narrow transverse rows on the two segments anterior to this, with a very few, tiny tubular ducts near the genital opening and with much larger, short tubular ducts in clusters just within the ‘‘cerarii”’ on the last five or six abdominal segments, these ranging from four to eight in number in the three clusters anterior to the apical but with only one or rarely two in the one or two anterior groups, the apical group median, usually with about twelve pores in it; derm dorsally with fairly uniformly scattered, very slender, lanceclate sete, ventrally with longer, slender hair-like sete; anal ring of normal form, with inner and outer rows of pores and with three primary and usually four smaller, secondary sete on each half, longest anal ring seta about 110u; with a single median quadrate ventral cicatrix posterior to the hind legs. Immature stages.—None available for examination. This species has been described from four mounted and a few unmounted specimens collected by Dr. Wheeler with the following note: “No. 79. Barakara, B. G. July 15, 1920. Taken in a large colony of the ant Tranopelta gilvua Mayr, under the bark of a living tree. The white coccids were present in great numbers over the whole surface of the wood. The ant is usually sub- terranean, its nest under bark being very exceptional.” The types are in the U. S. National Collection of Coccide. In the multiplication of the anal ring setz is found a con- dition exactly comparable to that in Pseudococcus rotundus, just described, and it is also similar to the structural modifications of the anal ring in certain other related forms known to be pro- tected and attended by ants, such as Lachnodiella cecropie, suggesting the possibility that the relationship between the ant and mealybug may have had some influence on the modification in structure. 1922} On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 143 SUBFAMILY COCCIN/. GENUS AKERMES COCKERELL Following Prof. Newstead’s lead, the two species discussed below are continued in the genus Akermes, although a com- parison of the two with the genotype raises a very serious question as to the correctness of such generic association. Akermes quinquepori (Newstead) Reference.—Newstead Bull. Ent. Res. vol. 7, 1917, p. 349. This species is represented in the material submitted by Dr. Wheeler by three lots of specimens. Dr. Wheeler’s notes in regard to these are as follows: “No. 76. Barakara, B. G. July 15, 1920. Found in a large colony of ants (Camponotus novogrenadensis Mayr) which had their nest within that of Hamitermes excellens Emerson (MS.) in the bark of a large standing tree. The galleries of the ants interdigitated but did not communicate with those of the ter- mites. The coccids were in the ant galleries and attached in great numbers and in all stages to the surface of the tree itself. It was difficult to remove them without breaking them. A large piece of the inner bark with the coccids was removed with large coccids attached to it. The insects were seen to exude copious drops of clear honeydew from the brown anus on the dorsal surface.” . “No. 87. Barakara, B. G. July 15, 1920. In the cavities of astem of a Cecropia angulata I. W. Bailey. The ants in this Cecropia were a species of Azteca not yet identified.” “No. 164. Kartabo, B. G. July 17, 1920. In the cavities of the stems of a seedling Cecropia (name to be supplied later). The ants belonged to a black species of Azteca not yet identified.” Through the kindness of Mr. G. E. Bodkin in locating the same, the writer was given the opportunity of collecting specimens of Prof. Newstead’s species from the same tree and the same ant nest that produced the individuals described by him 144 Psyche [August (Collection Nos. A-733 and A-761), and Dr. Wheeler’s specimens have been compared directly with these. The specimens from lots No. 76 and No. 164 are entirely comparable with the topo- type specimens except for their slightly larger size. The speci- mens from lot No. 87 average smaller in size and tend more towards a circular shape. The morphological characters, with the exception of some minor differences in the shape and extent of the various chitinized areas, as the collar surrounding the anal plates, appear to be identical within the limits set by a slight allowance for individual variation, in all the specimens examined. In addition to the British Guiana records, the writer has collected this species in the grounds of the Department of Agri- culture, St. Clair, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, Nov. 23, 1918 beneath the bark of Ficus (ulmifolia?) (A-1046), inside the hollowed-out twigs of a large tree of Pithecolobium saman (A-1047), and finally on an unknown tree (A-1059), in each case attended by ants. Some additions to Prof. Newstead’s original description may be noted to advantage as aids to the recognition of the species: The claw digitules are present, thread-like, curved, not quite reaching the tip of the claw: the heavy collar at the mar- ginal end of the spiracular complex normally bears two stout, tapering, blunt-tipped, widely separated spines of small size on the outer margin, but these are frequently broken off and the spine base is so placed as to make its recognition very difficult when the spine is missing; the marginal spines are fairly stout, tapering, faintly lanceolate; each anal plate bears from 10 to 15 setze dorsally, one apical, two subapical, and the remainder scattered over the surface; there are four ventral ridge and four fringe sete, the latter in two pairs on the edge of the membranous fold beneath the plates; all sete of the anal plates are slender and of moderate length; anal ring small, with a few large pores and ten sete; the ventral multilocular disk pores are quite numerous beneath and behind the anal plates and over the posterior portion of the ventral surface, especially near, but not quite at, the body margin, up to the posterior spiracles, but any transverse rows across the middle of the abdominal segments 1922] On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 145 anterior to the anal plates are very incomplete or wanting; the “submarginal compound pores” are as described by Newstead, but those just in front of the anterior spiracles are perhaps one-third as large as the two anterior to the posterior spiracles; ventrally there are tiny simple pores in addition to the multi- locular disk sort; dorsally there are large, circular, faintly multilocular disk pores, much smaller, circular, heavy-walled simple disk pores and, occasionally, from two to five such pores grouped in a solid heavily chitinized plate. The larva of this species differs from that of the new species described below most obviously in the length of the hairs in the ventral abdominal rows these in the present species being very minute, while in the new species they are much longer and more conspicuous. Akermes secretus sp. nov. Reference.—Coccus sp., van Zwaluwenburg, Jour. Econ. Emt., vole 10; 1917, p./ol5. Occuring in cavities in the stems or beneath the bark of the host, attended by ants. Adult female.—Color in life different shades of light reddish or yellowish brown often varying to a hint of lavender or purple brown; color of alcoholic specimens dorsally very pale grayish brown, with more or less distinct linear transverse mottling of dark brown, tiny blackish flecks along margin, a brown area around anal plates and small white spots at the spiracular openings, ventrally with a marginal band of dull brown, the anterior two-thirds of the surface yellow cream, shading off to brown at edges, the ventral abdominal segments about the same color as the dorsum, the whole venter variously mottled and flecked with dark color; maximum length mounted on slide 5.09 mm., width 4 mm.; convexity apparently varying with the development of the ovaries, never strongly convex, shape irre- gularly oval, body only lightly chitinized, clearing almost completely on treating with potassium hydroxide. but showing faint Saissetia-like areolations in the derm in fully matured 146 Psyche [August specimens, only the anal plate region and the spiracular areas retaining any marked color; antenne reduced to short stubs, very indistinctly 4-segmented, bearing a few short slender setze and several stout blunted sete at apex; legs also greatly reduced, the different parts not distinguishable, claw present, the claw digitules present, threadlike, curved, extending slightly beyond the apex of the claw; spiracular grooves distinctly deeper than in quinquepori, the heavy collar at the inner end perhaps one-third to one-half as wide as in that species and the spiracle itself placed almost immediately below and just inside of the collar rather than at the inner end of a distinct mem- branous tube as in quinquepori; no spiracular spines observed; marginal setz stout, spinelike, tapering, with swollen bases and acutely pointed tips; beak small and short, apparently 1- segmented; dorsally with an occasional relatively large, circular, apparently very faintly multilocular, disk pore, with much more numerous, smaller circular pores with bilocular centers, scattered uniformly over the surface, and with considerably smaller, simple pores, probably in the aggregate more numerous than the second sort, but tending to cluster into groups of four or more, with wide intervals between clusters; ventrally with multilocular disk pores beneath and around in at least three distinct arches anterior to the anal plates, these normally with eight loculi and somehwat larger than the largest dorsal pore, and with much smaller, apparently simple, circular pores with oval centers, these arranged irregularly in distinctiy segmental bands across the middle portion of the abdominal segments, but more numerous and less definitely arranged towards the body margin; no dorsal sete observed except at body margin and a scattered cluster just inside the opening of each spiracular collar; ventral setae present, not especially numerous or cons- picuous, scattered, except for some indefinite segmental rows anterior to the anal plates, and most abundant on that portion of the ventral surface behind the posterior spiracles; no sub- marginal tubercles, such as may be found in some genera in this subfamily; the ‘“‘submarginal compound pores” of quinqueporz not in evidence; anal plates surrounded by a heavily chitinized 1922] On some Trophobiotic Coccide from British Guiana 147 collar, the usual shape of the plates, from above, half ovate, but varying quite a little according to the pressure on the plate; each plate quite deep, with about 15 to 17 scattered sete dorsally and apically, these frequently broken off, an indeterminate number, apparently three, of ventral ridge setze, two fringe setze placed close together at center of fold in membrane, and three to five hypopygial setzee along middle of membrane beneath fringe sete; anal ring small, oval, with ten small setze and some large pores. Larva.—Stout oval, flat, average length 821lyu, average width 571y; antenne slender, elongate, 6-segmented, the third very long; legs slender, claw without denticle, digitules slender, those of claw slightly knobbed, those of tarsus hair-like; spi- racular spines occuring singly, stout, somewhat tapering; on abdomen, at least, with two dorsal rows of minute pores on each side of the body; ventrally with a submarginal row of relatively long hairs and a similar parallel row some distance in from the margin: anal plates elongate, each with a long apical seta, two small subapical seta and a subbasal seta; with one pair of fringe sete. This species has been described from the following lots of specimens: In branches of Inga laurina, Mayaguez, Porto Rico, March, 1915, collected by R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg (holotype and paratypes); on ‘“guama”’, San-Juan, P. R., Nov. 1912, col- lected by W. V. Tower (paratypes); beneath bark of [emato- zylon campechianum (logwood), Botanic Garden, St. George, Grenada, Nov. 138, 1918 (A-971) and Nov. 19, 1918 (A-1021), Friendship Estate, Tobago Island, Nov. 7, 1918 (A-912), and on the Savanna, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, Nov. 23, 1918, all collected by Harold Morrison (paratypes), and in the cavities of the stems of Triplaris surinamensis Chane. with Pseudomyrma sp. nov. (allied to Ps. triplaridis Forel), collected by Dr. W. M. Wheeler at Camaria, British Guiana (paratypes). In all ins- tances where information is available, the species is reported as receiving the attention of some species of ant. The types are in the U. 8. National Collection of Coccide. 