AMERL FORESTRY .GAZINE OF \ f r J. hi THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. VOLUME XXV— JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1919, INCLUSIVE Abbott, Clinton G., article by. Allen, A. A, articles by 793; 877; 1001; 1228; 1291; 1419; Andrews, Eliza. F., article by Babbitt, W. H., article by Barnes, Will C, article by Benet, W. R., poem by Besley,. F. W.. article by Brown, Nelson Courtlandt, article by Burris. M. M., articles by 859; Butler. O. ML, article by Carson, William, article by Chapman, H. H., articles by 835; Cheyney. E. G, articles by 790; 792; 856; 1006; 1290; Clapp, Earle H„ article by Clark. W. Darrow, article by Clopper, H. S., article by Cook, Alice Spencer, article by Craft, Quincy R., article by Dana, Samuel T., article by Davis, R. O. E-. article by DeBoer, S. R., article by Demorlaine, J., article by Dow, Joy Wheeler, article by Faulkner, Ralph H., article by Faxon, R. IV. article by Ferguson. John, poem by Fraser, Donald A., poems by 1328; Gaskill, Alfred, article by Gates, Moody B., article by Graves, Henry S., articles by 907 ; 1109 ; 1281 ; Greeley, W. B., articles by 1093 ; 1379 ; Guise, C. H., article by Hammatt, R. !•".. article by Hawes, Austin F., article by Hill, Roland, article by Hulbert, Henrv W.. article by Illick, J. S„ articles by 1386; Kitts, Joseph A., article by Lange, D., article by Leopold. Aldo. articles by 1295 ; AUTHOR' Page .. 945 931; 1526 . 1476 . 1265 . 798 . 1467 . 983 1315 1217 1410 1297 1075 1473 947 818 1482 1329 1470 1507 1350 1458 1040 819 1155 864 1044 1478 154? 1063 1401 1451 1486 1531 1479 1199 1059 1538 1264 1273 1479 1 V, ,0 S INDEX rk i. plant A- --poem by Lolrije Belle Wylie Belgium. Forest Restoration in Belgium's Foresti Blighted by the Hun— Percival Sheldon Ridsdale . . . ., "Biddv," An Original Bird— Clinton G. Abbott Birds and Beasts. A Christmas Walk With— A. A. Allen... Bird. '•Biddy," An Original— Clinton G. Abbott Bird Department— By A. A. Allen: The Sandpiper* The Plovers The Waterfowl Rails, Gallinules and Coots The Herons The Gulls and Terns The Loons and Grebes A Christmas Walk With the Birds and Beasts Bird House Building Contest, Trenton's — M. M. Burris.... Birds as an Act of Patriotism, Protecting— Moody B. Gates. Birds in Winter, Care for the Boats and Their Manufacture, Wooden— Hu Maxwell Book Reviews : Department of Magazine — Page 1475 1472 1171 1177 1251 945 125!) 945 793 877 931 1001 1228 1291 1419 1526 859 1063 781 973 France, the France I Love • • • 826 Mrs. Allen's Cook Book 891 Trees, Stars and Birds 891 The Forest Ranger 1240 Practical Tree Repair 1240 Identification of the Economic Woods of the United States 1240 Vacation Days in Colorado's National Forests 1241 Trees of Indiana 1240 The Book of the National Parks 1307 Timber, Its Strength, Seasoning and Grading 1307 Forest Management 1363 The Condensed Chemical Dictionary 1500 Forest Products — Their Manufacture and Use 1500 The Hidden Aerial 1502 Thrift and Conservation 1562 1919 Forest Club Annual 1562 Borers, Protect Locust Trees 1243 Bouquets 1016; 1375; 1426 Brave, A Garden of the— poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens. . . 1220 Brazil Nut Tree, Uses of the— C. H. Pearson 782 British Forests, War's Destruction of — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 1027 Broadway, Guarding Forests Near 1552 "Built-Up" Wood— O. M. Butler 1110 Burgoy ne Elm, The 1480 Burned Out, American Forestry Offices 1493 California, Airplane Forest Fire Patrol in— R. F. Hammatt. 1531 California's Redwood Park— Arthur A. Taylor 1446 Camp, Cornell Foresters in— C. H. Guise 1486 Campaign, Tussock Moth Caterpillar — M. M. Burris 1217 Canada to Help France — Ellwood Wilson 1057 Canadian Department, The— Ellwood Wilson.. 825; 889; 952; 1015; 1078; 1241; 1302; 1370; 1428; 1492; 1558 Canadian Forestry Corps Work in France — Roland Hill... 1199 Canal Zone. Uncle Sam, Lumberman— W. H. Babbitt 1265 Care for the Birds in Winter 781 Cascara Stumpage Advertised on Siuslaw 972 Casualties of Our Allies, Forest — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 899 Caterpillars, A Simple Way to Destroy — Edward P. Sperry. 1062 Central Park Trees Starving to Death — Charles Lathrop Pack 1391 Chestnut Felled by Dynamite, Huge 1484 China, Forests and Floods in — H. H. Chapman 835 Christmas Tree, Travels of an English — ClaVa L. West... 1523 Christmas Walk with Birds and Beasts, A— A. A. Allen... 1526 Church Built from One Tree — H. E. Zimmerman 1450 City Tree Planting — Aldo Leopold. Grating Solves 858 Code and the Regime Forestier, The Forest — W. B. Greeley 1451 College of Forestry Exhibit, Syracuse 1 iSS Community and Roads of Remembrance, The 1416 Conference, Southwestern Forest Supervisors Hold Forest. 1005 Conference, Tri-State Forestry 1565 Congress, The Second Southern Forestry 1'itifi Conservation of Paper 1355 Page Conservation. The Dry Kiln and— E. W. Treen 1561 ular Service. DuBois to Enter 1172 est, Trenton's Bird-House Building — M. M. Burris.... 858 1 of Private Forest Cutting — \Y. Darrow Clark 818 Control, Now for Forest hire— Alfred Gaskill 1642 Cooperage Industry, Wood Used in the— Hu Maxwell 1208 Coots, Kails, Gallinules and — A. A. Allen 1001 Cornell Foresters in Camp — C. H. Guise 1486 Course in Lumber Uses. University of Minnesota Offers... 1207 Crater Lake Shell Hole !lll Cruising Timber — P. L. Lyford 1482 Current Literature: (Department of Magazine) 828; 892; 955: 1019; 1082; 1215; 1309 Cutting, Control of Private Forest— W. Darrow Clark 818 Cut-Over Lands, Use of 1296 Dean of Foresters Retires, Dr. Fernow 1289 Decade of Private Forest Planting in Pennsylvania, A — J. S. Illick 1588 Desert Plants, Emergency Feed from 875 Destruction of British Forests, War's — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 1027 Destroying Female Trees — Aldo Leopold 1479 Digest, Forestry 788; 881; 1008; 1296; 1356; 1408; 1490; 1575 Disabled Men, Forestry Pursuits for 883 Dixie, Forestry in 861 Douglas Fir, The — poem by Donald A. Fraser 1478 Douglass "Killed in Action," Lieut 1289 Dry Kiln and Conservation, The — E. W. Treen 1551 DuBois to Enter Consular Service 1172 Dynamite, Huge Chestnut Felled by 1484 Dynamite. Nurseryman Believes in— O. B. Strayer 1536 Elm, The Burgoyne 1480 Emergency Feed from Desert Plants 875 Engineers Hoboken Sheet, Old Tenth 886 Engineers. The Forest — Henry S. Graves 1109 English Christmas Tree, Travels of An — Clara L. West.. 1523 Erosion in the Appalachian and Piedmont Regions — R. O. E. Davis 1350 Essay, Prize Offer for Forestry 1562 Excluding Enemy Aliens with Appetites De Luxe — Charles Lathrop Pack 1053 Exhibit, Syracuse College of Forestry 1488 Extension Work in Forestry — A- F. Hawes 1479 Farm Forestry, Terms Used in 1342 Farm Timber Adds to Cash Return From Land, Sale of Surplus 817 Farm Woodland Development under the Smith-Lever Act, The Possibilities of— C. R. Tillotson 785 February — And Plant Life Still Sleeps in Northern Climes — R. W. Shufeldt 868 Feed from Desert Plants, Emergency 875 Female Trees, Destroying — Aldo Leopold 1479 Fencing Materials from Forests — Hu Maxwell 923 hern, (lathering the Spinulose Shield — Frank B. Tucker.. 1226 Fernow, Dean of Foresters. Retires 1289 Fire Control, Now for Forest — Alfred Gaskill 1512 Fire Patrol in California. Airplane Forest — R. F. Hammatt. 1531 Fire Losses, Prevention of Forest — Smith Riley ll'lill Fire, The Glory of the Redwoods Threatened by — M. B. Pratt Ill:: 1'ires. Forest Destruction Prevented by Control of Surface —Joseph A. Kitts 1264 Fires Occur, Why and How Some Forest 1354 hires, The Northwest's Worst 1259 Fir, The — poem by Donald A. Fraser 1328 Fir, The Douglas — poem by Donald A. Fraser 1 178 Firm of Foresters, New 1566 Floors Made of Wood— Hu Maxwell 1348 Floods in China, Forests and — H. H. Chapman 835 Florida, The Gopher Tortoise of— R. W. Shufeldt I486 Flowers of Maryland and West Virginia, State 1524 Flowers, Phytophotography — Or the Science of Photo- graphing— R. W. Shufeldt (059 For Them a Tree Is Planted There 1468 For Them a Tree Stands There 1268 Foreign Nursery Stock Inspection ]076 Foreign Students of Forestry in America 1525 Forest Casualties of Our Allies — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 899 Forest lode and the Regime Forestier, The — W. B. Greeley. 1451 GENERAL INDEX— Continued. id Page Forest Cutting, Control of Private Forest — W. Darrow Clark 818 Forest Destruction Prevented by Control of Surface Fires — Joseph A. Kitts 1264 Foresf Engineers, The — Henry S. Graves 110!) Forest Fire Control, Now For — Alfred Gaskill 1542 Forest Fire Patrol in California, Airplane — R. F. Hammatt. 1531 Forest Investigation 1218 Forest Losses on the Italian Front — Nelson Courtlandt Brown ." 1315 Forest Opportunity on Pine Lands in the South — F. W. Eesley 983 Forest Plantation Upon Pikes Peak, National — Smith Riley 1465 Forest Policy of France — Its Vindication — W.B.Greeley.. 1379 Forest Research — In The War and After — Earle H. Clapp. 947 Forest Restoration in Belgium 1477 Forest School News (Department of Magazine) ... .1372 ; 1425; 1496; 1560 Fprest Service Offers Photographic Exhibits 1426 Foresters and Lumbermen Home from France — David T. Mason 1187 Foresters Edition of American Forestry, Announcement of. 1464 Foresters, Jobs for Returning Lumbermen and 1159 Forestry and Horticulture, Highway — Henry W. Hulbert.. 1059 Forestry and Patience — Quincy R. Craft 1470 Forestry as a Vocation — H. H. Chapman 1075 Forestry Congress, New England 942 Forestry Corps Work in France, Canadian — Roland Hill... 1199 Forestry Digest. .. .788 ; 881; 1008; 1296; 1356; 1408; 1490; 1553 Forestry, Extension Work in — A. F. Hawes 1479 Forestry For Boys and Girls — By E. G. Cheyney : Squeakv Chipmunk Learns Something About Pine Seeds 790 Squeaky Chipmunk Collects Some Seed 856 Squeaky Chipmunk Makes a Discovery 1008 Squeaky Chipmunk Finds Two More Vandals 1290 Squeaky Chipmunk Sees a New Enemy 1473 Forestry in Dixie 861 Forestry, Insects in Their Relation to— R. W. Shufeldt.... 1221 Forestry Pursuits for Disabled Mem 883 Forestry — Relation of Wood to the Development of Civili- zation— William Carson 1297 Forestry Situation in New South Wales, The 862 Forestry — The National Army and Training in — James W. Tourney 816 Forestry Units. A Letter from Chaplain Williams of the.. 885 Forestry? Why Not a Secretary of — Frank W. Rane 1546 Forests and Floods in China — Herman H. Chapman 835 Forests and the Water Supply, National — Samuel T. Dana. 1507 Forests Blighted by the Hun, Belgium's — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale ....'. 1251 Forests in the War, French — Barrington Moore 1113 Forests in the War, Strategic Importance of — J. Demor- laine 1040 Forests, The Guardian of Our — Alice Spencer Cook 1329 Forests, Tracts Added to 1550 Forty Maples — Poem 1356 Forward with Tree Planting — Charles Lathrop Pack 985 France, A Lesson from— Ralph H. Faulkner 1155 France, Canada to Help— Ell wood Wilson 1057 France, Canadian Forestry Corps Work in — Roland Hill.. 1199 France, Foresters and Lumbermen Home from — David T. Mason 1187 France — Its Vindication. The Forest Policy of — W. B. Greeley 1379 France. The American Lumberjack in — W. B. Greeley 1093 France. The Meeting of New and Old World Logging Methods in the Fir Forests of — W. C. Lowdermilk 1534 France, To Help Reforest 789 Freedom. In the F'urrows of — Charles Lathrop Pack 918 French Forests for our Army — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale.. 963 French Forests in the War — Barrington Moore 1113 Fuel. Cutting Wood for 1536 Fuel Wood by Weight, Sell 1012 Fund. The Welfare 1163 Furrows of Freedom. In the — Charles Lathrop Pack 918 Garden of the Brave, A — poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens.. 1220 Gardens! Victory — Charles Lathrop Pack 771 Gathering the Spinulose Shield Fern — Frank B. Tucker... 1226 'ia Training Foresters for the War Department 1080 Page Giant Redwood, The— poem by M. J. Riordan 1450 Glory of the Redwood Threatened by Fire, The— M. B. Pratt 1443 Gopher Tortoise of Florida, The— R. W. Shufeldt 1465 Grating Solves City Tree Problem 858 Great Tree Maker", "The U58 Grow, When Trees— J. S. Illick 1386 Guardian of Our Forests, The— Alice Spencer Cook 1329 Guarding Forests Near Broadway 1552 Gulls and Terns, The— A. A. Allen 1291 Harmless Fire-Bug, The— poem by E. G. Cheyney 792 Harnessing a River— Guy E. Mitchell.". 1480 Herons, The— A. A. Allen 1228 Highway Forestry and Horticulture— Henry W. Hulbert.. 1059 Highways, Trees and the— Philip P. Sharpies 1415 Historic Trees, Lecture on 1246 Hoboken Sheet, Old Tenth Engineers 886 Honor Roll— Memorial Trees, National. .1204 ; 1270; 1333; 1433; 1494; 1564 Horticulture, Highway Forestry and — Henry W. Hulbert.. 1059 Houston Urges Protection of the Forests, Secretary 822 How the American Army Got its Wood — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 1137 Huge Chestnut Felled by Dynamite 1484 Hun, Belgium's Forests Blighted by the — Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 1251 Idaho For More National Forests (Editorial) 944 In the Furrows of Freedom — Charles Lathrop Pack 918 Insects in Their Relation to Forestry— R. W. Shufeldt 1221 Introduce Yourself to an Ax ! 787 Investigation, Forest 1218 Irving Along the Croton Aqueduct, With Washington — J. Otis Swift 1066 Italian Front, Forest Losses on — Nelson C. Brown 1315 Italian Government Buys Timber 844 Jobs for Returning Lumbermen and Foresters 1159 Kentucky, Forest Reserve for 1220 Kiln and Conservation, The Dry — E. W. Treen 1551 Kiln Drying Oak for Vehicles 911 Landscape Architecture in Our National Forests and Parks — S. R. DeBoer 1459 Large Trees, Transplanting 1198 Lesson From France, A — Ralph H. Faulkner 1155 Letter from Chaplain Williams of the Forestry Units.... 885 Let Trees Tell Their Glory, Not Our Sorrow 1057 Limbs, Wooden Artificial — Hu Maxwell 807 Lincoln Memorial University 1308 Locust, The Seventeen- Year— R. W. Shufeldt 1285 Locust Trees from Borers, Protect 1243 Logging Methods in the Fir Forests of France, The Meet- ing of New and Old World — W. C. Lowdermilk 1534 Losses, Prevention, of Forest Fire — Smith Riley 1260 Louisiana, Forestry in 1018 Lowden Endorses Tree Planting, Governor 876 Lumberjack in France, The American — W. B. Greeley 1093 Lumbermen and Foresters, Jobs for Returning 1159 Lumbermen Home From France, Foresters and — David T. Mason 1187 Loons and Grebes, The — A. A. Allen 1419 Maine Woods, Table of Native 1308 Maker" "The Great Tree 1158 Mandrakes ; Wild Lupine and Notes on the American Snap- ping Turtle— R. W. Shuefeldt 995 Maples, Forty— (Poem) 1356 Marketing Woodland Products, Ten Helps in 817 Maryland. Spring in — poem by John Ferguson 1045 Meaning, Monuments With A 1045 Meeting-House, Renascence of The Modern — Joy Wheeler Dow 819 Meeting of New and Old World Logging Methods in the Fir Forests of FVance, The — W. C. Lowdermilk 1534 Meeting, The Annual 1530 Memorial to Our Soldiers and Sailors, Roadside Planting as a— R. B. Faxon 864 Memorial Tree, Washington's First 984 Memorial Trees 1201 Memorial Trees in 1920 1537 Memorial Trees, Enthusiasm for 863 Memorial Trees Planted for Soldiers and Sailors 913 Memorial Trees, National Honor Roll. 1204; 1270; 1333; 1433; 1494; 1564 GENERAL INDIA Continued. Page Memorials, Trees for 7i9 Mexi( -.mrre of Timber — Austin !•'. MacDonald. . . . 1861 Mighty Tree, A (Frontispiece poem) 770 Minnesota Offers Course in Lumber Uses, University of 1207 Monument! with ■ Meaning 104G Mountain, Thunder — Henry S. Graves 907 Mysteries and Revelations of the Plant World— D. Lange. . 1273 ■ loon Willow" Dving Mil Narcissus Bulbs, Fall is the Time to Plant 1308 National Army and Training in Forestry, The— James W. Toumey ,v: ' ' • National Forest Plantation Upon Pikes Peak— Smith Riley. 1485 National Forest Policy— The Proposed Legislation— Henry S. Graves 1281 National Forest Policy— Discussion : The Proposed Legislation, by Henry S. Graves 1281 A Discussion of Methods— R. S. Kellogg 1282 Pennsylvania's Opinion — George H. Wirt 1283 Control of Growing Forests — Alfred Gaskill 1281 Forest Economics : Some Thoughts on an old Sub- ject— Wilson Compton 1337 Mandatory Control Opposed — E. A. Sterling 1339 Publicity Education Necessary — R. S. Maddox 1340 A Lumberman's Viewpoint — Everitt G. Griggs 1340 Leaseholds Interfere — G. L. Hume 1341 No Half-Way Policies— J. E. Barton..: 1341 A Forest Policy Badly Needed — Ellwood Wilson 1342 A Policy of Forestry for the Nation — Henry S. Graves 1401 A Program for Private Forestry — H. H. Chapman... 1405 Let all Sides be Heard— R. D. Forbes 1406 Forest Economics — H. H. Chapman 1473 Classification of Lands and Our Forest Policy — George Drolet 1475 Box Manufacturers Resolve 1475 A Forest Policy — Frank L. Moore 1476 National Lumber Manufacturers Resolve 1544 A National Forest Policy — The American Paper and Pulp Association 1544 Resolutions by the New York Conference on a National Forest Policy 1545 National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees 1204 National Forest Policy, Why and How. A 1049 National Forests, Airplane Patrol in 1244 National Forests and Parks, Landscape Architecture in Our — S. R. DeBoer 1459 National Forests and the Water Supply — Samuel T. Dana.. 1507 National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees.. 1204; 1270; 1333; 1433; 1494; 1564 National Lumber Congress, A 891 National Park to Honor Roosevelt, A 855 Natural History Department— By R W. Shufeldt Plants that Occur in Both North and South Atlantic States ; Together with Notes on the American Sparrow Hawk 801 February — And Plant Life Still Sleeps in Northern Climes ' 868 Various Parasitic Plants: With an Owl Story 937 Mandrakes; Wild Lupine, and Notes on the Ameri- can Snapping Turtle 995 Phytophotography — Or the Science of Photographic Flowers 1069 Insects in their Relation to Forestry 1221 The Seventeen-Year Locust 1285 The Gopher Tortoise of Florida 1465 An Interesting Spider from Florida 1481 The Racoons of North America 1531 Nature in the Nude 1525 Nepperhan Valley in Winter Time. Walks in the Woods, The— J. Otis Swift 853 New Brunswick Forest Service Staff Conference— Ellwood Wilson 1080 New England Forestry Congress 942 New England Mills, Scotch Lumber Cut by 1235 New South Wales. The Forestry Situation in 862 New York Forestry and Reconstruction 880 North America, The Raccons of— R. W. Shufeldt '.'. 153] Northern Climes— February and Plant Life Still Sleens in -R. W. Shufeldt .... ggg Page Norway, American Lumber for 950 Nurseryman Believes in Dynamite — O. B. Strayer 1536 Nursery Stock Inspection, Foreign 1076 Nut Trees, Uses of the Brazil — C. H. Pearson 7^.' Oak" The "Wye Mills— H. S. Clopper 1482 Oddities in Tree Stems — Eliza F. Andrews 1476 Old Tenth Engineers Hoboken Sheet 'SSt> Paid in Full— C II. Shattuck 1219 Palisades in the Interstate Park. Summer Walks in the Woodland. Along the— J. Otis Swift 13 Paper, Conservation of 1356 Parasitic Plants; With an Owl Story, Various R. W. Shufeldt 937 Park. California's Redwood — Arthur A. Taylor 1 146 Patience, Forestry and — Quincy R. Craft 1470 Patriotism, Protecting Birds as an Act of — Moody B. Gates 1063 Paulownia Tomentosa Tree, The — Robert Sparks Wake:., i. Pennsylvania, A Decade of Private I'orest Planting in — J. S. Illick 1538 Pennsylvania, Free Trees for Planting in 852 Photographing Flowers, Phytophotography — Or the Science of— R. W. Shufeldt 1069 Pictorial Memorial Trees 1537 Piedmont Regions, Erosion in the Appalachian and — R. O. E. Davis , 1350 Pigeons Aid Foresters, Carrier 1504 Pigeons to Protect Forests 1306 Pikes Peak, National Forest Plantation Upon — Smith Riley 1165 Pine Growth in the South, Slash — Wilbur R. Mattoon.... 1545 Pine Lands in the South, Forest Opportunity on — F. \Y. Besley 983 Pines, The — poem by Lew R. Sarett 1314 Planting as a Memorial To our Soldiers and Sailors, Road- side—R. B. Faxon 864 Plant a Beech — poem by Lollie Belle Wylie 1474 Planting, City Tree— Aldo Leopold 1295 Planting, Forward with Tree — Charles Lathrop Pack 985 Planting in Pennsylvania. A Decade of Private Forest — J. S. Illick 1538 Planting Trees In a New Way 1018 Plant-Life Still Sleeps in Northern Climes — February and — R. W. Shufeldt 868 Plant World, Mysteries and Revelations of the — D. Lange. . 