*^%tiv;/!?*f

. . t, ■ '

THE NORWICH PHARMACAL COMPANY

Specialists in the manufacture of

STANDARD PHARMACEUTICALS,

such as, U. S. P. Assayed and Standardized Fluid Extracts,
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Compressed Tablets, Surgical Dressings and Bandages, etc.

SYRUP OF
EUCALYPTUS COMPOUND.

For the treatment of
Coughs, Bronchitis, Laryn-
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horses, cattle and dogs.

Endorsed and prescribed
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with remarkably successful
results.

VETRINOL
(Veterinary Unguentine).

Ideal antiseptic astringent ointment for
Bums, Sores and Inflammatory Skin diseases.

VETRINOL DUSTING POWDER.

A dry dressing for Saddle and Collar Galls
and all open sores on animals.

KAODERMA.

A soothing, antiphlogis-
tic preparation, composed
of Dehydrated Aluminum
Silicate, Boric Acid, Salol,
Gaultheria and Eucalyptus,
combined with chemically
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SAN-KREO.

A synthetic antiseptic
and disinfectant — non-car-
bolic— non-poisonous. One
part to I GO of water makes
a safe, effective germicide
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ZEMACOL ( Eczema Coiloid).

A specific for all eczematous conditions of
cutaneous surfaces.

CAPSICOL
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The best and handiest counter-irritant.
Takes the place of liniments, blisters, etc.

THE NORWICH PHARMACAL COMPANY

Main Offices . NORWICH, NEW YORK.
Branches I NEW YORK and CHICAGO.

NEW YORK OFPICE. 70 and 72 Fulton St
'Phone 3028 John.

We make a specialty of preparing Private Formulas. Send yours
in and get our prices. Write us for complete price catalogue, listing all
goods of our make.

9

CREOQEN-MARTIN

(The Veterinarians Antiseptic.)

Is invaluable in the surgical treatment of Bur-
satti or summer sores, actinomycosis, fistulous withers,
poll evil, trephining of the nasaj ^nd facial.si noises of
the head, etc. In abdominal laparotomies a i or 2
per cent solution is very suitable for irrigating the ab-
dominal cavity during operations. No toxic absorb-
tion need be apprehended from the use of Creogen as
is the case with Phenol or Hydrargri Bi Chloride.
Creogen does not blacken surgical instruments, de-
stroy their polish or injure their edg^e. As an anti-
septic it covers the field of veterinary surgery in a
most efficient manner. It answers equally well for
the simplest as well as for the most complex and deli-
cate surgical operations.

If you are annoyed with cases of chronic psorop-
tic, sarcoptic or symbiotic mange, or other forms of
scabetic diseases of the skin among your equine, bo-
vine or canine patients, that has previously resisted
your best efforts to cure, a trial of Creogen will quick-
ly convince you that it is without an equal for such dis-
eases. There is no pharmaceutical preparation that
will yield you larger dividends in your practice, than
Creogen. Send for a sample. Its free. 1 gallon,
$^-50» 5 gallons, $6.50, 10 gallons, $12.00, prepaid.

W. J. HARTIN CHEMICAL CO.,
PHAR/VIACEUTICAL CHEMISTS,

KANKAKEE, ILLINOIS.

10

SANMETTO

A POSITIVE REMEDY

IN

DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS

OF

THE HORSE AJSTD DOO.

Doctor, when vou have a Horse or Dog suffering from

KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE

—Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis—

OR FROM

ANY IRRITATION or INFLA.nMATION of the URINARY TRACT

—Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine —

ORDER SANMETTO

Sanmetto U largely ttse<l

1 Vctcritiary Practice for the above troubles and has been
It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA —
Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito*

found Worthy and Reliable.

many cases reported cured with it

Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys

and Bladder— hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract.

To avoid sabatitntion, order in original package, thus :

R SANMETTO— one bottle-original package.
DosB : — For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day.
For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day.
Price One Bottle, |i.oa Case of One Dozen Bottles, fS.oo. Sold by all Reliable Drugglata
Pamphlet on application.

OD CHEM. CO., New York.
11

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(>}i X ro. xvi + 698 pages, 365 illustrations.
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A Manual of General Histolog:y. By Wm. S.

GoTTHKiL, M. D. Late Professor of Path-
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cloth, 5'/x8; 152 pages, 63 illustrations.
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as many fresh experiments have been
made and so many new regulations intro-
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WILLIAM R. JENKINS,

851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, cor. 48th Street. New York.

12

(,05^

h

(T

,. l^i

AMERICAN

Veterinary Review,

EDITED BY

PROF. A. LIAUTARD,

Member of the Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris), Honorary Fellow of the

Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (England), Foreign Corresponding

Member of the Academy of Medicine of Bruxelles (Belgique).

ROSCOE R. BELL, D.V.S., and

ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S.

WITH THE COIXilBORATION OF

Prof. W. J. COATKS, M.D.. D.V.S., New York-
American Veterinary College.

Prof. O. Schwarzkopf, D.V.M.. U. 8. Army.

Prof. P. J. Cadiot, of the Alfort School, France.

Prof. W. L. Williams, V. S., President New
York State Veterinary H'dlctil Society,
Ithaca, N. Y.

Prof. S. Stewart, Kansaa City Veterinary Col-
lege, Kansas City, Mo.

M. H. McKiLLiP, M.D.,V.S.,ofMcKllllp Veteri-
nary College, Chicago, 111.

JoHH J. Repp, V.M.D., Sec'y A. V. M. A., PhUa-
delpbla. Pa.

Wm. Hkbbebt Lowe, D. V. S., President A. V.
M. A., Pateraon, K. J.

Prof. M. H. Rettnglds, University of Minne-
sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

Wm. H. Dalhymple, M R,C.V.S., Veterinarian
Louisiana Agricaltural Experiment Station,
Baton Kouge, La.

D. ARTHUR HroHES. Ph. O , D. V. M., Govern-
ment Inspector, East St Louis, 111.

Prof Leonari) Pearson, Dean Vet. Dept,
University of Penn.,etc., Philadelphia, Pa.

L. A. .Merili.at, V. S., Chicago Veterinary Col-
lege, Chicago, 111.

D. E. SALMON, M. U.V., former Chief U. S. Bu-
rean of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.

Prof. ViRANTS A. MoKUE. New York Stat*
Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y.

RICHARD P. LYMAN (Harvard), Hartford.Conn^

And several others.

Volume XXIX.

NEW YORK:

PUBLISHED BY THE EDITORS,

509 WEST 153d STREET.

59774a

7. (5.. 5^

As
ft \

»

American Veterinary Review.

Correspondents will please note the change in address of Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, from
Seventh Avenue and Union Street, to jio East Second Street, Borough of Brooklyn,
New York City.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, France, February 15, 1906.

What is Navicular Disease? What are the etiology
and the pathogeny? These are the two important questions
that are treated in a study published in Professor Leclainch^'s
Revue by Mr. Pecus, Army Veterinarian, an indefatigable work-
er, and a prolific writer on very interesting subjects. The
answer to the first question I may be allowed to answer at some
length ; that to the second more briefly.

The definition given of this disease by French writers varies.
For Cadiot and Almy, it is a synovitis of the navicular joint,
complicated with tendonitis and osteitis. Lesbre considers that
the osteitis of the small sesamoid is consecutive to traumatism
of the perforans tendon sliding upon the sesamoid groove. An-
other author thinks that it is an osteitis of the navicular bone
with cartilaginous decortication, with wearing out of the ten-
don and synovitis as sequelae. By others, again, the disease is
classified as osteism or osteitis from ovtxviorV. {osteite de fatigue).

Mr. Pecus considers it as a symptom of dry arthritis, and
without giving the opinions of more authorities on this ques-
tion, he says that from the above definitions it is clear that there
is a great difference in the appreciation of the intimate essence
of this affection, which was spoken of at the beginning of the

I

EDITORIAL.

19th century. At any rate, la^ng aside for a moment the ques-
tion of the real etiology, Mr. P! asks: if, after all, the altera-
tions of the navicular apparatus constitute the entire affection
of navicular disease, and in answer says he does not believe it,
and that he will show that this affection is always accompanied
by polyarticular lesions, with peripheric and sometimes central
vascular and nervous lesions, which are the evident imprints of
the passage of a general infection of the organism.

The observations that were gathered by Mr. Pecus, five in
number, show that if the small sesamoid or navicular bone is
affected with non suppurative chronic osteo-myelitis with dry
tendo-synovitis, there are also in many arthrodias of the affected
leg positive lesions of dry arthritis, which are not looked for,
and yet have never been absent in the autopsies he has made.
The following is the resume of those autopsies :

Observation i. — A twelve-year-old horse, destroyed for
fracture of the right humerus, shows lesions of right anterior
navicularthritis, dry polyarthritis,, endocarditis on the left side.
The polyarthritis involved almost all the articulations of the
right fore leg.

Obs. 2. — Mare, eleven years old, died with double pulmo-
nary congestion. Navicular disease of both fore feet ; symmet-
rical lesions of dry arthritis from the knees down, neurotomy
of the right anterior leg.

Obs. J. — Horse, six years old, destroyed because of anterior
laininitis and navicularthritis. Myelitis and encephalitis ; dry
arthritis of the four extremities ; aortitis.

Obs. 4. — Horse, 11 years old, died of diaphragmatic hernia,
with violent haemorrhage into the pleural cavity. Navicular
disease of the four extremities ; generalized lesions of dry arth-
ritis.

Obs. 5. — Mare, 17 years old, severe navicularthritis, with
fracture of the navicular bone. Disparition of the plantar ap-
oneurosis ; insertion of the perforans directly on the small sesa-
moid ; dry polyarthritis.

EDITORIAL. S

To resume : At the examination of all the joints of the ex-
tremities of these five subjects, symmetrical lesions have been
found in a greater or lesser number, reminding of the dry arth-
ritis or chronic rheumatism of man, and among them those of
the radio carpal, carpo-metacarpal, metacarpo and interphalan-
geal, which we may say are always present in navicular disease ;
and in their presence, concludes Mr. Pecus, one is justified in
considering this disease of horses as a symptom of a general af-
fection belonging to the great catagoryof the arthropathies, and
peculiarly of dry arthritis as a mode of special termination of
all species of chronic arthritis, be it of rheumatismal origin, due

to traumatism, or resulting from an infection.

*

* *

No ; navicular disease is not only an affection of the small
sesamoid apparatus; the post-mortems just considered have shown
that many other articulations will present symmetrical lesions
which existed on subjects affected with navicular disease, and
if these polyarticular lesions class navicular disease among
arthropics it is evident that vasculo-nervous lesions must also
be found in connection with them, as it is observed in man
suffering with those affections.

Let us see if there were :

For arteries : they were evident. In Obs. 3 and 4 lesions
of mesarteriitis and endarteriitis of the plantar arteries were well
marked.

For veins : In Obs. 2, 3, 4, and in another animal the dig-
ital and plantar veins were found also more or less diseased,
with endo, meso and periphlebitis.

For nerves: those which had not been submitted to surgi-
cal interference, had not been divided, showed lesions of sclero-
sis of the interfascicular connective tissue — that is, perifascicu-
lar neuritis.

To resume : All the lesions met with in these observations
of navicular disease can be gathered into two large groups : (i)
Local lesions, of the navicular apparatus ; (2) general lesions,
(a) polyarticular reminding of dry arthritis or chronic rheuma-

4 EDITORIAL.

tism ; (b) vascular and nervous lesions which may be periphe-
ral and sometimes central. Indeed, in the spinal cord of the
subject of Obs. 3, the inferior longitudinal fissure of the cord
had disappeared in some part. All the lesions had for charac-
teristic that they were not only symmetrical on the anterior ex-
tremities, but also on the hind legs, but in lesser degree.

In relation to the etiology and pathogeny, the author enters
into a long consideration and comparison of the nature of navic-
ular disease, and the possible effects of general infection of the
organism, and resumes his remarks by saying : We, then, will
say that a first serious infection during youth may have left in
the animal chronic inflammatory lesions, upon the bloodvessels
and peripheric nerves and sometimes on large vessels and ner-
vous centres ; also on the various arthrodias, on the bony mar-
row of the navicular bone and sometimes on that of other parts
of the skeleton. All those lesions of infection of an absolutely
healthy animal, may occur in a predisposed, arthritic, herpetic,
or on a low conditioned organism, such as may be produced by
physical overwork, acute disease, distemper, pasteurellose, rheu-
matism, etc., and then appears the manifestations of the affec-
tion which in reality is but a symptom of non-suppurative
chronic infectious osteo-myelitis, accompanied by dry tendo-
synovitis upon the leg affected with vasculo-sclerosis of an ani-
mal which has become or was born arthritic.

In relation to the hereditary nature of the disease, Mr.
Pecus, without solving the question, concludes on the necessity
of excluding from reproduction all male and female subjects
affected with navicular disease, no matter of what extent.

* *

Radium in Rabies. — Will radium, besides all the wonder-
ful properties which we already know it to possess, enter into
the domain of practical therapeutic use? is a question which
seems to be justified, according to the notice printed in the
Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences^ which I find recorded in
the Semaine Veterinaire. It says :

EDITORIAL.

" Tizzoni and Bougiavanni have already mentioned the de-
stroying action of the rays of radium upon the rabid virus when
applied in vivo and in vitro. They complete and confirm their
previous researches in a recent communication."

The rabid virus, decomposed in vitro by an exposure of 4, 6,
or 36 hours to radium, is transformed into an excellent vaccine,
which, inoculated in the eye of a rabbit, in one-drop dose, con-
fers to this animal immunity against the virus of a dog made
by subdural injection.

In vivo radium has also a powerful destroying power.

A subdural inoculation made on a rabbit does not give it
rabies, if the animal is submitted to the rays of radium for one
hour during eight consecutive days.

tVith animals inoculated for several hours in the eye or on
the tract of the sciatic nerve, the curative effect of radium is
most marked. The intensive treatment is very efficacious ; all
the animals are saved if treated 48, 86, or even 96 hours after
the subdural inoculation of Vtt c.c. of fixed virus diluted in
bouillon.

Even if the animal already shows a febrile condition, a loss
in the initial weight, a marked weakening of the hind legs, a
favorable result can be obtained, and from these results the
authors conclude that treatment with radium rays will save an
animal from death, even if rabies is already declared. Under
the influence of the treatment the nervous symptoms will sub-
side, the fever diminishes, and general improvement will take
place, to be followed by recovery, while the control animal will
die.

These effects obtained by radium are not by vaccination or
serotherapy, and, therefore, radiotherapy is more indicated than
either of them.

How Many Slaughtered Animals Can an Inspector
Examine in One Day? — This is a question which has been
discussed for a long time among German sanitary veterinarians,
and no doubt will prove interesting for those of other countries.

EDITORIAL.

The Revue Gene rale reports from the Zeitschrift fur Fleisch und
Milchhygiene the following extracts :

Henschel, of the Berlin Abattoir, admits that in one day one
inspector can examine 75 bovines, or 200 pigs, or 250 calves, or
400 sheep ; these figures can be increased by one-third or by
one-half in cases of need.

Falk, of Stettin, remarks rightly that it is difficult to give
figures. The conditions of inspection are numerous. If the
service is made by only one inspector, there will be bacteriologic
or microscopic examinations which will take much of his time.
Therefore, in this question, the only point in view must be the
simple pure examination, without consideration of more precise
observations to be made later.

With new obligations imposed on the inspectors by new
regulations, K. Muller, of Stettin, gives the following figures :
7 minutes for a bovine, 3 for a pig, i ^< for a calf, or for a sheep,
7 for a horse. Six hours of work only can be demanded of the
inspector, with two rests of half an hour each. With those con-
ditions the total of animals examined can be considered as fol-
lows, providing the inspector has an assistant to take his notes :
52 bovines, or horses, 120 pigs, 240 calves, or sheep.

Opel, of Cologne, allows only 3 minutes for a steer, i for a
pig, 45 seconds for a calf, or a sheep. He also admits six hours
of inspection, but gives three rests of half an hour each, leaving
them only 270 minutes of effective work, which allow the inspec-
tion of 90 bovines, or 270 pigs, or 360 calves or sheep. At Co-
logne the inspector (veterinarian, of course,) has three assistants.

According to Gohler, a veterinarian can examine in six
hours about 75 bovines, 300 pigs, or 360 sheep or goats. Tu-
berculous, measly, septic animals or those slaughtered by neces-
sity are not included in these figures.

Taking an average of those indications, an inspector ought
to examine daily, say, 73 adult bovines, or 220 pigs, or 280
calves, or 340 sheep.

I would be glad to hear from our inspectors in the large
cities in the United States, and particularly from Chicago.

EDITORIAL. 7

The Microbian Flora of the Nasal Cavities of
Horses. — The presence of some microbes, pathogenous for man
and for animals, has been made out in forages, in surrounding
atmosphere, in the digestive canal, and in the respiratory tracts ;
and the search for those microbes in the healthy organisms pre-
sents, to the point of view of the pathogeny of diseases, a great in-
terest. Many are those who have already entered into this line
of investigation. Dr. D. de Angelis, working in the Labora-
toire de Recherches of Alfort, has directed his in a field which he
believes not yet explored, and has recorded under the title of
" Microbian Flora of the Nasal Cavities of the Horse " what
he has found. His observations were made on ten horses,
aged between six and twelve years. The material to study was
obtained with the greatest asepsy possible with metallic threads
carrying a ball of wadding, which was afterwards placed in
sterilized tubes. Cultures were then made immediately on
proper media. The nasal cavities of horses are, of course, ex-
ceedingly rich in microbes, and among the many were strepto-
cocci, staphylococci, cocco-bacilli, Bacillus sublitis^ streptobacilli
of various species and fungi. The streptococci and staphylo-
cocci were found in the material obtained from the ten horses,
and it is with them that the Doctor made his principal experi-
ments on mice, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and horses. His conclu-
sions are : (i) that in the nasal cavities of horses there are con-
stantly one streptococcus and one staphylococcus which have
no pathogenous power for small laboratory animals, but which
are able to give rise in horses to the apparition of very character-
istic local and general troubles ; (2) that by the morphologic or
biologic characters, and the aspect of their cultures, these mi-
crobes are identical with corresponding and already known
pathogenous types ; (3) that repeated inoculations of their cul-
tures to a horse docs not confer apparent immunity against the
appearance of a local lesion nor of the general symptoms.

The Use of Mallein as a Curative Agent. — A short
while ago, in looking over the Review of August, 1905, my at-

EDITORIAL.

tcntion was called to a resolution passed at a meeting of the
Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, which related
to a circular sent out by the Pasteur Vaccine Co., in which the
curative properties of mallein in glanders were claimed, and
mallein recommended for treatment. The resolution first de-
nounced the suggestions and claims of the P. V. C, and second-
ly recommended that all members of the Association, "if
any such have been misled by such advertisement into using
mallein as a curative agent shall hereafter desist from using
the same, inasmuch as it is detrimental and dangerous, and it
is not to be recommended in practice."

The eflFects of this and possibly other resolutions coming
from veterinary societies could not be overlooked by the P.
V. C. without concern ; and, as one of the results, I received
the visits of the President and of the General Secretary, who
came to explain to me what they thought the cause of the
trouble. It seems that the redaction of the circular was due
to the misinterpretation of an over-zealous representative of
the company, who from the directions and documents he had
received thought he was justified in stretching the facts so as
to reach better results. I could not do otherwise than criti-
cize the circular, and endorse to some extent the resolutions
of my friends in Minnesota. I am happy to say that the offi-
cers of the Pasteur Vaccine Company have recognized the error
that has been committed, and the result will be the immediate
issuance of an entirely revised circular, in which all allusions to
the cure of glanders by mallein will be removed, and a very
satisfactory addition made at my personal request, viz. : " as far
as possible^ supplies of this article will be made to the profession

only?^

*
* *

I think it is the moment or never to say "all's well that
ends well."

May I, however, in conclusion, make a few remarks upon
the whole affair, which may serve to remove some of the severe
effects that the Minnesota resolution may give rise to, and mod-

EDITORIAL. 9

ify them. The qnestion of the curative powers of mallein have
already been discussed here ; I have tried to keep our readers
posted as to what had been done in Europe by Nocard ; our es-
teemed collaborator, Dr. Schwarzkopf, has made known in the
Review results which cannot be ignored. The writings found
in European literature are speaking for themselves. Then
what? What do we read in that superior work of Nocard and
Leclainche, " Les Maladies Microbiennes," page 199 : "A com-
plete cure is certainly possible at the beginning of the infection.
The destruction of the bacilli and the cicatrization of the le-
sions take place in some animals without any interference,
and they are specially assisted by various medications, and
principally by inoculations of mallein." At page 252 : "Mal-
lein has*a curative action in certain forms of recent infection.
Helman has obtained the recovery of a glanderous horse, and its
complete immunization. Semner and Itzkvoitch have observed
the recovery of a case of experimental glanders in a colt. Pila-
vios, Bonome, Vivaldi, Jones, Schindelke, etc., have observed
the cicatrization of glanderous lesions, or the complete recovery
under the influence of repeated inoculations of mallein." And
not in France only, but in Germany, Semner writes : " A first
point is beyond doubt. Glanders may be cured under appro-
priate treatment."

In -the presence of such facts, is not the error committed by
the P. V. C. excusable; and is it not another to ask all desist-
ment in resorting to mallein ? Do not use it as a curative agent,
no more than any other drug ; but do not ignore the value of

work done by such men as those I have mentioned above.

*

♦ *

Answers to Correspondents. — A few answers to my pri-
vate mail from America.

Dr. Daniel Lemay : — I have received your note, and was un-
able to answer it in my last " Chronicles " from want of positive
information. Prof. Cognot, whom I met since, and to whom I
presented your request, told me that the subject of the applica-
tion of atnbryl in the treatment of wounds was still under ex-

10 EDITORIAL.

perimental consideration, and that the apparatus was not yet in
the market. It seems that it will take a couple of months before
your request can be granted. Be assured that I will not neglect it.

Dear Old Friend L. McLean: — Your letter arrived late, and
the veterinary mouth speculum some ten days later. Your little
circular and the plate adjoined to it told me of the instrument
and of its advantages. As you say, it certainly commends itself
to the profession for its simplicity and adaptation for almost all
kinds of manipulations about the mouth. No doubt it will
prove indispensable to many, and I can assure you I would have
had it in my instrument box. There is no further fear for one
to have his hands scratched, and attendants to sick horses, assis-
tants, nurses, or stablemen, will certainly ask for a vest-pocket
veterinary mouth sfteculum when giving a bolus to a sick horse.
I showed the little jewel at the Soci^te Centrale this morning,
and it met with great success.

Dr. E. L. Lewis {Waxahachie^ Texas): — There are quite a
number of veterinary publications here, but if you wish that
which I think the best, it is that published by Prof. Leclainche,
of the Veterinary School of Toulouse, H^ Garonne. If you will
write to him, you can, for the sum of 15 francs, receive the Re-
vue Generate de Medicine Vetcrinaire^ semi-monthly. You had
better mention my name, or that of the Review. I am sure there
will be no delay. I wrote to Prof. Leclainche to send you a
sample copy.

Dr. S. H. Ward {St. Paul, Minn) : — I have transmitted
your request to Mr. Carre and Prof. Vallee, and they have prom-
ised me to send you the publications on the subject. A. L.

IS THE TICK TO GO?
A strong movement is now on foot to secure the cooperation
of the Federal Government and State authorities to put into
operation the system that has been evolved by the long study
of the life-history of the Bo'dphilus annulatus, which is almost
a guarantee of its eradication from the cattle herds of the South-
ern States. The subject of Texas fever was thoroughly and

EDITORIAL. 1 1

intelligently treated in a long article in the March Review,
from the pen of Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, who devoted a large
amount of time to the collection of data from first hands, and
placed his information and conclusions before our readers in
that clear and decisive manner characteristic of all of his writ-
ings. It is unnecessary here, therefore, to do more than to tell
of the shaping of the means which are underway to set in mo-
tion the machinery for the extermination of the etiological fac-
tor in the great Southern scourge.

A bill carrying an appropriation of $100,000 has been in-
troduced in Congress by Mr. Ransdell, of Louisiana, and a
meeting was arranged for with the Committee on Agriculture
of the House, at which representatives of the Federal Depart-
ment of Agriculture and a number of representative Southern
men were present. These included Secretary Wilson, of the
Department of Agriculture ; Dr. A. D, Melvin, Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry; and Drs. Marlatt and Hunter, of
the United States Bureau of Entomology. The delegation from
the South was made up of Profs. H. A. Morgan, of the Tennes-
see Experiment Station ; A. M. Soule, Virginia Experiment
Station ; Col. R. J. Redding, Georgia Experiment Station ;
Mr. Wright, Assistant Commissioner of Agriculture of Geor-
gia ; Dr. Tait Butler, State Veterinarian of North Carolina ;
Dr. Ferneyhough, State Veterinarian of Virginia ; Dr. W. H.
Dalrymple, of the State University and Experiment Station
of Louisiana ; Mr. August Mayer, Shreveport, La., and others.
The importance of the subject was fully recognized by the com-
mittee and the time allotted to the conference was extended to
permit of a thorough discussion of the subject from all points
of view. Each of the gentlemen was given a hearing, and Sec-
retary Wilson, who was the last speaker, reviewed the subject in
extenso, urging that the appropriation asked for be granted in
the interests of the South, stating that large amounts of money
had been given by Congress for the eradieation of animal dis-
eases in other sections of the country, and it was their duty to
assist the South to get rid of a condition which had for so long

12 EDITORIAL.

been an incubus on her live-stock industry. As a matter of fact,
Secretary Wilson pointed out that it was this very disease which
gave Germany her first excuse to discriminate against meats
from the United States.

In a comprehensive and patriotic article in the New Orleans
Picayune of March i, Dr. W. H. Dairy mple, one of the con-
ferers referred to, reviews the entire discussion by Secretary
Wilson, and points out a practical method to deal with the sub-
ject. Concluding, he says: "We believe the cattle tick is
doomed to extermination in the South. But it is a big prob-
lem, and will require the most hearty cooperation of all con-
cerned, viz., individuals, local and State authorities, and the
National Government, through its Department of Agriculture.
Let us all get to work ! American ingenuity, pluck and prog-
ress cannot be thwarted by a problem of this kind, however
large it may appear. It is possible of solution with uniform
effort. Let us get at it ' all together.' "

Later information foreshadows the passage of the enabling
Bill, and when it does pass the money will become available at
once, so that the Department may send its experts into the field
without delay to begin a campaign of education among stock-
men as to how to get rid of ticks as early as possible.

When this great task shall have been accomplished the
American veterinary profession will have added another bright
diamond in the diadem which it has been fashioning ever since
the Bureau of Animal Industry was created. Pleuro-pneumo-
nia, foot-and-mouth disease, dourine, Texas fever (?) ! Will
tuberculosis fall under the educational batteries of the modern
veterinarian ?

"THE JOURNAL OF TROPICAL VETERINARY
SCIENCE."

We have received the first number of the above quarterly
journal, published at Lahore, India, and edited by H. T.
Pease, M.R.C.V.S., etc., Principal of the Punjab Veterinary

EDITORIAL. 13

College, Lahore ; F. S. H. Baldrey, F.R.C.V.S., etc., Professor
of Sanitary Science in the same school, and R. E. Montgomery
(on special duty for the British Government investigating the
diseases of camels).

The editorial introduction, explanatory of the field which
It desires to cover, is as follows :

" The investigation of the diseases of animals in tropical
and sub-tropical countries has assumed such magnitude of re-
cent years, and its vital importance in connection with the
welfare and progress of the British Empire has become so
widely recognized, that we feel no apology is needed for the
publication of a periodical dealing with a subject that has ac-
quired the dimensions of a special study and almost, if such
were ever possible, that of a science apart

" It is now above a quarter of a century since the late Pro-
fessor J. H. Steel, recognizing the demands of the times and
foreseeing with a foresight characteristic of the man the re-
quirements of the future, instituted the Quarterly Journal of
Veterinary Science in India. This was in the infancy of the
era of tropical research, at a time when Veterinary Surgeon
Griffith Evans published his observations on the first known
pathogenic trypanosoma, and Laveran made known the discov-
ery of the parasite of malaria.

" One has only to glance over the scientific publications of
the present day to appreciate the strides that have been made in
the advancement of our knowledge of the Tropical diseases of
man and animals, and to recognize how inseparable is one from
the other ; the further the research the more intimate becomes
the union. Trypanosomiasis, spirillosis, piroplasmosis, anchy-
lostomiasis, bilharziosis, filariasis and many others, are affec-
tions common to both, research into the nature of which is of
importance to veterinarians and medical men alike.

"During the last two decades public attention has gradually,
but none the less surely, been directed to this most important
branch of social economy, until at the present time it has been
found imperative for every Dependency and Colonial Posses-
sion to maintain a veterinary staff for the investigation of the
indigenous stock diseases.

" This brings to our mind the question, is there in reality
any disease of animals confined geographically to any one coun-
try in the world ? What is more widespread than Texas fever.

14 EDITORIAL.

or to be more exact bovine piroplasmosis ? Every year the names
of new countries have to be added to the already long list of
those invaded. Perhaps we might make an exception in the
case of South African horse sickness and a few diseases of a simi-
lar type, though it remains to be seen how many years will
elapse before an identical condition, differing perhaps somewhat
in virulence or receptivity, is diagnosed elsewhere. How many
suspected the presence of dourine in this country five years ago ?
All knew that they were dealing with a serious disease, but few
associated it with what was supposed to be confined almost en-
tirely to Algeria. The same is true of others recently detected
— haeinorrhagic septicaemia, white scour, etc. May it not be
equally so of many other conditions which we are told do not
exist in India? How are we to know? Those of us who make
India the country for our life's work have but little opportunity
of gaining a personal experience of the diseases most prevalent
in other climes ; we have to depend upon the word pictures
given by our confreres beyond the seas, whose excellent and
valuable reports for the most part remain hidden from our
sight, are found embodied with a mass of statistical figures irrel-
evant to the subject at the conclusion of an Official Blue Book,
or published in a language which may not be known to the or-
dinary worker, and only accessible to a very small majority of
those veterinarians in other countries to whom the work would
frequently be of inestimable value.

" This condition of afiFairs does not tend to widen our knowl-
edge of the diseases of animals, and their geographical distribu-
tion, or to prepare those of us whom the exigencies of the Ser-
vice may remove elsewhere, for the due appreciation of the
pathological states prevailing in the new sphere.

" It is with the object of providing a means for the bringing
about of that international interchange of ideas demanded by
modern research, and of affording a medium for the publication
of articles dealing with veterinary pathology and the allied
■sciences, as met with in all tropical and sub-tropical countries,
that this journal is instituted. It is earnestly hoped that all in-
terested in the subject will further this object by communicat-
ing the results of their inquiries to us for publication."

The Journal is well gotten up, in arrangement and typo-
graphical excellence, and the contents of the first number are
interesting and valuable. The leading articles are : " A New
Species of Trypanosoma Found in the Blood of Rats, together

EDITORIAL. 15

with a New Metrical Method of Standardizing the Measurements
of Trypanosomata," by Prof. A. Lingard, Imperial Bacteriolo-
gist to the Government of India ; "Observations on Bilharziosis
Among Animals in India," by R. E. Montgomery, M. R. C. V. S.,
I. C. V. D. ; " Some Observations on Normal and Rinderpest
Blood," by Captain F. S. H. Baldrey, F. R. C. V. S., etc.;
"Tibarsa Surra — Trypanosomiasis in the Camel," by H. T.
Pease, Principal Punjab Veterinary College ; " Through What
Agency is the Trypanosoma Evansi Carried Over from One
Surra Season to Another," by Prof. Lingard. These leading
articles are well illustrated, some in colors, and constitute splen-
did contributions to our rapidly developing knowledge of tropi-
cal diseases. In " Notes and Extracts," which complete the
number, we observe that two articles from the Review of last
July are given place, viz.: Dr. M. J. Myers' " Diseases Prevalent
in the Philippine Archipelago," and Dr. Dalrymplt's notes on
"The Tick Theory."

To all who are interested in tropical diseases (and what
veterinarian is not?) we cordially commend the Journal of
Tropical Veterinary Science^ subscriptions to which should be
forwarded to Messrs. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta (price 17^.
6<jf.), while communications for the editors should be addressed
to them at the Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore, India.

MEAT INSPECTION FOR THE U. S. ARMY.
Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, who has made an enviable name for
himself throughout the veterinary world by his numerous arti-
cles in the Review during the past two years, demonstrating
that for deep thinking and the perfect capacity to transcribe his
thoughts to paper in a forceful manner, he has few equals, has
been appointed and transferred from Meat Inspection of the
Bureau of .\nimal Industry at East St. Louis, to the Commis-
sary Department of the U. S. Army. Few of our readers know
that there is such a service for the veterinary inspection of meats
for the Army. There are at present four Veterinary Inspectors,
who, with Army Commi.ssary officers, look after the details of the

16 EDITORIAL.

contracts of the great packing companies with the Commissary.
General of the War Department for army supplies. These are
Dr. Johnson, at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, who has been
in the work with the Commissary Purchasing Agent of the
Army (a Major in regular standing) five years; Dr. McKinney,
of Kansas City, who has been there about the same length
of time, and now two others, — Dr. Lytic, of Chicago, who has
been with the Bureau eight years ; and Dr. Hughes. These
latter two were appointed March 3, one of whom will remain
in Chicago, to be associated with Dr. Johnson, while the other
will be sent to Omaha, to take charge of Army contracts there.
We have asked Dr. Hughes to write an article for the Re-
view on the subject of " Meat Inspection for the Army " as
soon as he familiarizes himself with his new work.

When Farmers Diagnose Animal Diseases. — " Notice
has been given Live Stock Commissioner Kittrell of the exist-
ence of several cases of glanders in Tipton County. This is
the one cattle disease that keeps the State Live Stock Depart-
ment in fear, it being less easily suppressed than any others.
There is a possibility of the stricken cattle in Tipton County
having to be slaughtered to avoid a cattle plague, but Mr. Kitt-
rell hopes that this may be averted. Dr. Zack Biggs, Assistant
Live Stock Commissioner, left Thursday for Tipton County to
investigate the trouble." — {Nashville American^ March 16.)

The Live Stock Commission of Tennessee, we believe, is
composed of a farmer and his assistant, an M. D., and the above
item is a fair sample of the great " benefits " which flow to the
people through the ridiculous system of appointing boiler-makers
to blow bugles. It would be more reasonable to place veterina-
rians in charge of the bureau having to deal exclusively with
diseases of the? human family, yet the howl that would arise
from the throats of outraged medical manhood would make the
welkin ring. While our dumb brutes cannot rebel against the
ignorance of incompetents dealing with their afflictions, the
above quotation is a fair exhibition of the asininity of the system
in vogue in many States and municipalities.

I

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 17

ORIGINAL articles;

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF VENTRAL HERNIAS

IN BOVINES.*

R^SUMfe OF CLINICAL LECTURES.
By Ch. Besnoit, Professor of Bovine Pathology at the Veterinary

School of Toulouse.

In veterinary surgery, under the name of ventral hernias,
are designated the tumors formed externally, under the intact
skin, by the organs contained in the abdomen, which have es-
caped from it through an accidental opening of the abdominal
walls. Therefore, they include all abdominal hernias which
occur in other parts than through the inguinal or umbilical
orifices.

Most of those lesions have dimensions so large and commu-
nicate with the abdomen by an opening of such size that their
cavity constitutes an important annex, a true prolongation of
the abdominal cavity. They would then deserve better the
name eventration^ under which they are so considered in human
surgery. Unfortunately, custom has not allowed it, and wrongly
the name of eventration is reserved, in veterinary medicine, to
designate the penetrating wounds of the abdomen, complicated
with protrusion outside of the sound or injured viscera.

In bovines four principal varieties of ventral hernias are
known, according to the organ displaced : hernia of the rumen,
that of the intestine, of the abomasum, and of the uterus. This
last, intimately connected with gestation, belongs to the domain
of obstetrics ; it has specific origin, mode of development, and
characters, which justify us in ignoring it — at least, in the gen-
eral part of the present work. The three other hernias have
many common characters, but they have also some specific signs,
which allow a positive diagnosis, and permit us to distinguish
between them and other abdominal lesions of similar aspect.

The following considerations, drawn from many private

* Translated l>v A. I.iautard. M H., V. M.. from the Rn'ue Vittrinaire.

Ig CH. BESNOIT.

observations and from the minute study of the classical descrip-
tions and from the classical documents recorded in our profes-
sional journals, have for object to show the importance and the
difficulties of the differential diagnoses of these various lesions,
and to present as far as possible their essential elements.

COMMON SYMPTOMS.

Division. — Although identical to themselves in their general
outlines, ventral hernias of bovines have, however, some differ-
ential characters, according to the causes which have produced
them. To this point of view, they must be divided into trau-
matic and spontaneous.

The traumatic are due to the crushing action of blunt ob-
jects upon the stretched muscular abdominal walls, such as
kicks, horn blows, falls, etc.; they are called recent or acute
when they have existed but a few days, and old or chronic when
of two or three weeks' standing, the local inflammatory symp-
toms of the first stage having subsided.

Spontaneous hernias develop by themselves, without exter-
nal violence. According to some, they are due to excessive and
long distension of the abdomen, as by repeated or gemellar
pregnancies, by hydramnios, ascites, etc., among old and worn
out animals ; for others it is the exaggerated weight of the di-
gestive organs in heavy feeders ; and finally with others
(Moussu) they must be attributed to atrophying nutritive trou-
bles of the abdominal walls due to unknown causes. However
this may be, under any of these influences, the abdominal mus-
cles become distended, emaciated and thinned, the weak mus-
cular fibres, pulled apart, separate, are torn, and a fissure is the
result ; this, little by little, enlarges, becomes a slit, and soon
through it abdominal organs pass and locate under the skin.

Acute Ventral Hernia. — During the hours following the
traumatism, the accident is indicated by the appearance, at any
point of the abdomen, of a swelling, varying in size from a fist
to a man's head. This swelling appears suddenly, immediately
after the blow, and develops so rapidly that in a few hours it

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. T9

has reached serious dimensions. On the spot the hairs are
sometimes off, or there are marks of superficial excoriations, in-
dications of the original cause. To the touch, the lesion seems
slightly painful, not hot, somewhat fluctuating all over ; it is
soft and pufFy, or again tense and rather elastic, according to
the seat it occupies and the time of digestion. Taxis permits of
a quick reduction of the protruding organ, and in the centre of
the enlargement is then felt the tear in the abdominal wall,
whose exact dimensions can be appreciated, through the skin,
by the introduction of several fingers or of the entire hand.

After twenty-four hours the characters are changed ; local
and general phenomena of reaction occur. On a level with the
lesion and at its periphery there appears a large oedema,
which manifestly interferes with the explorating manipula-
tions, and rapidly spreads in thickness and in superficies, prin-
cipally downwards. This reaches its maximum of dimen-
sion towards the fourth or fifth day. At that time the thick-
ness is such that attempts at reduction and exploration of the
hernial opening are nearly impossible. At the same time, the
appetite fails, the temperature rises, some tenths of a degree,
indicating fever, which is often very slight and even some-
times missing.

After five or six days the symptoms diminish in severity.
Gradually the oedema is reduced from upwards downwards, and
has completely disappeared between the twelfth and fourteenth
days, seldom later. The fever, when it exists, subsides, appe-
tite returns as soon as the progression of the local symptoms
has stopped. Then, free from the oedematous swelling which
surrounded it, the lesion can be explored easily ; it has all the
characters of old or chronic hernias.

Chronic Ventral Hernia. — In this form the hernia is mani-
fested by a soft, elastic, or semi-puffy tumor, fluctuating, indo-
lent, without oedema on its surface or in its periphery. Redu-
cible at first, it may remain so indefinitely. In Other instances,
the organs which form it contract adhesions with the internal
face of the cutaneous sac, and then it becomes irreducible. The

20 ^H. BESNUIT.

hernial opening is easily felt, especially after the reduction. It
is manifested by the presence through the abdominal walls of
an indurated ring, thick, fibrous, resisting, which surrounds the
base of the protruding mass. Besides, the tumor increases in
size after meals ; but, however, this sign may be concealed and
overlooked when the hernial opening is of small size. Finally,
the general condition is as satisfactory as possible ; digestive
functions, principally, are performed regularly.

The hernia grows more or less rapidly. After several
months, it may have reached enormous proportions. Adenot
has seen a ventral hernia measuring 0.70 centimetres in length
and im.07 centimetres in width. I have myself often seen ven-
tral hernias dropping down to the hocks, and which were more
than 0.80 centimetres in length and in width. In those cases
the hernial cavity, in free communication with the abdomen,
contained a large portion of the abdominal organs ; in them
were found principally a large portion of the rumen, almost the
entire intestinal mass, and even a gravid uterus in its entirely,
when the female was pregnant. When developed in the neigh-
borhood of the udder, these large hernias slip under it, and push
it upwards. The organ is then displaced obliquely or vertically,
and rests upon one of the lateral faces of the hernial tumor.

(Fig- 3-)

When of little size, ventral hernias are compatible with life,
and even permit of working or fattening of the animals ; but
when large, they, with time, give rise to digestive troubles
which bring on loss of flesh and marasmus, prevent the animal
from working, render it unfit for the butcher, and oblige the
owner to send it to the knacker.

spontaneous Vetitral Hernia. — Under this form, ventral
hernia takes from the start the characters of a chronic type, but
its evolution is different.

Marks of traumatism, local and general phenomena of reac-
tion, oedema and fever, all are missing.

Without appreciable cause, at a given time, lliere appears,
on the inferior abdominal wall, a small swelling, soft and flue-

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 21

tuatin^, elastic or puffy, more or less elongated and reducible,
thanks to a hernial opening quite large and evenly elongated.
First of little importance, the hernia enlarges, slowly, but grad-
ually and regularly, especially during gestation, by pressure and
the passage of the foetus through the slit of the abdominal
muscles. During that time the animal loses its appetite, and
gradually becomes thin. After several months, in consequence
of the excessive increase of the hernial opening, whose edges
are no longer easily detected, the lesion has reached consider-
able size : there is almost no longer any separation between the
abdominal and the hernial cavities, and the largest portion of
the abdominal contents is directly lodged under the skin. At
this advanced period, the general condition suffers. At first
the animal becomes, dull, has no appetite, no rumination, and
the respiration is irregular ; then diarrhoea sets in, rapid ema-
ciation and marasm follow ; finally, after a long period of
permanent decubitus, the animal dies, or has to be killed by
the knacker.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.

The preceding description of the symptoms and mode of de-
velopment are in general sufficient for a summary diagnosis. It
is, however, proper to be able to be more precise : (i) to fix the
characters which permit us to distinguish the different varieties
of ventral hernias ; (2) to look into the elements of the differ-
ential diagnosis in doubtful cases when confusion with other
lesions of similar appearance might be possible.

A ( i) Hernia of the Rumen. — This variety is not observed
in very young animals, on account of the small size of the gas-
tric reservoirs at that time of life. Its seat is almost exclusive-
ly on the left side, downwards or in the middle region, towards
the hypochondria. Often, even after the disparition of the oede-
ma of the first stage, it is not well defined in its periphery and
remains poorly diffused. The alimentary mass that it contains
renders it puffy to the touch. Reduction by taxis is possible,
at least during the first weeks; but it is always difficult, and if

2i CH. BESNOIT.

the hernia is a little large and heavy, it is often necessary to
have the animal cast and placed in the right lateral or in the
dorsal position. In this case also the rumen descends, leaves
the superior part of the abdomen, and the hollow of the flank
is much marked. Finally, percussion gives a dull sound and
auscultation fails to reveal any abnormal sound,

(2) Hernia of the Intestine. — This hernia can be observed
during youth ; yet it is more frequent in adults. It is general-
ly admitted that its seat is on the right side, but, as will be seen
further on, this rule is subject to numerous exceptions. It is
met with the same frequency in all regions of the abdominal
walls ; and even, exceptionally, on the thoracic wall, at the level
of the hypochondria, by perforation of the intercostal muscles
and of the diaphragm (Cadiot and Almy, and Guittard) ; indeed,
it is known that in cattle this last muscle is very concave and
inserted further than in the horse on the cartilaginous circle of
the hypochondriac region, and that, besides, pushed forward by
the large weight of the stomachs, it lays quite intimately on
rather an extensive surface of the internal face of the thoracic
walls. The tumor which is formed by the hernia is soft and
elastic, with, sometimes, puffy or hard spots disseminated in its
thickness, which are due to the presence of small alimentary
masses. With rare exceptions, reduction is possible by simple
taxis and without throwing the animal ; it is easier to reduce it
when it is located low than when it is high, but in these last
instances the return of the trouble, once it is reduced, is less
rapid. Percussion gives a more or less tympanitic resonance,
and auscultation perceives borborygms or gurgling noises, which
are more marked and often become very loud during and im-
mediately after the manipulations of the reduction.

(3) Herniaofthe Abomasum. — Hernia of this organ is rare.
Firmly attached to the right sac of the rumen, it is displaced
with difficulty. It appears more frequently in sucking calves
than in adult animals. This is due to the enormous size of the
abomasum and its more intimate contact with the abdominal
walls during the first periods of life. However, it is not excep-

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 23

tional in adults, as it is proved by the numerous observations of
Deguilhem, Serres, Dandrieux, Guittard, and Delsol. It is con-
stantly located on the inferior part of the right flank, although
Guittard has recorded one case where it was in the left flank.
Considering the position and the normal relations of the aboma-
sum, resting on the right sac of the rumen, it is difficult to un-
derstand the possibility of such location, unless by an anatomi-
cal abnormality. It develops ordinarily back of the hypochon-
dria, a few centimetres from it ; in adults, where the organ is
less developed and lodged more deeply in the concavity of the
diaphragm, it may also appear in one of the last intercostal
spaces (Deguilhem). Always rather of small size, it has seldom
more than 15 to 20 centimetres in diameter ; when it is larger,
it is because the hernia is mixed and that by a free tear in the
flank the abomasum and some intestinal circumvolutions have
escaped (Dandrieux). Then the intestine forms the essential
part of the tumor, and the dominating symptoms are those of
hernia of the intestine. It is almost always elongated and often
piriform. To the touch it feels soft, fluctuating, and gives the
sensation of syrupy or pulpous contents, due to the specific na-
ture of the food in the abomasum, milk or chyme.

The hernial ring, elongated and sometimes elliptical, is her-
metically closed by the protruding organ widely spread around
it. Reduction is easy, but requires pressure of the whole mass,
with both hands, on the whole extent of the tumor, from its
summit to its base. Return of the trouble occurs rapidly and
takes place as soon as the taxis ceases.

Percussion gives a dull sound ; auscultation reveals no
special noise.

(^) Hernia of the Rumen on the Right Side. — The rumen
being located in the left flank, it is comprehensible that, as we
have already said, hernia of this organ should ordinarily occur
on that side. Exceptionally, however, it may develop on the
right, but then it is necessary that : (i) the rumen be largely
distended by the food the animal has just taken, so as to take
intimate contact with the right abdominal wall, and (2) that the

24 CH. BBSNOIT.

hernial opening should have large dimensions. In those condi-
tions the exit of numerous intestinal circumvolutions always
accompany that of the rumen, and a mixed hernia is the result.
This is always of very large size and by its characters remind
one both of the hernia of the rumen and that of the intestine.
It is dififuse, not well defined, still less than in case of left
hernia, especially towards the upper part. It is soft, fluctuating,
or elastic in the parts corresponding to the intestinal loops,
harder and more puffy with the rumen. Reduction by taxis is
difficult, if not impossible, and must always be attempted in the
decubital position. The puffy regions do not give any noise on
auscultation, while borborygms may be heard over the intestines.

f fj Intestinal Hernia on the Left. — The seat for intestinal
hernia is on the right, where it may occupy any region of the
abdominal wall, from the linea alba to the hollow of the flank.
It may, however, although it is true much more rarely, be met
with in the left flank ; but then it exclusively occupies the lower
regions, under the rumen, in the neighborhood of the udder or
between this and the fold of the stifle.

It may be simple, alone, or associated with hernia of the
rumen. In the first case, it is formed through an opening suf-
ficiently large to allow the exit of the intestine, but too small to
let the rumen pass ; it then offers all the classical characters of
the right intestinal hernia. In the second case, it is developed
by the passage of the rumen and of the intestine through a her-
nial opening, primitively large or progressively enlarged by the
pressure of the gastric reservoirs, the intestine passing under the
rumen to become in relation with the left inferior abdominal
wall. The characters of that hernia are those of the mixed her*
nia on the right.

I have observed several cases of intestinal hernia to the left,
and figures i and 2 show two of them.

Cow No. I had a simple intestinal hernia, measuring 70 cen-
timetres in length and 45 in width, about ; it occupied the en-
tire lower region of the abdomen, from the stifle and udder to
the sternum. It had developed through a small opening situated

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES.

2fi

Fig. 1. Intkstinal Hernia.

immediately below the fold of the stifle, in which were engaged
numerous circumvolutions of the small intestine and a few
from the colon. The rumen was not displaced. The diagnosis
was easy, the lesion presenting all the classical signs of intesti-
nal hernia. Fig. 2 shows an intestinal hernia to the left, mis-
taken for an abscess. We will consider that case further on.

Fig. a. Lkft Intkstinal IIkknia and Absckss.

(6) Uterine Hernia. — Also called hysterocele. It is fre-
quent in old cows and develops, during gestation, at thepostero-

26 CH. BESNOIT.

inferior region of the abdomen, on either side, but oftencr on
the right than on the left. It is large, and presents all the as-
pects of big intestinal or mixed hernias. Inguinal, the diagno-
sis is easy, but sometimes is complicated with the presence in
the hernial sac of numerous intestinal circumvolutions mixed
with the gravid uterus.

Hysterocele is characterized by a regular and constant in-
crease of the tumor, which often reaches fabulous proportions.
Besides, methodical exploration reveals the presence of a foetus
in the hernial sac ; by palpation some hard and movable parts
are felt; auscultation discovers the cardiac sounds, if gestation
is advanced, and careful watching may sometimes detect the
motions of the fcetus. At any rate, the rather frequent pres-
ence of the intestine with the uterus in the hernial sac is indi-

FiG. 3. Intkstinal AND Uterine Hernia— Post-Partum.

cated by greater fluctuation and by borborygms through auscul-
tation. Fig. 3 represents a mixed hernia of the uterus and of
the small intestine, on the left side, immediately after delivery.
Fig. 4 is that also of a mixed hernia, but before delivery, in the
eighth month of gestation : it is bilateral, more voluminous on
the right than on the left side.

B ( r) Abscess. — Two cases may occur that we will consider

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES.

27

successively : a ventral hernia may be taken for an abscess or
vice versa an abscess of the abdominal walls may be taken for
a ventral hernia.

(a) Ventral Hernia Taken for an Abscess. — The error is
possible and even quite easy under some circumstances. First
of all, the hernia at the start gives rise to the appearance of

local inflamma-
tory phenome-
na similar to
those of ab-
scess ; they may
be sufficient to
deceive. In the
second part, the
hernia may co-
exist with an
abscess. Wheth-
er it develops
consecutively
to the inflam-
mation of the
contents of the
hernial sac
(Bouley) or, on

FiC 4. INTKSTINAL AND UTERINE HERNIA ( Ante-PaRTUM). t h f POntTflrV

has been primitive and has become complicated with hernia by
the work of suppuration of the abdominal wall. In the first
case, the error is possible but exceptional. It can occur only at
the beginning of the trouble and cannot last beyond the time
necessary for the resorption of the oedema and of the exudates
— that is, more than five or six days. It is due to the detection
of a swelling, which is hot, painful, oedematous, principally
fluctuating, giving rise to slight febrile reaction. The fact that
there is no increase in size after meals, that the tumor cannot
be reduced, the absence of a hernial opening, and, above all,
the progressive, quick, and relatively considerable increase of

28 CH. BESNOIT.

the lesion will almost always insure a diagnosis. In the doubt-
ful cases it will be sufficient to wait five or six days to see all
the signs of local inflammation disappear. If, finally, one can-
not wait, an exploring puncture and rectal exploration will
give precious information. The puncture made with a fine
sterilized trocar is without danger, and will reveal the nature
of the contents of the hernial sac — pus or food. For the rectal
exploration it will, if the seat of the lesion can be reached with
the hand, reveal the presence of the perforation through the
muscular structure of the abdomen.

An example of this error of diagnosis has been related by
Deguilhem. It was a tumor formed on the level of one of the
last intercostal spaces, about the size of a fist, hard on its bor-
ders, fluctuating in its centre, and irreducible. With such char-
acters an exploring puncture was indicated, as it would have
prevented the opening of this supposed abscess and the serious
sequelae which would occur from that unfortunate surgical in-
terference.

In the second case, the diagnosis is more delicate. When
the hernia is associated with an abscess, the characters belong-
ing to this one are first mixed with those of the hernia, but
after a few days they are more prominent than them ; tliey con-
ceal them. Error is then easy, not only at the beginning, but
also beyond the period of local reaction of hernias, as even at
that time the characters of the abscess are not clearly appreci-
able. Nevertheless, when an exploring puncture shall hav-e re-
vealed the presence of pus in a tumor of the abdominal walls,
the possibility of a hernia co-existing with the abscess must al-
ways be admitted and prudent action indicated. Yet, in some
cases, a slight increase in the size of the tumor after meals, a
quick and important progress in the lesion and in the most for-
tunate circumstance, the constancy of the hernial opening, by
taxis or rectal exploration, will render suspicion of the nature
of the accident and finally insure the diagnosis.

Examples of mistakes of this nature are numerous. To men-
tion only a few, I will relate briefly those of Ledoyen, of Dela-

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 29

marre and of Daprey. The cow observed by Ledoyen had on
the flank, since the previous day, a swelling as big as two fists,
and consecutive to a blow from the horn of another animal. First
taken for an haematoma, the tumor soon changed in characters,
progressively increased in size, became fluctuating in the centre,
with thinning of the skin, and then was considered an abscess.
Puncture gave escape to pus and to an intestinal loop. Surely
the diagnosis was delicate ; yet the rapid and enormous increase
of the tumor, notwithstanding the well-marked signs of abscess,
ought to have created suspicion of the co-existence of hernia
with the abscess. . . . Delamarre has reported two cases of
premammary intestinal hernia, one primitive, the other consec-
utive to an abscess of the same region, punctured and emptied
six weeks before. Puffy and fluctuating, these tumors A\ere
taken for abscesses, and erroneously punctured. Their peculiar
situation, immediately in front of the udder, and their clinical
characters, are sufficient to explain the error of diagnosis. . . .
Daprey has also mentioned five cases of intestinal hernia of the
flank wrongly considered as return of abscesses opened and re-
covered for several weeks. These last observations show with
what circumspection one must act before deciding in a case of
apparent abscess of the abdominal walls, even and especially
when the lesion is located about the udder.

Among several personal examples, I will again mention on
this same subject the following case : A worn-out cow (Fig. 2)
brought to the school for surgical exercises, had, on the lower
part of the left flank, a tumor, rather elongated and about the
size of a decalitre. It was hard, very adherent by its base to
the abdominal walls, irreducible, and besides with detectable
hernial opening. Above and back of it there was a fluctuating
point which accidentally ulcerated, during one examination of
the animal. Quite a large quantity of pus escaped. The cow
was not in calf ; the hollow of the left flank was not dropped
and the tumor did not increase in a sensible manner after meals.
We discarded at first the supposition of a hernia of the rumen
or of the uterus, to admit simply that of a large abscess. Al-

30 CH. BESNOIT.

though the irreducibility of the tumor and its hardness on one
side, and on the other the rarity of intestinal hernia in the left
flank, rendered the existence of this last lesion rather doubtful,
we thought of the relative frequency of cases where the two ac-
cidents co-exist, and we decided to resort to an exploring punc-
ture. This gave escape to an alimentary substance, and we
came to the conclusion that both an intestinal hernia and an
abscess co-existed. The post-mortem confirmed this diagnosis,
and showed that the great hardness and the irreducibility were
due to the fact that, instead of being lodged directly under the
skin, the intestinal circumvolutions had slipped between the
various muscular layers of the region, which thus contributed to
a certain degree to the formation of the walls of the hernial pouch.

(b) Abscess Taken for a Ventral Hernia. — Abscess of
the abdominal walls, especially if of rather old date, are some-
times manifested by local phenomena of reaction, badly mark-
ed, more or less attenuated, and whose precise meaning is not
understood. In this case a hernia may be suspected. But if,
in those conditions, error is easy and more frequent than in the
preceding instances, it is also very much less serious. Indeed,
either the diagnosis being doubtful, one will wait in expectation
and the abscess will open of itself, or again a surgical section
will be resorted to, which will be a fortunate one, as it will in-
sure a hasty escape to the pus, and realize a more rapid recovery
of a benignant accident. Exploring puncture, followed by free
incision, with methodic and prudent exploration of the cavity
of the abscess, constitute the most precious means of diagnosis.

As an example, I will recite the following personal observa-
tion : A cow (Fig. 5) has for several weeks had on the middle
region of the left flank, immediately back of the hypochondria,
a tumor, due to a traumatism. At first small, it has rapidly in-
creased in size, little by little descending into the lower parts,
so as to reach to the mammae. The veterinarian who treated
her, after a few days of observation, concluded that it was an
incurable hernia of the rumen, and sent her to the school for the
surgical class.

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES.

31

Fig. 5 — ABSChss ..1 na. Flank

nia (uterine or intestinal)

When I saw the animal I observed the presence, on the left
infero-lateral part of the abdomen, from the cord of the flank to

the premammary region, of a
large irregular tumor, bosse-
lated at some points of its sur-
face, more prominent towards
the middle part of the flank
and immediately in front of the
udder. It is hard, except at the
most prominent parts, which
are fluctuating. It does not en-
large after meals ; is irreduci-
ble and painful, especially at
the fluctuating spots. All
these characters make us throw
aside the idea of a ventral her-
There is no need to think of an
abdominal cyst, as the characteristic and extensive fluctuation
is not present. Notwithstanding the enormous dimensions o{
the tumor, we concluded that it was a large abscess, primitively
developed on the flank, and having made its way towards the
lower regions, to finally reach the premammary region, where
a new purulent collection had formed. Exploring punctures
made on the fluctuating spots confirmed the diagnosis immedi-
atelv. The abscess was opened, freely incised in front of the
udder, and seven or eight litres of pus escaped. In exploring
the cavity with the finger first and then with a probe, a fistulous
tract was traced which ran up the superior part of the flank,
where a counter-opening was made. Drain tubes were put in
place, and after six weeks, with antiseptic injections, cauteriza-
tion of the fistulous tracts, etc., the cow was returned to her
owner entirely recovered.

Omphalo-Phlcbitis. — In calves hernia of the abomasum is not
absolutely rare. We have seen it, located on the inferior ab-
dominal wall, near the linea alba, between thi.s and the inferior
part of the hypochondria. Then it is situated not far from the

32 CH. BESNOIT.

umbilicus, and can be, at the beginning, at the period of inflam-
matory reaction, mistaken for oniphalo-plilebitis or for abscesses
around the umbilicus from umbilical infection. In such cases,
any surgical interference must be very cautiously resorted to.
A.t any rate, the elements for the differential diagnosis are about
identical with those that we have mentioned in cases of simple
abscesses of the other regions of the abdominal walls. The in-
crease in size after meals, reducibility of the lesion, the existence
of more or less elongated hernial opening, and in doubtful cases
the result obtained by an aseptic exploring puncture, will insure
the diagnosis of the hernia.

(j) HcBmatoma. — Any violent contusion may give rise to
the formation of an haematoma, a liquid tumor constituted by
the escape of blood in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. The
traumatism lacerates or destroys the connective tissue, while at
the same time it produces numerous vascular ruptures, followed
by bloody or sero-bloody important infiltration. Soon the es-
caping blood collects in the lacerated parts, separates, pushes
away and raises the teguments, coagulates more or less com-
pletely, and the bloody tumor is formed.

Developed on the abdominal wall, this lesion may be taken
for a ventral hernia, at a superficial examination, on account of
its situation, its form, its size, which sometimes is enormous, or
of the fluctuation which characterizes it, and the slightly indu-
rated zone which soon surrounds it.

Yet it is quite easily differentiated from it, at least in the
beginning, by the crepitation that it gives and which consti-
tutes a pathognomonic sign. This crepitation gives a sensation
somewhat analagous to that felt in squeezing a piece of lung
tissue : it is due to the crushing under the pressure of the fingers
of the clots of blood accumulated in the cavity of the haematoma.
According to the importance of the coagulation within the cav-
ity, the crepitation may be generalized to the entire tumor or
only localized to the deep parts and associated with the fluctua-
tion.

And, besides, the tumor is irreducible and does not increase

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES.

38

in size after meals. Moreover, it is soft, very depressible, and
nothing is easier than to observe the absence of the hernial sac ;
the peripheric induration cannot be mistaken for it ; and, at any
rate, rectal examination would, in most cases, reveal the integ-
rity of the abdominal walls. Finally, if some doubt still re-
mains, an exploring puncture will settle the diagnosis by allow-
ing the escape of pure blood or of bloody serosity.

Later the lesion disappears by slow resolution or undergoes
cystic transformation, when it assumes all the characters of
large serous collections.

Confusion between haematoma and ventral hernia is not
exceptional. We have already mentioned the case of Ledoyen
relating to a cow having a tumor on the flank, with wide base,
quite well defined, hot, painful, and not depressible, taken at
first for a bloody tumor, but in reality due to the association of
an abscess with an intestinal hernia.

Fig. 6 represents an enormous haematoma of the middle re-
gion of the right flank in a cow brought to our clinic. The

lesion was a little hard and tense, but
uniformly fluctuating and slightly
,T^ * __ crepitating in its deep parts. On ac-
i f j||L count of its large size and of its

M ^ y* stretched condition, it was difficult to
y < \ ■ depress ; attempts at reduction as well

as researches for the hernial ring re-
mained fruitless, and our students
concluded it was an intestinal hernia.
Puncture with a sterilized trocar gave
escape to almost pure blood, and es-
tablished the diagnosis.

(^) Cyst. — The large serous collec-
tions that are observed on the walls of
the abdomen, due most commonly to
the cystic formation of big hoema-
tomas, have more than one character
of some ventral hernias, and princi-

FlC.. 6.- HiCMATOMA ON THB

Flank.

34 CH, BESNOIT.

pally of chronic intestinal hernias. Like these latter, they arc
soft, depressible, uniformly fluctuating, and without inflamma-
tory manifestations. But, on the other side, they do not enlarge
after meals, they are accompanied by dropping of the hollow of
the flank, they are not reducible by taxis, and not the slightest
mark of abdominal perforation can be detected ; besides these,
auscultation fails to reveal any peculiar noise and exploring
puncture gives escape to an abundant quantity of serous fluid.

Fig. 7 —Abdominal Cvsr.

The elements of the differential diagnosis are not, however,
so clearly marked. Some years ago I reported the clinical story
of a cow affected with an enormous abdominal cyst (Fig. 7), in
which they were most all missing. This animal presented a
large swelling on the left infero-lateral side of the abdomen.
It had made its appearance several days after the last parturi-
tion, and had regularly enlarged, spreading laterally, and finally
running up towards the left flank. Little by little it had
reached very large dimensions, spreading forward as far as the
hypochondria and sternum, behind to the stifle and even along
the median line as far as the perineum. At the same time the
digestive functions became poor, diarrhoea had set in, and the
animal lost considerable flesh.

This lesion presented well all the characters common to

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 35

cysts and chronic intestinal hernias ; softness, elasticity, fluctu-
ation all over and uniform, absence of inflammatory symptoms,
but the specific symptoms of cyst were almost all missing. To
the touch and palpation the tumor seemed partially filled with
pufiFy, thick matter, which could be supposed as being caused
by accumulations of semi-solid faecal matter in the intestinal
circumvolutions ; it was simply due to partitions in the cyst and
to the presence in these cavities of the cyst of numerous clots of
fibrin. The diarrhoea, which had lasted a long time, had pro-
moted a marked dropping of the right flank. The cyst, bound
internally by the wall of the abdomen, pushed it back into the
abdominal cavity and in such a manner that after each meal
the digestive viscera, being full, pressed upon the abominal
wall, pushed it outwards, and, with the cyst, the tumor then
seemed to increase in size after meals. Finally, even the mode
of development of the tumor seemed to plead in favor of a diag-
nosis of hernia, as it had appeared almost immediately after
parturition to gradually acquire proportions, which surpassed
very much the ordinary dimensions of serous collec-
tions.

It is true that the attempts made to reduce it had failed, and
that, with rectal exploration, the hernial opening could not be
found ; yet this had no great importance, because the great size
of the tumor made exploration difficult and even prevented the
hand from feeling the abdominal wall. Under these conditions,
exploring puncture was the indication ; made, it allowed the
escape of five or six litres of citrine serous fluid, and decided
the true nature of the tumor — an abdominal cyst.

One must not, however, believe that this last sign may be
suflRcient, by itself, and in every case, to establish the diagnosis
of hernia. Indeed, I had often met with ventral hernias where
the internal face of the hernial sac had degenerated into a se-
creting cystic membrane and where the intestinal circumvolu-
tions were floating in a large quantity of serous liquid. In
such case a hernia could be taken for a cyst, as the following
case will prove :

30 CH. BESNOIT.

The cow represented in Fig. i was suffering with a very
large swelling of the lower portion of the left flank. It was in-
tended to use her for the clinical examination of students. A
few of them having heard of it, went to the owner's barn to ex-
amine her at ease. At first they thought it was an intestinal
hernia, but hesitated a little on account of the situation of the
lesion on the left flank, and also in having failed to reduce it.
They then tried to insure their diagnosis by an exploring punc-
ture.

As a rather large quantity of serous fluid escaped, they
changed their first opinion, and soon the news spread among the
students that the cow which was to be presented at the clinical
examination was suffering with an abdominal cyst. It was an
error, as the animal was affected with left intestinal hernia, com-
plicated with a collection of several litres of serosity in the her-
nial sac.

A last example of error between a cyst and a hernia is the
following: A veterinarian sent us to be operated a cow suffer-
ing, according to his diagnosis, with an o/d and curable intesti-
nal hernia. Indeed, the animal had on the right flank a tumor
extending from the fold of the stifle upwards. It was elongated,
irregular, a little contracted in its middle, hard above, soft,
fluctuating, and filled with liquid in the lower part. This lesion
was never tense nor elastic ; it was irreducible, and the most
careful external and internal exploration failed to detect any
opening in the abdominal walls. No borborygms were heard
at auscultation. Under such conditions, I found that my col-
league had made a mistake. Nevertheless, I decided to make
an exploring puncture with a fine aseptic trocar. A serous,
rosy liquid escaped.

The trouble was a biloculated cyst, the tumor being slight-
ly contracted in its middle and having different characters
above and below the contractions. The extirpation of the
cyst was done immediately, followed by quick and complete
recovery.

( To be continued in the May number.')

DISPENSARY HINTS. 37

DISPENSARY HINTS.

By Prof. (Vkorgf, Judish, Amks, Io\va.

Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association at Ames,

January, 1906.

After five years of impatient waiting the Eighth Decennial
Revision of the U. S. P. finally made its appearance in July and
became the official standard September ist, 1905. Whilst the
volume made its appearance two years later than usual, yet we
can well excuse the delay on account of the excellence of the
work. Many drugs and preparations heretofore unofficial were
deemed of sufficient importance to merit recognition. In look-
ing over the text we find that the present official pharmacopoeia
recognizes 958 articles — the 1890 mentioned 994. One hundred
and fifty-fiv^e articles were dismissed by the committee of revi-
sion and 121 added. The titles of a number of official sub-
stances were altered. Synonyms are rarely given and it is to
be hoped that practitioners and pharmacists will cease using
them as they lead to no inconsiderable confusion. Under the
head of approximate measures we find that the following values
should be used :

"4 cc=i fluid drachm = teaspoonful.

"8 cc-i 2 fluid drachms— dessertspoonful.

" 16 cc=4 fluid drachms = tablespoonful.

" The standard temperature for the solubility of substances
in liquids, for taking specific gravity, and for volumetric oper-
ations, is 25° C. or 77° F." In the former revision it was 15°
C. or 59° F. This change was made because it would serve the
convenience of the greatest number of pharmacists and labora-
tory operators. Laboratories and pharmacies will come neai'^r
registering -j-]^ F. the year around than 59° F. In September,
1902, a convention composed of delegates from nearly every
civilized country, met at Brussels and was styled The Interna-
tional Conference for the Unification of Medical Formulas.
The title explains the object of the conference. This body
recommended the uniform strength of 10 per cent, for tinctures

GEORGE JUDISH.

of potent drugs, i per cent, for solutions of arsenic and that i c.c,
of fluid extract represent one gramme of the drug. Our arsenical
solutions and fluid extracts were of the strength recommended
by this body, but it necessitated changing the strength of a
number of the ofiicial tinctures. The most striking changes
occur in the strength of tincture of aconite and tincture vera-
trnm. Tincture of aconite formerly represented 35 per cent, of
the root, veratrum 40 per cent. — they are now 10 per cent,
tinctures. The tinctures of cantharides and strophanthus in-
stead of representing 5 per cent, of drug, have been increased to
10 per cent. The tinctures of belladonna, digitalis, gelsemiiim
and hyoscyamus were decreased 5 per cent, so as to conform to
the international standard. The general rule is that tinctures
of potent drugs contain or represent 10 per cent, of the article,
the less potent 20 per cent. It is well to remember that all of
the official preparations of opium contain or represent 10 per
cent, of powdered opium, except the fluid extract and camphor-
ated tincture. The lattei contains -j\ of i per cent. Oleate of
mercury is 5 per cent, stronger than formerly, containing at
present 25 per cent, of yellow mercuric oxide. Syrup iodide of
iron contains but 5 per cent, of ferrous iodide, formerly lo per
cent. This change was necessary in order to comply with the
recommendations of the International Conference. Unguentum
acidi carbolici is now official as unguentum phenolis, and con-
tains about 3 per cent, of phenol instead of 5 per cent. One
part of pancreatine U. S. P. 1900 must digest at least 25 parts of
starch, whilst the standard was not fixed by the former pharma-
copoeia. Saccharated pepsin was very wisely dismissed by the
Committee of Revision. Pepsin is employed by the veterinarian
in treating gastric disturbances of dogs and the younger domes-
ticated animals. A great variety of wines, elixirs, essences and
solutions of this ferment have been placed on the market, each
manufacturer claiming his article to be especially meritorious.
In this connection let us remember that pepsin is only active in
an acid solution and is destroyed by an alkali. The presence of
25 per cent, or more of alcohol renders it worthless and when

DISPENSARY HINTS. 3t

heated in acidulated solution to 212° F. it loses its powers. Pan-
creatine and pepsin in solution are incompatible. If the solu-
tion is alkaline, the pancreatine destroys the pepsin, if acid, the
pepsin destroys the pancreatine. Pepsin is usually and very
properly prescribed in an acid solution. Yet we should not forget
that its proteolytic power is rapidly destroyed by the presence
of more than j'g^ of i per cent, of hydrochloric acid. It is in-
compatible with alcohol, alkalies, chloroform, ether, the salts of
many metals, tannic and gallic acid. It is advisable to employ
only the scale pepsin, avoiding the proprietary preparations so
highly exploited by polished salesmen. Many, in fact most of
the proprietaries may sacrifice efficiency for palatability and
pharmaceutic elegance. The titles of the more important arti-
cles that were changed are as follows :
Acidum arsenosum is now official as arsenii trioxidum
Acidum carbolicum " " " " phenol
Acidum chromicum " " " " chromii trioxidum
Aloe barbadensis " " " " aloe

Aloe socotrina " " " " aloe

All hydrochlorates " " " " hydrochlorides
Chloral " '' " " chloratum hydratum

Ext. digitalis fl. " " " " fluid extractum dig.

Resorcium *' " " " resorcinol

Salol " *' " " phenylis salicylas

Sodii hyposulphis " " " " sodii thiosulphas

Sodii sulphocarbolas " " " " sodii phenolsulphonas
Tinctura veratri viridis " " " " tinctura veratri
Zinci sulphocarbolas " " '' " zinci phenolsulphonas

A proprietary preparation, commercially known as Antiphlo-
gistine, has been favorably received by both human and veter-
inary practitioners. A similar but more excellent preparation
is now official under the title of cataplasma kaolini. It is pre-
pared by heating 577 grammes of finely powdered kaolin in a
suitable vessel for one hour at a temperature of 2i2°K. A wa-
ter bath should be employed as higher temperatures may cause
darkening of this material. After having heated the kaolin for

40 GEORGE JUDISH.

the prescribed time, mix it intimately with 45 grammes of boric
acid and then incorporate the mixture with 375 grammes of
glycerine. Then add ;^ gramme of thymol, previously dis-
solved in a mixture of 2 grammes of methyl salicylate and ^
gramme of oil of peppermint. Mix thoroughly and keep in air-
tight containers. This product may be prepared with compara
tive ease and at considerable profit. Acetous fluid extracts are
official for the first time. Those official are lobelia, sanquina-
ria and squills. Fluid extracts prepared with a menstruum of
acetic acid are just as reliable and as permanent as those made
with alcohol. Prejudice in favor of alcohol is the only thing
that stands in the way of their general use. They should ap-
peal strongly to the veterinarian as cost is greatly in their
favor and nothing is lost in the way of permanence or therapeu-
tic value. Acetic acid fluid extracts, however, should never be
prescribed with the carbonates as effervescence will ensue.
Should the prescriber desire to combine solution of arsenic with
these fluid extracts the solution of arsenious acid should be used
instead of solution of potassium arsenite. The latter will cause
effervescence for reasons already stated.

Compound solution of cresol, official as liquor cresolis com-
positus, was made official to displace the proprietary prepara-
tion known as Pearson's creolin. It may be prepared by dissolv-
ing 80 grammes of potassium hydroxide in 50 grammes of wa-
ter in a tared dish, then adding 350 grammes of linseed oil and
mixing thoroughly. To this mixture add 500 grammes of cre-
sol and stir until a clear solution is produced. Finally add
sufficient water to make the final product weight 1,000 grammes.
Ointments are frequently employed by veterinarians and are
often prepared in a haphazard manner. Well do I remember
of seeing a veterinarian mix his ointments on a wooden box
that served the triple purpose of seat, shoe shining stand and
ointment slab. Such indifference cannot be too strongly con-
demned. On account of the liability of many ointments to be-
come rancid or decompose, they should be prepared only in such
quantities as may be used within a reasonable time. Never re-

DISPKNSARY HINTS. 41

use an ointment pot or jar without first thoroughly cleaning it.
Lard, a mixture of lard and wax, petrolatum and wool fat or
lanolineare the bases generally used in their preparation. The
best lard for pharmaceutic purposes is what is commercially
known as leaf lard. This should be purified by washing and
should be free from salt. The greatest disadvantage of this
base is its proneness to become rancid. Heat and moisture
favor the development of rancidity. To overcome this tenden-
cy the U. S. P. directs that it be heated with benzoin. Bat if
the lard is incorporated with beeswax or resin the benzoinating
process becomes unnecessary ; these materials acting as preserva-
tives, also rendering the lard more firm. This is very desirable,
especially in the summer time. Many farmers treat the medi-
cines intended for their live stock with indifference. After ap-
plying an ointment it is frequently placed on the window sill,
to remain there, exposed to the sun, until it is again time to
use it. Sometimes the box is deposited, lid down, and when
again desired the ointment has melted and is spread on the
boards. Lard, however, possesses the property of absorbing about
15 per cent, of water or aqueous liquids and is itself readily ab-
sorbed by the skin. Ointments prepared with this base, like all
salves, should be kept in a cool, dry place, heat and moisture
favoring decomposition. Petrolatum is the most unchangeable
of ointment bases. Petrolatum of good quality should alwa)S
be selected ; the cheaper varieties are likely to contain
some acid and are irritating. It is not absorbed as readily as
lard and is well adapted for ointments where a slow, continuous
action is desired. Some difficulty is experienced in incorpor-
ating fluids with this base. This may be overcome by adding
yellow wax or mixing wool fat with it. Wool fat (adeps lanse)
is the purified fat of the wool of sheep. It should not contain
more than 30 per cent, of water and is miscible with twice its
weight of that liquid. The addition of not less than 25 per cent,
of petrolatum produces a less sticky, stringy base and is manipu-
lated with greater ea.se. Great caution should be exercised in
the preparation of ointments intended for the eyes. Ointment

42 GEORGE JUDISH.

of yellow mercuric oxide is often prescribed, and as usually
prepared is very gritty, thus acting as an irritant until the se-
cretions break up the particles. This may be overcome and
a perfectly smooth ointment prepared by first triturating the
oxide witii a small quantity of distilled water.

Where solids are to be mixed with an ointment base the
better procedure is to reduce the substance to a very fine powder
and mix it with a portion of the base to a uniform mixture, then
adding the balance. This method insures a smooth ointment,
the solid being uniformly distributed throughout the mass.
When preparing an ointment of corrosive chloride of mercury I
would advise dissolving it in alcohol by triturating in a mortar,
then incorporating the solution with the selected base. Oint-
ments of solid extract. — Use of mortar better than ointment slab.
When prescribing or dispensing eye waters nothing but distilled
water should be used. Always rinse the container with distilled
water to remove any dust that may have found its way into the
bottle. Eye waters should be perfectly free from any substance
that might act mechanically. Therefore, collyria should always
be filtered.

If the prescriber has ordered a salt to be dissolved in water
and the salt is in excess, make a saturated solution and throw
away the balance. Greater care should be exercised in the
preparation of hypodermic solutions. Use sterile water and
prepare them as wanted for use. Aqueous solutions, especially
of alkaloidal salts, decompose rapidly and should not enter into
the list of stock solutions. Never prescribe or dispense alka-
loidal salts with alkalies and unless the mixture contains not less
than 15 per cent, of alcohol and then the amount of alkaloid
must be small. Alkalies precipitate alkaloidal salts as alkaloids
and these are insoluble in water, but they are soluble in alcohol
or hydroalcoholic liquids. Chloral hydrate in the presence of
alcohol is decomposed, chloral alcoholate, a very irritating: sub-
stance being formed. Chloral should always be dispensed in
aqueous solutions. One of the best vehicles for the administra-
tion,of this substance is acacia, in the form of syrup or mucilage.

DISPENSARY HINIS. 43

Alcoholic liquids should never be combined with strong or sat-
urated solutions of salts, as the liquids will not mix. We fre-
quently meet with this incompatibility in diuretic mixtures.
The physician will combine saturated solutions of potassium
citrate or acetate with spirit of nitrous ether. When it is de-
sirable to combine a tincture of a resin or one insoluble in water,
the water should be quite cold and the tincture added to the
water in a fine stream ; never add the water to the tincture. By
adding the tincture to the water, the precipitation takes place
in minute particles and is readily reincorporated by shaking.
The medical profession, and by this I mean all of the profession,
has always denounced patent medicines in no uncertain terms.
Medical men, it seems, have fallen into a common error with
the laity by calling proprietary remedies patents and consider-
ing real patent medicines as perfectly legitimate.

A patent medicine is one for the manufacture of which a
patent has been granted. Before granting the patent right the
person or corporation seeking this privilege must give a very
minute description of all the materials entering into the remedy,
and the exact technique of its manufacture. Thus you see,
after seventeen years, any one possessing the necessary ability
and inclination, may prepare this same product. Not only may
they make the product, but the public also falls heir to the
trade name. Proprietary remedies are protected, as a rule, by
our copyright laws. The composition of this class of remedies
is known to the manufacturer only, and his right to both name
and formula is perpetual. As a rule the proprietary prepara-
tions, used by practitioners of medicine, are sold at ridiculously
high prices in order that the promoters may pay for the neces-
sary advertising, and enrich themselves in a few short years.

We frequently find that these remedies were discovered by
third rate doctors or bankrupt druggists. By using them the
doctor gradually loses sight of his therapeutics and finally finds
himself hopelessly entangled in the meshes of proprietaiyism.
The blame for the growing tendency to self medication may, in
part, be traced to the practitioner's habit of employing ready

44 GEORGE JUDISH.

prepared, convenient, pleasing to the eye, propiietaiies, or hop-
ing to add dignity to the title ethpharniacal preparations. Com-
pressed tablets or tablet triturates of tinctures, or fluid extracts,
or of volatile drugs, are a delusion and should never be used.
In conclusion, I will say that every veterinarian should do his
best to write prescriptions correctly. The standing of a com-
munity or a profession depends upon the ability and character
of its units. The practitioner's prescription is an index to his
ability, at least such is the opinion of the laity. Having the best
interests of your profession at heart, I urge you to write pre-
scriptions carefully, correctly and neatly.

The use of paper bags, scraps of wrapping paper, etc., instead
of prescription blanks should not be tolerated. It indicates
carelessness and indifference and on the prescription file is a
constant ad for the writer's slovenly methods. After many years
of experience as a pharmacist, I can truthfully say that some of
the worst and some of the best prescriptions that I have had the
pleasure of filling were written by veterinary practitioners.

"Do you think the automobile will displace the horse?'
asked the young woman. " It will," answered the farmer, as he
gazed down the road, "if it hits him."

In the grand floral parade of the Midwinter Fiesta in Hono-
lulu, Hawaii, on Feb. 23, Master Marcus Monsarrat won first
prize as a juvenile cowboy. The young equestrian is a son of
Veterinarian W. T. Monsarrat, and will accompany his father
to the meeting of the A.V.M.A., at New Haven, in August.

A STORY of affection for an animal is behind the following
advertisement, which appeared in nearly all the New York dai-
lies for a week in February last, while the advertiser, who had
come on from Iowa, searched through many of the large stables
of Gotham in quest of the subject of the advertisement : " FINE
SORREL MARE SOLD IN IOWA; weight about 1,200;
coming 5 years old ; white face, left hind leg white nearly to
knee, with slight wire scratch on same leg ; I raised her and
want to get her back ; reasonable reward for information for
right animal. MARE, Eagle office." The advertiser stated
that his superintendent sold her during his absence to a New
York dealer, and he has grieved over her loss ever since.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW, 46

THE IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW:
ITS APPLICATION AND EFFECTS.

THE GERMAIN FOOD ANIMALS AND MEAT INSPECTION POLICY

COMPARED WITH THAT OK THE UNITED STATES.

By D. Arthur Hughes, Ph. D., D.V.M., Cornell University.

The American system of inspection of food animals and
meats, and the work of the Bureau of Animal Industry gener-
ally, have excited the admiration of such notables as Sir John
McFadyean, the Principal of the Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons of London, and Professor Robert Ostertag of Berlin,
the authority on inspection of animals and meats and editor of
the Zeitschrift fur Fleisch und Milch-hygiene — the most re-
markable magazine of its kind in Europe. Sir John McFad-
yean is a conspicuous representative of the British people who
are our largest purchasers of fresh and prepared meats ; while
Professor Dr. Robert Ostertag is a no less conspicuous represen-
tative of a country which has made the animals and meat trade
with it difficult. The contrast between the attitudes of the two
countries to the trade in this respect, is as striking as the con-
trast between the effects the policy of the German inspection is
said to have had upon Germany, and the effects of the American
system of inspection upon American interstate and foreign com-
merce. What then could be more enlightening to the American
veterinarian than to mark the results of the apparant unwisdom
in the one; and wisdom in the other?

I. THE IMPERIAL GERMAN LAW AND ITS APPLICATION.

In order to clear the way for a study of the effects of the
law in Germany and a comparison of the German policy with
the American policy, I shall speak of the provisions of the Ger-
man law itself. The provisions that may concern us refer: i,
To the veterinarians to be chosen for the inspection ; 2, the in-
spection districts ; 3, the cooperation of revenue officers, inspec-
tors and police for carrying out the law ; 4, to what part of the
trade the law is applied ; 5, the main provisions referring to the

46 D- ARTHUR HUGHES.

domestic trade ; 6, the main provisions referring to the import

trade ; 7, the taxes.

/. The veterinarians to be chosen for the inspection.

There are two references in the law to the choice of inspec-
tors. " As inspectors are to be appointed officially recognized
veterinarians or other persons who have demonstrated a suffi-
cient knowledge."*

" The Bundesrath is authorized to issue regulations deter-
mining whether persons possess sufficient knowledge to act as
inspectors."!

Of a truth Germany and France are the leaders in veterinary
education, in number and equipment of veterinary schools
and in the magnificence with which they are supported.
Twenty-two years ago the voice of Dr. Law protested that while
in America there was not, at that time, a single veterinary col-
lege supported by the State or national governments, there were
then in Europe no less than thirty-three State veterinary col-
leges. Even after the lapse of twenty-two years we can only
count three or four well-organized State veterinary colleges,
while the number in Europe has further increased and the in-
telligence they have shown in extending their influence and
making their impress in the scientific work of the respective
governments for the public health, for care of artillery and
cavalry horses, and the treatment of flocks and herds, has been
marvellous. Twenty-two years ago, according to Dr. Law's
report on Education in Veterinary Medicine in Europe,;}: the
learned men from these numerous State veterinary colleges, at
the International Veterinary Congress of 1883, were seriously
<3iscussing the lenghtening of the professional veterinary course
to five solid years, that is including the summers — indeed in
«ome of these colleges the course was already five years, and in
many four. The congress voted " for admission to veterinary

* Artie. 5. \ J. The Imperial German Meat Inspection Law, June 3, 1900.
Gesetz, betreffend die Schlachtveh und Fieishbeschau, Vom. 3, June, 1900.
j- Artie. 22, \ I.
X Annual report B. A I. 1884 Pp 341-350.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 47

Studies one must be bachelor e's lettres or is sciences^ that is to
say, he must have finished his studies in the secondary educa-
tion." In other words, as early as 1884 t^^^ requirement for
entrance to these colleges was equal to our bachelor's degree in
arts ; while the professional training continued onward four
and five years beyond that.

So to-day the German and French veterinarians,beyond cavil,
are among the best representatives of veterinary learning in the
world. The men chosen to take charge of food animals and
meats for the German government in the capacity of " inspec-
tor or deputy inspector " are all men fitted for their work in
one of the veterinary colleges supported by the State. They
always have had a stiff preliminary training and a professional
training under men who devoted all their time to teaching, re-
search or only such professional practice as appertained to the
hospital work of the college. The inspectors are so thoroughly
trained that they are proficient in all branches of the govern-
mental inspection — chemical examination of preserved meats
to test for unlawful preservatives, microscopic inspection for
communicable parasitic diseases, ante-mortem inspection and
post-mortem inspection as rigorously conducted under the Ger-
man law. As is characteristic of German scholarship, the train-
ing is almost fearfully minute and detailed. We have nothing
in our language to compare with Ostertag's work on meat in-
spection which is the standard throughout Germany ; nor
would a magazine like the Zeitschrift Jur Fleisch und Milch-
hygiene^ which flouiishes in Germany, perhaps be able at pres-
ent to exist here. It is true, much of the inspection in Ger-
many is done by " stock inspectors," which correspondent to
"stock examiners" in the American service, whose duty is to
detect and set aside unwholesome meats, without necessarily
knowing to what the unwholesomeness is due, and thus save
time for the regular inspector. But this saving of the time and
expense for additional inspectors can hardly be avoided in any
country ; and no harm can come as long as all matters are re-
ferred to the veterinarian in charge.

48 D- ARTHUR HUGHES.

2, The inspection districts.

"In order to accomplish the inspections," says the law,
" inspection districts shall be established ; for each of such dis-
tricts shall be appointed at least one inspector and one deputy
inspector."* The federated governmental authorities are to
form the districts and appoint the inspectors.

It must be remembered that no quarter is exercised in Ger-
many in the matter of supervision of the home and foreign meat
trade. The whole of the home output as well as the foreign im-
portations are alike subject to inspection. Germany, it must also
not be forgotten, has not that power of the central authorities
over the commerce between the States as is true of the federal
government in America. Germany is a confederation and
many of the States in the confederation have State rights pecu-
liar to them and undisputed by Prussia.! Hence the appoin-
tive power of the individual States. The inspection of home
products is therefore largely in the hands of the State authori-
ties. However, the foreign importations are inspected under
the supervision of the customs office. For this purpose, Ger-
many, comparatively small a country as it is, is divided by law
into no less than two hundred and fifty (250) foreign meat in-
spection offices scattered everywhere along the customs lines of
her borders, and the seaboard, and within the country. There
is therefore no possibility of animals or meats escaping the
customs officers or the rigorous inspection.
J. The cooperation of revenue officers^ meat inspectors and

police Jor carrying out the law.

For the carrying out of the law the revenue officers, meat
inspectors and police, work hand in hand. Any one who knows
the number of police there are, the power they have in a martial
nation like Germany, the espionage they exercise in all details
assigned to them as part of their prerogative and the strictness
with which they carry out the letter of the law, will understand

•Art. 5. §1,2.

1 1 refer here to the ZoUverein or agreement between these States and FrussU^ at the
time of the formation of the confederation.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 49

that its provisions are certainly carried out. When animals are
turned aside as unsatisfactory to the inspectors, or when meats
(carcasses or their parts, or prepared meats) are not up to the
standard, the police immediately have them in charge, which is
a guarantee in Germany that they will be satisfactorily disposed
of. In the import trade animals and meats are first and last in
charge of the revenue officers stationed along all customs lines
and guarding entrance. The inspection stations are either at
or near the customs offices; the inspectionofficers working with
the revenue officers and each accountable to the other. Should
the imported animals or meats be satisfactory, the revenue offi-
cers have them under seal for collectible duties ; if not, they
must be carried out of Germany by the agent of the importer
under customs escort,
4. To zv hat part of the trade the law is applied.

German meat and animals inspection, without any exception
whatsoever, is extended to all animals and meats intended for
food throughout every part of Germany and to all animals, fresh
carcasses, their parts or prepared meats, desired by outsiders to
be imported. The words of the law referring to the domestic
trade are : " Neat cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, the
meat of which is intended to be used as food for man, shall be
subjected to an official inspection both before and after slaugh-
ter. By decision of the Federal Council (Bundesrath) the obli-
gatory inspection may be extended to other food animals."*
With regard to the import trade the words of the law refer spe-
cifically to both prepared and fresh meats. The prohibition of
mast preserved meats is definite and cannot be gotten around.
" The importation past the customs line of meat in hermetically
sealed cans, or in other similar vessels, of sausages and other
mixtures made from chopped meats is prohibited. "f The super-
vision of fresh carcasses or parts is strict. " Fresh meat may be
imported past the customs line only in entire carcasses, but the
carcasses of neat cattle (with the exception of calves) and of

* The Imperial I^w, Art. I, § i.
t Art 12, § I.

50 D- ARTHUR HUGHES.

swine may be cut into halves. The pleura and peritoneum,
lungs, heart, kidneys, and, in case of cows, the udder also, must
be attached to the carcass in natural connection."*

Prepared meats, for the most part, therefore, are absolutely
prohibited from entrance. Though frozen meat is included un-
der fresh meat by a later proclamation, the difficulty of impor-
tation of fresh meat from across the seas in entire carcasses, with
the parts named attached, can hardly be overcome. The Bun-
desrath in a further proclamation requires the neck, trachea,
larynx and head to be attached in natural position. The blood
of each animal i s considered as a " part " under later regula-
tions. The blood of each animal, without being salted, must
accompany the carcass. All in all the restrictions are such
that importation of fresh meats from beyond the seas is made
almost impossible.!
J. The main provisions referring to the domestic trade.

The provisions for inspection of animals and meats in the
domestic trade are as elaborate as German scientific erudition
can make them ; each regulation is definitely detailed ; and each
detail is fortified by penalties which will require its being car-
ried out with certitude. The main points refer to ante-mortem
inspection; the ordinary post-mortem inspection; the special
post-mortem inspection of horses, asses, hinnies, mules and dogs ;
the chemical inspection or prohibitions ; the trichinae exami-
nations.

An ante-mortem inspection must be made of all animals
except those which may die from disease or injury before the post-
mortem examination occurs ; but the latter in no case can be
put into trafi&c as fresh meat. If an animal is not killed with-
in twenty-four hours after ante-mortem it must be reinspected
before death. The post-mortem rules are more stringent. If
an animal is found only partly fit for food it must be sterilized,
not sold as fresh meat, and can only be sold at all by persons
with a special license and in rooms with placards stating that

* Art. 12. §1,2.

t Proclamation of the Bundesrath, June 24, 1903.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 51

this class of meat is there for sale. If an animal or carcass is
condemned outright it passes into the hands of the police for
destruction, usually by burning. Though we cannot here go
into the minutae of the law, we may say that every detail of the
law on these two inspections is guarded by major and minor
penalties. There is a penalty of 1,500 marks (about 350 dol-
lars) for a person who knowingly acts in contravention of the
law, trafiics in forbidden meat or fraudulently affixes or alters
the government marks.* While there is a minor penalty of
150 marks (about 35 dollars) for numerous small offences.

Solipeds and canines require a special inspection. After in-
spection they must be marked in German as such, sold under
special license, the dealer must sell the flesh in a separate room,
and place signs on the meat designating whether it is horse,
mule or dog. For violations of these rules there are particularly
heavy penalties.f In addition there are also special articles in
tht law touching the industrial preparation of any meats for
traffic. " No materials or kinds of processes shall be used which
are capable of imparting to the wares a condition injurious to
health." The Bundesrath is to determine how far this rule is
" applicable to special materials and kinds of processes which
are apt to conceal an unwholesome or inferior quality of the
wares." + The result of which has been that an imposing
chemical examination of preserved meats has been set up in
Germany. Not only this, the imperial German law has special
provisions for inspection of pork for trichinae, but this inspec-
tion is left to the will of the separate States. §
6. The main provisions referring to the import trade.

Thd" provisions referring to the entrance of meats or carcas-
ses into Germany, the prohibitions and restrictions, are elabor-
ately detailed in two proclamations of the imperial senate and
published by the chancellor as special supplements to the regu-
lar documents of the Imperial Health Office. |i They are called

♦ Art. I, 2, 6, 7. 8, 10, II, 26.

fArt 18, §1105. t Art. 21, §1,3. 5 Art. 24, § I.

II Vcr5fTentlichungea des Kauerlichen Gesundheitsamt.

52 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

the Meat Inspection Customs Ordinance of February 3, 1903,
and " concerning the marking of inspected foreign meat " of
February 10, 1903.

Of those things which are prohibited from importation into
Germany we have already spoken of hermetically sealed meats
and carcasses which are not entire and with the organs like the
heart, lungs, etc., attached as required by law, so we need to
note but two other provisions. First meats preserved with bor-
acic acid, formaldehyde, alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides
and carbonates, sulphurous acid and its salts, hyposulphites,
hydrofluoric acid and its salts, salicylic acid and its compounds,
chlorates, are all prohibited from importation. Second, with
the exception of hams, bacons and casings (cleaned and salted
intestines), all pickled or salted meats of less than 8.8 lbs.
weight are forbidden from entrance. As frozen or fresh meats
not in entire carcasses, hermetically sealed meats, preserved
meats and pickled meats are forbidden, this is tantamount to a
blockade against foreign trade. *

For all animals and meats brought to the German borders
there have been laid down a mass of specific administrative pro-
visions binding the customs officers, meat inspectors and police,
in a code of regulations which cover the surveillance of animals
or animal products from the moment they approach the frontier
to the time they are finally allowed to pass into the German
traffic. The goods are received by the customs house, then
turned over to the inspection office under customs seal or espion-
age. The inspector is put under oath for customs returns ; while
customs officers and inspectors keep check on one another's
work in tedious detail. Even the complete minutae of the book-
keeping are provided for in the ordinance.

At the same time no mistake can be made, even by the
most erring intellect, as to the customs fees, inspection fees, the
disposition of condemned or refused meats by the police or cus-
toms officers.f

• Meat Inspection Customs Ordinance, Art. i, § i to 6.
f Meat Inspection Customs Ordinance. Art. 2 to 28.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 53

7. The taxes or fees.

The imperial German meat inspection law, and the procla-
mations based upon it, have specific regulations on fees to be
charged for inspections and other costs. These are chargeable
both on all animals and meats produced in Germany, as well as
all imported meats and meat products.

In the domestic trade the fees take the form of meat inspec-
tion expense charges, license fees required from vendors of
second class meats sterilized by the inspectors, from dealers in
soliped and canine meats, from dealers in meats which have
been regularly passed. The chemical and trichinae inspections
are all paid for by special fees. Besides, the police department
is not backward in securing major and minor penalty fees from
breakers of the meat inspection law in the course of the inspec-
tion, or when the inspected meats pass into the trade.*

But when we consider the charges for inspection of imported
meats and meat products, this part of the subject becomes more
interesting to us. These were announced in a proclamation of
the Imperial Senate March 4, 1903, and made effective at
o^ce."^

The fees include the customs charges, the meat inspection
charges, and the compensations for faking and sending samples,
reports, entering on inspection books, making out certificates,
marking the meat, travel of experts.

The ordinary fees cover : first, fresh meat ; second, dressed
meat. For fresh meat: cattle per head, 59.5 cents; calf, per
head, 17.8 cents ; hog, per head, 17.8 cents ; sheep or goat, per
head, 14.2 cents; soliped, per head, 71.4 cents. For dressed
meat : intestines per 2.2 lbs., 24 cents ; bacon per 2.2 lbs., 47
cents; other dressed meat per 2.2 lbs., 9.5 cents. The fees at
least, for intestines, must be 9.5 cents ; for other dressed meat at
least 1 1.9 cents. In case of appeal from a test, when the whole

* The meat inspection law, Art. 26-28. Art. 24-18, 21.

f The ordinance concerning fees for the inspection of meats imported past the'customs
line, Fiamburg, March 4, 1903.

54 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

consignment must be examined, or in dissimilar consignments,
the dressed beef fees are doubled. For the preparation of whole
carcasses or fresh meats for inspection — cutting, hanging, lay-
ing out parts — an additional charge of 20 per cent, of the named
fees is provided.

The special fees cover trichinae and chemical inspection.
For trichinae inspection : entire hog, 23.8 cents. The common
fee for detection of forbidden preservatives is 59.5 cents a con-
signment.* To show the rigor of the law we may say. First,
1,000 tubs of lard of 25 lbs. each would require for taking sam-
ples, examination for preservatives, examination for purity and
sealing, about $ 1 7.85. Second, 100 pieces of pork shoulders, each
6.6 lbs., would cost for general inspection, examination for preser-
vatives and trichinae, $15.11. Third, 100 pork bellies, weigh-
ing net 992 lbs., would take for general inspection, chemical
and trichinae inspection, $16.91.!

High as these inspection charges may be thought to be by
some, to them must be added the German tariff duties. Under
the new German tariff law of 1902, which went into effect
March i, 1906, the following are the rates for cattle. hor.ses and
hogs. If there is not settled a reduction by special treaty the
rates are: cattle, $4.28 a kead ; horses, $21.42-85.68 a head;
hogs, $4.28 a head. If agreement by treaty is obtained : cattle,^
$1.90 a head ; horses $7.14-28.56 a head ; swine, $2.14 a head.:}:
According to associated press despatches of February 23, 1906,
America has been given the reduced tariff rates until June 30,
1907.

II. THE ALLEGED EFFECTS OF THE IMPERIAL MEAT INSPEC-
TION LAW IN GERMANY.

After several years of discussion and agitation the law
passed, and received the imperial signature June 3, 1900. The

* Consular Reports No. 1424 Meat Inspection fees ordinance. March 4,

Aug. 21, 102. Pp. 45. 1903. Art. i to 6.

t Consular Reports No. I435. September 4, 1902. P. 4.

X Consular Reports No. 2252. May 8, 1995. P. 9.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 55

part prohibiting meat in hermetically sealed cans went into ef-
fect October i, 1902 ; the code of regulations became effective
April I, 1903. The whole law, including the meat inspections
customs ordinance, and the ordinance concerning meat inspec-
tions fees, has, therefore, been operative about three years.*

During the last few years, under the new law, certain econ-
omic changes are alleged to have taken place in Germany.
First, it is said, there has been a decline of the import trade,
both from beyond the frontiers, and from beyond the seas ; sec-
ond, that prices of food stuffs have risen ; third, that there has
been some dissatisfaction with the law ; fourth, that the poor
have resorted to cheaper material for food.
/. Decline of the import trade.

Consul General Mason, of Berlin, f has supplied us with in-
formation on the decline of the import trade in fresh and cured
meats into Germany since 1900. For the first three months of
1902 the receipts of fresh meats were 5,776 tons ; January to
March, 1903, 3,250 tons. The decline was noticed, particularly
in fresh and salted pork and upon preserved meats : fresh pork
and hams, tons, 19,120 to tons 4,905 ; slightly salted pork, tons
6,865 to tons 2,338 ; hams, cured, tons 2,522 to tons 975 ; bacon,
cured, tons, 9,839 to tons 2,469 ; sausages, tons 105 to tons 82.
The first figure, in each case, is the import for 1902 ; the second
figure, for 1903, When it is remembered that the United
States largely controlled this trade, we can see the effect on
American commerce.

The prevailing opinion seems to be that, in order to increase
the importation, the frontiers should be opened to a free passage
of animals and fresh meats. A national mass meeting of 2,000
representative butchers and meat venders was held in Berlin in
the summer of 1905. The gist of its declaration was: "Ger-
man agriculture has repeatedly demonstrated that, in spite of

•Consular Rejjorts, No. 1303, March 31, 1902. T. i.

No. I410, August 5, 1902. P. I.

No. 1394, July 17, 1902. p. I.
f Daily Consular Reports, No. 2246, May I, 1 905. Pp. 9-IO,

56

D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

contrary assertions, it is not capable of supplying Germany suf-
ficiently with animals for butchering. The rules and regula-
tions now existing with reference to the importation of such
animals, through quarantine measures, have such a paralyzing
effect that these rules and regulations are almost equivalent to a
prohibition of imports." The resolutions close with a most ur-
gent appeal for opening of the frontier to the free importation
of cattle and swine, with only such veterinary regulations as
will give real protection to German flocks and herds from con-
tamination, and preserve the public health.*
2. Rise of the prices of food stuj^s.

We may see the rapid rise of prices between 1904 and 1905
on each hundredweight (no lbs.) of the live animal by com-
paring the following two sets of figures, the first of which rep-
resents the price in 1904 ; the second that of 1905. f

Animal.

Calves
Cattle
Hogs.
Sheep

1904.

515.47 to I19.04
14.28 to 15.47
13.00 to 14.28
14.28 to 15.47

1905.

5i6.66 to $21.42
17.85 to 20.23
15.47 to 16.66
17.85 to 20.47

The retail prices are correspondingly increased. Fresh pork
now sells by leading meat dealers in Berlin for 24 cents a lb.,
beef steaks at 35 34 cents a lb., veal for 35 cents a lb,, and mut-
ton for 28^ cents a lb. These are prices entirely beyond the
reach of working people. The dealers say that the prices are
due to the limited supply of animals and to cost to them, due
to the meat inspection law.J The International Association of
Hotel Owners of Berlin, in a petition to the Government for
relief from the meat inspection law, says that geese cost 24

•Daily Consular and Trade Reports, No. 2381, Oct. 9, 1905. P. 3-4.

No. 2318. July 26, 1905. P. 4.
f Daily Cons, and Trade Reports, No 2388, Oct. 17, 1905. P. 10
X Daily Cons, and Trade Reports, No. 2381, Oct. 9, 1905. P. 2.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 67

cents and chickens 7 cents more than last year (1904) — due to the
general rise of prices resulting from scarcity of food prod-
ucts. *

What is true of Berlin is true of the other cities of Germany,
prices have been rising rapidly. In Baden the increase in price
for the best class of beef is ij cents for 2.20 lbs. ; for second
class beef i}i cents for 2.20 lbs. ; for veal i)4 cents for 2.20
lbs. ; for mutton i cent for each 2.20 lbs. ; for pork 2^ cents
each 220 lbs. Trier and Breslau pay 43 cents for 2.20 lbs. of
pork ; Coblentz and Neuss 45 cents ; Hanau 47 cents ; and
Aachen 50 cents.t

The capital reflects the general condition in Germany, and
in Berlin, during the last five years, the prices paid for beef and
pork far exceeded the average paid in the surrounding capitals
except St. Petersburg.
J. The alleged dissatisfaction with the law.

During the last twelve months there has been apparently
some dissatisfaction at what is supposed to have been the effect
of the law. In the autumn of 1903 the national (German) as-
sociation of hotel and restaurant keepers met, and addressed to
the imperial chancellor a protest against the law in which
they asserted that meats are rapidly becoming more scarce in
Germany.^ The magistracy of Upper Silesia recite to the im-
perial ministry the conditions in that part of Germany and
make a similar appeal. Brunswick demanded the removal of
the duty on cattle and hogs. While similar demands it appears
have been sent in to the ministry by Munich and Leipzig. In
Northern Schleswig twenty-nine communities protested against
the scarcity of meat. The public, in mass meeting, or the city
councils of Dortmund, Darmstadt, Niirnberg, Stuttgart and
Cologne have it is said done the same thing. The import city
of Hamburg has followed her sister cities and the capital, Ber-

• Daily Cons, and Trade Reports, No. 2388, Oct. 17, 1905, P. 12.
f Daily Con*, and Trade Reports, No. 2397. Oct. a7. l9oS- P- 3-
X Daily Consular and Trade Reports, No. 3381, October 9, 1905. P. a.

58 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

lin, charging the scarcity of meat to the meat inspection law.*
^. The poor obtain cheaper food.

Since horse meat retails in Berlin at 8 to lo cents a pound,
as compared with beef which retails at present at 35 J^ cents a
pound, the poor have, during the last few years, resorted largely
to its use in that city. Consequently, up to 1905, the sales of
horse flesh in the city enormously increased. In 1895 the
number of horses consumed was 7,267 ; in 1900 10,815 ; in
1904 13,000. The last figure represents 3,990,000 lbs. of horse
flesh eaten in Berlin in 1904. The proportion of horse flesh
used in Breslau in 1904 was greater than in Berlin. In South-
ern Germany the consumption of horse flesh is still greater with
a constant increase. t

Unfortunately even the price of horse flesh is rising rapidly.
This being so, and as dog flesh is no longer obtainable, num-
bers of municipalities it is reported, buy carloads of fish at the
seaport towns and sell them at cost to the citizens. This has
been done in Solingen, in towns in Westphalia, Posen and Ba-
varia.]:

III. THE OBJECTIONS TO THE IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT
INSPECTION LAW.

At the heart of the alleged failure of Germany to supply suf-
ficient animal food for the populace at reasonable prices is the
fact that Germany is one of the European countries which, for
hundreds of years, has been compelled to import, and will in the
future be compelled so to do. She is one of the overcrowded
nations of Europe which must import foreign flesh foods be-
cause of the scarcity of her home supplies. Russia in Europe
has only 24,000,000 head of cattle and 35,000,000 sheep for her
90,000,000 people. Neither Germany nor France have as- many
animals though both have as many people. Germany and
France, like Great Britain and Ireland, which have only 11,000-

* Daily Consular and Trade Reports, No. 2388, Oct. 17, 1903. P. lo-ii.

No. 2335, Aug. 15, 1905. K 5.
t Daily Consular Reports No. 2246; May I, 1905. Pp. lo-ii.
X Daily Consular Reports, No. 2388, Oct. 17, 1905. P. 12.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW 59

ooo cattle, 6,000,000 hogs and 34,000,000 sheep for 40,000,000
people, must each import flesh foods.

The United States, Argentina, Australia and Canada are the
four countries which have the surplus of animals for the teem-
ing millions of people of the European continent. The two
factors of success in the trade are distance and amount of live
stock. The United States is nearest to Europe, while she has
60,000,000 head of cattle, 62,000,000 hogs, 46,000,000 sheep for
her 83,000,000 people.

Australia is farthest from Europe. Argentine is far distant
with 27,opo,ooo cattle and 110,000,000 sheep for her 6,000,000
people. Yankee celerity should carry us soonest to Europe
with our surplus.*

As Germany cannot supply her own demands she must look
beyond the frontiers or over the seas for supplies. But the meat
obtainable from the surrounding countries is not sufficient in
quantity to meet her needs ; nor have those countries sufficient
quantities to meet their own demands. Germany has therefore
in the past been a large importer from the United States. Very
large as the trade of America is with Germany it is not nearly
as large as the needs of the country indicate ; besides, during
the last few years, it has been declining. Our imports to Ger-
many of meat, meat products and dairy products, was second
only in size to our trade with Great Britain. "Witness the dif-
ference though between 1,221,900 lbs. — our importation to
Germany, and 35,398,244 lbs. — our importation to Great
Britain. t

IV. THE GERMAN FOOD ANIMALS AND MEAT INSPECTION
POI-ICY COMPARED WITH THAT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Nothing could be more striking than the contrast between
the United States and Germany in the origin, application and
effects of their food animals and meat inspection law.

♦ See Daily Cons, and Trade Reports, No. 2397, Oct. 27, 1905, Pp. 3-4.
t 2lst Annual Report B. A. I. 1904. P. 489.

60 D- ARTHUR Hl/UHES.

In agricultural productiveness the contrast between the two
countries is striking. Germany is forced to import to keep
even within reasonable bounds of the demand for meats. The
United States production of animals and meats is enormously in
excess of American needs. There must be an outlet for this ex-
cess in farm production. The American animals and meat in-
spection was developed for the furtherance of two things : the
interstate and foreign trade.

How was this done? In the main, as follows. The endea-
vor has been, first of all, to prevent disease among animals
coming into this country. For this purpose there is an inspec-
tion at foreign ports, by inspectors of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, of all animals to be sent here ; further, there is a quarantine
on the American seaboard of animals coming into our country.
The endeavor has been, secondly, to prevent diseases among
live animals being carried from one part of the country to an-
other, or from this country abroad. This is done by the inspec-
tion by the Bureau of Animal Industry, at our seaboard, of all
live animals for export ; and by the quarantines, within the
country, against our animal plagues. Thirdly, the endeavor
has been the prevention of disease among dead animals (car-
casses or their parts), being hurtful to consumers at home or
abroad. This has been done by the meat inspection service of
the Bureau of Animal Industry, which has an oversight of all
meats which are to pass into the interstate or foreign trade. The
animals and meats inspection service of this most important
Bureau of the Department of Agriculture, now covers the
ante-mortem inspection of animals, and the post mortem inspec-
tion of carcasses at 151 establishments in 51 cities, or the bulk
of live animals, carcasses or parts in the interstate or foreign
trade. Of cattle, sheep, calves and hogs, there were inspected
ante-mortem 64,613,383 ; of cattle, sheep, calves and hogs
there were inspected, post-mortem, 39,500,370, all during the
fiscal year closing 1904. Of these 89,175 whole carcasses, and
132,602 parts of carcasses, were condemned and tanked.*

2lst Annual Report. B. A. I , I904. P. 12.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 61

We have in mind in this work the forestallment of the diffi-
culty of having our meats or animals challenged as hurtful to
man or animals, in order that our domestic and foreign trade
should be stimulated to its highest activity. We wished to
find a sale for our millions of tons of meats and meat products
and our countless number of animals with the government as-
surance that neither, because of disease, would be hurtful to
man or beast. Our success in this matter is borne out
in the British trade. At no time have our meats, which
passed American inspection, been found to be unwholesome in
Great Britain. Our live animals are not challenged ; nor our
canned goods ; nor our frozen (fresh) meats.

The contrast between the German and American food ani-
mals and meat inspection laws is brought out strongly when we
consider the cost of the inspections to the respective countries.
In Germany every step in the inspection is marked by fees,
which, heavy enough as they are for the German owners, are
heavier to the importer. There are fees for ordinary inspection,
for chemical inspection and for trichinae inspection. In Amer-
ica practically no inspection fees are charged, though recently
it has been decided to charge the owners for labels and stamps
placed on passed meats or receptacles containing them. For
the many millions of stamps and labels used it is estimated that
the total cost will be only seventy thousand dollars a year.
There is no charge for the quarantine at seaports, for ante-mor-
tem or post-mortem inspection at official stations, for the ani-
mals quarantines in the country at large, for trichinse or chem-
ical work, for the work of stamping or labelling or sealing cars.
All of this is paid for by appropriations from Congress and
when the money appropriated is divided up it is found to
amount to the insignificant sum of a particle of a cent for each
inspection.*

The contrast is also great between the dissatisfaction and un-
popularity which the German law is alleged to have caused in

* See the official reports of the R. A. I., in which thisstatement is verified.

62 D- ARTHUR HUGHES.

Germany and the satisfaction and popularity of the American law
in America. The unpopularity of the German law in Germany is
apparently oased : first, on the fact that it shuts out importation of
canned goods and sausages and there is little output of these pro-
ducts in that country ; secondly, it greatly decreases the imports of
fresh meats and limits the supply. The satisfaction and popular-
ity of the American law in America is shown : first in the de-
mand for increase of inspection privileges and the extension of
the inspection to all abattoirs ; second, in the warm support the
work of the Bureau of Animal Industry has always had from the
veterinary and agricultural press throughout the land ; third, in
the pride shared by the people and its scientific leaders and ex-
pressed always in warm praise of the efforts of the Bureau of
Animal Industry in behalf of the public health and commercial
success.

The American food animals and meat inspection system, as
it has been developed during the last fifteen years, that is since
1891, is true to the American idea of how any great system, in-
dustrial or governmental, should be developed. Germany platted
out a law perfect in every detail, as far as law making goes, and
put all parts into operation, in 1903, fire-new from the law mak-
er's minds, and many parts evidently novel and untried before.
On the contrary the American system was built up gradually
in keeping with the scientific and commercial needs of the
country. There is practical good sense in the development of
a system such as that over which the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try is administrator, the various parts evolved as experience with
questions of public or animal health warranted or as commer-
cial conditions or needs demanded. The American food animals
and meat inspection regulations, developed on authority resting
in the fundamental law of 1884, which founded the Bureau of
Animal Industry, and that of 1891, which set into operation the
meat inspection service, have been a success. The German
food animals and meat inspection law of 1900, if we can judge
by conditions said to prevail in Germany, has, so far, in some
respects, apparently been a failure.

EVKRY-DAY EXPERIENCES. 63

EVERY-DAY EXPERIENCES.

By E. H. Shei'ARd, V, S., Cleveland. Ohio.
Read at Meeting of Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, January, I906.

I come before you to day with only a few thoughts on the
practical side of our every-day work, with a note or two on
cases that some of us see only perhaps once in a life-time.
There is no one so bright, no one with such a long and extended
practice, who cannot meet nearly every week with something
new, some condition to him unknown, some phenomenon whose
cause and effect differs from any he has yet seen or read of as
recorded.

Just stop for a moment and think, that among the millions
of people who inhabit this earth, there are no two alike, either
in looks, thought or deed ; no two the same. And as I look back
over my records of cases treated, take the disease pneumonia,
for an instance; of all I have treated in an activ^e practice of
nearly i8 years, there are no two alike, no two whose pulse,
temperature or lung affection, whose strength, appetite, and ner-
vous symptoms, or any one condition the same. Take the com-
mon misfortune, nail prick ; there are never two alike, as to
size, depth, location, parts injured, nervous conditions, lame-
ness, length of time of recovery, or death.

Here are two interesting samples which came under my ob-
servation : One picked up a small nail on the road, the punc-
ture being near the point of the frog ; the horse became so
lame it could hardly walk ; a horseshoer removed the nail,
thinned the surrounding horn, poured in some of his " dope " (a
sure cure) and sent the man and his beast on his way, the man
congratulating himself that the accident occurred near a shoeing
shop and was treated at no expense ; but the horse growing
lamer at each step, becoming more excited at each rod, could
soon go no further, and dropped to the ground in the road. He
was rolled onto the grass in the ditch and I was ordered to
come and see what was best to do. You can well imagine my
surprise when after hearing the above related circumstances,

64 E- H. SHEPARD.

and reaching my patient, I found him just dying, in what I
could only term as " tetanic convulsions" ; every muscle seemed
tense to its very utmost, the jaws set as in the worst case
or tetanus, the limbs stiff and rigid, each muscle feeling like
wood, with head and tail elevated and as tense as the rest of
the body.

Post-mortem revealed a badly fractured os pedis and all
surrounding parts terribly congested.

The second case occurred in a heavy work horse, who gath-
ered in a No. 20 spike ; it entered about the centre of the frog,
passed upward directly posterior to the navicular bone and flexor
perforans tendon to about the lower third of the os suffrSginus,
where it broke through to the outside, and when I raised the
foot both extremities of the spike were exposed. Upon appli-
cation of a forcep to withdraw it the animal struggled, with the
result that it was torn out directly to the rear, leaving a large,
gaping, bleeding wound. Treatment was given, this being at
about II o'clock a. m. The next morning the horse being not
lame^ he was put into the harness and hitched to his usual load
of stone, weighing from four to five tons, and never missed a
day or a load, the wound healing very rapidly.

Now, while these two cases — one of them especially — did
not admit of treatment, the other making its quick recovery,
are only odd and interesting, I have mentioned them to illus-
trate one point in particular, and that is the great difference in
the nervous organism of different animals, and, because of that
fact, we as practitioners should never neglect to consult the ner-
vous economy of the animal in hand. Many an appearing hope-
less case may be turned towards recovery by steadying that bal-
ance wheel of the animal economy.

In a lively, hurried practice we are liable to become heedless
and careless, and ofttimes as we look back over the treatment
given some case which did not turn out to our satisfaction, we
think of many common sense things which could have done no
harm, and quite probably might have aided to a much better
result. There are many things about our every-day work which

EVERY-DAY EXPERIENCES. 65

are exceedingly easy to some of us, and aggravatingly hard to
others. The things which are hard for us to do we do as little
as possible.

Just now, for one instance, how many graduated veterinary
surgeons I have seen who could not examine a horse's mouth
to even their half satisfaction.

Whenever you put a speculum in a horse's mouth, even one
of the most approved pattern, he will fight it to a greater or
lesser extent, and it is always in the way of the hand and arm,
and especially so if instruments are used.

The art of examining the mouth by the eye, even when a
strong light is used, is far, /«r from satisfactory. The only way
to my mind to thoroughly examine the mouth and its contents
is by the hand, with, so to speak, an eye in the end of each finger ;
and, further, you can only examine thoroughly one side of the
mouth with the one hand and the other hand should be just as
skillful in the other side of the mouth.

I find trouble in the mouth of different kinds too numerous
to mention. Decayed teeth, broken teeth, snags, foreign bodies
(as needles, pins, pieces of wire, cobs, roots, pieces of wood,
and abscesses, cuts, tears, etc.) are the principal things found.
Never yet but twice have I found a mouth that I could not
search carefully and thoroughly and be able to state the exact
condition of such a mouth. In my practice I have only found
two horses that would not allow me to examine and put my
hand in their mouths. One of them tried to shake hands with
me, and missing my hand tore open my vest from top to bottom.
To him I said " you are welcome," and if the mouth must be
searched I will lay you down before again attempting it.

The older members here will remember that years ago I
brought to this our annual meeting the skull of a mare con-
taining a seventh molar, which had opened a way through the
basilar process of the superior maxillary, making an opening
into the throat and doing much damage. For years I have
been looking for seventh molars in a live horse, and this last
fall I found two, one on either side of the lower jaw, and ex-

66 E. H. SHEPARD.

tending upward, just enough to begin to cause trouble. I
operated on them, cutting off the exposed points, and smoothing
the stubs down nicely with the float.

There are many ways of examining the mouth with the
hand and I differ from the majority, but will demonstrate my
way in the clinic if called upon. And there is not one of us
who cannot easily learn to do a simple thing in the right way.
In the dressing of teeth, which to some of us is almost an
every-day occurrence, I do not believe any man can do a first-
class job, so to speak, unless he works always with one hand in
the mouth. That one hand is his guide ; it carries the working
parts of his instrument right where the work is needed and tells
you instantly when you have done enough and when your work
is finished. The other hand going into the mouth on the other
side does likewise, thereby resting each hand or arm in turn.
And your dressing of each side is done straight in the line of
the teeth and there is no awkward cross work to be done, nei-
ther do you dress one side more than the other, because both
sides are easy and alike to do, and again, not one-half of the vet-
erinary dentists have their files placed in their floats in the, to
my mind, proper manner. I do not believe any work upon the
teeth should be done with the />ush stroke. It can be done just
as well with the draw stroke^ and with a hundred times less
danger of frightening or, what is worse, injuring the animal.
Now in this connection, as I am talking of the manipulation of
the horse's mouth, I wish to give you an example of a case
which came to my office several years ago.

As I was standing in the door of my infirmary talking to a
friend one day, I saw a man driving a team towards me, and I
remarked to my friend, " Here comes a man with a sick horse."
The off one could scarcely walk ; its head hung low and its
every effort showed exhaustion. As he stopped before me he
asked in a gruff voice, " Is the Doctor here ?" to which I an-
swered, " Right here." " Well," said he, " there is a sick mare
and I have driven her all the way from Kirtland (which was
over 20 miles); she has been ailing nearly two weeks. Two

EVERY-DAY EXPERIENCES. 67

doctors with their papers have seen her, and all the quacks in
my country have tried to save her ; but she can't eat, and if she
isn't cured soon I'll never ^^// her home again." My eyes had
been busy, and I said, "Does she try to eat f'' " My, yes!" he
answered, "but she can't swallow anything but water and thin
gruel."

I unbuckled one cheek piece to the bit and slipped the bit
from her mouth, raised the head and slipped one hand back into
her mouth — clear back between the upper sixth molars, I
found something, and slipping a finger around it gave a quick
pull and brought out a crooked gnarled piece of wild cherry
root, resembling the letter Y, and that was all ; but which, the
mare or the man, was more pleased, no one could say. The
grass I gave the mare she swallowed before it was half masti-
cated and kept begging for more ; the man danced and laughed
and pounded me on the shoulder till I began to think he meant
something. He told me she had been treated for sore throat
and he did not know what all, while the outside of her throat
was blistered. So, you can see that the ability to examine the
mouth is a help at all times, and the more dexterous and smooth
you are the better impression you give, and your success is cor-
respondingly greater.

Now, as I remarked before, new things will continually
come to us, and many times they are a decided help in more
ways than one. I wish to cite you a case which I treated the
past fall, as it has a distinct feature to it which was a surprise
to me. I was called one morning to come in haste, and found
a fine looking mare sweating, trembling and breathing hard. I
inquired into the history of the case, and found she had been
coughing a little for some days, but eating well and feeling
good, and, as the day was Friday, and the owner wished to.
make a long drive on Saturday, he had called in a friend to ad-
vise him whether it was best and safe to drive her. The friend
said he thought so, but he could give her a dose which would
make her all right ; so the owner told him to go ahead. He
told thc'owner to get him a full pint of lamp oil, which he

6g E. H. SMEPARD.

poured into a long-neck bottle, and getting up on the manger,
threw her halter strap over a beam, pulled up her head and
poured it down her, never wasting a drop, as he expressed it.
I gave a laugh and said: " Did you give this mare a pint of
lamp oil?" " Yes," said he, " and he gave it to her through
the nose." " Well," said I, "he has killed your mare; she will
die. A part of it, at least, has gone down her wind pipe into
her lungs, and you now have a good case of mechanical bron-
chitis." I took her pulse and temperature. Found the pulse
72, and temperature 104. This at 11 o'clock, a. m. I gave
immediately raw linseed oil, and a mild stimulant, and left
more to be given. I returned at 2 p. m., and the pulse re-
gistered 84 ; the temperature, to my surprise, was so high
that I took it three times to be sure that I made no mistake;
each time it stood at 109!° ; at 5 P. m., the pulse was 106,
and the temperature 108* °. At 8 P. M. the pulse had dropped
to 84, but the temperature still stood at 1081*^.

The next morning the pulse had dropped still lower and
was 72, the temperature 105 f and so on for the next eleven
days, her pulse fluctuating; at no time lower than 52, while
her temperature varied also, never lower than 103" nor higher
than 105°. The bronchial conditions continued with consider-
able pneumonia, and she wasted and lost flesh, going on steadily
towards the inevitable end, death, which occurred on the twelfth
day. This was the highest temperature I have ever taken and
I quote it simply for that fact, and also to show you how smart
some of our Cleveland quacks are.

Cases will come to us .whose condition and symptoms are
such as we have never been taught, read or recorded, or seen
before, nor even dreamed of. There may be cases that might
.be caused or brought about in several different ways, or perhaps
no man can give a reasonable cause for. But we get them just
the same. Again, we get cases which, search and examine as we
may, quizzand cross examine the owner and driver, and rack our
throbbing brains as we will, we cannot name the trouble and
here with these mystifying cases is where each one of us can add

EVERY-DAY EXPERIENCES. 69

to or take away from our reputations. Each one of us may be
good as veterinary surgeons, and each one have his specialty,
yet there is some part of our work that each one can do better
and with more success than he can do the rest.

I predict that in a few years in all large cities we will have
specialists in the different parts of the work. The good work
has already begun and specialists in the one branch of lameness
are quite common. But that man to make a success must have
not only theoretical but practical ideas on the mechanism of the
foot in all its parts, as well as a thorough knowledge of all the
muscles which make up the locomotory apparatus of the horse.

In dentistry, you all know the specialists are innumerable,
and the majority are nothing more nor less than "fakirs," espe-
cially the "traveling gentry."

We will have the abdominal specialists and the respirator}'
specialists, and in some places, not in the cities, there will prob-
ably be obstetrical specialists, for good men in that line are hard
to find.

The men who make surgery a specialty will also have a
place. But when that time comes no one will be able to con-
fine himself entirely to his specialty. There will be room and
work for all, and I believe as the years roll by and our people
become more and more educated up to the value of the veteri-
nary surgeon, in like ratio will his calling rise in their estima-
tion and his life work will be a financial success.

" I FIND THE Review a source of great profit in my work,
besides being of much interest and pleasure. " — (John Oliver^
V.S.^ Columbus^ Miss.)

In the ten years' existence of the State Board of Veterinaiy
Examiners of Pennsylvania, it has issued 180 licenses to prac-
tice veterinary medicine and surgery in that State. Under the
old registration law, when any one who had ever seen a horse
was allowed to register, 1,975 names were recorded. Under the
new law, compelling a registration with the Examiners, about
800 will be the result. In a review of the reregistration. Dr.
Hoskins, the secretary, gives some interesting figures, which we
hope to publish in the near future.

70 W. A. STUHR.

PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF FEVER.

By Prop. W. A. Stuhr, Ames, Iowa.

Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at Ames,

January, I906.

In no branch of the science of medicine, perhaps, can there
be observed more notable changes than have taken place in
therapeutics in the last few years.

In fever, for example, the most important phases of the
treatment are almost diametrically opposed to those of but a few
years hence. The successful physician has come to a full real-
ization of the powers of nature and recognizes in her his great-
est aid in his fight against disease.

This has stimulated many careful and painstaking investi-
gations of all phases of disease and as a result the many serums,
vaccines, and toxins have been discovered and brought to light.

These products include almost all of the specifics known to
therapeutics to-day, and all are produced as a result of the body's
own activity.

The thought is therefore very strongly impressed that the
body itself is the origin of the real antidotes and that it behooves
us to study its methods.

It has only been of recent years that the therapeutist has
realized, that in order to logically select his means of relief, he
must be thoroughly familiar with the needs of the system.
That is, he must understand the changes of structure and of
function which take place in the diseased body, as well as the
protective mechanisms of the body, which have been developed
during the course of its evolution.

Thus, if the body naturally endeavors to protect itself again.st
the ravages of disease by increasing its number of leucocytes,
whose purpose it is to destroy, or, by their secretory activity, to
manufacture a substance which will neutralize the products of
the invading germs ; or by elaborating an antitoxin through its
own cellular activity ; or by increasing the functions of the
elimination, etc., it should be the purpose of the therapeutist to

PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF FEVER. 71

resort to all justifiable means of increasing the number of leu-
cocytes ; to employ, if possible, a specific antitoxin, or to aid in
the functions of elimination in every consistent manner.

This transference of the practice of therapeutics from an
unreliable to a logically sound basis has succeeded in elevating
it from the level of an empiricism to the dignity of an applied
science.

Let us therefore apply the idea just expressed to the subject
of fever and ascertain, if possible, the reason for the present
form of treatment.

Fever may be described as representing that pathologic state
characterized by such phenomena as elevation of temperature,
and altered metabolism, associated with increased activity of the
circulatory and respiratory systems, and functional and struc-
tural changes in the tissue of the body.

Although the high temperature, or pyrexia, is a prominent
symptom of fever, it is by no means always present.

Thus, in some forms of septicaemia, all the other symptoms
of fever may be present, while there is no elevation of tem-
perature.

Indeed it is believed that the bacteria, or their products, are
responsible for the tissue changes and that the pyrexia may be
only in certain instances.

The causes of fever have been grouped as traumatic and in-
fectious. Although traumatic fever is not at all uncommon, by
far the greater number of cases of fever are due to specific causes.

We have, therefore, to deal with the effects produced by
living organisms and their products.

Pyrexia is regarded as being the result of toxic disturbances
of the nerve centres concerned in heat regulation, the degree of
elevation of temperature depending upon the afl[inity of the
toxic product for the heat centres.

Since the toxic products are elaborated by bacteria, it may
be considered that the elevation of temperature is an index of
the intensity of the infection.

Therefore, since the temperature in most instances varies

72 ^\- A. STUHR.

directly with the intensity of the infection, most authorities
contend that the febrile reaction is of a defensive nature and is
to be looked upon with favor.

From a bacteriological standpoint, this seems to be true.
For instance, most pathogenic bacteria grow best at the tem-
perature of the body, or 37°C. In fever, the temperature may
rise to 40°C., or higher, at which point the activities of some
bacteria are much inhibited. The high temperature does not
lead to serious results unless excessive or prolonged.

The altered bodily functions are dependent upon distur-
bance of metabolism.

The accelerated pulse in fever, however, as Brunton and
Liebermeister have proven, is due to the action of heat upon
the heart.

It has been expeiimentally demonstrated that their injec-
tion of bacterial products will cause a marked loss of body
weight, which may be progressive and lead to death.

Tissue changes produced by bacteria include almost all
those known to pathology. They may, however, be grouped
under two headings, namely : those of a degenerative or necro-
tic character and which are the direct result of damage, and
those of a reactive or defensive character.

The former depend upon the virulence of the organisms and
their ability to establish themselves in the tissue. These are
the cause of the symptoms of disease.

The latter represent the defensive resources which have
been developed by the body.

The structures most concerned in the protection of the body
are the leucocytes and the fixed cells of the tissues.

It is a well-known fact that, in the various bacterial dis-
eases, certain changes occur in the organs and tissues which are
due to the action of bacterial products in circulation in the
blood. This is observed in the degenerative changes in the
cord and peripheral nerves following the injection of the pro-
ducts of the diphtheria bacillus.

Cloudy swelling, fatty degeneration and coagulation necrosis

PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF FEVER. 73

are the lesions commonly presented. These degenerative
changes, in such important organs as the liver, heart, kidneys,
muscles, etc., interfere with their functions, and not unfrequent-
ly are the direct cause of death.

Hence the great importance of increasing the power of resist,
ance of the body, and thus inhibiting the production of bacterial
toxins.

Since we believe in the parasitic theory of disease, we can-
not assume that recovery has entirely taken place until all of
the organisms which cause the disease have been destroyed or
otherwise gotten rid of.

That numerous bacteria are eliminated from the body in the
various secretions and excretions can be seen from the fact that
these, in many instances, are hi^^hly infectious and are capable
of spreading the disease to other animals.

This, however, does not account for the complete disappear-
ance of the organisms in those instances where recovery takes
place.

Some other protective resource is chiefly responsible.

If, for example, germs are introduced into .the tissues, set-
ting up a local infection, there is called forth a reaction, char-
acterized by a series of interesting phenomena which we desig-
nate inflammation.

If such an area were examined under the microscope, it
would be seen that the most important and the most apparent
of these phenomena would be the vast accumulation of leuco-
cytes. What is true of such local infections is likewise true of
acute general infection.

Thus the entire field of acute infectious diseases has been
studied and, as a result, the statement is made that, with only
few exceptions, in every case there is a leucocytosis, the extent
of which varies with the severity of the infection.

An interesting classification of diseases derived from a study
of the leucocytes reveals the fact that those diseases which man-
ifest an initial leukopenia which is maintained throughout their
duration almost invariably run an asthenic and fatal course. On

74 W. A. STUHR.

the other hand those diseases which show a marked increase in
leucocytes are characterized by more favorable termination.

We are informed by good authority that cases of pneumonia
in which leucocytosis is absent, or but slightly marked, are in-
variably fatal.

It appears, therefore, that leucocytosis is a decidedly favor-
able symptom and that the leucocytes are intimately concerned
in the protection of the body.

Admitting this to be true, it remains to explain how they
accomplish such favorable results.

The exhaustive experiments of the celebrated Metschnikoff
have done much to explain the phenomenon. To sum up the
results reported, we may say that the leucocytes, which accumu-
late in the area of infection, undergo a process of disintegra-
tion by which they liberate a substance that is disseminated
throughout the body and which has the power, not only to
neutralize the bacterial products, but also to attenuate the bac-
teria themselves, so that they may be taken up and destroyed
by the leucocytes. This being true, it is reasonable to suppose
that the greater the number of leucocytes present, the more
powerful will be the resistance of the body.

In addition to the protection offered by the leucocytes,
against the bacteria themselves, the body is further protected
against the products of bacterial growth by the organs of elimi-
nation, such as the kidneys, skin, bowels," etc., which excrete
the poisons and thus by preventing accumulation, often over-
come fatal poisoning.

Further the tissues themselves, as Ehrlich has so aptly ex-
plained, in response to the action of the toxins, elaborate sub-
stances which react with the toxins producing nontoxic com-
binations. These procuded of cellular activity are the so-called
antitoxins.

Artificial leucocytosis may be either physiologic or thera-
peutic. Physiologic leucocytosis follows digestion of foods rich
in proteids, exercise, massage, cold, etc. Of these, cold properly
used and frequent feeding of small amounts of proteids, are the

PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF FEVER. 75

most practical in veterinary practice. Cold, in addition to in-
creasing the number of leucocytes, exerts a most favorable anti-
pyretic influence without any of the depressing effects of the
majority of the ordinary fever remedies. It acts as a general
tonic and stimulant and by its abstraction of heat serves to re-
lieve nervous and circulatory excitement.

Fui;ther, the introduction of cold water into the system
cither by ingestion or in the form of enemas will, by its diuretic
effect, maintain the action of the kidneys and assist very mate-
rially in the elimination of the effete products of metabolism
and of bacterial growth, which are responsible for the depres-
sion manifested.

Cold as an antipyretic is employed, practically, in form of
enemas, cold drinks, or sponging of the surface of the body con-
joined with brisk rubbing with coarse cloths. As for the first
method several gallons of cold water may be introduced high up
in the posterior bowel and allowed to remain until the tempera-
ture drops to within about two degrees of normal. This pro-
cedure should be repeated whenever the temperature shows a
tendency to rise. A bucket containing cold water should always
be placed conveniently about, as a drink of this kind is always
helpful.

Cold may be applied externally in the form of sponge baths.
Cold applied by means of coarse cloths or dashed on and fol-
lowed by brisk rubbing until dry. This latter is absolutely
necessary in treatment of fever. The patient should then be
covered with a blanket.

This may be repeated at frequent intervals to get the effect
of stimulation or as often as the temperature begins to rise, to
control pyrexia.

Therapeutic leucocytosis. — Numerous medicinal agents have
the power of increasing the number of leucocytes.

Among the most important may be mentioned nuclein,
nucleinic acid, peptone, pepsin, camphor, etc., administered
subcutaneously or intravenously. Tonics, stomachics, notably
gentian, also increase the number of leucocytes.

76 W. A. STUHR.

Certain gland extracts, as of the spleen, thymus and bone
marrow exert a marked effect. Nuclein especially seems to be
a reliable agent and numerous reports from the medical profes-
sion indicate that it is not only absolutely safe, but has been
used successfully for several years.

Blood counts show that it will double the number of leuco-
cytes in a short time and some reports show an average in-
crease of 75 per cent, in the number.

Being an albumin, nuclein is digested by the gastric juice
and therefore must be given intravenously or subcutaneously.
In conclusion, therefore, since experimental and practical obser-
vations have all shown without question that hyperleucocytosis
is a decidedly favorable symptom in those diseases characterized
by increase in the number of leucocytes, it seems that we
should aid nature in her struggle against disease by artificially
increasing the number of leucocytes in every justifiable manner.

The more familiar we become with the manifestations of
disease, the farther we drift from the old practice of therapeutics,
which indeed is largely empirical.

Thus many of the antipyretic remedies which have been
so extensively employed in the past are being dropped from use
because they are too depressant.

In fact they produce, in some instances, change in the tis-
sues similar to those resulting from the bacterial poisons them-
selves.

This is notably true of those organic and inorganic com-
pounds which interfere with the ozonizing power of haemoglobin
and of which the coal tar derivatives, such as acetanilid and its
class, are examples.

I trust that this brief review of the subject of fever will
serve to illustrate the dependency of therapeutics upon pathol-
ogy and also to stimulate a closer study of the workings of the
body in disease in order that we may be prepared to deal with it
more rationally.

Have you written to your Senators and Congressmen, in
behalf of the Army Veterinary Bill ? Do it now.

DISINFECTION. 77

DISINFECTION.

By Prop. R. R. Dykstra, Ames, Iowa.

Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at Ames,

January, I906.

My object in presenting this paper to you this evening is
not for the purpose of announcing any new or startling discov-
eries, but more to bring back to your minds afresh the thoughts
which were instilled in them during our college days, and if I
can accomplish this purpose, I will feel more than amply re-
paid for my efforts in this matter.

Before proceeding with my paper, allow me to offer a defini-
tion of a disinfectant, of an antiseptic and of a deodorant, terms
which are often confused.

Disinfectants or germicides are agents which destroy the
microorganisms causing infectious and contagious diseases, fer-
mentation and putrefaction.

Antiseptics are agents which prevent the growth and develop-
ment of microorganisms, occasioning fermentation, putrefaction
and disease ; more especially the micrococci producing suppu-
ration.

Deodorizers or deodorants are agents which destroy or coun-
teract a foul odor. They are not necessarily antiseptics or disin-
fectants.

Considerable confusion exists in relation to the terms disin-
fectant and antiseptic, because the latter is often described as an
agent which inhibits the growth or destroys the life of the
microorganisms of fermentation, putrefaction and disease. This
definition makes antiseptic synonymous with disinfectant. The
distinction exists, however, according to common usage, that
while disinfectants may, in dilution, act as antiseptics, antisep-
tics are not often disinfectants, and in the nature of things are
not strong enough to kill germs, although they may hinder
their growth. Antiseptics may then be regarded as a subdivi-
sion of disinfectants. The two terms are unnecessary and mis-
leading, as either might embrace both interference with the

7t< R. R DYKSTRA.

growth and destruction of microorganisms. Disinfection may
fall short of sterilization ; i. e.^ death of all germs.

Boiling a fluid containing microorganisms wholly destroys
them ; but while disinfectants may destroy the germs of disease,
they often fail to kill more resistant and harmless organisms, as
the Bacillus subtilts. The scope of antisepsis has been extended
by some authors to include agents which destroy the toxic prod-
ucts of bacteria and prevent their absorption.

A discrimination between disinfectants and antiseptics may
be made in relation to their connections with the body. Those
agents employed to kill germs, in matter distinct from the liv-
ing body, are disinfectants, while those agents applied on the
surface, or introduced within the body, may be classed as anti-
septics, since they can rarely be used in such strength as to kill
all microorganisms without injuring or killing their host.

Let us pass from these definitions to the knowledge which a
disinfector should possess.

The success of the disinfector lies in personal attention to
the minutest details. He must know the best method of disin-
fecting or purifying rooms, barns, sheds, pens, cars, or any place
where many animals are assembled and where latent or unrecog-
nized cases are constantly suspected or are actually occurring to
contaminate the surroundings. Germs are little things and it is
the little things that count in this kind of work. The disinfector
•who is satisfied to leave the process in the hands of an inexpe-
rienced person, with a few words of instruction, cannot expect
to obtain trustworthy results. In no other work is the watch-
word that " vigilence is the price of success " truer. The disin-
fector must give personal surveillance to the whole process, the
inaterials, the strength of solutions, modes of application, and
must be present to guide and direct every step of the operation
with the same conscientiousness and thoroughness with which
ithe surgeon assures himself of every detail of asepsis in] his
operating room.

It is true that the means and methods employed to rid a stall
of infection clo.sely resemble those used in the operating room.

DISINFECTION. 79

but it Stands to reason that in the former case they can rarely
be carried out with the same exactness and certainty as in the
latter, where everything is arranged and constructed with this
end in view. In the surgical clinic nothing short of steriliza-
tion is safe, while in the great majority of disinfection done to
prevent the spread of epizootic diseases, measures that fall far
short of sterilization will suffice.

A great deal may be learned by a thorough inspection. To
be sure we cannot see the germs with our unaided vision, but
we can see the dirt and moisture and other conditions that pre-
sent a favorable medium for the growth and multiplication of
the pathogenic microorganisms. While the old idea that filth
and unsanitary conditions dreed disease^ is wrong, it is neverthe-
less true that these conditions keep the infectious principles alive
and favor their propagation. It is therefore plainly the duty of
the disinfector not only to destroy the actual infection, but also
to eradicate all the conditions that would act as breeding places
and disseminators of infection.

The disinfection of barns, sheds, pens, cars, ships, and all ob-
jects that have been exposed to infection, must of necessity be
greatly in excess of the actual requirements. This is one of the
difficulties met with in attacking an invisible foe. A barn
might readily be disinfected and rendered safe by applying a
few gills of one of the germicidal solutions to a small spot or
limited area ; but as we cannot see the germs, it is necessary to
applv our disinfecting agents to every inch of surface of the barn
and all its contents, in order not to miss that particular infected
spot. As our knowledge of infection becomes more exact, our
processes of disinfection become more precise. At first disin-
fection was directed by a shot gun process, in a general sort of
blunderbuss way, against everything, but now that we know the
habits and habitat of each one of the particular microorganisms,
we can concentrate our efforts with more exactness upon the
particular object of media liable to infection, with every assur-
ance of eradicating the danger.

In other words, it is quite as important to know what to dis-

80 R- R- DYKSTRA.

infect as how to disinfect, and a very thorough knowledge of
the subject of the causes and modes of transmission of the com-
municable diseases is the most useful weapon the disinfector
has in his fight against the spread of infection.

It has been laid down by Parkes that, in order to apply the
process in disinfection in a scientific manner, we should know,
ist, the nature of the contagion or disease-producing agent ;
2d, the means by which this is spread ; 3d, the effect produced
on it by the action of the disinfectant used for its destruction.

In the present light of our knowledge we must regard the
contagia as consisting of particles of living matter ; this will
hold good whether the disease in question be glanders or scab-
ies. It is unnecessary here to enter into the subject of disease
germs, and the arguments in favor of or against their specific
power. They are undoubted and exist in all diseases capable of
producing their like by inoculation, and though the poisons of
rabies and some other diseases have not yet actually been seen,
it must be held that they are as undoubted as the poisons of an-
thrax or tuberculosis.

The means by which disease poisons are spread, are through
direct contact with the diseased fluids of sick animals ; by water
or food, soiled by their body fluid ; by air containing particles
given off from their skins and lungs, or carried up by the process
of evaporation from the infected ground on which they stand ;
by contact between healthy animals and men who have been
attending on the affected ones ; by the sale and conveyance
about the country of hides, horns, flesh, offal, bones, tallow,
excrement, etc., of affected animals ; by the superficial burial of
carcasses and the bringing to the surface, through animal agency,
of the particulate poisons of the dead ; and through placing
healthy animals in sheds, stables, railway cars, wagons, ships,
etc., which have been occupied by diseased ones. Such are the
principal modes by which specific diseases are conveyed, of
which we have had many practical examples in the country,
the cattle plague being the most notorious.

The sanitary measures which have, therefore, to be enforced

DISINFECTION. 81

to prevent the spread of disease are obvious. The public dec-
laration of the infected area ; the drawing of a sanitary cordon
around it for a distance, which must be governed by the infec-
tious nature of the poison ; the absolute cessation of communi-
cation between the infected area and the outside world, and the
immediate destruction of affected animals, are the first measures
to place in force. The difficulties of a thorough carrying out
of tliese principles may be readily appreciated ; they can only
be enforced by a veterinary sanitary police powerfully supported
by the law.

The foregoing measures can, if properly applied, be abso-
lutely certain of limiting the disease to the infected area. In
this we have enormous advantages over the human hygienist,
who is allowed much less control over public liberty, and more-
over cannot carry out that golden principle of limiting the
spread of a contagious disease by the immediate destruction of
the diseased patient.

The stress of modern activities demands disinfecting pro-
cesses that are instantaneous in their action, all-pervading in
their effect, cheap, harmless and free from any unpleasant odors,
though the latter is not an essential. Such perfect disinfectants
are not known. It requires time, money and the expenditure
of well-directed and intelligent energy to accomplish satisfac-
tory disinfection.

GENERAL USE OF DISINFECTANTS.

Air, sunlight, heat and water are naturally the best disinfect-
ants. Air scatters and dilutes microorganisms, making them
pathologically inactive. There is no more effective way to dis-
infect a stable, in which animals are living, than by free venti-
lation with pure air. It is well known that animals are less
liable to contract infectious diseases in the comparatively pure
air of the country than in the closely crowded and ill ventilated
city buildings. Likewise the contagious diseases of children
mostly occur in winter, when they are herded together in schools
and in poorly ventilated dwellings. To attempt to disinfect the
air surrounding a patient is the height of absurdity. The gen-

82 R- R- DYKSTRA.

eration of chlorine and sulphurous acid gases for this purpose,
although recommended in some text books, is futile, and by ir-
ritating the respiratory mucous membrane, accomplishes more
harm than good, since a congested surface offers a more suitable
field for bacterial growth. Air, on the other hand, may be a
medium of infection when contaminated with dust containing
pathogenic bacteria. Sunlight is prejudicial to the vitality of
bacteria, whereas, the bacterium of tuberculosis will live almost
indefinitely in damp, dark places, but quickly succumb to sun-
light and dry air. Sunlight and pure air are, then, imperative
for both the immediate and preventive treatment of germ dis-
eases. Heat is the most powerful agency for disinfection at our
command. Dry heat, to be efficacious, must be applied at a
temperature of 284° F. for three hours to kill all bacteria and
spores ; but this degree of heat scorches most fabrics and de-
stroys many materials. Boiling water quickly kills all non-
spore bearing pathogenic bacteria, and these include most of the
organisms causing the common contagious and infectious dis-
eases (tuberculosis and anthrax excepted). Two hours of con-
tinuous boiling will not destroy the most resistant of microor-
ganisms— the spores of the hay bacillus — but moist or saturated
steam, at 230° F. will infallibly kill any spores whatsoever
within a few minutes.

Fire is the most complete disinfectant, because it not only
destroys germs, but their food and products. Water, like air,
dilutes germs and aids oxidation and destruction of organic
matter ; but again, like air, drinking water may be the source
of infection when sufficiently contaminated.

The disinfection of a stable requires a very thorough appli-
cation of all the resources at the hand of the disinfector. The
conditions met with in a stable render the disinfection doubly
hard, not only on account of the accumulation of organic filth,
which has worked into the many crevices and saturated the
woodwork, but on account of the high resistance of the anthrax
and tetanus spores, for which stables are sometimes disinfected.
In addition to these diseases, stables require disinfection on ac-

DISINFECTION. 83

count of tuberculosis, glanders and pleuro-pncumonia, and vari-
ous diseases of man, as well as those of domestic animals. It is
advisable to give the stable a preliminary fumigation, preferably
with sulphur, in order to destroy surface infection and the ver-
min which always infect these places. The preliminary disin-
fection is especially important in the case of plague, glanders,
tuberculosis, or any of the exanthematous diseases, not only to
prevent the spread of infection, but as a safeguard for the disin-
fection. Then remove all small articles that need disinfection.
The blankets should be wrapped in moist bichloride sheets and
boiled, steamed or burned. Buckets, currycombs, brushes, stall
tools and other equipment that has been in contact with sick
animals or with infectious materials, should be mechanically
cleaned with hot carbolic solutions in which they may be al-
lowed to soak over night. Metallic or wooden objects or utensils
should be given a thorough preliminary cleansing with a stiff
brush and hot water and soap and then boiled or immersed in a
hot 5^ solution of carbolic acid or a 2||solution of trikresol for
several hours. Leather articles, as harness or equipment, should
receive a similar preliminary cleansing and be scrubbed with
either a strong solution of bichlorid of mercury or carbolic acid.
All hay and grain should be removed from the racks and man-
gers, and all bedding from the floors. After its careful collec-
tion at some designated point the refuse should be saturated
with petroleum and destroyed by fire.

The stable must now be soaked with a strong antiseptic so-
lution applied with a hose, or splashed on all surfaces by means
of mops. The floors, corners and stalls must be saturated with
the solution. On account of the presence of so much albumi-
nous matter — phenol or one of its derivatives is preferred for
this purpose to sublimate solutions. Now scrape out the debris
from all cracks in the floors and walls ; collect it for burn-
ing, then clean the woodwork with hot lye or a strong alkaline
soap solution, and follow with another general hosing with the
antiseptic liquid.

After several days exposure to air and sunshine the interior

84 K. R. DYKSTRA.

of the stable should receive a fresh coat of whitewash, applied
thickly, and prepared from lime, freshly burned shortly before
the time of use.

The watering troughs are very apt to be infected, especially
in dealing with glanders. In all instances, not only the troughs
and watering buckets should be disinfected, but the water re-
maining in them, for often there is no drain or sewer, and this
water poured on the ground may be a source of subsequent in-
fection. The water may first be disinfected by the addition of
a suitable amount of any of the ordinary soluble germicides.
The troughs are then to be mechanically cleaned, thoroughly
removing all organic matter, and then applying a strong germi-
cidal solution to both the inside and the outside. For metal
lined troughs the use of bichlorid of mercury is, of course, in-
applicable, and for such carbolic acid, trikresol, formalin or po-
tassium permanganate is recommended. Most antiseptics are
poisonous and must, therefore, be finally washed out of the
trough or buckets by ^lushing with fresh water and then air-
ing in the sunlight before they are again used. Strong car-
bolic solution or formalin should be poured down all pipes or
drains.

Sometimes the ground in the immediate vicinity of the
stable will need some attention ; lime will generally be found
most useful for this purpose. Carcasses and excreta are to be
disinfected and disposed of according to the nature of the dis-
ease with which they are affected and this we will now consider.

We know that with most of the specific diseases, special
parts are affected from which the poison is discharged from the
system ; thus the diarrhoea of cattle plague, the nasal discharge
in glanders and influenza, the desquamation in variola, the sub-
cutaneous serum in anthrax, the saliva in foot-and-mouth dis-
ease, the aerial particles in pleuro-pneumonia and tuberculosis,
etc., are all means by which the water, air, food, soil and build-
ings are infected, and capable of reproducing the disease unless
disinfected.

It is clear that the discharges from the body should be de-

DISINFECTION. 85

stroyed by fire, the faeces and litter burned, the soil on which
the patient has stood disinfected by litter being burned on it,
and the ground to the depth of six or twelve inches dug up and
buried with the carcass.

It is evident that the extent to which disinfection has to be
carried mu.st depend upon the character of the disease we are
trying to eradicate. Glanders and cattle plague would certainly
require to be dealt with on the above lines, but when we come
to such diseases as influenza, or scabies, our methods of disin-
fection may undergo modification to the extent considered nec-
essary by the peculiar nature of the disease.

Our measures would not be complete unless the persons in
attendance on the sick animals are disinfected. Their clothing
should be boiled or baked, preferably the latter, and their bodies
thoroughly washed, particularly the hands, which should be
perfectly disinfected ; attention should be paid to the nails of
these persons ; they should be cut short and thoroughly
cleaned. •

The disinfection of hides, flesh, horns, hoofs, bones, tallow,
etc., is recommended, because when we are dealing with dis-
eases where these may convey the poison, nothing less than en-
tire destruction by fire or chemical processes should be carried
out. The flesh is an important economic consideration, but we
cannot conceive that the flesh of diseased animals can be fit for
human consumption.

During the progress of an epizootic, dogs or other small ani-
mals should be prevented entering the infected area, and if found
should be destroyed.

SURGICAL ANTISEPSIS AND ASEPSIS.

It may be fitting, and not out of place to briefly outline here
the rise of antisepsis and asepsis in veterinary surgery. Since
the days when Lister introduced antisepsis, surgery has advanc-
ed in a manner which appears, however, like retrogression. It
is now conceded that asepsis can be attained more satisfactorily
and safely without the general use of antiseptics, for antiseptics,
as has been noted, inflict a certain amount of damage upon the

86 R. R. DYKSTRA".

denuded surface, and, in so far, lessen the resistance of the body
to the inroads of bacteria. Modern surgery attempts to secure
a comparative asepsis by mechanical cleanliness, which is more
efficient, simpler, and harmless to the body. Antiseptics are in-
dicated to assist asepsis in the toilet of the unbroken skin, and
when sepsis has already occurred or is unavoidable. The gross
neglect of aseptic precautions, often seen in the operations of
veterinary surgery, would be considered criminal practice in
human surgery.

Asepsis is nevertheless very difficult to secure in the lower
animals living among filthy saroundings and lying on faecal dis-
charges. In addition to these disadvantages, the trouble of
controlling animal movements during operation, and of keep-
ing dressings in place, make the attainment of asepsis em-
barrassing and frequently impossible. The more common ad-
ministration of anaesthetics would facilitate asepsis by prevent-
ing movements of the patient and contact of the operative field
with dirt. •

But there are all degrees of infection, and while, with the
best methods of securing cleanliness at our command, it is im-
possible to completely sterilize normal skin and tissues, yet the
surgical result may be perfect. Therefore, in surgical oper-
ations, we should endeavor to secure as small an amount of in-
fection or dosage of microorganisms as possible, consistent with
existing environment and conditions.

The following aseptic technique is especially applicable in
the case of any surgical operation undertaken upon a non-in-
fected part. If it is possible to carry out all the details and the
result is successful, healing should take place without suppur-
ation.

Operations upon suppurating and infected areas should be
conducted with cleanliness, and antiseptics are more desirable,
particularly HgOg and corrosive sublimate i-iooo.

To prepare the surface of the body for operations, the hair is
first clipped and shaved, the skin is thoroughly scrubbed with a
bru^h, green soap and water for five minutes and then with cor-

DISINFECTION. 87

rosive sublimate i-iooo. After the skin is incised, there is no
further necessity for antiseptics, unless the wound i3 already in-
fected, or becomes so by exposure to air, or contact with dirt.
Theliands of the operator, including the finger nails, should be
brushed until clean with green soap and water and then with
Hy Clg i-icxx) solution. Instruments are thoroughly scrubbed
with soap and HgO and boiled for ten minutes in an aqueous so-
lution of sodium bicarbonate (i teaspoonful to one quart) and
then placed in a 20 per cent, solution of boric acid, or removed
to a sterile towel.

Pledgets of sterile cotton or gauze only should be used to
soak up the blood in order to clear the field of operation.

If irrigation is desirable, normal salt solution, i heaping
teaspoonful to the quart of sterile water, is appropriate. Noth-
ing else but this is allowable within the non-infected abdominal
cavity. Sutures of silk and needles are prepared by boiling in
water for 30 minutes. The area about the operative field is to
be surrounded with cloths or towels, which have been boiled or
baked, and the instruments may be laid on these.

Dressings may consist of gauze which has been exposed for
three hours to dry heat at 140° C. or 2840° F., or placed in an
oven of an ordinary cooking stove, in closed tin cans, until it
becomes scorched and slightly brown. The same gauze may be
used for sponges. Unsterilized articles are not to be suffered to
come in contact with the operation.

Wound infection from exposure to the air and other media
is prevented by immediate dressing and bandaging or by collo-
dion application.

The Pennsylvania State V. M. Association will here-
after have a three-day meeting, with one full day devoted to a
surgical clinic. This Association fought hard against the in-
troduction of clinics as a part of its programme, but the great in-
terest and value which they have for the membership forced them
in, and the Review predicts for this organization fuller attend-
ance and a larger enrollment of the qualified members of the
State.

88 REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

* * Cartful obitrvation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge 0/ his profession, and assists by his facts
dm building up the solid edifice of pathological science. ' '

A BROKEN CATHETER — A PIECE REMAINS — HORSE WORKS.
By E. C. Thurston, D. V. S., Sydney, N. Y.

The following report is presented on account of its being
somewhat out of the ordinary cases met with.

The patient, a bay draft gelding, was brought to my infir-
mary during my temporary absence from the city, his ailment
being a simple colic. A teamster (one of the kind who knows it
all) happened to be present and gave his diagnosis as " water-
colic," saying that if he had one of those tubes (meaning a
catheter) he would soon relieve him. Finding a catheter in
the office, and without either softening or oiling the instrument,
he proceeded to catheterize the animal, the consequence being
that by forcing it, the catheter buckled on itself ; there was a
slight flow of urine, tinged with blood, after which the clever
gentleman commenced to withdraw the catheter, it stuck ; so,
in order to release it, he gave a sharp pull, breaking off about
four inches, which remained in the animal's body.