148 Psyche [August Aside from the very obvious difference in the presence or absence of the “submarginal compound pores,” the two pre- ceding species may be separated very easily by a comparison of a number of other structural characters, as the shape and size of the marginal set, the distribution of the ventral disk pores, the character of the dorsal pores in the adult female, and the conspicuous difference in the lengths of the submarginal setee in the larve. Under the name Pseudophilippia iniquilina, Prof. Newstead has described from Jamaica a coccid which quite obviously has hittle or no relationship with the genotype of Pseudophillipa, and equally obviously is closely related to the two preceding species. So far as can be ascertained from the figures and the somewhat incomplete description of this species, it stands in an intermediate position between quinqueport and_ secretus. Explanation of Plates. Plate V. Fig. 1. Pseudococcus bromelie (Bouché). Variation in shape of ventral chitinized area of anal lobes, all X1I53; top, from left to right, from pineapple, Georgetown, British Guiana (H. Morrison, No. A-703) (2); from Kartabo, B. G. (Wheeler No. 209); from Kartabo, B. G., in leaf petioles of Tachigalia paniculata (Wheeler No. 247 )(2); from Kartabo, B. G. in stem swellings of Cordia nodosa (Wheeler No. 367) (2); bottom, from left to right, first two same as last two of top row; re- mainder from Kartabo, B. G. in stems of red Cecropia (Wheeler No. 116). Fig. 2-11, Pseudococcus rotundus, new species, all adult female. Fig. 2, ventral disk pore, X1000; Fig. 3, spiracle, X80; Fig. 4, tubular duct, XI000; Fig. 5. triangular pore, X1000; Fig. 6, cerarian spine, XI000; Fig. 7. apex of abdomen, X40; Fig. 8. outline from below showing position of parts, XIT. 6; 3Bull. Ent. Research, vol. X, 1920, p. 181, fig. 5. PSYCHE 1922 VOL. 29, PLATE V Morrison :—CoccIiDAE 150 Psyche [August Fig. 9. dorsal (above) and ventral (below) sete, XI000; Fig. 10. posterior leg, X80; Fig. 11. antenna, X80. Fig. 12-19, Farinococcus multispinosus, gen. et sp. nov., all adult female. Fig. 12. spiracular, multilocular disk and triangular (three views) body pores, XI000; Fig. 13. anterior spiracle, X80; Fig. 14. cerarian spine, XI000; Fig. 15. posterior leg, X-80; Fig. 16. body seta, XI000; Fig. 17. antenna, X80; Fig. 18. apex of abdomen, X40; Fig. 19. outline of body from below, showing location of parts, extent of spine and seta clusters shown by dotted line at margin, X8; Fig. 20-26, Ripersia petiolicola, sp. nov., all adult female. Fig. 20. ventral multilocular disk pore, XI000; Fig. 21. tri- angular pore, XIG00; Fig. 22. posterior leg, X80; Fig. 23. spiracle, X80; Fig. 24. ventral seta, XI000; Fig. 25. antenna X80; Fig. 26. cerarian spine XI000. Plate VI. Fig. 1. Ripersia petiolicola, sp. nov., adult female, apex of abdomen, X153. Fig. 2-11. Ripersia subcorticis, new species, all adult female. Fig. 2. antenna, X80; Fig. 3. ventral seta,. XI000; Fig. 4. spiracle, X80; Fig. 5. larve ventral tubular duct, X1000; Fig. 6. posterior leg, X80; Fig. 7. small ventral tubular ducts, X1000; Fig. 8. triangular pore, XI000; Fig. 9. dorsal seta (above) and cerarian spine (below), XI000; Fig. 10. ventral multilocular disk pore, XI000; Fig. 11. apex of abdomen, X80. Fig. 12-19, Akermes quinqueporit Newst., all adult female except last. Fig. 12. anal plates, X80; Fig. 13. margin of spi- racular thickening showing spines, X80; Fig. 14. dorsal simple pores, singly and in cluster, XI000; Fig. 15. outline of body, optical section, showing particularly the five dorsal ‘‘cribriform plates” and the arrangement of the ventral disk pores, X8; Fig. 16. marginal spines X1000; Fig. 17. ventral multilocular disk and simple pores, XI000; Fig. 18. Dorsal multilocular disk pore, XI000; Fig. 19. margin of abdomen of larva showing short ventral sete, X80. PSYCHE 1922 Vor, 29, Prave Vi Morrison :—CoccipaE P52 Psyche [August Fig. 20-31. Akermes secretus, sp. nov., all adult female except first two and figure twenty-five. Fig. 20, antenna of larva, X153; Fig. 21. leg of larva, X153; Fig. 22. adult female, group of derm pore sorts, XI000; Fig. 23. outline in optical section, showing parts, and arrangement of ventral multilocular disk pores, X8: Fig. 24. section of dorsal derm in abdominal region, showing tendency of small simple pores to group in clusters of four, X40; Fig. 25. larva, margin of abdomen showing long slender ventral sete, X80; Fig. 26. adult female, anal plates, X80; Fig. 27. antenna, X153; Fig. 28. legs X153; Fig. 29. ventral seta, XI000; Fig. 30. spiracle, X40; Fig. 31. marginal spines, X 1000. 1922] Conoaxima 153 CONOAXIMA, A NEW GENUS OF THE HYMENOPTE- ROUS FAMILY EURYTOMID, WITH A DESCRIP- TION, OF IS LARVA AND RUPAY By CHaArRukEs T. Brues! During the course of his investigations on myrmecophilous plants in British Guiana, Professor I. W. Bailey obtained speci- mens of a remarkable Hymenopterous insect parasitic on ant- queens. The following notes on its habits have been furnished by Professor Bailey. “The colonies of Azteca constructor Emery and of A. alfaroz Emery which inhabit the fistulose stems of Cecropia angulata I. W. Bailey, the common myrmecophytic Cecropia of the Kartabo Region of British Guiana, are initiated by young fe- cundated queens in juvenile plants. The queens enter the internodal chambers through circular perforations cut in groove- like depressions (Prostomata) in the sides of the stem. These entrance apertures are covered with triturated pith on their central sides and ultimately become occluded by callus, which seals the queens within the ‘primordial chambers.’ “Although many of the successive internodal cavities of each young plant become inhabited, few of the queens succeed in raising a brood. When the stems are cut open, most of the chambers are found to contain dead queens. I was unable to account for this high mortality until I discovered the presence of a small sear in the callus which fills the entrance aperture. This scar within a scar indicated, of course, that some insect had emerged since the queen became sealed within her domatium. Following up this clue; I soon found chambers—with modified callus in the apertures—which contained, in addition to the dead and frequently dismembered queen, the larva, pupa or imago of a Hymenopterous parasite. The evidence at hand seems to indicate that the queens are parasitized before they enter their dwellings.” 1Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, No. 209. 154 Psyche [August The parasite proves to represent an undescribed genus which may be characterized as follows: Conoaxima gen. nov. Similar to Axima Walker. Head strongly transverse, deeply emarginate behind, with an erect spine or tooth in front of each lateral ocellus, cheeks and temples separated from head behind by a strong ridge or carina; ocelli in a curved line, the lateral one close to the eye; antenne inserted at the middle of the face, 11-jointed, with one ring-joint; front with a deep groove that receives the two antennal scapes; eyes oval, bare, one-third longer than the malar space; anterior orbits divergent below, the head in front not conspicuously narrowed toward the mouth; temples rounded behind the eyes. Pronotum as long as the mesonotum, with a strong, tooth-like or sharply rounded projection medially in front; scapulse separated behind by half the length of the mesonotum. Scutellum conical, twice as long as the mesonotum, its tip extending well over the propodeum. Abdomen long, compressed, petiole about half the length of the hind femur; fifth segment the longest; sixth and seventh also much lengthened, stigmal and postmarginal veins of equal length, each half as long as the marginal. Head and thorax deeply, coarsely punctate; black. Type species: C. aztecicida sp. nov. This genus is very similar to Axima, ‘but differs in several important characters. The scutellum is conical in form, not rounded, the abdominal petiole is very much shorter and the marginal vein only about twice as long as the stigmal. The spines on the vertex in the two genera are similar, but there is no ridge between them in Conoaxima. The large conical scutel- lum which projects over the propodeum, with its upper surface in the same plane as the mesonotum give the insect the ap- pearance of an Eucharid. In addition to the species taken by Professor Bailey in British Guiana, I have a second one obtained by Professor W. M. Wheeler some years ago at Quirigua, Quatemala, also from a 1922] Conoaxima 155 nest of Azteca. Without doubt, the Central American species is also a parasite of these ants. The two species may be distinguished as follows: Frontal projections spiniform, acute, much longer than broad at base; median projection of pronotum acute; scape of antenne black or piceous; ....... C. aztecidida sp. nov. Frontal projections triangular, as high as broad at base; median projection of pronotum rounded; scape of antenna more or less ferruginous, especially toward base ..C. affinis sp. nov. Conoaxima aztecicida sp. nov. 2. Length 4.2 mm. Black; abdomen obscurely stained with rufous at the sides of the sixth and base of the seventh segment; antennal scape entirely, pedicel, except above; knees, tibiz and tarsi of front legs; knees and apices of tibiz of four posterior legs, yellow; middle and hind tarsi, except tips, white. Body clothed with white, bristly hairs, one arising from each puncture on the thoracic nota, with a denser patch on the metanotum and hind coxa below; tip of abdomen also white haired; legs clothed with white hairs which form quite a distinct fringe on the hind femora beneath. Head closely and densely punctate, each puncture about half as wide as the diameter of the scape and almost everywhere so close together that the space between them forms an irregularly hexagonal reticulum. Lateral ocelli much closer to the eye than to the median ocellus, the lateral ones oval, separated by their own width from the eye; frontal spine just in front and slightly toward the median line from the lateral ocellus; head seen from above two and one half times as broad as thick, with the eyes extending almost to the front and to the temples. Antennal scape extending to the median ocellus, less than half as long as the flagellum; pedicel narrower than, and only half as long as the first funicular joint; one ring-joint; the five funicle joints growing thicker and slightly shorter, first one oval, twice as long as thick, fifth but little longer than thick; club composed of three distinct joints, as long as the two preceding funicular joints together, entire 156 Psyche [August flagellum clothed with long, sparse white hairs. Pronotum one- third as long as wide, very slightly and broadly emarginate medially behind; punctation like that of the head, forming about seven irregular transverse rows; mesonotum and scu- tellum sculptured like the pronotum; scapule less clearly separated behind where they are separated by about one-fourth the width of the thorax; a very deep transverse impression between the median lobe of mesonotum and the scutellum; the latter sharply upturned at the tip, and with a broad shallow shagreened impression