1273 Planted There. For them a Tree is 1468 Plants That Occur in Both North and South Atlantic States : Together with Notes on the American Sparrow Hawk— R. W. Shufeldt 801 Plants ; With an Owl Story, Various Parasitic — R. W. Shufeldt 937 Plovers, The— A. A. Allen 877 Policy of Forestry for the Nation, A — Henry S. Graves.... 1401 Policy — Why and How, A National Forest 1049 Porto Rico is Planned, Reforestation of 1501 Possibilities of Farm Woodland Development Under the Smith-Lever Act— C. R. Tillotson 785 Prevention of Forest Fire Losses — Smith Riley 1260 Private Forest Planting in Pennsylvania, A Decade of — J. S. Illick 1538 Prize Offer for Forestry Essay 1562 Profit. Pruning for— Will C. Barnes 798 Protecting Birds as an Act of Patriotism — Moody B. Gates. 1063 Pruning for Profit— Will C. Barnes 798 Pyrenees, Scouting for Timber in the — R. Y. Stuart 1193 Quebec, Seaplanes to be used for Forest Fire Patrol Work in 1238 Racoons of North America, The— R. W. Shufeldt 1531 Rails, Gallinules and Coots— A. A. Allen 1001 Redwood Park, California's — Arthur A. Taylor 1446 Redwood, The Giant — poem by M. J. Riordon 1450 Redwoods Threatened by Fire, The Glory of the — M. B- Pratt 1443 Reforest France, To Help 789 Reforestation of Porto Rico is Planned 1504 Regime Forestier, The Forest Code and the — W. B. Greeley 1451 Remembrance," "Roads of 1334 Remembrance," The Community and "Roads of 1416 Renascence of the Modern Meeting-House — Joy Wheeler Dow 819 Reorganization in Massachusetts (Editorial) 943 GENERAL INDEX— Continued. Page Research— In the War and After, Forest— Earle H. Clapp. 947 River, Harnessing A — Guy E. Mitchell 1480 "Roads of Remembrance" 1334 "Roads of Remembrance," The Community and 1416 Roadside Planting as A Memorial to Our Soldiers and Sailors — R. B. Faxon 864 Roosevelt, A National Park to Honor 855 "Roosevelt" — poem by McLandburgh Wilson 789 Roosevelt the Conservationist 788 Rothrock. A Tribute to Dr. J. T ,„'. 1458 Sale of Surplus Farm Timber Adds to Cash Returns from Land 817 Sandpipers, The — A. A. Allen 793 Saw, The New Spring 844 Seaplanes to be Used for Forest Fire Patrol Work in Quebec 1238 Secretary of Forestry? Why Not A— Frank W. Rane 1546 Sentinels of the Forest 1489 Service of the Trees, The — poem by W. R. Benet 1467 Seventeen- Year Locust, The — R. W. Shufeldt 1285 Scotch Lumber Cut by New England Units 1234 Scouting for Timber in the Eastern Pyrenees — R. Y. Stuart 1193 Slash pine Growth in the South— Wilbur R. Mattoon 1547 Smith-Lever Act, The Possibilities of Woodland Develop- ment Under the — C. R. Tillotson 785 Soldiers and Sailors, Memorial Trees Planted for 913 Soldiers and Sailors, Roadside Planting as a Memorial to Our— R. B. Faxon 874 South, Forest Opportunity on Pine Lands in the — F. W. Besley %3 South. Slash Pine Growth in the— Wilbur R. Mattoon 1547 Southern Forestry Congress, The Second 1566 Spider from Florida, An Interesting— R. W. Shufeldt 1481 Spinulose Shield Fern, Gathering the— Frank B. Tucker.. 1226 Spring in Maryland — poem by John Ferguson 1044 Spring Saw, The New 844 Spruce Tree 573 Years Old 1363 Squeaky Chipmunk Makes a Discovery— E. G. Cheyney... 1006 Squeaky Chipmunk Learns Something About Pine Seeds — E. G. Cheyney 790 Squeaky Chipmunk Collects Some Seed— E. G. Cheyney.. 856 Squeaky Finds Two More Vandals— E. G. Cheyney 1290 Squeaky Chipmunk Sees a New Enemy 1472 State Flowers of Maryland and West Virginia 1524 State News: (Department of Magazine) ....1299; 1364 ; 1432 ; 1495; 1555 Summer Walks Along the Palisades in the Interstate Park —J. Otis Swift 1358 Surface Fires. Forest Destruction Prevented by Control of —Joseph A. Kitts 1264 Starving to Death, Central Park Trees— Charles Lathrop Pack 1391 Stems, Oddities in Tree — Eliza F. Andrews 1476 Strategic Importance of Forests in the War — J. Demor- laine 1040 Students of Forestry in America, Foreign 1525 Syracuse College of Forestry Exhibit 1488 Tree Stands There, For Them a 1268 Tree Stems, Oddities in— Eliza F. Andrews 1476 Tree, The Wishing — J. R. Simmons 1205 Trees and the Highways — Philip P. Sharpies 1415 Trees as Wireless Towers 1058 Trees for Memorials 779 Trees Grow, When— J. S. Illick 1386 Terms Used in Farm Forestry 1342 Terns, The Gulls and— A. A. Allen 1291 The Federal Income Tax and the Forest Industries — David T. Mason ; 1469 Thunder Mountain — Henry S. Graves 907 Timber Census in the North-Eastern States, The — A. B. Recknagel 792 Timber Cruising — P. L. Lyford 1482 Timber in the Eastern Pyrenees, Scouting for — R. Y. Stuart 1193 Timber, Mexico As a Source of — Austin F. MacDonald... 1361 Tortoise of Florida, The— R. W. Shufeldt 1465 Towers, Trees as Wireless 1058 Training in Forestry, The National Army and — James W. Tourney 816 Transplanting Large Trees Travels of an English Christmas Tree— Clara L. West...! Tree, Church Built from one— H- E. Zimmerman Trees in 1920, Memorial (Pictorial)....*. Trees, Memorial Trees Planted For Soldiers and Sailors, Memorial Trees, The Service of the— poem by W. R. Benet Tri-State Forestry Conference Trenton's Bird House Building Contest— M. M. Burris ! Turtle. Mandrakes, Wild Lupine and Notes on the Ameri- can Snapping— R. W. Shufeldt Tussock Moth Caterpillar Campaign— M. M. Burris ', Twentieth Engineers (Forestry) Organization of Record of Development and Production Employment Application Sheet The Welfare Fund ,, Uncle Sam, Lumberman, Canal Zone— W. H. Babbitt Uses of the Brazil-Nut Tree— C. H. Pearson ..." Various Parasitic Plants ; With an Owl Story— R. W Shu- feldt Vehicle Manufacture, Wood Used in— Hu Maxwell Versatility of Wood Victory Gardens !— Charles Lathrop Pack Vocation, Forestry as a— H. H. Chapman Wales, The Forestry Situation in New South Walks in the Woods— J. Otis Swift ., The Nepperhan Valley in Winter Time "Around Robin Hood's Barn," to the Grassy Sprain Wood Along the Croton Aqueduct— With Washington Irving Walnuts for Planting, Gather War and After. Forest Research In the— Earle H. Clapp. '. War, French Forests in the— Barrington Moore War Service of the American Forestry Association War's Destruction of British Forests— Percival Sheldon Ridsdale Washington's First Memorial Tree. Waterfowl, The— A. A. Allen Water Supply, National Forests and— Samuel T. Dana Weeks Law Policy, The Welfare Fund, The What "They Say" .' .'. 1016 ; 1375 ; When Trees Grow — J. S. Illick Why and How Some Forest Fires Occur Why- Not a Secretary of Forestry? — F. W. Rane Why We Need More Forest Research (Editorial)... Why Wood is Best— Alfred Gaskill Williams of the Forestry Units, A Letter from Chaplain Winter, Care for the Birds in Wireless Phone in Forest Work Wireless Towers, Trees as Wishing Tree, The — J. R. Simmons Wood by Weight, Sell Fuel Wood, Floors Made of — Hu Maxwell Wood for Fuel, Cutting Wood is Best, Why— Alfred Gaskill ,..., Wood Used in Vehicle Manufacture — Hu Maxwell Wood, Uses of — Hu Maxwell Wooden Artificial Limbs Wood Used in Vehicle Manufacture Fencing Materials from Forests Wooden Boats and Their Manufacture Wood Used in the Cooperage Industry Floors Made of Wood Wood, Versatility of Wooden Artificial Limbs — Hu Maxwell Wooden Boats and Their Manufacture — Hu Maxwell Wooden Ships "Wye Mills Oak" The— H. S. Clopper Page 1198 1523 1450 1537 1201 913 1467 1565 859 995 1217 1110 1111 1160 1163 1265 782 937 845 1567 771 1075 8G2 853 1009 1066 792 947 1113 1158 1027 984 931 1507 1586 1163 1426 1386 1354 1546 1237 991 885 781 1375 1058 1205 1012 1343 1536 991 845 807 845 923 973 1208 1343 1567 807 973 888 1482 Woodland Development Under the Smith-Lever Act, The Possibilities of— C. R. Tillotson 785 /I I AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor July 1919 Vol. 25 CONTENTS No. 307 iiiiiiinin JMM K • ,'- r*&& *' v' s^™ 1 i ^0' fp^ J*«t'*.*2i 1^ - 1* t*' A BEAUTY SPOT ON LAKE TAHOE This is a typical road, lake and mountain scene in the wonderful Tahoe country in Nevada. Foresters and Lumbermen Home From France — By D. T. Mason and P. S. Ridsdale 1187 With nine illustrations. Scouting for Timber in the Eastern Pyrenees — By R. Y. Stuart 1193 With five illustrations. Transplanting Large Trees 1198 Canadian Forestry Corps Work in France^By Roland Hill 1199 With two illustrations. Memorial Trees 1201 With three illustrations. National Honor Roll — Memorial Trees 1204 The Wishing Tree— By J. R. Simmons 1205 With one illustration. Photographing Forests From the Air — By Lieut. Lewis 1206 With two illustrations. University of Minnesota Offers Course in Lumber Uses 1207 The Uses of Wood — Wood Used in the Cooperage Industry — By Hu Maxwell 1208 With nineteen illustrations. Tussock Moth Caterpillar Campaign — By M. M. Burris 1217 With three illustrations. Forest Investigation 1218 Paid in Full— By C. H. Shattuck 1219 With one illustration. A Garden of the Brave — Poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens 1220 More Airplane Patrols for National Forests 1220 The Roosevelt Redwood 1220 Insects in Their Relation to Forestry— By R. W. Shufeldt 1221 With seven illustrations. Gathering the Spinulose Shield Fern— By Frank B. Tucker 1226 With five illustrations. The Herons— By A. A. Allen 1229 With fifteen illustrations. Scotch Lumber Cut by New England Mills 1235 Editorial: Why We Need More Forest Research 1237 Seaplanes to Be Used for Forest Fire Patrol Work in Quebec — By Ellwood Wilson 1238 Book Reviews , 1240 Canadian Department — By Ellwood Wilson 1241 Protect Locust Trees From Borers 1243 Airplane Patrol in National Forests 1244 Current Literature 1245 Lecture on Historic Trees 1247 Entered as second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Washington, under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by the American Forestry Association. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage nrovided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918. A VIEW OF THE TOWN OF QUILLAN, EASTERN PYRENEES, WHICH MAJOR STUART DECLARES IS THE HOME OF THE A \lfc\\ ut int. iuw» ^RE«,CH COqKS and of a HiGH grade of pate DES FOIE GRAS (PAGE 1193) BEST THE ENTRANCE OF THE RIVICR A> HI NEAR QUILLAN, EASTERN PYRENEES, INTO THE GORGE WHICH ITSELF EN ROUTE TO THE SEA (PAGE 1193) IT HAS CARVED FOR pillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllW I AMERICAN FORESTRY I VOL. XXV JULY, 1919 W, IlilllllllllllilllM NO. 307 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii FORESTERS AND LUMRERMEN HOME FROM FRANCE BY MAJOR DAVID T. MASON, 20th ENGINEERS (FORESTRY) AND PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, EDITOR OF AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE PRACTICALLY all of the foresters and lumbermen sent to France as members of the Twentieth En- gineers (Forestry) have returned home and been discharged from the service. They came back with the knowledge that they accomplished the job which was given them, that of supplying the United States Army with all the lumber and fuel wood it required, in a man- ner which won the admiration of all who know of the unceasing demands made upon them and of the difficul- ties which they had to overcome. They worked with the spirit which wins success and they return with an expe- rience and a training which will greatly increase their ability and render them much more capable than they ever were before of doing whatever work is assigned to them. The men who before the war were employed by the Forest Service will return to the Service in the same or better positions, those who gave up jobs with lumber companies learn that their jobs or better ones are waiting for them, and men of other vocations who joined the forestry and lumber regiment will have no difficulty in obtaining work, for their two years' training in France has made them better men in every way. The first of these forest and lumber troops arrived in France in October, 1917. The units comprised approxi- mately twelve hundred men. By the end of the month the several detachments into which the regiment was divided were at work in forests in eastern, southwestern, northwestern and central France. During the long wait for the sawmill equipment there was much preliminary work to be done, such as establishing camps, building roads, cutting and decking logs. A number of small French mills were leased or bought to start lumber pro- duction. The other units began to arrive at their stations MARITIME PINE LOGS BEING UNLOADED FROM NARROW GAUGE CARS INTO MILL POND IN PINE FORESTS IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE. AMERICAN 20- M MILL IN BACKGROUND 1187 1188 AMERICAN FORESTRY in France in December, 1918, and there was a steady flow of forest and lumber troops from America to France until by midsummer, 1918, there were about eighteen thousand Americans at work in the French forests. From the small amount of timber produced at first the output increased rapidly until for the month of Septem- ber, 1918, it consisted of forty-two million feet of sawn material, including four hundred forty thousand railway ties, of thirty-six hundred pieces of piling mostly over fifty feet long, of five hundred sixty thousand poles and of thirty-eight thousand cords of fuel. By this time there were eighty-one American sawmills at work. But able record in lumber production. At Pontenx, a lumber camp near Bordeaux, a set of curves showed graphically just what each shift at each mill accomplished each day ; each shift and each mill was trying for the high record, and the palm often changed hands. High monthly rec- ords were more prized than high daily records. To keep up the interest between districts in which the lumber- jacks were working, the central office of the regiment at Tours sent out each month the records for each of the eighty-one American mills finally operating in France. The best single day record is that of the twenty-M INTERIOR OF AN AMERICAN SAW MILL IN FRANCE, SHOWING ONE OF THE LOG CARRIERS WHICH THE FRENCH CHILDREN NEVER TIRED OF WATCHING still the prospective timber demands of the ever increas- ing American Army were not fully assured, and when the armistice brought fighting to an end in November work was well under way in the United States to more than double the number of forestry troops in France, and units amounting to twenty-four thousand men were being organized. Americans never work so happily and effectively as when they make a game of the job and compete with some one else or some other group doing the same sort of work. This characteristic helped win the war by driving more rivets and building ships faster than such work had been done before ; it helped in France building warehouses, unloading vessels and in reducing salients ; it was a valuable asset in the forest operations of the Twentieth Engineers (Forestry), which made a remark- mill at Levier in the Vosges. This mill, which had been overhauled and improved somewhat, cut 163,000 feet in twenty-four hours. The many other good records made by American mills in other parts of France, as well as the many different types of forest encountered and the different methods of operation will make the his- tory of the Twentieth Engineers an exceedingly inter- esting one. Before the work of the lumber regiment was well under way in the Landes a few small political clouds appeared momentarily in the sky. Timber was being acquired rapidly, but under the policy that not more than one year's cut would be bought ahead of any single mill ; the delay in the arrival of equipment made it look for a time as though the regiment would fall far behind the program ; some of the French were skeptical of the abil- FORESTERS AND LUMBERMEN HOME FROM FRANCE 1189 A LARGE LOAD OF MARITIME PINE LOGS OX AN AMERICAN MOTOR TRUCK IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE ity of the mills to cut even as much as the rated capacity. Peasants dependent upon the resin industry were fright- ened for fear that the Americans would destroy their means of livelihood by cutting too much timber. Timber merchants who hoped to sell timber to the Americans at fabulous prices were having their toes pinched by that effective steam roller — the requisition — which took the timber required at a reasonable price fixed by the French forest officers. Complaints were heard in the French Chamber of Deputies (corresponding to the Congress of the United States). The officers of the regiment were reminded of the early days of the Forest Service in America, when certain senators and congressmen were accustomed to make the most wild and ridiculous state- ments in the halls of Congress about the work of the Forest Service. Among the alleged acts of the Ameri- cans were the devastating of enormous areas of timber land by unrestricted cutting, the clearing of camp sites by the use of fire which escaped and ran for miles, and other equally indefensible acts. One of the chief mourn- . 20th REGIMENT MEN TRANSPORTING LOGS, BY MEANS OF "BIG WHEELS," TO THE BANK OF THE COURANT RIVER, AUREILHAN OPERATION, NEAR PONTENX, LANDES, FRANCE 1190 AMERICAN FORESTRY ers was a timber merchant from Landes. The Minister of Agriculture agreed to send his Inspector General of Forests to look into the troubles. The Inspector General and a party of French forest officers arrived at Pontenx to visit the American opera- tions. They went over the ground carefully, but found no evidences of ruthless devastation. They found that fire had been carefully controlled, that the methods of cutting the forest followed absolutely those employd by the French. They were much interested in the work of driving the Courant River, and especially in the scheme camps; the kitchen was reached just in time to see the cook take a big batch of fine brown cookies from the oven; the hot cookies were greatly enjoyed, for such things were then forbidden in French civil life. A loaf of white bread, practically unknown in France for three years, was given to the Inspector General ; this was a most acceptable gift and was very pleasantly received. After this visit no more complaints of American methods were heard. The French sawmills, several of which were leased or bought for American use during the first few months CANAL AND CAR BRINGING LOGS UP TO THE HOIST INTO TH k LANDES, of drying out the trees in advance, for apparently the practice of driving loose logs was unknown in the streams of France. The larger mills were cutting at a rate astonishing to the French, for they were even greatly exceeding the regiment's own expectations. The mechanical ingenuity, the power, and the rapidity with which logs were reduced to lumber was admired by the French. They shrugged their shoulders, however, at the thick circular saws, for it gave them real pain to see so much of their precious wood going into sawdust ; a few moments, later, fortunately, their faces brightened when they saw the sawdust automatically fed into the "dutch ovens" as fuel, for the French are accustomed to drive their sawmills by power secured from the valuable slabs and edgings while the sawdust is generally a total loss. A little later the party was shown through one of our E AUREILHAN MILL OF THE 20th ENGINEERS NEAR PONTEXX. FRANCE after the regiment reached France, were objects of con- siderable curiosity to Americans. Although a few of these mills are housed in permanent brick buildings in connection with turpentine stills, the typical mill of the region was a very portable affair readily moved about from one small cutting area to another. Usually the main saw, which is frequently the only saw, is a very thin, narrow band saw ; sometimes a thin circular saw is used instead. The short logs, ten feet or less' in length, are placed by hand on the light saw carriage ; a crank turned by hand feeds the log against the saw. The lum- ber is edged on a very small, light carriage, which runs past the opposite side of the band saw from that on which the log is sawn ; the board is held down on the edger carriage by a hook at one end and by the hand of the operator at the other. Generally no trimming is FORESTERS AND LUMBERMEN HOME FROM FRANCE 1101 done. One of the mill hands carries the sawdust away in a basket. The mill is operated by a ten or twelve horse power engine. Ordinarily about four people are employed at such a mill, and they produce from two to three thousand feet of lumber per day. Many of the workers are women. In the woods, the logs are usually cut in lengths less than ten feet long to facilitate handling them at the mill and loading them upon the two-wheel carts which haul them to the mill. The logs are peeled in the woods and are given a chance to