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LIBRARIES = INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3Iy¥VvysII ates 5 o . 8 = E E = Fy e - - E E wn z G 2 2 NOILALILSNI NWINOSHLINS S3JIYVWYSIT SMITHSONIAN _ NO: NVINOSHLINS S3ZIYVYUEIT LIBRARIES ar. NVINOSHLINS SAIYVUaIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN “iy LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IuvugiT LIE NS v. » SS . a NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES NOILNLILSNI NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31a¥vudiT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOI aX x. aN rN SMITHSONIAN -IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS SSIYvVualT_ LIE Qo we y dm Wy, S31NVYUSIT_ LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI S3INYVYYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION saluvy9gl INSTITUTION PariSON; > 4LIWS NSTTY, > Q )NIAN 1LIWS INIAN ALIWS INIAN a LD, a &) Ky (SQUP PD aj) Peay wiht A JOURNAL (On HNTOMOL@GiyY [Established in 1874 | VOLUME 9 IQO00-1902 CamMBRIDGE, Mass., U. S. A. 1\GbLSA1 CAMBRIDGE, ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 1902. es Uy lies Pa \iiles UN TAVO Th It) ; Ki \\ a. 14 a CONTENTS. ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Hymenoptera Parasitica . Hymenoptera (part) : A new Bruchophagus from Mexico A new Catolaccus on Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. Baker, C. F. On some American species of Macropsis (Jassidae) Notes on Macropsis and Agallia (Jassidae) Another note on Deltocephalus melsheimerii Batt, E. D. Notes on the species of Macropsis and Agallia of North Aineriee BANKS, NATHAN. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Arach- nida. Neuroptera Neuropteroid insects : BLATCHLEY, W. L. On the species of iNemiobiue ton to occur in Tndiece Brues, CHARLES THOMAS. Notes on the larvae of some Texan Diptera. /dlus- trated . . é 3 0 5 O 5 3 5 2 : : Buscx, AuGustT. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Micro- lepidoptera 0 0 : c oe OH CockERELL, T. D. A. The name Leonia . Table of North American Kermes, based on exter nal charecier s Some Coccidae quarantined at San Francisco . : Some insects of the Hudsonian Zone in New Mexico . : ¢ 6 123, Hymenoptera Apoidea Lepidoptera Rhopalocera Diptera, Lepidoptera, Er meneptera Myrratciane A new coccid on roots of Rubus ; Hemiptera on Verbascum Records of the habits of New Mewican Gelkontere The pupa of Mermiria texana Bruner . 0 : 5 . : ° . CocKkERELL, T. D. A. See Newberry, Minnie. CockEeRELL, T. D. A. and Kine, G. B. Notes on a pticerya townsendi Ckll. Illustrated . . C CoquiLLettT, D.W. Some insects ae the medeonian Zonet in New Mesto! Dipters DuRAND, NAPIER N. Notes on two Canadian butterflies Dyar, Harrison G. Life histories of North American Gesmenians ilps 163, 9 147 87 10, 21, 59, 69, 93, 106, 118, 130, 142, 155, 165, 177, 189, 203, 226, 239, CORRECTION of an error 250, 262, 273, 287, 298, 310, 336, 344, 371, 353, 396, 407, 419, 4 28. It SUPPLEMENTARY notes on Orgyia . : 143 Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New VGtwe= Tenidapters eterocers (part) - : 6 . : : : : ; c : ; : : : 146 Farr, H.C. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico—Coleoptera_ . 303 Faxon, WALTER. The habits and notes of the New England species of Oecanthus 183 Fett, E. P. Two new species of Ophion : c . . 307 Fosom, Justus Watson. The distribution of Holarctic Golemnols c : 159 Review of the collembolan genus Neelus and ee of N. minutus n. sp. Plate 2 5 : ° ° c o 219 The identity of the snow- ice (Acher utes nivicola Fitch). Plate> . 5 5 315 Collembola of the grave. Plate 4 : < - 5 : 0 363 Foret, AuGuste. Sketch of the habits of North Panericant ants . - 231, 243 Gitterte, C. P. Identification of two of Fitch’s species, viz., Deltocephalus mel- sheimerii and Chlorotettix unicolor . : 5 : 2 : 2 6 “ 171 Hancock, J. L. Synopsis of subfamilies and genera of North American Tetti- gidae . : 3 : : . 2 2 5 - 6 A new tettigian genus and species fe om South Nate. Illustrated 3 2 Haywarp, RoLANpD. The katydid’s call in relation to temperature . 5 : ° 179 A note on the secondary sexual characters of Omophron : . : c 304 HENSHAW, SAMUEL. New England Orthoptera . . . : ° 119 Bibliographical notes. X. Biologia Gentaiearncricana™Orthaptecn : . 274 Horxrins, A. D. American fossil Coleoptera referred to the Scolytidae. J2/ustrated 64 Hunter, S. J. and Surron, W. S. The Melanopli of Kansas . : 0 : . 63, 76, 88 KrLLOGG, VERNON L. A new blepharocerid. Jllustrated : : 9 . . 39 Stanford university’s collection of Japanese scale insects. 5 3 : c 144 Food of larvae of Simulium and Blepharocera . 5 . . . c 166 The triangle spider in California . c : : : 5 5 : 167 Insects and spiders of the Galapagos ielande) : o : 173 Studies for students—I. The anatomy of the larva of the pant crane-fly, Holorusia rubiginosa. Jllustrated . : : 207 Il. The histoblasts (imaginal buds) of the wings and ies of the wine crane- fly Holorusia rubiginosa. Jllustrated . : : ¢ 5 5 5 . 5 246 Are the’Mallophaga degenerate psocids? . - . 5 5 ° ¢ ° 339 Coccidae and Aleurodidae_. : 5 . . ° 429 KiNG, GeorGE B. The fifth species of Rennes con Maseaehunetts ° 5 : 22 The genus Kermes in North America. Jllustrated . . c 5 ° 78 Miscellaneous notes on Coccidae from western Massachusetts . . : . 116 Coccidae of the Harvard botanical gardens . A * : . . . . 153 Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. 2 . : . > : 5 . 0 199 Kermes quercus Linn. . 3 3 . ° ' 258 A check-list of the Massachusetts oeieidaes with some notes on the species . 260 Some new records of the New England Formicidae. : . : : : 270 v A new species of Saissetia (Coccidae) with notes on some of the species of the genus not well understood. J//lustrated Further notes on New England Formicidae . The association of Coccidae Kinc, G. B. See Cockerell, T. D. A. KusNezow, NicHoLas. On the productive coloration and attitude of Libythea celtis Esp. Jdlustrated ; McCLENDON, Jesse F. A new species of Chrysopa from Texas. //lustrated McNEIL, JEROME. The orthopteran genus Trimerotropis 6 Mayer, ALFRED GOLDsBoROUGH. On the mating instinct in moths : MELANDER, ALEX LEONARD. Oe a aaa in a new species of Hilara. Illustrated A new silphid beetle from a Piavle insect- Sip ; 5 Morsk, ALBERT Pirts. Variation in Tridactylus. //lustrated Dichopetala brevicauda —a correction : 5 5 C : - MucKERMANN, HERMAN. The structure of the nests of some North American species of Formica NEEDHAM, JAMES G. A probable new type of Eee ee Illustrated A simplified spreading board ; NEWBERRY, MINNIE, and CocKERELL, T. D. im Notes on the Sears of Anthi- dium paroselae Osporn. HERBERT Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico.— Rhyn- chota Heteroptera : An interesting case of mimicry PACKARD, ALPHEUS SPRING. Occurrence of Myrmeleon immaculatum De Geer in Maine Occurrence of Machilis vatiabilis 1 in Maine Occurrence of Melanoplus extremus in northern Teabrador Occurrence of Anopheles quadrimaculatus in Maine On the larval forms of several exotic ceratocampid moths : A preliminary sketch of the Sphingicampidae, a new group of Proreepnineine Lepidoptera, with its subdivisions ° On the limits of the family Saturniidae, with a note on cine! genus Rothschildia PeckHAM, GEORGE W. and ELizaABETH G. Some new, genera and species of Attidae from South Africa Ritey, WittiAM A. The so-called mandibles of spiders : : r 5 ScuppER, SAMUEL HuBBARD. The species of the oedipodine genus Heliastus occurring in the United States The species of Hadrotettix, a genus of Gedipodinae Notes on the orthopteran genus Leprus Saussure The clear-winged species of the oedipodine genus Mectobreenia 296 367 401 339 vi Localities for western Tryxalinae A list of the Orthoptera of New Bysendl The distribution of Leptysma marginicollis (Serv.) Mantis religiosa in America é : ° : ¢ : Some insects of the Hudsonian Zone in New Mewieo! Orthoptera The species of Circotettix, a North American genus of Oedipodinae The species of Diapheromera (Phasmidae) found in the United States =f Canada : . ¢ : : . A courageous butterfly, Oeneis semidea Plate 7 Miogryllus and its species in the United States The species of Gryllus on the Pacific coast Distribution of Cryptocercus punctulata . : 2 The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Siena Nevadas On the United States Orthoptera which have been referred to the genus Tridac- tylus Group characteristics of some Norn American butterflies 370, 381, 394, 405, Smiru, JouN B. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Lepidoptera Noctuidae . : a 3 ; ° . ; SNopGRASS, ROBERT E. The inverted emi gium GE Dasyllis ame Laphria Plate 5. . 2 : a : 3 SouLE, CAROLINE G. The cocoons or cases of some burrowing caterpillars. 6 Some mating notes : . : : 0 3 : - Notes on the mating of Attacus cecropia anal others. A new use for an ovipositor . 2 : : 2 : The inner cocoon of attacine moths. b Q 2 : 9 Mating of Attacus gloveri. : : : 3 6 The hatching of Eacles imperialis . f 5 Notes on hybrids of Samia cynthia and Attacus promethea Surron, W.S. See Hunter, S. J. and Sutton, W. S. VreRECK, HENRy L. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Hyme- noptera : : : . . . . 0 : . . . WHEELER, WILLIAM Horne The habits of Myrmecophila nebrascensis Bruner Illustrated. ¢ . ° 0 0 0 < 5 ° Microdon larvae in Pseudomyrma nests. /dustrated New agricultural ants from-Texas ¢ 2 S 6 WickHAM, HENRY FREDERICK. On Coleoptera Found with ants. Fifth paper Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Coleoptera UNSIGNED ARTICLES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. — American species of Tachys; Gryllus luctuosus; dark larvae of Papilio polyxenes; orthopteran fauna of Europe and the United States, 23. Election of officers; double cocoon of Samia cynthia, 41. Election of members; Orthoptera of New Eng- land; development of the wings in the potato beetle, 95. A moth raised ; 413, Dichromorpha viridis in eastern Massachusetts ; Euptoieta claudia in New England; Mantis religiosa in America; a new mimetic acridian ; Cyphoderris monstrosa; note of the katydid, 167. Annual meeting; election of officers and address of president, 179. Aleurodes citri; cave crickets ; Coenonympha in Calitornia; Enodia portlandia in New England; Miogryllus; Venation and wing folding, 311. ENTOMOLOGY FOR THE YOUNG . : 5 c : t 3 : 6 ¢ 20 INSECT-NEURATION : : 3 ; : : 4 é 4 ; ; 2 : 47 JORDAN AND KELLOGG’s ANIMAL LIFE. 3 : : Ss . ¢ Q . 144 CORRECTION .« : c : é é : : : é ; : ‘ - I91, 300, 325 WILLEM ON APTERYGOTA . ‘ : 6 F é : . F 5 5 : 252 LITERATURE 5 : 5 6 : ; 6 3 . D 5 6 - : 300 Economic ENTOMOLOGY — . F 5 J 3 F : Z ; 6 3 5 311 Notes . ° é : : ¢ : é ; : : : ¢ - 335, 360, 393, 431 CEPHALIC MORPHOLOGY : : C c . : ¢ - : . c ow BYU vil z 4 Pey CHE S SOCAN ML, (Ou INNO eoii ee we [Established in 1874] Vol. 9, No. 285 JANUARY, 1900 CONTENTS ON COLEOPTERA FOUND WITH ANTS. FirtrH Parer.— WH. F&F. Wickham. ri SYNOPSIS OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF NorTH AMERICAN TETTIGIDAE. — F. L. Hancock. . THE ‘‘ cocoons” oR ‘‘ CASES” OF SOME BURROWING CATERPILLARS. — Caroline G. * Soule. : : : ‘ F 5 : : : d : : : : Lire HISTORIES OF NorTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. VIII.— Harrison G. Dyar. Lire HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. IX.— Harrison G. Dyar. THE NAME Leonia. TZ. D. A. Cockerell CORRECTION OF AN ERROR. — Harrison G. Dyar. PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A. 10 YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, §$s. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 2oc. {Entered as second class mail matter] bo PSYCHE. (January, 1900. Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. 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CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month, at No. 156 Brattle St. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. A very few complete sets of the first six volumes of PSYCHE remain to be sold for $29. SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 4 T.00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 . 1.50 Scudder, S. H. The earliest vipeed in: sects of America. Cambridge, 1885, 8p., 1 plate .50 Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names Sage ee for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. * . Scudder, S. H. The pine- sah of Nace tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of 1.00 Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 ' «, X00) Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. 5 7 Pe Hele) Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, Jahrg. 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. 2.00 U. S. Entomological Gonniesioat nanny Report) Washington, 1885 ‘ 5 : + 12.00 SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. MANUAL OF N, A. DIPTERA. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, by S. W. Williston. Paper $2.00; Cloth. $2.25. J. T. HATHAWay, 297 Crown St., New Ilaven, Conn. SCRE. ON COLEOPTERA FOUND WITH ANS: WRT EE PAPER: BY HENRY FREDERICK WICKHAM, IOWA CITY, IOWA. From time to time it has been possi- ble to add a few records to those which I have published in the earlier papers of this series, but it has not been prac- ticable to make a systematic effort to work out the myrmecophilous fauna in the neighborhood of my own home. The fragmentary nature of the observa- tions is well realized —but even frag- ments may be of use to a future monog- rapher. 1. Formica exsectotdes Forel (name from Rev. P. Jerome Schmitt). A large colony of these ants has constructed a good-sized hillock of cinders by the side of one of the railroad tracks. An exam- ination of this nest, on the second of May, 1896, revealed many specimens of Hetaertius brunnipennts, Batrisus fossicauda, Anthicus melancholicus and one Jonotoma fulvipes. On April 24, 1898, I examined another hillock (in this case made of earth, with a thin covering of cinders) belonging to the same species. the earth to a depth of three or four inches, I got six Batrisus fosstcauda, By scraping away which seemed to be in galleries close to the surface of the mound, especially around theedges. Three J/egastélicus formicarius were also secured in this hill, besides quite a lot of Azthécas The Megastilicus is an active insect and loses no time in bury- ing itself when uncovered by the inves- It most likely belongs to the group of predatory myrmecophiles. Il. Formica fusca var. subsericea Say. This affected by Coleopterous insects, as will be seen by reference to earlier papers. A very large nest was examined in March and found to contain quite a number of /Ze¢- On the seven- melancholicus. tigator. ant is much aertus brunntpennts. teenth of April I looked again and found more of these beetles 1s well as a lot of Ptomaphagus parasitus, part of which were under a log which lay across the top of the mound while others were obtained deep down in the galleries. One Megastilicus formicarius was captured near the surface of the hillock, never before seen this and as I had beetle alive I searched carefully for 4 PSYCHE. others but without success. Besides these, and some unidentified Staphylin- idae, I found an example of Thzasophila americana Fauvel MS. Later visits showed that the Hetaerius could be found as late as the middle of May, and at this time I got Batrisus fosstcauda (chiefly near edges of the nest) anda few Anthicus melancholicus. Ill. Formica nitidiventris Em. I cannot find that any beetles are recorded from the nest of this ant, and my own observations had, until recently, been without positive result. On the fourth of last May, however, I found Cremas- tochilus harrtsiz, in the midst of a strong colony, under a piece of board, on grassy land. Records of the hosts of Cremastochilus are much to be desired, so few having been published, in spite of the undoubted status of these beetles as true guests. IV. Lastus americanus Em. This ant frequently makes its home under leaves in the woods, or under loose bark of fallen trees, or of stumps. Since such situations are also favorite haunts of many Scydmaenidae, Pselaphidae, and Staphylinidae, it is often difficult to conjecture the true relationships of the ants to the accompanying beetles. It may not be out of place, however, to record the following captures of Cole- Pycnophus rasus. Connophron pallidum, C. capil- losulum without record of date; Baz- optera with these ants: risus frontal?’s in nest under bark, April 28, both this and B. elobosus in the same situation a month later; Tmesiphorus costalis, Batrisus fron- January 1900. talis, Rybaxis conjuncta var. trun- caticornis from leaves covering a nest, May 29. Hurypronota discreta oc- curred on one occasion only. ALyrmo- biota crassicorn?s is often rather abun- dant in subcortical nests, and is, un- doubtedly, a true guest, as it seems not to be met with elsewhere. V. Lastus aphidicola Walsh. Often lives in immense colonies, under large stones, on wooded hillsides, and quite frequently inhabits rotten logs, in moist forest lands, these logs being perforated A small nest, investigated on May 31, yielded Connophron pallidum. A much larger in all directions by galleries. one, beneath a flat stone. was infested by Ceophyllus monilis, of which I took seven specimens. These beetles walked about. carrying themselves high with a ‘‘tiptoeing”’? motion, among the im- mense swarm of ants, apparently with- out suffering molestation nor receiving On May 8 Thad examined a large colony occupying a aid from their hosts. rotting stump, and took from the gal- leries three specimens each of Adranes lecontet, Ceophyllus montlis and Bat- risus globosus, one Homoeusa expansa and sixteen Zachys ferrugineus. Vhis Tachys often, if not always, occurs with ants. Mr. Hayward has found it with them, Mr. G. Beyer once sent me several, mounted Lasius, from New Jersey; and personally I cannot recollect having met with it except in A colony of what I took to be Laséus aphidicola, but which Dr. Wasmann identifies as L. interjection?s Mayr, at home in an with the above mentioned nest. January 1900.) old stump, was sifted over on May 29, and from it I obtained Adranes lecon- tet, Ceophyllus monil’s and Limulodes paradoxus. VI. Tapinoma sessile Say. This species is very common near Iowa City, but seems but very little favored by guests. I have a record of Connophron longtipenne taken with it, April 17, but the occurrence is probably acci- dental. VII. Ponera pennsylvanica Buck. Frequently met with, but I have only a single record, Connophron clavicorne, found with this ant, April 17. VIII. Aphaenogaster aguia Buck. Nests in the ground, the galleries open- ing in the protection of a stone or piece of wood, the latter often much pierced by the tunnels. During April and May, Limulodes paradoxus occurs abun- dantly with this species, and the little beetles may be seen running around among their hosts without any moles- tation whatever. IX. Pogonomyrmex opaciceps Mayr. Specimens of this ant were sent me from the neighborhood of Denver, Colorado, by Mr. Ernest Ne Oslar, who writes that it is the host of Cremasto- chilus sauctus and C. knocht?, speci- have also received mens of which I from him. He finds the beetles with their hosts at various times, my ex- amples of sauwcéws being dated E. Denver, April ro, Berkeley, June 3, and Salida, July rr. marked Berkeley, April 8, and Chim- ney Gulch, June 18. He says of saz- céus: ‘© 1 generally find it in ant hills The knochid are PSYCHE. 5 but never more than one in each, at all times of the year. Last winter, just before Christmas, a friend and myself drove to a place called Parkers, twenty- five miles south of Denver, on a three days’ jack rabbit hunt, while a foot of snow lay on the ground. I kicked up four saucius from the ant hills during the three days Of course they were dormant, and I carried of our hunting. them in an empty cartridge shell. By the time I got back to Denver they were all lively from the warmth of my I notice that it is difficult to get perfect specimens of this beetle, the pocket.” legs often being much mutilated, sup- posedly by the ants which are large and fierce creatures. X. Pheidole vinlandica Forel, (name from Rey. P. Jerome Schmitt). From a nest of this species I got a single specimen of Aténus montlicornis. The colony was housed under a large stone, by the roadside, in the vicinity of Nash- ville, Tennessee. The date was about the middle of August. XI. Cremastogaster olinelata Say. Although this is one of our commonest Iowa ants and occurs in great colonies, I seldom find any beetles with it except such as are clearly casual companions. I have, however, a record of Pycno- phus rasus which may be worth saving. All of the foregoing notes are to be considered as referring to observations made near Iowa city, unless otherwise stated. I wish to express my thanks to Mr. Theo. Pergande and to Rev. P. Jerome Schmitt for kind aid rendered in the way of identifications. 6 IPS ACI FMR. [January 1900. SYNOPSIS OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF NORTH AMER- ICAN TETTIGIDAE. (Based upon the synoptical table of Prof. Bolivar.) BY J. L. HANCOCK, CHICAGO, ILL. 1 (2) Antennae filiform, rarely the last two articles before the extremity very little compressed. 2 (1) Face more or less oblique or perpendicular; median ocellus situated in front of the eyes. 3 (16) Anterior femora more or less compressed, carinate above. 4 (5) Frontal costa furculate between the eyes, the branches strongly diverging, forming a frontal scutellum. Subfamily CLaponorinae Bol. 5 (4) Pronotum largely compressed, above completely foliaceous, rounded-angu- late, posteriorly truncate. Gen. Chorophyllum Serv. 6 (8) Antennae with twelve to fourteen articles; pronotum anteriorly truncate, or angulate, or rarely angulate produced, posterior angles of the lateral lobes turned downwards, more or less rounded, not obliquely truncate. Subfamily Trrricinar Bol. 7 (13) Vertex advanced in front of the eyes, wider than one of them, in profile united with the frontal costa, generally angulate anteriorly. 8 (6) Antennae with twelve, rarely thirteen articles; pronotum with the dorsal front margin angulate produced, median carina cristiform, more or less arched longitudinally, median lobule of the posterior margin of lateral lobe feebly developed, sub-humeral sinus for the reception of elytra shallow. Gen. Nomotettix Morse. g (10) Antennae with fourteen or often thirteen articles ; pronotum generally not advanced upon the head to the eyes, median lobule of posterior margin of the lateral lobe well developed, the sub-humeral sinus quite deep. Gen. Zettix Charp. 10 (9) Vertex a little advanced in front of eyes, equal to, or considerably wider than one of them, in profile united with the frontal costa rounded, or de- presso-rounded. 11 (12) Vertex considerably wider than one of the eyes, branches of the frontal costa more or less strongly divergent, antennae consisting of twelve to thir- teen articles. Gen. Weotettix Hanc. 12 (1t) Vertex equal to one of the eyes, branches of frontal costa narrowly forked, straight and evenly divergent. Gen. MWerotettix Morse.* *Given on the authority of Prof. A. P. Morse; a recently described genus in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. vol. vii, P- 199, 1899. January r1900.] PSV GHP. “1 13 (7) Vertex not advanced in front of the eyes; median carina of pronotum scarcely elevated. 14 (15) Body usually broad between the shoulders; vertex narrower or equally wide with one of the eyes; second femoral carinae more or less flexuous, or undulate, or lobate, or clypeate, very rarely straight. Gen. Paratettix Bol. 15 (14) Vertex strongly narrowed in front, the front border nearly one-half the breadth of an eye, or less; body usually prolongate; branches of frontal costa sub-parallel, closely approximate. Gen. Telmatett/x gen. n. 16 (3) Anterior femora above distinctly and broadly sulcate ; pronotum in front produced more or less above the head, very frequently hooked, accuminate, or, to a certain extent, obtusely rounded angulate; antennae sixteen to twenty- two articles. Subfamily BarracuipInaE Bol. 17 (18) Body strongly tumid; dorsum of the pronotum convex, lightly punc- tate, lateral carinae in front of the shoulders wanting. Gen. Paxzlla Bol. 18 (17) Body narrower; dorsum of the pronotum, between the carina rather concave, conspersed with more or less longitudinal wrinkles, lateral carinae in front of the shoulders present. Gen. JTettig¢dea Scudd. THE ** COCOONS” OR ‘‘ CASES” OF SOME BURROWING CATERPILLARS. BY CAROLINE G. SOULE, BROOKLINE, MASS. From much watching of pupating caterpillars, especially of such sphin- gids and ceratocampids as go into the ground to pupate, I gradually came to doubt the exactness of the statements, enough to give ample room for cases. Into each box I put a larva ready to pupate, and wandering in search of a suitable place. All burrowed very soon, and I left the boxes undisturbed for a few days, that no unusual condi- tion should aflect the larvae. made in many books, that such cater- pillars spin ‘*cases” or ‘* cocoons” in the earth inside of which they transform. Last summer I had a good supply of Protoparce celeus and carolina, Philampelus pandorus and achemon, Ceratomta amyntor,and Paonias exco- ecatus, with which I experimented. Into tin boxes I put sifted earth deep On examining the boxes, which was very carefully done, I found, in every case, no sign of silk, and no ‘‘ case” which held together at all. 1 found an oval cavity, smooth, and large enough to hold the pupa easily, allowing free motion of the abdominal segments and 8 PSV CHEE: even space to turn over completely. The walls of the cavity seemed pressed by the turning of the caterpillar and moistened by the sticky fluid which exudes from such larvae in the early stages of pupation. This combined fluid and pressure served to keep the earth from falling upon the caterpillar under ordinary circumstances, but a very slight touch with pencil, fingers, or stem sent the upper walls down as dirt, not as fragments of a case or of a wall. I then put less earth in a tin and put on it a caterpillar which was ready to burrow, and watched it. Butting its head against the earth it made a small hole, then worked the hole larger until it would admit the entire body, which the earth was not deep enough to cover. The caterpillar then moved about in this hole, butting the sides with its head “until there was room to spare, and the walls were packed by the pressure. Exudation had begun and the fluid was forced against the walls by the crawling and butting of the caterpillar,.so that all was absorbed by the earth. There was no spinning whatever, nor any of the weaving motion of the head made by the caterpillar when At first the caterpillar lay moist. spinning. on its venter, shortened and After a day or two it turned upon one side, curled slightly in a curve. Next it turned on the other side, then on its back, still slightly curled. Then the ends of the skin began to look empty, and the caterpillar slowly rolled over {January 1900. upon the venter, and soon cast the larva skin. I repeated this experiment sev- eral times, and with different species, and always with the same result. Dryocampa rubicunda the same results also, though much less fluid exudes from these. I satisfied myself that with these species the cell formed for pupation could not be called either a case or a cocoon, since it could not be taken up gave asa whole without taking up enough of the surrounding earth to keep from it all pressure and jar, as these destroy it at once. I tried the same plan with Dezlephila lineata, which in my former experiences has always spun a slight cocoon, like a fish-net, between leaves. The four specimens I put into the four tins with earth, shaped cells for themselves, and did not spin at all. They did not burrow as deep as the other larvae however. The boxes were kept tightly covered except when I was watching the cater- pillars, so that the earth was not dried too much. The pupae were all perfect, but no better, except those of the Protoparce and C. amyntor, than those made by the other larvae pupating in tins with- out earth. In making their cells the caterpillars did not bring earth to the surface, but merely pushed it back on all sides, so that in the tins with deeper earth there was no trace of any burrow or cater- pillar. January 1900. PSYCHE. 9 LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. —VIII. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. The is well Calocampe undulata Linn. larva that bears this name in Europe known, having been frequently described and figured. (See Hofmann, Raup. Gross- Schmett. Eur., p. 230). The American lar- va has been described only by Fitch. Our larva differs decidedly in habit, coloration and food plant from the European one, so that it hardly seems as if they could be the same species. Newman says the European moth lays the eggs singly, or at least never adjoining each other, and the larvae are not decidedly gregarious and Hofmann does not contradict this. “he European larva hasa brown head and is gray below, brown above, faintly lined with black, the dorsal line finely edged with whitish and with a whitish stig- matal line. The food plant is willow. The following description will show how our lar- va differs : — Eggs. Laid in a pile, nine square and four layers deep, the upper layers composed of less eggs than the lower and consequently smaller, but on one side all the layers are equal. Elliptical, strongly flattened above and below and a little so on the sides by mutual pressure, the ends rounded, the one toward the tapering side of the pile a little depressed, none truncate; reticulations flat- tened, not raised, the egg indistinctly a many-sided polygon; reticulations whitish, not very distinct. Color green, then pink- ish yellow, finally gray before hatching; size .6 x .4 x .3 mm. Stage I. Head pale yellow, ocelli black; round, slightly bilobed, no marks; width 3 Body somewhat robust, not elongate, feet normal; ocherous yellow, all the tuber- cles distinct and broadly dark brown, large, bearing dark, swollen-tipped setae. Cervi- cal shield not cornified, concolorous, the mm. tubercles also brown and distinct as on the body; anal plate and anal leg plates triangu- lar, dusky. Tubercle vi absent. The larvae spun up gregariously a silky web at the tip of a leaf and fed therein. Stage If. Head rounded bilobed, shin- ing pale yellow; width .5 mm. Body trans- lucent yellowish, tubercles large, black; a broad, shaded, faint, narrower dorsal one. subdorsal black band and a Shields and feet pale; setae moderate, dusky. Stage III. Head round, full, slightly bi- lobed, shining reddish orange; width 1-1 mm. (Calculated should be .g mm.) Body thick, short, a little flattened; pale green with dorsal, addorsal and subdorsal broad, straight black lines with only narrow spaces between, the subdorsal broadest and edged with whitish below. Tubercles and spira- cles black; cervical shield pale centrally, black at the sides; anal plate and large leg- shield black; setae short, pale. Stage IV. Head as before, shining red- dish orange; width 1.5 mm. Body as be- fore, the dorsal and addorsal lines black, their narrow interspaces forming pulveru- lent yellowish white lines on the broad dark dorsum; subdorsal line reaches tubercle iii and is edged below by a suprastigmatal, nar- row, yellowish line. Subventer dull yellow- ish with faint, pale, subventral line and rings about tubercles vii. Feet and venter pale, spiracles black ringed; anal plate and large anal leg-shields deep black; cervical shield red like the head, black on the lateral margins; tubercles black, moderate; setae rather long, fine, pale. The larvae live till maturity gregariously within the leaves which they spin together and eat off the upper epidermis and paren- chyma. Whole shoots may be thus spun up 10 PSYCHE. by one brood of larvae, the leaves turned brown and withered. ‘Two broods in the year. pupa in the ground. The larva in New York and New Jersey on the wild Winter passed as is common {January rgoo. cherry (Prunus serotina), its only food plant. Were this plant of any economic im- portance, this Geometrid would be classed among the injurious species. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE .—IX. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Therina athastaria Walker. The moth was determined by Dr. Hulst. The only reference to the early stages of this species is by Dr. Packard (Therina seminudaria, Rept. ent. U. S. dept. Agr, 1886, p. 329; 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., p. 777), who describes a pupa and gives as food plant white pine. But as this is not the food plant of Z. athasiaria, | doubted the determination. The doubt was confirmed by finding Dr. Packard’s bred moth, with his label attached, in the National Museum. It proves to be 7. fellucrdarta G.& R. There- fore the early stages of ZT. athasiar’a have not been previously referred to. Egg. Elliptical, narrowing a little at one end, and smoothly truncate at the other, shining dark bluish green. The truncate sur- face is distinctly limited, and a little bulging centrally. Surface neatly reticulate in rounded areas, the reticulations not shiny, not elevated. Size .8 X .6 X .5mm. The color changed to a gray green, and latter to sordid pink. Apparently laid in nature in the cracks of the bark. In confinement the moth deposited them between the cover and the glass, and under some paper lying in the bottom. The eggs hatched in ten days. Stage Z. Head large, round, dark brown, mouth region a little paler brown; setae short, stiff and pale, from minute dark tuber- width about .35 mm. Body whitish, thorax and joints 10 to 13 dorsally, and cir- cles; cling bands on joints 4 to g dark red-brown. Smooth, no projections, The brown on the thorax is a slight shading, on joints 10 to 13 bands; feet it is in dorsal and subdorsal pale; no longitudinal bands on the central portion, faint and brown lateral line which connects the trans- except a very slender verse bands. The larvae were very active, and much annoyed by the presence of others of the same species, so that many died before a few were finally induced to feed. Stage II. Head white, a little sordid, shaded with blackish at the vertex, and sides Body all opaque white, a little grayish, no marks, posteriorly: eyes black; with .6 mm. except a few tiny dark brown specks sub- dorsally centrally on the segments. In some, this forms a slender subdorsal line with a few faint dots besides. Tubercles brown; segments rather finely annulated. Setae short and pale. Stage I17. Head 1.0 mm. As _ before. Head white with many small brown-black specks; thicker at the sides posteriorly and in the sutures of clypeus; rounded bilobed, higher and wider than joint 2. Body pale gray with a slight greenish tint, obscurely longitudinally lined with several whitish lines, and sparsely black speckled. Tuber- cles i and ii, small subdorsal shades poster- iorly on the segments, a subventral broken line, and medioventral dashes compose these speckles. Foot of joint 10, and sides of thorax darkly shaded. Anal plate rounded, not black marked. Setae obscure, pale. The larvae were still very active, and difficult to feed. January 1900.] Stage IV. Head rounded bilobed, full, pale wood brown, faintly mottled with red brown, the upper tubercles black; width 1.4 mm. Body rather slender, smooth, greenish brown, faintly, finely, longitudin- ally lined with whitish, the tubercles rather broadly black marked. A subventral black- ish shade line posteriorly. The pale lines are numerous, edged finely with dark brown, crinkly and a little mottled, some of the edgings broader and blacker than the others. Stage V. Head whitish, mottled, dotted in patches with gray, tubercles and sutures of clypeus black ; width 1.7 inm. Body green- ish white, slightly tinged with brown, a little lined and gray, as before; tubercles black, setae pale. Vari- pale marbled with brownish and Shields concolorous with the body. ation in color as in the next stage. Stage VI. Head rounded, full, slightly bilobed, the clypeus small, somewhat de- pressed; width 2.2 mm. Whitish green with gray dottings over the lobes, tubercles repre- sented by black spots. Body cylindrical, smooth, uniform, colored as The bred larvae were rather brightly colored. before. Ground color pale, nearly all whitish green, the black dashes heavy subdorsally inter- segmentally; orange shading on the cervical shield, and in the subdorsal pale line, which is the only distinct line. The orange shad- ings are above the black dashes, which in turn border the pale line below. Anal plate orange shaded; tubercles represented by black spots. Another collected example was uniformly brownish, heavily mottled, only the subdorsal line, and a few streaks showing the whitish green ground color. Food plant oak. The larvae are colored like the bark, and probably rest upon it. A single brood in the year, the winter passed as pupa. Larvae from Brookhaven, Long Island, N. Y. Eggs, June 12th, mature larvae not till late September or October; the de- velopment very slow. The descriptions of the larvae of Therina are in some confusion. In the 5th report of PS ViCILE: 11 the U. S. entomological commission are four descriptions, two of larvae on oak, and two on pine and spruce. I have shown above that the pupa described (p. 777) as ‘“ semznu- daria” should be credited to pellucidarta, and probably the pupa described.on p. 841 as ‘‘feruidaria” belongs to the same, judging from ‘the food plant. On p. 186 “ ferve- daria” is described, possibly correctly: but more probably it is /iscedlarra Gn., as the moths ‘reared from the live oak in Florida by Dr. Riley” (¢. e. Mr. Koebele) are of that species, and Abbot’s locality is southern. Following this is a description of ‘ exdropz- arta,” but obviously incorrect, as it differs totally from Goodell’s correct one, which is referred to, without comment on the marked discrepancy. The description is taken from the books of the Department of Agriculture (no. 3904), and the bred moth before me proves it to refer to fiscellar’a Gn. The larvae of felluctdaria, athastaria, fescellaria (and fervidaria also?) are alike at maturity, within the normal range of variation, so that they cannot be distin- guished with certainty. As to the earlier stages, I am not yet fully informed; but hope to be able to bring out the characters before this series of papers is closed. THE NAME LeEonrsA.—In Psycue, Oct., 1899, p- 416, I discussed Leonia, and its ally Hornia, without rememberin’g that the name Leonia was proposed by Gray many years ago (1840) for a genus of Mollusca. There seems to be no alternative but to change the name of the meloid Leonia, so I will propose to substitute Leow¢dia,n.n. It is perhapsa matter of taste whether it is regarded as a distinct genus, or subgenus of Hornia. T. D. A. Cockerell. CoRRECTION OF AN Error.—In Psyche, vol. vii, p. 252 (June, 1895), I described an interesting Tineid larva, feeding on Rubus, as ** Butalis bastlarts Zell,” depending upon the supposed accuracy of the determination made for me by Prof. C. H. Fernald. The name should be changed to Schreckenstetnia festaliella Hiibn. It will then abnormality in the genus, the larva agree- not be an PSV CHE. {January 1go0. seen a previous record of the occurrence of this species in the East. Of the other species of Schreckensteinia, fel/cella Wals. is said ing with the habits and appearance of the European form. (See Walsingham, Pter. Cal. and. Or., p. 1, 1880, and Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lep., p. 690, 1895). to live on Orthocarpus and erythrtedla Clem. in the racimes of Rhus. I have not Harrison G. Dyar. ANEW VOLUME OF PST CHE begins in January, 1900, and continues through three years. ‘The subscription price (payable in advance) is $5.00 per volume, or $2.00 per year, postpaid. Numbers are issued on the first day of each month. Libraries and individuals generally ordering through subscription agencies (whéch only take annual sub- scriptions) will please notice that it is cheaper to subscribe for the entire volume at once directly of us.— Any early volume can be had for $5.00, unbound. 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DIPTERA. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, by S. W. Williston. Paper $2.00; Cloth. $2.25. J. T. HATHAWay, 297 Crown St., New Ilaven, Conn ES 6 El E:. ON THE MATING INSTINCT IN MOTHS. BY ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH MAYER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. {Annual address of the retiring president of the Cambridge Entomological Club, January 12, 1900.] During the past summer the author carried out a series of experiments to determine the nature of the mating in- stinct of Callosamia promethea. A large number of the cocoons of this moth were kindly collected for the author by W. L. Tower, Esq., in the neighborhood of Cambridge, Mass. ; and others were found by the writer at Maplewood, N. J. Altogether 449 cocoons were obtained during the win- ter of 1898-99. remain out of doors in Cambridge These were allowed to where they were exposed to the winter’s cold, and then on May 5th they were taken to Loggerhead Key, one of the Dry Tortugas Islands, Fla. This situation was most favorable for the prosecution of the experiments, for the insect does not extend south of the Carolinas, and thus the moths were separated many hundreds of miles from others of their species. Moreover Log- gerhead Key is a small sandy island, surrounded by many miles of ocean, and thus no interference with the ex- periments could come from the outside. The cocoons were hung under the shade of some trees, where they were protected from the direct rays of the sun. It was remarkable that all but five ofthe moths (3? and2@) issued from the cocoons during the early morn- ing hours between sunrise and eleven o'clock. The following table will show the rate at which the moths issued from the cocoons: Date. No. of No. of Total.|} Date. No. of No. of Total. oe e ci = SS M’y18 1 2 3 Jne8 I I 2 TO) a 2 3 9 6 I 7 20 1 2 3 Io 13 3 16 21 I °o I It 10 x Th 22 1 o I 127, 3 10 23.0 ° ° 3°55 3 8 2Auer ° I 14 10 2 12 2 I I 2 ap ts 5 13 26%) ° ° 16 2 9 II 27 eed I 2 Tees 3 6 28 o ° ° i 4 I 5 29 2 I 3 19 2 I 3 30 0 I I 20 2 I 3 31 o oO fe) 2I 1 I 2 Junet 5 2 7p 22eet 2 3 2 6 2 8 23 «0 ° ° ch} 3 6 24.0 I 1 4 2 3 5 25 0 o ° 5 4 i 5 26 0 ° ° (uk 2 5 27 0 I I fe 2 C Total x1 65 176 16 PSYCHE. It will be seen that 63% of the moths were males, and 37% were females. As is well known, in this moth the wings of the female are reddish-brown in color, while in the male the wings are black; also the antennae of the male are Jarge and bushy, while in the female they are small and slender. The male possesses the ability to seek out the female even though she be at a con- siderable distance. The males usually fly toward the females in the afternoon hours between two o’clock and sunset, and it is a common thing to observe several dozen males fluttering about the place where a female is resting. In seeking the female the male flies up against the wind until he comes into her near presence, and then he often flutters to and fro in a bungling manner that for want of better words we may designate as “stupid” and ‘ aimless.” Often he may fly into the immediate neighborhood of the female, and even then he will often flutter away without having made any attempt to mate with her. At other times, however, a male will fly at once to the female, and mate with her immediately. After issuing from the cocoon the female commonly remains quiescent for some hours until she is fertilized, after which she flies actively about, and de- posits her eggs. During her period of rest the female remains with her wings closed over her back, but when a male moth, or indeed any large object, comes near her within range of her vision she slowly and majestically opens and closes her wings several times. The males, [February 1900. when resting, react ina similar manner, but they are by no means so sensitive as the females. In captivity the moth lived from three to five days. OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS. The first experiments were directed to determine whether the attracted by the sight of the female, male was or whether he merely perceived some odor which might emanate from her. Five females were placed in a large clear glass battery jar, having a wide epen mouth. The mouth was covered with coarse-meshed mosquito netting, thus allowing a free circulation of air between the interior of the jar and the Five males liberated about one hundred feet away from the outside. were jar, and immediately flew to it, and fluttered about the open mouth. The jar was then inverted (placed mouth downward) and sand was_ packed around the open end, so as to prevent any escape of air from the interior of the jar. The females thus visible through the clear glass sides of remained _ the jar, but no scent could come from them. Under these circumstances all of the males at once flew away, and soon disappeared from sight. When the jar was turned open end up again, how- ever, all of the males reappeared, and flew excitedly aroundthe mouth. This experiment was often repeated, and The males never pay the least attention to females which are enclosed metically sealed always with the same result. in a her- preserving jar of February 1900.] clear glass. Assuming that the males are able to see thro. gh glass which appears transparent to us, conclude that sight alone is not suffi- the in her we may cient to attract the male toward female, or even so retain him presence when he is within a few inches of her. Another experiment which seems to show that the male depends solely upon scent and not at all upon sight in seek- ing out the female, may be performed as follows: A female is wrapped in loose raw cotton so as to be invisible, and yet allow some scent to emanate from her. The males then fly to the cotton and crawl over it, fluttering their wings excitedly, and grasping the cot- ton repeatedly with their abdominal claspers. In another series of experiments the females were inclosed within a wooden box having a paper chimney arising from one end, and the other end being open and covered with mosquito net- ting. This box was so arranged that a current of air blew in through the open end, and out of the paper chim- ney. The females within were invisi- ble from the outside, and yet any scent arising from them would be carried up through the chimney into the outer air. When the males were liberated they flew to the mouth of the chimney and fluttered its neighborhood. None came to the large open end of about in the box into which the air was blow- I then poured some CS, in a large flat evaporating dish and placed it near the open end of the box in such a ing. PSYCHE. 17 manner that the fumes passed up the chimney and mingled with the scent from the female The attention to new odor and still remained fluttering moths. males, however, paid no the around the chimney; nor did they seem to be distracted by the fumes of ethyl mercaptan which possesses a Evi- dently the scent which arises from the most nauseating and putrid odor. female is sufficient to overcome the fumes of CS, or ethyl mercaptan, if indeed the males have any perception of the latter odors. The entire abdomens of five females were cut off and placed upon a table, while the males were placed within a large mosquito-net cage about five feet away. liberated within five minutes of the time when the Two males were abdomens were cut off. They both flew to the recently severed abdo- mens and paid no attention to the abdo- men-less the repeated this experiment many times females in CAGE el but in all subsequent trials the males paid no attention either to the severed abdomens or to the mutilated females. As far as positive results go. however, it appears that the scent which attracts the male emanates from the abdomen of the female. When the eggs are cut out from the female she no longer attracts males, nor do the males pay any attention to the detached eggs. Dead or dying females never attract males, nor do they come to the empty cocoon from which a female has issued. When a female has remained for 18 PSYCHE. some time in any place she seems to impart an odor to the locality, for males will continue to come to it for at least two hours after she has left. It is interesting to notice that the females increase in attractiveness as they become older. This was repeat- edly demonstrated as follows. Several females all of which were about six hours old were confined in a large cage made of mosquito netting, and which allowed a very free circulation of air through it. The number of females about thirty hours old were placed in another similar cage about six feet away from the cage containing the Out of thirty-seven same younger females. males, thirty-five came exclusively to the cage containing the older females. Of the other two males, one came to the cage holding the younger females and one divided his attention between both cages. When the females are reversed from one cage to the other the males still go to the cage containing the older females. Upon testing females thirty hours old against females fifty- five hours old, it appears that they are about equally attractive. Thus of seven males, three came to the cage holding the thirty hour old females, one divided his attention between both cages, and three came to the fifty-five hour females. It thus appears that females about six hours old are not so attractive as are females one or two days old. Virgin females are more attractive than are fertilized females of the same age. When the virgins are confined in [February 1900, one cage and an equal number of fertil- ized females are placed in another cage about five feet away from the former, the majority of the males come to the cage holding the virgin females. Thus out of eleven males eight came to the virgin females, two to the fertilized females, and one to both cages. Fer- tilized females are still quite attractive to males, however, and the males will readily mate with them. This was first observed by Miss Caroline G. Soule, in 1894, who had two female promethea moths, each one of which was mated with four males and still they remained attractive to other males. In fact as long as she remains alive and in health the female attracts nales to her. One of my males mated four times with three females, and three others mated three times each. The males will make frantic efforts to mate with a female which is at the time coupling with another male. The male will fly toward the female with normal eagerness even though his entire abdomen be cut off, and he will still seek the female when his abdomen is cut off, and the sides of his thorax are covered with impervious glue. It is therefore evident that the spiracles are not the seat of the organs by which the male perceives the female scent. If, however, the antennae of the male be covered with shellac, glue, paraffin, Canada balsam, celloidin, or photo- graphic paste*, he no longer seeks the * The photographic paste used in these experiments is sold in the market under the name of Stofford’s white paste. Probably any impervious paste would serve as well. February 1900.] female, and will display no excitement even though he be placed within an inch of her. In five instances I dis- solved the photographic paste off in water, and in four of these cases the males readily mated with the females. Upon re-covering the antennae with the paste, however, the males again failed to display the least excitement when placed near the females. There can be but little doubt that the organs by which the male perceives the female are situated in the antennae. Indeed, it has long been recognized that the olfactory organs of insects are found Hauser, 1880, and Kraepelin, 1883, have given excellent descriptions of the minute anatomy of these organs, and Hauser chiefly upon the antennae. has carried out an elaborate series of the physiological experiments to deter- He cut off the antennae of a number of species of in- sects, and found that their sense of smell was then either greatly impaired or totally lost. mine their function. Covering the antennae with melted paraffin gave the same re- sults. Hauser also found that when the antennae of the male Saturnia pavonia were removed the moth never makes any attempt to mate. Packard, 1898, gives an excellent re- view of all researches relating to the anatomy and physiology of the olfac- tory organs in insects. If the eyes of a male Callosamia promethea be covered thickly with pitch or Brunswick black * so as to preclude *This substance is commonly used as a microscopic cement, and is of a pitchy consistency and a dense brown- black color. PSYCHE. 19 the possibility of sight remaining, the male will still mate in a normal manner if he be placed near the females. It will be remembered that in this moth the male is black in color, while the female is reddish brown, and in ac- cordance with the well known theory of Darwin the peculiar coloration of the male might be due to sexual selection on the part of the female. We might suppose, indeed, that the females pre- ferred dark colored males, and thus under the influence of sexual selection the males became darker and darker until the present melanic coloration had been attained. In 1897 the author showed that the melanic coloration of the male of this moth is phylogenetic- ally newer than the color pattern of the female, and this fact, as far as it goes, lends support to this theory of Dar- win’s. In order to test this hypoth- esis I cut off the wings of a number of females leaving only short stumps all the scales were care- Male wings were then from which fully brushed. carefully glued to the stumps, and thus the female presented the appear- male. Under these cir- males mated with the ance of a cumstances the females quite as readily as they would have done under normal conditions. I then tried the converse experiment, and glued female wings upon the males. Here however, the seemed to occur with normal frequency, and I was unable to detect that the females displayed any unusual aversion toward their effeminate looking con- sorts. It is also interesting to observe that normal males pay no attention to again, mating 20 PS VGLHE. the other males who display female wings. In another series of experi- ments the wings were cut entirely off of both males and females, and also all of the scales off their bodies; and yet these shabby were brushed looking males were readily accepted by normal females, nor could I see that normal males displayed any aversion to mating with the wingless females. We are, therefore, forced to conclude that the melanic coloration of the male has not been brought about through the agency of sexual selection on the part of the female. In this connection it is interesting to notice that Plateau, 1897, concludes that insects attracted only by the odor of flowers and not at all by their color. are In conclusion it gives me great pleas- ure to express my gratitude to Miss Caroline G. Soule for advice and aid; to W. L. Tower Esq. for his kindness in collecting many cocoons of the moth; and to Dr. Robert W. Fuller who pro- vided me with reagents used in the manufacture of ethyl mercaptan. of Conclustons. — The male is positively chemotactic toward some substance which emanates from the abdomen of the female, and which he perceives through olfactory organs situated upon his antennae. Summary [February 1900. Females 30-60 hours old are much more attractive to males than are young females 5-ro hours old. Vir- gin females are somewhat more attrac- tive than are fertilized ones of the same age. The male will mate at least four times either with the same or with dif- ferent females. Neither males nor females pay any attention to the appearance of their partners. The melanic colors of the male have not been brought about through sexual selection on the part ot the female. LITERATURE QUOTED. Hauser, G. 1880; Zool., Bd. Kraepelin, K. gane der Hamburg. Mayer, A. G. 1897; Bulletin Museum Comp. Zool. at Harvard Coll., Vol. xxx, p- 178-180, Pl. 3, Figs. 24-41. Packard, A. S. 1898; A Text-Book of Ento- mology, p- vi+ 729, 654 Figs. Mac- millan & Co. Plateau, F. 1897; Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, Tom. xxxrv, p. 601-644, 847- 8So. Soule, Caroline G. 1894; Psyche, The jour- nal of the Cambridge Entomological Clubs Moly 7anp 5S Harvard University, Zeitschrift fiir wissen. XXXIV, p. 367-403, 3 Taf. 1883; Ueber des Geruchsor- Gliedertiere, 48 pp. 3 Taf., Cambridge, Massachusetts. ENTOMOLOGY FOR THE yYouNG.— Ginn and Co. of Boston have just issued a second series of Stories of Insect Life, by Mary E. Murtfeldt and Clarence Moores Weed, in- tended for children. It is a little reading book of 72 pages, well illustrated, and in its few chapters ranges a wide field. A considerable portion of Blatchley’s Gleanings from Nature (The Nature Publish- ing Co., Indianapolis), intended to awaken an interest in nature in the youth of Indiana particularly, is devoted to insects and espe- cially to Orthoptera. A good many inter- esting facts may be found in it, February 1900.) LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. IAS ACTEM Ey 21 BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON D. C. Therina pullucidaria G. & R. A moth was submitted to Dr. Hulst for determin- ation. The larva is previously undescribed, though the pupa has been described by Dr. Packard (5th rept. U.S. ent. comm., 777, as In the following there is a small chance for error. The eggs and stage I were obtained from a moth of pudluctdaria, but the larvae would not feed. (They were not given pine, as I did not know their food plant at the time.) The rest of the life history is from larvae collected on pine, but not bred. However, I have a moth bred from pine by Dr. Packard, establishing the seminudarta). food plant. Eyg Roundly elliptical, flattened above and below, a little wedge shaped from side view, perfectly rounded; one end truncate, the truncate part bulging inits center. Neat- ly reticulate, the cell areas flattened. Pale green, somewhat grayish, shining. Size -8X.6X 5 mm. Laid Eggs found in nature were laid on a needle singly in captivity. of the pine ina row of two layers, seven in the lower layer, three in the upper one. Stage f. Head round, brown black, clype- us pale ; width about .35 mm. Body slen- der, normal white, with five smoky, brown- black, transverse bands on joints 5 tog and slight narrow ones on joints 2 to 4 ; feet pale. Very similar to 7. afhasfaréa, but the color of the bands is not quite so dark and they are a little broader and connected by a narrow dark lateral line in that species. Stage II. Wead rounded, brown black, a little mottled with pale ; width .55 mm. Body pale brown with longitudinal dark brown lines, distinct in a broad lateral band, leaving the dorsum broadly pale and the sub- ventral fold distinctly so. Venter indistinct- ly lined. Tubercles i and ii slightly brown marked ; feet all brown. A pale subdorsal X. line is seen, edging the brown above. Rather slender, smooth. Stage III. Wead whitish brown, a brighter line on the face of each lobe, brown only narrowly in the sutures and on the pos- terior edge; width .8mm._ Body light sor- did green, faintly, finely lined with pale, the subdorsal line most distinct. Dorsal space crossed by dorsal and addorsal lines, tuber- cles i Lateral band double, consisting of a shade below the sub- dots, dark venter obscurely and ii not contrasted. dorsal line, a few spiracles and a subventral line; lined and with dark medio-ventral patches. Feet pale; a heavy dark subdorsal spotting on thorax. StageIV. Head round, bilobed, whitish, dotted thickly with pale brown on the upper half and afew dark brown dots at eyes and apex of clypeus; width 1mm. _ Body pale wood brown, almost whitish, finely longi- tudinally lined. Dorsal space with three pale brown, and four whitish lines; a sub- dorsal row of streaks with slight irregular marks below and dark spiracles; a narrow subventral line. Ventral lined like the dor- sum, pale brown and whitish, and a medio- ventral series of large dark brown spots. Feet pale. Stage V. (abnormal, interpolated) -Head 1.2 mm. Coloration as in the next stage. Stage V. (normal) Head rounded bilobed, full; pale greenish, the tubercles and sutures marked with brown; width 1.6mm. Body smooth, uniform, pale green, a little whitish, subdorsal line obscure, whitish; dorsal space with faint pale brown linings, lateral region somewhat more appearing darker, and giving the dorsum a flattened look. Spiracles and tubercles ivdark. Ven- ter faintly marked, like the dorsum, all the markings|light. Feet pale. distinctly so, 22 PSYCHE. Stage VI. (abnormal interpolated) Head 1.85 mm. Coloration as in the next. Stage VI. (normal) Head whitish, black- ish dotted, strongest in vertical suture, tu- bercles black; width 2.2 Body pale yellowish green, approaching white, marked essentially asin 7. athastarta and T. fiscel- mm. larta and scarcely distinguishable from them. A distinct subdorsal line of the ground color; dorsal space faintly lined with brown, irregular and crinkly; tubercles dark. Sides, to below subventral fold, with similar lines, but black and distinct, espe- cially a geminate lateral one; subventral fold pale; spiracles black. Venter pale with a pair of faint lines. Feet and the cervical shield orange tinted, except the anal feet. Food plant yellow pine. Larvae from Brookhaven, Long Island, N. Y. Eggs June 17th, mature larvae in September, the win- ter doubtless passed as pupa. Single brood- ed. This larva differs from 7. athastarra in food plant and manner of egg laying. The assumes the mature coloration at once in stage II, without any intervening pattern. The specimens before very slowly and not vigorous, as shown by larva me grew its having eight stages instead of the normal. It failed to pupate. THE FIFTH -SPECIES OF KERMES FROM MASSACHUSETTS. Kermes andret n. sp. 2 scale pyriform in shape, very convex, §mm. highand 5 mm. in diameter at its base, variable in some indi- viduals which are nearly hemispherical. Sur- face shiny. Color, light brown, with three and sometimes four, very dark brown bands, these variable in length and breadth. There are also several suffused dark brown blotchy spots and round dots, more numerous around the posterior cleft. Segmentation obscure; a median posterior keel-like prominence, which is very much wrinkled above near the [February 1900. region of the posterior cleft. When boiled in K. H. O. the dermis is colorless. Rostral loop dark yellow, stout, not very long. No antenna of legs observed. The larvae which were formed in the body of the 2, are yel- low, 360 micromillimeters long, 160 broad. Antenna 6 segmented, 3 and 6 about equal and longest; 1 next, then 2 and 5 are equal; Formula (36) 1 (25) 4 Antennal segments— (1)20(2)16(3)24(4)12(5)16(6)24. Segments 4.5 and6 have a short Legs short and stout. Femur with trochanter 76 Tibia with tarsus 68 long. Tarsal digitules long fine hairs with knobs: digi- elongate oval, which 4 is the shortest. few hairs. long. tules of claw reaching a little beyond the claw. Caudal tubercles quite large, each bearing one long stout bristle (120 long), The marginal spines point backwards and about the same in length and breadth as those on and three long stout spines (28 long). Kermes andret. the caudal tubercles. Rostral loop reaching beyond last pair of legs. 240 broad. Hab. — Lawrence, Mass., on white and red oaks, Sept.9, 1899. Associated with Kermes galliformis, and found singly, not in clusters asin the latter. They are not common and the species seems to be viviparous. Eggs oval 320 long, Iam pleased to name this coccid in honor of Mr. Ernest André of Gray, France, who has shown me many favors in the study of Formicidae. This species appears to be very distinct from all American Kermes. It looks rather like the European A. gzbdbosus, but is not the same. It is also different from the other European species. &. fettit7 Ehrh. is somewhat similar, but is evidently distinct, being smaller, redder, with spots instead of bands. Cockerell in litt. Nov. 18, 1899. Geo. B. King. Lawrence, Mass. February 1g00.