basally at the sides, the centre of the impression with a tuft of white hairs. Propodeum with a large shield-shaped shagreened areola extending from base to apex and a lateral transversely reticulate areola on each side, the carine very strong. Pleurze opaque, almost entirely without large punctures except on the densely hairy metapleurze; meso- pleura with a few oblique lines. Hind coxe granulate, densely hairy externally. Petiole with a median furrow above and an incomplete lateral one; second to fourth segments short, subequal, together distinctly shorter than the fifth, which is by far the longest segment, sixth and seventh of about equal length, each on the dorsum two-thirds as long as the fifth, the sixth with a small round, very distinct spiracle near the base, the seventh with a larger one toward tip; eighth barely extruded; gaster in profile lanceolate, one-third as high as long, highest at the base of the fifth segment. Wings hyaline, venation pale; rather densely hairy, but without noticeably marginal fringe; hind wing with three frenulum hooks. Type from Kartabo, British Guiana (I. W. Bailey, collected as described on a previous page of this journal (Psyche, vol. 29, p: 153. Conoaxima affinis sp. nov. 2. Length 3.7 mm. Very similar to C. aztecicida, but differing most distinctly as indicated in the table above. The thorax is also more coarsely punctate, especially the scutellum where about eight punctures form a longitudinal line. 1922] Conoaxima 157 Type from Quirigua, Guatemala, January 14, 1912. (W. M. Wheeler). This species undoubtedly attacks Azteca also, as Professor Wheeler took the specimen from the hollow thorn of an Acacia when collecting nests of Azteca at a place where these ants were abundant. The anatomical similarities between Conoaxima and Axima are interesting on account of the habits of the two genera. The first account of the habits of Axima was given by Howard: who cites a number of instances in which Axima zabrisket Howard has been reared from small bees under conditions that allow of little doubt that the Axima is a primary parasite. On three occasions the Rev. J. L. Zabriskie bred examples from nests of Ceratina dupla in stems of sumac at different localities in New York State. Howard found also in the Museum of Comparative Zoodlogy at Cambridge specimens presumably bred by Mr. H. G. Hubbard from larve found in burrows of a small blue bee at Fresh Pond in Cambridge, and further specimens in the Cornell University collection bred from a bee supposed to be Ceratina dupla. There can be no doubt therefore, that A. zabriskez attacks Ceratina and it is very probable that the other members of the genus parasitize small bees of some kind. Professor Bailey obtained also a single larva and pupa of Conoaxima. The larva probably full-grown is of quite unique form, due to the presence of a dorsal series of large, unpaired tubercles. The first of these is on the metathorax and each of the four following segments bears another one; those of the abdomen are larger than the metathoracic one and of about equal size. From the wrinkled appearance of the thin integument that covers the tubercles, it seems evident they are capable of considerable distension during life. After preservation in alcohol, the larger tubercles project for a distance of about one fourth the dorso-ventral thickness of the body and are more than half the width of the body segments to which they are attached. Following these there is a much smaller projection at the tip of the sixth segment and a minute one at the tip of the seventh. From the position of the head and the curvature ( lInsect Life, vol. 2, pp. 365-367, 3 figs. ‘‘A North American Axima and its Habits” 1890) 158 Psyche [August of the body it is clearly evident that these appendages are dorsal and not ventral as one might naturally suppose from analogy with other insect larve. Laterally nine small circular spiracles form a continuous series from the mesothorax to the seventh abdominal segment. Scattered over the body are a number of very minute spiniform black tubercles from the apex of some of which there projects a hyaline seta. Most likely all the spines bear sete in perfect specimens; they are arranged as follows: prothorax with a transverse ring of twelve; meso and meta- thorax with a ring of ten, interrupted above; first abdominal segment with one above the spiracle and a series of three below; second to sixth with one above and two below; seventh and eighth with only two on each side although the eighth bears sev- eral other round chitinized dots; apical segment with a ring of about ten. In addition the head bears a seta, without tuber- cle, at each side of the front and one on each cheek. The pupa is similar in general form to the imago and the body, including the head, bears a few scattered long bristly hairs. It is nowhere noticeably tuberculate except that behind each antenna there is a lanceolate projection that represents in exaggerated form the carina behind the eye of the adult. Above, the head is bilobed, due to a deep median impression, but the surface of each lobe is evenly convex and shows no trace of the spiniform porcesses of the imago. The anterior margin of the pronotum has a median tubercle which is crowned at apex with a tuft of sparse, short bristly hairs. This no doubt is a functional pupal organ, the vestige of which persists in the imago as the median pronotal projection or tooth described on a previous page. Seven pairs of abdominal spiracles are visible, each deeply pigmented, entering the tracheal trunks by more weakly pigmented funnels. So far as I can ascertain, the only reference to any larva similar to the one just described, relates to Axima which is said by Howard (loc. cit.) to have ‘six or more strong dorsal tuber- cles.’ According to the same author the pupa of Axima has the head strongly tuberculate which is not the case in Conoaxima, except for the lamelliform projections on the temples. 1922] Synopsis of Panurgide 159 SYNOPSIS OF PANURGIDA (HYMENOPTERA). By CHARLES ROBERTSON. Carlinville, Illinois. My synopses of local bees are intended to show how I distinguish them. It is assumed that the student has only the local species and all of them. Nothing follows from such a statement as that Chloralictus nymphalis runs to C. testaceus in my table of Halictine. If it had been one of the local species, it would not have run to that name. The differences between the Panurgide and Dufoureide are partly mentioned in the “Synopsis of Anthophila”’, Can. Ent. 36: 42, 1904. The local species mix the pollen with honey, but Panurgus evidently does not. It has a large scopa which is not necessary in those which stick the pollen with honey. Often the two cubital cells are not homologous, so that the bees are referred here on account of other resemblances. In Perditine the cubital cells are the first and third, the second being obliterated by coalescence of the first and second transverse cubital nervures. The “first transverse cubital’ is a compound vein, and the ‘‘second”’ is really the third. Usually in the rest of the Panurgidz the true second transverse cubital vein is wanting and the one called “second” is the third. The “second cubital cell” is composed of the second and the third united. I have a specimen of Pseudopanurgus compositarum with three cubital cells. In true Panurginus I think the first and second cubital cells are united and that the venation is not homologous with that of American species which have been referred to that genus. I have seen P. albopilosus and montanus, determined by Friese. These have an independent origin from forms having three cubital cells. Abbreviations.—1p 1=basal joint of labial palp; lp 4:2= length of first and second joints as 4 to 2; Ma, Mas = long-tongued bee flowers; Mi, Mis=short-tongued bee flowers; mp 6= maxillary palps_ six-jointed; oligolege=bee collecting pollen 160 Psyche [August from related flowers; Pol=polytropie flowers, adapted to various short-tongued insects; R= Red, all dark colors; social flowers = flowers crowded so that insects pass from one to another without taking wing or climbing; W = white; Y = yellow, green- ish to orange, Females. 1. Marginal cell about as long as stigma; cubital cell 1 about twice as long as 2; recurrent veins about opposite transverse cubitals; discoidal part of basal vein about twice as long as cubital part; lower border of discoidal cell 3 shorter than that of 1; middle spur about half as long as planta; face with colored marks; scopa simple, pollen on front of tibia; glossa linear; 1p 1 flat, longer than 2-4; head and thorax greenish, abdomen black or brown, Perditinae. to Marginal cell longer than stigma; cubital cells usually subequal; recurrent vein 1 beyond transverse cubital 1, 2 usually before 2; discoidal part of basal vein more than twice as long as cubital part; middle spur more than half as long as planta; mp 6; black, on 3. Stigma middle-sized; recurrent veins about equally distant from transverse cubitals; face with yellowish marks; scopa simple, pollen mainly on front of tibia but also around planta; glossa filiform; Ip 1 flat, at least longer than 2-4, Calliopsinae. a. Stigma large; recurrent vein 1 usually remote from trans- verse cubital 1, 2 near or opposite 2; lower border of discoidal cell 3 shorter than that of 1; face without marks; pollen on front of tibia, Anthemurginae. Males. 4. Venation as in 1 Perditinae. Venation as in 2, mp 6 5. 5. Venation as in 3, Calliopsinae. Venation as in 3a Anthemur¢ginae. 1922] Synopsis of Panurgide 161 PERDITINA Females. Claws simple; clypeus, interrupted basal fasciz on seg- ments 2-3, wings and veins, whitish; border of stigma and of marginal cell fuscous; mp 6, short; 1p 5: 1; 4mm; oligolege of Boltonia asteroides; Sept. 3; boltonie in, Perditella. Claws with an inner tooth, iL 1. Veins fuscous; claw tooth subapical; five marks on face, base of mandibles, two spots on collar, tubercles, anterior tibie in front, middle knees, and oblique basal fascize on sides of segments 1-4, whitish; mp 6, long; Ip 6: 1; 6-7mm; oligolege of Asterese and Heliantheze; Aug. 17- Sept. 20; octomaculata in Perdita. Veins black; claw tooth median; mandibles, anterior tibiz in front, and tarsi, yellowish; usually a dot on each side of segment 3, and often on 4; middle tibis more or less yellowish; mesonotum purplish; metathorax bluish; mp short, joints indistinct; Ip 9: 2; 5-7mm; oligolege of Physalis; July 7-Sept. 3; maura in, Zaperdita. Males. Cheek with a distinct process; subdiscoidal and recurrent vein 2 obsolete; mandibles, clypeus, anterior tibiz in front, middle knees and tarsi, whitish; 4-5mm; Aug. 30-Sept. 8;boltonie in, Perditella. Cheek simple; veins ordinary; at least the mandibles, labrum, clypeus, sides of face, scape, flagellum beneath, anterior and middle tibiz in front, front and middle tarsi, and hind knees, yellow ie 1. Face of about equal width below; cheeks narrow; cox trochanters, anterior and middle femora and tibiz in front, and spots on segments 1-4, yellow; hind tarsi dark; 5-6mm; Aug. 13-Sept. 24; octomaculata in, Perdita. 