When I arrived, about half an hour after, the patient was
standing and straining from the irritation. On examination, I
could feel about two inches of the broken portion of the catheter
extending backwards over the brim of the pubis. After carefully
ananipulating at intervals for upwards of six hours, I was unable
to trace the remainder. I then decided that the only plan was to
make an incision in the perineal region and remove the obstruc-
tion. This was done with the hope that the innermost portion
might be grasped with forceps or that the spiral wire in the
catheter would assist in withdrawing it. vSuch, however, was
not the case, as the removal of the portion grasped in the for-
ceps brought only the wire, the linen portion remaining.
Realizing the impossibility of removing the latter, the incision
was sutured and the patient catheterized. This occurred some
four months ago. The animal has worked every day since, re-
mains in good health, except that occasionally the penis will
hang pendulus. At such times, micturition is intermittent and
more or less difficult.

Will any Review reader favor me with anv suggestion or
description of any other mode of operation which might have

REPORTS OF CASES. 89

been more successful. Though the patient does his work, and
does not seem to suffer to any extent, I cannot but feel that per-
haps something further might have been done.

FREAKS OF WIRE — FRACTURE OF INFERIOR MAXILLA — INDI-
GESTION— ERGOTISM. *
By Dr. R. C. Hill, West Alexandria. Ohio.
I have here a few cases to report — not that they were diffi-
cult cases, or took an extra amount of skill ; but peculiar in a
way, as all three cases originated from the same cause, afflicted
different parts, and misleading at first sight as to their diagnosis.
Fracture of the Inferior Maxilla. — ^The horse was driven
to hospital with a running sore on inferior maxilla. Opened it
up, could apparently feel bone ; gave an injection to be used
once a day. I met the owner several months later, and he said
place was still running. I insisted that he drive him in so I
could give him a more thorough examination, which he did.
I opened wound so as to admit finger and found supposed loose
piece of bone. Took a small pair of forceps to remove it and,
to my surprise, pulled out a wire that was five inches long.

Indigestion. — Owner stated his cow was " off her feed," and
" lost her cud," and I gave him some medicine such as a cathar-
tic and stomachics. He came in next day and said cow was no
better and wanted me to come and see her. I found cow stand-
ing ; did not care to move. On examining condition of stom-
ach found out she could move, as she handed me one of those
" good mornings" peculiar to the cow. After farther examina-
tion, found very sore spot in left flank, on the order of a small
abscess. Opened it and found wire about eight inches long,
that had penetrated stomach.

Ergotism. — I was called to the country to see steer with
supposed broken leg ; owner stated he had been lame for a
week or ten days and was getting worse every day, and that he
could feel the bone. On arrival patient was down. We got
him on his feet, and, to my surprise (while I had never seen a
case), thought I had a typical case of ergotism (such as is shown
in the Government book on cattle). After inquiring if he had
been feeding rye, said he had not ; so I had to make farther ex-
amination. I cleaned parts nicely and could apparently feel
the bone in front of leg and at the sides and also at back part.
So I began to look for the severed tendons, but could not find
any. After a little farther manipulation I found a rough place,

* Read at Meeting Ohio State V. M. A.. January, 1906.

90 REPORTS OF CASES.

and the cause was apparent. Took a small pair of forceps, un-
twisted the wire and removed it, which laid fully three quarters
of an inch in from outside of leg. The patient being relieved
at once, the owner, greatly surprised, but still very much bored
that he had not been able to discover the wire a week ago be-
fore leg had swollen. The steer made a nice recovery.

ACCIDENTAL SURGERY.*
By Walter Shaw, V. S., Dayton, Ohio.

Since I became a member of this Association, I remember of
but one or two cases of accidental surgery being reported. One
of those was the accidental removal of the uterus of a cow in
which the result was disastrous. Judging from this, it would
seem that accidents in surgery are of very rare occurrence, or
are considered of little or no importance to veterinary surgery.
Still it seems to me that if all accidents were reported and care-
fully studied, it would be of benefit to some of us.

The case I wish to direct your attention to is one of acci-
dental cystotomy. Some mouths ago I had an opportunity to
witness a veterinary surgeon perform laparotomy on a female
puppy several months old. The animal had been left at the
doctor's office thirty-six hours before, and had been put in a
stall two feet square. It was given plenty of water but nothing
to eat, and left there to become in condition for the operation.

Thirty minutes before the patient was put on the operating
table, it was given hypodermically three-eighths of a grain of
morphine. After the field had been prepared for the operation,
the surgeon carefully made an incision through the skin and
abdominal muscles. He then took up the peritoneum with a
pair of forceps, but the bladder being greatly distended, had
extended into the abdominal cavity, and was taken up with the
peritoneum, and withr the first stroke of the scalpel, to the sur-
geon's surprise, he had performed cystotomy. The urine es-
caped freely through the incision. The operator did not lose
his nerve, but held to the forceps and elevated the viscns in
such a way as to allow the urine to escape outside of the ab-
dominal cavity. When the bladder was emptied, the inci-^ion
was closed with cat-gut sutures ; the edges were turned in, and
the sutures inserted through the external coats only, the perito-
neum from either side being brought together in apposition.

The ablominal operation was then completed, and the inci-
sion was closed in the usual way. As it would have been a dif-

* Presented to Ohio State V. M. A., January. 1906.

REPORTS OF CASES. 91

ficult matter repeatedly to pass a catheter, and as the doctor did
not have a suitable one at hand, it was considered best to put
the patient back in the small stall without food or water for
twenty-four hours. This was done to lessen the secretion of
urine. At this juncture the patient had shown no constitution-
al nor local disturbance, and had urinated twice. She was then
given two tablespoonfuls of warm milk night and morning for
the next three days. The milk was then increased to three
ounces twice a day for four days. When she was discharged,
the abdominal wound was healed, and the animal was in good
condition.

DENTIGEROUS CYST.
By W. S. De Hay, D. V. S., Mt Pleasant, S. C.

In making a report on surgery, it has been the custom to
relate some of the more recent operations, but as the majority
of the members of the profession are subscribers to some of the
veterinary journals, I will not discuss matters already familiar,
but will present a case that I regard peculiar as well as interesting.

A black horse, nine years old, was brought lo me January
lo, 1906, for treatment of a fistulous opening at the antero ex-
ternal part of the base of the right ear. This condition had ex-
isted for five years. The animal had been treated by several
quacks, who had tried to '* eat out the pipe ■' until the horse was
of a sensitive disposition. He had changed owners several
times because the trouble appeared incurable.

I cast the patient and removed a lot of dried exudate, and
inserted a probe into the fistulous opening, which was on a level
and one inch in front of the inferior point of the aperture of the
concha. The tract passed downward toward the squamosal bone.
The probe came in contact with a hard substance, which could
be detected by manipulation. An incision was made two inches
in length, beginning at the fistulous opening, toward the eye.
Upon inserting the finger what seemed to be the crown of a
huge molar tooth could be made out.

By inserting the molar extractors I removed the tooth with dif-
culty, it being necessary to get assistance until it was loosened.

It approached cuboidal in form, and measured on an average
of 2 J^ inches in each direction.* It weighed three ounces.

I treated the case afterwards as I would an ordinary wound,
and got an uneventful recovery.

*To confirm this statement, Dr. Dc I lay forwarded the tooth to the Revifw office,
and it is now in our possession.

92 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

THE BRITISH AND AMERICAN ARMY VETERINA-
RIAN.
Dr. Edmund Burke, Assistant Principal of the Bengal Vet-
erinary College, Calcutta, India, paid a pleasant visit to the of-
fice of the Review on March 21. Dr. Burke was on his way
home, having been taking a post-graduate course at the Grand
Rapids Veterinary College during the winter. He has been on
a year's leave of absence, and expects to arrive in Calcutta about
May 3. The Doctor is a native of England, and is a brother of
Veterinarian Burke, of the British Army Veterinary Depart-
ment, retired. He has lived in India for twenty-four years, and
has been in his present position for over twelve years. He gave
an interesting account of educational matters in India, and his
recital brought to our mind the irony of justice to the veteri-
nary profession, for while the British Government maintains five
veterinary colleges in the Indian country, it has held aloof from
its home schools with inexplicable consistency, save in the in-
stance of the recently endowed Dublin College, although we
have been told that Camden Town has or is soon to receive a
sop from the hand that does so much for schools in far-away
India. In the Bengal College there are 150 students, while
Lahore has larger classes — all free. Most of the graduates go
into the service of the Government, but they are free to follow
their inclinations, and may enter private practice, if they prefer.
Although five schools are turning out graduates in goodly num-
bers yearly, and, notwithstanding that the great majority enter
the Government service, the demand for veterinarians by the
Crown exceeds the supply. We recite these facts not in criti-
cism, but in contrast to the absolute disregard of our own War
Department for the needs of the military arm of the govern-
ment in a veterinary service which will attract men of education
and character, rather than causing those brave men who entered
the service for the avowed purpose of improving it, to hang
their heads in shame in the presence of military veterinary of-

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 93

ficers of high rank in the armies of all civilized countries in the
world. However, our service is young, and it is only in the
past few years that any considerable number of men of the best
type have joined the veterinary branch, and from all we hear
they are making a deep impression as to their worth upon the
military authorities, and their reward is certain to arrive in the
shape of recognition and grade, which will cause a blush of
pride instead of shame when they meet their veterinary con-
freres of the armies of other lands. England has a splendid
and honorable veterinary department in her army, but it did not
come in a day, nor a year, nor a decade, but it was meted out
slowly and in little lifts until the beginning of the reign of
King Edward, when the reorganization placed it upon its pre-
sent high and satisfactory basis. Our own President Roosevelt,
with his fine sense of justice, and his oft-quoted slogan of '' a
square deal," having an intimate personal knowledge of the
needs of the military service, would not permit this condition of
affairs to exist if it was brought forcibly to his notice ; but in
the multiplicity of the demands upon his time, and most of them
of vital importance to the welfare of the nation, he has not the
opportunity to give this subject sufficient attention to see the
opera bouffe that is being played in the army. Indeed, the par-
lies responsible for this condition are the military authorities,
not the executive ; but, when these blind men cannot be made
to see, the keener eye of a higher authority should be turned in
that direction. What friend of the veteiinarian will call Presi-
dent Roosevelt's interest into operation in behalf of this import-
ant branch of the military service of our country ?

THE SCHOOL OF APPLICATION FOR CAVALRY AND
FIELD ARTILLERY, U. S. A.

TRAINING SCHOOL FOR FARRIERS.

Object : — To train enlisted men in the art of horse-shoeing
and in the care of sick and injured horses owned by and used in
the U. S. Army.

This school was established several years ago, at no little

94 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

expense, at Fort Riley, Kas., the approximate centre of the
United States.

The officers are as follows :

Commandant — Colonel of Cavalry.

Secretary — Captain of Artillery.

Director — Captain of Cavalry.

Instructors — Two Cavalry Veterinarians; one Artillery Vet-
erinarian ; one Civilian Veterinarian (this latter veterinarian
being a civil service appointee, instructor for the School of
Slioeing).

Practical instruction is conducted by the different veteri-
narians at the large new hospital recently erected, which by
the way is one valuable adjunct to this Military Post ; more of
them are contemplated being built at large posts in the difTer-
ent States.

Several hours daily are devoted to the stable care and man-
agement of both healthy and sick animals. Recitations in com-
modious lecture rooms are conducted one hour daily to each
class of fifteen or more men.

Theoretical Training. — A simple, plain but thorough text
is followed, one which can be easily learned and committed by
the average soldier. Anatomy, physiology, first aid and
treatment of the ordinary diseases, accidents and injuries are
fully taught.

Conformation of horses suitable for military purposes, is
another subject that is carefully gone into. Strict adherence
to technical terms is not followed, common terms being applied
when practicable ; however, it has been found that the average
man entering this course is capable of learning intelligently
and applying technical terms quite readily.

Several subjects are dissected during each session, which
extends over a period of four months, so giving each member
of the different classes an opportunity to familiarize himself
with fhe anatomical parts of the cadaver.

Medicines. — During the short course given, time will not
allow a careful or even a preliminary study of chemistry ; even
therapeutics can only be glanced at. We do, however, teach
the principles of " first aid " and render many men competent
to treat ordinary ca«:es under emergency. A man thus quali-
fied, upon examination of a Battery or Troop of horses, can
usually detect the early symptoms of disease, by virtue of his
physiological and anatomical knowledge of the subject.

The Character and Material of our Men. — Men of several

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 95

years service, men of good cliaracler only, those recommended
by their organization commanders and those having shown
previons mental ability, are desired and chosen for this work.

Men from all mounted organizations in the States are
chosen twice a year, this with the object of keeping in the ser-
vice a constant supply of trained and useful assistants. Discip-
line in the school applies to all as in the regular service and is
under the supervision of the Director, who is a staunch friend
to the veterinarian. The military student, however, makes an
attentive and " eager-to learn " pupil for several reasons; he
feels that he is receiving useful knowledge, it relieves the rou-
tine of drill and other military work, he feels better satisfied
with his pay and it brings him in closer relation with his
charge, the horse.

L. E. WiLLYOUNG,

Veterinarian Artillery Corps.

PERSONAL.

Walter R. Pick, veterinarian ist Cavalry, writes from Fort
Sam Houston, Texas, under date of March 14: "I take this
opportunity of informing you of a very pleasant two hours spent
by Dr. Power, of the A. C, and myself with Veterinary Director-
General Rutherford, of Canada, who remained a few hours in
Sar Antonio on his homeward trip from Old Mexico. The
Doctor is looking well and states that the Southern climate has
improved his health."

COLLEGE COMinENCEIVlENTS.

San Francisco Veterinary College. — The following
were graduated from this college at the 1906 examinations, re-
ceiving the degree of D. V. S. : Isaac E. Newson, Fort Collins,
Col. ; A. G. Fisk, Reno, Nev. ; J. E. Knauss, Logansport, Ind.
Alvie McDaniels, Biggs, Cal. ; A. B. Byles, M. C. P., Victoria
B. C. ; G A. Rosenberger, Ph.G., Selma, Cal. ; Robert Wad
dell, Concord, Cal. ; Joseph Tognotti, San Francisco, Cal.
Harry Rosenberry, Auburn, Cal. ; F. T. Notz, Corning, Cal.
John Iverson, Chualar, Cal. ; Wm. F. Reardon, HoUister, Cal.
Chas. Price, Santa Ana, Cal. ; George Taylor. Redding, Cal.
and Arch. Asbill, Middletown, Cal.

96 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

HUNGARIAN AND GERMAN REVIEW.

By Adolph Eichhorn, D. V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Great Bend, Kansas.

The Transibility of the Gastrointestinal Canal of
Newly-Born Animals for Bacteria and Genuine Albu-
minoids [A. Uffenheimer\. — The author found through feed-
ing experiments that the gastro-intestinal canal of the newly-
born guinea-pig will not transit the Micrococcus tretragenus^
the anthrax bacillus and the Bacillus prodigtosus. On the other
hand, the transibility was observed in the newly-born guinea-
pig (also old) of Tubercle bacilli^ which made the animals tuber-
culous, even after one feeding of a small quantity of culture
material ; the tubercular infection ensued either from the buccal
cavity or from the gastro-intestinal canal, and in most cases
without causing lesions in the mucous membranes. Feeding
experiments with a specific haemolytic serum with cow's milk
casein and white of an egg, proved no resorption, and conse-
quently no formation of antibodies, while diphtheria and tetanus
antitoxins passed in small quantities into the blood of newly-
born guinea-pigs. From these experiments the author con-
cludes, that in the newly-born guinea-pig in general, neither
bacteria nor genuine albuminoids are taken up by the gastro-
intestinal canal, with the exception of Tubercle bacilli 3Lr\(\ anti-
toxins.— (Muench. Med. Wochenschr.)

To the Question of the So-called Germinativr
Tuberculosis in Animals [/. Karlinskt]. — From three bucks
in which testicular tuberculosis was produced by direct injec-
tion of Tubercle bacilli \n\.o the testicles, K. received offsprings
with tubercular changes, while the mother animals proved on
autopsy perfectly healthy. From these the author concludes,
that the transmission of tuberculosis from the paternal organism
to the ^gg through the semen is quite possible and does not
occur as seldom as it is generally believed. Therefore, a care-
ful selection of breeders and their testing with tuberculin ap-
pears very essential. — (Zeitsch.f. Thiermed.)

An Amputation of the Uterus in a Cow \^R. Mayer"].
— The author was called to attend to a cow which calved
three hours previously, and in which soon after the expulsion

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 97

of the foetus, the uterus prolapsed. The owner replaced partly
the uterus, and to prevent a further prolapse he applied a checking
bandage. On arrival of the author the cow laid on the ground
straining severely ; the uterus was considerably prolapsed on
both sides of the bandage; its color was blackish red, and at the
places where pressed by the bandage it was oedematous. M.
cleansed the uterus from the remains of the placenta, bathed the
same in a cold boracic acid solution and applied massage to the
organ. As the replacing was fruitless after one hour of hard work,
and the cow could not be induced to stand, and also as the eleva-
tion of the hind part proved unsuccessful, M. holding the uterus
quite high, so as to prevent the intestines from slipping be-
tween, ligated it, and attached to the string two pieces of wood,
having two assistants to draw on them every two — three
minutes, thereby tightening the ligature. Following this he
severed the uterus about five cm. behind the ligature; he
ligated a profusely bleeding vessel and replaced the stub into
the abdominal cavity after pouring pure creolin on the same.
On the following day the animal refused to eat, but on the
third day she got up, eating well ; after 14 days the string
dropped off, and after six weeks only very slight discharge was
present. The secretion of milk remained continually plentiful.
— ( IVochenschr. /. Thierh. u. Viehz).

True Primary Pearly Disease of the Peritoneum
IN A Child [Z>r. A. Uffenheimer\. — Tuberculosis in the form
of pearly disease is of very rare occurrence in human beings.
Up to date only four such cases are recorded in the literature.
Another such case was observed by the author, which also is
remarkable, as it apparently represented a primary infection
through the intestinal canal. This case occurred in a one-year-
old boy, who died after a prolonged illness. At the autopsy it
was found that the serous membrane covering the intestines con-
tained numerous flat, round nodules, of grayish-red color, in
sizes from a millet seed to a pea. At several places, the nodules
confluated up to a size of a ten-cent piece. Some were sur-
rounded by marked infection of the bloodvessels. Similar nod-
ules were found on the mesentery. Some of the new formations
were attached with thin fibres to the intestines ; some again
were suspended in the abdominal cavity. Most of the nodules
were located on the small intestines; however, the large intes-
tines were also affected to some extent. Ftirther. there was
found tuberculosis of the liver, spleen, lungs and brain. Ac-
cording to the author, this case can be considered as a tubercular

98 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

infection through the intestines. The lung affection can only
be traced back to a haematogic origin, as the corresponding
lymph glands were normal. Considering the source of the in-
fection the author believes that an infection of bovine origin
can be excluded, as the child always received the milk boiled
or pasteurized. On the other hand, it appeared very likely that
the father infected the child, in whom tuberculosis was proven.
— {Muench. Med. IVochenschr.)

Reduction of the Death Rate From Tuberculosis.
— Robert Koch in a speech on the occasion when receiving the
Nobel prize at Stockholm, remarked besides other things that in
Prussia since 1886, from year to year a reduction in the death rate
from tuberculosis is recorded ; in spite of the fact that the popu-
lace is increasing. At the present 20,000 less people die from that
cause than 20 years ago. The reduction in this time amounts to
30%. Also considerable improvement is noticed in this respect
in England and Sweden, while in Austria-Hungary the death-rate
is the same to-day as it was at the time of the discovery of the
Tubercle bacilli.

GERMAN REVIEW.

By J. P. O'Leary. D. V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y.

Variations of the Agglutinine and Precipitins Con-
tents OF the Blood During Glanders Infection \^Dr.
Benome]. — B. has selected the following main points from his
investigations : (i) That the blood serum of the horse and the
ass shows a considerable increase of the agglutinine contents
during the experimental glanders infection as well as during
the artificial immunizing against the glanders bacillus. This
increase has no relation to the severity of the infection and
seems to appear more rapidly if the inoculation of the glanders
bacilli takes place through the abraded nasal mucous membrane
than if it had happened through the normal digestive tract. (2)
The agglutinating power of the blood of the glandered horse is
raised during the mallein reaction. This rise, which can reach
a very high degree, is nevertheless transitory, it bears no rela-
tion to the intensity of the thermic reaction caused by the mal-
leinization ; it is, however, always of organic reaction and ac-
companied by an oedematous swelling at the point of inocula-
tion. (3) In horses that have ceased to react to mallein and in
which a more or less marked organic reaction takes place, there

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 99

appears during the malleinization a considerable increase in the
agglutinating power of the blood serum. This increase of the
agglutinative properties has considerable value in the diagnosis
of certain suspicious forms of glanders. (4) The behavior of the
blood serum with regard to its agglutinative properties toward
the glanders bacillus shows many analogies with the behavior
of the whole body toward mallein poisoning. As in this, the
agglutinine contents may show considerable variations and even
become weakened to the normal degree, although the horse re-
mains glandered. This diminution of the agglutinative prop-
erties of the blood serum of doubtful glandered horses can be
explained by the formation of other kinds of antibodies out-
side ; that is, through the anti-complements, which by neu-
tralizing the normal complements hinders the phenomena of
agglutination. This assertion is founded on the result of the
successful reacting experiments which took place through the
addition of the sera of healthy horses, cats and men. (5) Warm-
ing for an hour at 52 to 56 C. the serum of glandered animals
(horses, cats, and guinea-pigs) does not destroy the agglutin-
ative power entirely, and that warming for one hour at 62 to 65
C. destroys it completely. The agglutinative power returns
if normal sera from other animals is added in the proportion of
I to 2 or I to 3 to serum which is made ineffective through
heating. The complement of the normal feline serum reacts
much better than that of normal human serum on the aggluti-
native power of heated horse serum. The complements in the
case of guinea-pigs is about the same as that of human. (6)
The agglutinines are always found in larger quantities than
precipitines in the serum of glandered horses, cats and guinea-
pigs. The filtrate of bouillon cultures of glanders contain no sub-
stances precipitable by serum whatever, or in quantities scarcely
perceptible. Larger quantities of precipitable substances on the
other hand are found in the plasma taken from fresh organs
(spleen) of glandered cats and the aqueous glycerine extract
from fresh or dried agar cultures of glanders. This difference is
explained by the assumption that the filtrate of bouillon cultures
of glanders bacilli contains the soluble toxines of the glanders
bacilli only and not the proteins, which on the contrary are
found in larger quantities in the aqueous glycerine extract of
the glanders cultures triturated with powdered glass. — {Central-
blatt fur Dak. Parisit. unci Inf. Krank.)

Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Stuttgart
Canine Epizootic [Dr. Jacob Wo/iimutH]. — The author next

100 EXTRACrS FROM EXCHANGES.

speaks of the symptoms of what on account of the locality in
which it first appeared was called the Stuttgart infectious
disease of dogs, which as we know are those of a severe gastro-
enteritis with ulcerative processes in the oral cavity and intes-
tinal tract, which make their appearance rapidly and usually
terminate fatally. After recounting the results of 49 post-mor-
tems W. speaks of therapeutic measures. He advises, if pos-
sible, early in the disease, the frequent flushing of the stomach
and intestines with warm, thoroughly diluted liquid disinfect-
ant solutions (creolin, lysol, bacillol, etc.,) the body being
kept warmly clothed (wrapped up). To combat the debil-
ity the hourly administration of a tablespoonful of pure,
strong warm black cofifee, and to prevent vomition 15 drops of
ethereal tinct. of valerian, three times daily. When the appetite
returns two to four doses daily of bismuth subsalicylate
and sodium bi-carbonate ad O. 5. — {Tier. Centralblatty 190^^
No. 8.)

Concerning the Possibility of the Dissemination of
Tuberculosis Through the Use of Salted Meats \_Tozv-
sig], — Towzig alludes to the fact that the meat of tuberculous
animals from which the diseased parts have been removed, is de-
clared free, notwithstanding there can be present sufficient in-
fected material in the lymph spaces and in the muscular in-
terstices. That salting and smoking does not destroy the
spores. In a series of experiments Towzig has attempted to
demonstrate in the Hygienic Institute at Padua by inocula-
tion upon guinea-pigs the danger of infection from Salami
sausage made from the meat of tuberculous animals. (Tow-
zig's experiments must be viewed in the light of scepticism,
since many other careful investigations long since proved the
untenability of the results of his investigations.) — (Munchene
Med. Wochenschrift^ No. 2g.)

Bloody Milk. — Tierarzt Horst reports the case of a newly-
bought cow in the advanced stage of pregnancy which in testing
for milking qualities gave a dark red milk from all four teats and
which in consistency and fluidity resembled milk. Examina-
tion of the udder proved an absence of manimitis. Microscopi-
cal examination revealed the presence of innumerable red blood
corpuscles ; the Bacillus prodigiosus was not found. He advised
the owner to wait until the cow calved ; this event occurred in
due time. The red milk disappeared the first daysaftei calving
and the animal is now the best milch cow on the premises. —
Berliner Tier. Wochenschrift^ No. 24.)

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ICl

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LiAUTARD. M. D., V. M,

A Case of Abdominal Strangles [//. D.Jones, M. R. C.
1 . 5.]. — Recently bought, this Irish gelding, six years old, has
not been well since purchased. Lays down often, appetite capri-
cious, yet in fair condition ; mucous membranes pale, pulse
small, temperature loi F. He was placed under observation, as
he presented nothing definite for a diagnosis. His condition
remained about the same, as related by the owner. He had no
abdominal pain, appetite very poor, faeces very small and dry,
and he constantly laid down. His temperature registered once
I02.6. By rectal examination a huge mass could be detected,
on the right side, a little back of the kidney. It was fairly hard
and felt heart-shaped, with the apex toward the anus. It was
slightly movable. As the case seemed to be hopeless, no special
treatment was prescribed, and the animal was turned loose in a
small paddock and watched. After two months he died, and at
the post-mortem the large mass, which weighed i8 pounds,
proved to be an abscess, to which the small intestine was adher-
ent. Streptococci of strangles were found in the pus. The case
was evidently the abdominal form of that disease. — (Veterinary
Record, Oct. 14, 190^;.)

Curious Foreign Body in the Lung \^ James Smith, M. R.
C. V. S]. — Record of the post-mortem of a three-year-old bul-
lock, which was suffering with pneumonia, and as he was getting
worse, was slaughtered. At the dressing of the carcass an ab-
scess was found under the pleura, near the apex of the right
lung, containing about four ounces of very foetid pus. In it
was found the end of a briar, which on being traced up was seen
entering from a small to a larger bronchial tube and terminating
at the bifurcation of the trachea. It measured & foot and a half
in length, and had 15 thorns and two dead leaves on it. — (Vet-
erinary Record, Oct. 14, 190^.)

A Strange Abnormality in a Two-Year-Old Ridgling
\^R. Mason, M. R. C. V. S.]. — At the time of the operation a
large mass was found on the right side, to all appearances too
large to pass through the inguinal ring. There were adhesions,
which had to be broken up, so as to free the mass. By gentle
and .steady traction it was then brought down into the scrotum
easily, and proved to be an abnormally large testicle, having on

102 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

its side, attached to it, a smaller soft testicle. Each of the organs
had its own well-developed spermatic cord. The testicles were
united by a thick round cord about three inches long, Siamese-
twin fashion. The colt made a good recovery, and the opera-
tion was a success in modifying the disposition of the colt. The
author asks if a similar condition had ever been observed by
others. — (Veterinary Record^ Oct. 21^ 1905.)

Unusual Case of Milk Fever [/. H, Parker^ M. R. C.
V. vS".]. — A five-year-old pure-bred Jersey cow calved May 3, and
on the 4th is found down unable to rise. Seen that morning by
the author, she is quite comatose, and, looked at casually, ap-
peared as if she was dead. The udder is injected with air fil-
tered through cotton wool containing a little iodoform, and the
spine is stimulated. In the evening at 6 o'clock she is up and
feeding. The next morning, 5th, she is found down again,
comatose, and in as bad condition as the day before. Air is in-
jected every two hours. In the evening she is improved, resting
ou her sternum, and the next morning is up and appears all
right. She is down again on the 7th, comatose. Same treat-
ment is renewed, and she slowly recovers ; it took her a week.
She showed during that time partial loss of power — now it seems
in the fore part of the body and again in the hind quarters. The
right hind leg is swollen, and pits on pressure. On the 17th she
has sloughing of the skin on the back of the fetlock, followed
on the 24th by that of the inside claw. , A leather boot was
made, into which the toe was dressed, allowing of the formation
of a brittle kind of horn. Finally the cow got entirely well, and
has fattened two calves during the summer. — (Veterinary Rec-
ord^ Nov. ^, 190^.)

Papillomatous Growths in the CEsophagus of a
Heifer \_R. J. Hickes]. — For the past few months this animal,
which is two years old, has had repeated attacks of choking,
and lately these have become so frequent that the oesophagus
shows marked distension after feeding. For a while the diet
has been entirely milk, thick gruel of oatmeal, and linseed ; but
after a month of this regime the animal has lost flesh rapidly.
The CESophagus then from the angle of the jaw to the entrance
to the chest is distended and nearly the thickness of a man's
arm. Supposing the presence of a jabot within the thoracic
cavity, slaughtering is recommended. When the oesophagus is
removed and opened the mucous membrane in its whole length
is found covered with warty growths. Some of these are of the
thickness of a finger and an inch and a half long, not differing

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 103

much in appearance from the papillomatous growths so fre-
quently found growing on the skin of young cattle. — {Veterinary
Record^ Nov. ii^ 190^.)

Cystic Testicle in a Cryptorchid Horse [R. /. Hickes\.
— This is the record of an operation performed on a three-year-
old coaching stallion, which had not been castrated earlier be-
cause of the absence of one testicle — that of the right side. The
steps of the operation were well performed, and the hand intro-
duced in the abdomen. On tracing the spermatic cord, instead
of finding the testicle, a large object was discovered, giving the
impression of a largely distended urinary bladder. This object
was adherent to the floor of the abdomen, from which it was de-
tached with some difficulty. Finding it too large to pass
through the opening and to be withdrawn from the abdomen, it
was punctured with an exploring needle and drained of its con-
tents until sufficiently reduced to be brought out to light, when
the operation was concluded with the ecrazeur. The cyst was
afterwards refilled at the water tap to its previous state of dis-
tension, as far as it was possible to judge, and its contents mea-
sured nearly 39 fluid ounces. No portion of the normal gland
tissue of the testicle could be found in connection with the cyst,
and the condition of the epididymis was normal. — (Veterinary
Record^ Nov. 11^ ^90^-)

Hydronephrosis in a Cow \^A. Spreull^ F. R. C. V. S.']. —
This is the record of the case of a cow in which an accurate
diagnosis of her ailment had not been made, as, although ap-
parently very sick, she had not presented any special symp-
toms, beyond intestinal disturbances, manifested by a very pro-
fuse foetid diarrhoea, and an unhealthy, itching coat. Tonic
treatment and nutritious regime was prescribed, which seemed
to improve her for a while, but one morning she was found by
her owner in a dying condition, and she was killed at once.
Her carcass was found well nourished, fairly fat, and free from
any kind of disease, except toward the kidneys. These on being
removed were found to weigh respectively ten and sixty-three
pounds. The large kidney was one of hydronephrosis, probably
due to obstruction of the ureter. Almost the entire substance of
the organ had disappeared under the pressure of the accumulat-
ing urinary secretion, and the organ was represented by a series
of thin-walled cavities, containing a yellowish-white, turbid but
not putrid liquid. The smaller kidney, although weighing ten
pounds, was not cystic, and its enlargement appeared to be due
to hypertrophy. — {four, of Camp. Pathology and Therapeutics.)

104 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Perineal Hernia in a Dog {^Geoffrey Lwesey^ M. R. C.
y, 5,]. — Suffering from rectal impaction, an Irish terrier, about
ten years old, was brought to the author. The rectum was
enormously distended and it took considerable time and trou-
ble to remove the faecal collection. Since then a swelling ap-
peared and gradually increased until it assumed large propor-
tions. The dog grew worse, had other impactions, and, al-
though repeated enemas were given, became a sad sight. An-
other impaction had been removed, but the swelling was always
there disfiguring the animal, situated as it was on the right side
of the tail and anus, pushing the anus over to the left. The
skin over the tumor was easily compressible with the fingers,
and felt like the inflated walls of a cavity. Rectal examination
gave no clue to the nature of the swelling. The prostate was
enlarged and painful. Although the swelling was slightly in-
fluenced by the position of the dog, it could nevei disappear
entirely. An operation was decided upon. The swelling was
incised, a cavity exposed, from which escaped a large piece of
omentum. The diagnosis was evident. The omentum was re-
placed, kept in the abdomen, and stitches applied. This part
of the operation was more diflficult than anticipated. " The skin
and fascia forming the roof of the growth offered a good hold.
Four good deep stitches were inserted between the roof and
floor of the sac, thus obliterating the cavity without injuring or
interfering with the rectum. A strip of skin was slipped
from the edges of the outer wound and a row of closely placed
interrupted sutures of silk worm gut inserted, the surface
washed with perchloride, dried and covered with the prepara-
tion 'new skin '(?) over cyanide gauze." The dog did well
and the hernia never recurred. — {Veterinary Journal^ Nov.,
1905-)

The New York State Board of Health has burned the barns
on the Scarsdale Estate (formerly the country home of the late
merchant-prince A. T. Stewart), as they were declared to be a
breeding place for glanders. Seven horses found on the prem-
ises suffering from glanders were shot.

Vaccinating the Soil is greatly encouraged by the U.
S. Department of Agriculture. This department is sending out
packages of bacteria for the purpose of fertilizing the soil.
These microbes have the power of taking nitrogen from the air
and storing it in the soil, and thereby greatly increasing the
yield of peas, beans, etc.

CORRESPONDENCE. 105

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE ETIOLOGY OF AZOTURIA.

Los Angeles, Cal., February 20, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — I have just finished reading Dr. Presslei's pa-
per on azoturia, and, while I think his ground is absolutely un-
tenable, it shows what a diversity of opinions men may have on
the same subject.

Azoturia is one of the most frequent diseases we have in
California. I have seen many hundreds of cases; some died in
two hours, others lived for six weeks ; some got well that I did
not think had a ghost of a chance, and others died that I thought
had no right to.

We have it at any season, after enforced idleness, regardless
of temperature ; more common in winter, as that is the season
when rains interfere with work ; not because it is cold, as there
is hardly a day in the year that the thermometer will not go up
to 60". Have seen it after one day's lest, and in one instance
where the horse had not been out of a small corral for a month.

I cannot see that sex makes any difference, or that one at-
tack increases the fatality or violence of a subsequent one ; have
known horses to have a light attack five or six times, that
would be partially due to increased knowledge of the driver,
who would immediately stop at the first symptoms.

I don't believe there can be any doubt about the disease
being caused by an over-accumulation of albumen in the system,
but what the pathology is and what chemical change takes
place will take a different shaped head than mine to find out.

In this State, 99 out of 100 horses are fed barley grain and

reform of grain hay, either wheat, oats or barley, mostly the

all very rich in albumen. When I lived in Kansas twenty

<^ -'o, where the prevailing feed was corn and prairie hay,

"*Ma^ -^ ^as almost unknown, and when it did occur it was

^M ^'*^'orse.

^^./PiJO(|, ^ ,f j„ tiie Southern States where corn is fed, vet-

•.'^,^^'^ -H^y J, ,^ '**op o^ee a case. Of course, they work mostly mules,
and I have tItVer seen or heard of a mule having it. Th,^reVi'^'^*^
of the cases here are light attacks that pass c-f^ Sii^^Vent down!
nursing and treatment, but of those that g^* alert for informa-
is very great. .^ I iiave met a

Now, I want to ask a few questions throu^

106 CORRESPONDENCE.

and I hope it will receive a hearty response from every State in
the Union ; so that when published it will give us a mass of
data that will be valuable :

Is azoturia common in your locality?

Is it very fatal ?

Have you ever seen it in mules?

What kind of hay and grain is fed in your State mostly?

What season of the year is it most prevalent?

A concise and early answer to the above, sent to the Ameri-
can Veterinary Review, will confer a great benefit to all
veterinarians.

Don't think there will be so many that yours will not be
needed. R. T. Whittlesey.

THE INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF MALVA PLANT.

Santa Barbara, Cal., Feb. 15, 1906.
Editors American Veteritiary Review :

Dear Sirs : — Is the common malva plant (Malva Borealis)y
which grows so extensively upon the cultivated and pasture
lands of the Pacific Coast, ever injurious to stock?

Scientific botanists say no, it cannot be, for it belongs to a
harmless natural order of plants.

The Department at Washington, in reply to my query,
stated that the only previous intimation of such a suspicion
that had been reported to them had been from a veterinarian in
Arizona.

The majority of stockmen will look at you in amazement
when such a question is proposed, because they know that
stock of all kinds eat it readily and seem to thrive upon it
when other green feed is scarce. But some of the more ob-
serving stockmen, and especially butchers, while admitting
that stock will thrive upon it, claim that if stock which has
been feeding upon it for some time are called upon for any
unusual amount of exercise, symptoms of a sort of nervous
collapse are liable to develop suddenly, and, if the affected
animals are still urged on, they are liable to go down and
probably never get up.

During our drouth of a few years ago pastures were dried up,
f*^-i/of^ll kind was scarce and high priced. When the rains
packages 01 TiaR.(:«ii<» g^st vegetation to spring up, and soon fur-
1 hese microbes havfclusive food for a large portion of our stock,
and storing it in ,xie to put the horses to work the alarm was
yield of peas, ^

CORRESPONDENCE. 107

sounded that some new disease was prevailing among the horses
of this locality, from the effects of which a number had died.
Horses that seemed alright when harnessed in the morning
would give out and go down while at work. Colts that were
being transferred from one pasture to another a few miles dis-
tant went down on the road. Investigation showed that the same
symptoms developed in cattle when called upon for unusual ex-
ercise.

My first experience was for a patron who owned a number of
horses and was depending upon the green feed, which was al-
most exclusively malva, to support them. He had caught up
four head and brought a moderate sized load to town, a distance
of about three miles. On arrival, noticing that one hoise was
sick, he drove at once to my place. When 1 went out the
animal was standing in a team with head down, legs braced,
muscles all quivering, the respirations quick and shallow. In
fact, presented a case that might easily have been mistaken for
acute indigestion. We had to go about four blocks to the stable.
I was fearful that she would go down before we could get there.
Imagine my surprise on seeing her grab a mouthful of hay as
she staggered past the manget into a box-stall, where she dropped
down, heaved a big sigh, just as a person will do when ex-
hausted, and began munching away at the hay. I gave a dose
of eserine and pilocarpine. She soon seemed to be getting ea.s-
ier, and I left, returning in about one hour and a half. I found
her standing at the rack eating hay, the medicine having oper-
ated. This same patron had a similar case a few days later. I
was out when he called ; the horse was left at the stable with-
out any treatment, with orders for me to attend to it as soon as I
arrived. It was about one hour and a half later when I returned
and found the horse standing at the rack eating hay apparently
as well as the one I had treated. I made up my mind that I had
something new to deal with, so set about investigating it.

This same owner had other horses affected later, and found
that if they were allowed to stop and rest as soon as the first
symptoms appeared, they would soon recuperate, while one or
two that were taken on the road home, and that he urged on,
endeavoring to get home, went down and took several days to
recover.

From what I could learn in all cases where death occurred,
the animal had been urged on until it collapsed and went down.

Since that time I have been always on the alert for informa-
tion concerning the effects of feeding malva. I have met a

108 CORRESPONDENCE.

number of stockmen who have noticed the same effects that I
have mentioned, and I have met with several cases that I diag-
nosed as malva poisoning, and investigation proved that in each
case the animal had been subsisting largely upon malva for
sometime.

With a complete change of feed, it requires sometime be-
fore the animals cease to show the effects of the malva when
called upon for unusual exertion.

Have any of the readers of the Review noticed any ill
effects from the use of malva, and can any one explain the
nature of the disease ? Respectfully yours,

James H. Hester, V. S.

IN RECOGNITION OF THE DISCOVERER OF THE SCHMIDT TREAT-
MENT.
Weeping Water. Nebr., March 17, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — I take pleasure in sending a translation from
a Danish newspaper, which I am sure will be of interest to the
veterinary profession in America.

" Last October it was unanimously decided by the Royal
Danish Agricultural Society to present Veterinarian I. I.
Schmidt, of Kolding, Denmark, the Gammeleje Honor Prize,
the first time it is to be presented. The Society individually
has also honored Mr. Schmidt by presenting him a large silver
loving cup, accompanied by a diploma with the following in-
scription : ' The Royal Danish Agricultural Society has here-
with the honor to present you the Society's largest Silver Cup,
which we beg of you to accept as an evidence of the admiration
and gratefulness that the Danish Agriculturist cherishes towards
you for the valuable discovery of successfully treating Parturi-
ent Paresis.' "

Would it not behoove us as veterinarians of the United
States, who have reaped such a great benefit from this discovery,
to in some way show Mr. Schmidt an evidence of our apprecia-
tion? Respectfully yours, H. Jensen.

THE ITALIAN EXPERIMENTS WITH BOVOVACCINE.

New York, Feb. 26th, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — Again referring to the correspondence en-
titled " The Present Status of Vaccinations against Tubercu-
losis in Cattle," appearing in your January number of the pres-

CORRESPONDENCE. 109

ent year, we beg to say that we have recently received informa-
tion in regard to the experiments with von Behring's bovovac-
cine by the Italian Commission, of which the article referred to
speaks. From the information received (which came in the
form of a private communication from Prof. Belfanti, of Milan,
to Prof, von Behring), it would appear that the experiments
are as yet not finished.

Prof. Belfanti, in referring to the two vaccinated calves,
which had subsequently been subjected to a test-inoculation
with tubercular virus, of bovine origin, and which upon
slaughter were found to be slightly affected with localized
tubercular lesions, writes the following :

"We have received the impression that a resistance against
the injected virus had actually been established, and that the
lesions of tuberculosis as found had probably developed during
the period between the first and second vaccinations, owing to
the fact that in the region where these experiments were being
conducted, tuberculosis was especially prevalent."

Inasmuch as these experiments were begun with 15 animals,
only four of which have so far been reported upon, it is evident
that we must await the final report, which is due to appear very
soon, before any conclusions can be drawn.

Very respectfully,

C. BiSCHOFF & Co.

It is not the amount of knowledge a man has that makes
him a good physician ; it is the amount he uses. — (Exchange).

*' The March Review was a whopper and no mistake.
The Chicago inspectors have repeatedly expressed their admir-
ation for the work which the Review is doing. — (Z>. Arthur
Hughes^ Vet. Ins.^ Commissary Dept.^ U. S. Army^ Chicago.^

Total Value of Animals on farms $3,600,000,000 ! This
in a word is the showing in Nezv England Homestead's annual
inquiry into the numbers and values of animals on the farm at
an early January date. The sum named, difficult to grasp in
its vastness, is nearly $300,000,000 more than the total value of
live stock on the farms a year ago. Every branch of animal
husbandry shows gratifying gains, nowhere so marked as in
horses. The figures indicate that the general price tendency is
upward, the possible exception being beef cattle, which show an
average price very much as a year ago. Compared with the
low point of some years ago, when everything was very much
depressed, prices in some instances have more than doubled.

no BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The Pathology and Differential Diagnosis of Inffctious Disf.asks of Ani-
mals. By Veranus Alva Moore, B.S. , M.D, , Professor of Comparative Pathology,
Bacteriology and Meat Inspection, New York State Veterinary College. Second
Edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated. Ithaca, N. Y.: Taylor & Carpenter,
1906.

This important text-book was first issued about three years
ago, and it was received by the profession with that confidence
which the great reputation of its author justified, being regarded
as an exposition of the subject by one who is not only a very
hard student in his chosen field, but one with vast experience
and exceptional opportunities, as well as natural adaptability.
In the second edition Dr. Moore (who gracefully and gratefully
dedicates his work to the man who has done so much for com-
parative pathology, Dr. D. K. Salmon), has taken advantage of
the advances that have been made in the study of the various
infections of animals, and the work in its present form, while
condensed into the fewest words commensurate with a clear
statement of all the accepted knowledge upon the nature of in-
fectious diseases, may be regarded as a complete presentation of
the pathology and differential diagnosis of the various infections.

The classification of infectious diseases according to their
etiological factors is undoubtedly the most rational and best
method, and the author adheres to a system of description
which omits nothing that is essential in their study. For in-
stance : The successive sub-headings in the study of an indi-
vidual disease include the name and its synonyms, cliaracteriza-
tion, history, geographical distribution, etiology, symptoms,
morbid anatomy, and differential diagnosis, together with an
extensive bibliographic reference.

The book is divided into fourteen chapters, and the follow-
ing gross resuniS of their subjects will give an idea of the extent
of the field covered : Chapter I., general consideration of etiolo-
gy, infection and specific infectious diseases; Chap. II,. dis-
eases attributed to wound infection ; Chap. III., diseases caused
by bacteria — genus, streptococcus ; Chap. IV., diseases caused by
bacteria — genus micrococcus ; Chap. V., diseases caused by bac-
teria— genus bacterium ; Chap. VI., diseases caused by bacteria
— genus bacillus ; Chap. VII., diseases caused bv bacteria — family
spirilliaceae ; Chap. VIII., diseases caused by fungi ; Chap. IX.,
diseases caused by protozoa — genus piroplasma ; Chap. X.,
diseases caused by protozoa — genus ameba ; Chap. XI., dis-
eases caused by protozoa — genus trypanosoma ; Chap. XII.,

BIBLIOGRAPHY. HI

infectious diseases for which the specific cause is not yet deter-
mined ; Chap. XIII., immunity and protective inoculation;
Chap. XIV., disinfection.

The Review commends most heartily this splendid product
of the great energy of probably the most capable author in this
country upon a subject which is his life-work. The publishers
have done full justice to the work in the matter of typography
and general excellence of the materials used. It is safe to say
that every library which aspires to possess the best works on all
veterinary subjects must have in a prominent place Dr. Moore's
book, or else abandon its title to completeness. *^

Diseases of the Horse's Foot. By H. Caulton Reeks, F. R. C. V. S., author of
" The Common Colics of the Horse." Chicago : Alex. Eger, I906.

The virtual ///r^r^ created among veterinar> practitioners
by the work on " Colics " by Mr. Reeks, resulted in his under-
taking the preparation of the present volume on that other seat
of practical problems for the practicing veterinarian, the horse's
foot. He has gone about the subject in that energetic and de-
cisive manner that characterized his maiden effort, with the
result that he now offers to his confreres a complete treatise
upon the diseases of the intricate structures of the essential
organ of locomotion. We have carefully examined this volume,
and nothing appears to be omitted which was best in other text-
books, while much is offered which is new and original with its
original author. He goes at the subject in a systematic man-
ner, taking first the regional anatomy, then general physiologi-
cal and anatomical observations, methods of examining the foot,
general remarks on operations on the foot, faulty conformation,
diseases arising from faulty conformation, wounds of the kera-
togenous membrane, inflammatory affections of the keratogenous
apparatus, diseases of the lateral cartilages, diseases of the bones,
and diseases of the joints. Under the above classification nothing
is overlooked, while throughout the whole range of the subjects
the individual judgment of a close and intelligent observer stand
out boldly, giving the work a much greater value than is pos-
sessed by those which simply codify from the writings of others.

Alex. Eger, of Chicago, places the work on the American
market, in a manner worthy of its valuable contents. All who
have read the '* Common Colics of the Horse," will readily be-
come owners of this work on the foot, besides a vast num-
ber who find that specialization on lameness necessitates the
ownership of every good addition to the literature of the dis-
eases of the feet.

112 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA.

The annual meeting of this Association was held in the City
Hall, Winnipeg, on Tuesday, Feb. 13th, 1906, at 9.30 a. m.,
the President, Hon. D. H. McFadden, in the chair. The fol-
lowing were present : — Drs. Bradshaw, of Portage la Prairie ;
Cook, Virden ; Cruikshank, Deloraine ; Dunbar, Winnipeg ;
Harrison, Glenboro ; Hayter, Birtle ; King, Souris ; Irwin,
Stonewall ; C. Little, Winnepeg ; M. Little, Pilot Mound ;
Leslie, Melita ; Mack, Neepawa ; Martin, Winnipeg ; Milloy,
Morris ; McFadden, Emerson ; McArthur, Hartney ; McGilvray,
Winnipeg ; Ovens, Swan River ; Rowcroft, Birtle ; Rombough,
Morden ; Scurfield, Crystal City; Stevenson, Carman ; Simpson,
Yorkton ; Swenerton, Carberry ; W. Thomson, Minnedosa ;
Torrance, Winnipeg ; Whaley, Glenboro ; Welch, Roland ;
Williamson, Winnipeg; Woods, Winnipeg ; and Young, Rapid
City.

The minutes of the previous meeting having been read and
adopted, the auditors presented the following auditor's report ;

" This is to certify that we have this day examined the books
of the Manitoba Veterinary Association and find them cor-
rect. A. E. Williamson.

" Chas. Little."

On motion of Drs. Stevenson and McGilvray, the report was
adopted.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER AND REGISTRAR.

The Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar then presented the
following report :

" The past year seems to have been a prosperous one for the
veterinary profession, the high price of horses and the preva-
lence of disease combining to make veterinary practice prof-
itable.

" Unfortunately it does not seem to have rendered our
members any more prompt than usual in the payment of their
dues, and I am sorry to report that sixteen are in arrears. It
is to be hoped that these will pay up promptly in the new
year.

" Our Association has lost two members during the past year,
one. Dr. A. R. Douglas, having left the province ; the other, Dr.
Walter Hurt, of Whitewater, died at the Winnipeg General
Hospital, January i8th, last. Walter Norman James Hurt

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 113

was the son of Lieut. Hurt, a naval oflScer, and a member of an
old Derbyshire family. He was born in 1875 ^"<^ came to
America about fourteen years ago, and after living in Colorado
a short time, came to Canada, entered the Ontario Veterinary
College, and graduated in 1896. After practicing in Ontario
for some time he came to Manitoba and registered in July, 1898,
practicing at Belmont and afterwards at Whitewater. His fatal
illness arose from a slight injury received while on horseback,
the horse stumbling and throwing him against the pommel of
the saddle. Microbic invasion followed the injury, his leg be-
came immensely swollen, and despite all that medical science
could do he passed away after a long illness. He was greatly
respected in his district and will be a loss to the community in
which he lived. He was buried in St. John's Cemetery, several
members of this Association attending the funeral.

"As Registrar I beg to report the following new members
registered after passing the required examination : D. A. Mc-
Arthur, Hartney, McKillip, '05 ; Wm. Thomson, Minnedosa,
McKillip. '05 ; M. B. Stiver, Elgin, Ont., '95 ; T. Z. Woods,
Winnipeg, McKillip, '05; H. Bradshaw, Portage la Prairie,
Ont., '89; M. S. Kennedy, Elm Creek, McKillip, '05; L. H.
McQueen, Selkirk, M.R.C.V.S., '06 ; Hugh Ovens, Swan River,
Ont., '81. The total membership of the Association is now 86.

"As Treasurer I beg to submit the following financial state-
ment :

^''Receipts. — Annual fees, $128.00; examination fees, $200.-
00; interest, $77.8— $335.78; Balance 1905, $249.44. Total,
$585.22.

'■'■Expenditures. — Printing and advertising, $95.70; grants
and prizes, $11.55; expenses of meetings, $19.10; stamps and
stationery', $30.90 ; Secretary's salary, $45.35 — $202.60 ; balance,
1906, $382.62. F. Torrance, Secretary-Treasurer^

Upon motion of Drs. Dunbar and Little, the report was
adopted.

president's address.

The President then addressed the meeting, expressing his
pleasure at seeing the large gathering of veterinarians from all
parts of the province.

He was glad to hear from the reports of the Secretary- Treas-
urer that the Association was in such a prospyerous condition.
It had now passed its period of weakness and was a strong,
vigorous organization, and could point with pride to the best
Veterinary Act on the statute books of any country. During

114 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the past year he had looked into the standing of the veterinary
profession in various countries, especially with regard to educa-
tion, and had reached the conclusion that Canada was very
much behind the rest of the civilized world in this respect. In
European countries the average period of tuition was six or
seven terms of six months each. In England four years was
required, in America three years is the minimum with the ex-
ception of two private institutions, the Grand Rapids Veterinary
College and the Ontario Veterinary College. He was glad to
know that the profession in Ontario was alive to the necessity
of better veterinary education, and was moving for the estab-
lishment of an up-to-date veterinary college, and from personal
knowledge on the matter he believed the Government of Onta-
rio was going to take the matter up and establish a veterinary
college in connection either with Toronto University or the On-
tario Agricultural College. He thought it would be wise for
this Association to take steps to make known to our brethren in
Ontario that we sympathize with the efforts they are making to
elevate the standard of the profession.

In conclusion he thanked the members for their attendance
and hoped they would find it a pleasant as well as a profitable
meeting and assured them that, whether in active practice or
not, he would do all in his power to advance the interests of the
profession. (Applause). *

The election of officers resulted in the following : —

President —Hon. D. H. McFadden.

Vice-President — W. E. Martin.

Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar — P\ Torrance, Winnipeg.

Other Members of Council — W. A. Dunbar, Winnipeg ; J.
A. Stevenson, Carman ; R. D. Scurfield, Crystal City, and C.
D. McGilvray, Winnipeg. Examiners — Drs. Martin, Stevenson
and Torrance.

The annual fee was fixed at two dollars.

Dr. Dunbar read a paper on a case of " Tumor of the Mam-
mary Gland of a Mare " successfully removed, and exhibited the
specimen weighing ii lbs.*

The meeting then adjourned till evening.

On re-assembling at 7.30 P. m. Dr. Mack, of Neepawa, read
a paper on " Puerperal Apoplexy," which was well dis-
cussed.

Dr. McGilvray then read the following paper upon " Glan-
ders " :

* Dr. Dunbar's paper and the discussion thereon will appear in the May Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 115

GLANDERS.*
By C. D. McGiLVRAY, V. S., Winnipeg, Manitoba.

" In dealing with this snbject it is my intention to do so
chiefly with the end in view of placing before this Association
what I might term as the, at least to me, 'enlightened practi-
cal experiences ' gained during the past year whilst engaged in
control work, dealing with outbreaks of glanders.

" Prevalence. — Outbreaks have been numerous during the
past year, and the number of animals which it has been neces-
sary to slaughter on account of being aflFected with glanders
has been largely in excess of any previous recorded year in
Manitoba, as shown by departmental reports. (In Health of
Animals reports issued by Manitoba Department of Agricul-
ture for years 1902, 1903 and 1904 and report for year 1905 of
the Health of Animals branch, Dominion Department of
Agriculture, which shows an increase in prevalency,")

"The increase in prevalency has no doubt been due largely
to the lack heretofore, prior to Feb. ist, 1905, of an adequate
and effective policy of dealing with outbreaks.

" Past Methods of Dealing with Outbreaks. — Prior to Feb-
ruary, 1905, at which time Manitoba was brought under the
Federal Animal Contagious Diseases Act, in many of the
outbreaks of glanders the clinically affected animals were the
only ones dealt with and destroyed, the remaining contact ani-
mals on the premises being entirely overlooked and no definite
steps taken at the time of inspection to ascertain their actual
freedom from the disease, except by quarantining for a short
period, at the end of which, if they did not develop any visible
clinical symptoms, they were released as being healthy ! Nan
seqiiitnr.

" As you are no doubt aware, quarantining in the case of
contact-infected animals to be of any avail would require to be
an extended one of months and years, as an animal can be af-
fected with an occult, latent or concealed pulmonary glanders
and may remain so even for years, appearing to all outward ap-
pearances healthy, but nevertheless diseased.

" Again, when the necessary steps were taken to ascertain
the actual condition of the contact animals on the premises as
to health by the nse of mallein, and where these contact ani-

♦In a private 'cUer Secretary Torrance says: "I commend to your esjiecial notice
Dr. McGilvray's essiy on t»landers. He has had a wide experience during the past
year, having devoted his whole time to the suppression of glanders in this Province, and
his paper is original in the best sense of the word.

IIG SOCIETY MEETINGS.

mals did react to the test, slaughter was not in all cases en-
forced owing to the lack of an adequate compensation policy
(as no provision was made as to the compensation for animals
slaughtered, except wherein provided for by the rural munici-
palities). The non-enforcement of slaughter of these contact-
infected animals which had reacted to the mallein test may be
excusable, as these animals, although diseased and dangerous,
still possessed a certain value to their owners, as their useful-
ness for work was not impaired.

" However, on the other hand, no valid reason can be given
as to why these animals were allowed to be retained indefinitely
by their owners without any definite restrictions and limita-
tions being placed upon them. Under the then existing condi-
tions what could and no doubt did occur in some instances, was
twofold. Firstly, the owners now being in possession of an in-
formation and knowledge leading them to suspect these contact
animals as a result of the mallein test (an information and
knowledge to which they had no moral right and under exist-
ing conditions never should have had), and, secondly, on the
other hand, being given to understand that these contact ani-
mal were healthy, without any definite steps having been taken
to ascertain such by the use of mallein, they were very often
thus, both knowingly and unknowingly, disposed of by their
owners to some unsuspecting purchaser, thus giving rise to
what might be termed a migration of contact-infected animals
from one part of the province to another, constituting new
areas of infection and giving rise sooner or later to outbreaks
of glanders in what had hitherto been a healthy district. This
has also occurred from the importation of the same class of
contact-infected animals from the western ranges and the
United States.

"Whilst glanders has been considered for 'ages past' both
by professional men and intelligent horsemen as a disease
which on account of its nature should be controlled and eradi-
cated if possible, still the bete noir has apparently been what
measures to'adopt and enforce as a means of effectually control-
ling and eradicating outbreaks.

"The methods adopted by those engaged in this control
work, not only here but elsewhere, have been varied, showing
a wide divergence of opinion and method on the part of those
engaged in such work, exhibiting in some instances not only a
lack of knowledge as to the true nature of glanders, but a total
unfitness for such work. This probably can be accounted for

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 117

in part by the unsound teachings which many of us have ob-
tainied in certain veterinary institutions at the feet of far more
mysterious than otherwise enlightened teachers ; also from cer-
tain text books which have taught that glanders was not a very
contagious disease, and that it was easily recognizable, as it
was characterized by an inodorous unilateral discharge from
the left nostril, which was associated with a visible ulceration
of the nasal inucosiE under alse, enlargement and induration of
the sub-maxillary glands which became adherent to the bone ;
or by the presence of farcy buds or ulcers on the limbs or body,
and that a horse affected with glanders will show either one or
more of these classical symptoms. All such text books, teach-
ers and teachings, should, if not already there, be relegated to
the category of ' derelicts and ancient historians,' as the true
and unvarnished fact is that the majority of horses are not af-
fected with clinical glanders showing plainly visible symptoms,
but are affected with an occult, latent glanders (concealed pul-
monary) without presenting any of the classical train of plainly
discernible symptoms. Let us look with impartial eyes at the
list of classical symptoms which many of us have had thus in-
stilled into our minds and see how they compare with the act-
ual symptoms presented.

" Discharge from the Nostrils. — The discharge is usually
from one nostril, but can and does very frequently take place
from both, especially in advanced cases. It is not limited to
the left nostril, but can and does take place from either right or
left. (The left probably a little more frequently than the right,
which no doubt has given rise to the erroneous impression that
the left only was diagnostic.)

" The discharge, no matter from which nostril, is invaria-
bly of an adhesive (starchy) nature, which varies in color and
consistency (in early stages it is quite thin), usually appearing
gradually as a leaden, greyish or greenish-yellow color, some-
times tinged with blood (as when the ulceration has affected
vessel walls,) is very often not only slightly odorous, and in
many cases distinctly so. The discharge very often ceases from
time to time, appearing periodically.

" Very often there is piesent a slight but persistent adhesive
muco-purulent discharge from the inner canthus of either eye.

** Ulceration o/ Nasal Mucoscr. — When the disease is accom-
panied by a more or less profuse nasal discharge there are
usually present ero.sions and ulceration of the mucosae of the
upper air passage, but only in a very small percentage of the

118 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

clinical cases which have come under my observation has the
ulceration been situated under the alse and visible, its situation
being far more frequently located higher up, either in the
nasal chambers, sinuses, larynx or trachea and thus invisible
to the unaided eye. In the absence of visible ulceration of the
nasal mucosae we should therefore not exclude the possibility of
glanders being present, as a visible ulceration under the alae is the
exception and not the rule the more frequent visible condition
being a roughness and slight discoloration of the nasal mucoscE.

" Ulcerations of the raucous membrane quite often heal and
leave a cicatrix.

" Enlargement and Induration of Sub-maxillary Glands. —
This condition is characteristic of the large majority of clin-
ical cases and may be present even in the abscence at that par-
ticular period of observation of any visible nasal discharge.

" This enlargement is due to and results from irritation of
the mucosae of nasal cavities and absorption of poisonous pro-
ducts.

" However, while we find an indurative bosselated condition
of the sub-maxillary glands very frequently in glanders, still
only in a very few, indeed, do we find that these glands have
become adherent to the bone, although quite often adhering to
the skin and tissues covering them. Where slight enlargement
and chronic induration of the sub-maxillary glands is present
which, for want of a better term I call ' woodiness,' even
in the absence of any visible nasal discharge, we should al-
ways be suspicious of that individual animal as being possibly
glandered (this has been proved by the large number of these
which will react typically to mallein). The sub-maxillary
glands affected in glanders of horses seldom suppurate, although
I have noticed in several cases a purulent focus and typical farcy
bud in the skin over the gland.

" Enlargement and induration of the glands is not such a
frequent accompaniment of glanders affecting mules as in
horses. The swelling of the glands may subside from time to
time and resume almost normal condition, hence we should not
be misled by such occurrences.

" Farcy Buds and Ulcers. — Very often the first indication is
the presence of a chronic cellulitis and lymphangitis affecting
one or both hind limbs, which is usually persistent, and finally
breaks out in little ' blebs' on any part from the fetlock up to
the perineum, exuding at first a tenacious amber-like fluid, and
later forming ulcers.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. ] 1&

" In some cases boils and typical farcy ulcers will affect the
fore limbs (frequently around fore-arm) and the hind limbs be
perfectly normal. Nodules and boils may appear on any part
of the body quite suddenly and sometimes disappear again, but
more frequently break out and discharge.

" It has been made painfully apparent to me during the past
year, in spite of the assertions made by some supposed authori-
ties, to the effect that glanders was not a very contagious dis-
ease, that it is a very contagious disease to contact horses, and
also a great deal more treacherous and insidious in its nature
than ordinarily credited. Further I am convinced these sup-
posed authorities who maintain that glanders is not a very con-
tagious disease, have not had any extended practical experience
with glanders, and it also shows the superficial nature of their
observations, which have not likely extended further then deal
ing with an affected animal, and its stable companion.

'' Present Methods of Dealing with Outbreaks. — Through
the efforts of Dr. J, G. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General,
this province was brought for the first time (during Feb., 1905,)
under the Federal Contagious Diseases Act, which provides for
the compensation of owners, for animals destroyed for glanders,
by authorized inspectors. The supervision and control of this
work having thus been assumed by the Veterinary Director-
General, the policy embodied in the regulations relating to
glanders drafted by him, was adopted as a means if possible of
effectively dealing with and eradicating outbreaks. This policy
in brief is that all animals affected with or suspected of being
affected with glanders, shall be submitted to the mallein test,
and all which react to the test shall be forthwith slaughtered.
Compensation being paid to owners, for animals slaughtered, as
wherein provided for by the Federal Contagious Diseases Act at
the rate of two-thirds the animal's value, with the maximum
valuation of $150 for one animal. Any animals, which on ac-
count of a typical or doubtful reaction, are not slaughtered at
time of first test, but are ordered to be kept in quarantine, sub-
ject to retest at expiration of 40 days, at the end of which time
if they fail to react, are released. If on the other hand they re-
act, they are forthwith slaughtered, and owners compensated as
wherein provided for. In the event of any owner objecting to
the slaughter of any animals (not showing any clinical symp-
toms) which have given a typical reaction to a first mallein
test, these animals are placed underdose quarantine restrictions
and must not be allowed to be stabled with other healthy

no ' SOCIETY MEETINGS,

horses, and are to be fed and watered in separate utensils.

"Owners in such cases forfeit any right which they other-
wise may have had to compensation, and these animals are re-
tested at the end of 40 days from time of first test, and again at
end of 60 days from the second test. If they again react typically
to these subsequent tests, slaughter is enforced ; if on the other
hand they fail to react and show no clinical evidence of glan-
ders, they are classed as ceased reactors. They are then allowed
to be retained as ceased reactors by their owners, under the fol-
lowing restrictions, contained in a departmental form duly served
on owners, viz.: — That these animals are not to be sold or other-
wise disposed of, and are to be kept available for inspection at
any time, by a duly authorized veterinary inspector, and as a
means of identification, these animals are branded E.R. on right
hoof, and in the event of an animal dying in the interim between
visits of inspection, the owner must produce the branded hoof
in verification thereof. It will thus be seen that any animal to
which, to say the least, ' suspicion must attach ' are not allowed
to be lost sight of. In view of the foregoing, and with our pres-
ent knowledge of glanders, it is apparent that these methods
are commendable and will bear close scrutiny, and should tend
towards eradicating outbreaks, and that with the least material
sacrifice.

"The chief aim and object in control work in dealing with
glanders must be to restrict all traffic and migrations of reactors,
and contact-infected animals as 'invariably where you find an
outbreak of glanders in what has hitherto been a healthy stud,
that such outbreaks have originated from, and been caused by
the introduction on to the premises of an animal affected with
occult glanders, and which was not at the time of its introduc-
tion showing any of the well marked discernible clinical symp-
toms, but was to all outward appearances apparently healthy,
though nevertheless diseased.' The idea is prevalent and
maintained by some that a glandered horse is only capable of
transmitting infection when clinically affected, either with a
visible nasal discharge or farcy ulcers. Such, however, is erro-
neous and a fallacy, as while no doubt the animal with the pro-
fuse nasal discharge is certainly a more dangerous one than the
occult affected animal, still nevertheless the latter must also
be considered dangerous if only from the fact that they may
develop clinically at anv time.

" Even, however, in the absence of any well marked clinical
symptoms, if we just consider that an animal can be affected

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 181

with a primary pulmonary glanders, involving a considerable
area of lung tissue, with suppurating foci, discharging bacilli-
laden discharges into bronchi and which are in turn expelled
with the normal expiratory movements, still not showing any
well marked manifestation of disease, then all doubt should at
once be removed as to the dangerous nature and infectiveness
of a large number of these occult cases.

" Modes of Infection. — Some writers and authorities have
claimed and asserted that the watering troughs are the chief if
not the only methods by which infection is conveyed from one
animal to another. Others again are equally confident and
assert the respiratory tract is the chief channel of infection,
while others claimed to have proved by all sorts of experi-
ments (?) that it only takes place by direct transmission from
animal to animal, by means of the nasal discharge (borne out
by their actions in only dealing with afiFected animal, and its
stable companion). Such quibblings are, however, of little sig-
nificance, as undoubtedly infection can and does take place by
either of these modes and channels, as well as by other meth-
ods, viz.: —

*' a. Cohabitation : — This is the chief factor in an oiitbieak,
where animals are kept housed closely together, under poor hy-
gienic conditions, we always find the disease in a more virulent
form, with a consequent larger percentage of infected animals.

" b. Intermediary and mechanical means of infection : —
This includes infections by means of infected utensils and arti-
cles in use ; feed, litter, watering troughs, etc., reinfections from
infected premises, attendants, etc.

" c. Direct transmission from animal to animal : — This fre-
quently occurs where animals are stable companions.

" d. Aerial infections : — This would occur from bacilli-laden
atmosphere where diseased animals are kept housed closely to-
gether, finely divided discharges could be suspended in the
atmosphere, on particles of dust or moisture, and thus be carried
to and infect horses remotely situated in the same stable.

" e. By inoculation : — This could occur through abrasions
or wounds either accidentally or experimentally.

" f. Hereditary transmission : — I have seen foals showing
unmistakable evidence of glanders, soon after birth, from a
glanderous dam ; of course conclusive proof as to congenital
disease could only be adduced, while foetus was in utero^ or at
birth by microscopical and bacteriological examinations ; still,
neverthele.ss, I am of the opinion that foals may in some

122 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

cases inherit the disease, in ntero^ from a glanderous dam.

'' Malleinization. — In spite of all writings and contentions
to the contrary, I am convinced that mallein in the hands of
competent veterinarians possessed of sufficient professional acu-
men to discriminate between atypical reactions, which may be
obtained in horses suffering from conditions other than gland-
ers, and those typical reactions obtained in testing in actual out-
breaks of the disease, is a reliable (not infallible) diagnostic
agent, and should be used as an aid to the diagnosis of doubtful
cases, and as a means of testing contact animals to detect occult
cases, and in such where the reactions are typical, that the cor-
rectness of mallein can be verified in at least 95 per cent, of the
cases. It is frequently asserted that mallein is unreliable be-
cause horses suffering from some other condition and febrile
diseases than glanders will react. To this my answer is that
this is a wrong application, and that any one who is not pos-
sessed of sufficient discernment and acumen to differentiate and
eliminate these atypical reactions (usually trifling thermic in-
creases) had better transfer his labors to other channels, and not
deprecate and bring into disrepute a reliable diagnostic agent as
a result of lack of knowledge, incompetency and wrong applica-
tion.

" At the outset I may say that no hard and fast rule can be
lai,d down as to what does and does not constitute a reaction, and
the possibility of determining a uniform reaction to the mallein
test, which could be applied classically to all animals submitted
to the test, diseased or otherwise, appears to me at present as
chimerical and ambiguous, as I fail to see how it can be done
by any set ' rule of two,' as a great deal must, and does depend
on existing conditions, as well as on the ' Man Behind the
Gun.'

" In submitting horses to the mallein test the following fac-
tors should always be kept in view, and if followed would re-
duce mistakes to the minimum :

"(/.) Testing in Actual Outbreaks of dander s.-'^\\&x^ one
or more animals on the premises are showing unmistakable clini-
cal symptoms of glanders we must consider all of the contact ani-
mals on the premises as being possibly infected, and their con-
dition as regards freedom from the disease can only be ascer-
tained by the use of mallein.

" Under these existing conditions any reactions obtained as
results of mallein inoculation must be ascribed to glanders in-
fection. Even slight reactions obtained under such conditions

SOOETY MEETINGS. 183

must not be overlooked or ignored, as the degree of thermal re-
action is not an infallible criterion of the degree of infection,
and in any cases of doubtful reaction the animal should not be
given the benefit and classed as healthy, but should be classed
as at least suspicious until satisfied otherwise by retest, after a
period of from ten to twenty days has elapsed. The overlook-
ing, or ignoring slight reactions obtained in contact-infected
animals is the stumbling block of the novice and spells failure
in control work, as he who does so will be confronted later by a
large number of secondary outbreaks and re-infections.

*' Where the thermal reaction recorded and taken at intervals
of two hours from the eighth to the eighteenth hour after injec-
tion reaches 1.5° F., but does not exceed 2.5° F., over a normal
initial temperature, taken prior to injection, and is unaccom-
panied by any typical local infiltration at point of inoculation
or any constitutional disturbance (loss of appetite, increased res-
pirations, etc.,) we should consider such as an atypical or doubt-
ful reaction, considering animal as suspicious and hold for re-
test. When the same degree of thermal reaction is obtained
and is accompanied by either a typical local infiltration at seat
of inoculation or constitutional disturbance, animal should be
considered as diseased.

" When the thermal reaction recorded and taken as above
reaches and exceeds 2.5° F. over a normal initial temperature
taken prior to injection and presents a mallein curve (consisting
of two summits or peaks and a plateau) or a gradual sustained
rise of temperature we should, even in the absence of any or-
ganic reaction, consider animal as diseased.

" When we have atypical local infusion or infiltration at seat
of inoculation and constitutional disturbance present, even in
the absence of any marked thermal reaction, we should consider
animal as diseased. High initial temperatures recorded prior to
injection in contact animals in actual outbreaks should always
be considered as due to incubative glanders infection, and should
be classed as diseased, until satisfied otherwise by retest, no mat-
ter how they act under the mallein inoculation, as sometimes
the high initial temperature will decline (a drop or decline re-
action) while in other cases the same or slightly increased tem-
perature will be steadily maintained.

" In the event of those recorded with high initial tempera-
tures giving a typical local infiltration at point of inoculation and
constitutional disturbance they should be classed as diseased irre-
spective of thermic variations.

1%^ SOCIBTY MEETINGS.

" (2.) Testing Animals Suspected of Infection. — When we are
in possession of authentic knowledge and a previous history of
animals having been in close contact with other clinically dis-
eased animals for any lengthened period, even in the absence of
any clinical symptoms amongst the individuals under control, we
should consider them as being contact-infected, and classifica-
tion of reactions obtained should be based similar to testing
in actual outbreaks.

" (j.) Testing Animals where Syinptorns Presented are Indic-
ative of Conditions other than Glafiders. — Very frequently where
an owner has a considerable number of horses which have
become affected with any of the various infectious respiratory
catarrhal conditions, and has been unfortunate enough as to in-
cur the loss of several animals, he becomes imbued with the
idea that his stud may be affected with glanders. Or, as
sometimes occurs, the attending veterinarian is not quite sure
of his diagnosis, or has been unsuccessful in his treatment
he may * hedge,' and as a means of ' cover ' suggests to the
owner the possibility of it being glanders, thus putting the
' onus of decision' upon the control veterinarian.

" Under all such conditions and circumstances it is well to
keep in view the fact that we are dealing with a skeptical laity ;
hence it may be expedient and incumbent upon the control vet-
erinarian to submit such animals to the mallein test. Before
submitting such animals to the test (especially where a number
of animals are under control and observation) it is advisable to
make a thorough physical examination of each and arrive at a
rational diagnosis. It will be found when a number of under
control are to be tested, that many of them will prior to injec-
tion exhibit high initial temperature, and under mallein in-
oculation, when the temperature is recorded at intervals of two
hours taken from the eighth to the eighteenth hour after injec-
tion, that the same temperature is only slightly increased or
decreased (does not show a decided drop or decline reaction and
is steadily maintained, presenting no mallein curve or peak) and
that the typical local infiltration is absent. It will also be
found that where the initial temperature was normal prior to
injection, that the temperature recorded after injection will only
be but slightly increased, seldom if ever reaching io4°F., and
unaccompanied by any constitutional disturbance or typical
local infusion, hence are atypical reactions. Contrast results
of testing such animals with those obtained in testing animals
in actual outbreaks of glanders, and it will be found in the lat-

SOaSTY MEETINGS. 126

ter that there will be decided increases of temperature after in-
jection reaching sometimes 105° F. and 106° F., also presenting
very often a mallein curve, and accompanied in many instances
with the typical local infusion and more or less constitutional
disturbance.

" Testing of Healthy Animals. — In submitting horses to the
mallein test without any previous authentic source of infection
it will be found that a characteristic reaction is seldom obtained
and the temperatures recorded after Injection seldom exceed
2.2°F. over a normal initial temperature, and is unaccompanied
by a typical local infiltration or constitutional disturbance.
When the thermic reaction recorded, however, after injection in
presumably healthy horses exceeds 2.5°F. over a normal initial
temperature taken prior to injection and presents a mallein
curve, or a gradual rise of temperature which is sustained for
some time and is accompanied by a typical local infusion or
constitutional disturbance, even in the absence of any authentic
previous history of exposure to infection, we should consider
it as a characteristic reaction indicating glanders, and either de-
stroy animal or place in quarantine for retest.

" Conditions and Influences which may Affect Temperature of
Animals Submitted to Mallein Inoculation. — In speaking of a
normal initial temperature taken prior to injection it would ap>-
pear that in Manitoba during the greater part of the year that
a normal initial temperature must be considered as one which
does not exceed ioi.8°F. (the average normal temperature of
horses in Manitoba from April to December is apparently

IOI.2°F.)

" In submitting horses to the mallein test they should in all
cases be placed under normal conditions, fed and watered as
usual. During hot weather stables should be kept well venti-
lated and cool as a physiological increase of temperature can be
induced in horses during extremely hot weather if kept in close
ill-ventilated stables.

" During cold weather animals submitted to the test should
be prevented from taking a sudden chill, kept away from un-
due cold draughts; if necessary body should be blanketed.
Horses submitted to the test should not be exercised until after
period of recording temperatures has elapsed. All animals sub-
mitted to the test should be properly restrained and controlled,
so that temperatures can be taken without undue resistance or
excitability.

" Local Fraction or Sivelling at Poi"f of Tuondation. — In

126 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

judging of a typical local infusion it depends not so much on
its actual size as measured in inches across its surface as on its
nature, re-shape and size, situation, tenseness, presence of heat
and pain. The typical reactionary swelling is nearly circular
in outline and has the tendency of increasing its area fiom the
eighth hour after inoculation, and at the same time extends to
and involves the deeper seated underlying muscular tissues, to
which the skin becomes closely adherent ; to the touch it is
tense, hot and extremely painful. Cord-like swellings may ex-
tend (from central swelling) towards point of shoulder, causing
pain and difficulty of shoulder movement when exercised ; when
the infiltration assumes such a nature as outlined it should be
considered as a typical local infusion irrespective of its surface
measurements.

" Wliere a circular infiltration is atypical it rarely exceeds a
diameter of three inches across its surface and will be found to
be non-painful, soft and moveable, and does not extend to, nor
affect the underlying muscular tissues, but remains localized to
the skin ; does not perceptibly increase its area after the eighth
hour, and has the tendency to become absorbed and disappear
before the twenty-sixth hour has elapsed and does not extend
towards shoulder joints nor causes stiffness.

"Oblong infiltrations should be carefully noted, as even
when of large size they are frequently atypical as a dependent
oedema may result from the manner in which the skin has been
held, causing a loose oblong fold of skin which may become in-
flated (where a large sized syringe has been used) at injection.
These oblong atypical oedematous infiltrations become rapidly
absorbed after the eighth hour and should be differentiated from
the cord-like swelling, extending from typical circular reaction,
ary swelling. They do not extend to or involve shoulder joint,
are soft to the touch and not painful, are localized to the super-
ficial tissues and do not extend to nor affect the muscular tissues.

" Mallein as a Possible Curative Agent. — During the past
four years mallein has been lauded by some as a curative agent ;
however, I am satisfied that the usefulness of mallein in the
control of glanders lies not in any supposed curative effects
which it may possess, but in its sensitive diagnostic properties,
and should be used as a means of eradication instead of a ' pos-
sible curability.'

" At the outset as a possible curative agent at best it could
only have an arresting influence during incubative periods, or
early stages of infection, as during later stages it certainly has

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 127

no arresting, nor curative influences, but instead accelerates the
course of the disease.

" The recoveries attributed to mallein treatment have been
based largely on the assumption that because a number of
horses will cease to react when treated at intervals with mallein
that they are cured. To this I must take exception, as the fact
of a horse having ceased to react is not an infallible criterion of
a permanent recovery (proved by ceased reactors becoming clini-
cally affected subsequently).

" No doubt a number of horses undergo recovery from a
glanders infection, and it is more reasonable to suppose that
these are natural recoveries as a result of phagocytic influences
and bactericidal resistance of the animal economy than as a re-
sult of a mallein treatment /^r se.

" A number of these so-called recoveries are more apparent
than real ; some animals recover from primary lesions of the
nasal passages, the ulcerations heal, leaving a cicatrix, the dis-
charge ceases, and glands become normal, but very often while
the primary lesions affecting the head have disappeared, a sec-
ondary infection of the lungs has resulted, constituting an occult,
latent or concealed pulmonary glanders, in which state some ani-
mals may continue indefinitely without presenting any outward
symptoms of disease."

DISCUSSION.

Dr. Simpson: — "I would like to ask Dr. McGilvray if he
has ever had a clinical case that did not react? Also do ab-
scesses ever follow the injection?"

Dr. McGilvray: — "Yes, clinical cases quite frequently do
not react, but as a rule these have a high initial temperature
and are very advanced cases, and reaction is usually an organic
and not a thermal one. These cases have a high temperature
from absorption of toxic products of the disease and are not
always sensitive to the mallein injection. The absence of ther-
mic reaction in these cases is counterbalanced by the organic
reaction and this, taken with the clinical symptoms, enables a
positive diagnosis to be made. As to abscesses after injection —
it is absurd to talk of aseptic injections. We can clip off the
hair and wash the site selected with an antiseptic solution, but
everyone knows that is not suflficient to sterilize the skin, yet
abscesses are extremely rare, and when one does form the horse
has usually reacted and the abscess develops into a typical farcy
ulcer."

Dr. Dunbar: — "Dr. McGilvray made use of an expression

Ills SOCIETY MEETINGS.

which I confess I hardly understand as it seems to involve a con-
tradiction in terms. He said the mallein test was a ' perfectly
reliable but not an infallible one.' I would like him to explain."

Dr. McGilvray : — " I don't think there is anything contra-
dictory in the expression. What I meant to express was that
mallein should be used for testing glanders outbreaks, and not
on horses suffering from influenza or other febrile complaints.
Such a horse might have his temperature run up after a mallein
injection from the natural course of the disease he was suffering
from, and this might be wrongly taken for a mallein reaction.
Again, repeated mallein injections will induce a tolerance in
horses so that after a time they may fail to react although still
diseased."

Dr. Torrance: — "I am sure I voice the sentiments of the
members present when I say that we have seldom had the
pleasure of listening to such an interesting and able paper as
that presented by Dr. McGilvray. It is a valuable addition to
the literature of the subject, and the Association is to be con-
gratulated upon having it read before them. It deals so fully
with the subject that it leaves little to be said, but I would like
to ask Dr. McGilvray as to the infectiousness of pulmonary or
latent glanders. Has he seen outbreaks of glanders that could
be traced to a latent case showing no clinical symptoms? I
would also ask what proportion he finds between the clinical
cases destroyed and those that simply react without other evi-
dence of disease ?"

Dr. McGilvray : — '* I might cite the Rath well outbreak of
glanders as illustrating the infectiousness of a non-clinical case.
Thirteen horses on the premises were tested and eleven reacted
typically and were destroyed. A mare had been disposed of
some months previous to Inspector Molloy's visit, and on trac-
ing her up it was found that she had infected various premises
at widely separated points, and outbreaks of glanders occurred
at Stockton, Wawanesa, Rounthwaite and Lipton, which could
be distinctly ascribed to her presence among the horses for
periods of from one to three months. In each of these out-
breaks one or more clinical cases developed, yet the owners de-
clared that the mare which brought the infection had never
shown any visible nasal discharge or other symptoms of disease.
She was finally shipped to Lipton, Sask., infected horses in the
car with her, developed clinical symptoms herself, and was de-
stroyed. There is also the Boissevain outbreak. In this the
owner purchased a team of apparently healthy horses from a

SOaBTY MEETINGS. 129

stud where clinical cases of glanders had been destroyed. The
team was separated and mated differently some two months be-
fore the premises were inspected. On testing, one of the origi-
nal team and its new mate reacted typically to mallein, and
showed after injection slight clinical symptoms (niuco-purulent
discharge from inner canthus of eye, and tenderness and slight
swelling of the submaxillary gland). They were destroyed.
Neither had shown any symptoms previous to injection, there
had been no glanders in this particular district, and there ap-
peared to be no possible source of contagion other than this con-
tact-infected team. As to the proportion between clinical cases
and reactors, I may say that I have tested about i,ooo horses
during the past year, and for every clinical case of glanders I
find two or three reactors."

Dr. Molloy : — "I have destroyed 209 cases of glanders, and
83 of these were clinical."

Dr. McFadden : — " In the early days in this province we had
to deal with glanders without the advantage of the mallein test.
The Mennonite Reserve was badly infected during the period
between '85 and '90, but in two or three years it was practically
stamped out. I recollect one outbreak occurring among the
horses of a large firm of contractors. 328 head of horses went
into winter quarters and only 91 came out ; it was with these
91 I had to do. Every horse of these 91 was roped and careful-
ly examined, and 16 were condemned and shot. The remainder
came out all right. Dr. McGilvray's paper is an excellent one,
and meets my views on glanders better than anything I have
read. No doubt it will be printed and widely read, and there is
just one criticism I would like to make. The opening remarks
might be construed into a slur upon the veterinarians who had
preceded him in the work. Now, these gentlemen are mem-
bers of this Association, and I don't think Dr. McGilvray has any
intention of putting an affront upon them."

Dr. McGilvray : — " It was not the individuals I was criti-
cizing, but their system. I have no wish to cast a slur on any-
one, but there is no excuse for a man visiting and revisiting a
farm at intervals of six weeks and at each visit destroying one
or more animals for glanders."

Dr. Dunbar : — " It has been stated that glanders has not
hitherto been considered as contagious a disease as it really is.
Some facts seem to support the old view. I know a man
who drove a team for years. One of these contracted glanders,
and discharged from the nose for a year at least before he

130 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

was destroyed. His mate worked with him all this time yet did
not catch the disease, and I had frequent opportunities of see-
ing him for a year afterwards."

Dr. McGilvray : — "Such cases maybe explained on the
theory of natural immunity, but a year is not a sufficient period
to keep an animal under observation, as the disease may re-
main in an occult state for longer than that."

Dr. McFadden : — *'l can cite a case similar to Dr. Dunbar's,
that seems to prove that sometimes glanders is not very conta-
gious. A livery man had a fine mare, which was especially val-
uable for livery. Glanders broke out in his stable, and several
horses had to be destroyed ; the remainder, being quarantined
for 30 days, were then released as healthy. This wai> before the
days of inallein. The mare passed into the hands of a man
named Vance, and although I wished to get her I was afraid to
do so until two months later. I bought her and had her for
two months more, working every day in the livery and appar-
ently healthy. One day I happened to notice her as she drove
up to the stable after a long drive, showing a slight discharge
from one nostril, and enlargement of one gland. I had her
put into a shed apart from the other horses. She developed
glanders, but not one of the eighteen livery horses that she had
been with for eighteen months took the disease."

Dr. McGilvray : — " Dr. McFadden's case simply bears out
my contention that quarantining for a period of 30 days is of
no avail as to deciding freedom from disease."

Dr. McArthur then presented a paper on " Tinea Sycosis."*

The President: — "The next order of business is to award
the prize for the best essay presented at this meeting. As the
conditions limit the competition to those who have never pre-
viously contributed, the question is to decide between Dr. Mack
and Dr. McArthur. A ballot will be taken and the same scru-
tineers are invited to act."

The ballot resulted in awarding the prize, on a close vote,
to Dr. Mack.

Dr. Whaley : — " I have recently had a case of what I think
was tuberculosis in a horse. I have been told that horses can-
not have tuberculosis and I would like to know if any member
present has had a case."

Dr. Martin : — "I reported a case of tuberculosis in a horse
at one of the previous meetings of this Association. Tubercu-

*Will be published in a later number of the RfcVlE\\ ,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 131

losis is rare in the horse, yet we do come across a case once in
a while."

The President : — " Gentlemen, this is one of the best meet-
ings we have had, and yet we must, if we would progress, aim
at something still better. I would suggest that your executive
have your instructions so that the next meeting should not be
crowded into one day. The members who are going to read
papers should let the Secretary know some time before the
meeting so that a programme could be issued and the members
would come prepared to discuss those papers."

Dr. Martin: — "I would suggest a banquet for next year,
and perhaps it might be possible to arrange a trip to the new
agricultural college."

The President: — "Another matter that we should take up
is veterinary education. I think our Secretary has some re-
marks to offer."

Dr. Torrance : — "You are well aware of the efforts which
the veterinary profession is making towards improving the
status of the profession by raising the standard of veterinary
education in Ontario. A deputation of leading veterinarians
recently waited on the Minister of Agriculture, the Hon. N.
Monteith, with a petition from the veterinary profession re-
questing the Government of Ontario to take up the matter of
establishing an up-to-date veterinary college for Ontario. The
reply of the minister, while, of course, non-committal, was en-
couraging, and leads us to hope that something definite is
about to be done. I have also a private letter from Dr. Ruther-
ford, which con6rms the idea that the Ontario Government
may establish, or aid materially in the establishment, of a new
veterinary college, either in connection with the Ontario Agri-
cultural College, or as a faculty of Toronto University. What
seems to be most essential at the present juncture is a united
effort on the part of all the members of the veterinary profes-
sion to push the matter through. It would be presumptuous
for this Association to petition the government of another
province, but we can at least strengthen the hands of our
brethren in Ontario by expressing our sympathy with their
efforts, and I would therefore beg to move the following resolu-
tion : —

" Whereas, The veterinary surgeons of Ontario are en-
deavoring to elevate the standard of the profession by the es-
tablishment, under government auspices, of a veterinary col-
lege with a standard adapted to modern requirements ; and

132 SCKHETY MEETINGS.

" Whereas, Under the proposed arrangements, the interests
of Prof. Andrew Smith are to be fully recognized ;

*' Resolved^ That this, the Veterinary Association of Manito-
ba, desire to express their sympathy with the efforts of the pro-
fession in Ontario, and their earnest desire to see the establish-
ment of a veterinary college having a curriculum of not less
than three terms of six months each ; and that copies of this
resolution be sent to the Secretary of the Committee and the
Secretaries of the various Associations in Ontario."

The motion was seconded by Dr. Whaley and carried unani-
mously.

The following resolutions were then adopted : —

" That 300 copies of the proceedings be printed and dis-
tributed."

" That the semi-annual meeting be held in the city of Win-
nipeg."

" That Drs. C. Little and C. D. McGilvray be the auditors
for the ensuing year."

" That a hearty vote cf thanks be tendered the City Coun-
cil for the use of the committee room."

" That a hearty vote of thanks be tendered the essayists."

The Secretary announced that essays had been promised for
the next meeting by Drs. Martin and King.

The meeting then adjourned.

F. Torrance, Secretary.

NEBRASKA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The meeting was called to order Monday, January 5, at 2 P.
M., in room 305, Agricultural Hall, at the State Farm, Lincoln,
Neb., by the President, Dr. C. A. McKim, the following mem-
bers being present : J. S. Anderson, John A. Berg, M. T. Ber-
nard, J. J. Drasky, H. L. Feistner, J. H. Gain, H. N. Hall, J. L.
Hoylman, H. Jensen, C. A. McKim, A. T. Peters, V. Schaefer,
R. Ebbitt, P. Simonsen, J. D. Sprague, Geo. Sprenger, E. F.
Stewart, Geo. P. Tucker, and W. A. Thomas.

Minutes of last meeting were read and approved.

The following gentlemen were elected to membership of As-
sociation : W. H. Cole, G. A. Meixel, W. H. Tuck, W. A. Wal-
ther, A. A. Munn, J. C. Myers, J. A. Royce, M. D. Strong, A.
W. Carmichael, G. Baxter, T. H. M. Knaak, A. H. Krull, R.
A. Huntley, I. W. McEachran.

This additional membership has brought the Nebraska As-

SOCTETY MEETINGS. 133

sociation into the ranks of the thriving and pushing^ associations
of America, and is the direct result of the law passed to reg-
ulate the practice. The law looks very innocent, but the results
are very satisfactory.

Dr. A. A. Munn, of Kearney, presented a paper on " Azotu-
ria." It was thoroughly discussed by Drs. Schaefer, Huntley,
Jensen, Strong, Hoylman, McEachran, Bernard, and Anderson.
Dr. Anderson reports good results from intravenous injections of
normal salt solutions, twice in 24 hours. Dr. Hoylman recom-
mended the internal administration of turpentine.

Dr. Drasky reported an outbreak of rabies near Crete, Ne-
braska, with a great loss of horses, cattle and sheep. The State
Veterinarian, Dr. C. A. McKim, reported several outbreaks
throughout the State.

Dr. Carmichael read a paper entitled " The So-called Corn-
Stalk Disease," recommending the use of sodii hyposulphite and
quinine.

Dr. A. T. Peters gave a very interesting account of the work
done by the Experiment Station along the line of mould poison;
it develops that there are as many different kinds af mould as
there are diseases, each producing different symptoms, and re-
quiring different treatment. Dr. Peters has promised us a full
report of his work in the near future.

The meeting was then adjourned to meet at 8 p. m. at the
Lincoln Hotel for a banquet.

Shortly after 8 o'clock 33 of the happiest looking veterina-
rians in the State of Nebraska were seated around the banquet
table in the club room of the Lincoln Hotel. Dr. ^L H. Rey-
nolds, of Minnesota, was the guest of honor. After the elegant
eight-course menu was disposed of, and while inhaling the fra-
grant fumes of the havanas, our versatile friend, Dr. A. T.
Peters, acting as toastinaster, called upon the following gentle-
men, who. in well chosen language, responded to the following
toasts : " The Veterinarians in the Philippines," J. J. Drasky ;
*'Our Veterinary Law," R. A. Huntley; "The Younger Mem-
bers of the Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association," J. C.
Mevers ; "The Association in '94 and Now," J. S. Anderson;
" The Veterinarian in Nebraska in the Early Seventies and To-
Day," W. A. Thomas; "Cement," H. Jensen; "The Globe-
Trotter," R. Ebbitt ; "The Future of the Nebraska Veterina-
rian," P. Simonsen ; " State Boards and Sanitary Laws." M. H.
Reynolds. This was the first time in the history of the Ne-
braska Association that its members had gathered around the

134 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

banquet table, and so well pleased were the members present
with this our first banquet that it was decided to make this
feature a permanent one.

Tuesday, January i6, at lo a. m., the members of the Asso-
ciation assembled in the new Stock-Judging Pavilion on the
State Farm for a surgical clinic, and several interesting opera-
tions were skilfully performed. This feature of our meetings
will be improved upon, and in the future be held in private.

At 2 P. M. the meeting was called to order in the new Agri-
cultural Hall, by Dr. G. R. Young, of Omaha, the President,
Dr. McKim, being temporarily absent.

Under the head of " Reports of Cases," Dr. Hoylman report-
ed great losses of horses and cattle in the western part of the
State from what the doctor thought to be corn-stalk disease.
The symptoms presented were first coma, delirium and death.
The usual symptoms, as most of the practitioners in the State
had observed it, is first delirium, then coma and death. A
thorough discussion of the subject decided that the cause of the
trouble was due to some form of poisoning by moulds, as some
of the animals had not been near a corn field. Treatment sug-
gested : One-half ounce doses of potassium iodide every six
hours, preceded by 1 5^ pounds of magnesium sulphate.

Dr. Reynolds spoke of the great similarity of symptoms be-
tween corn-stalk disease and what they in Minnesota call hsemor-
rhagic septicaemia ; he considers these two diseases very closely
allied.

Dr. J. S. Anderson gave a very interesting report on his op-
erations for roaring. The doctor gave a detailed description of
his method, which had resulted satisfactorily in most cases ; one
failure was reported, and the entire structure exhibited ; the an-
imal, whenever it attempted to swallow, would choke, and even-
tually died from traumatic pneumonia. Dr. Anderson's surgi-
cal skill is recognized all over this Western country.

The Association unanimously endorsed the Army Bill.

H. Jensen, Secretary.

NORTH DAKOTA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIA-
TION.

The annual meeting was called to order at Fargo, Jan. 17,
1906, at 10.30 A. M., with President Treacy in the chair. Roll-
call revealed the presence of the following members : Drs.
Anderson, Chisholm, Cosford, Crewe, Davidson, Dunham,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 135

Fisher, Fisher, Martin, Robinson, Taylor, Treacy, Van Es,
Walker, Winsloc.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read, and, upon
motion, were duly approved.

The Committee on Legislation, through its Chairman, Dr.
Treacy, made report on its work and the desired changes se-
cured during the last legislation. Report adopted.

The Finance Committee reports a balance of $47.75 in the
treasury. Report adopted.

The application for membership of Dr. Thos. Sims, of Bot-
tineau, N. D., was received. Dr. Sims was elected to member-
ship under suspension of the rules, as otherwise his application
would have to be laid over until the following annual meeting.

The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted in the
election of the following :

President — E. J. Davidson, Grand Forks.

Vice-President — A. A. Walker, Casselton.

Treasurer — B. C. Taylor, Hillsboro.

Secretary — J. A. Winsloe, Cooperstown.

It was moved by Dr. D. E. Fisher, and seconded by Dr.
Martin, that a Committee on Resolutions be appointed by the
Chair. Motion carried. The following members were ap-
pointed ; \'an Es, Crewe and Cosford.

It was also moved and seconded that Drs. Fisher, Martin and
Taylor act as a committee to formulate plans for the better en-
forcement of the laws covering veterinary practice and to inter-
view the local members of the Examining Board with a view
to securing a statement in regard to the number of permits and
certificates issued, fees, etc.

The following members were appointed as the Committee
on Legislation : Drs. Robinson, Crewe and Treacy.

The meeting then adjourned until 2.30 p. m.

At the appointed hour the meeting was called to order, with
Vice-President Robinson in the chair.

No business being brought up for discussion, the reading
of papers was now taken up. The first paper was read by Dr.
L. Van Es and was entitled "Clinical Phases of Influenza."*
The paper was discussed by all members present.

The following paper was read by Dr. J. W. Robinson, and
was entitled, "The Spaying of the Heifer."* The paper was
discussed by Drs. Ramsay, Treacy, Cosford, Davidson and
Foster.

• Will be published in an early numl)er of the Rkview.

136 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The next paper was read by Dr. B. C. Taylor and dealt with
" The Treatment of Hernia with Nitric Acid."* This paper
was thoroughly discussed by Drs. Robinson, Winsloe and
Ramsay.

Some time being yet available, Dr. Van Es volunteered a re-
port on a case of "Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus,"t and
submitted photographs, drawings, and wet specimens of the case.

It was moved and seconded that the Secretary be instructed
to furnish the American Veterinary Review with copies of
the papers read and of the proceedings of the meeting.

On motion of Dr. Van Es, and seconded by Dr. Treacy, the
Chairman was instructed to appoint a Committee on Programme :
Appointed Drs. L. Van Es, Chairman ; J. W. Dunham and D.
Fisher.

After some remarks on the value of a good live stock asso-
ciation and a better understanding among the various members
of the profession by Drs. Ramsay and Foster, the meeting ad-
journed until the following day, which, according to resolutions
passed during the previous meeting, was to be devoted to clinical
work.

On January i8 the members met at the Stock Judging Hall
of the Agricultural College, where the following cases were
presented :

Sequestrotomy of the lower jaw and expulsion of molar, by
Drs. Davidson and Taylor.

Removal of carcinoma of orbit by Drs. Martin and Cosford.

Cunean tenotomy and cautery for spavin, by Dr. Foster.

Cautery for spavin, by Dr. Sims.

Cautery of spavin, by Dr. Chisholm.

Operation for papillomatosis of oral mucosa, by Dr Walker.

Cautery of spavin, by Dr. Dunham.

Spaying of heifer, by Drs. Cosford and Robinson.

Extraction of molar, by Dr. Hinebauch.

Expulsion of molar, by Drs. Fisher and Burton,

Besides the cases operated on, the following were exhibited :
Bursatti ; synovitis and peri-arthritis of hock-joint ; obstruction
of upper air passage ; lymphangitis of hind leg.

The following veterinarians were in attendance during the
meeting and the clinics: Drs. O. F. Anderson, Christine ; J.
Burton, Wheaton, Minn. ; J. P. Chisholm, Lisbon ; vS. E. Cos-
ford, Jamestown ; W. F. Crewe, Devil's Lake ; E. J. Davidson,

* Published in 'News and Items," this number Review.
t Will be published in an early number of the Rf.vikw.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 137

Grand Forks; J. W. Dunham, Fargo; D. Fisher, Grandin ; G.
D. Fisher, Hope ; J. P. Foster, Huron; F. J. Glynn, Aberdeen ; T.
D. Hinebauch, Tower City ; M. Holcomb, Fargo ; J. A.Kierman,
Aberdeen, S. D. ; R. G. Lawton, Watertown, S. D. ; L. A. Nut-
ting, Great Falls, Montana ; C. H. Martin, Valley City, N. D. ;
R. A. Ramsay, Denver, Colo. ; J. W. Robinson, Coal Harbor,
N. D. ; Thos. Sims, Bottineau ; B. C. Taylor, Hillsboro, N. D. ;
R. H. Treacy, Fargo ; L. Van Es, Agricultural College ; A. A.
Walker, Casselton ; J. A. Winsloe, Cooperstown.

C. H. Martin, Acting Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK COUNTY.

The regular monthly meeting was called to order January
3, 1906, at 8.30 P. M., Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, the President, in the
chair. Roll-call was dispensed with. Minutes of the previous
meeting were adopted as read.

Members present : Drs. T. A. Keller, C. W. Shaw, R. Dick-
son, K. B. Ackerman, J. L. Robertson, C. Schroder, Roscoe R.
Bell, C. E. Clayton, F. C. Grenside, J. E. Ryder, R. W. Ellis,
R. W. McCully, R. S. Mackeller, and D. J. Mangan.

Visitors : Drs. W. Reid Blair, Leonard Pearson, J. V. Lad-
dey, C. S. Atchison, Morris, Castor, Hendren, Hayes, King-
ston and Clarence J. Marshall. Also, students of the New York-
American Veterinary College.

Dr. Leonard Pearson delivered an address on the " VIII.
International Veterinary Congress." The Doctor told of the
origin of the Congress, its methods, purposes and its prosper-
ity. Incidentally he spoke about the fine veterinary school in
Budapest.

Dr. W. Reid Blair, of the New York Zoological Park, read
a paper on " Actinomycosis of a Salivary Gland in a Grizzly
Bear.* Dr. Blair exhibited some specimens of this condition.

Dr. J. V. Laddey spoke of his experiences in the Philippine
Islands.

The Secretary read all the names that were on the veterina-
ry registers of New York, Kings and Queens Counties.

The President said he would have them printed in proof
form, for the next meeting.

Dr. Charles Lamensdorf was elected member of the Asso-
ciation.

* Pablisbed in March Rkvikw.

138 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The By- laws were suspended and Dr. Leonard Pearson was
unanimously elected an honorary member of the Association.

Drs. W. Reid Blair and J. V. Laddey each received a vote of
thanks for their efforts towards the evening's entertainment.

The meeting was then adjourned.

D. J. Mangan, Secretary.

*
* *

The regular monthly meeting was called to order by the
President, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, on February 7, at 8.30 P. M.
The roll was dispensed with. Minutes of previous meeting
were adopted as read.

Members present : Drs. R. S. Mackeller, A. O'Shea, C. E.
Clayton, R. W. Ellis, W. C. Bretherton, C. W. Shaw, F. C.
Grenside, T. A. Keller, Wilfred Lellmann, D. J. Mangan, Ros-
coe R. Bell, J. L. Robertson, and C. Schroder.

Visitors : Drs. Blair, Schreiber, Assing, Childs, Brotheridge,
and S. Strauss, M. D. Also, students of the New York- Ameri-
can Veterinary College and others.

Dr. Bell read a letter, which he received from Dr. Williams,
the President of the State Society, regarding the practicing of
veterinary medicine in New York State without a license.

Members and visitors suggested various methods to be em-
ployed in getting evidence against violators of the veterinary
law.

Dr. Bell had copies of the Greater New York Veterinary
Registers, which were distributed among the members.

Discussions on azoturia, iodi, kali and influenza, which were
taken up separately, brought out some valuable informa-
tion.

Dr. S. Strauss asked the members if they came across any car-
cinomatous tumors he would be glad to receive them and pay
for same. This request was followed by a discussion on malig-
nant tumors.

The following gentlemen were proposed for membership :
Drs. R. Schreiber, H. J. Brotheridge and J. E. Assing.

Owing to the fact that there were few of the Board of Cen-
sors present it was decided to act on the propositions without
their endorsement. The applicants were therefore duly elected
members of the Association.

Dr. Clayton moved and it was regularly seconded, that the
Association have its Treasurer pay John Brooks, the janitor,
$2.00 per month for services rendered on meeting nights.

Meeting adjourned. D. J. Mangan, Secretary.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 139

WASHINGTON VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The United States College of Veterinary Surgeons held its
twelfth annual banquet Saturday evening, February 24th, 1906,
which celebrated its twelfth birthday. The college is young
but healthy and prosperous for its age.

The banquet was held at Freund's, where all similar func-
tions are held, and the dining hall was beautifully decorated
with flowers and flags ; the tables were covered with college
colors, — black and orange, and the students as well as their
guests were all clad in evening dress.

Tile toastmaster, Mr. R. H. Duenner, class of '06, with a
kind word of welcome, bade the guests and students to be seated.
A very well arranged and tempting menu was placed before
them, and after every one had done justice to the eatables,
cigars were lighted, and the evening turned into one of toast
and stories.

Dr. Lamb, M. D,, a guest, responded to *' Reversions ". He
told how he had watched the growth of the institution and how
it had struggled in its younger days, but now success was com-
ing and the horizon was clear and prosperity was the only pos-
sible thing.

Dr. C. Barnwell Robinson, V. S., Dean, spoke on the " Duties
of the Practitioner." He pointed out the methods in which a
practitioner should shield his profession. He said the field was
calling for men, and that the men would always have plenty to
do. He outlined work for the men and told how they should
protect themselves, protect the animal, and protect the client.
His remarks received much attention and were generously ap-
plauded.

Prof. G. A. Prevost, LL.B., one of the trustees of the college,
spoke of the great meaning of the college motto, " Vestigia Nulla
Retrorsum." He said one's footsteps should never turn back-
wards, but keep up the steady, forward movement ; if we ever
found ourselves slipping backward faster than we were going
forward, simply turn around, and our progress in the forward
direction would be gained.

Dr. C. M. Emmons, M.D., gave an interesting talk on "Stu-
dents vs. Professor." He told how a student looked from a
professor's standpoint — the schoolroom platform, how he saw
the wise thoughts of the students through the examination
paper. This talk received much attention from the students
and they applauded heartily.

140 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

C. C. Weeks, representing the graduating class, delivered a
clever talk, telling the juniors and freshmen how it felt to hold
the dignified position of a senior.

G. H. Grapp, '07, returned thanks for the kind words of '06,
and H. S. Gamble, '08, represented the freshmen.

The banquet was under the careful supervision of a com-
mittee of E. P. Yeager, '06, chairman ; Dr. H. Bosley, '03, treas-
urer ; G. H. Grapp, '07, secretary; M. P. Smith, '06; C. B.
Shoemaker, '08 ; R. C. Talty, '07 ; I. A. Phinney, '08.

The guests of the evening were : Dr. F. B. Gage, U. S. A.^
Dr. S. B. Lamb, and J. P. McDonough. Others present were
the faculty and classes as follows : Prof. G. A. Prevost, Dr.
Frazier, Dr. C. B. Robinson, Dr. H. Bosley, Dr. C. M. Emmons^
Dr. C. C. Walker, Dr. M. H. Walmer, Dr. E. S. Walmer, Dr.
Drake, Dr. J. C. Heide, Dr. W. W. Alleger, R. H. Duenner, O.
H. Gratz, E. Hartley. J. P. Keifer, C. J. Fry, W. S. Pollard, E.
P. Yeager, M. P. Smith, W. F. Davis, C. C. Weeks, R. W. Wolf,
J. H. Bakelaar, R. C. Talty, F. Meisenheimer, A. C. Stever, H.

F. Hungleford, A. A. Pearson, E. L. Thornton, R. E. Ferney-
hough, C. M. Mansfield, R, B. Blume, E. H. Drake, R. M. Corey,

G. H. Grapp, R. J. Cooley, A. Monk, H. S. Gamble, C. B. Shoe-
maker, L. Prevost, I. A. Phinney, C. F. Sapp, T. A. Metcalf,
J. H. Donahue, H. H. Adair, and J. L. Vega.

C. M. Mansfield, Chairman Pub. Comm.,

Wash. Vet. Med. Asso.

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The regular monthly meeting was held Wednesday evening,
January 24th, at 8 P. M. There were fifteen members present.
In addition to the regular business, it was voted the President
be instructed to have the Secretary call a special meeting before
the hearing at the State House on the bill for compensation to
owners of glandered horses.

Dr. Rogers reported an interesting case of an Irish terrier
dog. First noticed that he would not follow, later showed pain,
cried out, got up, turned around and laid down again. Vomited
one day only, bowels loose, appetite good, assumed position of
acute gastritis and would continually lap inside of hind leg.
X-ray showed nothing.

operation. — Found intussusception of about four inches of
intestine with adhesions of outer walls with fibrous bands. Dog
recovered. Meeting adjourned at 10.45 P- ^•

F. J. Babbitt, Secretary.

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tion need be apprehended from the use of Creogen as
is the case with Phenol or Hydrargri Bi Chloride.
Creogen does not blacken surgical instruments, de-
stroy their polish or injure their edg^e. As an anti-
septic it covers the field of veterinary surgery in a
most efficient manner. It answers equally well for
the simplest as well as for the most complex and deli-
cate surgical operations.

If you are annoyed with cases of chronic psorop-
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10

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11

NEW
Veterinary Publications

OF

NVILLIAM R- JEINKIINS,

851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE,
N. W. Cor. 48th Street, NbW YORK.

Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged.
Veterinary Materia Medica and Tlierapea-
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WILLIAIVl R; JENKINS,

851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, cor. 48th Street, New York.

12

American Veterinary Review.

Correspondents will please note the change in address of Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, from
Seventh Avenue and Union Street, to jio East Second Street, Borough of Brooklyn,
New York City.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, France, March 15, 1906.
Animal Diseases in the Tropics. — At this time, when
the subject of tropical diseases is about to receive, and, indeed,
is already receiving in some colleges the attention it deserves, I
have been reading over the reports presented on the subject at
the Congress in Budapest — those of Piot Bey, of Egypt ; of Prof.
Lignieres, of Buenos Ayres ; and of Dr. A. Theiler, of Pretoria.
As this last one covers better and in a more general way the
consideration of these diseases in relation to domestic animals, I
think a brief resume of his report, as it appears in the wotk of

the Congress, may be of interest.

*
* %

The term " tropical diseases " is used mainly to include those
which occur in warm countries. It has, therefore, a specific
etiological signification, which characterizes diseases of warm
climates, whcr«i, however, there frequently exiat a certain num-
ber of zoonoses, but, nevertheless, not specific to tropical coun-
tries. Anthrax fever and symptomatic anthrax cannot be con-
idered as true tropical diseases. On the other hand, diseases
arc found in temperate countries which, generally, are more

us

146 EDITORIAL.

frequently observed in warm climates, and which present the
typical character of tropical affections. These are especially
the piroplasmoses, caused by endoglobular parasites. Further
than that, at various intervals diseases have been described in
warm countries which were found later also in temperate cli-
mates ; thus the propriety of considering them as exclusively
tropical may be questioned. Among these are actinobacillosis,
bursattee, farcy of cattle, and epizootic lymphangitis. Actually
some diseases, like dourine and sheep variola, which were in
other times met in cold countries, exist in warm zones. Con-
tagious diseases, as rinderpest, contagious pleuro pneumonia,
and glanders are widely distributed in the tropical regions of
the Old World ; some of them have been known there for cen-
turieS) and it may be said that these countries are their real
home. It would be wrong to apply the name of tropical to
these afiFections, since they do not possess any of the character-
istics of tropical diseases. Certainly there are specific causes
which are favorable for the existence of the diseases mentioned,
but these must be looked for in the primitive civilization of the
native population and the common religious conceptions of epi-
demics. On that point an improvement is noticeable in South
Africa, where the most fatal diseases have been successfully

treated by inoculation.

♦

Epizootics observed only in warm climates by Dr. Theiler
are classified as follows :

(i) Those due to vegetal organisms;

(2) Those due to extravisible organisms ;

(3) Those due to protozoic organisms.

Among the diseases of the first group, hsemorrhagic sep-
ticaemia of sheep and the disease of Argentine called " entequi,"
are the only ones considered as exotics. The other hsemorrha-
gic septicaemias, such as anthrax fever and symptomatic an-
thrax, are, in general, observed more in warm than in cold
countries ; but heat and dampness cannot be held responsible
for their appearance, as is often done. The real cause for their

EDITORIAL. 147

existence is to be found in the want of knowledge of the cattle
breeder regarding their true nature. Blood diseases due to
spirillae are not considered by the author as belonging to this
class, because they are transmitted by intermediate hosts, es-
pecially the ticks, and because they present consequently the
typical character of a tropical protozoic disease. This applies
to the Brazilian fowl disease and the South African spirillosis of

cattle.

*
* *

In the consideration of the diseases of the second class, con-
tagious diseases are excluded, as they are found all over the
world. There remain three South African diseases, the horse-
pest, the catarrhal fever of sheep, and the heart-water of cattle,
sheep and goats. The first two have some common peculiari-
ties, but they are not identical, as they can be inoculated only
on animals of respective species. All the observations and deduc-
tions based on experiments show that these diseases are propa-
gated by the bites of night insects. The author tells of a pro-
cess of inoculation which has been worked out and consists in
the simultaneous injection of serum and of virus, which give
an attenuated disease. Heart-water is an inociflable disease,
transmitted under natural conditions by the tick Amblyomwa
hebracum. The nymphoe and the adults transmit the disease.
TliQ three diseases j ust mentioned have this in common, viz. : that
the immunized animal does not hold the virus in its blood, as is
the case with some piroplasmoses.

w

* in

The third group includes the diseases due to protozoa. The
piroplasmoses are first described and classified in two secondary
groups. In the first are found red water or Texas fever, the pi-
roplasmose of the horse, of the dog, and probably also that of
sheep, characterized by a typical and big piroplasma. This
group differs distinctly from the second, which has a small piro-
plasma as the pathogenous agent and to which belongs the
tropical piroplasmosis of cattle. iThe piroplasmoses of the first
group are inoculablc to animals of the same species with blood

148 EDITORIAL.

from sick and from immune animals, which is not the case with
the tropical piroplasmose.

* *

The various diseases met in warm countries are considered

as identical, as South African experience has proved that the
immunity acquired in foreign lands, holds good, with but few
exceptions, against redwater of South Africa ; besides which
the ticks that act as hosts for the same parasites belong to
the same genus or are only varieties of the same species.
European hsemoglobinuria is transmitted by a different species
of tick, hence it is possible that there are different varieties of
Piropiasma bigeminuvi. Dr. Theiler draws attention to the
fact that the Piropiasma bigerninum is not met with in the im-
mune ox under its usual shape, but in a form similar to that of
tropical piroplasmoses. In the report the disadvantages of in-
oculation with immune blood are well discussed, and attention is
called to the danger resulting from the simultaneous inoculation
against bovine pest in regions where Texas fever is epidemic.
To this day there are no experimental researches to show by

what tick the equine piroplasmose is transmitted.

• *

* *

It is, however, about certain that the disease is communi-
cated by ticks, an opinion which is corroborated by daily obser-
vations. The tick which propagates canine piroplasmosis is,
on the contrary, well known; it is the Hemophysalis leachi.
Experience shows this peculiarity, that the infection passes
through the egg, the larva, and the nympha only to be communi-
cated by the sexual adults. The author has prepared a serum
against this disease, and confirms the fact that the blood of the
immunized animal from which serum is derived remains in-
fected.

Tropical piroplasmose differs in every way from Texas fever.
The immunity which is acquired against the last disease does
not protect from the former. In addition to this, quite a differ-
ent species of tick transmits the disease, viz., Rhipicephahis
appendiculatus. The infection does not go through the ^^g :

EDIT0RIA4>. 149

it is taken tip by the larvae and the nymphae, and is communi-
cated exclusively by these and by the adults.

* *

Tropical piroplasmosis is of paramount importance to South
Africa. It threatens to ruin the cattle industry. Inoculation
of Koch i? a failure. Strict legislation is essential and eradica-
tion possible ; since it has been proven that an infected area
purifies itself provided all susceptible stock is removed for at
least fourteen months. Fencing of all infected farms is to-day
ordered. Other prophylactic measures are also suggested, dip-
ping among them. But dipping with various parasitical reme-
dies is useless in regions already infected, unless the infected
herd is removed to clean ground. Periodic dipping may pre-
vent the disease, as it may kill all the ticks.

* *

In a second part of the report, Dr. Theiler treats of the dis-
eases caused by protozoa, studying them all, except dourine,
because of their great importance to South Africa, and calling
especial attention to the fact that some tropical tripanosomiases
are propagated by biting flies and that the same probably applies
to all of them. In conclusion, the author says : Typical tropi-
cal diseases are blood diseases propagated by extoparasiies, whose
development is much favored by the conditions of warm cli-
mates. Among the various causes responsible for the introduce
tion of tropical diseases in South Africa are : colonizing of these
countries, trading of cattle, development of mining industry*
and war. Finally, the appointment of veterinarians possessing
bacteriologic knowledge imposes itself as collaborators on the
administrative staff of all and any new countf>' where tropical

and other diseases annually decimate the live stock.

*
* *

Belgian Experiments with Bovovaccine. — In the An-
nales de Druxelles for F'ebruary there is among the original
articles the report of the Committee appointed by the Secretary
of Agriculture of Belgium to estimate the value of the method
of von Behring, the anti-tuberculous vaccination. It seems as

150 EDITORIAL.

if all that had been claimed for it had not been demonstrated
again and again. At any rate, the Belgian Committee was
composed of Director D^give, Mr. Stubbe and Mr. Mullie, vet-
erinary inspectors, and Prof. Lienaux. The experiments were
conducted upon eight animals, which were divided into three
groups, to be submitted to three different modes of infection —
by inoculation, by injection of the virus, and by cohabitation.
In the first group were 3 animals and 2 controls, in the second
2 animals and 2 controls, in the third 3 animals and 3 controls.
Without entering into the minutise of the experiments, I
may resume briefly the results of the post-mortems. In the first
series, two inoculated by subcutaneous injection, when killed
presented " quite a number of small chalky nodules in the lungs
— four chalky nodules in a pharyngeal lymphatic gland," other-
wise nothing abnormal. In the other, " all the organs were
healthy except two mesenteric lymphatic glands, where a case-
ous nodule was found." The witness had generalized tubercu-
losis. The third animal of that series, inoculated by intrave-
nous injection, when killed was in a cachectic condition;
nothing else. In the series of animals infected by ingestion,
one presented when killed no lesion whatever ; the other had a
retropharyngeal gland suppurating, but no bacilli in the pus ; all
the other organs sound. The two witnesses were more or less
extensively diseased. Finally, in the test by cohabitation, one
had five softened pulmonary deposits, some nodules in the
bronchial, mediastinal and mesenteric glands. The other two
animals had no lesions. The three controls had all lesions,

which varied more or less in the lungs and lymphatic glands.

*
* *

By a careful reading of the entire experiment there may be
found some points which will seem obscure and difficult to
make agree with the conclusions of the report. At any rate,
here they are: (i) The insertion of the virus-vaccine of Behr-
ing has not given rise to tuberculosis. That which it gives
is an attenuated form of the disease, not progressive and spon-
taneously retroceding. (2) Vaccinated animals generally resist

EDITORIAL. 151

natural contamination. (3) The r-csistauce of the vaccinated
can be overcome by the inoculation of large doses of active
virus. (4) In practice, it will be necessary to keep, as much
as possible, vaccinated animals away from infected locali-
ties during the whole time that they will be under the influ-
ence of the virus-vaccine. (5) It will be prudent to postpone
the vaccination of calves in stables where broncho-pneumonia
prevails.

♦
* «

Italian Experiments with Bovovaccine. — In my notices
of the experiments that have been carried out on the Continent
to test the value of the bovovaccine of Behring, I have not made
any remarks upon those that took place in Italy at Mortara,
whose results were said to have raised an unbounded enthusiasm
and were to be celebrated by a great feast. The reasons for my
apparent neglect were that I feared the experiments had not
been carried out in the very best manner, and I did not want to
express an opinion before all was well known. It is not yet,
but the journals of Milan are now and then coming out with
partial results of the experiments. Four vaccinated bovines
were slaughtered on January 18. One of them had tuberculous
lesions of the mediastinal lymphatic glands and a caseo-calca-
reous nodule in the lung. One paper publishes an article which
shows that " the vaccination of Behring promotes actively the
infection among vaccinated which are placed in a contaminated
centre. The vaccinated are hypersensitive during the time
necessary for the impregnation of immunity, and it is to that
error of experiment that the partial failure of the results is
due."

In the Giornale della R. Societa^ Prof. Mazzini, who was the
director of the experiment, answers that it was precisely to test
this point that the experiment was held, viz. : if the method of
Behring, acknowledged as theoretically correct, could enter into
practice in Italy, and principally in regions where tuberculosis
is prevalent.

The slaughtering of the vaccinated will go on.

152 EDITORIAL.

The Present Status of Immunity Against Tubercu-
losis.— This experiment of Brussels comes to substantiate once
more a fact which has been made evident, viz. : that it is possi-
ble to immunize with a certain activity bovines by introducing
into their organisms varieties of bacilli of a different specific ori-
gin, and principally those of human origin, and if a new con.
firmation was necessary, as remarks Leclainche, in the Revue
Gcnkrale of February, that confirmation has been given since
1902 by the conscientious researches of Thomassen and of
Pearson.

But, as we have said before, there is a great distance to travel
between the immunization of laboratory to practical vaccine.
And, indeed, as Leclainche adds : " The recent experiments of
Budapest, of Mortara, of Melun, of Brussels, have shown us that
the method of Behring has many inconveniences. We already
know that it is dangerous for animals that have some pulmonary
lesion. We know that it is also dangerous in infected centres,
promoting actively the development of latent infections among
the vaccinated. And we are only at the beginning. The ob-
jections of Marks and Casper to the vaccination were perfectly
just, and we appreciate the significant reserve of German veteri-
nary journals and of the practitioners."

Can we from the cool consideration of all those critics and
facts come to the conclusion that antituberculous vaccination
will not be realized at a future time ? No. New methods are
studied in every direction, new experiments are made, and have
already given satisfactory results. We know that even their
value is tested outside of the laboratory, but on farms, and from
all that it is possible to say that under some special conditions
and with 2l proper vaccine the operation can give positive results
without all the objections that exist at present.

Let us wait !

*
* *

Feeding of Army Horses with the Residue from
THE Kitchen. — The Revue Ghikrale gives a concise ac-
count of an experiment which has been published in the

EDITORIAL. 153

Zeitschri/t fur Veterinarkiinde in relation to this subject.

The ration of artillery horses is so small in the German
Army that experiments have to be made to substitute different
food from that which is generally used, but which proves so in-
sufficient. A curious experiment has been made which con-
sisted in the utilization of the remains from the kitchen, which
are sold at very low price to fatten pigs. The horses belonging
to a battery of campaign artillery were the subjects of the ex
periment. They received a varied menu consisting of the fol-
lowing : Meat of beef, pig, smoked meat, lard, sausage, fish and
fish-balls, beans, potatoes, rice and milk, onions, carrots, dried
vegetables, soups of various kinds, coffee, cocoa, tea, dried fruits,
etc., etc. These various foods were given diluted in water, so
as to form a kind of mush, which was thrown over the food that
formed the ordinary ration. A kind of selection was made of
the fortunate animals which would be allowed to partake of the
treat, and these embraced those in bad condition, reduced in
flesh, having a capricious appetite. They all took it with avid-
ity. The experiment lasted two months, and after that length
of time the horses of the battery were the fattest among all those
of the regiment, and the number of colics, which had been pre-
viously quite large, had diminished in noticeable propor-
tion.

For an herbivora, feeding on sugar and molasses, to drop to
a common omnivorous diety, like us weak mortals, is a change
indeed. I wonder if some swill dealer is not at the bottom of

this?

*

BiBUCX>RAPHV. — To-day my bibliographic notes will be on
foreign works.

First, a glance at a German pamphlet, by Prof. Dr. Ostertag,
of the Imperial Veterinary School of Berlin. Prof. Ostertag is
already well known in America — personally, as some of his grad-
uates are there ; professionally by the numerousworks hehaspub-
lished, and principally by his "Hand- book of Meat Inspection,"
which through tlic translation of Dr. E. V. Wilcox has become

154 EDITORIAL.

the classical work of America. The Professor has visited the
United States, and has published his impressions under the
title of "Das Veterinarwesen der Vereinigten Staaten von Nord
Amerika," in a little work of 150 pages with 17 illustrations.
As my knowledge of German is very limited [it is wonderful
how little a fellow knows], I cannot enjoy all the good things
the Professor has said of America ; yet I have been able to un-
derstand the greater part of what he says of our schools, which,
either private or branches of universities, he has visited in New
York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Kansas City, San Francisco,
Ames, Ithaca, etc. His remarks on most of them are very cor-
rect— indulgent in some, severe for others, and complimentary
for a few. In reading that portion of the book, I recognized the
names of many of my old friends, who certainly can but feel
proud of the deserved recognition they receive in the writings
of Dr. Ostertag. Besides the part where veterinary institutions
are spoken of, and which I confess was the most attractive for
me, there are descriptions of a few American diseases which he
observed, and, above all, the consideration of the inspection of
meat, which is of peculiar interest to the author. The work of
the Bureau of Animal Industry and all that concerns the sani-
tary work done by it, is most interesting. I am quite sure the
work will be read in America with great pleasure (at least, by
those who are not as ignorant as I). The publisher is Richard
Schoetz, Luisenstrasse, No. 36, Berlin.

*

The second work I have on my table is from St. Petersburg.
A Russian work always finds me at home, especially if it is
printed in French, as is the case with the " Archives des
Sciences Bibliogiques," published by the Imperial Institute of
Experimental Medicine. There ! I am in the presence of dif-
ferent material ; indeed, this book contains an article on " The
Regeneration of the Superrenal Capsulae," by Mr. Labzine ; "A
Case of Infection of Pest in Laboratory," by Dr. Zabolotny ; a
study " On the Elastic Tissue of the Ventricles of the Heart in
the Normal and Pathological State," by Dr. Pojariski ; a work

EDITORIAL. 165

on " The Anatomo-Pathologic Alterations of the Superrenal
Capsulae During an Infection by Streptococci," by Mr. Labzine ;
and then contributions to the study of infection through the air,
to the study of lipasis, etc. The work is handsomely illus-
trated with colored and photographic plates.

* *

I have, besides, to acknowledge the receipt of the Chicago

Veterinary College Quarterly Bulletin No. 2 ; the announce-
ment of the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veteri
nary Medical Association ; the Constitution and By-Laws of the
Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association ; and the Appendix
of the Board of Veterinary Examiners for the State of Maine,
wherein an alphabetical list of all persons who have a legal
right to practice veterinary medicine, surgery and dentistry is
published. I find that of a total of 95 there are 36 graduates
and 59 non-graduates, 8 of whom are licensed to practice den-
tistry only. A. L.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS (?) IN NEW YORK STATE.
When the veterinary schools in New York State were by law
placed under the control of the Board of Regents the require-
ments imposed upon matriculants were raised from a simple
elementary examination conducted by the head of each school
to ascertain if the applicant was capable of understanding what
would be taught him, to 24 academic counts, which are the
equivalent of a two-year high .school certificate. The effect
upon the classes by this sudden lifting of the requirements for
entrance was to greatly diminish them ; but the quality of the
students accepted was vastly improved, and it was felt that the
ends secured justified the sacrifice of quantity. The schools
which depended upon the revenue obtained from student fees
were content, and were willing to bear their burden in consid-
eration of the evident uplift of veterinary education thereby.
This standard was considerably higher than that of any other
State in the I'nion where a veterinary school was located, and
some of the most careful students of the educational problem

156 EDITORIAL.

thought that the Empire State, leading the van by a wide mar-
gin, was fulfilling her mission of "excelsior." But the law
demanded that she must go still higher, in company with the
schools of human medicine, seemingly unmindful of the fact
that veterinary education in this country is in its infancy, and
that we had just made a great stride from the merest rudiments
of any basic requirements to quite a high degree of classical
knowledge. The Regents demanded 48 counts for veterinary
matriculants, or the equivalent of a four-year high school
course. The effect of this tremendous bound was immediate
and decisive : it was a flood-gate placed in front of the doors of
the colleges, for not a student matriculated in the two New York
City schools, which had hitherto had, under the old system, large
attendances, and under the 24-count requirement fairly large
classes. Even the Regents were appalled at the destruction
wrought, and they soon recanted, reducing the requirements
temporarily to the former standard of 24 academic counts. At
this point it remained until January, 1905, when it was again
boosted, not by slow degrees, but suddenly, to the four-year high
school equivalent again. Under the lesser requirement students
were permitted to enter upon their studies even though they had
but a small percentage of academic counts, providing the lack-
ing ones were secured as they progressed with their technical
training. But when the student was called upon to fulfill the
higher demand he was required to be in possession of 36 points
upon entering, the remaining twelve to be made up before be-
ginning his second term. As a result of the return to 48 counts,
one of the schools of the State, which had been going rapidly
forward numerically, had its freshman class cut down from fifty
in 1904-5 to about twelve in 1905-6. The effect upon the other
school — there were now only two schools in the State, the two
old city colleges having amalgamated — was not so marked in
diminution of numbers, since its former classes were not large,
but the new conditions imposed put an effectual barrier against
its progress. We are informed by the Dean of this school that
forty young men were refused admittance, although they were

EDITORIAL. 157

prepared to qualify under the 24-count system, and these young
men, better educated by far than is demanded by most other col.
leges of the country, were forced to go to lower-grade schools
elsewhere or else abandon the study of veterinary medicine
altogether.

Not content with virtually stifling veterinary education in
the State of New York, the Regents announce that, beginning
with June, 1906, the standard will be further raised to 60 counts,
although it is claimed that this is only an apparent elevation,
and that it is really an adjustment of the values of the various
component elements, and is included in the. four-year course.
The statement accompanying their announcement is not lucid,
and to the ordinary lay mind is clumsily set forth. A gen-
tleman who has had considerable experience in deciphering
Regents' enigmas places 54 counts as the total of the new order.

Whatever be the correct interpretation, the fact is very
plain to those who are willing to see that veterinary educa-
tional progress in the Empire State has received an effectual
estoppel that is almost a crime against reason on the part of
those responsible for the condition.

Meantime in the colleges of other States the enrollment of
students was never so great as at present, and the list of gradu-
ates in any one of several of such schools at the recent com-
mencement exercises outnumber all three classes of both the
colleges of New York. This statement is not intended to esti-
mate the quality of the students ; but to make the point that
the ranks of the profession of the country are being filled almost
totally without the aid of New York, and how can the latter be
contributing to veterinary progress when it fails to attract a
sufficient number of students to make it worth while taking
her into serious account in the great body of new recruits.

We do not imagine that any one who has read this publica-
tion for any length of time will accuse it of a lack of regard for
veterinary progress, for it has steadfastly advocated a reason-
able, regular advance in entrance requirements wherever the
science is taught, as well as a lengthening of the terms and a

168 EDITORIAL.

strengthening of the curricula whenever conditions will per-
mit ; it does not defend, but strongly condemns, those institu-
tions which refuse or fail to press forward with the educational
advancement of the age. It has uniformly advocated in its
pages the lifting of the latter class of schools higher and higher
until the American veterinary diploma shall mean something
definite. It believes that New York should lead in this up-
ward movement, keeping well in front, demonstrating to its
sister States the feasibility of the advancement, by securing
plenty of students of the best class. But when New York
commits educational suicide by putting the bars so high as to
prove to the rest of the country that the effort is a failure, she
excites derision and retards progress by discouraging other
States in making efforts to raise their standards. The student,
less colleges of New York are a menace to advancement in vet-
erinary science in other sections, and they are not contributing
enough practitioners at home to supply the death list in the
ranks of the profession. What the result of this will eventu-
ally be on legislation may profitably be taken into considera-
tion, and the sooner the Regents return to a safe and sane
policy the better it will be for the cause of veterinary education
in this country. Full classes of well-educated students are better
collateral than rooms full of empty benches in colleges which
pride themselves on unreasonably high standards.

THE NEW HAVEN MEETING OF THE A. V. M. A.
Elsewhere in this number of the Review will be found a
vigorous letter from Secretary John J. Repp addressed to the
members of the national organization in relation to the forty-third
annual meeting, which will be held at New Haven, Conn.,
August 21, 22, 23, and 24. It is less than four months off, and
the membership should be actively preparing to signal their
return to New England by making the 1906 convention a
more glorious factor in professional progress than Cleveland,
St. Louis, Ottawa, Minneapolis, or any of the red-letter gather-
ings since the new century began. The association spirit is

EDITORIAL. 16ft

Stronger to-day than ever, and the national association should
be its highest exemplar, for it should set the standard in all
that is best in the body professional. The idea is well appreci-
ated by its officers, but few of the members tarry to consider
the great anxiety and responsibility borne by those who are
chosen to guard its interests by looking after all the details of
the annual gathering. The Secretary's task is beset by innu-
merable difficulties, and, strange to say, the preparation of his
literary program is largely a matter of personal solicitation
rather than voluntary. Even the latter few break in upon him
at the eleventh hour, after he has worried for weeks over their
failure to respond to his oft-repeated invitation. It is unfair
to treat a faithful officer thus, and all who intend to contribute
papers or other material should in justice to Secretary Repp
notify him at once, thus permitting him to arrange his pro-
gram and see the weak links in the chain.

President Lowe early in his administration called for one
thousand recruits to the membership, using his personal efforts
to have every member bring in at least two new ones. Stupen-
dous task though it is, it is not impossible if each one will do
his part well. Resident Secretary White, of Tennessee, in a
letter printed elsewhere, pledges every eligible veterinarian in
his State ! Secretary DeVine, of New York, is writing in all
directions in behalf of the idea, and others are working along
the line President Lowe has indicated. It must be remembered
that increased membership cannot be obtained at the time of
the meeting, for by a new rule, adopted at St. Louis, the appli-
cation must be in the Secretary's hands thirty days before the
convention. There are usually many visitors to the sessions,
and stimulated by the association spirit applications were form-
erly poured in at every seating of the Executive Committee ;
but now all such opportunity to swell the roll is lost, and the
recruits must be deliberate seekers after fraternal recognition.
This arrangement imposes greater responsibility on the mem-
bers to do missionary work in behalf of the organization, for
many men feel that they must have a personal invitation — nay,

160 EDITORIAL.

a personal appeal — to do a thing which is for their everlasting
benefit and a thing which is their plain duty.

New England and the entire East are put upon their sec-
tional pride this year, for, having nursed the Association in its
infancy, it returns a vigorous adult, strong in numbers and in-
fluence, with a standard of excellence set at a high mark by the
West and the North. Little Connecticut may be relied upon
to have perfect arrangements for a successful meeting, but Mass-
achusetts, and New York, and Pennsylvania, and New Jersey,
and all their sister States must be prepared to attend in full
complement and to see that a programme of surpassing excel-
lence is provided. This, of course, is difficult of concerted ac-
complishment ; but every member must do his individual duty,
and out of it all the result cannot be in doubt. While pride will
prompt the East to neglect nothing, the membership everywhere
should feel it a privilege to contribute to the program and to
lay aside the arduous duties of their careers in the heat of Aug-
ust, and, with their families to make it more enjoyable, journey
to the land of the nutmeg and partake of the good things now
being arranged by the loyal sons of Connecticut.

Get ready for New Haven !

THE SAN FRANCISCO DISASTER.

The unprecedented disaster on the Pacific Coast has awak-
ened throughout the world a greater confidence in the nobility
of human nature and the brotherhood of man. Such sympathy
and succor were never recorded in the history of the world, and
the sad event has its redeeming lesson in bringing man to a
closer reliance upon the Great Creator.

While no definite news has reached us of the fate of our
brother veterinarians, it seems impossible that all could have
escaped without at least great financial loss, not only individu-
ally, but in the destruction of the property of those whom they
served. Veterinarians everywhere will extend to them not only
sincere sympathy, but will doubtlessly contribute materially to
their relief from their great distress.

VENTRAL HEKNIA IN BOVINES. 161

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF VENTRAL HERNIAS

IN BOVINES.*

Resume; of clinical lectures.

By Ch. Besnoit, Professor of Bovine Pathology at the Veterinary

School of Toulouse.

• (Continued from Pafrejd, April Review.)

(j) Tumor. — It is scarcely possible to make a mistake be-
tween hernias and tumors ; the suddenness of their apparition
and the relative rapidity of their development are sufficient, be-
sides their other peculiar characters, to avoid the error. There
are cases, however, where hesitation is allowed ; that is when the
walls of the hernial sac are very hard or have undergone fibrous
or bony degeneration.

I have already spoken of a hernia in which the intestinal
circumvolutions, instead of being placed under the skin, had
slipped between the various muscular layers of the abdomen ;
the walls of the hernial sac being formed by the skin and by
parts of the muscular layers of the region, had become very
hard, and made exploration very difficult. It can be understood
that under such conditions, especially when the lesion is well
circumscribed, and of small size, a tumor might be suspected.
The error is so much easier when, sometimes, the various layers
forming the walls of the hernial pouch are submitted to a low
kind of irritation which brings on progressive induration and
increases their hardness. In these cases exploring puncture
and rectal exploration will give information on the contents
of the sac and on the presence of an abdominal opening : they
constitute the best elements of the differential diagnosis.

Hamoir and Masson have recorded an interesting observa-
tion of the ossification of the sac of one voluminous ventral her-
nia in a cow, which, without information on its origin and de-

* Translated by A. Liantard, M. !>., V. M., from the /*<««/ Vitirinaire.

162 CH. BESNOIT.

velopment, one might easily liave taken for a trne neoplasm on
the road to calcareous transformation or partially ossified. The
animal had carried for a year, on the inferior part of the left
flank, immediately inside of the fold of the stifle, a well circum-
scribed hernia, hemispherical, as big as a man's head, which
little by little had become densified on its surface, and finally
was very hard.

The cow was killed and the autopsy showed that the walls
of the hernial pouch were composed, in almost their whole ex-
tent, of bony plates of several millimeters in thickness, and
united by densified fibrous tissue. The contents consisted of
only a few loops of the small intestine, adherent together and to
the fibrous parts of the sac.

This transformation of the walls of the hernial pouch ren-
dered the hernia almost inexplorable, and no doubt that if pos-
itive information on its development had been obtained, the
diagnosis would have been difficult. In such cases rectal ex-
ploration, and principally exploring puncture made on spots in
the wall not ossified, seem to form the best means of investiga-
tion ; and yet I am convinced that they would not be sufficient
to avoid errors in cases where a true tumor was undergoing cal-
cification or ossification.

(6) Abdominal Distension. — Of all the lesions which we
have so far studied the differential diagnosis of, there is none
which comes nearer to hernias and whose positive diagnosis is
more delicate than pseudo-ventral hernias by distension of the
abdominal walls.

Those distensions are frequent in bovines, much more so
than would be supposed in the presence of the silence of authors
on this subject ; as up to this day they have scarcely been
mentioned except by Mr. Detroye. It is true that Prof. Moussu
seems to allude to them ; but he mixes them with spontaneous
ventral hernias, for which he claims a pathogenic theory, which
can evidently be applied only to simple abdominal distensions.

There exists, indeed, a fundamental difi'erence between these
last lesions and spontaneous hernias. These occur, like the

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 163

former, by themselves, without external violence, under the
simple influence of an exaggerated weight applied upon the in-
ferior abdominal walls, more or less reduced in resistance, the
muscles stretch, become thinner, and then give away, allowing
the ectopia of the abdominal organs, which then come and lodge
themselves under the skin. On the contrary, the others are not
accompanied by abdominal laceration ; the various layers con-
stituting the abdominal walls, muscles and aponeurosis, are not
submitted to any appreciable alteration except a certain amount
of reduction in their thickness ; they simply allow an excessive
distension under the pressure of the viscera, and consequently a
hernial opening is never present.

The pathogeny of these distensions is established easily.
For Prof. Moussu they result from the progressive sclerosis of
the abdominal walls. Following "troubles in the nutrition of
the wall, whose cause it is difficult to perceive, the elastic layer
gets atrophied and does not fulfill its function of an automatic
surcingle ; the muscular layer progressively becomes sclerotic
from the linea alba towards the lateral parts, and, the elasticity
being there no longer, it gets thin and allows its distension." The
absence of any muscular lesion in my personal observations, as
well as in those of Mr. Detroye, does not agree with this theory ;
if, then, the mode of development admitted by Prof. Moussu is
possible, it does not seem to take place in the majority of cases.

Mr. Datroye believes that a "sudden pressure from inside
the abdomen, made upon the abdominal walls, during a jump
or a fall, produces a partial rupture of the aponeurotic fibres ;
that the weight of the gastric mass promotes afterwards the pro-
gressive elongation of the fibrillae, that have remained intact,
but insufficient to preserve to the abdominal surcingle its normal
passive resistance." It would seem to me rational to admit also
the possibility of a slow and gradual distension by the simple
action of the weight of the abdominal organs worn out by old
age, chronic diseases, or repeated gestations. Indeed, the dis-
ease is observed only exceptionally in youth ; my observations
were all in aged or more or less worn-out cows.

164 CH. BESNOn.

Pseudo-Hernias by Abdominal Distension is met either on
the right or left side ; in the latter case it resembles hernia of
the rumen ; in the former, the intestinal or the mixed hernia.
They may be classified under two distinct clinical types : (i)
circumscribed and well-defined tumefaction ; (2) diffused tume-
faction or dropping belly. Both forms occur indifferently either
to the right or left side.

The first type (Figs. 8 and 9) is characterized by a clinical
aspect -absolutely similar to that of hernias ; the swelling is well
circumscribed, the outlines well marked. The exact diagnosis
is delicate, as the distension, occurring slowly, is overlooked at
the beginning. We are called only when the lesion is old and
large in size, presenting all the characters of chronic hernia, of
the rumen on the left side, or of the intestine or uterus on the
right. The only element of differential diagnosis rests on the
absence of the hernial opening ; but on one side, one has to deal
with a heavy mass, at times enormous, which renders all at-
tempts at reduction very difficult ; and on the other, the very
dependent situation of the portion of the distended wall, with
the presence in its interior of abdominal organs, and principally
the rumen, very often render the internal exploration per rectum
almost impossible.

This form of distension occupies exclusively the most de-
pendent part of the flank, a little below the fold of the stifle.
It corresponds anatomically to the aponeurotic triangle formed
between the muscular portions of the great and small oblique
and the transverse of the abdomen ; on this level the wall is
composed entirely of superposed layers of aponeurosis; it is
there that it offers its minimum of resistance.

The second type (Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13) constitutes in gen-
eral a lesion much more voluminous than the preceding; but it
is diffused, badly defined, with irregular outlines, gradually
losing themselves with the remainder of the abdominal wall ;
the belly is, so to speak, dropping and pushed on one side of
the abdomen, to the right or to the left. At the beginning,
when the lesion is not yet well marked, there can be no possi-

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 166

ble error as to its nature ; but later, when the distension has
assumed great proportions, it often resembles those large ventral
hernias with hernial openings measuring sixty or seventy cen-
timeters in size, through which the greater part of the abdomi-
nal viscera (rumen on the left side, intestine, uterus, and even
part of the rumen on the right side) were out of the belly and
lodged in an enormous subcutaneous pouch. The diagnosis
may then present real difficulties. It can be established only
after a positive assurance of the absence of any tear in the ab-
dominal walls ; but, considering the large size of the distension
and the enormous mass of organs that it contains, this explora-
tion will always necessitate the decubital position of the animal,
and demand long and difficult manipulations for the reduction.

In many instances our advanced students called to examine
quite a number of cases of abdominal distension have always
almost unanimously made a diagnosis of ventral hernia — evi-
dent proof of the difficulty that exists in the differential diag-
nosis of these two kinds of lesions.

Two observations of the first type have been recorded by
Mr. Detroye — one to the left, one to the right.

In the first case, it was a small cow brought to the abat-
toir to be slaughtered because of a very large and incurable
hernia. A puffy tumor, two or three times as big as a man's
head, was situated on the lower region of the left flank ; explor-
ation indicated on that level an evident displacement of the ru-
men, but did not allow the detection of any tear in the abdomi-
nal wall. After death, the minutest dissection of the various
musculo-aponeurotic layers of the region was made. It showed
that the abdominal wall was perfectly intact in every layer ;
there was only a simple pushing outwards of the intercrossed
aponeurosis of the great and small oblique and of the transver-
salis muscles ; the fleshy portions of these muscles had resisted,
and, bounded above, forward and behind the basis of the
pseudo-hernia, which downwards was limited by the external
border of the rectus abdominis and the tunica abdominalis.
Every one of these muscles were normal ; the stretched

166

CH. BESNOIT.

Fig. 8. Lkft Abdominal Distension— Circumscribku

Type.

aponeurosis alone was slightly thinner and had its fibres

spread apart.

The second ob-
servation related to
a pseudo-hernia, a
little smaller, and
developed in the
same region of the
right flank of a cow
in her eighth month
of pregnancy. The
anatomical peculiar-
ities of the lesion
were exactly the
same as in the pre-
ceding case, but the
distended region was
occupied by the uterus.

I have myself observed several cases of abdominal disten-
sion with the two types described above. Here I will record a
few of the most prominent characteristics.

Circumscribed Type. — i. A very old cow (Fig. 8), bought
for surgical exercises, had on the lower part of the left flank,
immediately in front of the stifle, a large puffy swelling, regu-
larly round, well defined and about 40 centimetres in diame-
ter. With the animal kept in standing position, the explora-
tion made in every direction, was difficult, and no hernial open-
ing could be found. Still the regular contractions of the rumen
could be well felt under the skin. I believed it was a hernia of
the rumen, but reserved my diagnosis on account of the failure
of the manipulations for reduction and the non-existence of ap-
preciable muscular tear.

The lesion being incurable, the animal was slaughtered.
At the autopsy the careful dissection of the abdominal wall re-
vealed that this was intact and that the rumen was entirely
lodged in the abdomen. The tumor occupied the triangular space

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES.

IG7

of the lower part of the flank, bounded inside by the external
border of the rectus abdominis, behind by a small portion of the
crural arch and the interior border of the fleshy portion of the
small oblique, forward and outside by the posterior border of
the fleshy portion of the transverse abdominis. It was due to a
distension of the superposed aponeurotic layers of the region
and constituted by a simple diverticulum of the abdominal cav-
ity in which was received a rather large portion of the rumen.
In the composition of the wall of this diverticulum entered suc-
cessively from inwards outwards : the peritoneum, the aponeu-
rosis of the transverse, small and great oblique muscles of the
abdomen, the tunica abdominalis, a thin band of the pannicu-
lus, and the skin. All these structures were considerably
thinned, but were intact, except the aponeurosis of the small
oblique. Thinner than the others, there were in its central por-

Fl(

9 Lbft AanoMiNAL Oistbnsion-Cir-

CUMSCRIHKD TVPK.

Fig. 10. - Left Abdominal Distbmsion— Dif-
FUSCD Typ«.

tion and in the direction of the muscular fibres, two elongated
openings, parallel, one 20 centimetres long, the other 10, sep>-
arated by a hard fibrous cord, 2 centimetres around, resulting
from the pushing outwards, by eccentrical pressure, of the
fibres of the border of those openings. These two openings cer-

168

CH. BESNOIT.

tainly had nothing to do in the etiology of the lesion ; they
were simply due to the rupture of a few fibrillae of the muscles
promoted by the excessive thinness of the aponeurosis, and the
wide separation of their constituting fibres.

2. The cow represented in Fig. 9 had on the left flank a
tumor similar in all points to that of the preceding cow : it oc-
cupied the same situation, had nearly the same size, and pre-
sented the same anatomical peculiarities, even the tearings.
The aponeuroses were distended and their fasciculi thinner and
wide apart ; but there was no rupture, and the surrounding
fleshy parts had no appreciable lesion.

The diagnosis was particularly difficult, although the pre-
ceding case made me suspect the exact nature of the second.

Disused Type. — i. Figs. 10 and 11 relate to a very old
cow, in which during the gestation that preceded her last preg-
nancy a small tumor had developed in the left flank. Already
in the first months of her last gestation this tumor had increas-
ed in size, and became larger than a man's head. Seven months
gone in her condition, she was brought to me ; then the lesion

was very large, as can be seen in
Fig. II.

The whole left inferior part of
the abdomen was involved in a dif-
fuse swelling, without marked out-
lines, spreading gradually over the
outer surface of the abdomen. The
belly was dropping, pendulous,
pushed to the left and downwards,
so to speak, while the right side,
on the contrary, seemed normal.
Manipulation with the hand reveal-
ed in this tumor the presence of an
enormous puffy mass ; evidently it
was the rumen, whose contractions
p._ , , ^ could be seen through the skin.

Fig. II— Left Abdominal Distension ^ °

-Diffused tvpk. Finally all attempts at reduction re-

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 169

mained fruitless, even while the animal was lying down in
dorsal decubitus ; an opening could be detected in the rausculo-
aponeurtic walls of the abdomen. Rectal examination was
impossible, as the rumen occupied the entire diseased region.

On account of the great extent of the lesion, of its diffuse
aspect, and especially of the absence of any hernial opening,
the supposition of hernia of the rumen was laid aside, although
it was thought of at first, and a diagnosis was made of a simple
unilateral abdominal distension. The autopsy confirmed the
diagnosis in showing the integrity of the abdominal walls,
which were only very thin on the left side, especially towards
the aponeurotic region of the flank, by the pressure exercised by
the rumen packed with food to such an extent that its own
walls were thinned and distended.

2. A cow (Figs. 12 and 13), about ten years old, in good
fleshy condition, is brought to the clinic for a voluminous swell-
ing of the right side of the abdomen. This swelling is general-
ized and diffused, but more marked towards the inferior regions
of the flank ; the belly is dropping and on the right side arrives

Fig. ij. Right Abdominal Distbnsios— Dipfusio Type.

170

CH. BESNOIT.

to the level of the hock. The perfect integrity of the abdomi-
nal wall is immediately made out by external palpation as well
as by rectal examination. It only seemed distended, a condi-
tion which is also indicated by the large size of the foramen of
the right mammary vein, which is twice as big as that of the
opposite side. On the left side the abdomen presents nothing
abnormal.

Finally, the right hip of the animal (Fig. 13) is much lower
than the left, result of an old fracture of the external angle of
the ilium. Evidently the case was one of unilateral abdominal
distension of the right side and not a ventral hernia.

Without being difficult, the diagnosis, however, demands a
close examination of the animal ; a comparison between Figs.
12 and 14, which represents a mixed ventral hernia of the gravid
uterus and of the intestines, will show how the aspect of a simple
distension may at first glance be mistaken for a true hernia. It is
probable that repeated gestations with heavy and large products
may have reduced the resistance of
the musculo-aponeurotic zone of the
right flank, the foetus being always,
in cows, pushed to the right by the
rumen. Then under the regular and
constant pressure from the digestive
organs, this same zone has gradually
given away and the belly has dropped.
The fracture of the ilium has besides
somewhat contributed to accentuate
this dropping in, giving rise to a low-
ering of the small oblique abdominalis
and a 'relaxation of its aponeurotic
fibres.

The condition of the animal is con-
sidered incurable, and she is slaugh-
tered. The post-mortem confirmed
the diagnosis, and showed that, not-

. , J- 1 «i f , ^^ Fig. 13. Right Abdominal DisTEN

Withstanding the fact that the disten- sion-diffused tvpf.

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES.

171

sion was localized to the right flank, it was due, as in the pre-
ceding case, to the pressure from the rumen, which in its enor-
mous proportions came in contact with the right abdominal wall
and pushed it outwards.

3. This last observation relates to an old, thin, worn-out
cow, without any commercial value, which was brought to our
surgical exercise. Her photograph was not taken, but the
lesion that she presented had the same general aspect as those
exhibited in Figs. 12 and 13.

Fii;. 14. iNTHSTtNAi. AND Utkrink Hbrnia ( Ante-Partum).

Five or six days before she was brought to our clinic, the
cow had presented on the right flank a small diffuse tumefac-
tion, in which, according to the owner, a sucking noise told of
the presence of liquid. The days following the swelling had
disappeared, and, always according to the owner, the abdomen
had suddenly dropped.

When I saw the cow the abdomen dropped on the right, simu-
lating at first glance a ventral hernia. Error was so possible that

172 CH. BESNOIT.

the external exploration of the abdomen revealed the presence on
the right side of a kind of subcutaneous slit, lo or 12 centimeters
long, with borders slightly thickened, and situated at the middle
part of the flank, in an almost vertical direction, yet slightly ob-
lique from upwards downwards and from backwards forwards.
But a more careful examination revealed that this opening was
incomplete and did not go through the entire abdominal wall nor
allowed entrance into the abdominal cavity. Besides that, the
wall of the abdomen could be felt all over under the skin, and
rectal exploration showed, even better than external manipula-
tion, that the abdominal wall was not perforated.

Consequently it was a case of simple unilateral abdominal
distension of the right side, complicated with a partial giving
away of the aponeurotic region of the flank. Taking into con-
sideration its situation and direction, in all probability this giv-
ing away as involved in Case i, circumscribed type, the aponeu-
rotic fasciculi of the small oblique muscle.

As to the etiology, it seems to me it rests on the basis ad-
vanced by Mr. Detroye : In this thin and worn-out cow, the
right abdominal wall has little by little been stretched, worn
out, and reduced in thickness by numerous gestations ; at a
given moment a violent blow has been followed by a partial
aponeurotic giving away, manifested by the oedematous swell-
ing at the beginning : The abdominal surcingle being less re-
sisting and insufficient to support the weight of the viscera, has
become overstretched and the abdomen has suddenly dropped.

The post-mortem, followed by the dissection of the right ab-
dominal wall, confirmed the diagnosis. There existed in the
aponeurosis of the small oblique, near the fleshy portion, a slit,
12 centimetres long, with thick borders, congested, infiltrated,
and covered with clots of blood, indicating its recent formation.
The other musculo-aponeurotic layers were thinned out, but
free from any lesion.

TREATMENT OF VENTRAL HERNIAS.

All the methods preconized in the treatment of umbilical
hernia in the horse, have by turns been recommended and re-

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 1?3

sorted to against Ventral hernias of bovines, yet they are far
from having the same valne, and, besides, the best among them
answer to very different indications. On this last point of view,
it is proper to snccessively stndy the treatment of recent, that of
old, and that of spontaneous hernias.

RECENT OR ACUTE HERNIAS.

The method with bandages has, in all times, been employed
by preference in the treatment of recent ventral hernias. Its
object is to keep the hernia reduced during the time necessary
for the complete cicatrization of the accidental opening of the
musculo-aponeurotic wall of the abdomen. It cannot be effica-
cious except at the very beginning of the accident. Later, the
borders of the hernia sac have separately cicatrized, and even
long reduction of the hernia is powerless to allow them to unite
again.

Bandages with pads^ analagous to those that some practi-
tioners employ against umbilical hernia of colts, and made on
the same principle as those used by human surgeons to relieve
crural and inguinal hernias, have been recommended by Serres.

In reality, they are most frequently inefficacious, at least
with adults. On account of the ovoid form of the abdomen, they
are easily displaced, slipping forwards or backwards of the
point where they have been applied. As recovery requires that
the pressure upon the hernia be constant and lasting, these band-
ages, then, demand an incessant watching, and on that account
are so inconvenient that to-day they are ignored by almost the
totality of practitioners. With young calves the general form
of the abdomen, rather regularly cylindrical, lends itself better
to their application and they give better results in them. With
this method Serres has obtained in three weeks the recovery of
a hernia of the abomasum in a three-months-old calf; in twenty
days, that of another of the same kind in a steer six or seven
months old ; and in fifteen days, that of a large intestinal hernia
of the left side in a five-year-old cow.

Simple retaining bandages^ with cloth or linen, have the
same inconveniences as the preceding, except, however, when

174 CH. BESNOIT.

by some means they are made to adhere to the skin of the ani-
mal. One of the best of these kind is the one described by
Bouley, consisting in applying over the hernia, after reduction,
a thick coat of chopped oakum, glued with a mixture of black
pitch and turpentine melted together.

The reduction of the hernia is not always easy while the
animal stands up. However, if it is quiet, and when the
lesion, not too large, is situated sufficiently far back to be
reached through the rectum, one may be assisted in his manip-
ulations of taxis, if, with one hand introduced through the
anus and placed over the hernial orifice, the exit of the abdom-
inal organs is prevented while the retaining bandage is com-
pleted. In all other cases it is better to cast the animal ; al-
though decubitis is not so favorable for the application of the
bandage, but it facilitates considerably the manipulations of re-
duction. Once the hernia is reduced, with the animal cast or
standing, a coat of agglutinative mixture is spread rapidly over
the skin, on the spot occupied by the hernial swelling, and on a
surface extending much beyond its boundaries ; while this coat
is still warm a pad of chopped oakum is laid on ; then another
coat of pitch, and over this a piece of pasteboard, soft but solid,
is placed, and also coated with the agglutinative preparation.
Finally a linen band, 12 or 15 metres long, and 10 centimetres
wide, also covered now and then with the sticking mixture, is
rolled carefully around the body of the animal, thus forming an
immovable bandage, having great rigidity and being firmly
fixed.

If the bandage is applied close to the sheath, it is necessary
to place on each side of it small hard rolls of oakum to avoid
pressure on the urethra. (Serres.)

Although this contentive bandage is easy to apply, and is
excellent in its effects, it is not perfect. It can evidently be
better fixed than the bandage with pads, held only by a surcin-
gle, but in summer the adhesive mixture may get soft, and the
bandage be displaced by sliding off. To prevent this the pitch
mixture can be replaced by hard gelatine glue melted. I have

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 175

had recourse to it often and derived good results from it. A
plate of pasteboard of a size slightly larger than that of the
hernia is glued directly over the skin with several rolls of band-
age firmly tight and glued on to the pasteboard, on the skin and
in between the layers of bandage. The animal is watched for
a while until the glue is cold, and after an hour or two, when it
is dried, the bandage is hard and firmly secured.