dry out to some extent ; this lightens the logs for handling and also makes sawing easier. An American notes at once the close utilization of the timber and the large amount of human rather than me- chanical labor used in French operations. The very high which can be worked hard and forced to yield a large daily production ; and these were days when a big output was wanted, even at the cost of some raw material. The first American mill to operate in the Landes was a ten-M mill which started sawing lumber at the Bellevue camp on the last day of 1917. In addition to the head, saw, this mill was equipped with edger and trim saws ; there was a blower to remove the sawdust. When this mill caught its stride it cut an average of twenty-seven thousand feet of lumber in the two ten-hour shifts. Its record cut was thirty-nine thousand seven hundred feet in one twenty-hour day. One night an accident to the engine stopped the mill ; fortunately there was available a French engine with just about enough power to operate the head saw ; this engine was placed at the end of the MAI ;e logs decked at a m-m American mill in the sand dune country of southwestern France timber values and the low labor costs account for this situation. Just before the war, the French forest laborer, if a man, received from sixty cents to a dollar twenty cents, depending upon his skill, for ten to eleven hours' work per day; he lived at home and furnished his own food. The rate of pay for women was much lower. Dur- ing the war a muleteer was locally considered a "veri- table millionaire;" he demanded three dollars and a half for a day's work for himself, his team of mules and cart, whereas before he had received only half as much. The sawmills manufactured in the United States and sent to France for the use of the forest troops were in three standard sizes ; the bolter mill for small, short logs had a capacity of five thousand feet of lumber in ten hours; the "ten-M" mill had a rated capacity of ten thousand feet in ten hours ; and the "twenty-M" mill was designed to cut twenty thousand feet in a ten hour shift. All of these mills used circular saws, which cut a far heavier saw curf than the French mills; it is charac- teristic of Americans to use strong, heavy machinery mill, the belt was run across the log deck to the driving pulley of the head saw, and the mill went merrily on for several days, until the regular engine was repaired, cut- ting and edging eighteen thousand feet of lumber per day on the head saw. When this mill finally ran out of timber, the orders were to move it to a tract of timber at Sabres, a place twenty-five miles away ; it was con- sidered that five days was a reasonable time within which to make the move ; but by careful planning and organiza- tion, this mill was sawing lumber once more at Sabres forty-seven hours after the sawdust stopped flying at Bellevue. The parts for the twenty-M mills arrived more slowly and it took more time to build them than in the case of the smaller mills. The twenty-M mill at Labroquette, near Pontenx, was the first in its class to operate in France. Two other mills of this size at Bourricos and Aureilhan completed the Pontenx group of mills. April 1, 1918, was the first day upon which all four of the mills of the district operated double shift ; on that day 1192 AMERICAN FORESTRY they cut one hundred sixty thousand feet of lumber. The Aureilhan operation was, on account of the variety of methods involved, perhaps the most interest- ing of any which Americans conducted in the Landes. The timber tributary to this mill lay partly in the sand dunes near the coast and partly on flat, sandy ground further inland. After the timber was felled and cut into logs, much of it was moved by big wheels, bummers or trucks direct to the Courant River; the more remote dune timber was delivered to a narrow gauge railway, upon which horse-drawn cars transported the logs to the river. The logs were then driven down the river for Aureilhan Lake is a pretty little sheet of water five or six square miles in area. It was formed only a few generations ago when the sand dunes blocked the river channel. It is said that the ancient village of Aureilhan was buried in the lake. The Aureilhan mill was set near the edge of the lake, and a small canal was dug to bring the logs to the mill during the low water stage. The mill was connected with the French railway system by a spur about a half mile long. Immediately after it was sawed most of the product of the mill was placed in cars for shipment. The Bourricos mill, to which the logs were delivered A TIE MILL OF THE 20th ENGINEERS about four miles, caught in a boom at the point where the river flows into Aureilhan Lake, and towed across the lake to the mill. The maritime pine is so pitchy, sappy and heavy that there was some doubt at first as to whether the logs would float; a few logs tested showed that they would float, but they rode so low in the water that special measures were taken to reduce the weight ; several months before the logs were needed at the mill, the trees were felled and left for some time with their branches attached ; the leaves continued to function, and so drew much of the water out of the stems of the trees. The stream driving had to be very carefully handled, for with the loose sand bottom and banks there was con- siderable danger that if jams were formed the water running past would scour out large amounts of sand and form shallows below. by a narrow gauge logging railway, was set so near the French railway that only a short loading spur was needed. In the case of the Bellevue and Labroquette mills, however, it was necessary to build about four miles of narrow gauge railway to deliver their product at the Pontenx shipping yard, where it was loaded upon the broad gauge cars for final shipment. This narrow gauge line ran along the main street of Pontenx; the villagers no doubt cursed it many times, for it was operated day and night to keep the mill yards clear, and the trainmen took fiendish delight in blowing the whistle of the dinkey locomotive when most people wanted to sleep. At one time for several days, while the locomotive was broken down, motor trucks were used to tow the trains of lumber in from the mills. During the early stages of the Pontenx operations SCOUTING FOR TIMBER IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES 1193 there was such difficulty in getting cars in which to ship the product that a considerable amount of storage space seemed necessary ; the Pontenx shipping yard was there- fore laid out with a capacity of about three million feet of lumber. Although about a million feet did accumu- late in the yard soon after the large mills began to operate, a more plentiful supply of main line cars soon reduced the stock. No attempt was made to grade, dry or surface the product ; the market was all that an Ameri- can lumberman could imagine in his rosiest dreams ; the army wanted more than could be supplied. The ship- ments from Pontenx consisted principally of sawn rail- way ties, road plank, lumber, piling, and fuel wood. In the Pontenx yard, a loading crane was constructed which did effective work in lifting fifteen hundred to two thou- sand feet of lumber or timber from the narrow gauge direct into the main line cars. The French freight car of standard size holds ten tons, or about five thousand feet of the green maritime pine lumber; this is only about one-fifth of the amount of lumber ordinarily loaded in an American freight car. At one time while railway cars were still scarce, a fleet of more than one hundred motor trucks was as- signed to the work of hauling lumber from the mills in the Landes to a point near Bordeaux; a three-ton truck would do the work of a standard freight car, for whereas the motor truck made a one hundred or a one hundred twenty mile round trip in a day the freight car would take several days to deliver its load near Bordeaux and to return to Pontenx. The branch line railway upon which the Pontenx and Mimizan groups of operations were located served eight American mills distributed from eight to thirty miles from its junction with the main line railway through the Landes. The American traffic on the branch line, which grew to seventy or eighty cars of lumber and other forest products per day, soon greatly exceeded the French use of the line. Several rather antiquated locomotives were hired from the French, and American train crews handled the American products as far as the main line junction point. One of the serious problems of the Pontenx operation was the disposal of the great quantities of slabs and edgings which rapidly accumulated at the mills. In France no one would think of sending such material to be burned on a refuse pile, as is so commonly done in America. The army needed enormous amounts of fuel ; the problem was not that of finding a market, but of securing labor to handle the material and cars in which to make shipments. A blast furnace and iron foundry, which had been in operation for one hundred twenty years at Pontenx, was working at capacity to produce shells for the Allied armies. This plant needed a lot of charcoal and wood, much of which it was shipping in by rail for considerable distances. A satisfactory deal was arranged with this company, under the terms of which the Americans obtained a splendid tract of standing tim- ber, and the munitions company received all of the fuel wood in tops and branches remaining from the logging operations, and all of the slabs and edgings not needed for local consumption. The company furnished all of the labor to handle the material, part of which was made into charcoal before it was hauled to the munitions plant. SCOUTING FOR TIMBER IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES BY MAJOR R. Y. STUART, 20th ENGINEERS (FORESTRY) THE general American impression of French forests is that they are like American parks in appearance and that their products are so readily accessible for transportation and utilization as to give value to the smallest twig. This idea is not unfounded since in most parts of France these conditions are representative. One is apt particularly to reach this conclusion if he does not leave the usual course in rail and road travel. But there are parts of the country, devoted to tree growth, which are less accessible and sustained a greater shake up in formation than those more usually seen by the tourist. Units of the 20th Engineers operated in parts of the Vosges, Jura and Central Plateau that brought to their minds vivid memories of overhead skidders and donkey engines employed on their last jobs in the States, methods which permit ready handling of the products and large outputs but not recognized in France as suit- able companions for forest protection. As the demand for timber among the Allies increased it became necessary to investigate the situation in every part of the country regardless of the question of accessibility, which, it must be conceded, is a relative factor. Lack- ing boats and other transportation to bring timber to France every available tract became a prospective operat- ing chance. Tracts which previously had been passed up as too inaccessible or difficult to exploit loomed large as possibilities within which to place a mill and crew. Any job that was practicable from an operating stand- point was booked for a coming forestry engagement. Opportunities of their kind were not lacking in that the Americans having been late comers and bearing a repu- tation for tackling difficult industrial problems brought up for consideration as logging chances tracts which were accumulating surplus growing stock on account of their relative inaccessibility. It had been determined by preliminary inquiry and in- vestigation that there were some excellent stands of timber in the Pyrenees, the Aude and Tarn, and the Alps regions, but their general location in relation to the points of use made them unattractive so long as the mills and men available could be kept engaged in more accessible operating centers. The rate at which the Americans 1194 AMERICAN FORESTRY QUILLAN. AUDE, IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES. THIS IS A GENERAL VIEW OF THE TOWN AND THE TIMBER DENUDED HILLS NEAR IT. THERE IS, HOWEVER, A LARGE SUPPLY OF GOOD TIMBER A SHORT DISTANCE FROM THE T0\V.\ landed and added to the already large demand for timber in the summer of 191 7 necessitated further and more careful consideration of these and other outlying regions as operating points. Accordingly, arrangements were made to scout for prospects throughout all of the South- ern Departments. To Captain P. A. Wilson, an exper- ienced British Columbia logger and mill man, and the writer was assigned the mission of covering the Depart- ments adjoining the Mediterranean from Toulouse, east to the Italian line. The most interesting prospect reported was on the Espezel Plateau, near Quillan, Aude. Captain R. C. Hall had been in that section in the early spring on a prelimi- nary reconnaissance from which it had been determined that the question was not whether the timber was there but rather whether it could be gotten out. Quillan is snugly situated on either bank of the Aude River, a short distance from its entrance into the gorge which it had carved for itself en route to the sea. From the town, surrounded by massive ranges, the timber situation did not look promising, but we were assured by the townsfolk that the prospect lay on the plateau above Quillan. A climb of 1,500 feet in 7 miles with an average grade of 4 per cent and numerous hairpin turns did not brighten our hopes of making a find. From the edge of the plateau one secured a general view of the timber pos- sibilities. Bounding the Espezel Valley were extensive ranges well timbered and apparently directly accessible from the valley floor. Our automobile indicator regis- tered 22 kilometers (14 miles) from Quillan, the nearest railroad point, whej» we reached the most accessible range. While the climb to the plateau and the distance to the shipping point continued to loom large in our calculations they were discounted somewhat when we gave attention to the timber itself. Others had also been impressed with the seriousness of the transportation factor for in no other way could one account for the retention of such fine stands in France. On the ranges encircling the plateau were exceptionally fine bodies of fir suitable in size and quality for the various war demands, including large products such as piling and structural timbers, so difficult to secure. We learned from the French foresters that a cut of approximately 194,000 cubic meters (48,500,000 feet B. M.) could be secured from the State Forests in the group in strict conformance with the customary French cutting methods. This cut represents roughly the yield from these forests for four years. To an American forester in Army khaki visiting them after the spring drive of the Boche it appeared that a cut of twice the amount estimated would leave the forests well prepared to supply timber against the needs from future Boche onslaughts. The trees were well cleared and symmetrical, ranging from 12 to 36 inches in diameter, from 100 to 300 years in age, and from 80 to 125 feet in height. We observed some areas which would cut 60,000 feet B. M. to the acre. One veteran of at least 48 inches in diameter and 135 feet in height was gaudily marked with a wide band of red paint, a mark of respect to his age and size. The Forest Brigadier expected all visitors in the region to go and see it. Some fungus and unutilized windfall, which are uncommon in French forests, were observed. Log- ging conditions were variable, the surface varying from SCOUTING FOR TIMBER IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES 1195 gentle and rock- free to boulder strewn and, in cases, pre- cipitous slopes. As a whole it was, as Captain Wilson expressed it "Some logging chance." We were convinced that the timber was there but the question of how to get it out was unanswered. That this could be done, and profitably, was evidenced by the fact that Spanish civilian contractors were hauling out four cubic meter (1,000 feet B. M.) loads of logs per trip to Quillan, from 20 to 35 kilometers (13 to 22 miles) distant, at from 25 to 35 francs per cubic meter. An average of two trips in three days was made, giving a return of approximately $28 per M feet B. M., or $19 a day. A pair of stout oxen, a heavy two-wheeled French the logs from stump to mill. A railroad was dismissed because of the heavy and expensive rock work entailed in reaching the plateau with consequent extended period of time for completion. The established road bed was too narrow and tortuous to permit a narrow gauge installation. There was no favorable location for an incline, such an' artificial arrangement not having been provided for by nature in forming the topography. A cable, well installed, would work to advantage if cable were available, but cable was as scarce in France as bon-bons. So it narrowed down to a horse job for the woods and motor trucks for the haul to the railroad point, with the oxen and two-wheeled carts as a reserve. The disappointment of the writer is SO NARROW IS THE GORGE THROUGH WHICH FLOWS THE RIVER AUDE, NEAR QUILLAN, IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES, THAT THE ROAD HAD TO BE TUNNELLED THROUGH THE ROCK cart and plenty of "vin rouge" in a goat skin sack con- stituted the transportation equipment. At first blush the method seemed antiquated and inefficient but after observ- ing the manoeuvring of animals and loads through and over almost impassable places for stock one was forced to the Ford conclusion that "it takes you there and gets you back." My belief was that, all factors, including cut- ting restrictions, considered, a copious supply of oxen, two wheeled carts, "vin rouge" and select Spanish woods phrases would be the most economical transportation method for the operation. The American mind naturally turns to machinery to assist in meeting engineering problems and the examiners in this instance were not exceptions. Railroad, incline and cable were all considered as a means of transporting that he could not have seen the competition which would have ensued between the Spanish and American con- testants for the road and capacity loads. The next prospect for investigation was some fir timber on the State Forests of Hares and Carcanet, about 20 miles above Axat on the Aude River. One follows the gorge previously mentioned in reaching these forests from Quillan and is more impressed with the attractive- ness of the country to the tourist in search of rushing streams and precipitous slopes than to the timberman in search of a mill prospect. Our earlier experience, how- ever, had taught us to reserve our decision until we were actually within the forest. The Hares and Carcanet were not so desirable as the forests in the Quillan group, but to those in need of 1196 AMERICAN FORESTRY timber they offered the opportunity of securing excellent material. The French foresters estimated that under their customary methods of marking for the type a cut of 86,000 M3 (34,000,000 feet, B. M.) would be secured, representing in this instance a cut of 90 M3 per hectare (9,000 feet, B. M., per acre). The average tree approxi- mated 20 inches in diameter and 70 feet in height, and of lower quality than at Quillan. Defect was more noticeable. The surface was exceedingly rough and uni- formly steep, which, with a lack of substantial forest roads, made the forests very questionable for operating except under war conditions. Some patient and thrifty Frenchmen were engaged in hauling logs from the vicin- growth. If his offer was in good faith he merits the sympathy of his countrymen ; if made in bad faith he has since learned that the buying of timber by the A. E. F. was not wholly a paper transaction. We learned of a tract of mountain pine near Mont Louis, Pyrenees Orientals, reported to contain from 80,000 M3 to 100,000 M3. Our trip to the tract from Axat was not without interest in that we picked up two French gendarmes en route to the nearest telephone, 12 miles, to report the escape of two Boche prisoners, who, presumably with a Spanish confederate, were headed for the border. It may be remarked that even under the favorable chances for concealment in the