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB. 8th December, 1899. The 21roth meeting was held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. W. L. W. Field in the chair. Mr. R. Hayward remarked at some length on the results of a recent study of the North American species of Tachys, which will form the subject of a paper soon to be published in the Transactions of the American Ento- mological Society. illustrating the more important characters. Mr. S. H. Scudder read extracts from a letter of Mrs. A. T. Slosson mentioning her discovery of Gryllus luctuosus on or near the summit of Mt. Washington, N. H. Figures were shown PSYCHE, 23 He also showed specimens of the dark form of the mature larva of Papilio polyxenes recently described in Psyche by Miss C. G. Soule, remarking that it was virtually an extension of the coloring of the fourth stage into the fifth, and by the closure of the yel- low spots on the dark ground (normally open in front) recalled strikingly the markings of the European species, P. machaon, also exhibited. He further called the attention of the Club to the striking differences between the Or- thopteran fauna of Europe and the United States. Of our 205 recognized genera, only 26 occurred in Europe, and half of these were cosmopolitan. Published by Henry Holt & Co., New York. Scudder’s Brief Guide to the Com- moner Butterflies. By SAMUEL H. Scupper. 12mo. $1.25. An introduction, for the young student, to the names and something of the relationship and lives of our commoner butterflies. The author has selected for treatment the butter- flies, less than one hundred in number, which would be almost surely met with by an in- dustrions collector in a course of ayear’s or two year’s work in our Northern States east of the Great Plains, and in Canada. While all the apparatus necessary to identify these butterflies, in their earlier as well as perfect stage, is supplied, it is far from the author’s purpose to treat them as if they wereso many mere postage-stamps to be classified and ar- ranged in a cabinet. He has accordingly added to the descriptions of the different spe- cies, their most obvious stages, some of the curious facts concerning their periodicity and their habits of life. xi + 206 pp. Scudder’s The Life of a Butterfly. A Chapter in Natural History for the General Reader. By Samuet H. Scupper. 186 pp. 16mo. $1.00. In this book the author has tried to present in untechnical language the story of the life of one of our most conspicuous American butterflies. At the same time, by introduc- ing into the account of its anatomy, devel- opment, distribution, enemies, and seasonal changes some comparisons with the more or less dissimilar structure and life of other but- terflies, and particularly of our native forms, he has endeavored to give, in some fashion and in brief space, a general account of the lives of the whole tribe. By using a single butterfly as a special text, one may discourse at pleasure of many: and in the limited field which our native butterflies cover, this meth- od has a certain advantage from its simplicity and directness. Guide to the Genera and Classification of the Orthoptera of North America north of Mexico. By SamueEL H. ScuppEr. go pp. 8°. Contains keys for the determination of the higher groups as well as the (nearly 200) genera of our Orthoptera, with full bibliographical aids to further study. Sent by mail on receipt of price ($1.00). E. W. WHEELER, 30 Bortston STREET, CAMBRIDGE, Mass 24 IES WACIEHD {February tgoo. AINE W VOLUME OF PSYCHE begins in January, 1900, and continues through three years. The subscription price (payable in advance) is $5.00 per volume, or $2.00 per year, postpaid. Numbers are issued on the first day of each month. Libraries and individuals generally ordering through subscription agencies (which only take annual sub- scriptions) will please notice that it is cheaper to subscribe for the entire volume at once directly of us.— Any early volume can be had for $5.00, unbound. Address Psyche, Cambridge, Mass. Vols. 1-8, Complete, Unbound = = = = = - $37.00. Vols. 1-8, and Subscription to Volume Qa = = = $41.00. Vol. 8 contains about 450 pp. and 8 plates, besides other illustrations. The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada With special reference to New England. By SAMUEL H. Scupper. Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and portraits. 1958 Pages of Text. Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae. Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies. Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index. The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo. half levant, $75.00 vez. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., 4 Park St., Boston, Mass. A. SMITH & SONS, 269 PEARL STREET, New York. MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, L ocality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Exc. Other articles are being added, Send for List, Z JOINTED o i A moioine NET oe G Sige» ZX IKQIOMSIN Ey (Ope) aH SVK ONL OVS OG [Established in 1874 ] Vol. 9, No. 287 MARCH, Ig00 CONTENTS THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS TRIMEROTROPIS. — Ferome McNeill. te “I PUBLISHED BY THE CAMB IR VIPKEVE ISIN IOMCOLOG TGA jie wie CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S.A. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 2oc. {Entered as second class mail matter] e PSIG: 26 (March, 1900, A Journal of Entomology. Psyche, RATES Of SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. PAYAKLE IN ADVANCE. 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The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month, at No. 156 Brattle St. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. A very few complete sets of the first six volumes of PSYCHE remain to be sold for $29. SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. . Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 . 2 ° 1.5 Scudder, S. H. ‘The earliest winged in- sects of America. Cambridge, 1885, 8p., 1 plate .50 Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. 0 : F a . . Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of 1.00 1.00 Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 5) 2.00) Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. . 2,00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. . 5 o 2.00 U.S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 ‘ . . + 2.00 SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. MANUAL OF N, A. DIPTERA. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, by S. W. Williston. Paper $2.00; Cloth. $2.25. J. T. HATHAWAY, 297 Crown St., New Ilaven, Conn PSY CEE: THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS TRIMEROTROPIS. BY JEROME MCNEILL, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL. I have recently finished a revision of Trimerotropis Stal and as its publica- tion is likely to be somewhat delayed it has been thought best to publish the key with brief notes on the most im- synonomy the of the species. Through the kindness of the National Museum, Dr. Scudder and Dr. study the types or typical specimens of all the species described in this country portant and localities Bruner I have been able to except only 7y. thalasstca. The type of this species should be in the National Museum but I have not been able to find it there. Ihave not been able to examine Saussure’s types but with a few exceptions I have satisfactorily de- termined his species. The genus is one of the largest and most difficult of Orthoptera but with a single exception it contains species of little economic importance. KEV TO TRIMEROTROPIS. A groups extending across the wing. Tegmina plain isabelline, not banded and with spots not segregated into Frontal costa* sulcate as strongly above as below the ocellus, its carinae continuous with the carinae of the vertex. Pronotum with the disk flat. exceptions occupied wholly or in part by a single row of* quadrate cells. always long with the disk greenish yellow or hyaline throughout. tibiae never blue. . ‘ Area of the cubital forks narrow and with few Wings Posterior AGONOZOA subg. n. a‘. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a dentation en the posterior part of the lower border. 6*'. General color pale testaceous, very plain. Wings transparent without a trace of a fuscous band. restricted almost entirely to the middle field. Tegmina without bands and with a very few spots Posterior femora light on the * Tr. coquilletti has the frontal costa mostly solid above the ocellus. PSYCHE. {March 1900. ioe inner face with the usual black bands obsolete. . : HyYyALINA GROUP. flyalina un. sp. 4. General color isabelline. Wings with a definite fuscous band or at least with plain indications of such a band in the infuscated nerves of the region usually occupied by the band. Pronotum with a definite stripe extending along the sides of the disk or at least with the edges lighter than the middle. TEXANA GROUP. c}, Prozone of the pronotum bilobate when seen from the side. Median carina a raised line on the metazone. d'. Process of the metazone acutangulate. Metazone twice as long as the prozone. Fuscous band of the wings broad. Posterior tibiae dull orange... é : : . : : : Texana Brun. d*. Process of the metazone obtusangulate. Metazone not moie than one and three quarter times as long as the prozone. Posterior tibiae obscure greenish. e'. Smaller, ¢ 15 mm., 2 22 mm. long. Crest of the prozone divided into dentiform lobes. . : : , , c febell’s Sauss. e*. Larger, gf 19-23 mm., 2 27-30 mm. long. Crest of the pro- zone divided into rounded lobes. f'. Posterior lobe of the crest of the prozone plainly not so high as it is long. Posterior femora very distinctly banded on the outer face, lower sulcus light colored with two black bands. Albolineata Brun. f?. Posterior lobe of the crest of the prozone as high as it.is long. Posterior femora indistinctly banded on the outside, lower sulcus black with two light bands... : 0 ; Cristata n. sp. c”, Prozone of the pronotum not bilobate when seen from the side, and barely intersected by the sulcus and therefore straight and barely perceptibly notched Median carina cristate on the metazone and nearly as high as on the prozone. ; : 6 j : : : : Porrecta n. sp. a. Lateral lobes with no dentation on the posterior part of the lower border, or if there is a blunt tooth present, the fuscous band is weak or interrupted and the pronotum has no definite stripe along the lateral edges of the disk nor is the middle darker than the lateral borders. c : ; MariTIMA Grove. 6}. Area of the cubital forks of the tegmina occupied by more than one row of irregular cells. i c!, Wings with the median and cubital areas about equal. Larger, ¢ 26 mm., 2 34 mm. long. North American. : : Marttima Harr. c*. Wings with the median and cubital areas very unequal. Smaller, g 22 mm., 9 28 mm. long. Chilean F s Ochracetpennis Blanch. March 1g00. IAS IACH OD 29 6%. Area of the cubital forks of the tegmina narrow, occupied by a single row of subquadrate cells. | Lower sulcus of the posterior femora black with a single preapical light band. c!. Median carina of the metazone somewhat cristate. Fuscous band of the wings indicated only by infuscated veins or at most incomplete and continued on the posterior margin less than half way to the anal angle, spur extending more than half way to the base. . é , Gracil’s Thos. 2 e*. Median carina of the metazone distinct but merely a raised line. Fuscous band of the wings distinct and uninterrupted, continued on the posterior border much more than half way to the anal angle, spur extending less than half way to the base. : ; ; . Cogutlletti n. sp. A*, Tegmina fasciate, with solid well defined bands reaching at least half way across the wing from the anterior margin, or by the segregation of annular spots, fasciae sometimes faint on account of the slight contrast between them and the ground color. Rarely the tegmina are not fasciate, then they are evenly macu- late with fuscous annuli and the wings are broad with the apical halt fuscous or fuliginous. Frontal costa generally sulcate above the ocellus for a short distance only, below the vertex rounded and punctate. Pronotum with the disk usually elevated and subtectiform on the prozone. Area of the cubital forks broad, occu- pied by several rows of irregular cells A : TRIMEROTROPIS subgenus. a}. Wings with the disk yellow or fuscous band or cloud. ereen, never blue and never without a 6), Hind tibiae never blue. Vegmina with the basal and median bands solid, approximately equal to each other and to the light bands just beyond with which they alternate, and confined to a little more than the anterior half : 5 P ; ; : : : c ; CINCTA GROUP. c!. Front of the head with two black bands extending between the eyes. one above and one below the basal joint of the antennae. Cincta Vhos. c*. Front of the head with no black bands extending between the eyes Juliana Scudd. 6°. Wind tibiae frequently blue. Tegmina not as in the alternative. cl. Tegmina* fasciate through the uneven distribution of maculations or by well-defined clouds or bands. If the tegmina are the first kind then the outer half of the wing is not infuscated and the lower sulcus of the hind femora are black with a single preapical light-band. @d'. Posterior tibiae blue : ; ‘ ; CoERULEIPES GROUP. e!. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with the posterior angle rounded, * Tr. agrestis with a broad fuscous band and red hind tibiae must be included here though the tegmina are almost des- titute of spots. 30 IAS ACHES, [March rgoo. without a downward projecting tooth. Disk of the wings greenish or yellow. f:. Lower sulcus of the posterior femora black with a single pre- apical light band. g}. Wings with the apical half hyaline, neither fuscous nor fuliginous except at the extreme tip. Bands of the tegmina plainly formed by the aggregation of smaller maculations. Caeruletpes Scudd. g?. Wings with the apical half fuliginous and fuscous, nowhere entirely hyaline. Basal and median bands solid and well-defined at least on the anterior half. ° A‘. General color light, punctate with fuscous. Tegmina conspicuously fasciate and punctate with fuscous. Disk of the wings semiopaque, yellowish green, beyond mostly fus- cous. 6 : : : 6 5 0 Tessellata n. sp. h*. General color fuscous, nearly plain. Tegmina plain fuscous with two pale bands. Wings with the disk transparent greenish yellow, beyond mostly fuliginous. Cadég¢nosa n. sp. f?. Lower sulcus black with two light bands on the apical half, or (through the fading of the fuscous base) light with one preapical black band. 91, Ground color white. Tegmina white with three narrow fo} black bands. Scutellum of the vertex very shallow with a very indistinct median carina. 2 : : Albescens n. sp. g?. Ground color brown or gray never white and with only the basal and median bands well defined. A*. Scutellum of the vertex with a median carina. Posterior field of the tegmina not plain, with spots or fascia. 7. Bands of the tegmina not weakening posteriorly, in the posterior field not broken up into spots. Scutellum of the vertex no longer than broad even in the male. Bifasctata Brun. z*. Bands of the tegmina weakening posteriorly, in the posterior field broken up into spots. Scutellum of the ver- tex much (2) ora little (9) longer than broad. Ferruginea n. sp. A*. Scutellum of the vertex deeply sulcate with no median carina. Posterior field plain without spots or fascia. Koebeld? Brun. e*. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with the posterior angle furnished March 1900. } PSV CELE. 3] oO with a minute downward projecting tooth. Disk of the wings sea- green : : : : : : : : Thalassica Brun. d*. Posterior tibiae red or orange. e'. Lateral lobes of the pronotum without a tooth on the posterior part of the lower border. Jf}. Scutellum of the vertex moderately broad but plainly less than the short (¢) or long (9) diameter of the eye. Posterior femora with the disk of the inner face yellow or red with three black bands, one apical, one preapical and one median, the latter may extend, as a stripe, toward the base, but the inimediate base is very rarely black, rarely the whole inner face may be suffused with fuliginous, obscuring the markings. CirRINA GROUP. g. Disk of the metazone of the pronotum plainly lighter than the prozone, generally reddish brown in color and smooth except for a few large scattered generally black granules. Pos- terior femora chiefly red on the inner side. A}. Lower sulcus as well as the inner face chiefly red with no fuliginous suflusion obscuring the fuscous bands or spots. Monticola Sauss. h”. Lower sulcus of the posterior femora black or fuliginous. Median carina slight but distinct. . Campestrzs Brun. Ms. g?. Disk of the metazone not as in the alternative. A‘. Median and basal bands of the tegmina solid and not plainly formed by the grouping of spots. Z!. Bands of the tegmina conspicuous. j'. Process of the metazone acute. &1*. Median carina of the scutellum of the vertex dis- tinct : : : : : 0 Bruneri nv. sp. &*, Median carina wanting. c Fascicula n. sp. j*. Process of the metazone decidedly obtuse. Pracclara n. sp. z*. Bands of the tegmina dim, color testaceous, plain. Met- azone with its process acute. . : Modesta Brun. h*. Median and basal bands of the tegmina obviously made up of fuscous annuli. Process of the metazone obtuse. Citrina Scudd. f*. Scutellum of the vertex equalling the short (g¢) or long (9?) diameter of the eye. Posterior femora with the disk of the inner face black with one or two light bands on the apical half. Fuscous band of the wings at least one fourth the length of the wings in width. LATIFASCIATA GROUP. IBSIACIEMD., {March 1goo. g'. Posterior femora with two light bands on the inner face. Process of the metazone obtusangulate with the tip rounded. A‘. Median carina of the scutellum of the vertex wanting. Median carina of the metazone of the pronotum elevated and very distinct . : ‘ E : Latifasciata Scudd. h*. Median carina of the scutellum of the vertex distinct. Median carina of the pronotum nearly obsolete on the meta- zone : : : : : : : Laticincta Sauss. eg. Posterior femora with one light band on the inner face. Process of the metazone of the pronotum acutangulate with the tip sharp, 2. Basal half of the wings yellow. 21, Outer half of the wings infuscated. Tolteca Sauss. z*. Outer half of the wings not wholly infuscated but the apical hyaline part nearly as broad as the fuscous band. Pistrinarta Sauss. A#*. Basal one sixth of the wings yellow, apical one sixth hyaline, remaining two-thirds occupied by the fuscous band. Melanoptera n. sp. e*. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a tooth on the posterior part of the lower border... 3 : : : CALIFORNICA GROUP. jf‘. Tegmina conspicuously banded or at least with the fuscous punctations well separated into three groups. g'. Pronotum with a light stripe on either side of the disk. Fuscous band of the wings narrow, about one seventh of the length of the wing in width. . : ; Californica Brun. g>. Pronotum quite plain on the disk. Fuscous band of the wings broader, one sixth or one fifth the length of the wing in width. A}. Metazone of the pronotum twice as long as the prozone, with the process acutangulate. . ; - Strenua n. sp. i>. Metazone of the pronotum once and a half as long as the pronotum with the process obtusangulate Montana Brun. Ms. f°. Vegmina with scarcely a trace of the usual bands, but with a few scattered spots on the basal half, the rest almost plain. Agrestis n. sp. d@*. Posterior tibiae yellow green or brown. e'. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a tooth on the posterior part of the lower margin. : : Pacirica Group. facéfica Brun. March 19c0.] IBSVACHE UD: 33 e*. Lateral lobes of the pronotum without a tooth. Tegmina dis- tinctly or conspicuously banded except sometimes in dark colored specimens, where the contrast may be slight; fascia large and though irregular in shape semisolid and something more than aggregations of fuscous spots. Wings yellow or greenish yellow at the base with a distinct fuscous band. Posterior femora with the disk of the inner face black with two light bands. . : : VINCULATA GROUP. J‘. Lower sulcus of the posterior femora light with one preapical black band or black with two light bands, one preapical and one median, the latter not merely interrupting the black on the edges of the sulcus but in the bottom as well. 2}. Fuscous band in its usual position in the middle of the wing. Spur extending less than half way to the base. General color dark fuscous brown permitting little contrast in the bands of the tegmina. 4 '!, Metazone scarcely more than one and a half times as long as the prozone. Fuscous band of the wings very broad occupy- ing nearly one third the length of the wings. = Sa//za Brun. Ms. h®. Metazone twice as long as the prozone. Fuscous band rather narrow, occupying no more than a sixth or seventh the length of the wings. : ; 5 é Svmil’s Scudd. g?. Fuscous band entirely beyond the middle of the wing, making the length of the disk equal to the width, fuscous spur extending more than half way to the base. Bands of the tegmina contrasting strongly with ground color and very conspicuous. Pallidipennis Burm. f?. Lower sulcus of the posterior femora black with one preapical light band. @. Posterior tibiae yellow or greenish, never brown. A‘. Pronotum unusually short not (2) or a very little (2) longer than wide. Size small, less than 20 mm. (@) or about As mes (Ne : ; : : : -Collarts n. sp. 4°. Pronotum not unusually short, considerably longer than wide even in the female, 7'. Fuscous band very narrow and interrupted, spur acute extending more than half way to the base. Process of the metazone acute. Size small, 20 mm. (@), 25mm. (9). Fratercula n. sy. 7*. Fuscous band broad or when narrow distinct and unin- terrupted. LESS AGI FUE, {March 1900 - j'. Metazone twice as long as the prozone with the process acute. Wings long, barely less than twice as long as wide. Fuscous band narrower, at most not exceed- ing one sixth the length of the wing. Lower sulcus of the posterior femora with the black not almost severed by the median light band. 5 : Vinculata Scudd. j- Metazone less than one and three quarter times as long as the prozone, with the process rectangular. Wings shorter, being considerably less than twice as long as wide. Fuscous band equal in width to a fourth or a fifth the length of the wing. Lower sulcus of the posterior femora with the black almost severed by the median light band ; : : : . : Saxatili’s n. sp. g”. Posterior tibiae brown with a pale subbasal annulus. Size small. Wing very broad, less than one and one half times as long as broad. : ; : ; : 5 Pilosa n. sp. c*. Tegmina thickly punctate with evenly scattered fuscous annuli, con- trasting little with the fuscous background and not or very rarely collected into groups forming bands. Wings broad with the outer half infuscated or fuliginous, rarely only the tip of the apical part and the veins beyond the fuscous band are infuscated. . E : FALLAX GROUP. d@'. Posterior tibiae blue with a light sub-basal annulus or at least a brownish spot on the exterior face. e1, Tegmina evenly maculate with at the most faint traces of bands. Process of the metazone acutangulate at least in the male. Frallax Sauss. e*, Tegmina plainly fasciate by the unequal distribution of fuscous annuli. Process of the metazone obtusangulate even in the male. Nubila n. sp. d*. Posterior tibiae not blue and without a pale sub-basal annulus. el, Portion of the wing beyond the fuscous band either fuscous or fuliginous, spur reaching half way to the base. Conspersa n. sp. e*. Portion of the wing beyond the fuscous band hyaline, spur reaching two thirds the distance to the base. Variegata nu. sp. a”. Wings entirely hyaline without fuscous band and colored disk or the latter blue with the fuscous band distinct or indicated by infuscated nerves and cells. Fascia of the tegmina never solid but obviously made up of fuscous annuli often imperfectly segregated. 6'. Fuscous band present. Disk blue. Posterior tibiae blue with a light sub-basal annulus CAERULEIPENNIS GRoUP, ee. March 1g00.} c!, Prozone of the pronotum strongly elevated and _ bilobate. the wings faintly tinged with blue. PSYCHE. 35 Disk of Fuscous band narrow and indistinct. Caeruler‘pennis Brun. c*. Prozone of the pronotum very little elevated and scarcely bilobate. Disk of the wings deep blue. 6%. Fuscous band wanting. The wing entirely hyaline. obscure greenish or brown. one preapical black band. Fuscous band broad and distinct. Cyanetpennis Brun. Posterior tibiae Posterior femora with the disk of the inner face black with two light bands on the apical half. Lower sulcus light with AZURESCENS GROUP. c!. Scutellum of the vertex broad, scarcely longer than broad and about equal in width to the diameter of the eye as seen from above. the metazone acute Process of Azurescens Brun. c*. Scutellum of the vertex narrow, plainly longer than broad and much less than equal in width to the diameter of the eye as seen from above. d'. Process of the metazone rounded. from the fuscous points of the immediate base. than 20 mm. long d@*. Process of the metazone sharp. not distinet from the spots of the immediate base. than 20 mm. long Of the fifty-four species enumerated in the preceding key twenty-four are new. Sixteen species are confined to California as follows: hyalina, redellis, albolineata, porrecta, coqguillett:, cal- fetnosa, albescens. koebelet, thalassica, californica, pacifica, pilosa, fallax, conspersa, vartegata, and pseudofas- ctata. Three others are confined to United caeruletpes, bifasciata and Three are found east of the the Pacific coast within the States: stmilis. Mississippi: marztima. saxatilis and cttrina. Vhe last mentioned extends from the Rocky Mountains to Mary- land. The first mentioned is restricted to the Atlantic coast and the shores of the Great Lakes and saxa?¢¢//s is found Basal fuscous band distinct Larger, male more Pseudofasciata Scudd. Basal fuscous band of the tegmina Smaller, male less Lauta Scudd. in northwest Arkansas and southern Illinois. Five species are not found within the limits of the United States. These are fo/teca, ochracetpennts, pal- lidipennts, lauta and collarts. The remaining species, twenty-seven, belong to Rocky Mountain States. A/onticola Colorado into Mexico and pistrinaréa from Texas into Mex- ico. Cvncta ranges from California to extends from Texas. TZexana ranges from Texas to New Mexico; créstata trom Lower California to Salt Lake Valley, Utah; latifasciata from Utah to Washington ; caeruletpennits from California to Wy- oming. Three species, sa/7na, agres- tis. praeclara are confined to Nebraska ; three also, vwh7la, modesta and melan- 10) optera to New Mexico; two, frater- cula and campestris to Wyoming. The changes in synonomy are not great, a few of the most important may IES ACTEOE. {March tgoo. Cincta Thos. is not the species as understood by Saussure and_ others, which was probably vézcu/ata Scudd. I have considered perpflexa Brun. a be noted. synonym of azarescens Brun. Thos. as synonym of jaléana Scudd. I have considered fortana A NEW VOLUME OF PSYCHE begins in January, 1900, and continues through three years. The subscription price (payable in advance) is $5.00 per volume, or $2.00 per year, postpaid. Numbers are issued on the first day of each month. 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KELLOGG, The family of Blepharoceridae, as at present known, includes about fifteen species of nematocerous Diptera, of This interest is caused by the rarity of speci- mens in unusual interest to entomologists. collections, by the unique structural condition of the larva, by the strange, although as yet imperfectly known, life history and habits, «and finally by the peculiar accessory vena- tion and suggestive structural character of the mouthparts and “compound eyes of the imagines. In the summer of 1895, Mr. R. W. Doane, at that time collecting for me in the vicinity of this University (Stan- ford), took two females and a male of a Blepharocerid species. I have only recently given these specimens any attention other than the rather unkind one of removing the heads of two (the male and one female) in order to study their mouthparts. A recent examina- tion of the specimens reveals the fact that they are representatives of an unde- scribed species which may be assigned to Low’s genus Liponeura (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1844, vel. v, p. 118). *See Kellogg, Notes on the Life-history and Structure of Blepharocera capitata Low; Ent. News, 1900, vol. X, PPp- 305-318. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIF. The new species may be described as follows: Liponeura doanet n. sp. Female; length 6 mm., length of wing 74 mm.; very pale brown, 14-seg- mented and rising from a prominence which almost clayey; antennae Fig. 1. g Mouthparts of Léponeura doanet n. sp. might be construed to be a basal antennal segment; eyes broadly separated, and with no indications of bisection, the facets being 10 JERS YA CIA, all of the same size: the mouthparts (fig. 1) long (distinctly longer than in Blepharocera, for example) and composed of long slender flattened well chitinized mandibles with the apical two-fifths of the inner margin finely serrate, and inserted farther back on the head than the other mouthparts; of maxillae consisting of slender flattened tapering blade- like terminal lobes and long five-segmented palpi; of elongate simple labium consist- ing of basal portion and one pair of free terminal lobes; and of slender elongate flat- tened labrum epipharynx and hypopharynx ; wings with venation (fig. 2) showing the fol- lowing characters (given first in the nomen- clature used by Comstock and in following parentheses in the nomenclature used by Osten Sacken in the latest revisional paper Ca Ch Fig. 2. Venation of Lzfoneura doanei n. sp. of the Blepharoceridae) ; vein M, independ- ent, i. e. without connection with M or any other vein (an incomplete vein running into the posterior margin between veins 4 and 5); veins R, and R, coalesced to the margin (vein 2 simple, unbranched) ; a medio-cubital cross (a cross-vein between veins 4 and 5); veins R,4, and R,+, separating at the origin of the radio- medial cross vein (the sub-marginal cell sessile); the radial sector springing from R by two roots (the cross between veins 1 and 2 Y-shaped, that is the anterior half of it divided, enclosing a small triangu- lar cell); sub-costa wanting or with only a principal vein vein *Osten Sacken C. R. Contributions to the study of the Liponeuridae Loew (Blepharoceridae Loew, o/i#) Berl. Ent. Zeitsch. 1895, Bd. xl, pp. 148-169. | April 1g00 basal rudiment present (auxiliary vein want- ing or with only a basal rudiment present). Wings clear, with strong iride scent reflec- tions. about equal length, the hind tibiae bearing a single terminal spur, the other tibiae with- The tarsal claws are large, thick and strong with curved pointed tip, thickly The legs are long, the three pairs of out spurs. pectinate except at the tip. The external genitalia consist of a pair of flattened tri- angular dorsal plates. Male. the female. The male is slightly smaller than As the head of the only male specimen was destroyed in the dissection of the mouthparts before any examination of the specimen was made, it cannot be said whether the eyes are like those of the female or not; mouthparts like those of the females except that the mandibles are wholly lacking. Wings and legs like female. The ys conspicuous parts of the external genitalia are a pair of large articulated claspers, a broad ventral plate, and a smaller dorsal plate. & Rar 3 Described from two females and one male, taken by R. W. Doane, July 24, 1895, on the banks of a small stream in the Santa Cruz Mts. at Congress Springs, Santa Clara County, California. The new species can readily be grouped with the four other known species assigned to the genus Liponeura in Osten Sacken’s* paper. The new form has in common with the other four species an incomplete vein running into the posterior margin of the wing between veins 4 and 5, a simple (un- * Osten Sacken C. R. loc. cit April 1900.] branched) second longitudinal vein, and eyes separated by a broad front. Within the genus, the new form agrees with d2/obata Léw and yosemite O. S. in possessing a cross vein between veins 4 and 5, and finally resembles btlobata in having the sub-marginal But it differs from éz/obata (as from all other Blepharoceridae) in having the radial sector springing from cell sessile. two roots (the base of the second longi- tudinal vein forked) so that a small tri- angular cell is formed behind KR, (first longitudinal vein). The only other Blepharoceridae so far known from the Pacific Coast are Blepharocera ancilla O. S$. (Cali- fornia) and L¢foneura yosemite O. S. (Yosemite Canon, California), from both of which the new species differs sharply in the character of the eyes and venation. Unfortunately I have not been able vet to find the immature stages of the new species, so can add nothing to our incomplete knowledge of the interest- ing life-history of the members of the family. One of the moot points regarding the biology of the Blepharoceridae is IES) (Os ald, 4] that of the dimorphism of the female. Fritz Miiller’s statement that there are two kinds of females of Paltostoma torren- tium (Brazil), one I have elsewhere * referred to kind mandibles and being blood-sucking, the other kind having no mandibles nectar-sucking. | Osten Sacken deems the evidence of dimor- Of twenty-three Blepharocera capitata Léw taken by me at Ithaca, N. Y., no one was and being insufficient. females of phism without mandibles, nor was there any other difference appar- ent. Most of these specimens were taken just as they were issuing from the pupal skins on various days, in various parts of the stream, so the crit- icism that one kind of female might possess habits rendering it more likely to be caught than the other, will not hold in this instance. It seems to me probable that there is no dimorphism of the females of Blepharocera capi- tata Low. In the case of the new Californian species I can only say that both females (the only ones so far taken) agree in possessing mandibles, and in all other characters. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB. 12 JANUARY, 1900. The 211th regular and 23d annual meeting (since incorporation) was held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. W. L. W. Field in the chair. Reports from the several officers were received and the following officers elected for the ensuing year:— President, J. W. Folsom; secretary, Roland Hayward; treas- urer, Samuel Henshaw; librarian, Samuel H. Scudder; members at large of the executive committee, A. S. Hewins and A. P. Morse. The address of the retiring president, A. G. Mayer, on the mating instinct in moths was next read. (See Psyche for Feb- ruary.) Much discussion followed, in which all present participated. Mr. W. L. W, Field spoke of a cocoon of Samia cynthia which he had seen contain- ing two pupae. In outward appearance, however, it showed no apparent difference from a normal cocoon of that species. *Kellogg, loc. cit. t2 IDS SACIENE [April 1509. A NEW TETTIGIAN GENUS AND SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA. BYanee de- America undoubt- The curious Tettigian here scribed from South edly belongs to the subfamily Batra- chidinae or Section VI of Professor 3olivar. From the. group of which Tettigidea Scudder, and Paxilla Bolivar, form a part it is distinguished by the absence on the vertex of the frontal carina; the latter structure is repre- sented, however, as a rudiment in the form of very small abbreviated lateral elevated ridges a little anterior to the It is last supra ocular lobes of the head. the peculiar shortening of the article of the posterior tarsus coincident ‘with a lengthening of the first article which is specially characteristic in this new genus. ‘These differences will neces- sitate a slight modification of existing tables of genera to receive it. PAUROTARSUS gen. nov. Body moderately long, slender, rugose. Face distinctly rounded anteriorly, slightly declined below. Vertex wide, considerably broader than one of the eyes; with a very small supra ocular lobe, on each side, sep- arated behind from the broadened occiput by a little oblique fissure, front incompletely carinated; on each side close to the anterior inner border of the eyes, is a minute abbre- viated, slightly converging carina, the space between these little latero-frontal carinae of the vertex obtusely sloping off in front; very thin, slightly protuberant above, fusing with the smooth frontal costa. mid-carina abbreviated and In profile the head presents a distinctly HANCOCK, CHICAGO, ILL. rounded protuberant outline; as seen in front the frontal costa is strongly furcate, the branches widely and evenly diverging median ocellus. Eyes of moderate size, compresso-subtrian- in their descension to the gular in outline; ocelli distinctly showing in front of and a little above the middle of the eyes. Antennae (incomplete) slender, filiform, inserted in front of the eyes between the superior ocelli and the anterior inferior border of the eyes; apical article of maxillary palpi strongly ampliato-compressed. Pro- notum scarcely convexed between the shoul- ders, anteriorly truncate, posteriorly long subulate, the pronotal process extending be- yond the posterior femora; posterior border of lateral lobes feebly sinuate, the subhu- meral sinus for the insertion of the elytra shallow. Elytra narrow; wings completely developed, extending beyond the Anterior process. femora slender, sulcate above; middle femoral carinae straight; external pagina of posterior femora rather rugose, the third article of the posterior tarsus very small, being less than one half the length of the first article, pulvilli subequal in length, straight below. Paurotarsus amazonus Sp. Nov. ib, 1c; 1d, 7e. Body rugose, fuscous, first and second femora clouded with fuscous, tibiae annulated with fuscous. Vertex slightly tumid, nearly twice the breadth of one of the eyes, on each side provided with a small supra ocular lobe, divided behind from the broadened occiput by a minute oblique fissure, and just anterior to the supra ocular lobes are little abbreviated, slightly converging latero- frontal carinae which are separated anteri- orly, apart about the width of one of the eyes, here the front is obtusely sloped off and not transversely carinated, mid-carina abbreviated, a little produced above, coalesc- Fig. ta, April 1900.) ing anteriorly with the frontal costa; fron- tal costa strongly compresso-protuberant, advanced in front of the about three fourths the length of one of them, presenting eves with the vertex a distinctly rounded outline in profile; front the frontal costa is quite widely furcate, starting oppo- the branches are evenly divergent and straight ocellus. outline, the posterior ocelli are conspicuous midway between the anterior margins of the frontal viewed in site upper margin of the eyes, the in their descension to the median Eyes compresso-subtriangular in AND AGH 13 the pronotum very little diverging below, th® knee of hind femora; lateral lobes of inferior margin scarcely reflected, the poste- rior margin feebly sinuate, the posterior inferior angle nearly straight, superior or the Elytra obtusely rounded, externally punctate; wings subhumeral sinus for insertion of the elytra shallow. slender, apically fully developed extending beyond the pro- Anterior sulcate femoral straight, . > . ° Pre posterior femora quite slender, the tibia notal process. femora above; middle carinae multispinose, first article of posterior tarsus Fig. 1a, Paurotarsus amazonus sp.n. rb, same, front view of face and pronotum. rc, same, profile of body, greatly enlarged. re, same, dorsal view of head, enlarged. enlarged. Hancock. costa and the eyes, on a plane a little above their middle. Antennae filiform, maxillary palpi apically ampliato-compressed. Pro- notum with the dorsal front margin truncate, posteriorly long and subulate, between the shoulders transversely scarcely convexed, strongly rugose; median carina distinctly elevated, nearly straight, interrupted near the front margin by a transverse suture, anterior lateral carinae short, subparallel; humeral angles strongly obtuse, apical process of pronotum extending beyond the 1d, same, tarsus of posterior leg, Original, from nature by Dr. a little more than twice as long as the third, the pulvilli subequally long, straight below. The subgenital plate of male as viewed from above acute conical, bifurcated at the ex- tremity. Length Body, @, pronotum 13.5 Entire length of body to apex of wings 16.5 millimeters. mm. post. fem. 7.5 mm. Manaos, Amazon, South America. ©. Staudinger. Labelled Hedotettix. Locality, 44 IES SACIEHS: {April 1900. TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN KERMES, BASED ON EXTER- NAL CHARACTERS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, MESILLA PARK, N. MEX. Not entirely covered with wax, nor pubescent, nor covered with a white powder ; : : : : : < ‘ : : 6 ; I Covered all over with dull white wax. (Arizona) ‘ certferus Elirhorn. Covered with snow-white powder, except on the middle of the back. (Mass. ) ‘ ; : : : ; : , nivalis King & Ckll. Small, thinly pubescent. (Kans., Mass.) : ‘ A pubescens Bogue. 1. Convex, without a median longitudinal constriction : s 3 : 2 With a more or less distinct median longitudinal constriction : : 6 2. Large, with transverse sulci, the segments more or less gibbous, with three gibbosities (one median) in each transverse series. (Colo., N. M.) gilletted Cll. Segments not at all gibbous : 3 0 : 6 : : 3 3. Very large (10 mm. diam.), rather rough, marbled with boon and dull white, the white with brown specks. (Mexico.) . : grandis Ckll. Not so large, species of the U. 8. : : : : ; C 4 4. Extremely convex, red brown with distinct aan fer:uginous transverse bands. (Mass.). . : : , : : : , andre? King. Orange-brown, marbled with dull white, the white with fulvous points; younger individuals with a broken waxy coating. (Calif.) austini Ehrh. Larger than azs¢znz, nearly globular, marbled with white, black and reddish, or black and reddish, covered with waxy secretion, which is divided into small portions separated by smooth (wax-free) lines; the minute points on the white are intensely black. (Okla.) . : : ° bog wet Ckll. Pale ochreous, or reddish, with small black spots, and minute black points, usually distinctly variegated with irregular pale bands . : 5 Broader than long, the pale bands running in a transverse direction, parallel with the rows of black spots. (Bluflton, S. C., etc.) galliformis Riley. Longer than broad, the pale bands running longitudinally, at right angles to the rows of spots. (Mass., Del.) : : 2 kingt? Ckll. 6. Segmentation distinct, segments very strongly enone: (Calif. ) cockerellé Ehrh. Segmentation distinct, but segments not ie surface not speckled with black. (Kansas.) : : : , concinnulus Ckll. Segmentation not distinct, nor the segments eibbouee surface speckled with 5: black or dark dots F - : , ; ‘ ‘ : é $ 7 April 1909.) PSYCHE. 15 Vie Black spots conspicuous, arranged in transverse rows; black specks not always conspicuous. (N. Y., Mass.; also collected by Fletcher in Canada, on Quercis rubra. ) . . pettité Ehrh. Black spots minute, not definitely arranged in transverse rows; black specks very distinct; ground color pale ochreous. (Calif., Mexico.) nigropunctatus Ehrh. & Ckll. Ihave taken as typical of wal/iformés a specimen from the Riley collection, collected by ]. H. Mellichamp at Bluffton, S. C. he also included A, peéé?¢/ under the same name. petizté in Massachusetts Riley’s description shows that Mr. G. B. King has collected THE SPECIES OF THE OEDIPODINE GENUS HELIASTUS SAUSS., OCCURRING IN THE UNITED STATES. BY SAMUEL II. Tleliastus was founded by Saussure in 1884 on some Mexican and Central American Oedipodinae. first recognized as occurring in the United It was States three years ago, when I referred to it had described as species of Thrincus. Both two insects which been of these species also occur in Mexico, but were unknown to Saussure. I can now add another «and undescribed species, known to me from only a single locality in California, and col- lected by Mr. A. P. Morse. , All these northern species belong to Saussure’s second division of the group in which the lower posterior angle of the lateral lobes is not produced into a distinct process. They are all of a light gray color, more or less irregularly spotted with brown, sometimes forming brief transverse markings when the insect is alighted; the wings are glazed, often iridescent, and generally, at least in part, weakly tinted. The males are SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. considerably smaller than the females. The species may be separated as fol- lows : — Table of our species of Helvastus. Antennae at least two thirds as long as hind femora; posterior process of metazona weakly a. OF large size. obtusangulate, often almost rectangu- late; descending lobes of pronotum apically well rounded, falling distinctly below the level of the pleural lobe an- terior to them. 6’. Larger. Descending lobes of pronotum angulato-rotundate below ; wings hyalino-citron basally, weakly infuscated apically. é 6°. Smaller. Descending lobes of pronotum regularly rotundate below ; wings pellucid, or faintly violaceous, only the veins fuscous. aridus. californicus. Antennae only half as long as hind femora; posterior pro- a’. Of small size. 46 ES WAGLLLS: cess of metazona strongly obtusangu- lated, or broadly rounded; descending lobes of pronotum apically truncate, not falling below the level of the free pleural lobe anterior to them. MENEMUS. Heliastus aridus. Thrincus aridus Brun., Proc. U.S. nat. mus., xil, 78-79. pl. (aridus on plate ; avidus in text) (1890) ; Ivilles INTs (1893) ; Towns., Ins. life, vi, 31 (1893). Fleliastus aridus Scudd., Can. ent., rode, Ys (ustey)) 8 (Critrlls (Obs Wo Sic 44 (1900). Originally described Albu- querque, N. Mex. (Bruner), it has since been recorded from Las Cruces, N. Mex. (Townsend), and Panamint Valley, Cal. (Riley). it from Las Cruces (Townsend) and Mesilla, N. Mex., July 1 (Morse), as well as from Juarez, Mex., July 3 (Morse). Mr. Morse tells me that it is a common insect at Mesilla, found on sand hills where it is almost invisible, the color and markings varying with the local- ity; it flies freely, but not far. I, fig. 2, 3 A. fauna, vii, 252 from I have received and the gravelly mesa, Heliastus californicus. Thrincus caltifornicus Thom., Bull. U.S. geol: sutv. ter, 1, no. 2, ser. 1, 66 (1874) ; Glov. Ill. N. A ent., Orth., pl. 17, fig. 6, 7 (1874) ; Cogq., Ins. life, i, 228 (1889) ; Brun., Proc. U. S. nat. mus. xii, 187 (1890). Fleliastus californicus Scudd., Can, | April 1900, ents XxxIx, 75) (1397p) Cita Oxthe U.S., 44 (1900). This species described by Thomas from specimens taken by Crotch in Southern California, and has was since been mentioned as found at Los Angeles, Cal. (Coquillett), and in the Cerros Isl. off the coast of Lower Cali- fornia (Bruner). I have seen specimens from San Diego (Crotch), Indio, July 9 (Morse), Palm July 9 (Morse), Mohave, EN (Morse), and Rock eastern California (Palmer), as well as Springs, Cale Spring in south- from some other unspecified point in California, collected by Osten Sacken,* who reports it as found ‘* among boul- ders of granite, the colors of which it seems to mimic.” I have it also from St. George, Utah, Apr. 1-12 (Palmer), Saltillo, Mex., Mar. 21-28 (Palmer), and Sonora (Schott), as well as from Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cali- fornia (Xantus). from Heliastus minimus sp. nov. Of small size, cinereo-testaceous, more or less embrowned above on head and prono- tum, marked with brownish fuscous, the face, genae, lower portion of lateral lobes and sometimes their whole metazonal por- tion overlaid with chalky white. Head prominent, the sculpturing much as in A, californicus \yut the face retreating more; eyes rather prominent, especially in male; antennae short, about half as long as the hind femora, in no way attenuate or de- pressed at apex, fusco-testaceous, feebly in- * Baron Osten Sacken collected Orthoptera in Sonoma and Marin Cos. north of San Francisco, but this insect has not otherwise been reported from so northern a locality, or farther north than Mohave. April 1900. | fuscated apically, not banded. Pronotum marked with brownish fuscous on the prozona behind the eyes and sometimes across the posterior margin of the prozonal disk, the front margin of which is a little elevated especially above and in the male, the disk of whole prozona tolerably smooth and nearly plane, the median carina very slight, the hind obtusangulate or broadly rounded, the lateral lobes inferiorly margin strongly truncate not extending below the level of the free pleural lobe. Tegmina rather slen- der, subequal, pale testaceous, feebly em- brewned mesially in proximal half, flecked conspicuously with well distributed brown- ish fuscous spots; wings glistening hyaline, a few of the veins at extreme apex narrowly and inconspicuously infuscated, at least in the female. Hind femora long and slender, INSECT-NEURATION. The work of Comstock and Needham* upon the wings of insects is decidedly an important contribution to the subject, fora firm step has been taken towards a satisfac- tory theory of venation. been attained by an extended study of the This advance has tracheae which precede and, in a broad way, determine the positions of the veins. Select- ing immature stages of generalized repre- sentatives of each order, the authors arrive ata type of tracheation which may fairly be taken to represent a primitive condition,— an origin for more complicated types of tracheation and venation. The lines along which specialization appears to have occurred in the larger orders are carefully traced and the fully and clearly figured. Specialization occurs either by the reduction (atrophy or coalescence) or else by the addi- processes * Comstock, J. H.and Needham, J. G. The Wings of Insects. A series of articles on the structure and devel- opment of the wings of insects, with special reference to the taxonomic value of the characters presented by the wings. 124 pp., 90 figs. Reprinted from The American Naturalist. Ithaca, N. ¥. The Comstock Publishing Co. ISEVGEE: {7 pale testaceous, occasionally and especially at base hoary, bifasciate above with brown- ish fuscous. Length of body, @, 10.25 mm., 2, 18 mm.; antennae, @, 3-5 mm., 9, 5 mm.; tegmina, J, 9.5 mm., 9, 16.5 mm.; hind femora, 6,7 mm., 9, 11mm. One male is of unusual size, the tegmina measuring 14 mm. in length, but otherwise there is little variation in the specimens from the above figures. 13 ¢ 13,9. Palm Springs, Cal., July 9; 125-4. Ps Morse: The species is peculiar for its smal] size, short antennae, slender hind fem- ora, brief lateral lobes and broadly an- gulate metazonal process. tion of veins from a multiplication of the branches of the principal veins. Fortu- nately the familiar terms adopted by Redten- bacher are retained. Committing ourselves to the authors’ con- clusions, perhaps too unreservedly, we were mildly shocked to find that the method fails of application among Trichoptera, most Dip- tera and the Hymenoptera, at least, because the correlation between tracheae and veins is almost lost. As the method seems to have justified itself, however, a critic can scarcely do more at present than to emphasize the necessity of caution in the employment of the method. Especially instructive are the discussions upon the wings of Odonata, Ephemerida and Orthoptera. The elytra of Coleoptera are definitely homologized with wings. The palaeontological evidence is rather summarily dismissed with the negative con- that it does contradict the results. Precisely on account of the ‘imperfection of the record” does the close resemblance of the Devonian Xeno- neura to the hypothetical type of the authors acquire a value that makes the above conclu- sion unnecessarily cautious. clusion authors’ not Ss IAS SQ Ot a Wide Now that the study of wing development promises to dispel the uncertainty which has characterized our theories of venation, the palaeontological evidence will gather new interest from recent In fact, no theory of venation can escape the in proportion as the data insects become more definite. {April igo0. criticism of incompleteness which does no have sufficient regard for the evidence de- rived from fossil forms. The substantial progress which Comstock and Needham have inaugurated ought to stimulate many others to continue the same line of study. A EINEM ViOTOME, (OFF SES EE began in January, 1900, and continues through three years. The subscription price (payable in advance) is $5.00 per volume, or $2.00 per year, postpaid. Numbers are issued on the first day of each month. Libraries and individuals generally ordering through subscription agencies (which only take annual sub- scriptions) will please notice that it is cheaper to subscribe for the entire volume at once directly of us.— Any early volume can be had for $5.00, unbound. Address Psyche, Cambridge, Mass. Vols. 1-8, Complete, Unbound = = = = = = $37.00. Vols. 1-8, and Subscription to Volume 9 = = = = $41.00. Vol. 8 contains about 450 pp. and 8 plates, besides other illustrations. A. SMITH & SONS, 269 PEARL STREET, New York. MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other articles are being added, Send for List. 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CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7:45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month, at No. 156 Brattle St. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. A very few complete sets of the first six volumes of PSYCHE remain to be sold for $20. SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates, c 1,00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 1.50 Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in- sects of America. Cambridge, 1885, 8p.,1 plate .so Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. 6 . > 5 : : . Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana, col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of 1.00 Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 *) x00, Scudder, 5. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. 0 + 2,00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. 4 6 : 2,00 U.S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth 2.00 Report, Washington, 1885 : : SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. MANUAL OF N. A. DIPTERA. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, by S. W. Williston. Paper, $2.00; Cloth. $2.25. J. T. HATHAWay, 297 Crown St., New Haven, Conn. PSYCHE. ON THE SPECIES OF NEMOBIUS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN INDIANA. BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA. Among the Gryllidae occurring in the Northern-Central States the members of the genus Nemobius rank first in num- ber of individuals. From August first to mid-November they swarm by thou- sands on every grass plot and piece of waste ground, whether in open sunny fields or the dense shade of the forest. Even the tangled masses of sphagnum mosses and other semi-aquatic growth of fen and marsh furnish shelter and food to certain species which, in the ages of the past, have become adapted to a life of such surroundings. But while the individuals are so plen- tiful, their size is so small that heretofore they have received but little attention from the average collector. Moreover, so similar in general appearance are they that very close observation by the student is necessary to separate the spe- cies one from another. As a conse- quence but 18 have hitherto been de- scribed the whole of North America, while but three have been ac- credited to the States north of Florida and east of the Rocky Mountains. Mc- Neill * listed but one from Illinois, and I, in a former paper, but three (one of which is but a short winged form) from from * Psyche, VI, rSg1, 6, Indiana.* Bruner + mentions three, two without from Scudder, in the most recent paper on names, Kansas, while the group { accredits three, viz: JV. fasciatus, N. cubensis and NV. carolinus to the Central and Eastern States. Within the past five years many speci- mens have been collected in different parts of Indiana. A careful study of these reveals the presence of at least six species and one well marked variety, three of which are herewith described for the first time. There is little doubt but that the right kind of investigation will show the presence of as many or more in almost any State east of the Rocky Mountains. Those known to occur in Indiana are as follows: 1. N. fasciatus De Geer. This, the long-winged form of our most common species, has been taken by me only in the vicinity of electric lights. The wings of both sexes extend much beyond the tips of hind femora, those of the 9 reaching to or beyond the tip of ovipositor, while the tegmina *“The Gryllidae of Indiana,” in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1891, pp- 134-136. + Publ. Neb. Acad. Sci., III, 18y3, 32. + Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1V, 1896, pp. g9-107- 52 PS VCLHE,. reach to the end of the abdomen. Dur- ing hundreds of days spent in field col- lecting not a single specimen of fasczatus has been seen. Many, however, have been taken from the walks and streets of Indianapolis, Fort Wayne and other cities and towns in the northern part of the State, but none, as yet, in the south- ern half, not even in Terre Haute, where Where the insect breeds, and feeds by day is to me At times, as in the first week of August, 1899, swarms com- posed of myriads have appeared about the lights of some of the cities. The newspapers the next day had a column or more devoted to the insects but noth- I resided for seven years. unknown. ing, except wild guesses, as to whence they came. 1a. N. fasciatus vittatus Harris. This is the form which abounds every- where throughout the State. It varies in color from a dusky brown to a rusty When of the latter hue the stripes on the head, to which it owes its varietal name, are very dim or wholly invisible. black. In size it is larger than any other, except the long-winged fasczatus. The largest specimens in my collection have come from the borders of swamps. The tegmina of the @ cover a little more than half the abdomen and their cross veinlets are coarser and much more prominent than in the next species. Those of the ¢ cover three-fourths of the abdomen. The ovipositor is about one eighth longer than the hind femora. No intermediate short winged forms {May 1900. connecting fascéatus with vittatus have been seen by me, nor have any been recorded to my knowledge. The two are, however, regarded as dimorphic forms of the same species by the leading authorities, Saussure and Scudder. In Indiana vzttatus begins to reach matu- rity about July 20. Living specimens have been seen as late as December tst. Although present in vast numbers, but It ap- pears to be omnivorous, feeding upon little is known of its life habits. carrion, cow dung and grasses with equal avidity. Though small in size the aggregate damage which it causes to grass and kindred plants in the course of a single season must be great, and there is little doubt but that it, as well as the other species of the genus, should be classed among those insects highly destructive to forage plants.” 2. N. maculatus sp. nov. Size medium; head rather prominent, dark luteous or castaneous, more or less dotted with piceous, especially on forehead and cheeks; eyes rather large, prominent. An- tennae dull luteous, the basal third lighter; maxillary palpi luteous, the apical half of terminal joint piceous. Pronotum broader than long, faintly tapering anteriorly; the dorsal field castaneous with numerous dark points; the front margin and lateral field sparingly beset with stiff black bristles. A piceous stripe starts back of the eye and covers the upper two-thirds of lateral field of both pronotum and tegmina. The latter with a yellowish vein separating the dorsal and lat- *For other accounts of the destruction wrought by the species of Nemobius see Rathvon, U.S. Agr. Report, 1862, p- 380, and Osborne, Bull. 23, U. S. Div. Ent. p. 59. May 1900.) eral fields, more prominent in the g. The dorsal field testaceous, sometimes with pice- ous dots; in 2 covering one-third of abdo- men,in @ two thirds; wings absent. Legs and dorsal surface of abdomen testaceous sprinkled with fuscous which on dorsal sur- face of hind femora is sometimes in cross-bars. Ovipositor almost equalling in length or very slightly shorter than hind femora; the apical blades rather long, taper- ing evenly to a fine point; above, evenly and sharply serrulate. Length of body 8 mm.; of hind femora, 6.5 mm.; of ovipositor, 6.5 mm.3 of promotum, 2.5 mm.; of tegmina, 9 2.8 mm., g 4 mm. Width of pronotum, 3 14,9 Q’s. straight, mm. NV. maculatus is readily distinguished from WV. fasciatus vittatus, by its aver- age smaller size, shorter and straighter ovipositor, fewer hairs on head and pro- notum and finer cross veinlets of 2 teg- mina. The serrulations of the ovipositor are sharper than in vétfatus. The two also differ in color, the ground of macu- Zatus being lighter and the piceous more generally sprinkled where in vz¢¢aZus it isin lengthwise bars. Jaculatus has been taken in small numbers only in Marion and Vigo counties. It is found in low open woods, usually in the vicin- ity of or beneath logs. 3. N. palustris sp. nov. Size small; the body of @ especially short and broad. Head tumid; eyes large, but not prominent. Pronotum one third broader than long, the sides subequal, rather thickly beset with stiff black bristles, as is also the forehead and dorsal surface of the two front femora. Head, tegmina and body of most specimens, a uniform dark piceous; disk of pronotum piceous or fuscous sprinkled with piceous. PSYCHE. 