During the whole treatment the animal shall be kept at
rest, to avoid the chances of displacement of the apparatus, and
a proper diet to avoid overloading of the digestive apparatus
should be recommended.

Applied at the very beginning of the trouble, this method
of fixed bandages of contention may give good results. They
constitute a solid pressure, which holds the hernia reduced dur-
ing the time necessary for complete cicatrization of the abdom-
inal opening, say one month, six weeks, or two months, ac-
cording to the case. Yet they do not give the same results in
all cases of recent hernia. Very efficacious when it is small,
easily reduced, and situated in the superior regions of the flank,
and having a small opening, all of which are unfavorable con-
ditions for the return of the hernia, after being reduced — but
they will most ordinarily fail, on the contrary, with a large and
heavy hernial mass, situated low down, with very large hernial
ring, which after reduction are most favorable for another exit
of the intestinal loops, which may slip under the bandage, be
pressed upon and injured.

In such a case the contentive bandage may, at best and un-
der most favorable conditions, bring on improvement, but it is
powerless in promoting final recovery. It is in this way that
in case of an enormous hernia of the rumen in a cow seven
months pregnant, Larrony was able to have her reach the time
for normal delivery, and to obtain a great reduction of the size
of the lesion, by the application to the end of gestation of a
pitch bandage ; it is true that afterwards the hernia still existed,
but it was sufficiently reduced to allow a second gestation to go
on under conditions entirely normal.

176 ^H. HKSNOIT.

Experience shows also that the recovery of ventral hernias
with bandages is much more easy to contain in youth than in
adult life. Indeed, in the first periods of life, besides the general
form of the abdomen, more favorable, as we have said, to the
application of bandages and their final fixidity, the work of cic-
atrization is much more active and more rapid. The result is
that the chances of recovery from ventral hernia by this mode
of treatment, quite good in young bovines, rapidly diminish
later, and are nearly all gone in advanced years.

Treatment with bandages is then only indicated when the
animal is young, carries a recent hernia, of small size, with re-
duced opening situated on the upper part of the abdomen. In
the other cases, failure will be almost certain, and then it is
much better to resort at once to the treatment by operation^ of
little danger in bovines, relatively easy to carry out, and much
more certain in its efficacy.

At any rate, I consider the operation as the method of choice
in all cases of hernia, recent or old, and I will never hesitate to
operate on all ventral hernias of medium size that come before
me. Of course, the owner has to be taken into consideration ;
if, frightened by the idea of a bloody interference, he hesitate?,
in cases where the age of the patient, the size and situation of
the hernia, and so forth . . . one may try the fixed con-
tentive bandage. But, taking into account the number of fail-
ures, much hope cannot be given, and if, after a few weeks, no
appreciable improvement is noticed, the operation must be re-
sorted to.

As to the other curative treatments of hernia (irritating fric-
tions, caustics, pressure upon the sac, ligature, etc.) they may
have been used only exceptionally, and that in the treatment of
acute ventral hernia. However, Delsol has obtained in a cow,
in the space of a month, recovery of a right intestinal hernia,
existing for four days and as big as a melon, by using friction
with 30 grammes of nitric acid, made for five minutes. Marlot,
Jr., has also recorded two observations relating to a cow and to
a calf affected with right intestinal hernia of recent formation

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 177

and oedematous, which he treated by the process of suture ap-
plied with the Marlot pincer. These cases are exceptional, and
in reality these modes of treatment are only attempted with
chronic hernias.

OLD OR CHRONIC HERNIAS.

As long as the origin of a ventral hernia goes back more
than three weeks, bandages are useless. " The edges of the
hernial opening are covered with a fibrous border, with little
vascularity, and unable to form an obturator covering." (Cadiot
and Almy). "In those conditions," as Serres wrote, "nothing
can be expected from the use of contentive bandages, and it is
in vain that in many instances we have employed them." They
can only act as palliatives, by preventing the escape of abdomi-
nal organs from their normal relations and also in allowing the
use of the animal for a variable length of time.

Nevertheless, old ventral hernias may be submitted to a
useful treatment and it is wrong to accept in an absolute man-
ner the idea of the incurability of chronic hernia. " To have
some chances of success with such lesion," Bouley has said, " the
intestine must not have had time to accustom itself to remain
outside of the abdomen, and the borders of the opening through
the ventral walls time to cicatrize. . . . When some days
have already elapsed and the edges of the opening have cica-
trized apart from each other, the chances of success are very
limited, even when by the application of a bandage, the intes-
tines are prevented from passing through it. . . . Once e.s-
tablished, ventral hernia becomes rebellious to treatment, and
it is best to leave the animal live with the infirmity rather than
to resort to risky operations."

This opinion was too'absolute, as in reality it is possible to
obtain the recovery of some chronic hernias by a certain num-
ber of methods of various efficacity. Irritating or caustic fric-
tions, irritating injections into the hernial sac, suture, ligature,
compression with the clamp, etc., are methods which are con-
stantly used in the treatment of chronic ventral hernias in
horses. They can also be applied to bovines, and if their use is

178 CH. BESNOIT.

much more limited, say even exceptional, it is because the own-
ers consent rarely to have their animals treated, and prefer send-
ing them to the slaughter-house for butchery.

Irritating or blistering frictions (sinapism, ointment of an-
timony, or the neutral chlorate of potassium) have for object
to promote the formation of an oedematous swelling, which re-
duces the hernia by pressing the organs back into the abdomen,
and then forms itself into a closing cicatricial tissue. Em-
ployed sometimes with success, in exomphalus of colts, these
frictions have given poor results against ventral hernia of
bovines, almost all on account of the large size of those
lesions and also from the difficulty in promoting the forma-
tion of a fibrous pad, obturating and sufficiently wide and
resisting.

The same can be said of the perihernial irritating injec-
tions. First recommended in human medicine, this method
consisted at first in the injection of saturated solution of salt be-
tween the neck of the hernial sac and the surrounding tissues,
with the object of developing a plastic inflammation with
fibrous neoformations. with retraction of the tissues, hence ob-
taining contraction or obliteration of the hernial opening. Later
the salt solution was replaced successively by diluted alcohol,
decoction of oak bark, artificial serum, and recently by chlor-
ide of zinc to the tenth. Tested in veterinary medicine, these in-
jections have given good results only in exomphalus of small
size. Ventral hernias in bovines could never be benefited by
them, only in the exceptional cases, where the lesion would be
of very small dimensions.

Caustic frictions (nitric and sulphuric acids), recommended
first by Dayol in the treatment of exomphalus of colts, act in
the same way. They have often been employed with success
against ventral hernia of all species of animals. In bovines,
where old hernias are ordinarily large, the number of complete
recoveries by this method is rather limited, always on account
of the difficulty presented in cases with wide hernial opening.
Gouse has recorded a final recovery obtained in three weeks

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 179

with a left ventral hernia treated with one friction of i6
grammes of nitric acid.

Besides, this method is dangerous, and requires close watch-
ing every instant. There is danger of premature and acciden-
tal sloughing of the eschar, and also serious accidents, such as
eventration, formation of artificial anus, peritonitis, etc, ac-
cidents which are so much more to be feared when the hernia
is large, requiring more energetic interference. The method
cannot be recommended.

Compression zvith clamp^ ligature^ or suture of the hernial
saCy after reduction of the hernia, have for effect to promote a
rapid mortification of the sac while on the opening a closing
fibrous pad is organizing. Numerous modus operandi pertain
to this surgical method. They have all been frequently em-
ployed, with more or less satisfactory results, in the treatment
of most varieties of hernias in horses, especially in cases of om-
phalocele. Against ventral hernia of cattle they have, on the
contrary, been seldom used, on account of the ordinary large
size of the lesion, they have proven as unsatisfactory as the pre-
ceding methods, and on that account are not to be recommended.
I will not speak of them, but merely mention the principal
ones.

Ligature is the simplest method of all. It consists in run-
ning through the sac, after reduction of the hernia, two metal-
lic pins, disposed cross-like, and applying above them a loop of
cord, tightened sufficiently strong to promote a slow mortifica-
tion of the sac.

Suture is made, after reduction, by using the plate of Man-
gol, the nippers of Benard or of Marlot, so as to make it more
regular. With this method Marlot, Jr., has obtained the radi-
cal and rapid cure of ventral hernias in several bovines ; he
has also observed that in these varieties of hernia reduction was
easier to obtain and the application of the suture made with
much less difficulty when the animal was kept standing instead
of being cast.

Compression of the sac, always after complete reduction,

180 CH. BESNOIT.

can be made with straight or curved clamps or witli special
nippers. Degive has recently described a new modus operandi
in which to the compression is added the suture of the hernial
ring. The hernial sack being opened with all necessary care,
the protruding organ being reduced, one or two metallic needles
are passed through the skin and the edges of the hernial open-
ing; above that a hernial nippers is applied, the needles are
withdrawn, and the nippers kept in place by horse-shoe nails
implanted under them, through the skin and the edges of the
hernial ring ; two cords secured together on the back of the
animal support the weight of the nippers. For Degive this
method is superior to any in cases of large ventral hernia with
wide hernial ring. It can be resorted to in all domestic animals.
(To be concluded in the June Rrview.J

The Chicago Veterinary College has 308 matriculants
for the session of 1905-06, and gradusted 98 at the March ex-
aminations. Tlie Kansas City Veterinary College had 302
students enrolled, with 78 graduates.

A BILL framed to abolish the sale of broken-down horses has
been passed by the Massachusetts legislature and signed by the
Governor. Particulars are not at hand stating who is to be
authorized to say when a horse is broken down or what is to be
-done with horses so declared.

The Anti-Docking Bill has passed the New York Assem-
bly and advanced to a third reading in the Senate. It seems
that this year no protests have been filed at Albany either by
the dealers or private owners. In all its provisions it is sub-
stantially a copy of the Colorado law, which has been in force
since 1899. It provides for the registration of all docked horses
in the State within one year, and makes the mere possession of
an unregistered docked horse after the expiration of that time a
misdemeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both. By
many horsemen it is deemed to be impossible of enforcement,
and by some lawyers it is said to be unconstitutional. That its
enactment into law would be a serious blow to the trade in fine
carriage horses of the fashionable type is believed by nearly all
dealers. In other years the mere introduction of the bill, says
the New York Herald^ has been the signal for a mild panic in
the horse market, but for some reason it has not occasioned a
ripple of excitement this season.

AfrriNOMvcosis mistaken for tuberculosis. ibl

ACTINOMYCOSIS MISTAKEN FOR TUBERCULOSIS AT
POST-MORTEM FOLLOWING THE TUBERCULIN TEST.

By Veraxus A. Moore. New York State Veterinary Collece,

Ithaca, N. Y.

The long and successful use of tuberculin in tlie diagnosis
of tuberculosis has shown that it is one of the most accurate
diagnostic agents known to veterinary science. There are,
however, those who still feel that it is not to be trusted. The
recognized exceptions, such as cases far advanced in the disease
and those where there is an arrest in the disease process with a
tendency to encapsulate the lesions, are used as arguments
against the efficiency of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent.
Again, to prove that tuberculin is not as reliable as it is gener-
ally accepted to be, its opponents cite cases where it is alleged
to have failed to produce a reaction and yet the animal was
suffering with active tuberculosis, A number of such cases
have come to my notice and in every instance the error has
been in the diagnosis of the disease and not in the action of the
tuberculin. Recently a case of this kind was investigated in
which an actinomycotic growth was mistaken for a tuberculous
one. The possible confusion in the differential diagnosis be-
tween these two diseases, when the lesions are restricted to the
lungs, renders this case worthy of note..

A herd of cattle consisting of about lOO cows was officially
tested by a representative of the State Department of Agricul-
ture. Five animals gave a decided reaction and upon post-mor-
tem examination they were found to be tuberculous.

Shortly after the test was made, one of the old cows that did
not react to the tuberculin was slaughtered because she was not
"doing well." Upon examination it was found that one of her
lungs was badly diseased. It was promptly reported that the
tuberculin test had failed, because the disease was not sufficiently
advanced to attribute the failure to the existence of extensive
lesions. It happened to be my good fortune to examine this
case before the affected lung was destroyed.

182 VERANUS A. MOORE.

The lesions were located in the anterior part of the princi-
pal lobe of the right lung. They consisted of one large mass
of dark (pigmented), spongy-like tissue about eight inches in
diameter, surrounded by a sharply defined fibrous wall (Fig. i).
There were several smaller masses, from one to two inches in
diameter, of a similar growth in the adjacent lung tissue. A
close examination showed the tissue to be that of Actinomycosis.
In one side of the larger actinomycotic growth, there were two or
three small pockets containing pus. In a thin layer on the blade

Fig. I. A photograph of a section of the lung: through a small actinomycotic area, (i)
Actinomycotic tissue, (2) the wall of fibrous tissue separating the diseased focus from the normal
lung tissue.

of a knife, the pus exhibited minute yellowish clumps that could
be seen with the unaided eye and with a hand lens their charac-
ter could be determined. The tissue itself was thickly studded
with the clumps of the ray fungus. Sections of the new growth
contained areas thickly sprinkled with the fungus as shown in
Fig. 2. A higher magnification of one of these masses shows
the fungus growth with surrounding giant cells.

The fact that actinomycosis is not a very common cause of
lesions in the lungs may warrant a somewhat detailed description
of actinomycosis, more especially in the lungs of cattle.

Actinomycosis may attack any organ of the body. It is

ACTINOMYCOSIS MISTAKEN FOR TUBERCULOSIS. 183

more commonly found about the head, tongue or jaw, but not
infrequently it occurs in the lungs, liver, spleen, intestine and
uterus. In fact, all organs and tissues seem to be susceptible,
and, like tuberculosis, actinomycosis may become generalized.
Assmann considers generalized actinomycosis to be more com-
mon than is generally supposed. He gives a description of
eleven such cases. Thus we see that " lumpy jaw " and " wood-
en tongue " do not circumscribe the range of activities of the
ray fungus.

In actinomycosis of the lung the infected tissue presents, in
its early stages, a very characteristic appearance. The lesions do
not consist of necrotic lung tissue, as in tuberculosis, so much

Fig. 2. A photograph of a section of the Fig. 3. — -A phoiograiiii umier higher mag-

actinomycotic tissue showing se.eral clumps nification of one of the clumps of the ray fun-
ofthe ray fungus. gus. It shows the fungus mass with a few of

the club ends radiating from it, the giant cells
surrounding it and the new formed tissue
farther from the fungus.

as a mass of tissue composed of clumps of the ray fungus sur-
rounded by tissue composed for the greater part of epithelioid
and spindle-shaped connective tissue cells, among which giant
cells may appear. This replaces the lung tissue. The ray
fungus is very frequently surrounded by a zone of giant cells.
As the new formed cells increase in number, they press against
the tissue surrounding them. The new formed actinomycotic
tissue has ordinarily a glistening appearance. It is often cov-
ered with a gray muco-puruleut substance which gives it the

184 VERANUS A. MOORE.

appearance of dead tissue. To the toucli, when one attempts to
pick it out, it gives the sensation of a wet, rubber sponge. It is
not removable except by tearing or cutting it away. There is
usually a firm and quite thick fibrous capsule surrounding it.
Miliary actinomycoses have been described. This is quite rare
and consists of minute yellowish nodules that often become cal-
carious. Occasionally the actinomycotic tissue becomes firm,
resembling the fibrous tissue of scirrhous cord. In these cases
the diagnosis is made by finding the ray fungus in little pockets
filled with the characteristic actinomycotic new growth. In the
usual form, the muco-purulent substance contains small yellow-
ish granules that are readily detected, in thin layers, with the
unaided eye. In the growing actinomycotic tissue they are
readily found as illustrated in the case described. If these few
facts relative to this disease will be kept in mind, unfortunate
errors in the differential diagnosis will be avoided.

Dr. D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian of Missouri, is having
a number of the best herds of the State carefully examined for
tuberculosis. These examinations are made upon solicitation
of the owners, vvho are realizing the importance of freeing their
herds from this disease.

An American Elephant Ranch. — Pasadena^ Cal.^ April
i6. — An elephant ranch in South Pasadena is to be established
soon. The purpose of several capitalists is to breed the animals
for circuses and shows. [How large an acreage will it require
to feed the animals and how many female elephants will it re-
quire to make this enterprise profitable, with such slow results?

— (L. E. WiLLYOUNG.)]

The American Saddle-Horse Breeders' Association has ten-
dered to the National Horse-Show Association a special prize
of $500 for an exhibition of registered saddle-bred horses at
Madison Square Garden next fall. One of the conditions is
that the judge must be an American saddle-horse expert. The
imported English dealer judge, who has held exclusive sway at
the national show for three or four years, is becoming very un-
popular with American breeders, since the type of horse that
has been most esteemed in this country is unrecognized by him,
if the English type is in the class, however poor a specimen the
latter may be.

EMPYEMA OF THE VACIAL SIKUSIS OF THE HORSE. 185

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE.

By W. L. Williams, Professor of Surgery, New York State
Veterinary Collkgb. Ithaca, N. Y.

A Pap«r presented to the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, September, 1905.

Under the title of empyema of the facial sinuses wc desire
to include all collections of pus in the frontal, maxillary and
turbinated cavities because of their community of origin and
symptoms.

In general, empyema of the sinuses expresses itself by a foetid
nasal discharge from the affected side or sides, bulging of the face
over the affected region, dullness upon percussion over the area
filled with pus and dyspnoea in such cases as cause a displacement
of the turbinated bones towards the septum nasi. These symptoms
are subject to various modifications according to location, cause
and extent of the empyema.

The causes are exceedingly varied but such a vast majority
of them fall within two great classes, dental affections and ma-
lignant tumors, that we are generally warranted in suspecting
one of these two unless there aie data to indicate otherwise.
Among 23 cases of empyema selected from our clinic, i6 were
traced to pathologic conditions of the teeth, 5 to malignant
tumors and the cause of 2 was undetermined.

Aside from these two most common causes, empyema may
result from fractures of the bony walls of the sinuses with
chronic infection and necrosis of tissues, or from the entrance
into the sinuses of foreign bodies either from the nostril through
the normal communication shown opposite N in Figs, i and 2,
Plate I, or otherwise. It is further alleged, without direct proof
so far as we have been able to learn, that catarrhal inflamma-
tions of the nasal mucosa extend by continuity, through the
normal avenue of communication, into the sinuses and there in-
tensify to such a degree as to cause the formation of an amount
of pus which can neither be absorbed nor escape through the
communicating passage into the nostril. It has been claimed
that glanders has thus extended into the sinuses and caused

186 W. L. WILLIAMS.

empyema of them, but the claim apparently dates back prior to
our knowledge of the bacillus malleus or of mallein as a diag-
nostic agent. It is highly probable that most cases of empyema
of the sinuses attributed to glanders are errors in diagnosis. It
is quite common to meet with cases of empyema of the sinuses
in colts of one to three years in which the owner alleges that it
has followed strangles, but with an extensive opportunity for
investigating the question in a practice where this class of cases
were very common it was found that the allegation of strangles
was based upon the occurrence of extreme dyspnoea prior to the
nasal discharge, but there had been no formation of abscesses
in the lymphatic glands and no history of strangles at the time
among non-immune associates. Such a history was wholly in
harmony with the ordinary course of simple follicular odon-
tomes undergoing purulent destruction. We have had no rea-
son to believe that strangles ever results in empyema of the
sinuses.

The allegation that other forms of catarrhal inflammation of
the nasal passages extend by continuity into the sinuses and
cause empyema apparently rest upon equally vague data.

The passage of food particles into the sinuses during vomi-
tion, or in the return of food through the nostrils as a result
of pharyngeal paralysis or other serious disturbance to degluti-
tion has been clearly verified by finding the food therein upon
post-mortem examination, and similar cases have occurred where
a horse in being strangled in muddy water, has, during forced
respiration, driven sand and mud into the sinuses.

The proportion of cases referable to dental affections and to
malignant growths will vary with the age of the animals. Our
clinic draws its cases largely from a region in which very little
horse breeding is done and a vast majority of cases entering are
adult or aged. In a breeding district the ratio of dental disease
to malignant new growths is very much greater. Most cases of
empyema of the sinuses occur while the animal is young, but
some varieties of dental affections occur only in the very aged ;
malignant tumors are almost constantly confined to the aged.

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 187

Of the 1 6 of our cases traced to dental disease, 13 were due
to aberrations of, or defects in their development, so that the
foundation for the empyema was laid prior to the eruption of
the ofiFending organ. While in some of ihese cases the develop-
ment of the empyema was deferred till adult age, by far the
greater number occurred during early life, from the second to
the fifth year.

The diagnosis of empyema of the facial sinuses usually offers
little difficulty but the dififerential diagnosis as based upon the
varying causes, and to serve as a basis for prognosis and method
of handling may call for much higher skill.

The nasal discharge of empyema of the sinuses is almost
always very foetid but in some cases due to undetermined causes
the fcetor may be very slight or unrecognizable. So far as our
observations have gone empyema due to dental disease or malig-
nant new growths is always quite foetid. In cases of dental origin
there is a characteristic odor due to the infection having pro-
ceeded from the mouth and increases in intensity and repugnance
as the amount of food in the sinuses. It is virtually the odor
of decaying food particles, in a suppurating mass, largely gain-
ing its infection from the oral cavity.

The fcetor from empyema due to a malignant tumor may be
quite as great but usually differs in character, resembling more
the odor of animal tissues which are rapidly breaking down.

The nasal discharge is usually unilateral but in one of our
23 cases the discharge was bilateral and symmetrical due to
simultaneous disease of the first molar in each superior arcade.

The quantity of nasal discharge varies greatly in different
cases and at different times in the same case. It is almost always
constant but in some instances is remittent. It varies also in
consistency, is frequently quite thin, partly attributable to the
fact that the solid constituents tend to become precipitated and
remain in the cavities as inspissated pus. The discharge is
more or less viscid and adheres somewhat to the noslrils. It is
frequently flocculent in character, and varies greatly in color, at
times being tinted by the coloring matter or particles of food.

188 W. L. WILLIAMS.

Facial bulging is strongly suggestive of empyema but not
conclusive. It is usually more marked in young animals with
soft bones, while in aged horses it may be almost wholly absent.
In malignant tumors the bulging is usually very marked as soon
as the tumor is well advanced. The bulging is partly depend-
ent upon the inter-sinusal pressure but very largely due to the
inflammatory processes at work in the bones themselves. The
pressure of pus within the sinuses can not be very great usually
because it promptly breaks its way through the inner wall of
the various sinuses, constituted of the thin, semi-cartilaginous
turbinated bones, and theieby escapes into the nasal passage
The avenue of escape of the pus from the sinuses into the nasal
passage is by some supposed to be through the normal commu-
nication between these cavities as shown beyond the dotted lines
from N in Figs, i and 2 in Plate I, but a study of these figures
will show clearly that a filling of the sinuses with any substance
will close the communication firmly, its borders acting as valves
and preventing exit. If we examine Plate II, we note a food
mass, F, in the maxillary sinus which extends upwards into the
frontal sinus at F' where it breaks through the superior turbi-
nated bone into the nasal passage. A similar condition is noted
at B, in Plate III, where pus and food find an exit into the nasal
passages from the inferior maxillary sinus thiough the internal
wall of the inferior turbine. Such exits naturally prevent great
bulging from pressure from within so long as the contents are
of a character that may thus escape, but in cases of malignant
growths as shown in Plate V, where the sinuses are mainly
occupied by the neoplasm and contain but a small quantity of
pus the pressure from within may have a very important influ-
ence in determining the amount of facial bulging.

The principal causes of facial bulging other than empyema
are cystic and other odontomes, cystic lachrymal duct, osseous
and other benign neoplasms and osteoporosis. The lachrymal
cysts are "largely in the region of the lachrymal bone, the
cystic odontomes may vary in location ; but they are each dif-
ferentiated from pus and solid neoplasms by the fact that they

PLATE I.

Fig. I. Transverse section of the right half of the
face of an adult horse just behind the last molar, viewed
from the front.

F, frontal sinus ; N, nasal sinus opposite its communi-
cation with the superior maxillary sinus, SM ; IM, the
posterior wall of the lateral chamber of the inferior maxil-
lary sinus ; IM^, median portion of the inferior maxillary
sinus ; NF, conduit of the super-maxillary portion of the
trifacial nerve ; M^, a small segment of the posterior fang
of the third molar.

Fig. 2. Transverse section of the left half of the face
of the same animal between the second and third molars.
S, sound in the lachrymal duct. Between S and N are
seen the communications between the frontal and inferi-
or maxillary sinuses and the nasal cavity. SM, antero-
inferior wall of the superior maxillary sinus. Other let-
tering same as Fig. i.

•woila irAoiv. bn lo 1:
tihli lo :••>:;;

IliiW itn:'
bnB .''i

"fS"

PLATE II.

Cross section of aged horse in front of 2d molar show-
ing food masses in sinuses. The other portion of this
specimen is shown in Fig. i of Plate IV.

ST, superior turbinated bone, forming the median wall
of the frontal sinus, impacted with food masses, F', and
showing an opening through which the food masses es-
caped into the nasal sinuses ; S . . . S, sound pass-
ing from the food mass, F, in the superior maxillary sinus
through its communication with the frontal to the smaller
food mass, F' ; NT, trifacial nerve ; IT, inferior turbinated
bone ; M2, second molar.

PLATE II

ST..j_

IT

/

MZ

PLATE III.

Left half of the anterior portion of the superior maxilla
of an aged horse showing inter-dental alveolar periostitis
with fistula extending from the alveolus of the second
molar into the maxillary sinus, causing empyema with
eventual discharge of pus into the nasal chamber through
the inferior turbinated bone.

Fig. X. A, necrotic cavities resulting from impaction
of food between the teeth ; a larger excavation is seen just
in front of the third molar, M^ ; S, sound passing through
alveolar fistula from the alveolus of the second molar, re-
moved, into the maxillary sinus ; B, pathologic commun-
ication between the inferior maxillary sinus and nasal
cavity after traversing the superior compartment of the
turbine and its median wall. The opening is nasal wards
from the antero-inferior wall of the inferior maxillary
sinus.

Fig. 2. The palatine surface of the same specimen
looking directly upon the grinding surface of the teeth.
The second molar has been removed to expose the fistula
from the alveolus into the sinus, through which a sound,
S, is inserted. The spaces between the second and third
premolars and between the third premolar and the first
molar are visible. The teeth themselves are free from dis-
ease, the pulp cavities obliterated by age.

»'

PLATE III

FIG 1.

FIG. II.

.VI 3TAJ

PLATE IV.

Fig. I. Portion of same specimen as Plate II, looking
directly upon the grinding surface of the teeth. S . . . S,
sound passing through the first molar, Mi, into the max-
illary sinus, leading to enormous impactions of food
masses at F. and F^. Other letters correspond to Plate II.

Fig. 2. Sagittal section through two grinders, show-
ing mechanical arrangement to prevent the impaction of
food between them, viewed from the lateral side. S, sinus ;
PP, pulp cavity ; C, external cement ; C^, infundib-
ular cement ; Er, erosion extending from the defective C
towards the pulp cavity ; W^, contiguous enamel plates
standing above the dentine in a manner to deflect food
particles from the line of division between the two mem-
bers and prevent its impaction between them. The two
organs approach each other at their crowns, forming a
truncated cone of movable sections, or an arch ii. two sec-
tions, which close tightly at the apex when pressure is
applied in the process of closing the jaws.

Fig. 3. Transverse section through the long axis of
the first superior premolar showing failure of the infun-
dibular cement.

C, external cement ; C, infundibular cement area de-
void of cement substance and lined directly by the in-
fundibular enamel E^, and showing an extensive erosion
at Er, caused by decomposing food particles and finally
opening into the adjacent turbinated cavity through Er''.

Fig. 4. Transverse section of an equine grinder. C,
external cement layer ; C^ infundibular cement layer ;
E, external enamel ; E' infundibular enamel ; P, pulp
cavity.

Fig. 5. Table surface of Fig. 3 with corresponding
lettering.

<

PLATE V.

Malignant tumors involving the facial sinuses and
causing empyema.

Fig. I. Palatineviewof three cases of malignant neo-
plasm. A. I , portion of tumor on lateral side of dental
arcade ; 2, extent of tumor on the median or palatine
side of the arcade. B. 3, a small pedunculated portion of
the tumor projecting into the nasal cavity ; 4, a necrotic
cavity in the palate containing food particles which had
been forced in between the teeth and tumor and pushed
up to this point ; the dotted line of 4 passes over a promi-
nent, spheroidal enlargement of the tumor ; 5, an area
over which the buccal mucosa remains intact to be suc-
ceeded by another denuded area, 6. C. 7, tumor on the
median side of the dental arcade ; 8, tumor showing
through the zygoma ; 9, portion of tumor on lateral side
of dental arcade.

Fig. 2. Sagittal view of the specimens shown in Fig. i.
A. I, outline of body of tumor filling the posterior nares
and nasal cavity ; 2, palatine portion ; 3, portion ol tumor
extending along the superior surface of the bony palate ;
4, spheroidal tumor ; 5, adhesion between the palate and
inferior turbine ; 6, intact buccal mucosa, below which is
shown another denuded area 7 ; 8, 9, tumors invading
respectively the superior and inferior turbinated cavities
in E and C.

.C. 10, mass of inspissated pus in inferior turbine;
II, tumor on median side of dental arcade.

PLATE V.

FIG. I.

PIG. II

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 189

cause increased resonance. The bulging of osteo-porosis offers
little difficulty in differentiation, from the fact that it is usually
symmetrical and supported by other symptoms while empyema
is almost always unilateral. While in osteo-porosis and cystic
odontomes there may be nasal discharge it differs from that of
empyema in being essentially a mucoid excretion resulting
from forced respiration through a narrowed air passage. It
consequently resembles much in appearance the nasal discharge
of heaves. It is not foetid.

Percussion over the sinus affected with empyema reveals
dullness over the entire area occupied by pus. Soft tissues,
like in malignant tumors, produce a like dullness, as does also
any solid or semi-solid body. Dullness over the sinuses is like-
wise caused by any marked thickening of the soft tissues cover-
ing the bone. Dullness is a relative term and the technic of
percussion needs be carefully applied. We determine the ques-
tion of dullness largely by a comparative percussion of the
sound and healthy sides, or by percussing the sinuses of a dis-
eased animal and comparing with a healthy one. This cannot
be very safely done in the stall, since if one side of the face
bears a different relation to a resonant wall from the opposite
one, there will occur a confusing variation in resonance be-
tween two normal sinuses. This may be largely overcome by
changing the position of the head, in relation to the surround-
ing walls, repeatedly during our examination.

We recognize three grades of resonance in percussing the
sinuses : increased, normal and decreased. Writers on surgery
generally mention but two conditions : normal and decreased
resonance, but our clinical records show three cases of distinct
increase, while in previous experience among large numbers of
colts this condition was not at all rare. Whenever a cyst, dis-
tended with lymph or serum, occupies one of the facial sinuses
it becomes increasingly resonant. They almost always are of
dental origin and consist usually of simple follicular cysts or
compound follicular odontomes. In one case we met with a
bulging over the area of the lachrymal bone in an aged horse

190 W. L. WILLIAMS.

which we diagnosed as a cystic dilation of the lachrymal duct.
Possibly other cases of inter-sinusal cysts are of a like character,
but in all cases the cyst, filled with lymph or tears, is to be con-
stantly differentiated from empyema by increased resonance. In
our first case of follicular cyst, in comparing the two sides of
the face, we trephined the less resonajtt, in spite of the bulging
on the other side, found a normal smws and later trephined the
opposite side and removed a large cyst. Curiously enough, af-
ter an extended experience with these cases the last one to enter
our clinic was sent us by a practitioner with the remark that
we would heed trephine upon the comparatively dull but really
normal side. In percussing the sinuses we consequently need
select a sound sinus as a basis for comparison. Assured of a
normally resonant sinus as a basis for comparison, a dull area
indicates the occupation of a part or all of the sinus by pus or
other non-resonant substance, or of an important thickening of
the soft tissues covering the bone or a thickening of the bony
walls themselves.

Tenderness over the empyemic sinus is sometimes very evi-
dent, the patient showing signs of pain upon percussion over
the affected area. The determination of the cause of a case of
empyema is more important and difficult than the diagnosis of
its presence, since upon the correct interpretation of its etiology
must be based our prognosis and handling.

Empyema of the sinuses of dental origin in colts from a few
months to two and rarely three years of age is quite generally
due to the purulent breaking down of a follicular cyst or of a
compound follicular odontome, or they arise from the projection
into the sinuses of large masses of solid dental tissues which by
their volume and position cause pressure necrosis of the soft
parts. The simple follicular cyst is responsible for a large ma-
jority of the cases of empyema in one and two year old colts,
usually following a period of severe dyspnoea, loosely referred
to as strangles by the owner.

This class of cases are largely attributable to accessory tooth
germs, which develop in the sinuses only and do not show them-

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 191

selves by any abnormality discoverable in the oral cavity. This
want of evidence in the mouth heightens the tendency to false-
ly attribute them to strangles.

Another important class of cases of empyema of dental ori-
gin are referable to an arrest of development of teeth normally
located in the alveoli and which were apparently normal or ap-
pro .xiinately so in their early stages of development. These
have their foundation prior to the eruption of the tooth and
usually develop their symptoms when the animal is from three
to six years old, though they may be delayed until a later date
in life. The arrest in development usually occurs at one of two
points ; either there is a defect in the central infundibulum of
cement or the two contiguous dentinal plates fail to fuse. This
is illustrated in Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Plate IV.

In Fig. 2 at C is shown the central cement tract, which is
defective, and in the one at the right there is a large, eroded
cavity, from which the necrosis has extended at Er into the den-
tine and nearly into the pulp cavity. In Fig. 3 there has appar-
ently never been any infundibular cement, C, but simply a
cavity instead into which food particles with bacteria entered
and finally produced a large erosion cavity, Er, which extended
in every direction, through enamel and dentine and eventually
at Er' into the pulp cavity, inducing purulent pulpitis, the pus
from which, moving in the direction of the least resistance,
would in a molar most likely escape into the sinus and produce
empyema.

In the other form, an examination of Fig. 4 will show
that the two dentinal plates bounding the pulp cavity, P,
on either side, are normally fused at the tooth crown, but when
an arrest in fusion occurs, as is not infrequent, then the pro-
longation of the pulp cavity, P, is opened by wear and infection
of the pulp follows.

These two processes are essentially different in character.
In the former the infection of the pulp occurs through an ero-
sion which destroys and penetrates layers of enamel and dentine,
is a slow process which may require years for its accomplisli-

192 W. L. WILLIAMS.

ment : the other is unassociatad with disease of the dentinal
tissues and consists in an exposure and suppuration of the pulp
as the result of attrition. Naturally the latter occurs generally
in younger animals than the former.

Once purulent pulpitis is established the pus finds exit in
the direction of least resistance. The infection having entered
through the long axis of the tooth with the opening at the table
surface impacted with food particles, the pus can not usually
find exit in this direction. It may find its way through the
alveolus alongside the tooth into the mouth ; if a molar it will
probably escape into the sinuses, causing empyema ; in the pre-
molars it may escape upon the face externally, into the nasal
chamber direct, or into the turbines and later into the nasal
passages. The changes in the tooth crowns in these cases are
not uniformly of a detectable character while still in their posi-
tion in the alveoli. The small opening at E' of Fig. 5, Plate
IV, may be seen in a premolar, as in this illustration, but this
is an unusually large orifice and even it could not well be de-
tected in a molar. When the infection of the pulp is due to
non-fusion of the dentinal plates the opening on the table of the
tooth is usually far more minute than in the former and con-
sists generally of an almost invisible slit through which it is
difficult to pass a wire as large as a horsehair.

Two conditions frequently help in our diagnosis of these
cases. If in a case of empyema we can find alongside of a
tooth, whose fangs project into the sinus, a separation of the
gums from the side of the tooth we may feel assured that we
have found the offending tooth. In other cases we find the
molar split in two or more pieces, which also indicates that the
empyema is dental in origin and that the split molar is the of-
fending member. The splitting is antero-posteriorly and occurs
either through the central cement area, E' in Figs. 2, 3, 4 and
5 of Plate IV, or between the two dentinal plates at D. Some
authors assert that teeth become fractured by biting upon hard
substances, such as pebbles, but I have not been able to see a
case of splitting except as a result of diminished resistance be-

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 193

cause of the arrest in development in the dentinal plates or in-
fundibular cement areas.

Other conditions may be present which will indicate that
the empyema is of dental genesis. In some cases the tooth has
become loosened in its alveolus, dropped out and left behind a
communication into the sinus through which food passes, in
others we have found the tooth, along with food masses, pushed
up into the sinuses.

It is not always possible to promptly identify the offending
tooth nor to verify our opinion that the case is of dental origin.
This is well illustrated by No. 4418 of our clinic, wherein a four-
year-old mare was presented with empyema of the inferior maxil-
lary sinus on February 6, 1900. A diagnosis of dental origin was
made, but the identification of the affected tooth could not be
made by examination of the tooth crowns, nor could any definite
information be gleaned after trephining and removing the ac-
cumulated pus.

She was reentered on October 9, of the same year, trephined,
the diseased tooth not identified, the discharge largely ceased,
the foetor continued to some extent, there was no facial bulging.

She was entered a third lime on March 2, 1903, with mark-
ed bulging of the face, very foetid nasal discharge, emaciation,
quidding of food, first superior molar on the affected side split
into numerous fragments. The offending tooth having been
identified, complete and permanent recovery promptly followed
our handling.

In many of these cases when the examination of the tooth
crowns fails to determine the cause of the empyema or to iden-
tify the offending tooth, we may obtain definite evidence after
trephining by digital exploration of the sinus, and identifying
therein the naked, necrotic tooth fang. In those cases where
the lateral fangs are affected this is comparatively easy as a
rule, but when the necrosis is of the median fangs it is difficult
to reach, as the communication between the tooth and sinus is
on the median side of the nerve conduit, in the median com-
partment of the sinus, IM', Figs, i and 2, Plate I. If the nc-

194 W. L. WILLIAMS.

crosis involves the median fang of a premolar the escape of pus
being through the turbine or directly into the nasal cavity, it is
very difficult to discover the naked, necrotic portion.

The grinders do not all suffer from purulent pulpitis with
like frequency, hence a study of the tendency of a certain tooth
in the arcade to become affected may aid us in our search by
permitting a concentration of our efforts. In our cases with i6
traceable to dental origin, 13 were due to an arrest in the de-
velopment of the tooth tissues, and among these were 8 cases of
the first molar, 2 of the second molar and 3 of the premolars.
The 3 premolars caused empyema in the turbines while the first
and second molars affected the maxillary sinuses.

A third, and somewhat numerous, class of empyema due to
dental origin is found in aged animals when the teeth are worn
out. As the crowns of the teeth are worn away by attrition the
fangs are gradually pushed out of the alveoli, the pulp cavity
becomes obliterated, the central infundibulum disappears, the
enamel becomes exhausted, the tooth remnant decreases in its
antero-posterior diameter and is narrower at the gums than upon
the wearing surface, permitting and inviting the lodgement and
decomposition of food between them, leading ultimately to an
alveolar periostitis, which, following along between the tooth
and alveolar wall, finally pierces the adjacent sinus, admits food
into it and establishes empyema.

Authors loosely state that even in young horses, alveolar
periostitis arises from such lodgement of food between the teeth
and its decay, or by food being pushed into the alveolus along-
side the tooth, ultimately reaching the pulp, inducing pulpitis
and finally causing empyema by escaping into the sinuses.
There are no data known to the writer to support this conten-
tion, and in all our cases, and all specimens we have been able
to examine, pulpitis is uniformly a result of an infection which
has reached the pulp through the tooth crown, traversing either
the unsealed fissure between the two dentinal plates or through
the central^cement area. There is scant opportunity for food parti-
cles to insinuate themselves between the gums and shaft of the

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 195

tooth, and if they did so and bore ordinary germs of wound infec-
tion, an early suppuration would probably throw ofiF the foreign
body or even did it extend deeply into the alveolus it would not
likely invade the highly vascular tooth pulp, but be deflected into
less active tissues. In cattle we find an infection invading the
alveolus from the buccal cavity in the one affection of actino-
mycosis, but here the dental pulp rarely, if ever, suffers, though
the teeth become loosened in their alveoli.

If we examine Fig. 2, Plate IV, we will observe that the
contiguous teeth are divergent at their fangs and convergent at
their crowns. This arrangement pervades the entire arcade
and converts it into a truncated cone of six movable sections
with the fangs as a base. When the jaws are forcibly closed,
the same pressure forces the crowns against each other so firmly
as to preclude the possibility of food particles being impacted
between them. In addition to this provision it will be noted
at E", that no cement exists between the two grinding surfaces
at the top, the enamel being in immediate contact, and on the
table surface these plates stand up, cone-like, above the adjacent
dentine, dividing the food as a knife would and forcing the
particles aside. Taking these two factors, in conjunction with
the practically uniform absence of food particles between the
teeth in young horses, makes it exceedingly improbable that
alveolar periostitis so arises until the animal is quite aged.
Comparing Plate III, from an aged horse, we see at A in Fig.
I, interdental cavities in the alveoli which have resulted from
the decomposition of impacted food ; further back, a yet larger
cavity is noted on the palatine border of the alveolus of the sec-
ond molar, which has been removed. As a result of this de-
composition of food particles the erosion has made its way
alongside the tooth fang into the inferior maxillary sinus as in-
dicated by the sound in both figures. This form of empyema is
not rare in the aged. Probably far more rare is the allied form
of empyema as illustrated in Plate II and in Plate IV, Fig. i. In
this case the first molar is worn away except a mere vestige, in
the centre of which occurs an opening, possibly suggesting an

196 W. L. WILLIAMS.

originally defective cement area ; through this food has become
impacted, the tissues have eroded away, the food entered the
inferior maxillary sinus, destroyed the partition between it and
the superior, escaped upwards into the frontal at F' and destroy-
ing its median wall escaped into the nasal sinus.

The age of the animal, the worn-out teeth, the impacted food
between them, perhaps the discharge of the food particles or its
coloring matter with the pus from the nostrils usually serve
well to diagnose the origin of this form of empyema without
trephining into the food-impacted sinuses.

The 5 cases of empyema of the sinuses due to the presence
of malignant neoplasms in the sinuses, which we have included
in our statistics, all originated in the dental alveoli. The teeth
are normal but loosened in their alveoli, separated from each
other so that food may impact between them, the neoplasm in-
volves the tissues along the lateral side of the arcade as well as
the median side and the palate, the gums are detached from the
teeth, tumehed, bleed easily ; the teeth can be readily pushed
from side to side with the fingers. The facial bulging is gen-
erally marked, the filling of the sinuses leads to dyspncea, or
still more marked difficulty of respiration may be provoked by
the extension of the tumor into the fauces. These characters
are well shown in Plate V.

The differentiation between the empyema of dental origin
from that of malignant neoplasm prior to trephining is not
always practicable, but is generally comparatively easy. The
separation between the gums and teeth usually differ widely in
character in the two groups. In the cases of dental origin, if
the separation be present, it is almost always limited to a single
tooth or to a small area on one side, generally the median, of
one tooth, the separated border of the gums is not swollen, is
regular and sharp in outline, and presents for identification a
mere fissure between the tooth and gums.

In the malignant neoplasms, as shown in Fig. i, Plate V>
the antero-posterior area of the tumor, in A, is indicated by the
dotted line, 3, and includes the second and third premolars and

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 197

all the molars, in B the extent of the tumor is essentially the
same, while in C the new growth only involves the alveoli of
the molars. In each case there was a distinct tumor involving
the palate, the gums were widely separated from the teeth, the
neoplasms denuded of epithelium and bled easily on touch. In
neither case was there clinical evidence of cancer cachexia.

In order to complete our differentiation it is frequently essen-
tial to make exploratory trephine openings. Some have sug-
gested, and practiced, the making of numerous holes with a
small gimlet or drill in preference to the trephine. Good reason
for this does not appear.

A competent clinician can determine by percussion the area
of unnatural resonance. Wholly unnecessary doubt has been
thrown upon this point by Malkmus when he asserts in his
"Clinical Diagnosis" that when a sinus is only partly filled
with pus the change in resonance is unimportant or unrecog-
nizable. If we examine Plate I, we may understand how a
small collection of pus or other non-resonant matter might be
lodged in IM' without markedly changing the resonance of the
sinuses, but such a condition is exceedingly rare and if present
in this minor degree it is highly improbable that it can be dis-
covered by the small borings. If in the compartments marked
IM and SM, we have constantly found that so small an amount
as one fluid ounce is detectable by percussion. A ^ or ^ inch
trephine opening will heal without blemish in a few weeks and
is less dangerous than a gimlet hole. If the latter is used, some
of the borings may drop into a healthy sinus and induce empy-
ema, while an ample trephine opening affords efficient exit.

If a sinus is not diseased there is no warrant for a gimlet
hole ; if it is diseased there is no valid objection to making an
opening through which the character and extent of the disease
may be determined and remedial measures applied.

The location of the trephine opening may vary greatly. If
the cause of the empyema has been determined prior to the
trephining it should be made with special reference to conven-
ience in dealing with it. If a given tooth is suspected of being

198 W. L. WILLIAMS.

the cause the trephine opening should be in close proximity to
its fang. When the cause is quite undetermined the trephine
opening should be near the lower part of the affected sinus, in a
position to most likely afford ample drainage, or it may be made
at any part of the bulged or dull area.

Great variations will be noted in the bony walls of the sinus-
es. In some cases, whether the result of dental affections or of
malignant tumors, the walls are very thin and soft so that the
trephine drops through almost at once ; some are so thin and
soft that a trephine is superfluous and the opening can be made
with a strong scalpel. In other cases the walls are sclerotic,
almost as hard as the shaft of a long bone, and greatly increased
in thickness, making the trephining very tedious and diffi-
cult.

After making the opening the contents and mucous lining
are to be carefully examined. Malignant tumors usually reveal
themselves as soft, friable and highly vascular masses more or
less completely filling the sinuses, the surrounding spaces being
filled with pus.

In cases of interdental, palatine or other fistulse leading from
the oral cavity into the sinuses, food particles are very likely to
be found in varying amounts. Tumors of dental origin are
readily identified by experienced operators by their physical
characters. As already observed, when empyema in young
horses is due to defective cement or dentine areas, if not already
diagnosed by examination of the mouth, are largely identifiable
by discovering the roughened, exposed, necrotic area on the
tooth fang.

The presence of food in the sinuses indicates a communica-
tion with the mouth, but food may rarely be forced from the
nostril through the normal communication into the sinuses. A
disk of bone from a prior trephining has been found floating in
the sinus, and in one case a large piece of cheese cloth, lost by
the attendant, while caring for the wounds after a prior opera-
tion was found in the affected cavity.

Broken-down odontomes leave all varieties of tooth tissues.

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 199

cement masses, ivory, irregular masses of tooth tissues of vary-
ing sizes.

In obscure cases the search should be thorough and repeated.
The number of trephine openings is not material and enough
should be made, if necessary, to permit thorough examination
of all available parts. Reflected light aids much in some cases,
at times the metal probe is very useful, but wherever it is possi-
ble the surgeon's finger is the best exploratory sound.

When we have fully determined the cause we are in a posi-
tion to make a reliable prognosis. In case of such malignant
neoplasms as we have illustrated, there is no hope for recovery
or benefit by any known method of handling.

In the extremely aged animals with worn-out teeth and with
fistulae from the mouth to the sinuses, permitting food particles
to pass from the mouth into them, it is rarely worth while
attempting to handle it, the possibility of effecting a cure is re-
mote, the condition is likely to reappear in connection with
another tooth, and, at the best, the teeth are probably all practi-
cally worn out and the animal virtually useless. The only hope
for recovery is by removing the tooth or teeth which occupy the
alveoli through which the fistula passes, denuding the surface
of the fistula and hoping thereby to secure closure of the pas-
sage. Or we may plug the fistula in some cases with gutta
percha.

In cases of empyema due to odontomes which can be surgi-
cally removed without extreme mutilation of the face, and it is
exceedingly rare to meet inoperable cases, their removal, with
ample provision for drainage and disinfection offers an excel-
lent prognosis.

In cases dependent upon defective cement or dentine areas,
leading to purulent inflammation of the tooth pulp with escape
of the pus into the sinuses, the removal of the tooth with ample
provision for drainage and disinfection offers a highly favorable
prognosis, the recovery being prompt and permanent. If pos-
sible, the tooth should be drawn with forceps, otherwise it must
be repulsed after trephining. In repelling such teeth we

200 W. L. WILLIAMS.

greatly prefer the complete removal of the skin, subcutem and
periosteum over the disc of bone to be removed by the tre-
phine, in order that there shall be no damaged soft tissues to
obstruct the exit of pus or to become infected by the flow of
discharges over them. After trephining and definitely locating
the fang of the affected tooth we prefer to cut away the exter-
nal alveolar plate from the lower border of the trephine open-
ing down into the mouth, laying bare the lateral surface of the
tooth throughout its extent. The tooth may then be repulsed
with punch and mallet, or comminuted with the aid of the
bone chisel and the fragments carefully removed.

Great precision need be exercised in removing all fragments
of dental tissue, since otherwise the part cannot heal. It is also
essential to prompt recovery that ample drainage be provided
for eajh portion of the affected sinus. In case of the maxillary
sinuses we need provide drainage for the lateral and median
compartments, indicated by IM and IM' in Fig. 2, Plate I.
For IM we secure good drainage by making our trephine open-
ing close against the zygomatic ridge and at the most anterior
part of the cavity. In order to secnre ample drainage for IM'
we need make an opening through the inferior turbine into the
nostril below the dotted line, IM'. This nasal opening should
be large and kept quite open for 24 to 48 hours by drawing
through it, and retaining there, a .strip of cheese cloth or other
suitable material. In order to make this opening with facility we
need make a second trephine opening near the tear duct, S,
Fig. 2, Plate I, through which the operator can pass a finger
against the turbine, then with the other hand pass an instru-
ment of sufficient rigidity and length and slightly curved at
the end, up the nostril until it is felt by the finger within the
sinus ; at the proper point force the instrument through the tur-
bine into the sinus, enlarge the opening sufficiently and draw the
strip of cheese cloth in through the trephine opening, out through
the nostril and tie the two ends together on the side of the face so
that it may not become dislodged. A metal mare catheter, a
Eustachian catheter, or a long, curved pair of human uterine

EMPYEMA OF THE FACIAL SINUSES OF THE HORSE. 201

dressing forceps will answer for the purpose of making the
opening in the turbinated bone. In rare cases nature has pro-
vided proper drainage, but usually it is not complete. In Platelll,
Fig. I, at B, the opening is not direct through the turbine into
the nostril, but through the floor of the inferior maxillary sinus
into the upper compartment of the turbine and from this it
opens into the nostril in such a way as to afford imperfect drain-
age Cor the maxillary sinus and adds to the difficulty by involving
the first compartment of the inferior turbinated bone. In order
to have been perfect, this opening needed to be nearer to the
palate and farther towards the ethmoid along the direction of
the dotted line passing to B.

An even more defective exit for the contents of the sinus is
seen in Plate II, where the food mass, F, must be forced up-
wards along the direction of the sound, S, to escape through
the damaged superior turbine, instead of escaping directly into
the nostril on a level of the dotted line, F.

Drainage having been provided its efficiency should be
maintained by keeping the exits free. The empty alveolus
should be kept plugged for the double purpose of keeping food
from passing into the sinus, and air from entering the mouth
through the trephine opening when the animal attempts to
drink. Water starvation occurs to some extent unless this pre-
caution is taken. The trephine wound should be left wholly
open from the first, affording immediate exit for pus and freely
admitting air and light into the cavity. As soon as the per-
manency of the opening through the turbine is assured, it too
is to be left wholly free, the cheese cloth strip being omitted.
It is erroneous to regard the lining of the sinuses as a wound
which needs be closed against air and light, but it needs be
looked upon as a suppurating mucous membrane which is nor-
mally in comparatively free communication with the air passages.
The after treatment consists of daily irrigations with warm
tatiseptics. If the cause has been detected and removed and
ample drainage secured, the suppuration should at once cease
ind the discharge thereafter be unimportant. If the discharge

202 W. L. WILLIAMS.

is considerable after the first 24 hours, either the original cause
still exists or the drainage is inefficient and the operation should
be amended accordingly. J

In those cases of empyema from undetermined eauses we
can only give ample drainage and disinfect. If our search has
been sufficient to exclude the continued existence of the origi-
nal cause we may expect satisfactory results.

As soon as the case is convalescent, when the discharge from
the sinuses has virtually ceased, which may be as early as 48
hours after operating, if the patient is otherwise robust and
healthy, it may be returned to work, if the surroundings are such
as to not make the appearance of the wound a serious obstacle.
The animal is quite as well off, so far as the affected parts are
concerned, at work as at rest.

Out of fourteen candidates, the Indianapolis Veterinary
College graduated ten at the March examinations.

Three hundred and F[FTy covers were laid for the Kansas
City Veterinary College annual dinner served at the Coates
House, March 6th, 1906. These dinners continue to prove
more and more popular with the alumni and students of the
institution.

The State Veterinary Examining Board of Missouri
has issued 450 certificates to practice in that State — 267 were
to non-graduates, 4 only of whom were registered under the ex-
amination clause ; 183 certificates were issued to graduates, 23
of whom passed the Board examination, the others being regis-
tered previous to the time limit stipulated in the Missouri law.
Of those holding State certificates only 9 reside outside of the
State.

Dr. Cozier (C. V. C), of Bellingham, Washington, con-
ducts an extensive hospital to accommodate his large practice.
The building was erected last year, and is 48 feet wide, 84 feet
deep, and two stories high. There are ten double stalls, four
of which are box stalls, and both large and small kennels for
dogs and cats. There are also on this floor the office, store
rooms, laboratory, and operating room, the latter being equipped
with operating tables for horses and dogs, while the laboratory
has most of the modern paraphernalia. The upper floor is de-
voted to sleeping rooms, feed room, toilet and elevator.

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 203

THE EDUCATION OF THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS
RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH.

By L. H. Pammel, Ph. D., Prof, of Botany. Iowa State College op
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association at Ames,

Januarj'. 1906.

On more than one occasion I have discussed the importance
of the veterinarian to the community. I speak to you not as a
veterinarian, but from the standpoint of the layman. I have
been deeply interested along the lines of work of the veterina-
rian. The day has happily gone by when the veterinarian is
looked upon as a mere horse doctor, or that such epithets should
be applied to him. The veterinarian is really one of the most
important persons in every community. He should occupy a
commanding position.

Nothing has done .so much to retard the progress of veteri-
nary medicine in this country as the quack and the subject of
quackery. He has elusively persuaded the average man in the
community that he knows all about the treatment of animals.
The science of veterinary medicine in all parts of the country
should unload itself as rapidly as possible from these imposi-
tions.

It is my opinion that the veterinarian should be most thor-
oughly trained in the biological, physical and chemical sciences.
In addition he must be a thoroughly trained veterinarian. He
should have general chemistry, qualitative and quantitative ; phy-
siological chemistry ; zoology, vertebrate and invertebrate ; com-
parative anatomy, and botany, especially morphology, physio-
logical and some general systematic botany. I would especially
emphasize among botanical lines, poisonous plants and bacteri-
ology and general morphology. There are certain zoological stu-
dies, it seems to the speaker, that properly belong to the more
technical part of the teaching of veterinary science and are as
important as materia medica, pharmacy, etc. But under the head
of chemistry the subject of physiological chemistry is important.

204 L. H. PAMMEL.

as it embraces a thorough knowledge of the subject of feeds and
feeding. There should be a combined course in which chemistry,
botany and zoology are important adjuncts to each other.

In my judgment the veterinarian should occupy a very im-
portant place in every community, for sanitary reasons. The
veterinaran needs above all a thorough scientific training in all
the sciences that underlie his profession. We owe to the veter-
inarian much along the line of comparative pathology and
comparative anatomy. We also need in the veterinary profes-
sion more research men, men who would dignify their calling
by papers of great importance. Much has been done by such
men as Dr. Bang, who has stamped his individuality on
the laws that exist in Denmark on the subject of tuber-
culosis and general inspection. To the Frenchman Nocard,
whose profound researches on tuberculosis are the admira-
tion of the scientific world. Dr. Salmon, who was long
head of the Bureau of Animal Industry, did much not only to
encourage purely research work of the Bureau of Animal Hus-
bandry of the National Department of Agriculture, but greatly
influenced present opinions on various contagious diseases,
particularly tuberculosis. He stood in defense of his position
like a stone wall where many people looked askance at his po-
sition. I say all honor to a man who had the courage of his
convictions and expressed them in spite of opposition. Kitt,
Ostertag and Drs. Kerhoff have placed the whole subject of
meat and sanitary inspection on a high plane in Germany.
These men had not only an excellent training in their chosen
work, but the whole range of sciences. The profession owes
much to Englishmen like Williams.

I think we are all agreed that a course in veterinary science
should be strong in these branches that pertain to the profes-
sion. On these I shall expand a little later.

The earliest establishment of a veterinary school was in
Lyons, France, in 1762 ; the second one was Charenton, France,
in 1763, and the third at Toulouse, France. Veterinary medical
education is comparatively young in the United States, although

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 205

the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush made an attempt to establish
a veterinary school in 1806 in the University of Pennsylvania.
Another attempt was made to establish a veterinary school in
the fifties, by Dr. George Dadd, in Boston. In 1857, an act for
the incorporation of the New York College of Veterinary Sur-
geons was signed at Albany, but nothing came of this effort.
The New York College of Veterinary Surgeons was opened on
November 23, 1864, with Dr. Liautard as the first professor of
anatomy, operative surgery and clinics. The progress of work
in connection with veterinary education in this country is
known to most of you, as it is comparatively recent.

When this the first school in the United States was establish-
ed, there was little demand for work of this kind. The only use
for graduates was to treat fancy bred stock in our larger cities.
Gradually, however, the country practice increased, but not as
it should, because too many stock-breeders and farmers con-
sulted quacks. The inspection of meat for export called for an
increased lot of men in the profession. The demand for this
class of trained men has been greater than that for professional
work in country and city.

An important matter connected with every branch of this
profession is the training required of the person desiring to en-
ter the profession ; this means that the entrance requirements
to the veterinary school or college must be made more rigid.
In most of our colleges little attention has been paid to the en-
trance requirements ; in fact many of the students who are at
the present day pursuing the course of veterinary medicine can-
not even claim to have graduated from a high school. The
two- and three-year courses in the veterinary schools and col-
leges are so crowded with strictly technical work that the stu-
dents do not have time to give any attention to English, Latin
or any of the so-called cultural studies. If the veterinarian is
to take his place among the other professional lines of work,
more attention should be paid to these cultural studies. I take
it the veterinarian should be a leader in his community, and to
do this he should be a broadly educated man. He should be

206 L. H. PAMMEL.

able to write a good paper in English. He should be able to
read one or two modern languages because a great deal of good
literature is published in foreign languages ; for instance, he
should be able to consult the late periodicals in French and
German, to say nothing of the excellent literature which is
found in Danish. I most heartily commend an article by Dr.
D. Arthur Hughes, who is not only a Ph. D., but a Doctor of
Veterinary Medicine, on the importance of the thorough, trained
scholar. The broadest and best training possible is needed by
the veterinarian if he is to occupy the commanding position he
is to take in the future. He not only would include in the
curricula French, German and a great deal of science, but let
this science be of the best kind. Let it not be of the superfi-
cial, the pseudo-science or veneer. In the well chosen words
of Dr. Arthur Hughes, — " Yet, strangely enough, many of them
have not been placed in strong light before young men of
natural aptitude for the work. Still less, never if I mistake
not, has there been a complete presentation of the demands for
the highest success in the various branches of the profession.
Men have been too apt to allow their minds to dwell upon evils
about them — the amusingly ignorant quack and his quackery
— and the minds thus clouded, to forget the other side of the
picture."

The day is at hand for highly trained veterinarians, the op-
portunities are great. Dr. Hughes says, and I want to quote
at length, — "The stigma upon this profession, if there is a stig-
ma, is caused by a too low standard of education. That is a
false notion, and ludicrous, because it is so false, that men whose
lives are given to studies in comparative medicine are of neces-
sity inferior in mind. We might as well apply the axe to the
root of the tree and say that this groundless opinion is based
upon the observation of the public that the veterinarian in this
country has not had the amplitude of knowledge demanded of
him by his science, that thoroughness of training expected of a
professional man, that positive familiarity with the many
branches and recent advances in comparative medicine and bi-

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 207

ology which it is accustomed to expect of a scientist. A change
will come in public opinion when ignorance, always the butt
of the satirist, is displaced by knowledge ; when the standard of
education for admission of members to the profession is raised
to cover the advances in modern medicine ; when the graduates
have a familiarity with, not a few, but all the branches of vet-
erinary science in a degree at least equal to that required in
Europe. French, English, and more particularly German
standards of education have remodelled the universities in this
country during the last twenty-five years and made them the
pride of the nation. When a similar change comes over the
veterinary colleges in America we will have a training suit-
ed to American conditions, at least as valuable to us as that of
Alfort is to France ; Giessen, Dresden and Berlin are to Ger-
many, and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons is to the
British world. When such a change comes, our graduates will
be those of a long and thorough training, proved knowledge
and scientific efficiency. It is time that the veterinary profes-
sion should be undecided in some things. Plain speaking is
likely to bring out the truth. The ungarnished truth is that
in our training we are lapping far behind Europe. There are
not and cannot be any short cuts to a thorough knowledge of vet-
erinary medicine as it is taught and practiced in the old world.
If we bemoan the state of things in the profession, the fault is
entirely in ourselves. We need a fuller equipment for our work.
We need to go over in our preparation every branch of the many
branches of the science, conscientiously and faithfully. We
must of needs be masters in observation and the record of ob-
servations, skilled in the theory of medicine and practiced in
clinical medicine, abreast of the times in pathology and bacte-
riology, adepts in posology and not mere amateurish dabblers in
drugs. We must be sterner and more intense students, wider
in our reading. We must in our preparation for the study of
medicine have a knowledge at least equal to that required in
human medicine and in our medical training we must cover the
whole field earnestly and consistently. In this age, which is

208 L- H. PAMMEL.

tingling with intellectual activity, when advances in science
occur hourly, when there is such zest in research — who are we
that we should be so foolish as not to know what is required of
us ? The standard of our training must be raised. The time
required for our training must of needs be longer. The times
require it, and the state of the profession demands it." Those
who have had some work as instructors in the classroom can
appreciate fully the importance of a longer time for training.
Therefore I want to make a plea for higher entrance require-
ments for the veterinary course to our schools and colleges.

In looking over the work in the University of Pennsylvania,
which may be looked upon as ranking high among colleges, I
find the entrance requirements to the veterinary course as fol-
lows:

Candidates who have received a collegiate degree, or who
have passed the matriculate examination of a recognized col-
lege, or who hold a certificate covering the requirements stated
below, from a recognized normal or high school, are admitted
without examination. Other candidates for admission are re-
quired : (i) to write an essay of about three hundred words, as
a test of orthography and grammar ; (2) to pass an examina-
tion in elementary physics (as in Gage's Introduction to Physi-
cal Science). Graduates of recognized veterinary schools
requiring three years' attendance may enter the third year with-
out examination. Students who have attended one or more
sessions in a recognized veterinary school will be allowed credit
for time, but must pass an examination upon entrance. Grad-
uates of recognized colleges of pharmacy are admitted to
the first year w'ithout an entrance examination ; and, on passing
examinations in general chemistry, materia medica and phar-
macy, are excused from attending lectures in those branches,
and from performing the corresponding practical work in the
chemical and pharmaceutical laboratories.

The entrance requirements to the New York State Veteri-
nary College, Cornell, are as follows : Candidates for admission
to the State Veterinary College, except those specified below,

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 209

must pass satisfactory examinations in the following subjects :
I. English. 2. American history and civil government. 3.
Plane geometry. 4. Algebra, as much as is contained in the
larger American and English text-books, and any three of the
following: 5. Elementary French. 6. Elementary German.
7. Latin grammar and Csesar. 8. Virgil, Cicero, and Latin
composition. 9. Entrance Greek. 10. An amount of any
group of the following, making the equivalent of two years of
high school work : physics, botany, geology, vertebrate zoology,
invertebrate zoology, advanced French, advanced German.
Students are admitted without further examination on the Re-
gents' Veterinary Student Certificate. The New York law re-
quires a four year course of successful high school work equiva-
lent to 48 academic counts.

Efforts are being made to raise the standards of entrance re-
quirements to the veterinary course in the Iowa State College,
in order to allow of a better training.

The following comparative table shows the required work
for the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine in the New
York Veterinary College, the University of Pennsylvania and
the Iowa State College ; the numbers given here are university
or college counts. The usual time for a clinic being from 2-3
hours.

Anatomy

Animal Husbandry

Botany

Bacteriology

Conformation and soundness . .
Chemistry and urinary analysis

Hippology

Horseshoeing 2 o 2

Infectious Diseases "j

Meat and Milk Inspection, Par- V . 5 10 6

asitism and Sanitary Science j

Jurisprudence 2 4 i

Materia Medica and Pharmacology 36 6

U. of Penn.

Cornell.

Iowa.

No. Counts.

No. Counts.

No

. Counts.

15

23

24

3

21

5

0

5

5

6

3
2

9

8>^

II
2

210 L- H. PAMMEL.

4

2

8

6

6

lO

8^

12

i8

24

2

2

6

O

See Parasitism

8

Medicines, Theory and Practice. . 19 12 12

Microscopy, Histology and 1 87

Embryology /

Obstetrics and Zootechnics .... 6

Physiology 14

Pathology 5

Surgery 17

Surgical and Medical clinics ... 36
Diagnosis and Therapeutics ... 6

Thesis and Research o

Zoology 3

Total 155 132! 165

It will be seen from the above outline of the courses given
in the three institutions that the veterinary department of the
Iowa State College lays considerable stress on the subject of
animal husbandry work, Cornell giving three hours, while our
institution gives twenty-one hours. This is perhaps more than
is actually needed. The subject of animal husbandry is cer-
tainly of great importance to the veterinarian. The veterina-
rian above all should be familiar with every branch of the live-
stock industry. He should be familiar not only with the prop-
er aspects of breeding, but the fundamental laws in zoology,
taking up such problems as heredity and environment. As
factors in development of an animal, Cornell University lays
some emphasis on the subject of research. This, too, is emi-
nently proper, because the veterinarian should not only be a
well-informed man, but he should be familiar with the research
methods. Hippology should be given an adequate space in the
veterinary curriculum. The veterinarian engaging in the mil-
itary service will find abundant opportunities for his skill.
Some stress, it seems to me, should be laid on forage plants and
the chemistry of feeding.

From what I have said it is very evident that the require-
ments in the future for a veterinarian shall be much more dras-
tic than they have been. Laws should be enacted in various
States which would give us not only a better trained profession

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 211

but a better system of local and State inspection. The prob-
lems are certainly sufficiently important to warrant it and to
demand prompt action. Let us take up a few of the problems :
Our attention naturally turns first to the subject of milk and
milk supplies. We know that fresh milk practically contains
no organisms except as they come in through the fore milk.
While it is not possible to obtain by ordinary practice sterilized
milk, yet the number of organisms may be very materially re-
duced by the proper care of milk. As to the number of organ-
isms found in milk the following figures will give us some idea.
Con, in his Agricultural Bacteriology, reports as follows: —

Number of Bacteria per CC.
In fore milk, 55,000 At close of milking, 00

In fore milk, 97,000 At close of milking, 500

Now city milk contains a very large supply of organisms,
chiefly because it is transported a long distance, allowed to
stand, probably also with the accumulation of some dirt.

It is believed by bacteriologists that the number of organ-
isms present in milk is a pretty good indication of the sanitary
condition of the same, at least this method of investigation is
relied upon in several of the Eastern cities and some of the
Western. For instance, the town of Montclair, N. J., having a
population of 13,962, the health inspector, Mr. M. O. Leighton,
has carried on a bacteriological examination of milk delivered
in the city. His investigations extended over a period of two
or three years and proved to his satisfaction that the sanitary
condition of dairies can be safely judged by the number of bac-
teria in the product. All the samples of milk which he exam-
ined in this connection had been bottled at the dairies, and so
far as possible they were taken from the evening milking, their
age, when examined.

The inspection of dairies by the veterinarian, as the inves-
tigations of Mr. Leighton show, is, therefore, an important piece
of work. It is a part of the veterinarian's business to see that
the stables are so constructed where good drainage can at all
times be secured. There should be ample provision for light

212 L. H. PAMMEL.

and ventilation and the manure troughs should be built in such
a way as to facilitate the cleaning. Mr. Leighton states with
reference to the examinations of milk from good clean dairies, —

" The cattle in these stables are carefully groomed, fed upon
wholesome food, and regularly attended by a veterinarian. The
attendants employed are kept personally clean, and are provided
with every facility for maintaining their cleanly condition
throughout the milking period. Of highest importance are the
dairy houses in connection with these first three establishments.
In them are provided tight steam chests, in which all utensils
necessary in the preparation of the product for the market are
exposed to steam under pressure and thoroughly sterilized. The
other principal features in connection with the dairy houses are
the coolers over which the milk flows as soon as it is drawn
from the cows, from whence it goes to the bottler and is bottled
immediately."

One might think that it would be next to impossible to
have clean dairies and surroundings, only in the finer equipped
establishments, but Mr. Leighton found that in one of the old-
fashioned stables, where great care was used, in spite of the
rough projections, innumerable cracks and all the disadvan-
tages common in country stables, there are evidences of care
and attention everywhere. The explanation to him of the
first high results noted at the beginning of the record brought
about all the alterations suggested. The owner is an ideal
dairyman in spite of his poverty.

The demand for inspection is not only required where milk
is delivered in the cities, but for those who are using milk in
dairies and creameries.

Mr. Wilbur J. Fraser, of the University of Illinois, states
the case as follows : " There are, and doubtless always will be,
certain men producing milk who, from the slovenly methods
they practice, are a disgrace to the dairy business. Such laws
should be enacted, and such a system instituted, as will compel
these men to be decent in their practices in handling milk or
quit the business. It is time the dairymen moved in this mat-

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 213

ter and asked for inspection. If they do not, the public will soon
do so, and when such matters are taken in hand by those who do
not have the necessary technical information on the subject,
the business may be injured and injustice done to honest dairy-
men who are putting out a good grade of milk."

There are many dairies in the State of Iowa that supply
milk to city patrons that should not be permitted to operate.
We have before us the deplorable condition of certain dairies
not very far distant from the college here at Ames. I have been
upon farms in this State during the past few seasons where the
dairy cattle waded in mud up to their ankles and these places
are sometimes pointed out as being model farms in all that per-
tains to the management of that institution.

Now, you may ask why should the veterinarian be called upon
to inspect what seems not in his profession. I take the ground
that the whole subject is one of health and disease ; that where
such bad conditions prevail it naturally leads to disease of some
kind and the only one capable of clearly defining these diseases
is the veterinarian ; hence, this matter of inspection should
properly belong to him. He may call in, of course, as many
expert bacteriologists as he desires, but for an opinion as to dis-
eases and general management of this inspection, the veterina-
rian's certificate should be required. When we come to con-
tagious diseases we know that a number of the same are
transmitted through milk. It is no longer disputed that food
like milk, oysters, do transmit typhoid fever. Swithinbank
and Newman make this statement :

" We have seen that the disease is commonly spread by pol-
luted excreta ; in its early stages by alvine discharges, in its
later stages and during convalescence, in a certain number of
cases, by the urine ; that the bacillus may remain in the body
for long periods after convalescence, and hence apparently
healthy persons may carry about and possibly disseminate the
seeds of the disease for months or even years ; that the bacillus
may be voided in countless numbers during such periods ; that
under certain circumstances such discharges, or the dried dust

314 L. H. PAMMEL.

resulting ultimately therefrom, may contaminate water or milk ;
that when this accident occurs, a comparatively small pollution
may lead to a widespread epidemic among persons consuming
such water or milk ; and finally, that there is some evidence
to suppose that the virus of the disease may remain dormant
but alive for long periods of time in a saprophytic stage of
existence. But little reflection will be necessary to convince
any careful observer that an intelligent appreciation of these
facts is of essential importance in considering the relationship
of polluted milk to typhoid fever, or as, in part, explanatory
of spasmodic or apparently spontaneous or repeated out-
breaks."

Schnder arrived at the following conclusions concerning six
hundred thirty-eight epidemics of typhoid fever studied by him :
" It seems that 70.8 of such epidemics were produced by drink-
ing infected water, 17 per cent, by drinking infected milk and
3.5 per cent, from other forms of food, 9 per cent, by wearing
the clothes of the typhoid patients, dust, etc." The following
statement of the subject will be of interest in this connec-
tion.

Sedgwick in his " Principles of Sanitary Science and Public
Health " makes the following interesting comments of the spread
of typhoid fever in the village of Marlborough, Mass., through
skim milk. " In August and September, 1894, a small epi-
demic of typhoid fever appeared in the city of Marlborough,
Mass. Various ' theories ' of the cause of the outbreak were
held or suggested, and the local newspapers contained numer-
ous letters on the subject, some alleging that the water supply
was infected, some that the sewers were to blame, and some
that accumulations of filth, especially dump-heaps, were respon-
sible. The localization of the cases, however, not only dis-
proved these theories but also suggested milk as the probable
cause. It soon became evident, nevertheless, that none of the
regular milkmen were involved, the cases apparently deriving
their milk supplies from a variety of different sources. Event-
ually, however, it turned out that there existed within the city

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 215

itself a creamery from which was despatched daily a wagon
loaded with skimmed milk (separator milk), and that nearly all
the cases of typhoid fever had been supplied with such skimmed
milk either from this wagon or directly from the creamery
itself. Further investigation showed that the driver of the
skiramed-milk wagon was at the time of the inquiry living on
the upper floor of the creamery, and just recovering from a
severe attack of typhoid fever. This young man had not only
been the driver of the wagon, but had also worked over the
milk, transferring it, filling cans, and otherwise making him-
self useful about the creamery."

We come now to the subject of the conveyance of other in-
fectious diseases, namely, scarlet fever and diphtheria. These
diseases will be treated collectively although there is no rela-
tion between them from a bacteriological standpoint. There
seems to have been evidence for a long time that scarlet fever
is conveyed by milk. As early as 1882 the medical inspector
under the government local board of North London thought he
had pretty good evidence of the conveying of scarlet fever
through milk. In this case, however, it was supposed by Mr.
Power that the disease occurred in the animals on a certain
farm. Dr. Klein, investigating the question at the time, ob-
tained negative results in most instances.

Swithinbank and Newman record the evidence of yarious
outbreaks of scarlet fever as due to milk as follows :

City. Year. Cases. Deaths.

Handsworth 1876 37 4

Fallowfield, Manchester 1879 ^ 35

Paddington arid Bayswater 1880 Families 84

Halifax 1881 510 86

Greenock 1882 20

Dundee 1883 17 4

Sutton Goldficld 1891 40 5

Glasgow 1892 - 236 II

Hastings 1893 40 i

Beverly and Salem 1901 60 11

Now turn to the subject of diphtheria. We find that the

216 L. H. PAMMEL.

evidence of transmission is usually supposed to be much better
than in scarlet fever, but the facts do not bear it out.

What relation does the subject of diphtheria bear to the oc-
currence of the somewhat similar disease in lower animals, and
how far may the veterinarian be called upon to prevent out-
breaks of this disease, is a question of practical importance.
There is no longer any doubt in the minds of bacteriologists and
sanitarians that the organism described by Klebs in 1883, and
since known as Klebs-Loffler bacillus, is the cause of this dis-
ease, the organism having been found in the false membrane in
patients suffering from this disease and time after time found to
be the cause. It is a well-known fact that the diphtheria organ-
ism produces in addition to the false membrane, general poison-
ing, muscular weakness, and tendency to albuminuria. It is
further recognized that certain other bacteria are concerned in
producing secondary complications, such as suppuration, and
gangrenous conditions. It is a well-known fact also that there
are other organisms resembling the Klebs-Loffler bacillus that
so closely resemble it in some of its culture and morphological
characteristics and the clinical symptoms produced by them
that it is difficult to diagnose the cause unless cultures of the
Klebs-Loffler bacillus are made.

As to the distribution of the organism and nature the re-
ports are somewhat conflicting. It is a well-known fact that
dried diphtheria membrane kept in the presence of light and at
room temperature contains living and virulent diphtheria bacil-
lus at the end of several months. The same results have been
obtained with bacilli obtained from cultures kept on dried
threads. It is therefore very evident that this organism has
considerable vitality. On the authority of Prof. Sims Wood-
head : " the persistence of the diphtheria bacillus for periods up
to eight weeks is of very common occurrence whether antitoxin
be given or not ; indeed, the majority of cases appear to retain
bacilli in the throat for from two to nine weeks." Other cases
might be cited, but it is not necessary to enter into detail on
this occasion.

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 217

Suffice it to say that the veterinarian should also be our
guardians for outbreaks of this kind.

Let us briefly turn our attention to this subject of tuberculo-
sis. No other disease in modern times has attracted so much
attention as the subject of tuberculosis, because of the large
number of deaths annually occurring: in all parts of the civilized
world, and also because it so widely affects bovine animals. The
organism discovered by Koch in 1882 as the cause of this dis-
ease certainly has had a most important bearing upon the sub-
ject of the treatment of the disease. The disease, at first sup-
posed to be hereditary, although known to be contagious as
early as 1843, when Klenke had produced tuberculosis in rab-
bits by intravenous injection of tubercular material. But to
Villemin belongs the credit of having first carried on systematic
experiments in proving that this disease is contagious.

In a recent general summary of the subject by Dr. Harris,
the following essential facts are given :

Variety of Tuberculosis. — This has been the subject of re-
peated investigations during recent times, especially so since
the address of Koch at the Congress of Tuberculosis in 1901 in
which he made the statement that human and bovine tubercu-
losis were distinct, and that if a susceptibility of the human
subject to the latter exists, infection is of very rare occurrence —
so rare that it is not advisable to take any measures against it.

Previously to this, Theobald Smith had pointed out differ-
ences between human and bovine tubercle bacilli, the most im-
portant being that the latter possesses a much higher virulence
to the guinea-pig, and other animals, and in particular that hu-
man tubercle bacilli, on inoculation into oxen, produce either
no disease or only local lesions without any dissemination. He
also found that the bovine bacilli on cultivation grow less vig-
orously for a time, and tend to be shorter and straighter than
the human bacilli. Koch's conclusions were based chiefly on
the result of his inoculations in the bovine species with human
tubercle bacilli, the result being confirmatory of Smith's, and,
secondly, on the supposition that infection of the human

218 L. H. PAMMEL.

subject through the intestine is of very rare occurrence.
Muir and Ritchie in their recent text-book on the subject
of bacteriology (the American edition edited by Dr. Harris) en-
tirely disagree with the opinions expressed by Koch and hold
to the view expressed by many of the English, French and
Danish veterinarians. They say that the ox is little suscep-
tible to human bacilli may be accepted, but it does not follow
that the converse is true, namely, that the human subject can-
not be infected from the bovine species, seeing that bovine tu-
bercle bacilli have been found to have a greater virulence for
all animals tested than bacilli from the human subject. More-
over, there are cases, notably those recorded by Ravenel, in
which direct inoculation of the human subject with bovine tu-
bercle has occurred. Even if the human subject is little sus-
ceptible to bovine tuberculosis, it is quite likely, in view of the
large proportion of young subjects exposed to infection, that
the number of cases of tuberculosis produced in this way is by no
means small. And, furthermore, although the ox is little sus-
ceptible to human tubercle bacilli, tuberculosis with general
infection has been produced in calves by means of them on
more than one occasion. Such a result has been obtained by
Ravenel, and also, in this country, by Delepine. There are
also facts which go to show that tubercle bacilli cultivated
from lesions in young children have a higher degree of viru-
lence for animals than those obtained from adults ; that is, they
resemble more the bovine bacilli ; this is what on« might ex-
pect if the bacilli in question had come comparatively recently
from the tissues of the ox. As at present the subject is still
under investigation in this and other countries it would not be
justifiable to dogmatise, but in the meantime, we see no sufl5-
cient reason to depart from the view entertained up to this
time, that the tubercle bacilli infecting mammals are of one and
the same species, though differences in virulence obtain and
that milk containing tubercle bacilli is a highly important
source of infection to the human subject. It may also be added
that tubercle bacilli obtained from other mammals than the ox

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS RELATION TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 219

generally correspond more closely, as regards their virulence or
inoculation, with bovine than with human bacilli.

This seems to me to be a fair statement of the case. You
arc at liberty, of course, to take whatever view you choose.
The evidence, it seems to me, is that we are dealing with a
somewhat polymorphic species which occurs under slightly
varying conditions in bovine animals, man and fowls. The
organism, it seems to me, as it occurs in bovine animals is con-
tagious to man. Whether you accept these views or not it is
certainly pertinent to the question whether cattle and all forms
of meat should not be inspected. The claim has been made by
several packing-house people that hogs coming from certain
dairy districts are much subject to intestinal tuberculosis ; that
they have observed a relationship existing between tuberculosis
and the use of milk from creameries. May we not also ask
therefore that all meat supplies should be inspected whether
for export or interstate commerce. Should not our common-
wealth demand or make provisions for a district inspection.
Every county, or when the city is large enough, should have
an abattoir where all kinds of live stock should be inspected.
There is no reason why the people of Europe should have more
wholesome food than we are enjoying. If we are to have in-
spection we should have inspection both of the live and slaugh-
tered animals. If the inspection that I have in mind shall be
carried on by the veterinarian, it means that he should be
broadly educated and that he will occupy a commanding posi-
tion in the community. I must, therefore, maintain, that
nothing in the way of education is too good for the veterina-
rian. Let the calling of the veterinarian be dignified by the
laymen and the profession itself. Let an active body of laymen
by the help of the veterinarian secure more favorable legisla-
tion to secure better and more wholesome food. This great
commonwealth with its wealth of live stock should secure
the passage of the best inspection laws of any State in the Union.
With good inspection and the eradication of tuberculosis from
our herds, there will be a larger demand for our blooded stock.

220 REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

** Careful observation makes a skillful practitiontf^buthis skill dies with him. Byre-
cording his observations^ he adds to the knowledge of his profession^ and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.^^

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA.*
By Dr. G. W. Kinsey, Wheeling, W. Va.

Noticing an article in the December number of the Ameri-
can Veterinary Review by Dr. E. L. Moore, of the Dakota
Agricultural College, describing a case of diaphragmatocele,
whose symptomatology differed so radically from the one I had
occasion to visit professionally, about the same time, I thought
perhaps a recital of this case would be of some interest to the
profession.

The animal was a bay gelding, five years old, weighing
about 1 200 pounds, and belonged to a farmer who lived about
ten miles from town. While on his way to market one afternoon
between three and four o'clock the horse was watered at a road-
side trough near the top of a hill, perhaps a half-mile long.
On going down the hill a short distance the owner noticed the
horse twisting his tail and showing signs of pain. When I saw
the animal, about an hour and a half afterward, he presented
the following symptoms : Temperature normal, pulse full and
rather soft, bowels loose, spasmodic pain, with an inclination to
walk as the pains came on. During the two hours that I was
with him he laid down but twice, and rolled furiously from
side to side, perhaps half a dozen times.

There was a slight distension of the nostrils, which became
more prominent as the case progressed. Perhaps the most dif-
ferential symptom from a case of spasmodic colic was the pecu-
liar stiff elevated position of the head and neck without looking
around or turning to one side. This horse perspired none
while I saw him, and was practically under control at all times.
Medicinal treatment had little effect. The patient was seen
again about four hours later and a half hour before he died, and
presented the same symptoms, somewhat aggravated, except
the pulse had become hard and wiry, the nostrils more dis-
tended and the breathing short and hardly perceptible ; no in-
clination to lie down and moving continually.

♦Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Ohio State V.M.A., Jan 16, 1906.

REPORTS OF CASES. 221

On post-mortem the following morning the chest cavity was
found to contain some five to six gallons of blood or highly
colored serum and about fifty feet of the small intestines with
the attached peritoneum. These bowels had passed through
the foramen dextrum or lower opening in the diaphragm, which
is for the passage of the posterior vena cava. For fifty feet of
bowel to pass through this opening and be lodged in the chest
cavity would seem almost incredible and perhaps would be more
interesting from the standpoint of morbid anatomy. No gas
had accumulated in the bowels in either cavity to amount to
anything ; those in the abdomen were scarcely colored or in-
flamed, while those in the thorax were haemorrhagic, black and
filled with blood. The lungs were very light, floated upward
and perhaps one-third their natural size. The patient probably
died from intoxication, as no oxygen could be taken into the
blood. The history of the horse was that he had never been sick
before in his life. He lived scarcely nine hours after the attack.
The exciting cause was probably the drink of water and imme-
diately going down the hill.

I gave a diagnosis of colic with volvulus and probably or
possibly a rupture of the diaphragm. An unfavorable prog-
nosis was given.

The symptoms presented by the case reported by Dr. Moore
are as follows : — Animal bathed in perspiration, pulse imper-
ceptible, respiration labored, temperature 103.8 ; pawing with
the front feet occasionally, looking around, lying down and
usually stretching out on one side.

Rectal examination revealed the presence of a few balls of
faeces, dry and unmasticated. The attendants stated that dur-
ing the preceding night the patient had frequently sat on his
haunches like a dog for several minutes at a time. The history
of this case was that he had received a bushel of oats on Thurs-
day, was taken sick on Friday, and died Sunday morning about
two o'clock. He had twelve to fourteen feet of bowel impris-
oned in the thoracic cavity and lived perhaps forty hours.

These are the cases that require some mental strain in order
not to fall down, as we seldom meet with them in practice.
While the anatomical conditions are almost the same, the out-
ward manifestations may be quite different. One of these cases
had nearly four degrees of fever, the other had none. In one
the pulse was imperceptible, in the other full. In one the
bowels were constipated, in the other relaxed. One had a ten-
dency to look around, lie down and roll, the other to go straight

222 REPORTS OF CASES.

ahead. One perspired freely, the other very little ; and in con-
clusion I might add that about the only symptom in common
was that they both died.

A DIMINUTIVE FOAL WITH CONVULSIONS.
By William W. Yard, D. V. S., Denver, Colorado.

On March 12th I was called to jjo to the headquarters of a
circus eight miles from Denver. Upon arriving I found a colt
which had been born early in the morning in convulsions. The
mother was a small circus pony. Upon investigation I found
that about an hour after the colt was born it was taken with
convulsions, which were repeated all through the day up to this
time, which was 2.30 p. m.

In making an examination as to the cause. I found that the
colt was so small that it could not reach its mother's teat to
nurse. It was exactly 12 inches high, 18 inches long, and at
this time weighed 14 pounds. The hostler told me the colt had
tried to nurse at first, but could not, and that nothing passed
either the bowels or kidneys. Not having nursed the mother,
it was evident that not having the essential physic which the
new-born gets from the colostrum or first milk, a physic was
indicated. Upon looking over the stock of drugs which a circus
generally carries, nothing of this kind could be found. The
colt was getting weaker after each paroxysm, so as a last resort
an egg was beaten up and given the patient. At the expiration
of an hour the bowels moved freely, and by five o'clock in the
afternoon the colt was up and walking around.

I presume water would have had the same effect. The fact
of the liquid causing a shock to the intestinal walls started the
vermicular motion of the intestines. The colt is perfectly well,
and will start on its summer tour with its mother April 3d.

As THE Review goes to press it learns that the veterinari-
ans of Baltimore, Md., have started to raise a fund for the relief
of the veterinarians of San Francisco, many of whom lost every-
thing they possessed in the world including their homes. Al-
ways foremost in every movement for the advancement of the
well being of the profession. Dr. Wm. Dougherty called a meet-
ing of the practitioners of the Monumental City to consider
means of raising funds for the immediate succor of our brethren
on the Pacific Coast, and a respectable sum was subscribed at
once. The subscription list was thus started, and all subscrib-
ers to the Review are invited to unite with the Baltimoreans.

REPORTS OF CASES. 223

staked: a case of emergency.*

By J. H. McLeod, V. S., Charles City, Iowa.

On February ii, 1905, an urgent call came by 'phone to
visit a Shorthorn cow. She was four years old, carrying her
second calf, and shortly due. While talking to the owner was
informed that the cow, while attempting to jump out of the
yard, got impaled on a fence stake, the owner finding her in that
condition, and by hard lifting he succeeded in getting her off
the stake and into the barn. Was also informed that the case
was a desperate one, as the abdominal contents were protruding
from the incision.

The weather was below zero, the drive 11 miles and the out-
look for a recovery on the whole very bad, and so informed the
owner to that efiFect. He would not agree, however, and an at-
tempt at least should be made to relieve the cow.

On arrival my patient was standing in stanchions with a
very distressed appearance. Had laid down and got up several
times. On the off side and in the inferior diaphragmatic region
was the injury, and protruding therefrom quite a large portion
of the stomach and omentum. The animal was quite offen-
sively inclined, and would kick wickedly when an attempt was
made at examination. The hopples were quickly applied and
the cow placed on her back, the four feet securely locked to-
gether, and all made fast to the top of the row of stanchions.
The wound and that part of the stomach and omentum protrud-
ing (being very dirty and covered with white frost), were care-
fully washed and disinfected with warm creolin solution and
returned to the abdomen. The wound needed nothing only
trimming of the ragged edges and stitching, which was done
with a small seton needle, and a three-inch cotton bandage in-
terrupted X stitch through the whole integument, deep into the
muscles and skin, leaving a tube at lower aspect of the wound
for drainage, and dressed throughout with boracic acid. The
cow was allowed to get up, which she did with some help.
Sloppy feed ordered for a few days. The stitches were removed
in ten days, when there was good union throughout the wound,
and complete recover-

remarkable fecundity in domestic animals.
The following extraordinary cases came to the Review al-
most simultaneously, and are so remarkable as to constitute
records in each instance, so far as we have been able to learn.

•Preientcd to the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Vetf rinnry Association, January, 1906.

224

REPORTS OF CASES.

Seven Calves at One Parhirition.
By J. F. Winchester, D. V. S., Lawrence. Mass,

On March 20, 1906, on the farm of Mr. H. S. Hill, Pleasant
Valley, Methuen, Mass., a Durham cow, weighing 1. 100 pounds,
gave birth in two hours, to SEVEN CALVES, comprising four

males, weighing 30 pounds each, and three females, weighing
25 pounds each. All of these calves died during or directly
after birth. The cow did well.

Five Lambs at One Parturition.
By W. Reid Blair, D. V. S., New York Zoological Park.

These FIVE LAMBS were found in titero in a Chinese domes-

tic sheep, of the fat-tailed variety. The ewe died as tlie result of
congestion and oedema of the lungs just at approaching parturi-
tion. The lambs were fully developed in every respect, the
average weight being about three pounds, and the largest one
measured 18 inches in length.

SURGICAL ITEMS.

25!5

SURGICAL ITEMS.

By Drs. Louis A. and Edward Merillat, Chicago, III.

CRYPTORCHID CASTRATION ON THE OPERATING

TABLE.

From lime immemorial a certain particular position has
been regarded as a sine qua non in cryptorchid castration. It
was thought that the casting harness that firmly flexed the
hind legs upon the pelvis and spread them apart as far as their
elasticity would permit was the ojte and the only attitude that
rendered this operation possible. Miles, others before him and
many very skilful operators since his demise are responsible
for this widespread impression. Prof. Williams (February
Review, 1906), tries to prove this erroneous and says so in no
equivocal terms. We have it that a cryptorchid horse was suc-
cessfully castrated upon an operating table. The cryptorchid

Miles' method offtecutliiit .. u^y,^ ,<>•
' spreader " to still farther part tbe lets.

Ill I'luviked

226 SURGICAL ITEMS.

was no ordinary one. Several veterinarians had failed to
find the hidden testicle. The inguinal channel as a result of
the past bungling attempts to find the testicle was blocked
with an abundance of scar tissue. But in spite of these obsta-
cles the operation was successfully performed on the operating
table and no incident marred the convalescence. Forsooth, the
the operation was a success. Surely, after this, the old saying
" There is nothing new under the sun," will no longer stand
the acid test. On the one hand is the picturesque Miles, silling
flat upon the tail of a ridgling secured in the barn-yard with
sixty feet of rope, while on the other is the modern surgeon,
gowned in immaculate white, with his cryptorchid on a
scrupulously clean operating table, under profound anaesthesia.
This is, indeed, a transformation, but before adopting the
method as a standing one let us see if it is as ultra-practical as
we might be led to believe. This is a very pertinent proposi-
tion. It deserves to be well thrashed over before jumping
wildly and enthusiastically at a conclusion, which might easily
lead one into a very critical situation.

We will admit that the operation in question has shown
that a cryptorchid can be successfully castrated upon a special
operating table providing the subject is tinder profound ances-
thesia. But has it shown the practicability of the method ? We
think not. In the first place the ordinary operating table will
not answer the purpose. While standing upon the floor at the
p-itient's buttocks the operating region is out of reach and if one
climbs upon the table its narrow edge will be found decidedly
uncomfortable. It is, in fact, an impossible position on the
ordinary table. Furthermore, it is positively dangerous both to
patient and surgeon to lift a hind leg "ceilingward " without
first administering a general anaesthetic. A horse in that posi-
tion, not anaesthetised, will always tug violently with the up-
lifted leg and thus bruises the hip and strains the member. I
would warn veterinarians who o])erate for revenue against this
practice. Besides, will general anaesthesia ever be universally
administered for ridgling castration 1^ If not the operating table
will have to be eliminated and the old method revived. The
finality of the argument is that with the ropes the operation is
finished and the patient is at the feed box, little the worse from
the ordeal, before the tabled patient can be anaesthetised. Fur-
thermore, anaesthesia is superfluous in cryptorchid castration.
The operation does not provoke long-continued suffering. There
is some pain while incising the skin and a sharp pang when the

SURGICAL ITEMS. 227

testicular cord is emasculated, but otherwise there is no pain
that will compare with the discomfort of taking and reviving
from the anaesthetic.

Furthermore, while championing the cause of the operating
table as so very practical for riddling castration, it must not be
forgotten that few such operations are performed in the hospital.
These are nearly all out-of-door operations. The surgeon must
go to his patient with a portable restraining apparatus.

We have tried both the table and the rof^es for such opera-
tions, including ablation of the mammae, dissection of scirrhous
cords, and reduction of strangulated hernias, and have found
that the latter places the seat of operation in a much more acces-
sible position than the former, even if an anaesthetic is used.

Finally, it is absolutely wrong and positively misleading to
claim too much for any one of the various methods of restrain-
ing the horse for surgical operations. Some operations are much
more easily performed upon the operating table, others in the
stock, others with the ropes (or harness), and still others with
the single sideline in the standing position. To claim that any
one is particularly perfect under all circumstances is quite as
wrong as to condemn either one as being entirely useless. They
all have their good points, they all have their appropriate places,
and none are universally satisfactory.

The selection of the method of restraint is no small item in
any given equine surgical operation. It is a problem that should
be decided only after intelligent consideration. Certain indi-
viduals, certain morbid processes and certain seats of disease de-
mand particular restraining methods if all of the small things
which contribute to a practitioner's success is thought worth
while. It is quite as wrong to cast and tie up a horse on the
table or ropes for a trivial operation as it is to attempt a major
procedure in the standing position. And, again, a horse that
complacently submits to an operation of considerable magnitude
(firing, for example,) might have fought the recumbent restraint
most violently. It is also as harmful and as foolish to anaes-
thetize unnecessarily as it is to omit the anaesthetic during a
long painful dissection. These recommendations might be
enumerated indefinitely. The only point we wish to make,
however, is that of correcting an erroneous impression that any
one apparatus for securing horses is absolutely perfect under all
circumstances. The veterinarian who is daily engaged in oper-
ating on all-comers (the draft-horse, the cab-horse, the coach-
horse, the broncho, the cheap plug, etc., etc.), in all different

228 SURGICAL ITEMS.

states of health and for all manner of diseases, will very soon
discover the patent defects of any single apparatus and will very
soon learn to duly respect the good points of each of the stand-
ard methods.

The ropes will always retain their place among the expe-
dients to secure the large animals, because a large majority of
all surgical operations are performed outside of the hospital, if
not because certain ones are greatly facilitated by their use. It
is wrong to ignore them in training the student. They will be
compelled to use them more frequently than their polished ta-
ble in the hospital. It is a sin of commission to stigmatize
them and a sin of omission to fail to teach their appropriate
use. Many a neat surgical operation is performed with their
use every day. *

Fractured Premaxilla; caused with a ratchet moulh speculum, reported in the March
number of the Review.

The Ontario Veterinary College has graduated more
than 3,000 men in the 44 years it has been established.

Thp: veterinarians of Kansas who attended the Missouri
Valley Association in Kansas City in February, held a special
meeting to consider plans of campaign for procuring a veteri-
nary practice law in that State at the hands of the next Legis-
lature. The veterinarians of the State are waking up to the
fact that the practice laws recently enacted in the adjacent
States of Nebraska and Missouri are causing a great influx of
non-graduate practitioners into Kansas.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 229

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

GERMAN AND HUNGARIAN REVIEW.

By Adolih Eichhorn, D. V. S.. Bureau of Animal Industry, Great Bend, Kansas.

A New Remedy Against Tuberculosis {Extract p^om
a Lecture delivered before the German Agricultural Society^ by
Prof. V. Behring]. — The bovovaccine introduced by the author
into practice, has the mission to immunize young cattle against
tuberculosis, which then will produce in the course of a few
years milk adapted for the nourishment of babies. To accom-
plish quicker this purpose it would be recommendable to inocu-
late at the present milking cows ; for this object, however, the
bovovaccine is impracticable on account that a dose of the same,
which would prove harmless for newly-born animals, would
prove fatal to older animals with symptoms of oedema of the
lungs. While the introduction of material containing the liv-
ing bacilli under the skin is not accompanied with that danger,
however, the results of the inoculation are doubtful on account
of a large quantity of the inoculated material remaining under
the skin, thereby producing local tubercular processes which
then retards the process of immunity. This kind of preventive
inoculation of cows is also dangerous for the reason that from
the local tubercular nodules, living tubercle bacilli may enter
the circulation, and from there into the milk. The author an-
nounced before the Congress of Tuberculosis at Paris, a new
anti-tubercular product which will not possess the described
danger and still accomplish immunity in cattle. This prcduct,
however, must also be injected into the blood, and its produc-
tion is so expensive and lengthy, at the same time very unstable,
that its practical use would undoubtedly meet considerable ob-
jection. Lately, however, he succeeded in producing by a new
method a material which does not contain living bacilli, yet it
possesses the immunizing qualities. The new product, which
is named by B. ''■ tuberculase^'*'' is a yellow semi-solid mass, does
not spoil in transportation and is not very expensive ; animals
ought to be injected with it several times in from 2-4 weeks.
With this product H. has not only treated cows free from tuber-
culosis, but also those which appeared clinically healthy, yet
their milk was contaminated with tubercle bacilli. During the
treatment of these cows the bacilli disappeared from the milk.

230 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

This observation suggests the hope that it will be possible to
apply this product successfully against human tuberculosis.
On cows, however, which would suggest an infection similar to
that of human tuberculosis, this material has not yet been ex-
perimented on ; therefore the above described hopes are not yet
based on experimental results. Notwithstanding, B. is of the
belief that the material will be a success ; while he does not be-
lieve that it will effect cures in severe affections of human tuber-
culosis, but in cases of young people, applied at an early stage,
it will prevent the extending of the tubercular process, so that
with the aid of nature it will accomplish a cure and consequently
it will also prevent new infections. B. will not deliver the mate-
rial to the public before next fall ; his experiments will before
long prove their benefit and success, and he is gradually near-
ing his object to procure milk from cows, with which he will
be able to immunize babies against tuberculosis. — (AUatorvosi
Lapok.)

YoHiMBiN Hydrochloricum (Spiegel) — A NEW Aphro-

DISfAC AND A SPECIFIC AGAINST IMPOTENCE [//. Holter-

bach'\. — The bark of the yohimbehe tree was for the first time
brought to Europe in the year of 1895, after some explorers
noted in German Kamerun, that the natives prepared of the
same through boiling an effectful and harmless aphrodisiac.
Its active principle, yohimbin, was discovered two years
later by Spiegel. He isolated from the bark two alkaloids ; a
yellow substance, the yohimbenin, and a white, yohimbin.
The yohimbin hydrochloricum appears as white crystals,
which are slightly soluble in cold water, but very soluble in
distiUed hot water. In the form of tablets the drug remains
unchanged, while the solution is very unstable. At the An-
imal Physiological Laboratory of the Agricultural Institute
of Berlin the first experiments were carried out to study its
medical properties. The following was established : i. The
different species of animals reacted in different ways to yohim-
bin. 2. When administered in small doses the only result
noticeable was a very pronounced effect on the genitals, an
action peculiar to yohimbin only. 3. Bad effects of any kind
could not be noticed, and are po«;itively excluded. The action
was general and local. The former manifested itself in in-
creased liveliness of the animals, which after increasing the
dose, reached a state of very great excitement. The local
action manifested itself in a moderate hypersemia of the
mucous membranes ; in rabbits the ears, in dogs the muzzle

EXTRACTS FROM tXCHANGES. 231

were of a brighter red, and warmer, due to a dilatation of tlie
bloodvessels. The astonishing changes were noticed on the
genital apparatus. The testicles swelled in a few minutes,
sometimes immediately, and remained in that condition for
about one hour. The effect on the penis appeared shortly
after ; in the dog it became reddened, swelled easily, and passed
into a very strong erection. It is remarkable that an injection
of yohimbin into castrated dogs was also followed by erectio
penis, the same way as in uncastrated dogs. Consequently the
cause of the erection must lie in direct irritation of the erection
centre. The hyperaemia of the genitals lasts generally for a
few hours, then disappears gradually (with it also the erection)
without leaving any after effects. Notwithstanding daily in-
jections, lasting for four weeks, of yohimbin, no bad aftereffects
were noticed on animals ; in the same way no inflammatory
changes on the genitals. Yohimbin in large doses, however,
acts poisonous on respiration and heart's action ; the blood
pressure falls constantly from the moment of injection, the
pulse beats decrease correspondingly in number. Therapeuti-
cally the preparation is especially adapted for the treatment of
impotence in males, of which the principal cause is generally
neurasthenia. The author has successfully treated with yo-
himbin animals which suffered from nervous impotence, con-
sidering in this class all such cases in which after a very care-
ful examination no cause could be detected ; especially in bulls
and stallions he has many good results recorded. An accurate
determination of the dose in proportion to weight has not yet
been established. The author recommends on his experience
Ihe following doses : Dog, 0.002-0.005 gm. 3 times daily ;
hog, 0.05, 3-5 times daily; bull, 0.1-0.3, 3-5 times daily;
stallion, o.i, 3 times daily. The preparation can be adminis-
tered subcutaneously or per os. — (Deuisch. Tier. Wocheiischr.)
Thk Treatment of Spavin with Perforating Firing
WITH Frohner's Known Method. — Eighteen cases of spavins
were treated recently in the German Army. From these 11 re-
covered, 5 improved, while in 2 the treatment brought no
results. With Hoffmann's method 7 cases were treated, of
which 4 recovered and 3 improved. The following 2 cases are
noteworthy : In one, eight days following the firing an amber-
colored yellow discharge ran from the highest perforating canal ;
after two weeks a fluctuating swelling appeared on the outside
of the hock, from which about two tablespoonfuls of pus were
removed ; following this 30 gm.of Lugol's solution were inject-

23"2 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ed into the abscess, after which complete recovery took place.
In the other case, 13 punctures were made i cm. apart on the
spavin ; six days afterward the skin, which was painted with ich-
thyolcollodium, sloughed off. The wound healed in four weeks
and after eight weeks not a trace of the lameness could be no-
ticed.— { Allatorvosi Lapok.)

MORPHiUM Anesthesia. — Rosenbaum recommends in
larger (healthy) horses for the purpose of anaesthesia larger
doses of morphium ; before castration he injects i gm., in treat-
ing prolapse uteri 1.5 g. of morphium, and the excitement and
straining cease. — {Allatorvosi Lapok.)

GERMAN REVIEW.

By J. P. O'Leary, D. V. S , Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y.

Calving Fever (Parturient Fever) {^Kreistierdrzt
David]. — D. has been occupied with the study of parturient
fever and its origin. This skilful practitioner, who died sev-
eral months ago, conjointly with his assistant Karnetzky, made
accurate notes of the symptoms, temperature, success or failure
of the treatment ; likewise of atmospheric and dietetic condi-
tions of the animals. His reports are extremely interesting and
deserve full consideration. They are reported verbatim as fol-
lows : " We have come to certain important conclusions other
than those usually given in the text-books. Before all, we are
not satisfied with the theory which tells us that the etiology of
the disease is based upon the formation of toxines, whether they
originate in the udder or uterus ; particularly since the use of the
air treatment. That theory concerning the etiology of a disease
is doubtless the best by which enforced explanations may be
given. Dr. Arnsohn was first to express the thought that par-
turient paralysis was due to an arterial anaemia of the brain,
induced by a forcible diversion of blood to the udder. This
purely physical theory, which was not elaborated by the origi-
nator, we consider an important one according to our observa-
tions. By means of this theory all the symptoms of parturient
fever can be easily explained, surely more easily than by any
other chemical, bacteriological or physical theory which has
been advanced thus far. We shall try, therefore, to substantiate
this purely physical theory. Thomassen (quoted according to
Franck's Obstetrics) has arranged the following five questions.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 233

which any theory of parturient paresis must answer : (i) Why
this disease is present exclusively in cattle ? (2) Why in later
life (that is, after the birth of the third calf)? (3) Why in good
milch cows which have calved easily? (4) Why this disease
appears at least 48 hours before or after calving? (5) Why this
disease develops suddenly and also disappears rapidly ? If an
intense congestion of one organ (the udder) in this case, pro-
duces anaemia of another organ (the brain), the udder must have
possessed in the first place a prodigious receptive faculty for
blood. This faculty is present among all our domesticated ani-
mals only in the udder of cows and especially in the udder of
good milch cows. Young cows as a rule give less milk than
older ones. Usually the highest point of milk production in
most cows does not take place until they have calved at least
three times. The function of the udder and the congestion of
that organ is at its maximum 36 to 72 hours after calving.
Thus questions i to 4 are decided — only with regard to question
4 it may be further said that according to our experience milk
fever occurs only before calving when the animal has acquired an
udder teeming with rich milk and usually if the owner upon
those grounds permits the milking of the cow before calving.
The conditions which usually appear after calving were there-
fore present before calving. The congestion of the udder pres-
ent at this time, increased by the irritation of milking, becomes
greater and greater, and consequent ansemia of the other organs
resulting affects most the highest lying organ in the erect ani-
mal, namely, the brain. The question as to why it is that only
animals having an easy birth are victims of the disease, is ex-
plained as follows : In cases of difficult parturition the act is
tardy ; it brings a continuous flow of blood to the genital tract,
which is not the case in eas) and rapid births. Further, we
must consider, that with difficult parturition there is a physio-
logical disturbance in the functions of the other organs of the
body ; also of the mammary gland. Consecjuently the forma-
tion of milk is not so great ; also the blood diversion is not ne-
cessitated. We must bear in mind the close connection between
the digestive apparatus and milk production. It happens fre-
quently, that through simple indigestion, the milk production
of the animal may be essentially diminished. According to our
opinion, no theory can explain question 5 as satisfactorily as
the one we have been discussing, and we maintain that the
well-known Schmidt-Kolding toxine theory is completely over-
thrown. The mammary gland at the maximum of its activity

234 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

necessitates a vast supply of blood. At this time we have no
scientific investigations regarding the quantity of blood ; partic-
ularly when we are discussing animals ; for example, cows with
parturient fever which have been dry for some time and conse-
quently the blood flow to the udder has been slight. There
takes place a complete reversal in the conditions of the circula-
tion, namely in the sudden and rapid milk secretion, that a
physical balance does not take place. The animal becomes
paralyzed. If the disturbance of the circulation became bal-
anced by repelling the flow of blood, through infusion of water
or better pumping in of air or in rare cases spontaneously. The
anaemic brain as a result of oxygen regains its function and ex-
cepting slight debilitating morbific influences remain until those
latter symptoms also disappear. For the reason that through
the infusion of clear water or air into the udder of animals often
has the same embarrassing result as through means of the infu-
sion of potassium iodide solution, proves according to my idea
that not the toxine theory but the physical theory we have been
discussing is the correct one. The relater further states that he
frequently missed the subnormal temperature which has been
mentioned by most recent observers as characteristic. In only
four out of 59 cases the temperature was less than 37.3 C. In
the remaining cases the temperature varied between 37.3 C and
38.8 C. D. agrees with the observations of older veterinarians
that cold is a predisposing factor and because the irritation of
cold increases the blood congestion of the udder. D. observed
a large number of parturient fever cases after atmospheric
changes, with consequent falling of the barometer. — (Veroff aus
den Jahres-Veterinar-Berichteti der beaynteten Tierdrzte Preus-
sens fi'ir das Jahr 190 j. II Teil. S. J2-jj.)

Concerning Fixed and Floating Membranes in the
Vitreous Humor of the Horse's Eye [Z^r. Theodor Schmidt] .
— S. occasionally inspected large stables of horses on account of
moonblindness. He found between 10 and 15 per cent, of all
the horses inspected affected with fixed and floating membranes
of varying sizes in the vitreous humor. In two cases only out
of about one hundred he could detect these membranes by the
aid of the ophthalmoscope ; in the remainder, however, it neces-
sitates a special method of examination. This was accomplished
by means of the Priestly-Smith lamp. The light is thrown into
the eye as much as possible perpendicularly to the vertex of the
cornea. At the same time the lens of the lamp inust be held at
a distance 35 to 45 mm. from the cornea, and the head of the

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 235

observer must be close to the lamp. It needs first some practice
until the eye of the observer has accommodated itself to the vit-
reous humor of the horse's eye ; for it is apparently always di-
rected first on the cornea or papillary plane. When one has ac-
quired the necessary practice, it is very easy to recognize the
delicate thin grayish-white web-like formations suspended in the
vitreous humor ; stretched curtain-like antero-posteriorly or
appearing only in suspended threads and floating membranes.
Many of the membranes seem as if studded with little crystals,
others appear to be woven into thicker threads which cross
one another and at the point of intersection exhibit little
bodies resembling particles of meal. These membranes are
found in horses which have suffered from moonblindness, also
in those animals which have never been attacked with an inter-
nal inflammation of the eyes. According to the observations of
S., however, it is most frequent in horses between the ages of 6
and 14 years. Visual disturbance could not be traced to these
membranes ; concerning their nature and significance, there is
yet no light on the subject. Possibly one has to deal with path-
ological growths which reflect themselves on the fibril and
fibril-nets found normally in the vitreous humor. — {Monatshefte
fur Prak. Tierheilkunde, XVII, 3I 4 heft, 5. 166,)

Dr. J. H. McNeil, of Ames, Iowa, made a trip to New
Orleans, La., in March.

Drs. L. a. and Edward Merillat, Chicago, 111., have
been selected by the Chicago Live Stock Exchange as its vet-
erinary advisors.

An Old Timer's Experience of Veterinary Surgery. —
In the early days of Manitoba, Treasurer W. F. Thomas of
Melita, Man., had a painful adventure which is detailed as fol-
lows in a recent issue of the Hartney Star : While duck shoot-
ing the accidental discharge of his gun badly fractured one of
his arms and as no medical aid could be secured mortification
of the injured member had commenced when Mr. Dann, a vet-
erinary surgeon (now of Deloraine), looking for land, happened
to call at the shanty. This gentleman with more than ordinary
skill and with no other instruments than a sharp knife and a
handsaw proceeded to cut off the injured arm. The operation
was exceedingly painful as no chloroform could be obtained to
deaden the pain. Mr. Thomas made a good recovery, the oper-
ation being performed over twenty-five years ago, and has since
filled his place in the community with honor to himself.

236 CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE.

IMMUNIZATION OF CATTLE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS.

Extract from an Article by Prof. Dr. Robert Koch, Prof. Dr. W.

ScHuTz, Prof. Dr. L. Neufeld and Dr. H. Miessner.

(A report of work conducted in the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin and in the
Pathological Institute in the Veterinary High School in Berlin. From the Zeitschrift fur
Hygiene und Infectionskrankheiten, Vol. 5 1, No. 2.)

" Von Behring, in company with his colleagues Romer and
Ruppel, has reported upon a considerable number of experi-
ments that they have carried on for the purpose of immunizing
cattle against tuberculosis, and, from the results obtained, he
recommends a method for the practical immunization of cattle
by intravenous injections with a certain strain of human tuber-
cle bacilli (Culture I). The plan relates to the immunization of
calves but a few months old, for the purpose of gradually devel-
oping a herd free from tuberculosis. As to the metliod em-
ployed, von Behring at first recommended, provisionally, the
intravenous inoculation of cattle from five to seven months old
with his culture in a first dose of o.ooi grm. and, after four
weeks, with a second injection of 0.025 g^m. Later, he recom-
mended a first dose of 0.004 grm. and a second of o.oi grm.
Still later, he recommended the use of the same culture after it
had been dried at a low temperature in vacuum ; the first dose
to consist of 0.004 grni. and the second, which should be given
at the earliest 12 weeks after the previous injection, to consist
of 0.02 grm. of dried substance. The inoculation shall, as a
rule, be applied only to calves of from three to four months of
age and only exceptionally to older animals up to two years and
then only after they had been tested with a negative result with
tuberculin. The vaccine is said to keep in this dried state for
one month.

" To this time, von Behring has published no experiments
in which an animal has been immunized in accordance with the
method he recommends and in which the result of the immuni-
zation has been determined by a control inoculation. On the
other hand, a number of cattle immunized by him in different
ways have undoubtedly possessed sufficient immunity to protect
them for a time against tuberculosis inoculations fatal to control
animals. Among such animals described in his first report are
numbers 8, 10, 11, 16, 17 and 20. It was, however, found upon
post-mortem examination that the majority of these cattle were
not free from lesions of tuberculosis. In some, indeed, there

CORRESPONDENCE. 237

were extensive lesions, which may be due in part to the test to
which they were subjected with virulent material and in part to
the injections that were made during their earlier treatment.
All of these cattle, before they were tested with virulent mate-
rial, were inoculated, either intravenously or subcutaneously,
with bovine tuberculous material of low virulence. This is a
preliminary treatment that both von Behring and Romer re-
peatedly say should be entirely excluded in practical work.
Most of the above named animals had, beside this, repeated in-
jections of human tubercle bacilli (two had nine such injec-
tions). In what way the immunity was obtained in these cases
cannot be determined positively.

" The later experiments that are reported by Romer seem to
us to furnish even less proof upon the question of immuniza-
tion, and because proof is lacking to the effect that the culture
of bovine tubercle bacilli that he used for testing immunity
was sufficiently virulent. On the contrary, a review of his
curves shows that bovine tubercle bacilli No. i8, which was
used most, did not have high virulence, at least in May, 1903.
May 26, 1903, two control cattle were inoculated intravenously
with 0.0005 S^^^- ^^ ^^^s culture (^in one of these animals it is
probable that all of the material did not actually go into the
veins), and on the 6th and 13th of October, 1903, these cattle
were killed. The findings in the first animal were : In each of
four glands one or two nodules from the size of a pin head to
that of a grain of millet seed, with few tubercle bacilli ; the inter-
nal organs free from lesions. The second animal did not at
any time show fever and aside from two glands with caseous or
calcareous nodules there were in the apex of one lung three
calcareous tubercles, each about the size of a grain of millet
seed, with a few bacilli. The same culture administered sub-
cutaneously July 5th, 1903, to a control bovine animal in a dose
of 0.0025 g^n^' produced less marked lesions, as was shown
when the animal was killed August 29th. Therefore, the cat-
tle that were tested with this culture during the period above
referred to, during which the virulence of the culture was be-
ing tested, need not necessarily be regarded as having been im-
munized. Romer reports but one single animal (No. 44) that
developed acute, progressive tuberculosis after inoculation with
this bovine culture. It was inoculated intravenously in Au-
gust, 1902, with 0.01 grm. of the culture. This, however, is an
animal that had been immunized approximately after the
method that von Behring recommends for practice, in that it

238 CORRESPONDENCE.

had received two injections (o.oi and 0.02 grm.) of Culture I of
human tubercle bacilli and, beside these, two injections of the
Arloing culture. It became very ill after the injection of
bovine tubercle bacilli and when it was killed eight weeks later
it was found to have generalized tuberculosis of the lungs.
Romer remarks that this failure may be due to the fact that
this animal No. 44 (which at the beginning of the experiment
weighed 146 kg.) was already too advanced in age. But this
explanation does not accord with our own nor with Hutyra's
observations.

" As to the second strain of bovine tubercle bacilli (2015)
used by von Behring, there is no evidence as to a test of its
virulence for cattle. Of course it cannot be expected that for
every tuberculosis experiment upon large animals that a con-
trol animal shall be sacrificed, but, from time to time, and in
connection with every large series of experiments, it is unquali-
fiedly necessary to establish the virulence of the bovine culture,
if the experiments are to be convincing. It must be regarded
as strange that Romer recommends a method of immunization
upon a basis of experiments in which the few control inocula-
tions that were made resulted negatively.

" In one place, von Behring reports upon five calves, one of
which received preliminary treatment with one injection of
human tubercle bacilli. Culture I, and the others with several
injections with the same culture. All, together with a control
animal, were inoculated intravenously with 0.0005 S^^- of
bovine tubercle bacilli of the strain No. 18, which apparently
had been kept in vacuum for twenty-four days. Since the con-
trol animal was not fatally infected and since there is no post-
mortem report upon this animal, nor upon the five experimental
calves, it is not possible to draw conclusions as to any immunity
that may have resulted in these cases.

" Von Behring has expressed himself particularly with re-
gard to the use of tubercle bacilli dried in vacuum. Experi-
ments in my own institute show that the herein described pro-
tective inoculation with Culture I of human tubercle bacilli
produced considerable resistance against following inoculations,
but not to the extent that acutely fatal doses of bovine tubercle
bacilli are well withstood.

" One can summarize the experiments of von Behring and
his fellow workers by saying that they show the possibility of
immunizing cattle, but not a satisfactory method of immuniza-
tion.

CORRESPONDENCE. 239

"In order to make it possible to obtain an unprejudiced
trial, von Behring has sent a number of animals that he has
protectively inoculated to other investigators to be tested, but
these cattle also were not in any way treated by a method that
von Behring recommends for practice. On the contrary, they
had received numerous injections of different materials. While,
as a result of these experiments, it is quite impossible to draw
a conclusion as to the efficiency of the procedure that is recom-
mended for practice, they do not, indeed, in all cases, even show
that the animals in question were immunized. On one hand,
most of them were not subjected to an infection that was fatal
for control cattle ; on the other hand, some of the cattle,
although they were not tested with highly virulent material,
were afterwards found to contain lesions of tuberculosis.

" Lorenz received [from von Behring] two calves, one of
which had eight and the other fourteen injections with tuber-
culous material. The material used by Lorenz for testing the
immunity of these animals was of so low virulence that while
the control animals inoculated subcutaneously showed moder-
ately intense local reactions, when they were killed only very
slight lesions of tuberculosis were found in the internal organs.
Moreover, there is no post-mortem report in the two animals
that were treated and so, of course, there is no evidence that
they were immunized.

" Schlegel subjected to test two cattle immunized in Mar-
burg. One of which (No. 14) had received nine and the other
(No. 40) three injections of tuberculous material. In this con-
nection it is especially to be noted that animal number 14 was
treated eight times with the culture (I) of human tubercle
bacilli that is recommended for practical use. The doses were
progressive and varied from 0.005 to 0.4 grm. and were injected
into the veins. In the first test both experimental cattle and
one control animal were inoculated with a piece of tuberculous
gland from a bovine animal. No difference could be observed
between the effect upon the exp)eri mental cattle and the control
animal excepting that the last one became more sensitive to the
action of tuberculin, a point upon which Ri3mer lays special
weight. But Romer overlooks the possibility that the sensi-
tiveness to tuberculin of experimental cattle can be dulled as a
result of repeated injections with tul)crculous material. There-
after, these three cattle were inoculated intravenously, together
with two additional control cattle, with 0.0005 grm. of bovine
tubercle bacilli. This is the case that was referred to above in

240 CORRESPONDENCE.

which the strain of bovine tubercle bacilli No. i8 showed itself
as of such low virulence for control cattle. The previously
treated animal No. 14, gradually emaciated ; when it was killed
about three months later small nodules were found in the
mediastinal glands also in one lung and in one kidney, which
contained tubercle bacilli. The control animal first mentioned,
which had twice received injections of parts of bovine tubercu-
lous lesions, showed numerous nodules in the lungs, kidneys,
spleen and in a number of lymphatic glands. The other two
control cattle, which had received bovine tubercle bacilli but
once, and then in the veins, showed, as already mentioned
above, either no lesions or very small lesions in the internal or-
gans. There is as yet no record upon the post-mortem examina-
tion of the second animal that had received protective treat-
ment.

" Two cattle were sent to Eber to be tested. One of them
(No. 9) had been treated with eight intravenous injections and
one intraocular injection ; for the purpose of testing its immu-
nity, it was four times inoculated with emulsions of lesions of
bovine tuberculosis administered subcutaneously or intraven-
ously. Only the material that was used for the fifth (intraven-
ous) injection (o.oi grm. of a culture of bovine tubercle bacilli)
was of sufficient virulence to kill two control cattle after twenty-
eight and thirty-eight days respectively. The immunized ani-
mal was killed in a highly diseased condition five and three
quarter months later and showed numerous caseous nodules in
the lungs and kidneys, and also tuberculous basilar meningitis.
As to the result of the test of this animal, and of the animal
No. 46, Eber says : ' The resistance of the previously treated
cattle was not absolute ; with sufficiently heavy dosage,
both animals became ill as a result of a tuberculous infec-
tion.'

" The experiments of Hutyra resulted very much more favor-
ably. Hutyra used in part the original vaccine material of von
Behring and also three different fresh cultures of his own of
tubercle bacilli of human type. It is to be noted that one of
these last named cultures was obtained from a monkey. The
experimental calves of Hutyra ranged in age from three and a
half to twelve months. Of Behring's vaccine Hutyra injected
first, 0.004, second, o.oi grm. in some cases ; in other cases, the
second injection consisted of 0.04 grm. Of his own culture, he
used 0.005 gr^- and 0.025 S^^- respectively. The period be-
tween vaccinations was about forty days ; from the second vac-

CORRESPONDENCE. 241

cination to the infection the period was from seven to eight
weeks. The dose for testing resistance was 0.02 grm. of von
Behring's bovine culture No. 18. This was injected in one case
subcutaneously, in others intravenously, and its virulence was
always tested on control animals. Four of the ten vaccinated
cattle were fed the same culture for a period of fourteen days, in
addition to being inoculated intravenously. Of the ten vacci-
nated animals, there was no immunization in one case [treated
with von Behring's vaccine], for the animal died of miliary
tuberculosis at about the same time as the control animals, that
is about five weeks after the infection. After all of the control
animals had died of miliary tuberculosis of the lungs, the other
cattle were killed after two and a half to three months. None
of these animals were entirely free from tuberculosis. On the
contrary, there were in all nodules in the internal organs con-
taining tubercle bacilli and in some lymphatic glands. These
lesions were in part of rather slight extent ; in part they were
extensive. It is worthy of remark that the fresh cultures made
by the author himself gave distinctly better results than von
Behring's original vaccine.

In view of the quantity of infectious material that was used
for testing these animals, the virulence of which was regularly
controlled, there can be no doubt that these experimental ani-
mals of Hutyra, in most part possessed a considerable degree of
immunity.

" In addition, Thomassen has published a report, according
to which he has succeeded in producing a considerable degree
of immunity against bovine tuberculosis in two calves by inject-
ing them intravenously with human tubercle bacilli. When
these calves were tested by control injections of bovine tubercle
bacilli they showed only slight lesions of tuberculosis in the
lungs, while the control calf inoculated at the same time, with
the same quantity of bovine tubercle bacilli, died of generalized
tuberculosis at the end of nineteen days. Thomassen immu-
nized a second animal by intraocular injection. This experi-
mental calf was free from tuberculosis.

" A year before this, Pearson and Gilliland had had good
success in immunizing two calves. They treated two calves for
a period of two months by intravenous injections of human
tubercle bacilli in increasing doses until, altogether, the calves
had received 0.16 grm. At the end of another period of two
months, both experimental calves and two control calves were
given an injection of bovine tubercle bacilli into the trachea.

242 CORRESPONDENCE.

At the end of a further period of two months, all the calves were
killed. Upon post-mortem examination it was found that the
experimental calves were free from tuberculosis, while the con-
trol calves showed numerous lesions in the lungs and in many
lymphatic glands." ♦ * *

*

To the above, it should be added that the authors have made
many experiments of their own, described at length in their
paper, which show that they have used a system for protecting
cattle against tuberculosis by vaccinating them with a fresh,
moist vaccine different from that of von Behring and essentially
the same as that used for several years in the work of the Penn-
sylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board. The results of their
.work are most encouraging and go far to confirm the work of
others to the effect that the fresh, moist vaccine gives a higher
degree of immunity and is more effective than the dried and
weakened vaccine of von Behring.

*
* *

The paper is closed as follows :

"We feel that we are justified in concluding, as a result of
these experiments, that the problem of the immunization of
cattle against tuberculosis is solved, to the extent that we now
know the conditions under which in laboratory experiments
animals may with great certainty be protected against large
quantities of the most virulent tuberculous material. And we
can say, as with regard to other diseases, that even in tubercu-
losis a true immunity may be produced, the possibility of which
was generally doubted a few years vago, and that this may be
done by the use of comparatively simple methods and with a
high degree of certainty.

" But we must remember that, for the present, this applies
only to laboratory experiments.

Although in our cases the infection was severe — probably
many times as severe as under natural transmission of the dis-
ease— still, the natural conditions are different and one can de-
termine only in practice how the artificially immunized animal
will be affected.

'* For experiments in practice we advise that protective in-
oculation shall be carried out in all respects as closely as possi-
ble in accordance with the methods that we have found to be
most successful in laboratory experiments."

Columella.

CORRESPONDENCE. 243

DIPS FOR CATTLE TICKS.
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, March 21, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Reviezv :

Dear Sirs : — Cuba in common with other tropical coun-
tries is thoroughly infested with the cattle tick, which consti-
tutes the greatest pest that the Cuban cattle grower has to con-
tend with. The Cuban cattle tick {Bodphihts australis) is
a slightly diflFerent variety from the cattle tick of the South-
ern United States {B. anmilatus\ but is for all practical pur-
poses identical. They transmit the organism of Texas fever as
do the cattle ticks of the Southern United States, but this is of
relatively small importance to the damage they do as parasites.
I have recently visited a ranch where 225 out of 500 recently
imported Southern immune cattle died from the parasitic
effects of cattle ticks. The cattle were simply " shingled " with
them and the owner, who could read English and had consulted
a report of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry in
which " hand-picking " the ticks was suggested, cast serious re-
flections upon the intelligence of the author of the referred to
bulletin. During the past year we have been devoting a good
deal of attention to experimenting with various remedies in or-
der to find a cheap, efficient and easily applied medicine that
would destroy cattle ticks without injury to the animal. In our
experiments we tried a large number of remedies — practically
everything that we could devise or that others could recom-
mend. Among them were various coal tar preparations that are
advertised for this purpose, emulsions of kerosene and crude
petroleum, solutions of tobacco, etc., but none gave satisfactory
results. All the remedies were tested by applying them to tick-
infested animals.

Among a great number of remedies tried only three proved
efficient in killing the ticks, and are as follows : Cebadilla i
lb., mixed with Aguardiente (a moderately strong alcohol) 5
gallons. The ground cebadilla seed is placed in the alcohol
and allowed to stand for two days before using. The medicine
is applied by hand washing.

It is a very efficient remedy, kills all ticks and does not in-
jure the cattle. The only objection is its cost. The cebadilla
costs about 25 cts. per lb., and the aguardiente from 10 to 12
cts. per gallon.

We also tried a variety of crude petroleum, sold under the
trade name of "Tickicidc," which conforms to the require-

244 CORRESPONDENCE.

ments of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry in its
specific gravity and per cent, of sulphur. This was efficient in
killing ticks, but had the following serious objections : (i)
Its cost, about 8 cts. per gallon in Cuba ; (2) When treated
animals are allowed in a pasture the oil from the cattle taints
considerable grass, so cattle will not eat it ; (3) The most se-
rious objection of all is its effect upon the cattle. The oil
seems to close the pores of the skin and is such a good conduc-
tor of heat that, in this climate, the animals suffer greatly from
the heat, and if the cattle are not in fair physical condition se-
rious losses are liable to follow.

The remedy which has given us the best results, all things
considered, is a solution of arsenic. We first tried the South
African dip and then the Australian official dip, both arsenical
dips, and both gave us good results ; but both had the serious
objection, that of boiling a large quantity of the solution for a
long time. We modified both the above formulae into what
we call the Cuban dip. This formula can probably be im-
proved upon and we are still working along this line :
Arsenious acid, 8 lbs.

Soda carbonate, cryst., 24 lbs.

Yellow soap, 24 lbs.

Pine tar, i gallon.

Water, 500 gallons.

Dissolve the arsenic in 20 gallons or more of water by boil-
ing for thirty or forty minutes. When dissolved add to 100
gallons of water. Dissolve the soap and soda in 20 gallons of
boiling water, first shaving the soap, and while boiling add the
pine tar in a thin stream and stir until it is dissolved. Mix
this with the arsenical solution and add sufficient water to
make 500 gallons.

We have used this solution as a hand dressing and by apply-
ing with a spray pump with excellent results. We have not
had an opportunity to use it in a dipping vat.

This solution kills the ticks and does not irritate the cattle,
but it does cause some irritation to the thin skin of the arms of
men who work in the solution for more than two days.

I understand the United States Bureau of Animal Industry
have tested some arsenical dips, but seem to have abandoned
their use in favor of Beaumont crude petroleum. The arsenical
dips are successfully used in South Africa and the official dip
of Australia is an arsenical solution. A government commis-
sion in Uruguay, appointed to test various proprietary remedies,

OBITUARY. 245

recommended the arsenical dips above all others. The Cuban
dip can be made here for less than one cent per gallon for cost of
materials.

I should be glad if any veterinarians in the Southern States
would try this solution and report upon it. N. S. Mayo.

THAT CANADIAN DIPLOMA MILL — CORRESPONDENCE WHICH

EXPLAINS ITSELF.

Memphis, Mo., March 31, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — The veterinary law lately enacted in our
State is causing some of the " hoss doctors " no little concern,
as the enclosed application will show. As this is a rare speci-
men, I thought it would be of interest to the profession. Yours
truly, E. Bratnerd, D. V. S.

"Jan. 8, 1906. Dr. Brainerd, V. S., Dear Sir: i understand
that you as assistant State veternary if so of Mo. i would Like
to Have a Permit to Practis as i Have Bin in Veternary Practis
in Clark Co. for 15 years and Have diploma under Kanada.
Kaldeg will you Pleas inform me about the matter. This
School was enterd according to act of Congress in the year of
1896 By J. E. Hodgins and T. Hasket in Libraran of Congress
at Washington D. C. Will you give me some advise about the
matter as i Have severl Patrons on Hands i will come up and see
you. Resp. — — —

" P. S. Please tell me if Diploma Prom this school is all
Right in U. S."

OBITUARY.

DR. CONSTANT LAKE, PORTSMOUTH, OHIO,
a graduate of Ontario Veterinary College, and member of
the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, died suddenly
and unexpectedly at i o'clock on the morning of March
15. His death was not only a great shock to the family, but to
his many friends as well, few of whom even knew he was ill.
He had taken cold and went to bed, but his illness was not
thought serious. He expired without even awakening the
family.

Dr. Lake was born in Wooster, Ohio, in 1849. He was a
good citizen, led an exemplary life and will be missed.

w. H. gribble.

246 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

SCHOOL OF APPLICATION, U. S. ARMY.

ENLISTED MEN OF THE CAVALRY, FIELD ARTILLERY AND
ENGINEER CORPS TRAINING SCHOOL FOR HORSESHOERS.

The United States Army applies the proper term horseshoer
to the "smithy," while farrier, relating to iron, covers a multi-
tude ; the name is still employed among foreign armies to the
enlisted men found at the forge. Our farrier truly represents
the stable orderly, or in many instances the stable sergeant, a
non-commissioned officer, who is directly responsible to the
organization commander for all horses under his supervision.

The school for horseshoers was established during the in-
fancy of this school with the same object in view, to have a
constant and sufficient number of available competent men on
hand for this important purpose of shoeing horses in the differ-
ent branches of the service.

Instructors in Charge. — Director of School, Captain of Cav-
alry ; Senior Instructor, a veterinarian, civilian, practical horse-
shoer and a graduate of Harvard University, Veterinary Depart-
ment ; one civilian, practical horseshoer ; one enlisted man,
chosen by reason of his proficiency in the art of shoeing and a
former graduate of this school.

The Pupils Chosen /or this Course. — The class numbers
about fifty-five men. As with farriers, men of good character,
intelligent, able-bodied and well developed muscularly, are
chosen by their respective organization commanders, one man
each term, men who may possibly have been engaged in this
work previous to entering the Army service. As practice per-
fects, a green man, if willing and able, soon learns to do good
work, even though he may be slow at first.

As all Cavalry and Artillery horses are shod monthly, the
smith in each organization divides the work in such a manner
as to render the shoeing of several horses daily. He becomes
thoroughly familiar with the condition of the foot of each and
everv horse before him and it is seldom that trouble arises, pro-
ducing lameness, since trained men from this school have been
employed in this work.

It is interesting to note the requests from many old enlisted
men, horseshoers in the service, who wish to take this course.

Theoretical Work. — A concise, practical and intelligent text-

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 247

book, compiled by the profession, is followed, one hour daily
being devoted to recitation, with the senior instructor in charge.
The anatomy and physiology of the entire foot is carefully and
thoroughly taught.

The horseshoer's tools and their uses are also taken up, every
man becoming familiar with the name and usage of each ; the
forge and economic use of fuel, heating of iron and steel, are
subjects carefully taught.

Practical Work at the Forge. — Several hours daily are de-
voted to the work on the floor of the large school shop. The
supply of horses on hand being sufficient, no trouble is experi-
enced in selecting good and fit subjects for the beginner.

Considerable time is spent in the preparation of the sound
hoof ; the art of modeling a shoe after a pattern follows, then
the application of a plain shoe.

In the Army, conditions permitting, all horses are shod with
a plain shoe, without calks of either kind.

Later calked shoes are made, their application taught, the
subject of gaits entered into, confirmed or corrected by use of
special shoes.

Pathological Shoeing. — This subject is later taken up ; sore
feet, corns, side-bones, quarter-cracks, etc., are provided for ;
horses that have developed faulty hoofs after several years of
valuable service, are, in many instances, rendered further use-
ful by the careful application of properly made, special shoes.

Methods of restraint among refractory horses and mules are
also taught and in many cases these animals are permanently
subdued in a humane manner.

The system employed has worked admirably ; the Army se-
cures a large number of efficient horseshoers, and to those men
who leave the service at the expiration of enlistment, it affords
a means of livelihood. Among sound feet, with intelligent and
competent horseshoers, the shoe will eventually not be a neces-
sary evil.

The Director. — He is an officer of the mounted service, a
thorough and true equestrian in every sense, having been select-
ed by the War Department for this purpose by virtue of excep-
tional qualifications possessed, a true lover of the horse, an intel-
ligent understanding and an inherent disposition to cultivate
the close relation of each and every animal presented ; this,
with a general knowledge of breeding and husbandry, the selec-
tion of horses for mounted and traction purposes, especially fits
him for the important position he occupies.

248 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

The efforts of this officer, Captain W. C. Short, 13th U. S.
Cavalry, are constantly enlisted in behalf of the veterinarian.

h. E. WiLLYOUNG,

VtHerinarian Artillery Corpt,

*
* «

PERSONAL NOTES.

Veterinarians Lusk and English, 2d Cav., recently ar-
rived in the States from the Philippines, after a two-years' tour
of duty. Veterinarian Lusk takes station at Fort Assinniboine,
Mont., and Veterinarian English goes to Fort Snelling, Minn.

Dr. Charles A. Rapp, Veterinarian 3d Cav., resigned from
the Army on Feb. 15. His reasons for severing his connection
with the service were that *he could see no future for the
Army veterinarian.

Veterinarian Dead. — Seattle^ IVas/i., April 16. — Henry
N. Couden, a veterinarian in the United States Army and son
of the Rev. Henry N. Couden, the blind chaplain of the National
House of Representatives, died to-day. He was stricken with
heart disease while riding back to Fort Lawton last evening
and rolled off his horse, suffering a fracture of the spinal column.
Dr. Couden only recently graduated from a college of veterinary
surgery in Chicago. — [Kansas City Times and Star.) [There
is no record of this veterinarian being in the service of the U.
S. Army (Regular).— L. E. W.]

Dr. Claude H. Case, of Akron, Ohio, has just recovered
from a three-months illness due to an infection of the bone,
involving the radius and ulna above the wrist, which very
much resembled tuberculosis. It started after testing a herd of
cattle (out of which six reacted to tuberculin) and the holding
of post-mortems on two of the most advanced cases. The re-
moval of a part of the bone is gradually bringing about
recovery.

Dr. Veranus a. Moore, of the New York State Veterinary
College, will address the members of the Veterinary Medical
Association of New York County at their May meeting on
" The Agglutination Method for the Diagnosis of Glanders."
His address will be in the nature of a preliminary statement of
the method now in use and the results being obtained. He
purposes presenting a paper on the subject at the August meet-
ing of the A. V. M. A., and our readers are promised the full
text of Dr. Moore's report.

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 249

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE.

At the closing exercises of this school, March 29, the follow-
ing received diplomas :

Cecil Scott Anderson, Waterford. Ont. ; Herbert Anderson,
New York City; Artie B. Angell, " Taneytown, Md., U. S. ;
Stewart W. Armitage, Manitou, Man. ; George S. Arnett,
Knowlesville, N. Y., U. S. ; Howard B. Atkinson, Edgeley, Ont. ;
J. S. Atkinson, Marinette, Wis., U. S. ; Charles E. Attale, Port
of Spain, Trinidad, B. W. I. ; W. H. Barrett, Port Dover, Ont. ;
John P. Beck, Cavetown, Md., U. S. ; Alder A. Black, Searl-
town P. E. I. ; James Scott Bone, Paisley, Ont, ; Harry H.
Berry, Brantford, Ont. ; Howard B. Brady, Millersville, Pa , U.
S. ; John F. Bracy, Rockwood, Ont. ; Frank T. Burnett, New
York City, U. S. ; Van. V. Botkin, Muncie, Ind., U. S. ; John
G. Buie, Michel, B. C. ; Frederick T. Cairns, Forest, Ont. ;
John L. Carolan, Dobbs P>rry, N. Y., U. S. ; Earl H. Carter,
Toledo, Ohio, U. S. ; Charles M. Casey, Syracuse, N. Y., U. S. ;
Edwin B. W. Cavell, Howell, Mich., U. S. ; Francoise de F. .L
Chaumont, Oak River, Man. ; Victor V. Christie, Island Brook,
P. Q. ; R. E. Christopher, Armstrong, Iowa, U. S. ; Donald L.
Clark, Delhi, N. Y., U. S. ; James Fielding Cottrill, London,
Eng. ; Thomas F. Craig, Niagara Falls, N. Y., U. S. ; Glenn W.
Cronkite, Alma, Mich., U. S. ; Volney Manning Curry, Leslie,
Mich., U. S. ; Daniel J. Cronin, Chelsea, Mass., U. S. ; E.
Beverley Cowan, Orono, Ont. ; J. Graham Davidson, Niagara
^alls, Ont. ; Amos H. Dyson, Jamestown, N. Y., U. S. ; C. Ed-
gar Edgett, Moncton, N. B. ; John A. Espindola, La Plata, Ar-
gentina ; Col. E. Edmunds, Ardsley, N. Y., U. S. ; Wm. Austin
Ferr, Put-in-Bay, Ohio, U. S. ; Louis P. F'oss, Cincinnati, Ohio,
U. S. ; Royal G. Flowers, Lyndonville, N. Y., U. S. ; A. Scott
Gebbie, Howick, P. Q. ; George H. Gerlach, Elmore, Ohio, U.
S. ; Eugene L. Hannon, Pittsfield, Mass., U. S. ; Charles Ed-
ward Hayes, West Sliefford, P. Q. ; Charles Head, Buffalo, N.
Y., U. S. ; A. Frank Hill, St. Johnsbury, Vt., U. S. ; Arthur D.
Howden, St. Louis Station, P. Q. ; Aubrey G. Husband, Wawa-
nesa, Man. ; Frederick Hutchinson, Cheltenham, Ont. ; Joseph
Johnson, Stoughton, Wis., U. S. ; Chas. A. Joynt, North Au-
gusta, Ont. ; James Jones, New Liskeard, Out. ; Robert Ken-
well, Mount Eaton, Ohio, U. S. ; Henry F. Kirkby, Walton, Ont. ;
Judson Kellogg, Ripon, Wis., U. S. ; Thos. J. Kain, Totten-

250 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

ham, Ont. ; R. Harry Leadley, Cookstown, Ont. ; W. H. Tul-
loch Lee, Boissevain, Man. ; Beverley M. Leigh, Columbus,
Miss., U. S. ; C. Douglas MacCormack, Jamaica, B. W. I. ;
Alexander McFadzean, Waldemar, Ont. ; Walter H. McKenzie,
Oakville, Man. ; Donald McMillan, St. Louis de Gongagne, P.
Q. ; Charles H. McNab, Rosemont, Ont. ; C. O. Maconachie,
Guelph, Ont. ; Wm. Frank Madill, Orillia, Ont. ; Stanley
Thomas Martin, Winnipeg, Man. ; C. Ernest Miller, Peru, Ind.,
U. S. ; Earl W. Miller, Rockford, Ohio, U. S. ; John Joseph
Montgomery Brantford, Ont. ; C. A. Minshall, Verogua, Wis.,
U. S. ; Milton E. Muma, Arkona, Ont. ; Achibald S. Miller,
East Aurora, N. Y., U. S. ; William H. Moffatt, Picton, Ont. ;
Reginald Edward Murray, Cooksville, Ont. ; William G. Moore,
Petrolia, Ont. ; Maynard S. Nighbert, Pittsfield, 111., U. S. ;
William T. Patton, Paris, Ont. ; Harry W. Pegg, Holland
Landing, Ont. ; William Reid, Nassagaweya, Ont. ; James Mar-
shall Reilly, Rupert, P. Q. ; John Martin Rice, Salhouse, Nor-
folk, Eug. ; Charles D. Ritter, Allentown, Pa., U. S. ; Albert
B. Ritter, Pennsburg, Pa., U. S. ; Abram W. River, Cresco,
Iowa, U. S. ; George Avery Root, Milville, N. Y., U. S. ;
Charles W. Ruttan, Wingham, Ont. ; Henry W. Sheurer, Bright-
on, 111., U. S. ; Earle F. Schofield, Greenwich, Conn., U. S. ;
William F. Sirett, Glendale, Man. ; Clarence D. Smith, Justus,
Ohio, U. S. ; William Cyril Steele, Grenada, B. W. I. ; Clark E.
Swail, Randboro, Que. ; Herbert R. Sharp, Moosomin, Sask. ;
D. Crozier Tennent, London, Ont. ; John A. Thomas, Shreve,
Ohio, U. S. ; Thomas Thompson, Oakdale, Ont. ; Hosea B. Tur-
ney, Marysville, Ohio, U. S. ; George S. Thorneywill, Char-
lottsville, Va., U. S. ; Samuel S. Westgate, Pickering, On^;
Andrew Fenwick Wilson, Portage La Prairie, Man. ; A. New-
ton Wilson, Howick, P. Q.

The gold medal for the best general examination, donated
by the Ontario Veterinary Association, was won by C. E. Attale,
of Port au Spain, Trinidad.

GRAND RAPIDS VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The exercises were held in the College Auditorium on
Thursday evening, March 29, and the following received diplo-
mas:

Arntz, Wm., Sheridan, Mich. ; Brown, J. R., E. Boston,
Mass. ; Bucher, C, Whitehouse, Ohio ; Bordner, L. A., So-
Wayne, Wis. ; Byrnes, M. R., Friend, Nebr. ; Burke, E., Cal,

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 251

cutta, India ; Compton, A. L., Morrice, Mich. ; Coomer, W. E.
Bay City, Mich. ; Corkill, Jos., Mauch Chunk, Pa. ; Craig, D
S., Hanover, Ont. ; Cash, G. B., Fremont, Mich.; Carr, Jas. F.
Muskegon, Mich. ; Dunning, Glenn, Emmett, Mich. ; Draper
J. P., Camlachie, Ont. ; Eiler, F., Chapin, 111. ; Edwards, W. C.
Cambria, Wis. ; Elzinga, H., Grand Rapids, Mich. ; Fitzpatrick
Wm., Mt. Holly, N. J. ; Fitzwater, M. C, Canton, Pa. ; Gaha
gan, W. H., Porter, Pa. ; Glass, B. F., Prophetstown, 111. ; Hut
son, E. J., Webberville, Mich. ; Hobart, Geo, R., Ithaca, Mich.
Hansen, J. W. G., Sheridan, Mich. ; Hostetter, H., Topeka
Ind. ; Kells, R. E., Arthur, Ont. ; Knox, H., Picton, Ont.
Livengood, A. G., Elk Lick, Pa. ; Leary, D. H., Darlington
Wis. ; Law, J. J., Nashville, Mich. ; Life, N. L., Jane Lew, W
Va. ; Menold, G. J. ; Thompsonvile, Mich. ; McBreen, P. L.
Mahonoy, City, Pa. ; Morel, Jules F., Mons, Belgium ; Moyle
Isaac, Waterford, Wis. , Monroe, H., Ilion, N. Y. ; McMasters
J., Key, Ohio ; Marble, F. E., Indian Falls, N. Y. ; Miller, J
M., Avilla, Ind. ; Ocobock, C. F., Paw Paw, Mich. ; Peterson
L., Carl, Mich. ; Parks, J. L., Ft. Fairfield Me. ; Pearson, Geo.
Pickney, Mich. ; Rock, J. F., Marinette, Wis. ; Ramsey, Roy
Pierson, Mich. ; Roseberry, F. M., Marion, Ohio; Rommeck
W., Detroit, Mich. ; Stevens, H. L., Farmington, Me. ; Scoville
Glenn, Clarksville, Mich. ; Scherz, F. J., Rice Lake, Wis.
Saner, Aug., Grand Rapids, Mich. ; Snyder, E. D., New Lon
don, Ohio; Smith, W., Lehighton, Pa.; Timms, J. M., Pitts-
ford, Mich. ; Whitney, J. G., Union Grove, N. Y. ; Walters,
Ezra, Carleton, Mich. ; Wilson, R. H., Toronto, Ont. ; W^ool-
ston, Chas., Bauer, Mich. ; Zimmerman, Israel, Bridgeport,
Conn.

UNITED STATES COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SUR-

GEONS.

At the twelfth annual exercises of this college fellowship
degrees, in recognition of research work in veterinary science
and valuable contributions to the literature of the profession,
were conferred upon Charles F. Dawson, M. D., D. V. S., State
Veterinarian of Florida ; James G. Ferneyhough, B. S., D. V.
S., State Veterinarian of Virginia, and Robert W. Summers,
D. V. S., a professor in the college.

The graduates were: John R. A ufente, Illinois ; William
Francis Davis, Maryland ; Robert Henry Duenner, Tennessee ;
Charles Jefferson Frey, New York; Oscar Ilarrv Gratz, Penn-

252 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

sylvania ; John Philip Kiefer, District of Columbia ; William
S. Pollard, Massachusetts ; Mann Page Smith, Virginia ; Clar-
ence Clayton Walker, A. B., M. D., District of Columbia ; Cor-
nelius Campbell Weeks, Illinois, and Eddie Powell Yager, Vir-
ginia.

McKILLIP VETERINARY COLLEGE.

After the annual banquet, which was attended by professors,
students and friends of the college, the commencement exercises
were held in Handel Hall. The degree of M.D.V. was conferred
upon the following :— S. T. P. Nichol, E. P. Johnson, D. C. Tre-
loar, H. H. Halverson, C. H. Mainhart, F. W. Morgan, E. J. Cun-
ningham, E. E. McDaniels, G. W. Neff, A. R. McBurney, B. E
Sherman, H. N. Thompson, O. E. Lindburg, F. P. St. Clair, F
J. Verduin, C. F. Blair, J. O. Fenstermacher, H. N. Couden
W. Meiser, T. B. Harries, M. Guillaume, J. E. Standsbury, J
W. Haffer, B. F. Hudson, G. H. Peters, C. L. Lumby, G. F
Flaherty, W. F. Miller, J. W. McLaughlin, G. A. Barnes, E. J
Peck, O. L. Prien, P. W. Flickinger, W. Hilton, S. Robinson
E. L. Knight, A. C. Stoltzman, J. M. Mulick, E. S. Hess, C
Muth, O. J. Matthias, C. H. Schultz, C. B. Estey, F. L. Skra-
ble, J. F. Mack, M. Vanderhack, E. B. Shaw, C. W. Lassen,
H. G. Thompson, L. A. Wilson, R. D. Mankin.

INDIANA VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The fourteenth annual commencement of this college
was held March 30, 1906, at ' Das Deutsche Haus,' Indianap-
olis. Diplomas were granted the following : Howard Danner,
Indianapolis; Frank J. Douglass, Indianapolis; Byron Eckols,
Indianapolis ; William H. Heaton, Nora, Ind. ; Ora W. Hiner,
Butler, Ind. ; Geo. Charles Koehnlein, Dwight, 111. ; Stephen G.
C. Kelly, Noblesville, Ind. ; Jacob B. Kingery, Cutler, Ind. ;
Benjamin F. Mauck, Owensville, Ind. ; Bert Rodibaugh, New
Augusta, Ind.

Charles Wriland, owner of Sir Albert S., 2.03^, says he
has discovered a new system of feeding and training, by which
he can fit a harness horse for racing with about one-half the
work and in one-half the time ordinarily required to get one
ready. He feeds a light bran mash with a handful of flaxseed
added every day in the early spring, and says it works wonders
in hastening the preparation.

SOaETY MEETINGS. 253

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The semi-annual meeting of this Association was held Feb-
ruary 12, 13 and 14, 1906, in the lecture-room of the Kansas
City Veterinary College, N. W. cor. 15th Street and Lydia Ave.,
Kansas City, Mo.

The meeting was called to order at 9.30 a.m., Feb. 12, by
President Dr. J. S. Anderson, of Seward, Neb.

This meeting was the largest in point of attendance and
proved to be the most interesting of any held in the history of
the organization. There were 120 veterinarians and 300 stu-
dents in attendance. The following is a partial list of the mem-
bers and visiting veterinarians :

THE ATTENDANCE.

Missouri. — Drs. E. J. Netherton, H. McConnel, F. F. Brown,
A. T. Kinsley, S. Stewart, C. E. Steel, E. A. Van Antwerp, R.
P. Poage, A. J. Munn, L. Champlain, J. D. Cooper, B. F. Kaupp,
G. W. Merker, R. C. Moore, O. J. Phillips, W. E. Martin, L. D.
Brown, T. S. Hickman, W. R. Cooper, A. D. Knowles, H. T.
Doak, M. A. Peck, R. B. Grimes, J. B. Wood, J. Robards, O.
Olson, C. Hubbard, J. H. Slater, W. B. Welch, A. W. James,
J. G. Eagle, C. E. Hart, A. Trickett. S. A. Peck, R. L. Allen,
J. B. Williams, J. W. Chenowith, H. J. McCartney, B. P. Rainey,

F. M. Starr, D. F. Lucky, W. H. Gatchell, A. Byrd, E. M. Hendy,
H. Bradley, W. L. West, T. B. Craycroft, Wm. Yenner, C. Con-
ley, L. R. Baker, M. C. Lint, M. A. Sappington, C. M. McFar-
land, F. N. Elwell, C. H. Bugbee, B. Yenner, O. Stingley, G.
E. Bufin.

Kansas.— T>\s. D. O. Knisley, G. J. Roach, H. S. Maxwell, R.
H. Hayes, M. C. Lint, J. C. Young, N. V. Boyce, C. H. Davies,
W. E. Flanders, M. C. Campbell, F. W. Roach, W. F. Smith,
C. B. McClelland, W. N. Hobbs, C. Saunders, T. W. Hadley,
W. T. King, E. H. Kilian, J. Tyler, R. Dill, F. S. Schoenleber,
A. T. Jones, C. M. Crandall, X. I. Richmond, F. Jellen, O. M.
Norton, E. Biart, C. A. Monney, L. A. Licking, T. C. McCasey,

G. Mutzigcr, C. B. Kerns, W. Saylor, H. Dumbault, W. J. Guil-
foil, D. M. Allen, G. M. Fox.

Nebraska. — Drs. J. S. Anderson, H. Jensen, A. T. Peters, P.
Simonson, J. D. Sprague, C. A. McKim, E. F. Stewart, D. C.
Scott, G. A. Meixcl, A. N. Reber, H. T. Hahn, R. A. Huntley,
G. W. Smith, F. E. Johnson.

*^54 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Indian Territory. — Dr. W. J. McAlister.
Oklahoma.— T>x. G. W. Roach.

Iowa. — Drs. F. A. Andrews, H. E. Pinkerton, E. McNair,
W. H. Jenkins, S. T. Miller.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following names, duly vouched for and favorably pass-
ed upon by the Board of Censors, were elected to membership:

Missouri. — Drs. C. R. Treadway, C. E. Hart, L* Champlain,
J. G. Eagle, S. Sheldon, R. P. Poage, E. A. Van Antwerp, C.
M. McFarland, E. M. Hendy, L. R. Baker, A. W. James.

Kansas.— Tirs. T. C. McCasey, C. B. Kern, F. S. Schoenle-
ber, T. A. Jones, S. M. Regan, H. Dumbault, F. N. Elwell, H.
S. Maxwell, J. D. Sprague, E. H. Kilian.

Nebraska.— Tits. E. F. Stewart, C. A. McKim, F. E. John-
son.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

The first paper was presented by Dr. Hugh McConnel, of
Marshall, Mo., on " Mad Itch in Cattle." The Doctor gave an
interesting account of an outbreak designated under the above
heading. Some of the symptoms observed were switching the
tall, followed by stamping of hind feet and kicking. When re-
leased from stanchion would begin biting hind quarters and
limbs, particularly the extremities about fetlocks, and also lick-
ing various parts of the posterior extremities, viz., udder, about
tail, inside hind legs, etc. ; would also back up against objects
and rub. Red spots on and swelling of the vulva to a moderate
degree, also prolapsus of the rectum, occurred in two or three
cases within five to ten hours previous tp death. The prolap-
sus did not appear to be from straining. These were symptoms
as observed 12 to 18 hours after first taken ill. Later symptoms
were those of kicking and biting and general restlessness. Later
the animal would get down and unable to rise. The loss of
power was first noticed in the hind limbs, then loss of power in
the anterior extremities ; finally the animal would be unable to
rest on the sternum. The temperature ranged from 100 to 102°
F. Death usually occurred in two or three days. Post-mortem
findings : — Nothing was found abnormal in the various compart-
ments of the stomach, and rumen contained ingesta, among
which was found millet seed. A point brought out later in the
discussion was that in many of the outbreaks the cattle had
been fed millet. Hsemorrhagic spots were noticed the entire
length of the large intestines. The vulva was congested, which

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 256

was probably due to rubbing, as the reddened parts were only
superficial, not extending back to the rectum. There was evi-
dence of intestinal irritation. The subject was thoroughly dis-
cussed by Drs. Peters, Netherton, Anderson, Champlain, L. D.
Brown, Kinsley and Moore. Among the interesting points
brought out were : that many such outbreaks were caused by
feeding mouldy feed, especially millet. The question was raised
as to whether it was a toxic substance produced by mould. Many
such outbreaks have been reported from time to time in the
Missouri Valley.

The next paper presented was by Dr. Lloyd Champlain, of
Kansas City, Mo., subject, " One Medico-Biological Problem."
This paper was very scientific and was greatly appreciated.

Dr. E. A. Van Antwerp presented a paper on " Parturient
Paresis." This paper brought out a lengthy discussion Dr.
H. Jensen, of Weeping Water, Xeb., reported that he had re-
lieved comatosed condition in cattle due to corn-stalk disease by
inflation of the udder with oxygen. He also recited an inter-
esting experience he had in making an effort to kill a horse by
administering strychnine hypodermically. The weather was
25 degrees below zero ; the horse was led out to the timber and
10 grains of sulphate of strychnine were given subcutaneously.
In the course of an hour an attendant came and said the horse
was not dead. To his surprise upon examination he found the
report to be true. Ten grains more were administered in a like
manner ; the Doctor went home thinking surely the quantity
would destroy life. About two weeks later he saw the owner,
who told him he had to "knock the horse in the head." The
Doctor attributed the extreme cold as combatting the tetanic
spasms of the muscles.

Meeting adjourned. Luncheon was served in the Kansas
City Veterinary College.

THE CLINIC.

The clinic was called to order at i p. M. in the clinic amphi-
theatre of the Kansas City Veterinary College, under the direc-
tion of Dr. F. F. Brown.