mountains of ANOTHER VIEW OF THE TERRITORY AROUND QUILLAN, IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES. HIGH PLATEAU NEAR THE CITY THE TIMBER IS MOSTLY ON THE ity to Axat with oxen, making two trips a week. The plan of operation outlined for the A. E. F. was to skid and haul the logs by carts to the main road where the logs would be loaded on the tractors or trucks for the haul down the canyon to the proposed mill site at Axat. An amusing, yet provoking, incident in connection with our timber examinations near Axat was an offer for sale of 3,000,000 M3 (750,000,000 feet, B. M.) by an enter- prising American who apparently wanted to do his coun- try a bit. His claim of title covered a scope of country worthy of a favored nobleman. Vigorous mountain climbing and the use of field glasses revealed the fact that the only merchantable timber within the area defined was that on the forest of Hares and Carcanet, title to which had passed to the State 20 years ago. The remain- ing area was mountain tops, gorges and slopes with scrub that region the odds are strongly against the Boche having escaped the vigilant gendarmes. The timber department of the French Army (Centre de Bois), had already secured a liberal cession of the moun- tain pine and were engaged in operating it when we reached there. We were informed of a controversy which had arisen out of the cession, the Commune and the National Forest Service (Department des Eaux et Forets) disagreeing on the extent to which cutting on the forest, which was Communal, should be permitted. The Com- mune insisted that the timber be clear cut so that the land could be devoted to agricultural use. The Forest Service was equally insistent upon conservative cutting and the retention of the land for timber production on the ground that the balance between agricultural and timber land in the region should not be disturbed. The SCOUTING FOR TIMBER IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES 1197 latter, supported by higher authority, won out. Believing that the Quillan, Hares and Carcanet tracts would afford a sufficient opening for Pacific Coast log- gers to establish European reputations and put them in shape to exhaust the further possibilities of the region, we went in search of hardwoods to appease the woods appetite of our Eastern and Southern logging contingents. An offer of some beech and oak from the State forests of Cayroulet, Hautaniboul and Ramondens had been received which looked very promising as tie prospects. These forests form the greater part of Montagne Noire on the boundary between the Departments of Aude and Tarn. The old city of Carcassonne with its massive walls and towers is the historic landmark of the region. The "cite" was to clear cut but the French were unwilling to practice this method further until the results of experiments under way were known. About 10 years ago clean cutting on limited areas had been made and fir planted, on the ground that the value of fir in the region was greater than beech and oak. The plantations were thriving, giving every promise of success. The stands varied in size considerably under the sys- tem of management followed, which provided for periodic fellings whereby succeeding age classes were thinned and developed to maturity serving in turn as a nurse to suc- ceeding stands. The fight against the encroachment of holly was waged by requiring each timber operator to grub out the holly on the area from which he purchased A WILD BOAR (SAXGLIER) HUNTING PARTY NEAR QUILLAN, I N THE EASTERN PYRENEES. THE WRITER OF THIS ARTICLE, MAJOR R. Y. STUART, 20th ENGINEERS (FORESTRY) STANDS ON THE EXTREME LEFT and Montagne Noire attract many tourists in normal times ; the former at the time of our visit was a con- finement camp for some German officials. The demand for ties on the part of the Allies seemed insatiable, and for this purpose hardwoods were eagerly sought. Normally one would secure ties, of pine if necessary, from more accessible areas than Montagne Noire, but under pressure of war demand the Montagne Noire prospect looked exceedingly good. Eliminating portions of the forest which presented transportation problems incommensurate with the quantity of timber to be secured a cut of 18,000 M3 (4,500,000 feet, B. M.) was assured under the French system of marking. While a much heavier cut without injury to the forests seemed possible it was explained by the foresters that the en- croachment of holly in the openings would follow a more severe cutting. The alternative to secure a heavier cut the timber. Had the A. E. F. operated on these forests it would have been necessary for it to expend the time of 100 men for 30 days on this work or compensate the French Forest Service 30,000 francs for having the work done. With such care it is small wonder that beech 2 feet in diameter with a clear length of 40 feet and without defect was being produced. It proved unnecessary to begin operating in any of these regions, the summer drives of the Boche having developed into a boomerang by early fall, terminating in the procurement of a supply of timber to meet the needs of the Army of Occupation from German forests and a freer movement throughout France of material already produced. By December 1, the stage was reached where mills were being dismantled and arrangements made to wind up our timber affairs. Many of the men who, under 1198 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE OLD CITY OF CARCASSONNE, WITH ITS MASSIVE WALLS AND TOWERS. IS THE HISTORIC LANDMARK OF THE REGION NEAR QUILLAN. WHEN THE WRITER WAS THERE IT WAS USED AS A CONFINEMENT CAMP FOR SOME GERMAN OFFICIALS other circumstances, might be shouting at oxen yoked to two-wheeled carts on the Quillan grade or grubbing holly on the Montagne Noire are seeing the picturesque Pyre- nees and the historic old city of Carcassonne on leave of absence. It may be that some of them are in citizens clothes in the States. TRANSPLANTING LARGE TREES [ ARGE trees are always transplanted with consider- *-* able difficulty and expense, and are far less likely to survive the operation than smaller ones. If trees above three inches in diameter are to be moved, it is best to have the work done by some one who has had experience in transplanting large trees. The most successful results are accomplished by means of a tree-moving machine. Such machines are made by at least two firms in the United States viz., John A. Wilkins, Indianapolis, In- diana, and Isaac Hicks & Son, Westbury, New York. With these machines, trees having a diameter as great as twelve inches can be safely moved. To those who may wish to attempt the transplanting of trees without engaging the services of an expert, the following suggestions are offered : In the fall, before the ground freezes, a trench should be dug around the tree which is to be moved, and as deep as the roots have taken hold on the soil, usually three to four feet, leaving a ball of earth from three to seven feet in diameter, depending on the size of the tree and the development of the root system. At the same time a hole should be dug where the tree is to be planted, making it deep enough so that the tree when planted will stand three to four inches below Its original level, and large enough to allow the filling in of one to two feet of good rich soil about the roots after the tree is placed in position. To prevent freezing, both the hole and the earth dug from it should be covered with straw. When the ball of earth has frozen the tree is ready to be moved. The smaller trees may be moved by rolling the ball of earth on a sledge or stone boat, the stem being supported upright to prevent injury to the limbs, in which position it may be drawn to the place of plant- ing. The ball of earth on larger trees should be raised to the surface by repeatedly leaning the tree to one side and filling. in under it with earth on the other. The crown of the tree should then be lowered to the ground and the ball rolled on a long sledge or stone boat by the aid of horses. The trunk should be held free from the ground by means of wooden horses or supports placed on the rear of the conveyance. The limbs should be tied up to prevent injury in transportation. In all these opera- tions plenty of burlap or other material should be used to prevent damage to the bark. Horses may again be used to roll the ball into final position and raise the stem upright. In all cases the soil should be firmly packed about the roots of the transplanted tree. To prevent their being thrown by the wind, the larger trees should be supported by three or four guy ropes, which should not be removed until the tree has become firmly rooted in its new site. It is very important that trees transplanted in this way should be watered during periods of drought for the first two or three years, or until the equilibrium between the root and branch systems, disturbed by the transplanting, has been restored. An experienced tree-mover states that of all our trees, the elms are most likely to survive when moved at a mature age. Other trees which may be more or less suc- cessfully transplanted are the maple, horse chestnut, catalpa, ash, linden, willow, poplar, and pin oak. Trees grown in the open are much better to move than those grown in the woods, and a large young tree is more likely to succeed than an old one of the same size. CANADIAN FORESTRY CORPS WORK IN FRANCE BY ROLAND HILL (Canadian War Correspondent) OF THE many experiences in quaint places in which the Canadians found themselves doing war duty those of the Canadian Forestry Corps can claim almost prior place. In 1917 Britain, France and Italy were all appealing for lumber — and more lumber. The Allied forces in Salonika were crying for it in the worst kind of way. Russia offered a supply if cutting could be organized. So into the four corners of Allied Europe were sent Canadian timber cruisers, men who had foraged through Northern Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. Some of them could speak no language but their own, but they knew what they were after, and they could tell to the thousand how many billion feet could be cut from a forest. At one time, after three Ontario men had cruised Crete and Mudros, a Canadian mill outfit was started on its way to the picturesque Mediter- ranean. But the Royal Engineers decided to do the job and the Canadians were robbed of one of their quaint experiences. Parties were sent to Russia and were about to start operations when the distant rumbles of the revolution were heard and they were withdrawn. The best record of the Canadian Forestry Corps, out- side that done for the British was the supplying of every class of lumber direct to the French Armies from the Vosges and Jura Mountains on the Swiss border and from the Landes and the Gironde, south of Bordeaux, in sight of the Pyrenees. In the north Canadian uni- forms came to be known in the quaint mountain villages, and the peasants opened their homes to the strange men from across the Atlantic. Down in the Landes, where reigned a "dolce far niente" almost Spanish, the vigor and expedition of the Canadian wood choppers was an unceasing marvel. Some of the Canadians from Acadia found distant relations of the same names through Cabot and Cartier in the mountaineers of the Jura. One day in the early spring of 191 7, two Canadian officers chatting with the engineer of the Paris-Switzer- CANADIAN ROADMEN KEEP THE FOREST TRAFFIC WAYS IN GOOD CONDITION 1199 1200 AMERICAN FORESTRY land express told of the big engines that drove the Canadian Pacific trains over the big grades of the Canadian Rockies. They were critical of the toy French engines. They were invited to take the trip over the border into Pontlarlier, the sentinel town of the inter- national border. On they climbed, and when the end of the run was reached, two begrimed, but happy beings climbed off the engine honorary members of the French Railw avmen's Union. One man worked the engine up the winding grades and the other had stoked. One was a professor of Mechanics at McGill University, and the other was chief engineer for one of the biggest lumber companies in Ontario. That was the kind of material of which the Forestry Corps was made. When the timber famine came along the fighting fronts of Europe, the ex- treme east of the French lines and fortresses like Bel fort were pleading as urgently as the rest. There were huge forests but no material or men to cut them fast enough for military needs. Heavy timber meant the saving of Frenchmen's lives, so a bargain was struck that treble the amount cut and delivered by the Canadians in the Vosges and Jura, for the French armies would be delivered in standing timber near the British lines. In two weeks boilers and mills from the far away Dominion were installed in the mountains. The rail- way officials were their friends, and loading sidings were blasted out of the solid rock cuttings through the mountains. The peas- ants, who formerly cut the big trees, used to slowly bring them down the mountain roads by ox teams into the valley town where there were ancient mills driven by water wheels. Ten trees a day was a good average for the mill to saw. Then the Canadians came on the scene. There were many engineering difficulties to overcome. The supply of water for the big Nova Scotia boilers was solved by their own men and miles of piping were laid that defied gravity by artful pumping. Light railways were built through the forests and mud roads were macadamized by mountain rock which was crushed by our own outfits. In the various mills at the end of the war the output of all sizes of timber had reached 400,000 feet daily, more than the whole Jura produced in the year before hostili- ties broke out. Fifteen or twenty mills of Canadian type • . ' ' ' CABLE RAILWAYS BRING DOWN AN UNENDING SUPPLY OF LOGS IN THE VOSGES were distributed at strategic points — anyone coming on the scene might have thought themselves to be in Northern Ontario, or British Columbia. The clever engineers of the Forestry Corps were always willing to help the villagers. They showed them how to harness the rush- ing streams that irrigated the vine-clad slopes, and turn them into power for electric light or to run their wine presses. One Canadian major who had been in the wooden pipe business on the Pacific Coast gave up his trade secrets in the fraternity of war-time, and water systems were started in villages that for centuries had dipped buckets in the communal stream. In the south of France the huge pine forests which Napoleon planted for the peasants yield them fortunes in resin and turpentine. It is estimated that the value extracted from each tree per year is five francs. But in forty years the tree goes sterile, and there were mil- lions of these trees ready to be cut into railway sleepers, and inch planks badly need- ed for the war. The French Government had difficulty in buying them from the unsophisticated peasants. A government official went with a Bank of France cheque to close a deal with one old forester near the Spanish border. It was for a quarter of a million francs, and a for- tune for the old man. He tore the cheque up as worthless; he could only think in tree values, not in coinage. For several weeks the deal hung fire, and then he exchanged the sterile forest for a productive one fifty miles away, asking as his profit one hundred ex- tra trees. The rapidity with which the Canadians cut the forest amazed the Frenchmen, who called them the "madmen of Canada." They were all good friends, though, and hundreds of the poor folks who had never had the services of a doctor or been in the hospital were treated free by the kindly surgeons attached to the corps. As in the Vosges and Jura, the Canadians who worked in the Landes and Gironde also left the mark of the new world when peace called them back to Canada. The hospitals remain and funds have been raised for a French staff to keep them going. New railroads built by the men from overseas link up hamlets that never thought to see the ribs of steel. It was a quaint experience for the men from overseas, and it was a strange temporary awakening for the people of the Landes. MEMORIAL TREES THE MEMORIAL TREE, "the tree that looks at God all day and lifts her leafy arms to pray," has become the tribute of the people of the nation to those who offered their lives to their country in the Great War for civilization. In the tree planting the people find opportunity to express their love of him for whom the tree is planted. But the planting is not confined to doing honor to war heroes. Indeed the reports to the American Forestry Association show the people have seized upon tree planting as the finest way to mark cen- tennials, important events in church history, the date of town foundings and similar events. The United States government has just placed its approval on memorial tree planting with the announcement that Memorial Trees will be planted in West Potomac Park near the famous Lincoln Memorial in Washington. The Ameri- can Forestry Association made the suggestion for plant- ing of memorial trees the day the armistice was signed and since that time tree planting has . been taken up all over the country. ^fl ^~T3^ To the Christian Endeavor Socie- ties of the World the Rev. Francis E. Clark has sent a call for memorial tree planting, not alone in honor of war heroes, although thousands of churches are planting trees in honor of members of congregations who offered their lives to their country when the call came, but in honor of famous pastors, leaders in church work and to mark important dates in a congregation's achievements. This call has resulted in giving tree planting a great impetus not only all over the United States but all over the world. In the schools and colleges of the country tree planting has been taken up as the means for keeping green the memory of graduates in war work. George- town University, at its 130th Commencement, planted 54 Lombardy poplars, one for each of her sons who gave his life to his country. These trees are marked with the bronze markers designed by the American Forestry Asso- ciation. The National Farm School near Philadelphia has consecrated a "Patriotic Grove" in which are planted trees for her war heroes, friends of the school, and "Festive Trees" marking dates of births, confirmations, betrothals and wedding anniversaries. This form of tree planting will doubtless spread for it is easily seen what a tree will mean to a man or woman if it was plant- ed to mark their birth. It is the same idea that is prompt- ing many college classes to plant memorial trees when entering or leaving a school. One of the most pretentious plans undertaken in tree planting was at the U.S.A. Balloon School at Fort Omaha, irado. Col. Jacob W. S. Wuest has directed the plant- WORLD WAR 1917^1918 A JOHN A. DOE \ CO. M.327 INF. REGI5TEREO AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WASHIN6TON,D.C. This bronze marker for Memorial Trees may be obtained from the American Forestry Association. It costs $1.00. Send the name and regiment of the man for whom the marker is desired. ing of about six thousand trees. Of this number nearly one thousand are in memory of men who passed through that camp and the one at Fort Crook, and died in the service. The unique feature about this is that the plant- ing was done with the proceeds of "The Gas Bag," the official publication of the balloon school. The next of kin are marking the trees with the bronze marker of the American Forestry Association and registering the trees on the Association's national honor roll. The first chap- ter of the Daughters of the American Revolution to plant a memorial tree is the "Our Flag" Chapter of the District of Columbia. The tree was planted at the home of Mrs. Laura C. O'Hare. The League of American Pen Women was the first woman's organization to plant a tree in the District. This was planted at the home of Mrs. George Combs. In Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, a "Hero Grove" has been planted in honor of the California heroes of the war and at Camp Kearny, near San Diego, the Coloradoans of San Diego are planning to plant memorial trees in honor of the Colorado soldiers who passed through that camp. In the planting of trees to mark an im- portant date, the Memorial Tree at Camden, New Jersey, is perhaps the most interesting. The tree was planted to mark the 100th birthday anniversary of Walt Whitman, the "good gray poet," by the Whitman Park Improvement Association. But tree planting has spread around the world. The Ardlethan public school in New South Wales has planted memorial trees in memory of each Ardlethan soldier and in Queensland 30,000 trees have been planted in Anzac Park. Of this number 16,000 are for men who gave their lives at the call of the Mother Country. Another phase of tree planting with great possibili- ties is the planting of trees along the motor high- ways of the United States. Make these highways "Roads of Remembrance," says Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Association; who has issued a call to every county to co-operate with the road builders. This "Roads of Remembrance" idea is being furthered in Great Britain by an organi- zation of which Millicent H. Morrison is the secre- tary. The United States Army Motor Transport Corps now has a motor train crossing the country from Washington to San Francisco. Millions of dollars have been voted for good roads. With this in mind and the Army demonstration underway thousands of people are expected to urge beau- tifying these roads by the planting of memorial trees. 