53 Antennae, legs and ovipositor fuscous. Max- illary palpi luteous except the apical joint which is wholly piceous. Tegmina of 9 covering a little more than half the abdomen; those of g hardly reaching its tip. Oviposi- tor almost a third shorter than hind femora, * distinctly though feebly arcuate, the apical blades but little enlarged at the base, very finely serrulate with dull rasp-like teeth. Length of body of 2, 6.5 mm.; of hind fe- mora, 5 mm.; of ovipositor, 3.5 mm. This handsome, little pitch brown Nemobiid has been found only among the tamarack swamps and cranberry bogs of the northern part of the State, where it finds a congenial home in the midst of the dense, damp sphagnum mosses. Sometimes they are so plenti- ful thata half dozen or more are seen in an area afoot square. Like the other members of the genus they are very active, when disturbed leaping vigor- ously, a few inches at a time, and finally seeking safety by burrowing in the masses of moss. 4. N. carolinus Scudder. This prettily marked little species has been found to be rather common on the grass covered banks of streams and along the fence rows of open woods in Vigo, Putnam and Monroe counties. In gen- eral appearance it is a diminutive form of WV. maculatus above described, but and short arcuate ovi- Accord- its small size positor at once distinguish it. ing to Scudder, carolénus ranges from New England to Nebraska and Texas. 5 5. N. exiguus sp. nov. Size medium; body slender; head rather 54 PSYCHE. large, but slightly tumid. Eyes small but prominent. Antennae, head, pronotum and femora testaceous. Maxillary palpi light yellow throughout or with the apical third of terminal joint infuscated. Tegmina of & reaching tip of abdomen, testaceous with a narrow piceous bar on upper third of lateral field and with basal third of dorsal field usu- ally more or less piceous. Tegmina of ? covering one half or more of abdomen, the dorsal field usually heavily shaded with pic- eous; wings absent in both sexes. Upper surface of abdomen piceous, lower surface testaceous or luteous. Ovipositor a third or more shorter than hind femora, distinctly arcuate, the apical blade not enlarged at the base, armed above with very small and rather dull teeth which are irregularly distant one from another. Length of body, 7.5 mm.; of hind femora, 6.3 mm.; of ovipositor, 3.5 mm.; of tegmina, d,5mm., 9,4 mm. This is the “ VV. exzgaas Scudder” of my paper on the ‘* Gryllidae of Indi- ana” doc. czt. It appears, however, that Scudder had not described a species as ex?guus but had merely mentioned a form of /V. fasc¢atus under the name. Beutenmuller afterward* described JV. affints from New York, which he stated was the insect mentioned by me, but which, according to Scudder, ¢ is JV. carolinus. * Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 250. t Loc. cit. p. 107. {May 1900. Fxiguus is longer and proportion- ately more slender than carolcnzs, though the tegmina of the male are broader. The pronotum and femora are not mottled or marked with fuscous as in that species. The serrations of ovipositor of caroliénus are smaller, sharper and more evenly separated than in exiguus. The latter species occurs in all parts of the State and is fully one- half as common as JV. fasciatus vitta- tus. Its habits, time of appearance and local habitat are also essentially the same. However, the smaller size, short ovi- positor, yellowish maxillary palpi, and other differences in color, readily distin- guish it from vettalus. 6. N. cubensis? Saussure. Two @’s, distinct from those of any of the above species, were taken Octo- ber 9th, 1893, from the sandy bed of the old canal north of Terre Haute, Indi- ana. They were sent to Mr. Scudder who reports them probably the short- winged form of WV. cubensis. In life they were shining black with a bright yellow line separating the dorsal and lateral fields of the tegmina. No cor- responding females have as yet been secured from Indiana, but Scudder re- cords two as having been taken in IIli- nois. May 1g00.] IDSAGI FAD: 5d ON SOME AMERICAN SPECIES OF MACROPSIS (JASSIDAE). BY C. F. BAKER, In America, Macropsis is distinctly southern in Van Duzee’s List of Jassina four species are credited to North America, two to Mexico, and two to Colorado and the southwest. Three scribed from South America by Stal and one by Lethierry. In this paper three are added to the South American list and six to the United States. As at present known, one species occurs throughout the southern United States, one in Alabama, one in the Argus Mts., Cal., one in the Magdalena Mts., N. M., two in southern California, two in Colorado, two in Mexico and four in South America, Undoubtedly a num- ber more will be found in Central and South America. Pachyopsis Uhl., is strictly synony- mous with Macropsis Lewis. distribution. In have been de- Macropsis itdtocerotdes n. sp.— Male. Length 5.5 mm. Strongly resembling an Idiocerus in form. Head very little if any narrower than pronotum, vertex scarcely longer at middle than at eyes. Front very Ledges over an- tennal cavities short. Clypeus strongly convex, very broad at base, suddenly strongly narrowed beyond the middle to the rounded apex. Ona spacealong the anterior margin of pronotum, the usual aciculation gives place to a fine shagreening. Lateral prono- tal carinae not reaching eyes but curved far down on to the pleurae. Punctures on cla- vus fairly numerous and setigerous; punc- tures on corium obsoletely if at all setiger- minutely rugose below. ST. LOUIS, MO. ous, sparse, and arranged in longitudinal rows. Color pale olivaceous, head and below yellowish, the legs greenish. Eyes dull carmine. Elytra transparent. Valve transverse, longer than preceding segment, hind margin straight. Plates strongly convex, twice longer than width of both, bulging laterally below, then narrowed to an acute point. Described from one example col- lected in the Magdalena Mts., N. M., in August (Snow). This is one of the most interesting Bythoscopids occurring in North America. Though so closely resembling an Idiocerus, it yet presents all the characters of Macropsis. The width of head, form of clypeus, and the position of the lateral pronotal carinae, separate it widely from all other species of the genus. Macropsis laetus(Uh1.) — I have col- lected this species at Fort Collins, Colo., in September. It somewhat resembles the European prasézus in coloration and size, but is nearer Zazzo in structure. The head is broader than in frases, and the elytra possess supernumerary veins at apex. It diflers from /azzo in various structural characters, and more conspicuously, in lacking the fuscous irrorations on head and pronotum. Laetus is the only American repre- sentative of the group including frasz- nus and Zanzo, and in which the elytra are elongate and the punctures not 56 PSYCHE, setigerous. The other American spe- cies are more like mécrocephala. Macropsts atra n. 4mm. Form of robustus. sp.—Male. Length Head somewhat narrower than pronotum, vertex very slightly longer at middle than at eyes. Front un- usually distinctly throughout. Ledges over antennal cavities nearly in a straight line. Clypeus a half transversely aciculate longer than broad, with sides parallel, apex subtruncate. out. Pronotum aciculate through- Elytra sordid whitish opaque; hairs black, base of clavus where they are white and weak. strong, numerous, and except on Beneath, with lower part of face including margins of front, very pale sordid yellowish. Upper part of face with most of front, vertex ; pronotum and scutel (except the piceous apex), black. angle of clavus ferruginous. dle legs Narrow margin along inner Fore and mid- slightly embrowned, hind legs greenish. Last ventral segment nearly square, twice the length of preceding segment, hind mar- gin nearly truncate. Described from a single specimen in the National Museum collection, taken in the Argus Mts., Cal., in May, by Mr. humilis Stal, and may prove but a Koebele. It closely resembles The extent of black is not so great in a@tra. Atra resembles some of the Mexican and South Ameri- can species more nearly than any other species we have. variety of it. Macropsis Length 4 mm. smithtt n. Very stout. sp. — Female. Head consid- erably narrower than pronotum; vertex short; as long at middle as at eyes. Front becoming nearly smooth below. Ledges over antennal cavities strongly bent towards clypeus. Clypeus distinctly, but little, longer {May 1900. ‘ than broad with sides slightly converging apically to the broadly rounded apex. Acic- ulation on pronotum becoming obsolete medially on anterior submargin. Elytra hyaline, hairs strong, black fairly numerous, weak and white on base of clavus. Pale straw color, legs greenish. More or less of pronotum along hind margin, basal portion of clavus, and sometimes narrow basal margin of scutel, black or piceous. Last ventral segment twice length of pre- ceding; hind margin broadly rounded, on either side of the middle with a narrow slit extending to one-third the length of the segment, and enclosing a rectangular tooth. Male like the female. Last ventral seg- ment greatly enlarged, broader and three times the length of the preceding segment; subquadrangular, medially longitudinally creased, the outer margins broadly rounded; hind margin with a large subrectangular tooth, rounded at tip, margins broadly depressed, and bent backwards into the fis- sure of the pygofers. Described from seven females and one male in the Herbert H. Smith col- lection, Chapada, Brazil. This species strongly resembles Jad/es- cezs but it lacks the dark markings on taken at vertex, and presents a totally different form of genitals. Macropsis pallescens (Stal.) — 1862 Stal, K. Vet. Akad. Handl. B. 3, No. 6, p- 49 (Stragania pallescens) . There is a single typical example of this species in the Herbert H. Smith collection, from Chapada, Brazil, col- lected in November. The last ventral segment is broadly rounded apically and has a good sized rectangular me- dian notch. Macropsis sordidus n. sp.— Female. Length 4.5 mm. ‘The general form and ver- May 1900.] tex of smithiz, Clypeus no longer than broad, sides very slightly converging to the subtruncate apex. Ledges over cavities strongly bent clypeus. Pronotum aciculate except within anterior antennal towards lateral angles, where there are some faint brownish spots. Elytra whitish opaque, very strongly but somewhat sparsely seti- gerous punctate, the hairs on base of clavus weak and white. Color sordid yellowish, tinged with green- ish on pronotum posteriorly, scutel, costa at base, and hind tibiae. Last ventral segment twice the length of the preceding, hind margin broadly rounded, with a large median notch which is acute at apex and reaches nearly a third the length of the segment. Described from a single female in the Herbert H. Smith collection, taken at Chapada, Brazil, in April. This may be near déviésa Stal, which [have not seen, but it all fit the description of that species. does not at Macropsts californicus n. sp.— Female. Length 5 mm. Far larger and stouter than robustus. Head little narrower than pro- notum. Vertex very slightly longer on mid- dle than next eye. Clypeus slightly longer than broad at base, sides gently converging towards the truncate apex. Ledges over antennal grooves nearly in a straight line. Pronotum aciculate except just within lateral carinae. Elytra thick, opaque, with a num- ber of supernumerary veinlets towards the apex; hairs on elytra not strong anywhere, those on clavus weak and white, those on corium sparse and mostly black. Head, all below, and elytra largely, pale straw color. Pronotum rufescent. A nar- row area on clavus, adjoining inner angle usually deep reddish. Elytra often more or less tinged with reddish toward base. Dor- sal segments mostly with discs black. PSV CHE. 57 Last ventral segment little longer than preceding, broadly deeply emarginate, bot- tom of the emargination inclining to sub- rectangular. Male. Length 4.75. except narrow basal margin, pronotum and Front above, vertex extreme base of scutel, black to piceous. Elytra except apical areoles suffused with bright reddish. Last ventral segment over twice the length of preceding segment, hind margin broadly rounded and with a minute median slit. Described from one male and a num- ber of females in the National Museum collection, taken by Mr. Koebele in Placer Co., Calif., during September and October. One female partakes somewhat of the male characters in having a spot on front above and ante- rior margin of pronotum, blackened. This is the most highly colored of known North American species. Macropsts Length 5.5 mm differing from it as follows: Pronotum without distinct super- veins. Whole insect darker throughout. Vertex on either side in front, and basal margin of scutel, piceous or black. The dark color on scutel shading through ferruginous to light yellow at apex. Wings dark fuliginous at base. Last ventral segment of female twice the magnus 0. sp.—Female. Near to calijornicus, but Larger and stouter. numerary length of preceding, hind margin trisinuate, the three sinuosities of equal depth, the lateral broad, the median narrow and acute. Described from a single female in the National Museum collection, taken in Los Angeles Co., Cal., by Mr. Coquil- lett. It is very near to caléfornicus but easily separated by the size and genital characters. 58 IDS 4015 13: Macropsis ornatula (Stal.) 1862 Stal, K. Vet. Akad. Handl. B. 3, No. 6, p. 49 (Straganta ornatula). I have referred to this species six specimens in the Herbert H. Smith collection, taken at Chapada, Brazil, in May. These specimens fit the original description perfectly, except that they The last ventral segment in the female is twice are only 3.5 mm. in length. the length of the preceding, the hind margin very broadly slightly produced, between which and the lateral angles on either side, there is a slight concav- ity. ment is a half longer than preceding, In the male the last ventral seg- the hind margin truncate. Macropsis rufoscutellatusn. sp.— Female. Length 4.5 mm. Much stouter than rodustus. Head somewhat narrower than pronotum, vertex somewhat longer at middle than at eye. Clypeus little longer than broad at base, the sides gently converging to the rounded tip. Ledges over antennal cavities Pro- notum aciculate throughout. Elytra sub- hyaline, hairs weak and white towards base of clavus, black on remainder of clavus and distinctly bent towards the clypeus corium, fairly numerous except at apex of corium. Light green throughout, scutel except apex, and adjoining border of clavus, rufous. Last ventral segment deeply emarginate, the apex of the emargination with a short broadly triangular projection. Male more sordid in coloration and with a greater extent of rufous on the clavus. Last ventral segment more than twice the length of preceding, hind margin strongly rounded. Described from two females and one male collected by myself in the foothills west of Fort Collins, Colo., during {May 1goo. May and June. In the Prelim. List Hemip., Colo., this species was con- fused with vodastus, but it is distinct. I unfortunately made a partial distribu- tion of it under the latter name. It is of frequent occurrence in Northern Colorado. Macropsis robustus Uhl.— This is the most common species of the genus in the United States. out the Southern States from the Atlan- tic to the Pacific, and in the Rocky Mountain Region as far north as North- ern Colorado. from Arizona, California, and Alabama. Dr. Uhler also records it from New Mexico and Texas. It is one of the smallest forms, clear It occurs through- I have many specimens Louisiana green to pale straw color throughout. The clypeus is distinctly longer than broad. The hairs on the elytra -are black throughout the clavus and cori- um. The last ventral segment of the female is shallowly bisinuate behind, the included projection small, acute and equalling the lateral angles. Macropsis alabamensts n. Length 4.5 mm. sp. — Female. Closely resembling vobus- tus from which it differs as follows: Clypeus scarcely as long as broad, the genae dis- tinctly incurved to meet its tip. Hairs on weak, white, and rather sparse The commissural margin from elytra throughout. the scutel to the apex of elytra narrowly blackened. Appendix strongly infuscate, the three apical cells each with a brown spot at tip. Last ventral segment bisinuate, the en- closed projection large, exceeding a little the lateral angles, and broadly rounded. Described from three females, col- May 1900.] lected at Auburn, Ala., in September by myself. These three specimens are the find no gradation towards them in my uniform in above characters. I entire series of rodustus, numbering some ninety specimens, some of which are from Alabama. Macropsts stramineus n. sp.— Female. Length 4 mm. Near alabamensi’s than which it is stouter. It differs as follows: LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN IP SMGITs. 59 Bright straw color throughout. Hairs on elytra black, very short and median very sparse, almost wanting on portion. . - 4.00 Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 6 . 1.00 Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. + 2,00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. janres 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1383. a F 2 2.00 U.S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 0 : 0 + 2,00 SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. MANUAL OF N. A. DIPTERA. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, by S. W. Williston. Paper, $2.00; Cloth. $2.25. J. T. HATHAWAY, 297 Crown St., New Haven, Conn, RSMMC EE: EDEN TIFICATION OF [WO OF “FITCH'S SPECIES, VIZ. DELTO- CEPHALUS MELSHEIMERII AND CHLOROTETTIX UNICOLOR. BY C. P. GILLETTE, It was my good fortune the past sum- mer to spend a few days in Albany, N. Y., and while there, was greatly fa- vored by Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomolo- gist, who kindly allowed me to study the specimens in the box of Fitch types of Homoptera. ; It will be remembered that in 1851 Dr. Fitch published a list of the Hom- optera of New York State which he entitled a ‘Catalogue with references and descriptions of the insects collected and arranged for the State Cabinet of Natural History.” The insects upon which the paper was based were given printed numbers ranging between 609 and 874 inclusive, and were placed in the collection of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History in 1850. In 1879, as we are told in Dr. Lintner’s Ninth Report as State Entomologist, p. 380, the collec- tion was transferred to the office of the State Entomologist. The case contain- ing the collecticn is kept hermetically sealed in a dark place and most of the specimens, except for the Aphididae and Typhlocybinae are still in a fair state FORT COLLINS, COLO. of preservation. Prior to 1879, museum pests destroyed a considerable number of specimens and the color markings of others have largely faded out. A label upon the box in Dr. Lintner’s hand reads as follows: ‘© HOMOPTERA Arranged by Dr. Fitch in 1850: Trans- Con- tains 54 species and 5 subspecies of ¢yfes of Dr. Fitch. See Fourth Report N. Y. State Cabinet N. H., PP. 43-69.” One of my chief objects in examining ferred to this case in 1879. this collection was to determine whether or not Mr. *Baker is correct in overturn- ing the opinions of other specialists as to the true Delfocephalus melsheimerii and Chiorotettix unicolor of Fitch, both of which were reported in “ Hemiptera of Colorado” (Bulletin 31 of the Experi- ment Station). Deltocephalus melsheimerii Fitch. — Although Dr. Fitch species as “Common on grass,” he speaks of this described it from a single pair, the male * Psyche, 1897, p. 118 and 1898, p. 219. 172 of which he numbered 805 and _ the female 806. The male has been lost but the female, with her original number, still remains and is intact, except for the loss of the tip of one wing cover. In color, it is bleached nearly white, so that the length,—.10 of an inch—given by Dr. Fitch, is all in the description that can now be applied to it. Mr. Baker, in the first paper referred to above, speaks of having ‘“‘ the original Fitch type ’’? before him and pronounces it the same as D. minimus of Osborn (He should have said Osborn and Ball) and proceeds to condone Prof. Osborn by saying “ Still a good description of the genuine me/sheimerii was much needed.” I had with me type specimens of D. minimus O&B and found by careful com- parison that there could be no possibility of its being the same as Fitch’s medshez- merit. Either the supposed type that Mr. Baker studied in the collection of the National Museum is unlike the type that Dr. Fitch placed in the State Cabi- net, or Mr. Baker is not familiar with minimus. That minimus should occur at all in the collection made by Dr. Fitch is very improbable as so good a collector as Mr. Van Duzee has never taken it in N. Y. and Dr. Fitch reported melshev- meri Common on grass.”’ Farthermore, minimus seems to be distinctively a western species and probably does not occur east of the Mississippi. The eastern specimens of melsheimerit average smaller in size and lighter in color than the western and the type specimen, number 806, does not exceed PSYCHE. (March, 1901 a large specimen of mnimus in length. It is readily separated from the latter species by its more robust form and by the entire hind margin of the last ven- tral segment of the female. the last ventral segment is moderately produced and has upon its hind margin two very distinct teeth as shown in the accompanying figure (A). In minimus A, under surface of the abdomen of De/fo- cephalus last ventral segment of the female with two distinct teeth; B, under surface of the abdo- men of the female of D. melsheimerit show- minimus, showing the produced ing the hind margin of the last ventral seg- ment entire and not produced; C, under surface of the end of the abdomen in the male of D. melsheimerit ; v, the large valve, p, short podical plates. After a thorough study of the type, I went into a grass pasture in the suburbs of Albany and collected five females and four males of a species of Deltoceph- alus that I recognized at once to be like the type and they also proved to be identical with what Mr. Van Duzee had sent me years ago from N. Y. as D. melsheimerit. The differences in the genitalia of the males of these two species are even more striking than in the females. March, 1901] The males of sznimus, as well as the closely related species, mznkiz, oculatus, and sylvestris, have the valve relatively small and the plates long, so that the latter project beyond the valve a dis- tance equal to once or twice the length ofthe valve. Melsheimeriz, on the other hand, is readily separated from the preceding by its proportionately large valve and very short plates. The latter do not project beyond the valve to a distance more than one third or one half the length of the valve. See the accom- panying figure (C). I must conclude then that De/tocepha- lus melsheimerii is distinct from D. mini- mus; that the references to D. me/shev- meri? in ‘* Hemiptera of Colorado” were correct; and that D. afinis G&B is a synonym of D. melsheimerit. Chlorotettix Fitch.— This species was described from a single fe- male, to which Dr. Fitch gave the num- ber 767. ‘The type is still in a good state unicolor PSYCHE. 173 of preservation except that it is consid- erably faded in color. Mr. Baker in his article on Chlorotettix referred to above reports upon an exam- ination of what he supposes to be a Fitch type in the National Museum and says it is the species described by Mr. Van Duzee as C. galbinata. correct, the specimens “ Hemiptera of Colorado” as C. unicolor I compared the type of This being reported in must be wrong. unicolor with C. galbinata Van D., and with the Colorado specimens of C. wzco- Jor and found Mr. Van Duzee’s deter- minations to be correct and his ga/binata very distinct from the type of wzzcolor. The descriptions of both these species as given by Mr. Van Duzee in PsycHE of August, 1892, pp. 308-311 are correct and will enable any one conversant with the gross anatomy of these insects to correctly separate the species without so much as a hand lens to aid him, unless his eyesight is very poor. INSECTS AND SPIDERS OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS. BY VERNON L. KELLOGG, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL. By the financial aid of Mr. Timothy Hopkins of Menlo Park, California, Stanford University was enabled to send two zoologists with Captain Noyes of the ninety-six ton schooner Julia E. Whalen (San Francisco) to the Galapa- gos Islands in November, 1898. Mr. Robert Evans Snodgrass, assistant in entomology, and Mr. Edmund Heller, student in zoology, were selected to make trip. They reached the Archipelago on December 1898, and remained in it until June 23, 1899. In the time of their stay they visited every island of the group except the small island called Jervis, spending from two to sixty days on each island. Some of the larger islands were visited the 22 22, 174 PSYCHE. several times. Extensive zoological ' made especially of birds, reptiles, fishes, spiders and in- sects. the hands of specialists for study, and the papers based on the material are collections were These collections were placed in being published in the current volume of the Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science. The most important invertebrate col- lections are those of the spiders, the biting bird-lice (Mallophaga) and of long series of the Acridid genera, Schis- tocerca, Sphingonotus and Halmenus. In addition the insect collections include other Orthoptera, Diptera, Hymenop- tera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemip- tera, Thysanura, Isoptera and Odonata. The Arachnida, which have been studied by Nathan Banks, include 650 specimens, “ by far the largest collection ever made” in these islands, represent- ing 48 species, of which 39 are Ara- neida, 6 are Arthrogastra The thirty-nine species of spiders fifteen twenty-five of these spiders are new spe- cies, twenty-one being already known. and 3 are Acarina. represent families ; The collection includes all of the spe- cies except two ever taken on these islands. tion Banks concludes that the Arachni- dan fauna of the Galapagos Islands is more truly related to that of the Central American region than to that of any From his study of this collec- other portion of the earth. A very valuable part of the paper on these spiders is the extensive ecological notes made by Mr. Snodgrass during his col- lecting. (March, rgor The long series of the interesting Galapagos species of Schistocera, Sph- ingonotus and Halmenus representing all of the islands of the group in which the species are to be found have been carefully studied by Mr. Snodgrass and his interesting conclusions are contained in a paper suggestively entitled “ On the varieties of the Orthopterous genera Schistocerca, Sphingonotus and Hal- menus on the Galapagos Islands, and a discussion of their inter-relationships, together with a consideration of the relative geological ages of the various islands of the Archipelago.” The other Orthoptera comprising twenty-three spe- cies have been worked by Prof. Jerome McNeill, who finds seven new species in the collection. The insects of other orders, except the Mallophaga, have been studied by the specialists of the U. S. Division of Entomology, under the direction of Dr. L. O. Howard. Mr. Coquillet deter- mines twenty-eight species of Diptera representing twenty-three genera, and sixteen families! Of these five species are new; seven are peculiar to, or at least were described from the islands, and all of the remaining sixteen are species known from South or Central America, the West Indies and warmer parts of North America. In the Hemip- tera Mr. Heidemann finds twenty-four species of which two are new, and five previously recorded only from the islands. In this collection are two species of the interesting ocean surface genus Halo- bates. In the other orders a small num- ber of new species is described. March, 1901] The collection of the Mallophaga is the first made from birds of the Gala- pagos Islands. Specimens of bird-lice were taken from 183 bird individuals representing thirty-four out of the sev- enty-nine bird species so far recorded from the Islands. Mallophaga were taken from twenty-six out of the forty- eight bird species and from all of the five bird genera peculiar to the Islands. There is a total of forty-three Mallo- phagous species represented in the col- lection, twenty-five of which I have de- scribed as new. The problem of the occurrence on the Galapagos birds of previously known species of parasites, and the extraordinary distribution of various Mallophagous species on widely dissimilar bird hosts of the islands make PSYCHE. aly (ts) the study of this unique collection of Mallophaga a most interesting one. Little of value in the way of suggestions as to the affinities of the five bird genera peculiar to the islands, drawn from a study of their parasites, can be got at until a better knowledge of the Mallo- phaga of the birds of the west coast of South and Central America is had. Up to the present no collections of Mallo- phaga have been studied from the re- gion south of Panama, but such collec- tions are now being made in Bolivia and and Chili, and their examination should offer much of interest in connection with the present Galapagos Island collection. All the specimens here referred to are now in the entomological collections of Stanford University. NOTES ON CRYPTICERYA TOWNSENDI CKLL. BY oa. Crypticerya townsendi was described from specimens collected on the Mesca- At the same time a var. p/ucheae was described, from the Mesilla Valley ; [am now con- vinced that this is a valid species, and must be called Crypticerya plucheae. The next find of C. townsendi was on Gutier- lero Apache reservation, N. M. rezia at Albuquerque, N. M., by the present writer, in Sept., 1897. the species had only occurred sparingly, So far, and on a single species of plant; but on Aug. 26, 1900, my wife and I found it in great quantity on Goat Mtn., Raton, N. M., living on Compositae of five D. A. COCKERELL AND GEO. B. KING. different genera. The food-plants of C. townsendi at Raton were submitted to Prof. E. L. Greene them as follows :-— Zownsendia grandi- Jlora Nutt., Picradenia floribunda (Gray), Grindelia squarrosa Pursh, Gutierrezia sarothrae(Pursh) and Bahia chrysanthem- oides Gray. Specimens collected at Raton who determined Aug. 26, gave birth to young at the end of October. Mr. G. B. King at my re- quest, has kindly made measurements of the antennae and legs, and these, with other observations, are given by him below. [Z. D. A. Cockerell.] On October 27, 1g00, I received a 176 small box of living specimens of the above mentioned coccid from Prof. Cockerell; which contained three old females giving birth to young; all of the others were adult but younger and contained eggs, embryonic larvae, and some with the embryo removed, while nearly matured larvae. The three individuals which I termed old, all proved to have eleven segmented antennae, with the eleventh others were have segment always longest, two and three next, and five shortest; four, six and seven seem to be nearly equal, as also The width of the several segments is quite uniform do eight, nine and ten. with the first of course as usual broadest. (@)i26o="(@)2285 (azo. Dheresis very little difference in their width after leaving segment four, the average being Length of middle leg: Coxa 200-260. Femur with trochanter 680-720. Tibia 580-600. ‘Tarsus 360-380. Claw 108. Width: Coxa Trochanter 306-320. ‘Tibia 160. Claw 48. The younger forms have ten and eleven segmented about 104. 420. Tarsus 108. antennae ; those with eleven segments, the eleventh were longest, one, two and In the ten segmented forms, ten is longest, ithe segments of these younger forms seem to be quite variable as do also the middle legs, from the following measure- three next, with five shortest. then three, two next, then one. ments: The eleven segmented form, — Coxa 200. Femur with trochanter 600. Tibia, 480. Claw The form, —- Femur Tarsus 300. segmented 100. ten PSYCHE. (March, 1901 with trochanter, 560. Tibia 544. ‘Tar- sus 300. Claw 104. Newly hatched larvae, red, elliptical in shape, 1 mm. long, $ mm. broad. Antennae and legs black. Eyes black, large, 56 micromilli- Antennae six seg- mented, 6 very long, 3 next, 2 and 4 meters in diameter. nearly equal, 1 next, and 5 is shortest, although 4 is but very little longer. The formula of their antennae would be 62145. Middle leg. Coxa 60. Femora with trochanter 200. Tibia 192. Tarsus Eggs t40o. Claw 40. oval, clear Genital orifice of Cryptocerya townsendt behind the hind legs. white at first but turn red later on, but when cannot be stated, owing to the fact that all takes place inside of the body of the female. A sketch is given, show- ing the position and size of the genital orifice, just behind the hind legs, and is a known character of Crypticerya. Dr. L. O. Howard seems to have been the first to call attention to this character, together with an exhibition of speci- March, 1gor) mens, before the Entomological society of Washington. ‘The size of the genital PSYCHE. 177 orifice in mounted specimens under cover-glass is 1 mm. in diameter. Measurements of the antennal segments of the three full grown females, the length of which were 54 mm. 5 broad and 4 high. The measurements in the tables are in micromilli- meters. Segments. I 2 3 4 136 120 16 56 136 120 16 68 130 120 136 60 120 i20 136 64 120 120 136 52 120 120 120 60 Measurements of the antennal segments of the younger forms. 24 high, 10 and 11 segmented. Segments. I 2 3 4 120 108 120 60 120 100 104 56 120 112 112 52 80 100 120 48 80 84 120 72 Measurements of the segments of 5 6 7 8 9 10 vip 52 64 64 80 80 80 180 2 68 76 76 80 80 180 52 68 76 80 80 80 160 48 64 76 80 80 80 180 40 92 56 80 80 72 168 48 64 64 68 76 68 168 ? 4 mm. long, 3 broad, 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 60 64 72 80 80 80 160 48 60 60 72 88 72 160 48 68 60 56 56 64 160 40 80 52 60 56 = 136 40 44 40 40 56 140 the newly hatched larvae. Sepmentsy 92) 02) 7s 74) 75) 6 52 56 60 44 44 140 52 60 60 48 44 132 53 60 60 48 40 132 53 60 60 48 4o 132 [George B. King.) LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. — XX. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, Heltomata cycladata Girt. Egg. Laid singly on the edge of a leaf or in a hole or on end on the petiole. Flat- tened cylindrical, rounded, one diameter dis- tinctly shorter, ends flattened, the basal one the most so, but rounded. Eight ribs pro- jecting at the rim of the micropylar area increasing to a few more by interpolation at about two-thirds the distance toward the other end; raised, coarsely beaded with nearly contiguous clear granules, a little waved and also slightly flexuous in course, joined by thick, curved cross-striae, a little irregula1 and not always quite parallel, one to each bead. At the base the sculpture becomes confused into rounded pit-like retic- ulations of which confusion the short inter- polated ribs seem a part. Coarse lumpy 178 reticulations also in the small level micropy- lar area. Dark leaf green, the beading a shade paler, not white. Size .6 X .35 X .25 mm. Stage I. Head round, higher than wide, scarcely bilobed, erect, free from but lower than joint 2; sordid luteous, grayish on the vertex, ocelli black, mouth brown; width Body stout and rather thick, normal, smooth, incisures distinct, the seg- Sordid translucent white, pale green from the food ; very faint brownish subdorsal mottlings the Tuberclés small, black in Shields concolorous, uncorni- about .2 mm. ments a little bulging ventrally. whole length. white rings. fied, cervical shield faintly luteous, the rim of joint 2 before Setae small, obscure. Stage II. Head rounded, slightly bilobed, erect, slightly lower than joint 2; pale lu- teous, slightly shining; width .35 Body short and thick, normal, incisures dis- tinct; translucent, pale green fromthe food, tubercles greenish dusky, rather distinct, pale edged. Faintly indicated dusky longi- whitish. mm. tudinal lines, narrow subdorsal and broad lateral, but very obscure. Thoracic feet blackish; setae short, black, distinct. Ab- dominal feet and obsolete shields concolor- ous with body. Stage I7/. Head broad, bilobed, rounded, flattened before, erect; pale yellowish, not shining, ocelli black; width .6 mm. Body short and thick, smooth, uniform pale green, translucent, not shining, incisures folded Feet concolorous; no shields; no marks. Tubercles minute, blackish; setae short, dusky. Stage IV. Head round, circular from before, lobes full, slightly bilobed, erect, free; light green, ocelli small, black, anten- nae moderate, whitish; width 1.15 mm. Body short and thick, the central segments only a little longer than the end ones and shaped about as in Noctuid larvae, the ends being slightly contracted. Feet normal, the thoracic ones moderate, the abdominal on and whitish. PSVGHE. {March, 1901 joints 10 and 13, the latter with large tri- angular plate; anal plate rounded; cervical shield divided into two well separated ellip- ses. Tubercles distinct, rather large, not elevated, concolorous; setae short, black. Entirely light green without marks, the plates and tubercles slightly shining, the skin dull. No anal prongs. Tubercles nor- mal, ia to iib equally spaced on joints 3 and 4 and separate. Spiracles narrowly dark rimmed. Stage V. Head round, circular, flat before and a trace flattened on the apex; clypeus two thirds to vertex, the paraclypeal pieces very narrowand obscure; finely shagreened ; width 1.9 mm. Body robust, the segments not elongated, the end ones proportionately a little obscurely 6-annulate. Feet normal, short, the anal pair triangular and slightly produced at the upper angle; Tubercles contracted, anal plate elongated, rounded. very small, not elevated, distinct; setae short, pointed; both black. varies from green to more or less heavily spotted. In the former the head is luteous green, subtranslucent, ocelli dark. Body green like the leaf, the folded incisures yel- lowish, faint dotted whitish subdorsal and lateral lines ; subventral fold yellowish ; spir- The coloration acles brown rimmed; dorsal vessel darker green. In the spotted form the head is green mottled broadly with brown spots over the vertex. Body green with many fine brown specks forming triangular brown spots subdorsally on joints 5 to 8, pointed before and in general segregated into gemi- nate parallel lines. The lines are subdorsal, lateral and subventral, enclosing paler spaces, but very obscurely. Also a faint dorsal line. The dottings are somewhat mottled, heaviest centrally on the segments, con- tracted, and therefore darker, on joints 10 to 13, the anal plates spotted. Venter rather broadly green, paler lined. Feet brownish dotted. The larvae spun very slight webs of brown- ish silk in the ground at the surface and March, rgor] Abdomen small little turned to thick stout pupae. tapering. Dark brown, the cases a greenish. Body coarsely punctured, cases shagreened as if irregularly eroded; abdomi- nal segments ridged in front. Cremaster a long spine, widened at base and with two recurved hooks at tip. Food plant probably locust (Robinia pseud- acacta); at least the larvae fed readily on this plant and the moths were taken flying among the trees. Eggs June roth, mature larvae July roth. Single brooded, the fall and winter being passed as pupa. from Washington, D. C. Larvae THE KATYDID’S CALL IN RELA- TION TO TEMPERATURE. The following observations on the fre- quency with which the call of the Katydid (Cyrtophyllus perspicillatus) is repeated and their relation to the temperature at the time were made in Milton, Mass., by Mr. Roland Hayward, between August 26th and October 7, and are here printed from his memoranda. The first column gives the date, the second the temperature in degrees of the Fahrenheit scale, the third the number of calls ‘‘ katy- did” or ‘‘she did” per minute. In all cases they were counted for at least one minute. Aug. 26 822° - 89 27 78° 76 28 O75 45 29 69° 46 30 720. 60 31 yoo 47 Sept. 1 66° 39 2) Toone 5S 3 74° 62 PSYCHE. 179 4 13. ae co 8 68° 37 9 68°43 10 63° 20 II 720 60 12(windy) 68° 38 13 60° 1g I4 68° 35 21 67°39 22 63° 26 24 5° 35 25 58° 21 26 58° 20 27 64° 2 29 60° 18 30 63° 2 Oct. 1 56° 15 4 64° 2 5(7 P.M.) 72° 58 (8.30 P.M.) 70° 47 (10.15 P.M.) 68° 39 7 63° 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB. Ir January, t901. The 217th regular and 24th annual meeting (since incorporation) was held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. A. P. Morse in the chair. The annual reports of the officers were read. The following officers were elected for 1go1: secretary, Koland Hayward; treasurer, Roland Hayward ; librarian, Samuel H. Scud- der; members at large of executive commit- tee, A. P. Morse, S. H. Scudder. The annual address of the retiring presi- dent, J. W. Folsom, was read, entitled: The distribution of holarctic Collembola,— pub- lished in full in PsycuHe. 180 PSYCHE. { March, rgot A NEW VOLUME OF PSYCHE began in January, 1900, and continues through three years. The subscription price (payable in advance) is $5.00 per volume, or $2.00 per year, postpaid. Numbers are issued on the first day of each month. Libraries and individuals generally ordering through subscription agencies (which only take annual sub- scriptions) will please notice that it is cheaper to subscribe for the entire volume at once directly of us.— Any early volume can be had for $5.00, unbound. Address Psyche, Cambridge, Mass. Vols. 1-8, Complete, Unbound Vols. 1-8, and Subscription to Volume 9 = - - - $37.00. $41.00. Vol. 8 contains about 450 pp. and 8 plates, besides other illustrations. Published by Henry Holt & Co., New York. Scudder’s Brief Guide to the Com- moner Butterflies. By SamueL H. Scupper. I2mo. $1.25. An introduction, for the young student, to the names and something of the relationship and lives of our commoner butterflies. The author has selected for treatment the butter- flies, less than one hundred in number, which would be almost surely met with by an in- dustrious collector in a course of a year's or two year’s work in our Northern States east of the Great Plains, and in Canada. While all the apparatus necessary to identify these butterflies, in their earlier as well as perfect stage, is supplied, it is far from the author's purpose to treat them as if they wereso many mere postage-stamps to be classified and ar- ranged in a cabinet. He has accordingly added to the descriptions of the different spe- cies, their most obvious stages, some of the curious facts concerning their periodicity and their habits of life. xi + 206 pp. Scudder’s The Life of a Butterfly. A Chapter in Natural History for the General Reader. By Samuec H. Scupper. 16mo. $1.00. 186 pp. In this book the author has tried to present in untechnical language the story of the life of one of our most conspicuous American butterflies. At the same time, by introduc- ing into the account of its anatomy, devel- opment, distribution, enemies, and seasonal changes some comparisons with the more or less dissimilar structure and life of other but- terflies, and particularly of our native forms, he has endeavored to give, in some fashion and in brief space, a general account of the lives of the whole tribe. By using a single butterfly as a special text. one may discourse at pleasure of many: and in the limited field which our native butterflies cover, this meth- od has a certain advantage from its simplicity and directness. A. SMITH & SONS, 146-148 WILLIAM ST., New York. a FZ JOINTED FOLDING NET MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other articles are being added, Send for List. Subscribers to Psyche in arrears will confer a favor by prompt payment of bills. PSYCHE Ae NORESIN CAS | @Rt SNE OMe © Gx [Established in 1874] Vol. 9, No. 300 APRIL, IgOI CONTENTS THE HABITS AND NOTES OF THE NEW ENGLAND SPECIES OF OECANTHUS — Wa/fe) Faxon ; ; : : ; ; : ; ; : : : ‘ ‘ ON THE PROTECTIVE COLORATION AND ATTITUDE OF LIBYTHEA CELTIS Esp. (Illus- trated) — Vicholas Kusnezow 5 : 4 : : : , ; : SOME INSECTS OF THE HUDSONIAN ZONE IN NEw Mexico —IV — HYMENOPTERA (Part), William H. Ashmead; LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA, 7. D. A. Cockerell THE SPECIES OF DIAPHEROMERA (PHASMIDAE) FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES AND Canapa — Samuel H. Scudder ; ‘ , . 4 : . é Lire HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE — XXI — Harrison G. Dyar OccuURRENCE OF MELANOPLUS EXTREMUS IN NORTHERN LABRADOR—A. S. Pachard OccuURRENCE OF ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS IN MAINE — A. S. Packard CORRECTION PUBLISHED BY THE CAM BIRNDGES ENTOMOL OGIC AL» CLUB CamprinGe, Mass., U.S. A. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTIILY NUMBERS, [Entered as second class mail matter] 182 Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. ee Subscriptions not discontinued are considered renewed, pas- Beginning with Fanuary, 1891, the rate of subscription ts as follows: — Yearly subscription, one copy, postpaid, $2.00 Yearly subscription, clubs of three, postpaid, 5.00 Subscription to Vol. 6 (1891-1893), postpaid, 5-00 Subscription to Vol. 6, clubs of 3, postpaid, 13.00 The index will only be sent to subscribers to the whole volume. 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Per line, first insertion, $0.10 $0.08 Yighth page, first insertion, 75 .60 Quarter “ ig 7 1.25 1.00 Half rs os 2.25 1.75 One a bs 4.00 3.50 Each subsequent insertion one-half the above rates, Address EDIVORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Subscriptions also received in Europe by R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carlstrasse t1, Berlin N. W. PSYCHE. { April, rg0K, CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month, at No. 156 Brattle St. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. A very few complete sets of the first six volumes of PSYCHE remain to be sold for $29. SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 1.00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 1.50 Scudder, S. H. The earliest winked in- sects of America. Cambridge, 1885, 8p.,1 plate .50 Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. d . 5 5 6 : . 1,00 Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 . 1.00 Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. + 2,00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. jane 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. . : 2.00 U. S. Entomological Commission Roun Report, Washington, 1885 . . 2 2.00 SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. MANUAL OF N. A. DIPTERA. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, by S. W. Williston. Paper, $2.00; Cloth. $2.25. J. T. HATHAWAY, 297 Crown St., New Haven, Conn, Eo Eat. THE HABITS AND NOTES OF THE NEW ENGLAND SPECIES OF OECANTHUS. BY WALTER FAXON, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. (In a Letter to S. H. Scudder.) Two years ago I became a good deal interested in our Oecanthi. I found four species in the region about Cambridge, all of them distinct in their markings, and all save one readily distinguished by their habits and notes. t. O8ec. niveus; whitish-green, with a roundish black spot on basal segment of and another on the second The song is the well-known antennae, segment. rhythmical cricket-note of autumn even- ings. 2. Occ. angustipennis ; greenish-white, Like the last, chiefly nocturnal, singing on trees more niveous than ves! and shrubs. Basal joints of the anten- nae with crescentic black marks. Song entirely different from that of mzvews, consisting of a trill of several seconds’ duration, succeeded by a short pause; this song suggests the spring note of the toad, heard afar off. 3. Occ. nigricornis; strong yellowish cast on the wings; legs and antennae with a good deal of fuscous ; basal segments of antennae marked thus [showing a figure with a heavy digamma on the basal joint and two longitudinal lines on the second joint], though the pattern is often obscured by the fuscous suffu- sion of the whole antennae. Note a long continuous 7-7-7-7-7, which sounds in a small way like a Czcada. Diurnal, sing- ing particularly on low herbs, Solidago etc., on edges of swamps and also in dry fields. 4. Occ. 4-punctatus; similar to Oéec. nigricornis, but antennal joints marked thus [the second joint as in the last; the basal with a reversed figure 7, the short arm followed by a dot]. Rarest of the four species about here; diurnal, found on herbs in dry fields. Song similar to that of No. 3, but clearer in tone and no doubt sufficiently distinct on close I have found only two or three of this species, in Cambridge and Lexington. acquaintance. I have found all four of these species within a few rods of the Museum, 184 VES \ACIEUE, (April, rgor ON THE PROTECTIVE COLORATION AND ATTITUDE OF LIBYTHEA CELTIS ESP. BY NICHOLAS KUSNEZOW. [From Horae Entomologicae, xxxv, 1900] The article describes the protective enough. The butterfly in repose exactly coloration of the imago of Zébythea ce/tis resembles a dead leaf, just as many Esp. and its original attitude in repose. tropical Rhopalocera with the famous The observations were made by the Kallimaat the head. The circumstance author on the southern coast of the that Zzbythea celtis makes use of its palpi and antennae for the simulation of a stalk of a leaf is very singular, as no tropical ‘“‘ leaf-shaped ” butterfly does it. In this respect the example of Z. celtis iS unique. In the majority of cases the role of this stalk is bore out by various appendices of the hind wings. The coloration completely con- forms to the habits of the insect. The well known species with tail- shaped appendices of the hind wings have a habit of raising the fore part of the body, applying these appen- dices to a stick and concealing their antennae between the fore wings; the L. celtis, on the contrary, inclines forwards, stretches its palpi and an- tennae, touching with them the leaf- less twig, and raises the anal angles of the hind wings. The form of the folded wings and ‘Crimea; they do not require detailed the presence on the underside of the explanations, which appear in the Rus- hind wings of a dark median vein — sian text; the appearance is clear from observed only in the Z. ce/tis —- make the the subjoined figure, which is explicit resemblance to a leaf still more complete. April, 1901] We have thus in this species a unique example of an European butterfly, which mimics the dead leaf as_ perfectly, IAS AGIEO I, 185 and possibly even not worse , than sey- eral celebrated tropical species. SOME INSECTS OF THE HUDSONIAN ZONE IN NEW MEXICO.— IV. HYMENOPTERA. (Part) BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD., Family Crabronidae. (1) Stenocrabro cinctitarsis, new spe- cies. &.—Length 6.5 mm. the tibial spurs, the extreme apex of the first Black, shining; joint of the anterior tarsi and joints 2 and 3 entirely, and joints r to 3 of middle tarsi, yellowish-white. The clypeus at apex medi- ally is subproduced and clothed with a dense silvery pubescence; the mandibles and the mesopectus with sparse silvery hairs. The head is quadrate, smooth above, but anteri- orly it is sparsely, minutely punctate and with a median grooved line; the eyes are large and converge anteriorly; the ocelli are arranged in a triangle, the space between the margin of the eye and the lateral ocelli being greater than the space between them. Man- dibles black, bidentate. The pronotum is not short and has a deep transverse impres- sion above, the hind margin having a deli- cate median notch which conforms to a deli- cate median grooved line on the anterior half of the mesonotum; both of these scler- ites are smooth and shining, although with a high power lens one can detect sparse, micro- scopic punctures scattered over the surface. The metathorax above is smooth, polished, with a broad median groove and an oblong area on each side of the groove; the poste- rior face of the metathorax is transversely regulose, the pleura striate. The wings are hyaline, with a faint fuscous tinge, the stigma and veins being brown, the stigma and costal vein dark the recurrent neryure unites with the cubital cell just beyond its middle. The abdomen is a little longer than the head and thorax united, subclavate, smooth and shining, but with a high power brown; lens, exhibits, particularly on the second and third dorsal segments and the base of ‘the third, very fine, delicate, transverse acicu- lations. Type.— Cat. No. 5349, U. S. N. M. Habitat.— Top of range between the Sapello and Pecos Rivers at an altitude of about 11000 feet. One g specimen. Family Pompilidae. (2) Ceropales fraterna Smith. Prof. Cockerell has taken one 9? specimen. It is a species widely spread over Canada and the United States. Family Lumenidac. (3) Aneistrocerus sexcingulatus, new species. &.—Length $8 mm. Black with the head and thorax rather coarsely punctate ; a broad apical band on dorsal abdominal segments 1 to 6, a band at apex of ventral segments 2 and 3 and a spot at hind angles of 4 and 5, the mandibles except at apex, the clypeus entirely, a short orbital line opposite the antennae, a spot between the antennae, a dot on temples back of the eyes, the scape beneath and two or three of the following antennal joints 186 beneath, a transverse band on the anterior margin of the pronotum, two spots on the tegulae, two dots on the scutellum and the legs from the apices of the femora, lemon-yellow ; flagellum beneath and including the hook and the penultimate joint fulvous. Type.— Cat. No. 5350, U. S. N. M. Habitat.— New Mexico. Described from 1 g specimen. The species comes evidently nearest to 4. bustamenti Saussure, described from Mexico and known only in the female sex. Family Formicidae. (4) Formica neorufibarbis Emery. Two 2 specimens. (Determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande.) Family Zenthredinidae. (5) Zenthredo erythromeraProvancher. One @ specimen. Occurs in British Columbia and Alaska. (6) Labidia originalis Norton. One 2? specimen. Recorded from Colorado, British Columbia, Vancouver Island. LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. Pyrameis cardui L. Vanessa milbertii subsp. sudpallida Ckll. Argynnis eurynome Edw. abundant. Argynnis electa Edw., det. Skin- Very PSYCHE. (April, rgor ner. Only one taken; it is common in the same region at lower altitudes, where eusyrome is not found. Brenthis helena Edw, det. Skin- Abundant. Dr. Skinner would not separate Brenthis from Argynnis, but they seem to me sufficiently distinct. Erebia epipsodea Butler. Coenonympha _ ochracea_ Fdw. Common; forms with only one pupilled ocellus on under side of secondaries. ner. Chrysophanus_ helloides_ Badv. Common. Lycena rustica Edw. Common; is smaller than usual, with the ground-color of under side of second- aries quite dark, thus approaching Z. aguilo. Colias eurytheme Bady. Colias scudderi Reak. var. favotin- 2 delicate pale yellow, ¢ normal. The 9 is figured (fig. 5) on Edwards’ plate in Butt. N. A. Several seen; my wife took a pair. Parnassius smintheus Dbl. & Hew. One ¢ taken by my wife; expanse 63 mm. one cta Nn. var; This is certainly sméntheus, con- sidering the locality, but it is unusually dark, and marked almost exactly as P. clodius var. baldur, figured (pl. 39, fig. 7) in Holland’s Butterfly Book. Pamphila comma nevada Scudd. det. Skinner. Common, both sexes taken. Pyrgus centaureae Ramb., det. Skinner. ¢. April, rgo1) THE SPECIES OF DIAPHEROMERA PSV GHEE. 187 (PHASMIDAE) FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, The common “ walking stick” of the oak bushes of the northern United States, D. femorata (Say), was the only species known to Gray, when in 1835 he founded this genus. It was not until 1864 that a second, intimately allied, species was added by Walsh, and since 1875, when a third much larger species was described by Stal, no further additions have been MASS. made. From rather meagre material in my collection I can now add two other species, one from North Carolina, the other from New Mexico. No species appears to occur west of the continental divide. I subjoin a table for the easy separation of the species, based princi- pally on the male sex. Table of the United States species of Diapheromera. a. Male cerci more or less, generally conspicuously, arcuate. 61, Larger and stouter form ; spined throughout ; less spatulate. under side of middle and hind femora distinctly male cerci much broader apically than at base, more or denticrus. 6°. Smaller and slenderer forms ; micale and hind Ponor without conspicuous spines beneath, excepting the subapical spine ; male cerci subequal throughout. cl, Ninth abdominal segment of male apically inflated, and here nearly half as broad again as at base, the seventh and eighth segments of subequal length carolina. c*, Ninth spdgicel segment BE male eibedtal scarcely larger at apex than at base, the seventh segment much longer than the eighth. d'. Male cerci cerci relatively stout, ad’, Male cerci cerci relatively segment a. Male cerci rigidly straight slender, Diapheromera denticrus. Diapheromera denticrus Stal, Rec. Orth., iii, 76 (1875). with a sharp thorn at inner inferior base; with a blunt tooth at inner inferior base; female about half as long as last dorsal segment Jemorata. female almost or quite as long as last dorsal veltel. mesillana. Originally described from Opelousas, La. My specimens all Texas (Belfrage), New Braunfels, Tex. (Lincecum), and the Gulf coast of come from 188 Yexas (Aaron), excepting a small fe- male from Las Cruces, N. Mex. (Cock- erell). It is perhaps this species to which Gosse alludes (Lett. Alab., 275) as the larger of two species found in Alabama. It varies somewhat in size, two males before me being respectively goand 125 mm.in length. The species is figured of half natural length in Har- per’s Magazine, vol. Ixxxvill, p. 457. Diapheromera carolina sp. nov. @. Stouter than D. femorata, testaceo- castaneous, glistening, the thorax with a rather broad median bronze-fuscous stripe, not reaching the median segment, and inter- rupted at the posterior end of the mesono- tum, the fore legs greenish, the antennae thorax with fine testaceous ; excessively transverse striation. Mesothorax and meta- thorax (including median segment) of similar length. Seventh and eighth abdominal seg- ments of subequal length, each faintly en- larging from base, the ninth a little shorter, apically inflated and subglobose, nearly half as broad again at apex as at base, the cerci much as in D. femorata, but stouter, more compressed and without basal tooth. Length of body, 67 mm.; head, 3 mm. ; mesothorax, 13.5 mm.; middle femora, 14.5 mm.; hind femora, mm.; fore femora, 20.5 19.5 mm. 1 @. North Carolina (Morrison). In most features this species stands nearly intermediate between D. denticrus and D. femorata. Diapheromera femorata. Spectrum femoratum Say, Exp. Long, li, 297 (1824); Amer. ent., iii, pl. 37 (1828). JES VACIEME [April, i901 Diapheromera femorata Harr., Treat. ins. inj. veg., 119 (1840, 1841). Phasma (Bacteria) femorata de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orth., ror, 134 (1842). Bacunculus femoratus Uhl., Harr., Treat. ins. inj. veg., 3 ed., 146 (1862). Diapheromera sayt Gray, Syn. Phasm., 18 (1835). Bacteria sayi Charp., Orth. deser., pl. 6 (1841-1845). Bacteria (Bacunculus) sayi Handb. ent., 11, 566 (1838). Bacunculus sayt Thom., Trans. Ill. st. agric. soc., V, 441 (1865). Bacteria linearis Gosse, Lett. Alab., 275 (1859). Originally described from the “United States,” Niagara and the Missouri River being specified. Burm., I have seen specimens from Prout’s Neck, Me., Vermont, vic. Boston, Massachusetts, Prescott, Ont. (Billings), New York, Niagara Falls, Maryland (Uhler), Virginia, Illinois, Manitoba, Jefferson, Dallas Co. and Den- ison, Iowa (Allen), St. Louis, Mo., Dallas, Tex. (Boll) and Ringgold Barracks, Tex, (Schott). It has also been reported, but perhaps sometimes by mistake for the next species, from Montreal (Caulfield), New Hampshire (Scudder), New Jersey (Say, Smith), Pennsylvania (de Haan), Wisconsin (Walsh and Riley), Min- (Lugger), Kansas and Ne- braska (Bruner), Kentucky (Garman), Indiana (Blatchley) , South Carolina (de Haan), Tennessee (de Haan, Saussure), Alabama (Gosse), New Mexico and Mexico (Haldeman). nesota April, 1901} ‘The figured. species has been frequently Diapheromera veliei. Diapheromera velii Walsh, Proc. ent. soc. Philad., iii, gyog—410 (1864). Originally described from Nebraska, and since then reported only from that state and Illinois. I have seen speci- mens from Maryland (Uhler), Virginia Wirt Robinson), Georgia (Morrison), Ohio, Southern Illinois (Thomas), Man- itoba, Dallas Co. and Jefferson, Iowa (Allen), Lincoln, Valentine and Sand Hills, Nebr. (Bruner), Platte River, Nebr. (Hayden), Barber Co., Kans. (Bruner), Dallas, Tex. (Boll), Ringgold Barracks, Tex. (Schott), Pecos River (Capt. Pope), Albuquerque, N. Mex. (Bruner), Sancelito, Mex. (Palmer), San Pedro and Montelovez, Coahuila, Mex. (Palmer), and Venis Mecas and Sierra San Miguelito, San Luis Potosi, Mex. (Palmer). SIM GEE: 189 Diapheromera mesillana sp. nov. &. Slenderer than D. femorata, uniform greenish flavous, the antennae infuscated beyond the basal third, the thorax smooth, with an obscure median carina; subapical inferior spine of middle and hind femora rather slight. Mesothorax and (including median segment) of equal length. metathorax Seventh and ninth abdominal segments sub- equal in length and distinctly longer than the eighth, all equal in width and nowhere enlarged, the ninth rather feebly and angu- larly emarginate, exposing a small, trans- verse, apically arcuate, supraanal plate; cerci about as long as the ninth abdominal seg- ment, rigidly straight, directed backward and not at all downward, slender, tapering, blunt tipped, externally convex, and internally concave. Length of body, 55 mm.; head, 3 mm.; antennae, circa 37 mm.; mesothorax, 12.5 mm.; fore femora, 14.5 mm.; middle femora, 11 mm.; hind femora, 13.5 mm. 2 ¢@. . Between Mesilla and Las Cruces; Ny Mex.) Junesssomn (Ane: Morse). LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. — XXI. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Eudule mendica Walk. This larva has proved unusually difficult and for no real reason. As early as 1871 Mr. W. Saunders published on the first stage, but was unable to go further as he could find nothing that the larvae would eat. I have tried the same experiment with equal ill success, till the fortunate discovery of the food plant by Mr. Lucock (Can. ent., xxx, 248, 1898) ren- dered the whole matter simple. The food plant was also independently discovered by Mr. W. D. Kearfott, who has kindly pre- sented to me an inflated larva and pupa shells. The first stage has been described by Saunders, the last by Lucock, both briefly and the pupa has been remarked on by Hulst and Smith. fgg. Suspended on a slender silken fibre which runs from one object to another so that the egg swings free in the air. In nature the eggs were found laid on sheep’s 190 wool stuck on the base of a tree in a pasture, on horse hair in a similar location and on spider webs under the edges of rocks. Ellip- tical, flattened slightly on two sides but not so much as usual. Reticulations represented by rather smooth shallow dents, just indi- cated. The whole surface besides very finely but distinctly shagreened, the little flattened elevations all quite regular, rounded; slight- ly shining, pale yellowish, changing to pinkish yellow; size .8 X .6 X .5 mm. trom Keene Valley, New York, June 25th; Jefferson Highlands, New Hampshire, June 30th; Washington, D. C., May 31st. Stage J. Very long, slender and looping with great rapidity till the food plant is ayers Eges found; when disturbed suddenly curl up in an irregular S-shape and keep still. Of nor- mal Geometrid structure, abdominal feet on joints 10 and 13; segments annulate, not very regularly. Tubercles moderate, dis- tinct, dark, a little elevated, normal, i and ii in line, iii above and before the spiracle, iv behind and below it, v sub-ventral; no sub- Setae short, stiff with small glandular tips. Head blackish; body sordid yellowish white, rather translucent. After eating, sordid grayish green, feet pale; no marks. At the end of the stage a broad irregularly powdery subdorsal band appears. Stage IJ. Head strongly bilobed, round, flattened before, free from joint 2; black, lighter on the apices of the lobes before; width .6 Body moderately slender, uniform, finely, but not distinctly, numer- ously annulate. Anal flap truncate, notched, anal feet with small plates; shields uncorni- fied, concolorous. Tubercles small, black, iv on the elongated segments (5 to 10), ona large, rounded, elevated, black base; all dis- tinct. Setae short, black, club-shaped at tip. Whitish, faintly green from the food a broad, diffuse, pulverulent purple-brown subdorsal band on joints 2 to 13, the feet also marked slightly with this color and tubercle iv surrounded by it. black; feet normal. primaries. mm. Spiracles LISSACI EME: (April, 190 Stage III. Head rounded, slightly squared at apex, not bilobed, erect, free from joint 2; black, whitish marked over the clypeus and in an erect line to the top of each lobe, joined by a transverse bar above the clypeus; width .8 mm. Body whitish, speckled by the distinct, though not large, slightly elevated black tubercles, shading to pale slate gray dorsally and ventrally. Segments numerously but not very strongly annulate. Dorsum irregularly speckled with brown, on thorax and less plainly on joints 10 to 13 forming a diffuse subdorsal band; a more evident spot behind the spiracle. Shields concolorous, not cornified. Body some- what slender and elongated, cylindrical, smooth; all feet whitish. Stage IV. WHead cordate, erect, flattened before, the lobes slightly projecting in front, with an elevated tubercle i; whitish, gray mottled, a blackish shade about the sides and over the lower part of clypeus, reappearing in a patch on the inner side of the vertex of each lobe; width 1.2 Body long and slender, cylindrical, uniform; joint 13 trun- cate, slightly concave posteriorly; anal feet narrowly triangular; no prongs. Central segments with a broad smooth space anteri- nm. orly, then about 15-annulate, not very dis- tinctly, 12 of the annulets situated between tubercles i and ii, the end segments normally contracted. Flesh colored, shaded with greenish and sparsely brown dotted; on the thorax the dots still slightly indicate a sub- dorsal line, but posteriorly it is entirely broken up, forming a group of dorsal dot- tings on joint 9 and about tubercle iv on 8 and g. Tubercles slightly prominent in blackish patches. Setae short, dark, directed obliquely posteriorly. No shields. Cocoon. The larva is slung in a delicate, open, reticular web. I see no trace of the “girth” described by Riley and Smith and suppose the net was partly broken in their specimen giving rise to the appearance of a single strand. Pupa. This hangs in the net with the April, 1901] skin projecting behind. The Nearly straight along the cast larval shape is peculiar. ventral line, the head projecting a little ven- trally and a slight indentation at base of wing cases. Dorsum angled at the mesono- tum and first abdominal segment, then ta- pering to the anal segment; wing cases raised a little at their margins. No cremaster, the anal end smooth and rounded, glued firmly in the end of the cast skin, from which it is with — difficulty Integument soft and delicate; pupa motionless. Thickly overlaid purplish dots and mottlings on g few dissociated. whitish ground, interspersed with a orange colored specks especially along the dorsal line posteriorly and about the spira- cles; wing cases purplish shaded, somewhat wrinkly. Food plant wild violet, on the leaves of which the larvae feed. Double brooded, the second generation said to hibernate as partly grown larvae. Doubtless this generation has more than four stages; the first genera- tion is the one here described. OccuRRENCE OF MELANOPLUS EXTREMUS IN NORTHERN LABRADOR. —In 1864 during a summer spent on the Labrador Coast, I found a Pezotettix-like species of Melano- plus, with short wings, at Square Island, but the species was not determined. Last summer Prof. E. B. Delabarre during his expedition to northern Labrador ob- served and collected some and kindly presented me with three specimens. locusts, PSYCHE. 191 One is from Nachyak, collected at a point two miles inland from the harbor, and two others at Cape Mugford directly on the 300-400 feet above the The locusts were common Dr. Scudder has kindly them as Melanoplus This is its first occurrence coast, at a point level of the sea. locally, in spots. identified extyemus SUNS. in the Labrador peninsula, the species occurring throughout British America and on the summit of Mt. Washington, N. H. A, Se Packard. OccURRENCE OF ANOPHELES QUADRIMAC- ULATUS IN MAINE. — It may be well to note the northernmost point where an undoubted Anopheles has been found, and identified by an expert. In a list of Diptera named for me by Baron von Osten Sacken, the highest living authority on Diptera, and especially those of this country, is the name of this mosquito. The was collected and named for me about the years 1861-3. It was not at Brunswick, Maine. I am therefore familiar with this species, insect uncommon having taken it several times since that date. So far as [am aware no malaria has as yet been known to exist in Maine, and there at least Anopheles exists with a conscience clear ¢x re malartae. A. S. Packard. CoRRECTION — On p. 177, in the third col- umn of the first table, the figures in the sec- ond and third lines should be 136 and not 16. The Butterflies of ‘the Eastern United States and Canada With special reference to New England. By SAMUEL H. ScupDER. Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and portraits. 1958 Pages of Tex- Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae. Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies. Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index. The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo. half levant, $75.00 net. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., 4 Park St., Boston, Mass, 192 PSYCHE. [April, rgo1 ANEW VOLUME OF PSYCHE began in January, 1900, and continues through three years. The subscription price (payable in advance) is $5.00 per volume, or $2.00 per year, postpaid. Numbers are issued on the first day of each month. Libraries and individuals generally ordering through subscription agencies (which only take annual sub- scriptions) will please notice that it is cheaper to subscribe for the entire volume at once directly of us. — Any early volume can be had for $5.00, unbound. Address Psyche, Cambridge, Mass. Vols. 1-8, Complete, Unbound - . - - = - $37.00. Vols. 1-8, and Subscription to Volume 9 = - = - $41.00. Vol. 8 contains about 450 pp. and 8 plates, besides other illustrations. Scudder’s Brief Guide to the Com- moner Butterflies. By SamMueL H. Scupper. Izmo. $1.25. An introduction, for the young student, to the names and something of the relationship and lives of our commoner butterflies. The author has selected for treatment the butter- flies, less than one hundred in number, which would be almost surely met with by an in- dustrious collector in a course of a year’s or two year’s work in our Northern States east of the Great Plains, and in Canada. While all the apparatus necessary to identify these butterflies, in their earlier as well as perfect stage, is supplied, it is far from the author’s purpose to treat them as if they wereso many mere postage-stamps to be classified and ar- ranged in a cabinet. He has accordingly added to the descriptions of the different spe- cies, their most obvious stages, some of the curious facts concerning their periodicity and their habits of life. xi + 206 pp. Published by Henry Holt & Co., New York. Scudder’s The Life of a Butterfly. A Chapter in Natural History for the General Reader. By SAMUEL H. Scupp_Er. 16mo. $1.00. 186 pp. In this book the author has tried to present in untechnical language the story of the life of one of our most conspicuous American butterflies. At the same time, by introduc- ing into the account of its anatomy, devel- opment, distribution, enemies, and seasonal changes some comparisons with the more or less dissimilar structure and life of other but- terflies, and particularly of our native forms, he has endeavored to give, in some, fashion and in brief space, a general account of the lives of the whole tribe. By using a single butterfly as a special text, one may discourse at pleasure of many: and in the limited field which our native butterflies cover, this meth- od has a certain advantage from its simplicity and directness. A. SMITH & SONS, 146-148 WILLIAM ST., New York. Z Zo JOINTED FOLDING NET MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other rticles ar- being added, Send fer List. Subscribers to Psyche in arrears will confer a favor by prompt payment of bills. Porn b A JOURNAL OF BNTOMOLOGY [Established in 1874 ] Vol. 9, No. 30! May, Igor CONTENTS A COURAGEOUS BUTTERFLY, OENEIS SEMIDEA (Plate 1) — Samuel H. Scudder VARIATION IN TRIDACTYLUS (Illustrated) — A. P. Morse PULVINARIA INNUMERABILIS RATHV.— George B. King Lire Histories oF NoRTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE, XXII — Harrtson G. Dyar PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE (ENTOMOL OGICAE “CisUrB CamBriIDGE, Mass., U.S.A. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, [Entered as second class mail matter] 195 197 199 102 203 194 JES CIE Ts [May, 1901 Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. 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H. ‘The fossil butterflies of Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 . « 1,00 Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. + 2.00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Naber 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. 0 , O 2.00 U. S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 . . . 2.00 Address Epirors oF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass. MANUAL OF N. A. DIPTERA. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, S. W. Williston. Paper, $2.00; Cloth. $2.25. by J. T. HATHAWAY, 297 Crown St., New Haven, Conn, Psyche, Vol. 9g. Plate re J. Henry Brake, del. OENEIS SEMIDEA. PSY CELE: A COURAGEOUS BUTTERFLY, OENEIS SEMIDEA.* BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. High up on the wind-swept peaks of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, far above the upper limit of the trees, with no other protection than the lee of the rocks, the crevices between the angu- lar blocks of gray stone which conspic- uously mark those barren altitudes, or the clumps of sedge which cover their more level reaches, lives a frail brown butterfly, which is found in no other spot in the world save the very tops of the still higher peaks of the Rocky Moun- tains in distant Colorado, twelve or four- teen thousand feet above the sea. It has relatives, some so close as sometimes to be mistaken for it, in the far northern latitudes of Labrador, where the condi- tions of life are similar; but nowhere in New England or the surrounding country can it or anything like it be found, save within two or three miles of Mt. Wash- ington, at an elevation of from five to six thousand feet above the sea. Semidea, half a goddess, is the name bestowed upon it by our pioneer natura- list, Say, in token of its life among the * Reprinted, with slight additions, from the Youth’s Com- panion of 1395, to accompany the new illustration oppo- site. clouds. Half-way to the heavens is its abode, and here, amid the winds and storms which rage about the mountains, the little colony flourishes as if it did not know that butterflies are preeminently creatures of the sun and warmth, and had never heard of the tropics which seem so peculiarly their home. Yet itis but a feeble creature, even for a butterfly ; for though its body and legs are covered with a furry clothing, as if to protect it from the cold, its thin, gauze-like wings areeven more flimsy, delicate and limp than usual among its tribe, and seem ill-fitted indeed to with- stand the furious blasts and sudden gusts that prevail on those breezy up- lands. And, truth to tell, it is but a feeble flutterer ; been startled into flight by my near approach on a tempestuous day, I have seen the wind catch it and sweep it nearly out of sight in a couple of seconds; and once I was able to follow one thus borne along against a background of white cloud, until it was swept far beyond the moun- tain-side, whence probably it was unable often when one has to return, and perished far from home, 196 PSV OWE. Yet this very weakness is probably one cause of the ability of this species its peculiar dwelling-place; for the study of the to maintain its hold in insects of wind-swept regions, like oceanic islands and high mountain sum- mits, shows us that to maintain their life the inhabitants must be either spe- cially strong-winged to withstand the gales, or very weak-winged, or, indeed, often wingless, so as not to attempt to contend against the wind, or even to be quite unable to fly. So our weak-winged Semidea rarely takes flight at all in windy weather, or, if caught by a gust, makes no attempt to cope with it, satisfed if it be allowed speedily to drop into some sheltered spot where it may secure a foothold. It then proceeds forthwith to creep into some cranny; or, if still prevented by the wind, falls over upon its side, feet to the windward, but clinging to the rock or soil, closes its wings, and tucks together so as to offer the least surface to the dangerous breeze. sents one thus clinging to a stone, a bit them Our illustration (plate 1) repre- of lichen-covered rock brought for the artist’s use from Mt. Washington; it shows, also, as wellas can be shown with- out color, how the exposed mottled por- tions of the butterfly’s wings harmonize with the freckled surface of the rock,— a case of “ protective resemblance.” So it maintains its hold. And cer- tainly not with difficulty, for it is one of our commonest butterflies ; and though hundreds, perhaps thousands, are an- Mav, t901 nually captured by enthusiastic collec- tors, mostly within an area of a single square mile, it continues as abundant as ever, and seems better able than the wide-ranging bison to avoid extinction. During the entire month of July the butterflies swarm over the rocks and sedgy plateaus of the upper summits, directly through which thousands of travellers yearly make their pilgrimage by the cog-railway or the road. During the latter part of this month hundreds of thousands, perhaps mil- lions, of eggs are laid by the butterflies, from which, in about a fortnight, hatch big-headed, striped mites of caterpillars ; carriage these nibble at the sedges a short time, and then, their parents long dead, go into winter quarters, hiding in the neat- est crevices they can find. Probably the whole of the next sum- mer and part of still another is spent in this stage, in which the caterpillar feeds both by night and by day upon the sedges, that so abound upon the moun- tain-side as often to give the appearance of a pasture ground, Some, doubtless, mature sooner than others, or we should see the butterfly only in alternate years, whereas it is When not feeding, the caterpillar is hiding between such places as it chooses to pass the winter in, and where equally common every year. the rocks in just also it changes to a chrysalis, lying flat upon its back without further protec- tion than the rocks afford; unless, in- deed, it cuddles up against some moss, ~ May, rgor] and shapes that side into the form and protection of a cell. The chrysalis state is assumed in June, and lasts two weeks and then again, after two years more or more, VARIATION BY A. P. MORSE, Tridactylus is a genus of small, fosso- rial crickets, allied in structure and hab- its to Grvllotalpa, the mole-cricket, and differing most noticeably from that genus, among several things, in being smaller in size and possessing remarkable salta- tory powers. Representatives of the genus occur over the greater part, at least, of the United States, and range in size from six to twelve millimeters in length when adult. streams and ponds, burrowing in the They frequent the margins of sandy loam of the banks and _ shores, and may be secured, when a station is discovered, by sweeping rapidly just above the ground with a net of cheese- cloth or other close-meshed material. Owing to their alertness, activity, and leaping mode of progression close obser- vations of their habits are exceedingly difficult to make out-of-doors and but little is known regarding them. Whether confinement would secure satisfactory results remains to be learned, but it is hoped that some one having an oppor- tunity to do so will make the attempt and if possible discover the special func- PSV CHE: 197 or less of preparation, the butterfly is once more upon the wing —a stranded relic of the great Ice Age, like the alpine sandwort, Arenaria groenlandica, whose honeyed sweets it now robs. IN TRIDACTYLUS. WELLESLEY, MASS. tion of the remarkably modified anterior tibiae of the male in certain species and the significance of the variation noted below. While collecting on Nantucket Island late in the afternoon of July 12, 1g00, I found a locality for Tridactylus on the shore of a small pond and captured several examples of both sexes. On the following day additional specimens were secured in the same place and about an adjoining pond. On my return home, examination after mounting disclosed an interesting state of affairs. The 52 specimens taken on the two successive days in this one locality con- sist of one immature, 18 females, and 33 males. These exhibit no essential difference in color, size or markings leading one to infer the presence of two species, nor do the female examples dif- fer in structural details. A close exam- ination of the males, however, reveals a singular variation in the structure of the anterior tibiae. In about one third of the males the form is the same as that of the female (Fig. 1),— more or less irregularly ovate in outline, terminating 198 distally in four prominent, equidistant teeth, with the convex posterior face thickly set with hairs and a row of stouter hairs or spinules on the outer margin, the tarsus being inserted be- tween the first and second teeth and lying on the anterior face. In three of the others, while the structure remains similar, the outline of the tibia has become subtriangular through the pro- duction of the inner side of the distal Tridactylus terminalis Scudd. Left anterior leg viewed Fig. 1. Female. Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Male Male. Fig. 5. Male; tibia closed upon the from behind. Fig. 4. femur. end (Fig. 2); in addition to this, there is a slight but distinct deepening of the fissure between the second and _ third teeth. This lengthening of what may be called the inner limb of the tibia and deepening of the emargination between IES ACTEM I, { May, r1go1. the inner and outer limbs is exhibited by all the remaining specimens in progres- sive degree until we have a remarkably bifurcate organ (Figs. 4, 5) whose rela- tion to the normal form would be made out with difficulty but for the series of connecting gradations. In addition to this bifurcation and the elongation of the inner limb, the latter loses its hairy covering, the innermost tooth nearly disappears, the second is greatly prolonged into a _ backwardly directed claw-like organ, the third and fourth teeth (on the outer limb) become enlarged and produced, the angle be- tween the two limbs becomes greater and greater, and the femur acquires tooth-like protuberances on its proximal, inner, ventral angle and becomes great- ly enlarged (Figs. 1-5). The gradation is so perfect (even in this relatively small series of examples) that it is im- possible to draw any sharp line of de- marcation between the specimens ; some- times, even, the right and left tibiae of the same insect are appreciably different in form. Of the 33 males, in ten the tibia is of normal (9) form; in three others it is slightly but perceptibly modi- fied, in one it is intermediate between Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, in two it is of the form of Fig. 2, in two intermediate between Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, in four like Fig. 3, in one midway between Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, in four but little less modified than in Fig. 4, and in six it has the ferm of Fig. 4 (open) and Fig. 5 (closed), the greatly elongated second tooth varying much in May, 1901] curvature (foreshortened in Fig. 4). Each of the extremes of the series is thus represented by about one third of the specimens, and the intergrades by the remaining third, but these inter- grades are so numerous and the grada- tion is so perfect that it is quite impossi- ble to separate the specimens into two Nor is there on other series. reason grounds for so doing. The specimens evidently all belong to one species ex- hibiting a high degree of secondary sexual variation in the male, a variation whose function and value have yet to be determined, but the key to which may perhaps be secured by careful observa- tion of the habits of the species. This character—the form of the ante- rior tibiae of the male—has been used for many years in systematic treatises for distinguishing the species of this genus but it is now evident that its worth has been greatly over-rated and it must be regarded with suspicion and in some cases as that forms, of which I have ex- worthless for purpose. In certain amined considerable series, this great PSV CLLLE. 199 variability apparently does not occur, the tibiae of the male and female being alike. ‘The extremely bifurcate condi- tion was recorded and figured by Mr. Scudder in characterizing 7: apicalis Say and 7! terminalis Scudd. (Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 424,—1862). The form I have treated above is the latter of these—/erminadis; and from material in Mr. state that at least the normal ( @ ) form of Scudder’s collection I am able to tibia is found in males of apicalis also. Possibly ferminalis may prove to be but a race of afzcaZis but until the genus is revised it is best to regard them as differ- ent. apicalis appearing slightly larger, paler in color, and usually having rela- tively longer wings. Both of these forms are widely spread over at least the east- ern half of the United States, and are It is hoped that anyone having an opportunity apparently not uncommon locally. to do so will make observations on the habits of these interesting little crickets and attempt to discover the use of this peculiar modification of the tibiae and its value to the insect. PULVINARIA INNUMERABILIS RATHYV. BY GEO. B. KING, Although Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. has been the subject of many published articles, together with illustra- tions of the species in its various stages of developments; it has become quite LAWRENCE, MASS. evident to the writer, that a more clear and comprehensive description should be given together with some descriptive notes of its variation and distribution ; moreover it is hoped that the following 200 description will enable any entomologist who may have the slightest knowledge of Coccidae, to recognize the species at once from any of its nearest allies. With this hope in view, the following de- scription and notes have been carefully made and a large amount of material has been examined from various localities and food plants, so as to give their speci- fic variation. Of course it is a well es- tablished fact, that the genus Pulvinaria is known by its producing a cottony ovisac, in which are deposited the eggs The color of the scales are variable, but in this species the typical color is red-brown, not at all shiny, elongate oval in shape, usually broader anteriorly, and always narrower posteriorly, 7 54 broad. Boiled in caustic potash the following structural characters are observed. of the female scale. mm. long, Antennae 8-jointed, joint 3 always longest, 4 next, then 2 and § although sometimes 8 will be longer than 2. 5 is next and always longer than 6 or 7 which is the shortest and often equal. Front legs, with the coxa 120 long; femur and trochanter, 176; tibia, 164; tarsus 80; width coxa 20; trochanter 60; tibia Spines of lateral cleft in threes, one very long and stout, curved at the end g2 to 108 in length; two short and stout 32 to 40 long. The margin of the body is provided with a row of stout blunt spines 36 to 40 long, and a row of short, thin and sharp spine-like hairs 16 long ; these are easily lost 32; tarsus 20. in dissecting. Between the antennae and above the anal plates, are several long thin hairs 48-92 and 120 in length; interspersed with these are some short spine-like hairs like those of the outer margin. Anal ring The normal with six long stout bristles. LAS CELE (May, 1901 arrangement of hairs on the several joints of the antennae are as follows: the first joint has three short spine-like hairs; the second, from one to two are long; the third from one to two; the fifth two to three; the sixth one; the seventh one to two; and the eighth seven to The several parts above, and those given in the tables are in micromillimeters. nine. measurements of the A quantitative study of these varia- It should be stated in this connection however, that inter- mediate individuals are found with the typical forms, which are sometimes quite tions is here given. small, and the reason for their size is no doubt due to being deprived of sufficient food, owing to the fact that they are found on the small twigs, where the sup- ply of food is not so great as it is among the larger limbs of the tree, and it is here where the larger forms are found. These smaller forms do not differ ma- terially in color, shape or structurally ; all are practically the same. Specimens from Georgia are quite dark, variable in .shape, some nearly hemispherical and in texture the scales are quite thick. Those from New Mexico are about the same in color and texture, but somewhat smaller. The scales on maple at Wash- ington, D. C., are practically the same as those found on maple in Massachu- setts. Those from Wisconsin (Div. Entom.) are quite different, being small- er and nearly black in color. Those from North Carolina are different still, practically hemispherical in shape, of a light and quite small. Several lots of these specimens studied brown color May, 1901] ANTENNAL Localities and Food Plants. On sycamore, Atlanta, Georgia. (W. M. Scott, 1900.) On oak, Tifton, Georgia. (W. M. Scott, 1900.) On elm, Atlanta, Georgia. (W. M. Scott, 1900.) On viburnum, Lawrence, Mass. (G. B. King, 1898.) On viburnum, Cambridge, Mass. (G. B. King, 1900.) On small tree in deep wood, Andover, Mass. (G. B. King, 1899.) On meadow-sweet, Methuen, Mass. (G. B. King, 1898.) On grape-vine, Lawrence, Mass. (G. B. King, 1897.) On sumach, Dracot, Mass. (G. B. King, 1897.) On poplar, East Las Vegas, N. M. (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1899.) On honey locust, East Las Vegas, N. M. (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1899.) On virginia creeper, East Las Vegas, N. M. (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1900.) On maple, Wisconsin. (Div. of Entomology.) On maple, Washington, D. C. (Div. of Entomology.) PSYCHE: SEGMENTS. 40 40 60 Front LeEGs OF THE SAME On sycamore, Atlanta, Georgia. Broad. On oak, Tifton, Georgia. On elm, Atlanta, Georgia. On viburnum, Cambridge, Mass. Broad. On small tree in deep wood. Broad. On meadow-sweet, Methuen, Mass. Broad. On grape, Lawrence, Mass. Broad. On sumach, Dracot, Mass. Coxa. 201 Table A. 4 Sou 7S Size of the 2 Scales. 44 32 24 20 40 61 mm. long. 6 broad. 72 40 40 32 48 71 « “ 61 « 56 40 28 32 44 6} “ ‘ 5-4 “ 60 36 32 28 48 7 “5h uo 56 36 32 28 48 7 ce 3 “ 60 28 28 28 48 7 * eS ze 6! “ ‘ 6 “ 72 40 20 24 52 7 LORS cs §6 36 24 24 40 7 “ “ 5h -6e « 52 28 24 24 48 7 * Cae “ 60 36 28 28 44 8 * Os 5) Ls 60 44 36 20 44 7 “ oS vi 48 44 24 24 40 7 “ “ 5 se 61 “ “c 41 “ce 64 40 28 24 48 7 : ccaeac ee 52 40 24°28 40 53 “ “ 5 “ 523 2)'28) 28) Age ete can us Species. Table A. Be aT Tarsus. Claw. 180 120 80 24 40 2) 16 176 164 80 ne 200 160 80 Gi 176 164 80 oe 40 2 26 172 140 68 48 20 16 CG 200 160 80 MG 50 28 2 es 180 152 80 ot 60 32 20 168 140 80 oe 202 IES CO MEME Marginal Large spines of Small spines spines. lateral cleft. of same. 32 long 80 : : 40 Ome 108 : ¢ 40 36 ** 106 5 : 40 Oia s. 92 5 . 32 Qa 108 é - 44 445 Gk 120 9 9 40 30) g2 2 : 40 sje) 88 2 - 28 a{o BP 84 3 5 48 were so small, the color and texture of the scales also so variable that with the variation of the antennae and legs, I had ANTENNAL SEGMENTS. Localities and Food Plants. I On maple, Chicago, Il. 40 (Div. of Entomology.) 36 On coliseum ivy, Springfield, Mass. (Geo. Dimmock, Sept. 30, 1899.) 40 On white thorn, Methuen, Mass. (G. B. King, June 18, 1897.) 40 On Deutzia crenata, Lawrence, Mass. (G. B. King, June 28, 1898.) 40 On Spiraea, Lawrence, Mass. (C. B. King, June ro, 1897.) 40 On tree in deep woods, Dracot, Mass. (G. B. King, June 8, 1899.) 40 On cork oak, Methuen, Mass. (G. B. King, June 12, 1898.) 40 On dogwood, Methuen, Mass. (G. B. King, June 26, 1898.) Front LEG oF SAME. On maple Chicago, Il. Length. On coliseum ivy, Springfield, Mass. On white thorn, Methuen, Mass. Broad. On Spiraea, Lawrence, Mass. On cork oak, Methuen, Mass. Broad. On dogwood, Methuen, Mass. Broad. 48 60 60 40 28 24 44 4} mm. long. [May, 1901 a very strong conviction that they should be separate and describe as subspecies ; but certain structural characters, which are without doubt specific, being found in all of the material studied, they must be called forms of the same species. Whether these small forms are due to certain food, locality, season of the year being cold or warm, wet or dry, or the part of the food-plant upon which they were found, are all suggestive questions and have been carefully considered. Table B. Size of the 9 Scales. o 20 44 3 mm, in diameter. 3 broad 40 56 48 32 20 20 44 4 “ 3 “ 40 52 44 32 24 2044 4 “* * 3 s AO AS aA8 289200200400 5 4 OY 40) (64) 152)°36 281.28) 445) et 5 “ 40 68 40 32 28 20 go st “= & gee 36 40 60 48 32 24 24 48 32 “ oe Table B. Femur with Coxa. RrGchantexs Tibia. Tarsus. 80 168 128 80 100 180 140 80 80 160 140 80 8o 60 28 2 80 180 160 80 80 168 128 80 80 60 2 24 100 160 120 84 80 64 40 24 May, 1901] Marginal Large spines of Small spines spines. lateral cleft of same. 28 long 80 ' : 32 36 « ““ i ‘“ gy 8 Bs : 3 28 4o oe . E 40 32% 6s : ; 40 The scales on white thorn were found August 18, 1898, upon the large branch- es. Those on Spiraea, June 15, 1897, The scales Those in the woods, June 16, 1899, on the large branches, on dogwood, June 10, 1898, were on the trunk, on maple at Chicago, upon the trunk and limbs. on Coliseum ivy, Sept. 30, 1899. Ill., August 10, r900, and those on meadow sweet, June 25, 1897, on all It cannot be said that these forms are only occasion- parts of this small plant. al, or at all local, neither that they are found on a particular plant, and in such a position as not to get a full supply of nourishment; moreover I do not re- PSYCHE. 205 member that the years in which they For con- venience and also for future reference, I have prepared a separate table of these small forms marked, B. were found were exceptional. The characters to be observed in the determination of the species are: Antennae 8-jointed, 3 and 4 longest: 5 always longer than 6 or 7 (the length of the fifth joint is very important) which are yari- able in length, although often always the shortest. equal and The short spine-like hairs of the first joint normally three, but often only two will be seen. The short spine- like hairs on the outer margin in front of the large blunt spines are also present with the long thin hairs between the antennae, and above the anal plates. The color and size of the scales counts for nothing, as there is every gradation in color from a light red- brown to almost clear black. And it should be said that the length of the first joint is only approximative, as in only a few instanc- es can a specimen be mounted that will show this joint perfectly. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE.—_XXII. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Sciagraphia heliothidata Guenée. Accord- ing to Dr. Hulst this species has the follow- ing synonymy: oced/fnata Guen., restorata Walk., subcolumbata Walk., duplicata Pack. The larva has not been previously described. Egg. Elliptical, well flattened above and below, one end slightly depressed, the other rounded truncate and a little swollen. Shin- ing dark grass-green, almost olive color. Densely, finely reticulate, the cell areas con- cave, and, on the micropylar end, becoming large and strongly concave, look like the markings on a thimble, which is the cause of this end looking swollen. Size 6 X .4 X 3 mm. Later turned dull dark red with cen- tral dark green nucleus. Hatched in five days. Stage I. brownish Head rounded, slightly bilobed, ocelli black; held obliquely erect; width about .3mm. Body moderate or rather thick, the incisures dis- luteous, tinct ; feet normal, pale. Uniformly sordid tinted, the tubercles elevated, dusky. Dorsum and venter shaded, some- what darker than the sides; no marks ex- velvety olivaceous rather large, — slightly obscure. 204 cept a faintly traced brownish subdorsal line. Setae short, dark. Later became sordid green from the food, with faint traces of narrow brown line on dorsum and a sub- dorsal line, which widens into a spot on joint 6. Stage II. Head slightly bilobed, than wide, erect, free; dull luteous greenish, ocelli black; width about -.5 Body moderate, the central much elongated ; and _ slightly elevated, short, dark. very higher mm. segments not rounded concolorous ; tubercles setae Translucent yellowish, food green, dotted, the dots forming obscurely many longitudinal lines. piss re *“ Postantennal organ of left side, x 504. ES 7 se sc uy: ss “right sides x son. cr eh Se ot ae “Left hind foot, x 354. “1.6: ce a ‘¢ Dens and mucro, x 294. MS Ge se es ‘* Anal spine, x 366. 18. fe ue “Clothing, dorsum of first abdominal segment, x 294. <= 10: ss var. dentatus, var. n. Left hind foot, x 422. 20; #6 é se Left aspect of right mucro, x 366. Abie Me ws a Right aspect of left mucro, x 504. 9 apy se e Anal spine, lateral aspect, x 422. eas ‘ ee Clothing, dorsum of first abdominal seg- ment, x 114. Gye oe cs G: Clothing, dorsum of third abdominal seg- ment, X 114. 25. Achorutes harveyi sp.n. Eyes of left side, x 78. sc Or te e “ Postantennal organ of right side, x 504. 25 fe as t a os a a al “xX 504. S28: 3 ee ‘Antenna, x 78. “20: a “Right front foot, x 294. BI Koln re os “Left aspect of right dens and mucro, x 147. AE Gite et y “Right dens and mucro, x 294. Dy ey. & . “Extremity of abdomen, x 64. 33 ss ce “Left anal spine, x 294. gyi § “ “Clothing, dorsum of first abdominal segment, x 114. ~~. FF IHS SACls UDA THE IDENTITY OF THE SNOW-FLEA (ACHORUTES NIVICOLA FITCH). BY JUSTUS WATSON FOLSOM, CHAMPAIGN, ILL. Under the term ‘“snow-flea,” several species of Achorutes have been badly mixed. The original description of A. nivicola Fitch is apparently broad enough to entitle three distinct species to the name of “snow-flea,” and to make it rather difficult to determine which species Fitch meant. Considerable attention to the subject, however, has enabled me to identify his species to my own satisfac- tion, and, I hope, to that of other stu- dents, because the synonymy of the snow-flea concerns not only our Ameri- can forms, but also involves certain European species. The original description of nivicola is becoming inaccessible, but is reprinted in full below, from my copy of Fitch’s “Winter Insects of Eastern New York ” (1847), and the entire paper has been republished in Lintner’s Second Report. Podura nivicola. “THE SNOW-FLEA.” Black or blue-black ; brown. Length 0.08. Body black, covered with a glaucous blue- black powder but slightly adherent, and sparingly clothed with minute hairs ; form cylindrical, somewhat broader towards the tail. Antennae short and thick, longer than legs and tail dull the head. Legs above blackish, beneath dull Tail of the same color with the venter, shortish, glabrous on its inner or anterior surface, with minute hairs on the opposite side; its fork brownish. brown and much paler than the body. Though found in the same situations as the European P. nivalis, ours is a much darker colored species. Say’s P. bicolor is a larger insect than the one under consideration, and differs also in size and in the color of the tail From the habits of the present species, we should infer that it might be abundant in all the snow clad regions of the or spring. northern parts of this continent; it may therefore prove to be identical with the P. humicola of Otho Fabricius (Fauna Gr6en- landica), of which we are unable to refer to any but short and unsatisfactory descriptions, which do not coincide well with our insect. This is an abundant species in our forest, in the winter and fore part of spring. At any time in the winter, whenever a few days of mild weather occur, the surface of the snow, often, over whole acres of woodland, may be found sprinkled more or less thickly with these minute fleas, looking, at first sight, as though gunpowder had been there scat- tered. Hollows and holes in the snow, out of which the insects are unable to throw themselves readily, are often black with the multitudes which here become imprisoned. The fine meal-like powder with which their bodies are coated, enables them to float buoy- antly upon the surface of water, without be- 316 coming wet. When the snow is melting so as to produce small rivulets coursing along the tracks of the lumberman’s sleigh, these snow-fleas are often observed, floating pas- sively in its current, in such numbers as to form continuous strings; whilst the eddies and still pools gather them in such myriads as to wholly hide the element beneath them. Fitch’s types of Collembola are not known to exist, so Dr. Felt wrote me. Fitch’s manuscript notes on the order, which belong to the Boston Society of Natural History, I have read and copied, thanks to Mr. Samuel Henshaw; they correct the original description thus: “The antennae and legs are the same color as the body, not reddish or deep brown.” (Fitch appears to have had Podura aquatica in mind, in the first He adds, “In the early spring the buckets and troughs of the instance. ) manufacturer of maple sugar are often thronged with these insects.” Although the description of Podura nivicola is less specific than is desirable, and has consequently been the source of some confusion,— nevertheless, the evidence which I have collected leaves no reasonable doubt in my mind, as to the identity of Fitch’s species. Three species (here called wz2cola, harveyi, and packard?) have been and may be confused, on account of their superficial agreement in form and color, —and only three have any claim to the name of nivicola. These three are not only sharply separated by structural de- tails, but are also so different in time of habitat, and appearance, abundance, habits that they can be determined in IRS VAC Tal Fe (March, 1902 the field. The form that I have re- described as nivicola is the only one that agrees with the original description in being abundant at any time during the winter, and it may be depended upon to occur in immense numbers every year, in the manner described by Fitch. Harveyi seldom appears before the first of March, in Massachusetts, where it soccurs on the trunks of pine and other trees in but moderate numbers. I have it as a “snow-flea” from Maryland, but have never been able to find it as such in Massachusetts, Maine, or New York. Specimens collected for me in a sugar camp in Maine, for the purpose of this discussion, proved to be what I had Finally, Mr. MacGilli- vray, in response to my request, sent me called nivicola. “ snow-fleas”’ from Osceola, Penn., and Otto, N. Y., saying, “ The one from Otto, N. Y., is the common New York species.” Both lots consisted of the species that I had already regarded as the real nivicola. Packard’s redescription of nivicola, which subsequent writers have substi- tuted for Fitch’s diagnosis, cannot apply to the nivicola established above, on ac- count of the disagreement as to mucrones and anal spines; moreover, nivicola has disappeared from Salem and vicinity by May 7, at the latest,— while Packard gives May 28 and June 6 as two of his not apply to harveyi, for that does not occur much Only one species remains to which it might, three dates. It does after April 12, except in the egg. and does, apply. Packard’s specimens of nivicola are lost, unfortunately, but March, 1902) among some unpublished figures (which he kindly gave me), of his Essex County species, are camera-lucida drawings of every essential detail (claws, mucrones, anal spines, etc.) of his nivicola, a form with which I am familiar, and one that cannot be the nivicola of Fitch, on ac- count of appearing too late, if for no other reason. The species which Pack- ard called nivicola, is new and is here named packard. Lintner repeated Fitch’s account of nivicola, supplementing it with Packard’s description, upon the assumption that the two descriptions referred to the same species, and added several notices by others upon the occurrence of “ snow- fleas.” Later, Dr. Lintner (‘96, pp. 251 to 252) found that doubt attended the name of nivicola, and, still assuming that Packard’s redescription was valid, figured a form from Ghent, N. Y., which agreed with it; this form is actually that which Packard described as nivicola, as I have learned from some of the original Ghent specimens, which were sent me by Dr. Felt. The Schoturus nivicola of Lintner’s Eleventh Achorutes packardi n. sp. The same report (pp. 253 to 254) Report, then, is contains the description of Achorutes diversiceps Lintn. The types of diver- siceps, that were loaned to me by Dr. Felt, confirm my conclusion, drawn from Lintner’s description and figures, that diversiceps is the form that Fitch named nivicola. Harvey (93, pp. 183, 184), without questioning the applicability of Pack- JES VA CIE UR. 17 ards redescription, gave two full form figures to supplement Packard's account. I now have the specimens from which those figures were made, and find them to be Packard’s species, indeed, and, therefore, not the nivicola of Fitch. The queried references in the synon- ymy below are to popular notices upon insects that are probably, but not un- questionably, the snow-flea described by Fitch. A. nivicola Fitch occurs in Europe under the names soczaZis Uzel and spini- Jer Schaf. socialis which were determined by Schott Three Swedish examples of and sent me by Schiffer, agree ac- curately with our nivicola. Schott (’94, p. 82), in fact, adds to his detailed ac- count of socialis, ‘ Es ist nicht unwahr- scheinlich dass die von Packard besch- riebene Achorutes nivicola, die er meiner Ansicht nach aus guten Grunden mit Fitch’s Podura nivicola gleichstellt, keine andere als obige Art sei.’ This surmise, incorrect as to the supposed equivalence of Packard’s and Fitch’s species, is cor- rect as regards the identity of socialis Uzel and nivicola Fitch. I sent American specimens to Dr. Schiffer, who replied, “ Achorutes nivi- cola Fitch erweist sich in den Formmerk- malen mit meinem Achorutes spinifer ubereinstimmend. Ach. spinifer ist dar- nach eine (kleinere) Farbenvarietit von A. nivicola Fitch.” A. nivicola is closely allied to A. harveyi n. sp., from which it may be separated by its stout superior claws, ovate inferiors, small anal spines on a 318 cylindrical segment, and clothing of long subequal setae. Each of the three species discussed Unless otherwise specified, the material reterred above is characterized below. to was collected by the author, and is owned by him; examples of each species, however, have been given to the Muse- um of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. : Achorutes nivicola Fitch. (Figs. 1-11.) Podura nivicola Fitch, Amer. Journ. Sc. Agric., vol. 5 (1847) pp. 283-284 and vol. 6 (1847) p. 152; Winter Ins. E. N. Y. (1847) pp. to—11 (reprinted by Lint- ner, Second Rept. (1885), pp. 204, 205, 244. Fitch, Rural New Yorker, vol. 8 (1857). ?McMinn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vol. 4 (1849) p. 246. ? Ash- ton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1 (1861) p- 32 (repr. Lint. Sec. Rept., p. 204). ? Walsh, Riley, Amer. Ent., vol. 1 (1869) p. 188. ? Field and Forest, vol. 2 (1877) pp. 148-14y (repr. Lint. Sec. Rept., p. 205). : Achorutes socialis Uzel, Thys. Boh: (1890) pp. 69-70, tab. 2, figs. 16-19. Schott, Syst. Verb. (1894) pp. 81-82, taf. 7, figs. 6-8. Schiffer, Coll. Ham- burg (1896) p. 172. Achorutes nivicola MacGillivray, Can. Ent., vol. 23 (1891) p. 274. Schoturus nivicola MacGillivray, Can. Ent., vol. 25 (1893) p. 316. Dalla Yorre, Gatt. Arten Apt. (1895) p- 13- Achorutes spinifer Schiiffer, Coll.Ham- PSV GEE. [March, rgo2 burg (1896) pp. 172, 174, taf. 3, fig. 51. Achorutes diversiceps Lintner! Eleventh Rept. (1896) pp. 253-254, figs. 23-25. (Ref. to Country Gentleman, Mar. 22, 1879, Pp. 327.) Dark indigo blue throughout (fig. 1). (fig. 2) sixteen. Postantennal organs (fig. 3) of four elements. Antennae (fig. 4) almost as long as the head, with segments as 7:9:10:15; basal segment subglobose, second and third subcylindrical, fourth rounded conical. Body elongate, abdomen subfusiform, last segment cylindrical. Superior claws (fig. 5) stout, slightly curved, unidentate two fifths from the apex; inferior claws half as long, basally Eyes subovate, apically acicular ; one long tenent hair with a minute knob; distal tibial hairs minutely knobbed. Manubrium as long as the rest of the furcula; dentes (figs. 6,7) stout, subcylindrical, apically broad and rounded, bearing four to six prominent, acutely conical teeth, of which one is more lateral than the others ; in addition, there are usually fifteen to seventeen small outer teeth; mucrones (fig. 8) inserted on inner side of the apex of each dens and rather boat-shaped; in profile, suboblong, feebly curved, apex retuse or emarginate. Anal spines (figs. 9, 10) two, - small, conical, erect, upon low, separated papillae. Clothing (fig. 11) of numerous long curving hairs and few short curved setae. Length, 2 mm. Norway, Maine, May 7, F. Howe, Jr.; Orono, Maine, March, April 15, May 6, F. L. Harvey. Arlington, Massachu- setts, April 12, Belmont, Massachusetts, April 1g, May 5 ; Winchester, Massachu- setts, February 9, R. W. Hall; Karner, New York, April 26, J. A. Lintner (N. Y. State Coll.) ; Otto, New York, J. H. Comstock; Osceola, Pennsylvania, A. D. MacGillivray. March, 1902) Achorutes packardi sp. n. (Figs. 12-18.) Achorutes nivicola Packard, Thys. Essex Co. (1873) pp. 29-30. Lintner Second Rept. (1885) p. 203. MacGill- ivray, Can. Ent., vol. 23 (1891) p. 274. Harvey! Ent. News, vol. 4 (1893) p. 183, figs. 5, 6. Schoturus nivicola Lintner! Eleventh Rept. (1896) pp. 251-252, figs. 21, 22. Dark indigo blue throughout. Eyes (fig. 12) sixteen. Post-antennal organs (figs. 13, 14) of four elliptical-oval elements. Anten- nae shorter than the head, with segments as 5:8:7:10; basal segment globose, second and third slightly expanding, fourth subcy- lindrical with rounded apex. Body subcy- lindrical. Superior claws (fig. 15) broad, almost straight, untoothed; inferior claws of hind feet two fifths as long as the superiors, slender, lanceolate, acuminate; of the remain- ing feet, one fourth as long, small; tenent hair stout, exceeding the large claw, apex bent. Manubrium as long as the rest of the furcula; dentes (fig. 16) one sixth as long, oblong, distally rounded, terminating in an upturned tooth. Anal spines (fig. 17) two, three fifths as long as a superior claw, stout, feebly curved, erect; upon contiguous papil- lae. Clothing (fig. 18) of many stout curving serrate setae of moderate length and fewer long erect capitate setae, more or less serrate. Length, 2 mm. This is the species that Packard redes- cribed as nivicola Fitch. Packard’s specimens are not in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, with the rest of his Essex County material, but I am in possession of his original drawings, which leave no doubt as to what species he regarded as nivicola. Harvey and IASI ACTED Fe 319 Lintner depended upon Packard’s account of nivicola, and the specimens to which they applied that name are, indeed, the same species that Packard had in hand; this I learned from an examination of the identical specimens have that Harvey and Lintner used in prepar- ing the papers mentioned above in the synonyiny. As I have good reasons (already given) for believing that the nivicola of Packard is not that of Fitch, and needs a new name, I gladly name it packard. Toronto, Ontario, June 26, R. J. Crew; Orono, Maine, February, F. L. Harvey; Cambridge, April 17; Lexington, Massachusetts, May ro, 11; Ghent, New York, April 13, E. C. Powell (N. Y. State Coll.) ; Newark, Maryland, January 24, Beck- with (N. Y. State Coll.). This species is frequently found on red maple trees, crawling on the trunk or remaining under the bark or in crevi- ces, especially about the base of a tree. I have occasionally found it under the bark of pine, oak, and apple trees, or about the roots; or clustered under moss on a stone. Full individuals occur from mid April until the middle of June; asecond brood begins to appear late in June and has disappeared by the last of August. I have twice (April 22, 29) found abundant eggs of this species under the loose moist bark of red maple roots, protected by the sod; they were pale yellow, spherical, 135 micra in diameter, occurred in irregular masses and hatched in a little under one month. Massachusetts, grown 320 PSYCHE. Achorutes packardi, var. dentatus, var. n. (Figs. 19-24.) In this variety all the superior claws (fig. 19) are unidentate, the mucrones (figs. 20, 21) are one fourth as long as the dentes, slender and laterally Jamel- late, the anal spines (fig. 22) are slender, — while the stout erect setae are either not capitate (fig. 23), or else are obscurely capitate on the posterior part of the abdomen (fig. 24). the variety agrees with the typical form. Orono, Maine, March ro, 15, May 11, F. L. Harvey; Arlington, Massachusetts, In all other respects April 10, 13, 23, 30, May 23, September 10; Ghent, New York, April 13, E. C. Powell (N. Y. State Coll.). This variety lives under the loose bark of pine, red maple, and oak trees, especi- ally at the base of the roots, and some- times occurs on snow. It has at least three broods, which mature at intervals of six or seven weeks. Dentatus is a seasonal variety of pack- ardi. May 20 from eggs laid by the variety dentatus were not that variety, but were the typical form, with bulbiferous setae, no teeth on the superior claws, and with One of the four specimens from Ghent, N. Y., was the variety dentatus, the others being the typical form. This is the first record of seasonal dimorphism among the Collembola, al- though I suspect that certain other spe- cies also assume disguises, according to This Young individuals that hatched lamellate mucrones. the season in which they occur. [March, 1902 can be proved, however, only by careful breeding experiments, which are difficult to conduct accurately with these insects. Achorutes harveyi sp. n. (Figs. 25-34.) Dark indigo blue throughout. Eyes (fig. 2 Postantennal organs (figs. 26, 27) of fourelliptical-ovalelements. Antennae (fig. 28) subequal to the head in length, with segments as 10: 13:13:20; first two segments subclavate, last two subcylindrical. Body elongate, abdomen subfusiform. Superior claws (fig. 29) slender, tapering, slightly curved, unidentate about one third from the apex; inferior claws less than half as long, basal half suboblong, apical half acicular ; one long tenent hair with bent apex. Manu- brium as long as the rest of the furcula; dentes stout, subcylindrical, apically broad and rounded, projecting beyond the bases of the mucrones, bearing two rows of teeth 5) sixteen. (fig. 30), fourteen to twenty-five in number, which are variable in size, and are more or less confluent basally; five may be much larger than the others (fig. 31), and sometimes no teeth are present; mucrones (fig. 31) one fourth as long as dentes, in profile suboblong, dorsally concave, apically emarginate. Anal spines (figs. 32, 33) two, long (almost as long as a superior claw), slender, feebly curved, upon prominent approximate papillae. Cloth- ing (fig. 34) of numerous curving setae and fewer bowed hairs. Length, 2 mm. This species is much like nivicola, but differs chiefly in having slender su- perior claws, suboblong inferiors, long anal spines, and clothing of another type. Orono, Maine, F. L. Harvey; Arling- ton, Massachusetts, January 16, March I, 10, 20, April 8, 9, 12; Annapolis, Maryland, January 15, C. E. Munroe (M. C. Z.). Qed wee a March, 1902] This species occurs, long before snow has gone, in large colonies, under loose wet bark and under soil, in crevices at the base of Although most common on pine, it lives also on elm and In mild weather, it wanders a tree. apple. about on the trunks of trees or on the ground, and it occurred in enormous numbers as a “snow-flea,” in Maryland, Captive specimens laid eggs between April 9 and April 13. as recorded above. PS VGIHLE. 321 On April 12, I found abundant eggs of this species among a colony of adults at the base of a white pine; the eggs were white, spherical, and deposited in irregu- lar heaps. I have never been able to find this species in its customary haunts at any time of the year after April 12; it is probably at least digoneutic, however, and may prove to be dimorphic. ON THE LIMITS OF THE FAMILY SATURNIIDAE, WITH A NOTE ON THE GENUS ROTHSCHILDIA. BY A. S. PACKARD, PROVIDENCE, R. I. The elimination of so many non-spin- ning genera from the Saturniidae as pro- posed in this paper leaves that family very much curtailed. As I pointed out some years ago,” it is divided into two subfamilies, of very simple larval. characters, 1. e., whether the two dorso-median tubercles of the 8th abdominal segment of the larva remain separate, or are united in a single me- dian one. The subfamily Saturniinae, character- ized by having six separate tubercles (the two median ones being separate) on the 8th abdominal segment, com- prise the following genera, Perisomena, Cricula, Saturnia (I cannot see that Ca/o- * Studies on the transformation of moths of the family Saturniidae. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, Boston, (n. s.) XX, p. 58. 1893. saturnia mendocino differs from Saturnia), Heniocha, Loepa. The subfamily AZtacinae was at the same time characterized by the larvae having but five tubercles on the 8th ab- dominal segment, the median one being double, resulting from the fusion of the tubercles belonging to the two dorsal series. The imaginal characters bear out this arrangement. The following genera belong to this group, beginning as heretofore with the most generalized forms, the exact se- quence being subject to farther modifi- cation: Copaxa, Opodiphtera, Tagor- opsis, Syntherata, Rhodia, Rinaca, Neo- ris, Caligula, Graellsia, Argema, Actias, Tropaea, Antheraea, Telea, Metosamia, Callosamia, Samia, Epiphora, Philosa- mia, Rothschildia, Coscinocera, Attacus. 322 PSVGIHE. This subfamily is divided into several, at least five groups of genera, in two series, for example a Copaxa group, an Antheraea group (Antheraea, Telea, Metosamia); a Samia group (Samia, Epiphora, Callosamia) a Tropaea group (Graellsia, Argema, Actias, ‘Tropaea), and an Attacus group (Rothschildia, Philosamia, Attacus). Whether Rhodia, Rinaca, and Neoris belong with Loepa, which. has six tuber- cles on the 8th abdominal segment, or with Copaxa which in stage I has but five, the median one being double, re- remains to be seen after we know more of their larval forms. Note on the genus Rothschildia. As originally written, I had proposed a new generic name for the American Moths referred to Attacus.* This name was proposed by Mr. Grote for the American, chiefly Naeo- gaeic, species heretofore referred to Attacus. The latter genus, comprising Attacus atlas, A. is restricted to southeastern cramert and A. ed- wardsit, Asia and the East Indian Archipelago or the oriental region. In fact it is much more closely related to Philosamia than to Rothschildia. From a study of the venation and * After this article was put in type and a day before receiving the proof, I received by Mr. Grote his excellent article, Beitrag zur Classification der Schmetterlinge, 1896, in which he separates the American species of Attacus under the name of Rothschildia. I therefore suppress the generic name I had proposed. The characters he gives are essentially what I have pointed out in the present article. We seem, quite independently of each other, to have arrived at the same results. (March, r902 other features of six species of Roths- childia, it becomes quite evident that the new world or naeogaeic species form a group readily separated from the species of Attacus of the Oriental region, both by the larval and imaginal characters, though in the general appearance of the moths, the shape of the wings and mark- ings there is a close resemblance. Rothschildia differs from Attacus in the following characters; the antennae have pectinations nearly one-half shorter, and the end of the antenna is subfiliform ; the palpi are 3-jointed, those of Attacus r-jointed; the fore tibial epiphysis is in Rothschildia narrow, very sharp at the end, about half as wide as in Attacus, in which (4. ad¢/as) it is oval, and the end obtuse. The fore wings are less falcate than in Attacus, and the hind wings more rounded at the inner angle, not so tri- angular in outline as in Attacus, nor so much produced posteriorly: indeed they are Closely like those of Philosamia. In the venation the difference between the Asiatic and American forms is strik- ing; in all the Rothschildiae examined there is no first subcostal vein (or vein IE.). In Afttacus atlas, crameri, and edwardsi the first branch of the subcos- tal vein is fully developed, arising at a point near the middle of the discal cell, 7. €., within the origin of the common stalk of the other subcostal branches. In this respect it is closely allied to Philosamia, Vein II2 is minute, very short; II3 present, normal. In Rothschildia vein II is wanting, Il2 where vein II is present. ae March, 1902] is a little longer than in Attacus and the other veins of the wings are as in Atta- cus. The venation of the hind wings is nearly the same in both genera. The wonderful similarity of markings, espe- cially the large, clear discal spots in gen- era quite remote is an interesting case of convergence. The larva of Rothschildia approaches Samia, rather than Attacus. That of 4. atlas has been well described and care- fully figured in all stages by M. Poujade, (Annales Soc. Ent. France, X, 1880; p. 183, Pl. 8.) The larva of Affacus atlas in its final stage is provided with long finger-shaped tubercles; those, however, on the ter- gum of the 2d and 3d thoracic segments are very different in shape, being large, short and rounded, those on the abdom- inal segments long and slender. Re- duction occurs on the thoracic segments only; the two rows of tubercles on the sides of the thoracic segments are of the same shape, but a little longer than those on the abdominal segments. In Rothschildia, as shown by blown examples of Rothschildia orizaba received from Mexico, the tubercles are more ru- dimentary ; they are low, short, fleshy, and are crowned with 5~—7 small sharp spinules, while those of A¢facus atlas are long, finger-shaped and unarmed with any spinules. The median tubercle on the 8th abdominal segment is very small, inconspicuous, and but slightly larger than the other dorsal tubercles of the abdominal segments. - The dorsal tu- bercles on the meso- and metathoracic PSYCHE. 325 segments are scarcely larger, if any, than those in the abdominal segments. Burmeister has figured the larvae of Rothschildia hesperus, ethra, aurota, betis, and sfeculifer. In all except R. betis, they agree well with the larva of 2. ori zaba; the thoracic dorsal tubercles being no larger than the abdominal ones, this species approaching nearest to R. auro- ta. In R. dbetis, however, no traces of tubercles are. given, and in the text it is stated that the larva has no spines; the larva is blackish, banded transversely with deep pink-red. The larvae, then, of the American species hitherto re- ferred to Attacus, appear to present ex- cellent distinctive characters. Judging by the larvae, whose tubercles are more like those of Samia, Roths- childia is the more primitive type, and Attacus the more specialized. Attacus is in venation and the shape of the wings closely allied to Philosamia (P. cynthia) its larva is more specialized than that of Philosamia; but the latter has begun to be specialized in the reduction of the dorsal tubercles of the prothoracic seg- ment, which are short, rounded, and un- armed. Attacus is confined to the Oriental region, while the older more primitive genus Philosamia Is represented in equa- torial Africa as well as the East Indies; it is probable that the Ethiopian realm was the original home of these two gen- era, unless Attacus separated after mi- gration into the East Indies, India and the East Indian Archipelago. A NEW BRUCHOPHAGUS IASI (EIEM Ie, (March, 1902 FROM MEXICO. BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, WASHINGTON, D. C. The following interesting new Eurytomid belonging to the genus Bruchophagus was received by Dr. L. O. Howard, from Mr. A. L. Herrera, of Coahuila, Mexico, who bred it from the Cotton-weevil Axthonomus grandis. Bruchophagus herrerae sp. nov. @.