Case No. /. — Resuscitation of Dog (Clinician, Dr. C. E.
Steel, St. Joseph, Mo.). — A dog, weighing about 25 pounds. w§is
chloroformed. The anaesthesia was pushed till the animal had
apparently ceased the respiratory act. Three drops of 2 per
cent, hydrocyanic acid were placed on the tongue and artificial
respiration applied. In a very short time the animal gasped for

256 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

air, muscular tremor was uoted and the dog regained his feet in
three minutes' time. The patient showed no ill after-effects as
result of drugs. The rule for giving dilute hydrocyanic acid for
the purpose of resuscitation is one-eighth drop per pound body
weight.

Case No. 2. — Contraction of Flexors of the Metacarpus —
operation^ Tenotomy of Flexor Metacarpi Externus and Medius
(Operator, Dr. R. C. Moore, Kansas City, Mo.). — A bay gelding
was presented at the clinic in which there was a contraction of
the flexors of the metacarpus, a condition commonly known
as " bucked knee." The operation consisted of subcutaneous
tenotomy of the flexor metacarpi externus and medius above
where the two tendons blend. The operation was successful in
relieving the condition.

Case No. j. — Stringhalt — Operation^ Peroneal Tenotomy
(Operator, Dr. R. P. Poage, Shelbina, Mo.). — The animal was
operated on in a standing position. A side line and " twitch "
were used as means of restraint. The tendon was severed above
the theca.

Case No. 4. — Laminitis (Clinician, Dr. Chas. Treadway,
Kansas City, Mo.). — The case presented was one that had prac-
tically made a recovery. The treatment of the case in the acute
stage consisted of pulv. alum in one drachm doses every hour for
five days, then one-half this amount for the next twenty days.
For the first twenty days ice and bran poultices were kept on
his feet, later he was kept in water bath four or five hours a day
for two months ; in three and a half months he was put to work,
apparently recovered so far as usefulness was concerned. A
ridge on the horny wall marked the hoof. A slight drop of the
OS pedis was also present.

Case No. c;. — Results of Quittor Operations (Clinician, Dr.
R. C. Moore, Kansas City, Mo.). — Three cases were given to il-
lustrate a talk to be given in the evening. In these three cases
the quarters were smooth and apparently in normal condition,
as a result of the use of iodoform, oakum and tar bandages —
a condition that would not have existed had the usual treat-
ment been followed after the operation.

Case No. 6. — Loco Poisoned Horse (Clinician, Dr. A. T.
Peters, Lincoln, Nebr.). — A bay gelding, nine years of age, was
presented. The horse showed an unsteady gait when moved,
was very nervous ; the animal was practically blind. On being
exercised the symptoms were more aggravated. The Astragy-
lus molissimus^ or wolly loco, is a plant that grows 10 to 14

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 257

inches high, leaves resemble the leaves of the locust tree (except
leaflets are shorter) ; they grow from a short stem, from which
develops the blossom and later the pods which contain the seed.
The plant retains a pale green appearance all winter and ani-
mals acquire a habit of eating it when the other herbage is
scarce. Its poisonous influence is exerted upon the nerve
centres.

Case No. 7. — Demonstration of Viscera of Horse (Clini-
cian, Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City Mo.). — A horse had been
previously prepared for the demonstration. The attention of
the veterinarians was called to the various organs, in re-
gard to their relation to precipitate a discussion in regard to
the value of surgical operations. The development of the
maxillary sinuses in various individuals ; the relations and
location of the velum pendulum palati, pharynx, oesophagus,
and bloodvessels and nerves adjacent to them ; the position of
the heart and its relation to the front leg. The various
abdominal organs and relations and also pelvic organs were
exposed. By the removal of the gluteal muscles and sacro-
sciatic ligament the true relation of the pelvic viscera was
seen. By a careful dissection of the abdominal muscles, nerves
and bloodvessels supplying the part were demonstrated, and by
their partial removal and removal of part of the posterior ribs
all abdominal viscera were demonstrated. Likewise the mus-
cles between and covering of the ribs were removed and the
lungs inflated by means of a bellows.

Case No. 8. — Demonstration of Post-Mar tern Findings
(Clinician, Dr. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo.). A horse, a
gray gelding, eight years old, had been ill two weeks previous
to death. Diagnosis, pleuro-pneumonia. Laminitis was a com-
plication, which was observed four days before death. The
pleuritic exudate was organized ; a portion of ribs showing
parietal pleura ; also lungs were exhibited ; a portion of the left
anterior lobe of lung had become degenerated, forming an ab-
scess. The heart also contained an ante-mortem clot, which
reached from the left auricle into the aorta.

Case No. g. — Stomach Tube Demonstration (Clinician, Dr.
D. O. Knisley,Topeka, Kansas), — Dr. Knislcy demonstrated
the passage of the new stomach tube after his own idea. It con-
sisted of a double tube. He preferred passing it through the
mouth, using a mouth speculum. In passing the tube, he used
the stylet in the tube. After reaching the stomach, the stylet
was withdrawn, water was introduced through one compart-

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ment and returned through the other one, so that the stomach
could be thoroughly cleansed. The doctor also demonstrated a
new float, run either by electric motor or hand motor, the lat-
ter such as used on clipping machines. The stone was cylin-
drical and made of carborundun.

Meeting adjourned.

The evening session was called to order at 7.30 p. m. by the
President, Dr. J. S. Anderson.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS — CONTINUED.

The first paper presented was on the subject of " Sarcomato-
sis," by Dr. A. T, Kinsley, of the Pathological Laboratory of
the Kansas City Veterinary College. The paper was illustrated
by aid of the projection apparatus and reflectoscope. After a
discussion of the subject, slides and photos of a few interesting
cases observed during the past year were presented. The fol-
lowing is a brief description of these cases :

Case 18. — January 31, 1905. Animal, grade Holstein
cow, six years old. History : Cow wandered off to herself,
lying down much of the time, emaciation. Symptoms : Tem-
perature 104.2, hypersensitive in right hypochondriac region,
constipation, agalactia. Clinical diagnosis : Impaction, com-
plicated with enteritis. Post-mortem : Tumors observed in
the abomasum, duodenum, and jejunum. Microscopic diagno-
sis : Lympho-sarcoma.

Case ^7. — March 27, 1905. Animal, bay gelding, seven years
old. History : Capricious appetite, emaciation, cough ; dis-
ease continued for about five weeks. Diagnosis : Suspected
glanders. Post-mortem : Nodules in lung. Pathological diagno-
sis. Small round-celled sarcoma.

Case JO. — March 12, 1905, Animal, horse, aged. His-
tory : Growth in eye appeared three months previously :
Diagnosis : New growth, probably sarcoma. Pathological
diagnosis : Small spindle-celled sarcoma.

Case JQ. — May 14, 1905. Animal, aged brown gelding.
History : Horse was a private carriage horse and was noticed
to tire easily. Symptoms : Venous pulse, increased precordal
area, weakness ; all of the symptoms became more marked and
the horse was destroyed. Diagnosis : Obstructed venous cir-
culation. Autopsy : Extensive new growth involving peri-
cardium, mediastinum and pleura. Diagnosis path. : Small
round-celled sarcoma.

Case 4^. — August 2, 1905. Animal, aged bay gelding.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 259

History and symptoms : The horse was observed to urinate
only with difficulty ; loss of flesh and energy ; enlargement up-
on the glans penis ; was operated upon ; the horse was returned
to the hosipital for treatment Nov. 5, 1905, but was con-
sidered an unfavorable case and destroyed Nov. 20, 1905. Au-
topsy : A large area of necrosis was found involving the su-
perior wall of the bladder, also the pelvic flexure of the great
colon and local peritonitis. Pathological diagnosis : Sarcoma.

Case //. — September i, 1905. Animal, horse. History:
Horse was noticed to be unthrifty ; was given a few days' rest,
but did not improve ; sent to hospital and on examination an
enlargement was found on left inferior maxilla ; the teeth were
examined and found to be practically sound ; the enlargement
was diagnosed a new growth and the horse was destroyed.
Autopsy : An enlargement of the left inferior maxilla. The
bone being practically all absorbed ; the lymphatic glands of
the head and cervical region not involved. Pathological diag-
nosis : Mixed-celled sarcoma.

Case 4g. — September 22, 1905. Animal, pointer dog.
History : Dog was noticed about July ist to be less active and
was not inclined to eat ; these conditions gradually increased
until the dog was brought to the hospital. Symptoms : Emaci-
ated, weakness, large abdominal growth, apparently fixed.
The tumor involving the gastro-splenic omentum was removed
in the clinic and microscopically was found to be a lympho-
sarcoma.

Case ^2. — October 2, 1905. Animal, dog, black water span-
iel. History and symptoms: Dog was noticed to breathe with
difficulty and was sent to the hospital for treatment ; upon ex-
amination an enlargement was found in the nasal chambers and
involving the velum pendulum palati ; the growths were re-
moved by thermo-cautery, but the dog died in a few days. Path-
ological diagnosis : Large spindle-celled sarcoma.

Case 54. — May 17, 1905. Animal, gelding, mule, about
two years of age. History: About April i, 1905, a growth
was noticed on the eyelid, which gradually increased in size ;
was removed in May, again in July. Clinical diagnosis : New
growth. Microscopical diagnosis : Spindle-celled sarcoma.

Case 65. — October 25, 1905. Animal, mule. History :
The mule was purchased in March and at this time a small
growth was noticed on the left inferior eyelid ; also some rough-
ened areas on the right inferior eyelid ; the growths increased
in size and the animal was sent to the hospital for treatment ;

260 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

a portion of growth from left superior eyelid was removed and
examined microscopically and was found to be a spindle-celled
sarcoma.

Case 66. — November 4, 1905. Animal, cow, five years old.
History : Killed at the packing-house and condemned because
of an omental spherical growth about 10 inches in diameter,
which wasfound microscopically to be a spindle-celled sarcoma.

Case 68. — November 10, 1905. Animal, cow, four years
old. History : Killed at the packing-house and the ovary was
noticed to be about the size of a basket ball and was found on
examination to be an alveolar sarcoma.

Case yo. — December 4, 1905. Animal, draft bay gelding,
eight years old. History : Horse was in the hospital July 29, '05,
for treatment of what appeared then as "granulated eyelids."
December 4, '05, horse returned to hospital with a growth in
the subconjunctival tissue of the left superior eyelid. The
growth was dissected out and was found to be a small round-
celled sarcoma.

Case yj. — December 18, 1905. Animal, hog. History:
Killed at packing-house. Autopsy : Mesenteric lymphatics
much enlarged, stomach walls thickened, spleen slightly en-
larged. Microscopical diagnosis: Lympho-sarcoma.

Case 81. — January 4, 1906. Animal, lamb. History :
Sheep killed at packing-house ; and an enlargement noticed in
pericardial sac. Microscopic diagnosis : Small round-celled
sarcoma.

In a summary the Doctor stated that the subject of sarcoma-
tosis was important on account of its prevalence in lower ani-
mals. Important in giving diagnosis and prognosis on account
of its malignant nature. In 15 cases the following tissue was
involved : Lymphatic system, 7 ; eye and surrounding tissue,
4 ; lungs, I ; bone, i ; nasal chamber, i ; ovary, i.

This paper was discussed by Drs. Champlain, S. Stewart,
Schoenleber, Jensen, Slater, Moore and others.

Dr. Schoenleber asked if there was any way whereby new
growths could be grouped so that the practitioner could upon
macroscopic examination say to his client whether or not the
malady was curable.

Dr. Kinsley stated that if the growth " creaks " when sec-
tioned by knife he could give a favorable prognosis after remov-
ing growth. But if it was soft and the thumb could be pushed
through it, as is possible in malignant growth of sarcoma, an
unfavorable prognosis may be made. There is no well-defined

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 261

line of demarkation between the sarcomatous tissue and that
tissue that is healthy. In one horse upon which an autopsy
was held the spleen was found to weigh 30 pounds. Upon mi-
croscopic examination it was found to be a melano-sarcoma.

Dr. Jensen stated that his method of treatment of new

growths of a fibroid nature was to inject in tissue around growth

a mixture of oil thuja, 3 i, alcohol, 3 viij. This produces

a sloughing, after which was applied a mixture of oil thuja,

3 i, vaseline, 3 xvj. Applied twice a day.

The next paper was presented by Dr. C. McFarland, St.
Joseph, Mo., subject, " Psoroptic Scabies of Cattle ; Symptoms
and Differential Diagnosis." This paper was very thorough and
interested all present.

It was followed by one by Dr. W. L. West, of Kansas City ;
subject, " Heart to Heart Talk." The Doctor in his witty way
gave some good advice along business lines, and social conduct
of the profession.

Dr. Jensen, Weeping Water, Neb., then gave an interesting
talk upon the subject of " Therapeutical Agents : Their Prepa-
ration and Uses." The Doctor is a close student of medicines,
and their therapeutical application, and is always an interesting
talker. Among agents discussed was the use of collargolum,
loc.c. of a 2 per cent, solution, given intravenously in purpura
haemorrhagica. The use of the fluid extract of echinacese given
in one-ounce doses per orum every two hours in septicaemia.
The intravenous injection of 30m. formalin to 60 c c. water,
also recommended for septicaemia. Adrenaline was used with
good results in conjunctivitis, and the operation of arytenecto-
my, but had given unfavorable results in spaying operation, pre-
venting healing by first intention. Campho-phenique may be
used as a local anaesthetic and as an antiseptic. It is readily
soluble by addition of a little alcohol. In flatulent colic the
Doctor preferred using as an antiferment eucamphol 3 i in one
pint of water.

The next paper was presented by Dr. D. O. Knisley, of To-
peka, Kansas ; subject, " Acute Indigestion in the Horse : Its
Treatment."

Meeting adjourned.

SECOND DAY — FEB. 1 3, I906.

Meeting was called to order at 9 a. m. by President Ander-
son.

The Secretary read regrets of inability to attend from Drs.

262 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

W. D. Hammond, Wayne, Nebraska ; M. R, Trumbower, Mo-
nett, Mo., and W. Warren, of Sedalia, Mo.

The first paper was presented by Dr. D. F. Lucky ; subject,
" Plant Poisoning of Cattle." This paper recited the history of
an outbreak of a fatal disease among cattle in the southern part
of Missouri. The discussion was participated in by Drs. L. D.
Brown, Maxwell, Anderson, Peters, McKim, Kaupp, Kinsley,
Schoenleber, and others. Dr. Peters in discussing poisoning in
cattle by plants stated that in young cane stunted by drouth he
had noted fatal results in from 8 to 15 minutes. The cattle ap-
parently died without a struggle. An analysis of some of the
plants showed 60 to 80 per cent, prussic acid, the quantity de-
creasing as plant became larger. It is believed that prussic acid
is due to the action of an enzyin on a glucocide and that it is
held in solution through plant nourishment. As soon as plant
life is cut short by harvesting the prussic acid volatilizes and con-
sequently the cured plant has no injurious effect upon animal
consuming it. Dr. Lucky discussed the subject of poisoning
by crotolaria sagitalis (rattle-box plant). Some of the symp-
toms noted are : becoming lazy, yawning, standing resting one
leg, hip dropped, etc.

Meeting adjourned.

STOCK JUDGING.

At 2 p. M. the veterinarians in attendance assembled in the
fine stock pavillion, Kansas City Stock Yards, where a demon-
stration of cattle judging was given by Prof. W. J. Kennedy, of
the Iowa State College. A Shorthorn bull was first presented.
A talk upon the value of the animal from beef standpoint was
discussed. The various parts in regard to their value upon the
block was thoroughly discussed and comparison drawn between
the two leading beef breeds, viz., Herefords and Shorthorns.
The talk brought out many points of value. The Hereford
men are making an effort to breed cattle with heavier loins and
hind quarters and with lighter fore quarters.

Meeting adjourned.

tITERARY PROGRAM RESUMED.
7.30 P. M. Meeting called to order by Dr. Anderson. The
first paper presented was by Dr. H. T. Hahn, F'alls City, Neb.
The paper included a report of a cas^e in which a foreign body
had entered the thoracic cavity, penetrating the lung tissue.
The wound was cleansed and treated with antiseptic precau-
tions. It healed and the animal made a perfect recovery.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 263

Dr. F. M. Starr, Odessa, Mo., presented a paper ; subject,
" Cattle Poisoned by Fungi on Elders." Some of the symptoms
of the cattle poisoned were : Sub-normal temperature, diarrhoea,
oedema of sternum, accelerated respiration, pulse scarcely per-
ceptible, nervous, would lie apart from the balance of bunch.
The treatment administered was one pound Epsom salts and
one ounce pulv. belladonna. No deaths occurred. Discussion
was taken part in by Drs. Norton, Lucky, and Knowles.

Dr. W. Warren of Sedalia, Mo., sent his paper on " Quittor,"
which the Secretary read at this time. The paper was discus-
sed by Drs. S. T. Miller, Moore, and others. Dr. Moore gave
an excellent talk upon the methods employed at the Kansas
City Veterinary College in treating quittor. After operation,
which consists in removing the lateral cartilage and diseased
tissue, the parts are sterilized with formalin solution, then mop-
ped dry with aseptic cotton and parts filled with iodoform.
Some oakum, which is filtrated with iodoform, is placed over
the wound, then firmly bandaging the parts down with tar
bandages. The bandages are left on for four or five weeks.
Out of ten cases only one proved a failure. In this case the
flap consisted of scar tissue due to previous operation. The
bandages are six yards of unbleached muslin. Two dozen
are prepared at one time, placed in a can and pine tar poured
over them. In a few hours the tar has thoroughly penetrated
all parts. It is found that the tar does not soak into the band-
ages if they are made from muslin that has been starched and
bandages tightly rolled.

Meeting adjourned.

IN THE STOCK YARDS AGAIN.

Meeting again reconvened 8 A. m. February 14, 1906, in fine-
stock pavillion at Kansas City Stock Yards.

Prof. Kennedy said : " Among the qualities a good judge
must possess is first to be a close observer : to see things quickly
and accurately. Second, judgment : to be well balanced in his
judgment. Third, ideal type of the animal in mind which he is
judging. Among things to keep in mind were, first, market
demand. The type that brings the highest price. To keep in
mind the breeding of heavy parts that bring the highest value
upon the block ; second, breeding type of the animal, which
includes color, weight, conformation, various points of dcvelop-
tnent of head and neck, fore quarters, body, and hind quarters.
The idea was first to determine the weak and then the strong

26 1 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

points of the individual. The length and depth of the body,
lowness to ground, straightness of top and under lines. Things
to be observed in observing from behind are width of quarters,
straightness of legs ; from in front, character of head, width
of forcquarters, constitution as determined by width and depth
of chest. Compact and smooth quarters, softness of skin, cov-
ering^ of ribs, back, loins, etc., and mellowness of coat, were
among the other points mentioned. The buyer of beef cattle
should bear in mind : — the killing percentage, proportion of cut
in back, loin and hind quarter, the quality of meat. Under
points that indicate good feeding qualities were mentioned : —
Deep in the flanks, low to the ground, smoothness of hips, tail,
heads straight and low. Among the important points to be
taken into consideration from breeding standpoint of Shorthorn
are : General appearance ; conformation ; length, width, and
depth, low to the ground ; quality and natural flesh ; width
between the eyes ; shape of heads and horns and color. In this
type red, red and white or roan are allowable. Color of nostrils
should be clear, etc. ; bone should be medium size ; small joints ;
head not too heavy ; straight in the legs and not down in the
pasterns. Three heifers and three bulls of Shorthorn and the
same numbers of Hereford were presented in their turn and
those present were provided with score cards and each tried his
hand at judging.

At lo o'clock the judging adjourned and a meeting contin-
ued at the horse sales pavillion, where a talk upon the breeding
and judging of horses was given. Some of the interesting
points in Professor Kennedy's remarks were : The man who
breeds horses without type and simply has horses to sell is a
failure from a financial standpoint. In the market demand for
horses the draft horse occupies one of the most prominent
places. They are easily reared, and when sound or serviceably
sound are of high market value. The price of such animals is
gauged by the weight of said animal. Each additional loo
pounds from 1600 to 1800 raises the value $25; from 1800 to
2000 pounds $50 ; every 100 pounds over 2000 pounds $100.
The prices of heavy harness, carriage and coach horses are
arranged in like manner. The heavy harness, carriage and
coach horse wear collar and back pad, may not be over 14
hands, and weigh 1000 to 1300 pounds ; should be good action,
plump in form. The prices of such range from $200 to $3000.
Those 15 to 16 hands are the most popular. The roadsters
should have trottting speed with finish ; head and neck should

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 265

be clean cut ; not so plump as the coach horse. The European
plain-gait saddle horse has short tail and mane and can walk,
trot, canter. The American gaited saddle horse has long tail
and mane and can walk, trot, canter, pace, foxtrot, etc. The
gaited saddle horse sells for a higher price than the plain gaited.
A type of coach and draft horses was presented and a talk on
the various points of each was made. Among the points
brought out were that the draft horse should be low to the
ground ; wide across the heel ; the width across the heel should
be one-half the distance from the toe to the heel. A horse
with an upright pastern is regarded as prone to develop side
bones.

Adjourned to luncheon.
At 2 P. M. the judging of horses was resumed. Three
Belgian stallions were presented ; all in attendance were pro-
vided with score cards. The experience in judging of the va-
rious types of horses under so competent an instructor as Pro-
fessor Kennedy was greatly appreciated by all. In his visit to
Belgium he observed that horses worked at an age of i8 months
were consequently shod younger and as a result possess smaller
feet. Two draft geldings furnished by Swift & Co. were pre-
sented and scored ; J. Crouch & Son also furnished German
coach and Percheron stallions.

Meeting adjourned at 5 p. m., ending the most interesting
meeting in the history of the Association.

B. F. Kaupp, Secretary.

MICHIGAN STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-

CIATION.

The twenty-fourth meeting was called to order by President
H. S. Smith, of Albion, in Parlor A, Downey House, Lansing,
Feb. 6, 1906.

City Attorney O. J. Hood, representing the Mayor of Lan-
sing, gave an address of welcome in a very neat and pleasing
manner, which was responded to very appropriately by Dr. G.
W. Dunphy, of Detroit.

The following members were present at roll-call : — Drs.
Henry M. Armour, Litchfield ; W. L. Brcnton, Detroit ; J.
Black, Richmond ; Hal L. Bellenger, Plainwell ; F. M. Blatch-
ford, Brighton ; W. J. Byers, Charlotte ; Wm. Coxc, Mayville ;
D. W. Curtis, Cadillac ; D. Cumming, Port Huron ; T. G. Duff,
St. Louis; Frank Duncan, Ithaca; C. C. Dauber, Sturgis; G.

266 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

W. Dunphy, Detroit ; J. S. Donald, Bay City ; W. H. Erwin,
Howell ; M. E. Elzinga, Grand Rapids ; R. F. Erwin, Alma ;
Geo. Fitchett, Caseville ; Thos. Farmer, Grand Blanc ; H. M.
Gohn, St. Johns ; Geo. D. Gibson, Adrian ; James Harrison,
Maple Rapids ; W. S. Hamilton, Chelsea ; Wm. Jopling, Owos-
so ; J. J. Joy, Detroit ; C. L. Jones, Monroe ; A. McKercher,
Lansing ; R. W. McDonald, Flint ; Geo. C. Moody, Mason ;
Robertson Muir, Grand Rapids ; H. Wynn Nobles, Hastings;
C. C. Petty, Lake Odessa ; Wm. J. Rook, E. Holland ; J. B.
Stevens, Yale; H. S. Smith, Albion ; C. C. Slaght, Macon ; Z.
Veldhuis, Freemont ; Geo. Waddle, Kalamazoo ; Geo. A. Wa-
terman, M. A. C. ; C. A. Waldron, Tecumseh ; J. C. Whitney,
Hillsdale ; J. E. Ward, Perry ; P. W. Wooley, Lapeer.

Honorary members present : Drs. H. P. Baker, Lansing ;
Prof. Chas. E. Marshall, M. A. C.

Visitors present :— Drs. W. L. Mills, Peru, N. Y. ; T. L. Mc-
Connell, Warsaw, N. Y. ; E. I. Rishel, Sturgis ; A. E. Alexan-
der, Williamson ; W. A. Haynes, Jackson ; W. F. Carr, Bay
City; D. S. Kriill, Union City; R. C. Rolls, Eaton Rapids;
H. E. Rea, West Branch ; John W. Will, Flushing ; and T. H.
Buckingham, Stockbridge.

Ladies present : — Mrs. S. Brenton, Mrs. J. C. Whitney, and
Mrs. G. W. Dunphy.

Dr. H. S. Smith delivered his address as President, which
was as follows :

president's address.
" Ladies and G-entlemen and Fellow- Practitioners :

" Tt affords me great pleasure upon this occasion, the 24th
annual meeting of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, to most cordially welcome you as you assemble once
more in counsel for the further advancement and edification in
behalf of the noblest of all professions, viz., administering to
the wants of our dumb friends who cannot help themselves but
suffereth and complaineth not. I commend in you this spirit
of determination, which brings you together year after year, to
glean and exchange knowledge that you and your fellow-practi-
tioner may be of greater value in assisting the onward and up-
ward progress of your profession ; and may your earnest endeav-
ors be rewarded by the success they deserve, viz., by placing
our noble profession on the plane it belongs with its sister pro-
fession, and this reward surely must come, and which can
only be reached by seeking for those qualities which ennoble us

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 2o7

and qualify us that we become indispensable as professional cit-
izens in the community in which we labor, hence thus we will
raise the standard of the veterinarian far above where his kind
have so long held him. So let us always be mindful of the fact
that each and every act of ours, whether professionally or other-
wise, are the only means by which our clientele and the public
may determine our standing and through which we may re-
ceive and maintain professional respect and appreciation, and as
we are individually so shall we be collectively as a State asso-
ciation ; and establish professional respect and appreciation
throughout our State. And the same verdict may be applied to
us as a national association or body, from which is determined
our standing as a body of national benefactors and contributors
to America's science. Hence, it is not far-fetched in saying that
we as professional individuals are directly responsible in a de-
gree for the standing of the same in the eyes of the veterinary
world, and I believe that this was the sentiment of the pioneer
members of our association when they met together twenty-four
years ago and organized this association from which has result-
ed a great deal of good, which you and I are to-day unconscious-
ly enjoying. Since that time the pioneer members and the in-
creasing membership have worked consistently for its better-
ment and should have accomplished all that could be desired
were it not for rivalry and contending influences ; and I wish
that every qualified practitioner within our State would feel it
incumbent upon him to consider himself responsible as an in-
dividual for our professional standing in Michigan, for we arc
its sponsors in the eyes of the veterinary world, and if Michigan
does not keep apace with the wonderful strides which are being
made throughout this and other countries we individually and
collectively are responsible and must stand the reflection of crit-
icism by our professional brethren of other States. Whereas, if,
on the other hand, we raise the standard, so do we rise and merit
all honors to our profession that other States are enjoying, as
all other principal States have succeeded in obtaining satisfac-
tory legislation to control the practice of veterinary medicine, it
is with regret that we are obliged to acknowledge our veteri-
nary legislation in Michigan falls far short of the ideals of us
who are members of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical
Association, and now I appeal to the younger members of our
professson and also to those who are about to join our Associa-
tion today ; in the name of the profession you represent and in
honor of the various colleges from which you have graduated

268 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

and for the sake of the standing of the veterinary profession in
the State of Michigan, to extend to us your best endeavors and
active assistance in furthering the progress of our profession,
and I assure you if every qualified practitioner in the State of
Michigan will but place a shoulder to the wheel with us in our
endeavors, we will accomplish our object and each individual
practitioner will reap a lasting benefit, and be the means of
causing our State to become a more important factor in Amer-
ica's scientific progress. We have reason to look upon some of
our sister States with envy and pride in the rapid strides that
they are making and the recognition that they are demanding
and being rewarded ; among them Pennsylvania. With gratifi-
cation we note that within the last year she has made appropri-
ations of $200,000 for research in her veterinary and agricultural
pursuits, also sent the Dean of their veterinary department as a
delegate and representative to the World's International Medical
Congress at Budaptst this year. But all this was not given
without being asked for ; she first proved herself worthy
of such a demand, then demanded and received it, thus proving
that scriptural passage, ' Ask and ye shall receive, etc' This
same stands good for Michigan, when we prove ourselves worthy
of it. A word here with reference to our sanitary laws and
commissions might not be amiss. While Michigan to-day is en-
joying the good fortune of being as free and if not freer from in-
fectious and contagious communicable diseases than any other
State, she may not always be so favored by this good fortune ;
while our commission has been a careful and watchful one, al-
ways exerting the best of their abilities in behalf of the State,
and deserve credit for the work done in the past, taking into
consideration their limit of appropriation, etc., which prevents
them from having suitable and proper means of carrying on
experimentations with the various diseases of our country, and
which are liable at any hour to crop out within our State and
from which much valuable time would be lost before the proper
methods of control and eradication might be inaugurated, and
the financial loss of the live-stock industry in the meantime
would suffer fourfold the amount necessary for maintaining a
suitable place and provide an annual salary for a qualified vet-
erinarian, who could then devote all his time and attention to
said commission, and I am strongly in favor of having our State
veterinarian paid a salary sufficient that he can devote his en-
tire duties to research and experiments of such as would be of
value to said commission and State and that a suitable place be

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 269

provided for him, if not otherwise by having privilege and ac-
cess to the bacteriological department of our Agricultural Col-
lege in Lansing, Mich., and if such arrangements could be made
the said State Veterinarian to locate permanently in Lansing
during his term of ofl5ce, and devote his entire attention and
best services to this work, which is impossible to obtain now
under the system of paying them per diem. Still we have as a
nation been slow in realizing the needs for such work ; so much
so, that the Germans, who are considered a plodding nation, find
it opportune to express themselves by an article, which appear-
ed in the Seuchen Versuchsstationer^ and was copied by our
American Veterinary Review a few months ago, which
reads thus :

" 'It is strange that the United States, with their vastly great-
er live-stock possessions, have not before this made more ample
provisions for investigation concerning diseases of animals and
for veterinary education.'

" Yet I feel that we can accept this with a German accent.
However, we as a profession cannot but accept with regret that
'our country continues to be the only one of the leading nations
of the world that maintains as civilians those who are engaged
as veterinarians in our army service,' and you and I as individ-
uals must stand for this criticism for not qualifying our demands
to the extent that they will be recognized by the head of our
military department and government. So let us get to work and
do our share in remedying this neglect by uniting in a spirit
of friendship and mutual cooperation, which are the essential
factors in the solution of all difficult problems. Let us bury all
bickerings and prejudices, which have retarded the advancement
of our profession in the past, and continue the progress that has
been made until the standing of the veterinary profession in
Michigan becomes the envy of our sister States and a credit to
the nation we represent professionally."

After the President's address, the following gentlemen made
application for membership :

A. McKerracher, Bay City, Mich., O. V. C. '78.

Ralph C. Harris, Fenton, O. V. C. '04.

W. A. Haynes, Jackson, Chicago College, '03.

A. E. Alexander, Williamson, O. V. C. '93.

B. C. Smith, North Branch, O. V. C. '03.
A. H. Macbeth, Battle Creek, O. V. C. 'Sg.
H. E. Rea, West Branch, O. V. C. '02.
John W. Will, Flushing, O. V. C. '97.

270 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dan Hisey, Saginaw, West Side, O. V. C. '94.

R. C. Rolls, Eaton Rapids, O. V. C. '94.

D. S. Krull, Union City, O. V. C. 'cx).

T. H. Buckingham, Stockbridge, O. V. C. '92.

T. H. Attridge, Harbor Beach, Detroit College, '94.

W. F. Carr, Bay City, O. V. C. '05.

A. W. Simeral, Kalamazoo, Uni. of Missouri, '05.

The applications were referred to the Executive Committee,
which recommended as follows, that Drs. Haynes (vouchers Joy
and Dunphy), Alexander (Smith and W. H. Erwin), B. C. Smith
(Smith and Black), Carr (Dauber and Mix), Attridge (Smith
and Black), Macbeth (Smith and Bellinger), Krull (Smith and
Armour), Rolls (Smith and Black), Rea (Smith and Black),
Will (Smith and McDonald), Hisey (Sutherland and Smith),
and Buckingham (Smith and Black), be admitted to mem-
bership, and that the applications of Drs. McKerracher and R.
C. Harris be laid over, as they were unaccompanied by the re-
quired fee. Also that the application of A. W. Simeral be held
up until the college from which he graduated be investigated,
and, if after investigation the Secretary and President be satis-
fied. Dr. Simeral, upon the payment of fee, be admitted.

Moved and supported that the rules be suspended and that
the Secretary be instructed to cast the vote of .this Association
for the following gentlemen : Drs. Alexander, Haynes, B. C.
Smith, Carr, Attridge, Macbeth, Krull, Rolls, Rea, Will, Hisey,
and Buckingham. Carried.

The Secretary then cast the ballot and President Smith de-
clared the gentlemen elected to membership.

Moved and supported that the President appoint a commit-
tee to ascertain how many would attend the banquet. Drs.
Dunphy and Joy were appointed as such committee. On mo-
tion the President also appointed a committee to arrange for
transportation to the M. A. C. Dr. Bellenger was appointed as
such committee.

The annual report of the Secretary and Treasurer was read,
and referred to the Financial Committee.

Dr. James B. Bradley, Michigan Auditor-General, gave an
address, which was very much appreciated. He spoke in a com-
plimentary manner of the veterinary profession and the good
that was being done in stamping out disease, of the vast impor-
tance of the horse, of the strides of the veterinary profession in
the past few years and the importance of the veterinarian in
guarding the public against impure meat products.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 271

Moved and supported that we give Dr. Bradley a vote of
thanks for his able and interesting address. Carried by rising
vote.

Correspondence was read from Governor Warner, Repre-
sentative Morrice and from absent members, which was received
and placed on file.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

Legislation. — Dr. Wells, chairman, being absent, this report
was laid over until the following day.

Intelligence and Education. — Dr. Jopling reported quite
fully for this Committee. He spoke of the fine improvement
on veterinary lines. Thought it was good policy to get the
professors at the M. A. C. to give us their support and good
will. Was pleased to see two of them on our program.
Speaking of the financial aid extended to the Veterinary Depart-
ment of the University of Pennsylvania, he hoped such assist-
ance could be procured from our State to establish a veterinary
department at our Agricultural College, or at the U. of M.

Finance. — Dr. Nobles, speaking for the Committee, said they
had examined the books of the Secretary and Treasurer and
found everything correct and a balance on hand of $70.10.

Disease. — Report postponed until the following day.

Moved and supported that we adjourn until 7 o'clock p. M.

Reconvened at 7.30 p. m.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Election of officers was first in order. Moved and supported
that the President appoint two tellers. Drs. Joy and Duff were
appointed.

The following were elected :

President — James Harrison, Maple Rapids.

First Vice-President— R. W. McDonald, Flint.

Second Vice-President— T. G. Duff, St. Louis.

Third Vice-President — George D. Gibson, Adrian.

Secretary-Treasurer — J. Black, Richmond.

Directors — Hal L. Bellenger, Plainwcll ; H. M. Armour,
Litchfield; W. L. Brenton, Detroit; J. B. Stevens, Yale; A.
McKercher, Lansing; D. W. Curtis, Cadillac.

CASE REPORTS

Dr. J. C. Whitney's report on " My Experience With Crib-
bcrs " was well received. The Doctor claimed good results
from surgical treatment, but in every case it would recur after
six or eight months. Dr. Joy in discussing this subject asked

272 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

for a difference between a cribber and a wind-sucker, claiming
they are different conditions. The Doctor was of the opinion
that in the wind-sucker air was swallowed and that it caused
indigestion and poor condition. Dr. Dunphy said he did not
believe air was swallowed or sucked into the stomach. Dr.
Armour thought it was possible. Drs. Smith and Duff also
took part in the discussion of this subject.

Dr. R. W. McDonald read his case report, "A Supposed
Case of Rabies." He cited a case that came under his
observation in which a dog showed the symptoms of rabies after
being bitten by another dog, supposed to be rabid. The for-
mer was destroyed about 14 miles from home. The owner
went out and got the head, which Dr. McDonald sent to Dr.
Marshall, Bacteriologist of the M.A.C. The latter injected
some of the brain into rabbits and got no reaction. Dr. Muir
discussing this case, said that he had seen but very little rabies
in dogs, but had seen much among horses and cattle. Prof.
Marshall said that the brain sent him by Dr. McDonald was in
such a state of decomposition that the results might not be re-
liable and that possibly the dog might have been rabid. He
also claimed that the period of incubation might be as short as
7 or 9 days, according to virulence of the virus. Dr. Dunphy
also made this claim, but the period was usually from 14 to 24
days. In cows from 13 to 27 days. Dr. Armour's experience
was 13 to 47 days.

Adjourned to banquet at Church Parlors of the Episcopal
Church.

MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE — FEB. 7TH, 9.30 A. M.

Met in the stock-judging class room for clinic, where the
following operations were performed :

Operation consisting of dividing the tendon of the peroneus
muscle for stringhalt, by Dr. Hal L. Bellenger.

Operation upon an alleged cryptorchid. Dr. Dunphy.

Operation of trephining for the purpose of exploring a facial
fistula. Dr. Geo. M. Moody. This operation revealed a tooth
deposit that was in a caries condition and was thought to be the
cause of the fistula.

Adjourned to the Veterinary Laboratory, where Dr. McDon-
ald operated on a bitch, performing ovariotomy, and Dr. Dunphy
operated on a wry tail.

1.30 P. M. — Chapel, M. A. C.

Meeting called to order by President. Roll-call.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 273

Prof. D. C. Smith, of the Experimental Station of the Agri-
cultural College, being in a hurry to be excused, was called upon
for his address upon *' Live-stock and Public Health." Among
other things, the Professor said there was a great difference in
the action of tuberculin owing to the quality, and he thought a
pure article should be provided by the State authorities and be
placed in the hands of every veterinarian requiring it. In con-
clusion he extended the good will of the M. A. C. to the visiting
vets and asked them to look over their live-stock and farm and
to come again. Upon motion, a vote of thanks was extended to
Prof. Smith for his contribution to our program.

Dr. James Harrison read an interesting paper upon an inter-
esting subject, viz : " Chemical Knowledge of Food Stuffs as an
Aid to Diagnosis."

Dr. Veldhuis read a very interesting paper entitled, " Im-
pressions Received at the A. V. M. A."

The Committee on Legislation through Dr. H. M. Gohn
made a report at this time. Dr. Gohn stated that owing to op-
position from those high in the council of the powers, that
nothing was accomplished this year. Dr. Black reported that
when conditions existing were discovered efforts were with-
drawn owing to the hopelessness of our prospects and that only
about $22 had been expended for this purpose during the year.
Dr. Harrison advised the necessity of beginning our efforts by
educating the farmers and enlisting them in our behalf. Dr.
H. S. Smith also advised this course.

Committee on Diseases was also called upon to make its re-
port. Dr. Dunphy, chairman, gave a very interesting talk and
exhibited some specimens of intestinal calculi found in the ali-
mentary tract of one of P. D. Co.'s laboratory subjects. A nail
formed the nucleus arid the deposit was apparently cement, sup-
posed to come from the floor through the animal licking. Dr.
Dunphy called upon Dr. J. B. Stevens, of Yale, to report a mys-
terious disease he had encountered at Byron, Michigan. Dr.
Stevens said the outbreak occurred in a stable of imported stal-
lions. The symptoms were as follows : temperature from 103 to
107 F., painful grunt with each breath, with each expiration
the blood would spurt from both nostrils with a gush and would
continue until the discharge would be as clear as water, head
pendulous, constipated, urine dribbling almost continuously.
The majority of those stricken recovered after a long and criti-
cal period of convalescence. No such disease had been encoun-
tered by any of the gentlemen present.

374 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. George A. Waterman, Professor of Veterinary Science at
the M. A. C, gave an address at this time entitled " Thoughts."

The Executive Committee reported favorably upon A. E.
Alexander's application, and recommended that Dr. Wilkinson
be suspended for the non-payment of dues and given the privi-
lege of making application as a new member. The report and
recommendation were received and adopted.

Moved and supported that a meeting of this Association be
held in Detroit next fall during the State Fair. Arrangements
and date to be left to the officers. President-elect Harrison was
called upon and after a short address he appointed the following
standing committees :

Intelligence and Education. —Dr. F. M. Blatchford, Brigh-
ton ; Dr. H. L. Bellenger, Plainwell ; Dr. J. B. Stevens, Yale.

Diseases. — Drs. Z. Veldhuis, Fremont ; William Jopling,
Owosso ; Prof. C. E. Marshall, M. A. C.

Finance. — Drs. C. C. Petty, Lake Odessa ; George Fitchett,
Caseville ; H. Wynn Nobles, Grand Ledge.

Legislation. — Drs. C. A. Waldron, Tecumseh ; J. E. Ward,
Perry ; C. C. Dauber, Sturgis.

Resolutiofis. — Drs. W. H. Erwin, Howell ; W. H. Wilkinson,
Holley ; C. C. Slaght, Macon.

Press.— Vixs. W. L. Brenton, Detroit ; D. S. Krull, Union
City ; D. W. Curtis, Cadillac.

Clime— T>rs. S. Brenton, Detroit ; J. J. Joy, Detroit ; G. W.
Dunphy, Detroit.

Moved and supported that we adjourn to meet in Detroit,
State Fair time. Carried.

J. Black, Secretary.

TEXAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Pursuant to a call issued by President Flowers, the mem-
bers assembled at the Fair Grounds, Dallas, March 19, for their
fourth annual meeting. It having been decided by the Execu-
tive Committee that the programme this year should consist of
clinics and an evening session only, the members proceeded
thence to the commodious hospital of Dr. L. E. Warner, at 186
Thomas Ave., where several cases, gathered through the efforts
of the Dallas members, Drs. Flowers, Warner and Langley,
awaited their attention. After these were inspected, examined
and discussed, several successful operations were performed by
Drs. Bray, Lewis, Marstello and Francis. An interesting and

SCKIETY MEETINGS. 275

spirited discussion ensued upon the exhibition of several other
interesting cases. This concluding the first part of the day's
program, the members separated to meet again at the Elite
at 8 p. M., where a very enjoyable and delightful menu awaited
them. For an hour or two the pleasures of the table added zest
to social and fraternal converse, while matters professional were
touched upon informally. At its conclusion the regular order
of business was entered upon as follows :

Roll-call : — The following members responded : Drs. M.
Francis, College Station ; F. G. Cook, Paris ; W. G. Langley,
Dallas ; L. E. Warner, Dallas ; Jas. Lewis, McKinney ; Wm.
M. McKellar, Ft. Worth ; S. G. Bittick, Ft. Worth ; G. R.
Flowers, Dallas ; A. 15. Flowers, Dallas ; T. A. Bray, El Paso ;
W. A. Knight, Houston ; E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie.

The minutes of the last annual meeting were read and ap-
proved.

The Executive Committee submitted the following report :

" We, the Executive Committee of this Association, have
examined the applications and credentials of the following ap-
plicants for membership, and recommend them to the ballot of
the Association : Drs. Ross Marstello, College Station ; T. W.
Watson, Corsicana ; L. E. Johnson, El Paso ; R. W. C. Lowry,
Amarillo; J. C.Brown, Cleburne."

(Signed) " A. E. Flowers, President.
" T. A. Bray, Vice-President.
" W. G. Langley, Treasurer.
"E. L. Lewis, Secretary."

Treasurer Langley submitted the statement of receipts and
expenditures since last meeting, which was approved.

The admission of new members now being in order, the fol-
lowing names were presented, as per report of Executive Com-
mittee, and upon ballot were unanimously elected to mem-
bership :

Ross Marstello, D. V. M., Ohio State Univ., '06, College
Station.

T. W. Watson, V. S., Ontario, '87, Corticana.

L. E. Johnson, D. V. M., U. of Pa., El Paso.

R. W. C. Lowry, D. V. S., K. C. V. C, '05, Amarillo.

J. C. Brown, D. V. S., U. of K. C, '04, Cleburne.

The application of Dr. J. W. Burby, of San Antonio, held
over from last meeting, was now considered, and it being shown
that the error was unimportant. Dr. Burby was unanimously
elected to membership.

276 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as
follows :

President— T. A. Bray, El Paso.

First Vice-President — L. E. Warner, Dallas.

Second Vice-President — Jas. Lewis, McKinney.

Secretary — E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie.

Treasurer — M. Francis, College Station.

Under new business, the program for the next meeting
came up for discussion. Dr. Lewis, of Waxahachie, moved that
we include a series of brief papers along practical lines to be
presented and read at the next meeting. Dr. Langley moved a
committee composed of the President and one member on place
of meeting, be appointed to map out program as suggested.
Carried.

A vote of thanks was extended Dr. Warner for his cour-
teous invitation to the Association to utilize his finely-equipped
hospital for the morning clinics. A vote of thanks and appre-
ciation was also extended the retiring officers of the Associa-
tion, for their zeal in behalf of the Association and profession
during the past year.

Photographs of the operations at the morning clinics hav-
ing been taken by a city photographer, it was moved by Dr.
Warner, duly seconded, that they be purchased by the Associa-
tion, provided same proved satisfactory. Carried.

Dr. Langley was appointed as a committee to pass upon
and purchase one for each member.

Dr. Bray here exhibited a specimen of sarcomatous growth
from the eye of a steer. This growth, it seems, is not uncommon
in some regions, and is of an insidious and serious character,
involving the entire orbit, the soft tissues and membranes adja-
cent to eye, and finally enveloping entire head. Upon micro-
scopical examination its cancerous nature was apparent, it be-
ing composed of round cells seemingly of embryonic connective
tissue, with traces of epithelial which had the appearance of in-
vaginated conjunctivae. The Doctor stated the lesion was most
prevalent among "white faces," and always attacked the choic-
est of the herd. He attributed them to infection by the horn fly.

Dr. Fallsetter testified to seeing the same in the horse and
mule. One of the horses was an Albino. He noted a gradual
enlargement of the membrana nictitans. Treatment of six
weeks of no avail. Enucleation was performed, he finding
generalized necrosis of ball and bones of orbital fossae. Most
cases observed began in summer. Dr. Marstello stated he saw

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 277

two cases in horses and one in dog. In his opinion, it began
in horses on the cornea and in cattle on membrana nictitans.
After operating on horse he had a recurrence. It was the con-
sensus of opinion of all who had had similar experience that medi-
cinal treatment was futile, and the only satisfactory method
was extirpation of all parts involved.

Dr. Falsetter, of Dallas, was called upon and responded in a
happy and feeling manner, expressing his pleasure in being a
guest upon such an auspicious gatheiing of the profession of
the State. He prophesied great things for the future of the pro-
fession and urged ceaseless effort toward the uplifting and pro-
gression of the members as useful and honored citizens of the
commonwealth. Dr. Falsetter is one of the pioneer veterinary
surgeons of the Lone Star State, having settled here many years
ago, when veterinary surgeons were almost unknown.

Judge Hawkins, of the Sanitary Commission, also a welcome
guest of the Association, on being called responded in a felici-
tous speech, concluding with an earnest appeal that members
take cognizance of the paramount importance of sanitary work
in that it is fraught with so much that is vital and important to
the welfare of any community. He emphasized the growing
appreciation by the public of the intelligent efforts of trained
men along these lines, and of its equal importance when studied
and exercised by the veterinary practitioner, who is, and should
be, in conjunction with the practitioner of human medicine, his
coadjutor and colleague in the guardianship of public health
and hygiene.

While the attendance at this, our 4th annual meeting, was
not as large as we hoped, still it was a very satisfactory and en-
joyable one. The membership is steadily increasing, and it will
not be long before we will have an association of which the
State can well be proud. Veterinary legislation, as in the past,
will be our slogan in the future, and this obtained all other
matters will be easy. Recognition and protection are absolutely
essential to establish for all time the status, socially and pro-
fessionally, of the veterinarian. That " unique antique '* of blow
and bluster, of buckskin and blasphemy, that 4-plied quintessence
of gall and galluses, the " hoss doctor " of old, so long the weap-
on with which the public hurled contempt at the profession, and
for whose fat catalogue of sins of commission and omission the
qualified veterinarian has had to bear the brunt and burden, will
soon attune his unwashed ear to the requiem sounding in the
distance.

278 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

There being no further business before the Association, on
motion of Dr. Francis, duly seconded, the Association adjourned,
subject to the call of the Executive Committee.

E. L. Lewis, Secretary.

CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The annual meeting was held at Hotel Hartford, Hartford,
February 6, 1906, and was called to order by the President, Dr.
Gardner, at 11.30 A. m.

The following responded to roll-call : — Drs. C. L. Adams, H.
E. Bates, F. F. Bushnell, H. C. Balzer, G. T. Crowley, G. E.
Corwin, Jr., B; K. Dow, J. H. Gardner, L. B. Judson, J. H. Kel-
ley, P. T. Keelev, R. P. Lyman, G. W. Loveland, R. D. Mar-
tin, E. C. Ross, J. E. Underbill, H. Whitney, C. R. Witte, and
H. L. Tower.

Visitors : — Drs. B. D. Pierce and Harry Lukes, Springfield,
Mass. ; J. A. McLaughlan and L. T. Dunn, Providence, R. I. ;
C. T. P'rye, River Point, R. I. ; R. H. Davis, Bridgeport, Conn. :
W. H. Pullen, Greenwich, Conn. ; G. A. Smith, New Haven,
Conn., and H. O. Averill, Washington Depot, Conn., Commis-
sioner of Domestic Animals, also an honorary member of the
Association.

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

Letters were read by the Secretary from the honorary mem-
bers, replying to notices informing them of their election to
honorary membership in the Association at its last meeting. It
was voted that the letters be placed on file as property of the
Association. Several other communications were read and
laid on the table until other business could be transacted.

Reports of the Secretary and the Treasurer were read and
accepted.

The Board of Censors reported unfavorably on the applica-
tion of George A. Smith, V. M. D. A ballot was called for, re-
sulting in a unanimous rejection of Dr. Smith's application.

The following applications for membership were read and
referred to the Board of Censors :

Robert Holt Davis, D. V. S., N. Y.-A. V. C, Bridgeport.

W. H. Pullen, V. S., O. V. C, Greenwich.

William J. Glasgow, V. S., O. V. C, Springfield, Mass.

The election of officers resulted as follows :

President — Dr. G. W. Loveland.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 279

First Vice-President— Dr. J. H. Kelley.

Second Vice-President — Dr. R. D. Martin.

Secretary — Dr. B. K. Dow.

Treasurer — Dr. Harrison Whitney.

Board of Censors — Drs. Thos. Bland, J. H. Gardner, F. F.
Bushnell, L. B. Judson, and J. E. Underbill.

Adjourned for dinner at 12.45. Reconvened at 2.30 P. M.
Under the head of new business, it was voted to pay the Secre-
tary a salary of $25 a year, to begin with the ensuing year.

Dr. R. P. Lyman presented a bill from Attorney Garvan, of
Hartford, for $100, balance for services in securing the present
veterinary law for the Association. Dr. Gardner made a mo-
tion that Dr. Lyman see Lawyer Garvan and inform him that
the Association considered he had received sufficient fees for
his services and that the Association could do no more. Motion
seconded and carried.

A letter was read from the Secretary of the Massachusetts
Veterinary Association, asking if the Connecticut Association
would accept financial assistance from their Association to
make the New Haven meeting of the A. V. ^L A. a New Eng-
land convention as far as possible. It was voted that the Con-
necticut Veterinary Medical Association thanks the Massachu-
setts Veterinary Association for their kindly offer of finances
and cooperation towards the entertainment of the A. V. M. A. in
New Haven next August, and that as the Connecticut Veteri-
nary Medical Association has invited the National Association,
they desire to make it a State affair. The Connecticut Veteri-
nary Medical Association would be pleased to accept and ac-
knowledge any financial aid that the Massachusetts Veterinary
Association may offer, and requests that a delegate or delegates
from their Association be selected to serve upon the local com-
mittee of arrangements.

Motion made and seconded that the Association be a
committee of itself to entertain the A. V. M. A. at the New
Haven meeting, with a sub-committee composed of seven mem-
bers, to be appointed by the President. Motion carried. The
President appointed for the sub-committee, Drs. Ingram, Kelley,
Ross, Whitney, Bland, Martin and Lyman.

Dr. Ross announced that suit had been brought against the
Association by Dr. F. G. Atwood, who was expelled for unpro-
fessional conduct at the annual meeting in 1904. The papers
were served on Dr. Ross, setting forth the claim of $1,000 dam-
ages.- After the papers specifying the claim for damages had

.280 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

been read, Dr. Lyman presented Dr. Atwood's resignation as a
member of the Association and tendered his dnes to date, saying
Atwood claimed he was not legally expelled from member-
ship and was therefore still a member of the Association. He
stated he had talked the matter over with Dr. Atwood several
times, and that Atwood had agreed to withdraw the present
law suit if the Association would accept his resignation. This
announcement started a lively discussion, in which most of the
members freely and vigorously participated After the case
had been argued long and earnestly, it was voted that, provided
Dr. Atwood will withdraw his suit against this Association, and
make sworn affidavit signifying in writing over his signature
that he will not bring further suit against this Association col-
lectively or against any individual of this Association, that may
have a bearing upon the lines of the present suit, his resigna-
tion will be accepted at the next meeting of this Association, and
that he shall discontinue all further advertisement or publica-
tion of this affair. The Secretary was instructed to notify Dr.
Atwood of this action.

Dr. Ross, chairman of the Committee on Resolutions on the
death of Dr. Nathan Tibbals, offered the following :

" Whereas, It has pleased God in His infinite wisdom to
call from this world our esteemed and honored professional
brother, Nathan Tibbals, at the close of a long life of useful-
ness and success in his profession, and of kindness and assist-
ance to all with whom he came in contact ; be it

" Resolved^ That we, the Connecticut State Veterinary Med-
ical Association, individually and as a body, pause for a mo-
ment to express our regret at the loss of so honorable a member
of our Association and so good and true a friend of veterinary
medicine, and to convey to his relatives and friends our sympa-
thy in their bereavement and sorrow."

It was voted that the resolutions be adopted and spread on
the records of the meeting and a copy be sent to the family of
the deceased.

After the business of the meeting had been transacted. Com-
missioner on Domestic Animals H. O. Averill, an honorary
member, gave a short address on sanitary conditions of keeping
cattle in stables.

Dr. C. R. Witte read a paper on " Tuberculosis."

Dr. R . P. Lyman read a paper on " The Veterinarian in
Connecticut : His Attainments and His Possibilities."*

* Published in the March Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 281

Dr. B. D. Pierce, of Springfield, Mass., gave an interesting
description of an outbreak of rabies in Massachusetts and his
experience in tracing the origin of the various cases.

Dr. L. T. Dunn, of Providence, R. I., spoke of the work
his Association was doing toward veterinary legislation.

An interesting discussion followed each paper and address.

It was voted to hold the semi-annual meeting in New Haven
at call of the President.

Meeting adjourned at 5.45 p. m. B. K. Dow, Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK COUNTY.

The regular monthly meeting was called to order at 8.30 p.
M., Dr. C. Pv. Clayton, the Vice-President, in the chair.

Roll-call dispensed with. Minutes of previous meeting
adopted as read.

Members present : Drs. J. E. Ryder, C. E. Clayton, E. B.
Ackerman, J. L. Robertson, J. E. Assing, C. Lamensdorf, Ros-
coe R. Bell, R. S. Mackeller, T. A. Keller, R. Dickson. D. J.
Mangan, C. W. Shaw, J. J. Foy, R. J. Schreiber, T. G. Sher-
wood, A. O'Shea, W. Lellmann, G. F. Bowers, R. W. McCully,
R. W. Ellis, G. H. Berns, and F. C. Grenside. Visitors : Drs.
F. H. Miller, W. Reid Blair, T. S. Childs, A. Silkman, and
Hayes ; also students of the New York-American Veterinary
College.

Dr. F. H. Miller read a paper on " Observations Made in the
Diagnosis and Treatment of Parasitic Dermatitis of the Dog."*

Dr. Bell then took the chair, and a very instructive discus-
sion followed on Dr. Miller's paper.

Dr. Wilfred Lellmann spoke on " Some Interesting Facts,"
during which he told of the results he has obtained in the use of
bovovaccine. The Doctor's talk was very conservative, and he
reminded the members that science has no country.

Dr. Miller reported a couple of dog cases ; he recited the
history of each, and Dr. Blair reported the results of a micro-
scopical examination of one of them.

Dr. F. C. Grenside read a paper on " A Veterinarian at the
Horse Show."* The discussion which followed revolved itself
around a great number of practical facts, and settled some ques-
tions on the problems which a veterinarian meets at the horse
show.

Will be published in % later number of the Kfvikw.

2SZ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The subject of illegal practicing was then taken up and a
motion was made and carried to establish a prosecuting fund by
the aid of voluntary subscriptions.

Dr. Clayton moved to appoint a prosecuting committee of
three. Dr. Ackerman moved to amend Dr. Clayton's motion ;
instead of three, have the committee composed of four members,
the fourth being the President of the Association.

The original motion and its amendment were duly seconded
and carried.

Dr. Ackerman moved, it was seconded and carried that the
committee be empowered to employ agents and an attorney.

The President appointed the committee, which consists as
follows : D. J. Mangan, chairman, E. B. Ackerman, C. E. Clay-
ton, Roscoe R. Bell.

Meeting adjourned. D. J. Mangan, Secretary.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The quarterly meeting was held at Belfast, April nth, 1906,
and consisted of a clinic at the hospital of Dr. Darling during
the afternoon, at which a number of interesting cases were pre-
sented for treatment. Different operations were performed by
all members present, and each case was thoroughly and ably
discussed by all. The clinic proved, as usual, to be a drawing
card, and twelve members turned out and helped to make a most
interesting and profitable afternoon.

At 7 o'clock the members adjourned to the Windsor Hotel,
where a hearty supper was thoroughly enjoyed. The regular
business meeting was called to order at the Windsor Hotel at
8.10 P. M., President, Dr. Blakely, in the chair. The following
members answered to roll-call : Drs. Blakely, Augusta ; F. E.
Freeman, Rockland ; Lord, Portland ; Joly, Waterville ; Darling,
Belfast ; McGillicuddy, Bath, and R. E. Freeman, Dexter. Vis-
itors present were Drs. H. L. Stevens, Farmington, and Wm.
Jackson, Belfast.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The application of Dr. Pugsley, of Ashland, was read and
accepted, and it was voted that he be made a member upon pay-
ment of initiation fee and signing Constitution and By-laws,
and the Secretary was authorized to write him of same. Moved,
seconded, .and carried, that the Secretary notify all members who
are back in dues to pay up to date or be suspended, and that
the Secretary is to hold back certificates until all dues are paid.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 283

I

Moved and carried that the books of the past Secretary and
Treasurer be audited by the Executive Committee. Moved by
Dr. Lord that the President look into the matter of Dr. W. H.
Spear, of Portland. Carried.

In the matter of our new veterinary law, Dr. Freeman made
complaint against one so-called horse doctor in his county, and
asked the help or advice of the Association. Moved by Dr. Mc-
Gillicuddy, of Bath, and seconded by all members present, that
Dr. Freeman employ counsel and prosecute this man, and that
the Association stand by what he does. Carried.

The next subject being the reading of papers. The Associa-
tion had the pleasure of listening to a paper by Dr. A. Joly, of
Waterville, entitled "Hog Cholera and Swine Plague." This
was a fine paper, and the Doctor reported cases where he used the
serum treatment with very gratifying results. This paper was
fully discussed by all members present.

Dr. F. E. Freeman, of Rockland, was excused from reading
paper by reporting a number of cases, especially where he per-
formed csesarian section on the hog and bitch with very flatter-
ing results.

Distemper in dogs was fully discussed by all members and
all different remedies in the treatment of the disease were
discussed.

Tuberculosis was discussed by all members, and was very
interesting.

Voted that the next meeting of the Association be held in
Augusta at Hotel North the second Monday in July.

Papers to be read by Drs. F. E. Freeman and W. S. Lord.
Communications to be read by Drs. Murch and Salley.

A vote of thanks was extended Dr. Darling, for the valuable
clinic he prepared for the meeting ; also to Dr. Joly for the able
paper that he read.

Meeting adjourned at ii p. m.

R. E. Freeman, Secretary.

INDIANA VETERINARY COLLEGE ALUMNI ASSOCI-
ATION.

This Association met March 30, at 2 P. M., at the College
Building. Roll-call developed the fact that it was the best at-
tended meeting it has had. Ten new members were admitted.
It was ordered that a banquet should follow the next meeting.
One of the main features was that of urging the new members

284 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

to spend much time reading veterinary publications, books, new
literature, etc., including especially the American Veterinary
Review.

Officers elected for the ensuing year were as follows :

President — Dr. J. J. Herron, Tipton, Ind.

Vice-President — Dr. H. Alhersmeier, Indianapolis, Ind.

Secretary-Treasurer — Dr. Ferd. A. Mueller, Indianapolis,
Ind. Ferd. A. Mueller, Secretary.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING, NEW HAVEN, CONN., AUGUST

21 TO 24, 1906.
5246 OsAGB Ave., Philadelphia, Pa., April 16, 1906.
To the Members of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion :

As has been previously announced through the columns of
the Review, the next meeting will be held at New Haven,
Connecticut, August 21 to 24, 1906. The date being only four
months distant it is necessary for us to become active in prepara-
tion of the program. It is, therefore, requested that the mem-
bers very soon send to this office the titles of their papers for
this meeting so that the question as to the character of the pro-
gram may be settled early. There are many who defer their
decision in regard to attendance until they know what the pro-
gram is going to be. An early announcement of the contribu-
tors and their subjects will aid greatly in getting a large attend-
ance.

The report of the Cleveland meeting has been sent out and
is now in the hands of the members. It is the largest book yet
issued and is replete with good things. This book is certainly
worth as much as the yearly dues, so that in this item alone
each member has returned to him the annual outlay for his
membership. In each case the report has been sent to the ad-
dress last furnished to the Secretary's office. If any member
has failed to get his copy, it is likely due to a change of address
of which this office has not been notified. In this connection I
should like to call attention to the fact that it is important to
inform the Secretary immediately upon changing address.

Our membership should be much greater than it is. There
are many good men scattered all through the country who ought
in their own interest as well as that of the profession to be mem-
bers. Each member has a duty to perform in directing these

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 286

men into our organization. Our growth would be more rapid
if our missionary spirit were stronger. The amendment adopt-
ed at St. Louis requiring the application for membership to be
in the Secretary's office thirty days before the meeting, resulted
in fewer than usual securing election at Cleveland. Now that
plenty of notice has been given this should no longer stand in
the way, and the record at New Haven should far exceed that
of any previous meeting. Remember that the application must
be in before July 23, 1906. Application blanks and informa-
tion will be furnished by your resident secretary or by this of-
fice. The list of resident secretaries may be found in the report
of proceedings.

Let each one determine now to contribute his full share to
the success of the meeting and start at once with the aim to ac-
complish glorious results at New Haven.

Sincerely yours, John J. Repp, Secretary.

*
* ♦

A MODEL RESIDENT SECRETARY.
Editors American Veterinary Review:

Dear Sirs : — I am sending you the following letter to print
as a sample of the sort of enthusiasm which if generally rhown
would soon swell our membership to the point at which it should
be. My hope is that it may act as a ferment to the entire num-
ber of Resident Secretaries, yes, even to the whole Association.
Respectfully yours, John J. Repp, Secretary.
"Nashville, Tenn., March 25. 1906.
" Dr. J. J. Repp, Philadelphia, Pa.

" Dear Doctor Repp : — Your circular letter to Resident
Secretaries received and contents carefully noted. It is quite
an explanatory production and is O. K. for the purpose for
which it is intended. I also received the copies of Constitution
and By-laws and application blanks. Please send me about
three or four more of each, as I am liable to need them. I
expect to visit each and every eligible veterinarian in Tennessee
and make a personal appeal for his membership in the A.V. M. A.
I feel almost safe in promising to put the application of every
eligible man in this State \\\ your hands before the New Haven
meeting. Yours truly, G. R. White."

A despatch from Fort Dodge, Iowa, dated April 16, says:
** M. Stegner, a veterinarian, stooped over the bedside of his
dying wife to catch her last words today and fell dead beside
her."

286 NEWS AND ITEMS.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. M. R. Thynge, of Morton, N. Y., has located in Char-
lotte, Mich.

Prof. Curie, the discoverer of radium, was killed by being
run over on April 19.

Dr. F. V. Matthews has established a nice practice and a
very neat veterinary hospital in McKeesport, Pa.

Prof. Wm. L. Zuill, formerly of Philadelphia, Pa., is[pro-
fessor of laryngology and rhinology in the College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Los Angeles, Cal.

Dr. Wm. Nicholson has been appointed city veterinarian
of Allegheny, Pa., succeeding Dr. C. W. Boyd, owing to changes
in political administration and authority.

Dr. Harry E. Emery, of Pittsburgh, Pa., has lately built
a large six-story pressed brick building, which he uses as a hos-
pital, shoeing forge, boarding and sale stable.

Dr. Judson Black, Secretary of the Michigan State Asso-
ciation, has been reelected Treasurer of his municipality by a
small majority, although his political party is about 200 in the
minority.

Drs. a. B. Sexmith, of South Lyons, Mich., and C. C. Mix,
of Coldwater, Mich., graduates of the Ontario Veterinary Col-
lege, took a postgraduate course at the Chicago Veterinary
College during the term just closed.

Dr. VV. E. Wight has built an elegant residence and a com-
modious veterinary hospital in the aristocratic section of Pitts-
burgh, Pa., after having amassed a comfortable fortune in seven
years in general practice in Pennsylvania.

Dr. Jas. Harrison, of Maple Rapids, Mich., President of
Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, has been ap-
pointed health officer in his town after a contest in which the
Doctor and two M. D.'s were participants.

The Nocard Monument. — At the last meeting of the
Committee for the erection of the Nocard Monument it was de-
cided that the ceremony will take place in the School of Alfoit,
France, in the forenoon of June 24, 1906. Any of our readers
contemplating visiting Europe this summer should make a
note of this date, and be present at this important function.

Dr. D. O. Knisley, of Topek a, 'Kansas, is the inventor of
a new design of stomach tube for use in the horse. It differs
from other tubes in being double to permit the injection of fluid
through a lesser and thinner walled compartment, and thereby

NEWS AND ITEMS. 287

thin the stomach contents that it may flow more freely out
through the larger and more rigid walled compartment.

The Washington State College, Pullman, Wash., an-
nounces the establishment of a four years' course in veterinary
science, leading to a Bachelor's degree. We observe a full com-
plement of veterinarians in the faculty, including Sofus B.
Nelson, D. V. M., professor of veterinary science ; Maynard
Rosenberger, D. V. M., bacteriology and pathology ; Kirk W.
Stouder, D. V. M., anatomy and surgery ; Wyatt E. Ralston,
D. V. M., obstetrics ; and Otto Menig, D. V. S., ophthalmology,
while the allied branches are in charge of experienced teachers
and specialists.

"The Rapid Diagnosis OF Rabies," by Langdon Froth-
ingham, M.D.V. (Austin Teaching Fellow in Bacteriology,
Harvard Medical School), is the title of a splendid article in the
Journal of Medical Research for April, 1906. The recent ex-
tensive outbreak of rabies in Massachusetts has given Dr.
Frothingham an opportunity to study the two chief methods of
rapid diagnosis — the pathological changes in the nerve ganglia
and the presence of the so-called Negri bodies. Among the
conclusions of Dr. F. the following are noted : "The presence
of Negri bodies is diagnostic for rabies, and, if found, animal
inoculation is unnecessary. . . . The Amnion's horn is the
most likely place to find Negri bodies ; if not found in impres-
sion preparations of Amnion's horn, they must be sought for in
sections. . . . If no Negri bodies can be found, and there
are no lesions in the Gasserian ganglion, a negative report may
be made ; but if persons have been bitten, animal inoculaticns
are advisable to allay apprehension."

The Agglutination Method of Diagnosing Glanders
is being extensively tested by Dr. Veranus A. Moore, of Cornell,
in connection with several practitioners of Brooklyn, the latter
of whom supply Dr. Moore with specimens of blood from glan-
dered or suspected cases. The results of the testing have been
so accurate as proven by clinical symptoms, by subsequent de-
velopment and by post-mortem findings that enthusiasm has been
aroused, and Dr. (ieorge li. Berns is fitting up in his Brooklyn
hospital a laboratory for the use of Mr. Cassius Way, assistant to
Dr. Moore, where the tests can be made immediately after the
withdrawal of blood. Dr. Way will spend his summer vaca-
tion in Brooklyn, and the practitioners will keep him well sup-
plied with material, as it is always accessible in this hot-bed of
glanders. Dr. Ackerman, veterinarian to the Health Depart-

388 NEWS AND ITEMS.

inent, has had some rcniaikably accurate diagnoses from Dr.
Moore. Veterinarians of New York City are urged to cooperate
with Mr. Way to the end that a thorough test of the new
method may be had, and accurate data furnished for the pa-
per which Dr. Moore is preparing for the New Haven meeting
of the A. V. M. A.

WHAT REVIEW SUBSCRIBERS SAY.

" The Review is better than ever. It is the ' solid extract'
of the profession." — (/. Payne Lowe^ D. V. S., Passaic^ ^- J-)

" I could not do without the Review as its arrival is al-
ways a source of great pleasure." — {F. E. Andersotiy Fine/lay^
Ohio.)

" We consider the Review a very valuable publication, and
indispensable to veterinarians." — {Drs. Jones and [ones^ Blan-
ches ter^ Ohio.)

•'If a veterinarian intends to be up-to-date he must be a
faithful student of the A>^Er<icAN Veterinary Review." —
{Charles Eastman^ San Luis Obispo^ Cal.)

" Permit me to say that I have derived great beneBt from
the Review, and find it always interesting, instructive and up-
to-date."— (/. Wigs[lesworth, V. 6"., Eau Claire, Wis.)

" I CONSIDER THE REVIEW better than any reference book I
could purchase. What we need is more interest taken in its
Array Department by veterinarians of the regular service." —
{Charles H. Jewell^ Vet. ijth Cav.^ U. S. Army.)

" ' SCHIER DREISZIG JAHRE BIST DU ALT, HAST MANCHEN

STURM ERLEBT ' [ ' thirty years old are you, and many storms
have you weathered]; but the adversities of the past have left
no ear-mark on the Review. No. i. Vol. XXX, appears more
pretentious than its predecessor. The Review is easily the
best value in veterinary periodicals." ' — {Peter F. Bahnsen^ V. 5.,
AmericuSy Ga.)

'* I AM MORE AND MORE IMPRESSED with the obligation of
the profession of this country to the Review for the large
amount of helpful veterinary literature placed in its hands reg-
ula'rly every 30 days. Only to those who have undertaken
work of similar character is it possible to appreciate the labor
and energy bestowed in order to produce such an excellent
periodical. May the profession grow to more and more appre-
ciate its value to them and give it their hearty financial sup-
port."—("5'. Stewart, M. D., D. V. M., Kansas City, Mo.)

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

289

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

Secretaries are requested to see that their organizations are properly
included in the following list.

Name of Organization.

American V. M. Ass'n

Vet. Med. Ass'n of N.J

Connecticut V. M. Ass'n

New York S. V. M. Soc'y. . .
Schuylkill Valley V. M. A...

Passaic Co V. M. Ass'n

Texas V. M. Ass'n

Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n....

Maine Vet Med. Ass'n

Central Canada V. Ass'n

Michigan State V. M. Ass'n. .
Alumni Ass'n N. V.-A. V. C.

Illinois State V. M. Ass'n

Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad

Illinois V . M . and Surg. A. . .

Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba

North Carolina V. M. Ass'n. .

Ontario Vet. Ass'n

V. M. Ass'n New Vork Co.. .

Ohio State V. M. Ass'n

Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n. .

Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n

Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n..

Iowa State V, M. Ass'n ,

Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n.
Pennsylvania State V. M. A..
Keystone V. M. Ass'n ,

Colorado .State V. M. Ass'n . . .

Missouri V^alley V. Ass'n

Rhode Island V. M Ass'n

North Dakota V. M. Ass'n

California .State V. M. Ass'n.. .

Southern Auxiliary of Califor

nia State V. M. Ass'n. . . .

South Dakota V. MA

Nebraska V. M. Ass'n

Kansa.f State V. M. Ass'n. . . .
Ass'n Mid^cale Vetemaiie

Francaise " Laval,"

Alumni Association A. V. Col.,
Province of Quebec V. M. A. . .

Kentucky V. M. Ass'n

Washinfjton .State Col. V. M. A.
Indiana Veterinary Association,
Iowa-Nebraska V. M. Au'o. .
Ix>uisiana State V. M. Ass'n..

Twin City V. M . Ass'n

Hamilton Co. (()hio> V. A

Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n..

Date of Next
Meeting.

Aug. 21-24, '06

July 12-13, '06

Call of President

Sept. I1-12 13

June 20.

Monthly,

Call Exec. Com.

Monthly.

July 9, 1906,

Place of
Meeting

State Fair week

April, 1907.
July 12, 1906.
Call ol Prest.

Not Stated.

1st Wed. May
1st Wed. ea. mo

July 12,1906.

July, n, 12, '06

2d Tues. May
1st Mon. in June

June and Dec.

Mch.Je.Sep.Dc

Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct,
July, 1906.

Jan, 8-9. '07.
I St & 3d Thur,
of each month,
April each yr.

Monthly.

Augost, 1906.

N. Haven, Ct
Asbury Park
New Haven.
Buffalo.
Reading.
Paterson, N.J,

Boston.

Augusta.

Ottawa.

Detroit.

141 W. S4thSt

Bloomington.

Sheboygan.

Decatur.

Winnipeg.

Name and Address Secret a ff.

141W. S4thSt
Columbus,
Pittsburgh

Rocht'r.N.V.
Minneapolis.

Philadelphia.
Denver.

Providence.

San Francisco

Ix>s Angeles.
Brookings.

Topeka.

I.ect R'mlji.

val Un'y Mon.

New York.

Mon. & Que.

Pullman, Wa,

Cincinnati.

Agricultural

College.

J. J. Repp. Phila., Pa.
\V. H Lowe, Paterson.

B, K. Dow. Willimantic.
G. T. Stone, Binghamton.
W, G. HuyeU. Wemersville.
H. K, Berry, Paterson, N. J.

E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie.

F. J. BabbiU, Lynn. Mass.
R. E. Freeman, Dexter.
A. E. James, Ottawa.
Judson Black, Richmond.
W. C. Miller, N Y. City.
F. H. Harr, I'ana.
S Beattie, Madison.

C. M. Walton Rantoul.
F. Torrance, Winnipeg.
T. B. Carroll, Wilmington.

C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto.

D. J. Mangan. N. Y. City.
W. H.Gribble.Wash'nC.H.
F. Weitzell, Allegheny.
F. F. Brown, Kansas City.
J. H.Taylor,HenricUa,N.Y.
H. C. Simpson, Deniscn, la.
C. A. Mack, Stillwater.

C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia

A. W. Ormeston, 102 Her-
man St.,Germantown,ra.

M. J. Woodlifle, Denver.

B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City
T. E.Robinson, Westerly, R I
J A. Winsloe, Cooperstown.
C.H. Blemer,San F^rancisco.

J. A. Edmons, I^s Angeles.*

E. L, Moore, Brookings.
HansJenson.WeepingWater
Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina.
J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.

F. R. Hanson. N. Y. City.
Gustave Boyer, Kigand.P.Q.

D. A. Piatt, Lexington.
Wm. D. Mason. Pullman,

E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis.
A. T. I'eters, Lincoln, Neb.
E. P. Flower, Ba on Rouge.
S. H Ward, St Paul, Minn.
iI.onisP, Cook, Ciminnaii.
iJ. C, Robert, Agricultural
r College.

PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance ; foreign countries, $j.6o;

students while attending college, $2 ; single copies, 2^ cents.

Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded.

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon

changing their address. Make all checks or P. 0. orders payable to American

Veterinary Rsriew.

The fact that the benching and feeding of the dogs, the penning,
caging and feeding of the poultrj-. pigeons, cats and pet stock at the
following exhibitions have been entrusted to Spratt's I'atent (America)
Limited, during the past season is significant of two very important
points : first of the confidence that the dog owning public has learned to
place in this experienced firm in its particular line, and second, of the
great benefit that a firm possessing the experience and facilities of this
one, is to exhibitors of small stock. Following is the list of shows that
entrusted their livestock's welfare to them :

The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, Madison Square Garden,
New York City, the L.K.A. Kennel Club, Mineola, L. I., New York
Poultry Show, Madison Square Garden, Englewood Poultrj' Show,
Boston Poultry Show, Mechanic's Bldg. , Duquesne Kennel Club Dog
Show, Pittsburgh, Pa., and the Lynn and Haverhill Dog Shows. Port
Richmond Dog and Poultry Shows, Staten Island, Scranton Poultry
Show, The Diamond State Poultry Show, Wilmington, Del., Wolverine
Kennel Club Dog Show, Detroit, Mich., Memphis, Tenn. Dog Show,
Cincinnati Poultry Show, Cleveland Fanciers Poultry Show, Rutherford
Poultry Show, Wisconsin Kennel Club Dog Show, Milwaukee, Wis.,
Washington, D. C. Dog Show, Mineola Poultry Show, Dover Poultry
Show, Trenton Poultry Show, Buffalo Dog Show, Newark Poultrj'
Show, Paterson Poultry Show, and .several others. We are also making
arrangements a the present time for the Atlantic Q\\.y Dog Show, St.
Louis Dog Show, San Francisco, Cal. Dog Show and a number of
others.

The List of Veterinary Biological Products of the Pasteur Co.,
Ltd., is certainly very interesting from a veterinary practitioner's view
point ; appealing to him no matter in what part of the world his field lay.
A careful perusal of the list is convincing c<f the truth of the above
statement, you will find it on page 28 (adv. dept).

Among the Larger Things in Veterinary Practice, two of the
most interesting are found facing each other on pages 22 and 23 (adv.
•dept.), in the form of a most excellent and handsome ambulance, and
probably the highest grade operating table that has ever been placed on
the veterinary market.

ASSISTANT WANTED.

Wanted as an assistant a "third year man. " An excellent opportunity to study the
practical side of veterinary medicine. Address : Dr. C. Burchsied,

No. 58 ( ireen St. , Concord. N. H.

Assistant Wanted by Dr. Hayes, No. 416 East 14 St., New York City.

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

For Sale. Extensive city practice ; with or without instruments, drugs, etc., on
reasonable terms, splendid oppoiluniiy for hustler. Address " City Practice ", care of

ANfERiCAN Veterinary Review.
509 West 1 5 2d St New York.

"WHAT OTHERS SAY."

WEST DISINFECTING CO , Dennison, Iowa.

Gentlkmen:

Enclosed herewith please find my money order for five gallons of Chloro-Naptboleum.
I could not get along without it in my practice.

\'ours truly,

HAL. C. SIMPSON. D.V.S

It kills genns
It destroys odors.

It is a parasiticide
aod antiieptic.

Sold by all first-class dealers in one gallon cans at $1.50, and in larger
quantities at special prices.

WEST DISINFECTING COMPANY.

9 East 59th Street, New York.

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V ASOO BIN

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A vehicle that penetrates the epidermis with remarkable rapidity
carrj'ing its incorporated remedial agent to the underlying tissues, where
it is immediately absorbed

Some of the drugs that are emulsified in this vehicle, ready for the
veterinarians use, are :

Iodine Vasogen containing io;{ Iodine.
Iodoform Vasogen ** 3% iodoform.

Creosote Vasogen •• 20% Creosote.

Pyoktanin Vasogen *• a^ Pyoktanln.

(In four ounce hottles.)

PYOKTANIN VASOQEN is a very valuable preparation to the veterinary prac-

titioii'-' ■.•'• him ill a convenient ana p neirating vehicle, this valuable drug with its

anti<>' ' ctant and anagelsic properties augmented by the (act that the vehicle

will ' ' M the mo«t remote corners and recesses of wounds. Hence its advan-

tage ;■.. ......Lineiit of foot wounds.

IODINE VASOQEM— positively not irritating, it used to great advantage in cases of
tendunitis; when well "worked" into the tendons, it frequently obviates the necessity
of blistering, or firing and blistering. Alao valuable to soften and absorb in nuiny other
conditions in both horses and dogm.

iOOOFORn VASOQEN. used wherever Iodoform is indicated, and CREOSOTE
VASOQEN for couRhs, etc.

Manufactured by VASOOENFABRIK PEARSON & CO.,
HAHBURQ. GERMANY.

LEHN & FINK. Sole American AgenU. 120 William Street. New York.

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ta

II isi Popuioi Hipmiiiiiii; Syiii! wim me u\m Meiicai Piiiiessioi.

I

I

S
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DiMRNsiONs (IK Case— ^^ inches in length, »% inches wide, a inches deep.

VETERINARY HYPODERMIC SYRINGE.

In Morocco case, velvet lined, containing two straigfit needles, one-halfcurved needle for intra
venous injection, one trocar and canula, and twelve tubes for Hypodermic Tablets.

Our Syringes are substantially made, especially for the use of Veterinary Sur-
geons, with strong glass barrel of three drachms capacity, protected by fenestrated meta)
cylinder, with rings for thumb and fingers.

By removal of the lower metal end, one or more tablets may be placed directly in the syrinfc
— replacing cap and attaching needle, water can then be drawn in upon the tablets and solutioB
effected by shaking the syringe.

Our syringes are made with needles to attach either by slide or screw-thread. In orderiac
specify which is preferred.

Price of Syringe and case complete l4.oo (reduced from $5.00..

Extra Needles, straight I .35

Extra Needles, curved •• 35

Extra Trocar and Canula. — .50

BUNTIN DRUG GO'S VETERINARY BULB SYRINGE

For admiaistering Liquid Medicines to Horses and Cattle by the Moi:th or Rectnm
Every Syringe has Firm Name Stamped on the Rard Rubber Pipe

LENGTH loVi INCHES

CAWCiTYi tatouncES^

Consists of a substantial soft rubber bulb to which is
attached a very strong, hard rubber pipe. In giving mca-
icine or food with this Syringe there is no danger of in-
juring the anima is mouth or breaking the Syringe; any quantity, from a teaspoonful
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14

BUiNTIN DRUG CO.'S SOLUBLE HYPODERMIC TABLETS.

VETERINARY.

"4
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laS
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136
IS7
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ISS
i«6

iss

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146

i«a

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•53

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1*9

>4<
143
110
•44
«45
III
111

;:2

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rn tabc ol
w ubiett.
. |o la

::l:|f;j

80

33

25

60

Aconitine, Crj'stals i-40Kr.,

Acoiiitiiie, Crystals I-30KI' ■

Aconitine, Crystal* i-aogr..

Aconitine, Cry'stals l-iogr..

Aconitine, Crystals i~6gt..

Aconitine, Crystals ...I-4g:r.

Arecoline Hydrobrom Hsr..

Arecoline Hydrobrom igr..

Atropine Sulphate I- 4K''--

Atropine Sulphate l-agr..

Atropine Sulphate igt..

Barium Chloride Comp (Ellis) i

{Barium Chlor 7S'S-\
Digitaline i-ia gr. j

Cardiac Tonic —

(Digitaline, Pure

< Sparteine Sulph .. . .
(strychnine, Nitrate

Cocaine Muriate i gr

Cocaine Muriate I-X grs

Cocaine Muriate a grs

Cocaine, 4>< grs. for Veterinary Anesthesia — )

(One tablet dissolved in i drachm of water makes an 8-per cent, solution.)

Colchicine «- 4gT

Colcbicme i- agr i 00

Colic (Knowles) 54

( Morphine Sttlph 'grs.)

^ Atropine Sulph 1- 4 gr. >

(Aconite Cryst i-ao gr. )

Coniine Hydrobromate I- a gr 43

Coniitie Hydrobromate i gr 60

Digitaline, Pure I- 8 gr ao

Digitaline, Pure i- 4 g^" 35

Ergotine a grs 18

Ergoline 4 g" »7

Eserine Salicylate i- 4 gr 50

Eserine Salicylate i- a gr ... 75

Eserine Salicylate i gr 125

Eserine Salicylate iK C* » S*

Eserine Compound • i 00

(Eserine Salicylate 1-41T.)

•< Pilocarpine Muriate i-agr.y

(Strycbnine i- 8gr. )

Eserine and Pilocarpine i 50

J Eserine »-sgr.l

) Pilocarpine i gr.J

Colic (Forbes) 175

f Eserine Salicylate i gr- i

( Pilocarpine Mar 3K gr>- f

Hyoscyamine Sulphate, Crystals I- 8 gr —

Hyoscyaminr Sulphate, Crystals t-4g' —

Morphine Sulphate I gr...,

Morphine Sulphate iM gts ..

Morphine Sulphat* , a gr....

Morphine Sulphate sK grs ••

Morphine Sulphate 3 grs....

Morphine ana Atropine

I MorphineSulph iKgrs. I

I Atropine Sulph K gr. f

Morphine and Atropine

f Morphine Sulpb iKgrs. I

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Morphine and Atropine .

I Morphine Sulph • gr*. (

I Atropine SulpB 1-4 gr. I

Morphine and Atropine

f Morphine Sulph »% grs. (

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Nitroglycerine i-iogr..

Nitroglycerine , I-5 gr

35

45

Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals I-* gt.

Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals , I gr........... 90

Pilocarpine Muriate, CrysUls. 1% fft I 10

Sodium Artenite , , I gr •••••• la

Strychnine Sulphate i-4 gr la

Strychnine Sulphate I-t gr 13

Strychnine Sulphate............ ,, I gr 14

Veratrine Muriate I-4 gr la

\cratrinc Muriate i-> gr 14

Please order by number.
Q—4» —»t post-paM U aay part CalU4 StatM ar Canada apaa raaalpt

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STOVAINE.

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New York State Veterinary Med. Society, Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 12-15, IS05.

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16

TALLIANINE

(REGISTERED TRADE MARK)

Diagram show-ing the increase in the consumption of Tallianine since its
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240OO TUBES

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22

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20

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1901 1902 1903 1904
SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE.

1905

Address'

WALTER F. SYKES &. CO. 85 Water Street, New York.
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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY.

Hew York-llwrlGafl Veterinary College.

( New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered 1857, and the American Veterinary Col-
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Session 1905-1906 began October 2d, 1905.

Write for new catalogue and all Information to

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NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE,

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The best equipment for scientific and practical instruction, for undergraduates and pott-
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CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE

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22

BOVOVACCINE.

(von Behring. )
AUTHENTIC REPORTS CONCISELY PUT.

It is a matter of history that fully four years elapsed between the
announcement by von Behring of his discovery of Diphtheria Antitoxin
and the recognition of its merits and its adoption by the medical pro-
fession generalh". Man}- Medical Congresses met during this inter\'al,
but none endorsed the remedy ; indeed it was maliciously attacked and
condemned b}- many. Nevertheless, the incalculable value of this mo-
mentous discover}- is to-daj- recognized by physicians and laymen the
world over. The fact, therefore, that Behring 's latest discover}', his
immunizing-method against Bovine Tuberculosis, was not endorsed by
the Eighth International Veterinary Congress, and that it is decried by
men, whose motives, in some instances at least, are not above suspicion,
detracts absolutelj- nothing from the value of Bovovaccine ; history is
mereh' repeating itself To present here a complete review of the scien-
tific reports on Bovovaccine is unnecessary and quite impossible.
Behring 's own numerous and successful experiments are not referred to
at all, since they may bj- some not be considered unbiased. Suffice it
to merely give a short r^sum^ of the results of the most recent experi-
ments conducted by absolutely disinterested observers.

Abstract from an article, " The Experiences of Antitubercular Vacci-
nations at Melun ", by J. Masbrenier, which appeared in the Presse Mfdi-
cale, Paris, Dec. 6th, 1905:

" Under the official direction of the Minister of Agriculture, an examination
was made Dec. 2d and 3d. 1905, at Melun, France, of 40 calves. 20 of which
one j'ear previously had been subjected to the inoculation of Behring's
Vaccine. Prof. Valine himself conducted the experiments, also the autopsies.
One of the vaccinated animals died during the year from an accident, without

f)resenting any signs of tuberculosis at the autopsy ; the remainder were in per-
ect health at the end of the year, although they had been exposed to various
causes of infection. Some were placed in a stable with tuberculous cattle,
some received intravenous, others subcutaneous injections of a virulent
tul)ercle culture. The control animals were subjected to the same treatment ;
they all became infected, and many died of generalized tuberculosis, while
others showed extensive tuberculous lesions. In contrast to all this, the vacci-
nated animals appeared to be immune, and did not react to the tuberculin test.
The vaccinated animals and the controls were all killed Dec. 2d, 1905, and sub

{'ected to a most careful autopsy, and ' the contrast between the conditions
ound in the vaccinated and the control animals is regarded as affording indis-
putable proof of the value of the vaccine, especially since the conditions of the
tests were more severe than would be likely to be met in ordinary' practice.' "
(See A. V. R., Edit. Feb., '06 )

To those who do not want to be 'convinced, these experiments of
course prove nothing, but Prof Vall6e, the distinguished scientist. The
Society of Practical Veterinary Medicine and the audience at Melun,
considered the results of sufficient import to send von Behring a joint
tcle^jrara of congratulation, expressing their most respectful admiration
for his achievement.

The following is quoted from the Berliner Tierdrztliche Wothen-
schri/t. No. i, 1906 :

" After extensive experiments and obser\'ations, the Commission of Belgian
State Veterinarians ha? o?<» ""»'' most satisfactory' results from the use of
HfliritiK'-^ antitubercular The Commission, therefore, does not

hesitate to cUilare, that tli' ^ m stock of cattle will be protected, after a

few years, from tuberculosis through the Behring vaccination, and that there
after an infection of man through cow-milk nee«l be feared no longer."

The report of the Commission of Belgian State Veterinarians ap-
pointed to test von Behring's Bovovaccine was lecently publishc<l, and
the conclusions reached were as follows :

9

" ( I ). That the injection of virus-vaccine of von Behring has not caused tu-
berculosis.

" {2). That the vaccinated animals generally resist natural infection.

'■ (3). That the resistance of the vaccinated animals can be overcome by the
injection of strong doses of active tubercle virus.

" (4). That it is advisable in practice, to keep the vaccinated animals as
much as possible away from any infection during the entire time that they are
under the influence of the virus-vaccine.

"(5). That it is prudent to delay the vaccination of animals in stables
where broncho-pneumonia is prevalent. "

Most convincing proof of the harmlessness, practicability and effi-
ciency of the bovovaccination is to be found in the report of Dr. Stre-
linger, "Three Years' Experience with von Behring's Vaccination
against Bovine Tuberculosis ", which appeared in Vol. 10 of the Zeit-
schri/t fiir Tiertnedizi?i. These vaccinations were made on the Hun-
garian Estates of Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, by Dr. Strelinger, with the
cooperation of Baron Leonrod, and many of the vaccinations, tuberculin
tests and autopsies were witnessed by a number of county and district
veterinarians. Altogether 8S0 ani7nals were vaccinated, and unpleasant
complications attributable to the vaccination were observed in not one
single case. Approximately one-third of these animals were vaccinated
as early as 1902, and have therefore been under observatio7i beiiveen three
arid four years.

All animals who had received their second inoculation one year pre-
viously were recently subjected to the tuberculin test, and after elimi-
nating 13 animals which had been found to be tuberculous at the time
of the vaccination, there reacted in August, 1905, only g a^iimals out of
the sgo, the total number tested, i.e., ly^ per cent., and of the reacting
animals four had been tested within one 3'ear after the last vaccination ;
thus the possibility of a hypersensitiveness to tuberculin on account of
the bovovaccination is not altogether excluded. Could better results be
reasonably expected ? In answering this question, it must be considered
that on these estates, according to Dr. Strelinger, fully 50 per cent, of
animals of about the same age as these vaccinated calves used to react
to the tuberculin test prior to the introduction of the bovovaccination ;
it must also be remembered, that according to the reports, no attempt
at isolation or special hygienic precautions were made, but that the
vaccinated calves were kept in stables with older, non-immunized ani-
mals, which means in tuberculosis infected stables on an estate where
50 per cent, of the calves used to react to Tuberculin.

Dr. Strelinger concludes his report with the following sentence :

"It appears to me not unjustified to draw the conclusion, that the von
Behring method of protective inoculations solves the problem of a rational pro-
cedure for the extermination of tuberculosis in cattle." (See Zeitschrift fiir
Tiermedizin. Vol. X, 1906.)

Dr. Ebeling, Woldegk, reports in the Berliner Tierdrztliche Wochen-
schrift. No. i, 1905, that up to that time he had vaccinated 1126 calves
without any detrimental consequences ; of these he had so far dissected
37 head, 36 of these were found to be entirely free from tuberculosis ;
one animal which had been vaccinated at the age of seven months, and
had strongly reacted to the virus inoculation at the time and evidently
had been already infected, showed tuberculosis of the bronchial glands.
This has become especially significant, since Dr. Ebeling more recently
reports that 30 per cent, of the non-vaccinated cattle of this herd
showed, on post-mortem, tubercular infection.

Recentl}' we received the following report from Dr. Ebeling, regard-
ing a herd of cattle wherein the method had been introduced three years
ago. He writes as follows :

"This herd was the worst infected one I have ever seen. A high percent-
age of the animals had died from tuberculosis each year, and a number of other
animals had become entirely worthless. This condition had reached its point
of culmination shortly before the introduction of the von Behring method of

10

vaccination, so that I had advised the owner to sell the entire herd, have the
stable remain empty for a time, and have it disinfected according to scientific
principles ; then purchase new animals, which would show no reaction to
tuberculin. The owner had already become reconciled to this idea, when sud-
denly Behring's method of eradicating tuberculosis offered a possibility of
conquering the disease in this manner. Since the introduction of the vaccina-
tion, the young stock has grown much healthier, and this seems to me the
surest proof of the reliability of the method. Within the last years I have dis-
sected several of the vaccinated animals and have not found evidences of
tuberculosis in a single case."

In the beginning of this year we received the following letter from
Dr. Samuel S. Buckley, Professor of Veterinary Science at the Mary-
land Agricultural College, viz. :

"Coi,i,EGE Park, Md., January loth, 1906.
"Messrs. C. Bischoff & Co., New York.

'• Gentlemen : — You will be pleased to have the results of the preliminary
tests made at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station with Prof, von
Behring's Bovovaccine for the protection of cattle against tuberculosis.

"That part of the test which has been completed is most encouraging, as
shown by the following summary :

" A — Calf V was immunized with Bovovaccine according to the method of
von Behring. The first vaccination was made April loth, 1905, the second and
final vaccination was made July 17th, 1905 On Nov. 24th, 1905, this calf re-
ceived two centigrammes of a virulent culture of tubercle bacilli from a bovine
source. On the same date, Nov. 24th, a healthy calf, without previous vacci-
nation, received two centigrammes of the same culture. This was control calf X.

"On Jan. 3d, 1906, control calf X died of^ acute miliary tuberculosis, and
showed pronounced lesions on post-mortem examination. On Jan. 6th, 1906,
vaccinated calf V was killed and rigid examination failed to show any traces
of tuberculosis.

" B — Calf III was immunized with Bovovaccine at the same time as calf V
above mentioned. On Nov 24th vaccinated calf III and an unvaccinated calf,
IX, were each inoculated with one centigramme of the virulent culture of tu-
bercle bacilli used in group A.

" On Jan 6th 1906, both calves were killed. Vaccinated calf III failed to
show tuberculosis, while the control calf IX showed numbers of miliary tuber-
cles in the lungs and lymphatic glands.

"This work confirms that already reported by Prof. Valine and others, and
is, I believe, the first complete test of its kind in America. It is my purpose
to extend this method of immunization as far as possible, since I have great
confidence in its value. Very truly yours, Saml. S. Buckley. D. V. S.°'

Dr. Buckley goes further than that. Acting upon his convictions,
he addressed a circular letter dated Jan. 27th, 1906, to the veterinarians
of his State, in which letter he reports his results with von Behring's
Bovovaccine to encourage them to vaccinate the calves of their clients.
He writes as follows :

" * * • my sole motives are to see practiced any method which will
minimize tuljerculosis in our cattle. Such a method seems to be at hand in
the Bovovaccine of von Behring ♦ * * .

" This very encouraging report is made to you at this time, in order that
you will be in a position to answer any questions as to the probable value of
the metho<l, and because it seems desirable that you should have the report
early enough to begin the work of vaccination this spring on young calves, if
requested by your clients. The printed report will probably appear too late
to enable you to give the information in time."

District-Veterinarian Schricker, of Groenenbach, Germany, in the
Wochenschrift fi'ir Tierheilkunde und Viehzucht, Vol. 50, No. 7, reports
having perfonned the preventive inoculation according to von Behring-
in the young stock of seven stables, six of which were highly tubercu-
losis infected. In most cases the reaction of these animals to the first
and second inoculation was but slight. Only a few animals showed
elevations of temperature. Later on, the author tuberculinized ten of
the vaccinated young cattle, and only one of the animals showed the
typical reaction. So far, three of the immunized animals have been
slaughtered two of them are perfectly healthy, and one showed calci-

11

fied tuberculous lesions of the bronchial glands and a tubercle, the size
of a cherry-pit, in the lung. The last mentioned animal was immun-
ized according to von Behring's method at the age of two years, and
was therefore in all probability already infected prior to vaccination.
From these observations Schricker concludes, that through the prevent-
ive vaccination of calves below the age of four months and which are
not tubercularly infected, the resistance of these animals to severe natu-
ral infection can be greatly enhanced.

In his opinion, bovovacci nation is indicated in all severely infected
herds.

The following is an extract from a lecture delivered by Dr. Roemer
at Koenigsberg, before the Board of Agriculture of East Prussia, on
Jan. 24th, 1906 :

" Extremely interesting are the tests now being conducted by Prof. Eber,
of Leipsic. He placed four immunized cattle together with three not vacci-
nated and tuberculosis infected animals ; he made the natural conditions of in-
fection more severe by creating tuberculous suppuration of the skin in the lat-
ter. No doubt the immunized and non-immunized animals licked up the pus
containing tubercle bacilli. In November of that year, all control animals re-
acted to tuberculin, while of the immunized animals not one reacted. The
experiment will be continued."

Dr. Rothe, of Tollmingkehmen, Germany, published in the agricul-
tural journal Georgine, No. 2, of 1906, an interesting report, of which
the following is an extract :

" Results so far obtained have indubitably proven that :

" (i). The vaccinations, if f>erformed by a competent veterinarian and on
healthy calves, are absolutely harmless.

" (2). These vaccinations are a great protection against the artificial infec-
tion of tubercle virus. Doses which kill non vaccinated control animals within
a short time, do not in the least affect vaccinated calves.

" It has not as yet been fully proven whether the vaccination has a curative
effect on such calves which were already tubercularly infected prior to the vac-
cination and, further, whether the vaccinated animals will be as immune
against natural infection as against artificial infection. Lastly, the question
whether this vaccination of calves will protect them during their life time has
not as yet been decided. Naturally, these last three questions can be only
definitely decided after a number of years, and after the general introduction
of the method into practice. Von Behring answers these points already at the
present time in the afl&rmative, and states important proofs which cannot be
discussed in the columns of this paper.

' ' The established fact of the absolute harmlessness and the ifnmunity
against artificial infection with tubercle virus must suffice for us to undertake
the introduction of Bovovaccine with enthusiasm and on as large a scale as
possible. I am fully convinced that the sooner this is done, the sooner these
last questions will be settled, and bovine tuberculosis conquered.

" I will here state briefly, that in the last two years I have lost, out of 84
calves vaccinated according to von Behring, but one, and this in consequence
of an intervening disease."

Quite recently there appeared in the May number of the American
Veterinary Review, of May, 1906, a reference to the experiments
made with Bovovaccine by the Italian Commission, whose results were
said to have raised unbounded enthusiasm and were to be celebrated by
a great feast.

The detailed report of these results has not yet reached us.

Dr. Paul H. Roemer, of Marburg, in a lecture given at Darmstadt,
Germany, on Jan. 6th. 1906, reports that up to that time, three and
one-half years since the introduction of von Behring's method of pro-
tective inoculation into practice, a total of about 70,000 cattle had been
bovovaccinated.

Literature on this topic will be mailed to any one on request.

C. BISCHOFF & CO..

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14

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16

American Veterinary Review.

JUNE, 1906.

Correspondents will please note the change in address of Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, from
Seventh Avenue and Union Street, to jto East Second Street, Borough of Brooklyn,
New York City.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, France, April 15, 1906.

The Etiology of Stringhalt. — For a number of years
Prof. R. Bossi, director of the Veterinary School of Turin, has
published very interesting articles relating to the study of some
clinical forms of the symptom known as chronic stringhalt —
the chronic " harper " of the French.

In those various publications the following conclusions were
presented :

(i) There exists among equines and bovines a form of
chronic stringhalt, due to a sudden displacement of the patella^
over the internal border of the femoral trochlea, beyond the
normal limits. The displacement is essentially identical to
those resulting from "cramps," but differs from these by its
duration. This form of stringhalt differs from others by the
*' patellar cracking," which is heard at every step of the animal,
by the mode of displacement of the leg, and because it can
always be cured by section of the internal tibiopatellar liga-
ment.

(2) There exists in solipeds a second form of chronic string-
halt which is very often observed in dry arthntis of' the hock.
In this there is no patellar cracking, and it is characterized by
the specific mode with which occurs the flexion of the hock and
of the fetlock. With this form section of the tendons, aponeu-

291

292 EDITORIAL.

rosis or ligaments have no effect, because it is an alteration of
motion with reflex origin.

(3) On rare occasions a third form of chronic stringhalt is
observed in equines, which Hartwig has described, and which
is due to the retraction of the muscle-stretcher of the fascia lata.
This can be cured by section of the retracted muscle.

There is also chronic stringhalt which can be called nervous^
observed in horses and also in dogs. It is associated with chronic
lumbago, rheumatismal or traumatic, or, again, belonging to
chorea. Here there is no patellar cracking, and myotomy or
tenotomy is powerless.

There is no doubt that complete or partial removal of chronic
stringhalt by section of the peroneo-phalangcal muscle has been
observed, and, again, that the operation has failed on many oc-
casions. This difference in results can be easily explained ;
similar^ these forms of stringhalt are not identical — they differ
in their causes and various lesions as much as in their nature
and seat.

Dieckerhoff has called " idiopathic " stringhalt that which
he said was due to retraction and shortening of the tibial apo-
neurosis^ and he recommended the division of that aponeurosis
as it passes over the hock. If this failed, section of the pero-
neus was to be performed.

Finally, Prof. Bossi concluded that there were evidently six
forms of chronic stringhalt, some curable, others incurable, and

further studies were desirable.

*

The above considerations, which I concisely resume from
an article in the Revtie Generate of Leclainchc\ are accom-
panied by the records of three cases of chronic stringhalt, which
were treated by three different surgical operations, which by the
results show that these three forms are curable, viz. : patellar
stringhalt^ that due to retraction of the peroneo-phalangeus
muscle, and the symptomatic of dry tarsal arthritis. The first
case, that of a donkey, was cured by double neurotomy of the

EDITORIAL. 293

sciatic and anterior tibial nerves. The symptoms had disap-
peared when the animal arose from the bed where he had lain
during the operation. It was due to dry arthritis. The second
case was that of a gelding which had stringhalt in both hind
legs, due to dry arthritis or retraction of the peroneus muscle.
To complete the diagnosis, arthritis was treated by counter-
irritation without any success. Tenotomy was then performed
on both legs. The result was not immediately manifest, but
after a few days improvement was evident, and complete re-
covery followed. The case was certainly not arthritic in na-
ture. The third case was that of a horse affected with patellar
stringhalt in both legs, existing for several months. This ani-
mal was treated by the subcutaneous section of the internal
tibio-patellar ligament and also of the surrounding aponeurotic
fascia. Recovery was not immediate, but gradually became
complete. It was a case of patellar stringhalt, easily recognized
by the presence of the patellar cracking and the peculiar action
in flexion of the extremity.

This new addition by Prof. Bossi to this troublesome affec-
tion is no doubt of great interest.

* *

Antituberculous Vaccinations. — In a general review of
this subject, published in the Journal of Zootechnie^ Prof.
Nicholas classifies the methods resorted to under two principal
headings, preventive and curative vaccination.

Preventive vaccination has been attempted for a long time
by the use of serum from hyper-immunized animals, by toxines
secreted by the specific bacillus itself, more or less attenuated,
and from human or bovine origin.

With serotherapy the results have been uncertain ; while
favorable with the serum of cattle in some instances, with that
of cattle and dog only failures are recorded.

With toxines also the results have been contradictory. A
certain degree of resistance is given to rabbits by some experi-
mentators ; with others the results are negative. Tried for a
long time, tuberculin docs not give immunity.

294 EDITORIAL.

With the use of the bacillus itself, obtained from various
sources, favorable results have been obtained in many cases.
Introduced through intravenous injections, or subcutaneously,
human or bovine viruses have given immunity — if not absolute,
at least to such a degree as to allow animals to resist natural
infection.

By intravenous injection^ de Schweinitz and Schroeder, and
McFadyean, show at various dates that cows submitted to viru-
lent inoculations in series obtained high resistance to tubercular
infection. Then came the great discovery of Behring, a method
which gives a refractory state to the young bovines submitted
to intravenous injections of tuberculous virus of human origin.
The experimenters of the whole world set to work to control
Behring's method. Thomassen, Pearson and Gilliland, Schroe-
der, Schlegel, Lorenz, Eber, Hutyra, Saas, Carper, Marks,
Streilinger, in Germany, in Hungaria, in Italy at Mortara, in
France at Melun, in Belgium at Brussels — and what is the gen-
eral conclusion : the results obtained are different according to
the experimenters; if it has great advantages, there are cer-
tainly objections ; innocuous and efficacious at Melun, it does
not meet with the same results everywhere, and the lack of
resistance observed sometimes is due to causes to be looked
into. Why should immunity last for only one year when Pear-
son and Gilliland have obtained one immunity resisting for two
years, at least to permanent natural infection ?

By subcutaneous injection. Arloing resorts to this method,
and also to the preceding, in using bacilli of human and bovine
origin. He has obtained great resistance and almost complete
immunity with a given dose of very virulent bovine bacilli. He
hopes to soon obtain a virus which will not be exposed to the
complications observed in Behring's method.

Lignieres also claims to be able to vaccinate by only one
subcutaneous injection. He uses the human bacillus. The re-
sults obtained by this method during the experiments at Melun
show that it needs improvement.

EDITORIAL. 295

There are two other methods of preventive vaccination which
have been tried.

Aviary Bacillus. — The immunity granted in this way is only
temporary, not lasting and less solid than that obtained from
bacilli of other origin. It is not used by any one.

Bacilli of Cold-Blcoded Animals. — Turtle, lizard, and fish
are the sources from which the bacilli are obtained. Friedmann
succeeds to great immunity with the bacilli of the lizard, and
claims to give immunity to cattle and to man [he operated on
himself]. But the results are disapproved of by others. Klim-
mer, with bacilli from fish (carp), has succeeded in immunizing
rabbits and cattle. By his method, subcutaneous or intravenous,
there are left no lesions, no general accidents. The method is
practical, and gives immunity lasting a year and a half.

* *

Curative Vaccination. — Based upon serotherapy, or upon the
use of bacilli of any origin, very virulent or attenuated, it has
given only illusive results. It is not the same, however, by
the use of the soluble products secreted by the bacillus of Koch.
Heymans has obtained the recovery of tuberculous cattle by
placing in the peritoneum or in the subcutaneous connective
lissue, back of the shoulders, cultures of the bacillus of Koch
in collodion sac. At the Congress of Tuberculosis of Paris
lately Prof. Behring made known his communication on the
curative vaccination of tuberculosis by his new TC, which so
far has given the best results in laboratory tests. Behring hopes
to apply his method to man. Let us wait.

After all, how do we stand? Preventive inoculation has
not said its last word. It has, indeed, given excellent results
in the hands of many experimenters. Its practical use is already
accepted in many places. Arloing is still working at his
method, which will no doubt prove successful ultimately. Lig-
nic-res may improve his process, and - - - well, we have not yet
heard from Prof. Valine, who, with Df. Roux, is carrying out
a series of experiments with a senim from horses: an equine

296 EDITORIAL.

serum against a bovine disease. Let us see what the learned
Professor of Alfort said at the Soci^t^ de Medecine V^t^rinaire
Pratique at one of its late meetings : " The possibility of vac-
cinating horses against tuberculosis has not been mentioned
until now. On this account it seems to me interesting to
make known some attempts which I have been making for the
past few months. If anti-tuberculous vaccination of horses has
no practical interest, since this animal contracts that disease so
seldom, it is very important to lay down the experimental rules
of a deep immunization of this species of animal, which would
suggest this subject as a choice for the production of serums in
general, a serum possessing interesting specific qualities. The
various anti-tuberculous serums prepared to this day have an
action on the tuberculous organism, more or less marked, but
in all cases insufficient. These sera are obtained by the treat-
ment of subjects destined to their production, with soluble
products, extracted from cultures of the bacillus of Koch or
from the bacilli themselves, after a special treatment. As far
as I know, there exist no horses hyper-vaccinated with the
plainly virulent tuberculous bacilli. I have succeeded in obtain-
ing in three horses satisfactory results in this direction. These
subjects were treated successively with increasing doses of
human bacilli, first attenuated, then with bacilli in full viru-
lency, killing guinea-pigs, in six or seven weeks, and giving rise
in horses, in five milligram doses, to tuberculous lesions with
lasting reaction by tuberculin.

* *

" The following is the condition of one of those subjects :
Percheron mare, in excellent condition of health. Does not re-
act to tuberculin :

" Days of Experiment. Inoculation. Weight of Animal.

" ist . . 6 millig. bacilli, attenuated culture of equine bacilli 515 Kil.

''49th . .10 " " " human tubercul. 528 "

"95th . 15 " " virulent " " 531 "

>'i33d . 25 " " " " " 540 "

• 187th . 20 centigrams " " 543 "

" 220th .50 " " " " 544 "

" 260th. 75 " •■ •• " 547 '

EDITORIAL. 297

" The increase in weight of the animals, their general good
condition, are proofs of their perfect resistance. Each virulent
inoculation is followed, at the beginning, with quite strong
febrile reactions, which last forty-eight hours. As the treat-
ment goes on, these reactions diminish. No matter at what
time the animals are tuberculined, the well-marked reactions of
the beginning of the immunizing treatment entirely stop later
on, whether the operation is performed in the fifteen days fol-
lowing the virulent inoculation or several weeks later."

It remains to be established what the specific qualities are
of serum of horses thus treated, and if the horse is not more apt
to furnish an antituberculous serum more than the hyper-vac-
cinated bovine.

*

* *

Prof. Lanzillotti-Buonsanti's Silver Anniversary.
— In one of the late numbers of the Clinica Veterinarian print-
ed as a special issue, there was an account of the ceremony
which took place at the Royal Veterinary School of Milan to
celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the nomination of
Prof. Lanzillotti-Buonsanti as Director of the School. In the
presence of officials representing the Secretaries of the Interior^
of Agriculture, of Public Instruction, and before the delegates
of the veterinary schools of Italy, with representatives of various
public authorities, and a very large number of visitors, Prof.
Sertoli, in a long speech, reviewed the professional life and
work of the Professor, and presented him with an artistic certif-
icate handsomely illustrated in memory of the ceremony. Prof.
Korner, in the name of the Secretary of Agriculture, gave Prof.
Lanzillotti a magnificent gold medal, and announced that by
the kindness of the King the Professor was raised to the degree
of Knight of the Order of Saints Marvine and Lazare.

A subscription had been opened by the members of the pro-
fession to create an institution to be known as the Lanzillotti
Institute. But, according to the desire expressed by the learned
Director, the amount collected will be used to grant prizes to
young veterinarians so as to encourage them in the study of in-

298 EDITORIAL.

fectious diseases of animals. The Clinica Veterinaria of Feb-
ruary 3 contained an excellent likeness of the Professor.

* *

Poisoning of Horses by "Snow Drop." — In glancing

over the February issue of the Agricultural Journal of the Cape
of Good Hope my attention was called to an article from Acting
Director of Agriculture, Dr. Hutcheon, M. R. C. V. S., on the
poisoning of horses by CEnithogalum Thyrsotdes, or " Chinker
inchee." Although the article is well illustrated by a colored
plate of the plant, my botanical knowledge did not permit me
to locate it, and on researching I found this definition of the
" snow drop," as it is also called. " Snow drop " or " silver bill "
tree, an American shrub or small tree [Halesia tetraptera\ with
white bell-shaped flowers in clusters. From this I concluded
that the accidents referred to by Dr. Hutcheon might be ob-
served in America — hence this short notice. It seems that
various numbers of horses at different places in the colony had
died after partaking of forage where flower-heads of "snow
drop " were. The symptoms had been those of acute gastro-
enteritis, accompanied by a dull, depressed, stupid effect on the
mucous system.

Experiments were carried out by the Department of Agri-
culture to see the effects produced by the eating of forage con-
taining the plant, some animals being fed by the dry flowers
and others with freshly-gathered leaves of the tree. In the
majority of cases the post-mortem lesions were about similar,
viz. : " heart and spleen normal ; slight congestion of the lungs,
kidneys and liver. There are areas of fatty degeneration of the
liver. There is intense inflammation of the gastric mucous
membrane and that of the intestines throughout its extent."
In the report one man is said to havt lost two horses by this
plant, another three, and a third lost five out of fourteen cases,
etc. These facts have given rise to much inquiry and created
considerable excitement. Purgative treatment is recommended
as the one which is indicated to clear the intestines of its irri-
tating contents.

EDITORIAL. 299

National Veterinary Congress of France. — By the
time this reaches our friends in America the Vth. Congr^s
National Veterinaire [yes, another !] of the Veterinary Socie-
ties of France will be in session. This Congress will be known
hereafter as the Nocard Congress^ because taking advantage of
the presence of veterinarians from all over France, the monu*
ment to Nocard will be unveiled, a professional ceremony where
I think all subscribers should have been officially invited and
asked to represent in an official capacity. It might not have
been convenient for the many who subscribed in America to
come over, but I am sure some one will come to Europe about
that time, and he might be a delegate from all. But, of course,
this is only my personal idea of how to show the appreciation
of the handsome gift sent from America to the illustrious mas-
ter that Nocard was.

But let me come back to the Vth French National Veteri-
nary Congress. I do not know exactly the questions which
will be brought before the meeting, and, after all, perhaps there
will be none which would, strictly speaking, be of interest to
American veterinarians. And, yet, there will be one which I
think cannot be ignored at this time, when in the States the
question of " Reforms in Veterinary Education " is still, I hope,
the subject of important investigation. I will give in brief the
resunii- oi the report made by the chairman of the Committee,

and my next will contain the resolutions adopted.

*
* *

The first demand made by the chairman is the abolition of
the internal for the students. In the French schools veterinary
students are boarding students. External is the rule in all the
establishments of higher education, except military schools.
Why should it be different in veterinary colleges?

A higher degree of education than the one required should
be demanded of the candidate at matriculation. Not only is
the present degree of bachelor of classic or modern school obli-
gatory, but a diploma of superior studies in a faculty of sciences,
viz., the P. C. N., which means Physics, Chemistry, and Natu-

SOO EDITORIAL.

ral History, is demanded. This obligation would justify the
claim to Doctorship, which could be but a proper recognition
of the scientific standing of the veterinarian who would have it.
A. V. D. (Veterinary Doctor) imposes itself.

The third question treated by the chairman is a serious and
delicate one. It touches the situation and recruiting of the
teaching bodies of schools and of the program of the curricu-
lum. In relation to the recruiting of the teaching board, it is
necessary " to create grades of assistants, repetitors, demonstra-
tors, adjunct and titular professors, a regular hierarchy with a
firm base and sufficient remuneration to attract and hold men
of scientific value, specialized, giving their exclusive time to
their duties. The suppression of one or perhaps two schools
might be advantageous."

The faculties should elect their dean, who would be the
director of the school, and the position should be held only for
ten years — a decanal — subject to a reelection, of course.

Free students we have. Higher degree of education is a
stone hard to move in some of the States. A Doctor degree we
have in all its various forms. Proper recruiting of our teaching
bodies, by graded adaptation and graded education of candidates,
is unknown to our schools. The idea of reducing the number
of schools for the benefit and improvement of one is a question
impossible of consideration. Limit of office for the dean or
director of a school is scarcely admissible with us, where so
many of our schools are private undertakings. And, yet, with
the many objections which can be brought forward by our
American confreres^ the demands made by the chairman of the
committee can certainly be a source of thinking for the mem-
bers of the committee of the A. V. M. A., to whom this question
of " reform " has been given for consideration. More on this

subject later.

*
* *

Our Apologies to the Washington State College. —
In my January (1906) " Chronicles," in introducing a letter I

EDITORIAL. 301

had received from the fair librarian of the Washington State
College, at Pullman, asking to exchange a large list of " back
numbers " for others which she did not possess, I remarked that
it was " very strange that this party should not have seen fit to
notify the Review of its error in sending duplicates for such a
length of time, without probably having paid for them." In
making this statement I was woefully wrong in my hasty con-
clusion, which was arrived at without any data whatever from
the business office. By a letter I have received from Prof. S. B.
Nelson, he explains that some complete volumes and others
nearly complete were given to the institution, and many other
duplicates were purchased, along with other works, from a Chi-
cago bookseller ; and at no time have duplicates been received
from the publication office. It is seldom that I am led into the
making of a statement for which I do not have some data to
guide me, but whenever I am wrong I grasp the first opportun-
ity to set myself right. To the Washington State College, and
its librarian, I offer sincere apologies, and trust they will
consider that the wrong done them was by the head, not the
heart.

Bibliography. — In closing this, I have to acknowledge the
receipt of several bulletins, such as those of the San Francisco
and Chicago veterinary colleges, the Archiva Veterinarian
of Bucharest, and the first number of the Journal of Tropical
Veterinary Science. This latter journal was fully considered
in the April Review, and I simply here address the editors my
best wishes. A. L.

THE ASSOCIATION OF FACULTIES AND EXAMIN-
ING BOARDS.

At the 1905 meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, during a delightful sail on Lake Erie, thoughtfully
tendered by the veterinary hosts of Cleveland, the Association
of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards of North

30 '2 EDITORIAL.

America was reorganized, after a lengthy discussion of its charac-
ter and purposes. In this discussion it was shown that little
could be done to compel schools to adopt uniform standards of
requirements for entrance or graduation, or for length of term
or character of curriculum, and that any approach toward a
more uniform standard than now exists can only be secured by
mutual agreement. It was, therefore, considered feasible to
have as components of this organization representatives of the
various schools, of the examining boards, and of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, from whom a working com-
mittee of three from each interest can be secured. This Asso-
ciation is to meet annually during the session of the National
body, and the feeling seemed general upon adjournment that
some good could be accomplished in the matter of establishing
a minimum requirement among all schools represented in the
composite organization.

One element of power to enforce the standard agreed upon
is the right of the examining boards to fix upon uniformity in
the examinations for license. Many States of the Union have
laws requiring the examination of candidates seeking to prac-
tice within their confines, and those having secured laws with-
out this provision can, we believe, with comparatively little
effort, effect similar legislation. There are now but few States
in which veterinary medicine flourishes to any extent which do
not legally recognize the profession, and every year witnesses
the decrease of their number.-

The greatest power for equalizing the quality of veterinary
education in this country, therefore, is vested in the examining
boards, and if this strength is exerted wisely, there should be a
general betterment of conditions throughout the land.

We fully realize that many obstacles are to be overcome be-
fore the organization becomes effective ; but if the membership
will take up the infant effort inaugurated last year at the ap-
proaching Hartford meeting with earnestness and a desire to
accomplish something, we have much faith in their ability to
do so.

EDITORIAL. 303

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The meeting at New Haven is drawing near, and Secretary
Repp announces elsewhere in this number the program of papers
secured to date. While their quality assures a high-class meet-
ing, the number is inadequate for so important an occasion, and
those who usually delay sending in their names until just before
the li^t closes should take into account the injury and the anxi-
ety which they occasion, and should at once notify the Secretary
of their intention and subject. The outline of the arrangements
for the holding of the sessions and the entertainment of the large
number expected are well advanced, while the clinic details are
in the hands of a strong committee.

The Massachusetts Association has named a committee of
three of her best sons — W. L. La Baw, L. H. Howard, and J. F.
Winchester — to act in conjunction with the Connecticut vet-
erinarians in working for the success of the convention of
1906.

"Veterinary Notes of the Russian Army in the Far
East," by Col. John Van R. HofF, United States Army, who
was with the Army of the Czar in Manchuria for observation
on behalf of our Government, will be published in the " Army
Veterinary Department" of the July Review. The author
has gathered some data of great value to the veterinary pro-
fession concerning the diseases of the animals in charge of the
military veterinarians, both those employed in the campaign
and those used for food, together with their treatment and mor-
tality. Particularly does his interesting account bring forward
in most favorable light the great service of sera in the preven-
tion of epizootics of the most fatal infectious diseases, and shows
their almost indispensable value where large bodies of animals
are congregated. The profession will, we are sure, feel deeply
grateful to the Colonel for the pains he has taken in collecting
these facts and for his kindness in permitting the Review 10
publish them.

304 W. L. WILLIAMS.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES,

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY.

By W. L. Williams, Professor of Surgery, New York State
Veterinary College.

"An Address delivered before the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, at
Philadelphia, March 7, 1906.

During the past few decades there has developed in Ameri-
ca a conspicuous tendency to interfere with the teeth of horses
and an attempt has been made to dignify the practice by the
appellation of "Veterinary Dentistry."

The unique position attained by this alleged profession or
professional branch of veterinary surgery is attested in a variety
of ways.

1. More has been written upon this subject in America
than in all other countries combined, we having two pretentious
volumes under the title of veterinary dentistry, besides much
current literature.

In other countries there is found much valuable literature
in veterinary periodicals ; Clark has contributed a valuable vol-
ume in his " Horses Teeth," and recently Ostertag has furnished
the profession with a most scholarly and valuable work upon
this subject in his section on diseases of the teeth in Bayer and
Frohner's " System of Surgery and Obstetrics," but so far as
we are aware, no pretentious volume upon veterinary denti.stry
alone exists outside of America.

2. American veterinary colleges largely have, attached to
their faculties, a professor of veterinary dentistry and presuma-
bly give a special course in that subject. Great stress is laid
upon this feature in the announcements of some of the shorter
course veterinary colleges with low matriculation requirements,
becoming less conspicuous among the longer course institutions
with more rigid requirements for entrance.

3. A perusal of the catalogues of the manufacturers of vet-
erinary instruments show a special emphasis upon dental appa-

§•

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 60b

ratus by American firms as compared with foreign houses. The
instruments are excessive in number, complexity, cost and re-
strictions by patents.

4. Graduates of American veterinary colleges largely adver-
tise themselves as specialists in dental work and actively solicit
it. Many of them conspicuously display elaborate and showy
diplomas in veterinary dentistry, and in all their advertising
matter, bill heads, letter heads, and professional (?) cards draw
attention to their special preparation for this work. In many
cases, familiar to us all, the stationery bears a picture of the
veterinary dentist himself, heroic in size and pose, filing the
teeth of a horse.

5. American horse owners, trainers, coachmen and stable-
men have been firmly led to believe that a very large proportion
of the diseases and vices of horses are referable to defective teeth
and the veterinary dentist is sought as a universal panacea.

Under these conditions it is not strange for us to believe
that more work is done upon the teeth of American horses by
legal veterinary practitioners than upon the teeth of all other
horses in the world combined.

Let us here assert, lest we be misunderstood, our high appre-
ciation of the economic and humane value of scientific veteri-
nary dentistry. During our 27 years as practitioner or as teacher
of clinical surgery, no class of work has demanded of us a higher
degree of skill, none has yielded more satisfactory results.

For the purposes of this address we wish our title, ethics, to
signify the conscientious performance of our duty, according to
all available knowledge, toward our patient, our client, and, so
far as its interests may be concerned, the public. It is not
enough that ethics should demand of us a conscientious appli-
cation of the knowledge in our possession, that would place a
premium upon ignorance, but calls for an honest use of all
knowledge which, by proper diligence, we may be able to
acquire. It docs not stop at what our writers on veterinary
dentistry may teach, as these writings may be wanting in au-
thority ; it does not cease at what is taught us in college, the

300 W. L. WILLIAMS.

faculty may not have possessed a true veterinary dentist ; it
does not terminate with graduation from a special course in
veterinary dentistry under a noted professor of this subject and
the receipt therefrom of a diploma in dentistry, the professor
may have been wanting in scientific attainments, or possessed a
very feeble, undeveloped conscience; it must rest finally and
permanently upon a conscientious search for the truth with the
animal itself as a basis, taking into account all anatomical, phys-
iological and clinical data. This renders our ethics somewhat
elastic, since it recognizes that one may be able to see and learn
more than another and consequently has a duty which leads
him further than his colleague, whose field of vision is more
confined.

Veterinary dentistry, or the processes known by that name,
is almost wholly confined to the horse, partly because he suffers
more frequently and seriously from dental diseases than other
domestic animals ; very largely for the reason that he submits
tamely, without material restraint, to prolonged and important
dental interference ; and, perhaps above all else, be is held in
highest esteem by his owner, who, under false ideas of the facts,
permits unwarranted liberties with these essential organs under
the delusion that such interference is for the well being of the
horse. The horse is practically the only animal in which den-
tal operations are extensively carried out upon sound teeth. It
has been stated that women sometimes have the visible teeth of
pet dogs filled with gold in order to make them conspicuous,
and the breeder removes the tusks of the boar to prevent him
from injuring other live stock. Aside from these, sound teeth
of animals go practically untouched.

All the teeth of the horse are subject to deformity, disease
and injury, and all at times require surgical handling.

The incisors are the most freely open to inspection, were
probably the first teeth of the horse to be subjected to surgical
handling, and continue to be interfered with in a greater va-
riety of ways than any others. They are really less subject to
disease than either the canines or grinders, but their position

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 307

renders them very liable to accidental injury. They are also
frequently deformed or are abnormal in number. They consti-
tute our most valued criterion in determining the age of horses,
and have long been subjected to disguising operations in horses
offered for sale or trade. The temporary incisors are prema-
turely removed from colts in order to hasten the eruption of the
permanent ones and cause the horse to sell for a higher price
because of the appearance of greater maturity. Fortunately for
our profession, this operation is carried out almost wholly by
the dealer, it being very simple and easily done by any one.
The perniciousness of this fraudulent operation cannot well be
denied. It places an immature animal in work for which it is
not ready, leading to premature breaking down, the loss to the
community of what would have been a valuable animal had it
been humanely handled, and deceives the purchaser into pay-
ing an adult price for a colt, causing him an important mone-
tary loss.

An older and more grossly deceptive operation for the
disguising of the age of horses is the process of bishoping,
in order to make the animal appear younger. The operation
has been left largely throughout all history to the low, disrepu-
table horse dealer, but at times the veterinarian has done the
work for the dealer. In modern veterinary literature, when men-
tioned at all, it is usually merely done to condemn it and place the
veterinarian on his guard when examining horses for soundness.
More recently, Merillat has included it in his".\nimal Dentistry"
under the title of " Artificial Anomalies," and gives all the details
for performing the operation in the most deceptive manner. He
does not commend it beyond giving it so prominent a place in a
volume presumably dedicated to scientific dentistry, but there is a
want of that vigorous condemnation which seems to us demand-
ed. Bishoping does no good and very scant harm to the teeth and
causes the animal no pain. The important question is the decep-
tion of the buyer. We know of no tenable ground upon which a
veterinarian can justify his performing this operation, and can-
not see how he can escape the self-conviction that when he

308 W. L. WILLIAMS.

bishops the mouth of a horse he has attempted a fraud against
a prospective purchaser. Should the buyer call upon the oper-
ator for an opinion as to the age of the animal, if he has not
previously surrendered all claim to ethical principles, he will
have placed himself in an embarrassing position, if, after hav-
ing received a fee from the seller for doing an operation in order
to enable him to deceive the buyer, he now turns upon his dis-
honest client of yesterday and discloses the fraud to his later
employer. But Merillat claims that the skilful veterinarian
can so bishop the mouth of a horse as to deceive himself, and
thereby be placed in helpless subserviency to his own fraudulent
operation for which he has accepted a professional (?) fee. If
he detects his own fraud and exposes it to the buyer, he offends
the seller from whom he has already received a fee ; if he keeps
the secret and accepts another fee from the buyer he doubles the
fraud and his fees for committing it. In attempting to condone
such operations some veterinarians resort to the plea of inevita-
bility, that the fraud will be perpetrated by some one and so
should be done artistically (not scientifically, for science is
truth), and the veterinary practitioner had best do the work,
and accept the fee. Such an attitude strikes at the foundation
of all professional ethics and marks the boundary between
science and charlatanry.

In 1889, during a particularly unsteady epoch in the den-
tistry of animals in this country, Hinebauch made an unsuc-
cessful attempt to dignify as scientific, and give a permanent
place in animal dentistry, the filling of horses' teeth. The
chapter was written by " veterinary dentist " Sayre and included
by Hinebauch in his " Veterinary Dentistry." Fortunately, it
failed to meet with any notable response and no one took the
trouble to point out its absurdity. As described by Sayre, the
work was limited to healthy teeth, where it admittedly could
not be effectively applied. It was a comparatively harmless
piece of nonsense, for which only a few horse owners, with more
money than intelligence, paid fees to the few " veterinary den-
tists " who did such work. We do not wish to be understood

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 309

as absolutely condemning the filling of the teeth of horses or
other animals. There may be cases where it is proper and prac-
ticable, but we cannot approve the filling of normal infundibuli
in the incisors of young horses, nor attempting the absurdity of
filling defective cement or dentine areas in the crowns of grind-
ers where the trouble is not recognized or recognizable until the
tooth is irretrievably lost. Sayre admits that in the first molar,
where this condition is most frequent, the filling is impossible.
Hinebauch attempted, with more success, to dignify another
questionable operation upon the incisor teeth, that of resection
in order to allow the grinders to come together. He says :
" They (the incisors) occasionally need to be shortened more or
less, especially if the horse is not allowed to run at pasture, and
is fed on hard food, such as whole corn and oats. The molars
do not come together near enough to thoroughly grind the food."
Merillat condemns this heresy in commendably vigorous lan-
guage and points out the fact that the shortening of these teeth
prevents their apposition, interferes as a consequence with food
prehension, and the operation, unless very carefully done, is
liable to cause serious fracture of the crowns. It is well known
that the teeth of horses are pushed out of their alveoli in inverse
proportion to the resistance encountered and that their degree of
use influences their rate and extent of protrusion only in so far
as attrition shortens them. If two functioning teeth of a horse
oppose each other they are each pushed out of their alveoli
until they come in contact and thereafter they advance
at precisely the rate that their crowns are worn away by
attrition or otherwise removed. If one of these teeth is missing
its antagonist is pushed out until it may reach and wound the
vacant alveolus. Reversing this hypothesis of too long incisors,
it could as well be claimed that horses living a comparatively
wild life on ranges where the soil is very sandy and stony and
the herbage very scant and short, would have their incisors
worn so short that they could not come together and the pre-
hension of food would thereby be interfered with or pre-
vented. The reasoning is parallel. The operation is largely

310 W. L. WILLIAMS.

carried out upon aged horses with teeth so worn out that they
can no longer effectively grind food whether the incisors be long
or short, present or absent. We have seen no clinical evidence
of good arising from the resection of the incisors. In some
instances such a result might be claimed where other teeth,
which were actually interfering with mastication had proper
care at the same time or other unfavorable conditions were re-
moved, after which the animal improved in condition. The
incisor arcades are far narrower than those of the grinders, and
in the process of mastication, if they projected so far as to come
in contact would be worn away more rapidly than the grinders.
Since the process of mastication in the horse is accomplished
largely through lateral motion of mandible, the fixed point
being the temporo-maxillary articulation, the incisors move over
a greater distance than the grinders and undergo a correspond-
ing greater wear. It should be further remembered that if the
incisors and grinders come in like contact during mastication,
the presence of food between the grinders would conserve their
wear while the incisors without food between them, their in-
tensely hard, milled surface coming together, would cause them
to wear" away rapidly and bring about a properly adjusted con-
tact. Horses, like men, can adjust the dental contact so that in
the normal state, the incisors can be brought in contact while
the grinders are held apart and vice versa^ but such an adjust-
ment could have no permanent influence upon the extension of
the teeth. We can find no reason, from any possible view point,
for concluding that normal incisors grow to an injurious length
and interfere with mastication in animals not allowed to graze.
We have not been able to see any appreciable difference in the
length of the incisor teeth of grazed and stabled horses. Fur-
thermore, there is a strong tendency in teeth to diminish in
power of resistance as their use decreases, which again may serve
to aid in maintaining the balance between the various arcades.
The incisors are further interfered with in cases of cribbing,
the veterinarian being, at times, asked to saw down between
the teeth with the hope of curing the vice, making it possible

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 311

for food to become impacted between them and cause disease.
In other cases the veterinarian is asked to extract or break off
some of the incisors for the same purpose. No evidence exists,
\vithin our knowledge, that the condition of the teeth has the
remotest relation to the cause of cribbing nor that any known
method of changing these teeth can be^neficially influence the
habit. We have experimentally completely destroyed the sensory
nerve supply to all the incisors in both arcades without exerting
any influence whatever upon the vice beyond the tend rness of
the wounds during the time of healing. We can consequently
find no warrant for interfering with these teeth for the cure or
amelioration of cribbing.

We meet frequently with deformities, diseases and injuries
of the incisors in which surgical handling is so clearly ethical
and mandatory as to call for no comment in our discussion.

The canine teeth of the horse virtually escape questionable
operations although essentially functionless, so that meddling
might be given vent on them rather than the incisors and grind-
ers. They are the only teeth of the horse to suffer from caries
comparable to that affection in man, being the only ones in
which, under any probable conditions, dentine is exposed on
other than a wearing surface ; exposed dentine, not in wear, de-
cays, dentine in wear does not decay. Such decay is at times
induced by accident, or by error in cutting too deeply to blunt
a sharp-pointed canine which has cut the tongue or lips.

The little supernumerary premolars or " wolf teeth " have
claimed a very large share of dental charlatanism and being alike
harmless and valueless have awakened little protest against the
meddling from which they suffer. Considering their small size
andinoflensiveness '* wolf teeth " have had to endure more than
their quota of defamation. The principal change against these
rudimentary organs is that they cause periodic ophthalmia ; a
charge of too long .standing to determine the date or cause of its
origin. It has followed the horse to the very corners of the earth,
even into climates where *' moon blindness " is unknown. Hine-
bauch says: "Ophthalmia, both periodic and simple, may re-

312 W. L. WILLIAMS.

suit from teething. " The removal of supernumerary teeth acts
as a counter-irritant and may possibly be followed by a remission
of some of the ophthalmic symptoms." He approves of their re-
moval.

Merillat concedes alike their uselessness and harmlessness, ex-
cept that in rare cases they may possibly interfere with bitting,
for which reason he countenances their removal. In ophthalmic
diseases he strongly urges their extraction " owing to the popu-
lar prejudice against them."

It seems to us that we are unwarranted in advising an opera,
tion for the removal of an organ because under certain condi-
tions it may interfere with the comfort of an animal unless the
possibility cannot be predetermined or the operation cannot well
be performed after it has caused some annoyance.

In these teeth it seems to us that an intelligent veterinarian
could determine in each case if a wolf tooth would or would not
interfere with the bitting process and its removal be advisable.
The size, form and direction should show the practitioner
whether it can ever cause an abrasion of the cheek from bit
pressure. Little harm can come from leaving wolf teeth till
they actually interfere with bitting and then removing them.
Does " popular prejudice " render a painful and useless opera-
tion ethical ? The veterinary practitioner is a public teacher,
he is licensed as such in many of our States, in some common-
wealths he is educated at public expense and has an ethical
duty to the people of special significance. He is the licensed
guardian of the live-stock interests and the adviser and teacher
of the horse owner. The veterinarian goes to the legislature
asking for practice laws, that the practice of veterinary surgery
shall be limited to scientific men like himself, and having at-
tained these laws we are urged by him to perform a useless
operation in obedience to " popular prejudice," to perpetuate an
ancient superstition and carry out the dictates of bygone cen-
turies. Any man who has extracted wolf teeth knows full well
that it is a painful operation, as shown by the resistance of the
animal, not only causing transient suffering, but rendering timid

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 313

animals afraid of manipulations about the mouth thereafter.

The grinders are subject to many forms of disease and defect
and offer the most important field for beneficent dentistry. The
affections are largely very serious in character, causing great
suffering to the animal, inducing emaciation and weakness from
partial starvation and frequently jeopardizing the life of the
animal. These demand a high order of surgical skill and do
not involve, in the ordinary way, questions of ethics. The great
mass of dental work unassociated with dental disease is per-
formed upon the grinders of the horse. The superior maxilla being
much narrower from side to side than the inferior maxilla, the
grinding surface of the two arcades meet on an inclined plane, the
superior teeth being longer on the lateral side while the lower
ones are longer on their median aspect. This bevelled wear em-
phasizes the plicae into which the tooth tissues are thrown and
results in sharp dentate projections, consisting chiefly of enamel,
on the outer border of the superior, and the inner of the in-
ferior arcades. These prolongations serve a highly essen-
tial function in grasping and dividing the food masses into
smaller portions and giving the teeth a firm hold upon the food
while their milled surfaces effectively crush and grind it. The
influence of these sharp and bevelled tooth edges upon the well-
being of the animal is variously interpreted, there being a wide-
spread conviction among many stock owners and veterinarians
that the grinders were badly made, have become obsolete in
form and require great modifications at the hands of the veter-
inary dentist to make them fit to fulfill modern requirements.
Much theorizing has been done regarding the influence of do-
mestication upon the teeth of the horse ; we hear little of such
influence upon the teeth of other domestic animals. One of
these theories is suggested by Merillat who says : *' The use of
the bit through innumerable generations appears to have rid
the interdental space of the premolars" (wolf teeth). As neither
history nor tradition reaches back to the period when equus
caballus had not been domesticated and bitted by man it is dif-
ficult to determine what effect the bit has exerted upon his

314 W. L. WILLIAMS.

teeth. One certainty which is largely overlooked by theorists
is the fact that supernumerary teeth increase in frequency and
size as the intensity of domestication. The more highly bred and
fed, and correspondingly the more promptly and constantly bitted,
the more constant and larger the wolf teeth. The more vigorous,
the larger the horse, the more likely he is to develop supernu-
merary molars of the same size as the normal ones, which may
be placed in front, behind, or at either side of the normal dental
arcade. Clinically, therefore, instead of tending to obliterate
teeth, domestication does the opposite.

Similarly it is urged that alleged changes of food in domes-
tication has produced important changes in his grinder.*, espe-
cially that the horse now eats largely unground grains. Grains,
like horses, have been used by man as far back as history or
tradition leads us, and it is fair to assume that the eating of
grain by the horse is not a recently acquired habit ; it is highly
probable that in prehistoric times man did not grind the food
for him and that the grains were as hard ten thousand years ago
as they are now. Based upon these alleged changes from the
natural state, the sharp edges of the grinders are charged with
being the cause of many of the ills of the horse, to overcome
which, extensive changes are made by the veterinary dentist.
Sharp grinders are variously alleged to cause ophthalmia, debility,
inappetence, bolting of food, slabbering, shaking of the head,
side pulling, lugging on the bit, shying, indigestion, constipa-
tion, diarrhoea, running away, standing still, (balking) and
numerous other ills.

Since all grinders of the horse are very sharp and armed
with pointed denticles of enamel at their prominent edges, it
is well to enquire how we may fix the line of delimitation be-
tween the normally and abnormally sharp tooth ; or if the
normal form of the teeth is incorrect, is one of nature's gross
blunders, in what manner and degree it is essential to modify
them? Upon what basis are we warranted in changing their
form? Let us critically examine the clinical evidence of the
alleged injuries from sharp grinders. We may divide them

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 316

into two categories : interferences with mastication and through
this with digestion and nutrition ; and disturbances in driving
or riding due to painful injuries of the soft parts in the presence
of the bit. Mastication may be interrupted by either mechan-
ical or pathologic impediments.

It is alleged that in some cases, without disease, the mandi-
ble is so much narrower than the maxilla as to produce a scis-
sor mouth of such an extreme degree that mastication is well
nigh impossible.

These cases must be very, very rare, certainly the vast
majority of scissor mouths are the result of painful disease of a
tooth or teeth and depend upon, instead of causing, bad mastica-
tion. In such case it is clear that the alleviation of the cause
commands our first attention and only secondarily do we need
overcome the shear mouth to restore proper mastication. If the
offending tooth is timely removed no shear mouth results. In
the extremely rare cases said to occur as an anomaly without
disease, it is difficult to see how the shortening of the wedge-
shaped teeth can greatly relieve the condition as the inferior
maxilla will still be too narrow and good mastication impossible.

If one tooth is lost or worn completely away the antagonist
tends to push out till it reaches and abrades the soft tissues in the
vacant alveolus. The posterior tooth in either the mandibular or
maxillary arcade may be placed somewhat posterior to its antag-
onist and a portion grow out so long as to penetrate and wound
the soft parts opposite ; the same condition usually ensues in case
of supernumerary molars, which being located frequently be-
hind the normal teeth have no antagonist. So in cases of dis-
eased, misdirected or split teeth and partially detached tempo-
rary crowns we meet with serious impediments to mastication.

But all these constitute a very small part of the popular
veterinary dentistry, most of it is directed to the removal of th^
sharp points on the outside of the superior and the inner side of
the inferior arcades of otherwise sound and normal teeth. The
mere sharpness of these edges arc a distinct aid in mastication
and are always sharp in a normal mouth, the more normal the

316 W.. L. WILLIAMS.

tooth, the sharper. They cannot obstruct the lateral mastica-
tory movements of the jaws because that movement in itself
prevents their attaining such proportions. If mastication is in-
terrupted because of wounds to the soft parts from the sharp edges
these injuries are readily found. In this case the wound needs
be of a character clearly sufficient to establish a case. There
are probably few toothed animals which do not occasionally
abrade the cheek as a result of accident or inattention during^
mastication and if we will carefully search the cheeks of horses,
many of them will reveal some slight trace of old or recent
abrasion.

Does the mere trace of an abrasion of the cheek or tongue
warrant surgical interference with the teeth? If we answer in
the affirmative we shall need to rasp the teeth of well-nigh every
horse and, were the mouths of dogs, cats, pigs, cattle, sheep and
goats examined, we should probably find similar conditions in
them ; it is certainly true of man. There is little reason to
believe, either, that blunting the teeth of horses will stop or
even lessen the frequency of these accidental abrasions. In
order to warrant the inference that a given abrasion constitutes
a sufficient cause for surgical interference with the teeth, we
need clearly establish the fact that the injury is recent, that it
is sufficient to cause pain as verified by sensitiveness to the
touch, that the condition of the tooth or teeth which caused the
injury is such as to show that the abrasion was not a single
accident of no consequence but that it will necessarily be con-
stantly or frequently repeated during the process of mastication.
We are then warranted in so modifying the offending tooth or
teeth as to avoid the recurrence of the injury, but this gives us
no right to meddle with the other teeth which have caused no
injury. If we apply this rule in our daily work, we shall cut
or rasp few teeth and wear out very few rasps.

In considering the influence of sharp teeth upon bitting we
should weigh the evidence carefully. If an animal shies, slab-
bers, side-pulls, lugs on the bit or runs away it is not proof that
his teeth require surgical attention.

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 317

Dribbling of saliva may arise from a great variety of causes,
among the least frequent of which is sharp teeth, the most com-
mon and inexcusable being improper bitting and reining. In
many cases of slabbering the cause is to be found in the lodg-
ment of grain beards or other foreign bodies in the mouth, in
stomatitis from any cause, in foods like white clover which cause
intense ptyalism, etc. These cannot be cured by cutting or
rasping the teeth. Lugging, side-pulling and other related
vices are rarely due to the condition of the teeth, but, on the
other hand, the existence of these tend to cause injury to the
surrounding soft parts through their being violently pressed
against them. The vicious habit must be overcome before
it is worth while to blunt the teeth ; after the habit has been
corrected the teeth do not need attention. In turf horses, espe-
cially in colts, where they are compelled to bear heavily upon
the bit, the cheeks may be pressed violently against the edges of
the first and, possibly, second superior premolars in a manner to
abrade the parts and call for the artificial dulling of normal teeth
in order to accommodate the parts to special artificial conditions ;
these changes should be confined logically, to the first, or first
and second superior premolars, and the others left unharmed.
In contrast with this view of our professional duty, we find that
in many large establishments, the veterinarian recommends the
dulling of the grinders in well-nigh all the animals, operates
upon them and receives liberal fees therefor.

In speaking with a veterinarian who practices largely among
running horses, he stated that he rasped the teeth of practically
all horses belonging to his clients once or twice annually, and
when the necessity for it was challenged, he confessed its use-
lessness, its injury to the teeth, the unethical character of the
work, and condoned his course upon the basis that, did he refuse
to do it, others would accept and he would suffer a correspond-
ing monetary loss. We shorten the life of a tooth by at least
the amount we remove, be that i per cent, or lo per cent. If we
cut away the projecting edges we remove chiefly enamel and at
its thickest part, so that the wearing of the teeth is hastenrd

318 W. L. WILLIAMS.

more than it would be by the removal of an equal amount of
dental tissue from other parts. Of greater importance than the
loss of the healthy tooth tissue is the modification of the form of
the tooth and a decrease in its efficiency as a grinder.

A still more serious injury lies in the fact that the operation
serves to distract attention from the real cause of disease and
delays appropriate treatment. Ostertag remarks that many
horses are treated by coachmen and blacksmiths for sharp teeth
when suffering from some serious internal disorder needing im-
mediate and skilful handling, but as a result of the meddling
with the teeth, are not presented to a competent veterinarian at
the appropriate time, resulting in increased suffering to the ani-
mal and unnecessary loss to the owner. Such cases are familiar
to every practitioner, only in this country it is generally the
veterinary graduate who performs the needless dental operation
instead of the coachman or blacksmith.

A horse was presented at my clinic for side-pulling, with a
request that his teeth be rasped. The teeth were normal and
the case was diagnosed an unilateral cerebral disease which ac-
counted for the tendency to veer constantly to one side, making
it difficult, and at times impossible, for the coachman to keep
the horse in the road.

Another veterinarian found abrasions of the cheeks on the
side towards which the horse turned, the teeth were liberally
rasped, the coachman discharged as incompetent, our profes-
sional skill denounced and a roseate prognosis given. A few
days later, while some distance out of the city, the horse with
the smoothed teeth took his mate, the coachman, carriage and
ladies out of the road, over an embankment. The ladies walked
home and the horse was sold ; a sovereign remedy for sharp
teeth which cause side-pulling. If still living, the time of that
unfortunate animal is probably still largely occupied in side-
pulling, changing owners and having his teeth rasped.

A valuable roadster was presented at our clinic because t)f
great weakness which was attributed to sharp teeth ; they had
been rasped but supposedly not enough. Examination showed

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 3 19

the teeth so smooth from rasping as to interfere seriously with
their grinding power, while valvular disease of the heart ex-
plained the weakness.

In another case presented for sharp teeth, the patient was
found suffering from pneumonia, so that the examination of the
teeth was delayed until recovery from the pulmonary affection
had occurred. It was then found that the quidding of food and
other symptoms referred to the teeth (which were normal) were
caused by a fixation of the tongue due to an osteom occupying
the median raphe. This fixation probably caused the pneumo-
nia by interfering with deglutition, leading to the inhalation of
food particles. The removal of the osteom alleviated the trou-
ble and restored the patient to usefulness.

One of the most harmful phases of the indiscriminate dulling
of the grinders, is the overlooking of really serious dental dis-
orders, while deluding the owner with the popular remedy and
preventing him from seeking competent advice. If a horse shows
good evidence of dental affection, no pains are taken by the typi-
cal veterinary dentist to discover and combat the real difficulty,
but the rasp or forceps is brought into requisition, and after a con-
siderable amount of harm has been done by removing a part of
their substance and an unjust fee has been collected fordoing an
animal an irremedial injury, the patient is left to continue to suf-
fer from a painful and dangerous dental affection. This is well
illustrated by a case recently occurring in our clinic, a horse be-
ing entered with the history that for some weeks previously the
patient had shown sharp pain in drinking, quidded her food and
exhibited other signs of interference with mastication. Two
veterinary dentists had each rasped her teeth without result,
and the animal was constantly losing in flesh and condition.
Examination revealed a separation of the gums from the inner
side of one of the inferior molars and a diagnosis of purulent
inflammation of the dental pulp, with escape of the pus into the
mouth alongside of the affected tooth was made, the tooth ex-
tracted and our diagnosis fully verified. Here two veterina-
rians* fees for doing damage had left the animal to suffer for

320 W. L. WILLIAMS.

weeks from a very painful affection not devoid of danger to life,
had prevented the owner from securing competent advice, and
had robbed him of the use of an animal for a long period. It
may be urged that these two veterinarians had not been efficient-
ly taught in the diagnosis of such cases, that their professor of
veterinary dentistry overlooked this one point, that their books
on dentistry were clear on sharp teeth but cloudy on diseased,
that their text-books on surgery were silent on this one point,
that they overlooked it and that some or all of these facts
should condone their failure. Professors and authors are not
wholly responsible for the shortcomings of all practitioners ; the
load would be too heavy for so imperfect a body of men to bear.
Because such practitioners are unable by their methods to prop-
erly diagnose such a case does not justify them in guessing that
rasping the teeth and collecting a fee will meet all the require-
ments of ethics. We hold it was their duty to learn the facts
and apply them. They should have known that sharp teeth
alone do not cause pain when the animal is drinking, nor cause
the quidding of food, and knowing these things should have
searched for, and found, the only tell-tale fact discoverable upon
examination, the separation of the gums from the side of the
tooth and that this with the history, indicated unmistakably a
purulent pulpitis and called for the prompt extraction of the
hopelessly diseased organ.

If they did not learn it from professor or book they were in
duty bound to take the lesson from the much greater teacher,
clinical observation. We hold them in violation of ethics, not
because they did not know how to correctly diagnose the case,
but for the reason that they had not learned an available piece
of information, which their professional calling makes obliga-
tory upon tJaemii,^ Our definition of ethics neither stops nor hesi-
tates at what one knows, but proceeds immediately to what he
should know by diligent study of his profession in college and
practice. In order to attain this ethical standard, the veterina-
rian must be an earnest and conscientious student from the
beginning of his college career to the end of his service as a
veterinary practitioner.

THE ETHICS OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 321

In the veterinary practice of to-day there is no feature more
disgraceful than the wholesale rasping or cutting away of horses'
teeth. Instrument makers vie with each other in devising a
great variety of instruments, each one claiming the highest effi-
ciency. Adjustable floats were introduced to increase the de-
struction of teeth at a diminished cost to the veterinary dentist
and more recently there have been placed on the market power
floats, efficient engines of destruction, by which great damage
can be inflicted upon normal teeth at a minimum expenditure
of time and labor. We do not condemn the instruments nor
their proper use.

Dstertag well says : " It is the duty of the veterinarian, in
districts where the sharp-tooth-mania is rampant, to discreetly
expose its evil results by his teaching and thereby strive to
counteract the tendency to diagnose ' sharp teeth ' as a cause
of deficient nutrition except when a careful search of the oral
cavity demonstrates that a degree of sharpness of the teeth
exists which possesses an actual clinical importance." "Sharp-
tooth-mania " is a peculiarly happy word which forcibly ex-
presses an evil apparently more widespread in America than in
any other country. According to Ostertag the practice in Ger-
many is chiefly confined to coachmen and blacksmiths while in
this country it unfortunately pervades the veterinary profession
to a regrettable and disgraceful degree. This " sharp-tooth-
mania " is so deeply rooted in the minds of our horse owners
and has been so industriously fostered by our alleged expert
veterinary dentists that no early relief from its baleful influence
is probable, but it seems to us that the time is opportune to be-
gin a campaign against the evil among ourselves. Our writers
on veterinary dentistry cannot be charged with directly advis-
ing or commending much of this work but there is a want
of that vigorous condemnation so richly deserved. I do not ex-
pect you to all agree with me ; it is not essential that any one of
you should. We only hoped that we might say something which
would cause serious, conscientious study, that some of you
would ponder over these thoughts during your daily work as

322 W. L. WILLIAMS.

teacher, practitioner or student and be led to take a higher
and better stand in the ethics of veterinary dentistry. I ask no
one to accept my views as his ethics ; the conscientious per-
formance of my duty in relation to the teeth of animals, accord-
ing to the best I have been able to learn from men, books, and
animals is ethical veterinary dentistry for me and a like appli-
cation on your part is equally ethical for each of you. Neither
have I selected this topic as an isolated one without relation to
veterinary ethics as a whole, but simply as a concrete example
of a great mass of ethical problems which affect our profession.
Veterinary societies formulate ethical codes, forbidding certain
forms of advertising, stating how consultations shall be con-
ducted, condemning patent medicines and instruments ; good
enough in their way but impotent to elevate the members of
the profession until first they attain to the foundation of profes-
sional ethics, the conscientious application of all available
scientific knowledge to our daily work, first being just to our
patients, second to our patrons and finally to our colleagues.
We can define our proper relations to our colleagues and fix
ethical codes for them but the more fundamental things are be-
yond written laws and depend upon an awakened conscience.
With our present rapid advancement in veterinary education
we should be able to discern a well-marked upbuilding of a
higher type of veterinary ethics, of a nobler manhood among
veterinarians.

A Pastor's Surgery Saved a Hen. — Lower Albany^ N.
J. — An industrious hen, which Pastor Anderson, of the Baptist
church, prized highly, fell a victim to her appetite the other
day and neglected her duty. The dominie discovered that she
had not eaten wisely, but too well, for her craw resembled a
small balloon. He resolved upon heroic measures, and, with a
small, sharp knife, he essayed the role of surgeon. Making an
incision in the neck of the hen he was surprised to discover a
big bunch of grass, held together by a few yards of string. Re-
moving the obstruction, sewing up the wound and applying
necessary disinfectant made the operation highly successful.
The hen is laying once more. — (Phi/a. Record.)

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 323

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF VENTRAL HERNIAS

IN BOVINES.*

RESUME OF CLINICAL LECTURES.
By Ch. Besnoit, Professor of Bovine Pathology at the Veterinary

School of Toulouse.
{Continued from page /So, May Review.)

Really speaking, all methods of tieatment by compression
of the sac, in cases of very large hernia, which are the rule in
bovines, may prove useless and produce only a simple reduc-
tion in the size of the lesion ; several reapplications are then
necessary to reach a radical recovery. They have, besides, an
objection — viz., to leave after the sloughing of the clamp or
nippers a broad wound, whose cicatrization is always very
slow.

From what we have seen, it is shown that none of the pre-
ceding methods can be recommended against chronic ventral
hernias of bovines. If in a few rare cases of peculiarly small
hernias they have given good results, those are exceptional
facts, upon which a rule cannot be established. Dangerous
sometimes, they often give only a simple improvement, and
possible return is likely to follow their use, which necessitates
new surgical interference.

At any rate, even in granting that they have a real curative
value, their use could not be generalized in the presence of
numerous contra-indications. I have already said that old ven-
tral hernias of bovines occur most always through a wide ab-
dominal tear and reach enormous size ; in such conditions it
would be temerity to hope to obtain the organization of a fibrous
pad sufficiently thick and firm to resist the pressure of the ab-
dominal organs. With the preceding methods one would cer-
tainly reach a sure failure or at least an incomplete result, fol-
lowed by an early return of the trouble.

And, again, the preceding methods require, first, the reduc-
tion of the protruding organ, and consequently can be applied

•Transl«te<l by A. Liautard. Reprinted from the /ttvm VMrimaue.

324 CH. BESNOIT.

only against hernias without adhesions and without strangula-
tion. When these complications exist, it becomes necessary,
before another interference, to open the lesion to free the pro-
truding organ from the adherences with the sac or excise the
hernial sac. These first steps accomplished, it is then easier to
finish the operation, which, without being more dangerous in
bovines, is still more likely to succeed.

To resume, in all cases of old ventral hernia in cattle, small,
of medium size, and even large — except in cases whose propor-
tions are so small as to render any interference unnecessary —
there is only one curative method deserving of trial, and that is
the operation for radical cure.

OPERATION.

This method consists in suturing the hernial ring after open-
ing of the sac. The expression, radical cure^ as it is called, is,
if applied singly, somewhat improper, as in reality it applies
to all the means which have for object the final disappearance
of the hernia.

Indications. — Let us insist on these. As we have seen, it
is the only rational means of treatment with old hernias, a
method by which, without great danger, a quick and complete
recovery can be obtained. It is necessary in all cases where
there are adhesions and strangulation ; it is most useful, even
less dangerous, and in many instances more efficacious than any
other method, when those complications are absent. The large
size of the lesion is not, properly speaking, a contra-indication,
because, if it is too exaggerated, any other mode of treatment
will certainly also be a failure.

With recent hernias, the radical operation is again the best
mode of treatment. With it lasting recovery is nearly certain,
while it is only problematical with the method by bandages.
As I have already said, this last can be tried only to satisfy
timid owners; but as soon as their insufficiency is evident, it is
rational to resort to the radical C2ire by suture of the hernial
ring.