1201 1202 AMERICAN FORESTRY | ■:.■. ::i:,i ..';;, : i i .,:„ ;:,,! :.r:i;iii:i-.l:!.i.i:r; i .'. .;:...:. i '....;.. . lij-iil 1 1 , ■.. I * * MEMORIAL TREES ARE BEING PLANTED in uuiiiimiiiin AMERICAN FORESTRY 1203 llllllllllllillllllllllllllllimi mmillllimillllllll "i "1" "mini iniiiniiiiiii minium milium mum iiimiuu mnnuiuuuiiiimimu mm miu| COLLEGES, MUNICIPALITIES AND INDIVIDUALS ]: "" ' Il,,ll»»»l ' ^- w\ x ^A_ \ ^Y^ t li f Vj^gl Mgn ■ BB kjK%£ /»^^teP^» *2^33 P'^fi'^'^-^rrT^B Pvf pgi fc>^ Vm - - fCiy^^tes^Vv \ -7*SSjf -■ V 41/1 •^T^B^flHb^Si^Bi^^l wk& "BE IT EVER SO HUMBLE" A Green Heron approaches its crude nest of sticks in the willows fringing a pond. bird about the size of a crow and indeed at a distance, when on the wing, looks not very different, for, like other herons, it carries its head back on its shoulders and conceals its length of neck. It furthermore makes up for 1232 AMERICAN FORESTRY its abbreviated tail by trailing its legs out behind. At close range, however, it is seen to be very different for, although it is not very green, it is certainly not black A BITTERN ROOST The Bittern pulls together the tops of the reeds with his long toes, gives them a twist and makes a comfortable bed on which to sleep above the water. like a crow. Its crown and wings are greenish but its conspicuous neck and breast are largely chestnut and its back is bluish gray. The little green heron differs from others of the true herons by leading a more solitary existence, seldom more than a single pair nesting in one clump of alders or willows. When f r i g h tened or upon taking wing, the green heron usually utters a rather harsh "skeow" and its vocal powers, even during the nest- ing season, are never much more musical. The next best known species of heron is the great blue heron, in some districts m i s named the "crane." It is PkotoorapH „y Verii BuruU *"? mUCh ^ er than the AN AMERICAN BITTERN "NOT AT HOME" green heron, When she does not wish callers she assumes ( j. , this position and usually goes unseen. Standing aDOUt But LOOKS LIKE A BITTERN an immature Black-Crowned Heron. Night four feet high and having a wing expanse of about six feet, even greater than that of an eagle. Its general color is grayish, lighter on the head and neck, with a black belly and a black stripe t h r ough the head. It nests in colonies in the larger swamps, usually in the tops of the tallest trees, one tree often con- taining from five to ten nests. The tops of the trees are usually kill- ed by the excre- ment of the birds but the herons continue to use the same trees as long as they will hold their nests. In some of the treeless regions of the west, the great blue herons nest on the ground in the marshes or in bushes on islands. The herons are powerful flyers, traveling with measured beats of the wings and occasionally sail- ing so that they are able to feed many miles from their nest- ing grounds. When the young are ready to fly in late July or August, they scatter to all parts of the country wher- ever there is a good feed ing ground. At such times they are unsuspicious and many are killed by the amateur marksman for, u n f o rtunately, even in such pro- gressive states as New York, they are not given protection by BIRD OR BROKEN reed? law. This is be- ^',e *-east Bittern assumes this position when alarmed and usually escapes detection. THE HERONS 1233 cause a few fishermen believe that they are destructive to trout when, as a matter of fact, trout form a very small part of the diet of a very few individuals and these could advantageously be dealt with in other ways than by removing protection from the entire species. Fortunately real sportsmen are as fond of the herons A NOVEL MARKET BASKET The Least Bittern brings back the fish and frogs to its young in its throat and regurgitates them as shown in the next picture. as they are of the fish and many an ardent disciple of Isaac Walton is willing to share even his trout stream with the herons for the sake of having them about. The same may be said of the bitterns which are likewise denied protection. Occasionally an unfortu- nate bittern takes up its residence in a marsh border- ing a trout stream and in his hunt for frogs and tadpoles may occasionally catch a trout fingerling. The vast majority of bitterns, however, live in the warm marshes where trout are never found and where they fall easy victims to the Sunday sports in their row- boats and the small boys with Flobert rifles hunting for the largest targets they can find. The black-crowned night herons are about the size of the bittern and indeed the immature birds closely resemble them though the adults are entirely different, being nearly pure white or pearl gray in color with black crowns and mantles. They are nocturnal in their habits, usually roosting in trees during the day and com- ing out at dusk when their loud "quas" are familiar sounds in parts of the country where they are found. They nest in large colonies like the great blue herons but usually in smaller trees and sometimes in woods even at a distance from water. The yellow-crowned night heron is a very different looking bird, confined to the marshes of the southern states and thence southward into the tropics. It nests in pairs along streams or associated with colonies of other herons. One of the commonest herons of the southern states is the little blue heron which, because of the lack of ornamental plumes, has been allowed to survive even in large colonies. It is about the size of the little green heron and like it has a chestnut head and neck. The crown is the same color as the rest of the head, however, and the entire upper parts are dark slaty blue. The immature birds are pure white except for the tips of the wings and look very much like snowy egrets but, of course, do not have the orna- mental plumes. Mottled individ- uals in the proc- ess of changing from white to blue are often seen. A somewhat larger species but similar in color, except for the white on its under parts, is the Louisiana heron which in parts of Florida still occurs in rookeries con- taining thou- sands of birds. A still larger species and much rarer is the reddish egret w h i c h differs from both the little blue and Louisiana herons "aigrette BREAKFAST A-LA-MODE (HERON) The old bird turns its head on one side and the young grasps the base of its bill. Breakfast is served by vigorous pumping of the old bird's throat. in having a tuft of about thirty feathers growing from between the shoulders during the breeding season. It likewise has a white immature phase which was once thought to be a distinct species and. called "Peak's heron." The best "aigrette" plumes are found on the two white egret herons' in which the "aigrettes," like the rest of the bird are snowy white. The larger egret approaches a great blue heron in size while the snowy egret is but little larger than the little green heron. Roth species have about fifty straight plumes growing from be- 1234 AMERICAN FORESTRY tween the shoulders and extending beyond the tail. Forty or fifty years ago both species were common all through the south and especially in Florida but today they are the rarest of the herons. Were it not for the bird reservations and, the non-sale of plumage laws, it ONE OF THE RAREST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS— THE CRY LEAST BITTERN Many ornithologists believe it to be a color phase of the common least Bittern. Photograph of a wounded bird. is probable that they would now be practically extinct. Twenty years ago every woman of fashion wore "aigrettes" in her hair or on her bonnet. Today, if she does so she will be arrested as it is against the law to have them in one's possession. Doubtless they will now go "out-of -style" though there are still a few foolish individuals who cling to their once valuable plumes in the hope that the laws will be repealed and that they will once more come into fashion; and this in spite of the fact that they know that each set of plumes means the death of a breeding bird and the starving of a nest full of young. There is another white heron found in southern Florida called the great white heron. It is about the sizeof thegreat blue heron and has no plumes. There seems likewise to be an intermediate form between the Florida great blue or Ward's heron, as it is called, and the great white heron. It resembles the Ward's heron but has a white head and neck. It has been called Wuerdeman's heron but its true status is not yet known. In some parts of the country the herons are incorrectly called cranes, which, indeed, they resemble, the differ- ences between them being more of anatomy than gen- eral appearance. In flight the herons always carry their heads back on their shoulders while the cranes carry PRESENT BAYONETS A Least Bittern defending its nest when it knows it has been discovered. their necks fully extended. The herons bills are more or less angled while the cranes are rounded and the herons have all four toes well developed and on the same level while the cranes have the hind toe small and elevated. Cranes, moreover, are now rare in all parts of the country and have been practically exterminated in the east. /CARRIER pigeons will assist in protecting the for- ^ ests of Oregon and Washington from fire, if ex- periments inaugurated in this district by Forest Examiner W. J. Sproat prove successful. Mr. Sproat has had some experience with the use of pigeons and believes they will be a valuable means of communication in emergencies and for carrying reports of fire and other messages. The matter has aroused interest in the district office, and the birds will be tried out on several of the forests during the coming fire season. Mr. Sproat will take back to Bend with him five pairs of the birds for use on the Deschutes. Supervisor Sietz also plans to try them out on the Cascade. SCOTCH LUMBER CUT BY NEW ENGLAND MILLS The report of the operations in Scotland of the New England Saw Mill Units has been pub- lished by E. C. Hirst, State Forester of New Hampshire, who was in charge of the particularly interesting operations. ABOUT a month after the United States entered the war the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety learned that Great Britain was in distress for lack of skilled lumbermen and foresters to cut her timber. It was at once proposed that New England should raise, equip and send to England ten portable saw mill and logging units. The British gratefully accepted the offer, it was unofficially approved by Secretary of War Baker and receive the enthusiastic support of the Governors of the New England States. To work out the details of the undertaking and to make its operation effective the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety appointed a committee of which the chair- man was W. R. Brown, of Berlin, New Hampshire, a director of the American Forestry Association and a mem- ber of the Lumber Committee of the Council of National Defense. The other members of the committee were : James J. Phelan, Vice-Chairman, Massachusetts Com- mittee on Public Safety; Harold G. Philbrook, Treasurer, Vice-President, Connecticut Valley Lumber Company ; F. W. Rane, Secretary, State Forester of Massachusetts ; George S. Lewis, Treasurer, Connecticut Valley Lumber Company ; Philip T. Dodge, International Paper Com- pany; H. W. Blanchard, H. W. Blanchard Lumber Com- pany ; Garrett Schenck, Great Northern Paper Company ; Hon. Herbert B. Moulton, Parker and Young Company ; I. B. Hosford, St. Croix Paper Company ; Martin A. Brown, Woodstock Lumber Company ; George E. Henry, J. E. Henry and Sons ; Samuel H. Boardman, President Eastern Shook and Wooden Box Association; J. M. Parker, St. John Lumber Company ; Marshall T. Wood, Lande Manufacturing Company ; H. B. Stebbins, H. B. Stebbins Lumber Company ; Chester C. Whitney, Perry Whitney Lumber Company ; J. H. Hustis, Receiver, Bos- ton and Maine Railroad ; L. S. Tainter, Conway Lumber Company; E. C. Hirst, New Hampshire State Forester; Forest H. Colby, Maine State Forester; W. O. Filley, Connecticut State Forester; J. B. Mowry, Rhode Island State Forester. It is significant of the scope and influence of the Amer- ican Forestry Association that of the 23 members of this committee twelve are members of the Association. This representation includes, in addition to Chairman Brown. -Messrs. Philbrook, Rane, Dodge, Blanchard, Martin A. Brown, Henry, Tainter, Hirst, Colby, Filley and Mowry. To send ten units for saw mill and logging operations in England involved the raising of a fund of $120,000. The cost of each unit is placed at $12,000. This money was provided over night. Through its Governor and its committee on public safety each of the New England States subscribed the sum required for a single unit. With six units thus provided for, there was no difficulty in raising funds for the four remaining units by private subscription among the paper manufacturers, lumbermen and timberland owners of New England. The following report on the work of the units is made by Manager Hirst : The commercial timber in Scotland is in plantations on large estates. There is practically no natural growth. The plantations were set out partly to afford game cover and partly on account of the land owners interest in timber growing. For many decades prior to the present war there was little commercial incentive for planting anywhere in the United Kingdom. Cheap transporta- tion permitted duty free lumber from Russia, Sweden, Norway, Germany and even America to be delivered to consuming centers in England and Scotland at such low prices that investments in home grown timber yielded a small and uncertain return. National emergencies have from time to time stimulated felling and planting. Thus, on a considerable part of the woodland operated by the New England Saw Mill Units the previous clear cutting furnished lumber for the Napoleonic Wars, and the trees planted soon after were of splendid size to furnish high grade dimension lumber during the last year. The most important commercial trees in Scotland are Scotch pine, larch and Norway spruce. The first named is that planted in largest amount, the trade name for the lumber being "Scots Fir." In quality the lumber is about half way between our white pine and Norway pine. The larch is a native of the Austrian Tyrol and although planted for centuries in Britain, seed is still obtained from the native home of the tree on the continent. The larch furnishes excellent structural timbers, but is springy and more difficult to saw to accurate dimensions than the others. The Norway spruce is a rapid grower and much like our white spruce. It is planted only on moist ground. The war found Great Britain in a serious situation in regard to timber for military purposes. Much greater supplies of timber were needed for war than had been anticipated and enemy submarine activities soon became a serious hindrance to securing timber from over seas on which the country had become accustomed to depend. It was necessary for the Government to organize a Timber- land Supplies Department, and then immediately to requi- sition and purchase timber from private estates for the war industries of Britain as well as the large amounts which it became necessary to ship across the Channel for 1235 1236 AMERICAN FORESTRY military purposes in France. Military contingents from the Dominions over seas were required to carry on lum- bering operations on a scale large enough to supply the war industries. It was to help out this serious situation that the New England Saw Mill Units were organized. The small timber supplies of Great Britain have been very heavily depleted by the war cuttings and these con- ditions have awakened the country to the need of larger areas of forests. The Reconstruction Committee of Great Britain have recommended the establishment of a For- estry Department in the Government whose duty it shall be to support a public policy of timber growing, adequate for the country. This Department was established prior to the termination of hostilities. The headquarters of the New England Saw Mill Units was at Ardgay, Ross-shire, Scotland, a village at Bonar Bridge Station on the Highland Railway, about fifty miles north of Invernes. A storehouse was built for the sup- plies needed for the mills and camp kitchens. Here the headquarters was located and the supplies for the men and horses were checked out to different units each week. All mills were located within five miles from headquarters, three operating on a timber tract purchased by the Government from Andrew Carnegie in Souther- land-shire and seven operating in a tract bought from Sir Charles Ross, in Ross-shire. These tracts were esti- mated to carry about 6,000,000 and 18,000,000 board feet respectively. The saw mill equipment arrived about the middle of July and lumber production got under way in August. When manufacture first began in August the lumber produced was sent to port for shipment to France. Later in the fall specifications for France were cancelled and from then on practically all shipments were made for British war industries. About 60,000 railroad ties were railed from our loading bank at Bonar Bridge and a large amount of 3 and 4-inch dimension timber was made. A considerable part of the dimension timber was cut for special requirements. Very little lumber was wasted in the slabs, as round edge boards were taken off the outside edge of the logs when sawing dimension material. A great deal of pitwood was produced in the woods opera- tions for use by the colliery companies. These were made from the tops and large limbs. This pitwood was graded into 3, 4, 5, and 6-inch diameter sizes, the length ranging from 6 to 14 feet. In cost accounting it is considered that one lineal foot of pitwood is equal to one board foot of manufactured lumber. The total production by the New England Saw Mill Units was 19,673,100 board feet of lumber and pitwood. t» Sir John Stirling Maxwell, under whose direction the New England Units worked in, said of them : "The ten mills played a notable part in providing fcr Great Britain's timber needs. Their output man for man through the twelve months of your stay has been the highest that any operation under the charge of the De- partment can show. The type of mill you brought over, standing as it does midway between the large mills of the Canadians and the small mills of this country, has proved admirably adapted to the timber you had to work and most economical of labor. While admitting the great benefit derived from the larger type of mill in providing the armies in France with quick supplies of trench timber and railway ties when speed was everything, most experts are agreed that the smaller type is likely to prove best in normal times in a country like this where the blocks to be felled are small and economy is the first object. Your mills represented a compromise between the two, singularly apt to the moment of your arrival. It would be easy to expatiate on the international value of your timely aid. It is on such acts that friendships are built. A gush of praise or gratitude