—Length 4 mm. Black, umbilicately punctate and clothed with a fine white pubes- cence; the tips of front and hind femora, their tibiae and sutures of their trochanters and middle legs from the second joint of trochanters, except a spot at base of the femora, are honey-yellow, while the tarsi are pale, almost white; the wings are hyaline, the tegulae black, the veins pale yellowish, the stigmal and marginal veins about equal and a little shorter than the post-marginal. The abdomen is conically pointed, very slightly longer than the head and thorax united, the petiole being short, smooth above, the second segment highly polished impunc- tate, the third, fourth, and fifth segments shining but feebly delicately shagreened, the fitth being the longest segment, the sixth and seventh more distinctly and opaquely sha- greened and with sparse white hairs; the seventh has a distinct rounded spiracle; the eighth is conically pointed with oval spira- cles. Both antennae are broken off and cannot be described. Type.— Cat. No. 6139, U. S. N. M. Hab.— Coahuila, Mexico. Host.— Coleop. Axthonomus grandis Boh. R. FRIEDLANDER & SON, Publishers, Berlin, N. W., Carlstrasse, 11. Just ready, sent postfree on receipt of price: CATALOG DER LEPIDOPTEREN DES PALAZARCTISCHEN FAUNENGEBIETES. VON DR. O. STAUDINGER UND DR. H. REBEL. THIRD EDITION OF STAUDINGER’S CATALOGUE OF LEPIDOPTERA. Two parts in One Volume, royal Svo, 812 pages, with Portrait of Dr. Staudinger. 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CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 1.00 Hiteheocks Edward. Ichnology of NeW England. Boston, 1858 . ¢ 1.50 Scudder, S. H. ‘The earliest winged in- sects of America. Cambridge, 1885, 8p., 1 plate .5o0 Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. . : C . . Scudder, S.H. The Bineerate of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of I.00 Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 . + 1.00 Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. : + 2,00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. feteee 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. é . a 2.00 U.S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 . . . + 2,00 Address Epirors OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass THE ELEMENTS OF INSECT ANATOMY. An outline for the use of students in entomological labora- tories. By ComstocK AND KELLOGG. A practical’guide for laboratory work in entomology by college classes, including the study of the external and internal anatomy of insects and the comparative anatomy of the mouthparts and wings together with the methods of insect histology. It is used as a text-book in Cornell University, Stanford University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Illinois, Washington State Agricul- tural College, University of Kansas, Texas State Agricul- tural College, and numerous other universities and agricul- tural colleges. 145 pp. bound in brown-gray buckram Price $1.00, Address, Comstock PuBLIsHING Co., Ithaca, N. Y. Roy CH EE. AN INTERESTING CASE OF MIMICRY, BY HERBERT OSBORN, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Some time ago I received from Mr. C. W. Mally, Assistant Entomologist, Cape Town, S. Africa, some specimens of a species of Homopteron which exhibits in a quite remarkable manner the adop- tion of a form and appearance which must serve it as a most efficient protec- tion. The insect itself Cephalelus infumatus is a little over half an inch long, of a brown color, and has a remarkably pro- longed head which anteriorly tapers into a very large spine. This prolonged head is almost one half the total length of the insect. The body is slender and the wings terminate posteriorly somewhat abruptly but in such a manner that they fit very perfectly upon the stem of the plant which is its ordinary food. The protective feature comes in from the fact that the aborted leaf sheaths on the stem of the plant form sharp spines occurring at intervals along the length of the stem and these are perfectly repro- duced in the form and color of the insect. So close is the resemblance that when a number of the spines are mounted sepa- rately along side of the insects it is very difficult to distinguish them without the most careful scrutiny. When the speci- mens were first received I had looked them over some time before noticing that a number were not insects at all but simply spurs and had there not been one mounted with a fragment of stem along with an insect beside it I might have taken a much longer time to make the discovery. I have shown the set toa number of individuals who have taken quite a little time to make the same discovery. This species was described many years ago by Percheron (Guerin. Mag. de Zool. II. IX. Pl. 48) and has been figured by Burmeister (Genera Insectorum PI. 4.) and is mentioned in later works on Afri- can insects, but so far as I have been able to find there is no mention made of its foodplant or of the remarkable mimi- cry it presents. without attention to the foodplant or noticing the If collected peculiar spines which it resembles there would be no suspicion that such mimicry occurs. According to Mr. Mally the insect lives on the rush, Dovea tectorum Masters, the spines of which are mimicked. I may mention that the stems are green while the brown. aborted sheaths are dark PSV CHE. [April, 1902 A NEW SILPHID BEETLE FROM A SIMPLE INSECT-TRAP.* BY A. LEONARD MELANDER, AUSTIN, TEX. The curiosity of an investigating ant may sometimes lead it to destruction. During the month of November last, having had occasion to use a large quan- tity of the common Texas “stinging red ant” (Pogonomyrmex barbatus var. mole- Saciens Buckley) we selected as the easiest and quickest method of capture a novel expedient. A of four-ounce bottles were sunk in the gravel nest-heap close to the entrance, nearly to the level of the ground, and then were left opened. The ants ready to resent this disturbance number immediately hurried up the little embank- ment to the open bottles and in their pre- cipitous rush fell headlong over the edge, after which they were unable to crawl up the smooth surface of the glass. After the first excitement the ants largely neglected the traps but now and then a passer-by would peer over the edge, doubtless called there by the strid- ulation of the ants within, and losing its insecure foothold would topple over into the bottle. In the course of our regular visits to these automatic traps we noticed that in the early morning each bottle invariably contained one or more specimens of a small fly that quickly effected its escape at the slightest noise. After several vain attempts the flies were at last secured by simply corking the bottle, and upon * Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Texas No, 28. examination proved to be a form belong- ing to the cave-dwelling genus Leria (Blepharoptera), L. pectinata, originally described by Dr. Loew from this state. The propensity of this species to seek a bottle as a substitute for a burrow opens a new and interesting field for collecting myrmecophilous and cavern- frequenting insects. That this fly is probably a true myrmecophile, habitually using the burrows of the agricultural ant as its domicile, is quite possible, and even probable when we consider that only the bottles sunk in the ant-nests yielded specimens, though numerous bottles had been arranged as control experiments in the open fields close by, and moreover even if placed on the ant- bed the bottles never contained a fly when there were no ants within. Aside from the Zevza and the ever- present Eéeodes tricostata, which in its capacity of scavenger is always found scurrying over the ant-beds, another insect was taken in great numbers. This one, an exceedingly active little Silphid beetle, is closely related to Ptomophagus parasitus Leconte, another ant-guest, which has been taken in the Eastern States in nests of Formica. The present beetle belongs to the division Catopomorphus of the genus, but dis- tinctly differs from its relative in the approximation of the elytral strigae, and in its selection of a host of another sub- April, 1902] family —a _ biological difference that must not be underrated.* Although a number of the flies and beetles were confined in the bottles with the ants for several days they rested unharmed, evidently the closest intimacy The beetles would run about among the ants or fly in the bottle with a quick darting move- but at no time observed to molest either of their guests. existing between the three. ment, were the ants This is interesting especially in the case of the Leria which has never before been found associating with ants, and which, were the ants unfriendly toward it, might be supposed to have accidently used the ant-burrow in place of some other suita- ble excavation. Ptomophagus texanus sp. nov. Length 2.75-3. mm. Mordellid-like, slightly narrowed posteriorly ; color dark castaneous, shining, thorax almost piceous. closely and finely strigose, the strigae pro- vided with short closely-placed, Form elongate oval, Head, thorax, and elytra uniformly, uniform, *In a list of the myrmecophilous Coleoptera of Northern America Mr. E. A. Schwarz in 1890 notices the occurrence of another Ptomophagus in ant-nests but as far as I am aware this species has not yet been described. pectinata has previously been found by Mr. H. G. Hub- bard associating with Ptomophagus fisus Horn in the upper burrows of desert rodents in Arizona. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. IV., p. 362). In this connection may be cited the finding of Ptomophagus in a cave (/%. Schwarz), a habit further bearing on the preceding obser- vation. Leria cavernicola SW AGHAEE:. B29 golden yellow pubescence; that of the head radiating from the vertex, that of the thorax An- tennae not reaching the hind angles of the tho- and elytra directed straight backwards. rax, the first four joints fuscous, moderately slender, the first and second joints long, joints six to eleven broader and shorter, piceous, the eighth joint two-thirds as long as the ninth, and not appreciably narrower. Thorax fully two-thirds as long as the width of its base, the sides gradually then quickly narrowing in front, hind angles acute, base feebly but distinctly bisinuate, the narrow hind margin more or less castaneous; disc of the thorax strigose as well as the sides, the strigae conforming more or less with the front margin. The strigae of the elytra not trans- verse but more or less conforming with the posterior margin: sutural stria well impressed nearly to the apex; sutural angles rounded in the male, but provided with a distinct angle in the female. Body beneath finely and sparsely punctate and pubescent, the femora wholly strigose similarly to the upper surface of the body: tibial spurs equal, those of the hind legs one-third the length of the metatarsus. Described from ten males, and thirteen females, taken, as above mentioned, at Austin, Texas. The front tarsi of the male are flattened and broadened. The tips of the tibiae are fimbriate apically with short equal spines, which, as the strigosity of the thorax is distinct, further confirm Dr. Horn’s statement that these characters are correlated in this genus. 330 PSYCHE. [April, 1902 SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ATTIDAE FROM SOUTH AFRICA. BY GEORGE W. PECKHAM AND ELIZABETH G. PECKHAM, MILWAUKEE, WIS. FISSIDENTATI. TUSITALA, gen. nov. The cephalothorax is high, with the sides sloping outward from the upper surface and widening in a gentle curve from front to back, the widest point being behind the dorsal eyes. The cephalic part is inclined forward, and the thoracic rounds off rather steeply from the third row of eyes. ‘The quadrangle occupies from two-fifths to nearly one-half of the cephalothorax, is one-third wider than long and is wider behind than in front. The first row of eyes is straight or a little curved down, the eyes are large, the middle being less than twice the size of the lateral and subtouching, while the lateral are well separated from them. The second row is equally distant from the first and third or is a little nearer the first, and the third is narrower than the cephalothorax. The falces are long, strong, and vertical, and are bowed, with a compound tooth on the inferior margin. The males have a stiff ridge of hairs on the front face. The sternum is oblong and truncated. ‘The first coxae are sep- arated by about the width of the labium, which i Isvcer than wide. This genus is founded upon 7: barbata and includes a second species, Z. Azrsuta, both from South Africa. TUSITALA PARBATA, SP. NOV. &. Length 6.5 mm. Legs 1432, about equal in thickness. The first pair is plainly the longest but the others do not differ much in length. The cephalothorax is covered with a mix- ture of red, yellow and white hairs, the red predominating on the sides, and the white on the upper surface. The clypeus is less than half as wide as the middle eyes of the first row, and is yellow with a few white hairs. The falces are light brown, and have a remarkable ornament in the shape of a long ridge of stiff hairs down the front face. These hairs stand out stiffly, but their tips curve inward to meet those of the opposite side in the middle line. Their coloris snowy- white on the upper half and deep black on the lower. The palpus is slender with long joints, the tibia much exceeding the tarsus. The femur and tarsus are dark colored, the patella and tibia, pale. The legs are brown with darker bars. The abdomen is covered with a mixture of gray and brown hairs. There is a white band around the base, and the posterior dorsum has some indistinct white chevrons. We have six males from Algoa Bay, South Africa, sent to us by Dr. Braun. TUSITALA HIRSUTA, Sp. nov. &. Length 8 mm. Legs 1234, first and second a little the stoutest. In our single specimen the cephalothorax is much darker than the abdomen, but both are rubbed quite bare of markings excepting some long white hairs at the front end of the abdomen. The clypeus is as wide as the large April, 1902] éyes of the first row, and is brown with long white hairs. The falces are long and strongly bowed, approaching each other at the extremi- ties. They have ridges of stiff hairs, as in T. barbata, on the front faces, which are light brown in color and grow longer and thicker in the lower than in the upper half. The palpus is long and slender, the tibia The patella and tibia are much lighter in color The legs are being much longer than the tarsus. than the femur and tarsus. brown, the first and second pairs being darker than the third and fourth. We have one male from Zululand, given to us by Rev. Henry C. McCook. MOoNCLOVA, gen. nov. The cephalothorax is long, with nearly parallel sides, which narrow a little at the posterior end. Itis moderately high at the third row of eyes, from which point it slopes abruptly in both directions, but more steeply behind than in front. The quadrangle of the eyes occupies nearly half of the cephalothorax, is a little wider behind than in front, and is The first row is very slightly curved downward, with the middle eyes subtouching and one-third wider than long. less than twice as large as the lateral, which are a little separated from them. The second row is about halfway be- tween the first and the third. The third row is as wide as the cephalothorax. The falces are vertical and _ parallel. The sternum is oval, truncated in front, and narrows in front and behind. ‘The first coxae are separated by the width of the labium, which is about as wide as long. PSYCHE. 331 The type is a new species from South Africa, MZ. brauniz. MONCLOVA BRAUNII, Sp. nov. @. Length 7 mm. Legs 4312, the third and fourth plainly longer than the first and second. The spider is covered with a mixture of white, black, and bright rufus hairs, the dif- ferent colors different Thus the cephalic plate is bright rufus and the middle predominating on arts so astoform the markings. 5 line on the thoracie part pure white, while the abdomen shows a white band around the anterior end, and, onthe posterior part of the dorsum, wide alternating transverse bands of rufus and black. These bands are not parallel but run upward and forward from the sides. The clypeus has long white hairs, and these are continued, rather sparsely, on to the falces. being of a light brown color with darker rings and white hairs. The light brown pal- pus is covered with white hairs. The legs are not conspicuous, We have four females, sent by Dr. Braun, from Cape Colony. UNIDENTATI. JASODA, gen. nov. The cephalothorax is high, with the sides nearly vertical and not far from parallel, although there is a slight swell- ing at the dorsal eyes, beyond which there is a very gradual contraction to- ward the posterior end. - The cephalic part is a little inclined forward and the thoracic rounds off directly behind the dorsal eyes, falling more steeply after the first half. The quadrangle of the eyes occupies two-fifths of the cephalo- thorax, is nearly twice as wide as long, 332 JES VACIEME, and is a very little wider behind than in front. The first row is curved downward, the eyes being small, and all separated, the lateral by nearly their diameter from the middle. The middle eyes are less than twice as large as the lateral. The second row is a little nearer the first than the third, and the third is nearly as wide The falces are vertical, long, heavy, and parallel, with a short fang. on the inferior margin. as the cephalothorax. There is one conical tooth The sternum is oblong, narrowing in front and behind and truncated in front. ‘The first coxae are separated by about the width of the labium, which is longer than wide. The eyes of this genus resemble those of Luryattus and Simaetha, but these genera belong respectively to the Pluri- dentati and the Fissidentati. Moreover the joints of the palpus are differently formed and proportioned, being flattened, with the tibia much longer than the tar- sus, in Luryattus and Simaetha. The type is a new species from Mashonaland. JASODA WOODI, sp. nov. &. Length 7 mm. Legs 1342, not slen- der, nearly equal in thickness. In our single specimen the cephalothorax and abdomen are both rubbed so that no idea of the marking can be formed. The cephalo- thorax is dark, almost black, with violet re- flections. The abdomen is also dark but not glistening, and shows some long white hairs at the anterior end and on the sides. There are some long whitish hairs on the falces at the lower outer corner. The legs are light brown with slender black spines. The palpi are covered with white hairs. [April, 1902 We have one male’sent to us by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, from Mashonaland, South Africa. MEXCaLA, gen. nov. The cephalothorax is moderately high. It widens out more below than above, and is broader in the posterior part than infront. There is no marked difference in the planes of the cephalic and thoracic parts. The cephalic part is flat, and the thoracic falls from the dorsal eyes. The quadrangle of the eyes occupies a little more than one-third of the cephalo- thorax, is one-sixth wider than long, and is equally wide in front and behind. The anterior eyes are moderately large, the middle being less than twice as large as the lateral, and form a slightly curved row. ‘The middle eyes are subtouching, with the lateral a little separated from them. ‘The second row is halfway be- tween the other two. The third row is a little narrower than the cephalothorax. The falces are vertical and stout, with a short fang, and have one conical tooth The sternum is oval, and truncated in front. The first coxae are separated by about the width of the labium, which is longer than wide. The pedicle is not visible. There are no constrictions. The abdomen is narrow in front and then widens. on the inferior margin. Mexcala is distinguished from the other ant-like genera of this region by having a single conical tooth on the inferior margin of the falx. April, 1g02] MEXCALA RUFA, Sp. nov. &. Length 8 inm. almost equal in stoutness, femora slightly thickened. The cephalothorax is dark colored with a few black hairs on the eye-region, and some tiny white scale-like hairs on the front of the Legs 4132, falces, and the lower edge of the clypeus, which pass around _a little way, onto the sides of the cephalic part. The legs and palpi are black. The abdomen in our specimen, is rubbed, but seems to have been entirely cov- ered with golden-yellow hairs which shade to white on the venter. We have one male from Cape Colony, sent to us by Dr. Braun. QUEKETTIA, gen. nov. The cephalothorax is rather low, and is narrow in front, widening out behind the third row of eyes and then contracting behind. The upper surface is flat and almost entirely on the same plane, there being the gentlest possible rise from the two ends to the dorsal eyes. It isa little wider below than above. The quad- rangle of the eyes is very slightly wider than long, is wider behind than in front, and occupies two-fifths of the cephalo- thorax. The anterior eyes are subtouch- ing, in a straight row, the middle being twice as large as the lateral. The second row is much nearer the first than the third, and the third row is not quite so wide as the cephalothorax. The falces are very short, vertical and parallel with no tooth on the inferior margin. The sternum is oval, truncated in front. The first coxae are separated by a little more than the width of the labium, which is as wide as long. The pedicle is not visible from PS VGH, 339 above. The relative length of the legs is 4123, the first and second being short and much thickened, especially as to the femur and tibia. 6.5 mm. long. The short legs are enough to distinguish Quwekettia from The type is our Leptorchestes georgii from Madagascar, Ant-like Attidae, p. 52. This genus is named for Mr. J. F. Quekett, Curator of the Durban Mu- seum, Natal, South Africa. The type species is chubby front others of the group. Kima gen. nov. The cephalothorax is long, and has the sides nearly parallel. The cephalic part is on a higher plane than the thoracic which falls gently from the dorsal eyes. The upper surface is narrow, the sides The quadrangle of the eyes occupies two- widening out a very little below. fifths of the cephalothorax, is nearly as long as wide, and is equally wide in front and behind. The anterior eyes are placed close together and form a row that is a little curved downward, the middle eyes being about twice as large as the lateral. The second row is much nearer the first than the third. The third row is nearly as wide as the cephalo- thorax. The falces are nearly horizontal, divergent and rather long, with a short fang, and have no tooth on the inferior margin. The sternum is narrow and ob- long, and is truncated infront. The first coxae are separated by the width of the labium, which is plainly longer than wide. There is a distinct pedicle. In the type o34 PSYCHE. species there is a constriction in the middle of the abdomen. This genus is distinguished from Quze- kettia by its more ant-like shape and by the abdominal constriction, as well as by the difference in the spines. Avma and Quekettia differ from Arvaegeus E. S. which also has no tooth on the inferior margin of the falx, by the shape of the sternum, which in Araegeus has a long point in front. KIMA AFRICANA, Sp. Nov. A large, ant-like species, with long slender legs and a long pedicle. &. Length 8 mm. much the longest. We have but one specimen. The cephalo- thorax is without hairs, the color being dark reddish brown, deepening to black on the Legs 4132, fourth cephalic plate. The fourth legs are. black throughout their length, but the others, although black near the body, shade to brown at the extremities. They are equal in thick- ness and are but scantily haired. The first leg has three pairs of spines under the tibia, and two pairs under the metatarsus. The palpi are black. The rather high black clypeus has a few short white hairs. The abdomen, which has a construction in the middle, is covered with rich golden yellow hairs, which shade to white on the venter. The falces are reddish brown, and are flat- tened, with two teeth on the superior margin, at the distal end. We have one male from Cape Colony, sent to us by Dr. Braun. HYLLUS TRELEAVENII sp. nov. Q. Length 13 mm. Legs 3412. ‘In our specimen the cephalothorax is rubbed almost bare, showing the integument [April, 1902 to be dark red on the sides and lighter above. There seem to have been many light yellow and reddish hairs on the sides and over the back. Around the eyes of the first row and on the clypeus are long reddish hairs, and white hairs with a yellow tinge cover the front faces of the falces. The abdomen has a covering of short reddish-gray hairs with long white hairs scattered over it. Down the middle is a herringbone stripe of white, anda white band around the base is continued on the sides to the middle point, where it ends in a conspicuous somewhat triangular white spot. Further back, on each side, is a crescent-shaped white spot. The legs are all hairy, especially the first pair, which has long black and white hairs below. Their general color is dark, but the metatarsi and tarsi of the first legs, as well as the distal ends of the metatarsi and the whole of the tarsi of the third and fourth, are lighter colored. We have a single female from Masho- naland sent by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall. We have named the species for Mr. F. Tréleaven of Cape Town. CYLLOBELUS AUSTRALIS, sp. nov. Near Cyllobelus chtonogaster E. S. but smaller, and lacking the red hairs around the eyes, and red marks on the cephalothorax and abdomen. 2. Length 5 mm. Legs 4132, fourth much the longest. The cephalothorax is bronze-brown with a narrow white line running across the clypeus and entirely around the lower margin. The abdomen is bronze-brown with a large num- ber of symmetrically disposed snow white spots. The two largest are somewhat tri- angular in shape and are placed on each side of the middie of the dorsum. There are smaller ones lower down on the sides, both before and behind these, and a single one just in front of the spinnerets. Six pairs of small white spots or lines extend from the 2 ee ® April, 1902) base to just above the apex, over the middle The underparts are of a dull silvery color. The falces are brown. The palpus is dark with a white spot on the of the dorsum. patella and one on the tarsus. (In chfonogaster the palpus is yellow with white spots). The legs are brown, the first pair having white marks on the patella and tarsus, and at the distal end of the tibia. We have a single female sent to us by Dr. Braun from Algoa Bay, South Africa. RHENE BANKSII, Sp. nov. &. Length 4.5. Legs 1423, first plainly stoutest, with short fringe of hairs on under side of patella and tibia. The cephalothorax is a little wider than long, and slants upward from the anterior eyes. The quadrangle is plainly wider be- hind than in front, is much wider than long, and occupies two-thirds of the cephalothorax, The anterior eyes form a straight row, and are close together, the middle being less than twice as large as the lateral. The second row is close to the first. The sternum is widest in the middle, pointed behind, and truncated in front. The anterior coxae are separated by barely the width of the labium, which is longer than wide. The falces are short, ver- tical and parallel. The cephalothorax is dark with two white spots on the cephalic plate just in front of the dorsal eyes, and a curved white band on the front part. There is a white longitudinal line on the middle of the thoracic part, and a good many white hairs are seen on the sides. The abdomen is dark, with six white dots forming a curved line around the anterior end, and a transverse line of white dots in front of the middle of the dorsum. Near the posterior end is a large central white spot, from which a curved white line runs down on each side. There are some scattered white hairs on theclypeus. The first leg is dark with a short dark fringe under the patella and tibia, PSYCHE. D080 and a white spot at the distal end of the fe- mur. The other legs have white rings at the ends of the joints, and are dark colored, ex- cepting the tarsi and the proximal halves of the metatarsi, which are light. We have a single male from Cape Town, sent by Dr. Braun. Nores.— Mr. William H. Ashmead’s me- moir on the Hymenoptera Parasitica of the Hawaiian Islands occupies pages 277-364 of vol. 1, part 3 of the Fauna Hawaiiensis and is illustrated by two uncolored plates. There are sections entitled : General considerations, Classification of the Hymenoptera, System- atic arrangement of the Hawaiian Hymen- optera, Distribution, Bibliographic, and Sys- tematic account of the Hymenoptera Parasit- ica, the last forming the greater part of the text. The descriptions are concise, yet sufficiently detailed; a tabular separation of the species of each genus with more than a single rep- resentative is given in most instances. One hundred and twenty-eight species are enumerated; those figured are new. Eleven genera only are considered peculiar to the Islands; most of the species are new so that a statement as to their distribution can not be made; of the known species, five are con- sidered of Asiatic or Australian origin, seven of North American origin, and five of Euro- pean origin. The specification as to families, genera, and new species given on page 281 is not quite accurate, and that as to new species is not just to the author. Mr. Ernest Hartet contributes to Novitates Zoologicae, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 494-506, an appre- ciative notice of the scientific work of the late William Doherty. subsericea. On some slight elevation along the road arises an oblong, moderately sized hil- lock, topped by a piece of rock or a branch of a tree. The numerous en- trances of the nest are all situated under this protecting roof, where during May and June may be found the queens PSYCHE. [June, 1902 and cocoons which, however, disappear with marvellous rapidity upon the re- More- over, mounds may be perceived here moval of their guardian portal. and there, but neither as large nor of the same shape as those of /. odscuripes and /. Finally, small col- onies generally hide their establishments beneath stones. Whilst the subsericea-nests, at least exsectotdes. hereabouts, are never found in decaying logs, these are precisely the habitations of Formica subaenescens Em., so called from the appearance of its abdomen. When enslaved by /olyergus Wasm., which in consequence of its sickle-shaped mandibles is unable to excavate, they entirely determine the structure of the latter’s nest. Yet it is not without interest to notice that these nests, as will be mentioned later on, with regard to some species of Camponotus, Larius, Stenamma etc., are in communi- cation with the earth, whither their inmates retire during the extremes of cold and heat. insignificant structures of the other five species occurring in this region, namely fF pergandet Em., F. nitidiventris Em., F. fuscata Em., F. schaufussi Mayr and F. incerta Km., it may suffice to remark, that they usually occur at the edge of fields or on hillsides, being ground nests and having their entrances under stones and logs. In comparison, therefore, with the ants of Europe the exterior structure of American formicaries is somewhat insig- nificant, so that Forel justly avoided bicolor Concerning the rather June, 1902] calling them “ mounds,” at least as a gen- eral thing. But far different is the case with regard to the ¢zner structure, which, ceteris paribus, is much more consider- able. an “irregular aggregation of chambers and tunnels serving as the abode of ants and their brood and connected by differ- ent apertures with the outside world.” * To characterize our ant-nests the follow- ing qualifications might be added to the above definition. Wasmann defines a formicary as In the first place, American nests descend to a relatively great depth. The part covered by frag- ments of woody material is but a small fraction of the dome. It is only in the case of /. obscuripes, that now and then not only the dome but also a considerable part of the nest itself consists of the above mentioned Below the dome the nest assumes gradually larger material. dimensions, until at a depth of 1.50 m. it often reaches a diameter of 2 m. and beyond. In a nest of / rubicunda I found a few days before the first vernal oviposition ants in considerable numbers only at the depth of 1 m., a queen only at 1.25 m.f I had to penetrate to a like depth in the case of F/ exsectoides and others. I examined one nest of /% exsectoides during November, when the ants had already retired to their winter quarters. Several hours were consumed in digging. After having reached a * E. Wasmann, S. J. Vergleichende Studien ueber das, Seelenleben der Ameisen und der hoeheren Tiere. 2. Aufl. p- 67. + Of course during the time of oviposition 9s and $s may be found directly below the nest’s surface. PSY GITE. 359 depth of 2 I decided to desist. Most of the ants were found singly. Many were lying with their legs ex- tended and embedded in the cold earth. It was only in the tunnels, which often follow the course of the roots, that we found clumps of ants as they are to be seen during winter in observation nests. One queen alone was captured ; and yet it is well known that queens of /. exsectoides abound. Since we were concerned with a very populous nest, the principal part of it was necessarily still deeper down. Another peculiarity is to be found in the tunnels. Towards the surface they are highly concentrated ; soon they separate further and further and being now hori- zontal now vertical, they penetrate into all parts of the nest. In the nest just mentioned, as also in some others, there were found at the depth of 1.50 m. di- rectly below the dome only four irregu- lar tunnels within a square meter. A third characteristic feature, finally, is the preference manifested by the ants for stony locations. It is true that this is owing more to the character of the soil. But in virtue of their well devel- oped faculty of adaptation, which is only a manifestation of their plastic instinct, these ants have been enabled to utilize this circumstance in an appropriate man- ner. For, the stones not only mean a great saving of work for the ants, but also impart great solidity to their struc- tures. Moreover, they facilitate the reg- ulation of temperature during spring, m., and in winter and summer such a rocky abode affords the best protection against 360 heat and cold. instance, a layer of 1 m. of stones and other hard material had to be pene- trated, before reaching the real nest of £, rubicunda, which we examined care- fully, and it was only at that depth in a sandy layer that the ants were found The case was similar in nests of / exsectoides, F. dako- To mention only one in greater abundance. fensis and others. Thus Prof. Forel’s statement tioned above has been found applicable also to this region. Besides it seems to be evident that the structure of more extensive domes is rendered useless by men- the extreme range of temperature vary- ing from — 20° F. to + 110° F. (resp. + 150° F.inthe sun). For the develop- ment of the offspring the heat is suffi- cient even without domes, and during the warmest and coldest months such a dome would be uninhabitable. The theory that the nests of ants “abound above all on hill-siopes facing the east” (Il. c. p. 232) has not been confirmed by my experience. For here ant-hills abound on eastern and western slopes alike. NOTES. Gatis.—The large number of excellent photographic plates make Connold’s British vegetable galls (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1902, xii, 312 pp., 13 plates. PSYCHE. [June, rg02 27 text figures) a work of considerable scienti- fic interest. With their aid the abnormalities classified as galls, with the exception of those found on oak, that are common in Great Britain can be determined, and the identity or affinity of the British galls to those of North America especially commends the book to American students. The text, in addition to faulty arrange- ment, contains many obscure and inaccurate statements. GENERA INSECTORUM.— The scope of this work, which is due to the enterprise of Wyts- man of Brussels, is shown by the first and second fascicules issued some months ago. In the first fascicule Régimbart deals with the Gyrinidae one of the inost sharply defined families of the Coleoptera; he recognizes three tribes, nine genera, and 363 species. There are brief statements regarding the dis- tribution, habitat, and characters of the family; analytical tables for the separation of the tribes and genera with more detailed characterization of the genera and lists of the species with the distribution of each. The plate, which is excellent, gives many structural details. In the second fascicule Kieffer considers the Evaniidae, another easily distinguished family; the handling is similar to that of Régimbart though more open to criticism in some minor details; three subfamilies, nine genera, and 269 species are recognized. Foeninae, zom. nov. is not tenable, Foenus Fab. (1798) being asynonym of Gasteruption Latr. (1796). Ashmead State Board of Agric., U.S.A. Catal. Ins. is not a very clear citation for Smith’s List of New Jersey insects. A. SMITH & SONS, 146-148 WILLIAM ST., New York. Zo 2 \ JOINTED FOLDING NET MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other articles are being added, Send for List. ic eee [Established in 1874 | Vol. 9, No. 315 JuLy, 1902 CONTENTS COLLEMBOLA OF THE GRAVE.— Plate 4— Justus Watson Folsom 363 FURTHER NOTES ON NEW ENGLAND FormicipAE— Geo. B. King. : : 5 367 THE SO-CALLED MANDIBLES OF SprpERS — Welliam A. Riley. : : : : 368 GROUP CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 1.— Samuel HI. Scudder 5 - 370 Lire Historres oF NortTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. XXXIII.— Harrison G. Dyar 371 PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB CAMBRIDGE, [Boston] Mass., Was. As YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 20 c. [Entered as second class mail matter] PSYCHE. [July, sgo2 Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. | RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. fe Subscriptions not discontinued are considered | renewed. 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Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 5 1.00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 . : 1.50 Scudder, S. H. The earliést winged in- sects of America. Cambridge, 1885, 8p., 1 plate .5o Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. . 5 é . . = —2.00 Scudder, S.H. ‘The pine-moth of Nan- — tucket, Retinia frustrana, col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 O » Too Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. 0 6 + 2,00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 43-44. Stettin, 1832-1883. 6 5 F 2.00 U.S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 ° ° . + 2.00 Address Epirors oF PsycCHE, Cambridge, Mass. THE ELEMENTS OF INSECT ANATOMY. An outline for the use of students in entomological labora tories. By Comstock AND KELLoGG. A practical guide for laboratory work in entomology by college classes, including the study of the external and internal anatomy of insects and the comparative anatomy of the mouthparts and wings together with the methods of insect histology. It is used as a text-book in Cornell University, Stanford University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Illinois, Washington State Agricul tural College, University of Kansas, Texas State Agricul tural College, and numerous other universities and agricul- tural colleges. 145 pp. bound in brown-gray buckram Price $1.00. Address, Comstock PuBLIsHING Co., Ithaca, N. Y. ee = Wiis “ay «= f — a = 0) ae 4 y " on faa ; = wig at Do. : on ne oe > i al Wi % oa i 1 oa - re 7 | ‘ ae o! a 7 >. ei > ; a ‘ + 7 : , a * oo - ‘ a s ‘ 4 '- 7 7 ’ ee _ * + - { conc : : he : = Psyche, Vol. 9. Plate 4. COLLEMBOLA OF THE GRAVE. Fig. EXPLANATION OF Isotoma fimetaria (L.) ‘Tull. ts oe “ee oe * sepulcralis, sp. nov. ee te oe we . “ +e ee . ae “ A te sc “e oe we “oe ee Entomobrya lucifuga, sp. nov. 6 “ cc “cc Sinella tenebricosa, sp. nov. “cc “ ce “ee ee “ oe i739 se “ce “ce ee Pseudosinella argentea, sp.nov. oe ““ “ee c cc candida, sp. nov. “ec te ee oe a3 oe oe te RATE Al: Left aspect of right front foot, x Sto. Left aspect of right mucro, x 810. Eyes and postantennal organ of right side, e570: Right aspect of right hind foot, x 680. Left aspect of right mucro, typical, x 81o Mucro, common variation, x 81o. Right mucro, rare variation, x 680. Right mucro, one case, x 585. Left aspect of left hind foot, x 81o. Mucro, x 8ro. Antenna, X 154. Right aspect of left hind foot, x 81o. Left aspect of right mucro, x 810. Clavate seta from head, x Sro. Right aspect of left hind foot, x 1089. Right aspect of left mucro, x 1089. Eyes of right side, x 4o5. Right aspect of left hind foot, x 810. Right aspect of right mucro, x 8ro. SVC EE. COLLEMBOLA OF THE GRAVE. BY JUSTUS WATSON FOLSOM, CHAMPAIGN, ILL. This article deals with the Collembola collected from graves in Washington, D. C., by Dr. Murray Galt Motter and re- corded in his important paper* on the fauna of the grave. I am indebted to Dr. Motter and Dr. Howard for the opportunity to examine this material. In over fifty-six hundred specimens there were only six species, five of which are new. Ninety-seven per cent consist- ed of Isotoma sepulcralis, sp. nov., two per cent of Entomobrya lucifuga, n. sp. and the four other species were repre- sented by only thirty-three examples in all. The comparison of my results with those tabulated by Dr. Motter shows that, as regards the period of interment, Collembola (usually I. sepuleralis) oc- curred with practically every cadaver from No. 1 (1 yr. 11 mos.) to No. 81 *M. G. Motter. A contribution to the study of the fauna of the grave. A study of one hundred and fifty disinter- ments, with some additional experimental observations. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 6 (1898), pp. 201-231. (16 yrs. 5 mos.), and one specimen was In fact, Collembola occurred almost always when found with No. 95 (21 yrs.). the surroundings were in any degree moist, and almost never in a dry envi- ronment; in the two cases (Nos. rq and 95) in which they were present in spite of dryness, there were only three individ- uals altogether. Nos. 82-100 were all marked as “dry” and none of them afforded any collembolans except No. 95, just mentioned. From these insects, then, no conclusion of any medico-legal importance appeared, — simply a few facts of entomological interest. The most striking characteristics of these subterranean forms are those that may be attributed to the absence of light: all are white — without pigment —and are blind, with the exception of two species, which, of course, have a In one of these, the eyes even vary slightly in number. black ocular pigment. All these species have the chief pecu- liarities of cave insects. The blind Iso- toma fimetaria is known, the world over, 364 as a soil insect and several blind species of Sinella and Pseudosinella, especially the latter, have been found in Europe and America, confined to caves or living under stones and in other dark places. The two species here described as hav- ing eyes are doubtless not restricted to dark situations. For each species I give the numbers used by Dr. Motter to designate particu- lar specimens in the Stiles-Motter col- lection of grave fauna, deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Each of these numbers is followed by another in parentheses that expresses an approxi- mate estimate of the number of individ- uals. No. 46 I did not have, and I did have some that do not appear in the table (Bz), 9 Gi),| already referred to. These are Nos, 51 ene vas (5 individuals), 105 (3), 112 (7), 123 (9), 143 (2), 154 (2), 153 (15)s 156 (3) 178 (6), 187 (500), 223 (15) 399 (1)s 408 (50), 414 (2). Isotoma fimetaria (L.) Tull. 1761. FPodura fimetaria Linnaeus, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2. 1872. JLsotoma fimetaria ‘Tullberg, Sveriges Podurider, p. 48, taf. 9, figs. 32733: Figures 1-2. White. gans ovate or oval. Postantennal or- Antennae slightly long- er than the head, with segments as 6: 9: 9: Eyes absent. 17; first two segments cylindrical, third di- lated apically, fourth elliptico-cylindrical. Superior claws (fig. 1) smoothly tapering, PSYCHE. (July, 1902 scarcely curving, untoothed ; inferior claws half as long, lanceolate, acuminate; hind claws largest ; one unknobbed tenent hair. Abdomen feebly dilated with third and fourth segments subequal. Furcula as long as the head, borne by the antepenultimate segment and not attaining the ventral tube (extending two thirds as far); dentes two and one half times the manubrium in length, slender, ta- pering; mucrones (fig. 2) elongate, sub- equally bidentate; apical tooth scarcely hooked, second erect ; proximal two thirds of mucro suboblong. Numerous stiff setae on head, body, and appendages; several long erect setae in a row across the middle of each abdominal segment ; many long stiff setae at the apex of the abdomen. Length, .87 mm. This is one of the best known species of its order and is a cosmopolitan insect. It is essentially a soil species, often occurring about the roots of plants. Five specimens: 153 (3), 151 (2). Isotoma sepulcralis, sp. nov. Figures 3-5. White. Eyes (fig. 3) normally ten, some- times eight. Postantennal organs broadly elliptical, oval or ovate. Antennae subequal to the head in length ; segments stout, as Gi 10: 9: 19; third segment dilating distally, fourth elliptico-cylindrical. Body elongate cylindrical. Superior claws (fig. 4) uniformly curving and tapering, untoothed; inferior claws extending two thirds as far, ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, with stout midrib; front claws smallest, the other pairs successively larger ; tenent hairs absent. Fourth abdom- inal segment one third longer than the pre- ceding one and bearing the furcula. Furcula short, extending but half way to the ventral tube, strongly tapering ; manubrium and dentes subequal in length ; mucrones (fig. 5) one third as long as dentes, elongate, sub- July, 1902] equally tridentate ; apical tooth sharp, feebly hooked or, rarely, falcate; second conical, erect; third a trifle smaller than second, erect or else slightly inclined caudad, situated mid- way on the mucro and laterad of the other teeth. minor details as shown in figures 6-8 ; in one The mucrones vary considerably in case, the third tooth was absent on the left mucro but present on the right one, and in a single instance the proximal tooth was Clothing of numerous short appressed setae, which are restricted to the middle half of each segment, doubled on both mucrones (fig. 8). leaving the anterior and posterior fourths of the segment bare ; longer, stiff setae at the apex of the abdomen; short stiff bristles on antennae and legs; short curving setae on the urcula with a few long erect ones. Maxi- mum length, 1.8 mm. This species is quite distinct from any hitherto described. It formed ninety- seven per cent of all the specimens ex- amined. Over 5400 types: 2 (600), 4 (45), 12 (15), 13 (33), 14 (200), 1§ (100), 75 (1), 100 (300), tor (79), 164 (5), 182 (75), 184 (100), 186 (200), 187 (500), 188 (8), 193 (150), 195 (24), Zoi (20) 204) (i), 223)((05)),) 23% (60); 243 (17), 245 (14), 248 (1), 259 (50), 270 (200), 308 (1), 324 (21), 331 (1), 332 (100), 347 (8), 356 (4), 357 (25); 362 (300), 380 (4), 383 (1), 39° (50), 394 (2000), 407 (70), 408 (50), 422 (1), 429 (86). Type No. 6144, U.S. National Museum. - Entomobrya lucifuga, sp. nov. Figures 9-10. White. long as the head, or more than half as long Eyes absent. Antennae twice as PSYCHE. 365 as the body, with cylindrical segments, re- lated as 11: 16: 18: 26. Mesonotum con- cealing the pronotum. Superior claws (fig. 9) broad, curving, with a pair of large triangular basal lamellae and beyond these an obsolete tooth; inferior claws extending three fourths as tar, lanceolate, acute with sinuate outer margin; hindclaws largest; one short tenent hair with a small knob. Abdomen dilated ; ? fourth segment four times as long as the third. dentes half as long again as the manubrium ; mucrones (fig. 10) long, falcate, the second tooth equidistant from base and apex and the Furcula attaining the ventral tube ; ) basal spine strong; two barbellate dental setae attain the apex of the mucro and a third one exceeds it considerably. Stout clavate barbellate setae are found on the first two antennal segments and the coxae, are profuse on the head, and occur, constantly diminishing in number, on meso- metanotum, and the middle of each succeeding segment. Simple barbellate setae occur densely on the appendages and the apex of the abdomen ; the furcula bears many suberect clavate barbellate setae. Maximum length, 1.7 mm. One hundred and thirty-one types: 7 (ZX ne) S Cy (Ga) is ae) (GO ue (Gag me (6), 105 (3), 112 (7), 123 (9), 143 (2), r5t (1), 153 (12),.156 (2), 178° (4); 20) (12); 229) ()) 237 (2) 288) (a), 331 (4), 356 (3), 358 (4), 363 (2), 366 (5); 383 (1), 399 (1), 414 (1), 422 (1). Type No. 6145, U. S. National Museum. Sinella tenebricosa, sp. nov. Figures 11-14. White. Eyes absent. half as long again as the head, with segments as 3: 6: 5: 11; third segment subclavate, fourth elliptical. Su- perior claws (fig. 12) broad, almost straight, with a long tooth in the middle and a long subtriangular acuminate basal lamella ; front Antennae (fig. 11) Prothorax exposed. 366 pair of superior claws two thirds as long as the others; inferior claws three fitths the length of the superiors on the front feet and three fourths on the others, straight, broadly linear, acute, with a large ovate acuminate lamella on the basal half of the outer margin ; hair. Abdomen di- two and one _ half Furcula attaining one unknobbed tenent lated; fourth segment times the third in length. the ventral tube; dentes a little longer tharr manubrium; mucrones (fig. 13) simple, fal- cate, with a long curving basal spine that attains the apex of the mucro. Sparse short curving bristles on head and body ; many stiff barbellate setae on the appendages; a few erect barbellate setae on the first two antennal segments and on the legs; stout clavate barbellate setae (fig. 14) occur on the vertex, and metanotum and the last Length, .g mm. coxae, meso- three abdominal segments. S. tenebricosa is closely allied to the European S. hofti Schiif.,* from which it differs chiefly in the claws. Twenty-four types: ro (15), 51 (5), 178 (2), 229 (1), 383 (1). Type No. 6146, U. S. National Museum. Pseudosinella argentea, sp. nov. Figures 15-16. White. Eyes absent. Antennae one and one half times as long as the head and half the length of the body, with segments related as 5: 10: Ir: 17; third segment clavate, fourth Thorax arched ; meso- notum almost as long as the head and conceal- ing the pronotum. Superior claws (fig. 15) stout, apically curving, unequally tridentate, the two proximal teeth being side by side ; inferior claws two thirds as long on hind elliptico-cylindrical. *C. Schiffer. Die Collembola der Umgebung von Hamburg und benachbarter Gebiete. Mitth. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, bd. 13 (1896), pp. 147-216, taf. 1-4. See pp. 192-193; taf. 4, figs. 103-105. PSV GEHL. (July, 1902 pair, and half as long on the other feet, broadly linear, acute; tenent hair small, un- knobbed. Abdomen moderately dilated; fourth segment three times as long as the third. Furcula extending beyond the ventral tube; manubrium and dentes subequal in length; mucrones (fig. 16) basally suboblong with two subequal teeth and a long basal spine that attains the apex of the proximal tooth. Large rounded scales on head, body, and the under side of the furcula; dense stiff setae on antennae and legs; a dense cluster of stout rigid setae on the anterior border of the mesonotum and a few such setae above the antennae; dense short curving feathered setae occur at the apex of the abdomen and on the upper surface of the furcula. Length, 1.25 mm. This new species differs as to claws and mucrones from P. cavernarum Moniez* (Tullbergia immaculata Lie- P. f) and P. virei Abs., ¢ its nearest allies. A unique type, No. 156. Type No 6147, U.S. National Museum. Pseudosinella candida, sp. nov. Figures 17-19. White. Eyes (fig. 17) sixteen; a black interocular V-shaped mark sometimes occurs. Antennae one and one fourth times as long as the head, with segments as 6: 10: 10: 22; basal ring one fourth as long as the first seg- *R. Moniez. Espéces nouvelles de Thysanoures trouvées dans la grotte de Dargilan. Rev. biol. nord France, t. 6 (1893), pp. 81-86. See pp. 84-85. +O. J. Lie-Pettersen, Norges Collembola. Bergens mus. Aarb, 1896, no. 8, 24 pp-,2 pls. See pp. 15-16, pl. 2, figs. 1-4. +K. Absolon. Uebereinige theils neue Collembolen aus den Hohlen Frankreichs und des siidlichen Karstes. Zool. Anz., bd. 24(1901), pp. 82-90, 10 figs. See pp. 87-88, figs. 6-8. July, 1902] ment; second subclavate, third clavate, fourth elliptico-cylindrical. _Meso- Superior segment notum concealing the pronotum. claws (fig. 18) broad, curving, with a large proximal tooth and a small sharp distal tooth ; on the hind feet, inferior claws over between these there is, another minute tooth; half as long as the superiors, oblong-lanceo- late; tenent hair small and unknobbed. Fourth abdominal segment nearly four times as long as the third. Furcula attaining the ventral tube; manubrium and dentes sub- equal; mucrones (fig. 19) subfalcate with two subequal teeth and a prominent basal spine; three barbellate setae surround the mucro and two of them extend far beyond it. Scales largeand rounded. A few minute setae occur FURTHER NOTES PSYCHE. 367 on the head, stiff bristles on the appendages and curving feathered setae on the dorsal side of thefurcula. Length, 1 mm. This species bears much resemblance to P. alba Pack.* In alba, however, the proximal tooth of the superior claw is more basal than in candida, while the fourth abdominal segment is only three times as long as the third, and dense clavate setae are present on mesonotum, coxae, and the apex of the abdomen; alba, moreover, has only four eyes. Mhree: types) -2639 1), soci (a)r Type No. 6148, U.S. National Museum. ON NEW ENGLAND FORMICID. BY GEO. B. KING, LAWRENCE, MASS. Last summer Mr. C. Abbott Davis of Providence, Rhode Island, collected, with other insects, such species of ants as he found, and later turned them over to me The following is a list of the The first for study. species taken with localities. fifteen are from Rhode Island. Tapinoma sessile Say. Providence Formica fusca L. Lonsdale Formica fusca var. subsericea Say. Providence Formica rufa subsp. integra Nyl. Providence & Kingston Formica pallidefulva Latr. subsp. schau- Jussi Mayr. Providence Formica lastoides Em. Providence Formica gagates Latr. Providence Camponotus herculeanus Latr. subsp. ligniperdus Latr. Providence Camponotus marginatus Latr. var. nearc- ticus Em. Providence Lasius americanus Em, Providence Lasius claviger Rog. Providence Cremastogaster lineolata Say. Lonsdale Myrmica rubra Buck. var. schencki Em. Providence Myrmica rubra Buck. subsp. scabrinodis Nyl. Kingston Monomorium minutum Mayr. var. min- mum Buckl. Providence. Three species taken in Vermont. Aphacogaster fulva Rog. Bay, Vermont Leptothorax canadense Prov. Western Vt. Camponotus maculatus Fabr. subsp. vict- nus Mayr. Bay, Vt., and the follow- ing at Lynn, Mass. * See C. Schiffer. Jahres. ver. vaterl. Ucber wiirttembergische Collembola, Naturk. Wiirttemberg, bd. 56 (1900) PP- 245-280, taf. 6. See pp. 269-270. 368 Camponotus herculeanus Latr. var. pictus For. Formica fusca L. subpolita Mayr. Lasius nigra. L. The collection consisted of 22 species, PSY CHE. {July, rgo2z of one of which there was not sufficient material for determination, but apparent- ly it is distinct from any species hitherto found in New England. THE SO-CALLED MANDIBLES OF SPIDERS. BY WILLIAM A. RILEY, ITHACA, N. Y. Regarding the homologies of the first pair of appendages of the arachnids there has always been a _ question. According to the prevailing view they correspond to the mandibles of insects and are therefore generally referred to as mandibles. The evidence indicates that this application of the term is incor- rect. In 1816 Savigny expressed himself against any attempt to homologize the head appendages of the arachnids with those of He believed that in arachnids the first pair of appendages, mandibles, in insects. commonly known as reality represented a modified pair of legs. A little later Latreille, ’29, advanced the view that the so-called mandibles are, in fact, the homologues of the sec- ond antennae of Crustacea. He stated that this is evident from a comparison with the second antennae of Crustacea and especially with those of the order Poecilopodes (Zimalus.) As indicative of this homology he introduced the term chelicerae, (Gr. chele, claw + keras, horn), or antennes-pinces, Following Latreille a number of prominent zoologists have referred to the chelicerae as homologous with the antennae of crustaceans and _ insects. Thus, Siebold, ’48, says “This view of Latreille is the correct one, since the nerves of those organs do not arise from the abdominal ganglia, but directly from the brain, as those of the antennae of Crustacea and Insecta.” Ed. Burnett, 54, P- 374. Blackwell, ’52, while admit- ting, as highly probable, this homology, proposes as more non-committal the term Jalces instead of Latreille’s term che/icerae. While drawing most of their evidence from the Crustacea these authors have uniformly spoken of the appendages in question as corresponding to the anten- nae of insects. Thus, Simon, ’g2, p. 29, states that the first antennae of Crustacea are not represented in the arachnids and insects but that the second antennae find their homologues in the antennae of insects and the chelicerae of arachnids. Those who hold to the view expressed by Simon have fallen into the error of assuming the homology of the antennae of Crustacea and of Hexapoda. But, July, 1902] as Viallanes and others have shown, the evidence of both comparative anatomy and embryology, clearly indicates that the antennae of the Hexapoda are the homologues, not of the second, but of the jirst’ antennae or the Crustacea. This is evidenced by the fact that the antennae of insects and the first antennae of Crustacea are vated by the deutocerebral ganglia while the second antennae of Crustacea are innervated by the tritocerebral ganglia. The question then is as to whether Latreille was correct in regarding the chelicerae as homologous with the second antennae of Crustacea. The evidence at hand leaves little doubt as to the correctness of this view. It is supported not only by comparative morphology but by physiclogical and embryological data. Although physiological evidence may be of doubtful value as a criterion for determining homology it is interesting to note that, as pointed out by St. Remy, the first antennae are primarily olfac- tory organs while the chelicerae, like the second antennae, are primarily tactile antennules of mner- organs. From the embryological side the most striking evidence has been the discovery, by several investigators, of evanescent appendages lying in front of the rudi- ments of the chelicerae. The most def- inite account of these vestigeal antennae is that of Jaworowski, ’91, who discoy- ered them in the embryos of Z7ochosa SUNgOrIENSTS . Latreille’s theory has been assailed by PSYCHE. 369 Balfour, 80, and others on the ground that the ganglia of the chelicerae are primitively suboesophageal, like those of the mandibles of insects and that they only secondarily pass forward to unite with the supraoesophageal ganglia. This argument loses weight when we con- sider the fact that the ganglia of both pairs of antennae were primitively post- oral in position. Indeed, Pelseneer, *85, has shown that even in the adu/t of Apus, a phyllopod, the second anten- nae are innervated by suboesophageal ganglia. Moreover, the studies of Bal- four antedate the establishment of the existence, in insects, of a premandibular segment corresponding to the second antennae and having its ganglia at first postoral. A more serious objection has been urged by Viallanes, ’93, who believes that the chelicerae are the homologues of the first antennae. He states that in the adult arachnids the cerebral seg- ment innervating the chelicerae has its commissure entirely preoesophageal and that therefore it cannot be homologous with the tritocerebral or second anten- nal. As bearing on this argument it is interesting to note that Janet, 99, regards the postoesophageal commissure as a compound of fibers from the three primitive commissures of the proto-, The argument of Viallanes can also be met by the evidence that both pairs of anten- deuto-, and tritocerebral ganglia. nae were primitively postoral in posi- tion. If in the crustaceans and insects the deutocerebrum has become entirely 370 preoesophageal, why may we not have in arachnids a condition in which even the tritocerebrum has assumed this posi- tion? Indeed, the acceptance of Jawor- owski’s work as demonstrating the pres- ence of vestiges of true first antennae leaves us no other alternative. The evidence therefore goes to show that while in the insects the first pair of antennae is retained throughout life, in the arachnids it is the second pair which is represented by the chelicerae. In both groups the missing pair may be present in the form of embryonic vestiges. Works CITED. 1816. Savigny, J. C. Mémoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. 1829. Latreille, P. A. Les crustacés, les arachnides et les insectes. 1848. von Siebold, C. Th. Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere. 1852. Blackwall, J. Experiments and GROUP PSYCHE. (July, 1902 observations on the poison of ani- mals of the order Araneida. Linn. Soc. XXI. 1880. Balfour, F. M. velopment of the Araneina. Journ. Micr. Sci. XX. 1885. Pelseneer, P. Observations on the nervous system of Apus. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. XXV. 1891. Jaworowski, A. Uber die Extre- Trans. Notes on the de- Quart. mitaten bei den Embryonen der Arachniden und _ Insecten. Zool. Anz. XIV. 1892. Simon, E. Histoire naturelle des Araignées. I. 1893. Viallanes, H. Etudes _histologi- ques et organologiques sur les cen- tres nerveux et les organes des sens des animaux articulés. 6e Mémoire. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (8) XIV. 1899. Janet, C. Sur les nerfs cépha- liques, les corpora allata et le ten- torium de la fourmi (AZyrmica rubra L.). Mem. Soc. zool. France, XII. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUT- TERFLIES — I. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Some years since I announced as in preparation a Student’s Manual of North American Butterflies, north of Mexico, and a fragment of the same was pub- ished in 1892 (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXVII) under the title, The trop- ical faunal element of our southern Nym- phalinae systematically treated. Owing to other demands upon my time progress upon this Manual has been very slow, and I am now compelled to abandon the project. Such few portions as are in any way complete, mostly written ten years or more ago, I bring together in the following series of papers, in the hope that their publication may be of some July, 1902) service to the student who may under- take the task I abandon. Itis only in the first two subfamilies that genera and species are considered, and I have there- fore adopted for this collection of frag- ments the title given above. Subfamily EUPLOEINAE. Butterfly: Palpi stout, tufted Antennae club drooping, tolerably well marked. Fore legs of both sexes excessively atro- with hairs. naked, arcuate, the Fore wings long but ample ; none of the nerv- phied, short and nearly naked. ures swollen at the base ; internal nervure present; discal cell of hind wings long PSYCHE. B71 and closed by an interrupted vein ; costal nervure terminating at middle of costal border. Abdomen unusually long and slender, the males with anal tufts of protrusile hairs. Colors of wings gener- ally massive and generally very similar beneath. Zgg: shaped, considerably higher than broad, truncate and scarcely rounded at base, above and Sugarloaf with slight vertical ribs and small cells at the outer borders of the crown. Cat- erpillar at birth: Head no larger than Body cylindrical, uniform, unicolorous; ranged append- segments following. ages simple tapering hairs usually shorter than the segments. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. — XXXIII. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Endropita duarta Guenée. Egg. Waid loose, rolling. only traces of the side flattenings and end Elliptical with truncation, smooth, somewhat like hens eggs though more evenly alike at the two ends. Reticulations absent, represented only by the angle pores which are arranged in fine hex- agonal pattern and look like light dots in the shadows. All pale yellow. Size .g X .55 mm. They turned bright red in a day or two and black before hatching. Stage I. Head rounded, erect, free; sooty brown black, the clypeus, a little dot each side and epistoma white ; width.4mm. Body moderate, normal with rounded wing-like ele- vations laterally on joints 5 to 9. Purple black with five dotted, transverse interseg- mental white bands on joints 5 to g anteri- orly, cut by narrow dorsal and lateral lines ot the ground color; a few whitish dots on joint 13 anteriorly. Bands narrowed to ob- solescence ventrally ; feet dark. Stage Ll. white spot in the clypeus, two on each side, Head vinous brown, a_ bright one on base of antennae, base of labium and a small geminate one on face of lobe; width -6 mm. Body, robust, a little inflated cen- trally, a round prominence, bearing tubercle iv, most distinct on joints 5 and 6. Ground color sordid brown, mottled and faintly lon- gitudinally lined in darker and with streaks of pale dottings ; two oblique white spots subdorsally anteriorly on the segments, one before the dark vinous spot covering tubercle iv, elongate and obscurely trilobed ; ventral streaking irregularly brightened into nearly white. Tubercles and setae obscure. Stage 111, lobes full at vertex, flat before, erect. Head rounded, squarish, broad, White, heavily black mottled over lobes, leaving a 372 ola white space at vertex and near clypeus; su- tures dark, epistoma brownish; width 1.1 mm. Body normal, rather thick, the area of tubercle iv slightly cushiony elevated. Pur- plish brown, tubercles iv and vii dark velvety brown ; addorsal, subdorsal, lateral, substig- matal and subventral narrow, faint, dotted, white lines; two obliquely placed, round, slightly elevated white spots subdorsally an- teriorly on joints 5 to 7,one on 8. Lateral anterior white patch of four subconfluent elevated spots between the black tubercle iv and the front edge of the segment on joints 5 to 8. A rounded, elevated, unpaired, dor- sal prominence on joint 12; sides of 13 whit- ish. Feet pale, the thoracic of joint 4 and the abdominal ones, especially those of joint 13 black marked. Tubercles and setae small, black. Venter doubly, obliquely, dark streaked, forming a broad lattice work in diamond shape. Stage TV. Head rounded, disk-like, flat before, a broad margin all around, flattened and shallowly notched at vertex. Face mot- tled with large, subconfluent, white spots, separated by black dottings and with an irreg- ular black rim; sides and vertex gray, of brown mottlings on a whitish ground ; width 1.8 mm. Body nearly cylindrical, smooth, the dark spot at tubercle iv scarcely elevated. Gray, the spot at iv dark brown on joints 5 to 10; venter lighter with irregular dotting, suggesting a diamond pattern. Dorsum finely lined and marbled with blackish ona grayer ground, the bright white dots two subdorsal and two above, a streak below the stigmatal region, both anterior, conspicuous on joint 6, smaller and partly absent on the other segments. Tubercles in black spots ; IAS) ACISUE, {July, 1902 setae very short, pale brown. Ground color luteous gray, the area about the dark tuber- cles i lighter, looking tessellated. Stage V. Head rounded, somewhat flat before, thick, mottled with gray-luteous, white on face, black bordered, dotted, the black edge de- pressed to apex of clypeus, covering the apices of the paraclypeal pieces ; epistoma greenish ; width 2.7 mm. Body normal, thick, equal and cylindrical, a cylindrical papilla bearing slightly bilobed; whitish, tubercle ii on joint 12 about twice as long as thick ; tubercle iv of joint 12 elevated and white. anal foot plates elongate triangular. Thora- moderate, pale. Subventral fold Ocherous wood brown, the Anal plate large, rounded triangular ; cic feet waved, distinct. dorsum checkered in large segmentary dia- monds, edged by lateral waved black mot- tlings that reach the subdorsal region inter- segmentally and depressed to tubercle iii segmentarily, nearly absent on joints 10 to 13. Thorax darker brown, obscurely. Two rounded, obliquely placed, small white spots on joint 6 and white dots behind tubercle ii throughout ; white dots behind tubercle iv and, on joint 6, several dots before the spira- cle. A slight transverse ridge on joint 12 bearing the papillae (ii), black before, white behind. Subventral ridge slightly pale. Venter marked like dorsum with a_ black mottled lattice on a brownish ground, but less distinctly. Tubercle i black marked, distinct in the pale brown areas. Food plant. ‘The larvae ate wild cherry. Eggs from a @ taken at the mouth of the Platte Canyon, twenty miles from Denver, Colorado ; eggs June Sth, mature larva July 8th. A. SMITH & SONS, [46-148 WILLIAM ST., New York. & JOINTED FOLDING NET \ MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other articles are being added, Send for List. Pee tl + AS J@ Wana, (One SN @ VM@ © Gav [Established in 1874 ] Vol. 9, No. 316 AUGUST, 1902 CONTENTS A PROBABLE NEW ‘Type oF HyPERMETAMORPHOSIS. Illustrated — James G. Needham , RECORDS OF THE HaABits oF New MEXICAN COLEOPTERA. — 7. D. A. Cockerell DICHOPETALA BREVICAUDA. — A Correction. — A. P. Morse A Group CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NortTH AMERICAN BurrerrLies. Il.— Samuel H!. Scudder , 2 Lire Hisrorres OF NortTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. XXXIV.— Harrison G. Dyar PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB CAMBRIDGE, [Boston] Mass., U.S. A. ies) [o’e) o>) YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 20 c. [Entered as second class mail matter] a74 PSYCHE. [August, 1902 Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE, fe Subscriptions not discontinued are considered renewed. BE Beginning with January, 1891, the rate of subscription is as follows: — Yearly subscription, one copy, postpaid, $2.00 Yearly subscription, clubs of three, postpaid, 5.00 Subscription to Vol. 6 (1891-1893), postpaid, 5-00 Subscription to Vol. 6, clubs of 3, postpaid, 13.00 The index will only be sent to subscribers to the whole volume. Twenty-five extra copies, without change of form,to the author of any leading article, 2/ e7- dered at the time of sending copy, o Free Author's extras over twenty-five in number, under same conditions, each per page, 5 aC+ Separates, with changes of form —actual cost of such changes in addition to above rates, Remittances, communications, exchanges, books, nd pamphlets should be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. ADVERTISING RATES, ETC. ‘TERMS CASH —STRICTLY IN ADVANCE, g28- Only thoroughly respectable advertisements will be allowed in PSYCHE. The editors reserve the right to reject advertisements. Subscribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects for exchange or desired for study, wot for cash, free at the discretion of the editors. Regular style of advertisements plain, at the follow iag rates: — Outside Inside Page. Pages. Per line, first insertion, . 6 - f$o10 $0.08 Fighth page, first insertion, . : 75 60 Quarter * “ ae : 1.25 9) X.00) Half ss S . 5 A aa One = my is 4.00 3.50 wach subsequent insertion one-half the above rates. Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Subscriptions also received in Europe by R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carlstrasse 11, Berlin N. W. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. -on the second Friday of ech month. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . . 1.00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 . 1.50 Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in- sects of America. Cambridge, 1885, 8p., 1 plate .5o Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. . : . : . : : Scudder, S.H. The pine-mcth of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana, col. pl. Boston, 1883. +25 Scudder, S. H. ‘The fossil butterflies of 1.00 Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 O <) 4AL.00) Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. : + 2.00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. : : 2.00 U.S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 . . q 2.00 Address Epirors oF PsycHe, Cambridge, Mass THE ELEMENTS OF INSECT ANATOMY. An outline for the use of students in entomological labora tories. By Comsrock AND KELLOGG. A practical guide for laboratory work in entomology by college classes, including the study of the external and internal anatomy of insects and the comparative anatomy of the mouthparts and wings together with the methods of insect histology. It is used as a text-book in Cornell University, Stanford University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Illinois, Washington State Agricul tural College, University of Kansas, Texas State Agricul tural College, and numerous other universities and agricul- tural colleges. 145 pp. bound in brown-gray buckram Price $1.00, Address, Comstock PustisH1nG Co., Ithaca, N. Y. Soe EE. A PROBABLE NEW TYPE OF BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM, While collecting stone-flies in Fall Creek at Ithaca, N. Y., in July, 1901, I found attached to some of the smaller stones in the edges of the current num- erous larval and pupal cases of micro- caddis-flies. I was not at first entirely certain that they were caddis-fly cases : but I took a few of them into the labo- ratory and examined their contents. One contained a larva of the form shown in fig. 1, easily referable to the family Hydroptilidae of Trichoptera; one con- tained a transforming larva (frepupa: subnympha) of the form shown in fig. 2 a form so unusual in this family as to awaken immediate interest; and the re- mainder contained pupae. The cases were 3 mm. long, of the form shown in fig. 5, elongate oval, with a process at each end for attachment to the stone, thin, flat, of a yellowish brown color, and so translucent that the stage of development of the contained animal could be easily recognized under the microscope before opening them. Such cases have not hitherto been known for caddis-fly larvae: they probably repre- sent a genus of Hydroptilidae for which* the immature stages have not been described — perhaps Phryxicoma, to HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS. LAKE FOREST, ILL. which genus the two lone American specimens of which our literature treats, have been referred. I was then so fully occupied with the study of other aquatic insects that I could give but little time or attention to but I wished to see more of that singular prepupa, and I managed to these: spend an hour on the rrth of July collecting especially for it. I found the cases everywhere on the vertical sur- faces of stones washed by a swift current, and had no difficulty in gathering for preservation several dozen of them. Recently I have studied this material. It contained three larvae of the sort shown in fig. 1, three prepupae of the form shown in fig. 2 and a very large number of pupae with the general appearance sketchily shown in fig. 5. The small number found in the earlier stages, and the considerable number of empty cases found, showed the season of transformation was well advanced. Two of the larvae were still active when collected : within their cases, though the apertures I saw them moving freely at the ends seemed to be already closed. Most Hydroptilid larvae carry their cases with the thin edge upward, and in trans- 376 formation, when the case is attached flatwise, lie on their side; but these larvae Jay on thé venter, and the de- pressed abdomen with its short recurved indicate that as the normal position. Prepupa and pupa lie likewise with the ventral surface to the stone, the former with the head and thorax and terminal abdominal segments twisted to the left side. At this stage the most remarkable feature of the animal is the presence of five pairs of appendages jointed upon the sides of abdominal segments 3-7. Such append- ages are wholly unknown in this order hairs seemed to (although quite characteristic of several aquatic genera of the Neuroptera) ; and if, as I suppose, these larvae, prepupae, and pupae form a single series represent- ing one species, their transitory appear- ance at the end of larval life is a devia- tion from the normal course of meta- morphosis wholly without a parallel. The nature of these appendages is shown in detail in Figure 4 is an external view and shows figures 4 and 5. how completely the appendage is articu- lated to the side of the abdominal seg- ment. the same and shows its internal structure. Figure 5 is a frontal section of There is, as everywhere, an outer layer of hypodermis (shown as a line of dots) to which the old and loosened cuticle, which has not participated in the articu- lation, does not conform; there are two tracheae passing out from the body cav- ity into the appendage and repeatedly branching there, and penetrating the mass of fat tissue which fills the entire SSA Crall de {August, 1902 cavity, and which is entirely similar to the fat filling the lateral extension of the abdominal segment which supports the appendage: there are no other tissues entering into its composition. Two fairly distinct types of hyper- metamorphosis have been distinguished hitherto: one of these occurs among the Hymenoptera and is apparently re- stricted to egg parasites (/Vatygaster, Teleas, ete.): the hatching of the egg occurs appar- Polynema, among these ently very early, and the earliest free stages are regarded as embryonic rather than larval; obviously, our caddis-fly has nothing to do with this type. The other type occurs Neuroptera (AZantispa) and Coleoptera (Lpicauta, Meloe, Sitaris, etc.). Among these the larva hatches six-legged and active (Campodeiform) and during its larval life becomes footless, sluggish distended ( Eruciform) . among the and with accumulated fat These forms are held to furnish the best of ontogenetic evidence as to the course of development of com- plete The striking change of form, which metamorphosis among insects. here constitutes hypermetamorphosis, occurs during the period of growth, and is therefore unlike that which we are describing. There is also in those insects whose transformation is most complete and larval rapid, after the cessation of feeding on the part of the larva, a period of making over into the pupal form: this prepupal stage is due to the swelling and shorten- ing of the larva under its loosened cuti- August, 1902] cle. While the most striking forms of prepupae hitherto described (Agvzoyépus, etc.) have been pointed out as cases of hypermetamorphosis, it is to be noted that they are all forms strictly interme- IES VACIEME;. BIT Our caddis-fly, however, is apparently worthy to be ranked as an illustration of a third type. Besides the three normal developmental stages, it takes on in the prepupal period characters which do not diate between the larva and the pupa, and all exceedingly transitory, gradually but quickly assumed and quickly lost again, and not truly hypermetamorphic, in the same sense as are the two types mentioned above. belong to either larva or pupa, and are not intermediate between these stages. The possibility that my specimens did not all belong to the same species, and that these peculiar appendages of the prepupa may have belonged to the larva 378 of the same species, is not to be entirely overlooked, even though it be highly improbable. The discovery of such appendages on a ‘Trichopterous larva would, indeed, be sufficiently surprising. The gills of Trichopterous larvae are simple or tufted filaments; and the larvae of the Hydroptilidae, so far as known, do not possess even these. Stout processes, articulated at the sides of the abdomen and arranged segmen- tally are entirely unknown in this order, but occur in certain Coleopterous and Neuropterous larvae. Most like the appendages of our prepupa are the PSVCHE [August, 1902 lateral filaments of the larvae of Sialidae, especially, of Sza/s: here the several jointed lateral processes are articulated to the sides of the abdomen. In Sisyra and Climacia (family Hemero- biidae of Neuroptera) are similar, jointed filaments directed toward the midventral line beneath the abdomen. I am inclined to believe that these appendages are inherited from some remote, primitive Neuropterous type. I regard them as belonging in the same category as the large, transitory mandi- bles of the pupa. RECORDS OF THE HABITS OF NEW MEXICAN COLEOPTERA. . BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, EAST LAS VEGAS, N. MEX. Unless the contrary is specified, the authority for the identification is in every case ‘Mr. H. C. Fall, to whom I am under the greatest obligations. When the collector’s name is not given, the material was collected by the present Townsend = C. H. T. Town- send. Wooton = E. O. Wooton. Cicindela sperata Lec. Rincon, July 5; numerous in the bed of the Rio Grande, copulating. Hippodamia sinuata Muls. Mescal- ero, on Chrysothamnus graveolens glab- ratus, Oct. 1. Coccinella Fab. Mescalero, on Chrysothamnus graveolens glabratus, Oct. 2: writer. oculata Psyllobora 20-maculata Say. Rio Ruidoso, about 6500 ft.,.on Rhus glabra, July 24. (Townsend). Chrysobothris carinipennis Lec. Rio Ruidoso, about 6500 ft., on cut pine branches, Aug. 4. (Townsend). Chrysobothris debilis Lec. (det. Wick- ham). In coituon Prosopis glandulosa, May 13, 1892. (Townsend). Acmaodera sparsa Horn. Organ Mts., back of S. Augustine, on Chrysop- Sept. 1. (Wooton); Rio Ruidoso, about 6500 ft., on flowers of Achillea millefolium, July 30. send). A. disjuncta Fall. Mts. (Townsend). sis villosa. (Town- La Cueva, Organ I collected one at Augusz, i902] Juarez, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, Oct. 6, on Hehanthus annuus. A. scalaris Mann. Sand hills near Mesilla Park on flowers of Lolypteris hookeriana, Sept. 15 (Townsend). Lygistopterus rubripennis Lec. Rio Ruidoso, about 6900 ft., on flowers of Verbascum thapsus, July 20. (Town- send). Chauliognathus limbicollis Lec. Above Mescalero, on Spheralcea fendlert, Aug. 21. (Wooton). Macrodactylus uniformis Hom. Rio Ruidoso, about 6500 ft. on flowers of Monarda stricta, July 18. (Townsend), Lone Mtn., July 6, on Concord grape vine. Rhopalophora ecu RIO Ruidoso, about 6600 ft., on flowers of Solidago trinervata, July 20. (Town- send). . Tragidion fulvipenne Say. Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., several on a Kermes- infested oak branch. Tylosis maculata Lec. La Cueva, Organ Mts., about 5300 ft., on leaves of Sphacralcea, Aug. 31. (Townsend). This and the next both have the colors laevicollis of the flowers of the plants on which they occur. Crossidius pulchellus Lec. Och 2: glabratus; also from Mesilla Park (det. Wickham), on Sept. 23. Strangalia sexnotata Hald. Rio Ruid- oso, about 6600 ft., on flowers of So/z- (Townsend). Mescalero, on Chrysothamnus graveolens Gutierresia glomerella, dago trinervata, July 20. Leptura canadensis cribripennis Lec. eS GETLE. o79 Rio Ruidoso, on flowers of Rhus glabra, July 21 (Townsend). Lema concolor Lec. S. Fork Eagle Creek, about 8000 ft., on brake fern, Aug. 13. (Townsend). L. trilineata Oliv. Mesilla Park, on cultivated Datura, Aug. 5. Coscinoptera axillaris Lec. La Cueva, Organ Mts., on flowers of Jad/ugia, Sept. 3. (Townsend). Chlamys plicata Fabr. (det. Hom). Mesilla Park, on Larrea. Cryptocephalus spurcus Lec. Mesilla Park, on P¥iuhea borealis, May 14. Also occurs on Larrea. C. guadrimaciulatus Say. Rio Ruidoso, about 7000 ft., on brake fern, Aug. 6. (Townsend). Calligrapha Rog. San Augustine Ranch, on Sphaeralcea mun- roana, Sept. 1. (Wooton). Microrhopala vittata Fab. Rio Rui- doso, about 7000 ft., on brake fern, Aug. 6. (Townsend). Coptocycla clavata Fab. 18, on Physalis. servpentina Mesilla, Aug. C. aurichalceea Fab. Rio Ruidoso, about 6500 ft., on Rhus glabra, July 24. (Vownsend). Bruchus Horn. La Cueva, Organ Mts., about 5300 ft., on flowers of Lippia wright, Sept. 5. (Townsend). B. seminilum Horn, Las Vegas, on flowers of Petalostemon oligophyllus, July, 21. Amicus Lpitragus canaliculatus Say. Santa Fé, “eating blackberries,” August. (Myrtle Boyle). Statira pluripunctata, Horn. San 380 Augustine Ranch, in flowers of Datura meteloules. Mordella marginata Mels. doso, on flowers of Rhus glabra, July 19, about 6500 ft. (Townsend). Zonitis flavida Lec. Las Vegas, at flowers of Cleome serrudata, June 29. Eipicauta pennsylvanica _DeGeer. Above Mescalero, on Sphaeralcea fend- leri, Aug. 21. (Wooton)*. LEupompha fissiceps Lec. (det. Schwarz). Plains east of San Rio Rui- Andreas Mts., on (Wooton) ; Mesilla Park, July 17, one on Larrea. Rhipiphorus cruentus Germ. Fill- more Cafion, Organ Mts., on flowers of Lycium berlandiert, July 15. Solidago canadensis arizonica, Sept. 1, about 5700 ft. (Townsend). Attelabus bipustulatus Fab. Ruidoso, about 6500 ft., on Rhus glabra, July 24. (Townsend). eritaxia hispida, Horn. La Cueva, Organ Mts., under prostrate sotol, Sept. 4. (Townsend). The sotol is Dasylerion Rio wheelert. Pandeletejus cinereus Horn. Las Cruces, on Prosopis glandulosa, May 6, (Townsend). Apion tenuirostrum Sm. and A. vart- corne Sm., together on flowers of Fe/a- Zostemon oligophyllus, Las Vegas, July 21. Smicronyx imbricatus Csy. Las Vegas, on flowers of Convolvulus arvensis, June, 7. Otidocephalus vittatus Horn. Embudo, *I may as well record here the occurrence of EArcauta caviceps Horn, and £. wheelert Ulke, (both det. Wickham) on Jsocoma hartwegi at Tuscon, Arizona, the specimens received from Prof, Toumey. PS MGHE, [August, 1902 on Chrysothamnus, Sept. 26. Anthonomus albopilosus Dietz. Em- budo, on Cyofon, Sept. 25. Desmoglyptus crenatus Lec. Lone Mtn., on Concord grape vine, June 6. Trichobarts compacta Csy. La Cueva, Organ Mts., on leaves of Datura metel- oides, Aug. 30. (Townsend). Las Cru- ces, on flowers of .Sphaeralcea Sept. 9. (Townsend). Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyll. La Cueva, Organ Mts., under prostrate sotol, Sept. 3. (Townsend), Pityophagus verticalis Horn. Eagle Creek, about 7000 ft., Aug. 11, in hole in live pine at Gilmore’s Ranch. (Town- send.) Centrinus acuminatus Csy. Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv. Creek, about 7000 ft., Aug. 11. send has written the following note: Eagle ‘Town- **Gilmore’s Ranch; boring in live pine tree roots between bark and sapwood and making hole through resin both hard and soft; keeping hole open to outside ; resin is running continually. When resin gets hard beetle bores out, leaving pile of chips of resin marking hole. (Alfred Holt) .” DICHOPETALA BREVICAUDA—A_ CoR- RECTION. Under this name Scudder described (Can. ent., XXXlil, 331-332, 1900) a locustid from California and more re- cently threugh inadvertence proposed the same name for a species from New Mexico (First list orth. New Mex., p. August, 1902] 51—Proc. Davenport acad. sci., IX, 1902). just examined the species concerned and At Mr. Scudder’s request I have find that the first described is a short- winged Arethaea closely allied to A. (First New Mex., p. 52) and consequently becomes carita Scudd., list orth. GROUP CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHE, 381 A. brevicauda. The New Mexican species is a true Dichopetala but a change in the specific appellation is necessary and érevéhastata (a name sug- gested by and to be credited to Mr. Scudder) may take its place. A. P. Morse. SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUT- TERFLIES — II. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Subfamily EUPLOEINAE. Mature caterpillar : Head smooth, un- crowned. Body cylindrical, tapering anteriorly, naked, but provided with a greater or less number of lateral ranged fleshy protuberances or filaments, never gaily and_ brightly colored, generally with transverse stripes. with spines, and Feeds almost exclusively on Asclepiada- With no conspicuous prominences, all the part ceae and Solenaceae. Chrysalis : rounded, the thorax and abdomen gener- ally not deeply separated, the appen- dages not raised above the general curve of the body, the abdomen plump, or with some portion of the body specially plump. Tribe LIMNAINI. Butterfly : wings with one or more spot-like pockets Males provided on hind concealing androconia, ora surface patch or patches of androconia (wanting in some paleogean genera), but no rows of erect hairs. short and fgg: (Distine- tion from Ithomyini not known) Ca¢er- pillar at birth: Some of the body seg- ments provided, besides the ranged bristles, with low roughened tubercles. Mature caterpillar: Body furnished with slender and Females with club shaped fore tarsi. filamentous appendages ; otherwise naked ; markings mostly trans- verse. Feeds on Asclepiadaceae. Chry- salis: Dorsally very tumid at about the third abdominal segment, often trans- versely ridged in this part; markings not unusually prominent. Synopsis of the genera. i }6 1. Anosia. S4utterfly: Cell of fore wing nearly three fifths, of the hind wing about two thirds, as long as the wing: No spots in the middle of median inter- Figg: Half orless than half as high as broad, with more spaces of fore wings. 382 than twenty vertical ribs nearly all reach- Caterpillar at birth: simple tapering ing the summit. Ranged appendages hairs not half so long as segments; a pair of papilliform naked tubercles on second thoracic and eighth abdominal Mature caterpillar: With a pair of long fleshy flaments on the same segments. segments but not on second abdominal segment. Czrysalis: Ocellar tubercles slight and but little prominent; semi- circle of mammilate points on third ab- dominal segment in a horizontal series when pendant. 2. Tasitia. Butterfly: Cell of fore wings hardly more than one half, of the hind wings less than three fifths, as long as the wings. A series of white spots in the middle of median interspaces of fore wings. “gg: Unknown. Cater- pillar at birth: Mature caterpillar: With a pair of long fleshy Unknown. filaments on the second thoracic and second and eighth abdominal segments, Chrysalis: Ocellar tubercles rather prom- inent; semicircle of mammilate points abdominal on third segment in an oblique series when pendant. Anosia Hiibner. Butterfly : stout, densely clothed with long hairs to the Palpi moderately tip; club of antennae twice as stout as stem. Discoidal cell relatively long, in the fore wings nearly three fifths, in the hind wings about two thirds as long as the wing; fore wings with produced apex so that the wing is twice as long as broad, the cell much longer above than PSYCHE. [August, 1902 below. gg: broad, or slightly less, rapidly tapering Half as high again as to a rounded summit, with over twenty not very prominent vertical ribs most of which reach the summit, and numerous straight and delicate transversals form- ing quadrangular cells. Laid singly. Caterpillar at birth: Subdorsal and supralateral appendages anterior, lateral and infrastigmatal posterior, and latero- stigmatal median, none half as long as segments ; on second thoracic and eighth abdominal segments a pair of lateral Mature caterpillar: A pair of long fleshy filaments on the naked tubercles. second thoracic and eighth abdominal segments (but none on second abdomi- nal), the hindmost but little longer than Chrysalis: Stout rounded, the ocellar tubercles slight and the segment. and not very prominent, the semicircle of raised points on third abdominal seg- ment horizontal when pendant. (dvdavos, unholy, in reference to its color? ) A. plexippus Linn. (Danars archippus Auct., Pap. ertppus Cram.). Butterfly: Wings bright tawny brown, paler on the under surface of the hind wings, the veins all marked with black and both costal and outer margins broadly bordered with black, sprinkled with white dots; besides the whole apex of the fore wings is more or less deeply three dull tawny interspaceal subapical spots and by a black but enlivened by two or couple of parallel series of large white or butf spots crossing the apex beyond the cell, the outer only crossing the wing. Expanse 1oomm. Lge: Pale amber green; vertical ribs twenty-two in number, intervals smooth and glistening. Height 1.2 mm. Cater- pillar at birth: Wead piceous. Body pale August, 1902] green, slightly infuscated on anterior border of the segments; ranged appendages black ; tubercles of second thoracic and eighth ab- dominal segments fuscous; a piceous latero- dorsal blister on first thoracic segment. Length 3 mm. Mature caterpillar: Head yellow with piceous arched bands. Body transversely banded with more or less inter- locking bands of white, black, and lemon yel- piceous; filaments — black. Feeds on various species of low; spiracles Length 45 mm. Asclepias but especially A. cornufé and has been found also on Acerates and even on Apocynum. Chrysalrs; Delicate pea green, tubercles gilt, but those of third abdominal segment set in a tricolored band, shining piceous in front, gilt behind and nacreous between, the last two dividing the tubercles. Length 27 mm.— The entire United States and southern Canada trom Atlantic to Pa- cific, but believed to winter in the more south- ern portions and annually to migrate north, breeding beyond as well as within its natural region, returning south in the autumn in swarms. At least double brooded in the LASVACT 5 HP 383 south. Wintering as a butterfly, on the wing all summer. Tasitia Moore. Butterfly: Palpi moderately slender, thinly clothed with hairs and scales ; club of antennae less than twice as stout as Discoidal cell relatively short, in the fore wings hardly more than one half, in the hind wings less than three fifths the length of the wing; fore wings less stem. produced, being less than twice as long as broad, the cell no longer above than below; androconial pouch of hind wings larger than in Anosia. gg: Unknown. Caterpillar at birth: Unknown. Mature caterpillar « With a pair of long fleshy fila- ments on the second thoracic, second and eighth abdominal segments, in all cases much longer than the segments. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE.— XXXIV. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Detlinta quadraria Grote. Egg. Elliptical, the large end strongly, a little obliquely truncate, the other flattened depressed ; truncate end convex in the cen- ter. Reticulations linear, narrow, slightly raised, arranged in straight rows the length of the egg or very slightly spiralled, alter- nated, so that the parallel lines are waved ; just at the edge of the truncation the reticu- lations become small, sharp ridges. Trun- cate end smooth, obscurely reticulate. Light blue-green ; size .gx .55 X.4 mm. Stage I. Wead rounded, reddish luteous, the pointed mouth brown ; slightly bilobed, free, nearly erect. Body moderate, normal, uniform, smooth, whitish; a rather broad purple brown dorsal stripe, roundedly dif- fuse at the ends and a similar subventral one on joints 2 to 13, narrowly diffuse at the ends, segmentarily submaculate in darker. Feet whitish, normal; tubercles and setae obsolete. Stage If, Head rounded, bilobed, with small shield-shaped clypeus, free, erect; whitish, dotted mottled in purple gray, but leaving a pale, erect streak on each lobe. Body slender, rapidly vibrant before looping ; whitish, opaque; dorsal stripe broad, purple 584 brown, rounded at the ends ; subventral seg- mentary spots connected by a subobsolete line. Later the dorsal stripe is grayish shaded, obsoletely resolved into several lines, segmentarily maculate. Sides pale gray, 5 very obsoletely lined, finely, like the dor- sum. Still later the dorsal stripe fades to obsolescence, leaving a slight shade and a few dots. The subventral spots remain separate. Stage III. Head rounded, bilobed, thick, flattish flecked with black, heavily so outwardiy and each side of the in the vertical notch ; width, .S mm. before; gray white, median suture Dorsum to the tubercles dark and single subdorsal line (i and ii); sides whit- gray with a darker, geminate dorsal ish with three fine dark lines, the lower one on tubercle iii; a broader, but narrow, whit- ish stigmatal space. Subventer and venter like the sides with a number of fine, dark, rather irregular lines and a row of rounded, nearly black subventral segmentary patches. Feet pale, dark dotted, stained at base by the dark subventral patches. Tubercles in dis- tinct black spots. Later hoary gray with subdorsal and stigmatal pale more uniformly lines and discreet subventral black spots. Stage IV. Head 1.5 with large mottlings in dots of black, thickly mm. wide, whitish in the clypeus, those on the lobes somewhat parallel to the clypeus, the dots subcon- fluent in lines. Body smooth, uniform, mod- erate. crinkled dotted pale lines on each side, of Dorsum dark gray, with about six which the subdorsal is straight and more distinct than the others with the dark tuber- cles i and ii above it. Stigmatal line white, EF SYCHE. [August, rgo2 yellow blotched behind the spiracles, diffuse below, narrow, cut by the black tubercle iv. Venter lighter gray, finely lined in dark gray and cinereous, the black subventral segmen- tary patches rounded and distinct. ‘Tubercles in black spots. Feet dull reddish, black spot- ted, the abdominal ones dark ; no shields. Stage V. (Brown form). Head rounded, shallow bilobed, erect, free ; clypeus broadly triangular, the paraclypeal pieces narrow, parallel; lilaceous white, thickly, uniformly covered with black dots, the pale spaces between somewhat serpentine; width 2 mm. Body normal, moderate, cylindrical, equal ; blackish gray, mottled dotted longitudinal lines, leaving obscurely a paler dorsum in dorsal and subdorsal line, dark shaded before the black tubercles. distinct, pale yellow, dark yellow blotched at the black rimmed spiracles. mottled dotted gray ground, the tubercles black. Stigmatal line narrow, Venter lighter, a wood-brown Feet lila- in black on ceous, dark mottled. Setae short, dark. (Green form). Head green, faintly brown mottled. Body green, dorsum faintly lined in white, finely dotted, the subdorsal line the most distinct. Stigmatal line white, narrow, yellow blotched at the spiracles. Venter more faintly white mottled lined. Food plant. A low, thorny shrub grow- ing on the foot hills, 500 feet or more above the plains (Ceanothus fendler?). Eges from ? @ taken near the summit of the foot hills back of Golden, Colorado. Eggs May 30th to June 27th from different females ; mature larvae by July roth. Pupa- tion in the ground. A. SMITH & SONS, [46-146 WILLIAM ST., New York. o- JOINTED FOLDING NET MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Exc. Other articles are being added, Send fer List. gc CS eae A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY [Established in 1874 } Vol. 9, No. 317 SEPTEMBER, 1g02 CONTENTS New AGRICULTURAL ANTS FROM Texas. — William Morton Wheeler 387 Novres . : , : 3 : 5 , : : ; " : ‘ 5 393 Group CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NoRTH AMERICAN BurvrerFcies. IL1— Samuel Hl. Scudder : ; 394 Lire Hisrorites oF NortTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. XXXV.— Harrison G. Dyar . * 3 : : 5 : ; ; 5 . : : : : 396 PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB . CaMBRIDGE, [Boston] Mass., U.S. A, YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 20 c. {Entered as second class mail matter) 386 ESYCHE. [September, 1902 Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. P Subscriptions not discontinued are considered renewed, Je Beginning with Fanuary, 1891, the rate of subscription 1s as follows: — Yearly subscription, one copy, postpaid, $2.00 Yearly subscription, clubs of three, postpaid, 5.00 Subscription to Vol. 6 (1891-1893), postpaid, 5-00 Subscription to Vol. 6, clubs of 3, postpaid, 13.00 The index will only be sent to subscribers to the whole volume. Twenty-five extra copies, without change of form, to the author of any leading article, z/ e7- dered at the time of sending copy, Free Author's extras over twenty-five in number, under same conditions, each per page, 5 x Separates, with changes of form—actual cost of such changes in addition to above rates, Remittances, communications, exchanges, books, nd pamphlets should be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. ADVERTISING RATES, ETC. TERMS CASH —STRICTLY IN ADVANCE, jx Only thoroughly respectable advertisements will be allowed in PSYCHE. The editors reserve the right to reject advertisements. Subscribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects for exchange or desired for study, not for cash, free at the discretion of the editors. Regular style of advertisements plain, at the follow ing rates : — Outside Inside Page. Pages. Per line, first insertion, . 0 - $010 $0.08 Fighth page, first insertion, 75 .60 Quarter “ i oS . 1.25 1.00 Half i by i 5 : 5 BS One MY se i 4.00 3.50 wach subsequent insertion one-half the above rates. Address EDIVORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. ~shseriptions also received in Europe by R, FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carlstrasse 11, Berlin N. W. | CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, The regular meetings of the Club are now beld at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of ech month. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 5 1,00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 . . 1.50 Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in- sects of America. Cambridge, 1885,8p.,1 plate .50 Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. a . : Ai . . 1.00 Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana, col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 5 + 1,00 Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. A 27 =) 2.00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. 0 . 0 2.00 U.S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 . 5 é 2.00 Address Epirors oF PsyCHE,,; Cambridge, Mass THE ELEMENTS OF INSECT ANATOMY. An outline for the use of students in entomological labora tories. By ComsTockK AND KELLOGG. A practical guide for laboratory work in entomology by college classes, including the study of the external and internal anatomy of insects and the comparative anatomy of the mouthparts and wings together with the methods of insect histology. It is used as a text-book in Cornell University, Stanford University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Illinois, Washington State Agricul tural College, University of Kansas, Texas State Agricul tural College, and numerous other universities and agricul- tural colleges. 145 pp. bound in brown-gray buckram Price $1.00. Address, Comstock Pustisu1nG Co.,, Ithaca, N. Y. ese Et, . NEW AGRICULTURAL ANTS FROM TEXAS.* POGONOMYRMEX dESERTORUM, Sp. noy. Worker. Length 5.5-6.5 mm. Head rectangular, exclusive of the 7-tooth- ed mandibles slightly broader than long ; posterior margin slightly concave. An- terior border of clypeus broadly but faintly excised. Frontal areatriangular, as broad as long, with a distant median carinula. Eyes in the middle of the lateral surfaces of the head. Antennal scape reaching to midway between the eye and the posterior corner of the head. Thorax of the usual shape, with two rather slender epinotal spines about as long as their distance apart at the base, di- rected obliquely upward, backwards and out- wards. Petiole compressed at the base, its peduncle shorter than its node, which is pointed in front so that the ascending dorsal surface forms an obtuse angle in profile; posterior descending dorsal surface gently convex ; lower surface of petiole with a very distinct downwardly directed tooth. Post- petiole campanulate, slightly broader than long, its ventral protruberance very small but distinct. Gaster and legs of the usual con- figuration. Mandibles with coarse, parallel striae. Frontal area smooth and shining. Clypeus, sides and upper surface of head traversed by very delicate parallel rugae, which are very close together and scarcely divergent pos- teriorly. Interrugal punctures indistinct and in a single row between each pair of *Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Texas, No. 34. WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, AUSTIN, TEX. rugae. Posterior angles of head smooth and shining. Thoracic and coxal rugae mostly transverse, even on the meso- and metapleu- rae. Infraspinal facet of epinotum smooth and shining. Petiole, postpetiole and legs covered only with delicate microscopic retic- ulation. Trunk and legs beset with bristly pale yellow hairs which are erect on the dorsal surface of the head and thorax and suberect on other portions of the body and append- ages; the erect hairs on the head are only about half as long as those on the thorax. Lower surface of head and mandibles with the usual beard of long recurved hairs. Pu- bescence none. Whole ant yellowish red with the ex- ception of the eyes and dentate mandibular edges, which are black. This species was taken (Dec. 19, 1901) in several localities in Presidio County, Trans-Pecos Texas, from the southern end of Fresno Canon northward through Alamito to San Esteban, which is located miles south of Marfa. These localities have an elevation of 4000—5000 a few ft. The species occurs also in New Mexico, whence I have received a worker taken by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell at Mesilla Park (“in the P/uchea zone.”) At first sight P. desertorum resembles P. californicus Buckley on account of its yellowish red color. It differs, how- 388 ever, from this species in possessing epinotal spines and smooth posterior corners to the head and from this and all other North species in the very dense and delicate described American cephalic rugae. P. desertorum inhabits the dry stony soil above the flood marks of the streams on the canon sides where there are only a few xerophytic shrubs like owguiera splendens, Jatropha spathulata, Condalia mexicana, Larrea mexicana, and Flour- ensia cernua. In the open sun-lit spaces among these shrubs the ants make soli- tary mounds 4—6 inches across and per- forated in the centre with an entrance about 4 inch in feed on the seeds of a coarse, tufted (Munroa sp.) which is found growing sparsely near the nests. After the diminutive seeds are removed from the relatively voluminous chaff, the latter is deposited by the ants on the mound immediately around the entrance of the species builds its nests under single or clustered like P. imberbiculus Wheeler.* diameter. They grass nest. Occasionally the new stones None of the nests contained more than a dozen workers, but the weather was very cold and dry and the bulk of the colony may have been hibernating at some in- accessible depth in the stony soil. There can be no doubt, however, that the colo- nies of this species are very much smaller than those of P. barbatus and P. dentalts. OCCI- *This habit is perhaps only exceptional with éerdicu- Zus, for I have recently seen these ants building neat little mound nests 3-4 inches in diameter in the dry stony bluffs along the Concho River at San Angelo, Texas. PSE: E [September, 1902 POGONOMYRMEX SANCTL-HYACINTHI, sp. nov. Worker. Length 7.5-9. mm. Head rectangular, exclusive of the 7- toothed mandibles as broad as long ; posterior margin straight. Anterior border of clypeus with a deep, broad, almost semicircular ex- cision. Frontal area triangular, distinctly longer than broad, convex but scarcely car- inulate in the middle. Eye in the middle of the lateral surface of the head. Tip of an- tennal scape reaching to midway between the eye and the posterior angle of the head. Thorax shaped like that of P. barbatus but without epinotal spines, their position being indicated in some specimens by a pair of rather short indistinct ridges or projections. Petiole short, the node longer than the peduncle and much lower and blunter than in barbatus, the anterior ascending and posterior descending dorsal surfaces of about equal length, the former slightly concave in profile but not distinctly angular as in barbatus, the latter depressed in front and slightly concave behind. Tooth on the ventral surface of petiole obsolescent. Postpetiole campan- ulate, slightly longer than broad, evenly con- vex above, its ventral protuberance very slightly developed as compared with dbar- batus. Gaster and legs of the usual ap- pearance. Mandibles shining, coarsely and deeply striated. Frontal area opaque. Front and sides of head covered with numerous, paral- lel, clean-cut rugae and with small piliger- ous punctures. The rugae are somewhat finer than those of barbatus and scarcely diverging except on the extreme posterior portion of the head. Interrugal sculpture indistinct, consisting of very shallow, confluent foveo- lae. On the posterior angles the rugae are replaced by a delicate reticulation and this disappears to leave the corners of the head smooth and shining. Thoracic sculpture like that of the typical barbatus but some- what finer, the prevailing directions of the rugae being transverse on the pro- and epinotum and longitudinal on the mesonotum September, 1902] and meso- and metapleurae. Petiole, post- petiole and gaster shining, covered with delicate, even, microscopic — reticulation. Upper surface of petiolar node with a few faint longitudinal Coxae faintly rugose and, like the remainder of the legs, rugae. covered with delicate microscopic reticula- tion. Body and appendages beset with bristly, pale yellow hairs, very long and projecting forward on the clypeus, shorter and erect on the upper surface of the head and thorax, suberect on the remainder of the body. Beard of long, recurved hairs on the lower surface of the head and mandibles well devel- oped. Pubescence none. Whole ant deep ferruginous red, excepting the following portions which are black: dentate edges of mandibles, anterior border of clypeus, eyes, ventral edges of the pleurae and sutures between the petiole and post- petiole and between the latter and the gaster. Described from numerous specimens collected in the open spaces among the dry chapparal and mesquite thickets near San Pedro Springs, San Antonio, Texas, on the anniversary of the battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1902). P. sancti-hyacinthi superficially re- sembles P. barbatus var. molefaciens Buckley but besides its somewhat smaller size the new species may be very readily distinguished by its very deeply excised clypeus, the straight occipital border, the smooth and shining posterior angles of the head,* the absence of the epinotal spines, the smooth petiole and_post- petiole, the much more depressed and rounded petiolar node and obsolescent *The last character found in dardbatus. is sometimes, though rarely, PSVCHE. 389 ventral tooth, and the conspicuously smaller ventral protuberance of the post- petiole. It differs from P. californicus in its larger size, deeper coloring, the extent of the clypeal excision, smooth posterior angles of the head and blunter petiolar node. V Although it is very easy at first sight to confound P. sancti-hyacinthi with P. molefaciens, which occurs in the same locality, this is not the case with the nests of the two species. Instead of huge gravel cones or extensive discs, the former species builds only small, flat, dirt-cones, sometimes in close clusters of two, three or four, and each measuring not more than 4-8 inches across, with a central perforation about $ inch in diam- eter. The periphery of each mound is often covered with a thick layer of chaff and other vegetable débris which has been cast away by the ants and may be- come the abode of colonies of termites. The nests are much less populous than those of P. molefaciens. BARBATUS F. Smith var. NIGRESCENS, Var. nov. POGONOMYRMEX The worker of this striking variety differs from the typical darbatus of Mexico in its smaller size and the deep reddish black coloration, not only of the head and thorax as in the Mexican form, but also of the antennal scape, petiole, postpetiole, gaster and femora. The tip of the gaster is very nearly as dark as the base. Mandibles, funiculus, tibiae, tarsi and peduncle of petiole deep fer- ruginous red. Sculpture like that of the 390 typical barbatus, the rugae being often very coarse and irregular on the prono- tum. Coarse hair covering the body grayish white; beard rather scanty and almost absent in several of the speci- mens. : Described from 14 workers kindly given me by Mr. A. M. Ferguson. They were collected at Eagle Pass, Tex. by a lady who found them carrying away the buds of the singular gnetaceous Liphedra antisyphilitica. specimens which evidently represent a Two other transition to P. barbatus var. marfensis Wheeler were collected at Mesa Negra, San Ildefonso, New Mexico by Mr. E. L. Hewitt and Miss Ruth Reynolds. In these specimens the petiole and _post- petiole are red, the former being dis- longitudinally. The beard is well developed. \/ The addition of the preceding variety tinctly grooved and two species to our fauna leads me to revise my recently published table of the North American /ogonomyrmex.* A third species, P. schmitti from Hayti has also been recently described by Forel.t As this West Indian species, the Texan émberbicul/us Wheeler and the Brazilian adge/ii Forel form a compact group of forms more closely related to one another (in size, sculpture, absence of beard, etc.) than to any other species of the genus, they may be included in a distinct subgenus for which I would propose the name Lphelomyrmex. * Am. Natur. Vol. XXXVI No. 422, 1902, pp. 97-99- t Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. Tome XLV, 1901, pp. 339- 340. PSYCHE. (September, 1902 Pogonomyrmex sensu lato would then comprise the species of the genus prop- er, the subgenus /anetia Forel (with the single species /. mayri Forel from Colombia) and the subgenus here pro- posed. The workers of the nine known North American species of Pogonomyrmex may be distributed as follows: *Small species, less than 5 mm. long; under surface of head without a beard of long recurved hairs; epinotum with four spines; head, thorax and petiole reticu- late-rugose. (Lphebomyrmex, subgen, nov.) 1. Color red — imberbiculus Wheeler. 2. Color black— schmitti Forel. *Large species, more than 5 mm. long; under surface of head with beard of long recurved hairs; epinotum unarmed or with only two spines; head and thorax fine- ly rugose, the rugae parallel and not dis- tinctly reticulate. (Pogonomyrmex s. str.) { Epinotum with a pair of spines. § Posterior angles of head smooth and shining. Sculpture of head and thorax very fine. desertorum, sp. nov. $§ Posterior angles of head not smooth and shining. Sculpture coarser. A. Head evenly and _ finely rugose, rugae but little divergent posteriorly, without distinct inter- rugalsculpture. dardatus Smith, 1. Head, thorax and legs black; petiole, postpetiole and gaster red. barbatus Sm (typical). September, 1902] 2. Cephalic rugae finer and denser, body ferruginous throughout. var. molefaciens Buckley, 3. Head and thorax brown- ish red, gaster in part or entirely brown, rugosity as in No. 2 or somewhat coarser. var. fuscatus Emery. 4. Rugosity a little coarser than in No. 1; head, thorax and legs black, petiole and postpetiole brown, abdomen red, node of petiole longitu- dinally rugose. var. marfensis Wheeler. 5- Color reddish black, ped- uncle of petiole, tibiae, tarsi and funiculus red ; sculpture as in no. 1.3 beard scanty. var. #igrescens, Var. NOV. 6. Head and thorax much more coarsely rugose than in Nos. 1-4. Rugae irregular in direction on the pro- and mesonotum, transverse elsewhere on the thorax. Petiole rather coarsely and irregularly rugose; its ped- uncle shorter than in No. 1; postpetiole rugose-punctate. subsp. rugosus Emery. IES VAI a Wy, 391 fraspinal facet of epinotum rugose, scarcely shining. occidentalis Cresson. 1. Head opaque, interrugal punctures very distinct. occidentalis Cr. (typical). 2. Head more shining, in- terrugal punctures less pro- nounced ; petiole less opaque than in No. 1. var. sudnitidus Emery. b. Petiole with a distinct tooth below; infraspinal facet of epinotum shining, —_ without rugae. subdentatus Mayr. t + Epinotum without spines. § Posterior angles of head smooth and shining; clypeus deeply ex- cised. sancti-hyacinthi, sp. nov. § § Posterior angles of head not smooth and shining; clypeus not deeply excised. a. Interrugal spaces of head indistinctly and confluently punctate ; workers mono- morphic. ca/ifornicus Buckley. 1. Color yellowish — red, peduncle of petiole about the same length as the node ; postpetiole as high as long. californicus Buckley (typical). 2. Darker red: apical third B. Head less densely rugose ; the rugae distinctly divergent posteriorly; interrugal spaces densely and distinctly foveolate- punctate. a. Ventral surface of petiole without a distinct tooth; in- or more of gaster black; petiole and postpetiole often brown, the former slender, its node longer and _ less erect with rounder or but slightly pointed apex. var. estebanius Pergande. 392 3. Yellowish red, gaster brown except at the base; peduncle shorter than the very long node, which is pointed above; postpetiole not as high as long. Sculp- ture fainter than in No. 1, petiole and postpetiole punc- tate, without rugae. subsp. donginodis Emery. b. Interrugal spaces of head regularly Color ferruginous red. Work- ers polymorphic, 2. ¢. with size of head greatly varying. badius Latr. Austin, Texas, May tro, 1902. foveolate-punctate. POSTSCRIPT. As the result of recent collecting trips in Central and Trans-Pecos, Texas, I am able to add the following brief notes on some of the species of Pogonomyrmex of the above table and on a new species and subspecies which came to light too late to be included. 1. Logonomyrmex apache, sp. This is a fine orange-yellow species, nov. nearly as large as darbatus, with smooth posterior angles to the head and without epinotal spines. It is decidedly larger and more robust than ca/ifornicus, which it resembles in sculpturing, and the cone of the petiole is blunter and more depressed. It differs from sanct-hyacin- thi in coloration and in having a less deeply excised clypeus. Only four isolated nests of apache were seen. These were excavated in the dry, stony, PSYCHE. [September, 1902 adobe soil about Fort Davis in Jeff Davis County. small chaff-strewn mounds, 3—5 inches They were in the form of across, perforated with an entrance about 4 inch in diameter, and containing hardly more than 25~5o workers. Near- ly all the workers were busily engaged carrying home grass-seeds. When run- ning they carried the abdomen in a peculiar elevated position. 2. P. occidentalis subsp. comanche, subsp. nov. This form differs from the typical occedentalis and resembles sudnite- dus Emery in the less opaque surface of the head and thorax. It is mainly distinguished, however, by the very short epinotal spines, which are hardly half as long as those of the typical form. It was discovered near Milano, Millan County, in the sandy soil of the open post-oak woods. Here it constructs small mound-nests not more than 4-6 inches across and very unlike the great gravel cones constructed by the typical form in Wyoming and Colorado. There were not more than 50 ants in a nest. At Langtry, in Valverde County, small colonies of the typical occzdentalis were seen inhabiting similar nests on a sandy spot in the Canon of the Rio Grande. 3. P. sancti-hyacinthi. This species is common at Fort Davis, where it builds small obscure nests among the disinte- grating volcanic rocks on the summit of the ‘Crouching Lion” (altitude about 5400 ft.). While running this species does not carry the abdomen conspicu- ously erect. 4. P. desertorum. Several fine nests September, 1902] of this species were seen at Langtry, both in the sandy soil of the Rio Grande Canon and in the stony adobe on the desert hills. These nests were more populous than those observed in Presidio County during the winter of 1901. They sometimes contained upwards ef a hun- dred workers. While running the ants carry the abdomen in a peculiar erect position. 5. £. californicus. This species, not before recorded from Texas, is common on the sandy soil of the desert near the cemetery at Marfa, Presidio County. The colonies are smaller than those of LP. desertorum. It is impossible to find the entrance to the obscure nest, a small hole in the ground, without tracing for- aging ants on their return journey. The insects run with conspicuously elevated abdomen. They sting severely. 6. P. barbatus var. nigrescens. This variety is not uncommon at Del Rio, Langtry, Toronto, near Alpine, and at Fort Davis. It sometimes builds a gravel disc like other varieties of dardatus, but at Del Rio and Langtry it was found inhabiting small obscure nests in the stony adobe soil, without making any effort to clear away the vegetation about the entrance. Some of the nests were even excavated about the roots of the small desert acacias, a most unusual habit The males and females, which were abundant during early June at Fort Davis, are deep fer- ruginous red throughout. 7. BP. barbatus var. marfensis. In this form the males and females are col- for barbatus. PSVCHE. 395 ored like the workers, i. e. the head and thorax are black, the gaster bright red. The microérgates of incipient nests have the same coloration as the large workers of old nests. nant Pogonomyrmex in P. marfensis is the domi- Brewster and Presidio Counties at or below an altitude of sooo ft., where it makes huge gravel discs. So far as my observations extend, the variety molefaciens does not occur in these counties. lives at a higher altitude (above 5000 ft.) except further east (at Del Rio and Langtry) where it shares the lower open The variety nzgrescens country with molefaciens. Rockrorp, ILvinots, July rath, rgo2. Notes.— Mr. Walter worn specimen of Baszlarchia arthem?s in Cambridge, Mass., July 14. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linné is to be recorded from N. H. and Maine; in Maine Mr. J. G. Jack has found it very abundant on willows and poplars at York. Deane observed a In a Revision of the Cicindelidae of Boreal America (Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1902, vol. 28, p. 93-186, pl. 1-4) Leng recognizes tour genera, Amblychila with three species, Omus ten species and four varieties, Tetracha two species, Dromochorus two species, and Ci- cindela seventy-three species and _ fifty-five varieties, a total of ninety species and fifty- Five new species and ten Plate 1 plots nine varieties. new varieties are described. the distribution of the species and varieties of Omus, with the exception of O. montanus, the variation of the labrum, mandible, the apex of the elytra, and types of elytral in California; plate 2 shows the form of the maculation, and on plates 3 and 4 the elytral markings of 53 species and 20 varieties of Cicindela are figured. 394 GROUP CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME PSYCHE. [September, r1g02 NORTH AMERICAN BUT- TERFLIES — III. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Tasitia Moore. Chrysalis: Slenderer in the thoracic region than in Anosia with stouter and more prominent ocellar tubercles, and with the semicircles of raised points on third abdominal segment oblique when pendent. T. berenice Cram. (Pap. gilippus Sm.- Abb.). Butterfly: Wings dark reddish choco- late on both surfaces broadly bordered with blackish, the veins darker especially beneath where they are often narrowly edged with white or, above, with steel gray; the black border more or less dotted with white and on the fore wings followed within by a row of besides which two parallel oblique rows of white spots cross the apical half of the wing, the inner just outside the cell, and similar spots are found in the mid- white spots, dle of the median interspaces of the same wings. Expanse of wings 80 mm. £gg: Unknown. Caterpillar at birth: Unknown. Mature caterpillar: Whitish violet transverse deeper lines, and next the anterior with margins of the segments a transverse reddish brown band enclosing a narrow yellow stripe ; filaments brown purple. Length 55 mm. Feeds on Asclepias amplexicaulis, A. obtusifo- lia, Gonolobus hirsutus. Chrysalis: Deli- cate green, the raised points golden, those of the third abdominal segment black on the anterior face set in a blue band. Length 22 mm.— Southernmost United States, as far west as New Mexico and Arizona. T.strigosa Bates. Butterfly: Differs from the preceding, of which it may be only a geographical race, principally in the slightly lighter ground color and the considerably larger size of the round white spots crossing the apical half of the fore wing, not including those upon or next the marginal black band ; the black veins of the under side of the hind wings are also more widely margined with a white flecking. Expanse of wings 70 mm. Early stages unknown.— Texas. Tribe IrHomyINI. Butterfly: Males provided in most (all?) genera with an erect row of odoriferous hairs along the subcostal nervure of the hind wings, but no pockets or patches of androconia. Females with relatively long and not enlarged fore tarsi. gg: (Not known sufficiently to distinguish them from Limnaini.) Caterpillar at birth: The body segments provided with no other elevations than those on which the ranged bristles are seated. A/ature cat- erpillar: Body furnished with fleshy short and stout appendages and also with small papillae; markings transverse and longitudinal. Feeds on Solanaceae. Chrysalis: Not dorsally tumid on abdo- men, the mesothorax unusually promi- nent. Synopsis of the genera. Butterfly: Vast joint of palpi minute. Fore wings opaque, less than twice as long as broad. Zgg: Unknown. Caterpillar at birth: Ranged appendages short, slightly bent, con- tinuing into the second stage. Mature 1. DYNOTHEA. September, 1902] caterpillar : Naked and without append- ages (?). Chrysalis: Plump, with strongly protuberant wing-cases and mesonotum. 