VENTRAL HERNIA IN HOVINES. 325

Indication for this method seems to me absohite in all cases
of ventral hernia in bovines. And, yet, commonly used in
human surgery for nearly a quarter of a century, it is but little
resorted to in veterinary. Especially in bovine practice, not-
withstanding the good results obtained by some, it has been and
is still considered by many practitioners as delicate and danger-
ous, to be resorted to only in exceptional cases.

For a long time classical works have discredited it, and the
most recent recommend it only in some cases, and then even
with caution. " Ventral hernia once established, is irremedi-
able," wrote Bouley, "and it is best to let the animals live with
their infirmity than to resort to risky operations, like those
which have been recommended, such as the suture of the edges
of the hernial ring. ... A ventral hernia being present,
compatible with the health of the animals and their producing
usefulness, it is wiser, generally speaking, to let them live and
work with their infirmity, than to attempt to cure them with
means which may be dangerous to their lives." Peuch advises
" to abstain from performing this operation when the hernia is
old, large, and where the hernial ring is wide. In such cases,"
says he, " the animal can be used for months and even years for
farm work, or he can be fattened. It would, therefore, be dar-
ing to resort to the operation for hernia in such cases."

These observations and these cautions, which represent still
the state of mind of the great majority of practitioners, are based
upon the supposed dangers of surgical interference with the
peritoneum. But if tliose risks can be admitted for horses,
where peritoneal infection is relatively easy, they are, on the
contrary, strictly hypothetical for ruminants, where the perito-
neum is resistant to all infection in a most surprising manner.
It is sufficient, indeed, to recall the little severity and the purely
local character of the peritoneal lesion following the accident
of dropping of alimentary substances from the rumen into the
i:)eritoneal cavity during or after the operation of gastrotomy to
appreciate how small the chances of generalized and fatal infec-
tion would be after laparotomy in a bovine. At any rate, the

85J& CH. BESNOIT.

results realized during the last twenty years in surgical anti-
sepsy have been such that dangers of infection during lapa-
rotomy, considerably reduced for all species, do not, so to speak,
exist for ruminants.

Another reason which prevents the spreading of the radical
treatment for hernia in cattle is that owners generally prefer to
sell their animals to the butcher rather than run the chances of
a recovery, considered rather uncertain. Such decision is doubly
prejudicial to their interests. First, they get rid of an animal
which after recovery would have still rendered long service, and,
again, they always sustain by this hasty sale a heavy financial
loss. It is only in cases when, notwithstanding the accident,
the animal should have kept a general good condition where
such decision can be admissible; but these circumstances are
exceptional, as in general ventral hernias soon acquire large
dimensions and give rise to great loss of condition.

Finally, a last consideration pleads in favor of surgical in-
terference for all cases of ventral hernia. It is the possibility
that, during the operation or from complications following it
and likely to compromise its success, it becomes necessary to
slaughter the animal at once ; then the benefit derived at that
time will, in the majority of cases, be at least equal to that
which would have been obtained before any interference.

Technic. — The object of the operation is to reestablish the
normal relations of the protruding organ and close the acciden-
tal opening of the abdominal walls through which their exit
has taken place. It includes essentially the incision of the en-
velopes of the hernia, the reduction of the hernia, the suppres-
sion or reduction of the serous sac when one exists, suture of
the hernial opening, and finally that of the wound of operation.

Preliminaries. — It may be advantageous to keep the animal
fasting, and even purge it slightly, during a few days preced-
ing the operation, unless it be urgent. However, these meas-
ures are not indispensable : the^objecls are to empty the intes-
tines and facilitate the manipulations of reduction or the de-
struction of the adhesions while operating.

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES 327

The animal is cast on the side opposite to the hernia and,
according to the seat of the lesion, is fixed in right or left lateral
position or in the dorsal ; in some cases it is necessary to have
the upper hind leg pulled backwards to expose the flank.

Anaesthesia is not absolutely indispensable ; but in all cases
is very useful. I always resort to it. It renders the steps of
dissection and reduction easier in suppressing the violent strug-
gles of the animal, which have a tendency to force the intestine
outwards and in a few seconds destroy the results obtained after
long work. A rectal injection of lOO grammes of chloral is
given half an hour before the operation, and as soon as the ani-
mal lies down anaesthesia is completed by inhalations of chloro-
form ; the animal is asleep in lo or 15 minutes: these inhala-
tions are carefully kept up during the entire operation. I have
often resorted to the mixed method of Dastre and Morat, which
consists in the injection half an hour before the inhalations of
chloroform, of a solution of 10 or 15 centigrammes of chlorohy-
drateof morphine and 5 milligrammes of sulphate of atropia in 10
grammes of distilled water. Medullary injections of cocaine have
never given me any good results : the loss of sensation is too
limited.

The field of operation, hands, instruments, and objects for
dressings are carefully aseptized. The surface of the hernia is
shaved, soaped and washed successively with water, alcohol and
an antiseptic solution, to be afterwards covered with a broad
aseptic and fenestrated cloth. The instruments have been
boiled in water with a small quantity of carbonate or borate of
soda. The hands are well cleaned with soap and washed with
water and sublimated solution.

hirst Step — Incision. — When by touch the situation, direc-
tion, and dimensions of the hernial sac have been recognized,
the incision must be made opposite it. But if they have not,
it is made on the centre of the hernia in a vertical or slightly
oblique direction. Proportioned to the dimensions of the hernia,
it must in all cases, however, have a minimum length of 15 to
20 centimetres to allow the easy introduction of the whole hand

328 CH. BESNOIT.

into the hernial pouch. In very large hernias a long incision
is sometimes necessary to facilitate reduction and suture of the
muscles ; in some cases it may reach without difficulty as much
as 60 or 70 centimetres in length.

Thus exposed, the sac is found and opened on the same pro-
portion and with care to avoid injury to the organ in ectopia.
The skin and subcutaneous layers are divided, bloodvessels be-
ing secured as they are opened.

Second Step — Reduction. — The manipulations of this step
vary according to circumstances. Three conditions may be
present :

(a) In a first case, the hernia is recent and has been pro-
moted by a traumatism which has perforated the peritoneum at
the same time as the muscular wall of the abdomen. Thus
there is no serous sac and the organ in ectopia, after passing
through the peritoneal and muscular openings, is lodged under
the skin. As soon as the cutaneous incision is made, the organ
is found directly under. Then it is at once and easily reduced
by direct taxis.

(b) In a second case, the hernia is still recent, but the peri-
toneum has resisted the traumatism and been pushed out by the
organ in ectopia in the subcutaneous pouch ; this is then lined
in its whole extent with a serous coat, yet free from any ad-
herence and constituting a sac which contains the abdominal
organs in ectopia. After the opening of this sac the organ is
reduced by direct taxis, and then either the sac is also reduced
in whole if it is not too big, or, again, it is pulled out so as to
form a kind of peduncle, upon which at its base and near the
hernial opening a firm ligature of catgut or silk is applied-
The protruding sac is excised and the peduncle pushed back in-
to the abdomen. As the sac has not had time to contract ad-
hesions with the skin, one might also, after the cutaneous inci-
sion, leave it intact, not opened, and return it in mass with its
contents. This modus operandi is very delicate, demands great
care and can scarcely be applied save on small hernias. At any
rate, it is rare that during the cutaneous incision, on account of

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 329

the excessive thin condition of the sac, this is not accidentally
opened, however cafeful the precautions may be.

(c) In a third case the hernia is old and has an adherent
serous or psendo-serous sac. Either the sac is formed by the
pushed-out peritoneum, which in time contracts firm adhesion
with the subcutaneous tissues, or, again, when the peritoneum,
perforated by the traumatism, has not taken part in the ectopia,
and a pseudo-serous has formed by the organization of the sub-
cutaneous conjunctive layers of the hernial pouch. The sac
being opened and the organs that it contains being reduced, by
direct taxis, the sac is isolated from the surrounding parts by
dissection, a step of the operation always long and difficult, no
matter what may have been its origin. One must then proceed
slowly, little by little, using fingers and blunt instruments
rather than bistoury or scissors. When the dissection is ended
as far as the hernial opening, the sac is treated as in the preced-
ing case, pedunculated, ligated and excised. The peduncle is
pushed back into the abdomen.

It often occurs that, in very old hernias, the various organs
in ectopia, intestinal loops especially, have contracted adhesions
more or less firm ; these interfere with the reduction, and must
be first of all removed. The operation is still more delicate
than the preceding and requires great care, so as to avoid injur-
ing the intestine. If, notwithstanding all attentions, a perfora-
tion should be made, this must be closed by suture before the
reduction is completed ; but if the number of perforations be too
great or their size too wide, the accident being too serious, it
would be more prudent to stop the operation and at once
slaughter the animal for the butcher.

In other circumstances, such as the excessive distention of
the protruding organ by gases, or as the strangulation of the
hernia, the reduction of the contents of the hernia is interfered
with or perhaps cannot be executed. In the first case, puncture
with a fine trocar is without danger and is sufficient to overcome
the difficulty. In the other, incision of the hernial opening is
indicated, made towards the superior commissure, with a blunt

330 CH. BESNOIT.

bistoury or a guarded instrument guided with a directory. Any-
how, it is necessary to resort to this last step every time that the
size between the mass in ectopia and the opening renders the
manipulations of reduction too long and difficult.

Third Step — Closing of the Hernial Rin^. — This step in-
cludes the suture of the musculo-aponeurotic opening of the ab-
domen.

For recent hernias, the suture is made immediately after the
reduction.

For old hernias, the edges of the ring having cicatrized
separately and being fibrous, it is necessary to have them unite
to excise them with the scissors or bistoury.

When the perforations of the various muscular layers of ihe
abdomen are exactly superposed the modus operandi of the su-
ture is simple. But it is no longer the same when, as it most
frequently occurs, each of the injured muscles have given away
in the direction of its own fibres ; the lacerations thus cross each
other in X fashion and the complete obliteration of the hernial
ring demands several sutures on different levels.

During the suturing, the organs which were reduced, especi-
ally if they are intestinal loops, have a tendency to again escape.
It is necessary to keep them in the abdomen, away from the
opening, so as not to injure them with the needle. If the ring
is small this is done by passing the left hand through the ring
into the abdomen, with its back turned towards the organs and
the palmar face resting on the internal face of the edges of the
opening so as to guide the needle. When, on the contrary, the
hernia is very large, and the abdominal laceration wide, an as-
sistant as made to introduce and keep in the abdomen a cloth,
well aseptized, which will isolate completely the organs from
the borders of the perforation. This cloth is taken away later,
when the suturing is sufficiently advanced, when the exit of the
intestine is no longer possible or can be simply prevented with
the hand.

The suture is made of strong catgut or solid silk thread. A
fe\\ separated stitches are sufficient for simple and not exten-

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 331

sive perforations. With wide lacerations it is difficult to bring
the edges exactly together ; then one or several temporary
stitches are placed in the middle of the borders ; these arc
brought as close together as possible, and then other final sepa-
rated stitches are made on the entire length.

With multiple tears, where several torn muscles cross each
other in X fashion, the suture of the deep layers is made first,
and afterwards the superficial, being careful in suturing the en-
tire mass of the muscular layers with several isolated stitches.

When the operation lasts long, there sometimes appears a
tympanism, which, distending the abdomen, keeps the edges of
the muscular orifice apart, and interferes with the application of
the sutures. In such a case, puncture of the rumen is indicated
to relieve this little difficulty.

Often, under the effect of the extreme tension of the stitches
of the suture, especially in very large hernias, the muscles give
away and tearing is impendent. This complication is avoided
by introducing the needle several centimetres away from the
borders of the opening so as to include in the suture a greater
thickness of muscular tissue and then reinforcing the suture by
extra supporting stitches.

And, again, if there are difficulties which cannot be over-
come, it is not essentially necessary to make the edges meet
perfectly exact ; holding them simply close, the inflammatory
exudation will yet be sufficient to close the narrow space left
between them and allow cicatrization.

Lafitte has advised to make the suture, "having the hind
leg pulled backwards, in such a way that the animal, once up,
the stretch applied upon it by the viscera shall be as little as
possible." I think this measure is a wrong step, as, at least in
some cases, it may render the step of suturing more difllicult by
widening to excess the edges of the hernial ring.

Fourth Step — Cutaneous and Permanent Stitching. — After
the deep sutures of the abdominal walls are made, the serosity
and blood are wiped out of the cavity ; this is washed with
boiled water, then with antiseptic solution, and the operation is

332 CH. BESNOIT.

completed by suture of the cutaneous wound. This can be
made, without special precautions, with Florence hairs, by in-
terrupted stitches, when the hernia is of small size. If it is
large, it i> better to make a selvage suture with strong aseptic
silk thread or fine silk fishing line. Besides, as in such cases
there remains an excess of skin, it is prudent, so as to allow
t\}f adhesion of the cutaneous and muscular layers and obtain
the complete and immediate disappearance of the cavity, to
excise first a more or less wide piece of skin on each side —
melon-slice shape.

The operation is completed by the application of an anti-
septic dressing, with a bandage in belt rather firmly tightened.
I generally dust the wound with iodoform ; it may also be pro-
tected with gauze and aseptic wadding. A bandage 12 or 13
metres long and 15 wide is rolled around the body. It acts as
■ a surcingle, having for object, first to assist the adhesion of the
skin in preventing the gathering of serous exudates under it,
and, again, it supports the muscular suture against the pressure
of the abdominal viscera.

The operation ended, the animal still asleep, is left on the
bed. After a certain time, which varies, generally several hours,
it gets up. It is prudent, however, during the anaesthesia, to
turn it over once or twice ; paralytic accidents may be avoided,
they being sometimes the result of too long decubitus on one
side.

Aftercares and Seqiielce. — During the two days following
the operation, there appears in the neighborhood of the seat of
the operation and in dependent regions, an oedematous swelling
due to a serous exudatijon of inflammatory nature. If this swelling
is small and remains stationary, there is no need to worry about
it ; it will disappear by resorption. If, on the contrary, the
swelling is large and increases rapidly, one must interfere at
once or the pouch will soon be transformed into a cystic cavity.
The bandage being taken off, the lowest stitches of the cutaneous
sutures will be removed, or, again, a counter-opening shall be
made in the most dependent part and a drain-tube introduced.

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 333

The serous discharge will at first be abundant, but will soon
subside, and cicatrization will go on regularly. In the most
fortunate case this will take place by first intention, and nothing
remains to be done until the time comes to remove the sutures
of the skin. I have obtained this result once in a case where
the incision was 70 centimetres long and where a flap of skin of
the same length by 20 centimetres in width had been removed.

Sometimes, however, the subcutaneous pouch becomes in-
fected, either by the sutures or the counter-opening above
alluded to. As soon as suppuration appears, the stitches that
are involved must be taken out and the hernial cavity treated
as an ordinary wound. This complication is, nevertheless,
without danger ; it does not promote peritonitis, because as
soon as it appears — that is, after four or five days — the wound
of the muscles and aponeurosis is already closed ; all it does is
to retard the final cure.

A slight febrile reaction appears sometimes in the evening
of the next day after the operation ; it is always without im-
portance and of short duration.

For a few days, careful regime is indicated, small quantity
of selected food in small bulk, farinacious and cooked roots, to
avoid a too strong push outwards of the digestive organs against
the musculo-abdominal suture.s.

Eventration and peritonitis, so much feared in previous
times during or after this operation, are, so to speak, no longer
to be feared, at least among bovines. The first is avoided by
anaesthesia, which does away with all expulsive efforts from the
operated ; the second is almost impossible, because of the excep-
tional resistance of the peritoneum of ruminants to infections
and also of the aseptic measures recommended.

Results. — These vary with the situation, the size, and the
nature of hernias. Those situated in the superior region of the
flank are, generally, formed through a narrow opening, small,
and have little tendency to enlarge. It is easier to hold them
reduced, and the suture has not to support the weight of the
abdominal viscera. In these conditions the cicatrization is

334 CH. BESNOIT.

quick and regular. On the contrary, lacerations in the lower
abdominal regions spread rapidly under the pressure of the ab-
dominal organs ; the hernia soon becomes very large and the
suture is too extensive to be able to assist the weight of the
viscera. However, I have been able to obtain recovery in a
case of hernia situate(l on the inferior abdominal wall which
had an opening measuring 50 centimetres in length.

Likewise, hernias of the intestines or of the abomasum are
in general easier to cure than those of the rumen, which are
always much larger.

However, one must never allow himself to be impressed by
circumstances even apparently very unfavorable. One must
always bear in mind,(i) that no curative method is as good as
that by the operation ; (2) that wonderful recoveries have been
obtained ; (3) that in case of failure there always remains the
possibility of selling the animal for butchery in the few days
following the operation, as soon as the anaesthetic used has
been eliminated.

(a) Few French veterinarians have, since about a century,
attempted this operation and obtained encouraging results with
methods which are certainly less perfect than the one we have
just been considering. Most of these observations relate to re-
cent hernias ; one only, Serres, speaks of an old injury.

In 1828, Peyron operated upon two cows afifected with large
intestinal hernias at the lower part of the right flank, one 20,
the other 14 days old. The treatment was incision of the her-
nial opening, closed with furrier's suture, quilled suture of the
skin, and a bandage around the body. In the two cases the re-
covery was complete in three weeks after the operation.

A few years later, 1837, Dandrieux also obtained in a cow
by the same operation complete recovery in 20 days of an enor-
mous mixed hernia of the small intestine and the abomasum
only one day old.

In 1844 Terrien mentioned the recovery by operation of two
cows : they had large intestinal hernias, one for five days, the
other only one day, strangulated in one and occupying the

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 335

whole extent of the right flank as far as the udder. It took one
month for complete cicatrization. The treatment consisted in
reduction after incision of the ring, suture of the abdominal
muscles first quilled suture of the skin, firm bandage around
the whole.

Serres also says that he had often resorted, with success, to
the operation for intestinal hernia, but does not give any record
of recovery of recent hernia.

Other similar cases have also been recorded by Guittard,
Lamoureux, and Mesnard.

One of the cows observed by Guittard had a large mixed
hernia of the abomasum and of the intestine, five or six days
old, situated in the left flank. It was treated by incision of the
skin, incision of the abdominal opening, reduction, selvage
suture of the abdominal muscles with strong waxed cord and
quills, dressings of camphorated alcohol. Recovery was com-
plete in a month. Another cow, pregnant for eight months,
had for fifteen days in the left flank a large hernia of the caecum
and large colon. Operation and recovery as in the preceding
case.

Lamoureux has treated a large intestinal hernia of the left
flank with the operation. Incision of the skin, reduction of the
intestine, suture of the muscles with waxed cord, creolin dress-
ing held in place with quills on the cutaneous edges, and tight
bandage around the body. Recovery was slow on account of
the slow elimination of the cord used as ligature. It took two
months.

Finally, Mesnard has recorded a very interesting recovery
in a cow, suffering for two days only with a strangulated ventral
hernia, which was obtained by following the modern rules of
asepsy. The very narrow hernial ring was closed with two
stitches of catgut, one applied on the aponeurotic and deep por-
tion, the other on the muscular. The skin wound was closed,
hairs of Florence and a coat of iodoform collodion laid upon it.
Three days after the wound was closed by first intention.

As I have said, there exists in our literature, at least as far

336 CH. BESNOIT.

as I know, but one observation of radical cure by operation of
an old ventral hernia in bovines. It is from Serres. A cow
had for five months on the lower part of the right flank an in-
testinal hernia of very large size. After incision of the skin,
incision of the hernial ring, the intestine was reduced, the edges
of the muscular opening were excised and then brought to-
gether with furrier's suture, involving altogether the muscles
and the tunica abdominalis ; a dressing held by quills was laid
upon the wound and held in place by moderately tight band-
age covering the whole. A month after the operation the ci-
catrix was complete, and twenty-five days after the animal de-
livered in the best condition.

(b) I have myself for several years operated on all the ven-
tral hernias that came under my observation at the clinics of
the school. I will select among those that I have followed three
cases of interesting recovery.

Observation I — Recent Hernia. — One day a five-year-old
cow presented on the lower part of the right flank a small ovoid
tumor, which in the few days following increased rapidly. In-
deed, on the low part of the flank, on a level with the fold of
the stifle, there is a large spherical tumor (Fig. i), measuring 40

Fig. 1 —Intestinal Hernia (Before Operation).

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 337

centimetres in diameter. It is not painful, soft, fluctuating, de-
pressible, and cedematous ; it is also reducible, and taxis reveals
in the upper part of the lesion a solution of continuity in the
muscular wall of the abdomen ; this is narrow, elongated, and
measures lo centimetres in length with 2 or 3 in width ; gene-
ral condition is good, only slight diarrhoea and now and then
colics. Evidently it is an acute intestinal hernia due to an un-
known traumatism. The animal is a first-class milker ; the
operation is decided upon and performed nine days after the
accident.

After twenty-four hours' fasting, the animal is prepared — the
whole right flank is carefully shaved. Before the operation,
100 grammes of chloral are given in rectal injections in two
doses, twenty minutes apart. The animal is cast on the left
side and anaesthesia completed with chloroform. The field of
operation is washed and disinfected with sublimate solution.
Opposite the hernial opening a cutaneous incision is made, 15
centimetres long ; the hernial pouch, with no serous lining, is
exposed and found filled with loops of the small intestine and
the uterus, whose condition indicates a recent delivery. The
intestine is a little congested. The uterus is first reduced, then
the intestine, without much difficulty, and the hernial opening
is closed with sterilized catgut by interrupted sutures. It in-
cludes the various muscular layers of the abdominal wall, fol-
lowing the direction of the fibres. Two rows of stitches are
necessary : one deep on the small oblique, the other superficial
on the great oblique and abdominal tunic; both layers are su-
tured together afterwards. The hernial pouch being emptied,
washed, and aseptized, a third selvage suture is applied on the
edges of the skin with cord sterilized in boiling water. Iodo-
form on wound, collodion, pad of aseptic cotton, and a roller,
15 metres, form a content! ve bandage.

No febrile reaction and general condition excellent for a few
days. Still, there is serous exudation in the subcutaneous sac ;
there is a large ccdcmatous swelling forming and bulging in
front and back of the bandage. The dressing is removed, the

338

CH. BESxorr

pouch is punctured with a fine trocar and three litres of a sero-
bloody fluid escape. Kight days after the operation the exuda-
tion has returned, but the cicatrization of the skin having taken
place by first intention it is necessary to puncture the pseudo-
cyst with the actual cautery. Once the fluid escapes, the pouch
becomes infected and suppurates for several weeks. A month

Fin. 2 — Intestinal Hernia (After Operation'.

after the operation, there only remains a small elongated tumor
with indurated base. Radically cured (Fig. 2), the animal is
returned to its owner, who kept her for several years.

Fig. 3.— Intfstinal HhKMA (Befobb Operation'

VENTRAL HERNIA IN BOVINES. 339

Observation 2 — Old Hernia. — A ten-year-old cow was
brought to the clinic carrying a large ventral hernia, in exis-
tence for about two months, after a normal delivery. The
lesion occupies the whole of the lower part of the right flank
(P'ig. 3), Teaching forward to the sternum, depressing the udder
to the left and arriving rather high between the hind legs.
There is a small cicatrix on the postero-inferior part, a little
below the stifle. The characters are those of an intestinal
hernia. On account of its great weight, the presence of a
hernial opening cannot be revealed by taxis ; but in dorsal
decubitus a wide circular perforation of the abdominal wall is
easily detected ; through it a portion of the ectopied mass can
be momentarily returned into the abdomen. The general con-
dition is not too bad ; the animal is very thin, but all the gen-
eral functions are normal.

Notwithstanding the conditions, the operation will be per-
formed. All the cares of the preceding case are here again
fulfilled, and when the animal is anaesthetized, as above, it is
placed in the dorsal position, with the right posterior leg
stretched backwards. After disinfection the skin of the lower
and posterior part of the lesion, on the level with the cicatrix,
is incised obliquely from above, below, and from forward, back-
ward, to the extent of about 35 centimetres. The wide subcu-
taneous pouch, without peritoneal lining, is entered and found
to contain almost the whole of the small intestine and a portion
of the large.

The hernial opening runs through two muscular layers — the
small and the great oblique. They were ruptured in the direc-
tion of their fibres and there were therefore two openings super-
posed, crossing each other slightly, but which by their edges,
stretched apart in different directions, gave the impression of a
single opening, circular in form. Besides that, there was in the
centre of the opening a central band, 3 or 4 centimetres thick,
dividing it. into two equal parts, and formed by an inflamed and
sclerosed portion of the abdominal muscles. This band inter-
fered somewhat with the manipulations of reduction, as the

340 CH, BESNOIT.

loops of the intestine roll around it now and then. Still, with-
out much difficulty, the whole ectopied mass was reduced.

With a strong catgut, and without dividing this strong band
for fear of haemorrhage, two rows of sutures are applied and
brought together afterwards with a few interrupted stitches.
The hernial pouch was sponged, washed with boiled water and
sublimate solution, and afterwards the cutaneous wound was
closed with selvage sutures with strong aseptic silk cord. An
iodoformed collodion dressing, covered with aseptic cotton, was
applied and protected with a band of cloth rolled around the
body.

The animal had no febrile reaction, but two days later the
hernial pouch began to enlarge by a serous exudation, which
rapidly increased, and seven days after the operation it became
necessary to remove the bandage, to make a puncture with the
trocar and allow the escape of four or five litres of sero-bloody
fluid : in the meanwhile the cutaneous wound had cicatrized
by first intention.

Nevertheless, the serous exudation continued, and the pouch
kept on filling and increasing gradually and regularly in size.
It soon assumed alarming proportions and threatened to degen-
erate into a large cyst. On the twelfth day it was freely in-
cised. It was then found filled with solid exudates, partitioned
and divided into wide pouches, separated from each other and
filled with some thirty litres of citrine liquid.

To insure a perfect and rapid adhesion of the pouch with
the abdominal wall, and to avoid the return of this complication,
a long and wide flap of skin was removed and the edges brought
together with a selvage suture with aseptic silk and a drain
applied at the lower part of the wound to allow the escape of
the serosity. Cicatrization then went on regularly and without
suppuration in the whole extent of the stitched portion. The
drained wound suppurated a little. A month later the animal
was completely cured.

Observation j — Old Hernia. — A cow, about ten years old,
has suffered for two months and a half with a large intestinal

VENTRAL HEKNIA IN BOVINES.

341

hernia, situated on the lower region of the right flank. The
lesion extends horizontally as far as the hypochondria, and
measures 60 centimetres in length, 40 in width, and 30 in
thickness. It is easily reducible through an opening 15 centi-
metres long, with thick and indurated borders, which by taxis
one easily feels at the anterior and superior part of the tumor,
immediately back of the hypochondria. The animal is thin
and worn out, yet her appetite is good. Notwithstanding the
unfavorable conditions of the size and age of the lesion with
the worn-out appearance of the animal, the operation is decided
upon.

Fk;. 4.— Intbstinai. Hernia (Aktbr Operation).

The animal, well prepared, and the anaesthesia obtained with
the mixed method of Dastre and Morat, viz., injection of atro-
pine and morphine previous to the inhalation of chloroform,
the operation is performed as follows : After disinfection of the
field of operation, the pouch is opened with an incision made
on a level and in the direction of the hernial opening. A serous
sac is then exposed, formed by the peritoneum in ectopia and
slightly adherent to the internal face of the sac, which it lines
in its whole extent. On the borders of the hernial opening it
forms a shrunken, fibrous and thick cord. The hernial sac is

342 CH. BESNOIT.

carefully opened with a straight bistoury, guided by a grooved
directory. At once the small intestine is exposed, normal and
free from any adhesions. It is easily reduced and held back
with an aseptic cloth laid over it. The slight adhesions of the
serous sac with the internal face of the cutaneous pouch are
carefully isolated ; it is pedunculated, ligated and excised.
There was, close to the ring, a small cyst, hermetically closed ;
this was removed, and contained half a litre of yellowish serous
fluid.

After excision with scissors of the borders of the hernial
opening, the edges were brought together with interrupted
sutures made of catgut. Tympanism occurred during the whole
operation, which required puncture of the rumen, performed
with difficulty, as the animal was lying on its left side. A cu-
taneous selvage suture was made on the wound with aseptic silk
and covered with an antiseptic dressing of iodoformed collodion.

Still under the influence of chloroform, the animal was left
on the bed of straw where she had laid. When she got up she
had slight paralysis of the extensors of the left anterior leg,
upon which she had lain for over six hours.

Nothing abnormal occurred in the following days except a
slight serous effusion into the lower part of the pouch. This
was opened, the fluid escaped gradually, and three weeks later
recovery was such as to be considered final.

Dr. Guuan C. Fagan has removed from New York City
to Warwick, N. Y.

Dr. Van Giessen, of the New York City Board of Health,
will address the Veterinary Medical Association of New York
County at its June meeting on " The Negri Bodies in the Diag-
nosis of Rabies." Dr. E. A. A. Grange will present a paper on
" Motor Stimulants in Horses."

" The Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Bulletin " says :
" Dr. C. M. Day is conducting experiments at Council Bluffs
with weeds found on the Missouri Bottom to ascertain which
one is producing the peculiar disease known as the ' Bottom
Disease,' from which so many horses die along the Missouri
Bottom."

PARASITIC DERMATITIS OF THE DOG. 343

OBSERVATIONS MADE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND

TREATMENT OF PARASITIC DERMATITIS

OF THE DOG.

By Frank H. Miller. D. V. S., New York City.
Read at the March Meeting of the Veterinary Medical A.«sociation of New York County.

Mr. President and Fellow-Veterinarians :

I presume the dictates of proper form in good circles indi-
cate that I should lose no time in explaining how happy I am
to be present with you to-night, but the plain fact is, few men
feel really happy under like circumstances, and when I have
the honesty to confess that I am before you in a more or less
unprepared condition, I am sure you will agree with me, that I
may be here both against my will and better judgment

When our esteemed brother, your President, wrote me in
early January and honored me with a request that I contribute
a paper for the February meeting, I pleaded the excuse of per-
sonal pleasures anticipated, which would interfere with my
being present in February, and gladly asked that I might be
placed in line for this meeting and rashly enough suggested a
subject; but as you all know, " pleasures are like poppies
spread," and mine was followed by an attack of '' Grippe " ac-
companied by a very marked increase in practice, some of which
I think the more uncharitable of you may be inclined to believe
was more or less due to our late dog show, of which I was the
veterinarian in charge.

Be that as it may, the combination was so strong as to force
me to abandon the task of preparing a long-winded, high-sound-
ing paper involving the general subject of cutaneous diseases of
dogs, nor have I many regrets that this is true, for the reason
that such papers are usually constructed at great expense of
time and thought, yet prove of very little interest, and as a rule
promote but little spirited discussion, so desirable in clinical
meetings of this kind.

I am not here, gentlemen, to give anything away, I am here
to gather information from you and if possible to give something

344 FRANK H. MILLER.

in return, and would like to narrow my observations down to
those made in the routine diagnosis and treatnlent of one of the
most common, as it is loathsome, of diseases, with which we as
veterinarians come in contact.

I refer to that form of parasitic dermatitis of the dog due to
infection with the Demodex folliculorutn^ commonly, but I think
very erroneously called, " Follicular Mange."

So common is this disease becoming that I venture to assume
that there is not one practitioner of two years' experience pres-
ent, who cannot look back and recall one or more good clients
lost by reason of his being charged with the treatment of this
disease ; lost at times by reason of mistaken diagnosis ; but more
frequently by inability to effect cures within the limits of the
dog's endurance or the client's patience.

Now, why is this ?

Is it because this particular disease lacks the cardinal symp-
toms which make its diagnosis easy and certain under all con-
ditions ; or having been correctly diagnosed, is it because of the
-omparative indestructibility of this parasite as compared with
others, which mitigates against satisfactory treatment, or is lack
of exact knowledge of the process of dissolution of the parasite
also one of our causes of weakness in combatting cases ?

Basing my observations as I do entirely on personal experi-
ence, I am ready to admit, and that freely, that we often stand
convicted upon all three of these points.

I know to my chagrin that I have at times made blunders in
diagnosis which were little short of crimes, by trusting myself
to physical examination alone, thinking the use of the micro-
scope unnecessary. I know this to be the besetting sin of gen-
eral veterinarians from the number of cases which appear for
examination where lengthy treatments have been followed out
for all manner of diseases except the correct one.

We are all prone to fall into methods of haste in this busy
world, but the veterinarian who fails to demonstrate the pres-
ence or absence of the demodex by the microscope in these cases
before he arrives at conclusions and outlines treatment certainly

PARASITIC DERMATITIS OF THE DOG. 345

is working upon his client's time and nerves and much against
his own interests.

The number of conditions of the skin of the dog with which
this disease may be confounded by mere physical examination
are tob numerous to mention, and only second in importance in
arriving at an exact finding is our ability to exclude the possi-
bility of the presence of two distinct diseases prevailing con-
jointly, a circumstance not altogether rare, especially in kennel
epidemics.

Not only must we be perfectly familiar with the parasite in
question, but long experience has more and more convinced me
of the great value of studying the parasite as an individual, as
their morphological aspects have come to bear much meaning
in fixing the stage of disease and prognosis, as well as lending
a most valuable (I may say the only) aid in computing the re-
sults of our treatment.

This observation resolves itself into an appeal for the con-
stant use of tlie microscope, no matter how morally certain we
may feel regarding our ability to diagnose diseases offhand.

If we will only submit every single solitary case involving
the mysterious loss of hair in the dog unassociated with the in-
tense itching which clearly makes for sarcoptic infection to
rigid microscopic investigation, we will find this dreadful dis-
ease, after all, about the only one in all comparative medicine
whose diagnosis can at all times be rendered absolutely error
free.

Not only is the diagnosis open to the gravest question when
this precaution is not observed, but this disease can only be
pronounced cured when after the most rigid microscopic exam-
ination we can assure ourselves that the parasites are really no
longer present.

So much, gentlemen, for the microscope in diagnosis; I will
again briefly refer to its value in treatment.

Frohner has drawn attention to the great number of reme-
dies known to be of more or less service in the treatment of
this disease and very correctly states that their numbers alone

346 FRANK H. MILLER.

would plainly indicate the difficulty in selecting a perfect cure.

He has also given for our great benefit a scale showing the
relative action of many drugs when brought into direct con-
tact with the demodex ; but it will be noted that the time re-
quired to kill the organism is in the most instances prolonged,
some taking a matter of hours, as in the case of one per cent,
solution of arsenic, which requires two hours to destroy them ;
lo per cent, creosote kills at once ; 5 per cent, creosote up to 6
minutes ; 5 per cent, carbolic acid about 5 minutes ; pure creo-
lin at once ; wood tar at once ; Peruvian balsam in 10 minutes.

In running over this scale, which may be found in " Fried-
burger and Frohner's Special Pathology," under the section up-
on " Mange," two things will strike the attention very forcibly :
First, that by far the greater number of these agents belong to
the class of virulent poisons, many of them indeed to the e.s-
charotics, and yet we find this small animal resisting such solu-
tion as a one per cent, of sublimate of mercury for 15 minutes ;
while upon the other hand we learn that he is able to live for a
short period only in the presence of balsam Peru, an agent
which in nowise belongs to the poisons and can be safely given
by the mouth even to the carnivora in relatively large doses.

What does this mean? Simply this: That the demodex
enjoys life under laws somewhat different from those governing
the existence of the higher organisms, and can live and thrive
for a long time under conditions which would speedily destroy
his host, and may be killed by agents which do not very
materially affect higher animals.

And this brings me directly to the main point in my obser-
vations.

I have ceased looking in the direction of the drastics for an
ideal remedy for this disease, and turned to try and find a spe-
cific among safer agents.

I have cured many cases permanently by the application of
balsam of Peru, creolin and alcohol, but the time required has
almost invariably extended over the third month.

During the past year I have learned to replace the Peru

PARASITIC DERMATITIS OF THE DOG. 347

with large quantities of oleo-resin aspidii, still retaining about
eight per cent, creolin, replacing one-half the alcohol (grain
spirit) with methylic spirit and in the cases of the robust breeds
using the latter altogether ; an advantage both as regards the
cost and efficiency and without ill results of any kind.

Under this treatment I am, in the great majority of instances,
with equal diligence and thoroughness of application, able to
cut off about one-third of the time required by the old method,
reduce the expenses one-third, and inject great elements of safe-
ty by cutting out all of the more deadly agents.

While the aspidium has the great disadvantage of being
costly and of exceedingly bad odor, it has in later years become
known as one of the very safest of drugs even when given in
extremely large doses.

The question naturally arises as to how this drug exerts its
powers as compared with those formerly used. In reply to this
I can only say that in my candid opinion it kills out the dis-
ease in just the same manner which other agents have done ; this
not in any sense by reason of local action (in coagulating the
protoplasm of the organism by dehydration), but simply and
wholly by rendering the conditions of life so very unsuitable to
them, as to render them incapable of reproducing their kind, and
since such would of necessity be a matter of disturbed nutrition
ultimately moving the death of the organism itself.

This, gentleman, is my opinion, based upon general results
and close examination (microscopically) of cases under treat-
ment.

I invariably find in such cases as are moving along toward
recovery, regardless of this or any other treatment, that the first
change is seldom any very marked diminution of the numbers
of parasites present ; nor for quite a long period is there any
perceptible change in the physical appearance of the individual
organism.

Finally the organism begins to show change in outline, be-
coming less long, especially in the posterior parts, and from about
this time onward they appear to gather pigment and finally the

348 FRANK H. MILLER.

entire belly part becomes one mass of degenerative granulation,
and the general outline will have become decidedly *' chunky,"
so to speak.

These conditions, if treatment be correct, are now rapidly
followed by great diminution of their numbers and early death
and disappearance.

In addition to these gradual and well-defined changes, I am
convinced that it is a matter of retrograde evolution by reason
of the ultimate disappearance of young parasites, characterized
as they are by having only three pairs of legs as against the
four pairs of the adult, and especially since I had several com-
plete recoveries where treatment was abandoned at a point
where parasites were still present, but evidently much embar-
rassed in their generative possibilities, but not entirely destroyed.

This, gentlemen, forms my final appeal for the value of the
microscope in treatment as well as diagnosis. Its use is simply
indispensable.

Dr. R. a. Ramsay, recently made Superintendent of Inter-
state Quarantine Service of the B. A. I., visited the Kansas City
Station in March.

The Horse Industry Grows. — Statistics submitted to the
House of Representatives, in connection with the agricultural
appropriation bill, show that there has been a notable increase
both in the number and value of horses in the United States in
last nine years. The aggregate of horses January i, 1906, stood
at 18,718,578 against 14,364,667 at the corresponding date of
1897. Their total value increased from $452,649,396 in 1897 to
$1,510,889,906. This startling rate of increase in value is no
more marked than that of mules, according to the same Govern-
ment authorities. There were 2,215,654 mules in 1897 and
• 3,404,061 in 1906, and the values were, respectively, $92,302,-
090 and $334,680,520. If these figures are trustworthy there
must have been some improvement in quality as well as note-
worthy increase in numbers in the nine years, to account for all
the difference. Accuracy in numbers is more easily attainable
than accuracy in valuation. An enumeration is not a difficult
task, whether it deals with human beings or valuable animals ;
but the ascertainment of individual wealth, or the valuation of
property, is a process fraught with difficulties.

A HEART TO HEART TALK. 349

A HEART TO HEART TALK.

Bv Dr. W. L. West, Kansas Citv, Mo.
Read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, February, 1906.

I am not sufficiently venerable and a long way from wise
enough to pose as an oracle or try to instruct the brilliant and
erudite audience I see before me this evening. If any of my
criticisms are too strong, you must remember that all stimulants
are more or less in contact irritants, and, again, these societies are
not formed for expressing mutual admiration, but for mutual
benefit and improvement and nothing begets improvement more
readily than good sharp criticisms if applied and received in the
proper spirit. William Osier, the most famous diagnostician
and teacher in the medical world to-day, said recently in an in-
terview that the saddest thing to him in life was the fact that
most of his former pupils were mentally dead ; this applies with
more than equal force to the veterinary profession, in which a
large majority of the men begin at once upon leaving college to
fossilize and inspissate ; they won't buy the new books or study
the old ones ; they won't buy new instruments and will hardly
keep their old ones in fit condition to be seen ; they won't attend
meetings of their local societies, and consider it a waste of
money to subscribe for a professional journal.

Now, there is no excuse for this state of affairs and the three
most prominent etiological factors are ignorance, laziness and
indifference.

The fact that a man was so unfortunate as to have his early
education neglected and have been at work when he should have
been in school, is a good reason why he should be pitied, but in
this enlightened age if he continues to be illiterate he is not
worthy of pity, but is only entitled to the contempt of honest
men, for there is no reason why any man by devoting a few
minutes each day to study, or attending a night school, should
not get a fair amount of education, which will then only be
limited by his persistence and courage. The principal trouble
with the class of which I am speaking is not that they have no

360 W. L. WEST.

opportunity to acquire knowledge, but they are so badly affected
with hyperplasis of the cerebrum that they do not see or feel
the need of any further knowledge and have strong doubts if
there is anybody wise enough to teach them anything.

This is as fatal to progress as death itself, and I pity any
person who is afflicted in this way.

The profession is making such rapid strides in the realm of
knowledge, that a man who has been out of school for five years
should take a post-graduate course, brush up and make an ef-
fort to move along with the procession instead of lagging be-
hind and staying in the same old rut year after year. Another
thing to think of is, don't let money alone be your being's end
and aim, for there are many other things of far more value than
money ; among them are a good name and the reputation of hav-
ing some stamina, force and stability, as well as a conscience
and a firm determination to do right for right's sake ; not that I
despise money, far from it, but its only use or its only proper
use is its ability to procure for us those things which make life
worth the living and add to the happiness of those we love ;
make it your servant not your master, for, with the immortal
Goldsmith, we may say "ill fares the land to hastenings ills a
prey, where wealth accumulates and men decay ;" not that I
would coiinsel you to be reckless in your disregard for money or
to spend it upon those things which are found to be vanity and
froth, but would advise you to spend it in a wholesome way
with due regard for the improvement of your own and your
family's condition.

I can do no better in pointing out to you my idea of what a
veterinarian should be than to quote to you an extract from the
remarks of Prof. Elliot, of Harvard, to the undergraduates, on
the durable essentials of life : " Not simply by earning good
livings — not by wealth — not by fame — not by excitements, but
by the lasting and durable satisfactions of life are a healthy
body, a vigorous, responsive, interested mind — a love of honor
for honor's sake." This coming from a man than whom there
is uo more polished gentleman, more ripe philosopher, or more

A HEART TO HEART TALK. 351

cogent reasoner alive on earth to-day, should be accepted by us
as final and complete.

Keep your eyes open and be at all times keenly alive to all
opportunities for acquiring knowledge, as such opportunities
may arise in the unexpected ways and in the most out of
way places.

Right here I wish to tell you of an experience of my own
where I received a valuable hint from a man who was certainly
as humble and illiterate as most. I was going a few miles out
to castrate some boars weighing about 400 pounds each and
took this man along to help secure them. On the way, I was
planning how to secure them for the operation, when the man
above referred to, said, " I will show you how to hold them, if
that is what you mean." When we arrived, he took a sugar
barrel and laid it on the side and sprinkled a trail of corn up to
and into it. When one of the boars went in after the corn, he
seized him by the hind feet and with him ended up the barrel
and by spreading his legs I had as good an operating table as
you could ask for, with many desirable features, among which
are : the hog can't hurt you, he can't hurt himself, he can't get
away, and you can release him instantly.

We must not get the idea in our heads that because we have
some technical training that we have secured a preempted
right to and a monopoly of all observation, for we meet men
every day who are in the most humble walks of life whose
powers of observation are wonderfully acute and logical. Some
of the most useless and dangerous mistakes of veterinarians are
made through ignorance induced by laziness; for instance, I
knew a man who while in college was a fairly good student
who, after being out a few years, while operating on a poll-evil,
excised the retrehentes aurem muscle in a very valuable show
horse, leaving him with an ear dropped down over the front of
his face like a green patch on the eye of a blind man. This
was all due to laziness ; had he looked up the anatomy of the
part, separated the fibres and put in a drainage tube, he would
have saved the looks of a good horse, the wrath of the owner,

352 W. L. WEST.

and himself a damage suit. A veterinarian of my acquaintance
was called to see a cow which was paralyzed (ante-partum). He
knew he ought to perform dilation of the os and remove the
calf, but it was a cold and a dirty job, and he stifled his conscience
by leaving the owner some nux and trusting to luck, not Provi-
dence— I don't think Providence ought to be accused of having
any part in such a performance. Well, the result was, the cow
sprawled around for some time after being due to calve, and at
last, the owner dilated the os and removed the macerated foetus,
when the cow recovered. The veterinarian lost hundreds of
dollars by being too lazy and indolent to do his manifest duty.

There are men who occupy prominent positions, who make
most glaring mistakes — some through ignorance and some
through a general inherent meanness. I have in mind a man who
has long been at the head of the sanitary work in a large and pros-
perous State, who has retained his office by the foulest kind of
wire-pulling, and who has repeatedly been informed of abuses of
the laws he is sworn to enforce, among which is the law that all
animals shipped into the State shall be tested with tuberculin
and proven free from tuberculosis. One neighboring State
where the most conservative veterinarians assert that, two per
cent, of the cattle are tuberculous, has within the past five years
shipped into the State presided over by the above-named per-
son, more than sixty thousand cattle, mostly for dairy purposes ;
and these cattle are alleged to have been tested by agents who
are selected by, and vouched for, by this man, who are in many
cases laymen and in this period not one case has been reported
as tuberculous.

One firm who ship from one to three carloads per week get
their testing done, or rather their certificates signed, for five dol-
lars per week, so J have been told. There is no excuse for this
and I am glad to say that the party above mentioned has no
standing with the rank and file of the profession and should be
fraternally ostrasized.

A very common mistake made by veterinarians when first
going into practice is locating their offices in livery stables.

A HEART TO HEART TALK. 353

The writer had his in one for four years, and while in some
cases there may be extenuating circumstances, the principle is
wrong. There are many people who do not wish to bring an
animal to a livery stable, there is nothing refined or elevating
in the environment, and it is quite likely to breed a feeling of
jealousy among other stable owners or dealers. Get an office,
if possible, where you can have an operating room in connection,
and keep it clean, not only of dirt, but of an undesirable ele-
ment, viz., loafers. This I wish to emphasize, for nothing tends
more to keep desirable clients away than to have to describe
their cases before a gaping crowd of idlers.

One of the worst and most dangerous phrases a veterinarian
can get into the habit of using and being satisfied is, " that it
will do." Now, if it is your best there is no need of qualifying
it, and if it is not your best, don't allow it to get away until
your very best has been done. Keep your horses in good con-
dition, and don't drive a lame one, for it is certainly a bad ad-
vertisement and reflects upon your ability.

Keep your buggy clean and in good repair. I have seen
veterinarians riding in buggies which at a distance, coming
toward one with curtains flapping in the wind, resembled noth-
ing so much as a vampire bat.

Don't dispense your medicine in beer or other old bottles.
New ones cost a very little more money. Also have neat and
modest labels, affixed to all packages of drugs you send out.

Keep your instruments clean, not only ordinarily clean, but
sterilized.

Keep an accurate record of all the work you do and the
amount of money you receive for it. Don't do cheap work and
don't cheapen yourself or the profession accepting a twenty-five
cent fee. If any service is not worth more than that, make the
party a present of it and ask them to call again.

You will be respected as you respect yourself. If you con-
duct yourself as a refined professional gentleman you will be so
accepted by the people. On the other hand, if you associate
habitually with the tough element, you will naturally be con-

364 W. L. WEST.

sidered one of them. I know, of course, a man must be thrown
in with some people in a business way who are undesirable as
regular associates, but the fact that you would not invite them
to a party at your home does not prevent you treating them in
a perfectly courteous and gentlemanly way.

Take an interest in the affairs of the city in which you re-
side. Have some civic pride and show it by inquiring into the
way the local health board is conducted ; look into the city in-
spection of meat and milk and all food, and don't hesitate to let
your views be known, for ii yott don't have any interest in these
things, how could you expect others outside the profession to
do so ?

A very common mistake of veterinarians in cases of puzzling
foot lameness is not removing the shoe. Always do this, no-
matter if the trouble seems quite plain, and you will be repaid.
I knew a case presented with a history of sudden lameness, with
one ankle behind badly swollen and tender to the touch. The
veterinarian to whom the case was presented looked at the foot
casually, and the ankle intently, and prescribed a cooling lotion.
The case was seen several times and grew worse, and when a
consultation was had, by removing the shoe and by a careful
searching of the foot, a large nail was found firmly embedded,,
leading to a suppurating wound.

Prof. Dick used to relate a case where a fracture was caused^
by a nail in the foot and the case would have been lost but for
his unvarying rule "to always remove the shoe."

A great and fatal mistake made by many veterinarians is in
trying to get along without proper equipment in the way of
books, instruments and means of restrainment. I am not advo-
cating a young practitioner's loading himself up with all sorts
of useless truck, most of which is simply made for sale — but no-
man should try to practice without a good working library, all
necessary instruments, and at least two or three different means
of restrainment. In the matter of instruments, and more es-
pecially in the matter of dental instruments, I have found a
good many exposed for sale which must have been made by a.

A HEART TO HEART TALK. 355

blind man, or, at least, the maker could certainly have never
seen a horse. A good way to get useful molar extracting for-
ceps, for instance, is to take a skull and saw out the external
plate so as to expose the direction in which the molars are im-
planted and must be drawn and have a good mechanical black-
smith make a set of forceps suitable to the case. There are
mistakes of omission as well as commission. If there is one
plan or duty more than another that is calculated to help a man
to be a better practitioner, it is in the keeping of a case-book
and make it complete and a full record of the case — diagnosis,
prognosis, treatment, result, and postmortem. Don't neglect
the latter, for there is a great deal of satisfaction in verifying a
correct diagnosis and much helpful stimulation in finding out
what was the trouble, even if you are wrong. In keeping this
case-book don't cheat yourself and pad it up afterwards with
the diagnosis you would have made if you had seen the post-
mortem first ; that won't help you any ; but make the record com-
plete and absolutely true ; even if it hurts some, it will help later.
While we are on this subject let me say never neglect an op-
portunity to make a post-mortem if you have had the case in
charge, for nothing adds more practical pathology than a series
of careful and intelligent post-mortems. But there is some-
thing more to a properly made post-mortem than merely open-
ing the abdominal cavity and looking at the various organs ex-
posed, meanwhile holding a handkerchief to the nose and stand-
ing about ten feet away, which I have actually seen some veteri-
narians do.

Eternal vigilencc is the price of liberty ; eternal study is thej
price of knowledge, and I have never yet seen a good man whol
was not a reader. I have in mind at present a classmate who'
was unfortunate in his inability to readily grasp essential details
but very fortunate in his capacity for sustained mental effort,
who by constant, earnest and intelligent digging, has placed him-
self at the head of a Slate institution and is in a fair way to be
a national figure of prominence. Don't be too dignified to at-
tend to small details. WKen Nicholas Senn, one of the world's

366 W. L. WEST.

most famous surgeons, went to Germany to study, he entered
the clinic of one of the world's savants and upon entering was
told to wash some bottles at a sink. He inquired if they knew
who he was, and was told yes, but wash the bottles, and he
washed them and thoroughly without doubt.

One great and at times fatal mistake that is made every day
by many practitioners is that they do not use and rely upon the
help given them by the use of anaesthetics. I have even known
men to perform oophorectomy in bitches without using an anaes-
thetic, and in fact I did so once myself, but only once, and I am
willing to give a bond that I will never do so again, for I can
still hear the cries of the poor beast, and I have much less re-
spect for myself every time I think of it. It does not seem
necessary to use much time in argument in support of the more
routine use of anaesthetics, for they are humane, their use ren-
ders difficult and dangerous operations safe and harmless, they
add to the respect for skill with which the surgeon is regarded
by the community, and finally the special skill of the trained
anaesthetist is acquired by the constant, careful and continued
use of these agents.

I hope I have not, from my somewhat emphatic criticisms
of the profession in general and some members of it in particu-
lar, given you the impression that I am a pessimist — far from
it ; but I don't think it a wise plan for us to let a too brilliant
optimism blind us to our palpable faults.

I believe in the veterinary profession, and I believe it the
grandest and most noble vocation in which a man can spend his
life. What can be more calculated to lead to the highest realms
of peace and happiness than a life spent in the alleviation of the
ills and pains of our dumb friends? Gentlemen, I thank you
for your kind and thoughtful attention.

Twenty-seven veterinarians took the Civil Service exami-
nation for meat inspector at Kansas City, April i8th.

"The Review is constantly improving in quantity and
quality. I read it regularly with pleasure and profit."— (^C A.
Cary, B. S,, D. V. M., Ala. Exp. Std., Auburn, Ala.)

SPAYING THE HEIFER. 367

SPAYING THE HEIFER.

By Dr. J. W. Robinson, Coleharbor, N. D.
Presented to the 1906 Meeting of the North Dakota Veterinary Medical Association

Spaying the heifer is an operation simple enough to the
surgeon who has acquainted himself with the work by experi-
ence, but to the beginner it seems rather hard to find the proper
literature on the subject. At least in my case, I could find but
very little practical information outside of surgeons in active
practice.

The method I have used is according to the valuable infor-
mation I have received from Dr. Treacy, who kindly helped me
by letters, as I was unable to be with him while operating.

The following outline of the work is intended for field work
only, as in spaying on the range we must be quick and practical
and cannot spend much time on sepsis. In fact, my experience
has proven to me that the operation is much less dangerous if
performed quickly than if much time is taken with the hand in
the abdominal cavity searching for the ovaries.

Season. — I would prefer spaying at the ordinary castrating
season, when the weather is fine and the grass has a good start.

Age. — I prefer operating on yearlings, or what might be
termed last year's calves, as they seem to stand the operation
well, and at this age there is very little danger of any being
pregnant.

Mode of Confinement. — I prefer throwing and tying as for
branding ; that is, throwing by a slip noose on the hind legs
and then tying the front feet, when down, in a similar manner,
stretching the ropes tightly to opposite fence-posts in the corral.

Point of operation. — The left side just anterior to the angle
of ilium. Clip the hair and wash the surface with a lysol ox
crcolin solution.

Instruments. — Curvcd-bladed castrating knife, Miles' spay-
ing shears, Miles' spaying needle, and plenty of strong silk.

operation. — Make an incision with a curved blade of cas-
trating knife, about four inches long, in a downward and for-

358 J. VV, ROBINSON.

ward direction, keeping as high up as possible and cutting only
through the skin and fascia. Now, with the fingers, divide the
muscles in the direction of their long fibres. If the opening
cannot be made large enough in this way, the knife can be used
at either end, being careful not to cut more muscle fibres than
necessary, as such a procedure would prevent the closing of the
wound and delay healing. When the opening is large enough,
insert the hand and puncture the peritoneum with the middle
finger, being sure to use force enough to thrust directly through,
as if moderate pressure is applied with several fingers, the peri-
toneum will separate from the muscles, thus allowing the hand
to pass between. When the abdominal cavity is entered, keep
the hand high and directed backward into the pelvic cavity and
search for the left or upper ovary, which varies in size from a
common bean to a walnut, according to size and age of the ani-
mal. For the beginner it is often difficult to distinguish be-
tween the ovary and lymphatic glands of this region, but after
a little practice, it can easily be distinguished by its firm mem-
brane.

When located, grasp the ovary between the thumb and fore-
finger, being careful that no intestine or omentum is included.
Insert the shears, guiding the curved points along the arm and
hand, open slightly and cut with short snips, keeping close to
the thumb and forefinger. Remove the ovary and search for
the other, which is removed in a like manner.

Sew the skin with a X-suture, using heavy floss silk, leav-
ing the peritoneum and muscles to take care of themselves.
Dress the wound with Squibb's compound alum powder, or boric
acid and iodoform.

After-care. — Give access to good, clean pasture, away from
old corrals or cattle sheds.

"Artificial Impregnator in Horse Breeding" is the
title of Circular No. 5 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma, Dr. L. L. Lewis, Veterina-
rian. Full instruction on its use is giv^en, with a consideration
of the various methods and instruments.

ANIMAL PARASITES OF TEXAS.

359

ANIMAL PARASITES OF TEXAS.

By Joseph W. Parker, D. V. S.. San Antonio, Texas.

In view of the importance of ectoparasites from a live-stock
sanitary point of view, and the considerable number of veter-
inarians interested in this work, the following notes with refer-
ence to parasites found in Texas are offered :

Amblyomma Maculatum. — Reported by the writer in
August, 1905, from De Witt and Live Oak Counties, Texas.
Found on cattle, horses, sheep and dogs. Specimen classified
by Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. This tick
was found only in or about ears,
usually inside concha, never deep
in ear like R. spinosum. Usually
gathered in clusters, even when few.

It may be readily distinguished
from other varieties of the Ambly-
omma by the markings of the scutem.
The scutem of female bears antero-
laterally two diamonds and postero-
laterally two triangular splashes of
irridescent silver-bronze, on a '^cxjivhoy a. maculatum.
ground of a reddish color. These figures seem very regular.
The scutem of the male bears silver-bronze markings of symmet-
rical geometric figures on a reddish ground, the most notable
and regular being two imperfect triangles antero-laterally. The
markings of the male, however, are subject to considerable vari-
ation.

The female A. maculatum attains a greater size than any
other tick known to the writer, one specimen being y\ inch
long hy \l inch broad. Male ,'f, inch by 'h inch. The rostel-
lum being very long and heavily armed, frequently causes
wounds that afford access of screw-worms, resulting in lop-ears
('•gotch ears"), because of which the tick is locally called a
gotch tick. A considerable number of fatalities is said to occur,
resulting from screw- worm infection.

360 JOSEPH W. PARKER.

Rhipicephalus Sangoineus. — Reported for Texas by-
writer in 1905. Have found it only on dogs. This tick very
closely resembles Bo'dphihis afimilattis in general details, exam-
ination with a lens being necessary to positively distinguish.
Main points of difference are : (i) Stigmata of females are
blunt commas. (2) Stigmata of males are elongate commas,
lateral anal plates rather small, internal anal plates long, and a
tail is sometimes present. (3) Legs of both sexes rather larger
and darker red than those of B. anmilatus. (4) Replete female
somewhat smaller than B. anmdahis. The shape of the stig-
mata varies somewhat, in one specimen being almost round like
that of B. atimUatiis. A number of cattle closely associated
with dogs infested with R. sanguineus have been examined
without finding these ticks.

Argas Miniatus. — The Mexican chicken tick. A para-
lytic fever has been repeatedly observed among chickens in-
fested with A. miniatus. The clinical phenomena point to an
infective disease conferring a transcient immunity, and the tick
as the agent of transmission. In one infested yard, during 1905,
eighty per cent, of chickens introduced from other yards exhib-
ited the paralysis within eight to twelve days after introduction ;
most recovered, and only a few were subsequently affected, though
nothing effective was done to exterminate the ticks and they were
numerous throughout the year. Experimental infestation gave
negative results.

Circular Xo. 91 of the Bureau of Animal Industry is a
preliminary report of "The Life History of the Twisted Wire-
worm ///^wrvw^^/j contortus) of Sheep and Other Ruminants,"
by B. H. Ransom, B. Sc, A. M., Scientific Assistant in charge
of the Zoological Laboratory.

Abattoir for Horses. — It is reported that the consump-
tion of horse meat at Nuremberg, where a few years ago it was
quite insignificant, has now increased so greatly that the facili-
ties for horse slaughtering at the municipal abattoir have be-
come insufficient, and the City Council has' been obliged to con-
•^sider the construction of a new abattoir for horses, the cost of
which is estimated at $43,000.

REPORTS OF CASES. 361

REPORTS OF CASES.

'* Cartfui observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid tdifice of pathological science.'^

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN A TWELVE-YEAR-OLD MULE.

By C. A. Carv, B. S.. D. V. M., Auburn, Ala.

The mule had been resting for lo weeks with what appeared
like gonitis in the left hind limb, but had been treated for bone
spavin and sesamoiditis. During this time it ran in a lot with
a few horses, and occasionally had access to a lot where cattle
were fed cotton-seed meal and hulls. On two or three occasions
it had colic attacks, which yielded to the ordinary domestic
remedies of soda, etc. What seemed to be a fourth attack of
colic called me to the case on March 23. I found the mule with-
out fever, normal pulse, and suffering from colicky pains, mani-
fest by uneasiness, getting up, lying down, etc. In the left rib
region four ribs were fractured and a marked indenture, as often
found in cases of osteo-porosis. The lameness history, the broken
ribs, and the colic from indigestion, led me to suspect osteo-
porosis. The mule was sent to the hospital and was treated for
colic and in course of 24 hours seemed to be free of pain and
eating grain and hay. The broken ribs being movable and sen-
sitive, I expected pleurisy might develop. On the third day
my assistant called me to see the pumping breathing of hydro-
thorax or pleurisy with effusion. Auscultation and percussion
did not indicate that the effusion had risen very high in the
thorax. Hence, we waited a few hours and the labored breath-
ing disappeared and respirations became nearly normal. The
temperature was then 103 to 105 F., and pulse rapid, 80 per
minute. That night the mule died. Post-mortem revealed a
rupture of the stomach ; quite a quantity of food in abdominal
cavity ; abdomen full of red serum ; peritonitis ; liver, spleen
and kidneys engorged with blood. Thorax, quite a quantity of
red serum, but not as much as was found in abdomen. Pleura
was only slightly inflamed. Lungs almost normal. The double
colon and csccum were in the left lung cavity ; not strangulated
nor inflamed, and contained apparently normal semi-liquid ma-
terial and no more gas than usual. A piece or fold of the
mesentery and omentum had at some previous period passed
through an opening between the spleen and stomach and

362

REPORTS OF CASES.

another opening on the left side of the tendonous portion of the
diaphragm and become fixed to the inner surface of a fracture
of the nth rib. The hernial opening in the diaphragm was 2^^
inches in diameter, and the opening between the spleen and the
stomach was about the same size. The edges of each opening
were smooth and entirely healed, showing that they were not
recently made.

No doubt the immediate cause of death was the rupture of
the stomach.

But how could a twelve-year-old mule do hard dray work
up to within ten weeks of its death with such a diaphragmatic
hernia?

Possibly it occurred some time during the ten weeks.

Explanation of Plates.

I. — The lower end of the ribs point upward in the picture. D is the
abdominal surface of diaphragm. R lies between enlarged places of
two broken ribs that have become united b}- false, movable union. To
the enlarged broken rib at the right of R is attached the fold of mesen-
tery and omentum after the fold ( M) passes through the old hernial
opening in the diaphragm. The opening is held open by piece of wood
stick placed transversely above the R. M \^ the omentum and (chiefly)
mesentery fold, which passes through an old opening {O) between the
stomach {ST) and the spleen {SP) and then the hernial opening in the
left part of the tendonous portion of the diaphragm, and is firmly at-
tached to the enlarged part of the nth rib that had been fractured and
united by false union.

//. — Shows the thorax open ; three fractured ribs and double colon
and caecum that passed through the hernial opening in diaphragm into
the left lung cavity.

REPORTS OK CASES. 363

CARCINOMA OF THE MAXILLARY SIN^S AND ALVEOLAR PRO-
CESSES IN THE HORSE.*
By L. Van Es.. M. D.. V. S., Agricultural College, N. D.

During the summer just past, the writer was consnhed in
regard to a case occurring in a patient of Dr. J. \V. Dunham,
Fargo, N. D.

The horse, gelding, from fifteen to seventeen years old, had
for sometime shown some difficulty in mastication. While this
was being observed a more or less diffused swelling appeared
over the left maxillary sinus. A small opening was drilled into
the sinus by Dr. Dunham, from which escaped a small quantity
of a clear limp fluid having the appearance of blood serum. As
no pus was to be detected and as none of the molars showed any
lesions on their face, it was not deemed justifiable to proceed
any further in the matter, and after prescribing daily irrigation
with an antiseptic solution the case was kept under observation'
for several days.

During that time there was an increase and extension of the
swelling and when the case was seen by the writer the enlarge-
ment had extended well under the zygomatic arch, was more or
less oedematous and rather painful on pressure. The left side of
the face had a bulging appearance from the eye downwaid. The
left nostril showed a muco purulent discharge which at times
was tinged with blood. The sub-maxillary lymphnodes were
enlarged, indurated and very tender to the touch.

The opening made into the sinus had not yet healed and a
common probe could be introduced without difficulty. In.«;erl-
ing the instrument without any force it seemed to follow a canal
leading towards the last molars, which, as indicated by the
probe, seemed to be eroded on their roots. When the probe
was pushed in with a little more force it readily found its way
iito the oral cavity, a manipulation followed by bleeding from
the parts. After the withdrawal of the probe it was noted that
the odor so characteristic of necrotic bone could be detected.

Manual examination of the mouth revealed an ulcerated
condition posterior to the last molar. The ulcer seemed to be
deep and formed a cavity which was filled with tissue debris
and quite a quantity of food stuffs. Another feature of the case
was the almost cotnplete atrophy of the masseter muscle, on the
side involved, which was probably the result of non use.

• Presented to Meeting of North Dakota V. M. A., Tnnuary, 1906.

364

REPORTS OF CASES.

Fig I

Fic. 2

Fig

RtPORTS OF CASES. 365

The general condition of the gelding was not bad, although
the attendant informed us that there had been a considerable
loss of flesh, apparently due to the diflBculty in mastication and
swallowing.

Owing to the erosion to the root of the last molar and the
evident presence of dead bone, it was recommended that the
tooth be removed and any dead bone thoroughly curetted away.
This was done on the following day by Dr. Dunham.

The tooth removed was the last molar and the doctor stated
that it would not have been difficult to remove three or more
teeth on the same side, as they seemed to.be implanted into a
soft nodular mass with which the greater part of the cavity
seemed to be filled. Upon examination of the tooth removed,
it was found that some of this tissue was still attached to the
molar, and from its appearance and the result of the finding
during the operation, malignancy was suspected.

With a view of deciding this point, the tissue was prepared
for microscopic examination, which revealed that the growth in
question was a typical carcinoma. Consequently the destruc-
tion of the animal was advised. This advice was acted upon
some two weeks later, and the head turned over to the writer
for post-mortem examination.

During the interval the enlargement of the face and sub-
zygomatic region had steadily increased, while the horse itself
showed the effects of malnutrition and cachexia.

.\t the time of the post-mortem it was found that the open-
ing into the sinus had nearly healed. After removal of the skin
and soft structures over the involved area, the bony plates of
the superior maxillary, lachrymal and malar bones were care-
fully removed. At some places it was necessary to use the
chisel for this purpose, but in others the bones were so softened
that they coiild be readily removed with a knife; in fact, part
of the external and the orbital plates of the lachrymal bone had
been entirely absorbed, while in some parts of the superior
maxillary bone the osseous tissue had been so thoroughly infil-
trated by the tumor mass that the two could not be completely
separated.

.•\fter the removal of the bony coverings, the tumor pre-
sented itself as a lobnlated, nodular structure filling almost
completely the maxillary sinus and reaching into the naspl
chamber, without, however, obstructing the air passage. P«
low it had infiltrated the alveolar processes of the superirr
niaxillarv bone to quite an extent. Posteriorly the alveolar

366 REPORTS OF CASES.

tuberosity is entirely necrotic, while the palatine bone also
shares in the erosion. From this region the tumor structure
reaches towards the orbital cavity, while further inward the
muscular wall of the pharynx was infiltrated and immobilized
by it. At one place where the nasal cavity, merges into the
pharynx the tumor had actually broken through the mucous
membrane and a nodule of the size of a large hazel-nut protruded
into the air passage.

Microscopically the cancer proved to be of the glandular
type, but otherwise did not present anj special features. The
stroma is moderately developed, while but few sections show
any degenerative changes in the epithelial islands. A higher
magnification reveals the presence of numerous cells undergoing
division, as shown by the karyokinetic figures representing all
the stages of the process.

KRRATIC OR IRRKGUI.AR P.'\RTURIKNT PARESIS.*
By Dr. E. A. Van Antwerp, Brookfield, Mo.

In choosing this much talked of subject — one that has had
papers in untold numbers written about it — I do not expect to
bring out or advance any new ideas of the pathology or thera-
peutics, but simply put before you in as few words as possible
my experience with three cases of this disease, which has be-
come a desirable one to handle, thanks to the discovery of the
great benefits derived from iodide of potash, then of oxygen,
later of sterilized air, and very frequently the latter is used with-
out sterilizing. We no longer dislike to hear a patron say that
he has a case of ''milk fever" — as it is commonly called — but
now we are rather pleased to pit our skill against one of these
cases, and if given half a chance can save the "best cow," for
the owner will generally tell you it is the best one in the herd.
Such were the conditions surrounding the first case I wish to
mention.

Case No. /. — On the morning of July 27, 1904, I received a
call to come and see a cow that could not get up ; had been
found down about 7 a. m. It was nearly 9 o'clock before I saw
her. I found a very nice specimen of native or cross-bred cow ;
she was unable to get upon her feet (a.s I made no minutes of
the case I cannot say about her pulse, respiration, etc., as thev
have passed my recollection). She held her head firee from the

*Read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, February, 1906.

REPORTS OF CASES. 367

ground and swallowed a small dose of stimulants. Later there
were administered a saline purge and nerve stimulant, with am-
moniacal liniment to the spine. I left instructions for her care, es-
pecially to prevent her getting into a lateral decubitus, and prom-
ised to call again in a couple of hours. Upon returning, I found
the cow had been allowed to get away from the support and was
lying at full length upon her side, with quite a quantity of food
at the nostrils, which had regurgitated from stomach. Her eyes
were nearly closed, profuse lachrymation, no reflex sensibility ;
when rolled upon the sternum she would toss her head about,
and when resting it would be placed at her side in the charac-
teristic position of a case of paresis. Upon further inquiry I
learned that the cow had been fresh four weeks ; there was an
entire absence of milk in the udder at this time, and she had
given very little the night before. In fact, at time of second
call she presented many of the symptoms of a case of parturient
paresis, but for the four weeks past fresh had me guessing. Per-
haps these conditions would have been very plain to many of
you, but I have failed to see any description of a case so late af-
ter the period of calving.

I hurried back to the office, got the necessary boiled water,
syringe, etc., gave cow my regular treatment for parturient
paresis and was very much pleased to see an improvement in an
hour and felt I was doing all right. After waiting about two
hoiirs from first injection I again inflated the udder, and, being
obliged to attend to some other calls, gave rigid instructions as
to keeping cow in proper position and left my assistant to look
after them. I returned in about three hours to find the cow up
and in a fair way to make a complete recovery.

Case No. 2. — On April 8, 1905, I received a 'phone call
from a friend south of town. His Jersey cow was sick and
acted somewhat weak in hind parts ; owner believed she had
been hurt. I asked some questions, among others if the cow
was fresh, and was told she would not be for two months. I
arrived at the farm and found a grade Jersey cow in a box stall.
The casual observer would observe nothing wrong. I was in-
formed that the cow left the stable that morning to all appear-
ances perfectly well. When driven up at night she appeared
weak in her hind legs, stumbled and nearly fell when going in
the barn. When caused to move she would stagger about and
almost fall down. After such an exertion her pulse would be-
come accelerated to nearly an imperceptible degree, her respi-
ration become hurried, but when left to herself would soon be

368 REPORTS OF CASES.

nearly normal. While the expression of her face with the
drooping ears, half closed eyes, head carried low, showed the
action and look of a cow coming down with parturient paresis,
I could fit7d no inculcations of an injury. I learned that she
gave no milk that night, the usual amount being about three
or four quarts to a milking. I administered a purgative and gave
stimulant. About an hour later I determined to try treatment
of the udder. I obtained a household syringe, cleansed the
same, disinfected the udder, got all the articles clean and ready
by disinfection, then inflated the udder with sterilized air, and
repeated the same in a couple of hours. About this time I
could see a little improvement in the cow and at midnight she
was decidedly better. In the morning the owner reported the
cow apparently as well as usual with absence of milk, of which
she did return to her former amount.

Case No. j. — On the evening of May i8, 1905, in answer-
ing a 'phone call, a lady's voice told me to hurry over and see
Uncle Jack's cow. She said the cow was down and couldn't
get up, and she believed it would be dead before I could get
there. I had some trouble in calming the lady enough to find
out where I would find Uncle Jack and his cow. I proceeded
to answer the call, and found a nice Jersey cow down and mak-
ing repeated efforts to get on her feet. She would rise part way
and then fall broadside unless supported upon her sternum.
When supported up in latter position, she would toss her head
about and let fall at her side, assuming characteristic position
of parturient paresis. Her eyes were amaurotic, no reflex action,
sterterous breathing, air also being passed through mouth, caus-
ing cheeks to puff in and out with each respiration. The cow
was somewhat bloated, which made it quite necessary to keep
her upon her sternum. 1 leafned from owner that the cow had
been fresh about four months, that she did not have any milk in
her udder that morning, her usual amount being about 8 quarts.
After a careful examination, I decided it was a case of belated
parturient paresis, and believing it unsafe to give medicine per
orum, I injected a solution of potassium iodide into the udder.

This treatment was given again at 7.30 P. m. Some im-
provement was observed. She became more quiet. At 10.30
the treatment was repeated. At midnight, thinking patient
might be chilly, I picked np an old piece of carpet to throw
over her, but it had hardly touched her back before she made a
successful effort to regain her feet, and after a little stumbling
about walked into the barn.

REPORTS OF CASES. 869

Tliis is a review ot these cases to the best of my recollection.
I called them erratic parturient paresis, they being so far out of
the usual time. These are the only cases of this kind I have
observed in 20 years of practice and several years previous spent
upon a dairy farm.

One would not have hesitated in making a diagnosis of par-
turient pare^is had these symptoms appeared at the usual time.

I based my diagnosis on effect of treatment to the udder,
which produced favorable changes in the condilioi; of the
patient in an hour or two. If they were not parturient paresis,
what were they ?

CARTILAGINOUS QUITTOR.*
By Dr. W. Warren, Sedalia, Mo.

On October 23. 1905, a gentleman brought in a mare that
was extremely lame, and asked me to take a look at her and see
if I thought anytiiing could be done for her. The horse was an
•ordinary road mare, weighing about iioo pounds, 14 years old.
He gave the history of the case as follows : In July she cut her
right front foot on a barb wire across the outside quarter at the
heel, making a deep, ugly looking wound which extended across
the heel through the coronary band arfd about half an inch into
the hoof. The wound at first apparently healed, as readily as
cuts of this nature usually do, but in a short time it broke out
again and then showed a tendency not to heal. The mare had
been so lame she would not use the foot, only just to touch the
toe to the ground. Upon examination I found a fistula just
above the middle of the upper margin of the lateral cartilage on
the outside of the foot, which by probing I found to extend
down into the foot inside the cartilage, and could feel the bone
exposed a little. From the direction of the fistula I judged the
necrosis on the os pedis was very near the pedal joint ; there was
some fcetor to the discharge, which indicated bone necrosis. I
advised an operation, to which the owner consented. I decided
to operate next day. The foot was placed in a poultice for 24
hours to soften the horny structures. The following day I called
Dr. Bradley to assi.st me in the operation. We confined the mare
on her left side by means of casting harness. The diseased foot
was extended by means of a stick, and traps to fasten it so as to
keep it as still as possible, and a solution of cocaine was injected
over the plantar nerves and the parts cleansed with strong for-

♦Re«d before • Meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, February. 1906

370 REPORTS OF CASES.

malin solution and soap. The hoof was rasped down as thin as
possible, then a tourniquet applied above the fetlock, then re-
moved the wall of the hoof from the heel around to within about
an inch of the centre of the toe, made an incision through the
sensitive lamina along the base of the lateral cartilage, then dis-
sected the cartilage from the sensitive lamina, made an incision
through the cartilage and dissected it loose from the inner
structures of the foot. Upon removal of the cartilage, I found
a sinus which contained about half an ounce of pus, cleansed
this thoroughly, then curetted it thoroughly. I found a necro-
tic tract extending upward and forward in the coronary band.
This was curetted, a dressing of iodoform and acetanilid applied,
covered with absorbent cotton and bandages. I removed the
ropes from the mare ; she seemed to be suffering considerably
from shock and did not seem inclined to get up. A stimulant
was administered and the animal lay about an hour, then I
spoke to her, and she got up and seemed to feel pretty well. I
placed her in a box stall, gave some water and small feed of oats,
which she ate. I renewed this dressing in 3 days, then again in
3 days, at the end of which time it was found that all the necro-
tic tissue had not been removed. Anothei tract seemed to be
present.

A dark spot was found, which was swollen above the sur-
rounding tissue. I took some chloride of zinc and applied to
this point and pressed it into the tissue as much as I could, then
applied dressing as before. In two days I redressed it and found
it healing nicely. After that I dressed it once a week for several
weeks. It did not appear to be as sore from the time I dressed
it the second time as it was before the operation. Within two
weeks after the operation she put her entire weight on the foot,
and I think she will go as sound as she did before she was in-
jured.

I would not have dressed this quite as often had I not
wanted to watch the place that I did not get thoroughly cu-
retted out at first. I did not report this case to teach any one
else anything especially, but to show that it is an operation
that can be done without an operating table, etc. I heard a
party remark here last fall at one of our conventions when Dr.
Brown was operating on a foot that it was not necessary to
watch him, as we could not do such operations in the country
with the ground for an operating table. I think the principal
thing is to go after it the best way you can with what you have
to work with and use every precaution possible for preventing

REPORTS OF CASES. 371

septic material entering the wound during the operation, then
thoroughly irrigating the wound with a strong antiseptic solu-
tion of some kind before applying the dressing. By doing this
I think we can obtain good results many times when we feel
reluctant to undertake the task.

A BAD CASE OF LAMENESS.*
By C. J. Hrckard, Wheatland, Iowa.

On June 24 last, I was called by a farmer, John Miller, living
north of Calamus, to see a lame mare. On examination, I found
that there was a small opening at the heel of the right front foot,
and by probing found that it extended inward and upward about
I Vj inches. There was a little pus escaping and mare was quite
lame. I took probe-pointed bistoury and enlarged opening and
injected a solution of carbolic acid, and then placed a small piece
of sulphate of copper in edges to keep them from healing too
soon, and bandaged, advising the owner to remove same in about
12 hours, and then syringe it out with warm water and inject
some creolin solution. Also told him to attend to it in this way
twice a day.

On July II he 'phoned me and said that it did fine for a
while and lameness was just about gone and it was all healed
up, but now it had broke again and mare was very lame, and
for me to come over again and see her. So I drove over and
found her in bad shape.

He told me that the leg had been swollen very badly, and
was very hot from the foot up above the knee, and that a neigh-
bor woman came over and saw it and told him that a good cow-
manure poultice would be the last and only resort. So he and
the hired man took a pants leg and started for the cow barn, she
following. She watched them filling the bag far a while, then
becoming disgusted by their slow work, took it from them and
proceeded to fill it with her hands. After she finished filling it
she took it to the barn, and having them hold the horse, slipped
it on the leg. This was left on al)ont 24 hours, and when re-
moved found that it had broken in four places, one anterior
above ankle, two posterior above and below ankle, and one on
outside just above ankle.

It seemed that the entire region was rotten. T injected a
solution of creolin through all the openings, which connected,
and then covered the entire leg from foot up with Antiphlogis-

• I're*ente<l to the Iowa Veterinary Associalion, Jan.. 1906

372 REPORTS OF CASES.

tine and bandaged, advising owner to change it every 24 hours
for three or four days, and at each time to inject parts out clean
with warm water, and then inject white lotion.

A few days later he 'phoned me again and said that that
morning when he removed the bandage he saw something loose
protruding out of the posterior opening above the ankle, so
took hold of it and lifted it out. He wondered what it was, so
I told him that I thought it was one of the flexor tendons,
which it proved to be on later examination. [Specimen was
shown.] He also stated that the mare was very lame, in fact
she couldn't put any weight on it at all. I told him that if it
was a tendon she would possibly never recover from the lame-
ness. Well, he said he didn't care if she would only live and
be able to get around, for she was a good broodmare. I kept
sending him medicine, such as creolin, the white lotion, bichlo-
ride solution, adding a little carmine to color. Dry dressings, such
as calomel, boric acid and iodoform. A salve composed of
petrolatum and bismuth, acetanilid and naphthol. These were
used for about six or eight weeks, and finally it healed up.

The mare is still somewhat lame, for she hasn't control of
her foot, due to the loss of this tendon, and she walks mostly on
her heel with the toe raised.

TYMPANY IN A BULt DUP: TO TUMORS.*
By C. E. Baxter, V. S., Oakland, Iowa.

The subject was a five-year-old registered Hereford bull,
weighing about 1,500 pounds, in ordinary condition. Was
driven in from pasture October 30th, considerably bloated.

Being called to prescribe, and not thinking it necessary to
see the patient, I sent a drench, consisting of salicylic acid, oil
terebinth., ether sulph., oil lini, with instructions to call in four
or five hours if bloat had not subsided. The next evening was
called and informed that the bloat of the day before had gone
down during the night, and the. patient turned on pasture in
morning (consisting of second growth timothy and clover) ap-
parently all right, but was found about 4 o'clock badly bloated.
Rumination suspended and a grunt following each expiration.
Prescribed salicylic acid, eth. sulph., sodii chloride, sodii sulph.,
and fluid extract nux vomica, as drench, repeated in eight hours.
Instructed them to keep him off the pasture, giving him grain

* Presented to the Iowa Veterinary Association, January, 1906.

REPORTS OF CASES. 373

and dry clover hay. The next day the bloat did not return, but
on the day following he was as bad as ever.

This remittent tympany continued (notwithstanding numer-
ous changes in diet and the administration of antacids, nerve
tonics, antiferments and intestinal antiseptics) for about three
weeks, during which time he seemed to enjoy good health,
looked bright out of his eyes, ate, ruminated (except when se-
verely bloated), temperature, pulse and heart sounds normal,
but falling off in flesh, and lacking in vitality.

I came to the conclusion that there might be some foreign
body in the rumen, and consequently advised rumenotomy,
which was performed November 21st.

The rumen being very much distended at thf time of the
operation, the trocar was introduced and flatus removed. The
rumen was then opened and two half-bushel measures of con-
tents removed This ingesta seemed a little on the dry order
if anything, with no offensive odor. The walls of the rumer
appeared rather dry, probably due to long distention from gas
es, and peristaltic action entirely lacking.

Introducing two gallons of normal saline solution at body
temperature, the remaining contents of the rumen were
thoroughly mixed in search of some foreign body, particular at-
tention being given to the reticulum, but no such intruder
could be found. The contents of the omasum seemed to be in
a normal condition. J now introduced a saline carthartic
through the opening, consisting of sodii chloride, sodii sulph.,
fluid extract nux vomica, tincture zinziber, and completed the
operation, using heavy catgut ligatures.

Concluding the tympany due to paresis and possibly some
catarrhal condition of the rumen, the patient was kept in barn
with exercise in lot during day, fed on bran mashes, clover hay
and oats.

•Prescribed strychnine sulph., 3i; fl. ex. gentian rad., 3 viij ;
fl. ex. hydrastis, 5 ij ; glycerine, 3 iv ; spls. vini rec, 3 ij. Sig.
One ounce in a little water twice a day.

The first two days following the operation, he did not care
to cat much, after which he ate and drank well ; temperature
ranging from 102 to 103'...

On November 28th he was noticed to be somewhat tympan-
itic, and on the day following very much so, gas escaping be-
tween stitches, which had been loosened by excessive tension.
Removing a stitch I forced an opening into rumen, allowing
the gases to escape freely, and tightened the stitches above. As

374 REPORTS OF CASES.

soon as relieved he went to eating. When gases accumulated
they could easily escape through the side.

He continued to eat, although not as heartily as before, kept
a bright eye, but gradually failing in flesh, getting very weak,
until December i6th he was destroyed.

The autopsy disclosed a collection of what seemed to be
fibrous tumors, their aggregate size being about that of a four-
quart cup and located in the posterior mediastinum.

The abdominal viscera seemed to be in normal condition
except that it presented a rather livid appearance through-
out.

I have just been informed by the previous owner that this
animal had two or three attacks of tympany during the summer,
supposedly due to clover.

USE OF ESERINE IN CHOKE OF DOG.
By Mark White, V. M. D., Denver, Colo.

Pomeranian dog, with cervical choke, due to a bone. The
dog had been choked fully fifteen hours when I was called. I
could feel the foreign body perfectly in the upper third of the
oesophagus. The owner stated that they felt the foreign body
the day before, and it had not moved from where they first felt
it, which demonstrated that the bone did not have a tendency
to move downward.

I decided to inject eserinesubcutaneously. To my delight,
in less than an hour the bone had moved down and the dog ap-
peared perfectly comfortable.

After injecting the eserine the dog started to swallow re-
peatedly. The action of the drug is experienced in two ways r
that is, it overcomes the spasmodic contraction of the oesopha-
gus upon the foreign body and at the same time stimulates per-
istalsis.

RAW MEAT AS A FOOD FOR DOGS.

By Mark White, V. M. D., Denver. Colo.

There is strong prejudice against feeding raw meat to dogs.
Some veterinarians recommend raw meat, others cooked. Per-
sonally I believe raw meat the natural food for dogs and cats,
and recommend it to my clients freely, and have never regretted
so doing. City dogs which eat raw meat are not troubled with
constipation, etc.

REPORTS OF CASES.

376

I was called to kill a cocker spaniel dog, sixteen years old.
I was interested to know the food this dog had received in order
to live to such a ripe old age. Owner stated his food had been
raw meal^ and that the dog had lived in the city of Denver all
its life and never had been sick. Practically every dog in Den-
ver has to have the distemper, and since this dog escaped it, it
leads me to believe the raw meat as a food increased his resist-
ing powers against disease.

The Horseless Age seems to be a long way off, judging
from a statement in the New York Herald of May 6, in a
brief review of the carriage trade. The total production of
horse drawn vehicles in the United States last year was i,6oo,-
ooo, as against 25,000 automobiles, while the number of horses
in the country was 17,000,000. [The total number of horses
as submitted to Congress recently is 18,718,578. — (R. R. B.)]
Records of no other year equal these figures, but it is esti-
mated that they will be surpassed by those of 1906. Half a
dozen Western States now have carriage building plants that
will turn out upward of 25,000 vehicles each ; at least two con-
cerns will produce more than 50,000 each, while the great
Studel^aker plant, at South Bend, Ind., will probably build 75,-
000 horse-drawn vehicles for business and pleasure to supply
its retailing branches throughout the world.

A Bright Looking Monstrosity. — The accompanying

photograph was forwarded to the
— ^ n Review, with the compliments

^' jM of Guy M. Richards, V.S., Beach-

^^' ^™ view Farm, Oak Harbor, Wash-

ington. With no other explana-
tion, the reader is permitted to
draw his own conclusions from
the splendid photograph, which
shows a fifth leg growing from
the left flank, this being less well
developed than any of the others.
Apparently this supernumerary
extremity prevents the normal-
appearing left hind leg from per-
forming its function in locomo
tion, though the little bovine does not seem to be depres.«!ed
over its affliction.

376 EXTRACTS t'ROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

GERMAN REVIEW.

IJy J. P. O'Leary, M. D v., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N, Y.

Concerning the Turnip Flavor of Milk and But-
ter.— It is known that the turnip flavor acquired by milk and
butter in the case of cows fed largely upon turnips is due to the
bacterial contamination of the milk during the process of milk-
ing and not by the transmission of taste into the milk by way
of the digestive apparatus and the blood. According to this
theory, the taste could be obviated by cooking the milk and
destroying the bacteria. In a recent article published by Dr.
Schaller, of Augsburg, in the weekly Journal of the Agricul-
tural Society of the Grand Duchy of Baden^ he states, that cook-
ing the milk for a short time is not sufficient to kill the bacteria,
but rather helps to intensify the turnip flavor. This fact is ex-
plained as follows : that the turnip flavoring bacteria produce
spores which resist cooking to a marked degree, while the lactic
acid bacteria are not destroyed in the process of cooking, and as
a result of their destruction conditions become favorable for the
development of the turnip flavor bacteria. In uncooked milk
there is a struggle between the bacteria which sets free acid
and those which cause this flavor, in which the former limit the
latter in their development. As is known, acid is directly
harmful for most bacteria. On this account also it is possible
to produce butter of full value from cream whicli is tainted with
turnip flavor if it is pasteurized at a high temperature and then
subjected to slifrht artificial acidification. — (Deutsche Land-
wirtsch. Tierzucht^ 1905^ No. g,)

Treatment of Blood in the Milk (the So-called
Bloody Milk of Cows) Through an Infusion of Air by
Means of the Air Filter Apparatus After Ewers- War-
ren [A'. i\ieuch'\. — M. determined to report two cases attended
with favorable results. Case I. — Farmer K. in G. requested him
to treat one of his cows, which soon after calving gave red milk
and continued to do so for about fourteen days, which he could
not and did not wish to use for household purposes. He or-
dered the animal to be kept in a quiet place, and to use caution
in milking out the udder and to use a salve to hasten reabsorp-
tion of the blood. He visited the owner after three days ; the

EXTKACIS FROM tXCHANGES. 377

latter told him the cow still continued to give bloody milk. M.
drew some milk and became convinced that it contained bloody
streaks and even some thrombi. The idea suggested itself to
him that an infusion of air would cause intense compression on
the injured bloodvessels, and eventually close them, and thus
stop the haemorrhage. He proceeded to treat as follows: He
had the udder completely milked dry and injected air into the
teats by means of the Ewers air filter, so that the udder was
well filled with air. The animal was walked about for a short
time, since it showed symptoms of uneasiness. He ordered then
that the animal be allowed to rest until next day, when the udder
was milked dry, asking the owner to inform him of the result.
Two days later the owner told M. that the morning following
the treatment the cow did not show the least trace of blood in
the milk. About one week later M. was informed that the cow
was completely cured, and that during the interval no more
bloody milk was secreted. Case II. — Farmer G. in G. asked
M. to treat a cow which gave bloody milk. He again convinced
himself of the presence of blood in the milk ; he did not employ
any other line of treatment, save the above. He had the same
successful result, so that the cow was considered cured after a
single infusion of air. — (Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift.)
Concerning the Danger from the Use of Milk and
THE Means for its Prevention [Dr. J Sobelsohn']. — Con-
tamination of milk may occur through pathogenic or non-path-
ogenic bacteria. Many diseases of the udder arise from bacterial
infection; as a result the organisms already in the udder contami-
nate the milk. There are numerous indisputable instances re-
corded in which human subjects have become ill from the use
of milk drawn fiom the diseased udders of cows. Also numer-
ous cases of primary intestinal tuberculosis in man can be traced
back with certainty to the use of milk containing tubercle bacilli,
and it has been still further proved that cow-pox, foot-and-mouth
disease, anthrax, and probably also rabies are communicable to
man through the use of milk. The latter in any case only when
a lesion of the mucous membrane of the human digestive tract
exists. Metallic and organic poisons are also secreted with milk
whicii under circumstances may become harmful to the user.
iMnally it is well known that newly drawn milk forms a suit-
able medium for the spores of human infectious diseases. This
has been observed frequently in typhus, diphtheria and scarlet
fever, and it was recentlv affirmed also of svphilis. As regards
the prevention of tlie«;e dangers, the author is of the opinion

378 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

that the public which consumes the milk must show more inter-
est in hygienic dairying and must also be made acquainted with
the handling of milk under different conditions. In support of
the Austrian food law the author demands that those persons
commissioned for the control of the sale of foods, especially that
of milk, should be better educated than heretofore, and if the
law prescribes in Par. 24 that the production, preparation, and
storage of foods is to be controlled, that of milk should be super-
vised by veterinarians. In connection with this, the author
quoted the respective resolution of the 8th International Con-
gress for Hygiene and Demography held in Budapest, 1905, and
demanded at the conclusion an obligatory veterinary milk in-
spection.— (Tier. Zeiitralblatt^ -^poj. No. i i-i ^.)

An Explanation of Plackntophagy \P. R. LafiUe\. —
The desire to eat the afterbirth has been observed in all classes
of animals. Witkowsky reports that among the wild tribes of
Australia the mother eats the newly born child in case of ex-
treme hunger, and when she has given birth to twins she eats
one child in order to be better able to nourish the survivor.
Buffon, Reclus, Rippert and others have observed similar in-
stances in Uraguay, Tasmania, and so on. This instinctive
habit of eating the placenta in the case of animals is not easily
explained. Nevertheless, it is possible that by eating the pla-
centa the secretion of milk is increased. According to the
opinion of some doctors, the placenta must possess some galac-
togeuic properties, and they prescribed a macerated animal pla-
centa for poorly nourishing mothers. The adherents of this
opotherapeutical medication appeal to the works of Letulle and
Mathorn — Larrier, who has scientifically demonstrated that the
placenta belongs in the series of organs with internal secretions.
This secreted product appears under the microscope in the form
of plasmodia-like globules, which are found during pregnancy
in the maternal blood and are resorbed more quickly during the
period of labor, giving rise to a more rapid secretion of milk.
Lafitte is of the opinion that veterinarians ought to be called
upon to cooperate in the elucidation of this question. He
made experiments with a sow and a bitch ; both were poor milk
animals, not capable of nourishing their young. He gave them
three tablespoonfuls daily of an extract from the placenta of a
sheep and already from the third day the milk secretion was re-
markablv better. However, fresh still-intact placenta must be
used, which may be had frequently and in sufficient quanti-
ties in the slaughter-houses. The placenta expelled after birth

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 379

is Utterly useless. — (Berliner Tierdrztliche Wochenschrift.)
Gallstones in a Horse \B. Lewhi]. — L. reports the case
of a horse suffering from intermittent colic, and consequently
was treated with aloes and eserine-pilocarpine injections, by
means of which small quantities of faeces were passed. On the
third day, the visible mucous membranes were stained a dirty
yellowish-red. Respiration 24, temperature 39.9 C. Ausculta-
tion, a friction sound was audible over the lower third of the
left lung and sensitiveness to pressure on the thoracic wall at
the same place. Diagnosis, pleuritis. On the twelfth day of
the disease the patient laid down a great deal and looked around
frequently ; the animal showed great pain, with respiration 32,
pulse 72, temperature 40 C. Next day the horse died. Post-
mortem : Circumscribed peritonitis ; spleen partly grown to the
left lobe of the liver and the peritoneum ; left lobe of the liver
attached to the diaphragm. All the bile ducts of the greatly
enlarged liver were dilated ; the two principal ducts enlarged
to about the size of a fist and containing pulpy masses of food
and many small yellowish-brown stones varying in size from a
mustard seed to a hazel nut. Small and large intestines had
borne the same contents. The small intestine about its middle
contained a stone weighing 148 grammes. In the region of the
head of the pancreas there was a diverticulum about the size of
a fist at the S forming bend of the duodenum. It is worthy of
note in the present case that the large number of gall stones
(about 500) had never previously caused recognizable digestive
disturbances ; further, that jaundice was present at the begin-
ning of the disease only ; likewise the fact that the local peri-
tonitis had led to the false diagnosis of pleuriti.s. — (Zeitschr. fur
Veteriniirk^ ly Jahr^ 2 Heft.)

Two Cases of Abdominal Pulsation in Horses [Z)r.
Zurn'\. — Concerning the origin of abdominal pulsations there
are varied opinions. Haubner-Siedamgrotzki hold that the
phrenic nerve which passes near the heart is excited by the con-
tractions of that organ, thereby causing a periodical diaphrag-
matic cramp. According to Friedberger and Frohner, catarrhal
and inflammatory conditions of the stomach and intestines,
either reflexly or through an extension of the inflammation, is a
not infrequent cause of diaphragmatic cramp. Malkmus treats
it as a transitory condition, which is to be taken as a neurosis
of the diaphragm. Dupas is of opinion that it is the result of
excessive exertion of the diaphragmatic muscles, in which an
abnormal quantity of lactic acid forms, which either directly

380 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

causes an abnormal irritation of the diaphragmatic nerves or
the muscle fibres directly, Zurn describes two cases of abdom-
inal pulsation (chorea of the diaphragm) in horses sent to him
for treatment of colic or abnormal decomposition in the stomach.
The first case showed abdominal pulsation with contraction of
the thorax and trembling of the whole body, especially the hind
quarters. The symptoms occurred on the average 40 times per
minute at regular intervals, but perfectly asynchronous with
the pulse wave and respiration. In the second case the abdom-
inal pulsations were 72 per minute, synchronous with the heart
beat. Exterior symptoms : a violent trembling of the whole
trunk, which occasioned convulsive contractions of the thorax
in the subcostal region. Each pulsation was accompanied with
a peculiar sound which was audible at some distance from the
horse. In both cases recovery ensued. The pulsations lasted
only a few hours. Zurn ascribes the first case as according to
the Malkmus theory. The second case coincides with the
theory of Haubner-Siedamgrotzki, because the pulsations were^
synchronous with the heart action. — ( Deutsche Jiir. IVochen-
schrift^ 190^^ No. J.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

A Curative Treatment for Tetanus [/. Crisott]. —
Many practitioners have recorded cases of recovery in declared
tetanus, with antitetanic serum in large doses, combined with
bromides and other sedatives of the nervous system. Many
have also pretended to have similar results with expectation.
Notwithstanding these successes, there have been so many fail-
ures that one may say that the practical and economical treat-
ment of tetanus has not yet been found. Basing himself upon
the observed fact that when one bleeds a tetanic animal to death
it is observed that as the escape of blood advances a complete
relaxation of the muscular system takes place ; and, again, as
the bacillus of Nicolaier acts by its toxines, which, mixed with
the blood, go and infect the nervous system, the author has
asked himself, if by removing a certain quantity of toxines by
bleeding, the chances of recovery would not be increased ? He
has tried it in two cases, taking away ten quarts the first day,
ten on the third, and combining with this bromide of potassium

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 381

in 40-gramme doses. Marked improvement was noticed on the
fifth day. A slight relapse occurred on the thirteenth day,
when six more quarts of blood were taken away. From that
day convalescence set in and was followed by rapid recovery. —
(Journal de Zootechnie.)

A Case of Chorea in a CoLT[J/r. Cabaret]. — May 3 last
the author was called to visit a colt, born but a few days. Black
in color, like its dam, a powerful Percheron mare, he was unable
to stand without help. When up, he was taken with muscular
tremblings and was continually jumping with his hind quarters.
Its movements were queer indeed : the hind feet were first
slightly raised from the ground, and then, the contractions in-
creasing more and more, the feet were raised 10 or 15 centime-
tres high. After five or ten minutes the colt would fall. These
contractions could be stopped by pressing heavily on the croup.
The animal was put under bromide of potassium, nux vomica,
and belladonna. This did not succeed, and was changed for
laxatives and quinine. After a few days the animal seemed to
answer to the treatment and began to improve. Convalescence
was very slow, but it was not long before the little fellow seemed
to be in good health. Unfortunately, while suffering with its
choreiform symptoms it had an inguinal hernia, but if it recov-
ers entirely from chorea it is hoped that the hernia may also
disappear as soon as the abdominal wall has regained its normal
size. It is a known fact that inguinal hernias of young ani-
mals get well spontaneously without other treatment than cold
douches. — (Record de Medecine VHerinaire.)

Bacillar Suppuration in a Mare [/. Cuilh\. — Under
this title the author records the history of a case due to a bacil-
lus, which he has found impossible to classify. The disease
manifested itself first by symptoms of strangles, with abscess in
the throat, viz. : tumefaction, irregular and bosselated, and here
and there fluctuation. The animal is in poor condition — lean,
coat staring. Nothing wrong in the lungs or intestines ; tem-
perature normal ; no cough ; no nasal discharge. After a few
days the abscesses are well formed, and when opened a little
pus escapes. The pus is creamy ; spread on a glass slide, it
presents a great number of granulations of various sizes, not
calcareous, and under the microscope are seen composed of long
bacilli, coloring well with various aniline colors and taking the
Oram. After a month not much change ; new abscesses are
formed ; some appear at the point of the sternum and back of
the withers. Two months and a half later improvement be-

382 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

comes manifest and finally after four months the abscesses cease
to reappear, general condition is gaining, and the animal is
returned to its owner. Cultures made with the pus show no
streptococci nor micrococci, nor any appearance of the bacilli
observed in the granulations of the pus. However, cultures in
vacuum succeeded. On peptone, on liquid serum, glycerinated
or glucosed bouillons, Martin bouillon, etc., give more or less
results. The bacillus is not pathogenous for the guinea-pig or
for the horse. The disease that affected the subject of this case
resembles no other disease described ; it may resemble somewhat
actinomycosis, but the specific characters of the threads of pus
and the inefficacy of the treatment by iodide of potassium ex-
clude the idea. — (Revue Veteriytah-e.)

Lymphosarcoma of the Anterior Mediastinum in a
Cow — Symptomatic Analogy with Traumatic Pericardi-
tis \_P)'ofs. Mathis and BaW]. — This animal was 13 years old ;
her history is that she has coughed for some time ; that she has
been subject to repeated attacks of tympanites ; that sometimes
she has diarrhoea, and lately she presents at the dewlap an oede-
ma which has increased little by little and spread over the
sternal region. The animal has lost considerable flesh, and the
veterinarian in attendance thinks she has traumatic pericarditis,
and advises slaughtering. She is taken to the clinic of the
Toulouse School, when she presents the following condition :
General aspect not bad ; while standing the front legs are kept
a little apart, head and neck extended. If the animal is made
to walk she does it slowly, with hesitation, and quickly gets
out of breath. Appetite is normal, rumination regular; udder
flabby and dry ; cow is five months pregnant ; respiration
calm before eating, but becomes more frequent after the meal,
and much accelerated if she is made to walk. The animal has
at rare intervals a dry, short cough. Pulse difficult to take on
the facial artery — 75 or 80 ; cannot be felt at the tail. Tem-
perature normal. The swelling at the dewlap is enormous, ex-
tefading back as far as the umbilicus. It is hard and painless.
Peripheric veins are very much dilated ; there is no venous
pulse. The beatings of the heart cannot be felt with the hand ;
percussion of the chest reveals horizontal dullness in the lower
third on both sides at an even height ; auscultation detects res-
piratory murmur all over, with here and there moist rales. The
heart is not heard — to the left, or right, or in front. Catheter
introduced into the oesophagus detects difficult progression as
soon as it enters the chest : it seems as if the instrument touched

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 383

a solid membrane. However, this is not constant, as sometimes
the catheter can pass without trouble. Rectal exploration re-
veals nothing. Tuberculin test is negative. Diagnosis of trau-
matic pericarditis is entertained, and after some time of obser-
vation the animal is killed. At the post-mortem, besides exten-
sive lesions of the lymphatic glands of the fore part of the trunk,
and a small quantity of exudate in the thoracic cavity, it is
found that the anterior mediastinum is occupied by an enormous
tumor, spreading over the right and left costal regions, as well
as all over the surface of the pericardium, enveloping the heart
as a neoplastic cuirass, which in some spots is six centimetres
thick. The lympho sarcomatous nature of the growth was
characteristic. — (fournal de Zootechme.)

A Case of Recovery from Arthritis of the Fetlock
[MM. Le Fue and Grapen\. — The record of a serious injury
treated by injection into the wound of ointment of biniodide of
mercury, i-8, mixed with the same quantity of oil; treatment
already recommended by other veterinarians, and which on this
occasion has given excellent results — far superior, say the au-
thors, to continued irrigation, which with them has never been
successful. A horse, harnessed to an ambulance to carry dis-
abled animals, runs away, cuts both of his knees and his hind
fetlocks. He finishes his night work. The next day has high
fever, and the right fetlock — open, and from which purulent
synovia escapes — is much swollen. Of course, the animal is on
three legs. The treatment is applied : injection of biniodide as
mentioned into the joint, after careful washing and disinfection
with Van Swieten solution. The joint is wrapped in wadding
dressing. No change next day. The dressing is removed, and
another injection given, and dressed as before. This dressing is
left in place for about two weeks. At this time the animal
rests his foot upon the ground ; he has no fever, and his condi-
tion is improved. Dressing is taken off ; wound cleansed, syno-
vial discharge considerably reduced. After disinfection with
solution of permanganate of potassium a third injection of
biniodide and oil is made, and a wadding dressing applied.
The improvement continues, and a month after the accident the
animal resumes his work. The fetlock is somewhat swollen,
but there is not the slightest lameness. — (Revue Generate de
Mt'decine VSth^inaire.)

A CuRioi'S Case of Volvulus [.!/. Rousselol]. — This ani-
mal was ten years old ; he was taken sick in the morning while
in the stable, and from the start the colics which he had assumed

384 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

a very severe character. He was in great pain ; his face con-
tracted ; he constantly scraped the floor with his front feet ;
walked in a circle ; dropped on his hind quarters, and finally
threw himself violently upon the floor, where he remained ex-
hausted for a while, to get up and renew the same manifesta-
tions. Treatment of blood-letting, sinapisms to the abdomen,
opiates, etc., brought but very slight and temporary improve-
ment. Soon the colics returned. Pilocarpine and eserine had
but little effect. Death took place during the night. On open-
ing the abdominal cavity a loop of the small intestine, three
metres long, appeared all gangrenous. A strangulation had
taken place. The knot which caused it was formed by a pro-
duction, kind of appendix in cul-de-sac^ 30 centimetres long, a
little smaller than the intestine itself in diameter, and grafted
on the convex border of the intestine and on one extremity of
the gangrenous portion, with which it is continuous and into
which it opens near the ilio-csecal valve, without contraction in
its size. The contents of this cul-de-sac consisted of a few grains
of oats. Its structure was that of the small intestine. The other
parts of the digestive tract were more or less congested. What
was that appendix ? Perhaps a diverticulum of Meckel, answers
Prof. Petit. — (Bullethi Societe Centrale.)

Facial Hemiplegia in Cattle [//. Dutrey\. — Quite fre-
quent in horses, this affection is rather rare in bovines, and its
manifestations differ from those of equines. The following case
shows it. A five-year-old steer is ailing, keeps lying down, and
while ruminating leaves small quantities of food drop from the
mouth. Nothing else is observed. Two days later, the condi-
tion is more serious. While ruminating the food drops in large
quantities, the appetite is bad, faeces hard, mouldy and coated.
Temperature 38°. C. Right superior eyelid is drooping, mem-
brana nictitans covers greater part of globe, right ear hanging
low, right commissure permits saliva to escape. The two pro-
files of the head are no longer symmetrical. There is evidently
paralysis of the right side of the face. Treatment consists of
purgatives, strychnine, and frictions over the face with nux
vomica ointment. Very little change is noticed at the begin-
ning of the treatment. After a week the animal begins to im-
prove, and soon is able to resume work. Traumatism is con-
sidered one of the causes of this affection. Probably it was in
this case also.

The animal was driven with a strap rolled around the base of
the right ear, and it is likely that by its too severe and repeated

*^,\

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 385

action the nervous lesion was started. — (Revue Vetennaire).
Treatment of Dog Distemper with Physiological
Serum [J/. Parent], — Eight grammes of chloride of sodium in
solution in one litre of distilled water forms the compound known
as physiological serum. To a Gordon setter, two years old, suf-
fering from a severe attack of distemper (nasal discharge, diffi-
cult respiration, mucous rales, crepitation in the lungs, dullness
on percussion, labial breathing, elevated temperature, etc.), all
treatment seems of no avail. 30 c.c. of the serum are injected
on the sides of the chest. Next day animal less depressed.
Another similar injection ; improvement is noticeable — labial
breathing is gone, temperature lower, animal takes some milk,
auscultation more satisfactory. The injections are continued.
In four [? R. R. B.] days recovery is complete. An Irish setter,
18 months old, affected in the same manner, received the same
treatment, and recovered in six days. — (Revue Veterinaire.)

COPROSTASIS AND COMATOUS Ur^MIA FOLLOWING TRAU-
MATISM IN A Young Cat [J/. Grobon\. — A little male kitten
of seven months is so very thin and emaciated that it seems but
three months old. P'or some time past it has had poor appetite
and lately eats nothing — when he does he vomits all that he
takes. For a week he has passed no urine nor foeces. His
whole condition is such that evidently there is a general ad-
vanced auto-intoxication and comatous form of uraemia. Exter-
nal manipulations of the abdomen reveal the presence of
numerous hard bodies, which fill the intestines and prevent the
detection of the kidneys, rather mobile in cats. The bladder
seems very much distended. The poor little fellow is chloro-
formed to death. Post-mortem : complete anaemia of all vis-
cera ; bladder much distended and contains a quarter of a litre
of urine ; kidneys very large, look as if they had been mace-
rated ; rectum in its whole length and three-quarters of colon
packed with blackish excrement, as hard as stone and dilating
the intestine to three times its normal diameter. The explana-
tion of this coprostasis is given by examination of the vertebral
column. All the ligaments and muscles being removed, the
lumbar vertebrae, instead of having their normal shape and
forming a curve with convexity turned upwards, have a marked
incurvation due to the presence of a large bony callous, true
tumor, formed at the inferior face of the vertebrae. While very
young the kitten had received a traumatism which had frac-
tured the vertebrae and an imperfect union had followed. —
(Revue Vt'tnittaire).

386 SURGICAL, ITEMS.

SURGICAL ITEMS.

By Drs. Louis A. and Edward Merillat, Chicago, III.

RADICAL OPERATION FOR CESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUC-
TION IN SOLIPEDS.

Whenever a horse cannot be " unchoked " by the ordinary
palliative methods usually practiced there is a surgical opera-
tion that is certain to prove effectual. The operation is still
unnamed. It was described by the writer at the St. Louis meet-
ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1904,
after having performed it several times during the two preced-
ing years. Little was evidently thought of the procedure at
that time as it evoked neither interest nor discussion. It was
demonstrated at the Cleveland clinic in 1905 by Blattenberg,
and was subsequently referred to by Phillips in a recent issue
of the American Veterinary Review.

The operation is a washing out process accomplished by
first passing a rubber tube down to the obstruction and then
ligating the oesophagus in the middle cervical region to pre-
vent the backward flow of the water that is pumped into the
tube to wash the mass into the stomach. If a tube is passed
into the obstructed oesophagus and no ligature applied there is
always danger of flooding the lungs with the water. We have
reports of chokes having been thus relieved without the use of
the ligature, but these were evidently trivial chokes that would
have been cured spontaneously even though the irrigation had
been omitted. Horse chokes very frequently " cure themselves"
even after several days and after all hope has been abandoned.
It is in these trivial chokes that various " sure-shot " choke
cures gain their reputations. Often eserine, apomorphine, atro-
pine or a drench of oil, ulmas, etc., are credited with having
cured oesophageal obstructions that would have nicely taken
care of themselves had they been left alone.

From its pathologic aspect choke in solipeds stands alone.
It is unlike similar accidents in the other species. In a word,
the accident is an impaction of a dilated tube. The oesophagus
within the thorax, as the result of previous impactions, is
stretched, weakened, thinned out, and is incapable of perform-
ing its function. It is likewise unable to withstand any forci-
ble intervention. The ptfobang is out of the question. Its use is

SURGICAL ITEMS. 38?

always harmful because the mass is only packed tighter into the
dilatation and the delicate walls of the oesophagus are always
more or less injured by the forcible attempts to push the obstruc-
tion downward. Drenches are of little use as long as ptyalism
is sufficiently profuse to lubricate the mass, but when salivation
ceases they will serve a useful purpose. They then lubricate
and provoke serviceable contractions of the weakened muscular
walls, which then often slowly move the mass into the stomach.
When all of these expediments have failed and the choked por-
tion of the gullet is threatened with necrosis, radical interven-
tion becomes the only sensible recourse.

The operation should never be performed prematurely, and
on the other hand, it should not be postponed too long. Every
possible form of palliative treatment precedes the operation,
and when these have failed the surgical intervention should be
promptly executed. A choked horse should be securely tied to
a perfectly empty manger, where there is no access to a single
spear of hay or any other kind of solid food. A bucket of clean
cold water is placed within easy reach and a full dose of eserine
sulphate is administered hypodermically. The attempts to drink
water sometimes will wash down the obstruction and will always
cause spasmodic contractions of the neck and thus assist in
moving the mass. The eserine will at least stimulate the sali-
vary secretion to greater activity and thus supply a still greater
amount of dissolving fluids. Whether this alkaloid serves any
other purpose is difficult to determine. In any event it has often
been credited with having wonderful curative action. It can do
no harm and should therefore be administered in every case.
The empty manger, the bucket of cold water and the eserine is
sufficient treatment for the first twenty-four hours. To attempt
to force matters by frequent drenching is not advisable during
this phase of the trouble, but at the end of twenty-four hours
salivation will have ceased and nature's other reactive forces
will be so nearly exhausted that drenching with lubricants,
massage of the neck and gentle exercise must then be diligently
and judiciously carried out. This line of treatment may be
tried for the second twenty-four hours. In drenching, the head
is elevated to a comfortable angle and the liquid is administered
little by little. At the same time the cervical portion of the
gullet is massaged from above downward with considerable
force to send the fluid downward into the dilatation with as
much force as possible. When seized with a desire to cough
the head is released until the coughing ceases. Coughing alone

388 SURGICAL ITEMS.

is mighty effectual in assisting to dislodge a choke. It shakes
up the mass and thus favors the dissemination of fluids through
it. The more a choked horse coughs the better. It not only
helps to move the obstruction, but also clears the bronchial tract
of aspirated ingesta. At the end of the second twenty-four hours
the disease will have passed into the operative stage, and should
then be met with radical treatment. Some isolated cases have
been cured with palliative treatments after the third day, but
procrastination after this time would not be taking full advan-
tage of the possibilities. In many cases where the patient is
old, the dilatation large and the gullet thin and weak, dissolu-
tion will supervene earlier than -in the young, vigorous animal
choked for the first time.

Modus Operandi. — The horse is secuied with the twitch.
The left side of the middle cervical region is selected as the seat
of operation. It is clipped, shaved, and well disinfected in the
usual fashion. An incision three inches long is made parallel
to the CESophagus, which at this point lies on the supero-lateral
aspect of the trachea in the jugular groove. The skin and sub-
jacent muscles are divided until the oesophagus is well exposed.
The twitch is then removed and the tube, well lubricated, is
passed into the oesophagus by way of the left nostril. When
the distal end of the tube reaches the entrance of the thorax a
sterilized tape is passed around the oesophagus at the point
lyiwg exposed in the incision. The tape is tied firmly but not
sufficiently taut to endanger the life of the incarcerated tissues.
Water is then pumped into the tube until the oesophagus dilates
at the distal side of the tape. In some cases the mass promptly
washes into the stomach without much trouble, while in other
instances it is dislodged only after repeated aspirations and in-
jections of large quantities of water. When once the tube is in
place and the tape adjusted, the surgeon has only to be patient
in order to eventually succeed. Too great force must be avoided
lest the delicate walls of the oesophagus at the seat of dilatation
give way to the water pressure, the degree of which is deter-
mined by keeping the finger upon the oesophagus just below
the tape. When the gullet is full the pumping is stopped until
the water is allowed to aspirate out. The aspirated fluid will
always carry along particles of the obstructing mass. Hay
chokes prove the most obstinate because hay will not readily
flow backward with the injected water, while those consisting
largely of half masticated cereals can be entirely removed by
aspiration.

SURGICAL ITEMS. 389

The washing process is continued until the injected water
flows into the stomach. The tape is then untied, the tube re-
moved and the incision closed with sutures. If the incision has
not been soiled it may be safely sealed without drainage, but if
it has been handled with dirty fingers a drainage opening is pro-
vided at the distal commissure.

The operation, while effectual in every case when judici-
ously executed, is not entirely without fault. There is danger
of rupture of the oesophagus and the discharge of its contents
into the mediastinum and not infrequently the incision becomes
septic and heals only after considerable trouble. A purulent
wound in the jugular groove is always more or less threatening
owing to the freedom with which secretions flow downward along
the trachea. Again, there is often considerable danger that the
oesophagus at the seat of the choke is injured beyond repair.
It may be necrotic and cause the patient's death a few days later
even though the obstruction has been removed. In other cases
the inflammatory and much weakened state of the dilated gullet
leaves the patient subject to subsequent attacks as soon as any
amount of solid food is ingested. But in spite of these unfortu-
nate results the operation cannot be discredited from any stand-
point if applied at the proper time. To resort to it too early
might be criticised on the grounds that simpler methods might
have accomplished the same results, and to delay it too long
will greatly lesse'n the chances of curing the patient at all. We
have found that the third twenty-four hours is the opportune
moment in most of the cases. In the aged horse where there is a
history of a number of previous serious chokes or where there is
reason to suspect the existence of a large dilatation of long
standing, earlier operative intervention is justifiable.

It might be well to repeat that the incision in the neck
.should be made before the tube is inserted. The pain in-
flicted in making the incision will always provoke more or less
resistance. If the tube is dangling from the nostril a sudden
movement of the head may wound the Schneiderian membrane
sufficiently to produce a haemorrhage that will mar the procedure.
And furthermore the finger on the exposed oesophagus serves
the useful purpose of determining the course of the tube. In a
choked horse it may pass into the trachea unnoticed.

*
* *

CARCINOMA.
Carcinoma is about the "darkest " chapter in surgery. In

390 SURGICAL ITEMS.

most every other disease the surgeon is fairly well acquainted
with his ground. Causes are generally known, phenomena are
well understood and effects are usually predicted with more or
less accuracy in surgery. This, however, cannot be applied to
cancer. Although carcinoma has been the object of very dili-
gent investigations for years its etiology is still a mystery, its
course is still unchecked and its cure is still as uncertain as
ever. In the case of cancer the scientist has nothing to boast
about, as the investigators have thus far been blocked at every
turn. The fact that this fell disease stands sixth in the scale
of the cause of death among human beings, its loathsome, en-
croaching characteristic, its certainty to eventually terminate
fatally after a slow course, and the mental and physical misery
it always brings to the afflicted, stand out as incentives to solve
the problem of its cause. But in spite of the overwhelming im-
portance of the subject nothing seems to have been achieved.
Before the cause has been demonstrated successful treatment
can hardly be expected. For a time it was thought to be of
microbian origin and a number of micro parasites have been de-
scribed as the causative factors. None, however, stood the test
of more rigid, unbiased investigations and the microbian theory
as a consequence has been temporarily abandoned. Heredity,
race, species, diet, habits, climatic influences, social influences,
preexisting local inflammations, traumatism, and various forms
of irritation, have all been carefully scrutinized in search of a
causative factor, but with no convincing results. In short, can-
cer is still a deep fnystery.

Although cancer is less important in veterinary surgery, the
subject is one that must interest every student of pathology. Its
frequency in domestic animals has not been determined because
of the dearth of reliable statistics, and because there has been no
systematic attempt, up to date, to classify the malignant tumors
of animals from a strictly scientific differential diagnosis. In
several of the large European clinics the subject has received
some attention and statistics of more or less value have been
compiled therefrom, but in America the veterinary profession
cannot claim to have added anything to the knowledge anent
this frightful affliction. In the largest clinics in this country,
which, by the way, are found in the private veterinary schools,
there is a shameful disregard for the scientific aspect of malig-
nant growths. Tumors are ablated and thrown aside. If the
growth recurs a diagnosis of cancer is made, if there is no re-
currence the matter is dismissed without any further thought.

SURGICAL ITEMS. 391

The world's knowledge of tumors in general is a vague one,
the veterinarian's knowledge of them from their own investiga-
tions is nil. Readers of current medical literature cannot help
but notice that there is at the present time an almost frantic ef-
fort to solve the problem of cancer, and affected animals of all
species are being sought from various sources with that end in
view. There is a great demand for animals suffering from neo-
plasms of whatever character. Experimentalists hope from this
source to determine something that may guide them nearer to
solution of this intricate and highly important problem. The
veterinarians, especially those in charge of the large clinics, owe
an effort to posterity, in this connection. Much might be de-
ducted from carefully compiled data on the frequency, predilec-
tion, course, aspect, probable cause, etc., etc., of cancer in the
different species of domestic animals. How soon will the vet-
erinary profession have a few members who are willing to de-
vote a few moments to work that brings no tangible reward ?

*

THE IMPORTANCE OF DENTISTRY IN THE
TREATMENT OF TETANUS.

When the treatment of a tetanic horse begins before the tris-
mus has accentuated too far to. prevent, the very first step should
be that of filing the sharp points from the molars. If there are
other dental disorders they too should be remedied. It is very
surprising how well a horse with smooth and regular molar
arcades will masticate grain and hay, even when the trismus is
almost complete. When the enamel points on the superior
molar denture are long and pointed as is generally the case,
mastication is greatly hindered and the buccal surfaces are very
often severely wounded in the patient's desperate attempts to
masticate food. If these are well rounded food is ground and
passed backward with much greater facility and the chances of
recovery are greatly enhanced. Sharp points on the superior
molars, owing to the contracted state of the masseters and
buccinators will always inflict harmful wounds to the cheeks of
a horse suffering from a severe tetanus.

Dr. Nelson S. Mayo, Chief of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry of Cuba, has just issued as Bulletin No. 6, of the De-
partment of Agriculture, a well-illustrated treatise on Texas
Fever, the illustrations including the immunized pure-bred cat-
tle taken from the United States some time ago, and which are
doing good work in improving the herds of the little republic.

392 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

THE ARMY BILL.
Fort Oglethorpe, Dodge, Ga., May 22, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Revieiv :

Dear Sirs : — Following is an extract taken from the Army
and Navy Register oi May 12, 1906: "A favorable report will
be made from the Senate Committee on Military Affairs on the
bill (S. 3927) to increase the efficiency of the veterinary service
of the Army." When the Dental and Medical bills were before
the Senate for consideration Senator Hale, who bitterly opposed'
them, is quoted as saying that " he had received hundreds of
letters from prominent men of those professions urging him to
vote for the bills, and no doubt his colleagues had also received
as many letters." Both of those bills have passed the Senate.
I wish he could say the same as regards receiving letters from
prominent veterinarians urging the passage of the Veterinary
Bill. Very respectfully, Robt. J. Foster, D. V. M.,

Veterinarian 12th Cavalry.

FOREIGN SERVICE PAY FOR VETERINARIANS

DENIED.

Fort Riley, Kansas, May 19, 1906.
Editors A7?terican Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — I write for publication in the Army Depart-
ment of the Review the decision of the Court of Claims in re-
gard to the foreign service pay of veterinarians.

This claim was prosecuted by King Brothers, of Washing-
ton, D. C, in behalf of the veterinarians who had served in the
Philippines, since the Comptroller of the Treasury ruled that
since we were not commissioned officers we were not entitled
to the extra pay.

The Court of Claims rendered an adverse decision on May
8, thus sustaining the ruling previously made by the Comp-
troller.

This decision shows the ambiguity of the words " pay and
allowance," under which we receive, or rather do not receive,
our pay and emoluments.

I send this information so that all those in the service may
know the results, and be guided accordingly.

Chas. H. Jewell,

Veterinarian ijth Cavalry.

CORRESPONDENCE. 393

ARMY NOTES.
Veterinarian Rapp's reason, given in the last Review,
for leaving the Army service is, that there is no future prospect.
Since then, I am informed, he has applied to be re-instated. —
(L. E. W.)

An Effective Remedy for Erythema or Scratches of
THE Heel. — Remove all hair, wash heels once only with warm
water and soap, to which some mild disinfectant has been added,
and apply the following preparation once daily : Glycerine, 3 ij ;
zinc oxide, 3 j- Mix well, spread on gauze, apply to part and
cover with roller bandage. Usually two or three applications
serve to heal permanently. — (l. e. w.)

CORRESPONDENCE

OPACITY OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS IN HORSES.

Fairfax. S. D., April 23, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review:

De.\r Sirs : — I have a valuable pacing gelding which is
blind from an opacity of the crystalline lens or a cataract in
one eye and almost so in the other, and I would like those
who have had experience with this kind of a case to report
through these pages, in the next issue, their success and the
treatment used.

My knowledge along this line is quite limited, and I think
there are several others who can say as much, and very success-
ful practitioners, too. This horse has been blind for more than
a year in the left eye and nearly so in the right one. I have
known him for the last eight months, and there is little or no
change in the condition of the eyes, and I have seen him very
frequently. He was raced last season, and, while he has a mark
of :2i, he could easily lower it to :i3.

As near as I can find out, he has been over-exerted in a very
hot sun racing, causing an overflow of blood to the head and an
overdistention of bloodvessels of the eye, but none seem to be
ruptured. It seems to me that the knowledge of our profession
is quite limited in this branch of our work, and that the more
scientific practitioners of our profession of to-day and the past
have been very neglectful of deep study and research into the
diseases and treatment, surgical and medical, of this very im-
portant little organ of animals, especially th^ horse, and he is
the only one where the loss of sight materially interferes with

394 CORRESPONDENCE.

his usefulness and value. I would like to call your attention
to the extent of the knowledge of the up-to-date optician and
the many wonderful things done by them for the human eye,
and what is the matter with us that we don't know more and
b? able to do more for our poor blind creatures, when the loss
of their sight deprives them of the only pleasure of their quite
miserable existence and dooms them to the hands of men in
the most instances many times more brutal than they them-
selves are ? I have had many men say to me, " Doctor, if you
could restore that mare's, or gelding's, eyesight, I would give
you $25 or maybe $50," and this case I have right now I would
willingly give $150 if I could get him two good eyes again.

Very truly yours,

G. L. Meholin.

[If our correspondent will consult Liautard's " Manual of Operative
Veterinary Surgery," pp. 749-753, he will find a number of operations
described whose objects are to remove or displace the opaque obstruction
to vision. Many of those who have written upon the subject report
good results, but say many failures are also encountered. — R. R. B.]

Experiences with von Behring's Preventive Vacci-
nation AGAINST Bovine Tuberculosis (By District-Veteri-
narian Schricker, Gronenbach ; IVochenschrift fur Tierheil-
kunde unci Viehzucht^ Vol. 50, No. 7). — S. performed the pre-
ventive vaccination in the young stock (76 animals) of seven
stables, six of which stables were highly tuberculosis-infected,
whilst one could be considered as almost free from tuberculosis.
In most cases, the reaction of these animals to the first and sec-
ond inoculation was but slight ; not taking into consideration
coughing ; only a few animals showed fever temperatures. Later
on, the author tuberculin-tested ten of the vaccinated young
cattle and only one of them showed the typical reaction. So
far, three of the immunized animals have been slaughtered ;
two of them (yearlings) were perfectly healthy, one showed cal-
cified tubercular lesions of the bionchial glands and a tubercle,
the size of a cherry pit, in the lung. The last mentioned ani-
mal was immunized according to Behring's method at the age
of two years and therefore was in all probability already infect-
ed prior to vaccination. From these observations S. concludes
that through the preventive vaccination of calves below the age
of 4 months, which are not tubercularly infected, the resistance
of these vaccinated animals to severe natural infection can be
enhanced.

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 396

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Commencement exercises of this school were held on March
29th, at 8 o'clock, in the lecture room of the college. The hall
was handsomely decorated, and was filled with ladies and gen-
tlemen, friends of the faculty and graduating class.

The Secretary's report was made by Dr. Joseph Hughes,
which showed that 308 students matriculated for the session of
1905-6, and 98 graduated. The faculty, numbering sixteen,
was made up of eleven veterinarians, four doctors of medicine,
and one doctor of laws. The departments of microscopy, his-
tology, pathology and bacteriology were much extended and
amplified as compared to former years. The degree of Doctor
of Comparative ^ledicine (M. D. C.) was conferred on the grad-
uating class by Dr. A. H. Baker, who called each one, alphabeti-
cally, and handed him his diploma. Following is the list with
their addresses : F. R. Akin, Pewaukee, Wis. ; C. R. Andrew,
Atlantic, 111.; L. C. Appel, Highland, 111,; \V. Ashcraft, Monroe,
N. C; A. E. Byron, Bristol, S. D.; J. C. Buchter, Highland, 111.;

F. F. Brimkamp, Crystal Lake, 111.; J. C. Brown, Nashville,
Tenn.; E. N. Brown, Nashville, Tenn.; C. F. Beamer, West
Union, Iowa ; C. H. Beere, Bridgeport, Conn.; R. J. Coffeen,
Albert Lea, Minn.; R. S. Cameron, Chicago, 111.; L. R. Dillon,
Pueblo, Colorado ; R. F. Dean, North Salem, Indiana ; Dondan-
ville. Sheridan, 111.; F. A. Daudel, Andrew, Iowa; R. P. Frans,
Stronghurst, 111 ; E. P. Farley, Paducah, Ky.; M. Fletcher,
Decatur, 111,; R. F. Fisher, Paducah, Ky.; J. J, Farrell, Eagle-
ville, Conn,; H. A. Greer, Champaign, 111.; M. E. Gleason,
Roberts, 111.; A. G. Gieske, Barrington, 111.; M. L. Hynes,
Urbana, 111.; C. C. Hall, Villisca, Iowa ; C. B. Hammatt, Cerro
Gordo. 111.; J. A. Hill. Honolulu, H. L; T. W. Healey, San
Jose, Cal.; L. F. Hartzell, Chicago, 111.; F. Hecker, Albany,
N. Y.; J. C. Harland, Duplainville, Wis.; F. R. Harris, Hills-
boro. 111.; A. D. Hubbell, Raritan, 111.; E. W. Huenefeld, Water-
town, Wis.; E. E. Howe, Dcs Moines, Iowa; E. W. Hanson
Beaver Dam, Wis.; J. E. Ingmand, Red Oak, Iowa ; J. Jamieson
Brandon, Manitoba, Canada ; E. J. Jenkins, Ravenna, Ohio
O. N. John.son, Appleton, Wis.; W. F. Kaiser, Buffalo, N. Y.
R. L. Kramlich, FogelsvilJe, Pa.; H. L. Keene, Waterman, 111.

G. Kirkpatrick, Barnard, Kansas; R. E. Krieger, Rolla, N. D.

396 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

E. M. Lang, Louisville, Ky.; O. H. Lintner, Mendota, 111.; C.
H. Leavitt, iMolalla, Oregon ; R. Lovell, York, Neb.; R. E.
Larimer, Geneva, Neb.; E. Mackey, Janesville, Minn.; A. L.
Miller, Newton, 111.; G. W. Maulfair, McNabb, 111.; J. L. Mon-
tooth, Mt. Carroll, 111.; C. C. Mix, Coldwater, Mich.; W. L.
Migely, Chicago, 111.; G. E. Metzger, Minneapolis, Minn.; W.
J. Morgan, Aledo, 111.; L. N. McNay, Humeston, Iowa ; H. C.
McCartney, Ellenville, N. Y.; R. A. McCartney, Ellenville, N.
Y.; C. C. Mcintosh, Monticello, 111.; J. H. McElroy, Grant
City, Mo.; W. V. Nesbitt, Maroa, 111.; N. E. Nielsen, Chicago,
111.; E. E. Oldaker, Iowa City, Iowa; H. L. Pool, Maquoketa,
Iowa; C. B. Parker, Monticello, Minn.; H. C. Rogers, Oska-
loosa, Iowa; A. F. Reichmann, Biiena Vista, Iowa; R. C.
Roueche, Guy's Mills, Pa.; F. C. Roach, Maquoketa, Iowa; A.

F. Rank, Manitowoc, Wis.; T. H. Ruth, Desmet, S. D.; A. E.
Rudolph, Fannington, Wis.; T. O. Shearburn, Walnut, 111.; P.
B. B. S. wScott, Galesburg, 111.; G. A. Swingley, Freeport, 111.;
O. Silfver, Helsingfors, Finland ; A. B. Sexsmith, Lyon, Mich.;
J. N. Servatius, Ottawa, Kansas ; A. L. Sederholm, Moline, 111.;
F. O. Seward, Marengo, 111.; A. L. Smedley, Petersburg, 111.;
E. L. Stevens, Gt. Barrington, Mass.; H. H. Spencer, Rich Hill,
Mo.; F. G. Tegg, Rochester, N. Y.; O. H. Titterud, Anoka,
Minn.; E. E. Treiber, Norway, Mich.; R. F. Vermilya, Nund,
111.; H. L. Wickwire, Elmwood, 111.; F. H. Wessels, Petersburg,
111.; C. W. Watson, Harpswell, Me.; O. J. Wingard, Montpelier,
Ohio; C. B. Weagly, Hagerstown, Md.; P. Zenor, Mediapolis,
Iowa.

KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The commencement exercises of this school were held in the
auditorium of the Central High School, March 14. The faculty
address was made by the Hon. Frank M. Lowe, who delighted
his hearers with an account of the extensive and important ser-
vice being rendered by the veterinary profession in continental
Europe, he having made special observation of same during his
visits to the continent.

Dr. R. C. Moore, President of the College, conferred the De-
gree of Doctor of Veterinary Science upon the following named
gentlemen : — Alvin J. Abarr, Redding, la. ; R. D. Abarr, Red-
ding, la. ; Anthony E. Amend, Wilsey, Kans. ; Lonnie P. Ar-
nott, Overbrook, Kans. ; A. Clyde Barr, Waverly, Kans. ; Ben
E. Barham, Oak Ridge, La. ; Richard F. Bourne, B. Sc, Del-

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 397

phos, Kans. ; J. Kelly Callicotte, Windsor, Mo. ; Geo. J. Col-
lins, Tekamah, Nebr. ; H. Ray Collins, Washing^ton, Kans. ;
Chas. M. Cooper, Kansas City, Kans. ; Evert C. Craven, Udall,
Kans. ; Dennis E. Crites, Daisy, Mo. ; Bert Deuell, St. Joseph,
Mo. ; Elvon S. Dickey, Ph. C, Topeka, Kans. ; Edw. J. Drake,
Buffalo Gap, S. D. ; Alex. F. Eagle, Chicago, 111.; Wm. Wal-
lace Eagle, Kansas City, Kans. ; Wilton Elery, Anita, Iowa ;
Otto Emmitt, Hiattville, Kans. ; Louis R. Fauteck, Kansas
City, Kans. ; Harry L. Fretz, Junction City, Kans. ; Charles H.
Gaines, Chilhowee, Mo.; M. William Games, Baldwin, Kans;
J. Arthur Goodwin, Baton Rouge, La. ; Asa E. Hoffman, Kan-
sas City, Kans. ; Edw. J. Igoe, Kansas City, Kans. ; Sherman
R. Ingram, Kansas City, Mo. ; Philip M. James, Kansas City,
Mo. ; Edward F. Jameson, Kansas City, Kans. ; Louis L. Jones,
Girard, Kans. ; Jesse Warren Joss, Fairview, Kans. ; Paul Juck-
niess, Omaha, Nebr. ; Edw. D. Kennedy, Rosedale, Kans. ;
Robert W. Keepers, Greencastle, Pa. ; Albert D. Knowles, Ne-
vada, Mo. ; Albert R. Koen, Hillsboro, 111. ; J. Victor Lacroix,
Hiawatha, Kans. ; Walter J. Lacy, Jacksonville, 111. ; S. Frank
Loffer, Maitland, Mo. ; Roy C. Livers, Kansas City, Mo. ; Dan-
iel B. Leininger, Kansas City, Mo. ; Wm. Lyons, So. Omaha,
Nebr. ; Chas. R. McCoppin, Wilcox, Nebr. ; Robt. A. McCau-
lay, Cedar Rapids, la. ; James I. Martin, Mt. Olive, 111. ; Jas.
M. Mayes, Kansas City, Mo. ; John L. Meixel, Aurora, Nebr. ;
S. Meade Meredith, Vinita, I. T. ; Conrad L. Nelson, Kansas
City, Kans. ; Geo. C. Newberg, Kansas City, Mo. ; Julian J.
Parker, Athens, Texas ; Herbert Pew, Hebron, Nebr. ; Edward
Pugh, Lawton, Okla. ; Geo. F. Punteney, Frankfort, Kans. ;
Harry A. Reagor, Cambridge, Nebr. ; Marion H. Rhoades,
Kansas City, Mo. ; Hartwell Robbins, Furman, Ala. ; Forris L.
Saunders, Cayuga, Ind. ; Edw. H. Schaefer, M. D., Kansas
City, Mo. ; Robt. N. Sebaugh, Sedgewickville, Mo.; Henry
Singleton, Houston, Texas; Hiram M. Smith, Zarah, Kans. ;
Jesse P. F. Smith, A. B., Kansas City, Mo. ; Joseph Stafford,
Auburn, N. Y. ; Gola Steele, Oklahoma City, O. T. ; David F.
Stouffer. Bellevue, Nebr. ; Joseph E. Straycr, Carleton, Nebr. ;
Charles A. Swanson, Tecamah, Nebr. ; Hugh Thomason, Nash-
ville, Tenn. ; Harry R. Tice, Summerfield, Kans. ; Elmer E.
Trabert, Milford, Nebr.; A. Thos. Waddill, Windsor, Mo.;
Dick E. Warner, Kansas City, Mo. ; John H. Webster, San
Francisco, Cal. ; Jesse B. Williams, M. D., New York City, N.
Y. ; Geo. H. Woolfolk, Brandenburg, Ky. ; Geo. D. Young,
Kansas City, Kan.

398

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY VETERINARY MEDICAL

SOCIETY.

The first annual banquet of the O. S. U. Veterinary Medical
Society was held in honor of Dean David S. White, at the Great
Southern Hotel, on Wednesday evening^, March 14.

The tables were finely decorated. A sumptuous eight-course
dinner was served in a style characteristic of the Southern man-
agement.

At the conclusion of the feast, Mr. Stanton Youngberg,
President of the Society, delivered the address of welcome, and
said in part: "Gentlemen, we are assembled here this evening
on an occasion which we hope will mark an epoch in the his-
tory of our Society and College, and at the same time be estab-
lished as a precedent that should be followed as long as this
institution of learning exists. We are here to celebrate the
first annual banquet of the O. S. U. Veterinary Medical Society.
" But that in itself is not the sole object that impels us to
this gathering. We are here above all for the purpose of pay-
ing our respect to and expressing our love for a man who by

his painstaking and untiring
efforts has raised our college to
its present high standard, and
besides was the man most in-
strumental in the founding of
this Society and its guide dur-
ing the first tottering steps —
Our Honorable Dean, Dr.
David Stuart White.

" To the distinguished
friends and to the alumni
who are present, on behalf of
the O. S. U. Veterinary Medi-
cal Society, I bid welcome."

At the conclusion of his
address he introduced as toast-
master. Dr. Albert INI. Bleile.

Dr. Bleile with a few pithy
and well-chosen remarks called
upon Dr. Thompson, President

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 399

of the University, who responded to the toast, " Education as a
Profession." Dr. Thompson dwelt on the value of education in
training and sharpening the mind to grasp a subject readily and
analyze it accurately. The man thus developed is always on the
alert and able to meet emergencies whenever they arise. Edu-
cation is a profession in that it teaches the man to have confi-
dence in himself and to be able to tell when he does know a
thing and when he does not.

The toastmaster next called upon Dr. H. W. Brov/n to re-
spond to the toast, " Success in Practice." Dr. Brown spoke of
the radical difference between the old " horse-doctor " of some
years ago and the educated, scientific veterinarian of to-day. He
said that to elevate the profession in the eyes of the public from
the old "horse-doctor" type, the veterinarian should choose for
his associates the better class of citizens and by skilful work
and strict integrity impress upon them that the veterinarian of
to-day is a man of education. By becoming a member of some
riding club or like organization, he can in that way gain their
patronage and through them that of many influential citizens.

Dr. D. Hammond Udall responded to the toast of " Prob-
lems of a Graduate," and said in part : " Advice with reference
to entering the field of practice or of government work is super-
fluous. Acting on the advice of others is often precarious for the
one advised. Most men by the time they become seniors are fairly
well acquainted with the conditions on which success depends
on each. They are usually better acquainted with their own
limitations and circumstances than any person upon whom they
may call for advice. As in all professions certain individuals en-
ter it because it seems to them to be the easiest and surest way
of procuring a livelihood ; genuine interest in the profession
may be acquired before graduation or it may not. In the latter
case the student is handicapped in the struggle for existence re-
gardless of the branch to which he turns his activities.

" Criticism seems to be a legacy that falls to every person who
attempts anything. The hard kicks do not all come from four-
footed creatures. Often the criticisms are undeserved. The errors
that deserve criticism often go undetected. Criticisms should
not cause one to lose sleep ; on the other hand they should not
be ignored. They frequentlv give one the clue to the correction of
mistakes; and they are most powerful stimulators of hypnotized
energy. They are often needed to awaken one fiom the conceit
of self-satisfaction. One gets more meaning out of an article on
a certain disease after having been thoroughly scarified for his

400 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

method of treatment of. this affection. Criticism often gives
one valuable free advertising."

Mr. George A. Pfaffman, in behalf of the Seniors, responded
to the toast, '' Senior Retrospectus." He gave a brief review of
the three years spent at college, starting from the first day
" when we entered the portals of learning with vernal simpli-
city up to the senior year, that year when so many conflicting
emotions strike the heart." And told how in after life " although
we may forget the size and shape of the nucleus of an epithelial
cell, or whether a tubercle bacillus has rounded ends or not, we
never shall forget the love and the friendship and the daily sac-
rifices of our professors, and above all the principles of a manly
character instilled into us by them." And closed with a re-
quest of his underclassmates " that they hand down from class
to class all the noble thought and sentiment expressed here this
evening as a tradition of this our newly organized O. S. U. vet-
erinary college spirit." ,

The next speaker was Dr. James McD. Phillips, who re-
sponded to the toast of " Our Sister Profession." He spoke in
part : " Dr. Thompson has just asked me what the feminine of
veterinary medicine could be, as he was wondering what the
sister profession was. For a moment I was at a loss to answer,
but after considering the question I concluded that both veteri-
nary and human medicine are feminine ; because I have known
men to be wedded to both professions. I have also known many
men to be too much in love with the almighty dollar to be in
love with any profession."

" These sister professions are only half sisters, their common
dam is the scientific foundation, but the paternity of the one is
the saving of human life and the alleviation of human suffering ;
of the other the saving of dollars. In other words, the veterina-
rian is obliged to consider every question from its economic
standpoint, although much of his work, especially that of the
meat and milk inspector, has to do with the prevention of hu-
man disease.

"Just as a bear has evolved from a grass-eating dog, so was
man evolved from a money-making monkey. Every practi-
tioner of your calling is subjected to a constant series of tempta-
tions which tend to develop the latent money love of the
monkey in him. Yielding to constant temptations is what has
brought the veterinary profession down to the level of ' horse
doctors.' Happily the veterinary profession is now represented
in nearly every city in the country by at least one honorable

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 401

and capable man. These men are elevating the calling, — a
work in which I trust all of you will join. And if you will but
let a good part of your scientific training stick to your bones
and be absolutely square in all of your dealings I will guarantee
you financial success and far better, — the respect of your com-
munity."

The next speaker was Mr. A. F. Schalk, who on behalf of
the freshmen responded to the toast " The Veterinary Medical
Society." Mr. Schalk said in part : "In November, 1897, the
O. S. U. veterinary students met and effected an organization
known as the ' Ohio State University Veterinary Association.'
The roll sheet at this time contained 45 names. This society
convened sometimes weekly, semi-monthly, bi-monthly and fin-
ally ceased late in 1902. But the grave was not the goal, and
resurrection came Feb. 9, 1904, when fifty-two spirited vets, re-
organized the society under our present title of ' Ohio State
University Veterinary Medical Society.' We are now glad to
announce the proud roster of eighty members.

"What are the purposes of this organization? First, it af-
fords excellent advantages for one to broaden his conceptions
and increase his knowledge of the science of veterinary medi-
cine. Secondly, it is a most efficient means of developing one's
intellectual training. Further, all students who have been ac-
tive members of the society for two years by contributing to
and participating in its programs are entitled to a beautiful
diploma, which, perhaps, though not the most highly prized
sheepskin he expects to bag, nevertheless will be highly worthy
of an honorary space on the walls of his later library."

Mr. Leo ^I. Steckel was called upon to respond to the toast
"Our Dean." Mr, Steckel spoke in behalf of the junior class
and said in part : " We especially esteem him for his chival-
rous character, his keen judgment, and his unselfish devotion to
a noble purpose. His sound and ready advice whenever asked
does not fail to awaken in the heart of the receiver a true and
friendly regard for the man. The noble example he has set
forth spurs us on to enter the work with vim and zeal. His
motto : ' Use judgment and be scrupulous ' is a beautiful expres-
sion worthy to adopt as our guide. It is only regretful that our
time as students here is so short, but when our college days are
over and we are engaged in the battle of life, we shall look back
with pride, love, and admiration to the man who has devoted
his time and energy to prepare us for our calling, and who
helped elevate the status of the veterinary profession.

403 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" And now, Dean White, may you be blessed with many
years of health, vigor and happiness, that the noble work you
have thus begun will be furthered under your able guidance.
May the Ohio State University under the leadership of its broad-
minded president, and the Veterinary College, which you have
raised to a level with the best schools of the country, be an ever-
lasting source of knowledge and learning. May the ties of
friendship we make here to-night as members of the V. M. S.,
as students, teachers and friends of the O. S. U., never be
broken."

Dean White, in response, said that this was one of the hap-
piest moments of his life, and one which would leave a clear,
utterly unerasable picture on his mind. In fact it was really
too good to be tiue and he could not help thinking that he was
with little " Nemo " in slumberland and afraid to awaken lest
it be all a dream. Dean White responding to the toast " Past
and Present," said in part : "The growth of the College of Vet-
erinary Medicine has been most gratifying. From a mere hand-
ful of students, taught the technical branches of our profession
by a solitary veterinarian, and with no equipment beyond a
lecture room, with a rep^utation bad within and without the
University, in a decade we have grown to what you see here to-
night— 125 earnest students, a faculty of which six are veteri-
narians, a material equipment the best west of the Alleghenys
and a standing among the best schools of veterinary learning in
the country.

" However, we are not yet full-grown. Much work needs
be done. As compared with what we hope to be, we have
made but a beginning, only the nucleus around which the men-
tal and material accumulations of the future are to form.

"Our future will depend largely upon the loyalty and stand-
ing of our alumni. Their love for the Alma Mater must be of
the responsive kind. To be ready and willing at all times to
stand by her, ever anxious to lend a helping hand, and always
desirous of her welfare, instilling into the hearts of the people
of this great State the respect for her which will assure her the
blessings of permanent prosperity."

The Banquet Committees were as follows : Committee of
Arrangement : George A. Pfaffman, Walter A. Brown, Fredrick
B. Hadley ; Program Committee : Leo Washburn, Leo M.
Steckel, and Clark H. Hayes.

Reuben Hilty, '07,

Secretary,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 403

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Philadelphia, May 20, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review:

Dear Sirs: — The following papers have been promised for
the New Haven meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association :

"Our Insect Enemies" — W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana.

" The Agglutination Method for the Diagnosis of Glanders "
— Veranus A. Moore. Walter J. Tavlor, and Ward Giltner, New
York.

" Some Bovine Surgical Operations " — J. C. Robert, Miss.

"Tuberculosis in Swine" — Richard Ebbitt, Nebraska.

"The Angora Goat and Sheep Industry of New England in
Danger" — James B. Paige, Massachusetts.

(Title not given) P. A. Fish, New York.

" The Veterinarian as a Business Man " — D. Arthur Hughes,
Illinois. '

The following have made conditional promises of contribu-
tions and will probably furnish papers : W. L. Williams, New
York ; J. G. Rutherford, Canada ; L. E. Willyoung, Kansas ;
J. F. DeVine, New York.

It will be seen from the above that more papers are urgently
needed and should soon be announced.

The Committee of Arrangements announce the following :
The headquarters will be at the Tontine Hotel, 149 Church St.,
which has also been selected as the place for the annual ban-
quet. The rates, European plan, are $1.50 to $2 per day.
There is an excellent cafe attached. The Hotel Garde makes
a rate of S3. 00 a day with bath, American plan, and $2.50 a day
without bath. There are other hotels and boarding houses
which give suitable rates. Dr. J. H. Kelly, 70 Olive St., New
Haven, has charge of hotel affairs and reservations can be made
in advance through him.

The sessions will be held in Harmony Hall, 9 Elm St., and
the clinic will be held in a tent in the rear of the meeting place.
The Committee have outlined various forms of entertainment
for the visitors, such as a visit to Yale University and boat ride
on Long Island Sound. The banquet will be held at 7.30 p. m.,
on Thursday, in the banquet hall of the Tontine Hotel.

It should be borne in mind that applications for membership
should be in the hands of the Secretary by July 23d

Respectfully, John J. Repp, Secretary.

404 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK COUNTY.

The regular monthly meeting was held in the college build-
ing, 141 West 54th Street, New York City, Wednesday evening.
May 2, with Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, President, in the chair. Sec-
retary Mangan being absent on account of sickness. Dr. W. C.
Miller was requested to act as secretary /r^ tern. The minutes-
book not being on hand, the reading of the minutes of the pre-
ceding meeting was postponed, and the attendance was ascer-
tained by count of those present. The room was well filled,
and, while all were not recognized, the following members
and visiting veterinarians were present : Drs. Roscoe R.
Bell, George H. Berns, James L. Robertson, D. J. Dixon (Ho-
boken), Robert Dickson, Robert W. Ellis, E. A. A. Grange, W.
Reid Blair, Theodore A. Keller, John F. DeVine (Goshen), W.
Hayes, E. B. Ackerman, Chas. S. Atchison, George F. Bowers,
Elishu Hanshew, John G. Slee, Chas. E. Clayton, A. Silkman,
C. W. Shaw, Alfred F. Bollinger, C. Lamensdorf, R. A. Mac-
kellar, Thomas G. Sherwood, R. A. McAuslin, J. T. Glennon
(Newark), Veranus A. Moore (Ithaca), W. W. Andrews, Theo-
dore E. Krey, David W. Cochrane, W. C. Miller, Wm. J. Mc-
Kinney, and other visitors and students of the New York-Ameri-
can Veterinary College.

Prof. V. A. Moore delivered a very interesting and instructive
lecture qn "Agglutination as a Method of Diagnosis in Glan-
ders," and exhibited tubes showing reactions in various degrees
with the test fluid, and answered in detail many questions by
the members.

Dr. James L. Robertson reported a case of " Hypertrophy of
the Heart in a Horse," in which the heart weighed 28^ lbs.,
and exhibited a specimen of the heart muscles. There were
present at the post-mortem Drs. Robertson, D. J. Dixon, and
W. F. Harrison (of New Jersey). So far as any one present
knew, this case constitutes a record as to size and weight.

Dr. DeVine, of Goshen, described a few cases in sheep that
died from some unknown cause, which was discussed by Profs.
Moore and Grange. It was suggested that the sheep had been
poisoned by a wash used upon them for the destruction of
ectozoa.

At the request of Dr. Dickson, Prof. Moore gave a short talk
on foot-rot in cattle and sheep, its causes and treatment.

DrI Slee spoke upon Tropical diseases, he having spent sev-

SOaETY MEETINGS. 405

€ral years iii the Philippine Islands upon the Insular Board of
Health. He described interestingly " Epizootic Lymphangitis "
and "Surra."

A hearty vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. Moore for his
great kindness in coming from Ithaca to tell us about the new
method of diagnosing glanders.

It was regularly moved and seconded that the Association
send a message to Dr. Mangan, its efficient Secretary, express-
ing the sympathy of the members in his affliction, with the hope
that he may soon be restored to his accustomed good health.

Adjourned until the June meeting.

W. C. Miller, Secretary pro tern.

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The twenty-second annual meeting and banquet of this
Association was held at Young's Hotel, Boston, Wednesday
■evening, April 25th. There were twenty-six members present
and one guest.

Drs. L. L. Pierce, H. W. Pierce and Edw. P. Dowd were
elected members.

Drs. \V. L. LaBaw, L. H, Howard and John F. Winchester
were elected to serve on the committees of the Connecticut
Veterinary Medical Association at the convention of the A. V.
M. A. to be held in August.

The following officers were reelected for the year 1906-7 :

President — Daniel Emerson, M. D. V.

First Vice-President — Aug. S. Cleaves, D. V. S.

Second Vice-President — Calvert H. Playdon, M. D. V.

Secretary-Treasurer — Frank J. Babbitt, M. D. V.

The above-named officers with the following names consti-
tute the Executive Committee : Benj. D. Pierce, D. \ . S., I.. H.
Howard, D. V. S., and Chas. H. Perry, M. D. V.

It was voted to hold the monthly meetings at 5 o'clock in-
stead of 7.30 p. M.

Adjourned to the banquet hall, where an excellent dinner
was served. After dinner the report of the Secretary-Treasurer
was read and accepted.

President Dr. Daniel Emerson then made an address, con-
cluding by introducing Dr. Austin Peters as toastmaster. Dr.
J. F. Ryder, of the B. A. I., was the guest of the evening. Dr.
Peters called upon many of the members, who responded in a
pleasing and able manner. Adjourned 10.30 p. m.

F. J. Babbitt, Secretary.

406 NEWS AND ITEMS.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. Mark White, Denver, Col., has been reelected veter-
inarian of the Colorado Kennel Club.

Dr. H. a. Aixorn, Harlan, Iowa, was in San Francisco dur-
ing the recent great disaster, but escaped all injury.

Dr. J. G. Annand, Minneapolis, Minn., has taken the prac-
tice of Dr. J. W. Cook, Duluth Minn., who will rest for the
present.

Dr. a. T. Everitt, who has been an inspector for the B.
A. I. for fifteen years has resigned and begun practice at South
Omaha, Neb.

Dr. H. D. Gill, of New York City, President of the Road
Drivers' Association, is winning laurels on the speedway with
his stable of trotters and side-wheelers.

Boston has appointed a strong committee to act in conjunc-
tion with the Connecticut State Association to entertain the
A. V. M. A. at Hartford, Conn., in August.

Dr. R. W. McCully, of New York City, was to have left
on the 31st ult. for California to look after the yearlings of J. B.
Higgins. He expected to be gone two weeks.

Dr. C. F. Leslie, Wahoo, Neb., has removed to Kalispell,
Montana, where he will practice his profession. The change
was made to benefit the health of his eldest daughter.

Allow me to congratulate you on your ability to keep suc-
cessfully, annually, making the Review better, spicier, and
more newsy. — (IV. C. Hanawalt^ M. D. C, Galesburg^ III.)

"I Have Taken the Review for Tw^enty-five Years,
and I don't feel like stopping yet. Keep right on sending it
till further orders." — (C. D. Rathburn, Sherwood^ Mich.)

Messrs. C. Bischoff & Co., American representatives of
von Behring's Bovovaccine, have removed to 451-453 Wash-
ington St., New York City. Their mail address is Box 785.

Dr. W. a. Thomas, late State Veterinarian of Nebraska and
the first veterinarian who located in Nebraska, after 25 years'
residence in Lincoln, will remove to Weaubleau, Missouri, the
middle of June. The Doctor has purchased land in his new
location, where he will engage in the stock business.

Dr. E. H. Shepard, Cleveland, Ohio, suffered the irrepar-
able loss by death of his devoted wife, Effie J. Shepard, on May
13, after an illness of only four hours, from apoplexy. She
was 46 years old, and she and^ the Doctor had been married
25 years and four months.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 40^

President W. L. Williams, of the New York State Veter-
inary Medical Society, and Secretary Garry T. Stone, are very
active in behalf of the program for the meeting at Buffalo in
September.

ACETONOMYCOSIS (a NEWSPAPER DISEASE) — InFERENCE-
ACTINOMVCOSIS. — William T. Hornaday, director of the Bronx
Zoological garden, who has expert knowledge of the habits of
animals and their diseases, lies dangerously ill at his residence.
Today four surgeons operated on Mr. Hornaday for mastoiditis,
which is an abscess within the head back of and below the ori-
fice of the ear. He is still in a most critical condition. His is
a remarkable case. It began ten days ago with tonsil itis, which,
it is strongly suspected, he caught from a monkey with a bad
sore throat, which he was treating. It may end, it is feared, with
acetonomycosis, one of the rarest diseases in man and nearly
always communicated from animals, in which it is far from
common. The farmer whose cattle or swine suffer from acet-
onomycosis calls it " lumpy jaw." — (Item going the rounds of the
lay press.)

To Improve the Breed of Horses in New York. — To
encourage New York farmers to breed to the thoroughbred stal-
lions which are being stationed through the State for stud ser-
vice at nominal fees the Jockey Club has decided to institute a
sj'stem of prizes for the best foals resulting from the use of
these thoroughbred sires. At every county fair in the State
the Jockey Club will give three prizes of $50, $25 and $10 for
the finest half bred colts and fillies shown. As there are 104
fair associations in New York the total of prizes may be $5,200,
if all take advantage of the Jockey Club's offer. In addition to
these prizes there will be a series for the keepers of the stallions,
$150 going to the man in charge of the horse that receives the
best patronage, with $100 to the second and $50 to the third.
Application blanks for stallions can be obtained by addressing
the Jockey Club, Fifth Avenue, at Forty-sixth street.

More About the Wild Horses of Washington. — Eph-
rata, April 26. — The rounding up army made thirty miles yes-
terday and went into camp at Parker's horn. As yet only occa-
sional small bands of wild horses are being sighted, and so far
it has been impossible to get more than a passing view, as the
spectacle of the mounted men causes them to stampede for the
hills. It will be two or three days before the round-up actually
commences. It was at first proposed to round up in the corrals
along Moses lake, but now it is thought that the first big drive

408 NEWS AND ITEMS.

will be into Red Lockcoulee, where there is a natural cor-
ral. . . . About 500 relay mounts have been taken along and
more will be gathered up as the cavalcade proceeds over the range.
Two thousand of the horses to be corraled have already been pur-
chased by a North Dakota syndicate. They will average about
$10 ahead, the purchasers taking the whole band as they come»
and everything above the yearling age will be counted. These
will be brought up next week and shipped from Ephrata. The
inroads of the settlers who are preempting all the land about
the Columbia river valley has made the passing of the range
imperative. It will mark the obliteration of the last vestige of
the romance and story that has so particularly distinguished the
West, and the wild horse of the range will pass into history.—
(Seattle Times).