can only spoil them and there has been nothing in the attitude of your colleagues or yourself to invite it. New England saw her help was needed and she gave it and we welcomed it. That is all. I>ut you and I know that we have not worked together without losing some oid prejudices for which newspapers, tourists and the too wide Atlantic are responsible, or without realizing how refreshing and fruitful the inter- course of friendly nations can be when they speak the same tongue and value the same things." CTATE Forester Alfred Gaskill, of New Jersey, has ^ announced the purchase of 1,400 acres of timber land in Woodland township, Burlington County, by the State Department of Conservation and Development of New Jersey. This land increases the area of the Lebanon State Forest and joins several detached state-owned areas into a compact unit capable of more efficient management. There are now six state forests in Burlington, Ocean and Sussex Counties, each under the charge of a resi- dent forest ranger. The forests are being protected from fire and abuse, the production of timber is aided and en- couraged, technical forestry studies and experiments of value are carried on, timber and wood products are sold when their removal is beneficial to the forests, and mads. trails and camp sites are developed for public use. J GERRY CURTIS, for some time past Assistant * Forester of the city of Pittsburgh, has been ap- pointed Forester and landscape engineer for the Carnegie Steel Corporation, in charge of the extensive work in planting, etc., now under way in connection with the construction of several hundred new homes for employees of the mills. A "home beautification" policy has been adopted and the streets are to be lined with shade trees, the front-yards dotted with flower beds and shrubbery masses, while fruit trees and berries are to be used ex- tensively in the back-yards. The back-yard fences in the older settlements also are to be removed and hedges of barberry substituted. Back-yard garden clubs have been organized and prizes will be awarded each year for the best vegetable and flower gardens. The fact that special stress is to be laid on the training of the children in the care and protection of trees, shrubs and flowers plants promises well for the success of Mr. Curtis' plans. EDITORIAL WHY WE NEED MORE FOREST RESEARCH ONE of the biggest economic problems before the United States is the production of wood to meet the future needs of our growing population and industries. No one at all familiar with present conditions can doubt that a very serious shortage of timber, with attendant high prices, hardship for consumers, and hindrance to the economic development of the country, will be upon us within a very few years unless vigorous action is taken immediately to insure continuous forest production on forest lands. , A movement, which has already a large measure of popular support, is under way to bring about this con- tinuous production, not only from the public forests but also on the much greater area of privately owned forest land. But it must be borne in mind that the unanimous support of the public, of the law-making bodies, and of the forest owners themselves, will not suffice to insure the production of the right material in quantities suf- ficient to meet our future needs. Forest protection, con- servative cutting, reforestation, restriction of cut to an- nual growth, will result in continuous crops of some kind of timber, but if undertaken in a haphazard way will not result in continuous crops large enough to meet even our present needs, nor is it at all certain that we shall have either the sizes, grades, or even the species of lumber which will be needed. When good land is cheap, production and transporta- tion costs low or nil, population sparse, there is little need for study of methods to increase food production, or of selection of varieties to plant. The Indian in the Tropics, who has only to go out and gather food which grew without any effort on his part, has no need to indulge in agricultural research. But with a highly developed civilization, with its ever-increasing population and re- sultant decrease in per capita area of agricultural soil, with increasing costs of production, and with the neces- sity of carrying the products of the soil long distances to the consumer, it becomes imperative to investigate methods by which a maximum amount of food can be produced, at the lowest practicable cost, on soils best adapted for each particular kind of crop. It is also neces- sary that the production of different kinds of foods bear some relation to the requirements of the consumers for the various products. It would not do to devote all agricultural land to the raising of cereals,' for instance, even if it should be found that the maximum number of calories of food could be produced by doing so. In forestry the same rule holds. The "timber-miner," who only harvests what Nature produced, and cares nothing for the future, has no use for forest research. But for a growing nation, whose forests under present methods are producing but a fraction of its needs, and even under the best methods that can be applied with our present knowledge will produce little more than enough for merely present needs, such research is of fundamental importance. Foresters have yet barely scratched the surface in the study of American forests. It is not enough to know that certain methods of cutting in the Southern Appalachians, for instance, will be followed by reproduction, and that such reproduction will grow rapidly and produce valu- able timber. It is necessary to know what method will produce the most valuable limber, or the timber which will best meet the national needs, and at the most reason- able cost ; it is necessary to know just what species or mixture of species will succeed best under each given set of conditions ; it is necessary to be able to say defi- nitely in advance just what will be the yield of a given species managed in a given way on a specific tract of land, and what it will cost to produce it. From the standpoint of the private owner it will not be enough to say that by adopting such and such a method he will make a profit ; he wants to know how he can get the largest possible return from his investment in land, labor, and money. From the standpoint of the nation, it is not enough to know that certain methods will result in continuous forest production on forest soils ; it is necessary to know which of several methods will best accomplish this result, and what methods will insure the proper proportion of different sizes and of different grades of material, and of different species. We have reached a turning point in the development of forestry in this country. There are ample social, economic, production and growth data to clearly show the need for a change in our methods of handling our timber lands. No further data are necessary to prove to any intelligent observer of our forest conditions that unless our cut-over lands, unsuited for agriculture, are turned back into forest production, we shall in the near future be at a serious economic disadvantage. Foresters have a sufficiently well worked out plan for remedial legislation, and enough of basic knowledge for formulating some simple silvicultural procedure by which to maintain continuous production in each forest region. But even as it is, if the forestry profession were con- fronted tomorrow with the responsibility for drawing up a plan of management for all the forest lands of the United States, it would be put to a severe test, just as was the case at that time of the placing of the National Forests under forest management. The Forest Service found it necessary to establish eight or nine experiment stations to solve the technical problems that immediately arose in marking timber, in working out methods of brush disposal, methods to secure natural reproduction, methods of artificial refor- estation, and similar problems. If the profession, there- fore, is not to be content with merely securing some kind of growth on cut-over land, no matter how inferior it may be as compared with the original stand, but desires to be able to secure forest growth of the highest economic utility, it must set itself at once to the task of securing more fundamental facts upon which to base its practice on the vast area of privately-owned timber land. The only way in which such data can be obtained is by long-continued, painstaking, scientific research. They cannot be obtained in a year or in a few years as in the case of agricultural investigations which deal with annual or biennial crops, but require long periods. Is it not time that such research be started on a very much larger scale than has been undertaken hitherto, in order that when the mandate comes, we foresters shall rot be found lacking? 1237 1238 AMERICAN FORESTRY SEAPLANES TO BE USED FOR FOREST FIRE PATROL WORK IN QUEBEC BY ELLWOOD WILSON, EDITOR, CANADIAN DEPARTMENT THE Province of Quebec has reason to be proud of itself. After many difficulties, which at many times seemed insurmount- able, two seaplanes for use in forest fire patrol and mapping have been obtained and the first machine has been flown from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Lac a la Tortue, a little village about two miles from Grand Mere, and is in actual use for patrol work. About three years ago the Directors of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association discussed the practicability of using air- planes for patrolling, and a committee was named to look into the feasibility of the plan. They reported that it seemed prac- ticable and in nineteen seventeen an effort was made to get a machine and pilot, with- out success. In nineteen eighteen another effort was made to put the scheme into practice. On Christmas Day, 1918, Mr. Allard, the Minister of Lands and Forests, sent for the writer and told him that he was much interested in the idea and would con- tribute $2,000 toward an experiment. At the annual meeting of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association a sum of ten thousand dollars was voted. The writer, after considerable study, decided that owing to the difficulty, amounting practically to an impossibility, of providing landing places for airplanes, that seaplanes were the only machines possible. It was learned that the Department of Naval Affairs of the Domin- ion Government had in storage at Halifax 12 seaplanes turned over to it by the American Navy at the signing of the armistice. The Department was asked, through the Acting Minister, Hon. A. K. McLean, to loan two of these machines. After much consideration and discussion he agreed to loan them and an agreement was entered into to take over these ma- chines. The Minister of Marine, the Hon. C. C. Ballantyne, who had been absent in California on account of serious illness, re- turned to Ottawa and at once decided that he would not loan the machines, and he said that proper safeguards for their return to his Department had not been put in the agreement. However, after a long dis- cussion of the matter, he finally consented to allow the machines to be loane.l on the original agreement. Much credit is due to the two gentlemen named above for, their action in making possible this experi- ment. The Montreal Branch of the Aerial League of Canada also co-operated in help- ing to get these machines, by sending a deputation to Ottawa to see the Minister, and by many helpful suggestions. The President, Sir Charles Davidson, gave much needed legal advice and helped in other ways. The pilot engaged by the Association. Lieut. Stuart Graham, of Montreal, had had experience with both airplanes and seaplanes, having served in the Royal British Naval Air Service and having been decorated for sinking a German submarine after his engine had gone dead. He went to Halifax and with his engineer, Mr. Kehre, and with the help of the officers of the Halifax Station, assembled seaplane No. 1876. He left Halifax on the afternoon of June S and flew to St. John, New Brunswick, without any trouble except a fog which lifted just as he reached St. John. He remained there over night and left the next day for Lac Temiscouata, Quebec. In flying across the State of Maine, he en- countered a heavy thunderstorm and seeing a lake of the same shape as the one he was looking for made a landing, only to find that he was on Eagle Lake, Maine. He re- mained there over night and flew to Lake Temiscouata the next morning. He had ordered gas and oil sent there but it had not arrived so he was forced to take auto- mobile gasoline and go on to Riviere du Loup on the St. Maurice. On the morning of the 8th of June, the sea water was very rough and a high wind and strong tide, and in trying to take off the nose of the machine went entirely under water drench- ing Mrs. Graham, who was in the forward seat acting as navigator. He left Riviere du Loup at 1 P. M. passed over Quebec City at 2.25 and arrived at Three Rivers at 3.10. Here he was met by Messrs. R. F. Grant, President, and Mr. Henry Sorgius, Manager, and Ellwood Wilson, a Director of the St. Maurice Association. At the wharf the Hon. J. A. Tessier, Minister of Roads and Mayor of the City of Three Rivers, formally welcomed Lieut, and Mrs. Graham, the Mayoress presenting Mrs. Graham with a bouquet of beautiful flow- ers. After a rest the party took the air at 6.50 and arrived at Lac la Tortue at 7.10. The trip was made without incident or mis- hap of any kind, the four hundred horse power Liberty engine never missing a stroke. The plane seems to be ideal for work over forests such as those in Quebec where lakes for landing abound. Its gaso- line capacity is a little low for long flights. The machine lands and takes off beauti- fully. Mrs. Graham has named the first machine "La Vigilance." Lieut. Graham leaves the nth of June for Halifax to bring up the second machine and will then commence his patrol and photographic work. Complete cost records are being kept and will be published at the end of the season. This is the first use of seaplanes in Canada for other than war purposes, the first flight of any kind ever made from Halifax to Quebec, and I think the first for commercial purposes ever made in Can- FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisement! of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military st-rvicc, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. ARBORICULTURIST is open to an engagement to take charge of, or as assistant in City For- estry work. Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field — from planting to expert tree surgery — including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3) YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's experience in nursery business; can furnish • best of references. Address Box 675. Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, B. C. (1-3) WANTED: Young forester, preferably married, for clearing and maintaining woodland on small estate, operating private nursery, etc. Will pay $80 or better, depending on qualifications and experience. Six room residence on state road included Address Box 750, c/o American For- estry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (7-9 19) ada. The Managers of the various Com- panies which make up the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association have signi- fied their intention to inspect their timber limits from the air, and photographic maps will be made for any timber holders in the Association who wish them. A small station with living quarters and machine shop is to be prepared for the machines and the fullest possible use will be made of them. VALUE OF NUTS Nuts can and do take the place of meat in the diet with beneficial results, and with the grow- ing scarcity of meat due to the world war, they are bound to be in great demand at good prices in the future. The comparative food value to the pound in calories is shown by the following table: Round Steak 950 Wheat Flour 1,650 White Bread , 1,215 Dried Beans_„ 1,605 Raisins , 1,605 English Walnuts 3,075 Pecans 3,445 It should be noted here that the true value of any article of food should not be measured by its cost, but by what it is worth to the consumer. ONE POPLAR BRINGS $11,000 A yellow poplar tree of giant size, which for years had stood in the hills of the Cumberland Mountain, where it was an object of unusual interest, has already brought approximately $11,000 as a manufactured product. The tree was cut down by a local lumber concern and con- signed to a firm in Cincinnati. When sawn, the product totaled nearly 7,000 feet of first-class lum- ber, with several hundred feet second-class lum- ber thrown in. It is declared that this was the largest tree marketed from the eastern Kentucky fields within a half century. It was so large that for a num- ber of years the task of marketing it was a serious obstacle, there being few lumbermen who cared to try to cut it down. AMERICAN FORESTRY 1239 QUALITY- EFFICIENCY-RELIABILITY Upon this foundation was built this, the Largest Saw Works in the World Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel and File Woiks HENRY DISSTON & SONS, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. HELP TO REFOREST FRANCE rpHE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION has undertaken the great task of helping -*- to reforest the shell-torn, war-shattered areas of France; and to aid also Great Britain, half of whose forests were felled; Belgium, whose forests suffered terribly, and Italy. The great humanitarian need, the prime economic importance, the broad constructive value of this work — all place it on a plane which gives it striking pre-eminence. Therefore, it is felt that every member of the American Forestry Association will desire to have a part, and as big a part as possible, in carrying out this program. B Y those who are competent to judge, it is asserted that the forests of France kept the Germans from Paris. How great a debt, then, does the world owe to them ! A MERICA can build no nobler memorial in Europe than by replacing the devastated forests of -^*- France, Great Britain, Belgium and Italy. ^Answer this appeal at once by sending your check for whatever amount you can afford, to the American Forestry Association. It will help to purchase the seed needed to replant the forests of our Allies. Checks Should Be Sent to THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WASHINGTON, D. C. 1 1 . 