2. Mecuanitis. Butterfly: Last joint of palpi minute. Fore wings opaque, much more than twice as long as broad. “gg: Imperfectly known; laid in clusters. Caterpillar at birth: Ranged appendages moderately long, pointed, not restricted to first stage. A7Za- ture caterpillar; Furnished witha series of thick fleshy appendages on the lower sides of the body. CArysalis: Elongate with somewhat protuberant mesonotum and scarcely protuberant wing-cases. Butterfly: * “Last joint Fore wings trans- 3. DIRCENNA. of palpi conspicuous. parent, much more than twice as long as broad. gg: Unknown. Cater- pillar at birth: Ranged appendages long, slightly bent, restricted to first stage. Mature caterpillar: Covered with pile. Chrysalis: Similar to that of Dynothea. Two species of Hymenitis have been credited to our southern border, but probably on insufficient grounds: da- phana, said to occur “from Brazil to Virginia”; and phono given by Geyer as from Florida; neither assertion has been verified. Dynothea Reakirt. Butterfly: Palpi thinly clothed, with PSV CHE, 395 first and second joints subequal and long, third very short; antennae half as long as fore wings. Wings opaque; fore wings less than twice as long as broad, the recurrent nervule in discoidal cell originating between the two lower sub- costal nervules. Femur of male longer Ligg: Cat- erpillar at birth: Ranged appendages shorter than in the other genera, slightly than the coxa. Unknown. bent, continuing into the second stage. Mature caterpillar: Naked and without appendages (?), with a stigmatal band. Chrysalis: ‘The wing-cases are strongly protuberant along the ventral line and the mesonotum similarly protuberant along the dorsal, in each case roundly rectangulate; and thereby, as seen on a side view, the anterior end of the body is bent at an angle of nearly 80°; abdo- men short conical. D. lycaste Fabr. (Ceratinia iphianassa Doubl.ete.). Butterfly: Wings tawny orange, with similar markings above and beneath. Fore wings mostly blackish outside the dis- coidal cell and interspace beneath it, with a large oblique long squarish black spot in the cell, large unequal oval orange spots in the median interspaces and a large oblique broad satfron band nearly crossing the apical half of the wing. narrow lunulate black band; an Hind wings margined with a equally broad black loop open on the inner margin crosses the wing enclosing subapically a small black spot at the apex of the cell. Expanse 50mm. Early stages: Unknown. — Southern California. 396 ESV CLE, [September, 1902 LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE, — XXXV. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Coryphista badiaria Hy. Edw. Egg. Elliptical, rounded, two sides flat- tened, wedge shaped, the large end truncate for a small space, all without sharp angles ; coarsely hexagonally reticulate, the lines raised, broad, rounded, the spaces between forming flat hexagons, rather regular; all pale yellow ; size .9 X .6 X .5 mm. Stage I. Head erect, bilobed ; luteous, shining ; ocelli black, mouth brown; width about .4.mm._ Body cylindri- cal, normal, short, the segments not elongate but the ends somewhat contracted; all trans- lucent yellowish, the food showing faintly green; not shining. No shields differenti- ated; tubercles and setae minute, black. Seg- ments slightly folded, whitish; feet pale, normal; nomarkings. Later very faint, fine, whitish subdorsal and lateral lines, joints 10 to 13 subdorsally shaded with dull reddish. Stage II. Head thick, erect, slightly bilobed, pale pinkish flesh color; width .7 mm. Body moderate, rather thick, incisures a little depressed, uniform, smooth. Tubercles slightly elevated, a little blackish ; setae rather long, dark. Olivaceous green, a fine addorsal whitish line; a broad, sub- sub- round, scarcely round, dorso-lateral, olive gray shade-band ; stigmatal band broad, whitish ; venter dusky shaded. Feet pale sordid green, normal. Stage ITI. Head rounded, bilobed, free, pale red, yellowish in the sutures ; width 1.2 mm. Body cylindrical, robust, uniform, smooth; black, shields ashade redder; dorsal space diluted luteous. Addorsal and subdor- sal broken, narrow obscure white lines ; broad stigmatal white line, from tubercle iii to v, geminate, luteous filled, yellow about the spiracle; a white line to anal foot. Venter somewhat diluted. Tubercles small, round, black ; feet black, abdominal claspers reddish. Setae dark, fine, obscure. Not shining. Stage IV. Head shining orange; width 2mm. Body robust, the ends somewhat smaller. Purplish black, dorsal lines broken, nearly absent ; stigmatal white band enlarged on the segments a little, yellow at the spira- cles, luteous dotted centrally. Feet, except the shield of joint 13, reddish. Tubercles small, black ; a white line on the foot joint 13. Pupation in the ground, or between leaves. Food plant. he larvae were found only on Berbers repens and would eat no other plant. Several brooded; imago emerged June 18th. Eggs from captured 2 9 June 20 and July 7th. Larvae from various places in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains; back of Golden and Boulder, Colorado and in the Platte Canyon. A. SMITH & SONS, (46-148 WILLIAM ST., New York. ig SF JOINTED FOLDING NET ¥ MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF | GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Exc. Other articles are being added, Send for List. Pomel A JOURNAL OF BENTOMOLOGY [Established in 1874 ] Vol. 9, No. 318 OCTOBER, 1902 CONTENTS THE INVERTED HypopyGium oF DaAsyLiis AND Lapuria.— Plate 5— Robert EL. Snodgrass 399 Tue Association OF CocciDAk.— George B. King ; 401 Group CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BuTTeERFLIES. IV — Samuel Hl. Scudder : : 405 Lire Hisrortes oF NorTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. XXXVI.— Harrison G. 497 Dya i PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB CaMBRIDGE, [Boston] Mass., U.S. A. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 20 c. {Entered as second class mail matter] 8 LSYCHE. [October, 190 Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. 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Philadelphia, 1894. 6 6 + 2,00 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 43-44. Stettin, 1882-1883. : ° . 2.00 U. S. Entomological Commission.—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 . ° . + 2,00 Address Epirors oF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass THE ELEMENTS OF INSECT ANATOMY. An outline for the use of students in entomological labora tories. By Comstock AND KEelLoGG. A practical guide for laboratory work in entomology by college classes, including the study of the external and internal anatomy of insects and the comparative anatomy of the mouthparts and wings together with the methods of insect histology. It is used as a text-book in Cornell University, Stanford University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Illinois, Washington State Agricul tural College, University of Kansas, Texas State Agricul tural College, and numerous other universities and agricul- tural colleges. 145 pp. bound in brown-gray buckram Price $1.00. Address, Comstock _PuBLisHINnG Co., Ithaca, N. Y. Psyche, Vol. 9. Plate 5. INVERTED HYPOPYGIUM OF DASYLLIS AND LAPHRIA. PSY CHE. EE INVERTED HYPOPYGIUM OF DASYZZ/S AND ZLAPARTA. BY ROBERT E, SNODGRASS, PULLMAN, WASH. The Asilid genera Dasyllis and Laphria present the curious anomoly of having the hypopygium, i. e., the ninth segment of the male, inverted. Figures 1 and ro clearly show this condition in D. grossa and D. flavicollis. The writer is indebted to Professor J. M. Aldrich, of the University of Idaho, for named material on which the fol- lowing descriptions are based. The hypopygium consists of a large ovate structure carried by its larger end on a comparatively narrow neck formed of the seventh and eighth abdominal segments and their intervening mem- branes (Fig. 10). Within the hypopy- gium is a large cavity, the genital cham- ber, opening posteriorly. It has a thick swollen floor on which is carried the in- tromittent organ, and thin dorsal and lateral walls. The dorsal wall presents a large median notch reaching forward almost to the base of the hypopygium. The lateral walls are similarly, but less deeply, notched. The lower part of the hypopygium is the ninth tergum (IX t.). It consists of a large convex plate, oval to elongate- ovate in ventral view, with the smaller posterior end truncate. The posterior end may be also deeply notched as in D. grossa (Fig. 4) or it may be but slightly concave as in D. flavicollis and L. vultur. The upper and lateral parts of the hypopygium consist of the ninth sternum (1X s.). lateral notches of the hypopygium, the On account of the dorsal and sternum has the form of a basal semi- circular plate with two large dorso-lateral lobes projecting backward (Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 10, IX s.) carries, within the genital chamber, two pairs of large Each of these lobes movably pendages (@ and 2). attached ap- One pair (a) is lateral and is articulated to the dorsal edge of the lateral notch of the hypopy- Each of these (Fig. 9) is laterally flattened and gium (Figs. 1,5 and ro, @). strongly curved dorsally, where it ends in one or two heavy claws that project out of the dorsal notch. The other pair (4) is dorsal and is born by two lobes at the anterior angles of the dorsal notch of the hypopygium (Figs. 2and 5,4). These appendages (Fig. 8) vary considerably inshape. ‘They are generally bent some- what laterally. are expanded basally, in others termin- In some species they ally ; in some they are prong-like, in 400 others they are spoon-shaped. In JZ. vultur the tip of each is formed of three plates set at right angles to one another. The penis (Figs. 6, 7 and 11, fen.) is a chitinous tube terminating in three slender prongs. Apparently the seminal passage divides into three tubes at the bases of these and opens by three ap- ertures at theirtips. The penis (Fig. 6) is carried on an elevated support (Fig. 7) on the floor of the genital chamber. The three terminal prongs project posteriorly from the latter over the tenth segment. Attached to the interior of the support is a large muscle apodeme (Fig. 11, @.). On account of the inverted position of the ninth segment, the tenth segment (X) comes to lie below the mouth of the genital chamber instead of, as normally, above it. It iscomposed of the ordinary There is a divided lying here delow characteristic parts. suranal plate (sa) the anus, and two elongated podical plates (fod) lying above the anus. The eighth segment is partially rudi- mentary. Itconsists of a narrow curved bar forming the dorsal and lateral parts (Figs. 3 and ro, VIII s), and of a small plate (Figs. 1, 3, 4 and ro, VIII #) ap- plied to the right lower aspect of the base of the hypopygium. The eighth segment is symmetrical in shape but asymmetrical in position. Normally it is almost hidden within the seventh segment (Fig. 1). The rectum lies in the right side of the body cavity of the hypopygium, turn- PSY CHE. [October, tg02 ing in mesially at the base of the tenth or anal segment. Hence, the hypopyg- ium must have revolved to the right from above. If this is so, then the small dextro-ventral plate of the eighth segment is probably the eighth tergum which has revolved through only about 150°. The seventh segment is normal, the revolution having taken place en- tirely back of it. It mostly segment. is small and is concealed within the sixth Lxplanation of Plate.. Fig. 1, Dasyllis grossa, \ateral view of hypopygium ; Fig. 2, D. grossa, dorsal view of hypopygium; Fig. 3, D. grossa, eighth segment; Fig. 4, D. grossa, ven- tral view of hypopygium; Fig. 5, D. posticata, interior view of right half of ninth sternum, showing attachments of appendages aand 0; Fig. 6, D. fosticata, dorsal view of penis; Fig. 7, D. grossa, lateral view of ninth tergum and penis, and tenth segment; Fig. 8, D. grossa, appendages 4; Fig. 9, D. grossa, ap- pendage a; Fig. 10, D. flavicol/is, lateral view of hypopygium; Fig. 11, D. favi- collis, \ateral view of penis and its sup- port. VI¢, VII 4 VIII 4 IX 4 sixth to ninth abdominal terga; VI s, VII s, VIII s, IX s, sixth to ninth abdominal sterna; X tenth segment; a, lateral appendage of ninth sternum; 4, dorsal appendages of ninth sternum; fev, penis; af, apodeme; sa, suranal plate ; pod, podical plates. Octobor, 1902] THE ASSOCIATION BY GEO. B. KING, The present paper is intended to give a list of such Cocc¢dae as are known to the writer from published or unpublished records to have been found associated together on the same food plant, or in ants’ nests, etc. Incomplete as it must be, it will show to some extent the diff- culty which accompanies the identifica- tion of species of the same genus so found, these being often closely allied. Furthermore it will be seen how diff- cult it is to treat the infested plants with insecticides, for as a matter of fact in some instances, the treatment for one would not do for the other, therefore various means have to be adopted. It has been asked in the writers hear- ing many times “are varieties produced by the association of two or more species living together on the same food plant.” by individuals who having read somewhat Such questions are usually asked superficially the writings of popular authors upon evolution and general biology assume a more perfect knowl- edge than the entomologist who has made such investigations the study of his life. So far as I know no varieties have been found in the Coccédae, which could be said to have been the result of two or more species living together. There are however means whereby this could be proved, provided one had the time to devote to it, and the results PSVCHE. 401 OF COCCIDAE. LAWRENCE, MASS. would no doubt be of much value to science. I well remember many years ago while in conversation with Dr. Hagen then at Harvard, what he said to me when I asked him if in his opinion there were ELIS) reply was “you will not live long enough to find one.” any new species of recent origin. We, of course, are con- stantly finding and describing new spe- cies and varieties; but these we believe have been in existence for a long time but only of recent discovery and are more frequently found in localities which have been little worked up. It would indeed be of much interest if some one would try to find whether or not a male coccid would mate with a female not of “its own kin. The following citations for the most part are records made by Prof. Cock- erell although several are from various authors including myself. here for the first time. Lecanium pseudhesperidum Cll. and Some appear Diaspis boisduvalii Sign. Associated together on Cattleya in a greenhouse at Ottawa Canada. The later species D. boisduvali has hitherto been placed in the genus Aulacispis. Prof. Cockerell writes me that Mr. Newstead shows that it should be placed in the Déasfis. Lecanum hesperidim WL. Pulvinaria Jloccifera West (P. brassiac) and Hemi- chionaspis aspidistrae Cited Sign. as 402 Chionaspis brasiliensis Sign. are found to- gether on leaves of an orchid in Trinidad. Lecanium hesperidum L. and a Pulvina- via sp. on leaves of “ fitoloca” at Monte- rey, Mexico. Lecanium baccharidis Ckil. and ALytil- aspis perlonga Ckll. on twigs and branches of Baccharis at Campinas, Brazil. Lecanium longulum Dougl. and LZ. melaleucae Mask. on leaves of AZonstera deliciosa in the Harvard botanical green- house at Cambridge, Mass. Lecanium sp. Ceraplastes sp. young of Aspidiotus articulatus Marg. and A. personatus Comst. on leaves of Anacar- dium occidentalis at Kingston, Jamaica. sp. Ceroplastes floridensis Comst. and Parlatoria sp. on Anthurium Lecanium Janceolatum at Kingston, Jamaica. Lecanium mangiferaé Green and Vin- sonia stellifera Westw. on leaves of Bam- bosa malaccencis at Kingston, Jamaica. _ Saissetia oleae Bern. Ceroplastes floridensis Comst. Vinsonia stellifera Westw. and Aspidiotus personatus Comst. on leaves of Mango in Manchester square, Kingston, Jamaica. Lecanium mangifcrae Green. Lecanium hesperidum L.and Satssetia oleae Bern. on fippeastrum equestre at . Kingston, Jamaica. Lulecanium quercitronis Fitch and Chz- onaspts americana Johns on Ulmus ameri- cana at Springfield, Mass. Lulecanium caryae Fitch and what I take to be &. perscae Fabr. on a peach tree at Niagara, Ontario, Canada. Saissetia oleae Bern. Ceroplastes flori- Comst. and C. densis cirripedifor mes PSYCHE. October, 1902 Comst. on Zignum vitae tree at Kingston, Jamaica. Sazssetia hemisphaerica Varg. and Orthezia insignis Dougl. on Chrysan- themums at Kingston, Jamaica. Saissetia hemisphaerica ‘Targ. and Dactylopius longispinus Targ. on house fern at Las Cruces, New Mexico. Saissetia coffeae? Walk. and Ceroplastes myricae LL. in Assam India on tea. 5S. coffeae may yet be found to be a valid species. I received an adult female scale on leaf of coffee from Mr. Adolph Hempel of Brazil. The scale seems dif- ferent from those of .S. hemisphaerica and S. filicum but more material must be obtained before a decision can be made. Saissetia hemisphaerica ‘Targ. and Aspidiotus aurantii Mack on Areca cat- echu grown in pots at Cavalieris Penn., Jamaica. Saissetia hemisphaerica Targ. Diaspis zamic Morgan (this is recorded as Az/- acaspis elegans Leon but Mr. Newstead shows it to belong to the Diaspzs Cocker- ell in litt.) and Dactylopius longispinus Targ. on Cycas revoluta under glass at Springfield, Massachusetts. Ceroplastes myricace L. and forinia theae? on tea plant in Assam, India. Ceroplastes irregularis and Phenacoccus simplex King, on Atriplex confertifolia and A. polycarpa? at Lone Pine, California. Lcerya rosae and Ceroplastes depressus Ckll. found under bark of Lzgnum vitae tree at Kingston, Jamaica. Lcerya montserratensis and Ischnaspis Jongirostris. Sign on a palm in Trinidad. Aclerda japonica Newst. and Antonina socialis Newst. under the leaf sheath of October, 1902] Arundinaria japonica under glass, Brox- hourne Herth, England. Ripersia flavola Ckll. and R. candid- ata King, in ants nests in Massachusetts. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. Mytilas- pis beckt Newm. and Chionaspis citri Comst., on leaves of lime in Trinidad. Aspidiotus and Chrysomphalus aonidum L. on orange at Tampico, Mexico. Aspidiotus yuccarum Cll. and Dacty- lopius dasylirit Ckll. at the base of leaves of Yucca elata at Mesilla Park, N. M. Aspidiotus ancylus Putn. and A. fer- naldé Ckll. on Gleditschia triacanthos in Charlesbank Park, Mass. Aspidiotus hederae Vall. and Diaspis zamiae Morgan, on Cycas revoluta in a articulatus Morg. greenhouse at Lawrence, Mass. and Flowardia biclavis Comst. on the skin of Aspiditus personatus Comst. orange (fruit) from Colima, Mexico, quarantined at San Francisco, California. Aspidiotus cryptoanthus and Asterole- canium variolosum Ratz. var japonicum Ckll. on Quercus glandulifera from Japan. Aspidiotus orientalts Newst and Cero- plastes myricae L. on Cycas revolitta in Assam, India. Aspidiotus candidulus Ck\l. and Xero- philaspis prosopidis on leaves and twigs of Prosobis velutina at Tuscon, Arizona. Aspidiotus forbest Johns and A. ancy- Zus Putn. on crab apple and plum in Kansas. Aspidiotus aurantii Mask. and Aster- olecanium variolosum Ratz recorded as a Flanchonia on oak at Sidney, New South Wales. PS VGH. 403 Aspidiotus personatus Comst. and Chrysomphalus aonidum 1. on leaves of Anacardium occidentale at Kingston, Jamaica. Aspidiotus aurantii Mask. and Chry- somphalus aonidum L. on Areca catechu grown in pots at Cavalieris Pen., Jama- ica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. and Cero- plastes floridensis Comst. on leaves of Brunfelsia americana at Kingston, Jama- ica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. and A. personatus Comst. on Cassia fistula at Kingston, Jamaica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. A. per- Comst. Pulvinaria cupaniae Ckll. and Diaspis or Chionaspis sp. on leaves of Chrysophyllum cainito in Man- sonatus chester Square, Kingston, Jamaica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. A. perso- natus Comst. Chrysomphalus aonidum and Ceroplastes floridensis Comst. on Ficus tree in the yard of the Museum at All of the four spe- cies cited were also found on a young Kingston, Jamaica. banana tree out of doors in Jamaica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. A. per- Vinsonia stellifera Westw. on leaves of Mangifera indica sonatus Comst. and at Kingston, Jamaica. Aspidiotus sp. and Dactylopius longi- spimus Targ. on green mangoes at King- ston, Jamaica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. A. per- Comst. Chrysomphalus aonidum L. on leaves of Merium olean- sonatus and der at Kingston, Jamaica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. and A. 404 Olea hispanica in the Parade garden in Jama- personatus Comst. on leaves of ica and the same species on leaves of Persea, also on leaves of Punica grana- tum, Aralia guilfoylet, and Aperba tibour- bow in Jamaica. The same species to- gether with Asterolecanium (olim Astero- diaspis pustulans Ckll. on leaves of Capania edulis at Kingston Jamaica. The same Asfidiotus on Guaiacum officinola and on leaves of “rythrina um- brosa with Ceroplastes floridensis Comst., at Kingston, Jamaica. The same three species were found on Melicocca byjuga in Jamaica. Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. Chrysom- phalus capaniae Ckll. on Bignonia magnifica in aonitum L. and Pulvinaria Jamaica. Aspidiotus personatus Comst. A. artic- wlatus Morg. and Chrysomphalus aont- dum WL. on Jasminum pubescens and A. personatus and A. articulatus on Lawsonia inermis and Thevetia nerifolia at Kingston, Jamaica. Diaspis arizonicus Ckll. and Xerophi- laspis prosopidis Ckll. on leaves branches on Prosopis velutina, Wooton and near Kellners Ranch several miles west of Phoenix, Arizona. Diaspis celtidis Ck\l. and Pulvinaria Rathv. on Celtis at San Antonio, Texas. Mytilaspis glonveri Pack, Chionaspis citri Comst. and Chrysomphalus aont- mnumerabilts PSYCHE. (October, 1902 dum L. on leaves and fruit of orange at Tampico, Mexico. Mytilaspis Ckll. Asterolecanium bambusae Boisd. on stems of bamboo at Campinas, Brazil. Mytilaspis concolor Ckl\l. and Soleno- phora coloradensis Cki\l, at Canon City, Colorado on twigs and stems of Atriplex CANESCENS. Mytilaspis ulmi L. Chionaspis furfurus Fitch and Phenacoccus dearnesst King, on an old hawthorn tree at London, Ontario, Canada. Mytilaspis ulmi L.and Asterolecanium vartolosum Germany. Mytilaspis becki Newm. and Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. on twigs of Murraya bambustcola and Ratz on oak twigs from at Kingston, Jamaica. Addenda by Professor Cockerell. tree at Kingston, Jamaica, I found On a single guava (Psdium) Saissetia oleae, “ hemisphaerica, Vinsonia stellifera Chrysomphalus Pulvinaria cupaniae Aspidiotus articulatus. aonidum Aspidiotus personatus. densis. Ripersia fimbriatula and KR. conpusella together in nests of Zaszus at Las Vegas, N. M. Ceroplastes flort- October, 1902] PSYCHE. 405 GROUP CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUT- TERFLIES — IV. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Mechanitis Fabricius. Butterfly: Palpi thinly clothed, with first and second joints subequal and long, third very short; antennae more than half as long as fore wing. Wings opaque; fore wing twice as long as broad, the recurrent nervule in discoidal cell originating between the lowest sub- costal and upper median nervules ;_ pre- costal nervure of hind wings forked. Femur of male of same length as coxa. gg: Tall, pointed above, with strong ribs and delicate transversals ; laid in open clusters of about a dozen. Caterpillar at birth: Segments of body somewhat deeply separated, anteriorly tumid below the spiracles; ranged ap- pendages moderately long, straight (?), pointed, perceptible in after stages. AZa- ture caterpillar: Provided with an infra- stigmatal series of fleshy prominences, not prominent on the thoracic, conical and pointed on the abdominal segments, besides transverse series of papillae next the incisures and a pair of fleshy prominences on the sides of the first thoracic segment ; transversely banded. Chrysalis: The wing-cases show a gentle arcuation along the ventral line, but the mesonotum is roundly prominent on the dorsal line ; anterior extremity, as seen from the side, very acutely pointed ; abdomen long conical. (pnxavntys, a contriver; the significance is not clear.) M. californica Reak. Butterfly: with nearly the same markings above and beneath. Fore wings brownish black; a basal streak along the median nervure and Wings two rounded spots near inner angle orange- tawny ; a yellow spot across the cell near its apex, a more or less interrupted oblique belt across the apical half of the wing and an ob- long subapical spot also yellow. Hind wings orange tawnywith an entire broad mesial band and narrow border of brownish black; be- neath a 2-shaped blackish brown spot, much enlarged above below the middle of the apical half of costal margin. Expanse 60 mm. Early stages: Unknown.—Southern Cali- fornia. Dircenna Doubleday. Butterfly: Palpi thickly clothed, with first and second joints subequal and long, the third short, but not minute; antennae fully half as long as fore wing. Wings nearly transparent; fore wing twice as long as broad, the recurrent nervule in discoidal cell asin Mechanitis; pre- costal nervure of hind wings simple: Femur of male of same length as coxa. Legg: Unknown. Caterpillar at birth. Body cylindrical; ranged appendages long, slightly bent, seated on papillae. restricted to first stage. Mature pillar: Head round. Body cylindrical, covered with pile and spotted. Chrysalis: As in Dynothea. cater- D. klugii Hiibn. with nearly similar beneath, nearly transparent but somewhat Butterfly : markings Wings above and 406 PSYCHE Fore wings with two arcuate series of large oval infumated, and with brown nervures. clearer paler or amber-like spots in the inter- spaces beyond the cell, subparallel to outer margin, a dusky margin and a pair of dusky dashes enclosing a broad oblique clearer band between them near apex of cell; an orange stripe with an enclosed broad black Hind with black, in which, beneath, are a series of transverse Early stripe following the inner margin. wings margined narrowly white dashes. Expanse So stages: Unknown.— Southern Texas. mm. Subfamily HELICONINAE. Butterfly: Head broad. Palpi small, compressed, the fringes moderate. unusually Antennae naked or sparingly scaled, exceptionally long, straight, the club well marked, sometimes abrupt. Fore legs of both sexes excessively atro- phied, short and sparsely clothed with short hairs. Fore wings very long and narrow: none of the nervures swollen at the base; internal nervure absent; cell of hind wings short and closed or open ; costal nervure extending to the outer margin. Abdomen exceptionally long Highly variegated and of lively colors, but rarely and slender in most genera. with delicate markings, generally similar above and beneath. Females with a pair of extensile club-shaped stink-pads at tip of abdomen, between the two last seg- ments, brought into use when seized. Males with a similar pair on the inner Figg: Thimble- shaped, considerably higher than broad, side of the claspers. the outer portion of the domed summit with unusually large cells, the more or less direct continuation of the large quad- [October, 1902 rangular cells upon the sides. Caterpil- lar at birth: Head scarcely larger than segments following. Body cylindrical, scarcely tapering, uniform in color; ranged appendages very long, slender, and arcuate and generally, in our species always, clubbed. Mature caterpillar: Head armed with long and slender aculi- ferous coronal spines. Body cylindrical, submoniliform, more or less and deli- cately spotted or marmorate or blotched on the sides, armed with series of excep- tionally long and slender, briefly and sparsely aculiferous spines. Feeds only on Passifloraceae, whence Miiller in Brazil terms these insects maracuja but- terflies. Chrysalis: Of very bizarre appearance; with highly conspicuous prominences in several places producing the most grotesque and distorted forms ; especially are the ocellar prominences strongly compressed and generally ex- cessively elongate and serrate, the wing- cases are excessively medioventrally protuberant and the sides of the dorsal surface of the third (sometimes second and third) abdominal segments promi- nent, produced or lamellate; thorax and abdomen rather deeply separated. In coloring much variegated. Contains but a single tribe, Heliconini. Synopsis of the genera. 1. APOSTRAPHIA. Sutterfly : wing distinctly more than twice as long as broad, its cell fully half as long as wing ; cell of hind wing closed. Fore Egg: Cat- erpillar at birth; ‘Three principal rows Tapering only on the upper third. October, 1g02} of ranged appendages on each side, the uppermost laterodorsal, the lowermost with two appendages to a segment, all springing from flattened tubercles. AZa- ture caterpillar : Spines of head slender, tapering throughout ; uppermost spines of body much longer than the segments. Chrysalis: Frontal tubercles excessively long, ribbon-like, serrate above ; antennal joints spined; abdominal prominences terminating in spines. 2. COLAENIS. Butterfly: Fore wing distinctly more than twice as long as broad, its cell fully half as long as wing ; cell of hind wing open. Zgg: Unknown. Caterpillar at birth: Ranged appendages springing from elevated tubercles. AZa- ture caterpillar: Uppermost spines of body scarcely longer than the segments. Chrysalis: Frontal tubercles large but not elongate; antennal joints not spined ; laterodorsal prominences of abdomen be- yond third joint large, compressed, sub- quadrate. 3. AGRAULIS. Butterfly: Fore wing not more than twice as long as broad, its cell much less than half as long as Egg: wing; cell of hind wing open. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PSYCHE. 407 Tapering from the middle upward. Ca?- erpillar at birth: Three principal rows of ranged appendages on each side, all with one appendage to a segment and all springing from elevated tubercles. d/a- ture caterpillar: Spines of head stout, scarcely tapering; uppermost spines of body longer than the segments. Chrys- alis: Frontal tubercles large but not elongate ; antennal joints tuberculate but not spined ; laterodorsal prominences of abdomen beyond third joint small, con- ical. Apostraphia Hiibner. Butterfly: Palpi very slender, very thinly haired; antennae as long as the body, gradually clavate. Fore wings more than twice as long as broad with well-rounded tip, the cell more than half as long as the wing; cell of hind wings closed, the anal angle rounded. Fore tarsus of g very short; pulvilli and Figg: Subcylindri- cal, tapering considerably only on the upper third, the lateral cells less than twice as broad as high. paronychia present. Laid singly. GEOMETRIDAE. — XXXVI. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Synomtla subochrearta Uulst. Egg.— Elliptical, sides 1oundedly — flat- tened, truncation rounded, a little oblique, outline in general a little irregular, no end depression. Reticulations circular-hexago- nal, rounded, raised, the cell areas forming round pits like a thimble all over the sur- face. Pale yellowish pink, turning darker. Size .6 X .5 X .4 mm. ling around. Laid loose, easily rol- Stage I.— Head rounded, erect, slightly bilobed, free, dark dull brown ; width .3 mm. Body moderate, normal, translucent sordid whitish, marked with sordid vinous brown, October, 1902] A greenish dorsal line, dotted on the rather numerous, obscure annulets, grayish in tone, diffuse outwardly with traces of a similar, single, subdorsal line ; five broad, transverse, vinous, segmentary bands on joints 5 to 9. Anal feet spreading, the abdominal feet all pale. Tubercles and setae minute, incon- spicuous, short, capitate. Thorax dorsally diffusely shaded in brown. Stage IJ—Wead smoky luteous, darker except in two lines from the clypeus on each lobe ; width .¢mm. Body normal, moderate, sordid luteous with five broad, transverse, vinous, segmentary bands as before, united by numerous fine, evenly spaced, longitudi- nal lines of the same color, fainter at the ends, addorsal, subdorsal, lateral, etc. Tuber- cles whitish with short, capitate setae also whitish, the enlarged ends looking like dots on the body. Segments finely annulate. Stage [/7— Head rounded bilobed, brown, pale mottled, a pale curved line on each lobe above; dotted by the white capitate setae ; width .6 mm. Body whitish with fine red- brown lines, slightly waved, about as wide as the spaces, blotched on the diffuse trans- verse bands of joints 5 to 9g. Feet dark. Finely annulate; appears dotted by the white capitate setae. Stage [V.— Head rounded, erect, rather strongly bilobed, brown, black on the face, pale, dark mottled on sides and vertex ; setae pale, short, capitate ; width .85 mm. Body moderately robust, the ends contracted, nor- mal, segments rather numerously annulate especially at the ends; subventral fold ridged, prominent on the posterior edges of the segments. Tubercles i and ii well sepa- PSYCHE. 408. rated, ii on a slightly prominent annulet. Nearly uniformly entirely dark brown ; seg- ments a little lighter patched dorsally with traces of a pale, narrow, dorsal line, on each side of which are rather irregular, faintly traced, blackish markings intersegmentally, forming a broad, geminate dorsal band. Feet short, dark; setae with pale capitate tips, short. Subventral ridge marked and blotched in pale. After being in this stage two weeks the larvae were thick and robust, tapering from joint 5 to the small head. Dark brown, finely annulate, shaded in paler on the back; subventral fold pale and blotched broadly in pale centrally on the segments. Marks all obscure. Stage V.— Head rounded bilobed, erect or with the apex advanced, clypeus depressed. Brown-black, apices of lobes lighter brown mottled; setae short, white, capitate ; width t mm. Body robust, attenuated somewhat before, finely annulate. Dark brown-black, variegated with obscure tessellated markings in lighter brown in dorsal, diamond-shaped patches, terminated in obscure black X-marks in the incisures and a black subdorsal line. All the markings are clouded, faint and mot- tled. Subventral fold prominent. Setae short, pale, capitate. The dorsal tessella- tions are palest on joints 5 and 6, somewhat ring shaped on joint 11. Larvae from Golden, Colorado, eggs July 7th. The larva grew slowly and died Octo- ber 27th, but seems to have been in the last stage. It is remarkable, however, that the capitate setae should persist so long. The larva was fed on Polygonum; natural food- plant not determined. A. SMITH & SONS, 146-148 WILLIAM ST., New York. - JOINTED | FOLDING NET MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other articles are being added, Send for List, Por lit A J Qe NPAC © inte HIN See Ii @ rl @ Gaya [Established in 1874 | Vol. 9, No. 319 NOVEMBER, 1902 CONTENTS Notes ON HysBrRiIpS OF SAMIA CYNTHIA AND ATTACUS PROMETHEA. — Caroline G. Soule ~Group CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NorRTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. V— Samuel Hl. Scudder Lire Histories OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. XXXVII.— Harrison G. Dyar PUBLISHED BY THE CAMB RID GES ENTOMOLOG| CAE CleUis CAMBRIDGE, [Boston] Mass., U.S. A. 411 419 YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 20 c. {Entered as second class mail matter] 410 PS VCHE. [| November, 1902 Psyche, A Journal of Entomology. 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An outline for the use of students in entomological labora tories. By Comstock AND KeELLoGc. A practical guide for laboratory work in entomology by college classes, including the study of the external and internal anatomy of insects and the comparative anatomy of the mouthparts and wings together with the methods of insect histology. It is used as a text-book in Cornell University, Stanford University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Ilinois, Washington State Agricul- tural College, University of Kansas, Texas State Agricul- tural College, and numerous other universities and agricul- tural colleges. 145 pp. bound in brown-gray buckram Price $1.00. Address, Comstock PuBLisHING Co,, Ithaca, N. Y PSYCHE. NOTES ON HYBRIDS OF SAMIA CYNTHIA AND ATTACUS PROMETHEA. CAROLINE GRAY SOULE, Having been told that it was difficult, if not impossible, to obtain fertile eggs from cross-mating these species I care- fully watched the normal both should help in obtaining hybrids. that excited by the odor of the females that mating of species for suggestions which I found the males were so they would fasten their claspers on any part of a female’s body or even on each other. Therefore I put female cyzt/zas in a cage toward which the wind blew from a cage containing a female Aromethea, After a few minutes of the wild flight and quiv- and introduced male prometheas. ering of the wings characteristic of the mating of fromethea the males mated the cynthia females as readily as if they had been of their own species. The same experiment was tried with cynthia males and promethea females and with equal success so far as mating went. Of the eggs I sent away more than three fourths and of these I know the results of those sent Miss Eliot only. Only two of my eggs laid by cynthia females hatched, and the larvae were BROOKLINE, MASS. normal cynthia larvae except that in the last stage they were greener. Of the eggs laid by promethea females all mine and Miss Eliot’s hatched and gave great variety, though we divided them into “the promethea form” and “the cynthia form,” for convenience in referring to them. There were more of the “fromethea form” and these were normal /rvomethea larvae except that in the last stage some had very noticeable blue patches around the black dots of the lateral and stigma- tal rows. Rearing them side by side with a brood of normal, pure prometheas I could see no other difference. The “cyathia form” larvae were like the prometheas in the first two stages, but after the second moult they could be separated from those, though they varied among themselves. Their heads were yellow barred with black. transverse black lines, black tubercles Some bodies were yellow with on the first two and anal segments, and yellow tubercles elsewhere. The legs were black, the props yellow. Others had two yellow tubercles, 412 rather larger, on the third segment and one bifid, larger, yellow tubercle on the eleventh segment. Part of the dorsal tubercles, on the abdominal segments, were yellow, part black, and part were yellow ringed with black. There was no regularity in the distribution of color- ing, the yellow tubercles being some- times on one side, sometimes on both, sometimes opposite, sometimes at one end, sometimes at the other, sometimes more on one side than on the other. After the third moult the head was yellow with two black spots, and some- times two black dots. The body was almost white, the first and last segments being yellow. The first segment had six black tubercles, shaped like cyzthza’s ; the second segment had two large yellow tubercles ringed with black on the dorsum and two smaller black ones on each side; the third segment had two large yellow dorsal, and four smaller yellow tubercles ringed with black, and the abdominal segments were like this except the eleventh which had one large dorsal tubercle of yellow, and the other four tubercles smaller, yellow ringed with black; and the anal segment which had two rather large tubercles, yellow ringed with black, on the dorsum, one black one on each side below these, and two black ones on the anal plate. The legs were yellow, the props yel- low with a black spot, except the anal props had the black triangle characteristic of promethea. One larva had the dorsal tubercles on the second segment smooth and shaped which PSYGHE. [ November, 1902 like those of promethea, the others had these tubercles like cynthia’s. After the fourth moult the head was small, yellow with two small black marks, and in one case a black bar across it. The body was pale blue-green with white bloom, except the first and anal seg- ments, the former being yellow, the latter very yellow green like that of promethea. The dorsal tubercles on every segment were long and shaped like promethea’s thoracic tubercles in most cases, though a few had abdominal dorsal tubercles shaped like cynthia’s. These dorsal tubercles varied much in color, some being pale coral-red, darker on the tho- racic segments and growing paler to the eleventh segment; others being pale red on the first six segments, yellow else- where; others pale red on a few seg- ments and green with yellow tops on the rest. Some had the thoracic dorsal tubercles ringed with black at base, others had all the dorsal tubercles so ringed ; while others had black rings irregularly distributed, not even on oppo- site tubercles on some segments. The other tubercles were like cyzthza’s, pale blue ringed with black. The legs and props were yellow with a black dot on each. Two had the anal plate edged with pale blue, like cyzthza’s, and one had this edge almost purple. One larva had the dorsal tubercles, from the eighth to the anal segment, pale coral-red at tip and vivid yellow- green at base, and the two dorsal tuber- cles at the top of the anal plate vivid green with a broad black ring on each. . November, 1902] At this stage many died from a disease which killed also many of my excoecatus and all my Aromethea larvae, and many of Miss Eliot’s hybrids in Nonquitt. b] The “promethea form” spun after the fourth moult, but most of the ‘ form ” moulted a fifth time. After this moult they were like the last stage, but much greener and with ‘cynthia much less bloom. In this stage more died from the same disease, though each was given a tin by itself. It is not possible to give in writing any adequate idea of the variety or the PSYCHE. 415 Both forms came from eggs laid by the same beauty of this “cynthia form.” moth and kept separate from other eggs laid after similar mating. I think that anyone can obtain fertile eggs of hybrids of Attacine moths by following my plan of arranging the cages for mating, although every coition may not result in fertile eggs. Eggs laid by a female cyzthia which I found out of doors mated with a male A. cecropia failed to give larvae, as did eggs laid by cyzthia females mated with promethea males. GROUP CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUT- TERFLIES — V. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Apostraphia Hiibner. Caterpillar at birth: A\\ the tubercles rounded conical, one to a segment in each row but the infrastigmatal where there are two, three rows on each side besides a supralateral series with append- ages less than half as long as the others. Mature caterpillar: Head covered with a pair of slender, tapering, slightly re- curved spines. Each side of body with three rows of very long and slender straight, very scantily bristled spines, those of the upper rows equal and half as long again as the segments. Crys- alis: Body with strong laminate protu- berances, the frontal pair excessively elongate, widely divergent, ribbon-like and serrate; antennal joints conspic- uously spined; third abdominal segment and the adjoining segments to some extent with it with a laminate laterodorsal flange crowned as the other abdominal tubercles with slender aciculate spines. Apostraphia charithonia L. Auct.). Butterfly: blackish brown above, a little paler below. (Heliconta charitonia Wings rich Fore wings crossed by three narrow yellow stripes, the middle one running obliquely from costa, past the tip of cell toward the middle of the outer border; another subparal- lel to it midway to the tip of wing ; the third following the black median vein to its first fork and here bent abruptly parallel to the others. Hind wings with a rather narrow 414 straight yellow band from base of abdomen toward outer angle, striking (on under sur- face) a couple of pale pink lunules on sub- costal nervules; and midway to margin a parallel maculate slender band curying up- ward outwardly (and beneath enclosing the pinkish lunules). A few dark carneous dots at base of wings and on inner margin beneath. Egg: Broadly truncated with sides Expanse 80 mm. at base, narrowly at summit scarcely convex except above and fourteen vertical ribs and few transversals; color yel- low. Height 1.3mm. Caterpillar at birth: Body uniform pale reddish brown, the head slightly paler, without appendages, the tuber- cles a little darker, the hairs black. Length 2mm. Mature caterpillar: Head greenish white with a pair of frontal black spots and long black coronal spines. Body dead white distantly spotted with black or brown, naked but for the exceedingly long piceous spines. Passiflora. Length 35 mm. Feeds on Chrysalis: Brown in various shades and streaked with gray and blackish; pronotum and dorsal surface of first three abdominal segments each with a pair of large subdorsal burnished gold spots ; sides of abdomen with a web of light Length excluding frontal tubercles 24 mm.— South- ernmost United States and southward (Beau- fort, N. C., L. R. Gibbes). The male butter- flies collect around the female chrysalis for colored strigae. some time previous to eclosion. Colaenis Hiibner. Butterfly: Palpi slender, rather thinly haired; antennae nearly as long as the body, with short pyriform club. Fore wings more than twice as long as broad, with rounded tip, the cell more than half the length of the wing; cell of hind wings open, anal angle angulate. Fore tarsus of g not much shorter than tibia; paronychia and pulvilli present. “gg: PSYCHE. . [November, 1902 Caterpillar at birth. Imperfectly known. Habits similar to Mature caterpillar: Head with coronal tapering spines; each side of body with three rows of moderately slender not very scantily bristled straight Imperfectly known. Basilarchia. spines, the uppermost about as long as the segments in the middle of the body but not longer at the ends. Chrysalis : Frontal tubercles similar to Agraulis but not apically verrucose; third to seventh abdominal segments with large subquad- rate laterodorsal laminate flanges, the anterior somewhat larger than the others. Colaenis julia Fabr. (Pap. alctonea Cram.). Butterfly: Wings bright reddish fulvous above, sattron-brown beneath, both wings margined above with blackish brown in very varying widths, broadest on fore wings at the upper apex, on the hind wings in middle of outer border; fore wings with a strongly oblique blackish stripe, broadest above, run- ning from the subcostal vein across the apical edge of the cell to the middle of the outer margin. Beneath, at both extremities of the outer margin of hind wings and outer angle of fore wings one or two divided inconspicu- ous gray-white spots. Expanse of wings 85. mm. gg: Yellow, laid in long rows. Caterpillar at birth: Head dark. Body yel- low, alternate abdominal segments spotted with white, the bristles black. Mature cater- pillar : Head black with white sutures and lateral stripes. Body dark brown trans- versely and narrowly banded above with lighter colors particularly on the thoracic segments; and on the sides broadly dashed with still lighter colors in oblique masses pointed toward the spiracles ; spines dark but often light at base. Length 35mm. Feeds on Passiflora. Chrysalis: Dark brown and pale yellowish brown, the former principally on the abdomen, the latter on the thorax and November, 1902] appendages, but the abdomen is longitudi- nally streaked with the lighter color and the prominences of the thorax marked with the darker. Florida and Texas and southward. Colaenis delila Fabr. (Pap. céllene Cram.). Butterfly: (unfinished). Length— mm.— Southern Agraulis Boisduval. Butterfly: Palpi with swollen second joint, densely clothed and rather thickly haired ; antennae much shorter than the body with obtuse short subspatulate club. Fore wings not more than twice as long as broad with bluntly angulate tip, the cell less than half the length of the wing; cell of hind wing open. Fore tarsus of g nearly as long as tibia; paronychia and pulvilli absent. ge: Subconoidal, tapering distinctly from near the base upward, the lateral cells twice as broad as high. Laid singly. Caterpillar at birth: All the tubercles supporting the longest appendages ele- vated conical and one to a segment in each row; of which there are three on each side besides a supralateral series with appendages not more than a tenth Mature cater- pillar: Wead crowned with a pair of as long as the others. stout scarcely tapering recurved spines. Each side of body with three rows of rather slender, scantily bristled spines, those of the upper row equal and a little longer than the segments. Chrysalis: Frontal tubercles not elongate, a little divergent, compressed laminate, the edge verrucose ; joints of antennae with slight but unarmed tubercles; third abdominal segment with a laterodorsal flange like PSWVCLE- 415 but smaller than that of Colaenis, the laterodorsal prominences on the suc- ceeding segments conical and not pro- nounced. Agraulis passiflorae Fabr. (Pap. vanillae L., Dione vanillae Hiibn.). Butterfly: Wings brilliant orange-red above, the fore wings with black veins thickened apically and six or seven small roundish black spots, those in the cell three black discal spots and a submarginal white-pupilled; hind wings with row of interspacial round orange-red spots set in a black border of the wing. Beneath, the hind wings and apex of fore wing are cinnamon-brown heavily blotched with great elongate dashes of black-edged nacreous sil- ver spots, of which one in the upper subcostal interspace of hind wings is deeply notched, Scales of stink-pad bristle-shaped, arcuate, deeply 2-4 cleft. Expanse 75 mm. £gg: Yellow, broadly truncated at base, rounded at summit, with full sides having fourteen vertical ribs and few transversals ; height 1.35mm. Caterpillar at birth: Head brown without spines. Body glossy brownish orange, the hairs and tubercles — black. Length 3.5 mm. Mature caterpillar: Head black with vertical orange stripes and black coronal spines. Body glossy red-orange, longitudinally striped with black and some- times an infrastigmatal gray or white stripe ; spines piceous. Length 37 mm. Feeds on Passiflora and not, as Madame Merian assert- ed, on Vanilla—whence the incorrect name Chrysalis : in coloration, from buff with greenish mark- ings to black mottled with lighter or darker given by Linné. Very variable tints, but in all appear two pink spots at the base of the head, a butf suprastigmatal stripe, anda black sinuate linear depression repre- senting the apex of the cell of the fore wings. Length 30 mm.— Southern portions of the United States and southward (rarely in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey). At least 2-brooded._ 416 Subfamily NYMPHALINAE. Tribe ARGYNNINI. Butterfly: Club of antennae very short and abruptly incrassated, subspatulate with no inferior carination or a single one; palpi large and bushy, the ter- minal joint extremely short ; cell of hind wings closed; tibiae and tarsi clothed with spines above. gg: Sides with vertical ribs from base to summit, the whole egg rapidly narrowing in upper half. Caterpillar at birth: Hairs of body much longer than the segments, spiculiferous, apically enlarged, aligned throughout. ature caterpillar: Body covered with ranged corneous sparsely aculiferous spines (none of which are mediodorsal) crowned by an independ- ent needle. Chrysalis: Abdomen with- out ridges ; head independently swollen ; base of wings with a pair of tubercles 5 cremaster short, stout, and equal. Tribe VANESSINI. Butterfly: Club of antennae moder- ately long, more or less abruptly incras- sated, with three inferior carinations 3 palpi stout with rather coarse and brist- ling vestiture, the last joint moderately long; second superior subcostal nervule of fore wings arising before the tip of the wing; two (rarely four) rows of spines on under side of last tarsal joint ; terminal appendages of male abdomen closely concealed by the last segment. Egg: vertical ribs from base to summit, much Sides with strongly compressed PSY GHE, (November, 1go2z higher on upper than on lower half. Caterpillar at birth: Hairs of body much longer than the segments, not spiculiferous, distinctly disaligned be- tween thoracic and abdominal segments. Mature caterpillar: Body covered with ranged corneous sparsely aculiferous spines (some of which are mediodorsal) crowned by an_ independent needle. Abdomen head independently swollen; base of Chrysalis : without ridges; wings with a pair of tubercles; cre- master long, slender, and tapering. Tribe NYMPHALINI. Butterfly; Club of antennae long and very gradually incrassated with four in- ferior carinations; palpi slender with compact vestiture and very short ter- minal joint; precostal nervure of hind wings arising opposite the parting of the costal and subcostal nervures ; under surface of last tarsal joints with four Egg: Sides reticulate with filamentous projections. Caterpillar rows of spines. at birth: Hairs of body not longer or scarcely longer than the segments, the ranged papillae dissimilar in size. MMa- ture caterpillar: Body furnished irreg- ularly with denticulate or stellate tu- Chrysalis: Abdomen without ridges; head’ independently swollen ; bercles. base of wings with only a single tubercle ; mesonotum with a striking median prom- inence. Tribe APATURINI. Butterfly ; Club of antennae long and gradually incrassated with three inferior November, 1902 carinations ; palpi with compact vesti- ture, the terminal.joint very short; pre- costal nervure of hind wings arising beyond the parting of the costal and subcostal nervures; under surface of last tarsal joints with two rows of spines. fgg: Sides with vertical ribs from base to summit of nearly equal height through- out, or with vertical series of raised points in the upper part of the egg only. Caterpillar at birth: Hairs of body not longer or scarcely longer than the seg- ments, the ranged papillae of similar size. Mature caterpillar : Body pilose without spines or tubercles. Chrysalis : Dorsum of abdomen either longitudinally con- spicuously keeled or transversely ridged. Subfamily SATYRINAE. Butterfly: Palpi slender, strongly com- pressed, heavily fringed with long scale- hairs. Antennae clothed, arcuate, with drooping club never abrupt. Fore legs of both sexes excessively atrophied, very small and furred. Some of the nervures of the fore wings swollen at the base (except in some tropical forms); discal cell of hind wings closed by a strong vein (except in some tropicalforms). Texture Generally of somber coloring with ocellated markings. - gg: Subspheroidal, broadest below the mid. dle, either delicately reticulate or with of wings delicate. numerous slight vertical ribs. Cater- pillar at birth: Wead much larger than segments following. Abdominal seg- ments tapering slightly from in front backward, longitudinally striped ; ranged appendages usually clubbed ; if not, then PSV GHE. 417 arcuate and (always?) larger in the mid- dle than next the base. pillar: Head with simple* or no coronal Mature cater- protuberances. Body cylindrical, pilose, longitudinally striped, the last segment bifurcate (except in a few tropical forms). Chrysalis: With no conspicuous promi- nences, whole body well rounded. Abdo- men not deeply separated from thorax, with no transverse ridges and no medio- dorsal carina; margin of wings generally carinate from basal wing tubercle back- ward. Ventral surface nearly straight. Only a single tribe, Satyrini, occurs within our district. Tribe SaTyRINI. Butterfly: Of moderate or small size. Some of the veins of the fore wing swol- len at the base ; hind wings with discal cell closed and only a slight or no precos- tal cell. Agg: (Distinction from other tribes unknown.) Caterpillar at birth : (Distinction from other tribes known.t) Mature caterpillar : Simply pilose, without fasciated hairs and with- out lateral spines on the head; forks of last body segment always present and rarely of excessive length. Solitary in life, habit. Chrysalis: No distinction from other un- and mostly nocturnal in tribes noted. *In Dynastor only (one of the tropical Brassolini) they appear to be spiniferous. +The only egg of the other tribes known is that of Brassolis which is very much shorter than in any Satyrini known. + The only caterpillars just from the egg of the other tribes yet published are two of Brassolini known only by insuf- ficient figures, +18 Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE. Butterfly: Palpi of excessive length, even exceeding that of the thorax (except in some exotic forms), the fringe short. Antennae clothed, gently arcuate, the club gradual. Fore legs of ¢ atrophied, of @ nearly normal but abbreviated. None of the nervures of the fore wings swollen at the base; discal cell of hind wings closed by a feeble vein. Generally of a dark color with obliquely transverse broad dashes or blotches of white or orange. gg: Elliptic, much higher than broad, more or less produced at apex and truncate at base with high vertical ribs, highest above. Caterfi//ar at birth: Head much larger than the segment following. Body cylindrical, mi- nutely and briefly pilose. AZature cater- pillar: Head unarmed, no larger than segments following. Body cylindrical, slightly enlarged at the end of the tho- racic segments, pilose, longitudinally striped on the sides, the last segment abruptly curved, not furcate. Feeds on Urticaceae and so far as known only on Celtis. Ovate, compressed, with no conspicuous prominences and everywhere well rounded; with no transverse ridges; abdomen mediodor- sally carinate. Ventral surface nearly straight. Contains but a single tribe, Libytheini. Chrysalis : Subfamily LEMONIINAE. Butterfly: Labial palpi minute, only the minute apical joint surpassing the PSYCHE. { November, 1902 face. Fore wings with a distinct inter- nal nervure; hind wings scarcely chan- neled to receive the abdomen, furnished with a precostal nervure, the costal nervure running only to the middle of the costal margin. Fore tarsi of male, with rare exceptions, without spines or claws. Generally (in our species always) spotted or barredabove. Zgg: Foveolae furnished with septae converging from the walls toward the center. Caterfillar at birth: Body with chitinous shields, both dorsal and substigmatal, on every segment, to which the piliferous papillae are confined; chitinous annuli only in the subdorsal region. Mature caterpillar: Body scarcely onisciform though not greatly elongated, the head relatively large, being at least half as broad as the middle of the body, and at most only partially retractile within the succeeding segment. Chrysalis: More or less elon- gate and more or less angulate, the abdomen more or less conical with pro- tuberant cremaster, the body sparsely clothed with long hairs. Only a single tribe, Lemoniini, occurs within our district. Tribe LEMONIINI. Butterfly: Hind wing provided with a well developed basomarginal nervure. Legg: Deeply reticulate and filamentous. Caterpillar at birth: (Distinction from other tribe unknown.) Afature caterpil- Jar; Clothed with longer or shorter hairs or bristles of equal length in all parts of the body and sometimes fasciated. Chry- November, rgo2] salis: (No distinction noted from the other tribe, Nemeobiini.) Subfamily LYCAENINAE. Butterfly: Labial palpi well developed, porrect, half or more of the middle joint Fore wings with excessively brief, hardly perceptible internal nervure; hind wings channeled on basal half to receive the abdomen, without precostal nervure, the costal nervure running nearly to the end of costal margin. Fore tarsi of ¢ armed abundantly beneath and at tip with Generally unspotted and with- out bars above. gg: No converging septae in the foveolae. Caterfillar at birth: Body with chitinous dorsal shields surpassing the face. spines. PSYCHE. 419 of greater or less extent and distinctness only on the first thoracic and last dorsal segments; no substigmatal indurated shields; series of chitinous annuli on the sides of the body. pillar: Body with rare exceptions (Feni- eca) distinctly onisciform ; head relative- ly small, being less, generally far less, than half as broad as the middle of the body, usually completely, always at least partially retractile within the segment behind it. C&rysalis: Short, plump, rounded, and nowhere (except in Feni- Mature cater- seca) angulate, the abdomen rounded and falling rapidly behind, (excepting in Feniseca) without protuberant cremas- ter; body sparsely or densely clothed with short hairs or other dermal appen- dages. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. — XXXVII. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Deilinia carnearia Hulst. The 2 type is in the National Museum. A female before me from which eggs were obtained, is not like the type, the ground color of fore wings being ashen, the lines thicker and more dif- fuse, the one through th terminal gray space more angularly bent and edged within with blackish and carneous. An exact mate to it (2) is in the Museum, bred on Ceanothus in California by Mr. A. Koebele. Others of Koebele’s specimens, of which hardly two are alike, are nearer Hulst’s type and one & matches it, except that the terminal gray shade is obsolete. I collected an equally variable series of moths with the Q that laid the eggs. D. falcataria Pack. and D. pferpallidaria Grote are probably discal dot wanting ; only varieties of this species; if so, the spe- cies must be called falcatarza. But I have not examined the other types. £gg.— Elliptical, one end strongly de- pressed, wedge shaped, the sides narrow but not flattened ; micropylar end roundly trun- cate. About 18 longitudinal, parallel lines, stopping sharply at the edge of the trunca- tion, a little confused at the other end; slightly waved, narrow, raised, joined by neat cross lines, similar, forming transversely elongate parallelograms, alternating in suc- cessive rows. Fine pores at the joinings of these reticulations. Green, turning sordid crimson. Size .8 X 6 X .4 mm. Hatched in six days. Stage Z.— Head round, not bilobed, mouth pointed; dark brown, not shining, the sutures of the moderate clypeus a trace darker; a pale speck covering epistoma ; width .3 mm. Body moderate, normal, cylindrical, smooth. Sordid whitish, becoming green from the food; a dorsal brown stripe, moderately dark and a series of vinous brown connected sub- ventral blotches, forming a line on joints 2-4 and 10-13. Traces of subdorsal and. stigma- tal paler lines and faint, pale streaking in the lateral space between. Tubercles minute, black; setae rather long, black, not distinctly capitate. Abdominal feet reddish shaded. Stage I7.