162 Psyche [August Face broader below; cheeks broad; coxe, trochanters, femora except tips, and abdomen, black; front and middle tibie almost entirely yellow; posterior orbits yellow below; hind tarsi vellow; 5mm; July 17-Aug. 1; maura in, Zaperdita. CALLIOPSIN Females. Front tarsi simple; dise of metathorax short, rugose; abdomen finely punctured, rather opaque; veins dark; cubital cell 2 narrowed about one-half above; ornaments luteous, at least the clypeus in part, spot above, sides of face, two lines on collar, and front and middle knees; flagellum testaceous beneath; Ip 7: 1, Calliopsis. Front tarsi with curled spines; disc of metathorax smooth, shining, foveate; abdomen sparsely punctured, shining; wings hyaline, veins pale; cubital cell 2 narrowed less than one-half above; apex of labrum and of clypeus, triangular mark on each side of face, base of mandibles, and front knees, whitish; mp and galea 5: 14; lp 13: 1; 7-8mm; oligolege of Verbena; June 28-Sept. 10; verbene in Verbenapsis. Males. Dise of metathorax shining, foveate; wings hyaline, veins -pale; cubital cell 2 narrowed less than one-half above; front tarsi pale, with long hair; base of mandibles, middle of labrum, sides of face, clypeus except sides of base, front and middle knees, and line on front tibia, whitish; 6-7mm; July 2-Sept. 1; verbene in, Verbenapsis. Dise of metathorax opaque, rugose; wings a little dusky, veins dark; cubital cell 2 narrowed about one-half above; front. tarsi with short hair; at least the mandibles, labrum, face below antenne, two lines on collar, tarsi, and tibiz in front, yellow, Calliopsis.. 1922] Synopsis of Panurgide 163 CALLIOPSIS Females. Clypeus black, with a median stripe, 3 spots above; lateral face marks subquadrate, not extending above antennze; spot on tubercles; rarely a dot on tegule; labrum dark; mp and galea subequal; 6-8mm; polylege; May 30-Oct. 14, andreniformis. Clypeus luteous, with two black stripes, 1 spot above; lateral - face marks pointed above antennz; tubercles black; dot on tegule; mp shorter than galea; 7mm; oligolege of Helianthee and Asteree; Aug. 20-Sept. 19, coloradensis. Males. Tubercles, legs, antenne except flagellum at base above, yellow; tegule usually dark; 5-6mm; May 30-Sept. 19 andreniformis, Tubercles, coxa, trochanters, femora except tips, tibiz behind, and apical joints of tarsi more or less, black; dot on tegule; line on scape in front; flagellum testaceous beneath; 6-7mm; Aug.21—Sept. 24, coloradensis. ANTHEMURGIN EA. Females. Scopa plumose; glossa linear, acuminate; Ip 1 elongate, flat; mp not longer than galea; tegule and front and middle knees testaceous, Pseudopanurgus. Scopa simple; mp longer than galea, ie 1. Lp 4: 1%, 1 flat; glossa lance-linear, acuminate; nearly bare, finely and densely punctured, opaque; middle spur sparsely pectinate, about as long as planta; tegule and front and middle knees testaceous; 5-6mm; polylege; May 28—Oct. 23; parvus in, Heterosarus. 164 Psyche [August Lp 2:2, 1 simple, incrassate; glossa lanceolate, shorter than mentum; middle spur finely pectinate, two-thirds as long as planta; finely punctured, shining, head more coarsely punctured and opaque; knees black: apical half of wings clouded; 7-Smm; oligolege of Passzflora lutea; July 21— Sept. 9; passiflore in Anthemurégus. Males. Clypeus and sides of face with vellow stripes; black, mandibles, tarsi, anterior tibia in front, and sometimes middle ones, testaceous; apical half of wings clouded; 7-Smm; July 21—Aug. 30; passiflore in Anthemurégus. Clypeus entirely and sides of face yellowish or whitish, 1. 1. Lateral face marks hardly extending above clypeus; man- dibles, middle of labrum, clypeus and face marks, whitish; flagellum beneath, tubercles, tegule, knees, tarsi, and anterior tibiz in front, testaceous; 5-6mm; May 28— June 15; parvus in Heterosarus. Lateral face marks extending above ¢lypeus; at least the clypeus, sides of face, tarsi, anterior tibise in front, and bases of middle and hind tibie, yellow, Pseudopanurégus. PSEUDOPANURGUS Females. Mesonotum rugose, with coarse confluent punctures; enclosure of labrum subquadrate; a supraorbital tubercle; wings clouded beyond middle; recurrent vein 1 remote from transverse cubital 1, 2 near transverse cubital 2; mp shorter than galea; 1p 10: 2; 7-8mm; oligolege of Helian- thee; Aug. 2—Oct. 1, rugosus. Mesonotum more finely punctured, 1 1. Enclosure of labrum subquadrate, 3. Enclosure of labrum rugose, strongly narrowed apically; middle of flagellum beneath testaceous; mp a little shorter than galea, Die 1922] Synopsis of Panurgide 165 2. Metathorax shining, impunctate; tubercles yellow: head and mesonotum more sparsely punctured; veins darker; lp 7: 2; 6-7mm; oligolege of Helianthee; Aug. 3—Sept. 28, labrosus. Metathorax opaque, punctate behind; tubercles dark; head and mesonotum more closely and coarsely punctured; veins paler; lp 61%: 3; 5-6mm; oligolege of Helianthex; Aug. 15—Sept. 25 labrosiformis. 3. Hind tarsi not yellow; 6-7mm, Ne Hind tarsi yellow; mp shorter than galee 4. 4. Seutel shining, almost impunctate; mesonotum not tri- suleate; enclosure of labrum more narrowed apically; wing clear hyaline; veins pale; scopa with long, long- barbed hairs; 1p 8: 3; 6-7mm; oligolege of Heliantheer; May 29—Sept. 5, albitarsis. Seutel more opaque, closely punctured; mesonotum tri- suleate; enclosure of labrum less narrowed apically; wing less hyaline; scopa with short, short-barbed hairs; lp 7: 3; 5-7mm; oligolege of Asteree and Helianthex; Aug. 11—Oct. 4, solidaginis. 5. Mesonotui nearly bare; shining, rather finely and closely punctured; scopa rather short; mp about equaling galea; Ip 4: 1; oligolege of Astereee and Helianthee; Aug.23-- Oct. 23 asteris. Mesonotum distinctly pubescent, 6. 6. Mesonotum entirely pubescent, opaque, with large shallow dense punctures; scopa rather short; mp about equaling galea; Ip 4: 11%; oligolege of Asteree; Sept. 6—Oct. 29, compositarum. Mesonotum pubescent in front, shining, minutely and sparsely punctured; scopa long and thin; mp a é little shorter than galea; 1p 41:2; oligolege of Helianthexe; Aug. 1—Sept. 12, rudbeckiae. 166 Psyche | August Males. Mandibles and labrum yellow, 2. i) Mandibles and labrum black; apical joints of tarsi blackish; 6-7mm il Mesonotum coarsely reticulated; wings clouded beyond middle; broad bases of middle and hind tibie yellow; July 29—Aug. 22, rugosus. Mesonotum = shining, sparsely punctured; wings hyaline; middle and hind knees yellow; June 11—Sept. 8, albitarsis. Enclosure of labrum slightly narrowed towards apex, 4. Enclosure of labrum strongly narrowed and subbidentate at apex; middle joints of flagellum fulvous beneath, 3. Metathorax shining, impunctate; tubercles. yellow; hind tibiz broadly yellow at base; 5-6mm; Aug. 1-30 labrosus. Metathorax punctured behind; tubercles black; hind knees vellow; 4-5mm; Aug. 3—Sept. 8, labrosiformis. Middle of clypeus concave, impunctate; tubercles and middle and hind knees yellow; 5-7mm; Aug. 3—Sept.7, rudbeckiae. Middle of clypeus convex, punctate, 5. Mesonotum opaque, with large dense shallow punctures, closely pubescent; antennze long; face below antennae, and tibiw, except spot beneath, yellow; 5-6mm; Aug— 28—Oct. 4, compositarum. Mesonotum more shining, the pubescence short or sparse, 6. Hind tibie yellow at least on basal third; tubercles yellow; mesonotum finely punctured, not trisuleate; 5-6mm; Aug. 23—Oct. 21, asteris. Hind tibie yellow at extreme base; tubercles black; mesonotum coarsely punctured, trisulecate; 4-6mm; Aug. 12—Sept. 7, solidaginis. PHENOLOGY.—Of the dominant families of bees the Panurgide have the most definite phenological position. They fly from May 28 to October 29, all of them together August 30— September 3. ; . 1922] Synopsis of Panurgide 167 Phenologically the sexes begin and end as follows: Begin End o first |o 9 together] 9¢ first 2 last |o@ Q@together | @ last 37.5 25.0 37.95 for.0 | ies ca 25.0 The males which are first precede by 6.1 days and the females which are last are later by 29.2 days. It is probable that all of the species are proterandrous, but the males precede by so few days and are so much harder to observe that it is not easy to prove the proterandry. My dates give the earliest ever observed and it is probable that, in the vear in which the earliest date for the female was recorded, the male really preceded. The records show 124 flower visits for the females and 92 for the males, which indicates how much more likely the flight of the female is to be correctly made out. Taking the cases in which the males were first and the females last as normal examples we have for the average number of days: Nl ee ees o precedes | Q follows | of Q | Species 4 normal (pois ne) 3225/5227 len Doe 12 others Py Pi i 46.0/66.3) 68.6 Total ates hha 42.6162.9| 66.3 The oligoleges are 85.5 per cent. of the species. They average 55.3 days, while the two polvleges average 143.5 days. FLOWER VISITS.—-In the following lists the pollen visits of the female (@c) are separated from the nectar visits (Qs). The pollen visits do not exclude nectar visits to the same flowers. Visits of the male (os) not made by the female also are in italics. Visits to Composite are distributed under An- themidez, Asterexe, Eupatoriex, and Helianthex. 168 Psyche [August ANTHEMURGUS PASSIFLORA.— ¢ ¢ (1): Passiflor- acee: Passiflora, type July 31. o s (1): Passzfloracee: Passiflora lutea, type July 31. CALLIOPSIS ANDRENIFORMIS (51).— @ e (19): As- tcree: Aster ericoides villosus; Helianthew: Verbesina helian- thoides; Labiate: Lycopus sinuatus, Pyenanthemum pilosum; Leguminose: Desmodium marilandicum, D. paniculatum, Meli- lotus alba, Psoralea onobrychis, Trifolium repens, T. pratense; Lythracee: Lythrum alatum; Malvacee: Malva rotundifolia; Oxalidacee: Oxalis stricta; Polygalacee: Polygala sanguinea; Rubiacee: Houstonia purpurea; Scrophulariacee: Gerardia ten- ulfolia; Verbenacee: Lippia lanceolata, Verbena hastata, V. urticifolia. Q s (23): Acanthacew: Dianthera americana; Helian- thee: Bidens aristosa, Coreopsis palmata; Labiate: Blephilia ciliata, Hedeoma pulegioides, Nepeta cataria, Prunella vulgaris, Pycnanthemum flexuosum, P. virginianum; Leguwminose: Amorpha canescens, Lespedeza procumbens, L. reticulata, Strophostyles pauciflora, Stylosanthes biflora, Trifolium hy- bridum; Lythracee: Ammannia coccinea; Orchidacee: Spiran- thes gracilis; Polygonacee: Polygonum pennsylvanicum; Por- tulacacee: Portulaca oleracea; Scrophulariacee: Llysanthes riparia; Umbellifere: Eryngium yuccefolium; Verbenacee: Ver- bena bracteosa, V. stricta. & s (29:9): Acanthacee: Dianthera americana; Anthe midee: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum; Helianthee: Coreopsis palmata, Rudbeckia triloba; Labiate: Blephilia ciliata, Hedeoma pulegioides, Pycnanthemum pilosum, P. virginianum, Stachys palustris; Leqguminose: Lespedeza capitata, L. procumbens, L. reticulata, Melilotus alba, Psoralea onobrychis, Trifolium hybridum, T. repens; Malvacee: Malva rotundifolia; Polygo- nacee: Polygonum pennsylvanicum; Polygalacee: Polygala sanguinea; Rhamnacee: Ceanothus americanus; Rosacee: Geum album, Gillenia stipulacea, Potentilla monspeliensis; Rubiacee: Houstonia purpurea; Scrophulariacee: » Gerardia tenuifolia; Umbellifere: Cruptotenia canadensis, Eryngium yuc- eefolium; Verbenacew: Lippia lanceolata, Verbena urticifolia. el ————— 1922] Synopsis of Panurgide 169 3S Qin copula (1): Psoralea onobrychis, June 26; several other cases not recorded. CALLIOPSIS COLORADENSIS (5).—Q ce (5): Asteree Boltonia asteroides, Solidago canadensis; Helianthew: Bidens aristosa, Coreopsis tripteris, Rudbeckia triloba. Ss (4)Asteree: Boltonia asteroides, Solidago canadensis; Helianthee: Bidens aristosa, Rudbeckia triloba. 3&2 in copula (7): Bidens aristosa, Aug. 31; Boltonia asteroides, Aug. 29, Sept 1; 12, two pairs; Solidago canadensis, Aug. 23, Sept. 12. HETEROSARUS PARVUS (8).— Q ec (7): Asteree: Aster ericoides villosus, Solidago canadensis, 8. ulmifolia; Geraniacee: Geranium carolinianum; Labiate: Monarda bradburiana, type May 28; Rosacew: Gillenia stipulacea; Umbellifere: Eulophus americanus. Qs(1): Unmbellifere: Thaspium aureum trifoliatum. os (1): Rosacew: Gillenia stipulacea. PERDITA OCTOMACULATA (7).— 9 ¢ (5): Asteree: Aster ericoides villosus, Boltonia asteroides, Solidago canadensis, S. ulmifolia; Heliantheew: Bidens aristosa. 2 s (1) : Labiate: Lycopus sinuatus. os (5:1): Asteree: Boltonia asteroides, Solidago cana- densis; Eupatoriee: Ewpatorium altissimum; Helianthee: Bidens aristosa; Labiatew: Lycopus sinuatus. o& 92 in copula (3): Bidens aristosa, Sept. 4; Lycopus sinuatus, Sept. 5; Solidago canadensis, Aug. 17. PERDITELLA BOLTONI& (1).