1 : L 1 1 L l 1 1 ' 1 1 1 L I r > L L r 1 1 1 4 • I i 1 1 L 1 1 M 1 1 IJ II ! M 1 11 1 1 1 ! I i . ^ 1 L 1 1 1 1 ; N I j L 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ I L J . i ^ . . : : 1 1 1 E t J : ^ . T 1 1 1 1 1 ; I ! I T I T U 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 L I I j 1 J 1 1 T h 1 1 1 1 1 N 1 1 : J 1 C 1 1 1 T J 1 1 1 S i i i 1 1 J J 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 11 1 [ I [ I ) J J J J 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 ) : . . J ; ,' / Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1240 AMERICAN FORESTRY BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, * list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. FOREST VALUATION— Filibert Roth FOREST REGULATION— Filibert Roth PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR— By Elbert Peets THE LUMBER INDUSTRY— By R. S. Kellogg LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS— By Arthur F. Jones FOREST VALUATION— By H. H. Chapman CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY— By Norman Shaw TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— By John Kirkegaard TREES AND SHRUBS— By Charles Sprague Sargent— Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume— Per Part THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER— Gifford Pinchot LUMBER AND ITS USES— R. S. Kellogg THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK— B. E. Fernow NORTH AMERICAN TREES— N. L. Brltton KEY TO THE TREES— Collins and Preston THE FARM WOODLOT— E. G. Cheyney aad J. P. Wentling IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J. Record PLANE SURVEYING— John C. Tracy FOREST MENSURATION— Henry Solon Graves THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY— B. E. Fernow FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY— Filibert Roth PRACTICAL FORESTRY— A. S. Fuller PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY— Samuel B. Green TREES IN WINTER— A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)— Chas. Sprague Sargent AMERICAN WOODS— Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS— Romeyn B. Hough GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES— J. Horace McFarland PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD; THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Chas. H. Snow HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION— Samuel M. Rowe TREES OF NEW ENGLAND— L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— H. E. Park- hurst TREES— H. Marshall Ward OUR NATIONAL PARKS— John Mulr LOGGING— Ralph C. Bryant THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES— S. B. Elliott FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS— Henry Solon Graves SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES— William Solotaroff THE TREE GUIDE— By Julia Ellen Rogers MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— Austin Cary FARM FORESTRY— Alfred Akerman THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (In forest organization)— A. B. Reck- nagel ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD— Samuel J. Record STUDIES OF TREES— J. J. Levlson TREE PRUNING— A. Des Cars THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— Howard F. Weiss SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— By James W. Tourney... FUTURE OF FOREST TREES— By Dr. Harold Unwin FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS— F. Schuyler Mathews FARM FORESTRY— By John Arden Ferguson THE BOOK OF FORESTRY— By Frederick F. Moon OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES— By Maud Going HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— By Jay L. B. Taylor THE LAND WE LIVE IN— By Overton Price WOOD AND FOREST— By William Noyes THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW— By J. P. Kinney HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBLNG, METHODS AND COST— By Halbert P. Gillette FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY— By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— By L. H. Pammel WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Chas. H. Snow EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark OUR NATIONAL FORESTS— H. D. Boerker MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES— Howard Rankin $1.50 2.00 2.00 1.10 2.10 2.00 2.50 1.50 5.00 1.35 1.15 2.17 7.30 1.50 1.75 1.75 3 00 4.00 1.61 1.10 1.50 1.50 2.00 6.00 7.50 6.00 1.75 3.50 5.(0 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.91 3.50 2.50 3.50 1.50 3.00 1.00 2.12 .57 2.10 2.20 1.75 1.75 .65 3.00 3.50 2.25 2.00 1.30 2.10 1.50 2.50 1.70 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 5.35 5.00 1.50 2.50 2.50 * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request. — EDITOR. TREES OF INDIANA A new book of 300 pages on "The Trees of Indiana" has just been issued by the Department of Conservation of the State of Indiana. It contains a scientific de- scription and a full-page illustration of each of the native trees of Indiana. The qualities and uses of the wood are given and the value of each species for shade and for forest planting is discussed. This is a book that should be in the hands of every wood lot owner and of everyone who is interested in our native trees. It is especially recommended for teachers. It will enable them to teach their pupils to know our native trees. Any teacher can have as many copies as he can use to ad- vantage in his school work. This book is free for the asking, but since the supply is limited, if a copy is desired application should be made at once. Send your order to the Department of Conservation, office of the State Forester. Indianapolis, In- diana. BOOK REVIEWS The Forest Ranger, by John D. Guthrie. Richard G. Badger, the Gorham Press, Bos- ton, Mass. Price, $1.50. This is a book of verses, collected and edited by John Guthrie, which he has been getting together for the past fifteen years. Many of them appeared originally in the pages of forest news letters issued on the different Nation- al Forests. Poetical or literary merit is claimed only for a few but they surely re- flect the daily life and work of the Forest Ranger in the wide and beautiful forest lands of the West. Some are frankly parodies, some rhymes and jingles and a few are songs most familiar to the ranger and hummed around his lonely camp fire on the trail. The desire of the editor to bring together and put on record a true expression of the spirit of these men who have heard the "call of the forest and of the distant places" is well met by the little volume. The book is prefaced by a charac- teristic letter from Gifford Pinchot, in which he says to the editor: "In collecting these verses, you have put me, with every other Forest Service man, deeply in your debt." Mr. Guthrie's work was a labor of love and we predict for it a warm wel- come, worthy of the spirit of its prepa- ration. Practical Tree Repair, by Elbert Peets, 259 pp., il-, $2.00. Robt. N. McBride & Company, New York. No science is more firmly founded on known facts and methods than that of tree repair and the prevention of tree diseases. The author of this intensely practical book gives clearly and concisely complete in- struction covering the treatment of wounds, rot-fungi, boring insects, filling of cavities, bracing, materials used in filling, treatment of cavities without filling, etc. Illustrated from photographs and diagrams, this book is useful alike to the owner of a home and to the man who intends to take up tree repair work. Identification of the Economic Woods of the United States, by S. J. Record, $1.75. Revised and enlarged second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. The main differences between this edition and the first (1912) are as follows: (1) The Key has been entirely rewritten and rearranged, several new woods are in- cluded and more of the common names are given ; (2) the lists of references and the general bibliography have been brought up to date; (3) an Appendix has been added which amplifies some of the subject matter of Part 1, and also includes considerable new data on wood structure. In grouping the woods in the Key more attention has been given to their general similarity than to special features, thus bringing together for effective contrast the kinds which are most likely to be confused in practice. Attempt has been made to CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 1241 have all of the descriptions comparable and. so far as permissible to make the gross characters the basis for separation. The microscopic features are printed in smaller type than the others, to avoid con- fusion and to simplify the use of the Key. It is comparatively easy to make a key for a given lot of wood specimens, but to take into account the range of variation of each wood is an extremely difficult task. Such a key must be the result of growth, of the accumulation of years of investigation and experience, and must always be sub- ject to revision as new data and new ma- terial become available. To this end the author enlists the co-operation of all read- ers of this magazine. Vacation Days in Colorado's National Forests. Issued by the Office of the Dis- trict Forester, District 2, this recreation booklet is guaranteed to create a longing in the heart of every reader for "the hills, whence cometh our help." And nowhere in our wide and beautiful country is this desire more fully met than in the "Switzer- land of America." The National Forests in Colorado hold an opportunity, and an invi- tation to those to whom the impulse comes to leave the heat of the city and business cares behind and follow the open road to the "still places." Nowhere else in the United States, and seldom in any land, may one look upon more majestic vistas of snow-capped mountain ranges, forested slopes, granite gorges, tumbling cascades and rolling plains than in these playgrounds of the people in Colorado. The climate is wonderful — a tonic of sunshine and pure air. filling one with vigor. Few places may be found which offer the seeker after rest, recreation and outdoor life so many oppor- tunities for enjoyment. The booklet de- scribes briefly the National Forests within the boundary of Colorado, stressing par- ticularly points of interest and the privileges extended to prospective visitors and con- tains as well practical advice and informa- tion regarding camping outfits, personal equipment necessary, etc. Further informa- tion may be had by addressing District Forester, District 2, New Federal Building, Denver, Colorado. "P NTOMOLOGISTS of the United States Department of Agriculture who last fall began an examination of the cranberry bogs of Michigan, Wisconsin, and the Pacific Coast which have received shipments of cranberry vines from New England report that they find no evidence of gypsy-moth infestations from such shipments. It had been feared that the moth had been car- ried on the vines to the western bogs. De- termination of the fact was necessary in order to know what control measures should be undertaken. In that connection the Department is making tests to deter- mine both the resistance of cranberry vines to intensive fumigation and the strength of fumigation necessary to destroy the eggs of the gypsy moth. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS \ The Laurentide Company, which was the pioneer in grinding hardwood for pulp in an experiment last fall, tried a further one this spring when seventy cords of mixed birch, beech and maple was barked in the drum barkers without any difficulty and ground into pulp. Owing to the irregu larity of the four foot sticks barking with knife barkers was soon proved to be un- successful but the drum barkers removed the bark, if anything, a little more easily from the hardwood than from spruce, the only difficulty was the weight of the wood which is harder on the conveyors. Begin- ning in August the Company will begin to use hardwood continuously. The meeting of the Woodlands Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association took place on June 25 and 26. The first day was spent at the Berthier Nursery of the Provincial Government as the guests of Mr. Piche, Chief Forester. The Minister of Lands formally opened the air patrol and the seaplane arrived and left from Berthier for its first trip. The nursery was inspected and also the planting on drifting sands at Berthier and a fine stand of white pine which has been thinned and cared for for a number of years. There was also a general discussion of re- forestation and slash disposal. The meet- ing on the next day was held at Grand Mere and Proulx where the nurseries and experimental plantations were inspected and where tractors were, shown at work and a kerosene brush burner and gasoline fire pump demonstrated. An out door woods- man's lunch was served. A representa- tive of the U. S. Forest Service was pres- ent and a large number of representative pulp and paper and lumbermen were pres- ent with a number of Government and. private Canadian foresters. Two trees affected with blister rust have been found in a plantation of Scotch pine planted by the Laurentide Company and have been removed and burned. The white pine weevil has also attacked the same plantation and a fungous disease which has destroyed some of the terminal buds. This latter is now over. If Scotch pine is going to suffer in this way it will hardly pay to plant it in this section. Mr. H. G. Schanche, for many years with the Forestry Division of the Lauren- tide Company has become forester for the Abitibi Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd., of Iriquois Falls. They expect to start a nursery at once and begin reforestation on their cut-over lands. THE 1337-1339 F STREET.N.W. WflSHINGTON.P.C. PeSI£*®sttff^f This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. / hereby accept membership in The American Forestry Association and enclose check for $ NOTE— American Forestry Magazine, a handsomely printed and illustrated monthly, is sent to all except $1.00 members, or without membership the subscription price is $3.00 a year. CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership ..........$ 3.00 Contributing " 10.00 Sustaining " 25.00 Life " 100.00 Patron " 1000.00 Annual Membership, without Magazine ....... 1.00 Canadian Postage 25c extra; Foreign Postage, 50c extra. ($2.00 of the fee is for AMERICAN FORESTRY.) Name Street City PLANT MEMORIAL TREES iWl iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor August 1919 Vol. 25 CONTENTS niiiiiniiiiiiii No. 308 iraph by courtesy Brown & Dawson, IV. Y. THE CORYPHA TREE, AT ST. GEORGES, GRENADA This tree is remarkable for the (act that it lives ten years, bears (lowers and (ruit, and then dies. matter December 24, 1909, at the Post- it Washington, under ihe Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, ■ rican Forestry Association. Acceptance for mailing at special rale of postage provided for in Section 1103. October 3. 1917, authorized July 11, 1918. Belgium's Forests Blighted by the Hun — By Percival Sheldon Ridsdale 1251 With twelve illustrations. The Northwest's Worst Forest Fires. Prevention of Forest Fire Losses — By Smith Riley. With seven illustrations. 1259 1260 Forest Destruction Prevented by Control of Surface Fires — By Joseph A. Kitts 1264 Uncle Sam, Lumberman, Canal Zone — By W. H. Babbitt. With five illustrations. For Them a Tree Stands There With five illustrations. National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees. Mysteries and Revelations of the Plant World — By D. Lange With fourteen illustrations. 1265 1268 1270 1273 A National Forest Policy — The Proposed Legislation — By Henry S. Graves 1281 A Discussion of Methods — By R. S. Kellogg 1282 Pennsylvania's Opinion — By George H. Wirt 1283 Control of Growing Forests— By Alfred Gaskill 1284 The Seventeen-Year Locust — By R. W. Shufeldt. With four illustrations. 1285 Dr. Fernow, Dean of Foresters, Retires 1289 Douglass "Killed in Action" 1289 Graduates of the New York State College of Forestry Granted Amer- ican-Scandinavian Fellowship 1289 Forestry for Boys and Girls — The Pine Woods Folk — By E. G. Cheyney 1290 The Gulls and Terns— By A. A. Allen. With ten illustrations. 1291 City Tree Planting 1295 Editors Take up Forest Matters 1296 Forestry — The Relation of Wood to the Development of Civilization — By William Carson 1297 With one illustration. Use of Cut-Over Lands. 1298 State News 1299 Minnesota Kentucky Maryland Illinois New Jersey Georgia Canadian Department — By Ellwood Wilson 1302 Pigeons Will Protect Forests 1306 Book Reviews 1307 Current Literature 1309 \ m M II \ N N ill,..!ALL_,, ■\ * tliiiilU' J i •"■3V KIHlii ■■ I'lP'irin **»*■ p"»iri » >■ ii r>p fi in ini'i ■ »• •• i iiiwf » «i *** * w v ,-tf. »s -V' = -i;^*^*8 f ' ' 1 ( . y -> ' *»>- - • fttffi"^** - *-r™- PT,; .■.•.»*fc«l| J^l '"- ^v^ v-JBr -G9W!C&.- THI|i?rSnr?Br-NSA?r.l0^I?SS,E^?^TL,SI^JM^II5D-iCATES HOW THE GERMANS USED VAST QUANTITIES OF BELGIAN TIMBER IN- BUILDING ROADS ON LOW GROUND. THE TREES STILL STANDING ARE DEAD, SHATTERED BY SHELL AND GUN FIRE. THE CONDITION OF THE PARK OF A CHATEAU NEAR MERCK EN. BELGIUM. AFTER EXTENSIVE TIMBER CUTTING BY THE GERMANS AND SOME SHELLFIRE. NOTHING LIVING IS LEFT STANDING ,-ulllwl' B* !"*• Illlllllllllllllll!!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!llllllllllllllll!llllll!lll^ AMERICAN FORESTRY VOL. XXV l)IIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!l[|||||||||lllllllllllll!ll!li!!»llllllllllllllllllll!lll!llll!lllllllllllllllll!ll!llill!ll AUGUST, 1919 NO. 308 BELGIUM'S FORESTS BLIGHTED BY THE HUN BY PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE EDITOR OF AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE Brussels, Belgium. THE Germans practically destroyed the forests of Belgium during their four years' occupation of the conquered territory. A few small areas of wooded land still remain, but the trees are standing only because the Germans in their hurried retreat followed by their speedy acceptance of the armistice found insufficient time in which to complete their work of destruction. Several hundred million dollars' worth of trees were destroyed, and the four provinces of Hainaut, Liege, Luxemburg and Namur suffered most severely. Protests against the wholesale destruction of standing timber, and the deliberate damage of young growth so that it could not survive were made to General Baron von Bissing, Governor Gen- eral of Belgium, by the Belgian Forest Adminis- tration and by the Central Forestry Society of Bel- gium, without avail, and the systematic and scien- tific destruction of the for- ests and woodlands contin- ued during the entire period of the occupation. Belgium's forest area, 1,299,450 acres constitut- ed about 17% of the entire area of the country, where- as one-fourth of the Ger- man Empire and one-third of Saxony, Bavaria, Wurtemberg and Baden is in forest. As Belgium is without doubt one of the heaviest lumber consuming nations of the world, in view of the density of her population and the needs of her industries, these German forests will undoubtedly be compelled to restore the lumber Belgium has lost, but only the long years can restore her forests. Meanwhile, the effect of changes of climate due to loss of her forests may cause damage impossible to estimate, to add to the many injuries already sustained by this unhappy country. The situation is well expressed by a report of the < tntral Forestry Association of Belgium, of which Count Yisart de Bocarme, the heroic Mayor of Bruges, is presi- dent, which says: "In 1914 the wind of Liberty still blew in the rich foliage of our forests, which were, alas ! Belgium, eager for the restoration of her de- stroyed forests, has gratefully accepted the offer of the American Forestry Association to aid by presenting American forest tree seed. Belgium's director of forests, N. I. Crahay, has asked for quantities of the following seed: NOBLE FIR, GRAND FIR, WHITE FIR, SILVER FIR, WESTERN LARCH, DOUGLAS FIR, PORT ORFORD CEDAR, BALD CYPRESS, TIDELAND SPRUCE, PIN OAK, RED OAK, SUGAR MAPLE, SILVER MAPLE AND TULIP POPLAR. The American Forestry Association is now soliciting contributions to a fund to provide this seed and also to provide seed for the replanting of the devastated forests of France. soon to become acquainted with the axe of the vandals. For, during that dark period of fifty-two months, after committing every manner of crime, they also perpetrated the monstrous felony of laying low our forests ; for let us remember that they have cut down several hundred millions worth of our trees. "Everything went — venerable shade trees of the road- side, the parks, and the fields, elms and poplars ; experi- mental trees, exotic or curious; historical trees; forest trees such as oaks, ash, beech, or of the orchard, such as walnut trees ; massive growths of both deciduous and indeciduous varieties; forests belonging to the nation, to communes, to charitable institutions, or to private indi- viduals ; nothing was spared, old or young, tall timber or coppice wood, not even the bedding. "They had set out to leave nothing standing when they were finally com- pelled to let go under the irresistible pressure of our victorious troops, and in some cases left their cut- ting unfinished." Much was done by the Belgians during the four years in the effort to save some of the forests, to have the young growth protected even if the usable trees had to be sacrificed. Notes, protests, appeals, supplications, were made to the Ger- man officials, but all without other result than curt refusals to modify the orders for steady and systematic destruction which were being issued from time to time. To General Baron von Bissing was pointed out the fact, so familiar to every German officer, that a certain area of forest is absolutely essential to the prosperity and even the vitality of a nation, a truth put into applica- tion with jealous care in the various states of Germany. He was told that in Belgium for the last twenty-five or thirty years, the nation, the provinces, the communes, and numerous owners have united their efforts with a view to increasing the forested area, which was obviously insufficient, in view of the imperative needs of the nation in the way of timber, as