— Head rounded bilobed, flattish before, spotted thickly with white over the face, but all of vertex and sides of lobes dark Body cylindrical, smooth, width .5 mm. rather short and_ thick, Tubercles moderate, but setae bristly, black, distinct. Dorsum dark purple-brown, cut by whitish on joint 2 at sides; sides white with two broad, diffuse, dark brown bands, a little dotted, wider than the whitish spaces. Ven- ter broadly dark with narrow subventral and brown; normal. medio-ventral white lines, the latter segmen- tarily maculate in dark brown. Feet pale lined. The larvae were unfortunately lost at this point. Others, collected on Ceanothus at the same place appeared as follows :— Stage 1/7. — Head rounded bilobed, flat- tened before, erect ; whitish, heavily mottled in brown-black, forming large confluent patches at vertex and sides, leaving the face width 8. mm. body marked much as in Exdropia duaria, stage I (Psyche vol. 9, p. 371) so that the larva was at first mistaken for that species. pale with only a few dark marks; PS ViCEEE. [November, 1902 Stage IV.—Head as before, somewhat thick and disk-like ; greenish white, vertex and sides with brown, transversely strigose mottlings, forming a border about the face ; width 1.3 Body robust, moderate, smooth; olivaceous-green; addorsal and subdorsal lines white, darker edged, joined by intersegmental white blotches between 5-6 to 7-8; lateral line white, blotched to the diffuse, yellow, substigmatal mm. similarly line. Venter similarly white lined ; a series of large, purple-brown, segmentary, subven- tral blotches. Feet purplish washed; no shields. Tubercles and setae small, black, inconspicuous. This delicate larva was lost like the former ones, but another was collected at the same place. Stage V.— Head as before, but the strigose brown markings are pale; width 2.1 mm. Body as before but all white shaded, the stig- matal line concolorous with the others and all the lines but a little whiter than the body. Segmentary subventral blotches on joints 2 to 9, partly pale brown, partly dark, Feet brown shaded; spiracles brown. Tubercles and setae as before. Larvae on Ceanothus on the foothills back of Golden, Colorado, collected in July. Moths collected at the same place showed considerable noted One of them is scarcely distinguishable from D. bifilata Hulst, and I can construct a good series of specimens leading to this species D. bipfilata is, therefore, probably only another variety variability, as above. from the moth that laid the eggs. of this variable species. A. SMITH & SONS, 146-145 WILLIAM ST., New York. A JOINTED FOLDING NET MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other articles are being added, Send for List. Pe CHE: A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY [Established in 1874 } Vol. 9, No. 320 DECEMBER, 1902 CONTENTS GrouP CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. HI. Scudder . 5 ; : : : 3 ° A SIMPLIFIED SPREADING-BOARD.—,James G. Needham. Lire Histories OF NoRTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. XXXVIII.— Harrison G. Dyar. : ¢ : : 5 6 0 CoccIDAE AND ALEURODIDAE. — Vernon L. Kellogg 2 : THE PUPA OF MERMIRIA TEXANA BRUNER. — 7. D. A. Cockerell. NoTES a 3 ; INDEX TO NAMES OF INSECTS. [TirLE PAGE AND TABLE OF CONTENTS. ] PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CaMBRIDGE, [Boston] Mass., U.S. A. VI— Samuel qs} YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $s. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 20 ec. {Entered as second class mail matter] PSYCHE. 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TERMS CASH —STRICTLY IN ADVANCE, Jz Only thoroughly respectable advertisements will be allowed in PSYCHE. The editors reserve the right to reject advertisements. Subscribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects for exchange or desired for study, zof for cash, free at the discretion of the editors, Regular style of advertisements plain, at the follow jug rates : — Outside Inside Page. Pages. Per line, first insertion, . 2 - $0.10 $0.08 Kighth page, first insertion, . 75 60 Quarter “ a oT AS F c 1.25 1.00 Half - be 2.25% 1.75 One i ie 4 4.00 3.50 wach subsequent insertion one-half the above rates, Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A. >bscriptions also received in Europe by R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carlstrasse 11, Berlin N. W. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present. The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB: Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. 1.00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of NEW England. Boston, 1858. 1.50 Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in- sects of America. Cambridge,1885,8p., 1 plate .50 Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. . ° c S a . - 1.00 Scudder, S.H. ‘The pine-moth of Nan- tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. +25 Scudder, S. H. ‘The fossil butterflies of Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 . 1.00 Scudder, S. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant. 9 plates. Philadelphia, 1894. “ 2205 Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 43-44- Stettin, 1882-1883. 2.00 U. S, Entomological Commission, a ourth Resa Washington, 1885 : 4 2.00 Address Epirors oF PsycHrE, Cambridge, Mass THE ELEMENTS OF INSECT ANATOMY. An outline for the use of students in entomological labora tories. By Comstock AND KELLOGG. A practical guide for laboratory work in entomology by college classes, including the study of the external and internal anatomy of insects and the comparative anatomy of the mouthparts and wings together with the methods of insect histology. It is used as a text-book in Cornell University, Stanford University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Illinois, Washington State Agricul- tural College, University of Kansas, Texas State Agricul- tural College, and numerous other universities and agricul- tural colleges. 145 pp. bound in brown-gray buckram Price $1.00. Address, Comstock PustisH1nG Co., Ithaca, N. Y. Sie Er Ey. GROUP CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUT- TERFLIES — VI. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, Tribe EUMAEINI. Butterfly: crassated, the club hardly distinct, taper- ing apically; last joint of palpi nearly as stout as middle joint ; third superior sub- costal nervule of fore wings simple; Antennae gradually in- upper of the two veins closing the cell of the apical armature of fore tarsi of male the same as in Theclini. Males with no discal patch of special scales. “gg: Unknown. Caterpillar at birth: Un- known. Mature Caterpillar: Cylindrical, the head fully half as broad as the body ; highest portions of body occupying the same obsolete, lower complete ; posterior half of each segment; body clothed with hairs the more important of which are clustered upon longitudinal series of fleshy bosses. Chrysalis: Dermal appendages composed of equal compressed twisted ribands, tapering only at the extreme tip. Tribe THECLINI. Butterfly: Club of antennae distinct, usually unequal throughout ; last joint of palpi far slenderer than middle joint ; third superior subcostal nervule of fore wings simple; both of the two veins closing the cell of same subobsolete ; last tarsal joint of fore legs of male with a pair of spines differing from the others only in being larger and curved. Males with a discal patch of special scales on fgg: As much depressed above as truncate below, the micropylic pit very deep, the central depressed area rarely including as much as half the entire width of the egg. Caterpillar at birth: Head noticeably narrower than fore wings. the body; last three abdominal seg- ments fused. ature caterpillar : Head one third or more the width of the body, highest portion of body segments at or behind the middle, the. posterior slope the more abrupt; body coarsely pilose, the hairs longer along the ridges of the body. Chrysalis: Dermal appendages consisting of cylindrical equal tapering only at the tip. hairs Tribe LyCaENINI. Butterfly: Club of antennae distinct, usually equal throughout ; third superior subcostal nervule forked; spines on under side of tarsi comparatively few and ranged in pretty regular series. 424 Males with no discal patch of special fgg: as truncate below, the micropylic pit scales. As much depressed above relatively shallow, the central depressed area including at least half of the entire width. Caterpillar at birth: Head near- ly or quite as broad as the body; last two abdominal segments fused. JZature caterpillar: Head less than one fourth the width of the body ; posterior portions of body segments slightly elevated ; body covered with stellate piliferous papillae. Chrysalis: Dermal appendages consist- ing of uniformly tapering cylindrical hairs. Tribe CHRYSOPHANINI, Butterfly: Club of antennae distinct, usually equal throughout; third inferior subcostal nervule forked; spines on under side of tarsi numerous and clus- Males with no discal patch of special scales. tered irregularly at the sides. gg: Domed, much less depressed above than truncate below; angles of cells Caterpillar at birth: Head nearly or quite as broad scarcely or not prominent. as body; eighth abdominal segment not fused with others. Mature-caterpillar: Head one half or nearly one half the width of the body; highest portions of body segments at or in front of the mid- dle of the segments, the anterior slope the more abrupt ; body clothed uniformly with short pile, or with longer hairs (sometimes springing from bosses) ar- ranged transversely. Chrysalis: Dermal appendages short fungiform. PSYCHE. (December, 1902 Subfamily PIERINAE. Butterfly: Antennae straight. Median nervure of fore wings with three branches; hind wings partially enclos- ing the abdomen. Fore tibiae with no epiphysis; each of the claws bifid; paronychia generally present. Usually of medium size. gg: Tall and slender, greatly tapering above and often below so as to have a slender base, vertically ribbed and trellised throughout. Cater- pillar at birth: “ead free with a retro- arcuate posterior dorsal curve. Body cylindrical, with ranged papillae each supporting a single appendage. Mature caterpillar: Head free, scarcely if at all smaller than the succeeding segment, with a posteriorly descending surface as in infancy. Body nearly uniform clothed abundantly with small briefly piliferous papillae and generally longitudinally striped; no osmateria on thoracic seg- ments. Chrysalis: ending in a single central conical pro- jection thrust some distance in advance of the base of the antennae, and without ocellar protuberances. Dorsal surface of the abdomen ridged, if at all, along the mediodorsal line; ze. single. Girt crossing the middle of the first abdom- inal segment. Anterior extremity Tribe RHODOCERINI. Butterfly: Club of antennae gradually incrassated, cylindrical, apically truncate; palpi very short and moderately stout, the apical joint minute; third subcostal nervule of fore wings with a long fork; December, 1902] precostal nervure of hind wings short or wanting; middle tibiae shorter than the femora in the male; eighth abdom- inal segment of male posteriorly pro- duced above. gg: Tapering at base almost as much as above, rounded at each end, vertical ribs numerous, slight. Caterpillar at birth: appendages laterodorsal, conspicuously longest at the extremities of the body. Mature caterpillar: Piliferous papillae subequal, or if very unequal the larger arranged on abdominal Uppermost ranged segments in transverse series. Body moderately stout, tapering forward, the segments divided into six sections, the head smaller than any part of the body. Chrysalis: Wing cases decidedly protuberant ventrally, the tongue and antennae not nearly reaching the uncovered part of the abdomen; prominences of body gener- ally rounded, the head well distinguished by its curves from the frontal projection. Tribe ANTHOCHARINI. Butterfly: Club of antennae and palpi as in Pierini; third subcostal nervule of fore wing forked near the middle; pre- costal nervure of hind wing straight ; middle tibiae shorter than femora; eighth abdominal segment of male pos- teriorly produced above. Lgg: Taper- ing but little below, the base truncate and summit rounded; vertical ribs com- paratively few and distinct. Caterpillar at birth: Uppermost arranged appen- dages below the laterodorsal line, all of nearly equallength. Mature caterpillar: 1ASI ACTEM Fe 425 Piliferous papillae of unequal size and on abdominal segments the larger ar- ranged only in longitudinal series. Body very slender, scarcely tapering forward, the segments divided into seven sections and the head much broader than high. Chrysalis: Wing cases decidedly pro- tuberant ventrally, the tongue and anten- nae not nearly reaching the uncovered part of the abdomen; prominences of body rounded, the frontal projection often of excessive length with no sepa- rate curve from the head. Tribe PIERINI. Butterfly: Club of antennae depressed, distinct, subspatulate; palpi very slen- der, elongate, the last joint long; third subcostal nervule of four wings forked at extreme tip; precostal nervure of hind wings bent strongly outward; mid- dle tibiae at least as long as femora; posterior margin of eighth abdominal segment of male entire or notched above. fgg: Tapering but little below, base truncate; summit distinctly truncate, vertical ribs not very numerous, sharp and distinct. Caterpillar at birth: Upper- most ranged appendages laterodorsal, all appendages of nearly uniform length. Mature caterpillar: Piliferous papillae of unequal size and on abdominal seg- ments the larger arranged only in longi- tudinal series. Body comparatively stout, scarcely tapering forward, the segments divided into six sections and the head scarcely or not at all broader than high. Chrysalis: Wing cases not ventrally 426 protuberant, the tongue and antennae reaching the uncovered part of abdo- men; carinae often raised to sharp pro- jections. Subfamily PAPILIONINAE. Butterfly: Antennae more or less arcuate. Median nervure of fore wings with four branches; hind wings not enclosing the abdomen, often plaited on the inner margin. Fore tibiae with a distinct epiphysis on the inner side ; each of the claws simple and long ; par- onychia lacking. Usually of large size. Egg: Spheroidal or oblate spheroidal, at most scarcely higher than broad, gen- erally broader than high, all surface structure, when visible, reticulate. Cat erpillar at birth: Mead with no retro- arcuate posterior dorsal curve, but par- tially covered by a fold of the segment behind. Body more or less angulated at the lateral line with ranged papillae most or all supporting several append- ages. Mature caterpillar: Head much smaller than the ments, more or less covered posteriorly, where there is no retroarcuate dorsal curve, by a fold of the segment behind. Body frequently enlarged at the hinder succeeding seg- end of the thoracic region, nearly naked or with longitudinally ranged fleshy fila- ments, or bristly mamillae, occasionally with transversely ranged piliferous papil- lae ; generally transversely marked or saddled with sharply contrasted colors, or where longitudinally marked it is by serial spots and not by stripes; a Y- PSYCHE. [ December, 1902 shaped osmaterium on first thoracic seg- ment. Chrysalis: Anterior extremity ending in a pair of projections — the ocellar prominences — thrust some dis- tance in front of the antennae, or with rounded front not projecting beyond the base of the antennae, occasionally (in exotic types) with a double knob of hooks. ridged if at all on the laterodorsal line ; i.e.double. Girt crossing the middle of the metathorax. Dorsal surface of the abdomen Tribe PARNASSINI. Butterfly: ast joint of palpi long; wings rounded, in our species entire, the subcostal nervure of fore wings with Egg: Very oblate spherical, deeply and profusely Caterpillar at birth: Bristles of body spiculiferous not apically ex- Mature cater-~ three superior branches.* punctate. panded but truncate. pillar: bearing bristly hairs or clothed with Body with ranged tubercles bristly hairs massed in distinct regions. Chrysalis : sometimes enclosed in a cocoon, Or With no frontal projections, attached (in Thais) by the anterior extremity. Tribe PAPILIONINI. Butterfly : ute; wings subfalcate, the hind pair Last joint of palpi min- usually tailed, the subcostal nervure of fore wings with four superior branches. Egg: Nearly spheroidal, with scarcely *These characters do not hold for the entire group, out- side of America, where it is less developed. December, 1902] Caterpillar at spiculif- perceptible reticulation. birth: Bristles of body erous, apically enlarged or flaring. Mature caterpillar: Body naked except for scanty and excessively short almost not microscopic hairs, occasionally provided with fleshy filaments. Chrysalis: With a pair of frontal projections, hanging freely by tail and mid-girth only. Family HESPERIDAE. Tribe HESPERINI. Butterfly: Tail of antennal club nearly or quite as long as club proper ; abdomen generally shorter than hind wings. Males with a costal fold on fore wings concealing special scales, and with a corneous sheath protecting the extended alimentary canal. Agg: Sub- spherical, vertically ribbed and cross lined. Caterpillar at birth: Bristles of last segment only a little longer than the Mature stout others, not recurved. cater- pillar: Body and plump; highest points of the two sides of the head more distant from each other than the length of the base of the frontal triangle. Chrysalis: ‘Tongue case not protruding beyond the tip of relatively the wing cases. Tribe PAMPHILINI. Butterfly: Tail of antennal club shorter than the club proper, occasion- ally wanting; abdomen as long as or surpassing the hind wings. Males often with a velvety oblique streak on the PSYCHE, disk of the fore wings, the alimentary canal not prolonged. gg: Usually subhemispherical, with smooth or ob- scurely reticulate Cater pit- lar at birth: Some of the bristles of last segment exceptionally long and Mature caterpillar : very elongate ; highest points of the two sides of the head no farther apart than the length of the base of the frontal Chrysalis: Tongue case free at tip, protruding beyond the wings. surface. recurved. Body triangle. A SIMPLIFIED SPREADING BOARD. Some entomological friends who have vis- ited my laboratory recently have been unex- pectedly interested in a means of setting and spreading the wings of insects that I have employed for a good while, and have asked that I should describe it. I am constrained to do so, not because the old form of grooved board with cork backing is unsatisfactory, but because my board is simpler, cheaper and can be made in a moment by any one. It is better, too, in some respects and for some kinds of insects, and I now use it almost altogether. It consists of a thin piece of smooth board of soft wood with rows of awl holes punched through it, fastened flatwise upon another That is all The piece with the holes in it thin board of the same size. there is to it. should be of a thickness equal to one fourth the length of the pin. To use, the pin is thrust through the insect nearly to the head, inverted, and pushed head downward to the bottom of one of the holes, and the wings are expanded and pinned down under strips of paper in the usual way, but in the inverted position. Its advantages over the old, grooved board are : — 1. Its cheapness and compactness. 2. It can be readily made of any size or shape. 3. It will hold twice as many insects for a given area. 4. It automatically places the specimen at the proper height on the pin. 5. Less time is required to set an insect, because the body does not have to stand in a definite relation to a groove. 6. Legs, antennae, abdominal stylets, etc., tend to lie out flat on the board, and do not PSYCHE. (December, 1902 hang down in the way of pin labels: the legs are readily arranged with great advantage for seeing tibiai spurs, etc. It has its limitations in the setting of insects with dorsal crests, or with dorsal tufts of hairs, which are not to be flattened out. The simple expedient of turning the insect over for setting obviates the necessity for the groove: and after spreading on an _ undi- vided surface for a while, one comes to regard the groove a nuisance. James G. Needham. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE.— XXXVIII. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, Paleacrita vernata Peck. This well known larva, first described by Peck in 1796 and referred to in all works on economic ento- mology, occurred in the Platte Canyon, Colorado, numerously on a bush of wild cherry, which was defoliated. The larvae were not seen elsewhere and were massed on one tree, not scattered as was Alsophila pometaria, which occurred in the same can- yon. Egg.— Elliptical, evenly rounded, one di- ameter considerably less but not flattened ; one end slightly depressed, the other rather distinctly truncate; reticulations broad, rounded, rather ill-defined, the cell areas however forming distinct saucer shaped pits in longitudinal rows; truncate end nearly smooth ; sordid yellow, subtranslucent, ap- pearing soft-shelled, sometimes irregularly shaped, somewhat iridescent; size .8 X .6 X .5mm. Laid in a mass probably in a crack in the bark or similar situation. Stage [—Head rather small, rounded, flattish before, not higher than joint 2; dull dark brown, epistoma and setae pale; width about .3 mm. Body normal, rather robust, not elongated ; a broad dark brown subdorsal band and narrow dorsal line, the whitish space between irregular and cut by the annu- let incisures; subventral fold broadly pale; venter shaded in brown but leaving the tuber- cles pale. Feet shaded in ,luteous brown, normal ; setae short, white, rather stiff. Stage II.— Head bilobed, erect, flat before, dull black, whitish across the clypeus, in a streak each side and on epistoma; width .4 Body normal, rather short and thick, a little flattened. annulate. mm. Black, not shining, sub- A geminate, white, dorsal line, slightly dotted and broken, irregular; a fine white lateral line, near to, and partly joined by obscure streaks to a broad white line on subventral fold, streaked on the annulets; spiracles in white patches; a few white dots subventrally. Feet dark, the abdominal ones white streaked outwardly, the thoracic ones pale in the joints. Joint 12 slightly angularly enlarged dorsally. Setae short, black, rather stiff. - Stage /I17—Head bilobed, erect, flat be- fore ; luteous brown to black, with two trans- verse, dotted, white streaks, one at the apex of clypeus, the other between the eyes; epistoma pale; width .6 mm. Body moder- December, 1902] ate, normal, not elongate; black, not shining, marked in white as before, the lines all nar- row, dotted, somewhat broken; joint 12 a little enlarged, the addorsal line widened on it ; anal feet projecting laterally. Noshields ; tubercles and setae obscure, their bases a little enlarged, making the surface of the body somewhat irregular; traces of a sub- dorsal line; abdominal feet pale dotted out- wardly. Stage IV.— Head dull black, white dotted, the upper faces of the lobes nearly solidly black, but many dots across clypeus in two transverse bands ; width 1.1 mm. Body dull black with fine, broken, addorsal and more continuous but narrow substigmatal white lines ; traces of the other lines as dottings. Tubercles small, slightly elevated; setae short; black. Cervical shield, anal plate and feet slightly brownish diluted; no corn- ified shields. Segments wrinkly subannu- late. Stage V.— Head broad, erect, roundedly bilobed ; sordid white in ground color, a CocciDAE AND ALEURODIDAE.— Two pa- pers, embodying contributions to our knowl- edge of the Coccidae and Aleurodidae, have just been completed in the laboratory of en- tomology at Stanford University. The pa- pers are of such size that some time must elapse before their publication, so that an immediate brief statement of their contents will probably be of interest to entomologists, “Coccidae of Coniferae” is the title of a paper by Geo. A. Coleman, based on material col- lected by the author in the summer of gor, in the course of a trip on foot and horseback of a thousand miles through the great con- iferous forests of Northern California. This expedition was made for the express purpose of gathering specimens and notes for a study of the conifer-infesting scale insects. Mr. Coleman collected 22 species of Coccidae from 26 species of conifers, ten of the species PSYCHE. 429 black band on the vertex, one across apex of clypeus, broken, one above mouth, irregular and with dots between; width 1.5 to 1.8 mm. Body smooth, rather robust, normal, not elongate ; setae and tubercles minute except tubercle ii of joint 12 which is elevated. Color Dark gray, finely lined. Thoracic feet red-brown or black. Body lines addorsal, subdorsal, lateral and stigma- tal, the addorsal ones enclosing black spots, or a continuous black space or broken up by red and white dots. Ground color dark purplish shaded with black laterally and sub- ventrally and with reddish stigmatally; a dark swelling behind the spiracle; substig- matal line usually yellow, narrow, distinct ; other lines more or less broken and dotted ; all the surface finely dotted and mottled. Feet sometimes reddish. The larvae entered the earth May 24th and emerged the following March. Eggs were obtained which hatched March 24th and the larvae matured again before the end of May. variable. being described-as new. Of these ten, im- mature stages of four are described, and the complete life history of one. The paper also includes a compiled list of the Coccidae re- corded from the Coniferae of the world, and a host list with distribution. There are in- cluded also notes on the economic status of the conifer-infesting scales. “Aleurodidae of California” is a paper by Mrs. Florence E. Dorsey which describes twenty new species of aleurodids found in California, thus increasing the number of known N. A. species in this family from 40 to 60. In the case of every one of these 20 new species the immature stages have been studied by the author and are described in detail. It is unnecessary to say that these accounts of the post-embryonic life history of so many aleurodid species constitute a really important contribution to our knowls 430 edge of a problem of much biological interest. Mrs. Dorsey summarizes her observations in a special discussion of aleurodid develop- ment. A list with references, together with an analytical table, of all the North American PSYCHE. (December, 1g02 species of the family are given. The paper is unusually well supplied with drawings, in which work Mrs. Dorsey has been aided by Mary Wellman, scientific artist. Vernon L. Kellog, ia pus THE PUPA OF MERMIRIA TEXANA BRUNER. BY T. D. A. COECKRELL, EAST LAS VEGAS, N. MEX. Orthopterists have not usually paid much attention to the pupae of grass- hoppers; partly, no doubt, because they rarely offer any remarkable characters, and partly because they often shrivel and colors, when pinned in the cabinet. The pupa of Mermiria texana, now described, is a lose their natural very striking and beautiful creature when alive, and it seems well worth while to present an account of it. @. Length 34-36 mm., antennae 1o$ mm., dorsal surface of head 54 mm., pronotum 54 mm., tegmina 8 mm., end of tegmina to tip of abdomen 16-18 femur 16 mm., tibia breadth of thorax 4mm. 21 spines on outer margin of hind tibia. Brown of various shades, with pure white longitu- dinal stripes; top of head with a broad median longitudinal pale sepia band, on each side of this a broad pale apricot or red- dish-ocherous band, clouded with pale gray, and externally bordered with white, the white border running through mm., I5 mm., narrowly edged with darker; the upper edge of the eye; next to this a broad dark sepia band, also bordered below with white; then a dilute gray band, marbled with lighter veins and at its lower part spotted with darker; this lower spotted part bordered below with white; running from below the eye, bordering on the lateral carinae of the face, is a pale reddish-ochreous band. Eye gray, its upper part spotted, its lower part striped with grayish-white. Face gray mottled with blackish, the median carinae pale. Antennae a warm brown, distinctly triquetrous towards base, not nearly so broad as the shorter diameter of the eye. The prothorax continues the longitudinal markings of the head, but the median zone, is mot- tled with dark gray, and its ground-color is inclined to purple, with the median carina, which is very distinct; is indi- cated by a pale line. The subdorsal dark band passes backwards along the thorax and abdomen, crossing the teg- mina, which thus have their lower half dark and the upper a light warm reddish- ochreous. On the sides of the thorax the dark band is broadly bordered below by white; but on the abdomen it is nar- row, and is bordered above by white. December, 1902] The abdomen is strongly keeled dorsally, the region of the keel being purplish, somewhat mottled, and changing into light ochreous above the white (inter- rupted) subdorsal lines. Sides of abdo- men mottled with purplish and dull white. Femora with an ochreous line above, and a white line at the sides Tibiae pale pur- plish, mottled with pink at sides, with a Spines rosy, marking the ridges. dark gray stripe beneath. tipped with black. 2. Green form. Similar but apple green in place of brown, and hardly any mottling; median zone of head and pro- thorax a dull emerald green, not mottled. Lateral band a deep olive-green, the white edging very distinct and beautiful. Ground-color of tibiae pale bluish. ffab. Las Vegas Hot Springs, N. M., July 11, 1899. (W. Porter and S. Mize.) I give also a brief description of the adult from the same place: Nores.— Carabus nemoralis Miill. is taken not uncommonly at Cambridge, Mass. Other North American records are Hudson’s Bay, St. John, N. B., and Maine. In Caterpillars and their moths (New York. The Century Company, 1902), Miss Eliot and Miss Soule record their long and varied ex- periences in the rearing of moths. Chapters one to six, pages 3-66, deal with appliances, structure, habits, methods of care, preserva- tion, note-taking, etc.; and chapters seven to seventeen, pages 69-299, are devoted to more or less detailed life histories of a num- ber of common moths, chiefly sphingine and bombycine. The text, with the exception of the part re- PSYCHE. 431 ?. Like the pupa, but colors grayer, not so reddish; hind tibiae coral red. Tegmina blackish with a yellowish-white subcostal stripe and another stripe in the median field, beginning abruptly just be- low the middle of the tegmen; a longi- tudinal ochreous stripe along the lower margin continuous and concolorous with the subdorsal stripes of the thorax. Wings tinged with yellowish, apical third dusky. 17 spines on outer mar- gin of hind tibia. Measurements in mm.: antenna, 16, vertex 54, pronotum 63%, tegmina 30, end of pronotum to tip of abdomen 294, hind femur 214, hind tibia 194. (Aug. ro, 1899. W. Porter). The adult was kindly determined by Mr. Scudder. only among Agave; Brunner found the species it did not occur near or upon Agave at Las Vegas Hot Springs. appreciably shorter than types. The tegmina in our form are in Bruner’s lating to structure, is quite satisfactory so far as facts are concerned, but from a literary standpoint it lacks simplicity. The collo- quialness of the style and the frequent use of “One of Us,” six times on a single page, is especially displeasing, The illustrations are from photographs by Miss Edith Eliot and show the caterpillars and spread moths of most of the species treated. Those of the caterpillars are uni- formly good, while those of the moths are more uneven as properly spread specimens were not always selected for illustration. The index even as a list of names is inade- quate and the rendering of some of the scien- tific names shows careless proof reading. = oo iS PSYCHE. (December, 1902 Guide to the Genera and Classification of the Orthoptera of North America north of Mexico. By SaMUEL H. SCUDDER. go pp. 8°. Contains keys for the determination of the higher groups as well as the (nearly 200) genera of our Orthoptera, study. E. W. WHEELER, with full bibliographical aids to further Sent by mail on receipt of price ($1.00). 30 BoyLsSTON STREET, CAMBRIDGE, MAss. A. SMITH & SONS, 146-148 WILLIAM ST., New York. A wiaine NET MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS, Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc. Other articles are being added, Send fer List, Published by Henry Holt & Co., New York. Scudder’s Brief Guide to the Com- moner Butterflies. By SAMuEL H. Scupper. 12mo. $1.25. An introduction, for the young student, to the names and something of the relationship and lives of our commoner butterflies. The author has selected for treatment the butter- flies, less than one hundred in number, which would be almost surely met with by an in- dustrious collector in a course of a year’s or two year’s work in our Northern States east of the Great Plains, and in Canada. While all the apparatus necessary to identify these butterflies, in their earlier as well as perfect stage, is supplied, it is far from the author’s purpose to treat them as if they were so many mere postage-stamps to be classified and ar- ranged in a cabinet. He has accordingly added to the descriptions of the different spe- cies, their most obvious stages, some of the curious facts concerning their periodicity and their habits of life. xi + 206 pp. Scudder’s The Life of a Butterfly. A Chapter in Natural History for the General Reader. By SaAMuEL H. ScuppErR. 186 pp. 16mo. $1.00. In this book the author has tried to present in untechnical language the story of the life of one of our most conspicuous American butterflies. At the same time, by introduc- ing into the account of its anatomy, devel- opment, distribution, enemies, and seasonal changes some comparisons with the more or less dissimilar structure and life of other but- terflies, and particularly of our native forms, he has endeavored to give, in some fashion and in brief space, a general account of the lives of the whole tribe. By using a single butterfly as a special text, one may discourse at pleasure of many; and in the limited field which our native butterflies cover, this meth- od has a certain advantage from its simplicity and directness. INDEX TO NAMES OF INSECTS. Abbotana clemataria, 142. Achorutes armatus, 159f.; den- tatus, 320; diversiceps, 317; harveyi, 316f.; nivicola, 315f.; packardi, 316f.; socialis, 317; spinifer, 317; tullbergi, 162; viaticus, 161f. Aclerda japonica, 402. Acmaeodera disjuncta, 378; sealaris, 379; sparsa, ate Acmaeops pratensis, 3 Acridium alutaceurit rubiginosum, 105. Adranes lecontei, 4f. Aeoloplus regalis, 64. Agallia anomala, 127; balli, 152; barretti, 128; cinerea, 128; clitellaria, 127; heydei, 126) 152; iconspicua, 128, ; lyrata, reas 152; mexi- ae 126, 152; modesta, 126, 152; novella, 127; ocu- lata, 127; peregrinans, 128, 182; producta, 126f., 152% 4-notata, 126; 4—punctata, 126f.; reticulata, 127; san- guinolenta, 128; tenella, 127. Ageneotettix deorum, 95. Agraulis, 407, 415; passi- florae, 415. Agrioytpus, 377. Aleurodes citri, 311. Aleurodidae, 429. Alexeter canaliculatus, 148. Alpha cinerea, 95. Alsophila pometaria, 262, 428. Amara brunnipennis, 150; remotestriata, 150. Amblychila, 393. Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 103f. ; rotundifolia, 103f. Amphitor nus ornatus, 95, Anarta melanopa, 347. Ancistrocerus bustamenti, 186; 6-cingulatus, 185. Andrena albopicta, 284 ; anograe, 284; apacheorum, 164; birtwelli, 283f.; con- vexa, 284; frigida, 284; lapponica, 284; merriami, 284; washingtoni, 284. “105 ; Anobium deceptum, 66; ovale, 66. Anopheles 4—maculatus, 191. Anoplaspis, 72. Anosia, 381f.; plexippus, 382. Aunthicus melancholicus, 3f. Anthidium paroselae, 94. Anthocharini, 425. Anthonomus albopilosus, 380 ; grandis, 324. Anthophora smithii, 283. Anthrax catulina, 346. Antonina crawi, 70; purpurea, 71; socialis, 402. Anurida granaria, 159f.; mari- tima, 161; tullbergi, 161. Anurophorus laricis, 161. Apaturini, 416. Aphaenogaster aquia, 5; fulva, 237, 260f., 271, 367 ; lamellidens, 287; mariae, 237; tennesseensis, 237, 262, 271; treatae, 237. Aphodius anthracinus,151. Aphorura armata, 159; iner- mis, 159. Apion tenuirostrum, varicorne, 380. Apithes agitator, 105. Apostraphia, 406f., 413; chari- thonia, 413. Arctophila flagrans, 149. Arcyptera gracilis, 105; eata, 105; platyptera, 105. Arethaea brevicauda, 381; earita, 381. Argynnini, 416. Argynnis electa, 186; eury- nome, 186. cardui, 282; 380 ; lin- Arphia sulphurea, 101f. ; xanthoptera, 1OIf. Aspidiotus ancylus, 403 ; articulatus, 402f. 3 en 402f.; camelliae, 72 ; candi- dulus, 403; eryptoxanthus, 71, 403; fernaldi, 403; forbesi, 403; hederae, 403; lataniae, 72; orientalis, 403 ; personatus, 402f.; rapax, 154; sp., 408; yuccarum, 403: zonatus, 71. Asterodiospis pustulans, 404. Asterolecanium bambusae, 404; japonicum, 71, 403; pustulans, 404; variolosum, 403f. Asynarchus costalis, 286, Athous cribratus, 151. Atinus monilicornis, 5. Atlanticus dorsalis, 104f.; pachymerus, 104f., 119. Atta 8-spinosa, 2388; tardi- grada, 238. Attacus angulifera, 225, 252, Db Atlas eoater ceanothi, 252; cecropli 1, 72, 224f., 255; crameri, poe edw ane 322; gloveri, 252, 255; pro- methea, 225, 252, 255, 411f. Attelabus bipustulatus, 380. Aulacaspis elegans, 118, 154, 402; rosae, 154. Basilarchia arthemis, 393. Batrachidea carinata, 106; cristata, 106. Batrachidinae, 7. Batrisus fossicauda, 3f.; front- alis, 4; globosus, 4. Bembidium dyschirinum, 303; incertum, 150. Blastobasis coccivorella, 84. Blatta germanica, 100f. Blepharocera ancilla, 41; cap- itata, 41, 166. Bombus appositus, 272, 282 ; couperi, 163; derhamellus, 163; frigidus, 163; juxtus, 163; proximus, 163; p. how- ardi, 163; putnami, 163; ternarius, 163. Bootettix argentatus, 95. Borborus equinus, 847 ; geni- culatus, 347. Brachymyrmex depilis, 261, 347 ; heeri, 234, 245. Brenthis helena, 186. Bruchophagus herrerae, 524. Bruchus amicus, 379; semi- nualum, 379. Bruneria shastana, 95, Bunaea aleynoe, 280; dusa, 280. Butalis basilaris, 11. phae- 434 Calligrapha serpentina, 379. Calliphora vomitoria, 150. Callosamia promethea, 15f. Calocampe undulata, 9. Caloptenus bivittatus, 105; femur rubrum, 105; pune- tulatus, 105. Calosaturnia mendocino, 321. Camnula pellucida, 101f., 124. Camponotus americanus, 261, 270; baeviatus, 261; casta- neus, 111, 234, 261; hercu- leanus, 222, 260f., 270, 367£.; hildebrandti, 223; laeviga- tus, 270; ligniperdus, 232, 260f., 367; maculatus, 367; marginatus, 234, 248, 260, 367; minutus, 261; nearcti- cus, 261, 270, 367; pennsyl- vanicus, 222, 234, 260f., 270f.; pictus, 234, 260f., 270f., 368; pubescens, 234; sp., 260; vicinus, 547, 367. Camptobrochis grandis, 164; sp. 164. Cantharis nuttalli, 151. Carabus nemoralis, 431, taeda- tus oregonensis, 150. Carneades ochrogaster, 125. Catolaccus cerealellae, 345. Centrinus acuminatus, 380. Ceophyllus monilis, 4f. Cephalelus infumatus, 327. Ceratomia amyntor, 7f. Cerchysius sp., 84. Ceropales fraterna, 185. Ceroplastes cirripediformis, 402; depressus, 402; flori- densis, 402f.; irregularis, 402; myricae, 402f. Ceuthophilus brevipes, 104f.; maculatus, 104f.; neglectus, 104.; terrestris, 104. Chauliognathus — limbicollis, 379. Cheilosia hoediana, 346; occi- dentalis, 346; tristis, 346. Chionaspis americana, 117, 402; braziliensis, 402; citri, 408f.; furfurus, 117f., 404; ortholobis, 117; pinifoliae, 117; sp., 403. Chionobas chryxus, 272. Chironomus sp., 247f. Chlaenius sericeus, 150. Chlamys plicata, 379. Chloealtis conspersa, 101f.; punctulata, 105; viridis, 105. PSYCHE. Chlorotettix galbinata, unicolor, 171f. Choreutis occidentalis, 347. Chorizagrotis agrestis, 347. Chorophyllum, 6. Chortophaga _ viridifasciata, 101£. Chrysobothris carinipennis, 378, debilis ; 378. Chrysomphalus aonidum, 405f. ; scutiformis, 72. Chrysopa bimaculata, 215f. ; externa, 216. Chrysophanini, 424. Chrysophanus helloides, 186. Chrysotoxum derivatum, 149. Cicindela, 393 ; sperata, 378. Cicindelidae, 393. Cidaphurus alticola, spinosus, 148. Cingilia catenaria, 250. Circotettix carlinianus, 136f, ; lobatus, 136f.; maculatus, 136f. ; occidentalis, 137f. ; perplexus, 187f.; shastanus, 187f.; sparsus, 141; suffu- sus, 137f.; thalassinus, 136f. ; undulatus, 124, 137f.; verruculatus, 102f.; 135f. Cladonotinae, 6. Clematodes larreae, 167. Climacia, 378. Clisiocampa fragilis, 164. Clothilla pulsatoria, 342. Coccidae, 144, 429. Coccinella 9-notata, 803 ; ocu- lata, 378 ; transversoguttata, 303. Coenomympha ochracea, 186. Colaenis, 407, 414; delia, 415; julia, 414. Coleophora sp., 272. Colias eurytheme, 186; scud- deri, 128; s. flavotincta, 186. Colletes nigrifrons, 283. Connophron capillosulum, 4f.; clavicorne, 5; longipenne, 5; pallidum, 4. Conocephalus ensiger, 103f. ; robustus, 103f; triops, 103. Coptoeycla aurichalcea, 379 ; clavata, 579. Cordylura vittipes, 346. Coryphista badiaria, 396. Coscinoptera axillaris, 379. Cosmocoma elegans, 84. Crambus dumetellus, 164. 173; 148 ; (December, rgo2 Cratoparis arcessitus, 67. Cremastochilus harrisii, 4 ; knochii, 5; saucius, 5. Cremastogaster ashmeadii, 238; coarctata, 347; lineo- lata, 238, 262, 271, 367; mor- monum, 347; olinelata, 5; punctulata, 347; scutellaris, 238 ; sp., 245. Crocota aurantiaca cornis, 164. Crossidius pulchellus, 379. Crypticerya plucheae, 175; > townsendi, 175t. Cryptocephalus quadrimacu- latus, 379; spurcus, 379. Cryptocercus punctulata, 288. Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 393. Cryptus proximus, 147. Culex impiger, 149, 272. Cyllobelus australis, 334 ; chi- onogaster, 3354. Cyphodeira albinos, 115. Cyphoderris monstrosa, 167. Cyrtophyllus coneavus, 106 ; perspicillatus, 105f., 179. Cyrptopogon callipedilus, 149, 346. Cytilus dormiscens, 66; trivit- tatus, 151. brevi- Dactylopius citri, 154; dasy- lirii, 403; longispinus, 117f.; 154, 402f.; minima, 154, nipae, 154. Dasyllis flavicollis, 399f.; gros- sa, 399f.; posticata, 400. Deidamia inscripta, 240. Deilephila lineata, 8. Deilinia bifilata, 420; carnea- via, 419; falcataria, 419; perpallidaria, 419; quadra- ria, 383. Deltocephalus affinis, 178, 348; melsheimerii, 171f., 348; mi- nimus, 172f., 348; minkii, 173; oculatus, 173; sylves- tris, 173. Dendroctonus piceaperda en- gelmanni, 303; terebrans, 380. Derotmema saussureanum, 76. Desmoglyptus crenatus, 380. Diabrotica tricincta, 151. Diapheromera carolina, 187f.; denticrus, 187f.; femorata, 100f., 187f.; mesillana, 187f.; veliei, 187f. December, 1g02] Diaspis arizonicus, 404; bois- duvalii, 401; celtidis, 404; minima, 154; sp., 405; zamiae, 402¢. Dichopetala brevicauda, 380 ; brevihastata, 381. Dichromorpha viridis, 101f., 167. Dictyna sp., 123. Dilophus tibialis, 213. Dircenna, 395, 405; klugii, 405. Discoderus parallelus, 303. Dissosteira carolina, 101f. Dorymyrmex flavus, 284f.; ni- ger, 234f.; pyramicus, 254; truncicolo pratensis, 235. Drasteria erechtea, 126, 347. Dromochorus, 593 Dryocampa rubicunda, 8, 72. Dryocoetes carbonarius, 65; impressus, 65. Dynothea, 394f.; lycaste, 595. Eacles imperialis, 299. Echinomyia hystricosa, 150. Eeiton burchelli, 285; califor- nicum, 235, 347; carolinense, 243. Ectemnius montanus, 272; par- vulus, 272. Ectobia flavoeincta, 100f; ger- manica, 105; lithophila, 105. Eleodes tricostata, 328. Ellipes minuta, 310. Empis poplitea, 149; gula, 346. Eneyrtus sp., 84. Endropia duaria, 371. Encoptolophus sordidus, 101f. Knodia portlandia, 312. Entomobrya — griseo-olivata, 161; lanuginosa, 161; luci- fuga, 363f; multifasciata, 159f. Eois inductata, 239; suavata, 106. Epelis truncataria, 298. Ephebomyrmex, 590. Epicauta, 376; caviceps, 380 ; pennsylvanica, 380; wheel- eri, 380. Epiencyrtus, sp, 84. Epitragus canaliculatus, 379. Erebia epipsodea, 186. Erigone sp., 125. Eriococcus eucalyptis, 83. Eristalis hirtus, 150; obscurus, 346. trian- PSYCHE. Euchlaena paectinria, serrata, 130. Euclemensia bassettella, 84. Eucrostis viridipennata, 287, Eudwe mendica, 189. Eugonia j-album, 87. Eulecanium caryae, 402; per- seae, 402; quercitronis, 402. Ewnaeini, 423. Eumenes, 300. Euphoeades troilus, 87. Euploeinae, 371, 381. Eupompha fissiceps, 380. Euptoieta claudia, 167, 272. Eurycotis finschiana, 100; sp., 100. Eurypronota discreta, 4. Euvanessa antiopa, 312. Euxesta nitidiventris, 353f.; notata, 353. Exomias obdurefactus, 67. 344; Feltia vancouverensis, 125. Fiorinia theae, 402. Foeninae, 360. Forticula percheroni, 99f. Formica americana, 271; dak- otensis, 357f.; difficilis, 243; exsecta, 252, 244; exsectoi- des, 3, 112, 231f., 248f., 260f., 270f., 357f.; fuliginosa, 222; fusca, 222f., 281f., 260f., 307; f. neoclara, 261; fuscata, 261, 358; gagates, 867; gnava, 271; incerta, 358; integra, 222, 243, 232f., 261, 270f., 356, 367; integroides, 112; lasioides, 261, 367; 1. picea, 261; neorufibarbis, 111f , 186; nitidiventris, 4, 261, 358; obscurifer, 232f.; obscuripes, 233, 260f., 270, 856f.; obscuriventris, 232f., 243 ; pallidefulva, 232f., 244, 261, 270f., 867; pennsylva- nica, 260, 270; pergandei, 358; pratensis, 232f., 243, 356; puberula, 112; rubi- cunda, 260f., 270f.,847,357f.; rubiginosa, 112; rufa, 112, 222, 261, 367; rufi- barbis 222; sanguinea. 222f., 231f., 244; schaufussii, 260f., 270f..358, 367; subaenescens, 261, 358; subsericea, 3, 232f., 244. 260f.. 270f., 357f., 367 ; subpolita, 261, 368 ; trunci- cola, 232f. 435 Froggattiella, 72. Galeruca externa, 151. Gargaropsis innervis, 129. Gnorimoschema sp., 272 eur ocellella, 272. Gonia capitata, 150, 346. Gossyparia ulmi, 118, Gryllotalpa borealis, 119; longipennis, 106. Gryllus abbreviatus, 104f., 291f.; angustus, 106; arma- tus, 293f.; assimilis, 268f., 204f domesticus, 104, 4 firmus, 294f.; integer, 267t., 293f.; luctuosus, 23, 104f.; neglectus, 104f.; ni- ger, 106; pennsylvanicus, 104f., 268f., 291f.; persona- tus, 205f.; rubens, 294f.; vo- calis, 267£., 296. Gynanisa isis, 279f. Gypsochroa haesitata, 59. 104f,, Hadrotettix gracilis, 67f; minor, 68; mundus, 67f.; nebulosus, 67f.; trifasciatus, 67. Haematopis grataria, 155 Halictoides maurus, 163. Halictus arcuatus, 164; dasi- phorae, 285; fasciatus, 285; gracilis, 285; hemimelas, 285; kincaidii, 164; olym- piae, 164; pectoraloides, 285; peraltus, 164, 285; ruidosensis, 286; similis, 164, 285f.; subobseurus, 285; trizonatus, 285; vega- nus, 286; vireatellus, 284f. Harmostes reflexulus, 164. Heliastus, 45; aridus, 45f.; californicus, 45f.; minimus, 46. Heliconinae, 406. Heliomata cycladata, 177. Helophilus dychei, 150. Hemerobius cockerelli, 286. Hemichionaspis aspidistrae, 154, 401. Hesperini, 427. Hesperotettix brevipennis, 102, pratensis, 63 ; speci- osus, 63. Hetaerius brunnipennis, 3. Hilara seriata, 215; wheeleri, 214f. 436 Hippiscus rugosus, 101. ; tu- berculatus, 101f. Hippodamia convergens, 151 ; sinuata, 578. Holorusia rubiginosa, 207f., 246£. Homoeusa expansa, 4. Homolophus biceps, 128 Hoplopasites productus sub- ruber, 94. Hormetica adyena, 100. Howardia biclavis, 403. Hyetodesia brunneinervis, 150 ; rufitibia, 150. Hylesinus extractus, 65f. Hyllus treleavenii, 354. Hymenitis diaphana, 395; phono, 395. Hyptiotes sp. 167. Icerya montserratensis, 402 ; rosae, 402. Iridomyrmex humilis, mecooki, 235. Ischnaspis longirostris, 402. Ischnoptera pennsylvanica, 99, 119, 165; uhleriana, 100f. Isotoma besselsi, 162; cinerea, 159; fimbriata, 159f.; 364 ; palustris, 159f.; sepulcralis, 363f.; viridis 159f. Ithomyini, 394. Itoplectis exareolata, 147. 235 ; Janetia mayri, 390. Jasoda, 331 ; woodii, 332. Kermes andrei, 22, 44, 78f.; austini, 44, 78f.; boguei, 44, 78f.; ceriferus, 44, 78f.; cockerelli, 44, 78f.; concin- nulus, 44, 78f.; galliformis, 22, 44f., 78f.; g. cueroensis, 78f.; gibbosus, 22 ; gillettei, 44, 78f.; grandis, 44, 78f.; kingii, 44, 78f., 117; nigro- punctatus, 45, 78f.; nivalis, 44, 78£.; perryi, 81f.; pettiti, 22, 45, 78f.; pubescens, 44, 78f., 259 ; quercus, 78, 258f. Kima, 333; africana, 334. Labia burgessi, 119; minor, 99f.; minuta, 105. Labidia originalis, 186, 273. Laphria vultur, 399f. Lasius alienus, 231f.; ameri- canus, 4, 261, 271, 367; bre- PSY CHE. vicornis, 261; brunneus, 222; claviger, 261, 271¢ 367 ; fla- vus, 222, 2381, 260, 271; f. myopes, 261; fuliginosus, 222; interjectionis, 4; my- ops, 234; niger, 222, 231f., 260f.; n. neoniger, 261, 271; nigra, 368; umbratus aphidicola, 4,261; u. mixtus, 261. Lecanium antennatum, 117; armeniacum, 117; bac- charidis, 402; bitubercula- tum, 117; canadense, 117; cerasorum, 71; cockerelli, 117; corylifex, 117; fletch- eri, 154; globulosum, 71; hemisphaericum, 117f., 154 ; hesperidum, 401f.; lauri, 117 ; liriodendri, 117 ; long- ulum, 153,402 ; mangiferae, 402; melaleucae, 153, 402; nigrofasciatum, 118; oleae, 154; pruinosum, 153 ; pseudhesperidium, 401; quercitex, 117; quercitro- nis, 116f., 153; sp., 154, 402; tessellatum, 154; tulipiferae, 117. Lema concolor, 379; trilinea- ta, 379. Lemoniinae, 418. Lemoniini, 418. Leonia, 11. Leonidia, 11. Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, 159. Lepinotarsa 10-lineata, 96. Teprus corpulentus, 75 ; ele- phas, 75f.; glaucipennis, 76 ; intermedius, 75f.; wheeleri, Tot. Leptorchestes georgii, 333. Leptopterna amoena, 164. Leptothorax canadensis, 347, 367. Leptura aspera, 803; canaden- sis cribripennis, 879; nigro- lineata, 151; propinqua, 151. Leptysma marginicollis, 116. Leria pectinata, 328f. Libythea celtis, 184. Libytheinae, 418. Ligurotettix coquillettii, 95. Limnaini, 581. Limneria striatipes, 148. Limnophila costata, 149. Limnophilus cockerelli, 124; sitchensis, 124. (December, rgo2 Limulodes paradoxus, 5. Liometopum microcephalum occidentale, 347. Liponeura _ bilobata, 41; doanei, 39f.; yosemite, 41. Loxostege sticticalis, 164. Luperodes morrissonii, 151. Lycaena aquilo, 186; rus- tica, 186. Lycaeninae, 419. Lycaenini, 428. Lygaeus reclivatus, 164. Lygistopterus rubripennis, oF 379. Lygus pratensis, 227. Machilis variabilis, 107. Macrodactylus uniformis, 879. Macropsis alabamensis, 58f., 129f., 152; apicalis, 129f, 152; atra, 56, 129f.; califor- nica, 57, 129f., 153; divisa, 57; humilis, 56, 130, 153; idioceroides, 55, 130, 153; innervis, 130; laeta, 55, 130, 153; 1. paeta, 130; lanio, 55; magna, 57, 129f., 153; mic- rocephala, 56; misella, 129f., 152f.; ornatuta, 58; palles- cens, 56; prasina, 55; ro- busta, 56f., 180; rufoscu- tellata, 58, 129f., 158; smnithii, 56f.; sordida, 56; straminea, 59. Mantis religiosa, 119, 167. Mantispa, 376. Mechanitis, 395, 405; califor- nica, 405. Mecoceras nitocris, 69. Mecostethus gracilis, 101f., lineatus, 101f.; platypterus, 101f. Megachile latimanus, 283; mo- nardarum, 283 ; willughbi- ella, 283 ; wootoni, 163. Megalothorax minimus, 219f. Megastilicus formicarius, 3. Melanoplus altitudinum, 124; atlanis, 77f., 102; bispino- sus, 88; bivittatus, 89; cock- erelli, 124; collinus, 103; dawsoni, 102, 124; differen- tialis, 89f.; extremus, 103; e. junius, 191; fasciatus, 103; femoratus, 103f.; femur rubrum, 88, 103f.; lakinus, 76; mancus, 102; marcu- lentus, 76f.; minor, 89, 103; December, 1902] packardii, 88; punctulatus, 108f.; rusticus, 125; sapel- lanus, 125; scudderi, 102; sonorae, 76; spretus, 77f.; terminalis, 88. Melicleptria villosa, 126. Meloe, 376. Menopon titan, 343. Mermiria texana, 430. Meromyza americana, 347. Merotettix, 6. Mesochlora abortiva, 95. Mestobregma hyalinum, 90f.; kiowa, 90f.; rosaceum, 90f. Mexcala, 332; rufa, 333. Microcentrum affiliatum, 106; laurifolium, 103f. Microdon devius, 222; muta- bilis, 222f. Microrhopala vittata, 379. Microterys cincticornis, 84. Mimesa cressonii, 272. Miogryllus capitatus, 256f.; lineatus, 256f.; saussurei, 257; sicarius, 257f.; trans- versalis, 257. Monclova, 331; braunii, 331. Monomorium = carbonarium, 243; ebeninum, 238, 243 ; minimum, 261, 867; minu- tum, 248, 867; pharaonis, 261f., 271. Monopis rusticella, 272; sp., 272. Monotoma fulvipes, 3. Mordella marginata, 380. Myopa clausa, 346. Myrmecina latreillei ameri- cana, 261; 1. brevispinosa, 261. Myrmecocystus viaticus, 245. Myrmecophila acervorum, 112; nebrascensis, 111f.; oregon- ensis, 115. Myrmeleon immaculatum, 95. Myrmica brevinodis, 847; mo- lesta, 260; rubra, 367; r. sabuleta, 252; r. sulcino- doides, 262 ; rugulosa, 237 ; scabrinodis, 262, 867; scab- rata, 271; schencki, 262, 367. Myrmobiota crassicornis, 4. Mytilaspis bambusicola, 404 ; becki, 403f.; concolor, 404; gloveri, 404; perlonga, 402; pomorum, 118; ulmi, 117f., 154, 404. Neanura muscorum, 159f. PSYCHE. Nebria sahlbergi, 303. Neelus minimus, 220; minu- tus, 219f.; murinus, 219f. Neides muticus, 227. Nemeophila petrosa geomet- rica, 164. \ Nemobius carolinus, 5lf., 104; cubensis, 51f., 104; exiguus, 58f.; fasciatus, 51f., 104f.; f. vittatus, 52f., 106; maculatus, 52f.; palustris, 53. Nemoura albidipennis, 124 ; sp. 124. Neoglaphyroptera opima, 352, Neotettix. 6. Nomotettix, 6; cristatus, 100f. Notolophus antiqua, 1438; definita, 148; inornata, 145f.; leucostigma, 144 ; libera, 148; oslari, 143; vetusta, 143. Nudaurelia __ belina, 280 ; dione, 280. Nyctobora sericea, 100, 119. Nymphalini, 416. Nysius thymi, 164. Odonaspis, 72. Odynerus fraternus, 2738. Oecanthus angustipennis, 119, 1838; bipunctatus, 104; nigricornis, 119, 185; ni- veus, 104f., 183; pini, 104, 119; 4-punctatus, 119, 183. Oedipoda aequalis, 105 ; caro- lina, 105; eucerata, 105; maritima, 105 ; marmorata, 105 ; pellucida, 105; phae- nicoptera, 105; rugosa, 105 ; sordida, 105; sparsa, 185 ; sulphurea, 105; undulata, 135; verruculata, 105 ; xan- thoptera, 105. Oeneis semidea, 195f. Omophron americanum, 304 ; concinnum, 804; dentatum, 304; gemma, 304; gilae, 304; labiatum, 304; niti- dum, 304; obliteratum, 304 ; ovale, 304 ; robustwm, 304 ; solidum, 304; tessellatum, 304, Omus, 3893; montanus, 393. Ophion appendiculatum, 308 ; arcuatum, 307; purgatum, 307. Opomala brachyptera, 105, 437 Orchelimum agile, 103f.; con- cinnum, 106; glaberrimum, 103f.; herbaceum, 103f. ; vulgare, 106. Orchesella cincta, 159. Orphulella olivacea, 101; pelidna, 101f.; speciosa, 101f, Orsodachna atra, 303. Orthezia insignis, 402. Orthodes virgula, 125. Orthofidonia vestaliata, 836. Oscinis carbonaria, 347. Osmia albiventris, 283; face- ta, 283; inurbana, 283; versicolor, 283. Otidocephalus vittatus, 380. Otlophorus aftinis, 148; in- numerabilis, 148. Pachycondyla harpax, 111. Pachyta liturata, 303. Paleacrita vernata, 427. Paltostoma torrentium, 41. Pamphila comma nevada, 186. Pamphilini, 427. Panchlora poeyi, 100. Pandeletejus cinereus, 380. Panurginus alticola, 163; bakeri, 163; cressoniellus, 163 ; montanus, 163f.; punc- tiventris, 163; verus, 163f. Panzeria radicum, 346. Paonias excaecatus, 7. Papilio machaon, 23; xenes, 23. Papilioninae, 426. Papilionini, 426. Paratettix, 7; cucullatus, 101f. Pardosa glacialis, 123. Parlatoria sp., 402. Parnassini, 426. Parnassius clodius baldur, 186; smintheus, 186. Paroxya floridana, 103. Paurotarsus, 42; amazonus, 42. Paxilla, 7. Pegomyia costalis, 150. Peleteria aenea, 150, 346; ro- busta, 346; tessellata, 346. Periplaneta americana, 100f,; australasiae, 119. Peritaxia hispida, 380. Phaneroptera curyicauda, 106. Pheidole pilifera, 262, 271; vinlandica, 5. poly- 438 Phenacoccus aceris, 118; dea- rnessi, 404; rubivorus, 215 ; simplex, 402. Phiasne irrorata, 310, Philampelus achemon, 7 ; pan- dorus, 7. Philosamia cynthia, 323. Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, 90 ; volucris, 90. Phora epeirae, 351; interrupta, 852; scalaris, 352. Phorbia platura, 150. Phormia regina, 150. Phryxicoma, 875. Phyllodromia borealis, 100f. Phylloptera oblongifolia, 106 ; rotundifolia, 106. Pierinae, 424. Pierini, 425. Pimpla annulipes, 351. Piophila casei, 347. Pityophagus verticalis, 380. Platamodes unicolor, 100f. Platygaster, 376. Platylabus pedatorius, 147; tibialis 147. Platyptilia cosmodactyla, 272, 347 ; sp., 272. Plusia angulidens, 125; celsa, 125; hochenwarthi, 125. Plutella maculipennis, 272. Podabrus lateralis, 303. Podisma glacialis, 102. Podura aquatica, 159f., 316; bicolor, 315; humicola, 515, nivalis, 315; nivicola, 315f. Poecilostoma inferentia, 273. Pogonomyrmex apache, 392 ; badius, 237, 392; barbatus, 111, 388f. californicus, 387f.; comache, 392; deser- torum, 3887f.; estebanius, 391; fuscatus, 391; imber- biculus, 388; longinodis, 392; marfensis, 390f.; mole- faciens, 237, 328, 389f.; nigelii, 390; nigrescens, 889f.: occidentalis, 388f.; opaciceps, 5; rugosus, 391; sancti-hyacinthi, 388f.; schmitii, 390; subdentatus, 391; subnitidus, 391f. Polyergus bicolor, 358 ; luci- dus, 245, 261, 271; rufescens, 244. Polygraphus wortheni, 66. Polynema, 376. PSYCHE Pompilus lepidus, 273 ; tene- brosus, 273. Ponera coarctata, 235; sylvanica, 5, 261, 271. Prenolepis imparis, 234, 261, 271; parvula, 234, 261. Proceratium crassicorne, 2438, Prosopis basalis, 283; vari- frons, 283. Prosthesima blanda, 123; sp., 123. Protoparce carolina, 7f.; cel- eus, 7f. Psammophila luctuosa, 273. penn- Pseudamblyteles neomexi- canus, 147. Pseudodichthadia incerta, 235. Pseudolecanium californicum, 259 ; tokionis, 71. Pseudomyrma gracilis mexi- cana, 223. Pseudopomala brachyptera, 102f. Pseudopyrellia cornicina, 354. Pseudosinella alba, 367; ar- gentata, 366 ; candida, 366f.; cavernarun, 366; virei, 366. Psinidia fenestralis, 102f. Psoloessa maculipennis, 95. Psyllobora 20-maculata, 378. Pterostichus luczotii, 150. Ptomaphagus cavernicola, 329; fisus, 329; parasitus, 3, 328; texanus, 329. Ptychoptera lenis, 346. Pulvinaria acericola, 117; brassicae, 401; cupaniae, 403f.; floceifera, 401; innu- merabilis, 117, 154, 199; 404; maclurae, 117; sp., 402. Pyrameis cardui, 186. Pycnophus rasus, 4f. Pycnoscelus obscurus, 105; surinamensis, 100,f. Pyrausta generosa, 347. Pyrgus centaureae, 186. Quekettia, 333; georgii, 333. Racheospila saltusaria, 118. Rhene banksii, 335. Rhipiphorus cruentus, 380. Rhodocerini, 424. (December, 1902 Rhopalophora laevicollis, 379. Rhypholophus cockerellii, 149 Ripersia candidata, 403 ; con- pusella, 404; fimbriatula, 404; flavola, 403; kingii, 118. Rothschildia aurota, 328; be- tis, 328; ethra, 323; hes- perus, 323; orizaba, 323 ; speculifer, 323. Rybaxis conjuncta truncati- cornis, 4. Sabulodes transversata, 273. Saissetia begoniae, 296; coffae, 402; depressa, 296f.; filicam 298, 402; hemisphaerica, 297f., 402f; nigra, 296f.; nigrella, 296; oleae, 402f. Samia cynthia, 41, 226, 255, 411f. Sapyga centrata, 273. Satyrinae, 417. Satyrini, 417. Scatella stagnalis, 347. Schistocerca alutacea, 102f.; americana, 102; rubiginosa, 102f. Schreckensteinia erythriella, 12; felicella, 12; festaliella, 12. Sciagraphia heliothidata, 203. Scirtetica marmorata, 102f. Scudderia curvicauda, 103f.; furcata, 103; pistillata, 103; septentrionalis, 103; texen- sis, 103. Scyphophorus acupunctatus, 380. Senelys alabastaria, 165; en- nucleata, 165. Sepsis violacea, 347. Sialis, 378. Simulium, 166; 346; sp., 247f.; 149. Sinella héfti, 866; tenebricosa, 365. Sira buski, 159f.; nigromacu- lata, 159. Sisyra, 378. Sitaris, 376. Sitotroga cerealella, 345. Smicronyx imbricatus, 380. Sminthurus aquaticus, 159f.; elegans, 159; hortensis, 159; malmgreni, 159f.; spinatus, 161. ochraceum, venustum, December, 1902] Solenophora coloradensis, 404. Solenopsis molesta, 260f., 271. Spatheaspis bambusarum, 72 ; inusitata, 72; secreta, 72. Sphaerophoria melanosa, 346 ; sulphuripes, 346. Spharagemon bolli, 102; col- lare, 102; collare, 102f.; sax- atile, 102. Sphecodes fortior, 94. Spongophora bipunctata, 105. Stagmomantis carolina, 119. Statira pluripunctata, 379. Stenamma brevicorne, 262 ; diecki, 243; fulvum aquia, 347. Stenobothrus aequalis, 105; bilineatus, 105; curtipen- nis, 101f.; longipennis, 105; maculipennis, 105; melano- pleurus, 105; propinquans, 105. Stenocrabro cinctitarsis, 185. Stenoptilia exclamationis, 164, 272. Stephanocleonus cristatus, 151; plumbeus, 3038. Stigmatomma binodosum, 271; pallifera, 271; pallipes, 260f.; 271. Strangalia sexnotata, 379. Strumigenys clypeata, 245; sp., 245, 261f. Stylopyga orientalis, 100f. Synchlora glaucaria, 93; rubi- vora, 93. Syneta carinata, 151. Synomila subochrearia, 407. Syrbula acuticornis, 95; ad- mirabilis, 95. Syrphus amalopis, 346; arcu- atus, 149, 346; creper, 149; intrudens, 346. Tabanus rhombicus, 149; son- omensis, 346. Tachys, 23; ferrugineus, 4. Tapinoma sessile, 5, 260f., 271, 367. Tasitia, 382f., 394; berenice, 394; strigosa, 394. Teleas, 376. Telenomus sp., 84. Telmatettix, 7. EIS VGLHE. Tenthredo erythromera, 186; nupera, 273. Tenthredopsis attractus, 273. Tephritis genalis, 346; platy- ptera, 346. Terias mexicana, 272. Tetracha, 393. Tetramorium 243, 261f., 271. Tetrophthalmus chilensis, 343. Tetrura rubi, 215. Tettigidea, 7; lateralis, 106; caespitosum, parvipennis, 101f.; poly- morpha, 106. Tettix, 6; cucullatus, 106 ; granulatus, 100f.; ornatus, 101f.; triangularis, 106. Tettiginae, 6. Thanaos persius, 272. Theclini, 423. Therina athasiaria, 10f., 21f. ; endropiaria, 11; fervidaria, 11; fiscellaria, 11, 22; pel- lucidaria, 10f., 21f.; seminu- daria, 10f., 21. Thiasophila americana, 4. Thyanta custator, 164, 227. Thyella zambesia, 280. Thyreonotus dorsalis, pachymerus, 106. Tmesiphorus costalis, 4. Tomocerus americanus, 160; arcticus, 160; niger, 160; tridentiferus, 159; vulgaris, 159. Tortrix fumiferana, 164. Tragidion fulvipenne, 379. Tragocephala infuscata, 105 ; viridifasciata, 105. Trichalophus alternatus, 151. Trichobaris compacta, 380. Tridactylus apicalis, 199, 308f.; minutus, 308f. ; ter- minalis, 104f., 198f., 308f. Trimerotropis agrestis, 29f.; albescens, 30f.; alboline- ata, 28f. ; azurescens, 35f.; bifasciata, 380f.; bruneri, 31; caeruleipennis, 35; caeruleipes, 30f.; califor- nica, 32f. ; caliginosa, 50f. ; campestris, 31f.; cincta, 29f.; citrina, 31f.; collaris, 33f.; conspersa, 34f.; co- 106 ; 439 quilletti, 29f. ; cristata, 28f. ; cyaneipennis, 35; fallax, 34f., 140; fascicula, 31; ferruginea, 30; fontana- 36; fratercula, 38f. ; graci- lis, 29; hyalina, 28f.; juli- ana, 29f.; koebelii, 30f.; laticineta, 32; latifasciata, 32f.; lauta, 35; maritima, 28f., 102f.; melanoptera, 32f.; modesta, 31f. ; mon- tana, 32; monticola, 31f.; nubila, 34f.; ochraceipen- nis, 28f.; pacifica, 32f.; pal- lidipennis, 33f.; perplexa, 36 ; pilosa, 34f.; pistrinaria, 32f.; porrecta, 28f.; prae- clara, 31f.; pseudofasciata, 35; rebellis, 28f.; salina, 33f.; saxatilis, 34f.; similis, 33f.; strenua, 32; tessellata, 30; texana, 28f.; thalas- sica, 27f., tolteca, 32f.; variegata, 34f.; vinculata, 34f. Trochosa singoriersis, 369. Tusitala, 380; barpata, 330f.; hirsuta, 330. Tylosis maculata, 379. Typodendron impressus, 65. Urellia abstersa, 347; mevar- na, 347. Urota sinope, 279f. Vanessa milberti subpallida, 186. Vanessini, 416. Vespa germanica, 237. Vinsonia stelliferae, 402f. Volucella facialis, 149. Xanthotype crocataria, 226. Xenodusa cava, 357. Xenylla humicola, maritima, 161. Xerophilaspis prosopidis, 403f. Xestocrabro — sexmaculatus, 272; trifasciatus, 272. Xiphidium brevipenne, 103f.; fasciatum, 104f. 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