Ursus-Canis (Presumably Americanus). — Half bear half
dog, a remarkable prodigy of nature, was brought to the city
Wednesday morning from Nebraska by I. Pinter. It is the only
known example of the crossing of the dog and bear families.
"Teddy " is the name of the hybrid. His mother was a common
stray dog of North Platte, Neb., a little bigger than a Scotch
terrier and of the same general build and color. Father Bear
has never been seen. The dam gave birth to a litter of five of
the strange puppies, but four were born dead. The creature is
now eleven months old and weighs about thirty-five pounds,
but looks much heavier. At first sight the animal gives the
impression of a peculiar kind of dog, although on closer ex-
amination the bear peculiarities are more evident. The ears
are long and drooping, like those of a spaniel, the tail is also
that of a spaniel. The eyes are large and have the mild, dog
like expression. A bear has short upstanding ears, a stub tail
never more than a couple of inches long and the eyes are small
and quite different in expression and the manner they are set in
the head. But the bear hump is very plain above the hindquar-
ters. The legs are bear paws thick as a man's arm and short,
with pads, that will in time make an impression similar to the
human foot, and the claws are long. Teddy has never been
heard to bark, but will occasionally give a modest bear's growl.
In habits he is more like a bear than a dog, lying down on his
side like bruin instead of upright as is the fashion in the canine
world. He always lies down to eat. The animal shows very
little intelligence and energy. He has not strength enough to
walk upstairs and will refuse to go more than a mile at a time
unless very slow progress is made. — (Denver Times.)

VETERINARY MEUICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

409

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

Secretaries are requested to see that their organizations are properly
included in the following list.

Name of Organization.

American V. M. Ass'n

Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J ,

Connecticut V/M. Ass'n ,

New Vorit S. V. M. Soc'y. . .
Schuylkill Valley V. M. A...,

Passaic Co. V. M. Ass'n

Texas V. M. Ass'n

Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n....,

Maine Vet. Med. Ass'n ,

Central Canada V^. Ass'n ,

Michigan State V. M. Ass'n. . ,
Alumni Ass'n N. V.-A. V, C.
Illinois State V. M. Ass'n. ...
Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad. ...
Illinois V . M . and Surg. A. . .

Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba

North Carolina V. M. Ass'n. .

Ontario Vet. Ass'n

V. M. Ass'n New York Co.. .

Ohio Sute V. M. Ass'n ,

Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n. . ,
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n. ...
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n..

Iowa State V. M. Ass'n ,

Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n.
Pennsylvania State Vj M. A.. ,
Keystone V. M. Ass'n ,

Date of Next
Meeting.

Colorado State V. M. Ass'n. . .

Missouri Valley V. Ass'n

Rhode Island V. M Ass'n

North Dakota V. M. Ass'n

California State V. M. Ass'n.. .
SoQthern Auxiliary of Califor-
nia State V. M. Ass'n. . . .

South Dakota V. M. A

Nebraska V. M. Ass'n

Kansas State V. M. Ass'n. . . .
Ass'n M6d6cale Vetemaire

Francaise " Laval,"

Alumni Association A. V. Col..
Province of Quebec V. M. A. . .

Kentucky V. M. Ass'n

Washington State Col. V. M. A.
Indiana Veterinary Association.
Iowa- Nebraska V. M. Ass'n..
Louisiana State V. M. Ass'n..

Twin City V. M. Ass'n

Hamilton Co (Ohio^ V. A

Mississippi State V. M. Ais'o. .

Aug. 21-24, '06

July 12-13, *o6-

Call of President

Sept. I1-12-13

June 20.

Monthly.

Call Exec. Com

Monthly.

July 9, 1906.

State Fair week

April, 1907.
July 12, 1906.
Call of Prest.

Not Stated.

1st Wed. May
1st Wed. ea. mo

July 12,1906.
July, II, 12, '06

2d Tues. May

istMon. in June

June 18-19
June and Dec

Mch.Je.Sep, Dc

Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct.
July, 1906.

Jan. 8-9, '07.
I St & 3d Thur.
of eachmonth.
April eachyr.

Monthly.

August, 1906.

Place of
Meeting

N. Haven, Ct.
Asbury Park.
New Havfen.
Buffalo.
Reading,
Paterson,N.J.

Boston.

Augusta.

Ottawa.

Detroit.

141 W. 54th St

Bloomington

Sheboygan.

Decatur.

Winnipeg.

141 W. 54th St
Columbus.
Pittsburgh.

Roch t'r.N.Y.
Minneapolis.

Philadelphia.

Denver.

Omaha, Neb.

Providence.

San Francisco

Los Angeles.
Brookings.

Topeka,

Lect. R'm I^-

val Un"y Mon.

New York.

Mon. & Que.

Pullman, Wa.

Name and Address Secretary.

Citiciiinali.

.\gricultural

College.

J. J. Repp. Phila., Pa.
W. H Lowe, Paterson.

B. K. Dow, Willimantic.
G. T. Stone,. Binghamton.
W. G. Huyett, Wemersville.
H. K. Berry, Paterson, N. J.

E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie.

F. J. Babbitt, Lynn, Mass.
R. E. Freeman, Dexter.
A. E. James, Ottawa.
Judson Black, Richmond.
W. C. Miller, N Y. City.
F. H. Harr, Pana.

S. Beattie, Madison.

C. M. Walton. Rantoul.
F. Torrance, Winnipeg.

T. B. Carroll, Wilmington.

C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto,

D. J. Mangan, N. Y. City.
W. H.Gribble,Wash'nC.H.
F. Weitzell, Allegheny,

F. F, Brown, Kansas City.
J. H. Taylor, Henrietta,N.Y.
H. C. Simpson, Denison, la.
C. A. Mack, Stillwater.

C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia

A. W. Ormeston, 102 Her-
man St.,Germantown,I a.

M. J. Woodlifle, Denver,

B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City.
T. E. Robinson, Westerly, R. I
J A. Winsloe, Cooperstown.
C.H. Blemer, San Francisco.

J. A. Edmons, Los Angeles.

E. L. Moore, Brookings.
HansJenson.WeepingWater
Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina.
J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.

F. R. Hanaon, N. Y. City.
Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q.

D. A. Piatt, Lexington.
Wm. D. Mason. Pullman.

E. M. Bronson,Iiidiana|>olis.
A. T. Peters, Lincoln, Neb.
K. P. Flower, Ba-on Rouge.
S. H Ward, St Paul, Minn.
Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
J. C. Robert, Agricultural

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(CREOLIN-PEARSON) ^ large quantity of CreoHn-Pearson

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'm m) m, i^ 1W the use of Creolin, shows that the Celestials

W E9 ^ ^ ^ were not forgotten.

•5^J ~h T\^ 2iE l^ The enterprise and courage of the mem-
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Alkaloidal Medication, has come to stay alike in veterinary
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practice is one of the greatest steps in advance, that has been made in
the last decade. Abbott's small granules possess many advantages over
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Prof, von BEHRING'S

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10

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11

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EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, France, May 15, 1906.

ViRULENCY OF MiLK FROM TUBERCULOUS ANIMALS. — Tllis

subject has been the occasion of many experiments and obser-
vations, which the general practitioner probably has not had
the opportunity to follow. The virnlency had already been
demonstrated before the discovery of the bacillus of Koch,
whether the milk was taken by ingestion or inoculated. Yet,
while some recognized it as infections only in the case of mam-
mary tuberculosis or very advanced disease, others demonstrated
that tile bacillus could be found in the healthy udder, by micro-
.scopic examination, and also when pulmonary tuberculosis, not
far advanced, existed. The Journal 0/ Zobtechnie has published
from the pen of Prof. Nicholas a very interesting review, which
I here resume.

In 1899 Rabinovitsch, by experiment, and contrary to Oster-
tag, had come to the conclusion that not only in incipient tuber-
culosis and without apparent sign of mammitis, but also in the
latent form of that disease, detected only by reaction to tuber-
culin, the milk may contain tuberculous bacilli. In the same
year the researches of Adami and Martin, and again those of
Rabinovitsch, show that cows which have no other symptom
than the faculty of reacting to tuberculin, may eliminate tuber-
culous bacilli, and that clinical examination cannot be utilized

411

\

412 EDITORIAL.

to recognize the infectious qualities of the milk of those cows.

Besides these positive hc\<. tbe following deserve attention :
Miiller (1899), Ascher (1899), O.^lcrtag (1901), and Weeney ob-
tained negative results .with the milk of cows which only re-
acted to tuberculin; Stenstrom, experimenling with fifty react-
ing cows, some of them having only latent tuberculosis and the
others disease more or less detectable by clinical symptoms, has
obtained only negative results by inoculation to guinea-pigs and
rabbits. Gehrniann (1895), then with Evans (1901), have re-
vealed the presence of the bacillus of Koch, in the milk of cows
having reacted but carrying no tuberculous lesions of the udder.

The question is then studied by a committee, presided over
by Dr. Mohler, at Washington. Experiments were carried out
with the greatest care, made upon fifty-six cows having reacted to
tuberculin, and in ten of which clinical symptoms were present.
At the post-mortem of all these cows, the udders were free from
lesions, and yet in the milk of thirteen of them there were tu-
berculous bacilli, and their infectious power was shown by in-
oculation, feeding, and microscopic examination.

After all these, Moussu, in 1904, has shown that in some
cases, in cows " without marked clinical signs of tuberculosis,"
the udder may carry or eliminate bacilli in sufficient quantity
to contaminate guinea-pigs by inoculation.

In 1905 he proved that the milk of those animals may give

tuberculosis to sucking calves.

*
* *

All these positive facts, confirming those already advanced
by Mohler, justify the following conclusions :

(i) Tuberculous bacilli may be detected in the milk of
tuberculous cows, even if the udder does not present sericrs
lesions, either macroscopic or microscopic.

(2) This udder may eliminate tuberculous bacilli in suffi-'
cieut quantity to transmit tuberculosis to animals of experiment
through the digestive tract as well as by inoctilatiou.

(3) In tuberculous cows the udder may become affected at
any time.

EDITORIAL. 413

(4) The presence of tuberculous bacilli in the milk of tu-
berculous cows is not constant and varies from one day to an-
other.

(5) Cows that secrete milk containing tuberculous bacilli
may have such limited tuberculosis that reaction to tuberculin
is the only means by which it can be detected.

(6) Clinical examination or general condition of the ani-
mals do not allow conclusions as to the infectious properties of
the milk.

(7) The milk of all cows that have reacted to tuberculin
must be considered as suspicious and be sterilized before being
used.

(8) It would be better to eliminate all tuberculous cows,

especially for milk production.

*

TuBERCULASE. — On Feb. 8 last, Prof, von Behring made a
communication on the "Struggle Against Bovine Tuberculosis
and the Hygienic Production of Milk," which was published in
the Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschnft. Its object will, no
doubt, interest our readers, even at this late date.

First of all, Behring states that bovovaccination, which con-
sists in the intravenous inoculation of living human bacilli, has
for object the immunization of young calves; but such process
is not applicable to human tuberculosis. As far as calves are
concerned, all that remains to be done is to have bovovaccina-
tion enter general practice ; this is the business of the agricul-
turists, and already in some parts of Germany it is as common
as the antivariolic vaccination in man.

Sound milk will then be readily obtained. But, in some
cases, even under the most favorable conditions, several years
will always be required before a number of cows protected
against tuberculosis will be found to supply the alimentation
of children.

To shorten this period of time, it is necessary to think of
the vaccination of subjects more advanced in years. This, how-
ever, is not without danger, as it is not rare for a dose of bovo«

414 EDITORIAL.

vaccine, perfectly harmless for new-born calves, to kill older
bovines with symptoms of acute oedema of the lungs.

As to the inoculation ot bovovaccine under the skin, the
results are not certain, and, again, it may be the starting centre
of a local tuberculosis, from which bacilli may escape to pass
into the blood and into the milk.

A second point in the question corresponds to the produc-
tion of the T C announced at the Congress of Paris in 1905. It
is known that it is a preparation which does not contain living
virus, and consequently unable to allow dangerous bacilli to
pass into the milk. But this preparation must also be injected
into the circulatory system and its preparation requires such
care and expense that its practical use presents the greatest
difficulties.

* *

The third point is the object of the present communication.

The author indeed declares that he has discovered a special

method by which he preserves the immunizing power of the

tuberculous bacilli while destroying their vitality. The product

thus obtained has proven itself experimentally very efficacious

in subcutaneous injection. Behring calls it tuberailase.

It is a semi-fluid preparation, of waxy aspect, which can be
transported pretty well, and is of such price as will not prevent
its use in general practice. It can be injected not only once or
twice, but several times in the space of fifteen days to a month.
As subcutaneous injection demands no special technic, it can be
done by everybody.

Behring has treated with it not only bovines free from tuber-
culosis, but also cows which in appearance healthy, had virulent
tuberculous bacilli in their milk. In a few weeks the bacilli
disappeared.

This observation opens up a perspective full of hope to the
point of view of the value of tuberculase in the fight against
human tuberculosis.

Yet, and he especially insists on the point, the author has
not experimented on bovines having lesions comparable to

EDITORIAL. 415

those of luiinan pulmonary phthisis, and he claims no scientific
basis to admit that this tuberculase can be resorted to in the
treatment of such affection. At any rate, at the Congress of
Paris he did not intend to speak of a curative agent for pulmo-
nary phthisis, but of a product which used in young ani-
mals was able to prevent the development of the disease, and
perhaps to act upon the already existing tuberculous centres in
such a manner that recovery by the natural forces of the organ-
ism could not be interrupted by a new infection. The discov-
ery of tuberculase is a step forward in that direction. Children
might from now on be vaccinated with it. For the author, the
results of this discovery will be appreciated in a short time and

will keep their value for a hundred years or more.

*
* *

The Use of Tuberculin in Dogs. — Late in March I re-
ceived from Ohio a letter of inquiry on the use of tuberculin in
dogs. The letter got mixed with other papers, and it was only
lately that it again came before me. Desirous of getting for
my correspondent the proper information, I made several in-
quiries, and at this late date I send my answer, with apologies
for my seeming neglect. I have asked several good authoritifs
here, and the following is the information I have obtained :
From Prof. Cadiot, who writes to me on the use of tuberculin
in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in dogs : " In this, as in other
animals, tuberculin is used in subcutaneous injections, after
clipping of the hair and disinfection of the skin with alcohol
and sublimate. The injection is usually done in the region sit-
uated back of the shoulder. . . . The quantity of the mate-
rial to inject varies according to the size of the animal. For
dogs of medium or of large size, one cubic centimetre of diluted
tuberculin is used. For small dogs half a cubic centimetre.

"To declare with certainty that an animal is tubeioulous it
is necessary that : the thermic reaction reaches or goes beyond
1.5°. If the hyperthermia goes above 0.8° the animal is a sus-
pect and another test is indicated. The absence of reaction
does not necessarily imply the absence of tttberculosis ; but

416 EDITORIAL.

these errors of tuberculin are rare and observed only in animals
extensively diseased and in which the clinical signs are suffi-
cient for a diagnosis."

Ao^aiii, it is recorded and printed in classical works: "Tu-
berculin, without giving positive indications, often gives in-
formation which is sufficient to confirm the suspicion. The
reaction is between one and two degrees." Prof. Vallee, of
Alfort, endorses the above, but considers that tuberculin is not
as positive in dogs as it is in other animals — and Mr. Drouin, who
I understand made numerous experiments in this direction and
gathered some thousand observations, considers the use of tuber-

culin in dogs as very uncertain, and doubtful in many instances.

*
* *

Canine Diseases in Tunisia. — European dogs will do well
to avoid the climate of Tunisia, as it is very fatal to them.
Those which escape are very few and they do not transmit the
immunity which they have acquired. But what are the causes
of this exceptional mortality ? There are four diseases which
are serious and fatal to them ; distemper for one ; rabies, which is
kept endemic by the native dogs ; a peculiar miasmatic fever,
with its septicsemic and anaemic forms, and finally vermiform
diseases, the most important of which is oesophageal spiroptero-
sis. Tnis affection is so frequent that it can be said that no
dog escapes it during its life — lucky if he does not die with it.
The disease seldom passes overlooked, as it is manifested by
symptoms more or less serious and sometimes ending in death.
They have severe spells of coughing, ending in the ejection of
small quantities of glairy substances. Sometimes there is
chorea of the diaphragm, giving rise to vibrations of the cheeks
analogous to those observed in labial cough. The appetite is
lost, the animal loses flesh. Without fever at the beginning,
the temperature soon goes up to 40,° 40.5° C. The animal
becomes very nervous and agitated. It soon drops into a ca-
chectic condition and dies, unless to save it more suffering it is
chloroformed. The most careful post- mortem reveals no patho-
logical lesions ; all the organs of the thoracic and abdominal

EDITORIAL. 417

cavities as well as the nervous centres are normal. The ceso-
phigus alone shows something, viz. : globular nodules, of vari-
ous sizes, perhaps as big as a large nut ; it is a pouch with thick
walls, divided into small cavities by fibrous bands, and filled
with Spiioptiva sangninolentcey easily recognized by their colo-
ration. This pouch has a small opening, which allows of the
escape of the parasite.

The author of this communication, which I have read in the
Record de Mi'decine Veterinaire^ mentions that sometimes the
dog recovers from all the bad symptoms, although it takes time
for all the parasites to pass away from the oesophagus. The
treatment which has given him the best results has been the

administration of spirits of turpentine in oil.

*
* *

Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. — The
twenty-first annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for
1904 has reached me. It arrived late, and I was beginning to
fear that I had been forgotten. But I was well rewarded for
the waiting, as the report for 1904 contains very interesting
material. First, there is a concise biography of Dr. E. A.
de Schweinitz, the late Chief of the Biochemic Division, and
one of Major H. E. Alvord, of the Dairy Division. The two
articles pay deserved professional review of the good work done
by those two clever members of the Bureau. After that we
enter into articles of essential interest (of course, as usual, hand-
somely illustrated), viz. : " The Danger of Infection with Tuber-
culosis by Different Kinds of Exposure," by Dr. E. C. Schroeder
and Mr. W. E. Cotton ; " Enzymes in Corn stalks and their Re-
lations to Corn-stalk Disease," by T. M. Price, Ph.D.; " Bacillus
Necrophorus and Its Economic Importance," by Dr. J. R. Mohler
and Dr. G. B. Morse ; " Koot-rot of Sheep," by Dr. Mohler and
H. J. Washburn ; " Etiology of Hog Cholera," by Drs. Dorset,
Bolton and McBrydc ; " Experiments Concerning Tuberculosis,"
etc., etc. An analysis of any of these valuable articles is scarcely
possible within the limited space of these ''Chronicles," and I
must recommend those interested to secure the Report.

418 EDTTOKIAL.

Towards the last part of tlie work a resume is given of llie
status of contagions diseases of domestic animals for the past
year in ten foreign countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Ger-
many, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway and
Sweden. I have looked in this Report for similar statistics for
the United States, but, with the exception of the introduction
made by the Chief of the Bureau in his report headed " Control
of Contagious Diseases," I did not find what I expected. And,
yet, it certainly must be intended for it, as I noticed records of
investigations and researches made on scab in sheep, cattle and
horses, on venereal disease of horses, on trichinosis, on foot-rot
in sheep, on tuberculosis, black-leg, Texas fever, hog cholera
and swine plague, and glanders, all of which are spoken of,
with other miscellaneous subjects relating to work done by the
Bureau.

And, should this be intended to correspond to the sanitary
bulletins of European countries, is it not strange that no men-
tion is made of two diseases which no doubt exist in various
parts of the United States, viz. : anthrax and rabies? Is it to
be supposed that, like pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth
disease, they have been wiped out? If so, this is the first
knowledge I have had of it. For rabies it may be ; but for
anthrax? If it is, why should the sale of vaccine against it be
so booming? Or is there not an error likely to induce a fal.se

security among the interested parties, breeders, etc., etc.?

*
* *

" Proceedings " of the 1905 Meeting of the A. V. M. A.
— I found on my table a few days ago the " Proceedings " of the
American Veterinary Medical Association for the year 1905. No
doubt, it has already been looked at by many of our readers and
by the members of the Association, and, therefore, all the good
I might say of it and its contents would be of little importance.
I have, however, to say a word or so about two parts of the
' Proceedings."

I have read with much attention the report of the Committee
on Intelligence and Education, and principally that part due to

EDnORIAL. 411>

Dr. G. R. White, on the schools, and, after perusing the various
answers which he received from the many schools in the United
States and Canada, I am, at page 163, brought to the "summary
of suggestions made by the officials or representatives of the
various veterinary institutions as a solution of the educational
problem." These suggestions are twenty-one in number, and
among those which I read some are but the sanction of the con-
clusions I presented two years ago in my paper to the Associa-
tion on " Educational Reforms " : uniform entrance require-
ments, uniform curriculum, uniform graduation requirements,
uniform degrees, have the laws of all the States the same as
regards entrance requirements — all with the reorganization of
the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards,
and inspection of the colleges by the same. Congratulating
myself on the probable influence my paper had on the question,
I looked foi the action of the Association on the report of Dr.
White, expecting to find it discussed, amended, corrected — in
fact, acted upon. And all that I can find is that the reading
and discussion on some parts of the report of the committee was
postponed (page 32), and, of course, Dr. White's part was — and
nothing more.

Is it possible that no action has been taken, and that the
suggestions made, as they were, by the '■'■ officials or representa-
tives 0/ the various veterinary institutions'''' have been entirely
ignored ? Such an amount of good work as that recorded by
Dr. White deserved better consideration.

* •

The " Proceedings " this year are full of very interesting and
valuable papers. To examine all will require more space than
is at my immediate command. There is among the many good
ones (such as the report of the Committee on Diseases, the arti-
ficial immunization of cattle against tuberculosis by Pearson
and Gilliland, the pathology of tuberculosis by Carl Schulin,
the unusual lesions of tuberculosis by Harrison, etc.), one which,
I believe, deserves a special interest, "The Spavin Group of
Lamenesses," by W. L. Williams, C. W. Fisher, and D. H. Udall.

4-^0 F.niTORIAL

Of course, to fully appreciate this paper one needs to read it
quietly and carefully, and no doubt the few remarks, resuming
the subject, which were presented instead of reading the whole
paper, have failed to give a good idea of the scope embraced by
the authors. 1 have read it carefully, and, already prepared to
receive the ideas through a somewhat similar article to which I
alluded in a previous " Ciironicle," I think this gathering of
affections, heretofore considered as different, almost under one
head by their similarity of lesions, of their locations, etc., is a
great advance in the classification of those various causes of
lameness. To bring those affections under the heading of one
constitutional disease, manifested by similar and parallel lesions
in various joints, is certainly a great pathological simplicity that
Dr. Williams and his assistants have done well to present before
our profession. I have no doubt that he anxiously awaits the
opinions of his professional friends. I am glad to give him
mine.

The "Review" the Largest Veterinary Journal
Printed in the English Language. — Well, there is no use
to deny it ; the Review has struck an unusual record — one
that has not been beaten. I thought the April issue, No. i of
Vol. XXX, might speak about it ; it did not ; and as I did not
receive it until late 1 was unable to recall just what the record
was until to-day.

By the close of Volume XXIX the record was established —
1429 pages in one volume (say, 1500 pages with the Index),
quantity and quality, of course. 15CO pages! — an increase of
500 pages (one-third) in five years — there were but 1045 pag^s
in Volume XXV. The twelfth number alone had 250 pages.
It is the record of veterinary journalism I No other monthly
veterinary magazine has ever reached that size. The Veteri-
narian in its great day scarcely reached a thousand pages — 838
in 1876, 1048 in 1868 (the largest volume).

Will the Review stop at its latest figures? It is doubtful ;
but it seems as if some changes are becoming necessary. I fear

FDITORIAL. 4"21

the size of the bound volume may be unpleasant for many, and
if 1500 pages must Ve the limit of the volume, or should it be
larger, would it not be a good plan to divide the year into two

volumes? What do the subscribers of our journal say to this?

*

Duplicate Numbers. — Perhaps this may please some of
our readers: I have the following duplicates that any subscrib-
er can have to fill missing ones by writing for them : Vol.
XXVIII— Nos. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, II, 12; Vol. XXIX— Nos. i,
2, 3. 5y 8, 9, 10, II, 12. A. L.

FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION.

Since the last number of the Review was issued, the sub-
ject of the conditions in the abattoirs of the country, particu-
larly of Chicago, has formed a scandalous sensation in the
newspapers, not only of this country, but of the whole world.
In the wake of all the serious accusations, heralded from the
highest office in the land, great good will eventually flow lo the
live-stock and packing-house industries, and in time the meat
products of America will not only regain their lost position in
the markets of the world, but will take a higher and broader
plane and more extensive development than they have ever
known. But this will be obtained at a fearful immediate cost
to the gigantic live-stock interests — so great that its contempla-
tion is bewildering and impossible. The more sober-minded,
practical observers believe that the reforms secured could have
been brought about with less injury to our wealth and good
name by adopting more rational and less sensational means.

The newspaper hero of the hour (and only of the hour),
Upton Sinclair, who first scandalized American meat pioducts
in his novel, "The Jungle," is a man totally lacking in experi-
ence in abattoir methods, with a stiong tendency to magnify
what he beheld in his visits to Packingtown. It would be diffi-
cult for an untrained observer, in the presence of blood and
offal, to analyze the situation and finely appreciate the pres-

422 EDITOKIAL.

ence or lack of sanitation under such circumstances. Blood is
apt to be regarded by such laymen as an impurity, particularly
if coagulated and trampled, while to the expert it is as whole-
some and pure as affecting the surroundings as the most pic-
turesque cut of meat in the tidy butcher's ice-box. Localized
tuberculosis of a mesenteric gland is regarded as rendering the
carcass unfit for human consumption by the literary reformer,
while the highest authorities of the world believe it perfectly
proper to pass such meat for human alimentation. Then the
committee sent to Chicago to investigate the sensational accu-
sations of Mr. Sinclair were about as unaccustomed to such
sights as he, and were as much horrified at what they saw as
the yellow press has been in printing their findings. The great
surprise to the contemplative mind is that the President did
not despatch on this important mission gentlemen who aie
familiar with and trained in this work, not only in the United
States, but those who have studied the conditions in the great
abattoirs of Europe, who know what is normal and what is
pathological, what constitutes slaughter-house sanitation and
the lack of it. The Review is convinced that much could have
been done to improve the conditions, and gradually have insti-
tuted the reforms which are to follow the nauseating mess with
which the papers have teemed, without dealing such a stunning
blow to this great source of national wealth, while holding the
country up to the derision of the world. Statistics show that
for the eleven months ending with May the total exportation of
meat products to about seventy five foreign countries and colo-
nial possessions was $182,000,000, an increase of more than
sixty per cent, in the past decade, the United Kingdom being
our largest customer. From everywhere come reports of the
almost total ostracism of our goods in these countries, and it
will be a long time before we regain our lost ground. It will
be a fearful sacrifice, and the load will be heaviest upon the
stockman and farmer. Yet the great house-cleaning will bring
salient reforms, quick and complete. Could these have been
secured through more conservative means? Not so precipitately

EDITORIAL. 423

surely ; but they could have been effected gradually if the au-
thorities worked persistently and intelligently to that end. A
sane business man would not institute reforms by publishing
his shortcomings to his customers ; he would set about the work
in the way calculated to do the least injury to his business.

In the few years that Federal meat inspection has been in
operation in the United States, it has performed wonderful ser-
vice, hampered as it has been by lack of funds and men. Its
system of supervision has been admired and lauded wherever
its methods were known ; but Congress has ever acted nig-
gardly in responding to the entreaties of the Bureau for larger
appropriations, so that its watchfulness could be extended to
all abattoirs having to do with foreign and interstate trade, and
the recent request of the Secretary of Agriculture for additional
funds to secure extra inspectors for the augmented trade
with Germany was met with derision, and instead of $125,000
asked for, he was given but $20,000. The head of the Bureau
has always recognized the necessity for more thorough inspec-
tion, and the late Chief persistently sought extension of the
work ; but Congress has been so parsimonious that it has utterly
failed to protect the great interests of meat production, and
finally by a precipitous move paralyzes for the time being at
least the entire foreign trade, as well as greatly diminishing the
consumption at home.

And when it is all over, we believe that it will be shown that
conditions were not one-tenth as bad as they were painted by
the amateurs whom the President entrusted with such an im-
portant mission. Investigation of the Stock Yards will be
undertaken by interests which want and will have the truth,
and the work will be done by men who understand what they
are doing. The first of these investigations was begun on June
20 under the joint committee of the Chicago Commercial Asso-
ciation, the Illinois Manufacturers' Association, and the Chicago
Medical Association. The experts delegated to make the in-
spection were Dr. W. A. Evans, professor of pathology at the
University of Illinois; Dr. Maximillian Herzog, Chief of the

424 EDITORIAL.

Bureau of Science of the Philippines ; Dr. A. T. Peters, pro-
fessor of veterinary medicine at the University of Nebraska ;
Dr. M. P. Ravenel, pathologist to the Pennsylvania State Live
Stock Sanitary Board ; and Dr. Ludwig Hektoen. What their
report will be the Review has no right to anticipate ; but we
venture to say that there will be a vast modification of the
accounts that preceded it. It will, however, not receive the
same publicity, and the damage done can only be repaired by
long and thorough inspection by experts under wise guidance.

Elsewhere we publish the call of the Civil Service Com-
mission for one hundred and fifty veterinarians to take the ex-
amination for meat inspectors, under the bill introduced by
Senator Beveridge and amended in the House under the lash of
the President, who saw that unless drastic measures were
promptly employed the danger to the country would be in-
creased a hundredfold. It was not a time for compromise nor
equivocation, and he did well to insist on the most thorough
reform in the inspection system.

Even with this greatly augmented force, the inspection ser-
vice will not be adequate if the business of the country ever
assumes its former proportions ; but as the bill carries a perma-
nent appropriation of $3,000,000, a great many more can be
secured at the miserly salary of $1200 per annum. , Since the
assigned sum is so generous, would not the ends sought be
served more thoroughly if the compensation of the inspectors
was raised to an amount where men would be attracted to
the service through their adaptability rather than by their
necessities?

All's well that ends well. Although the meat producers,
and the packers, and many collateral interests must suffer, along
with the country's reputation, the end will bring a better in-
spection service at one bound than we could have obtained in
gradual advances in a long time ; the Government's guarantee
upon her products will slowly but surely restore the confidence
of the world, and in time we will be upon a sounder and more
substantial basis than we ever were at home and abroad.

EDITORIAL. 425

FEDERAL CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA.

And now comes from Minnesota a proposition for national
control of hog cholera, looking toward final eradication. Con-
gressman McCleary (Minnesota) has a bill which provides a
federal appropriation and a plan of cooperation with the various
states and territories chiefly interested. The plan contemplates
police sanitary control measures and methods as the primary
consideration.

Older members of the A. V. M. A. will remember that Dr.
Reynolds presented a paper at the Omaha meeting arguing the
feasibility of state control methods as applied to this disease,
and detailing the methods then on trial in Minnesota.

It is evident that national control and possible eradication
of hog cholera would be enormously expensive ; but enormous
expenditures in this work would be justified by the annual losses,
which run well up in the millions, and which must continue to
increase under present conditions. So far as the Review is in-
formed, Minnesota is the only state which attempts any serious
control work with this disease.

The results in this state, although, perhaps, only partially
successful, working as they are without any cooperation from
surrounding states, seem to justify the labor and expense which
they are putting into it.

In any case, this seems to be a movement which deserves
national encouragement.

LAST CALL FOR THE NEW HAVEN PROGRAM.
Secretary Repp issues an appeal for more papers and more
applications for membership in the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association in this number of the Review, It is the last
opportunity he will have to speak to the members through this
journal in behalf of the New Haven meeting, for when the
August number is issued, the official program will have been
mailed to them. Therefore, the present moment is the time jor
action by those who desire to contribute either papers or mem-
bers, and the opportunity should not be lost, for the East must

426 EDITORIAL.

see to it that the forthcoming convention not only does not fall
below the magnificent gatherings of the past few years in the
Middle West and in Canada, but that the record of yearly im-
provement which has regularly marked our progress is not
broken in the land which gave birth to the National Associa-
tion and nourished it almost unaided for a quarter of a century.
We are fully assured that it is for no lack of love for the organ-
ization, for no lack of competent men to prepare the abundance
of material at their command — but the state of professional ac-
tivity is and has been so strenuous that most practitioners feel
reluctance in undertaking such work, while the old enemy, pro-
crastination, is largely responsible for their tardiness in respond-
ing to the oft-repeated invitation of the Secretary. This latter
cause will some of these days work injury to the Association.
Let it not be so at New Haven !

In the August Review we will publish the program in
detail and with illustrations — of the personnel of the officers in
charge of the meeting in Connecticut, and notable buildings in
the convention city ; but it will be on the eve of the conven-
tion, with all in readiness for the great event.

Are you ready for New Haven ?

VETERINARY EDUCATION IN NEW YORK.

It is more than probable that this subject will form the most
important topic of discussion at the Buffalo meeting of the State
Society in September.

It appears that our editorial remarks in the May number
have brought the profession to a realization of the gravity of
the situation, and papers are announced from at least two
sources, while our information is that most of the active minds
in the organization are preparing to be in readiness for in-
telligent discussion of the elements which seem to be con-
tributing to our obliteration from the field of educational ac-
tivity, which but a few years ago was centred in the American
metropolis.

VETERINARY PROGRESS. 427

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

VETERINARY PROGRESS.

By M. H. Reynolds, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Park,

Minn.

Presented to the Twin City Veterinary Medical Association, April 19, 1906.

It is not my intention to argne that young men should study
veterinary medicine in preference to other professions. Some
young men are especially adapted for the practice of law, others
for the practice of human medicine and still others for the prac-
tice of veterinary medicine, and every young man should take up
the profession which he conscientiously believes to be the one in
which he can do the greatest good for society as a body, and
himself as a unit.

Young men are occasionally deterred from the study of vet-
erinary medicine by a fear that they would not be so highly
thought of in the community as if they studied human medicine
or law or theology.

I became convinced years ago that regardless of profession
or business, providing it is an honorable one, men are usually
given about the social rank and recognition that they deserve.
If a lawyer or physician is uncultured in speech and ungenlle-
manly in manner he is ranked as a boor, regardless of the fact
that he is a member of a highly honored profession. If a veter-
inarian is well educated and a gentleman, he is recognized as
such. I know plenty of veterinarians in this State who arc so
recognized and treated, and I am personally acquainted with
veterinarians alllover the United States who are recognized as
scholarly gentlemen.

In 1890 the two years' course was common all over the
United States and Canada. There were but few exceptions.
The change to a three-year course was so rapidly made during
the early 90's that within a few years there were but two veter-
inary schools of any prominence in the United States or Canada

(

428 M. H. REYNOLDS.

that granted diplomas at the completion of a two years' course.
We now have at least two four-year schools.

Nearly every State in the union having within her borders a
reasonable number of veterinarians has State and local veter-
inary associations, which meet regularly and discuss professional
matters just as do similar associations of physicians. For 43
years we have had a national association. A few years since
we decided to enlarge and the name was changed from the
United States Veterinary Medical Association to the American
Veterinary Medical Association. None but graduates of col-
leges which furnish satisfactory courses of at least three years
are eligible to membership.

Our current literature is abundant.

But after the young man has finished the high school, aca-
demic or collegiate course and then this prescribed three or four
year veterinary course and graduated, what does the world offer
him ? What business prospects or what opportunities to gain
reputation are there to justify the time and expense involved ?
It is not my intention to paint the prospects for a young veter-
inarian in untrue colors, for every intelligent veterinarian and
stockman knows that veterinary practice during past years has
had its ups and downs; but the stockmen themselves, the busi-
ness men in our great cities and our medical brethren have suf-
fered something from this same condition. There is a present
ratio of three farm animals to each human being, and less than
one veterinarian for each ten physicians. The live stock valu-
ation in the United States was estimated several years ago at
$2,000,000,000. Two hundred and fifty million dollars worth of
live stock were then sold annually in Chicago. I give these figures
to illustrate the need for veterinary service, and the relative
scarcity of the supply, not for the purpose of giving an impres-
sion that veterinary practice is a universal bonanza, for there
are practitioners in veterinary as in human medicine who can
scarcely keep their laundry bills paid.

The Government Bureau of Animal Industry is now ofiFering
positions for veterinarians as meat and live stock inspectors at

VETERINARY PROGRESS. 429

the great slaughter-houses and ports of entry or shipment. Bu-
reau inspectors must be graduates of recognized veterinary col-
leges. It has been so ordered by Congress. The Government
is already employing a large number of trained veterinarians in
these capacities and the work is growing.

In nearly every state and territory there is a position for a
state or territorial veterinarian or an officer with equivalent
duties, and places for a number of deputies. Many of our large
cities have city veterinarians in constant employ. There are
places in our agricultural colleges and experiment stations for
veterinarians who have a taste for work as teachers and experi-
menters.

But granting the importance of all these things, we must
still recognize that the great field for our graduates must always
be that of actual practice. The percentage of young men who
will go into actual practice must always be very large in pro-
portion to that of those who enter these other fields, and is not
the prospect for the general practitioner encouraging? Veteri-
narians in private practice are all making good livings. Some
of them are accumulating considerable wealth.

There can be no question concerning the existence of a con-
siderable number of desirable locations for practice. To illus-
trate this point, I may say that I have recently been conducting
correspondence with veterinary colleges and recent graduates)
in an effort to induce a number of desirable men to take up
practice in our State during the coming year. I have been able
to state that we have 31 county seats in Minnesota without
graduates ; at least 13 other places that offer desirable locations,
where men could be located without injurious competition.
Quite a number of young men have written me concerning de-
tails for the various places suggested, and in their letters they
made mention of the fact that they already had very desirable
places in mind, and would like assurances that Minnesota could
offer something still better.

I recently assisted a very worthy young man to select a loca-
tion for practice in this State. I wrote for him to prominent

430 M. H. REYNOLDS.

men in several places, and it was surprising, even to one famil-
iar with the situation, to realize how anxious the live stock
breeders and farmers in general were to have reliable men locate
in their various neighborhoods. It is certainly not at all com-
mon for residents of Minnesota cities to make active efforts to
induce young physicians or lawyers to locate in their midst. In
other words, there is already a sufficiency, if not a general sur-
plus in these two lines, and a very evident deficiency in our own.

PROGRESS.

I suggest a few thoughts to illustrate progress in certain
lines.

The bacteriology of pleuro-pneumonia has been partially
cleared up by the discovery of organisms so minute that our most
perfect microscopes are unable to define them for the observer.
Competent bacteriologists have pronounced the work in this
case as free from flaws and there is apparently no reason why
we should not accept it. If the specific germ of one disease is
too minute for microscopic study, there may be many others.
Recent work seems to place hog cholera over in this list.
There are several diseases of animals, the specific cause of
which has persistently eluded the bacteriologists and it is possi-
ble that in this we have an explanation. New methods of bac-
teriological work may now solve these hitherto impossible prob-
lems.

The history of Texas fever presents another triumph. It
has been but a few years since the origin and nature of this dis-
ease was a mystery. It is difficult to give a definite idea of the
seriousness of this disease. A large portion of all cattle in the
United States, south of a certain line, are either affected by it or
have been rendered immune by infection while young, but re-
main sources of danger for northern cattle. Southern cattle
could not be shipped north for pasturage or market except dur-
ing cold months. Northern cattle could not be shipped south
for the purpose of improving southern stock without almost
complete loss. Great business interests were constantly dis-
turbed and the loss to both southern and northern states was

VETERINARY PROGRESS. 431

serious. We now have the etiology of this disease before us, as
an open book. Southern cattle free from living ticks may now
be shipped north without danger. Government veterinarians
have been experimenting for some time with dips for destroying
the ticks so as to remove the last obstacle to the movement of
southern cattle northward at all seasons of the year. Not only
that, but it is now quite apparent that young cattle may be im-
munized and be safely shipped into the southern states. This
means the possibility of improving the southern cattle, and you
are doubtless aware of the immense cattle interests of the south,
particularly of Texas and southwestern Louisiana, —all this to
the credit of our profession.

The problem of tuberculosis in the human family and
among domestic animals is perhaps the largest, and it may
prove the most difficult problem which medical men have ever
been compelled to face. Dubard's discovery of tuberculosis in
fish was such a revelation that it is unsafe to even speculate
concerning the limitations of this disease. Here we have a
bacillus, varieties of which can exist in different animal bodies
through a range of temperature of from 50 degrees F. in carp to
1 10 degrees F. in birds. Are these varieties of the bacillus of
tuberculosis which are capable of altering from one to the other?
Competent research work seems to indicate that this may be the
case. If this bacillus can gradually adapt itself so as to thrive
in a variety of animal bodies, whose normal temperature vary
from 50 degrees F. to 110 or over, then the possibilities as to dis-
tribution and saprophytic existence of this microorganism are
almost bewildering.

Sanitarians in the field of veterinary medicine have taken
hold of the problem, large as it is, and considerable has already
been accomplished. But a few years have passed since we had
the first positive information as to the specific nature of the dis-
ease. We now have a diagnostic test for the presence of this
disease which is as nearly infallible as any method of diagnosis
in the whole realm of medicine. It gives us positive evidence
as to the presence of the disease, even when the lesions are very

432 M. H. REYNOLDS.

recent or slight in extent ; and, so far as known, the errors that
may be charged to tuberculin are nearly all in cases that can be
diagnosed on clinical evidence without the aid of tuberculin.
Widespread interest in bovine tuberculosis has been aroused.
Cattle breeders and dairymen are becoming informed as to the
nature and extent of the disease. The views of breeders, espe-
cially, have changed very much during the past few years.
When tuberculin first informed us that a serious percentage of
highly bred cattle was tuberculous it naturally aroused the op-
position of breeders and owners. But as it became more and
more evident that their cattle were actually diseased and that
tuberculin was an accurate test as to the presence or absence of
the disease, the more intelligent breeders naturally came over
and it is now safe to say that there are comparatively few cattle
breeders in the United States or Canada who do not believe that
bovine tuberculosis is seriously prevalent and that tuberculin is
an accurate diagnostic. It is becoming rather common for breed-
ers to purchase stock subject to test or with certificate of test.
It is no longer necessary to found a herd of pure bred stock with
tuberculous animals, and it is possible with the aid of tubercu-
lin to free a herd from this disease.

In view of work that has been done in Denmark and Ger-
many and by experimenters in this country, it is very evident
that it is not only practical but possible to breed tuberculosis
out of a herd. This is based upon the demonstrated fact that a
very large percentage of healthy calves can be reared from tuber-
culous dams, providing the calves are removed from the mothers
soon after birth and reared upon the milk of healthy cows or
upon the sterilized milk of the dams. It is now quite generally
recognized that dairymen should not be permitted to sell milk
which comes from untested cows, for any city food supply, and
a number of cities are making the tuberculin test a condition
for issuance of license. Minneapolis was the pioneer in this and
deserves great credit. St. Paul has an ordinance similar to the
one in force in Minneapolis, and the work for that city will soon
be well under way ; so has Duluth and other smaller places.

VETERINARY PROGRESS. 433

Surgery. — There are several operations commonly done by
surgeons in human practice that we make no attempt to per-
form. It is scarcely possible in general veterinary practice to
furnish ideal conditions during operations, and we cannot con-
trol our patients to the same extent after the operation. Rut in
spite of these difficulties, veterinarians are now able to do really
good surgery.

Operations are usually performed as a matter of business, as
far as the owner is concerned. Sentiment does not play so im-
portant a part, but we have reason to be fairly well pleased with
the veterinary operative surgery of to-day.

An accurate knowledge of anatomy enables us to use cocaine
as an aid in the diagnosis of obscure lameness. If we anaesthe-
tize the sensory nerve supply to a certain muscle, or to an entire
articulation, and the horse which previously went lame, after-
ward goes sound for a time, we have fairly satisfactory proof as
to the exact location of the injury.

To illustrate : A patient came to the University Veterinary
Hospital with a badly swollen ankle and a history of injury
while in training on the track several years ago. Examination
easily demonstrated that trouble at the ankle was responsible for
some of the lameness; but upon further examination I found an
unusually bad case of thrush, and while considering the advisa-
bility of a certain operation for relief, the question arose as to
what part, if any, of the lameness was due to thrush. I cocain-
ized the posterior digital nerves just below the ankle and noticed
that the horse continued to go lame as before. I then cocainized
the plantar nerves just above the ankle and in from 12 to 15
minutes the horse was apparently free from lameness. I had
then located the trouble causing lameness.

Veterinary surgeons are now doing quite a long list of r\^y>-
rectomies for the relief of lameness and the results ppproaching
isfactory on accurately diagnosed and well selccte-tain formula
are cutting the median nerve for the relief of 'peculiarities of
back tendons, ring bones and various foot troubM to me that we
plantar nerves, one or both, just above the ankljncertain thera-

434 M. H. KEYNOLDS.

navicular disease, corns, etc. ; the digital nerves just below the
ankle chiefly for navicular disease. We do neurectomies of the
anterior and posterior tibial nerves, external saphenous and mus-
culo-cutaneous, for the relief of spavin and other forms of lame-
ness in the posterior limb. We divide the motor branch from
the eleventh cranial nerve to the sterno-maxillaris muscle, and
the bellies of the sterno omo-hyoid muscles to prevent a horse
from cribbing and cure the habit. The cunean branch of the
flexor metatarsus tendon is frequently divided for the relief of
spavin lameness. We have a new operation, which is probably
superior to the old arytenectomy for the relief of roaring.
Laparotomies are fairly common ; for instance, in cryplorchid
castration, ovariectomies, removal of foreign bodies from the
alimentary canal, and for volvuli.

Medicine. — Until recently parturient apoplexy, commonly
known as milk fever, was one of those diseases which every
veterinarian was anxious to avoid. A call to attend a case of
parturient apoplexy was very much like a call to attend a
funeral. We now have a treatment that is apparently specific.
We can now administer a cathartic and evacuate the ali-
mentary canal of a horse in 25 to 30 minutes by the hypodermic
or intratracheal use of eserine sulphate, either alone or in com-
bination with atropia or strychnia.

I have discussed veterinary education, veterinary sanitation,
a few operations from the domain of surgery, and a few points
in disease and treatment work, to illustrate something of what
the modern veterinarian is doing and the progress he has made.
It seems to me that the general trend of actual practice is to-
ward greater certainty in diagnosis, and greater assurance of
definite results in treatment. I will illustrate:

We have mallein as a practically certain diagnostic for glan-
a numbeiiiaye tuberculin as a similar diagnostic for tubercu-
for issuance^iodern veterinarian may, by the skilful use of
deserves grea accurate knowledge of anatomy, make a much
one in force itjagnosis in certain cases of lameness than was
be well undejsible ; he may make an early and reasonably

VETERINARY PROGRESS. 435

positive microscope diagnosis of anthrax, by simple prdlcedure.
In a study of prevention we see the same general trend of
affairs. Texas fever may now be prevented by calf inoculation,
and thus new blood be introduced for the purpose of improving
southern cattle.

We have a very satisfactory preventive vaccine for sympto-
matic anthrax, and for true anthrax. We have a serum for
tetanus that is at least very useful and apparently quite reliable
as a preventive of this disease. There is one vaccine already
before the public with reasonable assurance of successful opera-
tion for the immunizing of cattle against tuberculosis, a thing
of vast importance. We may prevent the general infection of a
stable with glanders by early testing of doubtful cases with
mallein. It is possible and altogether practical to prevent milk
fever and azoturia with reasonable certainty by intelligent
management of diet and exercise. Heaves is easily preventable.
The introduction of infectious abortion may be guarded against
and even when this disease has gained foothold in a herd it
may now be eradicated with a reasonable outlay of time and ex-
pense and with considerable certainty.

As illustrating this same thought in connection with treat-
ment, we are able to treat milk fever with great certainty of
results. The modern veterinarian's method of dealing with
navicular disease is much more positive in operation and satis-
factory in results than the old line treatment. We have the
stomach tube, which is apparently coming into use for treat
ment of certain gastric troubles; and even for old fashioned
colic we have the Reek's treatment, which is at least definite,
and which is based upon precise theories ; its users follow out
a ^definite line of treatment, and apparently secure a higher per-
ders. We .^f recoveries than was formerly attained,
losis. The Pt mean to suggest that we are rapidly approaching
cocaine and an'^cific lines of treatment, that is, a certain formula
more positive c' disease regardless of the individual peculiarities of
previously po-'-^'thcr considerations, but it docs seem to me that we
quite rapidly out of the old haze of uncertain thera-

436 M. H. REYNOLDS.

peutics, and doubtful diagnosis, and helpless or blind prevention.

And finally we have this encouragement, that a large num-
ber of States have now placed upon their statute books veteri-
nary practice acts which at the least recognize in a public and
legal way the profession, and promise ultimate freedom from
quackish competition, and even promise increased compensation.
This is a matter cf the greatest importance, even though the
immediate benefits of these Acts for men now in the field are
not very apparent. We need only to look ahead a term of 25 or
50 years to see that they are of the very greatest importance to
our profession.

Are not all these conditions encouraging? Have we not
good reason to face the future with great confidence ?

Contribution to Veterinary Dentistry. — The follow-
ing item is from The Scrap-Book^ April, 1906, page 353 : "The
greatest dental operation on record was performed upon an ele-
phant in the City of Mexico. The aching tooth was twelve
inches long and fourteen inches in diameter at the root. After
Mr. Elephant had been securely fastened with chains, his mouth
was pried open and a quantity of cocaine was applied to deaden
the pain. When this was done a hole was bored through the
tooth and an iron bar inserted. Then a rope was twisted around
the bar and four horses attached."

The Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board
has succeeded in closing the large, open watering fountains in
both St. Paul and Minneapolis and has substituted a more sani-
tary plan. They have also put into operation a regulation
which provides for tuberculin testing of all cows that come into
the South St. Paul Stock Yards from other states, and which
are to go out of those yards for dairy or breeding purposes.
Both St. Paul and Minneapolis have tuberculin test ordinances
which have been in operation for several years. This gives
Minneapolis and St. Paul dairymen an opportunity to replenish
their herds with tested cows. This movement also adds an-
other veterinarian to the working force, making five in constant
service in addition to the veterinary members of the Board.
This Board is making a good record, and Dr. Ward as Secre-
tary and Executive Officer, deserves a goodly share of the
credit.

VON BEHKING's PkOTEiniVE INOLLATION. 437

EXPERIENCES WITH VON BEHRING'S PROTECTIVE
INOCULATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE.

By District-Veterinarian Schricker, Groenenbach, Germany.

Translated by ]oHS V. LaDDKY, D. V. S., from Wochmsckrift fur Tierheilkunde
und Viehzucht, Vol. jo, No. 7.

It is now three years since von Behring^s method of the pro-
tective inoculation of calves against tuberculosis has been trans-
ferred from the confines of bacteriological experiments into gen-
eral practice and already favorable conclusions on achieved im-
munity have reached publicity. It may still take another six to
eight years until a final and definite decision in regard to the
attainment of a life-long immunity in vaccinated animals is ar-
rived at, but for preliminary consideration and in the interest of
a general introduction of this protective inoculation method the
publication of the following observations might be of value.
At the Eighth International Veterinary Medical Congress in
Budapest, two essayists on this theme, Dr. Hutyra and Dr. Roe-
mer, expressed themselves to the effect, that the vaccination
method, which is harmless for cattle and easily carried out in
practice, enhances the resistance of such cattle against artificial
tubercular infection to a very considerable degree, and that the
question, whether and to what degree immunity attained in this
way will be able to resist natural infection, could not be
answered definitely for the present, but that, in the interest of a
large statistical collection, it would be necessary to further the
introduction of the protective inoculation method into general
practice under the diversest natural conditions, /'. ^., in severely,
medium and lightly infected herds.

The immunity of protectively inoculated animals towards
artificial infection may be considered as proven by several ex-
periments, /. ^., those reported by Dr. Lorcnz, in No. 48 qf the
Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschri/t^ of 1903, also by experi-
ments which Valine and Moussu recently performed in Paris,
where 13 calves, which had been vaccinated the year before,
and 13 control animals were inoculated, part subcutaneously

438 JOHN V. LAUDEY.

and part intravenously, with virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli,
and whereupon all control animals became severely infected
with tuberculosis, three even died of this disease, while none of
the protectively inoculated animals became infected with tubei-
culosis.

It is now still necessary to ascertain whether this immunity
will also resist the daily influence of natural infection in tuber-
cularly infected stables, and whether von Behring's assumption,
that the immunity lasts for the animal's life-time, will be found
corroborated in practice.

In this direction the Belgian Commission of State Veterina-
rians has expressed itself very favorably, perhaps in considera-
tion of the short period of observation too optimistically ; this
Commission declares, after extensive observations and experi-
ences, that " The Belgian Stock of Cattle will be protected after
a few years from tuberculosis through the vaccination, and that
thereafter an infection of man through cow-milk need be feared
no longer."

Further, Ebeling- Woldegk reports in No. I. of the Ber-
liner Tierdrztliche Wochenschrift^ of 1905, that up to that
time he had vaccinated 1126 calves without any detrimental
consequences ; of these he had so far dissected 2n head, of which
36 head were found to be entirely free from tuberculosis ; one
animal, which had been vaccinated at the age of 7 months, and,
as a febrile reaction reaching 105.8° F. allows us to believe, was
probably already tubercularly infected at the time of vaccina-
tion, showed tuberculosis of the bronchial glands.

Since two years I have undertaken the protective inocula-
tion of all the young stock of seven herds, of which, it must
be mentioned, six were highly tubercularly infected, while one
was almost free from tuberculosis ; up to the present, 76 ani-
mals have been vaccinated without any resulting harm. (In
regard to the technique, I refer to an article in No. 18 of this
publication, of 1904.J In one establishment a general tuber-
culinization of the herd, consisting of 58 animals (exclusive of
calves up to four months of age), preceded the protective inocu-

VON behring's ppotective inoculation. 439

lation ; 39 head of this herd reacted to this test. In this herd
also the non-reacting young stock up to two years of age were
vaccinated, while in the other establishments only calves up to
four months of age were subjected to the vaccination.

The reaction upon the first and second inoculations was
mostly a mild one, and, excepting a cough, only a few of the
animals, especially those of a more or less advanced age, showed
a mild, febrile elevation of temperature, without any symptoms
of a systemic disturbance. Suckling calves as a rule show
no reaction whatever. Only two animals presented disturb-
ances of a somewhat serious nature ; to these I will again refer
later. The vaccinated animals are all in a thriving condition,
and present a smooth and glossy coat.

Of the vaccinated animals, three have so far been dissected,
viz. : two yearlings on account of tympanites, and a three-year-
old primiparous cow, on account of metritis ; this last animal
was vaccinated at the age of two years, after it had responded
negatively to a tuberculin test. These three animals originated
from two tubercularly infected establishments. While the two
first-mentioned animals, which had been vaccinated as suckling
calves, were found to be entirely free from tuberculosis, the cow
was found to have tubercular calcification of the bronchial
glands, as well as an isolated cherry-pit sized tubercular nodule
in the lung; the other organs and lymphatic glands were free
from tuberculosis. This may be an instance where tuberculin
failed, and where the animal was already tubercularly infected
at the time of the vaccination ; however, it may also be the case,
that the protective inoculation is only successful when admin-
istered to young animals, and that for this reason von Behring
has recently indicated four months as the extreme age limit,
while formerly it was recommended that in exceptional cases
also animals at the age of four months to two years could be
submitted to the vaccination process ; however, only then, when
they were entirely free from any signs of tuberculosis, and an
injection of tuberculin would cause no reaction whatever.

For the purpose of ascertaining whether protectively inocu-

440 JOHN V. LADDEY.

lated animals could withstand strong natural infection, I sub-
mitted, in the case of the above-mentioned establishment, where
67 per cent, of the entire herd had reacted to tuberculin, all
those animals, a total of eight, which I had vaccinated a year
before, at the age of from 4 weeks to 3 months, to a tuberculin
test. Of these eight animals, none had reacted to the vaccina-
tion. The method in which the young stock of this farm is
raised, consists in allowing the calves to suckle their dams for
a month, and then feeding them raw milk for another six
months ; in winter, spring and fall, the young stock is kept in
the stable with the older cattle of the herd, in summer on a
separate pasture.

As a dose 0.5 c.c. tuberculin was considered amply sufficient
for these yearlings, which reacted in the following manner :

XT T • .• Following Day

No. Injection ° '

7 p. M. 5 A. M. 7 A. M. 9 A. M. 12 M.

I I02.2°F. io2.6°F. I02.2°F. 103. i°F. ioo.8°F.

2 101.7 " I03-5 " I03-I " ^"3-3 " 101.8 "

3 101.5 " 004.0 " 103.6 " 103.6 " 101.5 "

4 101.7 " 103.8 " 102.4 " 102.2 " 103.3 "

5 100.8 " 102.6 " 102.0 " 101.8 " 101.7 "

6 101.3 " 102.7 " 102.0 " 102.7 " loi.i "

7 101.8 '• 104.0 " 102.4 " 102.9 " 101.5 "

8 101.5 " 104.5 " 104.0 " 103.3 " 102.6 "

(As none of the animals showed any fever, and as the tempera-
ture curve was already declining in all the animals, the taking
of temperatures was not continued after 12 noon.)

The dam of Nos. 1-5 had reacted upon tuberculin with tem-
perature elevations of: 1.9, 2.2, 2.1, 2.6, and 1.9° C, respect-
ively ; the dam of No. 7 had not reacted, and Nos. 7 and 8 had
been bought as calves to add to the herd.

In connection with the tuberculinization of protectively
inoculated animals, it must be mentioned that according to Dr.
Roemer, Director of the Experiment Section of the Hygienic
Institute at Marburg, and Collaborator of von Behring, "expe-
rience teaches that a hypersensitiveness to tuberculin makes
its appearance following the protective inoculation ; a tuber-
culin test, therefore, gives a positive reaction in cases where

VON behring's protective inoculation. 441

no tubercular foci can be demonstrated in the organism."
As the above table shows, this hypersensitiveness to tuber-
culin might have found expression in the fact, that all the ani-
mals showed short and slight elevations of temperature ; how-
ever, a typical reaction did not take place in any one of them.
When the circumstance is now considered that, according to our
experience, animals in the first stage of tuberculosis, which
stage alone can enter into consideration in young animals, with-
out clinical signs, react the strongest, and when it is further
considered that, 0,5 c.c. tuberculin is a strong dose for young
animals, then one could arrive at the conclusion, that none of
the vaccinated animals is affected with tuberculosis. Neverthe-
less, so as not to be partial to protective inoculation, I will re-
gard the reaction of animals No. 3 and 8 as positive, but even
then this result could be called a favorable one, when compared
with the results shown by the sixteen non-vaccinated animals
which had been tuberculinized the previous year at the age of
from y{-i}4 years; ten of this group have reacted positively,
and six negatively. The relation of the results by comparison
is as follows :

Reaction.
Positive. Negative.

Non-vaccinated animals 62 per cent. 38 per cent.

Vaccinated animals 25 " 75 "

Guided by a desire to draw for these investigations upon
subjects predisposed by heredity and exposed to severe natural in-
fection, I therefore subjected another i ^^ year old animal, which
had been kept in a tubercularly infected stable, and protectively
inoculated in February and May of the previous year. The sire
of this yearling was destroyed one month before the birth of the
latter, on account of pulmonary tuberculosis, complicated by
chronic tympanites ; the yearling's dam, a secundiparous Swiss
cow, was destroyed about two months after the birth of the
former, also on account of pulmonary tuberculosis ; the experi-
ment animal was, therefore, at all events by heredity very
strongly predisposed to tuberculosis. The animal had reacted
upon the first inoculation with a febrile elevation of tempera-

442 JOHN V. LADDEY.

ture (up to 40.5° C.) lasting^ 2 days, and a somewhat diminished
appetite, which lasted several days ; upon the second inocula-
tion it reacted only with a slight elevation of temperature and
without any systemic disturbances. A few months after the
second inoculation this animal, which had always been poor in
flesh and rough-coated, suddenly thrived. The tuberculin test
gave the following result :

Time of Following Day

No. Infection

7 p. M. 5 A. M. 7 A. M. 9 A. M. II A. M. IP. M.

9 . . . . 102. 9°F. 103. 6°F. 104. o°F, ioi.3°F. 100. 4°F. ioo.4°F

Thus we have also here the same phenomenon as in the
aforementioned animals — febrile elevations of temperature of
short duration, but no typical reaction ; this animal should be
looked upon as not affected with tuberculosis.

I further subjected to the tuberculin test a 1 14^-year-old bull
from another tubercularly infected herd. This experiment ani-
mal, which had been protectively inoculated in January and
April of the previous year, was also hereditarily strongly predis-
posed. The animal's sire (the same as in experiment animal
No. 9) was destroyed about one month before the birth of the
yearling, on account of tuberculosis, and its dam, a primiparous
cow, about four months after the birth of the yearling, on ac-
count of tuberculosis of the lungs and mesenteric lymphatic
glands.

This young bull had already reacted very strongly upon the
first inoculation, but still stronger upon the second inoculation,
so that on the second day after the inoculation there still existed
a temperature of 107. 2°F., with chills, anorexia and general sys-
temic disturbances, which caused the somewhat anxious owner
to send for me. From the third day after the inoculation the
general condition became improved, the appetite slowly re-
turned, and the fever moderated (103.3° ^0

Tuberculinization of No. 10 gave the following result :

7'™<=.°f Following Day

Injection

6 30 P.M. 5 A.M. 7 A.M. 9 A.M. II. A.M. I P. M. 3 P.M. 5 P.M.

102. 6°F. 105. 4°F. io6.o°F. io6.3°F. io6.9°F. io6.o°F. 105. 6°F. I04.7''F.

VON behring's protective inoculation. 443

This animal, therefore, was the only one of the ten experi-
ment animals which had shown a typical reaction. In compari-
son with the reaction of all the other vaccinated animals, this ex-
cessively febrile reaction (combined with general systemic dis-
turbances and lessened appetite following both the first and sec-
ond inoculations) which Xo. lo had presented, as well as the
strongly hereditary predisposition, would indeed justify us in
concluding that the animal in question was already at the time
of vaccination affected with tubercular lesions.

According to von Behring, protective inoculation is only
successful when the animal to be inoculated is not already in-
fected, or, when the animal has received infection through tuber-
culous milk, but where no lesions have as yet become established;
therefore, if the disease is still in its incubation period. This
latter condition might have been the case in animal No. 9. If,
however, tuberculous lesions already exist, when, therefore,
the disease must be considered as already manifested, then it is
impossible to check the progress of this disease by protective
inoculation. This might well have been the case in experiment
animal No. 10.

In combining the post-mortem findings and the results of
tuberculin tests, the following conclusions must be arrived at :

It is possible, through the protective inoculation of calves of
less than four months of age, to enhance to a considerable degree
the resistance of such vaccinated animals against severe natural
infection, in so far as said animals are not already affected with
tubercular lesions.

As far as the indications for protective inoculation are con-
cerned, I am of the opinion that it is to be made use of in all
severely infected establishments where an energetic method of
eradicating tuberculosis has become an economic necessity. The
introduction of this protective inoculation procedure into mod-
erately and mildly infected herds might be welcomed in the
interest of a collection of more extensive statistics ; the neces-
sity for this, however, does not exist in view of the fact that
th« correctness of the method has still not yet been definitely

444 JOHN V. LADDEY.

decided. It might be well, therefore, to confine this immuniza-
tion method to the offspring of manifestly tuberculous dams
and sires.

Even if this immunity should only last 2-3 years, the advan-
tage derived therefrom would still be great enough in that the
second principal factor in the eradication of tuberculosis from
infected herds, that of raising offspring free from tuberculosis,
would be better served than by the methods heretofore em-
ployed. It would obviate the necessity of separating the young
stock from the older cattle, which method is not easily carried
out and in many cases of a doubtful effect ; it would further also
be rendered unnecessary to raise calves on sterilized milk,
which as experience teaches us often unfavorably influences the
development of the calf. Eradication of tuberculosis from in-
fected herds would therefore be materially simpler than hereto-
fore, and could be brought to a successful termination by the
following regulations :

(i) Protective inoculation of the young stock possibly al-
ready at the age of 3-4 weeks, as well as of all newly added ani-
mals under four months of age.

(2) Tuberculinization of newly added animals over four
months of age.

(3) The quick removal of dangerously tubercular animals.
Another much discussed point entering into the eradication

of tuberculosis — the question whether manifestly tubercular
animals should be bred from, has been placed in a different
light through the researches of von Behring. Von Behring an-
tagonizes the teachings of hereditary disposition to tuberculo-
sis ; he maintains that tubercular infection can be traced mainly
to infected milk received in the first few weeks of life ; the de-
cisive influence of the transmission of tuberculosis is therefore
to be attributed, not directly to heredity, but entirely to the dam
in cases where the calf receives the infective milk in a non-
sterilized condition. As essayist, he expressed himself in a
similar sense on this subject at the Eighth International Veteri-
nary Medical Congress at Budapest ; he contended that tubercu-

VON behring's protective inoculation. 446

losis can be transmitted by the parents directly to the offspring;
to a very slight extent only in cases of extensive generalization
of the disease, and that hereditary disposition, in regard to the
origin of tuberculosis in the domesticated animals was a matter
of secondary consideration.

Of this new theory, that tuberculosis is not hereditary, many
practitioners and experienced breeders will surely not be so
easily convinced ; the costly experiences made with tuberculosis
by continued in-breeding are direct proofs against this theory.
In accordance with this acceptation, the above-mentioned young
bull (No. lo), which will .soon attain the age of puberty, could
without hesitation be admitted to service in the already tuber-
cularly infected herd.

I should certainly hesitate to give the owner that advice, in
spite of the bull's good conformation and noble pedigree (his
sire had been bought in Switzerland for 1500 francs, and his
dam insured for M. 700). Until such a time when the verdict
has been pronounced, that protective inoculation definitely im-
munizes all animals, including those hereditarily predisposed,
against tuVjerculosis, it will always be advisable to continue to
act upon the lessons learned through experience, by introducing
new blood to such tubercular infected herds ; this can be accom-
plished to a large extent by the addition of young serviceable
bulls which have responded negatively to tuberculin.

Dr. Charles H. Leavitt (C. V. C, '06) has sailed on the
transport Dix^ from Seattle, Wash., with army horses for
Manila, P. I.

The Fiss, Doerr & Carroll Horse Company sold 36,000
horses last year for an average price of $166 a piece, including
second-hand auction animals.

The Misslssippi Valley Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, at its meeting in Monmouth, Illinois, Feb. 22, passed the
following resolution : " Resolved^ That so long as the office of
State Veterinarian is held by an empiric, it shall be considered
an unprofessional act for any member of this Association or for
any graduate veterinarian to serve as Assistant State Veteri-
narian."

446 LOUIS p. COOK.

NITROUS OXIDE ANESTHESIA IN ANIMALS.

By Louis P. Cook, D. V. S., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Presented to the Twenty-third Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical

Association, January 1 6, 1906.

The aim of this paper is to lay before this Association the de-
tails of a series of experiments conducted for the purpose of de-
termining the value of nitrous oxide as an anaesthetic for veteri-
nary use. This agent has been used to a very limited extent by
veterinarians, and I have been unable to obtain from literature
accurate details of its effect on animals. Chloroform and ether,
the anaesthetics in common use, have many disadvantages,
the most notable being the stage of excitation produced by them
before anaesthesia, often long delayed, develops. This stage of
excitement makes the use of such agents more or less dangerous
to the patient, and the length of time, usually from ten to
twenty minutes, required to anaesthetize an animal, often proves
embarrassing to the operator. The length of the period of ex-
citement may be shortened and the advent of anaesthesia hast-
ened by the rapid administration of chloroform, but I believe it
to be the opinion of experienced veterinarians that such prac-
tice is exceedingly risky. True, anaesthesia has often been pro-
duced in the horse with chloroform in three or four minutes,
but disastrous results, too, have not been infrequent. On ac-
count of the slow and uncertain action of chloroform and ether
the veterinarian generally operates without the use of anaesthet-
ics, even though anaesthesia would make the operation safer for
the patient and easier for the operator, as well as more humane.
The more general use of anaesthetics by veterinarians would
make veterinary surgery appear more scientific and less like
butchery. It, therefore, seems to me that veterinarians, in the
interest of their profession, ought to seek for some practicable
anaesthetic. The physician finds the same fault with chloro-
form and ether.

Lately nitrous oxide or " laughing gas," originally used al-
most exclusively by dentists, has come into very general use

NITROUS OXIDE ANiESTHESIA. 447

with physicians, who use it to produce primary anaesthesia,
which it does in about thirty seconds, and which can be kept
up by the use of very little ether. Appliances have been in-
vented for the use of physicians for its administration alone or in
combination with ether. Having witnessed its administration
to a number of individuals and the prompt and comparatively
safe manner in which anaesthesia was produced by it, I decided to
try it on horses and dogs. The subjects held for dissecting pur-
poses at the Cincinnati Veterinary College furnished ample ma-
terial. A hood somewhat like the ordinary nose feeding bag, but
smaller, was constructed of leather, rubber and brass, which when
adjusted to the animal's head fits neatly. The mechanism of this
hood permits the admission of fresh air, chloroform, or gas, alone
or in any combination, or in its being made absolutely air-tight.
The method of producing anaesthesia is like this : The hood is
adjusted, either before or after casting the animal or placing it
upon the operating table. The fresh air inlet is allowed to re-
main open, permitting the animal to breathe freely until the
operator is ready to administer the anaesthetic. When all is
ready the fresh air inlet is closed, excluding fresh air entirely;
simultaneously the nitrous oxide is turned on, which on pass-
ing through the chloroform chamber carries with it the chloro-
form vapor, and the hood at once becomes filled with the com-
bination. The animal takes a few deep inspirations, when usu-
ally, in from thirty to sixty seconds, and with very little strug-
gling, complete anaesthesia, with muscular relaxation, etc., de-
velops. The gas is then shut off and the chloroform and fresh
air inlets at once thrown open, allowing the inhalation of both
chloroform and fresh air, with which a proper state of anaesthe-
sia may be maintained indefinitely and with the use of very lit-
tle chloroform. I have administered nitrous oxide alone for
fully three minutes without producing anaesthesia, though the
animal was nearly asphyxiated.

When mixed with a very little chloroform, however,
nitrous oxide readily anaesthetizes, consciousness returning
in from one to three minutes after its administration is

448 LOUIS p. COOK.

discontinued, but analgesia lasts for some minutes longer.

The advantage of this method is that anaesthesia can be
safely produced in a minute or two, and without any excitement
or struggling. Nitrous oxide is practically harmless. It has
little effect on the action of the heart, and the small amount of
chloroform required to be used with it is insufficient to percept-
ibly weaken the organ.

The gas is sold in tanks of different sizes, with stopcock,
tubing, etc., attached. Tanks costing two dollars contain suffi-
cient to anaesthetize a dozen or more horses. I have adminis-
tered the gas to some thirty horses and about half this number
of dogs, and experience has taught me that it must be given to
animals rapidly and entirely free from air and in combination
with a small amount of chloroform.

I am deeply interested in nitrous oxide anaesthesia in ani-
mals, and I should be pleased to hear from any member of this
Association who has had any experience on the subject.

Dr. L. Van Es, of the North Dakota Agricultural College
and Experiment Station, recently took an active part in a meet-
ing of the State Medical Association — a good example for all
veterinarians who can possibly follow it.

Rabies has recently threatened two well-known members of
the veterinary profession. Drs. A. H. Baker, of Chicago, and
Geo. E. Corwin, of Connecticut, each of whom was bitten by a
dog he was attending. Both at once took the Pasteur treatment
and escaped serious consequences. The former made extensive
duplicate bacteriological investigations, and the Negri bodies
were readily and plainly visible in sections of the nervous
system of the dog which inflicted the wound upon his hand.

Dr. L. a. Merillat, of Chicago, who conducts " Surgical
Items " for the Review, writes from the Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming, under date of June 7 : "If the Review
should be left without a ' Surgical Item ' for July this card
will explain the reason. I am here doing a number of surgical
operations for the Yellowstone Park Transportation Co. It is
very cold here, with snow every day. Tourists have just begun
to arrive. The grandeur here cannot be described."

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 449

THE CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD IN
VETERINARY PRACTICE.

By Samuel H. Burnett, New York State Veterinary College,

Ithaca, N. Y.

From about the middle of the nineteenth century active in-
vestigations have been in progress on the condition of the blood
in man and to a less extent in the domesticated animals. At
first these were confined largely to observations on the number,
size and shape of the red corpuscles, then came studies of the
varieties of the white cells and the other elements found in the
blood. About fifteen years ago enough had been learned con-
cerning the condition of the blood in healthy and in diseased
persons, and the instruments had been perfected to such a degree
that an examination of the blood could be a valuable aid to the
practitioner. Since that time the examination of the blood has
taken its place among the other physical means of arriving at
a diagnosis, and is now used by thousands of physicians and
surgeons. In the better hospitals blood examinations are about
as much a matter of everyday routine as the examination of the
urine.

"The examination of the blood," DaCosta^ states, "is capable
of throwing light upon the diagnosis in so wide a range of condi-
tions that it is difficult to single out any disease in which it may
not be of some utility, either as positive or negative evidence."
The kind of information afforded by the clinical examination of
the blood has been divided by Cabot* into three classes, namely ;
it "gives us (a) a ready-made diagnosis in a few diseases; (b)
side lights on a good many obscure conditions ; and (c) the fre-
quently great assistance of a negative report." Examples of
the first class arc found in malaria, leukemia, surra, Texas fever
and filariasis. In the second class are such affections as sec-
ondary anemia, chlorosis, sepsis, intestinal helminthiasis, hsetn-

^ DaCosta. Clinical hematology, second edition, 1905

* Cabot. Clinical examination of the blood, fifth edition, 1904.

450 SAMUEL H. BURNETT.

orrhagic diseases, suppurative processes. Finding that the blood
is normal is very often of great assistance, as it enables one to
differentiate from the diseases that produce changes in the blood.
Hodgkin's disease is diagnosed by a blood examination, yet the
blood is normal in the early stages, this serving to distinguish
this affection from leukemia, which produces marked changes
in the blood but has otherwise similar symptoms. In typhoid
fever the blood is nearly normal, this often being of great help
in distinguishing it from affections showing somewhat similar
symptoms but producing an increase in the number of leucocytes.
Besides its value in diagnosis, the blood frequently gives
most important indications as to prognosis and treatment, and
is of value in examinations for soundness. For example, in
pneumonia there is ordinarily an increase in the number of
leucocytes. If instead of there being an increase the number is
below the normal it is a very bad sign. During the course of
this disease the reappearance of the eosinophiles is a favorable
sign, indicating that the crisis is passed. In an anemia in which
the hemoglobin is much lessened while the number of red cor-
puscles remains nearly normal, that is, the coloring matter in
each corpuscle is lessened, the indications for a prompt improve-
ment under administration of iron are good ; while but little
improvement is to be expected where the amount of hemoglobin
in each corpuscle is normal, and practically no improvement
when the hemoglobin index is above normal, iron being prac-
tically contraindicated in the more severe cases where the blood
shows very large red corpuscles, each having an increased
amount of hemoglobin. In examining a horse for soundness,
as suggested by Moore, the blood may reveal the presence of
morbid processes not evident by other physical symptoms. For.
example, a deeply seated suppurative process may be overlooked
on an ordinary examination, yet the blood show a marked in-
crease in the polynuclear leucocytes. In subjects infested with
tape worms or intestinal round worms there is ordinarily an
increase in the number of eosinophiles in the blood. Without
multiplying examples, it may be seen that the blood offers excel-

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 451

lent facilities for judging as to whether an animal is in a state
of health or not.

A great mass of data has been accumulated concerning the
changes found in the blood in the several diseases to which hu-
man flesh is heir. The books and pamphlets containing these
data would make a good sized library. As regards the blood of
the domesticated animals but comparatively few clinical obser-
vations have been made. Careful studies of the blood have been
made in Texas fever, in infectious leukemia in chickens, in tri-
chiniasis in swine and in surra. Clinical examinations from
the clinic here of less than a hundred cases of horses, dogs and
cows suffering from various disorders are recorded. A consider-
able amount of work has also been done on the blood of animals
in the course of experimental investigations. All told, the
available data on the blood of the domesticated animals is mea-
ger; yet the importance of these is far greater than mere num-
bers indicate because, as Moore, Haring and Cady ^ have
pointed out, '' they show that the changes that occur in the blood
of the horse" and, we may add, in the other animals studied
" follow very closely those that take place in the human subject
under like pathological conditions. This fact being fairly well
established makes it possible for us to draw somewhat fully from
the demonstrated facts in human hematology to aid us in the in-
terpretations of the findings in horses " and in other animal
"blood."

Though only a beginning has been made, yet it is not as
though we were building from the very foundation. As soon
as the normal condition of the blood in the several kinds of ani-
mals is determined, we are ready to make use of clinical ex-
aminations. A series of investigations on the blood of the
domesticated animals have been in progress here for about four
years. As a result of this work, together with that done else-
where, we have available at the present time a working knowl-

* Moore, V. A., Haring, C. M., and Cady, H. J. The clinical examination of the
blood of the horse and its value to the Teteriuarian. Proceed. Am Vet. Med. Attn.,
1904, p. 284.

452 SAMUEL H. BURNETT.

edge of the blood of the horse, cow, sheep, dog, cat, rabbit and
guinea-pig.

In an ordinary clinical examination of the blood the things
of value are : —

the number of red corpuscles,
the number of leucocytes,
the amount of hemoglobin or coloring matter,
the percentage of the several varieties of leucocytes,
the pathological changes in the red corpuscles and in the
leucocytes.
The third of these, the amount of hemoglobin, may be obtained
by an inexpensive instrument. The others require a micro-
scope ; but aside from the microscope the apparatus is not
expensive. It requires some training to learn to make an ex-
amination quickly and accurately, but it does not take so long
as it does to learn the heart and lung sounds. To get the
amount of hemoglobin is no more trouble than to take the tem-
perature, and requires less time. The amount of coloring matter
in the blood tells one whether anemia is present and if present
to what degree. Making a guess as to the presence of anemia
by the appearance of the mucosae and skin or finding the
amount of hemoglobin present in the blood, is very like the
difference between taking the temperature with the finger or
using a clinical thermometer. A good illustration of the uncer-
tainty of making a diagnosis of anemia from appearances alone,
occurred very recently when two persons came to the laboratory
to have their blood examined. One, Miss A, was pronounced
by her physician to be anemic, while the other, Miss B, was
pronounced to be typically normal. The blood examination,
much to the surprise of the attending physician, showed that
Miss A had a high normal amount of hemoglobin, while Miss
B was anemic. This example, which is only one among a
considerable number that might be given from my experience,
is all the more instructive to us when we consider that changes
in the appearance of the skin and mucosae are much more easily
seen in man than in animals.

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 453

Every one has cases in his practice where the symptoms are
obscure or point about equally to two or more conditions requir-
ing widely different methods of treatment. In such cases one
needs all the assistance one can get. Often in just such cases
as these the blood points the way to a correct diagnosis. It
enables us to see a little farther, a little deeper into the processes
that are going on in the tissues. Take, for example, cases of
verminous embolism in the horse, due to Sclerostoma equinum.
Haring's study of four cases showed that in each horse there
was an increased number of eosinophils in the blood. The
value of his findings is self-evident in differentiating between
spasmodic colics caused by this parasite and those due to intes-
tinal obstruction or causes other than parasites. The value of
a blood examination is not so much that it enables us to make
a diagnosis by its use alone, though there are several conditions
in which the blood alone is sufficient. In the great majority of
cases it is to be considered with all the other symptoms avail-
able, as simply one kind of objective symptom. For this reason
I think that it will not tend to supplant careful observation and
study of the other symptoms ; but that, on the contrary, by
causing us to observe more critically and study our cases more
carefully, it will help us to see more clearly what changes are
going on in the tissues and organs.

Dr. G. E. Corvvin, Jr., of Lakeville, Conn., was recently
bitten by a rabid dog which he was examining, and three per-
sons belonging to the family of the animal's owner were also
victims. Ail took the Pasteur treatment in New York. The
Doctor is known to our readers through his occasional contri-
butions. We trust that his preventive treatment has been en-
tirely successful.

Drs. C. E. and J. S. HoLLiNGSWORTH, of the firm of Hol-
lingsworth Bros., La Salle, 111., have recently moved into their
new Veterinary Hospital. It is built of hollow concrete blocks,
having a floor capacity of 36 feet x 115 feet, two stories high, is
covered with a slate roof, is electric lighted, furnace heated,
with commodious well ventilated stalls and boxes, and is
equipped with a Kyle operating table and an ambulance service.

454

B. F. KAUPP

ACONITE POISONING.

By Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas

City, Mo.
Presented to the Meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, Feb., 1906.

Among those who medicate horses for their various ail-
ments are some who have not had the school training which
fits one to competently prescribe. Among the drugs used,
and often used in poisonous doses, is aconite. That one could,
with certainty, recognize the symptoms of a horse given an
overdose, he must know the various conditions of impaired
functions it produces.

The following is a report of one experiment. The subject
was a gray gelding, aged, but in good health.

The following table shows the effects of a poisonous dosage
upon this hoise :

Time.

Remarks.

1 Temp.

Resp.

Pulse.

12-27

'

9.10 A. M.

Heart regular and strong. Given 2

!

drams fluid ext. aconite root, P. D.

99.2 17

35

9.30 A. M.

Movements of swallowing, champing
of the jaws. Head protruded. Defe-

i

cation. Restless.

99.2

20

40

9.40 A. M.

Defecation. Heart weak and irregu-
lar. Continuous movement. Swal
lowed 24 times per minute.

38

9.50 A. M.

Defecation. Rectal muscles relaxed.
Slight perspiration. Slight bloating.

9.55 A. M.

Defecation.

99.9

40

9.56 A. M.

Defecation. Passage of flatus. La-

1

bored respiration. Grunt at each

exhalation.

10

40

9-57 A. M.

Defecation. Continuous movements
of deglutition, 34 times a minute.

10.10 A. M.

Two drams more of the aconite were
administered per orum in i oz. of
water.

10. II A. M.

Defecation. Not so restless Pass-
age of flatus.

10.13 A. M.

Defecation. Excrements more soft.
Again restless.

10.15 A. M.

Grunting during exhalation.

99.9

13

10.17 A. M.

Defecation.

ACONITE POISONING.

455

Time.

I0.20 A. M.

10.25 A. M.

10.30 A. M.
10.35 A. M.
IC.37 A. M.

10.40 A. M.

10.45 A. M.
10.50 A. M.

10.57 A. M,

I 1. 00 A. M.

12.30 P. M.

1. 00 P. M.

4.00 P. M.

5.00 P. M.

11.30 P. M,
13-28

Remarks.

Temp.

Cuticular surface more moist. Con-
tinuous movements of deglutition,
42 times per minute. Defecation.

Head protruded. Champing of jaws.
Passage of flatus Heart irregular
but stronger.

Respiration more difficult and grunt
during exhalation. Passage of flatus.

Pulse irregular but now weaker.
Defecation.

Passage of flatus. Movements of deg-
lutition now 36 per minute. Per-
spiration more profuse. Colicky
symptoms. Efforts to lie down, but
was not permitted to do so.

Defecation and passage of flatus.
Colicky symptoms more acute.

Lying down, then up.

Salivation. Still champing jaws.
Movements of deglutition and other
symptoms same.

Not so restless. Trembling. Heart
very weak. Bloated. Tapped
cfecum. Escape of gas followed.

Colicky pains continue. Salivation.
Head protruded. Difficult respira-
tion. Defecation. Dilated nostrils.

Respiration not so labored. Heart
weak and very fast. Colicky. Given
I gr. strychnia sulph. and i dram
fluid extract convallaria per orum
in I ounce of water.

Increased salivation. Labored respi-
ration, perspiring freely. Two oz
aromatic spts. ammo, administered
per orum.

Given i dram f. e. convallaria. Res-
piration not labored. No saliva-
tion or champing of jaws. Move-
ments of deglutition subsided.

'Violent efforts as if to vomit. For a
few minutes breathing was labored
Colicky. The attack lasted five
minutes.

Bloated. Colicky. Difficult respira
tions. Died.

An autopsy was held.

99-9

103.5

102.5

102. 5

Resp.

18

26

26

Pulse.

72

72

After the carcass had been skinned, the abdominal cavity

456 B. F. KAUPP.

was opened ; food was found among the abdominal viscera.
Upon further investigation it was found that the stomach was
ruptured upon the greater curvature for a length of six inches.
Haemorrhages were found over the serous membranes of the
stomach, lungs, heart and kidneys, and also in the substance of
the right kidney. The liver was congested. The right auricle
and ventricle were two-thirds full of black, clotted blood. An
ante-mortem clot half the diameter of the pulmonary artery
was found.

There was only a small quantity of dark non-coagulated
blood in the left auricle and ventricle.

By text-books aconite is described as being a cardiac and
respiratory depressant, also diaphoretic and diuretic. Locally
it relieves pain, on account of its sedative action upon the sen-
sory peripheral nerve endings. In poisonous doses it kills by
respiratory arrest.

In the above single experiment that was conducted, the
most prominent derangements were : Movements of swallow-
ing, champing of jaws, salivation, irritant to stomach and
bowels, leading to spasms ; respiration, heart beat and blood
pressure are lowered ; pulse irregular ; respirations slow and
difficult, especially the expiratory effort.

Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, B. A. I., editor of " German and
Hungarian Review " for this publication, has been transferred
from field duty in Kansas to laboratory work in Washington.

A Quaint Recipe. — The following from an old book is
given as " an excellent cure for the murrain in cattel " : Take
for every beast a quart of old wash and a good quantity of hens'
dung, and lay the latter to steep eight or ten hours, and then
strain the dung forth, and break to every beast two rotten eggs
into the fore-named juice; and give to everyone two penny-
worth of spikward, and blend all these together and give it the
beast ; but first let blood, both sick and sound, and separate the
sick from the sound. Drench both horses and swine, for they
are both apt to take the disease. Bury the dead deep in the
ground, so that dogs cannot get at the carcase. — (Farm and
Home.)

ACUTE INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. 457

ACUTE INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE : ITS TREAT-
MENT.

Bv Dr. D. O. Kxisley, Topeka, Kansas.
Read before the Semi Annual Meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association,

Feb. 12, 13, 14, 1906.

My subject is " Acute Indigestion of the Horse," a trouble
that is by no means unfamiliar to you all, and one that is sure
to cause all of us, at times, to consider what to do first. Going
into the details of etiology and pathology of the cases, I consider
it is only time lost, as all of you have had your time of study
along this line, so shall omit that and try to give \ou a short
outline of the symptoms usually found in these cases when
called in the early stages. I usually find this trouble in the
heavy or work horse, rarely in the trotter or thoroughbred, and
in one instance only in a mule. The work horse with us seems
very prone to the disease.

The patient on one's arrival may or may not be down ; it
will usually be restless, getting up or down, frequently turning
around, slight belching and regurgitation, respiration labored,
and short, pulse at this time not very much affected ; tempera-
ture practically normal. If convenient in these instances, I
usually give linseed oil and turpentine or eucalyptolin in ^<^-oz.
doses. If the case is relieved, I always feel thankful, for such
cases rarely are, and as the distension of the stomach increases
so do the symptoms of distress ; breathing becomes very much
harder, the patient becomes more restless, can neither lie down
nor stand with any comfort, will turn around quickly in the
stall, seemingly not knowing what to do, nostrils will be opened
wide, and at this time are usually very red, pulse becomes wiry
and irregular, belching from the stomach very noticeable, and
very frequently a bloody-looking fluid mixed with particles of
feed will return through the nose, which fluid has a very sour
and disagreeable odor. About this time it is up to the practi-
tioner to do something, as it seems that the different remedies
that have been given during the progress of the disease have

458 D- O. KNISLEY.

apparently been thrown away, or, in other words, have not given
the patient any relief. There should be something done to re-
lieve such awful distress of the patient. Especially will the owner
of the horse, if he is around, make suggestions to do this and
that, when the practitioner knows well himself that as far as
giving medicine is concerned, he has done all he can and that
no good could come of the suggestions. To satisfy the owner,
something must be done, and at this point I shall try to explain
how I have consoled myself as well as the owner. My first at-
tempt was made on a case similar to the foregoing description
in my paper. The case came to the hospital apparently nearer
dead than alive. I could see no good in trying to give medi-
cine. At every inhalation the mouth was opened wide so as to
admit more air, the mucous membranes were pale blue. I did
not take time to find out the pulse or temperature, but pro-
ceeded at once to the office and got a piece of ^-inch rubber
hose, II ft. long, and a mouth speculum, and started for my
patient, calling an assistant to follow me. I first oiled the tube,
then placed the speculum in the patient's mouth, having the
assistant hold the horse to prevent swaying from side to side.
I introduced the rubber tube, passing it through the mouth and
oesophagus into the stomach without any trouble. The pres-
sure in this case was so great that it forced the bloody-looking
fluid through the hose. About i^ pailfuls came away with a
good deal of ground corn and bran. After the discharge had
stopped, I removed the tube, and left the horse in the open air.
Twenty minutes later I gave three drachms of digitalis. About
one hour later I placed the horse in a box-stall ; three hours
later the horse was eating hay slowly and appeared bright, but
upon being moved showed soreness. I thought that due to the
muscular exertion the animal had gone through. During the
next two days I gave stimulants every four hours. On the
fourth day the animal went home and was put to work.

The next case that came to the hospital was not in as bad
condition as the first, still so bad that there was great distress,
breathing very hard, belching gas continually. I decided to

ACUTE INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. 459

pass the tube as in the previous case, but success was not as
easily won as I had anticipated. In this instance I had a great
deal of trouble in getting the hose into the oesophagus. It re-
peatedly entered the trachea. I was persistent and finally
succeeded, but for some reason things did not work as before.
I got only a small amount of gas on its entrance, and, not being
satisfied with this, I got a bucket of water and a funnel and
proceeded to fill the hose so as to get suction. After the hose
was full I let it drop on the ground and about half a pail of
bloody-looking fluid ran out, when the hose appeared to clog
up. I again filled it from the bucket, and again lowering it
quite a lot of fluid and some feed returned. When it quit this
time I removed the hose and took the horse to a box-stall and
gave the following: Whiskey, 5 ij 5 soda hyposulphate, 5 ij ;
water, 3 viij. I gave nothing further and the horse went home
the next morning.

Now arose the question of how to do away with some of my
troubles with such cases, and from that time on, as cases came
and went, I would try to devise some plan to stop the clogging,
as it interfered a great deal in some cases. Finally, I conceived
the idea of a double tube — one in which I could use an influx
of air or water and thereby either blow it open or use the water
pressure to force it back. I spoke to a particular friend of
mine, and he thought it a great scheme, and at once said he
would finance the scheme if I would follow up the experimental
part of it, which I agreed to do. On this plan we proceeded,
first making a drawing on paper and sending this drawing to
different rubber companies. After five or six companies refused
to do anything for us, it looked discouraging ; still we kept
writing and finally found a firm who said they would venture
to make one and stated price for same. By return mail the
money was sent with the drawing, and in due time the tube
returned, according to my idea, but at my first attempt to use
it, I was greatly disappointed. I could not do one thing with
it. It was entirely too limber. I could not get enough press-
ure to make it pass. Yet not being satisfied that it was useless.

460 D- O. KNISLEV.

We got a stilette for the same. The next trial was a great suc-
cess. I had no trouble whatever in passing the tube, and the
results were very satisfactory, so much so that I have made note
of a few cases that I thought might be of interest to some of
you, at least. Up to the present time I think I have passed
this tube on at least 40 head and have not had a failure.

Oct. 26, a bay mare, belonging to Whitaker Bros., came
to the barn at 4 P. M., very acute, would scarcely be induced to
walk ; breathing very labored ; walked with a straddling gait.
Put on the wash rack and passed the tube. At once about one
pailful of bloody-looking fluid came away. The mare was
greatly relieved. Gave alcohol and soda hypo. Half an hour
later I gave 15 drops of aconite, followed by two or more doses
one hour apart. The mare staid at the hospital four days and
then went home to work.

Nov. 4, same mare came to barn at 6.30, breathing very
hard and short ; distension of the stomach so much that the
colored man said, " Doctor, I guess she's a goner this time." I
passed the tube and drew off about one pail of that bloody fluid
and about two quarts of corn chop. Relief was given at once.
Gave 20 drops of aconite. No further treatment. Mare went
home next morning.

Nov. 4, Omnibus Company's gray horse, aged, came to barn
at 5.30 p. M., breathing short and labored, in great distress,
continually getting up and down. Was given one dose of oil
of turpentine. Within twenty minutes horse was growing
worse ; broke out in sweat and could scarcely be kept on his
feet. Was brought in and the tube passed, more than a pail of
bloody fluid coming away. Relief was at once shown. Gave
one dose of alcohol and soda hyposulphate. Horse did not lie
down any more and went home next afternoon.

Nov. 17, bay filly, four years old, was brought to the hos-
pital and could scarcely travel. Breathing was performed with
great difficulty, bloody exudate and feed were running from both
nostrils. I passed the tube at once and drew off about 4 or 5
quarts of bloody fluid. Then I gave ^ ounce of eucalyptolin in

ACUTE INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. 461

capsule. The filly was greatly relieved, but still kept on belch-
ing. One hour later I passed the tube again, draining o£F about
'/< pailful. Again I gave ^ ounce of eucalyptolin. The filly was
still in a good deal of distress, and in an hour I passed the tube
again for the third time, draining off about 73 of a pail of fluid.
This was more than I had gotten at either of the other times.
I then gave alcohol and soda hyposulphate. One hour later
gave three drachms digitalis and an hour later gave three ounces
whiskey with soda hyposulphate. Mare was given no further
treatment, and left the hospital on the 19th, two days later.

Nov. 18, black horse, owned by W. J. Burchard, came to
the barn at 10.30 A. m., in great distress, badly bloated. I
tapped the colon at once, which gave relief. I then gave one-
half ounce eucalyptolin in capsule. The colon refilled, and I
tapped it again at i p. m. ; horse quite restless. Gave two grains
of morphine hypodermically ; no relief apparent ; breathing very
hard and labored. At 2 P. m. I passed the tube and a pailful
more of the bloody fluid came away. Then gave the alcohol
and soda hyposulphate and tr. ginger. At 2.30 the horse was
resting easy, and went home next morning at 10 o'clock.

Nov. 21, Mr. King's cream mare was very badly bloated at
5.30 p. M. I tapped the colon at once, then drew ;^ pail fluid
from its stomach and gave alcohol, soda and ginger. Colon
refilled and was again tapped at 9 P. M. Gave digitalis and hyp.
soda. One hour later gave y* ounce eucalyptolin ; left the
mare at 2 a. m., resting easily. She went home in the morning.

Nov. 23, bay horse, owned by Lawrence Ellis, weighing
about 1400 pounds, came to barn at 3 40 P. m.; had been sick two
hours, belching slightly, very acute pains; could scarcely get
him out of wagon. Gave Yi ounce of eucalyptolin in capsule,
waited three quarters of an hour and then passed the tube, a
full pail of fluid coming away. Then gave the alcohol, soda
hyposulphate and ginger, and put the horse in a box-stall. He
laid down, and in about half an hour got up and went to eating
hay. No further treatment. Horse went to work next morn-
ing as usual.

462 D. O. KNISLEY.

Dec. I, was called at 4 p. m. to see a bay horse, weight 1700
pounds. I found the horse down, not much distressed, bloated
slightly, breathing short, pulse not much affected. I gave ^
ounce eucalyptolin in capsule. In half an hour the horse got
worse, more bloated and restless. I advised taking him to the
hospital. On arrival I gave i quart raw linseed oil and 2 ounces
turpentine. At 8 P. M. the breathing was very short and
labored, pulse growing wiry and animal getting restless. At
8.30 brought in and passed the tube, removing fully a pail and
a half of fluid and at least a quart of corn chop, some pieces as
large as half kernels. I then gave alcohol and soda hyposul-
phate. At 9.30 gave twenty drops of aconite. At 11.00 gave
three drachms of digitalis. No further treatment. Horse went
home at 8 a. m.

Dec. 24, called 4^ miles in the country to see a pony be-
longing to J. A. Sieben, Had been sick about an hour ; found
her down and was unable to make her get up. She was in
great distress ; breathing hard and short ; belching particles of
feed and bloody fluid from both nostrils ; mucous membrane
pale blue. I passed the stomach tube at once, a pailful of fluid
and feed came away. Then I gave 3^ ounce of eucalyptolin.
In about twenty minutes she got up and was at once started for
town. No further treatment was given. Mare went home
next afternoon.

Jan. I, 1906, mare had been driven 45 miles, came to R. Col-
vin's barn sick. I was called at once, and found her down ;
breathing hard and considerable belching. I gave y, ounce
eucalyptolin ; waited forty minutes. Mare grew worse in every
way ; breathing harder ; she was very uneasy ; could scarcely
keep her on her feet. I passed the tube. But in this case
there was hardly any fluid. I then gave another dose of ^ ounce
eucalyptolin. No further treatment was given. She called
for her feed in the morning, but none was given. Was hooked
up and driven 16 miles without any further trouble.

A TREATISE ON DOG DISTEMPER. 463

A TREATISE ON DOG DISTEMPER, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO TREATMENT.

Bv J. C. Butcher, Lima, Ohio.

Presented to the Twenty-third Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical

Association, January i6, 1906

I hesitate to take up a subject so little discussed at our meet-
ings, on which literature is so deficient, so far from conditions
met with in actual practice, and so at variance with successful
treatment.

Dog distemper is so easily confused with congestive chills;
in fact, when we have to deal with but one case (that is, when we
have not the contagious form), we can be reasonably sure that
a severe chill was its starting point. Another reason for this
confusion is the uncertainty of symptoms. The normal pulse
varies more in the various breeds of dogs than in any other ani-
mal. This is undoubtedly caused by the inherited weakness of
the heart valves, brought on by over-exertion and rapid cooling.
Secondly, we find all temperaments possible among dogs, and
in no animal do we have the variance of care, surroundings and
diet, which we find given dogs.

When called to treat a dog, we should remember that in no
animal is the anamnesis so important — the care and kind of
food the dog may have had ; duration of the ailment, etc.

Now, what do we usually find when we suspect a case of
dog distemper? On inquiry, we will nearly always find the
dog to have been off on some excursion of a day or two, and as
a result its condition resembles " a heavy cold" in the human
subject. We may well term it a congestive chill, in which all
secretions and excretions are completely checked.

Some veterinarians persist, however, in calling everything
dog distemper.

A few cases to illustrate : Was called to a neighboring city
to see a large Newfoundland dog, which had become greatly
emaciated and covered with a scaly coat. An anamnesis simi-
lar to the following was obtained : This dog had not eaten any-

464 J. C. BUTCHER.

thing in two weeks ; had become paralyzed and had defecated
but once, and that a very small amount, in eleven days, and
constantly grew worse under the veterinarian's treatment for
distemper. My treatment was an enema of five quarts of warm
water, massage of bowels for one-half hour; administered five
minims of croton oil, and after another half hour's massage, by
ardent admirers of the dog other than myself. Then appeared
before our eyes a splendid result of an effort at producing an
endless chain, which was as gratifying to the dog as it was nau-
seating to his admirers. The dog recovered in ten days.

Another, a fox terrier, which had also been treated for dis-
temper, having all characteristic symptoms, and in addition a
marked soreness of the bowels. Was told that the bowels had
not responded to a cathartic. An enema was impossible and
caused great pain. An examination revealed the fact that an
injury of some sort had caused the rectum to become entirely
occluded on account of an injury to the muscular walls, hence
an enema was impossible. An incision each way, followed by
curetting, afforded relief, and recovery followed in ten days.

Hence, even in distemper, correct diagnosis is as much an
essential as in any other line of our profession.

Another important symptom in cases that have progressed
for ten days to two weeks is in the appearance of the mucous
membrane. How familiar to all of you is the icteric appear-
ance, and how important this symptom should be in outlining
our treatment. This indicates that the liver is congested with
the waste products from many internal organs and is unable to
secrete them as bile; but why? you will ask. There are two
reasons for this : First, constipation of the bowels ; second, the
inflamed and congested condition of the organ. As a relief to
the first, enemas and ordinary cathartics are sufficient. For the
second, begin as soon as the cathartics have taken effect by giv-
ing podophyllin in one-fourth grain doses, six hours apart, until
the liver has begun secreting bile in sufficient quantity to re-
lieve the congestion of all internal organs and the distemper has
disappeared. But you will say the kidneys must be looked

A TREATISE ON DOG DISTEMPER. 465

after, which is very true, but do as medical journals tell us —
that nothing will purify and build up the circulation as will
spirits of turpentine, given in small doses, and when called in
the early stages of the disease we will find that nothing will
give the speedy relief as will 5-10 m. of turpentine given in a
tablespoonful of castor oil.

Vou will perceive from the above that I am not taking my
instructions from dog fanciers, who are continually looking for
better results from bottles of some favorite " cure all " than from
their veterinarian,

A veterinarian of Lexington, Kentucky, recently said to me :
" My treatment of K. N. O. 3 and strychnia, which was very
successful in Detroit, has no effect whatever in Lexington ;"
but since he has begun dealing with the facts of the case and
not so much of hearsay, his treatment has been much more suc-
cessful. As well may we expect a few drops of some one's
highly recommended and ever famous colic remedy to cure a
case of constipation of two or three days' standing, as to expect
any specific drug to be a bonanza to us in treating dog distemper.

Hence, you will not be surprised when I say I no more fear
a case of dog distemper than I do pneumonia in a horse, and if
you follow the treatment given above you will readily agree
with me.

The trouble has not been that dog distemper will not yield
to proper treatment, but rather that we have paid no attention
whatever to the actual conditions, and have given treatment for
something foreign to the disease itself.

Dr. Wm. Dougherty, of Baltimore, sailed for Europe the
first of June for health and pleasure. He expected to be present
at the unveiling of the Xocard Monument, and to rclurn in
lime to be at the New Haven meeting of the A. V, M. A.

The Tennessee vState Board of Veterinary Medicai
Examiners held their first meeting for the examination of can
didates for certificates of permanent license in Nashville on June
13. Up to that time forty-three certificates of permanent license
had been issued. Dr. George R. White, of Nashville, is Presi-
dent, and Dr. M. Jacob, Knoxville, is Secretary.

46S REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

' ' Careful observation makes a skillftd practitioner^ but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge oj his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the so:id tdifice of pathological science^

LEUKEMIA.
By A. T. Kinsley, M. Sc. D. V. S., Kansas, City, Mo.

Virchow and Bennett described leukemia in 1845. Kelsch
and Vail lard made some observations upon the same disease in
1880 and at that time they thought it was infectious. A. M.
Lucet reported a case in an ox and one in a dog, 1886, and
thought the cause was of bacterial origin. Other cases have been
reported occasionally, but the literature, and especially Ameri-
can literature, is quite meager upon the subject.

The reason for the scarcity of veterinary literature on leuke-
mia may be traced to two causes : (i) The owner usually
does not wish to feed and care for an incurable animal, and it is
usually immediately disposed of ; (2) since leukemia is not a com-
mon malady, probably the instructors in veterinary colleges
have not considered it of sufficient importance to discuss it in
the course of study, or, again, the veterinarian may have a
clear cut perception of the theory of leukemia and be capable of
diagnosing it and yet hesitate in reporting cases.

Leukemia, as usually considered, is a pathological condition
characterized by an hyperplasia of the cellular elements of
lymph nodes, spleen or bone marrow, accompanied by an excess
of leucocytes in the blood. The leucocytes to some extent in-
dicate the lymphoid tissue affected.

Hodgskin's disease has been defined as a pathologic condi-
tion characterized by hyperplasia of lymphoid cellular elements
without any marked change in the cellular elements of the blood.
Leukemia differs from Hodgskin's disease only in the increased
leucocytes in the blood, and it is probable that the two condi-
tions are only different degrees of the same pathological condi-
tion. The increased number of leucocytes in the blood may be
the result of the hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue surrounding,
and by pressure occluding, the efferent lymph vessels thus pre-
venting the exit of the lymphoid cells, or, the hyperplastic cells
may become detached and occlude the vessel.

The cause of the above conditions being unknown, it would
be unwise to say that they are positively identical ; but since
they are so closely related, are we not justified to call them the

REPORTS OF CASES.

467

Fig. I.— Showing Enlarged Prkscapi-lar and Precrural Lvmph Nodes.

FlU. 11.— «I) bNLAKCKD PRKSCAPULAR LVMPH NODE.
{.V EmLARCBO PRBCR17RAL LVMfH NOOS.

468

REPORTS OF CASES.

same thing; ? In fact, Nocard practically affirmed their identity.

The lymphoid tissue involved has been used as a basis for
classification of leukemia, hence lymphatic, splenic and medul-
lary leukemia, but the different types are only rarely distinct
and it is questionable if such a classification is justifiable.

The following is not reported as a positive case of leukemia,
but rather a questionable one. A six-year-old pregnant cow of
common breed was purchased at the Kansas City Stock Yards.
The right and left prescapular glands were very much enlarged
and the right precrural slightly enlarged, general conditions
otherwise good. (See Cut i.) She was placed in comfortable
quarters and fed chop and hay. A record was kept of tempera-
ture, respiration and pulse. A blood count and blood smears
were made daily. The following table shows the blood count
during the period of observation :

Red White Proportion.

Corpuscles. Corpuscles. White to Red.

Date.

Feb. 3

4

5

7,120,000
7,000,000
7.040,000

6 6,800,000

7,040,000

8 6,800,000

9 6,600.000

10 6.800.000

II 6,400,000

12 6,200,000

13 6,400,000

14 6,000,000

15 5,800,000

16 5,600,000

17 5,400,000

18 5,600,000

19 5,600,000

20 5,400,000

21 5,200,000

White

Corpuscles.

23,700
25,000
24,000
24,000

23.500
22,600
22,000
23.500
23,000
22,000
40,000
37-500
41,000
46,600
43,200
43,000
56,000
60,000
65,000

300
280
290
280
310
300
300
290
280
280
160
160
140
120
"125
130
IOC

90
80

Practically all the white blood cells were lymphocytes, only
one eosinophile cell and a very few polymorphonuclear leuco-
cytes being observed in the entire time of ob.servation.

From Feb. 3d to 12th, inclusive, the blood indicated noth-
ing abnormal. On the 14th the cow gave birth to a premature
calf, which died on the 17th, and of which a careful post-mortem
examination was made without finding anything abnormal.
On the 13th there was a marked increase in leucocytes; how-
ever, in this case it is a doubtful indication of leukemia because
the period of parturition is normally accompanied by a marked

REPORTS OF CASES. 469

leucocy tosis, which may be evident for oue week or more. Un-
fortunately the cow died on the 21st.

Autopsy. — The post-pharyngeal, tracheal and prescapular
lymph glands very much enlarged, the parietal pleura contained
some lymphatic growths ; the valves of the heart were thick-
ened and contained some vegetative growths ; the 2d, 3d, and
4th compartments of the stomach were surrounded by diffuse
lymphatic growths ; the mesenteric lymphatic glands very much
enlarged, also Peyer's patches. The spleen and liver were prac-
tically normal, but the gall bladder was surrounded by a thick
layer of lymphoid tissue.

Sections of the involved lymphatic nodes were obtained and
a careful examination made of them. The cells closely resem-
bled small lymphocytes. They were separated by a small
amount of intercellular substance, which aids in differentiating
leukemia from lymphosarcoma. The neuclei indicated rapid
cell multiplication by the karyokenetic figures present.

Another case was reported from the Stock Yards, the sub-
ject being a two-year old steer, in which the precrural glands
were almost as large as a man's head, and the prescapular glands
were very much enlarged, as is shown by Cut 2. The steer died
before a blood count was obtained. Other cases have been re-
ported by the B, A. I. inspectors as leukemia in cattle and hogs,
but the complete post-mortem records have not been made and
no blood counts were obtained.

Note. Dr. Champlain photographer.

URETHRAL CALCULUS IN THE DOG.*
By Pierre A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y.

The patient, a male coach dog, four years of age, weighing
about fifty pounds, was brought to the clinic t May i, 1905.
The history, as given by the owner, was to the effect that the
dog appeared to be in a normal condition up to within about 24
hours of the time that he reached the clinic. Attempts at mic-
turition were unsuccessful, although the animal used his best
efforts.

An examination of the urethral tract was made externallv
and a small movable mass was detected at the proximal end of
the bone of the penis. A small sized catheter was also passed,

* Presented at the Meeting of the N. Y. Sute Veterinary Medical Society, Ithaca,
N. v., Sept., 1905.
f N. V. Sute Veterinary College.

470 REPORTS OF CASES.

but met an obstruction, easily distinguished by a peculiar grat-
ing sound and by the fact that the catheter would go no farther.
The use of the catheter confirmed the external examination and
as it was quite evident that the mass could not be forced out
through the urethra, the patient was prepared for an operation.

Anaesthesia was effected by the injection of one-half grain of
morphine sulphate hypodermically and the inhalation of ether.
The operative area was shaved, disinfected, and a longitudinal
incision was made on the left side of the sheath at the proximal
end of the penal bone. The cut was continued through the
urethra directly to the obstruction, and a calculus of irregular
form and about the size of a small pea was removed.

It was planned to draw the accumulated urine from the
bladder with a catheter after the calculus was removed, but be-
fore this could be accomplished, the patient passed a consider-
able quantity of urine without assistance, through the urethral
incision. The wound was disinfected with sublimate solution
and the urethral incision sutured with catgut ; the dermal inci-
sion was also loosely sutured with the same material. The fol-
lowing day the stitches were removed from the external wound
and some clots of blood removed. The sheath and testicles
were considerably swollen. Thermofuge was applied locally
and eight grains of ichthyol were given internally three times
a day to relieve the inflammation. Urination occurred in a nor-
mal manner except that the urine last expelled was of a bloody
character. The wound was dressed daily with sublimate solu-
tion and dusted with compound alum powder. The swelling
of the sheath soon yielded to the treatment, but the orchitis
continued. After a few days more of the same treatment, this
condition also improved. The temperature hung about 103°.
The highest temperature recorded was 103.8'^.

Two weeks after the operation, 5 grains of sodium benzoate
were administered three times dailv and the ichthyol discon-
tinued. The dog was discharged May 16, and the owner ad-
vised to continue the sodium benzoate and to dress the wound,
which was not quite healed, with the sublimate solution.

On June 10, the dog was returned with symptoms similar to
those exhibited May i. The dog could pass only a few drops
of urine at a time. The catheter showed an obstruction at the
base of the bone of the penis as before. An operation was im-
mediately performed similar to that of May i, except that the
incision was made upon the right side of the sheath. The cal-
<:ulus this time was not much more than a half as large as the

REPORTS OF CASES. 471

previous one, and with it came a still smaller one. In both
operations, there were in addition to the larger calculi a few
smaller ones of about the size of a pin-head.

In this operation the urine was not passed through the wound
as before, and there was doubtless, less infection, because there
was scarcely any swelling of the sheath, and the wound appeared
to be in a healthy condition. There was some orchitis, how-
ever, which gradually improved without special treatment. The
procedure and treatment in the second operation were very sim-
ilar to that of the first, except that ichthyol was given for a
shorter period and a tablet of calcalith three times a day was
substituted for the sodium benzoate. The calcalith (a combi-
nation of calcium, lithium and colchicine) was given with the
idea of its forming combinations with the phosphates and elim-
inating them through the intestinal canal, thereby decreasing
the elimination through the kidneys.

Shortly after the first operation the urine was examined for
phosphates, and the normal amount was found to be more than
doubled. A partial analysis of the calculus was made. Phos-
phates and carbonates were found to be present, probably in
combination with lime as a base. For three months there was
no return of the trouble, and the owner reported the dog to be
in as apparently a normal condition as ever.

On Sept. 13, the dog was returned by the owner. (The dog
was exhibited at the State meeting, then in session). There
was considerable orchitis and swelling of the sheath. On the
left side of the sheath, near the scrotum, there was an opening
in the skin from one to two centimetres in diameter. It ap-
peared as if some urine escaped through this orifice, but an
attempt to pass a catheter through it was not successful. An
attempt to pass the catheter through the penis was likewise
unsuccessful at first, although it was passed later. The swollen
condition of the parts made an external examination for calculus
very difficult.

The dog was placed under morphine-ether anaesthesia and
the skin orifice enlarged and the incision carried down to the
urethra. A catheter was easily passed through this orifice into
the bladder. A catheter was also passed the full length of the
penis without obstruction, indicating that no calculus was pres-
ent in the urethra and probably no stricture. The wound was
dressed antiseptically but not sewed.

On the day after the operation, there was no trouble in pass-
ing a catheter and drawing some of the urine. A small opening

472 REPORTS OF CASES.

now appeared in the skin, upon the right side of the sheath, as
if there might be pus present, although none was seen. Tem-
perature ioi°. The wound was dressed and injected with com-
pound iodine solution (Lugol's). The swelling of the sheath
soon decreased, as did that of the scrotum, although more slowly.
The urine at first passed through the wound, but on the sixth
day after the operation it was observed to pass normally through
the penis.

Within two weeks the swelling and orchitis had disappeared
and the wound was healing nicely ; but at this time the dog
was not feeling so lively as hitherto, and soon gave evidence
of sickness by refusing his feed and developing a slight rise in
temperature. The treatment consisted of tonics and antipyret-
ics, without much appareut change in his condition. Although
not improved in his health, he was taken home by the owner
after the third week and the treatment kept up. The dog, how-
ever, grew weaker, and two weeks after he was taken home he
wandered away and never returned. It is much to be regretted
that an autopsy could not have been held.

It was brought out later, that just previous to the last attack
the owner had washed the dog in a creek, and he believed that
the dog had taken cold at this time. The swelling of the sheath
and scrotum may have been caused by this cold bath, as the tis-
sues in the above named parts were probably weakened from the
previous operations, and therefore more susceptible — the effect
ultimately extending through the whole system, and being more
or less responsible for the fatal ending, notwithstanding the fact
that the wounds were healing nicely and that the surgical part
of the case was apparently successful.

A SUPPOSED CASE OF RABIES.*
By Dr. R. W. McDonald, Flint, Michigan.
About Nov. 30th last a family vacated a house and by some
means imprisoned a cocker spaniel dog in the house vacated.
Ten days later, the discovery being made, and the dog being
released, at once began to act strangely; he ran amuck for a
number of blocks, having bitten or attempted to bite a number
of dogs, among the number being a spotted coach dog belong-
ing to J. B. Wilson. He was reported to the police and was
destroyed. About ten days later the Wilson dog began showing
a quarrelsome disposition by biting his daily companion, a

* Presented to Annual Meeting of Michigan State V.M.A., Feb. 6, 1906.

REPORTS OF CASES. 473

female of the same breed, also four or five other dogs in the
immediate vicinity. At 6 p. m., on following Mr. Wilson, he
was noticed to skulk behind, and on arriving home he refused
to remain in the house, as was his custom, also refused to eat,
nothing serious being thought of it at the time. About 9 p. m.
Mr. W. received a telephone, about four miles distant, asking
what they had done to Duke ; they said he came there about
7 P. M. This place in question is one where the Wilson family,
also the dog. frequently visited. The dog remained till next
morning, and was apparently nervously affected, as the eyes
were bloodshot and also showed a nervous tremor. He left
there, and, instead of going home, took a westerly direction,
and, after having gone four miles, he forced a fight with a farm-
er's dog. From there he still pressed on, and overtook a man
that was gathering ashes ; followed him till nightfall. The
next place he was heard from was where a prayer meeting was
being held ; when the meeting was dispersed he followed an
old gentleman home, and on arriving at the house he forced the
farmer's dog to peacefully repose in some of the outhouses, while
he occupied comfortable quarters behind the kitchen stove.
Next morning he again forsook hospitality and evidently had
Horace Greeley's advice in mind, for he again went West. Dur-
ing the day, as far as we know, he had three fights with farmers'
dogs ; in one he forced one of the eyes out of its socket and left
it entirely exposed ; this dog had to be destroyed. The party
owning the last dog attacked, telephoned ahead to a neighbor to
watch out for a mad dog, which he did, and destroyed him. This
occurred on a Friday. On Monday Mr. Wilson heard the dog
had been destroyed : he drove about 14 miles to the place and
exhumed the dog's head, and I in turn sent the brain to Prof.
Marshall, and after 20 days' wait he informed me that the ani-
mals injected did not show any bad results, indicating that the
dog did not suffer from rabies I might say, that, so far as can
be learned, dogs were the only animals that he attacked, and
also his mode of attacks was confined to the heads of his
antagonists.

Now, gentlemen, from Prof. Marshall's investigation, the
animal did not suffer from rabies; and, if not, what was the
malady i

PLUGGING A CARIOUS TOOTH WITH GUTTA-PERCHA.
By G. L. Meholin, V. S.. Fairfax, S. D.
March 10, a large aged bay gelding was brought to my in-

474 REPORTS OF CASES.

firmary with a very foetid discharge from the left nostril, and
the fourth upper molar upon examination proved to be mostly
decayed — so much so that I could not get sufficient hold of it
with forceps to extract it ; so I decided to trephine, which I did
the next day. I found the facial sinuses literally packed full of
the most foul and offensive masticated food, mostly hay in dif-
ferent stages of decay, that I have ever seen, and I have had
considerable experience with decayed teeth and different dis-
orders of the teeth and facial sinuses. There was probably as
much of this, including the pus, as a pint tin-cup would hold,
and contained many hard, spongy, little balls of masticated hay,
which I presume were moulded in the cavity of the tooth and
forced up by the accumulation of more in the alveolar and tooth
cavity, since these were mostly in the lower portion of the accu-
mulation. The opening into the nasal cavity was at the very
upper and inside corner of the sinuses, accounting for the fact
that none of the accumulation had filtered through into the
nasal cavity and been discharged, as it did not, as near as I
could determine and from what the man told me who owned
the animal.

I irrigated this accumulation, and removed it nearly all
through the opening made by the trepine, and punched out the
tooth and treated for several days with mild antiseptic irriga-
tions, but the alveolar cavity would not granulate to any pur-
pose, while the discharge from the nostril ceased and the wound
became sweet and clean and healthy otherwise. On the 29th I
gave horse a heavy feed, and all the good hay he would eat, and
what water he wanted, and in the afternoon I cast him and
cleaned the mouth and cavity nicely and irrigated wound as
usual and plugged the cavity (which was yet larger than a large
sized walnut and seemingly not granulated a particle) with
gutta-percha and irrigated with cold water and allowed him to
rise. Did not give him any feed until the next day late, when
the gutta-percha was thoroughly set and as hard as it ever
would be.

I saw this case some few days ago and the plugging is still
intact, and he is doing very nicely. I, of course, lowered the
corresponding lower molar as much as possible, and there is no
grinding wear on the plugging as there was on the tooth ex-
tracted, since the lower molar had grown much longer than the
ones adjoining it on either side. This animal was probably 18
or 20 years old, but quite healthy, and I think his age the
cause of the alveolar cavitiy not granulating.

REPORTS OF CASES. 475

ACCIDENT WITH CHLOROFORM.
By A. W. Whitehouse, V. S., Laramie, Wyoming.

I have a good deal of trouble in my dental work, partly with
the range horses which have been roughly broken but never
gentled, and which have no intention of having their mouths
interfered with at all, and partly with those whose mouths are
infested with the beards of the foxtail grass (wild barley — hor-
deum jubatum), which causes painful ulcers and fistulse, and
consequently the most vigorous resistance. It has recently
been my practice to put these cases under partial anaesthesia in
preference to throwing and securing them. I have had a muz-
zle constructed out of an ordinary feed bag. The upper part
has a strap to draw it snug round the face. The leather bottom
is cut out and hinged, with a couple of straps stitched at each
end across its inner face to slip the rag under. A leather cup
is strapped on snugly over this hinged flap. From one to two
ounces of chloroform will produce in about lo minutes suffi-
cient dullness to allow of about 15 minutes' quick work, even
in a very vicious animal, and they generally stand up.

My case was a bay work horse, 16 years old, that needed fil-
ing, and had a bad foxtail fistula from below the tongue and
coming out just back of the junction of the rami. I put on the
muzzle and gave him an ounce and a half of chloroform. I no-
ticed his jaws working, but paid little attention, supposing he
was trying to push the rag away with his lips. After 8 minutes,
as he was still in the excited stage, I got ready another ounce
on a fresh rag. I then opened the cap of the muzzle and found
that the first rag had disappeared. Reaching as far as he would
let me in his mouth I could not feel it, nor could it be detected
from outside. Crumpled up this rag was rather larger than a
man's fist. I then had him thrown and applied a Sharp &
Smith speculum in a hurry. I could now feel part of the rag
in a tight wad back of the last right molar. It was wadded
too tightly to take hold of with the fingers, and I had to use a
forceps to withdraw it. The last part withdrawn was in a long
tail, and I have no doubt it had entered the cesophagu.s.

The result was a very profound anaesthesia considering the
small amount of chloroform used, and a rather bad pulse for
about a minute. I shall have to put a piece of wire netting
across the muzzle, which will prevent a repetition of the
accident. I fancy, however, that the occurrence is very un-
usual.

476 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROm EXCHANGES.

GERMAN AND HUNGARIAN REVIEW.

By Adoli'H Eichhorn, D. V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington D. C.

The Course of Infection in Feeding Tuberculosis
[y. Bartet^ from the Pathologic- Anatomical I iislitute^ Viennci\.
— The author concludes in this work the final results of the
experimental studies which he commenced in 1904. (i) Rab-
bits and guinea-pigs received one dose of a floating culture,
dropped into their empty mouths. It developed a cervical,
bronchial, and mesenteric lymph gland tuberculosis, apparently
without producing changes on the respective mucous mem-
branes. (2) If tubercle bacilli in the form of floating cultures
were mixed with the food, principally the mesenteric lymph
glands showed the infection. (3) Still more marked were the
mesenteric lymph glands in an exclusive participation of the
affection, when pieces of tubercular organs were fed. Notwith-
standing that the tissue macroscopically appeared normal, mi-
croscopically tuberculosis of the epitheloid cells were proven.
Oftentimes the presence of tubercle bacilli in the lymphatic
tissue was only established through experimental inoculations,
in some cases with direct cultivation. The different extensions
of the processes, according to the methods of feeding (Nos. i, 2, 3)
deserve full consideration. In one case B. proved the presence
of tubercle bacilli in an experimental animal, 104 days after one
feeding of tubercle bacilli ; they were found in the tonsils, cer-
vical and mesenteric lymph glands. The author concludes, on
the ground of these results, that tuberculosis does not have to
manifest itself at the regional lymph glands near the place of
infection. Therefore, according to B. (accepting that the con-
ditions in animals can be applied to men), in the prevention of
tuberculosis uniform attention must be paid to all modes of en-
trance. An infection of distant groups of lymphatic tissues is
possible from an entrance at another place ; while the regional
tissues are macroscopically and microscopically normal, yet in
the extensive propagation of tubercle bacilli they may be pres-
ent at both places. According to B., an invasion of tubercle
bacilli through the intact mucous membrane, is not only occa-
sional after receiving once tubercular bacilli into the digestive
tract, but is regular ; through this passage, of course, the bacilli

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 477

become attenuated, so that sometimes their presence cannot be
established by any method, while later, in spite of the absence
of microscopical lesions, they are proven frequently (through
culture or animal experiments). In most cases the bacilli which
were isolated in the second stage could not produce specific
changes. Their virulency is reduced, but they are reproduc-
tive and remain only for a period in the stage of latency. —
(Hygienhche Rundschau.)

The Course of the Natural Infection of Tuberculo-
sis IN Guinea-Pigs [/. Bartel and F. Spieler]. — In considera-
tion that the experiments relating to the mode of infection of
tuberculosis were partly up to the present carried out under
unnatural conditions, therefore the authors tried by another just
as simple method as a recommendable way to attain their ob-
ject. A large number of guinea-pigs were given to board with
a family affected with tuberculosis. Hereby a series of the
animals were kept in cages, to the others perfect freedom was
granted. The animals were called for at different intervals ;
they were observed for some time, then killed, and a minute
bacteriological examination made, as well as cultures inoculated
from the various organs; also experiments of transmission to
other guinea-pigs were followed. The results of the experi-
ments are very remarkable. Most of the animals kept in the
cages showed swellings of the cervical lymph glands, frequently
rapid emaciation, without the possibility of disclosing the pres-
ence of tubercle bacilli. In two cases of this series, however, a
pronounced tuberculosis of the lymph glands and organs devel-
oped. Still more frequently were found the animals of the
other series infected with tuberculosis. Occasionally the pres-
ence of tubercle bacilli in the lymphatic tissue was proven by
inoculations, though the tissues showed not the specific tuber-
cular changes. Further, it is important that in a large number
of those cases in which early affections of the lymph glands
were demonstrable, not the bronchial glands but the cervical
and mesenteric glands were affected. Based on these observa-
tions the authors believe — especially considering the infection
of the child organism — that the importance of the ''buccal cavity
and intestinal canal," as a point of entrance for the tubercle
bacilli, outweighs bv far the direct entering of the bacilli into
the deeper respiratory passages, and to which authors are attach-
ing too much importance. This holds not only to tuberculosis
in general, but also for lung tuberculosis. — (Hygienische
Rundschau.)

478 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

A Case of Sadomia and Sadism iGrundmann\. — One
night a hotel keeper was awakened by a painful bellowing of
one of his cows. He hastened to the stable and found one of
bis animals in a serious condition, and thought it advisable to
slaughter the cow immediately. The autopsy revealed the fol-
lowing changes : the lips of the vulva and also the vagina swol-
len, the mucous membrane highly reddened ; in the connective
tissue around the rectum numerous haemorrhages ; in the wall of
the rectum a rupture about 3-4 cm. long ; the mesentery, colon,
the right lobe of the liver, the omentum and the diaphragm
showed lacerations, also the superior part of the right lung had
similar injuries ; the pleura revealed extensive haemorrhages.
Similar injuries were noticeable on a nine-month old heifer,
this one showing symptoms of sickness since that same morn-
ing, and later had also to be slaughtered, as the condition be-
came more aggravated. The examination proved that one of
the stable employes had sexual intercourse with the heifer, and
then standing up on a stool tried the same performance on the
cow ; the cow kicked, threw the man from the stool to the
ground. He then took a pitchfork and pierced its pole into the
rectum of both animals as far as he could. The court sentenced
him to six months in the penitentiary and to the loss of his citi-
zen rights for three vears. — ( BerL Thierarzt. IVochenschr )

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof A. Ijautard. M. D., V. M.

Sarcoma of the Sub Lumbar Lymphatics in a Horse
[IV. H. Brooke, ^f. R. C. V. S.'\. — The subject of this record was
a brown gelding, 14-15 years old, which three years previous
had to be tracheotomized to be able to work. He did it up to
this last sickness. Six months ago he appeared to be in bad
condition, feeding precariously. There was nothing very
marked, and yet it looked as if something was wrong in the
digestive apparatus. After a time the bowels became relaxed
and kept in that condition until his death, when the excreta
were almost liquid and of an extremely unpleasant odor. The
teeth had been fixed, his feeding and watering carefully attended
to. Was it tuberculosis? Tested with tuberculin, the result
was entirely negative. There were no parasites in the bowels.

KXTKACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 479

The author concluded that the trouble was probably a lymphatic
obstruction or tumor. His condition became so bad that the
animal had to be destroyed. At the autopsy it was found that
the small intestine was much shrunken and contained but a
little ingesta. The large intestine was scarcely half its ordi-
nary size. The bloodvessels of the intestines were dilated and
contained blood of a deep venous tint. Along the margin of
the large intestine there was a chain of tumor-like enlarge-
ments. Above the ileum, a short distance from the caecum, a
lobulated growth of encephaloid consistency, weighing four
pounds, was found. Under the kidneys there was a great mass
of tumors, involving the posterior part of the root of the mesen-
tery, weighing a little over 40 pounds. It was irregularly
spherical, and in its centre were found some lymphatic glands,
with the lobes widely separated by the invasion of the tumor.
Through it ran bands of fibrous nature, interspersed with soft
masses of encephaloid consistency. The nature of these
growths, made out by the microscope, was sarcomatous and
composed of round cells. — (Journal of Camp. Path, and
Ther.)

On the Use of Beta-Eucaine and Adrenalin as Local
Anaesthetic [£". IVallis Hoare, F. R. C. F. 6^].— Three con-
ditions are essential for a local anaesthetic to fulfill : (1) it
should be non-toxic in ordinary amounts; (2) it should prove
effectual in rendering the part into which it is injected perfectly
anaesthetized ; (3) it should not exert any injurious effect on the
tissues so as to interfere with healing. For the author these
conditions are met by the combination of B. eucaine and
adrenalin chloride, to which are added the effects of the last
mentioned agent, rendering the superficial structures practically
bloodless by the contraction of the capillaries. The solution
used by Mr. Hoare consists of B. eucaine hydrochloride gr.
I 6th in each 16.9 minims (practically one per cent.) of water,
combined with adrenalin chloride gr. i-2000th. Diluted with
four volumes of normal salt solution it forms the solution to use
as a local anaesthetic. Mr. Hoare has used the concentrated so-
lution in canine practice for the removal of tumors, injecting
15-20 minims around the base of the growths, at different
points, according to the size, waiting ten minutes before operat-
ing. Half an ounce of the solution has been injected without
any toxic effect whatever. Its use in horses is rather limited,
although in the case of a nervous, well-bred mare the author
was able to remove a large, very deefvseated tumor by the in-

4S0 EXTRACTS KkOM EXCHANGES.

jection of three drams of the solution in amounts of 30 minims
in different parts of the growth. No pain was manifested and
no restraint resorted to. The solution keeps well, even after
the bottle containing it has been opened once or twice. For
the author this new compound will find its application in many
cases where chloroform or any other means of anaesthesia are con-
tra-i ndicated. — ( Veterinary Record.)

Extrusion of Bowel — Recovery \^John Renfrew., M. R.
C. V. S.\. — The question put by the author at the end of his
record is : "Why did this animal not collapse? The bowels
were out, filthy stable, and were all the time in the arms of an
assistant whose clothes had not been sterilized for a day or two.
. . . " Why, indeed ? A horse had a suppurating cord ; at
intervals the discharge stopped, and an abscess was the result.
When opened and drained the horse resumed work. This con-
dition lasted for some time, when one day, an abscess having
formed, an assistant of the author called to open it. In doing
so, the horse made a plunge and the small intestine escaped
through an abdominal wound, to be fortunately received and
held in the assistant's arms. The position was critical and the
surroundings as undesirable as could be imagined. " A dimly-
lighted railway arch in the centre of the city, with not a breath
of fresh air, no attempt at drainage, and a dung pit in one of the
empty stalls." To throw the horse meant probable injury to
the bowel ; so it was decided to return them into the abdomen
with the animal standing. After cleaning the hands and instru-
ments as well as possible, the bowels and clothes holding them
were thoroughly disinfected with a 10 per cent, solution of car-
bolized glycerine in tepid water, and slowly but successfully
returned into the abdomen, an operation which, however, was
considerably facilitated by the shape of the patient's abdomen.
The wound in the abdominal wall was eight inches long; the
edges, cleaned and disinfected, were brought together with
twelve interrupted sutures of silk and eucalyptus tape, all of
the structures being caught together in the sutures. The
wound was sponged with spirits of turpentine, painted over
with collodion, and a pad of antiseptic lint placed over it. It
healed by first intention, but the discharge from the suppurat-
ing cord remained. — (Veterinary Record.)

Fracture and Removal of the Head of the Femur
[£*. Hibbard, M. R. C. V. 5.].— A Landseer Newfoundland dog,
aged seven months, was brought to the author for a very severe
lameness of one hind leg, the result of an accident, the dog hav-

EXTKACIS FROM kXCHANGES. 481

ing been run over by a cart. A diagnosis of fracture of the
femur was made and a treatment applied, which, after six weeks,
proved without result. The dog being useless, in his condition,
an operation of stitching the pieces of bone with wire suture
was suggested and accepted by the owner. The dog was pre-
pared, put under chloroform, and the operation started by cut-
ting the tissues down to the loose pieces of bone. This was
found to consist of the complete head of the femur entirely
loose from the body of the bone. Instead of attempting wiring
the fragments of bone, the head of the femur was dissected out
and removed. The wound was treated antiseptically and cica-
trized without complication. The dog is now three years old ;
he is slightly lame, as could be expected with a leg shorter than
the other, but he is otherwise in perfect health, and seems to
have no pain whatsoever. — (Veterinary Journal.)

Suppuration of the Head of the Femur {W. Paner^
M. R. C. V.S.']. — A large Great Dane bitch, lo years old, in
jumping in a wagon knocked herself against the seat and hurt
herself so badly that she grunted with pain and became very
lame. She remained walking on three legs and very seldom
put or rested her paw on the ground. A diagnosis was made of
tendonous lesions of the hip joint and a treatment prescribed of
hot fomentations with applications of sedative lotions. This
treatment was kept up, but the pain seemed to increase, espe-
cially when the leg was carried in abduction. Yet no enlarge-
ment of the joint was visible nor any crepitation detected. After
three months of treatment, there being no improvement, the
animal was destroyed. At the post-mortem the head of the
femur was found almost all gone, macerated as it had been in
suppuration of the bony cancellated structure of the femur,
which was diseased in the two superior thirds of its length. —
( Veterinary Journal. )

Interesting Crvptorchid [E. Hatch, M. R. C. VS., and
Fred. Hobday, F. R. C. V.S.\. — A cart colt, two years old, is a
regular nuisance to his owner. He mounts all animals that
come close to him, geldings, mares, and even cattle. He must
be castrated. It is a case of hypospadia. Looking at him cas-
ually from behind he has the appearance of a female. From
what should be the vagina protrudes a malformed penis, which
when in erection measures ten inches in length. There are two
mammse, well developed, and the teats arc pierced normally.
The animal is cast and chloroformed. Search is started for the
testicles. One is found in the perineum, almost subcutaneously,

482 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

and about six inches below the badly formed penis. Tt is of
normal size. The other, which is much smaller, is found in
the abdominal cavity. Recovery progressed without trouble.
— (Veterinary Journal.)

Undiagnosed Foreign Body \^M.R. C. F. 5.]. — The his-
tory of this cat is vague. Aged one year, he has refused food,
and seems to be in pain, rolling on the floor and flinging out
somewhat like a horse with spasmodic colic. When these acute
symptoms have subsided, there seems to be nothing abnormal
about him, and all that is seen amiss is a little swelling around
the extremity of the left wing of the atlas, which is small, hard
and not painful. Expectant treatment is prescribed. Next day
condition apparently improved. Animal is brighter; swelling
perhaps a little larger. On the third day, if the condition is a
little better, the swelling is evidently larger and softer, which is
more marked the following day. The swelling bursts open,
leaves a little opening just below and behind the wing of
the atlas. On manipulating the swelling, the presence of
a foreign body, not previously suspected, is made out, and
through the orifice of the abscess a thin sewing-needle, two
inches long, is extracted, carrying with it a long piece of thread.
Of course recovery was rapid and uneventful. — (Veterinary
Record.)

Diaphragmatic Hernia [/. R. //.]. — This black gelding
is difficult to shoe. Taken one day to the shop, he allowed
three shoes to be put on without much trouble. But when it
came to the fourth he became restless and means of restraint
had to be resorted to. The use of a sideline made him more
violent, and finally he was put in stocks, with two broad leather
bauds passed under his belly, with crossbars behind and in front
of him. He was not tied, but held by a man. He was quieted
and the shoe could be tacked on ; he was noticed to sway twice
in the stocks, sank down, and was dead. At the post-mortem,
on opening the abdomen and chest it was found that the sternal
flexure of the colon was displaced forward and entered the chest
through a large opening of the diaphragm. The muscular por-
tion of the muscle was completely torn from the xyphoid carti-
lage and partly from the ribs on either side. The edges of the
torn muscle had the appearance of having been ruptured be-
fore death. The heart and lungs showed all the characters
of asphyxia, which was certainly the cause of death by pres-
sure upon the lungs of the displaced viscera. — (Veterinary
Record.)

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 483

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

NOTES ON THE VETERINARY SERVICE OF THE
RUSSIAN ARMIES IN THE FAR EAST, 1905.

By JoHX Van Rensselaer Hoff, A.M., M.D.,

Colonel, Assistant Surgeon- General, U. S, Army, Alilttary Observer.

The Veterinary Corps of the Russian Army was organized
on the lines of the Medical Corps, of which Department it was
until recently a part, but in the East was an independent fac-
tor of the Sanitary Department. The Russian veterinarian is
educated in his profession, and so far as I could see had about
the same standing in the Army as the physician, with whom he
took rank in the "civil grade," the senior veterinarian having
the assimilated military rank of Major General.

During peace times there are, according to existing regula-
tions, veteri nary />^r5^««(?/ and wrtA'rzV/ (hospitals) with mounted
units as follows : Cavalry and cossack regiments, detached
squadrons or sotnias, and cadres of the cavalry reserve. Artil-
lery brigades and mortar regiments, horse artillery and cossack
batteries, train battalions.

The veterinary hospitals must receive all sick public ani-
mals and the private mounts of officers, for all of which forage
is authorized. The regulations are quite specific as to the in-
terior economy of veterinary hospitals; they require that such
shall consist of three subdivisions : First, for convalescents or
slightly sick ; second, for seriously sick, and, third, for infec-
tious diseases (quarantine). The duties of the veterinary sur-
geon are also prescribed in detail in the veterinary regulations.

In war, sick horses are treated in veterinary organizations
at the front, in the train, and at the depots. The veterinary
hospitals of the first two categories follow their respective or-
ganizations and are designated by their names — those of the
third are assigned for the care of the reserve horses, and the
animals attached to corps, and are designated by numbers. The
first named, being with troops, are practically always organized ;
the list of such is as given above. The veterinary hospitals of
the second category are for the trains of the infantry, rifle and
reserve divisions, cavalry and cossack divisions, pontoon divis-
ions and military transport. The hospitals of the third category
are assigned one to each corps.

These may be supplemented in case of necessity by additional

484

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

veterinary hospitals assigned to separate horse reserves, or to
fortresses.

Veterinary hospitals for the division trains are established
by the division commander, for the pontoon battalions by the
corps or detachment commander, and for the transport by the
chief of communications.

The hospitals with horse reserves are under the supervision
of the chief veterinary surgeon of the military zone ; those with
the corps are under the corps' chief veterinarian.

T\\c personnel oi a depot veterinary hospital and the money
allowance for the same are as follov/s :

Officials.

Superintendent of

hospital ....
Ass't veterinarian
Senior feldsher. .
Junior feldsher. .
Sergeant clerk . .

Yearly allowances.

Original pay*
*R K R K

420
360

34
25
24

38700

33300

3 3 [60

25135
24100

Increase.

R K R K

63000
54000

582

498
64
48 1 90
36!oo

Table money
Orig. increase.

R K R K

0060000

00300100
80

553
276

0

0

0

"3 ">

0

0 c

s

r

■J)
VIII

CJ

vet II

IX

vetlll

* A ruble is worth about 51 cents U. S, C.

The staff of a veterinary hospital is based on the require-
ments of one hundred patients.

Military veterinarians have the same rights as military phy-
sicians with corresponding allowances for quarters, subsistence,
and servants. Feldshers and sergeants receive clothing and
subsistence in addition to the above. One soldier is allowed
per three horses under treatment.

The senior veterinarian of the depot is in command of it
and is charged with its administration ; he is accountable for
the public property pertaining to the hospital, including the
public funds for subsistence of personnel and patients, and all
record.s. He is responsible for the discipline of the />^rj^««^/,
and is authorized to issue orders thereto, which are entered in
the hospital order book. He has the rights of a regimental
commander in administering his command.

Veterinary hospitals in the theatre of operations receive their
supplies of medicines, surgical instruments and dressings, etc.,
from field veterinary dispensaries and temporary supply depots.

The following schedule indicates the diseases for which
horses should be admitted to hospitals in war time. I might

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

485

State here that in battle regular veterinary first aid stations were
established in the different fighting organizations.

Causes of admission to train veterinary hospitals : Severe
wounds, sore backs or shoulders, lameness from diseased feet,
etc., varicocele, severe diseases of the eye and exhaustion requir-
ing rest and nourishment. The depot hospitals receive cases of
like character.

Destruction is ordered in the following conditions : Glan-
ders, madness, complicated wounds, fractures, paralysis, wounds
of joints, etc., in which the cost of cure is likely to exceed the
value of the animal, complicated sprains, hoof rot.

The following was the form of register used in veterinary
hospitals :

Name and duties
of Horse.

Disease.

CO

.

V

1

s

-o

n

s

o.ti

n

V

1

♦* a

o

w

1

•SI

y,o

^

•o

ll

i'S

t-^

0)

V

to

Is

^ u
5 ■*-•

'C

2

c

.2 ^

2 o

v

c

t-H

a

<

Q

H

5

»— >

5

!

Month and day of admission and discharge of each horse is
entered in column "recovered," "transferred," or "died."

Animals admitted to a train hospital were accounted for on
the forage requisition of the divisional train or on that of the
organization where the hospital was located, but their subsist-
ence was independent of the hospital as a special detachment.
Professional reports were rendered to the chief veterinarian.

Commanders of organizations at the front were required to
evacuate all animals that could not be treated with the com-
mand, to train or depot hospitals. Such animals were supplied
with halters, nose-bags, brushes, currycombs and blankets, and
accompanied by a certified ration return. When recovered the
animals were returned to their commands with a like certified
ration return. When it was impracticable to return the horse
to his command he was turned into the nearest horse depot or
other organization as might be directed. All veterinary hos-
pitals were subjected to inspection bv field army veterinary
inspectors.

The foregoing somewhat desultory account will at least in-

486 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

dicate that Russia had given considerable attention to organiza-
tion for the care of the animals of her armies in the Far East,
and I will now endeavor to show something of what was accom-
plished by the Veterinary Department.

The following is based npon an official statement made by
the Chief Veterinary Inspector of the Army of the Rear, who
was impressed with the fact that the problems for solution by
the Veterinary Department in the Far East where mutatis mu-
tandis quite as difficult as those of the other branches of the
service.

The long journey across Asia subjected the horses to con-
stant exposure to anthrax, which is enzootic in that region.
This disease manifested itself among Russian horses in the in-
testinal form, caught from food or stable litter, with a mortality
of from 50 to 80 per cent., and there was every reason to expect
a possible epizootic and certainly a considerable loss from this
infection. Preventive inoculations of antitoxin introduced by
Professor Langsh, of Kasan, Russia, were used with most satis-
factory results. Dr. Dorbrotvorsky reports that this invaluable
remedy can be used at any time or place without interfering
with the use of the animal, and it is undoubtedly due to Langsh's
serum that the army horses escaped an epizootic of anthrax.

Glanders is universal in Manchuria, but was so effectively
controlled by sanitary measures, constant inspection, immediate
isolation and destruction in declared cases that the actual loss
was less than one in 1,000. Surra did not appear among the
Russian animals. In this connection it is stated that the forage
obtained in Manchuria, corn, oats, barley, kaoliang beans, bean-
cake, shu-mi tzu {y)\\\ rice) straw and even ^^<?/m«^ stalks caused
no disease worse than an occasional attack of mycotic inflamma-
tion of the digestive tract.

Rinderpest is epizootic in Siberia. This very infectious dis-
ease, which ordinarily is only eliminated by destruction of the
infected animals, was satisfactorily controlled by the use of anti-
pest toxin, prepared at the Chetinska and Iro antitoxin stations
near Troits Kosavaska. This remedy, not only prevented but
actually cured the disease and rendered unnecessary the destruc-
tion of cattle, which would have ordinarily been demanded in
66 per cent, of all the animals received. When used as a preven-
tive the antitoxin does not produce the disease in modified
form. The authority above quoted stated that " antipest toxin
made it possible to feed the Russian Army with fresh meat, and
without it we would have been compelled to rely upon tinned

AR&iY VETEKINARV DEPAKTXIENT. 487

meat, which contingency was considered in connection with our
having to purchase our meat supply in America. This war
has settled beyond question the fact that we will not have to
depend upon tinned meats so long as cattle on the hoof are
available and have been immunized by antipest toxin." Be-
sides rinderpest there were no cattle diseases of importance ;
aphthae, pleuro-pneumonia, etc., were little to be feared.

I regret that it was impossible to obtain the full morbidity
and mortality statistics of animals used by the Russian armies
in the Far East. I addressed a letter to the Chief Veterinary
Inspector in the field, but received no reply thereto. The statis-
tics of the rear (furnished from the Harbin office) are as follows :
Horses received from Russia, including Siberia, January i, 1904,
to August I, 1905, 225,819, exclusive of 542 sick ; horned cattle
from Siberia, 150,419 ; (horned cattle dead from rinderpest 10,-
000); sheep passed through Harbin, 100,611.

There was a very careful system of inspection along the en-
tire line of communication, with numerous rest stations and
veterinary hospitals, inspection points, etc., scattered between
Russia and Manchuria.

There were veterinary hospitals at Harbin. The statistics
of one was as follows: July, 1905, treated in hospital, 133
horses; Aug., 1905, 123; Sept., 1905 (to 20th), 113.

During this period 267 horses were treated in quarters. The
mortality was as follows : i anthrax, 7 glanders, 4 hydrocepha-
lus, 2 apoplexy, 4 lumpy jaw. Among some of the other dis-
eases treated were influenza (epizootic), 60 ; rhinitis, 23 ; lumpy
jaw, 13 ; colic, 27.

I find in looking over the notes of an interview with the
Chief Intendant that he stated the wastage of animals had not
been computed. He further said that 150,000 mules had been
purchased in Manchuria.

The important lesson for us in the Russian veterinary expe-
rience is the successful use of antitoxin sera in the treatment of
animal diseases. Nothing is said of tetanus by the veterinarians,
from which I infer there was little among the animals in the
Far East. I presume there must have been some cases, and a
large percentage of those probably died, if the veterinary expe-
rience was the same as the medical. Russian physicians regard
the antitoxin of tetanus as at present made as of little or no
value. But with anthrax and rinderpest the results were most
satisfactory, and I believe the antipest serum has a present and
future value to us which should not be overlooked.

488 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

VETERINARY AFFAIRS IN THE ARMY.

Apropos to numerous references concerning the Army Vet-
erinarian, relating to questions of Hygiene, Sanitary Police, etc.:

The actual necessity, as observed by many officers of the
Army, has led to the employment of veterinarians. In early
days, but a few years ago, before the Hispano-American conflict,
all of the ten regiments of Cavalry then existing did not have
the authorized two veterinarians to each organization, and the
Artillery veterinarian, strictly speaking, was unknown.

It is only since this period that the Army veterinarian has
been recognized as a part of an organization ; recommendations
from him to-day are approved or may be disapproved, as his
immediate superior authority may elect.

Our veterinarians, during the past six years have not been
idle ; true it is, the literature emanating from this source has
not been voluminous, but it can be safely stated that most of
the gentlemen have been prominent in urging reforms, etc., es-
pecially in the methods of hygiene, the construction of stables
and their sanitation.

As the veterinarian in the Army to-day is but assimilated to
the regular service, not a full officer, it can hardly be expected
that he will be nominated on a board of officers, " although
they possess intelligent power to think on these points and
similar subjects."

But a short time ago (1903) the question of Post Veterinary
Hospitals was brought before the Department forcibly. Plans
and specifications were prepared, with the assistance of veteri-
narians in different departmental posts, forwarded to the Quar-
termaster-General, with the result that more or less of a uniform
plan was adopted for a hospital that would answer the needed
purpose for both temperate and semi-tropic climes.

At present one model hospital built to accommodate forty
patients has been erected and is in daily use. This building is
constructed of stone, situated on an elevation ; it contains roomy
box-stalls, single stalls, one large concrete base and side-walled
bath for hot or cold water, two isolation wards and several
screened stalls to absolutely prevent fly infection.

An operating and dressing room, 30x30. well lighted above,
hot and cold water connections, a well equipped dispensary, with
comfortable rooms and accommodations for permanent hospital
stewards.

This is the first of its kind and it is contemplated to build

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 489

more such ones at different large Army Posts, in the near
future.

This is one result of accomplished efforts of the present
Army veterinarian, and we trust that more will be accredited to
him.

The duties prescribed in Army Regulations are not arduous.
The candidate for the service may expect, as many do, a life of
comfort and ease. To those, however, who expect to gain merited
future recognition (possibly promotion by selection) much re-
mains to be accomplished. The daily record of animals treated,
the compilation of a yearly record, statistics, etc. It may
be safely stated, that such record is not maintained at all
mounted posts.

\t present, daily, weekly or monthly inspection of stables,
corrals or paddocks is not entrusted to the veterinarian. Why ?
The respective organization commanders are responsible for the
sanitary conditions ; the medical officer frequently makes au-
thorized inspections of these surroundings, and to illustrate an
incident during 1903, the daily watering troughs, filled with
drinking water for two mounted organizations, were given a
liberal application of crude petroleum, to kill the larvae of S/e-
gomia fasciatia^ which might be present.

While such measures may conserve the health of enlisted
men, it in this case suffered the animals to remain thirsty for
some time.

The hygienic measures and sanitary conditions rightfully fall
within the domain of the veterinarian; it is his duty to make
recommendations to his immediate post commander. Reason-
able requests, sound and practical suggestions are always given
careful consideration, even though they may not always be
granted.

Medical officers have much sanitation to control outside of
stables and their surroundings, and I believe he would be only
too willing to allow the sister profession to officer this work.
While in many instances human and comparative medicine are
diametric, the tiiue is not far distant when it is to be hoped that
in the Army both branches will become assimilated and gov-
erned if necessary by a surgeon-general.

Among the veterinarians of our service it may be said there
are no Kitasatos, Reeds, Kochs, etc., neither have the limited
means of the majority of our colleagues allowed such opportu-
nity for research. The tendency to specialize in modern medi-
cine to-day is forcibly apparent. In human medicine, thousands

490 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

of practitioners accept certain standard works of authority,
certain members of the profession have acquired distinction by
virtue of their specific accomplishments, but how many such
exist, compared to the thousands in active practice?

Numerically we are but forty-two, when all vacancies are
filled.

Schwarzkopf's elucidation of the possible immunization and
therapeutic effect of mallein may be classed among the recent
definite results, distinctively correct and given as much cre-
dence as foreign reports from any source whatsoever.

The field for research among our number may be unlimited,
but laboratory facilities and fund appropriation are lacking, also
owing to the fact that at present we possess no definite organiza-
tion, etc., are all important factors in antagonizing such energy.

Suira made its inroads and decimated our animals during
the early days of Philippine invasion ; cholera, amoebic dysen-
tery and malaria played havoc among men as well during that
period. The same conditions are prone to exist during any
active period of invasion. To-day the situation has changed.

During a conversation recently, with one of our nation's
legislators, it was stated that comparative medicine could not,
nor never would be given the same consideration, owing to the
fact that human life is sacred, while ordinary animal life is not.
The latter represents a definite money value only ; the former, it
was no doubt overlooked, also means a pension.

While much remains to be accomplished (quoting Rhodes
before death), "so much to do and so little done," time still
exists, the future is before us, our men are active and painstak-
ing, and the time is near when more will be achieved.

Recent federal appropriations may again interfere with de-
sired Army legislation in behalf of the veterinarian, but the
foundation for this coming act has been established and there
comes another year. L. E. Willyoung, V. A. C.

♦
* *

ARMY NOTES.

Drs. C. H. Leavitt, Portland, Oregon and G. A. Swingley,
Freeport, Illinois (C. V. C), are located in Seattle, Wash. Dr.
Leavitt is veterinarian in charge of 500 U. S. Army horses at
Fort Lawton. He will sail on the transport Dix with them
for Manila, P. I., in the near future. Dr. Swingley is nicely lo-
cated in a down-town office, at 1907 First Avenue, and is build-
ing up a good practice.

ARMY VETEklNARY DEPARTMENT. 491

Dr. LeMav, of the Artillery Corps, who has just completed
a 500-mile march with two batteries of Field Artillery from
Fort Douglas, Utah, to this post, has departed for Fort Ethan
Allen, Vt. The horses of the command came through in excel-
lent shape, averaging 25 miles a day, which is an excellent rec-
ord considering the time of year and the country travelled
through. — (Fred Foster, Vet. Artillery Corps^ Fort D. A.
Russell^ IVyomiJi^.)

Veterinarian Charles H. Jewell, 13th Cavalry, is or-
dered to proceed at the proper time to New Haven, Conn., as a
representative of the army veterinaiians to attend the meeting
of the American Veterinary Medical Association, to be held at
New Haven, Aug. 21 to 24. — (Army and Navy Jojirnal.)
Dr. Jewell will present a paper entitled "The Veterinary
Service of the United States Army and the Military Veterina-
rian." It will embrace what the service has been, whai it is
at present, and what it is expected to be in the future.

Dr. J. E. Ryder, New York, has removed his office from
the American Horse Exchange to Bull's Head Market, 24111 St.

Dr. V. A. Moore, of the New York State Veterinary Col-
lege, is at Anaconda, Mont., investigating the smoke-poisoning
cases among animals, claimed by the stockmen to be produced
by the smoke from the copper smellers, and who are suing the
mine owners for a large amount of money.

Diphtheria Antitoxin in the Treatment of Teta-
nus.— At the Cleveland meeting of the A. V. M. A., Dr. E. L.
Quitman, of Chicago, very guardedly gave his experience with
diphtheria antitoxin in four cases of tetanus, all of which recov-
ered, and from the relaxation effects produced had given unmis-
takable evidence of the infltience of the serum upon the clonic
convulsions. Undoubtedly Prof. Quitman has pursued the sub-
ject, as the disease is very prevalent in the section where his
practice chieflv lies, and we may expect an interesting report
from him at New Haven concerning his later experiences. In
the meantime. Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, of Utica, N. Y., informs
us that he has had four successive recoveries and no failures,
and, while some of his cases were subacute and might have ter-
minated favorably under other or no treatment, one at least was
severely acute and of the nature of those which usually die under
other approved methods. The principal objection to the use of
this serum is that the size of the dose (about one ounce) makes
it a very expensive therapeutic agent.

492 THE ETIOLOOY OF AZOIURIA.

THE ETIOLOGY OF AZOTURIA.

In a letter published in the April Review, Dr. R. T. Whit-
tlesey, Los Angeles, Cal., gave his experiences with azolnria en
the Pacific Coast and in the Southern States. He propounded
the following queries to the profession of the country :

*' Is azoturia common in your locality?

" Is it very fatal ?

" Have you ever seen it in mules?

"What kind of hay and grain is fed in your State mostly?

" What season of the year is it most prevalent?"

REPLIES TO DR. WHITTLESEY.
jFrom J. B. L. Terrell,, V. 5"., Dresden,, Tenn.

" In my practice horses are mostly affected — only 3 mules,
2 jacks. Causes are mostly idleness and pea-hay feed, with
abundant crop of peas on the vines. Deaths are very few when
treated in 48 hours after being attacked.

" I have had 56 cases with horses and mares — 38 horses, 18
mares; mostly old favorites; 12 were under 7 years — 5 mares,
7 horses ; others were from 7 to 24 years ; 6 deaths, 4 horses, 2
mares. Of the two jacks, one was 1 1 years old, which had a
second attack and died ; the other was only 3 )ears old ; both
wintered on pea-hay. The early spring is the most prevailing
time; a few cases early in the fall before frost ; stock running
on peas and not at work.

" The above is about 18 years' experience. The disease has
been mo<^t prevalent in this region for the past eight years, and
peas have furnished the principal hay crop.

Previous to eight years ago I had only treated 5 cases,
against 51 since.

" One mule died. I had one case in a stallion early in the
spring. He had been kept up in the barn for eight weeks, and
when taken out for exercise gave out in less than a mile ; did
not get him back in barn for two days, and then recovered. I
had another case last spring, which was dying when called ; had
not received any exercise for some time, preparing to show ihe
first of March. When taken out was very game, and was ridden
about 15 minutes; collapsed; got him home; in three days I
was called ; died at night.

"The hay mostly fed here is timothy and clover."

CORRESPONDENCE. 493

From J. F. DeVine, D. V. S., Goshen, N. Y.
I submit the following replies to Dr. Whittlesey's questions :

1. Yes.

2. In heavy horses only.

3. No.

4. Timothy and red top, oats, bran, hominy, and middlings.

5. Have more cases from middle of February to middle of

April than in the rest of the entire year.

*

* *

From Dr. A. E. McCall, Memphis^ Mich.

Azoturia is quite common in this section, but not very fatal

— about 10 per cent, get down and 2 per cent. die. There are

very few mules in this locality, and I have never seen a case in

a mule. The chief feed here is mixed timothy and clover hay,

and oats. Have had cases in every month of the year, but it is

more common in April, May and June.

CORRESPONDENCE.

IRREGULAR PARTURIENT PARESIS.

Gallatin, Tenn., June 11, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — Reading in the June Review a communica-
tion from Dr. Van Antwerp on " Peculiar and Irregular Parturi-
ent Paresis," I thought I would add my mite of information by
recording a case.