— 9 e¢ (1): Asterew: Bol- tonia asteroides, type Sept. 3. os (1): Asteree: Boltonia asteroides, type Sept. 3. PSEUDOPANURGUS ALBITARSIS (11).—® c (8); Helianthee: Brauneria pallida, B. purpurea, Helianthus divari- catus, H. mollis, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R. subtomentosa, Verbesina helianthoides. 170 Psyche [August 2 s (2): Helianthew: Coreopsis palmata, Lepachys pinnata. o's (8:1) : Asteree: Aster ericoides villosus; Helianthee: Brauneria pallida, Coreopsis palmata, Helianthus divaricatus, H. mollis, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, Verbesina helianthoides. o 2 in copula (5) : Helianthus mollis, Aug. 23; Rudbeckia hirta, June 18: 23, two pairs; 26. PSEUDOPANURGUS ASTERIS (8).— 2 c (8): Asteree: Aster ericoides villosus, A. lateriflorus, A. sagittifolius, Solidago canadensis, S. nemoralis, 8S. serotina, 8. ulmifolia; /elianthee: Rudbeckia_triloba. os (4): Asteree: Aster ericoides villosus, A. sagittifolius, Solidago canadensis, 8S. ulmifolia. co 2 in copula (5): Aster ericoides villosus, Sept. 14, 1893, type; Sept. 14, 1896; 20; A. sagittifolius, Aug. 30; Solidago canadensis, Sept. 1. PSEUDOPANURGUS COMPOSITARUM (12).— © ¢ (7) Astereew: Aster ericoides villosus, A. lateriflorus, A. multiflorus, A. nove angliw, A. paniculatus, Boltonia asteroides, type Sept. 20, Solidago ulmifolia. 2 s (8): Asteree: Aster salicifolius, Solidago nemoralis; Polygonacee: Polygonum dumetcrum. & s (6:2): Asterew: Aster ericoides villosus, A. lateriflorus, Boltonia asteroides, type Aug. 28; Helianthew; Bidens aristosa, Rudheckia triloba; Polygonacee: Polygonum dumetorum. PSEUDOPANURGUS LABROSIFORMIS (11).— 2 e (7): Helianthew: Actineomeris alternifolia, Bidens aristosa, Helian- thus divaricatus, H. tuberosus, Heliopsis helanthoides, Rud- beckia laciniata, R. triloba. 2 s (2): Helianthee: Coreopsis tripteris, type Aug. 24, Hehanthus strumosus. o s (7:2): Asterew: Solidago canadensis; Helianthee: Coreopsis tripteris, type Aug. 24, Helianthus divaricatus, H. tuberosus, Heliopsis helianthoides, Rudbeckia laciniata, S7lphium perfoliatum. Stylopized: Aug. 3. ae 1922] Synopsis of Panurgide Aa PSEUDOPANURGUS LABROSUS (4).— 2 ¢ (3) : Helian- thee: Helianthus divaricatus, H. tuberosus, Rudbeckia triloba. 2s (1): Helianthee: Rudbeckia laciniata. os (3): Helianthee: Helianthus divaricatus, H. tuberosus, Rudbeckia triloba. o& 2 in copula (1): Helianthus tuberosus, Aug. 14, type. Stylopized: July 3, type of Crawfordia labrosi Pierce. PSEUDOPANURGUS RUDBECKI4 (6).—8£ ec (5): Helianthee: Bidens aristosa, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R. subtomentosa, R. triloba. o's (6:1) : Helianthee: Bidens aristosa, Helianthus divari- calus, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R. subtomentosa, R. triloba. o 2 in copula (4): Rudbeckia triloba, Aug. 3, 21, three pairs, type. Stylopized: Aug. 1; 3, o& of copulating pair; 29, type of Crawfordia rudbeckiz Pierce. PSEUDOPANURGUS RUGOSUS (7).— 2 ¢ (5): Helian- thee: Bidens aristosa, Helianthus divaricatus, H. mollis, H. tuberosus, type Aug. 22, Rudbeckia triloba. 2s (1): Helianthee: Silphium perfoliatum. os (6:1): Helianthee: Helianthus divaricatus, H. mollis, H. tuberosus, type Aug. 22, Heliopsis helianthoides, Rudbeckia triloba, Silphium perfoliatum. PSEUDOPANURGUS SOLIDAGINIS (7).—f? c¢ (4): Asteree: Boltonia asteroides, Solidago canadensis, type Sept. 18; Helianthee: Helianthus grosseserratus, Rudbeckia subtomentosa. Js (6:3): Asteree: Solidago canadensis; Helianthew: Bidens aristosa, Coreopsis tripteris, Helianthus grosseserratus, fH. tuberosus, type Aug. 22, Rudbeckia subtomentosa. Stylopized: Aug. 11, 12. VERBENAPIS VERBEN (3).—@Q c (8): Verbenacee: Verbena hastata, V. stricta, V. urticifolia. The concealed 172 Psyche [August pollen is drawn from the narrow tubes by inserting the front tarsi with their curled spines. o& s (8): Verbenacee: Verbena hastata, V. stricta, V. urticifolia. o& 2 in copula (4): Verbena stricta, July 11, 21; V. ur- tiemolia,: Julliy, V5, 0 le ZAPERDITA MAURA (2).—®2 ec (1): Solanacee: Phy- salis lanceolata. 2 s (1) : Solanacew: Physalis virginiana. os (2) : Solanacee: Physalis lanceolata, P. virginiana. PAIRING HABITS.—Both sexes of all of the species were found. Thirty pairs belonging to eight species were taken in copula. The differences are remarkable. Of eight species no pairs were seen together, while of Calliopsis coloradensis, which flies only 36 days and visits only five flowers, seven pairs were taken together, forming a majority of the specimens. VISITS TO FLOWER CLASSES.—The table shows 144 visits to 85 flowers. Mas shows 37.6 per cent. of the flowers visit- ed and 45.1 per cent. of the visits. Red shows 35.2 per cent. of the flowers visited, while yellow shows 49.3 per cent. of the visits. Calliopsis andreniformis, with 35.4 per cent. of the total visits, shows 29.4 to Mas and 438.1 to red. Separating this species the remaining 15 show for Mas 51.1 per cent. of the flowers and 53.7 per cent. of the visits, and for yellow 53.3 per cent. of the flowers and 67.7 per cent. of the visits. Seven species, C. coloradensis- P. solidaginis, show 78.4 per cent. of their visits to Mas and 90.1 to yellow. The last five show 63.8 per cent. under Mis and 44.4 under white. As arule the visits of the males do not differ much from those of the females, but in Calliopsis andreniformis the male shows 5.8 less in percentage of visits to Mas, 11.0 less red and 14.9 more to white. 1922] Flowers observed Synopsis of Panurgide 173 Colors R W Y 30.3 38.7 30.8 Anthemurgus passiflo— rae Zaperdita maura Verbenapis verbenae Calliopsis andrenifor- mis coloradensis Pseudopanurgus albi- tarsis labrosiformis labrosus rudbeckiae rugosus solidaginis asteris compositarum Perdita octomaculata Perditella boltoniae Heterosarus parvus bo bo: _ Oo or Ei Wi SI © OO 2 ~) bo aon He bo bo = (0) bore Wp Ob. i Total visits Flowers visited Visits Calliopsis andrenifor- mis ~Iho on Others: Flowers visited Others: Visits H= GO C. col.—P. sol. Ul . ast.—Heterosarus 5 Or bo 1p C. andreniformis 2 C. andreniformis 0 52.3 33.3 14.2 41.3 48.2 10.3 174 Psyche [August ANTS OF THE GENUS, FORMICA. EN. EE PRROPICS By Witt1AM Morton WHEELER. The genus Formica belongs to the northern hemisphere and is best represented in the north temperate or subboreal zone, from which the number of species dimishes rapidly towards the pole and towards the equator. One species, Formica fusca, is so eurythermal that it and its many varieties may be said to be nearly coextensive in range with all the remaining species of the genus. Certain data recently accumulated show that through commerce a few of the species have succeeded in establishing themselves in the tropics. These data and the original distri- bution of the genus are briefly considered in the following paragraphs. A map of the distribution of the genus Formica-shows that it covers nearly the whole of Europe as far north as North Cape, where Sparre-Schneider (1909) has taken it between latitude 69° to 70° N., that is within the arctic circle. In Asia the range is even wider, since it probably reaches the same high latitude and extends as far south as Soochow, China and the Himalayas (28° to 30° N.). A corresponding southward distribution in Europe is, of course, precluded by the Mediterranean. In the New World Formica covers most of the Nearctic Realm. I have shown (1913) that in Alaska F. fusca and its varieties marcida Wheeler and neorufibarbis Emery range at least as far north as 64° to 67°, that is up to Fort Yukon, on the arctic circle. Eastward F. fusca occurs on the coast of Labrador, but no Formicide are known to exist in Greenland and Iceland, according to Pjetum and Lundhein, cited by Forel (1910). Prof. Pilsud, Director of the Danish Biological Laboratory on Disko Island, on the west coast of Greenland, has recently confirmed this statement in my hearing. The southern range of Formica in North America seems to stop at about 30° in the United States. I have seen no specimens from Florida, but have taken a couple of species near San Antonio, Texas and several along the Mexican border in western Texas, New Mexico, 1922] Ants of the Genus Formica in the Tropics 175 Arizona and California. Some of these together with a few allied species occur also in Mexico, but apparently only at elevations of about 8000 ft., as far south as Hidalgo in the state of Guerrero (lat. 18°). In all probability the same Formicas inhabit the mountains of the state of Oaxaca and therefore extend the range of the genus to the southern limits of the _ Nearctic Realm, that is to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Although there would seem to have been every opportunity both in Asia and Mexico for the spread of the species of Formica into the tropics, the only recorded instances of its occurrence are the following: (1) Bingham in 1903 cites the taking of three workers and a female of the common European F. rufibarbis Fabr. by W. L. Distant in Pretoria, South Africa, only a short distance from the tropic of Capricorn (26° S.).. This seems to be the only record of the genus occuring in the southern hemisphere. There would seem to be little doubt that the species was imported directly from Europe. (2) According to Emery F. fusca var. glebaria, a common ant in central and southern Europe, has been imported into the gardens of Algiers. He calls attention to the fact that this insect does not occur in Crete nor on the smaller islands of the Mediter- ranean. (3) In 1913 Forel described a var. formosae of F. picea Nyl. from Taihorin, Formosa; which is on the tropic of Cancer. F. picea is a boreal European ant, usually found in peat-bogs. Forel’s variety may perhaps occur at a considerable elevation in the mountains, which in Formosa rise to an altitude of 9000 to 14,000 ft. In this case, therefore, we may be dealing with a relict instead of a recent importation like the two previous cases. Emery believes that the F. fusca var. filchneri described by Forel from China is really F’. picea. I was astonished to find among a fine collection of ants made for me by Dr. J. W. Chapman at Dumaguete, on the island of Negros Oriental, Philippines, several specimens of two species of Formica. One of them, represented by a number of workers, agrees in all respects with European and North American 176 Psyche [August specimens of the typical F. fusca, while the other, represented by four workers, is undoubtedly our common North American F. (Proformica) neogagates Emery subsp. lasioides Emery, or rather a shghtly darker form approaching the var. vetula Wheeler. It seems probable that both these Formicas reached Dumaguete (lat. 9° 30’ N.) from the United States, in merchandise imported for the Silliman Institute, at which Dr. Chapman and several other Americans are teaching. The actual occurrence of Formica species among the tropical ant fauna is of interest in connection with the composition of certain fossil faunas like that of the Baltic Amber, which is of Lower Oligocene Tertiary age. This fauna consisted to a con- siderable extent of tropical genera like Tetraponera, Iridomyrmex, Oecophylla, Dimorphomyrmex, Gesomyrmex, Pseudolasius, etc., but, as I have shown (1914), it also comprised several species of Formica and notably one, F. flori Mayr, which is very closely related to the existing F. fusca. It seemed to me that in the ancient Samland these Formicas must have lived at a greater elevation than the tropical genera, but the existence of For- micas at sea-level in the Philippines seems to indicate that even during lower Oligocene times what is now a north temperate ant-genus may have shared the same habitat as the various tropical forms. LITERATURE. 1903. Bingham, C. T. On the Hymenoptera collected by W. L. Distant in the Transvaal, South Africa, with Descriptions of Supposed New Species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12, 1903, pp. 46-69. 