On Feb. 21, I was called to see a pure bred Jersey cow, five
years old. Found her down, unable to regain her feet, with
nearly all the symptoms of parturient paresis. On information
from owner, found she was what is called in this country "a
stripper," giving one gallon of milk at milking, and would be
due to calve in two months. Not knowing any better treatment,
I gave her the treatment of air, and, to my surprise, she re-
sponded in two hours. And on April 23d she gave birth to a
healthy calf, with no returns of the symptoms.

L. T. Lewis, V. S.

Bulletin 113 of the Agricultural Experiment Station of

the Colorado Agricultural College, treats of *' Larkspur and
Other Poisonous Plants," and is by the Station Veterinarian,
George H. Glover, M. S., D. V. M. It also contains a synopsis
of symptoms and treatment for poison weeds, and a bibliologic
reference table.

494 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The Association convened for its ninth annual session at the
Merchants' Hotel, St. Paul, Jan. lo, 1906, and was called to
order by President Lees. Roll-call showed thirty-eight mem-
bers present, with Dr. Peters, of Nebraska, as visitor.

The next order of business was the President's address, but
owing to his indisposition he asked to be excused.

Dr. Annand, Treasurer, made his report as follows : — To bal-
ance in treasury and receipts, $174.06; by expense, $53.10;
balance in treasury, $120.96.

In the absence of the Finance Committee, Dr. Cook was ap-
pointed to examine the Treasurer's report.

Dr. Lees then called upon Dr. Whitcomb, chairman of the
Committee on Diseases, for his report.

Dr. Ward : I see that Dr. Whitcomb is not present, and I
will offer a partial report for him. During the last quarter
there have been 319 horses inspected on account of glanders, of
which 45 were killed on inspection. There were 221 tested, of
which 82 reacted, and 49 were killed; 41 are quarantined for
retesl. The total number of horses killed during the last six
months was about 220. . . . F'or tuberculosis, I can only
give you a report for the last three months. There were 3188
head of cattle tested, of which 444 reacted. In the vicinity of
Hutchinson Dr. Lyons tested in the neighborhood of 470 cows,
of which 135 reacted — almost 33 per cent. . . . We have
had quite a lot of trouble with hog cholera during the last six
months, especially in the south-west corner of the State, princi-
pally in Lyon. Lincoln and Lac qui Parle counties. The dis-
ease has been there for the last three years, and we thought last
year we had it about cleaned up, but I presume the warm, dry
summer had something to do with the spread of the disease. I
have thought that possibly a better way of controlling hog
cholera would be by disinfection. I have planned, if we can
possibly do it next summer, that when we have an outbreak of
hog cholera to send a man down there and kill off all the hogs
which are showing symptoms of the disease, and thoroughly
disinfect the hoe pens, etc., and disinfect them every day until
we are satisfied the disease is well under control. Our present

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 495

method of controlling the disease has been to quarantine the
infected premises, notify the chairman of the existence of the
disease, issue certain regulations regarding the tying up of dogs,
and visiting infected premises. I have thought that if we could
visit those infected farms every day and watch the quarantine,
thoroughly disinfect and see that the dead hogs were buried,
and kill those showing symptoms of the disease, we might pos-
sibly control it better than now. ... I found a nice case of
measly beef in the city of St. Paul about a month ago. This
was a milk cow that was in the possession of an owner for some
time. Owing to the fact that she was not giving much milk,
he dried her up and killed her. He came to the office and put
in a claim for reimbursement on account of tuberculosis. The
description that he gave was so different to that usually found
in tuberculosis, that I decided to investigate and found that he
had a case of measly beef, I do not believe there have been any
other cases reported in ^linnesota. The large muscles, when
cut through, presented the appearance as though a lot of peas
had been pushed in — small yellow nodules about the size of a
pea. On microscopic examination you could see the calcareous
corpuscles and a breaking down of the contents. We could not
find out where this animal came from, or we might possibly
have found some other cases.

Pres. Lees then called on Dr. Cook for his report on Medi-
cine.

Dr. Cook : I am sorry to say that I really have no report to
make that would be of any benefit to this Association. I think
that practitioners are not in position to experiment with veteri-
nary medicine. They should leave this to the teachers and
professors of the different colleges, who are in a position to in-
vestigate those things thoroughly. I wish to speak about the
practice of writing prescriptions. There is one thing I would
like to impress upon the members of this Association, and that
is, do not write prescriptions. I believe you are doing an injus-
tice to yourself, your fellow practitioners, and also to your
client.

APPLICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP.

Applications were presented for consideration, and, after due
examination, it was moved, seconded and carried that the fol-
lowing be elected to membership : —

Dr. C. S. Shore (U. P.), Lake City ; vouchers, Drs. J. W.
Gould and S. H. Ward.

496 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. B. W. Kirby (Chic. V. C.,) St. Paul ; vouchers, Drs. W.
Amos and A. F. Lees.

Dr. Harry H. Dell (McGill), Mankato ; vouchers, Drs. J. P.
Graff and M. F. Leffingwell.

Dr. Emil Mueller (Chic. V. C), New Ulm ; vouchers, Drs.
J. P. Graff and M. F. Leffingwell.

Dr. Wm. Sonerall (Chic. V. C), Cambridge; vouchers, Drs.
O. Rydell and J. G. Annand.

Dr. W. A. Kuhns (O. V. C), Chaska ; vouchers, Drs. J. H.
Neumann and S. H. Ward.

Dr. J. Burton (O. V. C), Wheaton ; vouchers, Drs. O. Rydell
and S. H. Ward.

Dr. Gould moved that a reporter be employed for each meet-
ing at a cost not to exceed $20.00, until the Association takes
some further action in the matter. Seconded by Dr. Mack and
carried.

Pres. Lees called on Dr. Lyford for his report on Legislation
and E'upiric, and the Doctor presented the following report : —

LEGISLATION AND EMPIRICS.

I am very sorry that I am asked to report to you again on
this same 'old chestnut", the "quack". That I should have
been continued as chairman of the committee by each succeed-
ing President seems little short of a mania for reappointing, as
was the case for years. With the chairmanship of the Commit-
tee on Colleges and Education, I now wish to give formal notice
that I shall not continue this combined dose of emetic longer,
so that when this report is in vou may feel relie\ed, so far as I
am concerned. The law of 1903, which requires that a gradu-
ate shall be from a three year college or university requiring a
six-months' session each year, makes no mention of an exami-
nation. Accordingly no examination is really compulsory for
such applicants. I think the chairman of the Committee on Leg-
islation and Empirics should be the Secretary of the Examining
Board, who has an opportunity of obtaining knowledge in this
line that others do not. I think we should at the same time ask
of our Examining Board, at each yearly meeting, to report to us
a list of the new members to our profession, and other things of
interest that come before said Board. In this way we will be-
come acquainted with work done by the Board and have a list
of new men who we mav expect to meet in practice. Another
very important subject that seems to have been ignored, that
would prove of great importance to us professionally, to experi-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 497

mental workers especially, is the remedies with which we should
be made acquainted at our yearly meetings. If our Stale Ex-
periment Station is not to be of service in this particular, I
think sucii experiments should be arranged for by the Associa-
tion and the expenses paid. In this way new fields would be
opened to us. The empirics in our State are favored in every
way by non- prosecution and by our City Veterinarian employ-
ing such to assist in test work, and by our City Fire Depart-
ment employing a non-licensed empiric at a salary of $1500 per
year. No attention is paid to these things, so we may expect
an increase in numbers, unless some steps are taken to remedy
this evil. The two darkey empirics from St. Paul, whoiu Dr.
Ward prosecuted when Secretary of the Examining Board, still
travel through the Stale, taking in many of the large stables,
pretending to wash sheaths and fix teeth at from 50c. to 75c.
each animal, and doing as many as one hundred horses in one
day. You can well imagine the quality of the work and the
effect upon dentistry work in general. I have no doubt that
some of our city pretenders give St. Paul people a like amount
of valuable services.

President Lees then called on Dr. Reynolds for his Report
on Colleges.

REPORT ON COLLEGES.

Dr, Reynolds: I have a very brief report to make. The
important item that I can report in the way of college news is
that the Washington School at Pullman, Washington, has es-
tablished a four-year course, making two four-year-course col-
leges in operation in this country.

Dr. Lyford : I wish to ask Dr. Reynolds if it is true that the
Toronto school has made a three-year course?

Dr. Reynolds: I have no authentic information as to that.
You no doubt .«;aw the article in the Review referring to that.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election of officers being the next order of business,
resulted as follows:

President — Dr. Richard Price, St. Paul.

First Vice-President— Dr. E. L. Kalb.

Second Vice-President — Dr. J. W. Cook.

Secretary and Treasurer — Dr. C. A. Mack, Stillwater.

Board of Trustees— Drs. C. A. Lyon, M. S. Whitcomb, M.
J. vSexton, and the President and Secretary, cx-ojficio.

The meeting then adjourned until 7.30 P. M.

498 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The newly elected President, Dr. Price, called the meeting
to order at 7.30 p. m., and called upon Dr. Peters, of Ntbraska,
who gave a very interesting talk on hog cholera and also many
valuable points on the proper care of hogs, etc.

Dr. Price then called on Dr. Amos for his paper on " The
Relation Between Human and Bovine Tuberculosis."*

Dr. Beebe then presented a paper on " Immunity," which
led to a lengthy and valuable discussion, all of which will be
printed in a later issue.

Dr. J. G. Annand then presented the following paper on

CORNS.

" A corn is an injury to the tissues of the foot at the heel
between the wall and the bar. The living horn and soft tissues
are involved with a rupture of the small bloodvessels. If nature
is strong enough and the injury slight, there is simply a small
amount of soreness and local fever and a stained condition of
the surrounding horn. If the injury is more severe and a
greater area involved, there may be an effusion between the
sensitive and insensitive tissues. If no relief is given and the
injury is continued, there may be suppuration. The front feet
are usually the subjects of the disease, but none are exempt.

"The heavier breeds of horses are most liable to the disease
for the reason that the hoof is not so compact as the lighter
breeds ; also the feet are more liable to be wide and flat and
weak at the quarters. Poorly fitted and high heel shoes aggra-
vate the conditions. In the driving horse, contraction is one
of the greatest factors in causing corns; but all feet are liable
to be bruised, which terminate in corns. Shoes left on too long
and the hoof allowed to grow out over the shoes, shifting the
weight from the walls to the sole, is also another cause.

" In examination for soundness, the examiner should not fail
to look for corns. Pain may be very slight in an old chronic
case where the tissues involved are very limited in area and the
animal may have become so accustomed to it to present any evi-
dence of the disease. But you will see fever rings in the wall of
the foot. The animal may point the foot forward and outward
with the weight off the foot and the fetlock flexed, or, in more
severe cases, where they refuse to put scarcely any weight on
the affected member.

*This paper, and that of Dr. Ketchum, on the " Increase of Tuberculosis in Swine,"
together with the interesting discussion thereon, will appear in a later number — [Editor
Review ]

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 499

"Tapping the wall over the seat of a corn with a hammer
will reveal pain or moderate pressure between the jaws of a pair
of pincers will also give evidence of disease. With the shoe
removed and with the hoof knife in readiness, then the real
condition of things is revealed. If the sole is dry, hard and
brittle, and the whole thickness is discolored, is evidence of an
old corn. If an amber colored fluid is present, the injury is of
more recent occurrence.

" The suppurative corn is the one that is of more concern to
the veterinarian, as the pus collects and works its way in all
directions, but usually finds its way to the heel and makes an
opening between the coronary band and wall. The soft tissues
may be involved and even necrosed, which often extends to the
area of the os pedis, lateral cartilages, or cushion of the foot.

" I do not pretend to be an authority on the treatment of
corns, but will describe the course I take in dealing with this
disease. In all forms of corns, with the rasp and knife, I re-
move the wall of the hoof and also the sole so as to relieve all
pressure.

" Remove sufficient of wall and sole so the blood oozes out
of the surface. I treat the entire quarter in this way. Then
with hot poultices of flaxseed meal, I can have some success in
reducing the local inflammation. After the acute pain has been
alleviated by means of the hot poultices, I apply a good strong
counter-irritation all around the coronary band, which should
be repeated in two or three weeks. Remove all necrosed tissue
and treat with i-iooo bichloride of mercury solution.

" If both heels are affected and the soreness has nearly dis-
appeared, which usually lakes about three weeks in severe cases,
put a bar shoe with lots of frog pressure and put the animal to
work. If only one quarter is involved put on a half bar shoe.
In old dry corns, it is not necessary to lay the animal up."

Dr. Annand : The main object of this paper is to start a
discussion, as much more might be said. I have had fairly
good results with that form of treatment. I may not have fully
described the treatment in detail, but if I can explain it through
discussion will be pleased to do so.

Dr. Cotton : I would like to ask the Doctor if he believes
in cutting the quarter off so that it will not pre.ss upon the
branch of the shoe and putting a bar shoe on, or just simply
cutting the pressure off without removing the quarter?

Dr. Annand : I used to do that and it appeared for a while
that the condition was relieved, but I always found that as soon

500 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

as the hoof grew dowu so that the pressure came on the shoe
you had the same condition coming back again. That was one
condition that induced me to remove the quarter so that when
it did get down it accommodates itself. If you don't cut it off
you still have the pressure put on the coronary band and you
have no relief whatever. I have found that removing the pres-
sure on the wall out to where you think there is no pressure
you can put on the shoe and when it does get down I have not
found any trouble. It usually came out in good shape.

Dr. Cotton: In Mohler's "Surgery," he condemns such
procedure, claiming that the wall is pushed upon and breaks
away from the laminae, producing a seedy quarter. But often-
times we are compelled to do something like that. If we do the
radical thinning of wall from the coronary band to the ground,
the horse is liable to be laid up a little while ; we often meet
cases that are slightly lame and owner cannot lay the animal off
duty, when, if we relieve the pressure on quarter the animal will
go sound. That is why I asked the question.

Dr. Annand : In those cases of which you speak, in which
you thin the wall clear from the coronary band, those are the
cases where you have slight lameness. I put on a shoe and
keep them at work.

Dr. Cotton: By working them immediately, don't you
sometimes have the wall at the quarter break and produce
quarter cracks?

Dr. Amiand: No, I have not as yet. I am treating one
case now and it was very much contracted. I thinned the wall
of the inside and outside quarter of the right front foot and sent
this horse home and had it poulticed. I went up three days
afterwards to apply the counter-irritant and I could see the out-
line of the cartilage. When I saw him three days afterwards
he was going as though nothing happened.

Dr. Price : I would ask Dr. Cotton if in trimming the hoof
when he makes the beveled edge, how does he get it sharp and
leave the heavy wall? That is to say, if in removing it he
thins and makes a beveled edge on the wall that is left.

Dr. Cotton : In other words, make a gradual union. If you
put that animal to work before waiting until you get a new
growth you are liable to get a break. I noticed it on a low
weak heeled horse, especially, but not on high heeled horses,
because they do not have a thin wall.

Dr. Annand : I noticed quite a number of times in those
weak quartered horses that if you remove the wall and put on a

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 501

counter-irritant and repeat in about three weeks, the wall
grows down considerably heavier tha^ before and you have
gained on that point, besides relieving the condition of the corn.
Dr. Lyford : You most always find a correspondingly thick
heel and with this condition, where heels are high and thick,
your quarters are pinched and then you get a decidedly
cramped quarter, but in a low heel and thin horn the pressure
produces a lack of circulation in the heel with correspondingly
slow growth, while the increase in the circulation of the toe
gradually increases the rapidity of its growth, also the thick-
ness, while the heels get thin and slow growth. Relieving
that pressure naturally diminishes the circulation at the toe and
you can get a better quarter. I have found that that relief
from pressure has apparently more to do with the increased
thickness than blister, though the blister sets up apparently in-
creased circulation and healthy condition, which induces a
speedy cure. I find that your stimulant from the blister is very
essential, but the relief and the increased circulation continues
in proportion to the conditions you keep the foot in afterwards.
We have some horses which are subject in their natural condi-
tions to new quarters. We have some families which I have
spoken of before in this association, especially the Hartford fam-
ily, the majority of whose colts' feet are poor in quarters. '1 he
horse would get sore and lame as soon as he was worked. If
we have inherited these conditions, naturally they must be
guarded against. I have raised a Hartford filly and suggested
that her toes be kept short and heels in good shape. I think
she has remarkably good feet, one of the best of Hartford's fam-
ily. Those things are of importance, for the reason that circu-
lation, when it becomes pinched and cramped, renders the horn
so thin that if the capillaries are pressed the heel becomes weak
and the toe gets correspondingly increased. I think Dr.
Annand's point is well taken, that the relief of the quarter is
essential in most all forms of corns. Of course, the condition
and quality of the foot has a great deal to do witli the way you
do it and the extent of cutting. I sometimes feel as though I
had done more cutting than the owner would desire, and still
have not done too much. Of course, occasionally we do not
get the results that we want. The owner feels that after we
have done the cutting we have ruined the horse, and immedi-
ately takes other steps, which certainly induces the animal to
go on further and not be relieved by the operation.

Dr. Cotton speaks of the question of allowing the horse con

502 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

tinuous rest for a time, and in some cases it is very desirable.
In some cases we cannot induce the owner to allow the horse
to have that much rest, and I know we have had the very best
results in some of the cases where rest was given from two
weeks to three months, where in other cases we have had as
good results without rest.

Dr. Cook: This subject of corns is a very interesting one,
especially to the city practitioner, who has so much trouble with
corns. I would like to ask Dr. Annand if he has not observed
that a great many of those corns are not produced by the black-
smiths,— the wall of the foot is allowed to grow so long that it
of itself is doing most of the growing. I think Dr. Annand's
treatment, bichloride of mercury, is weak, especially in cases of
suppurating corns. I know I used much stronger solution, and
left it on for a couple of days and had good results.

Dr. Annand : Where you have drainage established I find
i:iooo is plenty for the reason that I figure that if the tissue is
exposed I would not want to put anything on there that would
affect it. In regard to the bar I have never had very many
cases which I thought weie due to the long condition of the
bar. I have had a number of cases which I think were due
to the condition of the wall, a sort of turning so that the
weight rests on the portion of the wall that was turned in.

Dr. Price : In regard to corns, there is no question but they
are often due to contraction of the heels. What is the cause of
contraction? Sometimes undue dryness of the hoof, but more
often you will find when the horse is shod he is shod with a
shoe such as Dr. Annand described as producing the condition
in which the walls turn in. They curve in on themselves, and
the animal is constantly stepping onto an inverted cone, causing
the outside and inside walls to curve on themselves. If the
shoer would give them a level bearing you would overcome that
condition, and by making sections of the wall wherever the out-
side curves, shows there is an unnatural reflection of the wall,
and by bringing it to a more natural curve you could make
section here, for instance ; and relieve that. The bar is
supposed to hold the heel to prevent it breaking. The bar
keeps the hoof from extending too much. The first thing I do
is to make section between the bar and the wall, cut it clear
through, allow the hoof to extend. It is a fibrous band and in-
tended to keep the hoof from expanding too freely. Of course,
removing the quarter relieves the pressure. You can relieve
the pressure by making section of the wall, cutting through to

SOCIETY MELTINGS. 603

the soft tissue underneath from the coronary band to the solar
surface of the hoof which comes in contact with the shoe, and
by properly shoeing with a slightly outward bevel in place of
having the inward bevel. It is simply a mechanical proposi-
tion. By making section of the wall you do not lay the animal
up. By section of the wall I mean by cutting the wall with
saw or knife from the coronary band to the bottom of the hoof.
Of course, you can gain the same thing by removing the wall
and laying the animal up.

Dr. Cotton : Did I understand you to say you severed the
connection between the bar of the foot and the wall of the foot
at the buttress of the heel ?

Dr. Price: Yes.

Dr. Cotton : I do not agree with Dr. Price. I was always
under the impression that the bar of the foot through the me-
dium of the frog helped expand the quarter. The bar is a
reflection of the wall and extends forward about two-thirds of
the length of the frog, where it stops and meets the sole. If
you want to dilate the horse's foot and have sufficient frog to
get a frog pressure by means of a bar shoe, cut the quarters
down so that they will not press on the branch of the shoe, place
your bar shoe on, pressing directly on the frog, and you will
succeed in dilating your foot at the quarters. The reason of
this is that the bar of the shoe pressing on the elastic frog exerts
an outward pressure on the walls at the quarter through the
medium of the bars of the foot. It seems to me that it is ex-
actly wrong to sever the connection between the wall and the
bar at the buttress, as it allows the quarter to collapse and you
do not get the outward pressure on the quarters produced by
the frog pressure directly through the medium of the bars of
the foot.

Dr Annand : In cutting the bar from the wall you only
give relief at one point, \Vhereas if you take and removethe
quarter clear from the frog to within two-thirds of the way to
the front of the toe you give relief along the whole band of con-
traction. By removing the whole quarter you just give the
soft ti.ssues an opportunity to expand, whereas if you just cut
from the heel then you have to allow the tissues to force out
the contracted part of the hoof. It is smaller than it really
ought to be. In removing a quarter I do not make an abrupt
cut between the portion I remove and the portion I leave. It
is a gradual bevel to the place where I want the real excavation
to begin.

504 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. Price: I said I first made a section belwetu the bar
and wall, but I also made section of the wall where there was
an incurvature of the wall. I practically do the same as Dr.
Annand, but I leave the wall. I sever the wall at the bottom,
but I do not remove it.

REPORTS OF CASES.

Dr. Ward reported a case for Dr. Lipp, who was called
away. A specimen was presented with the following history:

Peterson Horse — Case for Tenotomy, — Part affected, per-
forans, right front. Duration of trouble : Horse was first
noticed to be favoring right front foot in early spring of 1904,
latter part of March. Had been working regularly previous to
this time, and was kept working subsequently for about a year.
The tendon continued to contract all this time and the heel was
allowed to grow down to relieve it. In March, 1905, horse was
decided unfit for work, and from then till December, 1905, he
stood idle, in a stable on a sloping wood floor. During this
period of idleness, nearly all of the contraction seen in the ac-
companying specimen took place. The horse was killed in
December, 1905. Post-mortem findings : Right front limb —
Small splint, ringbones on both phalanges, very large side-
bones with exostosi"? spongiosum growing back, down and in-
ward from one sidebone. Left front limb — Same as right,
including exostosis spongiosum, except larger splint and smaller
sidebones.

Horse weighed at time of death about 1500 pounds; age,
about 13 years; in fine condition, and apparently sound except
as above described.

Ventral Hernia. — Dr. Shore : I had two cases. The first
was a two-year-old colt which was quite a ways in the country
and I did not get there until just about dark. It had evidently
been torn by a cow's horn. The skin was torn for about three
inches and then torn under the skin for about a finger's length,
and then a tear about three inches through the peritoneum.
The only thing I could do was to throw the colt and tie it up
and get in there. In doing that I made incision about ten
inches long. The intestines would come out repeatedly and I
could only get a stitch in at a time with continuous stitch. The
tear through the peritoneum was about three inches long, and
after three-fourths of an hour I got it closed up. The colt was
filled up, as it had been on pasture. It had been hurt perhaps
24 hours before I saw it, and perhaps 36. It was very difficult

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 605

to sew on account of the swelling around the wound, but finally
sewed up the outside and left drainage at each end. I did not
have much hope of the case. My main object was to get through
with it, and when the farmer reported he said that the colt had
never missed a meal and had made a fine recovery. . . . After
perhaps a month I was called to another case within a mile of
the same place. I got the call late Saturday night and I had
to go by train to Kellog. I could not go that night, so went
the next morning. This colt had a large swelling on the side
and the farmer thought it was an abscess of some sort and stuck
a knife into it, and found something more than he could take
care of. I went down the next day and found the muscle rup-
tured so it left about one foot of omentum through the muscle.
They did not know how long it had been hurt. I opened the
enlargement by means of an incision lo or 12 inches long. I
then removed the unhealthy portion of the omentum, and re-
placed the healthy portion. I then sewed up the muscles with
catgut, and closed the outside opening with the tape sutures.
After about a month the owner called me up by 'phone and said
the swelling was about as bad as ever, and I figured that the
inside must be closed and it was perhaps due to a collection of
pus. He said the outside openings had about closed and I told
him to have somebody open them for him. They found a col-
lection of pus and said the bunch went down right away. In
perhaps a week after I was there and stopped to see the colt
and found both of the openings of the wound were open and dis-
charging pus. By probing I found the muscles were entirely
healed. But a fistulous track had formed along the entire line
of my incisions, which was lengthwise with the body, and a
track had formed downwards from this into a pocket of pus.
After giving this drainage it healed readily and the owner re-
ported in a couple of weeks later that the colt had made a fine
recovery.

Dental Cyst. — Dr. Amos : My object in presenting this
specimen was to leave it with Dr. Reynolds to take to the
mustum, for I thought it was a good specimen of dentine for-
mation, and I think you can see what the case is. The horse
had been affected about four years.

REPORT ON LAST YEAR'S CLINIC.

Dr. Price: I would call on Dr. Sexton and Dr. Cotton to
report on our last clinic.

Dr. Cotton : Concerning the large bay horse, would say

606 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

that he was brought to my hospital six weeks prior to the meet-
ing. I trephined into the inferior maxillary sinus and sent the
animal home with instructions to keep it open and inject anti-
septic solutions. The attendant let the opening heal and the
evening before the clinic the animal was brought back to the
hospital. At this time the temperature was 105° F., and the side
of the head was so swollen that the eye was practically closed.
The bony plate was necrotic. My assistant, thinking he would
relieve the animal a little, put a knife or his finger through the
necrotic tissue into the superior sinus. This was the condition
when the animal was brought to clinic. You simply opened it,
removed all the necrosed bone and left a hole almot large
enough to put one's fist into. I kept the animal about a week,
flushing the sinuses daily with antiseptics and astringents, then
sent him home. Evidently it necrosed through into the nasal
cavity. The attendant has allowed it to heal up again, and I
understand it is just beginning to swell and discharge from the
nostril. I have not seen the case since a week after it left the
hospital. Results would have been better if the animal had
had better care and the antiseptic irrigation of the sinuses con-
tinued longer or until such time as all necrosis had ceased.
The animal has been working ever since he left the hospital.

Dr. Price then announced that the clinic would be held the
following morning at Dr. Pomeroy's infirmary at 9 o'clock.

The meeting then adjourned.

CUNIC.

Jan. II, 1906, the Association met at Dr. Pomeroy's infirm-
ary.

Case No. i — A horse was presented for examination and
diagnosed as pharyngitis.

No. 2 — Dr. Pomeroy operated on two projecting molars.

No. J — Dr. Ilstrup floated a mouth of irregular teeth.

No. 4 — Dr. McDonald floated two mouths of irregular teeth.

No. J — Dr. Nickerson, assisted by Dr. Gould, operated on a
seedy toe of a mule.

No. 6 was a sorrel horse which showed a peculiar stiffness in
the neck. It was desired to have the members express an
opinion as to the .seat of injury. Several members present gave
as their opinion injury to cervical vertebrae involving the spinal
cord.

No. 7 was a bitch spayed by Dr. Sexton.

No. 8 was a chestnut horse, lame in both fore feet. Several

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 507

of the members diag^nosed this case as navicular arthritis and
suppurating corns.

No. g was a yearling colt suffering from ventral hernia of
six months' duration. Dr. Lyford. assisted by Drs. Amos and
Shore, operated by casting the animal and putting it under the
influence of chloroform. The part was clipped, cleansed and
disinfected. A small incision was made, through which, with
a pair of curved scissors, the skin was loosened from the muscle
to a point two inches around the rupture in the muscle. The
skin was then pulled up and all the tissue pressed through the
opening inwardly. Two skewers were inserted and a cord
drawn around above, making the skin tense as possible. The
colt was then put on his feet, the part bandaged. The animal
was then supported in slings.

No. lo — Dr. Whitcomb floated a mouth.

No. II — Dr. J. N. Gould performed median neurectomy.
Anaesthesia was obtained by injecting five per cent, solution of
nirvanin.

No. 12 — Drs. Annand and Whitcomb performed the opera-
tion described in Dr. Annand's paper in above report for corns.

C. A. Mack, Secretary.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Philadelphia, June 20, 1906.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — Since sending my letter for the June Review
a few more titles have come in, so that now the program stands
as follows : —

"Our Insect Enemies" — W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana.

" The Agglutination Method for the Diagnosis of Glanders "
— V. A. Moore, W. J. Taylor, W. Giltner, New York.

"Some Bovine Surgical Operations" — J. C. Robert, Miss.

"Tuberculosis in Swine" — Richard Ebbitt, Nebraska.

"The Angora Goat and Sheep Industry of New England in
Danger" — James B. Paige, Massachusetts.

(Title not given) — P. A. Fish, New Yoik.

" The Veterinarian as a Business Man " — D. Arthur Hughes,
Illinois.

" Eradication of Mange Among Cattle in the West "—A. T.
Peters, Nebraska.

"Symptoms and Gross Post-mortem Lesions of Hepatic
Cirrhosis of Cattle"— W. H. Pethick, Nova Scotia.

508 SOCIETY MEETiNUS.

" The Veleriuary Service of the United Slates Army and
the Military Veterinarian" — Chas. H. Jewell, Kansas.

" Practical and Applied Surgery " — C. C. Lyford, Minnesota.

It is seen that but eleven papers are promised. There should
be at least twice that number. It is very desirable thai more
of those who are interested in the success of the meeting respond
to the demand for papers and that their titles be sent in at once.
The program must be completed by July 25th in order to be
duly printed and distributed before the meeting. It must be
that many of our members have something of value and interest
to communicate and it is earnestly hoped that they will take
the trouble to do it. It is certain that the Association is the
most exalted channel through which the results of a scientific
or practical observation or research can be given to the profes-
sion, and the fact that so few take advantage of it is amazing.

There is nothing to add to what is set forth in the June
Review in reference to the local arrangements, but all may feel
assured that they will be lacking in no detail looking toward
the care and comfort of those who go to New Haven in August.
Dr. J. H. Kelly, 70 Olive street, New Haven, has charge of the
hotel arrangements and those who wish to make reservations in
advance can do so through him. It would be wise to do this.

Applications for membership must be in the secretary's
hands by July 23, 1906. The number received so far is much
smaller than it should be. Some earnest work between now
and July 23 will bear good fruit.

Negotiations in reference to reduced railroad rates are in
progress with the various passenger associations and there is
every reason to believe that the usual concession of one and
one-third fare for the round trip, certificate plan, will be made.

Let all the members pull together in a strenuous campaign
for more members and more papers for the program, so that the
New Haven meeting will be the banner one in the history of
the Association. Respectfully,

John J. Repp, Secretary,

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE NEW YORK-AMERI-
CAN VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The regular annual meeting was held in the College Build-
ing on Tuesday, April 17th, at 3 o'clock p. m., the President,
Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, in the chair. The minutes of the pre-
vious meeting were read and approved.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 509

The matter of dues and coilection was discussed, and, upon
motion, the Secretary was instructed to send out proper notices
and bills to date after conferring with the Treasurer and annu-
ally hereafter. It was regularly moved and seconded that the
Alumni Prize be awarded and continued.

The following were admitted to membership in this associa-
tion : Dr. John G. Slee (A.V.C. '97), and Dr. Aguila Mitchell
(A.V.C. '95), and the Class of 1906, as a whole.

The Banquet Committee reported that arrangements had
been made to hold the annual banquet in the evening at the
Hotel Vendome at 7.30 p. m.

The Treasurer being absent there was no regular report of
the Treasurer received.

The following officers were elected unanimously to serve for
the ensuing year :

President— Dr. \V. C. Miller.

First Vice-President — Dr. C. Lamensdorf.

Second Vice-President — Dr. M. R. Powers.

Secretarv— Dr. T. F. Krey.

Treasurer— Dr. J. W. Fink.

Under the head of new business, the question of a larger mem-
bership was discussed, and it was suggested that if each class
had a representative who would be noti6ed of the officers elected
and what is going on in the Society it would encourage the
members to attend every meeting ; and to this end it was sug-
gested that the President take the matter up by calling a meet-
ing of the Executive Committee, to be held at the time of the
annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. at New Haven, when some
action in regard to the appointment of Resident State Secreta-
ries would be taken, as it was thought in this manner that the
membership of this Association would not only be greatly in-
creased, but that the meetings would be generously attended as
well.

The President, Dr. W. C. Miller, appointed the following
members to constitute the Board of Censors for the coming
year : Drs. Wm. Herbert Lowe, chairman ; W. J. Coates, R.
W. Ellis, W. Horace Hoskins, and T. E. Smith.

Adjourned. Wm. C. Miller, Secretary.

The banquet, held at the Vcndomc in the evening, was a
pleasant and very successful affair, most of the recent classes
and many of those of long ago being represented. Dr. Roscoc

510 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

R. Bell acted as toastmaster and responses to sentiments were
made by Chancellor MacCracken, Prof. W. J. Coates, Prof.
James h. Robertson, Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, Prof. G. G. Van
Mater, Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Prof. Wilson, Dr. D. J. Dixon,
Dr. Robert W. Ellis, Dr. J. F. DeVine, Dr. W. C. Miller, and
others. The occasion was a dual celebration, in that it marked
the silver anniversary of Dr. Hoskins' attendance upon these
events, he never having missed being present for a quarter of a
century, a record probably unequaled by another alumnus, cer-
tainly not by one wlu resides outside of the State.

Dr. Geo. B. Gillmor, graduate of American Velerinaiy
College, has been appointed meat inspector of Pittsburgh, Pa.,
at a salary of $1800 a year.

Tuberculosis has been found in a rattlesnake at the Wash-
ington, D. C, Zoo, thus illustrating the wide range of individ-
uality of the victims of this universal plague.

A Good Massachusetts Law. — A law went into effect in
Massachusetts on April 20, 1906, which makes it a misdemea-
nor for any person to sell or use a broken-down horse. The
enactment of the law was influenced through the Massachusetts
Humane Society and its effect is already noticed, auctioneers
who formerly did a big business in disposing of diseased and
broken-down animals finding their vocation now practically
gone. The law reads : "Section i. It shall be unlawful for
any person holding an auctioneer's license to receive or offer for
sale or to sell at public auction any horse which by reason of
debility, disease or lameness, or for other cause, could not be
worked in this Commonwealth without violating the laws
against cruelty to animals. Section 2. It shall be unlawful
for any person to lead, ride or drive on any public way, for any
purpose accept that of conveying the animal to a proper place
for its humane keeping or killing, or for medical or surgical
treatment, any horse which, by reason of debility, disease or
lameness, or for other cause, could not be worked in this Com-
monwealth without violating the laws against cruelty to ani-
mals. Section 3. Any licensed auctioneer violating any pro-
vision of this act shall forfeit his license, and any person violat-
ing any provision of this act shall be punished by a fine of not
less than five nor more than one hundred dollars, or by im-
prisonment for not more than six months." In the next

session of the Michigan Legislature the Humane Society of
that State will endeavor to have a similar law enacted.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 611

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Warren M. Johnson, veterinary dentist, died at his
home, Pittsburgh, Pa., March 15, after a brief illness of
pneumonia, aged 65 years.

Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, Veterinary Inspector, Commissary
Department, U. S. Army, is spending his vacation trout fishing
and shooting in the Maine woods. He will return to Omaha,
Neb., about July 15.

Dr. W. Reid Blair, pathologist to the New York Zoologi-
cal Park, will send to the New Haven meeting of the A.V. M. A.,
a number of interesting gross pathological specimens which he
has secured through his fortunate opportunities. From New
Haven they will be shipped to Buffalo for the New York State
meeting.

Dr. Samuel O. Wood, V. S., of Melbourne, Australia, is on
his way to America, commissioned by the Australian govern
ment to inquire into the condition of the horse industry here
and, if pleasing to him, to purchase some good stock for breed-
ing purposes for the government. Also Dr. Wood is interested
in the subject of horseshoers' legislation with a view possibly
of having legislation applied to the practice of the trade in Aus-
tralia. — (Horses/leers'' Journal.)

Dr. Gottlieb Meyer, a non-graduate practitioner of
Allegheny, Pa., died May 9, from cancer of the stomach. He
was a native of Bavaria, and attended the Agricultural College
at Munich, and studied animal husbandry, but found no em-
ployment in that line when he came to this country, and after
blistering his hands for a day at a saw-mill, put out his shingle
as a veterinary surgeon, and at one time enjoyed a large prac-
tice in Allegheny, Pa. He was aged about 60 years, and leaves
a widow and five children.

Suicide of a Dog. — According to the New York Herald.,
a female fox terrier, " Beauty ", winner of a blue ribbon at the
recent bench show of the Westminster Kennel Club, committed
suicide on June 16 by jumping from the fourth story window of
the flat of James (iilligan, at No. 353 W. 47th St., New York City.
The dog became jealous of a Boston bull bitch named " Daisy '\
which had been in the household a long time, while the fox ter-
rier was a recent acquisition. Her owner was in bed, fondling
" Daisy ". when " Beauty " also jumped upon the bed. But
" Beauty " was forced away, while Gilligan continued to pet the
bull, and the terrier returned and frisked about for recognition ;

612 NEWS AND ITEMS.

but her owner cast her aside again. This was repeated a tliird
time, with a like result. "Beauty" whined and ran through
the flat to the front window, poised for a moment, looked back,
wailed, and then jumped into the street below, landing on her
neck and dying instantly.

The Origin of Maladie du Coit in Canada. — In Bulle-
tin II, Health of Animals, Department of Agriculture of Can-
ada, Veterinary Director General J. G. Rutherford gives a lucid
description of dourine and its differential diagnosis from the
benign coital exanthema. In his introduction he draws the
inference that it "must" have been imported from the United
States, as is the custom of our Canadian cousins to ascribe
all their evils to their proximity to the American border, while
all their virtues are inherent to the land of the snow. He says :
" This disease, which has long been known in the Old World,
was introduced to this continent in 1882 by a Percheron stallion
imported from France, and used for service in Illinois. Unfor-
tunately the nature of the affection was not discovered until
several years had elapsed, during which period a considerable
number of stallions and mares had become infected. Some of
these infected animals were removed from the district before
quarantine was imposed, with the result that a number of dis-
ease centres have been established in various parts of the United
States. The large influx of American horses is undoubtedly
responsible for the introduction of this loathsome malady to
western Canada, where its existence was first reported from
Lethbridge district in March, 1904. Since that time active
measures have been adopted for its repression, but owing to the
nature of the malady and the loose conditions under which the
horses are handled in the range country, it is a matter of great
difficulty to deal with it effectually. . . ."

Death of the Racehorse "Sysonby". — The death of
this distinguished member of the equine family occurred on
June i8th at the stables of his owner, James R. Keene, at Sheeps-
head Bay. His illness had been of considerable newspaper noto-
rietv, he having been afflicted with a form of eczema which
baffled the skill of the most prominent veterinarians of the East,
and finally his owner's family physician undertook to treat him,
with less success than had followed the efforts of the veterinari-
ans. The exanthem was principally around the coronets and
finally passed down beneath the horny structure to the sensitive
laminae of the frogs, resulting in extensive canker of all feet.
From continual stamping, induced by the extreme irritation, a

NEWS AND ITEMS. 513

deep seated abscess formed in one frog, and finally septicaemia
set in, when the veterinarians weie again called in, but it was
too late to save the great horse's life. When Dr. Wm. Sheppard,
of Sheepshead Bay, arrived on the 17th he found "Sysonby "
with a temperature of 105I, breathing hard, pulse fast and
almost imperceptible, his body bedewed with perspiration, and
unable to rise. The owner was informed that the end was near,
and Dr. R. W. McCully, of New York, was called in consulta-
tion, but his opinion simply confirmed that of Dr. Sheppaid.
Notwithstanding the abandonment of hope, efforts were re-
doubled to avert the inevitable result. " Sysonby " died the
following day. A post-mortem examination, held by the two
veterinarians, disclosed a remarkable condition of the liver, and
while we have not heard if there was a pathological examina-
tion made of its structure, Dr. Sheppard informed us by tele-
phone that it weighed sixty-five pounds, about six times its
normal size. "Sysonby" was in his four-year-old form, and
had raced as a two- and three-year-old, winning $182,000 in
stakes and purses. Mr. Keene refused $200,000 for him, and
on one occasion it is said that John W. Gates drew from his
pocket a blank check, signed his name to it, and handed it to
Keene, telling him to fill it out and deliver the horse to him,
which the latter promptly refused. It is doubtful if a round
million would have induced his owner to part with him. It is
to be regretted that he had no opportunity in the .«-tud.

Bureau of Animal Industry. — The following circular
was issued l)y the Civil Service Commission on June 14:
" The United States Civil Service Commission announces an
examination on June 25, 1906, at the places mentioned in the
accompanying list, to secure eligibles from which to make certi-
fication to fill 150 vacancies, more or less in the position of vet-
erinary inspector (male), at $1,200 per annum each, in the Bu-
reau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, due to the
contemplated provisions in the appropriation for that Depart-
ment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, and other similar
vacancies as they may occur in that Bureau. Attention is
invited to the fact that the supply of eligibles for this position
has not been equal to the demand. Qualified persons are there-
fore urged to enter this examination. The examination will
consist of the subjects mentioned below, weighted as indicated :
I. Spelling (twenty words of average difficulty in common use)
5; 2. Arithmetic (simple tests in addition, subtraction, multi-
plication, and division of whole numbers, and in common and

514 NEWS AND ITEMS.

decimal fractions and United States money) 5 ; 3. Letter-writ-
ing (a letter of not less than 125 words on some subject of gen-
eral interest. Competitors will be permitted to select one of
two subjects given) 5 ; 4. Penmanship (the handwriting of the
competitor in the subject of copying from plain copy will be
considered with special reference to the elements of legibility,
rapidity, neatness, general appearance, etc.) 5 ; 5. Copying from
plain copy {1 simple test in copying accurately a few printed
lines in the competitor's handwriting) 5; 6. Veterinary anat-
omy and physiology 15; 7. Veterinary pathology and meat
inspection 30; 8. Theory and practice of veterinary medicine
30. Total 100. The last three subjects include general ques-
tions on anatomy and physiology, a consideration of the pathol-
ogy of diseases in general, and such special pathology as is
characteristic in the diseases common to food-producing ani-
mals. The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in-
cident to domesticated animals will be considered, also the laws
and rules promulgated for the regulated inspection of meals.
Seven hours will be allowed for the examination. Age limit,
20 years or over on the date of the examination. Applicants
must be graduates of veterinary colleges. Those graduating
prior to or during 1897 will be admitted if from colleges having
a course of not less than two years in veterinary science ; appli-
cants graduating since that time must be from colleges having
a course of not less than three years, and must have spent at
least two years in the studv of veterinary science in such col-
leges. Tliese facts must be shown in the application. This
examination is open to all citizens of the United States who
comply with the requirements. Applicants should at once ap-
ply either to the United States Civil Service Commission,
Washington, D. C, or to the Secretary of the Board of Examin-
ers at anv place mentioned in the accompanying list, for appli-
cation Form 131 2. No application will be accepted unless
properly executed and filed with the Commission at Washing-
ton. In applying for this examination the exact title as given
at the head of this announcement should be used in the appli-
cation. As examination papers are shipped direct from the
Commission to the places of examination, it is necessary that
applications be received in ample time to arrange for the ex-
amination desired at the place indicated by the applicant. The
Commission will therefore arrange to examine any applicant
whose application is received in time to permit the shipment of
the necessary papers."

VBTEKINAKY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MCETINUS.

515

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

Secretaries are requested to see that their organizations are properly
included in the following list.

Name of Organization.

American V. M. Ass'n

Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J

Connecticut V. M. Ass'n

New York S. V. M. Soc'y. . .
Schuylkill Valley V M. A....

Passaic Co V. M. Ass'n

Texas V. M. Ass'n

Massachusett.s Vet. Ass'n....

Maine Vet Med Ass'n

Central Canada V. Ass'n

Michigan State V. M. Ass'n. . .
Alumni .Ass'n N. \'.-A. V. C.

Illinois .State V M. Ass'n

Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad. ...
Illinois V . M . and Sui^. A. . . .

Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba

North Carolina V. M. Ass'n. . .

Ontario Vet Ass n

V. M. Ass'n New York Co. . . .

Ohio .State V. M. Ass'n

Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n. . .
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n . . . .
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n.. .

Iowa State V. M. Ass'n

Mmnesota State V. M. Ass'n
Pennsylvania State V. M. A.. .
Keystone V. M. Ass'n

Colorado .State V. M. Ass'n . .

Missouri Valley V Ass'n

Rhode Island V M Ass'n

North Dakota V M. Ass'n

California State V M. Ass'n.. .

Southern Auxiliary of Califor

nia Stale V. M. Ass'n. . . .

South Dakota V. M. A

Nebraska V. M .Ass'n

Kansas State V M Ass'n. . . .
Ass'n MAdicale Vetemaire

Francaise " Laval."

Alumni \5«o'-iation A. V. Col..
Province of Oiiehcc V. M. A. . .

Kentucky V. M. Ass'n

Washington State Col. V. M. A.
Indiana Veterinary As.<iociation.
Iowa-Nebraska V. M. Ass'n..
Louisiana State V. M, Ass'n..

Twin City V. M . Ass'n

Hamilton Co (Ohio> V, A

Mississippi State V, M. Au'n..

Dale of Next
Meeting.

Aug. 21-24, '06

July 12 13, '06.

Call of President

Sept. II- 12 13

June 20.

Monthly.

Call Exec. Com.

Monthly

July 9, 1906.

State Fair week

April, 1907.
July 12, 1906.
Call ol Pres t.

Not Stated.

Vacation .
1st Wed. ea.mo
July 12,1906..

July, II, 12, '06

2d Tues. May

1st Mon. in June

June 18-19
June and Dec

Mch.Je.Sep, Dc

Jan. A pi. Jy, Oct
July, 1906.

Jan. 8-9. '07.
I St &3d Thur.
of eachmonth.
April eacbyr.

Monthly.

August. 1906.

PUceof
Meeting

N. Haven, Ct
Asbury Park,
New Haven
Buffalo.
Reading.
Paterson,N.J

Boston.

Augusta.

Ottawa.

Detroit.

141 W. 54th St

Bloomington

Sheboygan.

Decatur.

Winnipeg

141 W. 54th St
Columbus.
Pittsburgh.

Rocht'r.N.Y

Minneapolis.

Philadelphia

Denver.

Omaha, Neb.

Providence.

San Francisco

Ijos Angeles.
Brookings.

Topeka.
Lect. R'm La-
val Un'y Mon
New York
Mon. & Que.

Pullman. Wa.

Cincinnati.

Agricultural

Colleee.

Name and Address Secreisrv.

J. J. Repp Phila., Pa.
W. H Lowe, Paterson.

B. K. Dow. Willimantic.
G. T Stone. Bingbamton.
W. G. Huyett. Wemersville.
H. K. Berry, Paterson, N J.

E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie.

F. J. Babbitt. Lynn. Mass
R. E. Freeman, Dexter.
A. E. James, (Jttawa.
Judson Black, Richmond.
W. C. Miller, N Y. ( ity.
F. H. Parr. Pana.

S Beattie, Madison.

C. M. Walton Rantoul.
F. Torrance, Winnipeg.

T, B. Carroll, Wilmington.
C H. Sweetapple, Toronto.

D. J. Mangan N. Y. City.
W H.Gribble.Wash'nC H.
F. Weitzell. Allegheny.

F. F. Brown, Kansas City.
J. H. Taylor, Henrietta,K Y .
H, C. Simpson. Deniscn. la.
C. A. Mack, .Stillwater.
C. J. Marshall, PhilBdelj hia

A. W. Ormeston, 102 Htr-
man St.,Germantown,' a

M.J. Woodlifie, Denver.

B. F. Kaupp, Kansas Cily
T.E. Robinson. Westeriy.R 1
J A. Winsloe, Cooperstown.
C H. Blemer, San Francisco.

J. A. Edmons, Los.Angelef.

E. L. Moore, Brookings.
Mans Jenson, Weeping Water
Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina.
J. P. A. Houde. Montreal.

F. R. Hanson, N. Y. City,
f'lustave Boyer. Rigand.P.Q.
n A. Piatt. Lexington
Wm. D. Mason. F'ullman.
E. M Bronson, Indianapolis
A. T. Peters, Lincoln. Neb.
E P. F'lower, Ba on Rouge.
S. H Ward, St Paul. Minn
Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.

J C. Robert, Agricultural
Colleee

PUBHSHERS* DEPARTMENT.

At this season when horses cannot be spared from their work, and
splints, spavins and curbs appear, Mist. Argenti Comp. is a wonderful
convenience to the veterinary practitioner who is fortunate enough to
have it in stock.

Throw Light on It with "The Rayflex Flash Light." This in-
genious little apparatus has a telescopic focusing arrangement which
permits of enlarging and contracting the field of beam instantly, and at
will ; making it exactly suitable for various cavities, by adjusting it to
their various sizes. Messrs. Sharp and Smith, of Chicago, have placed
the above instrument within reach of any practitioner for $2.00.

Dr. J. C. MiLNEs IS Looking for His Brother Practitioners
WITH A Gun. Look out for him at the foot of page 7 (adv. dept.)

William R. Jexkixs' Already Attractive List of Veterinary
Publications is rendered even more so this month. This enterprising
house spares no expense in placing at the disposal of English speaking
veterinarians, translations from works of able European writers, in a
manner that has always distinguished their publications. Veterinarians
from out of town can always pass a pleasurable and profitable hour in
examining some of these works, and will always receive a hearty wel-
come to the Veterinary Department.

ASSISTANT WANTED.

Wanted. — A Veterinary Assistant to work nights. Must be competent to treat colic
cases, etc. No one need answer this who is looking for an easy snap, but to a good,
honest worker a permanent position is open. Address, Hard Work, care American
Veterinary Review, 509 W. iS2d .St., New York.

Good paying practice — growing city, 18, 00c population — only graduate — good mining
country surrounding. Owing to other business will sell.

P. S. Will sell hospital and instruments and medicine also. Address, Dr. S.
H., care A!

Will sell hospital and instruments and medicine also.
iMERic^N Vet. Review, 509 W. i52d St., New York.

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

In Missouri, income J2500 a year In city of over 12,000. Only graduate in county.
Rare chance. Price $500 with horse, rig, and office fixtures Address, Veterinary
Surgeon, 107 N. Williams St , Moberly, Mo.

FOR SALE.

Practice in a very fertile farming section of the South. Reason for selling, going
into other business. Apply Practick, care American Veterinary Review, 509 W.
I52d St., New York, N. Y.

REVIEWS WANTED.

Any one having April, October or December, 1903 September, 1905 or March. 1906,
that they are willing to sell, will kindly communicate at once with the Business Manager
of the American Veterinary Review, Robt. W. Ellis 509 West I52d St . New York.

THIS SPACE TO LET.

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14

American Veterinary Review.

AUGUST, 1906.

Correspondents will please note the change in address of Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, from
Seventh Avenue and Union Street, to 710 East Second Street, Borough of Brooklyn,
New York City.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, France, June 24, iqo6.

The Unveiling of the Monument to Nocard. — I have
just returned from Alfort, and want the Review to have this
news as quickly as possible and as early as it will be published
in Europe. As I wrote our American friends some time ago,
to-day was selected for the ceremony of unveiling the Nocard
Monument.

If the subscription has been international, and if funds have
been contributed from every part of the world, the representa-
tion from veterinarians has not been. Thousands were pres-
ent, of course ; but they were French veterinarians. Dr. Lyd-
tin, of Baden, was the official delegate from German veterinary
societies ; Dr. Perroncito, from Italy ; a few from Belgium were
also there — but those were all. Letters of excuse, however,
were many. Our esteemed friend. Dr. William Dougherty, of
Baltimore, and myself took upon ourselves to represent the
United States — not officially, however. American veterinarians
contributed too handsomely to the fund to have their admira-
tion for Nocard stop there.

The ceremony resembled all similar occasions. Handsome
decorations, plenty of good music, very large attendance, and
with all that comparatively fine weather, made the whole thing
a perfect success. There were several speeches made. Prof.

5«7

518

EDITORIAL.

Chauveau, although eighty years old, and of delicate health,
delivered a masterly review of the work done by Nocard. Prof.
Leclainche, of Toulouse, as one of his scholars and co-workers ;
Dr. Roux, of Pasteur Institute, as one of his intimate friends,
and several others, told the audience many peculiarities of the
life of the subject of the ceremony. The Secretary of Agricul-
ture, who represented the Government of the Republic, took
advantage of the ceremony to deliver several decorations.

It is unnecessary for me to review in this short notice the
speeches that were made ; I may do so later on. I enclose a
view of the Monument, which has been placed in the Cour
d^'honneur of the Alfort School, in company with the statues of
Bourgelat and Henri Bouley.

* «

Conclusions from the Melun Experiments. — The last
reports on the experiments at Melun to test von Behring's

EDITORIAL. 519

bovovaccine lias been made public, and the following scien-
tific conclusions have been presented.

(i.) A first mild and cured attack of tuberculosis confers to
the organism a very marked, but incomplete, resistance to a
new infection.

(2.) Vaccination by Behring's method is harmless for ani-
mals kept, during the time necessary for immunization and the
six consecutive weeks, away from all accidental infection.

(3.) Vaccination permits the animals to resist for several
months natural contagion by cohabitation with infected animals.

(4.) The method grants a resistance truly great to the most
severe modes of experimental infection.

(5.) The immunizing bacilli used by Behring constitute
true vaccines. Indeed, they are resorbed in subjects kept in
media free from contamination, without giving rise to pulmon-
ary lesion, or its annexes, lymphatic glands, and without leav-
ing virulent remains, as observed by the authors who have used
as vaccine human bacilli insufficiently attenuated.

(6.) Perfect emulsion of the vaccine is essential for the
innocuity of the operation.

(7.) It is indicated not to vaccinate any subject which pre-
sents signs of pulmonary trouble.

(8.) The immunity conferred by Behring's method against
tuberculosis is not absolute ; as for all bacterian diseases, it can
be overcome by the inoculation of a strong dose of virus.

(9 ) The persistent presence in bronchial glands of the vac-
cinated animals of virulent bacilli introduced during the con-
trol tests cannot be considered as against the method ; the
bacilli of Koch, even killed by various processes, arc very slow
to resorb.

(10.) These conclusions are limited only to the Melun ex-
periments, which, after all, are only a large laboratory test, and
they cannot extend to interference in an infected centre.

The report of the complete experiment has been published,
and I will be glad to send a copy to any of our friend^ who may
ask for it.

5'10 EDITORIAL.

Milk and Tuberculosis Again. — Dr. A. Calmette, the
Director of the Pasteur Institute of Lille, in France, has just
claimed a discovery which is causing a certain sensation. Up to
the present time it is said that milk is not dangerous providing
it is sterilized. Boiling it at loo degrees for five or six minutes
seems to be the best precaution against possible infection with
tuberculo*iis. Late experiments by Dr. Calmette and Mr. Breton
upset this idea. In a communication made to the Academic
des Sciences, Dr. C. declared that after years of study and re-
peated experiment, he came to the conclusion that the inges-
tion of tuberculous products, even when sterilized by heat, was
dangerous for subjects already affected by tuberculosis, and
could be injurious for animals free from that disease. The ex-
periments were conducted on guinea-pigs. Six of these eat
dried bacilli ; six others received injections of the same bacilli
into the peritoneum. Two weeks after, they received in six
meals, at intervals of five days, five milligrammes of bovine
bacilli, at each time, heated at loo degrees during five minutes,
and mixed with cut-up carrots. All the pigs of the first series
lost flesh rapidly and died on an average in forty-one days.
Those that had received injections died in thirty one days.
Among the pigs used as witnesses, two died in thirty seven
days, the others lost considerable flesh.

Consequently, the repeated ingestion of small quantities of
tuberculous bacilli, killed by heat, hastens death considerably,
as would also the repeated injection of small doses of tuber-
culin. With healthy animals those dead bacilli give rise some-
times to serious disorders absolutely similar to those observed
when non-tuberculous animals are made to eat small doses of
tuberculin.

Final conclusion : Milk, even sterilized, must be prohibited
from use for food with man, and especially for children, if it
comes from tuberculous cows. Sterilization is powerless in re-
moving all danger. Milk containing dead tuberculous bacilli
stimulates the development of tuberculosis in those that are af-
fected with it.

EDITORIAL. 521

The Entrance of Air Into Veins. — I have recently read
an extract from the Archiv fi'ir Wissenschaftliche und Frak-
tische Tierlieilkunde relating to this subject by Dr. Richter, of
the Dresden Veterinary School, which may be considered as
one of actual interest at present, when intravenous injections
have entered the domain of daily practice. Many experiments
have already been made, and still opinions differ very much as
to the result of this accident. For instance, Kilt and Vogel
fear the entrance of a few bubbles of air into a syringe of
Pravaz. For Moeller a small quantity of air is without danger,
although sometimes it is followed by death ; and, again, even
very large quantities are harmless.

Bayer doubts a fatal result, and Hare does not believe that
death ever takes place.

To solve the question, experiments are necessary. Cases of
death by aeramia have been often recorded. The experiments
of Wepfer, as it is called, is but a manner of killing animals by
introduction of air into their veins, and many are the authors
who have recommended it — Chabert, Rey, Peuch, Vachetta,
Passet, and others. Dr. Richter has also experimented, first
upon eleven horses. In the exposed jugular he introduced
a rubber tube, through which he blew his own breath by two
or three insufflations. The effect was positive in all the cases ;
his eleven horses died, and since then he has killed in a similar
way four horses, three dogs and seven rabbits. " I consider,"
says Dr. Richter, "as sufficiently proved that the entrance of

air into veins can be followed by death."

*
* *

In the presence of such authority, I hesitate to mention?
however, only one experiment that I made many years ago. I
had read records of fatal cases following the accident and
wanted to see the effects. I had a horse to destroy. I opened
his jugular, introduced a blow pipe, and blew into it a small
quantity of air. I waited ; no result — no change. I renewed
the insufflations, and kept them up for a short time. It gave
rise, of course, to great general disturbance of respiration and

522 EDITORIAL.

circulation, but after several hours I was obliged to kill the
poor brute, which was suffering greatly.

Was the first step of my experiment imperfect, and the
quantity of air insufficient? Was it necessary that a larger
quantity be introduced ? What quantity of air may cause
death ? Dr. Richter answers. He has made experiments upon
40 horses, injecting with the syringe of Pravaz of 40 c.c. size,
10, 30, 40, 100, 200 c.c, etc., without producing alarming symp-
toms, in 21 horses. In others he injected 1,000 c.c. without in-
terruption. One only exhibited some disturbance of its equi-
librium. The conclusion is that that quantity (1,000 c.c.) is
the extreme dangerous limit. If the injection is more than one
litre, the animals become sick and surely die after the insuffla-
tion of eight litres.

* Ik

What is the cause of death after the entrance of air in a
vein ? For many, the heart is dead. But Vachetta, Passet,
Wolf and others have seen the heart beating after death.
Panum, Ribbert, Hauer, Passet, Wolf, have observed that the
heart is distended by foaming blood, and also the pulmonary
artery. The interference in the circulation of that artery and
its ramifications by air inixed with the blood soon gives rise to
the complete arrest of the bloody and is the cause of deaths says
Dr. Richter. Yet another supposition might be entertained,
viz. : a gaseous embolus of the arteries of the brain : a possibil-
ity which can be admitted, not only in the bloodvessels of the
brain, but also in those of the spinal cord, of the heart, etc., and
yet is realizable only when more than one litre of air has been
injected. Dr. R. considers the lung as constituting the natural
protection of the organism against air entering the veins^ which
would constitute for the organism a great danger if it was not
^''filtered out'''' in the lung.

* *

The therapy against gaseous emboli is powerless. Vene-
section seems to have succeeded in a few cases. Prophylaxy,
by careful attention in the steps of a surgical operation to

EDITORIAL. 523

prevent the introduction of air, is the important question.

* *

Changes in Animal Temperature Under Various

Influences. — Numerous are the observations that have been
recorded upon the changes of animal temperature under various
influences. Dr. Richter, of Dresden, has made known a new
series of researches, which have been published in several Euro-
pean scientific organs. The conclusions resumed in Leclainche's
Revue are as follows :

(i.) Any movement gives rise to an elevation of temperature.

(2.) The surrounding temperature being at 2i°C., aftera
long walk, a rise maxima of 0.4° is an average obtained after
48 minutes.

(3.) During a trot, the thermometer rises slightly during
the first 15 minutes ; it increases after 25 to its maxima up to
1.55°, the surrounding temperature being 18.5°.

(4.) The highest elevation, observed after a long trot, has
been 2.5°.

(5.) After a long exercise, either walking or trotting, the
temperature reaches its highest point more or less rapidly, in
general to run down afterwards.

(6.) The proportion of the hyperthermies observed after
walking and trotting is as i : 7.5.

(7.) After a walking exercise of 60 to 90 minutes, the tem-
perature rises gradually, to return to normal about 75 minutes
after.

(8.) After a trot of 20 to 30 minutes, the temperature runs
down rapidly during the first quarter of an hour, and slower af-
terwards, to return to normal on an average in two hours.

(9.) The duration of the running down of the temperature
is not in proportion to its rising.

(10.) Sex, breed, or age, have no influence upon the rising
or dropping of the temperature.

(II.) There is no difference in the thermic variation be-
tween healthy horses and those that suffer from surgical dis-
eases.

624 EDITORIAL.

(i2.) In horses affected with diseases of the respiratory ap-
paratus, except heaves, the hyperthermia after a trot goes one-
tenth of a degree higher than with sound horses. After two
hours' rest the temperature is still higher than the normal by
an average of 0.15° in 40 per cent, of the diseased animals.

(13.) There is no difference in the variations between
healthy horses and those which have heaves.

(14.) With these last, the dropping of the temperature is
very slow : in the first quarter of an hour it is only one-eighth
of the rising ; after two hours, the temperature is still 0.4°
above the normal, and 0.35° after two hours and a half.

(15.) The quickest dropping observed in emphysematous
horses has been one hour and three-quarters.

(i6.'> In horses suffering with immobility, the rise after a
trot is 0.45° less than in healthy animals.

(17.) A sub-febrile temperature of 38.5° is reached in
dummy horses after 15 minutes' rest and in about three-quar-
ters of an hour in all others.

* *

A " Dung-Bag " for City Horses. — Years ago a man
came to my office with an idea which he thought he would pat-
ent, and he wanted my opinion on his invention. This con-
sisted in the application of a basket to receive the droppings of
a horse while at work, with the main object of having the
streets of New York kept cleaner. The idea might be con-
sidered as good, but the plan was simply horrid — the basket
secured under the animal's tail by some means or other, I do
not now remember.

I merely recall this incident to show that, after all, the old
proverb finds daily application: "there is nothing new under
the sun." Our contemporary, the Veterinary News^ in its
issue of May 5, under the title of " The Cleanliness of Our
Public Thoroughfares," calls the attention of its readers to an
arrangement having the same object, and is the invention of
Dr. J. A. Calantarients, of Scarborough. " It consists of a suit-
able receiver or dung-trap fixed to some convenient part of the

EDITORIAL. 626

vehicle, as the axle of the front wheels, for example, and a
shoot or collector of some flexible waterproof material attached
at one end to the breech-strap and at the other end to an outlet
tube extending from the top of the receiver in the direction of
the animal's breech. The receiver or dung-trap contains an
open-topped drawer or removable lining, which can be with-
drawn and replaced by its handle at the back of the receiver.
The shoot or collector has an expanded trough-like shape near
the breech just large enough to catch the dung, but narrows
down to the diameter of the inlet tube. . . Whether the
animal is standing or running, its dung is caught by the shoot
or collector and travels by gravity along the same into the re-
movable drawer, which can be removed, emptied and cleaned
periodically. There is a valvular arrangement at the inlet
tube of the receiver to allow the dung to pass freely into the

receiver, but to prevent any smell coming out."

*
* *

Reeks' " Diseases of the Horse's Foot." — I had read in
the English veterinary journals notices and reviews of a new
woik, " Diseases of the Horse's Foot," by H. C. Reeks, F.R.C.
V.S., and, ignorant that a copy had been sent to my co-editor
for review in our monthly, I wrote Mr. Alex. Eger, the Ameii-
can publisher, for a copy of the book, which he very kindly
sent to me, and for which I here thank him. In the meantime,
the Review for April reached my office, and there also I read
the pompous article oflFered to our readers. I was naturally
much interested, and regretted my demand upon the Chicago
publisher, when the book came a few days later. One can
imagine how I examined it. I will be frank : I was disap-
pointed. Not that the book is bad — far from it ; but I have
failed to discover in it the wonderful superiority I expected,
and all I could say when I got through was, as the Engli.sh re-
viewers had said : It is an " interesting and instructive com-
pilation," presented " under the form of a very useful, practical
and serviceable manual." It is well arranged, has some good
illustrations, and improves the descriptions by the records of a

526 EDITORIAL.

few interesting cases. There is, however, among the plates one
(Fig. 43) which is puzzling to me. I cannot very well see how
this method of adjusting a side-line preparatory to fixing the
hind leg upon the fore can be carried out ; if it is, it must be
with much more difficulty than with the methods described in
other classical works. But, perhaps the plate is badly made.
Yet the description agrees with it. However, it is not of very
great importance, and can scarcely diminish the value of the

work, for which the author deserves credit.

*

A New Work on the Exterior of the Horse. — Every
member of the veterinary profession, and, I might add, every
connoisseur of horses in America, knows of that excellent work,
" The Exterior of the Horse," the translation that Prof. S. J. J.
Harger, of Philadelphia, made of the French work of Goubaux
and Barrier. It would seem that this magistral work would
have reached, as a classical book, the boundaries of excellency
to which one could pretend, and that no other work on the sub-
ject could be published. It seems not. Why ? Because,
although superior as it is, it is a work to which all interested in
horses must refer, and, yet, on account of its size, it is not suffi-
ciently didactic, and, above all, because it is limited to the
study of the external forms of the horse, and ignores the other
principal domestic mammalia, with which the veterinarian
ought to be as familiar as with the horse.

A new work has just been issued, by the house of Houzeau
& Asselin : " Precis d'exterieur du Cheval et des princi-
paux mammiferes domestiques" (''Compendium of the Ex-
terior of the Horse and of the Principal Domestic Mammalia "),
by Prof. F. X. Lisbre, of the Lyon Veterinary School, comes
more as a classical work, which offers the students in veteri-
nary schools the opportunity to obtain a knowledge that no
other similar work presents.

Let me analyze briefly. After the introduction, the first
chapter is on the eye of horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, sheep,
goats, camels, lamas, swine, dogs and cats. The second chap-

EDITORIAL. 527

ter treats of the coats and their peculiarities in horses, other
solipeds, large and small ruminants, swine, dogs and cats, with
consideration of the description of an animal. The third and
fourth chapters are on the centre of gravity, attitudes and move-
ments and gaits. In the fifth chapter we come to the study of
the various regions of the body — the trunk and the extremities,
with their individual subdivisions. In this chapter, as in the
first and second, the dififerences in the other animals are also
considered. Proportion in horses, other solipeds, and in cattle,
occupy the sixth chapter. The seventh treats of the selection
of saddle and draught horses. The eighth speaks of the ex-
amination at the time of sale.

The Compendium is a work of nearly 450 pages, hand-
somely gotten up, and is illustrated by 280 figures, some of
which are very good, several are inferior, and many rather poor-
They spoil the appearance of this excellent addition to veterinary
literature.

* *

Degrees in Veterinary Medicine. — I have been favored
by a concise announcement from the Washington State Col-
lege at Pullman, which brought the pleasing news of the estab-
lishment of a four-year course in veterinary science, which will
lead to a Bachelor's Degree. Indeed, in that announcement it
is stated that the curriculum of the Department of Veterinary
Science will cover four years of two semesters each and that the
graduates will receive the degree of Bachelor in Veterinary
Science. On another page of the announcement it is stated
that in the School of V^eterinary Science the curriculum will be
only three years of two semesters each and that the graduates
will receive the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Medicine.

Here I am puzzled. In my copy of Webster's Dictionary I
am told that a Baccalaureate or degree of Bachelor is \\\^ Jirst or
lowest academic degree conferred by universities and colleges,
and that a Doctor is one who has taken the highest degree con-
ferred by a university or college, or has received a diploma of
the highest degree.

528 EDITORIAL.

As the ciirriciilum is about the same in the two schools in
question, with perhaps covering more subjects in the former,
where economic science, English, German, and pharmacy
Latin are introduced, I am at a loss to explain why a Baccalau-
reate ^^inferior degree) should ask four years when the Doctorate
(superior degree) requires but three.

Anyhow, the increase to four years is a good move, and the
Washington State College deserves credit for being one of the
first to inaugurate it.

Communications and Pamphlets Received. — In the
Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope ^ April issue, an
article by Tho. Bowhill, F.R.C.V.S., covering the subject of
pasteurella of adult cattle, of sheep, goats, swine, horses, and
ostriches.

In the " Abstracts of the Laboratory of Veterinary Physi-
ology and Pharmacy of the New York State Veterinary Col-
lege," sent to me by Prof. P. A. Fish, I find articles on " Ure-
thral Calculus," "The Efifect of Sulphurous Acid upon Peptic
and Tryptic Digestion," "Status of Therapeutics," "Effect of
Sulphurous Acid upon the Urinary Constituents," all by Prof.
Fish. By H. J. Milks, " Arecolin Hydrobromate ;" by A. J.
Beverley, " Ergot as an Abortifacient ;" by F. McNair, " The
Structure and Function of the Digestive Tract of the Chicken."

I have received also a reprint on " The Rapid Diagnosis of
Rabies," by Dr. Langdon Frothingham ; the report of State
Veterinarian L. Van Es, to the Governor of North Dakota ; a
number of pamphlets from the Bureau of Animal Industry,
among which I notice : " Etiology of Hog Cholera," by Drs.
Dorset, Bolton and McBryde ; " External Parasites of Hogs,'»
by Dr. E. C. Stevenson; "The Gid Parasite in American
Sheep," by B. H. Ransom ; " Cattle, Sheep and Hog Feeding in
Europe," by W. J. Kennedy ; " Bacillus Necrophorus and Its
Importance," by Dr. J. R. Mohler and G. B. Morse ; " Necrotic
Stomatitis," by the same authors ; " Texas Fever with Method
for Its Prevention," by Dr. J. R. Mohler, and a note on the

EDITORIAL. 529

" Life History of the Twisted Wircworm of Sheep and Other
Ruminants," by B. H. Ransom. A. L.

GOVERNMENT INSPECTION OF MEATS.

In the July number of this publication the above subject
was reviewed in its various aspects, not alone the sensational
methods adopted to secure a very desirable law, and the conse-
quent paralysis of the export trade in American meats, but we
there made a very positive prediction that when the smoke had
cleared from the battlefield it would be found that conditions
were not nearly so bad as they had been painted by an out-of-
place literary romancer and a committee of amateurs sent to
do work which should only have been entrusted to experts of
national reputation. The more one contemplates this peculiar
selection of a committee whose report meant so much to Ameri-
can live-stock interests, the more does the action of the President
seem out of harmony with his usual thorough conception of
great problems.

We confess to having been imposed upon by the lay press
in the matter of the personnel of the committee of experts
selected by representative commercial and scientific associations
of Chicago, for in our narrative of its formation appears the
name of a mythical Dr. Hektoen^ instead of that of our distin-
guished collaborator, Dr. M. H. Reynolds, professor of veteri-
nary science in the University of Minnesota. This committee
made a careful study of the conditions in the large packing-
houses of Chicago, working conscientiously for two weeks, and,
in the words of a member of it, "made an honest report." Our
prediction in the July number concerning the anticipated find-
ings of this committee was : " We venture to say that there will
be a vast modification of the accounts that have preceded it;"
and we print the conclusions of that body in justification of our
prophetic vision : " As a result of this investigation we ourselves
have no hesitancy instating that the meat products of the well-
known firms at the Yards are wholesome and proper for food."

630 EDITORIAL.

Some criticism is made of ventilation facilities, toilet rooms and*
old floors. But they fail utterly to produce any justification for
the harrowing stories furnished by "The Jungle " or the Presi-
dent's committee, and it thus becomes a scientific refutation of
the reports which have cost the country so much in money and
so dearly in reputation. In a review of this document by one
of the leading stock papers of the country, the Breeder's
Gazette^ it says : "The entire tenor of the report is such that
it deepens the regret at the precipitate action, based on viis/ead-
ing information^ which has thrown American goods into disre-
pute the world over. The (committee's) report should be bul-
letined abroad as widely as the report of the two untrained
observers, to whose report all the damage to trade has
flowed."

What has been done, however, cannot now be helped, and
the patriotic thing to do under the circumstances is for all to
unite in a grand effort to impress the world with the fact that
the United States now has the safest law for the consumer on
earth. Not a pound of meat nor meat products can clear from
a port of this country unless it bears the Government label, and
the Secretary of Agriculture can be thoroughly relied upon to
withhold its stamp of approval unless the law has been rigidly
complied with "from the pasture to the package," as well as in
the sanitary conditions under which it was prepared.

Elsewhere we print the " Meat Inspection Bill " in full, and
commend its careful perusal to all veterinarians. A vast army
of inspectors are needed to carry out its provisions, and it is
likely that, in securing this large number where so few of our
best men are willing to accept such position at the low salary
which it carries, many incompetents will be accepted, and the
service may suffer some in its personnel. Having dealt so libe-
rally with the whole subject in the matter of appropriation.
Congress could have redeemed itself by raising the efficiency of
the service through increasing the pay of the inspectors to a
sum commensurate with the character of the work demanded.

In another section of this number we reprint an editorial

EDITORIAL. 531

from the representative stock paper referred to above calling
for the establishment of a veterinary college at the Union Slock
Yards at Chicago to give special training in meat inspection in
connection with the great clinical advantages offered by the lo-
cation.

While the Review is at variance with the policy pursued
in bringing about needed reforms in the inspection service, it
has no quarrel with the results secured by the veterinary pro-
fession. So far as the latter is concerned, such an uplift could
not have been obtained for this branch of our science in a de-
cade of the most rapid progress we could have hoped for.

We make one more prediction :

In five years from the present date, no man having knowl-
edge of live-stock conditions can be found who will not
acknowledge that the end justified the very harsh means em-
ployed.

THE ASSOCIATION OF FACULTIES.

Do not forget that the Association of Veteiinary Faculties
and Examining Boards will hold its first meeting since its re-
organization at New Haven during the A. V. M. A. meeting. It
should be fraught with vital importance to the welfare of veteri-
nary education in America, which is greatly in need of some
harmonizing and strengthening influence. At last year's meet-
ing the President, Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, was instructed to ap-
point a committee of three from each of the factors composing
the organization (the colleges, the examining boards, and the
A.V.M.A.) to present a plan to realize the objects of the organi-
zation. We sincerely trust that the duties imposed upon its
President have been fulfilled, though we have not heard of any
such movement. Dr. Tait Butler, Raleigh, N. C, is Secretary,
and has l>een corresponding with those likely to take active in-
terest in its affairs, urging them to come prepared to contribute
to the solution of the problems which the Association was or-
ganized to solve.

532 EDITORIAL.

ALL ROADS LEAD TO NEW HAVEN.

Most veterinarians who can will turn their footsteps toward
the beautiful city in Connecticut which will this year be the seat
of the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. The Review is glad to be able to present in this
number a detailed program of all that has been arranged for the
benefit and comfort of the members and guests, including the
papers, the clinic, the exhibits and diversions, together with the
arrangements for travel and accommodation.

We felicitate the Association upon the prospect of a great
gathering of veterinarians, and a season of much educational
value and social pleasure.

The Review for September will give a faithful picture of
the salient points of interest, so that those who are prevented
from attending may be recompensed so far as descriptive writing
can do so.

DR. SALMON GOES TO URUGUAY.

Dr. Daniel Elmer Salmon, late Chief of the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry, has accepted a position with the
Uruguayan Government to organize and conduct a department
upon somewhat similar lines to the one which he instituted and
brought to such a high state of perfection in this country,
and for which grand work he was so poorly paid and shabbily
treated. Although his new government is but an infant when
compared with that to which he gave the most vigorous years of
his life, his salary is considerably larger, being $6,000 in gold
and all of his living expenses.

The entire veterinary profession of America wishes him un-
bounded success in his new field, and many years of health and
happiness.

Civil Service examinations to fill vacancies in the meat
inspection service were held all over the country on June 25,
and another is called for Aug. 8.

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 633

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX.

By Charles F. Dawson, M. D., D. V. S., Veterinarian Florida
State Board of Health ; Experiment Station Vet-
erinarian, Jacksonville, Fla.

Synonymy. — Black-leg ; black-quarter ; quarter ill ; (Ger.),
rauschbrand ; (Fr.), charbon symptomatique ; emphysematous
anthrax.

Definition. — An acute, fatal, infectious, bacterial disease of
cattle, manifested by fever, anorexia, lameness, hot, painful tu-
mors on the neck, shoulder, back, thigh or elsewhere, which
become emphysematous and exude black, frothy blood when
excised.

Geographical distribution. — It prevails as a local disease in
Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America. Hence,
climatic conditions do not govern its distribution. In America,
it prevails extensively in the cattle-raising States, and to a
lesser extent in nearly every State of the Union. It is least
prevalent in winter. Outbreaks are most frequent in the spring
and in dry seasons. In damp, undrained, uncultivated pas-
tures, the disease prevails to a greater extent than in drained,
cultivated pastures. A pasture becomes infected by a first case,
or by the droppings of carnivorous birds and dogs that have
eaten the carcasses, and by streams and air currents. Infected
pastures may remain as such for a number of years, this being
especially true of uncultivated pastures having a clay subsoil.

Animals susceptible. — The disease usually occurs in animals
six months to two and one-half years old, but may attack those
younger or older. Fat yearlings are most susceptible, while
suckling calves are rarely affected. This latter peculiarity may
be explained by the fact that the suckling calf is a carnivorous
animal, or that it is protected for the time being by an immu-
nizing principle in the milk of the dam. The vast majority of

534 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

the older animals resist the disease probably because of im-
munity naturally acquired by previous mild attacks. In cattle
where black-leg appeared for the first time, it is probable that
animals of all ages would contract the disease. While the dis-
ease is primarily one of cattle, it sometimes attacks sheep and
goats. Experimentally, it may be inoculated into sheep, goats
and guinea-pigs, as well as cattle. Horses, asses, mules, dogs,
cats, swine, poultry, rabbits and man are insusceptible ; that is
to say, the microbe of the disease will not grow in the bodies of
these animals under ordinary circumstances. Some immune
animals can be made susceptible by the subcutaneous injection
of mixed cultures of the bacillus of black-leg and Bacillus pro-
digiosus^ or with Proteus vulgaris ; by the simultaneous injec-
tion of an organic acid ; by insoluble substances, such as plas-
ter of Paris ; by dirt and hair that may be carried under the
skin by the inoculating instrument ; by mechanical injury to
the tissues from blows and surgical operations. An animal in-
oculated at a given point, and operated upon at another point,
will likely develop the disease at or near the point operated
upon. In the experience of the writer, a guinea-pig was inocu-
lated with black-leg virus in the thigh. The skull was then
trephined. The animal promptly died of black-leg, localized
in the face and neck muscles. If sterilized, old cultures of the
black-leg bacillus be injected subcutaneously or intra-abdomi-
nally into rabbits, the animals will die of a rapidly-progressive
emaciation, or toxaemia. The results would probably be the
same where the carcasses of animals dead from black-leg were
eaten by some carnivorous animals, or by man.

It is well-known that black-leg is more fatal to grades and
pure-breds than to common stock ; also that an animal in tine
condition will take the disease more readily than one in poor
condition. This is explained on the theory that in the prime
animal, the microbe finds a more suitable pabulum in which to
multiply. Infection may occur in punctured wounds, scratches,
or through abraded portions of the alimentary tract.

Spores may be absorbed and deposited by the blood in

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 535

distant parts where they find suitable conditions of growth.
Etiology. — The cause of black-leg is a rod-shaped bacillus,
measuring from 3 to 10 micromillimetrcs in length and about
0.5 micromillimetres in breadth. It forms spores, and when
sporulating, the bacillus becomes shorter and thicker. It is
known under several names : Bacillus anthracis symptomatici^
Bacilhis chauvae^ Bacillus of Rausbrand and Bacillus anthracis
emphysematosi. The spore is formed in the body of the bacil-
lus and it may be located either in the end or centre of the cell.
In the former case, the bacillus becomes club-shaped and in the
latter, it assumes a spindle shape. Spores frequently form in
the animal body, a point in differential diagnosis between this
microbe and that of malignant oedema^ which it greatly re-
sembles. Biologically considered, the microbe of black-leg is
an anaerobic, motile, spore-bearing, rod-shaped organism, hav-
ing a morphology which varies with its culture medium. It
ferments weak solutions of glucose with the simultaneous pro-
duction of CO 2, and an explosive gas. Under anaerobic condi-
tions, it grows well on all ordinary culture media, liquefying
gelatine. Being a strict anaerobe, it cannot multiply in the cir-
culating blood. When it is present in the blood, it has gotten
there by absorption from local lesion. It is found in the blood
extravasations of the local lesions when the blood in these sit-
uations has become stagnated and saturated with toxin. Its
spores may be found in all the more vascular organs of the
body. It begins to multiply only when inoculated, either by
accident or design, into the non-vascular connective tissue.
Hence the organism may be injected into the circulating blood,
and not cause the disease. If, however, the operator allow the
microbe to enter the connective tissue of the wall of the artery
or vein, or other parts the disease will promptly set in. In cul-
tures, and in the discase-exudatc, the microbe may be observed
varying in its morphology as follows : ist, as straight, motile
bacilli of uniform thickness throughout, singly and in pairs ;
2d, as spindle-shaped, club-shaped, spore-bearing bacilli, the
shape being determined according as the spore is located cen-

536

CHARLES F. DAWSON.

trally, or at the pole of the cell ; 3d, as free spores which have
been set free by the degeneration of the cell-wall and contained
protoplasm.

Black-leg may be confounded with anthrax and malignant
oedema ; hence, for the sake of brevity and conciseness, the fol-
lowing table stating the main biol6gical characters of the
microbe of each of these diseases is given below : —

Bacillus of Black-Leg.

3-10 microms X O-S microms
Ends rounded.

Occurs singly and in pairs.

Does not form filaments.

Anxrobic.

Motile.

Sporulates in living body.

Does not multiply in blood

stream
Fatal principally to cattle.
Ferments sugars.
Produces gas
Not fatal to rabbits.
Tumors large and gassy.
Bacillus and spores present

in decomposed body.

Bacillus of Anthrax.

5-IO micromsX 1 . 25 microms
Ends square.

Occurs in chains.

Does not form filaments.

^-Erobic.

Non-motile.

Does not sporulate in living

body.
Multiplies in blood stream.

Fatal to most animals.
Does not ferment sugars.
Does not produce gas
Fatal to rabbits.
Tumors small and hard
Bacillus decompose with
body. Spores only present.

Bacillus of Malignant
CEdema.
3-5 microms X I microm
Free ends rounded. Ends

in apposition square.
Occurs in chains.
Forms filaments.
Anrerobic.
Motile.
Does not sporulate in living

body.
Does not multiply in blood

stream.
Not fatal to cattle.
Ferments sugars.
Produces gas.
Fatal to rabbits.
Tumors large and gassy
Bacillus and spores present

in decomposed body.

E^ect of disinfectants. — As with all other spore-bearing
microbes, that of black-leg is very resistant to the disinfecting
effects of heat, chemicals, light and desiccation. While the
vegetating microbe is very readily killed, the spore will live for
years in the soil, buildings, harness, etc. It may be subjected
to cold many degrees below zero and yet retain its virulence.
It may be heated in dry air at 200° F. for an hour without be-
ing destroyed, although its virulence will be somewhat lessened.
If subjected to super-heated steam for 20 minutes, it is de-
stroyed ; but will retain its vitality in boiling water for an hour.
In practise, none but the more potent chemical reagents need
be employed as disinfectants, namely : mercuric chloride, in y^
p.c. solution, carbolic acid, in 5 p.c. solution, the dilute mineral
acids, quick-lime, chloride of zine, and strong solutions of any
of the recently invented coal-tar disinfectants, fire.

Symptomatology. — The disease runs a rapid course, ending

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 537

fatally in from one to three days. Its chief characteristic is the
formation of a tumor which, in some cases, is preceded by
fever, and in others, is followed by the same. This tumor,
small at first, rapidly increases in size, pits on pressure, and
finally attains a size of one to two feet in diameter. In rare
cases, the whole body is affected. Pressure upon the tumor
now produces a crackling sensation, because of the gas impris-
oned in the tissues. The swellings may appear upon any part
of the body ; but they are generally confined to the denser mus-
cular portions. Hence we find them on the thighs, neck,
shoulders, and in the lumbar region and sacrum. Less fre-
quently they are located in the palate, tongue and pharynx.
They never occur below the knees, or hocks, or on the end of
the tail, or ears. The swelling is at first hot and painful, but
soon becomes cold in the centre, and that part may be incised
without causing the animal to flinch. The main characteris-
tics, then, of the swellings are the crackling upon pressure, or a
gurgling sound is emitted when the hand is passed over them.
Upon percussion, a tympanitic note is produced. The centre is
insensitive, dark in color, and in a condition of dry gangrene.
They are cold, and when incised, a dark red, frothy, foul-smell-
ing, bloody fluid flows from the wound. Frequently smaller
swellings become confluent, and in this manner the whole body
may become swollen. The lymphatic glands may become in-
volved, and these can be felt as little tumors under the skin.

In addition to, and as a result of these conditions, the fol-
lowing general symptoms may be enumerated : Sudden loss of
appetite, general depression, high fever, lameness, labored
breathing, colicky pains, moaning, increasing weakness, decline
of fever, subnormal temperature and death. In some cases, the
general symptoms precede the tumor-formation.

Although the disease is generally a fatal one, cases, mild in
character have occurred, with recovery in old animals. This
observation is especially true in the artificial infection of cattle.
Frequently these fail of infection, even when inoculated with
large doses of active virus.

538 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

Pathological anato7ny. — Upon inspection of the carcass, it
is found much bloated, with the escape of a bloody froth from
the mouth, nose and anus. A limb is generally much swollen
and crepitant. The skin covering the swelling is dry and gan-
grenous. The connective tissue beneath it is infiltrated with
blood which contains gas bubbles. At times, this tissue is in-
filtrated with yellow gelatinous material. The affected muscular
tissue is dark, red or yellow, emphysematous, dry in the older
portions of the tumor, and moist in the more recently affected
parts. The emphysematous or spongy portions are, from their
distended condition, much lighter than the more solid parts.
When stroked, they crepitate and exude a frothy, tarry, foul-
smelling liquid. The contained gases are inflammable, and are
supposed to be carburetted and sulphuretted hydrogen. The
same degenerative changes take place in the internal muscles,
namely, those of the tongue and throat, as occur in the skeleton
muscles, when the disease is located in them. When the
lymphatic glands participate in the disease process, the lymph
vessels are distended with gas.

There are generally little or no changes in the abdominal
cavity, unless the inflammatory process has involved the peri-
toneum, when a blood-red exude of considerable amount may
occur. Yellow, gelatinous and hsemorrhagic infiltrations fre-
quently occur in the serous membranes and in the tissues adja-
cent to the kidneys. The mucous membranes of the stomach
and intestines are sometimes congested and contain hsemor-
rhagic areas ; in which cases, the contents of these viscera will
be stained with blood.

In the thoracic cavity, the parietal pleurae may be infiltrated
with blood, and the pleural cavities may contain a sero-
sanguinous exudate. The lungs, pericardium, myocardium
and endocardium will be infiltrated with haemorrhages. The
heart muscle is soft and easily torn.

As the microbe cannot vegetate in the circulating blood,
this is not visibly affected during life ; but after death, when all
the oxygen has disappeared, the germ multiplies with great

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 639

rapidity, anaerobic conditions having been established. The
decomposition of the body is peculiar. For instance, if a hind
quarter is the location of the disease, that part of the body will
resist putrefaction much longer than the unaffected portions,
because the black-leg microbe has, in its growth, produced sub-
stances which are inimical to the ordinary germs of putrefac-
tion.

Diagnosis. — We have first to differentiate black-leg from
malignant oedema, which it not only resembles, but because
both germs have several points in resemblance, to wit : both
microbes are anaerobic ; both are motile ; both produce spores, and
both produce crepitating, gassy tumors. Neither microbe vege-
tates in the circulating blood. The history of the outbreak is an
important element in arriving at a correct diagnosis. Black-leg is
restricted to certain infected districts, while malignant oedema
may appear in a susceptible animal anywhere, as the microbe is
universally present in the soil, in the spore stage. Malignant
cedema attacks man, the horse, rabbits and pigeons, but is rare
in cattle. The microbe of black-leg is not pathogenic for man,
horses or rabbits. Both organisms are about the same length,
but the cedema bacillus is twice as broad as that causing black-
leg. The cedema bacillus does not form spores in the living
tissues, while the black-leg bacillus does. The former forms
filaments in the local lesion, while the latter does not. Both
germs are fatal to guinea-pigs, but only one, the cedema bacil-
lus, is fatal to rabbits.

Another disease, anthrax, may be confounded with black-
leg, although there arc wide differences, both in the respective
lesions, and in the two microbes, as well. Being an aerobe, the
anthrax microbe is found vegetating in the circulating blood or
other highly vascular organs. It grows in chains, and always
presents its spore centrally, without causing bulging of the cell
walls, as is the case with both the foregoing organisms. Spore
production occurs after death, or when the supporting tissue
has become impoverished. The bacillus of anthrax is always
square on the ends, is non-motile and produces a cottony

640 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

growth upon the surface of the ordinary solid culture media.
It does not produce gas ; hence the swellings produced in an-
thrax are not gassy. In an outbreak of anthrax, several differ-
ent kinds of animals may be affected ; horses, cattle, sheep,
hogs, of all ages ; while in black-leg, the disease will be con-
fined to young cattle. Of the ordinary experimental animals,
rabbits, guinea-pigs and mice succumb to anthrax inoculation,
while rabbits do not take black-leg. Finally, anthrax may be
inoculated upon a superficial wound or into the blood stream,
being aerobic ; while the microbe of black-leg, being anaerobic,
must be inoculated into an air-free tissue. In black-leg, the
muscle tissue always contains gas, and the spleen and blood
are perfectly normal. In anthrax, the muscle tissue never con-
tains gas, and the spleen is much swollen. The blood, in an-
thrax, is dark and tarry and coagulates, if at all, very feebly.
The blood in black-leg is normal in appearance. The germ of
black-leg may be confounded with some of the gas-producing
invasive bacteria, but enough has been said concerning the
biology of the black-leg bacillus to render their differentiation
easy, in the laboratory.

Prognosis. — This must always be unfavorable. While there
can be little doubt that cases, now and then, recover, it is the
exception that they do. Doubtless there are many instances
where exposed animals take the disease in a clinically unnotic-
eable form, gaining an immunity thereby. The writer has had
considerable experience in attempts to produce a fatal attack
by artificial inoculation, and has, in several instances, noted a
severe reaction, lasting several days, which ended in final re-
covery, with atrophy of the affected muscles. Hence, we must
conclude that animals do, sometimes, recover from attacks nat-
urally acquired, and it is possible that very many, if not all
animals grazing on infected pastures have at one time or another
contracted the disease in a clinically unnoticeable form. In
the severe form, it is such a malignant disease, and runs such a
short course, that an unfavorable prognosis is always to be given.

Therapeutics. — It is evident that there is little to be done itt

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 541

the way of treatment. Those who believe in the saying that
" while there's life, there's hope," would naturally turn their
attention to the local lesion. The swelling may be freely in-
cised, as soon as it appears, and packed with cotton soaked in
strong disinfectant solutions, such as bichloride of mercury,
carbolic acid, and the like, these being necessary to kill the
spores which form early. The injection of strong carbolic acid
into and around the tumor would be the better and safer
method, as there is the added danger of infecting the pasture
with the discharges when incisions are made. In a case of
malignant oedema in a horse, this method was adopted by the
writer, with a favorable result ; not, however, without the loss
of considerable tissue. The acid was injected hypodermically,
in drachm doses, three times a day, for three days. Ligation
of the limb to stop circulation and absorption, and free incisions
into the tumor, have with one author met with some success.
The parenchymatous injection of air or oxygen into the affected
tissues would also be logical treatment, if thoroughly done.

Various barbarous methods are resorted to by laymen and
illiterate practitioners in the way of treatment. If any of these
do any good, it is brought about by the resulting depletion
which robs the system of the pabulum on which germs grow.

The following is from the Annual Report of the Bureau of
Anfmal Industry for 1898: "I roped and dragged the animal
through a pond of cold water and cut off the end of its tail, and
it came out all right." *• I started him on a run and kept it up
for three miles. Then he seemed easier and recovered. But
ninety-nine times out of a hundred they will not run, but just
lie down and die." " A 2-year-old steer took lame in the morn-
ing with a large swelling on the hind leg. A man on horse-
back dragged the animal for half an hour, when it began
scouring, and in the course of a few days it had recovered."
" I saved three out of four by nerving or bleeding them in
the foot and running them. One I cured by nerving and giving
20 drops of aconite every two hours. I tried the same on a
number of others without effect."

543 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

Hygiene. — Evidently the most important hygienic measures
arc to avoid grazing on infected pastures, and the total destruc-
tion by fire of animals that have died of the disease. Such
pastures may be cultivated and planted to other crops, or may
be used for horses, or other insusceptible animals.

As a means of preventing the spread of the disease, the most
radical police regulations must be carried out. All infected
animals should be at once cut out of the herd and allowed to
die at a place where the body can be entirely destroyed by fire.
No part of the body should be reserved, nor should the carcass
be dragged across the pasture. Burning is best accomplished
by digging a trench, piling wood over it and placing the animal
on top of the pile. Sufficient wood must be used to evaporate
the water from the body, after which the carcass will burn of
itself. The contents of the stomachs and intestine will fall into
the pit, which is now to be filled up with soil from a nearby
place. In some localities where wood is scarce it will not be
practicable to cremate the carcass. In such cases, the only
course left is to bury the animal deeply at the place where it
dies. Dead bodies &hould never be thrown into streams. The
grave should be at least six feet deep, and to one side of the
carcass so it can easily be tumbled in. Lime should be thrown
in upon the carcass in a layer four inches thick. Then the top
surface of the soil upon which the animal has lain should be
shoveled into the grave, and the whole covered. Should stones
or wood be handy, a layer of these, if large enough, would pre-
vent dogs from digging down to the carcass, and thereby scat-
tering the virus. Burial should not be permitted near the water
supply, or a stream. On farms or ranches where black-leg pre-
vails, it would be economy to fence off a lot, place all affected
animals in it, and bury or burn them there when they die.
Hay or grass from such a lot should not be used.

Prophylaxis. — This consists in measures which have for
their object the fortification of the animal against infection.
It has been noted by those who have had practical experience
with black-leg, that the disease seems prone to attack most

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 643

readily animals in good flesh, while sickly or poor animals are
not so readily attacked. Therefore, the artificial reduction of
vitality by setons or rowels, or by the administration of laxa-
tive or purgative medicines, has been much in vogue by stock-
men. The seton or rowel is placed in the dew-lap or shoulder,
and consists of passing a piece of rope through or under the
skin at these points. The ends are tied or spliced, and it is
frequently pulled on to keep up an intense irritation and set up
a profuse suppuration, which lowers the vitality of the animal.
Sometimes the rope is soaked in irritating substances before its
introduction. Garlic is sometimes inserted under the skin for
the same purpose. The seton should be used, if at all, only as
a temporary expedient, and be removed in a week or ten days.
This method is much practised in England, although two emi-
nent English veterinarians, Stockman and McFadyean, are of
the opinion that the seton is not only of no value, but may ac-
tually favor the production of the disease. Stockman cites the
following as evidence to support his view : " At the request of
a client, whose losses from black-quarter are annually very high,
a friend of mine setoned fifteen yearlings. For some reason a
sixteenth animal was not setoned. The sixteen animals were
all pastured on the same meadows. All the setoned animals
died of black-quarter, and were survived by the one that had
not been setoned. In the light of such evidence, it would seem
that if the temporary expedient of reducing vitality is to be re-
sorted to, the better method would be the reduction of the feed,
and the production of free catharsis, until the other safer pro-
phylactic method, that of protective inoculation, could be carried
out.

Protective inoculation. — To Arloing, Corncvin and Thomas,
three French scientists, belong the honor of demonstrating
that animals can be protected from a fatal attack of the disease
by inoculating them with small amounts of black-leg virus.
They discovered, that while the subcutaneous and intramus-
cular inoculation of the virus causes death, the intravenous and
intratracheal inoculation causes a harmless attack, and that

544 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

immunity from a future fatal attack was thereby produced.
At Chaumont, in 1880, they inoculated thirteen animals by in-
travenous injection of filtered, watery extract of a black-leg
tumor. At the same time, they inoculated subcutaneously,
twelve animals with part of the same virus. Of these twelve
inoculated subcutaneously, nine died of black-leg from the in-
oculation, while of those inoculated intravenously all not only
survived the inoculation, but six months later showed them-
selves immune to a subcutaneous inoculation of the virus.

Although they proved conclusively that perfect immunity
to black-leg could be established by the intravenous and intra-
tracheal injection of the strong virus, the methods were not
practicable, because the jugular vein and trachea had to be laid
bare in each case, and great care had to be exercised in intro-
ducing and withdrawing the syringe needle to prevent any of
the virus entering the connective tissue either in the wall of the
vein or trachea, or that surrounding them. They subsequently
chose for the site of the inoculation, the subcutaneous tissue in
the end of the tail, where they found only a temporary swelling
was produced in most cases. In some cases, however, the
swelling spread to the rump and caused death, or the tail be-
came gangrenous and sloughed off. Evidently such methods
could not be adopted in private practice. They and other
scientists, who were attracted to the subject by their discoveries,
attempted the production of attenuated or weakened cultures
and virus to which the name vaccine is now applied. In every
case, the object sought was the subjecting of the system to the
toxin produced by the growing microbe.

Roux's vaccine was made by first growing the microbe in
bouillon, then sterilizing these cultures by heat, and then filter-
ing off the dead microbes through a porcelaine filter. The
filtrate or toxin only was used as the vaccine.

In 1883 Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas, who maintain a
bacteriological laboratory at Lyons, France, invented a method
of preparing a black-leg vaccine which is known as the " French
method," " Arloing's method," or as the " Lyons method."

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 545

The virus is obtained by grinding up fresh tissue from a
black-leg tumor, adding water, and then pressing out the spore-
containing juice from the pulp by means of a press or piece of
linen. This juice is then poured in thin layers upon plates and
dried at 35°C. The resulting scales are then ground into a fine
powder, and put into bottles as stock virus.

When vaccine is to be prepared, the powdered virus is mixed
in a mortar with twice its weight of water. The semi-fluid
mass thus formed is then spread on glass dishes, in layers about
yV inch in thickness. The dishes are then placed in a thermo-
stat at a temperature of ioo°C., and are allowed to remain there
for seven hours. The contents of the plates, now converted
into a dry brown scale, is removed and ground into a fine
powder. This powder constitutes what is known as No. i
vaccine, or ist lymph. Second vaccine, or 2d lymph, is pre-
pared in the same way, except that it is subjected to a much lower
temperature, 90° to 93°C. for the same length of time. These
two preparations are spoken of as " double vaccine." In apply-
ing them, doses of i centigramme for each animal are dissolved
in as many cubic centimeters of sterile water, and filtered
through a piece of clean, wetted linen, or cotton. Each animal
receives subcutaneously at a convenient point, such as the
shoulder, one cubic centimeter of the filtrate. Ten days later
No. 2 vaccine is prepared, and injected similarly. These pro-
cedures cause a very mild and unnoticeable attack of black-leg,
which confers a future immunity for eighteen months. Hence,
yearlings or older animals will have passed the susceptible age.
by the time the artificially-produced immunity disappears, and
animals under one year old should be revaccinated the following
year, because they would still be of a susceptible age when the
protective influence of the vaccine had waned.

Thousands of animals were protected by this method in
France, Switzerland and Germany. Hess reports the vaccina-
tion of nearly 150,000 head during the ten years from 1885 to
1894, in Berne, with a loss of 5 head per thousand. Sperk, in
1885, vaccinated 925 animals. These were sent to graze on

546 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

badly infected pastures in the Tyrolean Alps. None of them
died. During 1886, 2,140 cattle were vaccinated in Salzburg,
with a loss of only 4 head, while out of 9,160 non-vaccinated
animals in the same place, 86 head died with black-leg. In
Baden, where the government compels vaccination, and pays
for all that die from it, there were, in 1886 to 1894, only three
death claims out of 3,567 animals vaccinated.

Although such brilliant results were obtained from the ap-
plication of Arloing's double vaccine, the method was not alto-
gether satisfactory to the veterinarian or his client, as it entailed
a double handling of the cattle and became quite expensive.

It remained for Professor Kitt of the Veterinary College in
Munich, Bavaria, to invent a method which removed the ob-
jectionable features of the double vaccination. He discovered,
while employing the double vaccine of Arloing, that Arlo-
ing's second vaccine could by safely used, in many instances,
without a previous vaccination with the first vaccine. Kitt
now prepared a " single " vaccine, as it is called, and even used
virus which had been heated for only six hours at a tempera-
ture of from 85°-90° C. He obtained favorable results with
this vaccine, and it immediately became very popular with the
profession, as it removed the objections attendant upon the use
of a double vaccine. From 1890 to 1892, in Salzburg, only 5
head out of 4,112 vaccinated, died. In Bavaria, there were no
deaths among 167 protected cattle. Equally favorable results
were obtained in other places, except in Lower Austria, where
a rather high percentage of deaths occurred from the vaccin-
ation.

This misfortune was somewhat of a blow to the adherents
of the single vaccine, and the Arloing method, double vaccina-
tion, was again adopted. Kitt, recognizing the great inequality
of the vaccine, made from the flesh of animals affected with
black-leg, and because of the great amount of detail necessary
in preparing the vaccine, turned his attention to the prepara-
tion of a vaccine consisting of attenuated (weakened) cultures
of the microbe. This method has never become popular, and

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX.

547

is essentially a laboratory method, being wholly unsuited for
field work on a large scale. Kitt's, and others successes in the
use of a single vaccine, notwithstanding some misfortunes in its
use, paved the way for future experimenters in this line.

In 1896, the United States Bureau of Animal Industry took
up the work of preparing a safe "single" vaccine, according to
the Kitt method. The results of preliminary experiments in
the field with the single vaccine prepared by the Bureau were
so satisfactory that immediate steps were taken to produce the
vaccine on a large scale with the view of ultimately stamping
out this cattle scourge in the United States.

The method of Kitt was the basis upon which the Bureau
" single " vaccine was prepared. Slight modifications were
necessary on account of the tremendous demand for the vac-
cine, these demands amounting to about 700,000 doses a year.

The Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for
1898 gives the following table of statistics, compiled from re-
ports from stockmen in the states where black-leg prevails as a
cattle scourge, and who used the Bureau " single " vaccine.

Table Showing the Number op Cattle Vaccinated, and the Per-
centage OP Loss Bepore and Apter Vaccination.

State or

Number

of
Reports

164

71
140

53
37
20
22

15

522

Number of
Cattle
Vacci-
nated.

Average

Annual

Loss from

Black-leg.

Per Cent.

Died Before
Vaccination.

Died After
Vaccination.

Territory.

Number.

Per
Cent.

Number

Per
Cent

Texas

Nebraska . .

Kansas

Colorado

Oklahoma . . .
Indian Territory.
North Dakota . .
South Dakota . .

50,609
20.893
19.508
12,609

7.915
7.418
6,118
2.299

13
17.2
II
12.8

17-5
17-5
12.75
12.75

1,462
796
919
230
471
504
133
74

4.589

2.95
380
4.76
1.83
596
7.81
2.18
332

227
52
"5
138
37
95
25
II

0.45
0.25
0.56
1.09
0.47
1.28
0.41
0.48

Total ....

127.369

U

3.63

700

0.54

Preparation of the vaccine. — The virus from which the vac-
cine is made is obtained either from an animal which has died
from natural infection, or from one which has died from an arti-

548 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

ficial inoculation. The dark, spongy portions of the meat from
the affected parts are freed of all fat and fascia, and are cut into
strips of about one-half inch thickness. These are then
threaded upon strings in a dry, cool, airy, fly-tight room for ten
days, to dry. When thoroughly dry, these strips are reduced to
a powder, by grinding. This powder is then passed through
a 20-mesh sieve to free it of connective tissue and coarse parti-
cles.

To each gramme of the meat-powder, or virus, are added
two cubic centimetres of water. Mix in an inverted, round-
bottom bell-glass with the hand, or a spoon. Spread the dough
thus formed in a layer one-quarter inch thick upon a ground
glass plate or marble slab, and cut cakes therefrom by means
of tin pans, three inches in diameter, and one-sixteenth inch
deep, in the same manner as cakes are cut from dough, with the
exception that the pans are slid sidewise on the slab and not
lifted from it. This method insures an even distribution of the
dough in the plates which is not attainable in any other way.
The pans are then placed on wire-bottom trays in a ther-
mostat kept at about 93 °C. for six hours. The thermostat
should be so ventilated that the added water is all eva-
porated in about three hours. At this time the cakes
should begin to curl up, and at the end of the sixth hour, they
should be thoroughly dry. To prevent the cakes from adhering
to the bottoms of the pans, they should be smeared with vaseline
by means of a sponge. The cakes should not be removed too
suddenly from the oven, as they are somewhat prone to re-
absorb moisture ; but they are to be left in the open oven to cool
off gradually. When cool, the cakes are put into jars or boxes
in a moisture-free atmosphere. They are subsequently passed
through a coffee-mill seven or eight times, to reduce them to a
very fine powder. The mill for grinding the vaccine should
never be used for grinding the original virus, and considerable
care must be taken throughout the process to keep the vaccine
and virus separated. In fact, the vaccine should be prepared in
a separate room provided with its own apparatus. Persons

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 549

handling the virus should not take part in the handling of the
vaccine, as unattenuated spores are liable to get into the vac-
cine, and cause a fatal infection in the animal upon which it is
used.

For sieving the vaccine, an 80-mesh sieve is used. The top
layer of the cakes is difficult to pulverize and is almost insol-
uble, so it is better to discard that part which is not sufficiently
fine after seven or eight passages through the mill. The vac-
cine should be tested for strength and immunizing properties.

Testing the vaccine, — The vaccine is prepared for testing by
dissolving one hundred milligrammes, or ten calf doses, in ten
cubic centimetres of sterile water, by grinding in a mortar, and
filtering off the insoluble portions through a thin, wetted layer
of cotton or linen. The filtrate, which should measure ten
cubic centimetres, is the vaccine, and it should be of a light
brown color. Each cubic centimetre, is then a calf dose.

Two or three guinea-pigs receive intramuscularly three-
fourths of the calf dose, or three-fourths of a cubic centimetre
of the filtrate. The same number receive one-half the calf dose
or one-half a cubic centimetre, and three others receive one-
fourth the calf dose. Their temperatures are recorded daily.
Ten days after their temperatures have become normal, the
animals should be tested for immunity, and the inoculation of a
minimum fatal dose of the unattenuated virus. As every lot of
virus differs in virulence from every other, the fatal dose must
be pre-determined. This is done by inoculating several guinea-
pigs with varying quantities of strong virus, beginning with
one-tenth milligramme, and increasing the dose for each suc-
ceeding animal by one-tenth milligramme. The minimum fatal
dose for an unprotected pig is the size dose for testing the im-
munity of the vaccinated ones.

The test is not always satisfactory when carried out on
guinea-pigs. Experience has shown that a vaccine which
causes a noticeable temperature reaction in guinea-pigs which
receive the three-quarter, and one-half calf dose, is safe. Should
a vigorous guinea-pig die from the small dose, the indications

550 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

are the vaccine is insufficiently attenuated, and it might pro-
duce black-leg instead of preventing it. Such vaccine should
be discarded, or it may be moistened with an equal weight of
water, heated at 90° C for two hours, and be re-tested.

A typical test would be observed in a lot of guinea-pigs
which showed a rise of two or three degrees in temperature, as
a result of the vaccination, and no reaction as a result of a sub-
sequent inoculation with the minimum fatal dose of unattenu-
ated virus. As a matter of fact, this is not always obtained,
the pigs often showing discordant results. Sometimes, those
which receive the smallest dose of vaccine show the greatest
reaction. Where possible, it is better, safer, and more to the
point to carry out the test upon range cattle.

A " double " vaccine may be made upon the foregoing plan
by attenuating one preparation at 97°C. for six hours, and an-
other preparation at 90° C. for six hours. These are to be tested
similarly to "single" vaccine, making the injections at ten-day
intervals. There can be little doubt that the double vaccina-
tion is the safer, and it is recommended in pure-bred or high-
grade animals. In any event, the veterinarian should explain
the relative value of the two methods to his client, and should,
everything else being equal, advise " double " or even a third
vaccination in the case of valuable animals. The vaccine is
prepared for use in vaccinating calves in the same manner as
directed for testing on guinea-pigs. The injections are made
into the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder.

For attenuating the virus, or making the vaccine, I have
used with success, a specially-made, hot-air oven, instead of the
expensive oil oven. The temperature in such an oven is very
easily regulated, and it can be put to other uses, when desired.
It consists of a galvanized-iron cylinder with a ventilating pipe
entering the cone-shaped bottom. This cylinder is surrounded
by another two inches greater in diameter, and they are fastened
together by iron straps. The outer cylinder extends to the floor
and supports the inner cylinder. Outside of all, is an inch jack-
et enclosing completely a dead air space. The whole is cov-

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 551

ered with asbestos. The cover fits loosely over the top of the
cylinders, is double, and when down in its place, its bottom
rests upon a felt-lined flange of the inner cylinder, making a
tight joint. The space between the top and bottom of the cover
then becomes continuous with that between the inner and outer
cylinders. Six tubulations pass through the cover, and connect
with the interior of the oven. These serve for regulator, ther-
mometer, and for gauging the rapidity of moisture evaporation.
A small opening in the top of the cover allows ventilation for
the Bunsen burner below, from which the heat is derived.

Other kinds of black-leg vaccine. — The enormous demand for
this vaccine, and the more or less difficulty and expense in ap-
plying it has stimulated those interested in the commercial as-
pect to gain trade by marketing their vaccine in simpler form.
Some stockmen who, for reasons best known to themselves,
have applied the vaccine, by simply cutting through the skin,
and pouring the dry vaccine powder into the incision, the re-
sults being dire, in many cases.

One commercial concern markets the vaccine in cords which
have been soaked in liquid vaccine, and then dried. They sup-
ply a needle, and with this a certain length of cord is passed
under the skin in seton fashion.

Another firm markets the vaccine in pill form. This pill is
quite small, being made in a very condensed form by ridding
the vaccine of much of its insoluble substances. It is inserted
under the skin by means of a spring trochar. The pill dis-
solves quite readily, and if made of good vaccine, it would seem
there could be no objection to its use. This firm, which also
supplies the vaccine in powder form, reports satisfactory pro-
gress with the pill.

At the suggestion of the writer, Mr. Roy Davis, Professor of
Physics in the University of Florida, has invented a very in-
genious automatic magazine, spring trochar for inserting these
pills under the skin. The instrument is perfect in its mechan-
ism, and can be constructed to carry fifty pills or more. It is of
convenient size for carrying in the pocket, and with each pull

562 CHARLES F. DAWSON.

on the piston a pill is placed in the point of the hollow needle
by pneumatic pressure, and is ejected therefrom, under the skin,
by pressure upon the piston.

The writer has shown that an aseptic fluid vaccine may be
prepared by the practitioner at his oflSce, where conditions arc
generally more favorable for such work than in the home of
his client, or in the field. Its main advantages lie in the fact
that it is ready for immediate use, and renders the carrying of
the cumbersome filtration outfit unnecessary. It is made as
follows : The vaccine powder, say one hundred doses are
placed in the mortar and rubbed up with twenty cubic centi-
metres of clean water. To this paste thus formed are added
eighty cubic centimetres of glycerine. After thorough mixing
with the pestle, the solution is strained through a cloth of
sufficient coarseness to allow a coffee-colored liquid to pass
through. The filtrate is the vaccine, and it may be carried in a
bottle in the pocket along with the syringe. Should any re
main unused, it could be kept for the next engagement.

Dr. J. B. Tiffany, of Columbia, Mo., has accepted a tempo-
rary appointment in the B. A. I. and is stationed at So. St.
Joseph.

Dr. W. F. lyAVERY, of the Kansas City meat inspection force,
has recently been transferred to Chicago, where it is said he will
have charge of the night inspection force.

" Progress of the Veterinarian in the Philippine
Islands" (illustrated), by David G. Moberly, D. V. S., Chief
Veterinarian, and Robert H. McMullen, D. V. S., Veterinarian,
Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I., will appear in the
September Review.

Few veterinarians residing in New York and adjacent States
should fail to attend the New Haven meeting Aug. 21-24 ; but
if for any reason they are unable to be present, they should take
advantage of the State meeting at Buffalo Sept. 11, 12 and 13.
Secretary Stone presents a program elsewhere that is sufficient
to make a veterinarian's mouth water. The clinics of the New
Yorkers are always of a high educational value, and the Buffalo-
nians are determined to keep abreast of the standard set by
Brooklyn and Ithaca.

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 563

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF NOR-
MAL CATTLE.

By William Wallace Dimock and Mulford Conklin Thompson.

Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell
University, for the Degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, 1905

The amount of work done and the literature on this subject
are very limited, done chiefly by Smith and Kilbourne in their
investigations on the nature and etiology of Texas fever in cat-
tle. They have given the number and size of the red cells.
They have counted some leucocytes, but on account of the
small number which they counted do not consider the results
accurate. Bethe and Malassez have also counted and measured
the red corpuscles. Stoltzing has also counted the red cells.
Gulliver and others have measured the red cells. Hirschfeldt
has worked with the leucocytes from a morphological stand-
point and has described four varieties. Hayem has counted
both the red and white cells and estimated the haemoglobin of
Bos Indicus^ a closely allied species.

The object of our study has been to obtain data regarding
the conditions found in the normal blood of the cow and at the
same time to examine and note any changes found in pathologi-
cal cases that presented themselves, thus giving some idea of
what we may expect to find under normal conditions, and alsa
bringing out as far as possible the clinical importance of blood
examinations in the bovine species.

In our work we have determined as accurately as possible
the number of red and white corpuscles per cubic m.m., mak-
ing a differential count of the latter and giving the percentages
and numbers of each variety. The haemoglobin has also been
estimated in each case. We have made a careful study of
methods of obtaining blood for examinations, as an easy and
rapid method is essential to success and accuracy. After sev-
eral trials we selected a point on the tail one to one and one-
half feet from the body as being most satisfactory, and an area
on the lateral side to avoid puncturing the artery on the lower

564 W. W. DIMOCK AND M. C. THOMPSON.

^sidc of the tail. The hair was clipped from the area selected,
washed with water, disinfected with 5 per cent, carbolic acid,
Tewashed and dried with alcohol. The puncture was made
with a spring fleam. The blood was immediately drawn into
pipettes and films spread on slides. The red and white cells
were counted from the same preparation. The blood was di-
luted i-ioo with Toisson's diluting fluid. The apparatus used
for counting was Thoma's hematocytometre with the Zappert-
Ewing ruling. In counting the red cells one hundred squares
were counted by each of us on different slides, thus each check-
ing the others work, and if the results did not agree, the count
was discarded and a satisfactory re-count made.

In counting the leucocytes the entire number on the ruled
space was counted.

In staining for differential counting Jenner's stain was used
entirely.

The haemoglobin was determined by use of Gower's and
Oliver's hemaglobinometres. In some cases the results were
checked, one by the other, and found to agree closely.

The blood examined was taken from the Cornell University
dairy herd, each animal being at time of count, so far as we
were able to determine, in a normal condition. Those exam-
ined were from two to nine years of age.

The few abnormal cases examined are from those which
have been brought to the college clinic.

The red corpuscles in the circulating blood of mammals are
cup-shaped, as has been demonstrated by Weidenrich, and con-
firmed by Lewis. We have found this to be the case in the
blood of the cow. The cup-shaped form may be seen in the
counting chamber in fresh blood diluted with Toisson's fluid ;
but after standing a short time they assume a bi-concave form.

The size of the red corpuscles as determined by Smith and
Kilbourne is five to six microns ; by Bethe 4.6 to 7.2 microns;
by Malassez, 6 microns ; by Sussdorf, 5.6 microns ; and by
Gulliver, 5.95 microns.

There are five varieties of leucocytes, lymphocytes, large

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 555

mononuclears, polynuclears, eosinophiles, and mast cells.

The lymphocytes are two to three times as large as the red
cells, and have a reticulated structure. The nucleus is very
large and circular, occupying nearly the entire cell. The cell
body api>ears as a narrow rim surrounding the nucleus. The
nucleus does not stain nearly so deeply as does the cell body.

The mononuclears vary greatly in size : from two to six
times as large as the red cells. Like the lymphocytes they
have a reticular structure. The nucleus is horse-shoe shaped,
but often irregular, and occupies much less of the cell than
does that of the lymphocyte, frequently not over one-half.
When compared with the lymphocyte the cell body does not
stain so deeply.

The polynuclears are larger than the lymphocytes but not
so large as the large mononuclears. The nucleus is iu two or
more parts, these being connected by thread-like bands, though
sometimes they appear as a large bent nucleus. The nucleus
appears to have a reticulated structure and stains a dark blue.
In the cell body are very fine granules which stain a pinkish
hue, giving the appearance of this color to the entire cell body.

The eosinophiles are of about the same size as the polynu-
clears. The nucleus occupies from one-third to one half of the
cell body and stains a faint bluish color, and appears to be bi-
or tri-lobed ; the lobes being connected by stout bands. The
cell body contains many large acidophile granules. These have
a circular outline and stain a bright red color.

The mast cells are about the same size as the eosins. The
nucleus is sometimes bi-lobed ; the lobes being connected by a
strong band, but more often it appears as a large single bent
nucleus. It is frequently hidden by the many large basophile
granules contained in the cell body. These granules take a
deep blue color, and are about the same size as those of the
eosins ; they are circular or oval in outline.

The results of our examination of twenty-one normal, and
four pathological cases are given in the following table and
summary.

556

W W, DIMOCK A\D M C. THOMPSON.

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CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 557

SUMMARY.

(i) In the blood of the normal the red corpuscles were
found to average 6,152,689 per cubic m.m. ; maximum 7,920,-
000; minimum 4,818,000.

(2) The average percentage of haemoglobin was 59.75;
maximum 85; minimum 45.

(3) The average number of leucocytes was 5,486 per cubic
m.m.; maximum 10,610; minimum 2,349.

(4) Of the five varieties of leucocytes the average, maxi-
mum and minimum numbers per cubic m.m., and percentages,
were found to be as follows :

Number. Per Cent.

Lymphocytes, average 2,992 54-22

maximum 6,896 76.10

minimum i»532 S^-OO

Large mononuclears, average 86 1.47

maximum .... 195 3.30

minimum .... 9 0.21

Polynuclears, average I1786 30-49

maximum 4»707 45-8o

minimum 310 i3-20

Eosinophiles, average 772 i3-i5

maximum i»855 26.50

minimum 171 3.89

Mast cells, average 31 0.59

maximum 74 1.20

minimum 5 o.io

PATHOLOGICAL CASES.

No. 9. The cow was a Jersey, five years of age, and had
been very lame for several days in right hind leg. At the stifle
joint was an enlargement which later proved to be an abscess.
At time of making the blood examination recorded, animal was
somewhat emaciated.

No. 14. Grade Shorthorn cow, in good condition, but show-
ing general stiffness and lameness. Case was diagnosed as
rheumatism.

558 W. W. DIMOCK AND M. C, THOMPSON.

No. 15. Holstein grade cow, in good condition, with abscess
on lower jaw, which was diagnosed as actinomycosis. Abscess
had been present for some time, and at time of blood examina-
tion it had broken and there was some discharge. The total
number of red and white cells is within the normal limits.
There is a polynuclear leucocytosis with a marked decrease in
the eosinophiles.

No. 20. A grade Guernsey cow, in fine condition, at about
the eighth month of gestation. There was impaction of the
third stomach : later the animal died and upon post-mortem a
piece of wire was found penetrating the walls of the reticulum.
Two counts were made, the second four days after the
first, during this time purgatives had been administered. At
the time of the first examination the number of leucocytes
was not increased, but the numbers of the different varieties
were not normal. The polynuclears showed both an absolute
and a relative increase due to inflammation from presence of
foreign body. At time of second count the increase in red cells
shows concentration of blood due to action of purgatives. The
lymphocytes show an increase, while all other varieties, espec-
ially the eosinophiles, show a decrease.

In conclusion, we desire to express our thanks and apprecia-
tion to Drs. V. A. Moore and S. H. Burnett for their advice and
assistance in making these examinations. We also desire to
thank Prof. H. H. Wing for the use of the animals of the dairy
herd, and Drs. James Law and W. L. Williams for the use of
the subjects in their clinics.

REFERENCES.

Bethe, Martin. Beitrage zur Kentniss der Zahl- und Massverhalt-
nisse der rothen Blutkorporchen. Schwalbe's Morpholog. Arbeit. Bd.
I Heft 2, 1892. p. 207.

Burnett, S. H. Notes on the Clinical Examination of the Blood of
the Domesticated Animals. American Veterinary Review, Dec,
1903.

Gulliver, George. Observations on the Sizes and Shapes of the Red
Corpuscles of the Blood of Vertebrates, etc. Proceed, of the Zoolog.
Soc. London, 1875, P- 474-

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 559

Hayem, Georges. Du Sang et ses alterations Anatomiques. Paris,

1889, p. 169-176.

Hirsch/eld, Hans. Beitrage zur vergleichenden Morphologic der
Leukocyten. Archiv. f. patholog. Anat. u. Physiol. Bd. 149, 1897, p.
22.

Leuis, F. I. The Shape of Mammalian red Blood Corpuscles, Jour,
of Med. Res. Vol. X. No. 4, Jan., 1904.

Malassez. De la Numeration des Globules rouges du Sang. Compt.
rendus de I'Acad- des Sciences, Paris. Vol. I. 75. 1872, p. 132.

Smith, Theobald, and Kilbourne F. L. Investigations into the Nature,
Causation, and Prevention of Texas or Southern Cattle Fever. Bureau
of Animal Industry, Bui. No. I. 1893, p. 36-50

Stoltzing, W. Uber Zahlung der Blutkorperchen. Inaug. Diss.,
Marburg. 1856.

Sussdorf, M. Blut und Blutbewegung. Ellen berger's Handbuch
der vergleichenden Physiologic der Haussaugethicrc. Bd. 2, Theil I,

1890, p 163-216.

Weidenreich, F. Studien iiber das Blut. I. Form und Bauderroten
Blutkorperchen, Arch. f. Mik. Anat., Bd. LXI. p. 459-507.

Dr. a. J. Farley, an inspector for several years at So. St.
Joseph, has been transferred to San Francisco, Cal.

Far Fetched. — Chicago,, May 12. — " Egyptology vs.
Health " was the title of a monograph received at the head-
quarters of the Tuberculosis Institute of Chicago yesterday, in
which it was alleged that the great spread of tuberculosis in
Europe and America in the last 100 years found its causation in
the disinterment and shipment broadcast over the land of the
mummies which had reposed so long in the tombs of the Pha-
roahs. The monograph was written by Dr. Rafaelle Sorgnac,
one of the lecturers at the Sorbonne in Paris, who was an inter-
ested visitor at the recent tuberculosis exhibit in this city.
" That the disinterred mummies started the spread of the tuber-
culosis germs in Egypt cannot be doubted," says Dr. Sorgnac
in his monograph. "These germs live for thousands of years,
as has easily been proved, and the exhumation of the bodies,
even the well preserved ones, caused an epidemic of consump-
tion among the workmen and scholars who first exhumed the
cases. It is also well known that the keepers of the mummy
cases have been subject to the disease. The start of tuberculo-
sis in France in a serious sense may be traced to the great im-
portation of mummies."

560 F- c. (;renside.

THE OFFICIAL VETERINARIAN AT HORSE SHOWS.

By F. C. Grexside, V. S., New York City.
Read before the Veterinary Medical Association of New York County, April, 1906.

Now that horse shows have become so widespread and mini
erous throughout this country, a new field has been opened to
members of the veterinarj' profession to act as veterinary in-
spectors at these shows. Horse show executive committees
appear to find it necessary to have one or more veterinarians in
the ring to whom certain questions can be referred if occasion
arises.

The reasons that they have found this necessary are twofold :
one is that many men that act in the capacity of judges are not
really competent when it comes to the question of size, age, the
determination of practical soundness, or of hereditary unsound-
ness.

The other is that, even although the judges are thoroughly
practical men, such as one would not be afraid to give the com-
mission for the purchase of a show horse with the confidence
that they would not be likely to make any serious mistake with
regard to soundness, still, such men's opinion might not be ac-
cepted as authoritative on soundness, and if any important ques-
tion arose a dissatisfied exhibitor may make the claim that the
judge is not a recognized authority on the question of sound-
ness from the fact that he is not a qualified veterinarian.

In order then to make their position unassailable, executive
committees prefer to have a board of veterinary inspectors to
refer disputed points to that come within their province.

The position of the veterinarian in the show ring is by no
means always a pleasant one. Circumstances every now and
then arise that make it extremely disagreeable, and if the official
does not use good judgment he is apt to stultify himself, injure
his reputation, and cause reflection upon the profession. The
great thing is to be right in an opinion, for although it way
annoy an exhibitor at the time to be decided against, he will
respect the giver of the opinion all the more when he finds out

THE OFFICIAL VETERINARIAN AT HORSE SHOWS. 561

he was right ; in fact if he does not decide against him he will
be apt to laugh at the veterinarian and crow at his cleverness
in deceiving him. Not only will the exhibitor of the animal
in question have his opinion lowered as to the judgment of the
giver of the opinion, but the other exhibitors have just cause
for complaint, which, as a rule, they are not slow to express.

Many exhibitors who are not practical horsemen are apt to
form erroneous opinions as to the questions of lameness, practi-
cal soundness, or the height of an exhibit, and it is often difficult
to prove to them, the correctness of an opinion given, as their
prejudice is apt to be the other way. We have already stated
that it is very important that an opinion given shall be correct,
but it is by no means an easy matter if not sometimes impossi-
ble with the limited opportunities afforded in the show ring for
examination, not to fall into error.

For instance if a judge suspects a horse of being lame and
seeks the veterinarian's advice, the tactful official first of all
tries to form an opinion without drawing the public's attention
to the fact that an exhibit is under suspicion. Exhibitors as a
rule are very sensitive about having the public's attention
directed to the fact that a horse of theirs is under suspicion of
being lame whether rightly or wrongly, so that the veterinarian
tries to save their feelings all he can, and simply observes the
horse being driven or ridden in the most undemonstrative manner
he possibly can. It is sometimes possible to come to a conclu-
sion in this casual way, but as a rule it is not, and the official vet-
erinarian is foolish to take the chance of making a mistake in any
doubtful case simply out of consideration for an exhibitor's
feelings. No experienced veterinarian would take the chance
of giving an opinion as to whether a horse is going sound or not
in a case of examination for soundness for a client without see-
ing the subject jog in hand. This of course is not practicable
in the show ring only in exceptional cases, hence one of the
difficulties of the position. One then has to take advantage of
available means to endeavor to form a correct opinion. In
doubtful cases the bearing-rein should be unhooked, and the

562 F. C. GRENSIDE.

horse driven with a loose rein at a slow pace, and it is often well
for the inspector to take the reins in his own hands so that he
can let the horse go in the way he wants him to. Sitting in the
vehicle behind the suspected horse gives a more favorable op-
portunity to come to a correct conclusion than can be had
standing on the ground, particularly if the lameness is thought
to be behind.

We must not lose sight of the fact that horses "pulled to-
gether " with sharp bits, and borne up with tight bearing-reins
often get sore mouths which sometimes put them off their bal-
ance, causing them to "hitch," or it may be to go irregularly
in front, giving observers the impression that they are lame.
Irregularity of the gait from this cause is intensified in small
rings with sharp turns.

Some people take the view that a horse that shows irregu-
larity of his gait either in front or behind should be considered
as a lame horse in the show ring. If this view were accepted
judges would often find themselves in embarrassing positioi s
towards the end of the show when championship classes come
on. I have seen at Madison Square Garden Show several of
the candidates for championship honors out of a small class of
three or four, " hitch " most of the time. They were " stirred
up" to the highest pitch, "pulled together" by the driver to
show all the action and style there was in them.

This being a little overdone is apt to put them off their
balance and cause them to " hitch " especially if their mouths
are sore.

A judge noticing irregularity of the gait of a horse is very
apt to turn to the veterinarian and ask for a decision as to
whether the subject is lame or not. If the Inspector cannot
satisfy himself one way or the other when the horse is given a
loose head, and driven at a slow trot, he is justified in giving
the Exhibitor the option of having his horse unhitched and
tried in hand, and if he will not submit to that, he must be ex-
cluded as a lame horse. No fault can then be found with the
veterinarian as he has given the exhibitor a fair chance, and

THE OFFICIAL VETERINARIAN AT HORSE SHOWS. 568

has not committed himself beyond giving the opinion that the
case is a suspicious one.

It is very embarrassing to an official acting in this capacity
to have condemned a horse as lame in the ring, shown to him
going sound, on the outside, in hand. If a horse is not lame
when jogged in hand, he can hardly be considered a lame horse.
Irregularity of the gait if it cannot be determined as arising
from unsoundness is for the judge to pass upon, not the veteri-
narian. If a horse's way of going is defective and is not the re-
sult of unsoundness, it detracts from his merit, but does not
exclude him from competition as lameness does.

The rules of nearly all horse shows only call for practical
soundness. This is generally conceived to mean that a horse
is not the subject of any diseased condition likely to interfere
with his usefulness. It really means with many judges that if
the horse does not go wrong in the ring, his soundness is not
questioned.

Many judges never ask the veterinarian's opinion unless
they think a horse is going lame, is wrong in the wind, or is
not within the limits of height called for. As a matter of fact
it is not so very common for horses to go on taking prizes
month after month, and sometimes year after year, that would
not go sound on the halter, on a hard road, and if they did any
regular work would soon be used up ; but they are game horses,
usually with speed, and when they are stirred up, and pulled
together, they will not show lameness of which they may be the
victims, unless it is fairly pronounced. Many members of the
veterinary profession do not recognize the fact that there is such
a thing as lameness resulting from soreness of the mouth.
Thirty years' experience has taught me that there is such a
thing, and that it is not so very uncommon, especially in the
show ring.

Some may take the view, that if a horse goes lame, even if
it is from the mouth, that it renders him ineligible to a prize.
However, this may be it is important for the veterinary inspec-
tor to discriminate between lameness, the result of disease of a

564 F- C. GRENSIDE.

limb, and lameness due to discomfort in connection with the
mouth. If he does not do so, he is apt to be confronted with an
irate owner who insists upon him going to see his horse jogged
in hand, outsids of the ring. If the horse previously condemned
in the ring, as lame, goes sound in hand, it is very embarrass-
ing to the veterinarian, and is apt to be confusing to the lay-
men witnessing the case, unless the veterinarian is ready with
an explanation. A horse may strike himself in the ring caus-
ing him to go temporarily lame, so that it is well to give a sus-
pected exhibit a little time to recover from the injury before
condemning him, or the veterinarian may be able to determine
and point out the seat and evidence of a self-inflicted injury ; so
that the judges would have the responsibility of deciding
whether they would reject a horse for a temporary trouble origi-
nated in the ring.

In the case of a saddle horse suspected of lameness, it is not
wise to condemn him without taking the saddle off, as a tender
spot under it will make some horses show irregularity of the
gait. The veterinarian for his own protection should see that
the party who jogs the horse, only has hold of the bridoon rein,
and makes the horse carry his head straight. I have seen a sad-
dle horse thrown out as unsound from no other reason than that
the man who led him in jogging took hold of the rein attached
to a sharp curb bit, causing the horse to nod his head. I have
recently seen a horse go lame near hind from a crupper sore.
Why he showed it near hind and not off I cannot explain, but
as soon as the crupper was taken off he went sound.

To revert to the question of mouth lameness and as an illus-
tration of its illusiveness, I may describe the behavior of a
horse that undoubtedly was the victim of this form of lame-
ness. He was shown to me by a dealer, for sale. I liked the
horse on the halter, he jogged sound, so I asked the owner to
hitch him. On driving he showed lameness forward, which the
dealer could not help acknowledging. I noticed he had an un-
steady, unmade light mouth, which I thought accounted for the
irregularity of his gait, but cooled him out for half an hour, and

THE OFFICIAL VETERINARIAN AT HORSE SHOWS. 566

then had him jogged again in hand when he went sound, so I
bought him for a comparatively low figure. I soon had him
driving sound in single harness with a stiff rubber MuUins
Mouthpiece Liverpool Bit, and won ribbons with him. I
never succeeded, however, in getting him to go sound when
driven on the near side in double harness, but he would go all
right on the off side. Had I kept him longer, worked him
steadily, and gotten his mouth in perfect condition, I think he
would ultimately have driven sound on near side as well as off.

When we come to think over and review these somewhat
exceptional cases and contemplate the limited opportunities a
Horse Show Veterinary Inspector has for determining their true
merits, we begin to realize the difficulties of the position. If
we err it is better in doubtful cases to give the exhibitor the
benefit of the doubt. We should remember that show horses
are hard to get, very diflficult to keep in show shape, and some
are subjected to some very trying ordeals during a week's show,
in exhibiting in a great many classes, so we should make some
allowance if possible.

The question of a horse's height often gives rise to tiouble.
One would think it a comparatively easy thing to determine
pretty accurately the height of a horse, but we have a report
from a prominent Western show of a veterinarian measuring a
fifteen hand horse fifteen three. One would think there must
be some exaggeration about this statement, but it was never
contradicted, and I had it substantially confirmed by a reliable
eye witness. If the veterinarian allows a crafty exhibitor to
stand a horse just as he likes, he may put him a couple of
inches out.

The question of the soundness, or unsoundness of a horse's
wind often causes debate in a show ring, but judging from what
one frequently hears from the ring side a considerable degree of
liberality is shown exhibitors. Doubtless a great deal of the
roaring one hears is due to compression, from pulling, and
sometimes to gagging from high checking, but not infrequently
a horse gets away with a ribbon that few veterinarians would

566 F. C. GRENSIDE.

pass if they were examining him for a client, and it would be
interesting and useful if this association would lay down a rule
to guide one in determining what to accept or reject for practi-
cal soundness of wind in the ring, and also, as to whether any
medicinal agent can be given to successfully stop roaring tem-
porarily, so as to mislead the inspector.

TopEKA Bars " Muck Rake " Books. — Topeka^June 2g. —
Upton Sinclair's book, *' The Jungle," that caused the investi-
gation of conditions in the packing houses of the country, has
been barred from the Topeka public library. The committee
in refusing to order the book reported that its general repul-
siveness made it unfit to be read. Hereafter all "muck rake"
publications will be under the ban of the library committee.
There have been many requests for the book since the investi-
gations were begun.

The Government Introduces Indian Cattle. — A
large herd, principally bulls, of Zebu cattle have been brought
from India to cross with Texas cattle with the object of im-
proving the latter. Forty-nine bulls, several heifers, and a few
cows are now at the United States Quarantine Station in New
Jersey, and when their probation has been completed will be
sent to their destination. Some years ago a single bull of this
breed was sent to Texas, and his impression was so marked up-
on the native stock that a renewal of the experiment has been
undertaken upon a larger scale.

"The Jungle." — To get at the gist of the condemned
meat industry facts recently published, it becomes necessary to
read the visceral production of modern fiction, " The Jungle."
A socialistic effort, portraying the worst side of a foreigner's
attempt to provide for a family of ten or more souls at Chicago
abattoir wages. The book is safe for the optimist, but it is not
fit for children to peruse ; horrible depictions, vile language and
many vilifications entitle its suppression ; it can, however, still
be secured in the open market. Everybody'' s Magazine for May
and the Saturday Evening Post during the same month, have
been the mediums through which some interesting controversy
passed, but only between the parties directly concerned. The
Beveridge Bill having become a law opens another field for the
veterinarian. " It's an ill wind that blows no good." Has
"The Jungle " anything to do with it ? — (Z. E. IVillyoung.)

ABORTION IN COWS. 567

ABORTION IN COWS.

By Dr. David Roberts. Cattle Specialist. Waukesha. Wisconsin.

Read at the Annual Meeting of the Wisconsin Society of Veterinary Graduates,

February 8, 1906.

Abortion in cows exists in all parts of the United States,
Canada, Mexico and Europe. It is exceedingly prevalent in
the United States, where there are at present over seventeen
million milch cows, and a large per cent, of the.se are thus
afflicted yearly.

The damage done to a cow thus afflicted amounts to from
$12.00 to $25.00 per annum. Thus the loss to breeders through-
out the United States is a tremendous one.

Abortion in cows may be due to three general causes :

(i) Abortion in cows may be due to accidents of various
nature, but the loss brought about by the small per cent, of
abortion due to this cause would scarcely be noticed by the
breeders of this country.

(2) Abortion may be due to a physical weakness of the geni-
tal organs of either cow or bull or both.

The loss caused by this condition is much greater than by
accident and has a greater tendency to lead on to a more serious
nature of the disease ; but all cases of abortion have a tendency
to lead on to the infectious form. It should not be understood
by the term physical weakness of either dam or sire that they
must necessarily be thin, weak and emaciated, but on the con-
trary they may be the picture of health and still be physical
wrecks as far as breeding is concerned. While this is a serious
condition of breeding animals it does not begin to be as serious
a condition as the third and last cause of abortion in cows, which
is due to infection.

Abortion due to physical weakness and infection can be
positively prevented and cured.

Infectious abortion in cows is due to a germ. This germ
is contained in the mother's blood, the afterbirth and the bowels
of the fcEtus. It is for this reason that the afterbirth is so often

568 DAVID ROBERTS.

retained, and prematurely born calves usually die of scours or
diarrhoea. It has repeatedly been noticed that a calf thus afflicted
when taken into a healthy herd invariably causes infectious
abortion, the germ being carried in the excrement of the calf.
Again, infectious abortion may be the result of chronic uterine
catarrh.

This may be and often is due to retention of the after-birth,
which is due to the physical weakness referred to.

If the afterbirth is allowed to remain until it sloughs away
it is in this way converted into matter of which a part is ex-
pelled from the vulva and the balance absorbed by the cow.

This condition leaves the womb and vagina to act as a hot
bed for the germs of abortion to propagate and multiply. If a
healthy bull be allowed to serve a cow in this condition he will
become infected, and if bred to a healthy cow or heifer he will
then infect them and they will not only be in condition to in-
fect other bulls which may be bred to them, but are very liable
to abort at any stage of pregnancy. The period at which they
are most liable to abort is between the fifth and seventh months.

If a calf be prematurely born, and lives, it will be noticed to
be very quiet and sleepy most of the time until it reaches the
period at which time it would have been born had it been
carried full time. It will then undergo a noticeable change as
if to awaken from its drowsiness. These cases are known as
living abortions.

The only noticeable difference between a calf of this kind
and one which has been carried full time, would be its under-
size, sunken eyes and enlargement of the glands of the throat.

A cow afflicted with the germs of abortion may be bred, and
conceive, her calf may be carried for a period of about three
months, at which time the naval cord may become so diseased
by the collection of germs as to shut ofiF circulation from mother
to fcEtus, thus causing the death of the latter. This may occur
at any stage of pregnancy.

But as nature has not provided for contraction of the womb
upon so small a body as the foetus is at this stage of pregnancy,

ABORTION IN COWS. 569

the foetus may be carried in a mummified condition for many
months to the full peroid of gestation, and even longer.

The only noticeable symptoms later on will be a protrusion
of a small portion of the afterbirth, and on examining the cow the
mummified foetus may be found usually forced into the vagina.
On removing same it will be noticed that the foetus may have
taken on a perfect shape, being well preserved, having no dis-
agreeable odor.

The only thing indicating the age of the foetus and the
length of time it has been carried will be its empty eye sockets.

The cow during the entire period of gestation takes on every
appearance of barrenness except that she does not come in heat.

However, this is not a common occurrence, but is mentioned
as an illustration of how the foetus may be destroyed by the
germs of abortion without any apparent discomfort to the
mother.

The germs of abortion may lie dormant in the vagina and
womb of a cow for months and even years. For instance, a
cow may abort at any stage of pregnancy and then be kept from
being bred even nine months or longer, and then, if bred at that
period she may conceive, but as soon as conception takes place
the germs of abortion, which have been lying dormant in the
womb, will be revived, and soon get in their deadly work, caus-
ing her to abort again at a very early stage of gestation.

The difference between an immune herd of cows afflicted
with abortion and a herd that has received the proper treat-
ment is this : any herd of cows, regardless of breed (as abortion
seems to afflict all breeds of cows), may be afflicted with infec-
tious abortion one after another. They will abort usually until
each one has aborted from one to four times, but usually a few
cows carry their calves full time, while in the midst of others
that abort. They seem to be very little inconvenienced, but
they arc at the same time much afflicted with the germs.

Possibly the most noticeable damage done to them is a
shortage of milk, and oftentimes barrenness. After one of
these cows has aborted several times she apparently becomes

670 DAVID ROBERTS.

immune. She may carry her calf full time. It may, and often
does live, unless afflicted with scours, which is often the case in
an immune herd. The cow's milk may be short in quantity
and poor in quality, thus being a non-profit producer.

Any new cows added to the herd will become infected from
the herd ; will abort the usual number of times, and then be-
come immune like the balance of the herd.

The heifers that grow up and conceive will become infected
and will abort the usual number of times, and will then become
immune.

If cow, heifer, bull or calf be sold out of a herd thus
afflicted it will carry the disease to a healthy herd regardless of
distance.

If a new healthy bull be purchased and placed at the head
of a herd thus afflicted, he will upon being bred to any of
the cows in the herd become infected, and then be in a condi-
tion to infect all heifers of the herd or cows brought in from
neighboring herds.

In this way abortion may continue indefinitely.

A cow should properly clean after calving. She should
come in heat at regular intervals and get with calf when bred.
The calves should not be afflicted with scours and can be sold
and shipped to any part of the world absolutely safe and with-
out danger of infecting other herds.

The proper treatment will destroy the germs of abortion ; it
will by so doing put a cow in a perfectly healthy condition,
making her a profit producer, enabling her to give birth to a
strong, healthy, live calf at full time, also give a natural flow
of milk, which a cow afflicted with the germs of abortion can-
not do.

It matters not what breed of cows may be afflicted, how
large a herd may be, how many head have aborted, or how long
they have had abortion, among them, it can be prevented and
cured.

Abortion is a premature expulsion of a foetus at a stage when
it has not attained sufficient development to live external to its

ABORTION IN COWS. 571

mother, and is caused by an interruption of the natural condi-
tion of pregnancy.

In the modern way of thinking, disease is a disturbance of
the natural play of one or different parts of the body ; the re-
action of an unaccustomed influence, and according to the germ
theory, the foreign influence producing this disturbance is the
existence of a germ in the interior of the animal body.

When germs vegetate or multiply in the animal's body there
occurs a struggle for life between the germs and the animal
cells.

In abortion this battle produces outward symptoms, such as
swelling of the udder and vulva, which is an evidence that the
struggle exists within the body, and it must result in the vic-
tory of one or the other. If the battle is won by the animal
cells the disease is checked and the animal is restored to health
and the symptoms, such as swelling of the udder and vulva, will
disappear, while if the germs win the animal will remain dis-
eased and the symptoms will be noticeable, and unless interfered
with the cow will abort.

Abortion is due to a germ, and therefore infectious, and can be
easily proven by any one who wishes to make the experiment,
such as soaking a wad of cotton in the fluid of a cow that has
recently aborted, then placing it in the vagina of a healthy preg-
nant cow, allowing it to remain five minutes. It will be noticed
that she will become infected and show symptoms such as swel-
ling of the udder and vulva and will abort in a certain number
of days ; while if a cow meets with an accident or receives an
injury which would cause abortion, a wad of cotton may be
dipped in the fluid from her and taken to an uninfected herd
and placed in the vagina of an uninfected cow, allowing same
to remain five minutes, without bad results.

With similar experiments it has been positively proven be-
yond all doubt that abortion in cows is due to a germ and there-
fore must be treated as a germ disease. From valuable infor-
mation and experience gathered from bright and intelligent
veterinarians, and stock raisers throughout the United States

672 DAVID ROBERTS.

and Europe, a positive knowledge has been reached as to how
this disease should be handled in order to wipe it out.

When a herd becomes infected with the germs of abortion
cows and heifers arc liable to abort at any stage of pregnancy,
but the largest per cent, aborts from the 4th to the 7th month ;
some aborting as early as the first month of pregnancy, and are
at the same time liable to come in heat the following day, indi-
cating a congested, irritated, abnormal and diseased condition
of the genital organs.

Bulls bred to such a cow or heifer invariably become infec-
ted and are then in condition to spread the disease through
the entire herd.

As soon as the symptoms of abortion, such as swelling of the
udder and vulva, manifest themselves, the cow should be removed
and isolated and given prompt attention and treatment until the
symptoms of abortion, such as swelling of the udder and vulva,
have disappeared ; she may then be returned to the balance of the
herd.

In case she aborts the foetus and the envelopes should be
burned or buried deeply. The stables and stalls and premises
where this cow has been or is at present should be thoroughly
disinfected with a powerful germ destroyer. The roots of the
tail and vulva and hindquarters should be thoroughly disin-
fected daily.

The vagina should be thoroughly washed with a non-poison-
ous, non-irritating, soothing and healing antiseptic solution.
This washing should be continued once daily, until all dis-
charges cease.

No cow or heifer should be bred until it would be time for
them to give birth to a calf had they carried it full time and not
then unless they are free from any discharge and in a strong,
healthy, breeding condition.

Clip the hair from the point of the sheath of the herd bull
and wash out the sheath once a week and after each service
with a non-irritating, soothing and healing antiseptic solution,
in this manner preventing the spread of the disease.

REPORTS OF CASES.

573

REPORTS OF CASES.

**Carf/ul observation makes a skillful practitioner^ but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording ki\ observations, he aids to the knoivled^e of his fro/esiion, and assists by his facts
in buildint^ up the sotid tditice of pathological science^

PARALYSIS OF THE PERONEUS NERVE.
By C. M. Haring, D. V. M., University of California, Berkeley, Cal.

Dollar, in his translation of Holler's ''Operative Veterinary
Surgery," says that no accurate observations have yet been re-
corded of paralysis of the peroneus nerve. In view of this the

following case may be of
some interest :

A Percheron gelding,
aged about fourteen years,
had been employed for a long
time at heavy drafting in a
lumber yard. Without ap-
parent cause, he began to
lose the use of the off hind leg.
The first that was noticed of
the trouble, according to the
owner, was an occasional
knuckling over while walk-
ing. The frequency and severity of the knuckling gradually
increased, the leg sometimes giving way so that the lower end
of the cannon bone and anterior of the fetlock would strike the
ground.

On June loth., when first called to see the horse, the knuck-
ling was very marked, the animal being unable, without assist-
ance, to extend the pedis sufficiently to plant the sole on the
ground. While at rest the hock remained extended and the
fetlock flexed as shown in the photograph. In stepping he
rested on the toe, and after going a few paces walked on the
coronet and lower end of the cannon bone. The power to flex
the hock was not as great as in the other leg although there was
some movement. Perhaps this was produced by the flexing of
the stifle. The control of the stifle and femero coxygeal joints
seemed perfect and there was power to strike or kick backward
and to draw up the leg. In walking the quarter was not lifted
abnormally high, which Moller says would be a result of paral-
ysis of the nerve. No atrophy of any of the muscles could be
detected. An unfavorable prognosis was given. As the animal

674 REPORTS OF CASES.

was useless and failed to improve, he was killed about five
weeks after the appearance of the first symptoms. A careful
dissection of the leg failed to reveal any lesions.

IDIOSYNCRASY OR OVERDOSE.
By W. E. A. Wyman, M. D. V., V. S., Covington, Ky.

Subject, running horse, aged 4 ; cryptorchid.

Diagnosis: — Double catarrhal pneumonia. Temperature
105.3 ^o 106.2 for first four days, gradually returning to normal
on ninth day.

Treatment : — Antiphlogistine to chest. Heroin hydroch., gr.
iv ; fl.-extr. ipecac, 3 i, and ammonium carbonate, 3 iv, in 3 x
acacia emulsion. One tablespoon every four hours. Quinine
sulphate, with strychnine, one powder three times daily. Once
daily nuclein, 20 c.c, intravenously. Feed : Oats, hay, grass.
Appetite fair.

From the beginning on the animal was somewhat costive.
For that reason he got within twenty-four hours, starting June
27, calomel 3 iss, with sodium bicarbonate 3 iij, in powder form.
Also clysters of pure water, about one gallon, every four hours,
about bloodwarm. On June 28 the animal salivated profusely,
smelling very foul, lips and cheeks swollen some, palate very
pale with hsemorrhagic streaks at intervals over the bars ; mu-
cous membrane above upper incisors and below lower incisors,
oedematous and brick red. Tongue stiff, contracted, very pale ;
region of frsenum cedematous and dark red brick color. At no
time did the gums bleed easily nor loosening of teeth. July 4,
case sufficiently advanced to be discharged. Treatment : — Hy-
podermics of atropine and strychnine, swabbing three times daily
for three days with adrenalin, i: loooo; Ho Oj, (25%)
irrigation, followed by copious and very, frequent iced water
irrigations. June 29, 30, and July i the animal could not drink
nor eat and was satisfied by oesophageal intubation. Began to
eat fairly well July 2. The writer has employed calomel a
great many times in such cases as the above, but this has been
the first untoward effect, the first case of mercurialism, encount-
ered.

DOUBLE IMPREGNATION BY DIFFERENT SPECIES.
By C. H. Gaines, D. V S., Chilhowee, Mo.
I was called to the farm of Mr. G. Mullins, four miles north
of this town, on April 14 last to see a mare with suspected in-
version of the uterus. Upon arrival I found a small gray mare,

REPORTS OF CASES. 575

14 or 15 years old, which had just foaled two colts, and had
adherent placenta, which had caused the owner to suppose the
womb had turned inside out.

The remarkable point about this case is that one of the foals
was a mule, and two days before term. It breathed a few times
and died. The other was a horse colt, 38 days before term. The
horse colt was dead at birth. The dates at which the colts should
have been born are estimated from the dates of the two breed-
ings. There were 36 days between breedings.

The death from accidental diseases of two famous Hackney
stallions in one month, owned by Elsinore Stock Farm
(Harvey S. Ladew, proprietor), Glen Cove L. I., is extremely
unusual and unfortunate. " Moncrieffe V^engeance," champion
Hackney stallion at the last Madison Square Horse Show, died
early in June of strangulated scrotal hernia, and at the end of
the month " Sancton Squire," by the American champion heavy
harness horse, " Forest King," succumbed to intussusception.

The annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary As-
sociation, held in Omaha, June i8th and 19th, was largely
attended and enthusiasm marked the proceedings. Many
members were prevented from attending owing to the large
volume of practice being done this season, which is greater
than ever before. All present were initiated into the mysteries
of the " Ak-Sar-Ben " on the evening of the first day. The
meeting continued for two full days and was terminated by a
banquet. The semi-annual meeting will he held in Kansas
City in October.

The Record for Tu.viors. — Springfield^ Mass. — A most
unusual surgical operation was performed last Thursday at the
Springfield hospital upon Mrs. Annie D. Hodgerny. A cystic
tumor, the weight of which was greater than the normal weight
of the women, was removed as a last resort to save the woman's
life. The effort proved unavailing, however, death following
the day after the operation. The tumor taken from the
woman weighed about 190 pounds, of which 156 was fluid. It
is believed that the cyst had its beginning six or seven years
ago. The woman weighed then about 180 pounds and her
weight gradually increased until she developed the most re-
markable growth of the kind which history records. So far as
is known, the largest tumor before known weighed from forty
to fifty pounds less than this one. — {Brooklyn Times.)

676 SURGICAL ITEMS.

SURGICAL ITEMS.

By Drs. Louis A. and Edward Merillat, Chicago, III.

ON THE ETHICS OF HORSE DENTISTRY.

la an address delivered before the Pennsylvania State Vet-
erinary Medical Association, published in the June number of
the Review, Prof. Williams tells us what's what in horse den-
tistry. He takes a deliberate aim at the author, the book and
the teacher of dentistry, makes a few errors that procreate dis-
trust in the accuracy of the deductions as a whole, and tinges
the subject matter with a dash of ridicule that depreciates the
grace of the discussion from the ethical standpoint. The ora-
tion, true enough in many places, is evidently born of a desire
to correct some real and some fancied abuses to scientific veteri-
nary surgery. It appears that the orator has information anent
the practice of horse dentistry in America that leads him to
question the judgment of the American veterinarian. Accord-
ing to Williams, the whole system of dentistry as practiced to-
day is wrong, that the only demand of dental surgery in domes-
tic animals is the diseased tooth and its sequelae and that the
filing or rasping process so commonly practiced is inimical to
the well-being of animals in almost every instance. These con-
clusions are not without fault and are too radical to be taken
seriously by the veterinary practitioner of today. Some will
assent, some will dissent and the controversy, already old, will
go on forever. Some veterinarians may even be so rude as to
claim that they are equal to the task of judging the right from
the wrong dental operation. Others may even decide after con-
sulting their rusty knowledge of physiology and pathology that
the whole problem is not such a brain racking one after all and
that a little common sense, as heretofore, will henceforth domi-
nate their actions in dealing with their dental operations. Col-
lectively, we are no worse nor no better in dealing with dentis-
try than with any of the other problems daily encountered in
practice. If we are ignorant here we are ignorant there. If we
are dishonest in dentistry we are probably also dishonest in
other matters as well. It is not fair to use the lash of horse
dentistry on the American veterinary practitioner. Whip with
the whole subject if a chastisement is due. The tooth-filing
controversy^ old as the hills, touches a subject as well under-
stood as any part of veterinary surgery. Every sensible practi-

SURGICAL ITEMS. 577

tioner knows the limitations, the indications and the contra in-
dications of the tooth-filing operation, and there are, or at least
soon will be, enough sensible veterinarians to protect it from
abuse. It is only the professional horse dentist who urges the
operation too frequently, and fortunately this creature is less
numerous than formerly. Now-adays, the general practitioner
is consulted in the matter of dentistry on the animals under his
charge and his decisions to operate or not to operate are based
upon the same scientific principles that would govern his actions
in dealing with any other treatment. Veterinary surgery is im-
proving, advancing, progressing, and dentistry will not lag be-
hind. It is only reasonable to suppose that the progress of the
future will not fall behind that of the past few years. Horse
dentistry is pretty safe in the hands of a progressive profession
in a progressive country. The tooth-Jiling specialist is passing
rapidly, as the horse-owning public under the instruction of the
educated veterinarian, is learning gradually what Prof. Williams
would have it learn at one stroke, thanks to the specially in-
structed student. Here and there, we may expect to see some
so-called qualified veterinarians adopt dentistry as a specialty,
and others over-recommend the art as a panacea for all ills, be-
cause of the inviting field it offers for faking a handsome mone-
tary remuneration, but this circumstance is no ground whatever
for trouncing a whole profession, a whole method, a whole
branch of veterinary surgery. Are not the best medical col-
leges sometimes stigmatized by graduates who enter lines of
practice or adopt methods of treatment that violate the laws of
the medical profession? The fault here is that of the individ-
ual, not of the instruction.

The " sharf>-toothm ania " is not so very " deeply rooted,"
and it is not the " Most disgraceful feature of veterinary prac-
tice to-day," as Williams would have us believe, even though
we do admit that much of the dentistry performed on horses is
useless or, if you will, harmful. That the " Wholesale rasping
and cutting away of horses' teeth " is senseless, useless and
harmful, is not denied, but that the operation is practiced by
the representative members of the profession in America, to the
extent implied by this expression, we desire to flatly contradict)
The veterinarians of the West, Middlcwest and Northwest
(the only ones with whom we have an intimate acquaintance,
are not wholesale tooth -raspers. They are sensible, fairly well
educated, professional men who learned as freshmen students
that the sharp teeth found on all molars of all horses arc a part

578 SURGICAL ITEMS.

of the normal grinding apparatus and not universally harmful.
Later in their college course they have learned that under cer-
tain circumstances " sharp teeth " require surgical interference,
and this much no sane man will deny and all conservative
veterinarians will concede.

The fact is, tooth-filing is often so strikingly effectual in
correcting or preventing certain conditions that horsemen are
easily led to believe that the operation is a universal necessity.
The veterinarian who stands stubbornly to the position that the
operation is always unnecessary drives the horseman to the
blacksmith, the coachman, etc., to have the rasping done, as
Ostertag admits is the case in Germany. Pshaw, the way we
are becoming prey to the " foreign-made " theory is as sicken-
ing as it is an exemplification of our weakness. The way we
swallow, digest, quote, and defend any old expression from
over the water must make us appear as weak imitators in the
eyes of our foreign colleagues. The American has taken time
by the forelock and has demonstrated, not only the method, but
also the good results of horse dentistry, and our foreign colleag-
ues, slow to accept and always ready to snub or condemn
American ideas, have never accepted tooth-filing as an opera-
tion worth teaching to the student.