1909. Emery, C. Beitrige zur Monographie der Formiciden des paliarktischen Faunengebietes VII. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1909, pp. 179-204. 1906. Forel, A. Les Fourmis de L’Himalaya. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sec. Nat. (5) 42, 1906, pp. 79-94. 1910. Forel, A. Glanures Myrmécologiques. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 54, 1910, pp. 6-32. ae 1922] 1913. 1913. 1914. 1Oiite Ants of the Genus Formica in the Tropics LWA Forel, A. H. Sauter’s Formosa Ausbeute. Formicide IE. Arch. Naturgesch. 79, 1913, pp. 183-202. Wheeler, W. M. A Revision of the Ants of the Genus Formica (Linné) Mayr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 53, 1912, pp. 379-565. 10 maps. Wheeler, W. M. The Ants of the Baltic Amber. Schrift. physik. 6kon. Gesell. K6nigsberg 55, 1914, pp. 1-140, 66 figs. Wheeler, W. M. The Ants of Alaska. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ‘61, 1917, pp. 15-22. 178 Psyche [August A NEW JAVAN CHILOPOD OF THE GENUS MECIS- TOCEPHALUS. By Rautpu V. CHAMBERLIN. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. At Honolulu, Hawai, a number of millipeds and centipeds were taken on Mar. 8, 1922, from soil of a shipment of plants from the Botanical Gardens of Buitenzorg, Java. Among these specimens, which were submitted to the writer for identification, were numerous specimens, mostly young, of the new species of Mecistocephalus described below. This form belongs to the lesser group of species in which the sternal impressions are not furcate anteriorly, and apparently has its nearest relatives in M. apator Chamberlin and M. monticolens Chamberlin, previously described from the same region. Two other chilopods were in the collection, Otostigmus fee Pocock being represented by one specimen, and a species of Lamyctes, not in identifiable condition, by another. Two diplopods were represented, Trzgoniulus lumbricinus (Gerstecker) and Oxidus gracilis (Koch), the latter being a species long ago introduced into this country and Europe and often known as “‘the hot-house milliped.” Mecistocephalus tridens sp. nov. Head and prehensorial segment chestnut, the remaining parts yellow. Head wider than long in the ratio 14:9. Widest anteriorly and narrowing caudad, more abruptly so over caudal fourth of length, the general narrowing less marked than in apator. An- terior margin nearly straight, much as in apator. Clypeal region with no anterior, non-areolated areas. With six principal sete arranged as in monticolens, the sublateral teeth being also nearly of same from as in that species. General outline of labrum as in monticolens, but the median piece narrower and about as wide behind as in front with the 1922] A New Javan Chilopod of the Genus Mecistocephalus 179 sides a little concave. Caudal end of median piece straight and weakly tridentate. Anterior margins of lateral pieces concave, bending more strongly forward toward mesal ends. Caudomesal angles of lateral pieces a little produced, their apices on a level with caudal end of median piece. Prosternal teeth small and acute. The usual teeth present on joints of prehensors, the distal one of femuroid being largest; all oblique and rather slender though distally rounded. Sternal impressions not furcate anteriorly. Ventral plate of pregenital segment strongly narrowed caudad, trapeziform. Coxal pores on each side small, moderate in number. Pairs of legs, 49. Length, 20 mm. Cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology and in collec- tion of The Federal Horticultural Board. 180 \ Psyche [August A UNIQUE METHOD OF DEFENSE .OF BREMUS (BOMBUS) FERVIDUS FABRICIUS. By O. E. Puats, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. It is a well-known fact that bumblebees, especially the more ferocious species, are quick to attack with sting and mandibles if any vertebrate ventures too close to their nests. Similar punishment is meted out by many species if their nests are invaded by bees which do not belong to the colony, e. g. Psithyrus.? In this case the fate of the intruder may be shown by describing briefly the behavior of a fair-sized colony of Bremus impatiens Cresson when a queen of Psithyrus laboriosus Fabricius enters, or is placed in, its nest. As soon as the stranger is detected on or near the comb, a general uproar arises in the colony. The intruder is seized immediately by numerous workers, stung to death, and thrown out of the nest. This, in general, seems to be the behavior of a large number of Bremus species whose habits have been studied. But, as we shall*see presently, one of our most common New England bumblebees, Bremus fervidus Fabricius, behaves very differently under these conditions. During the summer of 1921, the writer had under observation 13 colonies of bumblebees belonging to the following species: Bremus affinis Cresson, Bremus bimaculatus Cresson, Bremus fervidus Fabricius, Bremus impatiens Cresson, and Bremus vagans Smith. Each colony was kept in a glass-covered box which was provided with a flight-hole so that the life of the colony could go on unhindered. On July 24th, the writer noticed a disheveled Psithyrus laboriosus queen crawling out from the nest material of colony No. 7 (B. fervidus) and removed her to a separate box. She was wet all over, her pile being matted against the integument by a sticky liquid. On the same day a worker of colony No. 8 (B. impatiens) which had been placed near : 1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard Jniversity. No. 206. 24 genus of bumblebees whose members are social parasites on various species of the genus Bremus, the industrious branch of uhe bumblebee family (Fremidae). 1922] Unique Method of Defense of Bremus fervidus Fabricius 181 colony No. 7 (B. fervidus) the preceeding evening, was found sitting near the entrance of her nest and, like the Psithyrus queen, was completely covered with a sticky liquid. Whenever this worker attempted to enter the nest, she was immediately attacked by her sisters and driven back. The reason for this strange behavior and the source of the sticky liquid, which the writer at first was unable to account for, were disclosed several days later. On July 27th a captured Psithyrus laboriosus queen was placed in a Bremus fervidus nest and the writer was surprised to find that the workers, instead of creating a furore and killing the Psithyrus, as do the workers of Bremus impatiens, remained calm and resorted to a more peaceful, but equally effective, method of expelling the intruder. About a dozen workers gathered about the Psithyrus queen, and, after stealthily approaching a little closer, each one placed a small drop of liquid on the intruder with her mouth. The Psithyrus queen did not seem to relish this performance and slowly left the comb, apparently seeking to hide herself. A number of workers followed her and from time to time added more liquid until she was as wet as the Psithyrus queen and Bremus worker referred to above. The experiment was repeated with other fervidus colonies and was later (September 13th) demonstrated before the Cambridge Entomological Club. The members of the club were also shown the. very different behavior of a Bremus impatiens colony under these conditions. From July 27th to September 24th a large number of other experiments were carried out in order to determine how colonies of Bremus fervidus react to other intruders. These experiments may be summed up briefly as follows: Experiment 1. Introduced: Young queen of Psithyrus ashtoni Cresson. Result: Daubed with liquid like Psithyrus laboriosus. No attempts to sting her. Experiments 2, 8, 4 and 5. Introduced (separately): 182 Psyche [August Workers of Bremus affinis, bimaculatus, impatiens, and vagans. Result: Same as in experiment 1.3 Experiment 6. Introduced: Worker from another fervidus colony. Result: Attacked with legs and mandibles. No attempt at daubing.* Experiments 7, 8 and 9. Introduced (separately): Worker honeybee (A pis mellifica), male of Bremus impatiens, and male of Polistes pallipes Lepeletier. Result: All stung to death and thrown out of the nest. No attempts at daubing. Experiments 10, 11, 12, 138 and 14. Introduced (separately): Blue bottle fly (Calliphora vomitoria), drone fly (Hristalis tenaz), dragon fly (Sympetrum rubicundulum), small cricket (Nemobius sp.), and gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar). Result: Same as in experiments 7, 8, and 9. Experiment 15. Introduced: Katydid (Conocephalus sp.). Result: Stung to death, but also daubed. Experiments 16, 17, and 18. Introduced (separately): Earth worm (Lumbdricus sp.), young frog (Rana sp.), and mouse (Mus musculus). Result: All stung to death. No attempts at daubing. From these experiments it will be seen that the workers of a Bremus fervidus colony, at least when dealing with insects, vary their method of attack with the nature of the intruder. If stingless, or comparatively weak (e. g., the honeybee), the intruder is seized immediately and stung to death, while daubing is invariably resorted to if the intruder possesses superior fighting ability. What enables Bremus fervidus to make these distinctions, it is difficult to say. In this connection it must be stated that 3In connection with experiment 4 it may be stated that a worker of Bremus impaliens, an exceedingly pugnacious species, sometimes attacks a jervidus worker, and may then be stung to death by one or more workers of the latter species, though other members of the colony, even during the struggle, continue to daub the intruder. 4Similar results obtain if two ferzzdus colonies are combined. During the course of the summer, the writer made four such combinations (one colony in each case being queenless), but never noticed any daubing. 1922] Unique Method of Defense of Bremus fervidus Fabricius 183 bumblebees never molest certain intruders, e. g. the larve of Brachycoma, even though the latter are very deadly to their brood. At first there was some doubt as to the nature of the liquid which Bremus fervidus uses in connection with this interesting behavior, but the writer finally decided that it is honey. This conclusion is based on the following facts: (1) the liquid has a sweet taste; (2) a young Psithyrus ashtoni queen which was being daubed (experiment 1), lapped up a drop of liquid which accidentally adhered to some cotton; and (3) the fervidus workers themselves lapped up the liquid from the wings of a katy did (expirement 15) after the latter had been stung to death. This habit of daubing certain intruders with honey recalls an interesting habit of the honeybee. According to Phillips (1921, p. 117), it sometimes happens that lizards or small snakes get into a hive. The honeybee workers seal up such intruders in propolis, a sticky substance which they obtain from trees and other sources. Because of the different nature of the substances used, it seems rather improbable that the habit of the honeybee and the habit of Bremus fervidus are related, yet it would be interesting to know whether there is any similarity in behavior while the substances are being applied. It would also be interesting to ascertain whether any other species than Bremus fervidus resort to honey daubing. The writer found no trace of such a habit in his affinds, bimaculatus, impatiens, and vagans colonies. Nor is such a habit mentioned by Goedart (1700), Réaumur (1742), Huber (1802), Putnam (1865), Hoffer (1882-83), Kristof (1883), Coville (1890), Harter (1890), Beng- tsson (1903), Lie-Petterson (1906), Wagner (1907), Gundermann (1908), Sladen (1912), Armbruster (1914), Bachman (1916), and Frison (1917, 1918), all of whom have paid more or less attention to the behavior of bumblebee colonies. However when we consider that Putnam (1865), who had colonies of Bremus fervidus under observation, did not notice this habit, it may well be that it was overlooked in other species. According to the classifications of Franklin (1912-13) and Sladen (1912), one based on structure and the other on habit, 184 Psyche [August Bremus fervidus belongs to the Dumoucheli group and to the Pocket-makers, and it therefore is among the representatives of these groups that we should look first for species which are given to honey daubing. As already mentioned, Bremus colonies are occasionally infested by parasitic bumblebees of the genus Psithyrus. Ac- cording to Hoffer (1888, p. 132), this sometimes occurs in almost every second colony of certain species. Other Bremus species, on the other hand, never harbor these parasites (Cf. Sladen, 1912, p. 257), and this, as the writer pointed out recently (1922), also seems to be the case with Bremus fervidus. It can hardly be doubted that the honey daubing habit of Bremus fervidus plays an important role in keeping Psithyrus from breeding in its nests. In his “Catalogue of British Hymenoptera” Smith (1855, p. 210) makes the following statement in regard to the apparent immunity of certain English Bremus species from Psithyrus infestation: “Although I have taken or examined a very large number of the nests of Bombus [Bremus], I have only oc- casionally met with the parasites [Psithyrus] in them; but never in the nests of the brown bumble-bees.”’ All of these brown species to which Smith refers (agrorum, distinguendus, helferanus, and muscorum), like Bremus fervidus, are Pocket- makers. However, Hoffer (1888, p. 132) found that in Austria two of these brown species (agrorum and helferanus) are fre- quently victimized byPsithyrus campestris Panzer, and Wagner (1907, p. 78) reports that in Russia Bremus muscorum suffers severely from the depredations of various species of Psithyrus. Bremus distinguendus Morawitz, the other species mentioned by Smith, is very similar to Bremus fervidus in structure,’ coloration, and habit. It is also very closely related to Bremus latreillellus Kirby® so that Morawitz (1881, p. 238) and Friese and Wagner (1910, p. 75) merely look upon it as a variety of the latter. According to Sladen (1912, p. 257), Bremus latreillellus is not preyed upon by any species of Psithyrus; nor has any 5Cf. Sladen (1o12, p. 187) and Franklin (1912-13, I, p. 392). 6Cf. Hoffer (1882-83, II, p. 72); Radowszkowski (1884, p. 77); Sladen (1912, pp. 184, 187); d Lutz (1916, p. 503). 1922] Unique Method of Defense of Bremus fervidus Fabricius 185 Bremus distinguendus colony ever been reported as victimized by a Psithyrus. These facts lead the writer to surmise that Bremus distinquendus, latreillellus, and perhaps also Bremus fragans Pallas, may prove to be ‘““Honey-daubers.”’ LITERATURE CITED. ARMBRUSTER, L. 1914. Probleme des Hummelstaates. Biol. Centralbl., Vol. 34, pp. 685-707, pl. 2. BACHMANN, M. 1916. Beobachtungen vor dem Hummel- nest. Ent. Zeitschr. Frankfurt a. M., Vol. 29, pp. 89-90, 93-94, 98-99, 103-104; Vol. 30, pp. 1-3: BENGTSSON,S. 1903. Studier och iakttagelser 6fver Humlor. Ark. Zool., Vol. 1, pp. 197-222. COVILLE, F. V. 1890. Notes on Bumble-Bees. Proc. Ent. Soe. Washington, Vol. 1, pp. 197-203. FRANKLIN, H. J. 1912-13. The Bombidez of the New World. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. 38, pp. 177-486, Vol. 39, pp. 73-200, pls. 1-22. FRIESE, H. UND WAGNER, F. V. 1910. Zoologische Studien an Hummeln. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., Vol. 29, pp. 1-104, pls. 1-7. FRISON, T. H. 1917. Notes on Bombide, and on the Life History of Bombus auricomus Robt. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, Vol. 10, pp. 277-286, pls. 23, 24. 1918. Additional Notes on the Life History of Bombus auricomus Robt. Ibid., Vol. 11, pp. 43-48, pl. 3. GOEDART, J. 1700. Metamorphosis Naturalis sive Insectorum Historia. Georgium Gallet, Amstelodami. Pars secunda, pp. 174-192, pl. 46. GUNDERMANN, E. 1908. Einige Beobachtungen an Hum- melnestern. Ent. Wochenbl., Vol. 25, pp. 30-31, 35-36. HARTER, R. 1890. Biologische Beobachtungen an Hummeln 27. Bericht. Oberhess. Gesellsch. Natur-u. Heilkunde, pp. 59-75. 186 Psyche [August HOFFER, E. 1882-83. Die Hummeln Steiermarks. Lebens- geschichte und Beschreibung derselben. Leuschner & Lubensky, Graz. 1888. Die Schmarotzerhummeln Steiermarks. Lebens- gechichte und Beschreibung derselben. Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark, Vol. 25, pp. 82-159, 1 pl. HUBER, P. 1802. Observations on several Species of the Genus Apis, known by the Name of Humble-bees, and called Bombinatrices* by Linneus. Trans. Linn. Soe. London, Vol. 6, pp. 214-298, pls. 25-27. KRISTOF, L. 1883. Eigene Beobachtungen tiber das Leben einheimischer Hummeln verbunden mit einer Besprechung der dariiber von Prof. Dr. E. Hoffer im 31. und 32. Jahres- Berichte der steierm. Landes-Oberrealschule (1882-83) veréffentlichten Monographie. Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark, pp. LXIV-LXXIV. LIE-PETTERSON, O. J. 1906. Neue Beitrige zur Biologie der norwegischen Hummeln. Bergens Mus. Aarb., pp.1-43. LUTZ, F. E. 1916. The Geographic Distribution of Bombide (Hymenoptera) with Notes on Certain Species of Boreal America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 35, pp. 501-521. MORAWITZ, F. 1881. Die russischen Bombus-Arten in der Sammlung der Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften. Bull. L’Acad. Imp. Science. St. Pétersbourg, Vol. 27, pp. 213-265. PHILLIPS, E. F. 1921. Beekeeping. The MacMillan Com- pany, New York. PLATH, O. E. 1922. Notes on Psithyrus, With Records of Two New American Hosts. Biol. Bull., Vol. 43, pp. 23-4, pl. 1. PUTNAM, F. W. 1865. Notes on the Habits of Some Species of Humble-Bees. Proc. Essex Inst., Salem, Mass., Vol. 4, pp. 98-105. RADOSZKOWSKI, O. 1884. Revision des armures copula- trices des males du genre Bombus. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, Vol. 59, pp. 50-92, pls. 1-4. 1922] Unique Method of Defense of Bremus fervidus Fabricius 187 REAUMUR, R. A. d. 1742. Memoires pour servir a l/histoire des insectes. L’imprimerie Royale, Paris, Vol. 6, pp. 1-38, pls. 1-4. SLADEN, F. W. L. 1912. The Humble-bee, Its Life-History and how to Domesticate It. MacMillan & Co., London. SMITH, F. 1855. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British Museum. London. Part I. WAGNER, W. 1907. Psycho-biologische Untersuchungen an Hummeln mit Bezugnahme auf die Frage der Geselligkeit im Tierreiche. Zoologica, Vol. 19, 239 pp., 1 pl. 136 figs. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment 84-102 College Ave., Rochester, N. Y. >>» SSS y 7 a, Best equipped establishment in the United States for furnishing Entomological Supplies and Specimens American Entomological Insect Pins. Hand-made Schmitt and other Insect Boxes. Cabinets and Exhibition Cases of the finest workmanship. 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' By ODE PwArn: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. In a comprehensive paper on the bumblebees of Central Europe, Friese and Wagner (1910, p. 69) make the following statement: ‘“‘Insbesondere lisst die Kenntniss der Nester noch allzuviel zu wiinschen tibrig, was um so empfindlicher ins Ge- wicht fillt, als gerade von dieser Seite her die vielleicht wertvoll- sten Aufschliisse zu erwarten stehen, weil allen Folgerungen, die lediglich auf einem durch Fang der frei fliegenden Tiere gewon- nenen Materiale basieren, notwendigerweise eine gewisse Unsicherheit anhaften muss.’”’ The truth of this statement has been amply proved by the work of Drewsen and Schiéddte (1838), Smith (1876), Schmiedeknecht (1878), Hoffer (1881, 1882/83, 1885, 1888), Coville (1890), Sladen (1899, 1912, 1915), and Frison (1916, 1917, 1918, 1921). What Friese and Wagner (p. 69) have to say concerning the Central European bumblebees, is even more true of our American species. Of the 86 New World species of Bremus (Bombus) listed by Franklin (1912/13, 1914) and Frison (1921a), the nesting habits of only 17 have thus far been recorded, but some of these data are so incomplete that they have little or no value. It is the object of this paper to add another species (Bremus occidentalis Greene) to those enumerated below and to supplement our knowledge concerning the nesting habits of 1Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, No. 211. 2Those of Bremus affinis, auricomus, bimaculatus, borealis, cayennensis, emelie (thor- acicus), fervidus, flavifrons, impatiens, pennsylvanicus, perplexus, rufocinclus, separalus, lernarius, terricola, and vagans;by Putman (1865), Coville (1890), Hudson (1892), von Ihering 1903), Franklin (1912/13), Howard (1918), and Frison (1916, 1917, 1918, 1921). 190 Psyche [October-December several others. A brief résumé of all that is known of the nesting habits of the 9 species treated in this paper has been added, in order to make these data as complete as possible. The new facts which I have recorded in the following paragraphs are based on observations of 55 bumblebee colonies which were discovered at Berkeley, Calif., Washington, Me., and Boston, Mass., during the summers of 1920, 1921, and 1922, and on copious field notes. The interesting beetles of the genus Antherophagus, and also mites of the family Gamasidx, occurred in almost every one of the 50 nests which I examined, and in one case over 29 of the beetles were found; but, to avoid useless repetition, the individual cases are not cited below. TERRESTRIS GROUP. I. Bremus affinis Cresson. Very little is known concerning the nesting habits of this bee. Some years ago, Franklin (1912/13, I, p. 280) found a nest in southern Vermont during the early part of July. It was situated In an open mowing place on the surface of the ground, and, since it contained but a few cells with par- tially developed larve, had apparently been started only shortly before by the queen. Franklin {(p. 280) makes the following statement regarding the location of this nest: ‘Although this was a surface nest, the fact that the queens of this species are never seen in abundance, while the workers and males in late summer often appear in large numbers, together with the fact that their nests are so seldom found, leads me to the opinion that they are usually subterranean.”’ The surmise expressed in the forgoing quotation is confirmed by my own observations. Of 9 Bremus affinis nests discovered in the Arnold Arboretum (within the city limits of Boston) during the summers of 1921 and 1922, every one was subterranean. They were situated from 1 to 4 ft. below the surface of the ground and had tunnels varying from 18 inches to 8 ft. in length. The 1922] Notes on Nesting Habits of North American Bumblebees 191 largest colony was taken on September 1, 1922. It contained the old queen, 19 young queens, 27 males, and over 175 workers. Not long ago, Bequaert (1920) described a new variety of Bremus affinis which he called nove-anglie. This variety oc- curred in 2 of the 8 nests mentioned above. The first of these was taken July 11, 1922. It contained (1) the old queen, 1 young queen, and 43 workers of Bremus affinis; (2) 12 workers of Bremus affinis var. nove-anglie; and (3) 1 worker of Bremus terricola Kirby. The second nest was taken August 4, 1922: In it were found (1) 23 workers of Bremus affinis; (2) 9 workers of Bremus affinis var. nove-angliv; and (3) 1 worker of Bremus terricola. The contents of these two nests, and the character of the bees reared from the second, suggest that Bremus affinis var. nove-anglie Bequaert is a hybrid between Bremus affinis and Bremus terricola, a question which will be discussed in an- other paper. Two other of the 8 Bremus affinis nests were victimized by Psithyrus ashtoni Cresson. One of these, on August 9, 1921, contained (1) the old queen and about 100 workers of Bremus affinis; and (2) the old queen, 3 young queens, and 6 males of Psithyrus ashtoni. A detailed account of the subsequent history of this affinis-ashtont colony has appeared in another paper (1922). The second colony parasitized by Pszthyrus ashtoni was taken on July 26, 1922. It contained (1) the old queen and about 20 workers of Bremus affinis; and (2) the old queen (dead), 2 young queens, and 2 males of Psthyrus ashton’. During the following weeks several more young Psithyrus queens and males were obtained from this colony. Bremus affinis frequently stores a considerable quantity of pollen in long, waxen cells, which Hoffer (1882/83, II. pp. 85, 86) called pollen cylinders. I noticed a number of these pollen cylinders in 2 of the 8 Bremus affinis colonies. Both of these colonies were rather large, each one having over 150 workers. In one of these two nests most of the pollen cylinders were from 5 to 6 em. long, and the total pollen contained in them weighed about 2 ounces. 192 Psyche [October-December The queen of Bremus affinis is colored differently than the workers and males, and for a time it seemed doubtful whether the two groups belonged together (ef. Franklin 1912/13, I, p. 280). My observations confirm the conclusions of Bridwell and Frank- lin. In the vicinity of Boston, the queens of Bremus affinis leave their winter quarters toward the end of April, and most colonies are probably started in May. The workers begin to appear toward the end of May, and the young queens and males are largely produced in August and September. The more pros- perous nests do not break up until October. Bremus affinis is gentle as compared with such species as Bremus fervidus and Bremus impatiens. When one disturbs their nest, the foraging workers, as a rule, immediately fly away as soon as they notice the intruder. Il. Bremus occidentalis Greene. : There seems to be no record (cf. Franklin 1912/13, I, p. 273) that a nest of Bremus occidentalis has ever been taken. I acci- dentally discovered 2 nests of this species at Berkeley, Calif. during the summer of 1920, both of which were subterranean. One of these was about 2 ft. below the surface of the ground, and contained (July 12th) 5 young queens and over 80 workers. This colony was transferred to an observation box, but soon after- wards was destroved by Argentine ants ([ridomyrmex hunulis Mayr). The other colony was not dug up. Bremus occidentalis is similar in disposition to Bremus affinis. Ill. Bremus terricola Kirby. Practically nothing is known concerning the nesting habits of this species. Coville (1890) probably took a colony near Ithaca, N. Y. during the summer of 1885, but he only briefly refers toits egg-laying habits. I took a nest of this species near the Arnold Arboretum on July 3, 1922, and about two weeks later another nest was taken by Dr. E. 8S. Anderson, at Washington, Me. The nest which I took was situated 9 inches below the surface of the ground with 1922] Notes on Nesting Habits of North American Bumblebees 193 a tunnel 1 ft. long; the other, according to Dr. Anderson, was about 3 ft. below the surface, and had a tunnel 21 ft. long. The nest taken near the Arnold Arboretum contained (1) 9 young queens and about 60 workers of Bremus terricola; and (2) the well-preserved bodies of a Bremus impatiens and a Psithyrus queen belonging to the Laboriosus Group. In the other, Dr. Anderson found (1) the old queen and about 125 workers of Bremus terricola: and (2) numerous pseudo-scorpions. In the vicinity of Boston, Bremus terricola is the first bumble- bee to appear in spring. In 1922 several queens were seen on willow as early as April 13th. Most colonies are probably started between the 15th of April and the 15th of May. The workers begin to appear shortly after the middle of May, and most of the young queens and males are produced in July and August. I have never seen anv workers after September Ist. The workers of Bremus terricola are somewhat more vicious than those of Bremus affinis. BOREALIS GROUP. I. Bremus borealis Kirby. Coville (1890, pp. 198,201) records taking a nest of this species in July 1885 near Ithaca, N. Y. It contained “the queen and a large number of workers,’’ but nothing is said as to whether the nest was situated on, or below, the surface of the ground. On July 8, 1922, I noticed a Bremus borealis queen searching for her nest among the mowed grass near a stump, about a mile from the Arnold Arboretum. She was carrying a big load of pollen and repeatedly arose into the air to take her bearings. Whenever she alighted, she hurriedly crept about among the grass, at times frantically shaking her wings. I removed all the cut grass within a radius of about 10 ft. of the stump, but even then she was unable to find her nest. Fearing that she might desert the place, I captured and used her for breeding experiments which will be described ina separate paper. Although I searched carefully near the stump, no surface nest 194 Psyche [October-December could be found, and it is therefore probable that this nest was subterranean. In the neighborhood of Boston, Bremus borealis is extremely rare. Most of the queens probably do not appear until late in spring. Three other queens which I captured in 1922 were taken May 29th (on Diervilla), June. 6th (on ‘-Rhododendron). and July 2nd (searching for a nesting site). However I have never seen any workers or males of this species near Boston. PRATORUM GROUP. I. Bremus bimaculatus Cresson. The only nest of Bremus bimaculatus of which we have a record was taken by Franklin (1912/13, I, p. 308) on July 15, 1904, at Bernardstown, Mass. It was situated on the surface of the ground, among the bases of saplings. in a thicket of alders, and contained 6 queens, 10 workers, 9 males and a considerable number of cells with partially developed larvee. I found 4 nests of this species in, or near, the Arnold Arboretum during the summers of 1921 and 1922. All were subterranean, and from 6 inches to 1 ft. below the surface of the ground, the tunnels varying from 9 inches to 4 ft. in length. One of the shorter-tunneled nests, taken July 3, 1921, was al- most completely destroyed by the larve of the tachinid fly, Brachycoma sarcophagina Townsend (det. Mr. C. W. Johnson). This nest also contained several thief ants (Solenopsis molesta Say (det. Dr. G. C. Wheeler). The largest of the 4 nests con- tained (July 8, 1921) the old queen, 23 young queens, over 60 workers, and a considerable number of queen cells. In the vicinity of Boston, the queens of Bremus bimaculatus appear at about the same time as those oi Bremus ferricola, 7. e. during the Jatter half of April. Most colonies are probably started in May. Like Bremus pratorum in Europe, Bremus bi- maculatus completes its life-cycle very early. The workers begin to appear in considerable numbers toward the end of May. while most of the young queens and males are produced in June and July. The nests break up in August. 1922] Notes on Nesting Habits of North American Bumblebees 195 Franklin (1912/13, I, p. 309) says that the workers of this species are ‘‘very waspish,’’ a statement which is corroborated by my experiences. II, Bremus impatiens Cresson. Putnam (1865, p. 101) reports taking a nest of this species under an old stump, in an orchard, but gives no further details, while Franklin (1912/13, I, p. 313) has the following to say con-, cerning the nesting habits of this bumblebee: ‘I have taken several nests of this species and have known of their being taken by others and, as far as I have been able to ascertain, they are invariably subterranean and the colonies often consist of a very large number of individuals.” On August 31, 1904, the same author took a nest of Bremus impatiens, at Amherst, Mass. It was about 23 ft. below the surface of the ground and con- tained 4 queens, 15 males, 321 workers, and 330 unbroken cells, 154 of which were queen cells. I took 16 nests of this species during the summers of 1921 and 1922. Of these 16 nests, 11 were discovered in, and 5 near, the Arnold Arboretum, one of the latter being taken on the grounds of the Bussey Institution. All of these 16 nests, as well as several others which were not dug up, were subterranean. They were from 1 to 3 ft. below the surface, and had tunnels varying from 18 inches to 5 ft.inlength. A number of these nests were situated in decayed stumps. Most of the colonies were very populous, the largest one consisting of over 450 workers (August 4, 1921). Five of the nests taken during the early part of the summer contained, in addition to the queen which “‘ruled”’ the nest, from 1 to 4 dead impatiens queens. One of the 16 colonies was parasitized by a Psithyrus he- longing to the Laboriosus Group. This nest, on August 8, 1922, contained (1) 17 males and about 75 workers of Bremus impatiens, as well as the well-preserved body of the old queen; and (2) the old queen and 2 males of Psithyrus. During the next few weeks, a considerable number of Bremus and Psithyrus males, and several Psithyrus females, were reared from this Bremus- Psithyrus colony. 196 Psyche [October-December Another of the 16 nests which was taken on September 11, 1922, contained (1) 31 males and about 50 workers of Bremus impatiens; (2) many adults and larve of Antherophagus: (3) a large number of spiny, dipterous larve (probably those of Fannia); and (4) numerous pseudo-scorpions (Chelanops sanborni Hagen (det. Mr. Nathan Banks). Afewof these pseudo-scor- pions were also found in one of the affinis nests. Mr. Nathan Banks has informed me that Chelanops sanborni is frequently found attached to the appendages of insects, especially those of Diptera. This fact, together with the fact that all 3 nests in which these pseudo-scorpions occurred, were at least 3 ft. below the surface of the ground, and had exceptionally long tunnels, suggests that Chelanops, like the beetles of the genus Anthero- phagus, gets into bumblebee nests by phoresy (cf. Wheeler, 1919). Franklin (1912/13, I, p. 313) states that in the large nest of Bremus impatiens taken.by him, the majority of the cells seemed to be entirely separate from one another. This was the case with most of the 8 Bremus affinis nests which J took, but it was not true of any of the 16 zmpatiens nests. In addition to the main tunnel, which was about 114 inches in diameter, 3 of the most populous nests also had a narrower tunnel, about 4 inch in diameter, leading to the nest from the side opposite the main tunnel. Through this narrow tunnel, probably made by the bees themselves, nesting material was dragged in. In Europe, Wagner (1907, p. 11) found a similar narrow, secondary tunnel in connection with a nest of Bremus lapidarius, and concluded that it was constructed by the queen. However it seems more likely that this passage, if made by the bees, is excavated by the workers, and that it probably also serves as a ventilating shaft, for Bremus lapidarius, like Bremus impatiens, frequently has very populous colonies. A prosperous Bremus impatiens colony stores a considerable quantity of honey and pollen. The latter, as in the case of Bremus affinis, is sometimes stored in pollen cylinders. In the vicinity of Boston, the queens of Bremus impatiens appear in large numbers in May, and most colonies are probably 1922] Notes on Nesting Habits of North American Bumblebees 197 started between the middle of May and the middle of June. The workers begin to appear about the first week of June, and the majority of the young queens and males hatch in August and September. The workers may be seen foraging as late as October. Bremus impatiens 1s one of the more vicious species. Ill. Bremus vagans Smith. A nest of this species was discovered by Putnam (1865, p. 98) in 1862 at Warwick, Mass., but it is not clear from his description, whether it was situated in an old stump or under a pile of stones. A nest taken by Beutenmiiller (cf. Franklin, 1912/13, I, p. 354), at Potato Knob, North Carolina (elevation 6,420 ft.), about July 1, 1902, was situated in a hollow tree, and contained 2 queens and 8 workers, but several individuals escaped.