Under certain circumstances tooth-filing is little less than
an absolute necessity. For example, in "schooling" a young
coach horse filing the first molars is a real help, a real necessity,
otherwise the mouth becomes sore and prevents further training
until healed. The second attempt wounds the mouth again
and so on until the tough resulting scars afford adequate protec-
tion. The same might be said of the roadster^ the hunter
and Xht park hack. Men experienced in managing this class of
horses know too well the value of tooth-filing to be deceived by
any statement to the contrary. Imagine, if you can, the unten-
able position of a veterinarian who would attempt to prove the
harmlessness of enamel points that repeatedly wound the seat
of the bit, and imagine the success of a practitioner who would
insist upon healing up these sores without removing their cause
as a protection against future injury. True enough, as Wil-
liams suggests, these wounds will heal and leave harmless
scars, but what is the behavior of the youngster while the
mouth is being wounded over and over, and while nature is
vainly attempting to lay down a tough sclerotic surface on the
cheek to protect it against further injury, and what has been the
result of the training? What might have developed into a fine

SURGICAL ITEMS. 579

gaited saddle horse or a good " mouthed " coach horse has in-
stead become a crazy-headed idiot. For this class of horses
dentistry needs no defensive arguments among the experienced,
and the novice soon learns its value. The veterinarian, prac-
ticing dentistry among running horses, whom Williams inter-
viewed and from whom he wrung a confession of being a
confidence man, is precisely like all men of his class. The
same man would have been content with a bottle of colic medi-
cine without knowing its contents or the method by which it
brought results. If he had studied his art, if he had been prop-
erly taught, he would have been saved the humiliation of con-
doning his course upon any basis other than that his operations
made it possible for the trainer to get the best possible speed
out of his charges. In the race where competition is keen, the
slightest abrasion in the mouth of a horse is a matter of no
small moment. The thoroughbred horse is generally so sensi-
tive, so fussy, so obstinate that his successful training is impos-
sible until every sharp point capable of irritating or wounding
the seat of the bit is removed. The self-confessed confidence
man whom Williams calls a veterinarian was as ignorant of the
good he did as he was of the harm he was capable of doing by
filing the teeth too much and too often. The existence of this
class of veterinarian shows plainly the need of better and more
instruction in horse dentistry, instead of a campaign of educa-
tion against the art. There is absolutely no danger from a man
frank enough to make such a confession, were he properly
educated.

The tooth-filing operation recommended above is, of course,
a limited one. It consists of filing the buccal borders of the
first and possibly the second superior molars and the anterior
table angle of the first inferior molars. Its object is simply that
of preventing the abrasions or simple irritations of the buccal
mucosa which are so manifestly harmful to the class of horses
above enumerated. It is generally unnecessary in the Jarm
^rj^, the draft horse ^ delivery wagon horse^ the family horse or
any class of horses not closely bitted and rigged. Only occasion-
ally a firy horse of these classes will pull heavily enough to
wound the cheek upon the jagged enamel points, and thus make
the operation necessary.

Filing the enamel point on the back molars is another sub-
ject. Williams claims that the wounds upon the cheeks of
horses are trivial affairs that will heal without dental interfer-
cnce. He compares them to the accidental biting of the check

580 SURGICAL ITEMS.

of the human being. In this his error is palpable. Accidental
wounding of the cheek of horses by biting up the folded mu-
cous membrane between the molars never occurs. The accident
would be quite a physical impossibility. The wounds of the
horse's mouth other than those caused by the bit generally oc-
cur at the level of the fifth molar, and are caused in a gradual
manner by the action of the masseter muscle upon the enamel
points, which are always specially prominent at this point.
These wounds, sometimes trivial, are not infrequently the causes
of considerable discomfort. In size and gravity they vary from
mere erosions of small dimensions to large excavations the size of
a silver dollar. Often the mucous membrane is so completely de-
stroyed that considerable time elapses before its epithelium will
regenerate sufficiently to re-cloth the breach. The scientific
treatment of such a condition is plain. Either the cause must
be removed or else the subject must be allowed only a soup diet
for a few weeks to allow the wound to heal.

If we grant that tooth-filing is essential in the treatment of
the buccal abrasions caused by the bit, and the more aggravated
ones caused by mastication, can wholesale, universal tooth-rasp-
ing be defended in the guise of preventive treatment? Here-
in lies the solution of the controversy. By drawing a line be-
tween the sharp teeth that do or will at some near future
time cause abrasions and those that never wound the mouth
the indication and the contraindication for the tooth-filing
operation is determined. It is by drawing this line that the
ethical dental operation is separated from the non-ethical. In
making the decision the veterinarian, knowing that the entire
removal of the enamel points diminishes the grinding capacity
of the teeth, will select only the aggravated case and will sacri-
fice only the sharp points of the protruding enamel, and that
only at points where they are capable of creating wounds.
These, we believe, are the tenets of the thinking veterinarians of
the day, which if true should pacify the disturbed minds of the
few who foresee naught but calamity for the American veteri-
narian unless a great campaign of education is immediately in-
augurated to stay the impending havoc of the horse dentist.

It is not denied that a great many conditions existing in
horses are erroneously attributed to the teeth by the layman, and
the veterinarian failing to detect the real cause, files the teeth
in lieu of a rational treatment or as expectant treatment pend-
ing the development of phenomena that reveal the actual
causative factor. Sometimes in some communities horses are

SURGICAL ITEMS. 581

submitted to the veterinarian with the unqualified instruction
to file the teeth without previous consultation as to its advisabil-
ity, leaving the honest practitioner to choose between perform-
ing the operation or else preparing to deliver a lecture on the
physiology of mastication. That is, either the teeth must be
filed or the client told flatly that it is unnecessary and harmful.
Leaving aside the tendency to decide in favor of performing the
operation on account of the monetary gain, it is the plain duty of
the veterinarian to abide by the client's wishes. It is not ex-
pected of a practitioner to attempt single handed to correct im-
pressions held for generations. The remedy must come from
the profession as a whole. " We must begin a campaign of
education among ourselves," as Williams puts it, is hitting the
nail on the head. The veterinarian is either a diplomat or a
pauper. He must yield to the popular prejudices of his com-
munity to a certain extent and for a time at least. Since time
immemorial the successful therapist has yielded to the " popular
prejudice." The physician, the surgeon, the dentist and the
veterinarian have yielded to it and probably always will. The
accepted treatment of to-day is the '* popular prejudice " of to
morrow. What we do to-day in the name of science will be the
" popular prejudice " of the next generation. The scientist
leads the layman. To succeed in practice the "popular preju-
dice " must be respected a great deal more then the pharmaco-
poeia. Men who ignore it seldom live to see the good that re-
sults from their theories. A second or third generation may
admire their epitaphs, but living they were laughed off the
stage. The veterinarian of today in certain communities who
would trouble to lecture the owner of a horse on the harmless-
ness of wolf teeth, when his antecedents, himself and his chil-
dren are all positively convinced of their harmfulness, runs
some risk of being called an idiot besides losing a patient and
a client. These actions on the part of professional men, might
better be winked or whispered instead of written, in spite of the
fact that they play no small part in a practitioner's success. Of
course such recommendations have their bearable limitations.
There must be a distinction made between them and faking,
pure and simple. In this connection, it can be truthfully men-
tioned that horse dentistry offers no greater opportunity for fak-
ing, for dishonest methods, for unnecessary therapeutics, than
any other part of the healing art. The unscrupulous will per-
form any kind of unnecessary operations, knowing them to be
such, while the honorable practitioner limits his unnecessary

582 SURGICAL ITEMS.

therapeutics to harmless treatment. Is there living to-day a
practitioner of wide experience who has never administered
treatment, for strategical reason, that could be of no possible
service to the patient ? We dope, we cut, we advise in the man-
ner to best serve our patients, our clients and ourselves, disre-
garding scientific principles, as seldom and as little as possible,
but as surely as the welfare of all concerned demands. To
claim that successful practitioners, either human or veterinary,
do less, is a gross misconception of the facts, and to attempt to
change this attribute of practitioners is as foolish as it is impos-
sible until such time as all mankind has materially changed its
tactics in the struggle for existence. What Prof. Williams
would have us believe is debasing to science might easily be in-
terpreted as an effort towards self-preservation. If a horse is
brought to my hospital with inflamed eyes I would extract its
wolf teeth. If asked as to their effects upon the eyes I would
tell the truth. If a horse is submitted with instructions to ex-
tract its wolf teeth, out they come without further comment.
This is but one of many similar situations met every day in a
busy professional life. They might be enumerated ad infini-
tum.

We read elsewhere in Prof. Williams' oration of two veteri-
narians who filed and filed and filed the molars of a horse that
later proved to be suffering from an inflammatory condition of
a single tooth. These two tooth-rasping vets, failed to locate
the real seat of irritation, true enough, and they erred in filing
the molars much more than men of better judgment would
have done, but in the matter of diagnosis they did no worse
than many of us frequently do. Dental inflammations in their
incipient stages are not so very easily discovered from the
cursory examination we are generally compelled to depend
upon. A veterinarian in practice is usually expected to make
the dental diagnosis in the standing position by palpation and
inspection, without much ceremony. The conclusions must be
based upon speculation largely. It is only when the horse is
cast and placed in position for operation that the exact diag-
nosis is made possible. It is often impossible to convince a
client that a horse must be cast for no other purpose than that
of making an examination of a suspected tooth. Witness the
case reported by Williams himself in his article entitled " Em-
pyema of the Facial Sinuses of the Horse " (Am. Vet. Review,
Vol. XXX, No. 2). A four-year-old mare was presented for
treatment February 6th, 1900, and the diagnosis was made

SURGICAL ITEMS. 589

March 2, 1903. Here is a case of dental inflammation in
which three years elapsed before Prof. Williams was able to
make an accurate diagnosis. The mare was trephined twice
previously, and each time was presumably placed in position
specially appropriate for making the most careful examination
of the oral cavity. Still the poor mare went on and on, until
the face bulged and the decayed tooth was " split into numer-
ous fragments." Then the appropriate treatment was given,
and the mare, after three years of suffering, was promptly
and permanently cured. What a pity it is that a poor animal
must suffer so long before it becomes possible for the veteri-
narian to afford relief. IS" this not a beautiful exemplification
of our deficiencies ? Here is a mare brought to the " Mecca of
Science Veterinary ^^^ and was twice forced to go away disap-
pointed with human ability to relieve pain. Why? Incompe
tency? No. No one would charge Prof. Williams with in-
competency. His work along this very line is too well known
and, yes, too well appreciated, to make good any such insinua-
tion. It is the difficulty of making the dental diagnosis at this
stage that prolonged the poor mare's suffering, and the reitera-
tion of the history of the case here is made frankly without in-
tent to belittle or ridicule, but for the chuckling satisfaction it
must be to other poor devils who have bumped the same
bumps over and over, in places where deficiencies count for
much more than they do in the free clinic.

As to bishoping. — Bishoping is a fraud. No veterinarian
should perform the operation under any circumstances. It is
not professional services. It is unprofessional services. I con-
fess to having performed the operation a number of times in
years gone by, but fortunately for myself I have reformed. In
those years I performed the operation at the request of men
whose minds were admittedly stronger than my own. I
learned to do it well, so well that many a veterinarian was de-
ceived by my work. In writing my book " Animal Dentistry,
etc," I carefully considered the advisability of describing the
operation, fearing the criticism it must surely arouse from
some source or other. After deliberate consideration it was de-
cided to give the operation a place on the grounds that the stu-
dent or veterinarian should know the method as well as the
crime^ in hope that the former may assist in disclosing the lat-
ter. If the volume " presumably dedicated to scientific dent-
istry," has been debased, the loss is my own, but if scientific
horse dentistry is the sufferer I promptly apologize for my

584 SURGICAL ITEMS.

shortsightedness. It is very doubtful if any harm has been
done, however. Our students and the members of our profes-
sion have been so many years out of the kindergarten that it is
very doubtful if their set minds could be poisoned so easily.
The man who would proceed to commit any given crime upon
learning the method of committing it, would sooner or later
have learned the method, if not in one way then in another.
Bishoping for generations had been performed with very crude
hand instruments, and the results obtained deceived no one who
possessed the least knowledge of horses' teeth from the stand-
point of determining age. The work was always so *' raw "
that it was always detected in advance of the other changes by
which age is determined. The bishoped mouth, in fact, was
not intended to deceive any one except the unsuspecting
novice. Now-a-days, things have changed. Bishoping is done
so well, under favorable circumstances, that no expert will de-
tect it, unless a very careful and special examination is made.
This new departure, this new danger into which we have fre-
quently seen members of the profession fall, renders its pub-
licity particularly defensible, even in a scientific (?) book.

Every real valuable operation^ medicine or method^ has been
abused at some time after its introduction into the medical pro-
fessions. The professions are prone to run riot with every new
acquisition. The new remedy is always overdone for a time.
So it was with tooth-filing. A valuable operation and an easy
method of performing it was introduced into the veterinary pro-
fession. The manifest benefit, here and there, was heralded as
an argument in favor of its universal application. To-day, in
our sober senses, we are learning its real worth, its real indica-
tions, and we are engaged in teaching our new recruits this
knowledge, which time alone could have evolved. The danger
point has been passed. Prof. Williams should have delivered
his oration on " The Ethics of Horse Dentistry " twenty years
ago.

* *

A FEW SURGICAL SUGGESTIONS.

1. In suturing the skin always so adjust the stitches so as
to bring only raw surfaces into apposition. Infolded edges will
not reunite.

2. Never draw sutures too taut in tying the knots after the
edges are brought together and always preserve enough skin in
an operation to render apposition possible without .stretching

SURGICAL ITEMS. 585

the skill. Taut stitches are seldom effectual ; the tissues caught
within them becomes strangulated ; a favorable field for infec-
tion is created ; and they always leave an indelible blemish. In
short, always avoid tension whenever possible.

3. In removing stitches after the edges of a wound have
united cut them near the skin so that no part of the exposed
portion of the thread is drawn through the stitch tract. A well
healed wound is sometimes infected in this manner.

4. An English surgeon is earning the reputation of leaving
no scar after his operations, by making bevelled incisions
thiough the skin instead of cutting directly through it at a
right angle with the surface as is usually done. The slant or
bevelled incision heals without leaving any visible scar tissue
at the surface of the skin. Primary union of the epithelium
occurs before the underlying connective tissue blocks its prompt
regeneration. In the legs of horses where the skin is thick the
method has given exceptionally flattering results.

5. In castrating horses in the standing position always
make an extra effort to place the emasculating instrument as
high up as possible before crushing off the cord. The one bane
of ''standing castration" is the great difficulty of removing
enough cord with the testicle. Some have recommended cut-
ting of the cremaster muscle to let the testicle fall well out of
the scrotum, but this is not always easily accomplished and it
always prolongs the operation somewhat. There must be no
delay in castrating horses in this manner. The operation to be
successfully done must be promptly executed and finished be-
fore the horse has gotten into the fighting mood. The opera-
tion is always marred if there is any delay.

6. In trephining the skull it is not necessary to excise a
piece of skin. A straight incision, dilated with retractors to-
admit the trephine, is sufficient and it leaves a much smaller
hairless scar. The removal of a piece of skin the size of the
circular trephine has been abandoned by the best practitioners.

7. /// repulsing superior molars of old horses always make
preparations to prevent a permanent channel between the alveo-
lar cavity and the sinus. A large hole in such an osseous en-
vironment especially after the reactive forces have been greatly
diminished by age, will only heal under the most favorable con-
ditions and often will refuse to heal at all. A very satisfactory
plan is to wedge a piece of gutta percha between the crowns of
the two teeth bounding the vacant alveolar cavity, without
forcing it into the depths of the cavitv. The wedge is applied

586 SURGICAL ITEMS.

on the second day after the operation when no blood clot will
accumulate beneath it.

8. If it is divine to prevent surgical pain it is still more
divine to prevent discomfort, shock or even death from the loss
of blood. All surgical operations should be made as near blood-
less as possible. Every possible drop of blood should be pre-
served to the patient. The loss of blood, especially when com-
bined with pain, diminishes the vital forces to the minimum and
thus retards healing and favors fatal or harmful infections.

9. In performing long, painful, sanguinary operations, a
thermo-cautery in the hands of a third assistant is very useful to
touch up the bleeding spots as they appear. Oozing places and
spurting vessels can be promptly closed without interrupting
the operator and thus greatly decrease the duration of the dis-
section.

The Missouri Valley Veterinary Association has ap-
pointed a committee, of which Dr. Sesco Stewart is chairman,
to again invite the A. V. M. A. to meet in Kansas City, in
1907.

On account of continued illness, all the show horses of Mr*
Eben D. Jordan, of Boston, are to be sold. This announcement
will be received with genuine regret by all devotees of horse
shows, for he stood for all that was best and loftiest in the
gentleman's sport. Most, if not all, the splendid Hackneys
which he exhibited were of his own breeding.

We regret to announce the death of the wife of Dr. W. A-
Thomas, late State Veterinarian of Nebraska. In the June Re-
view it was stated that after 25 years' residence in Lincoln, he
would remove to Weaubleau, Mo., to engage in stock farming.
It was while he was preparing to leave for his new home that
Mrs. Thomas was taken ill, and after a short sickness died.
The Doctor and his three daughters have the sympathy of the
profession in their great bereavement.

Kansas Mules to Alaska. — The Kansas mule will be
used by railroad and grading contractors in Nome, Alaska.
A carload of twenty-four Kansas mules left Kansas City
recently for Seattle. There they will be loaded on a steamer
and sent to a point near Nome, where they will be transferred
to a small boat which can enter the shallow harbor at Nome.
The mules were bought in Kansas and shipped by Robertson
S: Co.'s mule buyer at the stock yards.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 587

EXTRACTS FROm EXCHANGES.

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LiAUTARD. M. D., V. M.

Vermiform Aneurisms and Consecutive Throm-
bosis [Zroaenepoel'\. — A colt, aged i8 months, was
brought to the author for treatment, presenting the following
symptoms : Having walked about 8 kilometres, the animal
seemed exhausted ; his pulse was weak, quick and irregular,
heart beating strongly and could be heard all over the chest.
The visible mucosae were pale and anaemic ; respiration slow
and regular — all the signs of an animal in miserable physiologic
condition. There was diarrhoea, which appeared after a pro-
tracted constipation ; it was liquid, yellowish and foetid. In
three weeks it brought the horse to the condition of a skeleton.
Tuberculinization gave negative results. A treatment of naphta-
line, tincture of iodine, tannin, arsenious acid, and milk ad
libitum was prescribed, and the animal placed under observa-
tion. After ten days it was found one morning that the colt
had struggled much during the night. Standing up his body
balanced upon his legs, and he had to be supported to avoid
falling. ^Iade to walk, the staggering increased, and the left
diagonal biped refused to move forward ; the left fore and right
hind legs had to be dragged with ropes to make them advance.
Returned with difficulty to his stable, the horse dropped, ex-
hibited symptoms of violent colic, and died. At the post-mortem
the lesions were found on the spleen, digestive canal and
arteries. Thespleen weighed ten kilogrammes; in its centre there
was a sequestrum as big as a man's head ; the splenic artery was
obstructed in its centre. The organ was adherent to the
diaphragm, stomach, small and large intestines. The stomach,
atrophied, showed the lesions of chronic gastritis. The small
intestines, congested and ecchymosed, had its mucous membrane
thickened. The colon had a mucous membrane black, friable,
and engorged with venous blood, and the caecum was covered
with numerous little tumors, lodging the larvae of sclerostoma.
The arterial lesions were immense, and all of thrombosic
nature. In the great mesenteric it was old, adherent, and soft-
ened here and there. In the aorta the clot was recent. The
axillary, humeral, and radial of the left fore leg, as also the

688 EXIRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

femoral and popuital ol ihe right hind leg were completely ob-
literated. The clot extended also into the renal and the hepatic
arteries. The splenic is entirely closed by an old clot, partly
purulent. As complications of these conditions there were :
cardial hypertrophy, stasis of the kidney, cirrhosis of the liver
and pulmonary emphysema. {Anna/es de Bruxelles^Jan.^ ipoS.)
Observations of an Enzootic Outbreak of Periodic
Ophthalmia in the Horse {Mr. Rtgatix^ . — The infectious
nature of periodic ophthalmia has been demonstrated by Dr.
Dor, who has found a micrococcus resembling the pyogenes
staphylococcus in the exudate of the anterior chamber of a dis-
eased eye, and his observations were confirmed by Tchoubar-
owsky, who also found a staphylococcus in the same condition,
and succeeded in reproducing the disease experimentally. The
causes of the affection, according to writers, vary : lymphatism,
heredity, stables ill ventilated, dark and badly kept, age of den-
tition, damp or marshy ground, etc. The influence of soil
seems to be a serious cause, since emigration has portected
horses from the disease. The following observations may throw
light on this. It occurred on a farm where some twenty horses
were kept. Since fifty years no periodic ophthalmia had been
there. The stables were clean, well ventilated, and white-
washed twice a year. Stock kept in best condition. Case /. —
End of January, 1904 ; two-year old gelding; right eye bathed
with tears, conjunctiva injected, contraction of the pupil, hy-
popion. Left eye taken day after. Treatment by iodide of
potassium. Recovery in a week. Relapse two months later in
both eyes. One of them is lost. Case II. — March 19, with
this colt, a stallion of 29 months is placed for companionship.
Nine days later he has suspicious symptoms in the right eye,
which was pronounced periodic ophthalmia by a professor of
the Veterinary School of Brussels. The left eye is soon affected
also. Both eyes were the seats of relapses. Case III. — Three-
year-old mare ; left eye diseased ; cured with same treatment ;
relapse a month after. Case IV. — Thirteen-months-old colt,
taken in May, has other attacks in June and July, and became
blind. Case V. — Filly of ten months, affected in May in the
left eye first and the right eye after ; has relapses in July and
August ; blind in the end in both eyes. Case VI. — Mare of
ten years, has an attack at the farm in May in the right eye.
Sold, she has since had nothing abnormal with her eyes. Case
VII. — Mare of eleven years, attack in right eye in June, is sold
in October apparently sound. Case VIII. — Two-year-old colt

«XTKACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 689

has never had anything at the farm ; is sold at a fair in Febru-
ary, 1905, and a few days after reaching his new owner has
periodic ophthalmia. Obscure Cases. — From time to time
lachryniation and contraction of the pupil have been ob-
served among the horses of the farm. For the author the
outbreak was evidently one of periodic ophthalmia, in which
the influence of contagion cannot be denied. — (Annales de Bel-
giq.,Jan., igo6.)

Fatal Hemorrhage from Genitals in a Sow — Pe-
culiar Abnormality of the Pavilion \^Mr. Gueldu\. —
Outside of those that occur before or after delivery, those kind of
hceniorrhages are not frequent. They aie more commonly ob-
served in cows and in dogs, where their uterine organ is easily
detected in the discovery of myomas or fibromyomas of that
cavity. There are, however, cases where their origin is situ-
ated more deeply, as the present case indicates. A sow had
well delivered in October last, and the author was called to see
her on Jan 3. He found her lying, indifferent to what was go-
ing on around her, the skin slightly cyanotic. She refuses all
food, has had no passage for some time ; her rectal temperature
is normal. Constipation is suspected, and purgative ordered.
Three days later she seems better ; appetite is improving, but
has passed a large quantity of blood by the vulva. Her tem-
perature is low, the ears drooping ; mucous membranes and skin
are very pale. Haemorrhages returned and the sow died. Post-
mortem : Carcass almost bloodless. Liver and hepatic glands
full of tubercles. Genital apparatus free from disease, except on
one of the ovaries, where there is a tumor as big as a large egg,
smooth and shining on its surface. It is red in color. It is at-
tached to the fallopian canal, which dips into it with the broad
ligament through an elliptical orifice. The borders of this are
hard and look natural. The tumor is formed of clotted blood,
arranged in concentrical layers, and surround the ovary, which
is apparently sound. Evidently the hjcmorrhage came from the
ovary. — (Annales de Belgi</., Feb., igo6.)

F'racture of the Radius and Cubitus in a Pregnant
Heifer [/^ Hermans]. — Fractures are not any more rare in
cattle than in horses and if their treatment is not recommended
it is more to the point of view of general economy. The fol-
lowing case shows that very good results are sometimes ob-
tained. This heifer was eight months pregnant. She has su-
perior milking qualities. One morning she is found resting on
three legs, the left fore leg unable to carry its share of the

590 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

weight of the body. There is a large swelling on the left fore*
arm, involving the elbow joint, and less marked on the inside
of the leg. The animal is in great pain. On manipulating the
leg crepitation is manifest ; there is a transversal fracture of
both bones of the forearm on a level with the radio-cubital arch.
Cold water compresses were applied for a few days to obtain a
reduction in the swelling, and then a permanent adhesive band-
age with plaster of Paris strips was applied. The general con-
dition improved immediately. The appetite returned, and the
local pain having subsided the animal stood up now and then,
with her injured leg slightly flexed and her toes gently touch-
ing the ground. She calved three weeks after the accident at
term. The dressing was left on for fifty days. There remained
a very long callus on the posterior face of the forearm, which
was the cause of a little knuckling at the fetlock. With time,
however, the callus was resorbed, and after four months the ani-
mal walked perfectly straight on all of her legs. — (Annales de
Bruxelles^ March^ ipo6.)

GERMAN REVIEW.

By J. P. O'Leary, M D, V., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y.

Placentophagia [T. IVieland']. — There appeared a short
time ago in the Berliner Tierdrztliche Wochenschrifl^ an article
concerning the eating of the placenta. W. quotes Dr. Quinet's
views on this subject (Chasse et Peche, 21 Ann^i, No. 43) trans-
lated into German. The Belgian author says : " It has been
said that rabbits and guinea-pigs have revolting habits and can-
nibalistic tendencies and that they conceal a bad character, per-
verse instinct, and so on, under this seemingly good nature."
He says that the males of the young rabbits fight and pester the
little females shortly after they are born ; however, these are
slight offenses common to all animals which must fight for their
existence and try to bre$k the monotony because they obey
their instinct. However, rabbits and guinea-pigs have been
charged with killing their offspring and even of eating them.
We have long believed, with an appearance of justification, that
even in the human family, the wretched and debauched are in-
duced to acts of murder and infanticide, but that is a false inter-
pretation of a natural phenomenon which is not peculiar to this
species. Animals kill their young against their will. They
are instinctively compelled to eat their placenta only, and all

EXThACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 591

mammalian females eat their own placental membranes. This
is a dominant physiological necessity, as we will see. The newly
born yet enveloped in the placenta lying motionless within it
and completely saturated by special nutritive juices, it is no
wonder that they slight these poor animals having no midwife
nor obstetrician to instruct them, they eat up everything heed-
lessly. But as soon as they feel that the newly born move or
are alive, they are no longer deceived ; they show on the con-
trary the greatest concern for their offspring. And this eager
desire, this necessity to devour their placenta is peculiar to all
mammalian females, carnivora as well as herbivora, and it is
even common among tribes of people in Asia, Africa, and
Oceanica, who are even at the present day placentophagists.
Since the labors of Brown-Sequard we have studied and tested
the potency of the organic juice and we have long recognized
that the placental juices have great effect upon the health of
the parturient and upon certain functions which stand in rela-
tion to it — for example, lactation. However, the influence of
the placenta upon the organization of lactation is dependent up-
on other symptoms of pregnancy, which I shall try to summa-
rize briefly for amateur breeders and others. The thyroid gland
secretes iodine, arsenic and phosphoric bases, which play an im-
portant part in the formation of the skin and its appendages,
hide, feathers, brain, genital organs, and the embryo. The ex-
cess of these substances is excreted in the form of menstrua-
tion in those females which have little hair upon the skin, and
as long as there is no foetus to consume them. The monthly
catanemia in the human species is only a means of emptying
the thyroid secretions, which are abundantly discharged during
the menstrual period, in the unimpre^^nated uterus. Men are
not subjected to it, because their hair system is a sufficient
drainage for the products of the thyroid glands, which after
puberty is constantly growing and renewing itself. The fe-
males of animals which are well clothed with hair, at the time
of heat do not suffer any loss of blood, while those animals
which have little hair, menstruate. We have noticed for a long
time, that in the case of certain animals, a very close relation
exists between the activity of the organs of reproduction at the
time of heat, and the evolution of certain parts of the body
which undergo changes pcriodicallv, as the antlers of the deer,
the hoods of fowls, the nuptial feathers with which certain
birds are adorned at the mating season. Moreover he has given
an explanation of this strange phenomenon of the relation be-

592 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

tween apparently so remote and to a certain extent strange or-
gans, in which he says, that a special epithelium plays the
principal role in the foetal evolution of the ovaries and testicles
and that the feathers and hair are of a simple epithelial nature.
To-day these anatomical analogies are strengthened by the
functions of the thyroid glands; so that we can state with cer-
tainty, that each moult, in the case of animals covered with
hair or feathers, is only a means of drainage for the secretions
of the thyroid gland, which are eliminated in excessive quanti-
ties at the time of menstruation. Every moult, every new pro-
duction of hair or feathers, stops as soon as the reproductive
organs and their accessories, that is the mammary glands, begin
their functions. Now additional organic juices flow together in-
to the placenta and accumulate there for the development of a new
being. Everything that the female body can produce, it stores up
in the placenta. Fortunately at the moment of delivery the con-
tractions of the uterus press the placenta slowly together, to
some extent to facilitate the absorption of a part of this stored
up supply, which later would be useless. In any case a great
portion is wasted at the time of delivery, which is a great loss to
the body. This natural instinct becomes a benefit. It impels
the mother to make use of this valuable source of nutrition,
which is created from her own body, even if she belongs to a
species to which flesh foods are usually abhorrent. Since it has
an especial value for her at this moment ; it creates a strong
desire to eat and digest the afterbirth. Every female which can
eat all or a part of her placenta, recovers more quickly from her
confinement and the milk secretion makes its appearance more
rapidly and more plentifully. And it is especially true and
striking in the case of rabbits and guinea-pigs. We take pains
to prevent these animals from eating their afterbirth, and when
we do, their offspring never attain full growth ; the flow of milk
makes its appearance late and scantily ; the physiological for-
mation of milk does not take place, and their young ones per-
ish.— (Berliner Tierdrztliche IVockensckrt/t. )

Beef Measles in Milk and Sucking Calves [Dr.
Stroh in Aii^sburg\. — The author gives a preliminary resume
of the literature on this subject, to which he appends a descrip-
tion of the cases observed by himself. The author likewise re-
views the various notes compiled, regarding the discovery of
measles in calves, according to the age of the host and in rela-
tion to the anatomical conditions of the parasitic nodules.
With regard to the latter, it is particularly interesting that the

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 593

measles are already found in a caseous condition ; but upon
more careful examination of the cheesy detritus enclosed in the
measles sac, in spite of the youth of the parasites he was able to
discover complete and intact cystocerci. This caseous detritus
is not to be considered as a degenerated mass of measles them-
selves, but as the remains of an accompanying exudation pro-
cess which later disappeared through absorption. With regard
to the probable infection of the calves, Stroh excludes an in-
trauterine infection as a cause, but rather, that an early feed-
ing of green food and straw as well as the transmission through
the manure covered hands of tapeworm infected attendants.
It is well known that those persons who teach the calves to
suck furnish prolific sources for infection. The notably large
numbers of measly sucking calves found by Stioh himself, he
attributes to the thorough inspection and particularly to the
close examination of the hearts of these animals. The author
compiles the results of his interesting investigations as follows :
(i) Spontaneous cattle measles discovered in sucking calves
are less rare than was supposed. The measly formations ap-
pear, as a rule, as hard, lengthy and various sized nodules
which usually enclose similar variously large developed cysto-
cerci, which are completely intact, sometimes with a slight
bloody serous fluid, and at other times of a more or less rich,
yellow, green or brownish colored and frequently with bloody
crowded detritus mass and further is surrounded with a very
strong enveloping membrane. (2) In older spontaneously in-
fected so-called milch calves, we frequently meet with measles
originating usually in the customary form in the first period of
life, as bladder-like formations with more or less thinned capsules
and correspondingly transparent head-hooks. (3) The changes
which take place in the measly formations in the course of
several weeks, may happen as shown under paragraph i, and
under paragraph 2. (4) That with the observations in our
cases and in those of Messner and others there occurs a special
intense local tissue reaction, which must be regarded as a con-
sequence of the delicate and slight irresistible power of the tis-
sues in sucking calves. The physical condition of the animal
is in no way impaired. (5) That the highly infected heart was
regularly the primary seat of invasion in sucking calves. (6)
The intrauterine infection of calves with tapeworm eggs, is not
probable, and would account for an exceptionally small number
of cases. — (Zeitschr. fur Fleisch und Milchhyg.^ XVI Jahrg.^ S.
8 und 40.

694 THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW.

THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW.

For the purpose of preventing the use in interstate or for-
eign commerce, as hereinafter provided, of meat and meat food
products which are unsound, unhcalthful, unwholesome, or
otherwise unfit for human food, the Secretary of Agriculture, at
his discretion, may cause to be made, by inspectors appointed
for that purpose, an examination and inspection of all cattle,
sheep, swine, and goats before they shall be allowed to enter
into any slaughtering, packing, meat-canning, rendering, or
similar establishment, in which they are to be slaughtered and
the meat and meat food products thereof are to be used in inter-
state or foreign commerce ; and all cattle, swine, sheep, and
goats found on such inspection to show symptoms of disease
shall be set apart and slaughtered separately from all other cat-
tle, sheep, swine, or goats, and when so slaughtered the car-
casses of said cattle, sheep, swine, or goats shall be subject to a
careful examination and inspection, all as provided by the rules
and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture as herein provided for.

POST-MORTEM INSPECTIONS.

That for the purposes hereinbefore set forth the Secretary of
Agriculture shall cause to be made by inspectors appointed for
that purpose, as hereinafter provided, a post-mortem examina-
tion and inspection of the carcasses and parts thereof of all cat-
tle, sheep, swine, and goats to be prepared for human consump-
tion at any slaughtering, meat-canning, salting, packiug,
rendering, or similar establishment in any State, Territory, or
the District of Columbia for transportation or sale as articles of
interstate or foreign commerce ; and the carcasses and parts
thereof of all such animals found to be sound, healthful, whole-
some, and fit for human food shall be marked, stamped, tagged
or labeled as " Inspected and passed ; and said inspectors shall
label, mark, stamp, or tag as " Inspected and condemned," all
carcasses and parts thereof of animals found to be unsound, un-
healthful, unwholesome, or otherwise unfit for human food ; and
all carcasses and parts thereof thus inspected and condemned
shall be destroyed for food purposes by the said establishment
in the presence of an inspector, and the Secretary of Agriculture
may remove inspectors from any such establishment which fails
to so destroy any such condemned carcass or part thereof. And
said inspectors, after said first inspection shall, when they deem

THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 595

it necessary, reinspect said carcasses or parts thereof to deter-
mine whether since the first inspection the same have become
unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or in any way unfit for hu-
man food, and if any carcass or any part thereof shall, upon ex-
amination and inspection subsequent to the first examination
and inspection, be found to be unsound, unhealthful, unwhole-
some, or otherwise unfit for human food, it shall be destroyed
for food purposes by the said establishment in the presence of
an inspector, and the Secretary of Agriculture may remove in-
spectors from any establishment which fails to so destroy any
such condemned carcass or part thereof.

The foregoing provisions shall apply to all carcasses or parts
of carcasses of cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, or the meat or
meat products thereof which may be brought into any slaught-
ering, meat-canning, salting, packing, rendering, or similar es-
tablishment, and such examination and inspection shall be had
before the said carcasses or parts thereof shall be allowed to
enter into any department wherein the same are to be treated
and prepared for meat food products ; and the foregoing pro-
visions shall also apply to all such products which, after hav-
ing been issued from any slaughtering, meat-canning, salting,
packing, rendering, or similar establishment, shall be returned
to the same or to any similar establishment where such inspec-
tion is maintained.

INSPECTION OF FOOD PRODUCTS.

That for the purposes hereinbefore set forth the Secretary
of Agriculture shall cause to be made by inspectors appointed
for that purpose an examination and inspection of all meat
food products prepared for interstate or foreign commerce in
any slaughtering, meat-canning, salting, packing, rendering, or
similar establishment, and for the purposes of any examination
and inspection said inspectors shall have access at all times, by
day or night, whether the establishment be operated or not, to
every part of said establishment ; and said inspectors shall
mark, stamp, tag, or label as •' Inspected and passed " all such
products found to be sound, healthful, and wholesome, and
which contain no dyes, chemicals, preservatives, or ingredients
which render such meat or meat food products unsound, un-
healthful, unwholesome, or unfit for human food ; and said in-
spectors shall label, mark, stamp, or tag as " Ins|>ected and
condemned *' all such products found unsound, unhealthful, and
unwholesome, or which contain dyes, chemicals, preservatives,

59ft THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW.

or ingredients which render such meat or meat food products
unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or unfit for human food,
and all such condemned meat food products shall be destroyed
for food purposes, as hereinbefore provided, and the Secretary
of Agriculture may remove inspectors from any establishment
which fails to so destroy such condemned meat food products :
Provided, That, subject to the rules and regulations of the Sec-
retary of Agriculture, the provisions hereof in regard to pre-
servatives shall not apply to meat food products for export to
any foreign country and which are prepared or packed accord-
ing to the specifications or directions of the foreign purchaser,
when no substance is used in the preparation or packing there-
of in conflict with the laws of the foreign country to v,?hich
said article is to be exported ; but if said article shall be in fact
sold or offered for sale for domestic use or consumption then
this proviso shall not exempt said article from the operation of
all the other provisions of this Act.

LABEI.LING OF FOOD PRODUCTS.

That when any meat or meat food product prepared for in-
terstate or foreign commerce which has been inspected as here-
inbefore provided and marked " Inspected and passed " shall be
placed or packed in any can, pot, tin, canvas, or other recepta-
cle or covering in any establishment where inspection under
the provisions of this Act is maintained, the person, firm, or
corporation preparing said product shall cause a label to be at-
tached to said can, pot, tin, canvas, or other receptacle or cover-
ing, under the supervision of an inspector, which label shall
state that the contents thereof have been " inspected and passed "
under the provisions of this Act ; and no inspection and ex-
amination of meat or meat food products deposited or inclosed
in cans, tins, pots, canvas, or other receptacle or covering in
any establishment where inspection under the provisions of this
Act is maintained shall be deemed to be complete until such
meat or meat food products have been sealed or inclosed in said
can, tin, pot, canvas, or other receptacle or covering under the
supervision of an inspector, and no such meat or meat food
products shall be sold or offered for sale by any person, firm, or
corporation in interstate or foreign commerce under any false
or deceptive name ; but established trade name or names which
are usual to such products and which are not false and decep-
tive and which shall be approved by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture are permitted.

THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 597

INSPECTION OF SANITARY CONDITIONS.

The Secretary of Agriculture shall cause to be made, by
experts in sanitation or by other competent inspectors, such in-
spection of all slaughtering, meat canning, salting, packing,
rendering, or similar establishments in which cattle, sheep,swine,
and goats are slaughtered and the meat and meat food products
thereof are prepared for interstate or foreign commerce as may be
necessary to inform himself concerning the sanitary conditions
of the same, and to prescribe the rules and regulations of sani-
tation under which such establishments shall be maintained ;
and where the sanitary conditions of any such establishment
are such that the meat or meat food products are rendered un-
clean, unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or otherwise unfit
for human food, he shall refuse to allow said meat or meat food
products to be labeled, marked, stamped, or tagged as " inspected
and passed."

NIGHT INSPECTION.

That the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause an examina-
tion and inspection of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, and
the food products thereof, slaughtered and prepared in the es-
tablishments hereinbefore described for the purposes of interstate
or foreign commerce to be made during the nighttime as well
as during the daytime when the slaughtering of said cattle,
sheep, swine, and goats, or the preparation of said food products
is conducted during the nighttime.

TRANSPORTATION OF UNINSPECTED PRODUCTS PROHIBITED.

That on and after October first, nineteen hundred and six,
no person, firm, or corporation shall transport or offer for trans-
portation, and no carrier of interstate or foreign commerce shall
transport or receive for transportation from one State or Terri-
tory or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory
or the District of Columbia, or to any place under the jurisdic-
tion of the United States, or to any foreign country, any car-
casses or parts thereof, meat, or meat food products thereof
which have not been inspected, examined, and marked as " in-
spected and passed," in accordance with the terms of this Act
and with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of Agriculture : Provided, That all meat and meat food prod-
ucts on hand on October first, nineteen hundred and six, at es-
tablishments where inspection has not been maintained, or
which have been inspected under existing law, shall be exam-
ined and labeled under such rules and regulations as the Secre-

598 THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW.

tary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and then shall be allowed
to be sold in interstate or foreign commerce.

COUNTERFEITING OF LABELS PROHIBITED.

That no person, firm, or corporation, or officer, agent, or
employee thereof, shall forge, counterfeit, simulate, or falsely
represent, or shall without proper authority use, fail to use, or
detach, or shall knowingly or wrongfully alter, deface, or destroy,
or fail to deface or destroy, any of the marks, stamps, tags, labels,
or other identification devices provided for in this Act, or in
and as directed by the rules and regulations prescribed here-
under by the Secretary of Agriculture, on any carcasses, parts of
carcasses, or the food product, or containers thereof, subject to
the provisions of this Act, or any certificate in relation thereto,
authorized or required by this Act or by the said rules and regu-
lations of the Secretary of Agriculture.

INSPECTION OF ANIMALS AND CARCASSES INTENDED FOR

EXPORT.

That the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause to be made a
careful inspection of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats intended
and offered for export to foreign countries at such times and
places, and in such manner as he may deem proper, to ascertain
whether such cattle, sheep, swine, and goats are free from dis-
ease.

And for this purpose he may appoint inspectors who shall be
authorized to give an official certificate clearly stating the con-
dition in which such cattle, sheep, swine and goats are found.

And no clearance shall be given to any vessel having on
board cattle, sheep, swine, or goats for export to a foreign
country until the owner or shipper of such cattle, sheep, swine,
or goats has a certificate from the inspector herein authorized
to be appointed, stating that the said cattle, sheep, swine, or
goats are sound and healthy, or unless the Secretary of Agri-
culture shall have waived the requirement of such certificate
for export to the particular country to which such cattle, sheep,
swine, or goats are to be exported.

That the Secretary of Agriculture shall also cause to be
made a careful inspection of the carcasses and parts thereof of
all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, the meat of which, fresh,
salted, canned, corned, packed, cured, or otherwise prepared, is
intended and offered for export to any foreign country, at such
times and places and in such manner as he may deem proper.

And for this purpose he may appoint inspectors who shall

THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 599

be authorized to give an official certificate stating the condition
in which said cattle, sheep, swine, or goats, and the meat there-
of, are found.

And no clearance shall be given to any vessel having on
board any fresh, salted, canned, corned, or packed beef, mutton,
pork, or goat meat, being the meat of animals killed after the
passage of this Act, or except as hereinbefore provided for ex-
port to and sale in a foreign country from any port in the
United States, until the owner or shipper thereof shall obtain
from an inspector appointed under the provisions of this Act a
certificate that the said cattle, sheep, swine, and goats were
sound and healthy at the time of inspection, and that their meat
is sound and wholesome, unless the Secretary of Agriculture
shall have waived the requirements of such certificate for the
country to which said cattle, sheep, swine, and goats or meats
are to be exported.

That the inspectors provided for herein shall be authorized
to give official certificates of the sound and wholesome condi-
tion of the cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, their carcasses and
products as herein described, and one copy of every certificate
granted under the provisions of this Act shall be filed in the
Department of Agriculture, another copy shall be delivered to
the owner or shipper, and when the cattle, sheep, swine, and
goats or their carcasses and products are sent abroad, a third
copy shall be delivered to the chief officer of the vessel of
which the shipment shall be made.

PENALTY FOR VIOLATIONS OF LAW.

That no person, firm, or corporation engaged in the inter-
state commerce of meat or meat food products shall transport
or offer for transportation, sell or offer to sell any such meat or
meat food products in any State or Territory or in the District
of Columbia or any place under the jurisdiction of the United
States, other than in the State or Territory or in the District of
Columbia or any place under the jurisdiction of the United
States in which the slaughtering, packing, canning, rendering,
or other similar establishment owned, leased, operated by said
firm, person, or corporation is located unless and until said per-
son, firm, or corporation shall have complied with all of the
provisions of this Act.

That any person, firm, or corporation, or any officer or
agent of any such person, firm, or corporation, who shall vio-
late any of the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of

600 THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW.

a misdemeanor and shall be punished on conviction thereof by
a fine of not exceeding ten thousand dollars or imprisonment
for a period not more than two years, or by both such fine and
imprisonment in the discretion of the court.

APPOINTMENT AND DUTIES OF INSPECTORS.

That the Secretary of Agriculture shall appoint from time
to time inspectors to make examination and inspection of all
cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, the inspection of which is here-
by provided for, and of all carcasses and parts thereof, and of
all meats and meat food products thereof, and of the sanitary
conditions of all establishments in which such meat and meat
food products hereinbefore described are prepared ; and said in-
spectors shall refuse to stamp, mark, tag, or label any carcass
or any part thereof, or meat food product therefrom, prepared
in any establishment hereinbefore mentioned, until the same
shall have actually been inspected and found to be sound,
healthful, wholesome, and fit for human food, and to contain
no dyes, chemicals, preservatives, or ingredients which render
such meat food product unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or
unfit for human food ; and to have been prepared under proper
sanitary conditions, hereinbefore provided for ; and shall per-
form such other duties as are provided by this Act and by the
rules and regulations to be prescribed by said Secretary of
Agriculture ; and said Secretary of Agriculture shall, from
time to time, make such rules and regulations as are necessary
for the efficient execution of the provisions of this Act, and all
inspections and examinations made under this Act shall be
such and made in such manner as described in the rules and
regulations prescribed by said Secretary of Agriculture not in-
consistent with the provisions of this Act.

BRIBERY OF INSPECTORS A FELONY.

That any person, firm, or corporation, or any agent or em-
p\oy6 of any person, firm, or corporation who shall give, pay,
or offer, directly or indirectly, to any inspector, deputy in-
spector, chief inspector, or any other officer or employ^ of the
United States authorized to perform any of the duties pre-
scribed by this Act or by the rules and regulations of the Sec-
retary of Agriculture any money or other thing of value, with
intent to influence said inspector, deputy inspector, chief in-
spector, or other officer or employe of the United States in the
discharge of any duty herein provided for, shall be deemed
guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be pun-

THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW. 60l

ishcd by a fine not less than five thousand dollars nor more
than ten thousand dollars and by imprisonment not less than
one year nor more than three years ; and any inspector, deputy
inspector, chief inspector, or other ofiBcer or employe of the
United States authorized to perform any of the duties pre-
scribed by this Act who shall accept any money, gift, or other
thing of value from any person, firm, or corporation, or officers,
agents, or employes thereof, given with intent to influence his
official action, or who shall receive or accept from any person,
firm, or corporation engaged in interstate or foreign commerce
any gift, money, or other thing of value given with any pur-
pose or intent whatsoever, shall be deemed guilty of a felony
and shall, upon conviction thereof, be summarily discharged
from office and shall be punished by a fine not less than one
thousand dollars nor more than ten thousand dollars and by im-
prisonment not less than one year nor more than three years.

INSPECTION DOES NOT APPLY TO FARMERS AND RETAIL

BUTCHERS.

That the provisions of this Act requiring inspection to be
made by the Secretary of Agriculture shall not apply to ani-
mals slaughtered by any farmer on the farm and sold and trans-
ported as interstate or foreign commerce, nor to retail butchers
and retail dealers in meat and meat food products, supplying
their customers: Provided, That if any peison shall sell or
offer for sale or transportation for interstate or foreign com-
merce any meat or meat food products which are diseased, un-
sound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or otherwise unfit for human
food, knowing that such meat food products are intended for
human consumption, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and
on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding
one thousand dollars or by imprisonment for a period of not ex-
ceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment :
Provided also, That the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized
to maintain the inspection in this Act provided for at any
slaughtering, meat-canning» salting, packing, rendering, or
similar establishment notwithstanding this exception, and that
the persons operating the same may be retail butchers and re-
tail dealers or farmers ; and where the Secretary of Agricul-
ture shall establish such inspection then the provisions of this
Act shall apply notwithstanding this exception.

$3,000,000 APPROPRIATED FOR INSPFXTION.

That there is permanently appropriated, out of any money
in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of three

bO'2 THE NEW MEAT INSPECTION LAW.

million dollars, for the expenses of the inspection of cattle,
sheep, swine, and goats and the meat and meat food products
thereof which enter into interstate or foreign commerce and for
all expenses necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this
Act relating to meat inspection, including rent and the em-
ployment of labor in Washington and elsewhere, for each year.
And the Secretary of Agriculture shall, in his annual estimates
made to Congress, submit a statement in detail, showing the
number of persons employed in such inspections and the salary
or per diem paid to each, together with the contingent ex-
penses of such inspectors and where they have been and are
employed.

Dr. C. J. Morrow, of Shelby, Ohio, has again entered the
meat inspection service and reported for duty at So. St. Joseph
in June.

Drs. Plummer and Tempany, of the U. S. Artillery post
at Fort Riley, Kansas, attended the Missouri Valley meeting at
Omaha.

Dr. William Swan, of New York, has moved his office to
the American Horse Exchange, Dr. Ryder having transferred
his office to Twenty-fourth Street.

Dr. E. a. a. Grange interested the members of the Veter-
inary Medical Association of New York County very much at
the June meeting with his paper on "Motor Stimulants in
Horses." He has conducted a number of experiments with the
most popular formulae for this purpose, and the details of their
actions were very interesting.

The Civil Service Examination for meat inspectors
held in April did not yield enough eligibles to meet the demand
for the public service, hence a special examination was held on
June 25th. If sufficient inspectors could not be secured under
normal conditions, where will the supply come from for the
much larger number now needed ?

The Last Roundup of Wild Horses. — Wilso?i Creek^
Wash.^ May 4. — The last big roundup of horses in Eastern
Washington has been in operation the past ten days, and about
3.000 of the wild equines have been brought into the corrals.
The country ridden thus far has mostly been broken and moun-
tainous. Shipping will begin about May 14. While a round-
up is always an exciting incident, there has been little of acci-
dent or much out of the ordinary, considering the large number
of riders engaged.

CX)RR ESPONDENCE.

603

CORRESPONDENCE.

NEWSPAPER VS. SCIENTIFIC RECORDS — THE CASE OF OOM PAUL
(even HIS NAME WRONG.)
New York Zoological Park, New York, June 30, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — Your letter enclosing clipping from the
newspaper relative to the Lorenz operation on our small eleph-
ant has just reached me. You will always be safe in placing

but little confidence in
the many sensational
stories about the Medical
Department at the Park.
I used to feel called upon
to deny many of the
" wonderful " operations
performed by me (in the
newspapers), but most
of them are so utterly
ridiculous that I have
paid little attention to
them of late.

I am very glad you
did not reproduce the clipping in the Review, as it is a badly
exaggerated version of a very simple incident. This story
with numerous variations (according to the fertility of the
reporter's brain) has been published and republished all over
the country, as well as in some of the papers in Europe (clippings
having reached us from Paris newspapers).

The facts of the case are these : Several months ago our
young African elephant developed very weak ankles behind,
and they got so bad that I found it necessary to provide some
artificial support for them. The Crown Surgical Co. made two
stiff braces reinforced by iron and with adjustable straps so
that the position of the ankles might be altered gradually. Be-
sides the braces for the ankles, calcium phosphates in milk is
being given daily, with the result that the little fellow has
greatly improved during the past two months, and I have every
reason to believe that the treatment will be entirely successful.
I intend keeping the braces on the ankles for perhaps a year
longer. They have been taken off several times lately and I
find the ankles practically straight, but do not think it advis-

604 CORRESPONDENCE.

able lo leave ihem off for somft time yet. The elephant was
captured very young, which probably accounts for the weakness^

You will see by these few notes that the story is not very
startling. I enclose photograph of the braces on the young ele-
phant, whose name, by the way, is " Congo," not " Oom Paul."

He did not fall out of the feed trough. The braces do not
weigh anywhere near 40 pounds. He was not knock-knetd in
the hind legs. Paralysis was not apparent to me. While a
close observer of animal nature, I have not been able to detect
any unusual demonstration of Congo's love for his benefactor.

Sincerely yours, W. Reid Blair.

LEGAL TEST OF A VETERINARY CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL'S

STANDING — AN INTERESTING CASE FROM

THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.

Washington, D. C, June 21, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Revieiv :

Dear Sirs: — Here in the District of Columbia we have no
law regulating the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery,
and consequently any one desiring to do so can announce him-
self to the public as a veterinarian.

During March a colored man by the name of Kennedy brought
a horse to our office affected with fistulous withers, stating that
he had had the horse treated by one Dr. John W. Price, also
colored, who claimed to be a qualified veterinarian.

Kennedy informed us that he had made an agreement with
Dr. Price to the effect that he (Price) was to cure the horse or
receive no compensation. The fee was to have been $8.00.
Kennedy informed us that the horse had been operated on by
Price, he using a razor to make the incision.

There was a long cicatrix, perhaps six inches in length.
The fistula was not cured, as it was discharging profusely.

Dr. Price, however, claimed that the horse was cured, and
had entered suit against Kennedy for the recovery of eighteen
dollars, for professional services rendered.

Kennedy failed to have proper testimony present when the
case was called, and Price obtained judgment for the sum of
eight dollars and costs.

Kennedy failed to pay the judgment, and on Saturday,
April 2ist, the horse was seized by a deputy marshall and
placed in the hands of Price to feed and keep clean only.

On the following day Price, upon his own responsibility,

CORRESPONDENCE. ^05

placed a seton in the animal. Kennedy, in the meantime, had
satisfied the judgment and arrived at Price's place just as Price
was finishing the operation. Kennedy immediately took the
horse and showed him to the deputy marshall, and from theie
brought him to our hospital.

We made an exploratory examination and found that the
seton did not follow the fistulous tracts, but ran through healthy
muscular tissue only.

As Price had given a bond to the deputy marshall, for the
safe-keeping of the animal, Kennedy immediately brought suit
for damages.

We had, iu the meantime, learned that Price was a supposed
graduate of the Ontario Veterinary Science Association, also of
the Detroit Dental College, another correspondence institution.

The evidence produced at the hearing of the case was suffi-
cient to convince the judge that Price was an imposter and he
quickly awarded Kennedy damages to the amount of $25,
Price appealing.

Mr. Morris, an agent of the Humane Society, was present,
and thought there was sufficient cause to arrest Price for cruelty
to animals. This was done, and at the trial Price produced
the so-called diploma of the Ontario Veterinary Science Asso-
ciation, swore on the stand that he had attended the above
named place /« /^^i^w, had made dissections, attended clinics,
etc., and had received his degree as regularly and legally as any
veterinarian.

Our Dr. Dunn's testimony was to the effect that the above
named place was, to the best of his knowledge, not a regularly
organized veterinary college, but merely a correspondence
school, and that Dr. Price was not, as he claimed, a qualified
veterinarian.

There being no other veterinarians present to corroborate
Dr. Dunn's testimony, the Judge gave Price the benefit of the
doubt and dismissed the case.

A few days later Dr. Dunn and Mr. Morris (the P. C. A. So-
cielv Officer) received a letter from a firm of colored attornevs
to the effect that they had been instructed by Price to enter
suit for damages amounting to 55000 for libeling and slander-
ing him in his profession as a veterinary surgeon.

The attorneys, however, were liberal enough to inform us
that the matter could be settled without suit, if we felt so in-
clined. I wish to state, however, that we are not so inclined.

We are firm in our belief that Price has committed a per.

606 CORRESPONDENCE.

jury when he swore under oath that he had attended the afore-
mentioned college in person, and, with the aid of the Review
and its readers, we think that it would be an easy matter to
produce evidence that will bear out our opinion, namely :
That the Ontario Veterinary Science Association, of London,
Ont., and Dr. John Price, graduate of said college, are both
frauds and impostors.

It seems to us a shame that an impostor of the above-
mentioned type should be allowed to swindle the unsuspecting
public, especially in the Capital of the United States.

We would state, however, that there is a bill pending now
which will regulate veterinary practice in the District of
Columbia. Yours respectfully, Grenfeli. & Dunn.

VETERINARY PROGRESS.

Covington, Kentucky, July 9, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Reviezv :

Dear Sirs: — It is a good thing that all of us do not have
the same opinion, because if we did, we all would love the same
girl, and then

Dr. Reynolds' contribution in the July number of the Re-
view contains among others two or three points which might
be considered overenthusiastic. It is not my desire to belittle
any of the many efforts, literary or otherwise, which the Minne-
sota veterinarian has made, but in his lecent paper on page
434 he very plainly states that division of the motor branch
from the nth cranial nerve to the sterno-maxillaris muscle,
etc., prevents a horse from cribbing and cures the habit. All of
us who operate frequently know that the results obtained from
such surgical interference are negative in the long run.

If the Review was only read by experienced men, who are
able to differentiate between right and wrong of what is given
them in print, statements like the above would matter but lit-
tle, but it so happens that young professionals read and accept
them as facts, to be disappointed later on. For that reason the
author of any paper cannot be two cautious before exhibiting
his mental merchandise.

On page 435 one reads " Heaves is easily preventable."
The term "heaves" covers a multitude of sins, and it is to be
admitted that some of the diseases which — from a scientific point
of view — constitute " heaves " are preventable, but to state that
" heaves " is easily preventable is an overenthusiastic state-
ment. W. E. A. Wyman.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENl. 607

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARxMY NOTES.

Examinations for Army Veterinarians. — An examina-
tion for candidates to the Army service, with a view of select-
ing qualified veterinarians to fill existing vacancies, was sched-
uled to be held at Fort Riley during May. No veterinarians
appeared before the examining board.

An Electric Heater has supplanted the kerosene and
alcohol lamp for small water-bath or like purpose, at the Fort
Riley Veterinary Hospital.

The rank of the Legion of Honor has been conferred per-
sonally by the President of France upon James McLaughlin, of
the horse importing firm of McLaughlin Bros., Columbus, Ohio.
Mr. McLaughlin lives chiefly in France. The title implies
that its possessor has been of great .service to mankind.

A resolution was adopted by the Missouri Valley Veteri-
nary Association at its meeting held in Omaha, Nebraska, invit-
ing the A. V. M. A. to hold its meeting for 1907 in Kansas
City, Mo., and appointed a committee of three to present the in-
vitation at the meeting to be held in New Haven, Conn.

Dr. W. L. Williams visited Brooklyn in July and per-
formed his operation for roaring on several subjects. His
method is considerably different from any previously described,
and he has had a sufficient number of favorable results to rec-
ommend it. He will describe the technic at the New Haven
meeting of the A. V^. M. A.

May His Shadow Nev^er Grow Less. — "Honolulu Bill"
Monsarrat is going to attend the American Veterinary Medical
Association's annual convention in New Haven; coincidentally
he will root for Hawaii. The genial doctor's promotion work,^
however, may be punctuated with enquiries as to whether all
bills in Honolulu are as big as he. — (HoJiolulu Advertiser^ June
24.)

A Complete Change will occur in the personnel of the
official veterinarians at the next exhibition of the Horse Show
Association of America, Drs. Sheppard, Sherwood and Ryder
(who have held office for a number of years) retiring. It is ru-
mored that Dr. E. A. A. Grange and Dr. H. D. Gill will be
chosen in their stead, while the third member of the staff has
not yet been selected.

608 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING, AUGUST 21 TO 24, 1906^
AT NEW HAVEN, CONN.

Philadelphia, Pa., July 18, 1906.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — I take pleasure in submitting the following
program for the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the American
Veterinary Medical Association to be held in New Haven,
Connecticut, August 21-24, 1906:

Headquarters. — The headquarters of the Association will
be at the Tontine Hotel, 149 Church Street. This hotel is oper-
ated upon the European plan, rates $1.50 to $2.00 per day.
An excellent cafe is attached.

There are good restaurants in the immediate vicinity.

Hotel Garde, 42 Meadow Street. American plan, with bath
$3.00; without bath $2.50.

Hotel Davenport, corner Court and Orange Streets. Ameri-
can plan $2.50.

New Haven House, 996 Chapel Street. American plan
$4.00 to $5.00 per day.

The Local Committee has a list of other hotels and boarding
houses in which accommodations may be had if desired. Res-
ervations should be made in advance by writing Dr. J. H.
Kellcy, No. 70 Olive St., New Haven, Conn.

Place of Meeting^. — The sessions will be held in Harmony
Hall, No. 9 Elm Street. This is only two blocks from the
hotel headquarters.

special Committee Meetings. — Monday, August 20, 1906 :
Executive Committee at i p. m.; Publication Committee at 4 p. m.

Special Exhibit.— Dr. W. Reid Blair, of the New York
Zoological Park, New York City, will make an exhibit of path-
ological specimens representing various diseases of wild animals.
Others are expected to add to this exhibit.

PROGRAM.
First Day^ Tuesday., August 2t ^ igo6.
8.00 A. M. Meeting of Executive Committee.
10.00 A. M. Association assembles.

Address of Welcome, Hon. John P. Studley, Mayor of New
Haven.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 609

Response by Dr. J. G. Rutherford, of Canada.
President's address.
Roll-call.

Submission of the Minutes of the previous meet-
ing as presented in the annual report and in

the records kept by the Secretary.
Unfinished business.
Report of Executive Committee.
Admission of new members.
Reports of Regulai Committees:

Intelligence and Education.

Diseases.

Finance.

Publication.

Local Arrangements.

Necrology.

Resolutions.
I2.00 Noon. Adjournment.
2.00 P. M. Association assembles.

Reports of Special Committees :

Army Legislation.
Report of Secretary.
Report of Treasurer.
Report of Resident Secretaries.
Discussion of Reports.
Election of Officers.
5.00 P. M. Adjournment.
8.00 P. M. Reception to all members and visitors in the

parlors of the Tontine Hotel.

Second Day ^ Wednesday^ Augmt 22, igo6.

10.00 A. M. Association assembles.
Reports of Committees.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

1. "Some Surgical Operations on Bovines " — Dr. J. C.
Robert, Mississippi.

2. " Arecoline Hydrobromide"— Dr. P. A. Fish ,New York.

3. " The Agglutination Method of the Diagnosis of Glan-
ders "— Drs. V. A. Moore, W. J. Taylor and W. Giltner, New
York.

4. "Our Insect. Enemies" — Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Louis-
iana.

610 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

5. " The Angora Goat and Sheep Industry of New England
in Danger" — Dr. J. B. Paige, Massachusetts.

6. " The Veterinarian as a Business Man " — Dr. D. Arthur
Hughes, Illinois.

12.00 Noon. Adjournment.
2.00 p. M. Association assembles.
Reports of Committees.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS {Continued).

7. " Eradication of Mange Among Cattle in the West " — Dr.
A. T. Peters, Nebraska.

8. " Tuberculosis in Swine "—Dr. Richard Ebbitt, Ne-
braska.

9. " Symptoms and Gross Post-mortem Lesions of Hepatic
Cirrhosis in Cattle" — Dr. W. H. Pethrick, Nova Scotia.

II. "The Veterinary Service of the United States Army
and the Military Veterinarian " — Dr. Charles H. Jewell, United
States Army.

11. "Practical and Applied Surgery" — Dr. C. C. Lyford,
Minnesota.

12. "Sentiment a Factor in Meat Inspection" — Dr. S.
Stewart, Missouri.

5.00 p. M. Adjournment.

8.00 P. M. Association assembles.

Reports of Committees.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS (Continued).

13. "The City Milk Supply" — Dr. Austin Peters, Massa-
chusetts.

14. " Notes on the Surgical Relief of Roaring " — Dr. W. L.
Williams, New York.

15. '' Practical Aspects of the Treatment for Roaring " — Dr.
J. S. Anderson, Nebraska.

16. " Present Status of the Crusade against the Southern
Cattle Tick "—Dr. Tait Butler, North Carolina.

17. "Recent Developments in Immunization against South-
ern Cattle Fever " — Dr. J. W. Connaway, Missouri.

10 00 p. M. Adjournment.

Third Day^ Thursday^ August 2j^ ipo6.
10.00 A. M. Association assembles.
Reports of Committees.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS (Continued).

18. " Encephalitis in the Horse " — Dr. M. Francis, Texas.

19. "The Negri Bodies in the Diagnosis of Rabies" — Dr.
L. Frothingham, Massachusetts.

tl

VrcE-Pw». J. Q RUTHERFORD. ViCI-Pree. W. H. DALRYMPLE. ViCE-Pres. E. H. SHEPARD.

Vict-PRIS. C. E. COTTON. President WM. HERBERT LOWE. VicE-Pre». R. P. LYMAN.

TuiAtuNlR 0. R. WHITE. SlCNITAMv JOHN J. REPP. Limarian W. L. WILLIAMS.

OFFICERS OP A. V. M. A., I905-06.

CONVENTION HALL, A. V. M. A. — HARMONY HALL.

WOODBRIDGE HA.

w,-,; . ERi>lTY.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 611

20. "The Veterinary Schools of Europe" — Dr. Leonard
Pearson, Pennsylvania.

21. "National Control of Hog Cholera "—Dr. M. H. Rey-
nolds, Minnesota.

22. "The Management of Tuberculosis in Vermont " — Dr.
F. A. Rich, Vermont.

23. " Veterinary Practice in the Logging Camps of Canada "
— Dr. Thomas Thacker, Ontario.

24. "Veterinary Education in the United States" — Dr. D.
S. White, Ohio.

12.CXD Noon. Adjournment.

Fourth Day^ Friday^ August 24^ igo6.

9.00 A. M. Surgical and Medical Clinic.

The Clinic will be held in a tent in the rear of Harmony
Hall in which the sessions will be held. This is only two
blocks from the hotel headquarters. Seats will be arranged so
that all may witness the demonstrations.

The following will take part in the clinic : Dr. G. H. Berns,
Brooklyn, N. Y.; Dr. W. L. Williams, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. A. H.
Baker, Chicago, 111.; Dr. G. R. White, Nashville, Tenn.; Dr.
W. L. LaBaw, Boston, Mass.; Dr. R. C. Moore, Kansas, City,
Mo.; Dr. L. A. Merillat, Chicago, 111 ; Dr. E. C. Beckett,
Boston, Mass.; Dr. J. W. Adams, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Leonard
Pearson, Philadelphia, Pa.

Among the demonstrations will be operations for roaring,
dentigerous cyst, schirrous cord, exostosis of the inferior maxilla,
cartilaginous quittor and shoe-boil. There will also be demon-
strations of anaesthesia, casting and restraint, diagnosis of lame-
ness, neurectomy for the relief of lameness, and a number of

medical cases. John J. Repp, Secretary.

*
* M

ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONVENTION.

The Local Committee of Arrangements, composed of Dr. E.
C. Ross (Chairman), Dr. J. H. Kelley, and Dr. H. Whitney, of
New Haven ; Dr. R. D. Martin, Bridgeport ; Dr. H. E. Bates,
South Norwalk ; Dr. Thos. Bland, Waterbury ; Dr. G. W. Love-
land, Torrington, and Dr. R. P. Lyman, Hartford, have held
frequent meetings, resulting in the compilation of a program suf-
ficiently complete in detail to allow of publication, and which is
furnished to the Review by Dr. Lyman. It is as follows :

The headquarters of the 43d Annual Convention will be the
Tontine Hotel, 149 Church St. There the meetings of the
Executive Committee will be held, beginning Monday, August

612 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

20th. The convention hall, Harmony Hall, is situated at 9
Elm St., where also ample space is provided for the Clinic,
August 24th. This building, only three or four minutes walk
from headquarters, furnishes ideal accommodations for the ses-
sions, committee rooms and also excellent opportunities for the
display of exhibits ; the latter without interfering with the
business of the convention.

THE PROGRAM OF ENTERTAINMENT.

The program furnished for the entertainment of members
and friends of the members comprises a visit, Tuesday after-
noon, to the Yale Campus to inspect the various buildings,
among which are Woolsey Hall, Dining Hall, Gymnasium,
Museum and indeed many others.

Upon Tuesday evening an informal reception will be held
in the parlors of the Tontine. This will afford an opportunity
for the ladies to renew former acquaintances and meet the many
new ones that it is hoped will attend the annual A. V. M. A.
gathering.

Tuesday morning at 10 o'clock the Convention will be
opened in the presence of Mayor Studley, Mayor of New
Haven, who has kindly offered to give the address of welcome.

On Wednesday morning the committee have arranged a
trolley ride to Woodmont, skirting along the shore in a beauti-
ful scenic trip, returning in time for luncheon. The afternoon
will be devoted to a carriage drive around Lake Whitney, visit-
ing Farnum and English Parks, and Soldiers' Monument.
The evening entertainment will be a trip to White City, Savin
Rock (certainly the Coney of Connecticut).

Another trip is planned for Thursday morning, visiting
Light House Point. This trip offers a beautiful view of the
sound. New Haven Harbor and Fort Trumbull. Thursday
afternoon the members will take a breathing spell and are in-
vited in company with their friends to an excursion upon Long
Island Sound, this trip affording a view of the Connecticut
shore, and the placid waters of the Sound furnishes a guarantee
that all may fearlessly venture thereon. Returning, ample
time will be allowed for resting and so prepare for the famous
annual banquet in the Banquet Hall of the Tontine, an occasion
that it is hoped will be the cause of most pleasant memories for
a long time to come.

Friday, during the time devoted to the A. V. M. A. Clinic,
the visitors will be given an opportunity for sight seeing and
shopping about the city.

HEAOOUARTERS, A. V. M. A. -TONTINE HOTEL.

SCHOOI. OF FORESTRY. YALE UNIVERSITY.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 618

THE CLINIC.

The Clinic will be held in rear of the convention hall and
demonstrations will be made by many veterinarians prominent
in the profession. Among those that have already offered to
assist the committee are : Drs. Merillat, Baker, Beckett, LaBaw,
Moore (R. C), White (G. R.), Williams (W. L.), Berns, Adams,
Pearson, and others.

The outline of the clinic as thus far completed will consist
of a demonstration of various methods of casting and restrain^
ing animals for surgical purposes, by Dr. G. R. White, and
operations upon animals for the relief of roaring, dentigerous
cyst, scirrhous cord, exostosis of inferior maxillary bone, cartil-
aginous quittor, shoe-boil, and others. Cases for diagnosis are
to be furnished by members of the local committee.
PATHOLOGICAL EXHIBIT.

Dr. W. Reid Blair, of New York, offers an exhibit of
pathological specimens that will be on exhibition in a room
adjoining the convention hall.

Dr. E. C. Ross, ii Orange St., New Haven, is Chairman of
the Local Committee, and will answer all inquiries in reference
to local arrangements.

TRANSPORTATION.

Negotiations for reduced rate of fare have not at this writing
been quite completed, but have progressed so far as to assure
a rate of one and one-third fare for the round trip, certificate
plan. Full details will be set forth in the official program.

MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The twelfth annual meeting was held in the City Hall at
Omaha, Nebr., June i8th and 19th, 1906, with Dr. J. S. An-
derson, President, in the chair. The following members and
visiting veterinarians were present : — Drs. J. D. Tempany,
E. H. Biart, A. Plummer, C. J. Hinkley, L. A. DeCow, A. A.
Munn, G. Springer, R. A. Huntley, A. W. Carmichael, I. W.
McEachran, B. F. Kaupp, H. L. Ramacciotti, G. A. Kav, C. R.
McCoppin, C. A. Swanson, G. J. Collins, E. E. Trabert', G. W.
Merker, J. K. Strayer, H. Jensen, R. L. Rhea, V. Schaefer, C. E.
Stewart, J. L. Hoylman, G. A. Meixel, E. O. Odell, H. Cran-
dall, C. D. Wilson, C. Goodwin, J. Vincent, S. Stewart, J. S.
Anderson, J. R. Ebbitt, S. T. Miller, D. H. Miller, W. R.
O'Neill, R. Lovell, G. R. Young, F. L. O'Neill, H. C. Simpson,
R. Gabler, J. W. Haxby, C. E. Baxter, C. D. Williams, T. W.

614 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Gidley, C. K. Paine, B. Fisher, J. Berg, J. J. Drasky, W. H.
Tuck, W. N. Van Nordheim, C. A. McKini, E. F.' Stewart,
H. L. Feistner, P. Simonson, A. Alexander, M. T. Bernard,
J. C. Myers, D. C. Scott, J. A. Dresback, P. Juckniess, and
others.

The Hon. J. C. Dahlman, Mayor of Omaha, made an inter-
esting opening address, which was responded to by Dr. S.
Stewart, of Kansas City. The President's annual address fol-
lowed, after which the routine business was attended to. The
President appointed Drs, W. R. O'Neill, H. Jen.sen and V.
Schaefer on Board of Censors in place of absentees.

The following names, duly vouched for and favorably
passed upon by the Board of Censors, were then elected to
membership :

Missouri : Drs. D. B. Leininger, A. D. Knowles, J. K. Calli-
citte, J. P. F. Smith, J. Robards, E. S. Dickey, H. Robbins,
S. F. Loffer, J. M. Mayes, J. Stafford, D. E. Warner, B. Deuell.

Kansas : Drs. J. V. Lacroix, E. F. Jameson, A. E. Amend,
O. Einmitt, E. C. Cravens, E. J. Drake, C. J. Young, W. A.
Lyons, H. R. Collins, L. R. Feuteck, R. F. Bourne.

Iowa : Drs. A. J. Abarr,W. Elery, R. D. Abarr, C. E. Stewart,

B. Fisher, H. C. Simpson, C. E. Baxter, T. W. Gidley.
Nebraska : Drs. D. C. Scott, J. C. Myers, R. Lowell, E. Eb-

bitt, C. A. Swanson, G. Springer, J. A. DeCow, P. Juckniess,
J. E. Strayer, H. Pew, C. R. McCoppin, G. J Collins, E. E.
Trabert, H. A. Reagor, D. F. Stouffer, R. Gabler, E. Van Nord-
heim, E. K. Paine.

Oklahoma .-—Drs. M. H. Rhoades,W. B. McAlister, E. Pugh,
E. D. Kennedy.

Texas : — R. L. Rhea.

Illinois : — Dr. F. L. Saunders.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year :

President — Dr. S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo.

First Vice-President — Dr. H. L. Ramacciotti, Omaha, Nebr.

Second Vice-President— Dr. S. T. Miller, Council Bluffs,
Iowa.

Secretary-Treasurer — B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City, Mo.

Board of Censors — Drs. G. J. Collins, R. Ebbitt, Nebraska ;

C. E. Stewart, Iowa ; Dr. E. H. Biatt, Kansas ; Dr. G. W.
Merker, Missouri.

Dr. John Tempany, who has spent the major portion of his
life as an Army veterinarian, and who is now stationed at Fort
Riley, Kansas, was elected an honorary member.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 616

Dr. H. Jensen, of Weeping Water, Nebr., gave an interesting
talk on the " Sequelse of Castration." The snbject was discussed
by Drs. Hoyhnan, C. E. Sle>*art, Drasky, Vincent, Schaefer,
Simpson, Young, Jensen, and others. There was a great varia-
tion in the methods of operating. Dr. C. E. Stewart stated that
his method of operation was to cut off the cord as close as possi-
ble to the inguinal canal and preferred using an emasculator.
Dr. H. Jensen believes that to cut the cord long, the dangling
end becomes infected and contributes to the cause of schiirous
cord. Dr. J. J. Drasky believed the cause of hydrocele or
" water seed " was due to the tunic closing and healing at end,
forming a sac receiving the peritoneal fluids through inguinal
canal. Dr. J. Vincent stated that he slit the tunic as high as
possible, then with the emasculator cut off cord, including
tunic, as high as possible, being sure the slit in skin and tunic
was 4 or 5 inches long. His experience was that schirrouscord
involved both cord and tunic, or outer covering of cord ; that
he had not seen " water seeds " follow the method he has em-
ployed.

Dr. S. T. Miller gave an interesting talk upon the subject of
periodic ophthalmia. After reciting the history of many of
these cases he gave his methods of operating and results of same.
A small incision is made in the cornea at the corneo-scleral
juncture, allowing the aqueous humor to escape ; frequently
a small quantity of purulent material is found in the lower
part of the anterior chamber. This operation relieves intraoc-
ular tension and rids the anterior chamber of the small quan-
tity of pus and often gives relief for a long time.

Dr. V. Shaefer's treatment is as follows: — K Atropine
sulph., 15 grs.; adrenalin, i : looo, i oz. A few drops is
injected into the eye twice or thrice a day, then a i : lOOO bi-
chloride pack is placed upon the eye. If pus accumulates in
the inferior portion of the anterior chamber, operation is ad-
visable. A vertical incision is made in opening the chamber.
Eighty per cent, of the cases are reported to recover if the
treatment begins in the early stages Dr. S. Stewart stated
that in the first or forming stage he had good results by shad-
ing the eye and using a solution of atropine.

Dr. Miller's experience was that the lens in the advanced
stages became irregular in shape. Oftentimes the capsule
ruptures and the lens is displaced anteriorly.

Dr. J. S. Anderson noted adhesion of iris to lens, making
the use of atropine advisable in the treatment of the disease.

616 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

He attributed the opacity of the lens due to the extension of
inflammation from the iris by contiguity of tissue.

Dr. R. Ebbitt raised the question as to whether it was a
constitutional disease or due, as some authors have stated, to cer-
tain climatic conditions that exist in certain localities, or from
gas from manure, etc.

Dr. E. C. Hart not being present to offer his paper on pneu-
monia, the President called upon Dr. S. Stewart to open a dis-
cussion. Dr. A. Plummer stated that there was very little
pneumonia found in the cavalry horses owing to their good
treatment and stabling. One interesting case was reported in
which "Tallianine " was used the second day ; loc.c. was given
intravenously ; in all five tubes were used. The patient re-
covered.

Dr. H. Simpson then reported a peculiar case of lameness.

Next the subject of omphalo-phlebitis was discussed by Drs.
Schaefer, Jensen, Anderson and others. Dr. Schaefer states
that it was present in both colts and calves in Nebraska. Dr.
Jensen's treatment when the infection becomes generalized was
5 grs. collagyrum and 60 c.c. water, given intravenously once a
day and repeated for three days. Dr. Anderson has found in
holding autopsies that the umbilical vein and ureter were filled
with pus, which may rupture and cause a fatal peritonitis. It
has been his plan to curette the umbilical vein by means of a
long slender probe and gauze, gauze being preferred to cotton
on account of the danger of leaving some particles of cotton
in the vein, then swab out with carbolic acid and turpentine,
equal parts. Dr. Simpson uses injections of creolin.

Before adjournment Dr. J. J. Drasky moved that Dr. S.
Stewart, H. L. Ramacciotti and J. S. Anderson be reelected to
invite the American Veterinary Medical Association to meet in
Kansas City, Mo., in 1907. Seconded and carried.

The Association accepted the invitation of the Ak-Sar-Ben
to be their guests at their den at 8 p. m.

At 9.30 A. M., June 19th, the meeting was again reconvened,
with President Anderson in the chair.

Dr. J. J. Drasky reported two interesting cases, one in which
the animal breathed with great difficulty during both inhalation
and exhalation. Upon examination the left arytenoid cartilage
was found to be as large as three walnuts, partially ossified.
The second case was that of a supernumerary eye, which was
located in the supra-orbital fossa. An interesting discussion of
operations on roarers and the results of same were participated

SOaETY MEETINGS. 617

in. Dr. Miller asked how long after operation before recovery
was complete. Dr. Anderson stated that his experience was
that the results varied from a few days to three months. He
also stated that he did not think that ossification or ulceration
of incised laryngeal cartilage was as common as some writers
would lead us to think.

Dr. S. Stewart gave an interesting talk upon the subject of
vaccinating cattle against tuberculosis, which was freely dis-
cussed by Drs. Rhea, Ebbitt, Kaupp, and others. Dr. Rhea
stated that in his experience in vaccinating calves that the bo-
vovaccine would produce a reaction the same as follows tuber-
culin injection if the calf be infected.

At 1.30 p. M. a clinic was held at Dr. S. T. Miller's hospi-
tal, 29 Fourth Street, Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Case No. i. — A case was presented in which to all appear-
ances the corpora nigra were abnormally developed, almost en-
tirely occluding the pupillary opening. Other parts of the eye
appeared normal.

Case No. 2. — A cow with actinomycotic tumor in soft struc-
tures of the left side of face was presented. Removal of tumor
was performed by Dr. D. H. Miller, of Des Moines, Iowa.

Case No. j. — Cryptorchid ; operator. Dr. J. W. Haxby, Vil-
lisca, Iowa.

Case No. 4. — Cryptorchid ; operator. Dr. C. E. Stewart,
Chariton, Iowa.

Case No. ,-. — A case was presented in which there was con-
siderable enlargement in the region of the right maxillary sinus.
The animal was placed upon an operating table and operated
upon by Dr. J. S. Anderson, of Seward, Nebr. Considerable
new growth was curetted out, which afterwards was submitted
to Dr. A. T. Kinsley, of the Kansas City Veterinary College,
for diagnosis. Upon microscopic examination it was found to
be a fibroma undergoing a mucoid degeneration.

Case No. 6. — A black gelding was presented with fistula of
withers, which was operated on by Dr. P. Simonson, Freemont,
Nebr.

Case No. 7. — Ovariotomy in bitch ; operator, Dr. D. C. Scott,
of Omaha, Nebr.

Case No. S. — Cribber; operation, tenotomy of sterno-
maxillaris tendon ; operator, Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City,
Mo.

Case No. g. — C»"yptorchid ; operator. Dr. J. Vincent, Shenan-
doah, Iowa.

618 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Case No. /o. — A black dog of common breed, noticed twenty-
four hours previous to show signs of incoordination of move-
ments. At this time would continually roll from left to right,
sometimes would whine. It was thought a slight fullness ap-
peared over the left hemisphere. Ether was administered by
Dr. Kaupp and operated on by Dr. Anderson. No injury was
found to skull in that region, so it was decided to destroy the
dog and make an examination to determine if possible the cause
of action. A considerable clot was found in the region of the
medulla, which probably caused the pressure on the parts that
governed the powers of coordination.

Case No. it. — Collie dog, which has just recovered from an
attack of distemper, was presented. Diagnosis, chorea as
sequela of distemper.

Case No. 12. — A bay gelding of about 1,000 pounds was pre-
sented.

Case No. ij. — A bay horse, weighing 1,200 lbs., was pre-
sented with an enlarged hock of the left leg. Diagnosis,
spavin. Prognosis of any treatment, unfavorable, due to the
fact that it involved the tibio-tarsal articulation.

Case No. 14.. — A bull terrier pup was presented for the pur-
pose of having ears trimmed. Operated on by Dr. D. H.
Miller, Des Moines, Iowa.

Case No. /j. — A bay mare, weighing 1,100 lbs., was pre-
sented with a neoplasm involving the lid of right eye. Oper-
ated on by Dr. S. T. Miller, Council Bluffs, Iowa. The
neoplasm was given to Dr. Kinsley, who made a microscopical
examination, and pronounced it a fibrosarcoma.

By vote of the Association, the semi-annual meeting will
be held in Kansas City, Mo.

At 8 P. M. a banquet was held, which ended this interesting
and instructive meeting.

B. F. Kaupp, Secretary.

MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

( Continued from July number^

THE RELATION BETWEEN HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.

By Dr. W. Amos.

" The subject of my paper, ' The Relation Between Human
and Bovine Tuberculosis,' has absorbed considerable interest of

SOCIETY MEETINGS. C19

late years and has been quite interesting to me for some time.

" There has been considerable discussion on the subject and
it has received a great deal of attention from scientific experi-
menters. For the sake of clear understanding we can consider
it from three different standpoints.

'• First : — Direct experimental transmission of tuberculosis
from man to animals.

" Second : — Clinical evidence of its transmission from ani-
mals to man.

"Third : — The theoretical considerations.

"The transmission of disease from man to animals is suscep-
tible to direct experimental proof. As early as 1868 some of
the French observers proved the possibility of infecting cattle
with tuberculosis from man. The experiments were carried
out on animals selected from localities where tuberculosis was
unknown. In 1879 Bollinger succeeded in transmitting tuber-
culosis of man to cattle ; and others have made similar emperi-
ments. We may mention Klebs, Kitt, Crookshank, and more
recently Thompson, Nocard, Weslinhoffer, Max, Wolfe, Fibiger,
Jenson and others. The most noteworthy were the experiments
of Hamilton and Young. They began with twenty calves, of
which nineteen were inoculated with human material, and of
these fifteen developed tuberculosis, while four resisted inocula-
tion. The diagnosis in all fifteen cases was made by micro-
scopic examination as well as by reinoculation of guinea-pigs,
which showed tubercular lesions. This gave conclusive evi-
dence of transmissibility of human tuberculosis to cattle.

" The second phase of the subject and the one that interests
us most is the transmission of tuberculosis from cattle to men.

"This is rather more difficult to prove as here we are de-
prived of the direct experimental evidence. We have, how-
ever, a number of cases reported in which accidental inocula-
tion has taken place. Dr. Ravenel, of Philadelphia, reports four
such cases, two of which occurred in assistants in his own lab-
oratory. In both these cases the source of infection was known,
without any doubt in his mind, to be bovine, which was proven
by the excision of the lesion, inoculation of guinea-pigs, and
the isolation of the bacillus in pure culture. Other cases have
been reported by Pfieffcr, Hartzell, Muller, and Trautman.

" Froje reports the case of a young butcher in good health
and with no hereditary tendency who cut his left fore-arm
slightly while working on a tuberculous cow. The wound
healed under treatment, but six weeks later showed signs of in-

6*^0 SOCIEXy MEETINGS.

flammatory action, a tubercle formed on the internal side of the
elbow. There were two small fistulj3e on the fore-arm and en-
largement of the ulnar and axillary lymph glands ; a month
later the middle fore-arm was covered with granulations, which
steadily increased in area and, in spite of treatment, at the end
of two months more assumed the character of lupus. Histolog-
ical examination at this point proved the tuberculous character
of the disease. Two years after the injury Froje found an ab-
scess which extended into the deep muscular layers. The pus
contained tubercle bacilli and the tissues showed typical tuber-
culous lesions. In this case all possibility of infection from
human source was excluded. This, of course, shows only the
direct inoculation.

" We have still farther to consider inoculation by ingestion.
There has been considerable controversy on this subject, some
contending that there is a possibility of inoculation in that way,
while others, and of good authority, claim the contrary, but
gathering up the evidence from both sides we see that it is
pretty conclusively proven that inoculation by ingestion is
possible.

" It has been proven repeatedly by experiments that inges-
tion is an easy way in which to infect animals and we have
evidence brought forward by good authority that in mankind
this mode of infection occurs also. It must be admitted, how-
ever, that in the clinical cases we are liable to find in all of
them some defect, as it is almost impossible to exclude posi-
tively all other sources of infection. The evidence that we
have, however, is as good as that we have in many cases which
we admit to be by inhalation. It is generally accepted by all
who worked along these lines, that inhalation of dried sputum
or infected air is the chief source of infection from man to man,
yet if strict proof of this is demanded very little positive evi-
dence can be brought forward. Of the cases of clinical infec-
tion I will cite the one reported by Dr. Gosse, of Geneva. His
own daughter was infected and died of tuberculosis by drink-
ing the milk from a cow with tuberculosis of the udder. The
doctor performed a post-mortem and gave the results to the sci-
entific world.

" Directly in line with infection by ingestion comes the con-
sideration of post-mortem evidence of primary intestinal tuber-
culosis. In England we have a general average, as reported, of
about 25 per cent. Prof. Kneppe, of Germany, says that the
percentage of primary intestinal tuberculosis in that country is

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 621

from 25 per cent, to 35 per cent, of all children dying from tuber-
culosis.

" Perhaps the strongest evidence that we have of the infec-
tion of human beings by the bovine tubercle bacillus is the
finding of bovine tuberclt bacillus in the intestines of children
who died of intestinal tuberculosis. The first of these cases re-
ported was from the laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Live
Stock Sanitary Board, the material having been sent by Dr.
Alfred Hanet, of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. In
his pathological report he states that it was the clearest case of
intestinal tuberculosis that he had ever seen. The organism
was isolated in pure culture and found to respond in every way
with bovine tubercle bacillus.

" It is stated that bovine tubercle bacillus has a pathogenic
power greatly in excess of that shown by the human bacillus in
all the experimental animals tried ; the bovine tubercle bacillus,
it is reported, shows this excess of virulence. In the different
animals in which these experiments have been tried there is no
case in the literature so far in which one single species of animal
is more susceptible to the human tubercle bacillus than to
the bovine, and farther this greater virulence of the bovine
bacillus has been shown by whatever method of inoculation has
been used. Now, then, if all other animals succumb more
quickly to the bovine bacillus than to human, would it not be
strange if man, one of the most susceptible beings, should show
an immunity to the most virulent form of tuberculous virus
known. I think we are safe in concluding that this increased
virulence must hold good for man also, at least we can consider
it as being possible and be guided accordingly, especially in the
treatment and handling of all cases where the predisposing cause
of the disease or, in other words, of the infection is hard to find,
especially if there runs a very virulent course in human. In
such a case, in my judgment, it would be advisible to investigate
the food supply, such as milk, which by the way is considered
by human practitioners as the best diet in all wasting diseases,
also the meat used in feeding the sick. Right here I wish to
say that it is not only for the benefit of the sick that we should
be on the lookout for such a source of contagion in the food
supply, but it will be of still more benefit to the rest of the
family if they are warned of the danger where such a condition
exists. Here, on a timely warning depends the future welfare
of the rest of the family as well as the sick ones.

** In conclusion, I would say that I have written this paper

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

for the purpose of calling the attention of the members of this
association to this form of contagion of the disease tuberculosis
so that if any one of us should be so unfortunate as to have
such a condition to deal with to make a thorough investigation
of the case and make a clinical report to the society. Should
I be successful in starting a fruitful investigation in this direc-
tion by the members of this association then this paper will have
served its purpose."

DISCUSSION.

President Price : We have listened to Dr. Amos' most thor-
ough paper on this much-discussed subject, and I look for a
thorough discussion.

Dr. Amos : There is one question I would like to ask:
What number of cases in calves do you find compared with
cases in the grown-up animals ? We have with us a number
of Federal meat inspectors, who may be able to tell us.

It was suggested that Dr. Ketchum had a paper relating to
this subject and that the discussion follow his paper.

Dr. Ketchum : The question was as to the percentage of
calves that were found affected on post-mortem. My paper
does not touch on that at all. It has altogether to do with the
number of parts that are affected with tuberculosis. It might
be well, perhaps, before giving my paper to state that the per-
centage of calves is not very large as compared with the num-
ber of cattle. I do not remember exactly what it is ; we do
not, however, find a great many calves as compared with the
number of cattle affected with tuberculosis.

President Price : The result of investigations by the Hol-
landers, who have done it most thoroughly, has been that calves
are very seldom born tuberculous and that by feeding them
with healthy milk they can be raised absolutely free from tuber-
culosis, which would carry out Dr. Ketchum's experience.

Dr. Ketchum then presented his paper.

THE INCREASE OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG SWINE.
By F. D. Ketchum, M. D. C.
" The statement that tuberculosis of swine is prevalent and is
showing a steady and rapid increase will probably be of interest
to the members of this association.

" Writers on animal tuberculosis have taught that though
this disease was quite common among cattle it was rarely found
among swine. A few years ago this was undoubtedly true, as
inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry did not observe.

SOaSTY MEETINGS. 6'^3

until about the year 1900, that the number ot hog carcasses
condemned for tuberculosis showed a marked increase over pre-
vious years.

" During the fiscal year 1898 and 1899 there were slaugh-
tered under Federal inspection 44,841,779 hogs, of which 4,021
were condemned for tuberculosis. That is, an average of one
case of tuberculosis was found in about every 11,152 hog car-
casses inspected.

"In the fiscal year 1900 there were inspected at slaughter
23,428,996 hogs, of which 4,379 were condemned for tubercu-
losis, or one in about every 5,350, which is an increase of more
than 100 per cent, of the average for the two preceding years.

** Now, in order not to try your patience too much with
statistics, it may be said that the disease has shown a steady in-
crease since that time. In 1903, the last year for which com-
plete statistics are available, one hog in each 1,076 was con-
demned for tuberculosis. The statistics for 1904-05 have not
yet been published, but will probably show about the same rate
of increase as did the years from 1900-03.

" It is interesting to compare the number of cattle found to
be affected with tuberculosis during the same periods. In 1898
and 1899 there was one beef carcass condemned for tuberculosis
in each 1,259 carcasses inspected. In 1903 one in each 717.
In other words, the number of cattle condemned for tuberculosis
increased approximately 75 per cent, during the six years from
1898 to 1903 inclusive, while the number of hogs condemned
for that disease increased more than 1,000 per cent, during the
same years. Or, to make the comparison in another way, in
1898 and 1899 ^" average of one beef carcass was condemned
for each 1,259 inspected, while in 1903 an average of one and
three-fourths carcasses were condemned for each 1,259 inspected.
In 1898 and 1899 one hog carcass was condemned in each 11,-
152 carcasses inspected, while in 1903 nearly eleven carcasses
were condemned for each 11,152 carcasses inspyected.

" It is also worthy of note that the number of hogs con-
demned for tuberculosis in 1903 exceeds by more than 1,000
the number condemned for both hog cholera and swine plague.

*' In commenting on tuberculosis the Secretary of Agricul-
ture in his report for 1905 says: 'It is not uncommon to find
herds of dairy cattle where 50 to 90 per cent, of the animals arc
affected with this disease, and in our meat inspection service
there have been found in some large abattoirs nearly 3 percent,
of hogs with tuberculosis.'

624 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" In looking for the cause of this extensive increase of the
disease among swine, we naturally attribute the source of infec-
tion, in a large percentage of cases, to cattle. With the present
knowledge of the transmissibility of bovine tuberculosis, it is
readily understood that the feeding of milk from cows affected
with the disease will cause infection in a large per cent, of the
animals so fed. Creameries to which the milk is hauled, run
through a separator, and all the milk gathered at one time or
during one day is placed in a tank from which it is distributed
to farmers and stock feeders for feeding purposes, are probably
responsible, to quite an extent, for the spread of the disease.
If there is one herd or even one cow affected among those sup-
plying a creamery with milk handled in this way, then all the
milk with which that from the affected cow or cows is placed is
contaminated, and every pig or calf fed with it is exposed to in-
fection.

" It would seem that the danger from this source might be
almost entirely eliminated if the milk were thoroughly steril-
ized after being put through the separator. Some creameries
are now sterilizing the milk before returning it to the farmers
and stock feeders, but this innovation is too recent to show re-
sults.

*' Another source of infection, and one which cannot be too
much reprehended, is the practise of allowing hogs to eat the
carcasses of animals which die a natural death or the viscera of
those slaughtered for food. In allowing this there is danger of
causing the spread of not only tuberculosis, but other contagious
diseases as well.

"The yarding of cattle and hogs together in the same sheds
and pens where the hogs eat food which has been picked over
by the cattle and also their droppings, is another source from
which hogs may become affected.

" In one instance which came under the observation of the
writer fifty-four hogs out of a carload of 76 were condemned
for tuberculosis. On investigating the origin of this infection
it was found that more than 50 per cent, of the cattle owned by
the man who raised these hogs were affected with tuberculosis ;
that these hogs had been kept in the same pen with the affected
cattle, had eaten grain and food left by them, and that at least
one of the cattle had died and the hogs had eaten the carcass.

" In the way of prevention nothing new can be suggested.
The present methods seem to be inadequate, chiefly, perhaps,
because of opposition on the part of a majority of the owners of

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 625

valuable herds of cattle, who do not have them tested on account
of the loss which would follow if a number were found to be
diseased. The only remedy now known is to test all cattle and
slaughter those that react. Until this can be done sterilize the
milk before feeding it and keep hogs and cattle separate as much
as possible.

" Unless something efifeclual is done soon to better these con-
ditions, the live stock industry will receive a check from which
it will not recover for years, and too much cannot be said to
attract the attention of stockmen to this important subject and
to bring about the adoption of measures which will tend to stop
this rapid spread of tuberculosis."

DISCUSSION.

President Price : Dr. Ketchum's paper is now open for dis-
cussion. I think it is a subject in which we are deeply inter-
ested.

Dr. Beebe : I am quite a firm believer that there is a large
number of cases of tuberculosis both in man and animals result-
ing from infected food, especially milk. Von Behring has done
a large amount of work along this line and he claims that
young animals are especially susceptible to tuberculosis because
the intestinal mucosa is imperfectly developed at that time,
which consequently allows the organisms to pass through the
mucosa into the lymphatic sy.stem. He has shown further that
infection is this way may result in a localization of the disease
in the lungs. He also advances the theory that there is a large
percentage of young animals that become infected that will not
show lesions until a considerable length of time after the infec-
tion has taken place, but the lesions develop months afterwards.
I think the majority of people who are authority on this subject
do not agree with Von Behring that the lesions develop months
afterward, but I am of opinion that in young animals there is a
large percentage of them that become infected from the use of
milk from tuberculous animals.

President Price: Dr. Beebe being our bacteriologist, I think
will have to explain to us where the leucocytes originate,
whether in the intestinal canal or elsewhere. Some of our
most recent investigators claim that the intestinal mucosa gene-
rates the leucocytes, and it is in the intestinal mucosa that all
obstruction or infection of parasites takes place. Where the
intestinal mucosa is destroyed or weakened by invasion of im-
perfectly digested material, a toxemia results which destrovs

6?6 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the vitality of these cells which become leucocytes, conse-
quently their activity is lessened and infection takes place.

Dr. Beebe : I do not know that I can say anything on that
point. I think perhaps Dr. Price is better prepared than I am.
He seems to be familiar with the production of the leucocytes
and I will not attempt to discuss their production.

Dr. Gould: In speaking of the pasteurization of milk, I
believe that we have a law regarding this, and I think the
creameries should be called to account. I know in my own
practise I find several outbreaks of hog disease, possibly due to
milk from creameries, and I think the law is quite plain on it
if it is carried out. Another thing I noticed in the B7'-eedei'^s
Gazette is an advertisement of a sale by Edwards & Co., and
they advertise the fact that they have had the Bang system in
effect for many years and can give a bill of health with every
animal. I think it is a sign that breeders are looking into this
fact, and it will only be a matter of time when every live-stock
breeder of any account will have to assure his patrons that he
can give a clean bill of health.

Dr. Amos : Regarding the pasteurization of milk, it is
getting where the creameries only get the cream. I think I
can say that in Steele County 25 per cent, of the farmers have
their own separators and only take cream to the creameries.

Dr. Gould: The buttermilk is taken back to the farm.

President Price: I would like to ask Dr. Ketchum if in
these cases of infection of hogs he has been able to trace it up
to the milk supply.

Dr. Ketchum : Owing to the way hogs are usually handled
at the large abattoirs it is impossible in most cases to locate the
farm from which a certain hog or a certain lot of hogs origin-
ate. All the hogs bought during the day are thrown together
and then sorted according to grade and are killed in lots as
sorted. Hogs from one carload may be slaughtered in half a
dozen or more lots, and as 25 to 50 carloads, each from a differ-
ent locality, are frequently slaughtered in one day, it is im-
possible to trace any of them back to the farm. In only a few
cases, the one mentioned in my paper and a few others where
the disease was suspected, have we been able to trace hogs back
to the farm where they originated.

IMMUNITY.
By Dr. W. L. Beebe.
" Inasmuch as in the last few years much work has been done

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 627

to elucidate the theory of immunity, it seems a fitting time to
give a brief resume of the result of some of the investigations.

"By immunity we mean the non-susceptibility toagi\en
disease, or to a given organism, either under natural or acquired
conditions. Certain species of animals are normally immune
to certain infectious diseases ; for instance, horses are immune
to black-leg and cattle are immune to glanders. That is to say,
when they are exposed to infection under natural conditions.
From this fact, however, it does not follow that when the organ-
isms of the respective diseases are introduced into the body by
artificial methods of inoculation, pathogenic effects may not fol-
low. This is exemplified experimentally by infecting a rabbit
with swine plague, although they do not do so under normal
conditions. Therefore, it follows that immunity is of varying
degrees; such a thing as absolute immunity is scarcely known.

"It may be well to consider race immunity here, although
it properly belongs to acquired immunity. This form of im-
munity is probably an acquired tolerance, due to natural selec-
tion and inheritage. If, for example, a susceptible species of
animal is exposed to the ravage of some infectious disease, the
least susceptible will survive and may bring forth young who
will be likely to inherit this special character.

" The tendency to continuous or repeated exposure to the
same pathogenic agent will eventually be to establish a race
tolerance and there is reason to believe that such has been the
effect in the case of some of the infectious diseases in man ; e.g.,
syphilis and small-pox, which prevail with great severity when
introduced to a population free from the disease. A very re-
markable instance of race immunity is that of Algerian sheep
against anthrax, a disease which is very fatal to other sheep.

"In addition to this general race immunity we have indi-
viduals differing in resistance to the action of pathogenic bac-
teria which may be natural or acquired. A very marked differ-
ence in susceptibility is shown in hog cholera : the most
susceptible contract the disease early in the outbreak and die
off rapidly, while in the more resistant animals the period of in-
cubation and duration of the disease is longer.

" But these resources of nature upon which natural immun-
ity depends may be neutralized by various agencies which de-
mand consideration. It has been shown by exp)criment that
animals normally immune may be infected by the addition of
certain substances to cultures of pathogenic bacteria. Thus
Arloing was able to produce symptomatic anthrax in animals

628 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

naturally immune by mixing with cultures various substances,
such as carbolic acid, pyrogalic acid, etc. Further, certain
foods or drugs in the food may reduce the resisting power of the
host. Behring asserts that he has demonstrated by experiment
that white rats lose their immunity for anthrax by feeding
them on a diet exclusively vegetable in character, or upon the
addition of phosphate of lime to their food.

" Perhaps, therefore, the harmless parasitic organisms on
the respiratory and digestive mucosa? identical in morphology
and cultural characteristics to certain disease-producing germs,
such as swine plague, hsemorrhagic septicaemia, etc., may be-
come pathogenic under similar conditions. For instance, the
resisting power of the host may become lower from dietetic,
hygienic or other conditions, thus allowing the organisms to
gain foothold in the tissues and acquire disease-producing prop-
erties.

" Acquired immunity is that obtained by the introduction of
organisms, or their products, in sufficient quantities into the
system, or by an adequate amount of serum of another animal
highly immunized against a specific organism. The former is
called active, while the latter is called passive. Active immun-
ity is obtained by (a) injections of the organisms either in an
attenuated condition or in sublethal doses or by sublethal doses
of their products ; i.e., (using this term in a rude sense) of their
toxins. By repeated injections at sufficient intervals the doses
of organisms or of the products can be gradually increased ; or,
the. same amount of an organism of greater virulence or a toxin
of greater strength may be used. By this method a very high
degree of immunity can be developed. An attenuated organism
is used in black-leg, anthrax, and chicken cholera, vaccination,
€tc. Such a method as this is, however, only preventive, as the
immunity must be developed before the onset of the disease.

" Passive immunity is produced by introducing into the sys-
tem serum from another animal that has previously been highly
immunized against a specific organism by some one of the meth-
ods for producing active immunity. This serum when injected
into the system produces immediate effect and can thus in many
cases forestall the disease if infection has taken place, or if the
disease has declared itself it has a decided therapeutic action.
This is the form of immunity obtained when antitetanic or
antistreptococcic serum is used. Notwithstanding its imme-
diate action it has the drawback of being very transitory in its
effects. If, for instance, it is necessary to produce immunity

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 629

immediately and have it effectual for a considerable length of
time, it will be necessary to make injections at intervals.

" In the foregoing pages I endeavored to touch briefly upon
the different kinds of immunity and how they are produced ;
but now let us consider why they are caused. It is the desire
of the bacteriological workers to learn as much as possible about
the cause of certain phenomena, the same as it is with the in-
dustrious veterinarian to endeavor to ascertain the cause of
certain complicated cases. Therefore many bacteriologists have
worked with untiring efforts for years on this phase of the sub-
ject and now offer the following quite plausible solution of the
problem.

" If a pathogenic organism or its products are introduced in-
to the body, the system at once begins to fortify itself against
this unwelcome invader by throwing out atomic bodies into the
plasma which join themselves to the poison molecule, on ac-
count of the great affinity they have for it, and thus make the
toxin inert.

" The quantitative experiments of Ehrlich upon diphtheria
toxin and the filtration ones by Martin and Cherry with the
same, and also upon snake venom, seem to prove that the inter-
action between toxin and antitoxin is a chemical combination
analogous to the combinations of an acid with a base ; e. g., silver
nitrate and H. CI., an innocuous compound being formed. And
it is thought that the rules of the interactions are the same as
those in chemistry. Thus, cold retards, while concentration
and warming hasten the combination and a lapse of time is re-
quired for the complete interaction to take place. A mixture
of toxin and antitoxin kept in contact for a short time may still
be toxic, but after a longer time becomes non-toxic. If a certain
definite amount of diphtheria antitoxin, which may be termed
one immunizing unit, be mixed with varying quantities of a
given toxin, an amount of the toxin which is exactly neutra-
lized by this amount of antitoxin — that is, by one immunizing
unit — can always be determined. Ehrlich found, for example,
on using one-tenth of an immunizing unit of antitoxin, that the
quantity of a certain toxin which was exactly neutralized was
.24 c. c. On making an analogous determination with one im-
munizing unit the maximum amount of toxin which could be
given with it without producing any effect, that is, was exactly
neutralized, was found to be 2.4 c. c. just ten times the previ-
ous amount. It was shown that antitoxin does not pass through
a Chamberland porcelain filter that had been previously soaked

630 SOCIETY MEETINGS

in hot gelatin, while bacterial toxin will pass through. As the
toxin is not held back by the filler, whereas the antitoxin is,
this provides a physical means of separating them, providing
they have not reacted upon each other. Martin and Cherry
mixed diphtheria toxin with sufficient antitoxin to make them
completely neutralize all the toxin. This mixture was allowed
to remain in contact at 30°C. for two hours, and was then fil-
tered through the gelatin filter. The filtrate was found to be
quite innocuous. If the toxin had remained unaffected it pre-
sumably would have passed through the filter. As it did not
do so the conclusion is that it had entered into some sort of
chemical combination with the large antitoxin molecule.

'• Another method was employed with snake venom. One
of the toxic constituents of snake venom may be heated to 90"^ C.
without injury, whereas the snake venom antitoxin or antiserum
is rendered inactive by heating to 68°C. for ten minutes.
Martin and Cherry made mixtures of antiserum and venom and
at stated intervals removed small portions, heated them at once
to 68°C. to destroy the antitoxin and injected into animals. It
was found that when the antivenin and venom were kept in
contact for only a short time, two to ten minutes according to
the amount of venom, death ensued; whereas when kept in con-
tact for a longer period the animals in all cases lived, showing
that as for all chemical combinations time is an important
factor. These experiments seem to prove that the neutraliza-
tion of toxin by antitoxin is due to a chemical union or com-
bination. The toxic action of toxin in vivo would also seem
to be due to a chemical union between the two ; and Ehrlich
assumes toxin made up of molecules that possess two different
combining groups : one, which may be designated the hepto-
phore group and unites with the heptophile group of the cell,
while the other may be designated the toxiphore and united
with the toxophile group of the cell. If toxophile group be
absent, the toxophore group of the toxin is unable to act, and
no toxic action follows. This union is similar to the way a key
fits into a lock and only certain forms of toxophore and hepa-
phore groups will fit certain forms of toxophile and heptophile
groups. Ehrlich suggests that the heptophile and toxophile
groups subserve normal functions in the animal organism, and
that they only incidentally, and by pure chance, possess the
capacity to unite with this or that toxin, for it is inconceivable
that these atomic groups should exist simply for the purpose
of fixing various toxins. Now if an animal be injected with a

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 631

sublethal dose of toxin, the toxin becomes united by its hepto-
phore group to the heptophile group of the cell bioplasm that
fits. The union is a firm and enduring one, and the heptophile
or receptor involved cannot exercise their normal physiological
functions while this union lasts. Now Weigart has worked
out the theory that such a defect is replaced by regeneration.
Therefore, new heptophile groups similar to those which have
been thrown out of action by the union with the toxin, are re-
produced, and if more toxin be injected, again unite with it and
this union of receptor and heptophile, similar to those which
have been thrown out of action by the union with the toxin,
are reproduced, and if more toxin be injected, again unite with
it, and the union of receptors with toxin and regeneration of
the receptors be repeated again and again, and the cells become
educated as it were to reproduce the necessary receptors in ever
increasing quantity. This accounts for the immunity which
may be induced by gradually increasing doses of toxin.
Whereas at first the cells possess comparatively few of the re-
ceptors in question and a small amount of toxin would there-
fore create a serious defect or lesion, when these receptors have
become very numerous much more toxin may be injected with-
out injury ; that is, an immunity exists. But Weigart has
shown that simple replacement does not take place, the com-
pensation proceeds far beyond the necessary limits until at last
the receptors are produced in such excess that the majority are
no longer capable of remaining attached to the cells, but become
free in the blood. This excess of receptors in the blood is anti-
toxin. The antitoxin represents the receptors reproduced in
excess during regeneration and theref'-re pushed off from the
bioplasm of the cells and so coming to exist in a free state in
the blood.

" These facts hold good for diphtheria and tetanus which
seem to be different from most other infective diseases, such as
anthrax, chicken cholera, haemorihagic septicaemia, etc. The
former are essentially diseases produced by the absorption of
soluble toxin, while the microorganisms remain for the most
part localized. In anthrax, fowl cholera, etc., on the other
hand the toxins are apparently to a large extent inherent in
the bioplasm of the bacterial cells. If an animal is highly im-
munized to one of these organisms it is found that its serum
has little protective properties when injected into another
animal.

" Experimental evidence goes to show that there are two

GS'^i SOCIETY MEETINGS.

substances at least which are concerned in this reaction : one a
specific immunizing body different for each microbe are found
in the serum only after treatment."

DISCUSSION.

President Price : We have all listened to Dr. Beebe's
very interesting and explicit explanation of immunity, a subject
which has puzzled all of us for a number of years and which
he has explained very fully and thoroughly. It is a subject
which has been heretofore in the dark to everybody, including
the most scientific investigators. We would be glad to hear
from some of those present.

Dr. Lyford: May I ask Dr. Beebe a question? He speaks
of tetanus and I want it better brought out that the germ in
tetanus is not in the blood, that it is simply localized ; that is,
the main poison that passes through the nerve medium. Dr.
Merillat gave us a very nice paper on that in Chicago a few
weeks ago. One of the things that was very interesting to me
was the question of inability to kill the germ. The question
of what was required to kill the germ, and the question of
treating the germ in any other place except locally at seat of
inoculation, and he claimed that even boiling 5 to 15 minutes
would not kill the germ — that hydrochloric or carbolic acid, or
any of the other antiseptics or escharotics were little better
than water comparatively, and in killing a germ that there was
probably no way of getting rid of it even with a hot iron thrust
into it, unless very thoroughly seared. Many of these experi-
ments had been tried, and it seemed very heroic treatment.
He said that creolin and all of those things were just as good
as nothing. I do not remember of his speaking of iodine, but
said that extirpation was about the only way to get rid of it, as
immediately around the wound the germs were localized, and
he claimed that was about the only way to get rid of the toxic
effect. If you cut it out early enough before the toxins have
developed through the system, you stood a good chance of cut-
ting off the supply. Of course, a very severe case of tetanus
having generated, a good deal of the effects of toxin and toxin
poisoning would be much more certain. If gotten at in time,
your chances would be better. I thought Dr. Beebe might give
us a few more points on it, and though not connected directly
with his paper I would be glad to hear more of the tetanus germ
if he could give it to us under that head.

Dr. Beebe : Tetanus is a disease in which the union of the

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 633

toxin and nervous matter is very well marked ; for instance, if
we take a certain amount of nervous matter from the central
nervous system and mix thoroughly with toxin that is produced
by the tetanus germ and inject it into a susceptible animal the
result is that the animal will live providing there is sufficient
nervous matter to unite with all of the toxin present, whereas if
the toxin was injected without the nervous matter the animal
would die in a very short time from tetanus, thus showing that
there is a sort of chemical combination or union between the
two substances. As Dr. Lyford mentioned, the organism re-
mains localized, while the toxin is supposed to travel along the
nervous trunk. The toxin unites with the nervous matter very
firmly ; for example, if the toxin had become united with the
nervous matter it seems almost impossible to break this union.
As I mentioned in my paper, this union resembles the way a
key fits into a lock. When antitoxin is used it must be admin-
istered very early before this combination takes place, for after
the toxin has become united with the nerve elements the anti-
toxin has no effect whatever. If it can be used early enough the
antitoxin will unite with the toxin and thus make the toxin
inert.

President Price : I will call on Dr. Gould. He has had
success with probably the most rational treatment of this
disease.

Dr. Gould : Since I read a paper here I treated a case, but
it was one of those cases that might have gotten well any way.
The animal could eat. The hip, back and neck muscles were
quite hard, but the animal consumed quite a large quantity of
acid. It was a case, as I say, that would probably have gotten
well any way.

President Price: Sajons, of Philadelphia, has lately intro-
duced a theory that the secretion of the ductless glands are
essential to immunity. The ductless glands have always been
looked upon as something strange. We did not know what
they were there for. Sajons has introduced a theory that these
ductless glands are entirely essential to life, that if you destroy
these glands life's functions cease. In regard to tetanus he
claims that the secretion of the adrenals is entirely essential to
the oxidations that take place in the body. You can destroy
the brain and remove it in sections from birds and life con-
tinues, but if you destroy the pituitary bodies you destroy life.
These are small bodies in the human brain. The posterior is
the smaller one, according to his theory. These glands control

634 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

th« thyroids and the thyroids through their secretion control
the activity of the adrenals. The one is entirely dependent
on the other and through their activity and secretions life is
continued. In tetanus, we have, as Dr. Beebe has explained, a
chemical combination taking place between the toxin and the
nervous matter which is indestructible, the same as you have
between tannin and iron. Dr. Sajons' theory is to stimulate
the adrenals and by their secretion stimulate the life processes,
causing the destruction of bacteria and their toxins. How are
we going to do this ? He claims that carbolic acid is an active
stimulant to the adrenals. Unfortunately we always try to give
something to quiet the nerves ; cannabis indica, bromide,
quinine, — every one of which destroys the activity of the adre-
nals. Here we are giving antagonistic remedies, the action of
one overcoming the other. If we are going to give carbolic
acid treatment we have to stick to carbolic acid and give it
alone, and nothing with it. Otherwise we are giving something
that overcomes the stimulation that the carbolic acid produces,
and we get no benefit from our "carbolic acid treatment."

Dr. Gould : I did not use carbolic acid with the intention
of stimulating those adrenal glands, but since talking with Dr.
Price I think the action is a great deal more reasonable than I
first supposed it to be, because it does have a paralyzing effect
on the nerves, especially to the muscles, and we get stimulating
action in that way, where, if we used chloral hydrate, we would
not get that stimulating effect on the adrenals, but would get a
deadening effect at the time we get our paralyzing effect on
the motor nerves. Reasoning along this theory that would be
the ideal remedy for tetanus. This case I speak of was one of
those slow cases. Of course, it had been showing symptoms of
tetanus for probably a week before I saw it, just gradually get-
ting worse, and even with the carbolic acid treatment the disease
apparently did extend somewhat, gradually subsiding after that.
Whether it was due to the action of the acid, of course I do not
know. I did not get the animal to consume a great quantity
of the acid.

The patient was about ten miles from home, and I had to
trust the owner to give it, but the animal consumed some of
the acid.

President Price : In regard to that, I would state, that you
can overstimulate the adrenals, the same as you can overstimu-
late a person with alcohol. Remember that overstimulation al-
ways results in paralysis.

SOCIETV MEETINGS. 630

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

ANNUAL MEETING, SEPT. II-I3, BUFFALO.

The forthcoming meeting promises to be of very great in-
terest. The literary program, not yet complete, is already
highly attractive in the wide range of subjects and high char-
acter of the contributors. The papers on veterinary education
in New York, one by a distinguished educator, the other by an
equally prominent practitioner, with the relation of education
to license and practice, will inevitably induce a discussion
which will appeal to each member of the profession. A repre-
sentative of the State Educational Department is expected to
be present to participate.

Dairy and milk inspection are to be thoroughly considered
and the program is rich in papers having a direct interest to
veterinary practitioners. The list of papers is not complete
and important additions are expected. The clinic, as has been
the rule in the past, is to be made a very prominent feature.
The local committee has secured suitable accommodations for
the meetings and a complete announcement of the convention
will be issued shortly. It is expected that the Genesee Hotel
will be headquarters.

The program as far as completed is as follows :

" Veterinary Education in New York," Dr. James Law,
Ithaca.

" Veterinary Education in New York," Dr. E. B. Acker-
man, Brooklyn.

" Dairy Inspection," Dr. H. D. Gill, New York.

" Dairy and Milk Inspection," Mrs. C H. Cocke.

*' Municipal Milk Inspection," Dr. W. G. Hollingworth,
Utica.

" Rabies : A Discussion of its Etiology, Diagnosis, Dis-
semination and Control," Dr. Veranus A. Moore and Mr. Cas-
sius Way, Ithaca.

" A Supposedly Tuberculous Cow that Failed to Tubercu-
lin," Dr. S. H. Burnett, Ithaca.

" One Way of Treating Toe- and Quarter-Cracks," Dr. Ros-
coc R. Bell, Brooklyn.

" Peculiar Fatal Cases with Post-Mortcm Notes," Dr. Louis
Juliand.

'♦ Canine Toxremia," Dr. P. A. Fish, L. S. Backus, and
Ward Giltner, Ithaca.

636 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

" Influenza or Shipping Fever," Dr. W. G. Dodds.

" Influenza or Shipping Fever," Dr. E. E. Dooling.

" Typhoid Influenza," Dr. George H. Berns, Brooklyn.

" Eczema : Clinical and Post-Mortem Notes on ' Sy-
sonby '," Dr. William Sheppard, Sheepshead Bay,

" Fracture of the Sesamoid Bones," Dr. J. h. Wilder, Brook-
lyn.

" Milk Fever," Dr. Wilson Huff, Rome.

" Observations on Colics, Volvulus and Intussusception,"
Dr. J. F. DeVine, Goshen.

" Local Anaesthesia," Drs. W. S. Eggleston and J. F. Miller.

Subject not yet stated. Dr. J. W. Corrigan, Batavia.

Exhibition of Pathologic Specimens, Dr. W. Reid Blair,
New York Zoological Park, New York.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL

ASSOCIATION.

This Association will hold its semi-annual meeting at
Gettysburg, Pa., Sept. i8th, 1906. A good program has been
arranged and a very enjoyable meeting is anticipated.

C. J. Marshall, Secretary.

At the annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary
Association, at Omaha, Neb., in June, fifty-five new members
joined this flourishing organization. At its present rate of in-
crease, it will be but a short time before it will outnumber the
A. V. M. A.

A REPORT of an auction sale of branded horses at Portland,
Ore., states that two carloads were recently sold at an average
of $35. Some years ago when salt horse was being barreled at
the Linnton, Ore., cannery, the same sort of animals sold at
$1.50 per head.

" The Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Bulletin " states
that Drs. Peter Simouson, E. F. Stewart, H. Jensen, J. S, Ander-
son, Richard Ebbitt, C. A. McKim, and A. T. Peters are mak-
ing arrangements to attend the New Haven meeting of the A.
V. M. A.

Drs. J. S. Anderson, H. Jensen, J. H. Gain, and C. A. Mc-
Kim attended the Nebraska Stock Growers' Association at Al-
liance. They had a very large tent, 40x60, under which hun-
dreds of stockmen were seated to witness operations performed
by these gentlemen. — (Iowa-Nebraska Veterirtary Bulletin. )

NEWS AND ITEMS. 637

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Birth.— To Dr. and Mrs. Charles E. Clayton, New York,
July 6, a daughter.

Dr. William H. McIntosh, veterinarian, died June 3,
1906, at Morristown, N. J.

Five Veterinarians took the civil service examination
for meat inspectors at Chicago on April 18 and four did like-
wise on June 25.

Dr. Nelson S. Mayo, Chief of the Cuban Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, will be in attendance upon the New Haven
meeting of the A. V. M. A.

Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe has been reappointed to the full
term of three years on the New Jersey State Board of Veteri-
nary Medical Examiners.

Dr. Elishu Hanshew, of Brooklyn, has installed a new
Humane Operating Table in his hospital at 125 Carlton Ave.,
supplanting an old-fashioned one.

Dr. John V. Laddey, of Arlington, N. J., has bought the
late Dr. Mcintosh's practice at Morristown, N. J., and has
moved to that place to practice his profession.

Dr. William Herbert Lowe has passed the New Jersey
State Examination for Sanitary Inspector of the first class and
was licensed as such by the Board of Health on June 23.

Rabies has claimed many victims around New York this
summer, not only dogs, but humans and large domestic animals.
This should not be, where the Negri bodies can be so quickly
discovered, and inoculation can so certainly prevent the develop-
ment of the disease.

Glanders appears to be quite prevalent in New Jersey at
present. Dr. Lowe was called from the Secretary's chair at the
Asbury Park meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of
New Jersey to investigate an outbreak, where a comparatively
large number of horses were found to be affected.

Drs. Robert W. Ellis, George H. Berns, and Roscoe R. Bell,
of New York, attended the Asbury Park meeting of the Veteri-
nary Medical Association of New Jersey on July 12-13. Many
of the members and visitors availed themselves of the opportunity
to enjoy the delightful seaside resoit by bringing along members
of their families.

A Valuable Kentucky Trotting Mare, owned by James
Mclntrye, an actor, summering at Bergen Beach, N. Y., was bit-
ten by a mongrel dog, evidently suffering with rabies, was at-

638 NEWS AND ITEMS.

tacked three weeks later with rabid symptoms, which rapidly
developed until he struck, bit and chewed his fore-leg nearly
off, seizing the wood work of his stall with his teeth, breaking
them off down to the gums. After forty-eight hours of terrible
suffering he was destroyed.

Dr. S. H. Gilliland, M. D., V. M. D., Bacteriologist for
the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania, is at
present at Saranac Lake. As a result of hard work in connec-
tion with sickness and death in his family his health failed and
he was compelled to take a much needed rest. His friends are
pleased to learn that his health is improving and his physicians
are hopeful that he will soon be restored to his usual good health.

Hon. H. C. Adams, of Wisconsin, member of the House
Committee on Agriculture, who was such a conspicuous figure
in the recent fight on the Meat Inspection Bill, died at Chicago
en route to his home. He had long hung to life through his
indomitable will power, his health having been very bad for
many years. He was the author of the " Adams Act," which
doubled the annual governmental appropriation for the state ex-
periment stations.

A Well-known Veterinary Pathologist is engaged in
investigating azoturia, and has progressed sufficiently far to state
that he has succeeded in reproducing the symptoms in large
rabbits, including the characteristic paralytic knuckling in the
hind legs, trembling of the flanks, dark-colored urine, and on
post-mortem paleness of the gluteal muscular tissue. He has
about passed his promise to give the profession a preliminary
report upon his investigations at one of the early meetings of
the Veterinary Medical Association of New York County. He
is certainly advancing on a path that leads to glory, for practi-
tioners will rise up and call him blessed if he succeeds in dis-
covering the etiological factor, which will greatly aid in indi-
cating both therapy and prophylaxy.

The Official Veterinarians of the Horse Show As-
sociation OF America, who have held office year after year
for more than a decade, were this year summarily removed and
replaced by others. Those who were replaced are among the
most prominent in this country, being men of high character
and great experience. They are Drs. Wm. Sheppard, of Sheeps-
head Bay ; Thomas G. Sherwood and J. Elmer Ryder, of New
York City. No reason was assigned for the change, but rumor
has it that it owes its occurrence to a difference of opinion be-
tween the veterinarians and a member of the Horse Show Com-

NEWS AND ITEMS. 639

mittee, a layman, who placed his judgment against those of the
oflBcial veterinarians, and took his revenge by securing their re-
moval. It is said that the circumstances were as follows : A
saddle horse called " Poetry of Motion," has a white face, and
the skin was irregularly pigmented about the muzzle and nos-
trils, as is often seen in such horses. The oflBcial noticed this
and called the attention of the veterinarians to it, suggesting
that the animal was affected with variola, and should not be al-
lowed to compete. Their decision was against him and the
horse was shown and took one or more blue ribbons. Their
places have been filled by the appointment of Dr. H. D. Gill
and Dr. E. A, A. Grange, while the third member had not yet
been decided on when this item was written. It is said that
the position has been offered to Dr. Leonard Pearson, of Phila-
delphia.

$94,000,000 IN Automobiles Now on the Scrap Heap-
80,000 Cars in Use ; 40,000 Abandoned. — Statistics of auto-
mobile registrations published in the Herald a few days ago are
full of interest to horsemen as throwing light on the lasting
qualities of the latest mechanical substitute for the horse.
These statistics show that up to June i, 1906, 121,369 automo-
biles had been recorded in the United States since the laws
compelling registration went into effect a few years ago.
About forty thousand of these automobiles are now out of com-
mission, according to the records of the Motor Directories Com-
pany, leaving something like eighty thousand in use if this es-
timate is to be relied on. It seems probable, however, that
both the number registeied and the number in use are over-
estimated, since it is a matter of common knowledge that very
many machines — perhaps a majority of all those registered in
some States — are registered in duplicate in two or more States,
thus swelling the totals on the face of the returns far beyond
the actual number existing. That the number "laid on the
shelf " has been overestimated, or even fully estimated, by the
automobile people themselves is not likely, to say the least.
Taking the figures without question as they stand it must seem
most surprising to disinterested observers of the development of
the motor vehicle that out of 121,369 cars thus far registered
40,000, or practically one-third, are already on the scrap heap.
When it is remembered that in New York, and probably in
other States as well, the records show thsU nearly one-third of
the whole number of cars registered have been running only
about one year these figures become strikingly significant of the

640 NEWS AND ITEMS.

short life of the average automobile. Registration figures in
New York indicate that the selling price of the average auto-
mobile is about $2,360. It will, therefore, be seen that the 40,-
000 machines thus far put out of commission represent some-
thing like $94,400,000 in cost, if not in value, and this is
exclusive of money paid out for repairs before the cars were
finally abandoned. The American people are rich, and they
have the name of being lavish if not extravagant in their ex-
penditures, but it remains to be seen whether they will con-
tinue to foot the bills for automobiles at this rate after the nov-
elty of the new toy has worn off. Expert horsemen and ex-
perienced carriage builders have all along maintained that the
life of the automobile must be short, and the expense of keep-
ing one necessarily very heavy, owing to the tremendous strain
to which the delicate and intricate mechanism is subjected
when driven at high speed over rough roads. They have pre-
dicted just what the records now seem to show, that the average
automobile would not last more than one year, and that the
cost of the machine, repairing it, keeping it and running it
would prove to be too great for the general public to bear. —
(New York Herald, July 22.)

Wanted — A Great Veterinary School. — Provision
has been made in the packinghouse law for inspection that in-
spects. A very large force of capable inspectors will be required.
We must have them. The eyes of the world are upon us, the
international spotlight is turned toward us. The necessity ex-
ists for a great veterinary school in which men may be thor-
oughly qualified to inspect meats on the hoof and in the carcass
— a school where all diseases common and uncommon among
domesticated animals maybe exhibited in the clinics and where
students may obtain an education in animal husbandry such as
they need to enable them to apply properly their knowledge of
pathological conditions. The application of such knowledge
has but half its use in the absence of a thorough accurate and
extended knowledge of physiological copditions. We must have
inspectors trained to their work. The Government calls for
400 of them now. Their work is in the stock yards of the
country, and it is therefore plain that we should have men
trained at the stock yards. The greatest stock yard plant in the
world is in Chicago. It follows then that the place for this
great veterinary school is at the .Chicago yards. The Union
Stock Yard & Transit Co. has ground to spare. It has funds.
It. has enterprise. It sees opportunities and grasps them. The

641

International is a monument to its interest in the welfare of
stockgrowers and it is not difficult to believe that if the need of
a veterinary college at the yards were properly presented to the
stock yards officials the result would be a building for a veteri-
nary school greater than any in existence to-day and a faculty
the like of which the world can not show. It is not generally
kuown that the greatest veterinary school so far built is in Cal-
cutta. Everything that the wealth of the greatest empire in the
world and the intelligence of the brightest minds in the veteri-
nary profession could devise has been lavished on that school in
India, but the new American school should be greater still. No
secondary place will serve the United States. A world's trade
is at stake. We must have the school commensurate with the
needs of the whole round globe. Disease takes strange forms.
This is a wide country and many very different conditions, cli-
matic and otherwise, are included in it. For years it has been
the custom of men in the country to use the big stock yard
markets as a dumping ground for every animal that was of no-
farther use to them. Comparatively few veterinarians engaged
in a general country practice have ever seen such a varied as-
sortment of diseases as may be seen any Thursday — "canner
day " — in the Chicago yards. When a man's hogs begin to die
off in an alarming manner he gets the drove to market just as
quickly as he can. The great yards are used as dumping
grounds. It may be possible in time to force men to dispose of
diseased stock in the country, but that time will come about
when they quit taking a chance or when the knowledge is
forced upon them that diseased animals must be condemned
and tanked and that all the shipper will get out of them will
be the privilege of paying the freight and commission charges.
A force of inspectors educated to an acquaintance with every
detail of this traffic in diseased cattle, schooled by daily contact
with all the clinical advantages offered in this market, would
quickly teach shippers that the local disposition of diseased cat-
tle would be far more advantageous, and then the problem would
be largely solved. It is a fact, well known throughout the coun-
try, that some kind of a price can be obtained for diseased cattle
at the big markets, and the cupidity of human nature will
surely lead to the risk of getting caught in unloading such
stock, especially if it is thought that the inspection is inade-
quate from lack of inspectors or inefficient by reason of their
ignorance or want of experience. A certain means of diminish-
ing the traffic in diseased stock is to put oti watchmen who

642 NEWS AND ITEMS.

have been educated for the specific purpose of such examina-
tions and trained in the very arena in which they are to operate
upon the completion of their education. Independent of these
considerations — which in themselves are suflBcient to claim the
favorable attention of the Union Stock Yard Co. — is the fact
that the opportunities for general clinical work are far greater
at the Chicago stock yards than at any other point in the world.
A medical education without clinical work is very lame. It is
an imposition on the public to put out medical graduates to ac-
quire experience at the expense of the pocketbooks or perhaps
the lives of their patrons. The most conscientious of our young
doctors serve their time as hospital internes and thus acquire
valuable experience under the very best training. The Chi-
cago yards, with their daily run of diseased stock, in a year's
time sounding almost the entire gamut of the non-contagious
diseases and including some not in that category, such as hog
cholera, afford opportunity even more extensive and valuable
than falls to the experience of the ordinary hospital interne.
Vast improvement has been made in our veterinary practice the
past decade. The " hoss-doctor," too often an undesirable as
well as a costly type in a community, has been giving way
gradually to educated young men who have made use of all the
available opportunities in acquiring an education in veterinary
medicine, but it is only too well known that there is much
room for improvement in the courses and instruction in our
veterinary colleges. The leaders of the profession acknowledge
and lament this fact. They have made much progress toward
the amendment of this condition, but much work remains to be
done. Such schools are not money-makers. In fact some of
them have gone as far in the perfection of their courses and in-
struction as their funds will possibly permit. If such a cor-
poration as the stock yards company would erect a suitable
building and provide an endowment sufficient to command su-
perior talent in the faculty, such a school would soon become
the Mecca for students the world over, as nowhere else are
such opportunities available. Surely argument should not be
necessary. We content ourselves with the presentation of these
facts, confident that they will receive the most earnest consider-
ation. Beyond shadow of doubt the founding of a great veteri-
nary school at the yards would most surely and quickly coun-
teract in the eyes of the world the evil consequences of the
unfortunate handling of the meat inspection measure. {Breed-
ers^ Gazette, July ii.)

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

643

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

Secretaries are requested to see that their organizations are properly
included in the following list.

Name of Organization.

American V. M. Ass'n ,

Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J

Connecticut V. M. Ass'n

New York S. V. M. Soc'y. . .
Schuylkill Valley V. M. A..,,

Passaic Co V. M. Ass'n ,

Texas V. M. Ass'n

Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n. . . . ,

Maine Vet Med Ass'n

Central Canada V. Ass'n

Michigan State V. M. Ass'n. .
Alumni Ass'n N. Y.-A. V. C.

Illinois State V M. Ass'n

Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad

Illinois V . M . and Surg. A. . .

Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba ,

North Carolina V. M. Ass'n. .

Ontario Vet. Ajs'n

V. M. Ass'n New York Co.. .

Ohio State V. M. Ass'n ,

Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n. .
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n. ...
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n..

Iowa State V. M. Ass'n ,

Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n.
Pennsylvania State V. M. A..
Keystone V. M. Ass'n ,

Colorado State V. M. Ass'n. . .

Missouri Valley V. Ass'n

Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n

North Dakota V. M. Ass'n

California State V. M. Ass'n.. .
Southern Auxiliary of Califor-
nia State V. M. Ass'n. . . .

South Dakota V. M. A

Nebraska V. M. Ass'n

Kansas State V. M. Ass'n

Ass'n Midicale Vetemairc

Francaise " Laval,"

Alumni Association A. V. Col..
Province of Quebec V. M. A. , .

Kentucky V. M. Ass'n

Washington State Col. V. M, A.
Indiana Veterinary Association.
Iowa- Nebraska V. M. Ass'n. .
Louisiana State V. M. Ass'o..

Twin City V. M. Ass'n

Hamilton Co. (Ohio^ V. A

Mississippi Sute V. M. Au'n. .

Date of Next
Meeting.

Aag. 21-24, '06

Call of President

Sept. 11-1213

Dec. 19

Monthly.

Call Exec. Com.

Monthly.

State Fair week
April, 1907.

Callot Prest.
Not Stated.

Vacation.
1st Wed. ea. mo

Sept. 18
2d Tues. May

1st Mon. in June
January, 1907
June and Dec.

Mch.Je.Sep.Dc
Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct.

Jan. 8-9, '07.
I St & 3d Thur.
of eacbmonth.

April cachvr.

Monthly.

Place of
Meeting

N. Haven, Ct

Jersey City.

New Haven.

Buffalo.

Reading.

Paterson,N.J.

Boston.

Ottawa.

Detroit.

141W. S4thSt

Sheboygan.

Decatur.

Winnipeg.

141 W. 54th St
Columbus.
PitUburgb.

Gettysburg
Philadelphia.

Denver.

Kan. City, Mo.

Providence.

San Francisco
Los Angeles.

Topeka.
Lect. R'm La-
val Un'y Mon.
New York.
Mon. & Qae.

Pullman, Wa.

Name and Address Secretary .

Angntt. 1906.

Cincinnati.

Agricultural

College.

J. J. Repp, Phila., Pa.
W. H Lowe, Paterson.

B. K. Dow, Willimantic.
G. T Stone, Binghamton.
W. G. Huyett, Wemersville.
H. K. Berry, Paterson, N. J.

E. L. Lewis, Waxahachie.

F. J. Babbitt. Lynn, Mass.
R. E. Freeman, Dexter.
A. E. James, Ottawa.
Judson Black, Richmond.
W. C. Miller, N Y. City.
F. H. Barr, Pana.

S Beattie, Madison.

C. M. Walton. Rantoul.
F. Torrance, Winnipeg.

T, B. Carroll, Wilmington.

C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto.

D. J. Mangan. N. Y. City.
W. H.Gribble.Wash'nC.H.
F. Weitzell, Allegheny.

F. F. Brown, Kansas City.
J. H. Taylor.Henrietta.N.Y.
H. C. Simpson, Denison, la.
C. A. Mack, Stillwater.
C. J. Marshall, Philadelphi*

A. W. Ormeston, 102 Her-
man St.,Germantown,ra.

M. J. Woodlifle, Denver.

B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City.
T.E.Robinson.Westerly.R.l
J A. Winsloe, Cooperstown.

C. H. Blemer, San Francisco.

J. A. Edmons, Ix)S Angeles.

E. L. Moore, Brookings.
Hans Jenson, Weeping Water
Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina.
J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.

F. R. Hanson, N. Y. City.
Gustave Boyer, Rigand.P.Q.

D. A. Piatt, Lexington.
Wm. D. Mason, Pullman.

E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis.
A. T. Peters, Lincoln, Neb.
E. P. Flower, Ba»on Rouge.
S. H Ward, St. Paul, Minn
Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
[J. C. Robert, Agricultural
I College.

PUBLISHERS* DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance ; foreign countries, $3.60;
ttudents while attending college, $2 ; single copies, aj cents.

Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded.

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon
<hanging their address. Make all checka or P. 0. orders payable to American
■Veterinary Review.

" Therapogen " is one of the pleasantest as well as most efficacious
antiseptics that has yet been offered to the veterinary profession. Pleas-
ant to smell and pleasant to the hands, and resulting favorablj' when
applied to wounds either pure or in solutions of various strengths from
2 to 5 per cent. (See page 26, adv. dept.)

At this season of the year do not tell your clients to remove the
pads and chance having a horse fall on the asphalted streets, but sug-
gest the "Air-Cushion Rubber Horse-Shoe Pads, " manufactured by
the Revere Rubber Company. (See page 18, adv. dept.)

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

Good paying practice — growing city, 1 8,00c population — only graduate — good mining
country surrounding. Owing to other business will sell.

P. S. Will sell hospital and instruments and medicine also. Address, Dr. S. E.
H., care American Vet. Review, 509 \V. i52d St., New York.

Wanted. — Well educated young veterinarian with first-class references by first class
commercial house for introduction of thoroughly ethical preparation. State age, educa-
tion and salary expected. Address Veterinarian, Box 672, New York.

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

A WELL ESTABLISHED PRACTICE, together with instruments and equipment, in a town
of 3,500, with first-class country around it, near Cleveland, Ohio. No other qualified
practitioner within a radius of 10 miles. Owner wishes to retire. Excellent opportu-
nity for a young man. Address Practice, care American Veterinary Review, 509
W. I52d St., New York City.

For Sale. — A high class veterinary practice in a rich winter resort, within sixty miles
of New York City. Annual income $3,500 (could be increased to $5 000), together
with office equipment and transfer of lease on house centrally located. Portion of
practice under contract — guaranteed. For further particulars, price, etc., address
Resort, care of American Veterinary Review, 509 W. i52d St., New York.

FOR SALE.

Veterinarian's Horse Ambulance in A No. i condition. Can conveniently carry
the heaviest horse in standing or lying position. Fitted with high power (concealed)
one man windlass and sliding platform. Ambulance in first class repair, paint, etc. A
very serviceable and creditable adjunct to any veterinarj' hospital. Price J300.00 Ad-
dress for particulars. Ambulance, care of American Veterinary Review, 509 W,
1 5 2d St , New York.

WANTED IN THE VETERINARY PROFESSION.

Men who cannot be bought.

Men whose word is their bond.

Men who put character above wealth.

Men who possess opinions and will.

Men who would rather be right than be President.

Men who will not lose their individuality in a crowd.

Men who will be as honest in small things as in great things.

Men who will not think anything profitable that is dishonest.

Men who will make no compromise with questionable things.

Men whose ambitions are not confined to their own selfish desires.

THIS SPACE TO LET.

COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE OF
WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY.

Large Faculty of Specialists ; well equipped laboratories ;
thorough courses ; practical instruction ; varied clinics daily ; fees
and expenses moderate. A three years graded course, and a special
course for practitioners. For Catalogue address,

JAMES A. WAUQH, V. S. Dean,
13a Washington Street. - - - - PITTSBURGH, PA.

>♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

V ASOQ EN ^

A vehicle that penetrates the epidermis with remarkable rapidity
carrying its incorporated remedial agent to the underlying tissues, where
it is immediately absorbed

Some of the drugs that are emulsified in this vehicle, ready for the
veterinarians use, are : ♦

Iodine Vasogen containing lojt Iodine.
Iodoform Vasogen •' 3% Iodoform.

Creosote Vasogen •• 30^ Creosote.

Pyoktanin Vasogen •• 3% Pyoktanin.

(In four ounce bottles.)

PYOKTANIN VASOGEN is a very valuable preparation to the veterinary prac-
titioner, K<vin^ him in a convenient ana penetrating vehicle, this valuable drua; with its
antiseptic, disinrectant and anagelsic properties augmented by the fact that the vehicle
will carry them to the most remote corners and recesses of wounds. Hence its advan-
tage in the treatment of foot wounds.

IODINE VASOQEN— positively not irritating, is used to great advantage In cases of
tendonitis; when well "worked" into the tendons, it frequently obviates the necessity
of blisteniig, or firing and blistering. Also valuable to soAen and absorb in many other
conditions in both horses and dogs.

lODOFORn VASOQEN, used wherever Iodoform is indicated, and CREOSOTE
VASOQEN for coukIis. etc.

Manufactured by VASOQENFABRIK PEARSON & CO.,
HAHBURQ, GERMANY.

^ LEHN & FINK. Sole American Agents, 120 William Street, New York. ^

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18

Dimensions of Case— 6H inches in length, aH.incbet wide, a inches deep.

VETERINARY HYPODERMIC SYRINGE.

In Morocco case, velvet lined, containing two straight needles, one-halfcurved needle for intra
TCBOus injection, one trocar and canula, and twelve tubes for Hypodermic Tablets.

Our Syringes are substantially made, especially for the ase of Veterinat^ Sar-
S«ons, with strong glass barrel of three drachms capacity, protected by fenestrated metal
cylinder, with rings for thumb and fin^rs. ■

Bv removal of the lower metal end, One or more tablets may b* placed directly in the syrinfc
—replacing cap and attaching needle, water can then be drawn in upon the tablets and solutioa
affected by shaking the svrin^e.

Our syringes are made with needles to attach either by slide or screw-thread. In orderiat
specify which is preferred.

Price of Syringe and case complete l4-oo (reduced from ls-00-.

Eatra Needles, straight > .35

Extra Needles, curved 35

Extra Trocar and Canula 50

BUNTIN DRUG GO'S VETERINARY BULB SYRINGE*

For administering Liquid Medicines to Horses and Cattle by the Month or Rectnm
Every Syringe has Firm Name Stamped on the Hard Robber Pipe

LENGTH I0H INCHES

Consists of a substantial soft rubber bulb to which is
attached a very strong, hard rubber pipe. In giving mea-
. , .. Ill I icine or food with this Syringe there is no danger of in-

juring the animal's mouth or breaking the Syringe; any quantity, from a teaspoonful
to two ounces may be given at one injection.

BUNTIN DRUG CO., TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA

Maanfactorers of Veterinary Hypodermic Tablets and Hypodermic Syringes

(Length lo^ inches.)

Prices Bulb Syringes, 75c. each; per half doz., $4.00 ; per doz., 97.50.

BUNTIN DRTJO COMRANY.

600 Wabash Avenue TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA

EIMBR & AMEND, Agents, 305-311 Third Ave., New York.

14

BUNTIN DRUG CO.'S SOLUBLE HYPODERMIC TABLETS.

»M
"5

IM

Il6
•«7
III

X

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119

I5«

1*1
1*4
"5

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136
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136
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14*

141

143
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144
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IS*

VETERINARY.

r«t lnb« el
10 Mblctt.

Aconitine, Crystals .. 1-40 gr |o la

Aconitinc, Cry*t*l* l-SOgr •- '3

Aconitine, Crystals l-aogr 15

Aconitine, Crystals l-l9gt 17

Aconitine, Crystals . i~tgr as

Aconitine, Crystals ...I'AgT 77

Arecoline Hydrobrom J» C" 100

Arecoline Hvdrobrom '... i gr i 80

Atropine Sulphate i- 4 C 15

Atropine Sulphate I- a gr 18

Atropine Sulphate i gr 33

Barium Chloride Comp (Ellis) 18

(Barium Chlor.. 7Kr». )

(Digitaline — i-ia gr. j

Cardiac Tonic as

( Digitaline, Pure i-io gr. l

< Sparteine Sulph ^ i- 5 gr. V

(.Strychnine, Nitrate x- 8 gr. )

Cocaine .Muriate.. 1 gr 35

Cocaine Muriate i-H gr« 45

Cocaine Muriate > crs 55

Cocaine, 4^ ^rs. for Veterinary Anesthesia i 10

(One tablet dissolved in i dracbia of water makes an t-per cent solMtimi.)

Colchicine I-4IT 60

Colchicine i-agr i oe

Colic (Knowles) 54

(Morphine Sulph >(<>.)

•< Atropine Sulph I- 4 gr. V

(.Aconite Cryst i-Mgr. J

Coniine Hydrobromate I- 3 gr 43

Coniine Hydrobromate I gr 60

Digitaline, Pure l-8gr ao

Digitaline, Pure i- Agr 35

Ergotinc ><<> 18

Ergotine ,. 4C* »7

Eserine Salicylate i- 4IT So

Eserine Salicylate l-tgr 75

Eserine Salicylate I gr las

Eserine Salicylate ■;. ... iH Sn 190

Eserine Compound I 00

(Eserine Salicylate i-4gr.)

-< Pilocarpine Muriate i- a gr. >

(strychnine 1- 8gr. j

Bserinc and Pilocarpine 1 s*

i Eserine i-agr.l

I Pilocarpine I gr.j

Colic (Forbes) a 75

{Eserine Salicylate i gr. I
Pilocarpine Mnr sHu*- 1

HyoscyamineSnIpbate, Crystals i-tgr —

Hyoscyaminc Sulphate, Crystals I- 4cr

Morphine Sulphate I gr,,,,

Morphine Sulphate t% gn ..

Morphine Sulphate S gr

Morphine Sulphate.... 'H gn ..

Morphine Sulphate 3 grs

Morphine ana Atropine

t Morphine Snlph i}ign.t

I Atropine Sulph H gr. )

Morphine and Atropine

f Morphine Sulph iH C**. t

I Atropine Sulph . W IT. I

Morphine and Atropine

t Morphine Snlph aglB.1

) Atropine Sulph 1-4 ffT- I

Morphine and Atropine 43

/ Morphine Snlph sKffn>l

\ Atropine Solpb t-4gr. (

Nitroglycerine I-Mgr

3S

40

Nitroglycerine. IS gr.

Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals t-€ gr.

PilocarT>ine Muriate, Crystals • I gr 90

Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals t% gft i 10

Sodium Arsenite , t gr la

Strychnine Sulphate ••••••..•• 1-4 gr it

Strychnine Sulphate ••••••*. ......... !-• gT..... 13

Strychnine Sulphate I gr I4

Veratrine Muriate I-4 gr It

\eratrin« Muriate l-> gt 14

Flense order hy nnmber.
9—4» seat »est-»al4 U anf M^t raltsd SUtes or Canada aM" raselpt af ^ri—,

15

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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY.

lew Tort-gmericaii Yelerlnary Colleoe.

( New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered 18S7, and the American Veterinary Col-

lege, cliartered 1875.)

Session 1906-1907 will begin October ist, 1906.

Write for new catalogue and ail information to

A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.n., DEAN.

141 West S4th Street, New York City.

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE,

ESTABLISHED AT

BY CHAPTER 153, LAWS OF 1894.

The best equipment for scientific and practical instruction, for undergraduates and post-
graduates. Most varied practice for students in the free clinics. Regular graded course, three
years of nine months each. Entrance by Regents' " Veterinary Student Certificate," or by
examination, September istb, 1905. Matriculation September 33d, 1905.

jt jt jit Tuition Free to New York State Students.
7or extended annoancement address,

Professor JAI\AES LAW, F. R. C. V. S., Director.

ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE, Limited,

40, 42. 44 and 46 TEMPERANCE STREET. TORONTO, CANADA.
Patrons. — Governor-General of Canada and Lieutenant-Governor ol Ontario.

SESSION 1906-1907 BEGINS OCTOBER llth.

All Experienced Teachers. . . - Fees, $65.00 per Session.

Prof. SIVIITH, V.S. (Edin.) F.R.C.V.S., Etc., Principal.

CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE

2537 and 2539 State Street, Ctiicago, Ills.

Organized and Incorporated under the Laws of the State of Illinois, 1883.

Ifipiar Session comineaces tde first week in octoDer in eact gm

For Prospectus giving all information as to curriculum, fees, etc, addrew
Ae Secretary

JOSEPH HUGHES. M.R.C.V.S..

3537 and 3539 State St., Chicago, lUik

16

e5TABLISHFD tSSt.

INCOHPORATED IS97

EIMER & AMEND,

Wholesale Drugg^ists,

205,207,2091211 TtllrdHve.,

N. Y. CITY.

Make a Specialty of all

Drugs, Extracts,
Tinctures, Chemicals,
etc., etc., used in
Veterinary practice..

E. & A.'s Veterinary
Glycerin Suppositories.

Sulfglycerole for skin
lesions.

Sulfglycerole Oint. for
scratches.

PLANTENS

Improved Empty
Veterinary

For Oral and
Rectal /Vledication.

CAPSULES

ORAL : 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 12 drachms
RECTAL: i 1-2, i and i-a ounce.

TRIAL BOX

BY MAIL

25 CENTS.

IMPREGNATION CAPSULES for Mares.

Sample Box 30 Cents.

ESTABLISHED IN NEW YORK IN 1A36.

N. PUNTEN & SON, 93 Henry St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

"The Pioneer American Capsule House."

MwuUcturtn of Supcrlor Filled and Empty Gelatine Capsules.

CapauUtIng Privat* Formula* a Specialty.

"SANITAS" EMBROCATION

is used by leading Veterinarians — in preference to other lini-
ments— on account of its strengtii, ready absorption and
Antiseptic qualities.

-SANITAS" CRUDE DISINFECTING LIQUID.

The best preparation in the market used in Stables and
Kennels, etc., throughout the U. S.

Write for full particulars and samples.

THE *'SANITAS" CO., Ltd.

636 to 642 West 55th Street,

NEW YORK CITY.

Hir-Cusbion

Rubber
l)or$e-$boe

Pad$

STANDARD OF THE WORLD.

Physiologically and Mechanically Correct.

The most important invention in the history oi

horseshoeing. Any veterinarian who will study

the principles under

lying the Air-Cushion

Pads cannot withhold

his approval of them

for physiological and

pathological shoeing

of horses for work on

hard roads and streets.
Navicular disease,

subacute and chronic

laminitis, quarter and

toe cracks, and any
condition where concussion should be reduced. If it gives such relief to sore horses, it
must be ideal for sound ones.

Write for Booklet " C " with Testimonials by Eminent Veterinary Surgeons.

REVERE RUBBER CO., (Sole Manufacturers)

Boston, New York, Pittsburg, Chicago. New Orleans.

18

SEE THAT CUSHION?

It fills with air at each step.
That's what breaks concussion.
That's what prevents slipping.
That's what keeps the foot healthy.
That's what cures lameness.

New Veterinary Books.

HOBDAY. Surgical Diseases of the ers. By the late Richard V. Tuson. Sixth
Dog*and Cat. By F. T. G. Hobday, Edition. Revised and Edited by James
F.R.C.V.S. With Chapters on Anesthe- Bayne. F.C.S. Late Professor Royal Vet-
tics and Obstetrics (Second Edition of Ca- erinarj- College. Cloth, $2.50 net.
nine and Feline Surgery). Syo 366 Pages. CUYER. Artistic Anatomy of Ani-
241 Illustrations. Cloth, J3.25 net. ^j^i. By E. Cuyer. Translated by George

FRISDBURGER AND FROHNER. Haywood 8vo., 341 Pages, 143 Illustra-

Veterinary Pathology and Therapeutics. t'ons. Cloth, f3. 25 net.

Authorized Translation by Capt. M. H. MKRRILLAT. Animal Dentistry and

Hay«s, F. R. C. V. S. Edited by John Diseases of the Mouth. By Louis A.

Dunston, M.R C.V.S . two volumes, 8vo., Merrillal, V.S , 8vo. Illustrated. Cloth,

Each, $4.00 net. jg.OO net.

Pharmacopeia. Including Outlines of REEKS. Diseases of the Horse's
Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Forthe Foot. By Reeks 8vo. .480 Pages, 165
Use of Veterinary Students and Practition- Illustrations. Cloth f4.00 net.

Largest Stock of Veterinary Books in this country.
Catalogues gratis.

W. T. KEENER & CO.,

MEDICAL BOOKSELLERS, PUBLISHERS AND IMPORTERS.

90 Wabash Ave., Chicago.

GRUBEL & CO.

Manufacturers of

Standard Pharmaceutical Preparations of Highest Quality.

We have everything you may want in the medical line and
only sell Veterinarians and Physicians.
All orders promptly shipped.

Your private formulas put
up in package ready to dispense
our specialty.

Antiphlogistic Poultice Cat-
aplasm of Kaolin, U- S. P. or
made per your order.
Fluid Extracts, Tinct., Syrups, Ointments, Liniment Powders,
Powdered Drugs, Oils. Tablets of all kinds for Canine practice.
Dusting Powders and Surgical Dressings.
We solicit your patronage.

Temporary Office: 143 WEST 84th ST.. NEW YORK.

10

Syrup of Eucapinc Comp.

Eucalvptu* Honey,

12 mln.

White Pine Bark.

4 ira.

OrlDdrlla Robucta,

4 »ra.

Wild Cherrv Bark,

2 era.

Balm QUead Buda,

1 gr.

Blood Uoot

Sf-

Saasafra* Bark,

ylh

Verba 5anU.

M

Chiorolorm,

Morphine Acetate.

1*64 fr.
H mln.

SpU Nit. Ether,

Handling horses made easy by using the Veterinarian's
Favorite Ambulance.

RECH-MARBAKER CO.,

SPEQALISTS DESIGNERS.

MAKERS OF HIGH GRADE AMBULANCES.
Girard Ave. and 8th St., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Send for information and catalogue.
20

The Hut

The Be;

It allows the
The animal is <
position. It reqi

The horse i'
adjusted, the h
desired f>ositio:

quine Operating Table.

y Operating Table in the World.

r detail requisite to rigid asepsis and antisepsis
le, and the surgeon is in a safe, comfortable
lan to handle the largest sized horse,
able as into a padded stall, the slings are quickly
sed off his feet and turned to right or left, or any
rse resting comfortably on the mattresses.

The Table is 9 feet high, 3>^ feet wide, and 12 feet long. When turned
over it requires a room 14 feet wide and 16 feet long, 10 feet high to allow the
operating of it easy and convenient.

Prices, terms, etc., cheerfully furnished to all interested.

CORRBSPONDSNCE SOUCITBD.

The Humane Equine Operating Table was patented May 16, 1905. Other
patents are pending

Manufactured by

THE BRADWOOD MFG. CO.,

125 Water Street, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

141

THE INDIANA VETERINARY COLLEGE

Chartered by SUU of IndUna, 1892
8 12-8 14-8 16-8 18 E. MARKET STREET

Most practically equipped for modern veterinary teaching with build-
ing, equipments, an able and experienced corps of teachers. A THREE
TERM graded course beginning each term with first Monday in October
and ending following April ist.

Tuition 1st term $75, 2d term $75, 3d term $85, or all in advance $200

Catalogue and information furnished by
Prof. FERDINAND A. MUELLER, Ph. Q., V. S., Sec'y

<^/^ ^S9 E. WASHINOTON ST., INDIANAPOLiS. IND.

SOBKIGerHlDlBSTETBIGflL OPEPOKS,

By W. L. WILLIAMS,

Professor of Surgery and Obstetrics, New York State Veterinary College,

Cornell University.

A handbook of 220 pages on the chief veterinary operations including
surgical anatomy, technic and dangers and difficulties to be overcome.
Profusely illustrated with numerous figures in the text and 34 full page
plates most of which were prepared specially for this work and are of
unusual artistic and educational value.

The book is printed on the best procurable paper.

Dr. A. LiAUTARD says of it : — " The work is gotten up in fine style and printed on
paper to which veterinary publications are not accustomed. Yet it is a good move.
The last part relates to obstetrical operations..! am sure it is a good part, .if not the
best."...

Dr. D. S Whitk, Dean of the College ot Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State Univer-
sity says it is " the most practical, pithy and compact treatise of the kind I have seen."

Dr. M. H. Reynolds, University of Minnesota referring to the unusually elab-
orate text and illustrations on trephining of the facial sinuses says: — "The cuts showing
the sinuses are especially satisfactory. ..they show me, and probably others some things
which they have often desired to see whtn it was not convenient to make a dissection
for. the purpose. . . .am very much pleased with the book in every way "

Dr. D. H. Udall, Professor of Surgery, Ohio State University :—" The tyttem
of obstetrical operations described is simple and practical."

Published and for sale by the author at $2.50 prepaid.

W. L. WILLIAMS. Ithaca. N. Y.

Incorporated under Cbapter 138, of Vol. 3, Howell's Annotated
Statutes of the State of Michigan.

Regfular Session G)mmences the Last Wednesday in Srotcmbct
and Ends the Last Thursday in March, Annually.

OOVBRNBD BY THB RULES OF THB 4. V. M. A.

FsBB FOB The Entibe College Yeab abe $85.00 with absolutely no extra charges,

not even for final Examination or Diploma.

GRAND RAPIDS VETERINARY COLLEGE, MICHIGAN.

22

BINDING SECT. APR 5 1966

SF American Veterinary Medical

601 Association Journal

A5

V.29

pt.l

cop. 2

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

STORAGE

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1 rit'^'*-