well as out of consideration for 1251 1252 AMERICAN FORESTRY the numerous and valuable indirect services which forests render from the standpoint of climate, water supply, etc. It was also indicated that the forests were young and of recent creation, and their yield of lumber as well as their general output comparatively small, for the area of mere coppice wood and of timber of small value or utility constituted about one-fourth of the whole. Numerous plantations had been established, some in order to protect regions against dominating or drying winds, others for the sake of clothing hills and elevated plateaus with a view to preventing disastrous overflows of water courses which prevailed prior to the establish- ment of these plantations. The removal of these woods which served as a defense against the elements would cause not only considerable losses but even a public stipulations of the international convention signed at The Hague on October 18, 1907. "As a matter of fact, as regards the Government for- ests, article 55 of this convention provides that the occu- pying Nation shall be considered only as an administrator and usufructuary of this property and shall be obliged to administer it in accordance with the rules on usufruct. "Now, the exploitation of these forests is regulated according to the Belgian laws on the basis of methodical arrangements which determine the areas and amounts to be cut annually. "As regards the forests of communes and of private parties, article 52 stipulates particularly that requisitions in kind shall be made against communes and inhabitants only for the needs of the army of occupation. Sl'CH SCENES AS THIS IN BELGIAN FORESTS AND WOODLANDS ARE NOT UNUSUAL. THERE ARE SCORES AND SCORES LIKE THIS AND WORSE. THE DIFFICULTY OF THE PROBLEM OF RESTORATION IS APPARENT AT A GLANCE. danger as a result of the probable inundations, not only in Belgium but even in Holland, if, for instance, the hills of the basin of the Meuse and its affluents were stripped. It would certainly provoke legitimate protests on the part of the injured owners, who would find their crops re- duced in consequence of the absence of the shelters which protected them, or ravaged by the torrents which would be sure to arise following the denudation of the hillsides. The Forestry Society even pointed out that the stipu- lations of the international convention signed at The Hague protected the forests of occupied enemy territory, and said in an appeal to Von Bissing: "We arc compelled to protest against the seizure of our forests, all the more energetically because we consider ourselves protected in this highly grave matter by the "Now, it does not seem to us possible that the army of occupation alone could use the large quantities of wild pine, spruce, beech, oak, and walnut that have been cut down, taken out, and seized by the German military authority. "The same article also stipulates that these requisitions shall be in proportion to the resources of the country and of such a nature as not to impose upon the population the obligation of taking part in the operations of the war against their own country. "Now, according to the considerations set forth above, we are convinced that the timber that is now being taken is out of all proportion to the extremely limited timber resources of Belgium, which are already exceeded by the needs of the natives." BELGIUM'S FORESTS BLIGHTED BY THE HUN 1253 A WOODLAND NEAR MERCKEN IN BELGIUM, SHOWING THE REMAINS OF WHAT WAS ONCE A ROAD RUNNING THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE PHOTOGRAPH. WOODLANDS IN THE DISTANCE WERE SAVED DOUBTLESS BECAUSE IT WAS TOO DIFFICULT TO GET OUT THE TIMBER. The effect of this protest may readily be guessed. Von Biasing, in a brief note, replied that the explanations could not induce him to revoke or modify the measures taken, and added that the cuttings were on so small an area that "it is impossible for any of the injuries which you fear to occur." The Forestry Society comment OH this was : "Let us merely say that it is a wonder that its author did not say that not only have we no injury to fear but that these cuttings were ordered in the interests of our people and of our forests." The Belgians, still brave, still hopeful, still deeply concerned, endeavored by submitting forceful statistics on the situation to Von Bissing to secure some modification of the campaign of destruc- tion. This was sent him : "We see there that the total area of indeciduous forest in the kingdom is 424,150 acres, divided into 138,685 acres under the forestry administration and 285,465 acres belonging to private parties. "The sale price of the exhaustive cuttings in the inde- Lh BOIS DES LUPINS, NEAR BOESINGHE. BELGIUM, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF HEAVY SHELLFIRE ON THE GROUND AND ON THE TREES, SUCH DAMAGE EXISTS FOR A WIDE AREA IN THIS SECTION. 1254 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE PARK OF A BELGIAN ESTATE OCCUPIED BY THE GERMANS. HERE TIMBER WAS CUT AND PRACTICALLY ALL OF THE UNCUT TREES WERE KILLED BY FIRE AND SHELLS. MANY OF THE FINE PARK LANDS OF BELGIUM ARE IN A SIM- ILAR CONDITION. ciduous forests under the forestry administration having been 577,419 francs in 1910, we can infer from this that, for the total area of indeciduous forests, the proceeds of the exhaustive cuttings amounted in 1910 to approxi- mately 1,765,165 francs, representing a total volume of 126,083 cubic meters. "According to the same data we find that in 1910, in regard to the provinces of Hainaut, Liege, Luxemburg, and Namur, as referred to in Your Excellency's answer, the area of indeciduous forests is 204,158 acres, the proceeds from exhaustive cuttings 859,615 francs, and the volume exploited 61,401 square meters. "The revenues of the preceding years are practically the same as those of 1910, and may be considered as nor- mal and as representing the maximum yield. "Now, Your Excellency writes us that, according to anticipations, the cuttings of indeciduous timber will not exceed an area of 4,940 acres in these four provinces. "This area will be taken from the growths offering the heaviest dimensions and representing a present value of 12,500,000 francs at the least. "This quantity therefore considerably exceeds not only the maximum yield of the four provinces contemplated, of which we did not even deduct the forests comprised in the line-of-communications zone, but it also exceeds that of the whole country. "Under these circumstances, and inasmuch as it has already been necessary, for the needs of the Nation under present conditions, to dig deeply for the last two years into our forest reserve by means of extraordinary cut- tings, it is to be foreseen that, through the fellings con- templated, the resinous lumber resources of Belgium will be reduced beyond all proportion, if indeed they are not exhausted completely for the years to follow." To this Von Bissing, evidently short of arguments and without doubt somewhat peeved, said he was familiar with the statistics and "I cannot deduce therefrom any reason for suspending or modifying my instructions." There was nothing further to be done. The cutting of usable trees and the destruction of the young growth continued. The damage done to the various forests is indicated in the following reports of the Forestry Society now available : "The operations of the occupying nation had begun — one must break one's hand in in all things — by cutting down the resinous trees. As early as July 7, 1916, we were informed of the seizure of the resinous forests belonging notably to the communes of Chimay and Forges, to Mr. F. Brugmann in the territory of Escaillere and of the Riezes, and to Mr. Ch. Malengreau in the commune of Macquenoise. "The exploitation of the spruces on the Revers d'Oise and in Fagne, the two cantons belonging to the city of Chimay, and that of the wild pines, in the commune of Forges, was carried out quickly ; the case was the same with wild pines about sixty years old, planted as tall sentinels at the entrance of the oak groves of the com- mune of Salles and in regard to which they already dis- pensed with the formality of sending a notice of seizure. This latter cutting was exploited at the end of September, 1916; it was the same way with some spruces which the BELGIUM'S FORESTS BLIGHTED BY THE HUN 1255 communes of Seloignes and Forges-Philippe owned on one of the heights of their forests of Thierarche. "It took more time to fell the splendid mass of spruces of the Hauts-Marais. This forest was assuredly the most beautiful of this kind that existed in Belgium, great spruces planted about 1862 and whose spires seemed to reach the sky in the darkness which their thick branches left on the ground. This beautiful mass no longer exists ; all the spruces, and with them large quantities of trees which grew in the forest proper, along walks and borders, all have disappeared for the satisfaction of the needs of the occupier, who never cared, of course, to indemnify the owner. What is more, for we can never get done telling the misdeeds of the Germans in Belgium, groups of exotic trees such as Japanese larches, Douglas firs, etc., remarkable for their vigor and their dimensions, found no more mercy before the axe of the vandals than did the ordinary spruces. "At the same time there were being exploited in Thier- arche, on the territory of Macquenoise, pine woods mixed with birch. The Germans had constructed a Decauville railroad in order to transport the timber to the railroad station at Momignies. On this track was a wheezy loco- motive pulling a car which contained at most one and one-half cubic meters of wood; and good people, good Belgians at that, were nevertheless admiring the spirit of organization of the usurpers ! "The quantity of oaks concentrated in the forests of the Chimay region and the situation of the forested areas with respect to the railroad stations adapted to the German enterprises, are likewise the reasons why the Thierarche forests had to suffer worse than those of Fagne. "In view of the stoppage of business the greater part of the communes had failed to sell the oaks of the cutting's of 191 5 and following. On the contrary all the white wood, which is suited to the manufacture of wooden shoes — the only local industry that kept up during the war — all the white wood had been sold as soon as the exploitation of the copse had permitted operations of timber selection. This was in fact all timber saved from the break-up and turned over to Belgian industry for the consumption of the interior of the country, but it was necessary to be disillusioned soon on this point also with respect to the honesty of our adversaries. "The high oak forests of Bourlers and Forges were attacked first ; while the felling of communal forests took place in violation of all rights and conventions. We must recognize that here at least the frenzied desire to injure and destroy the forest, to wipe out the forest reserve and all resources for the future, this bad desire, we will say, does not appear. Only the larger trees fell, and enough others were preserved so that the forest still has the appearance of high timber over a thin copse. However, all the big oaks are felled ; as a matter of fact, they constitute the bulk of the value. "While matters did not transpire so badly for these two communes, it was different with others, whose mis- fortunes we shall recite. "The forest of Monceau-Imbrechies, traversed from south to north by the road from Monceau to Seloignes, reached the facilities of the Seloignes-Monceau railroad STFRDY TREES IX A PARK IN BELGIUM WHICH SUSTAINED HEAVY SHELL AND MACHINE GUN FIRE AND STILL STAND, SKELETON DEAD, FILLED WITH BULLETS AND SHRAPNEL SCRAP. 1256 UIKRICAN FORESTRY station. It was one of the richest forests in the region, well served by two metaled roads, and situated between the railroad station and the locality which comprises many makers of wooden shoes, all being circumstances which gave value to the various classes of timber. Its big oaks, while not all of excellent quality, were known far and wide and offered dimensions little known elsewhere. One of these veterans measured 1334 feet at a height of five feet, and was 53 feet high ; it was named the Big Benefit Oak. Individuals from 6 feet to 8 feet in diameter were common there, those measuring from 8 feet to 11 feet were not rare, and there were several gauging 11 feet and over. Groups of beeches, modern and ancient, were met with and distinguished themselves by an exceedingly "The forest of Imprechies, a section of the same com- mune, was cut to the groixnd, or almost; it was stocked with about the same growth as that of Monceau, though a little less rich in big trees. "The commune of Beauwelz owned high timber oil copse, less thickly planted than the Monceau forests. ( )f all the oaks, beeches, birches, and maples nothing is left over almost the whole area. The "Decauville" railroad. constructed for the transportation of the resinous timber of the private forest, seems to have helped to consummate the ruin of the forest; the trees were felled there in the copses of all ages, from six to eighteen years! The birches and other timber that could be used in manufac- turing wooden shoes and for which the industry was ALL THAT IS LEFT OF A BELGIAN WOOD OCCUPIED BY BRITISH TROOPS WHEN THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN WTEK THE ARMISTICE. IT IS THE BOIS TRIANGULAIRE, NEAR MERCKEN. ALL THE SKELETON TREKS STANDING ARE DEAD THE YOUNG GROWTH IS UTTERLY DESTROYED. rapid growth. Tall birches and big sycamore maples completed this fine high-timber forest. "To this forest were given the names of Tailles Andre, Benefice, Richots, Mauvais Pas, and> "Atelier; the cuttings dated from 1906 to 1917. Apart from the high timber, everything has disappeared : Secular oaks, groups of imposing beeches, tall birches, big maples, rooted saplings, staddles, moderns, ancients, superancients, young cadets, tall timber of young cuttings, reserves of middle age stature and old exploitations, everything was chopped down to within 20 inches of the ground, and dragged through copses of all ages to the roads by the pitiless cable actuated by a tractor. The copse is broken up, crushed, distorted, and destroyed. paying at the time at the rate of 70 francs per actual cubic meter, were cut down at the same time as the oaks. being cut up into logs for use in heating the fire boxes <>i the tractors and locomotives. "The Germans have ruined the commune of Beauwelz, and the indemnities the latter may be able to collect will not restore to it its forest wealth, which has hitherto been the uninterrupted source of its revenues, of wages for its woodsmen, and of raw materials for its makers of wooden shoes, all of which are factors of exchange and benefit to the whole locality. "These two communes have been hit harder than the others. Beauwelz was able some twenty years ago to escape inroads on its timber supply such as had been BELGIUM'S. FORESTS BLIGHTED BY THE HUN 1257 CONDITION' OF A WOODLAND NEAR MERCKEN, BELGIUM, SHOWING HOW THE DESTRUCTION OF TIMBER AND DAMAGE BY HF-AVY SHELLFIRE HAS TURNED FINE WOODLAND NEAR A WATERWAY INTO A SWAMP. ANOTHER VIEW OF WOODLAND DESTRUCTION NEAR MERCKEN. BELGIUM. NOTE THE SHATTERED TIMBER LYING IN AND NEAR THE SHELL HOLES. RESTORATION OF LAND AS BADLY DAMAGED AS THIS IS WILL BE A TEDIOUS AND COSTLY WORK 1258 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE BOIS CHARPENTIER NEAR BISCHOOTE, IN BELGIUM, THE LAND HAS GONE AND IT IS A WATER-SOAKED, IS A SCENE OF UTTER DESOLATION. THE FOREST VALUE OF MUD-COVERED AREA MARKED BY NUMEROUS SHELL HOLES. caused elsewhere by the assessment of the "usage duties" of the old principality of Chimay; as a matter of fact, it bought all the trees which were to be sold for the benefit of the Prince of Chimay. The commune of Mon- ceau-Imbrechies was also reputed to have considerable savings. The Germans knew the smallest details of our affairs and we should not be at all surprised if they were aware of the financial situation of these two communes; they, who were fighting for justice ( ?), could it have been that they wanted their operations to bring about equi- librium in the forest wealth of our communes of Thier- arche ?" These reports do not cover the whole area of de- stroyed forests, facts about which are now being gathered and which will later be printed. A brief examination, however, of any of the destroyed forests indicates very clearly the truthfulness of the Belgian comment in sum- ming up their losses : "Such is the work of the Germans, of professionals, for it appears that it was professional foresters who were charged with designing and directing these henceforth famous exploitations." A SCENE IN THE BOIS DES LUPINS NEAR BOESINGHE, SHOWING THE GERMAN FORTIFICATIONS AND THE DESTRUCTION DONE TO TREES AND FORTIFICATIONS BY SHELL FIRE. THE NORTHWEST'S WORST FOREST FIRES AS this issue of American Forestry goes to press, the reports regarding the forest fires now raging in the Northwest show a situation of extreme gravity. The conditions are probably the worst ever faced in that region. The third and worst of three suc- cessive years of severe drouth has parched the country. High winds, heat, and electric storms, bringing lightning without rain, have heightened the peril. There are prob- ably more fires burning uncontrolled at the moment of writing than have ever been known since organized protection of the forests began. Twenty-five hundred men are on the fire lines in the National Forests, and the entire available surplus of labor in Northern Idaho and Western Montana has been gathered up by the Forest Service, and is not enough. The worst fire year of recorded history, from the standpoint of losses, in the same region was that of 1910. The great conflagration of that year began after the middle of August. Normally, conditions grow worse and worse until early September brings the beginning of the fall rains. What may come this year no man can tell. If an appalling disaster is escaped, it will be due in part to good fortune. At the best, there will be very heavy losses of property. The situation may any day reach a point at which the organized forces which are trying to hold the fires in check will be routed and put to flight before a vast and resistless, hurricane-driven sheet of flame. The Forest Service admits that already, though straining every nerve, it is having to give ground before some of the fires, seeking not their control but merely to limit, in so far as possible, their destructiveness by di- recting their course where they will do least harm. To know accurately what is taking place in a battle is proverbially difficult until the smoke clears away. With great forest fires a similar situation is created. It is unfortunate, but inevitable, that just now when spec- tacular losses are again directing public attention to the great need of better protection against these fires, it is impossible to make out fully why the efforts to control them have not been more successful. That can only be told when all the details can be studied and analyzed. Nevertheless, certain undeniable facts stand out. In 1910 the same region was swept by fires so wide- spread and devastating that it was hoped their record would stand unique for all time. The Forest Service met the situation heroically. Confronted with conditions the like of which it had never faced before, it won uni- versal commendation for the fight which it put up against great odds. In the light of the experience then gained it developed new methods and improved its or- ganization. It also sought from Congress larger author- ity to incur expenses in future emergencies of the same nature. The next year Congress provided an extraordinary emergency fund of $1,000,000. As the immediately following years happened to be exceptionally favorable this fund was cut, over the protest of the Forest Service, to $200,000 for the fiscal years 1913 and 1914, and to $100,000 for 1915, after which it was eliminated entirely. Again and again the Forest Service has been embar- rassed by delays in the enactment of the agricultural appropriation act until after the beginning of the fiscal year on July 1. In 1912 the bill became law August 10; in 1916, August 11; in 1918, October 1. In each of these years a "continuing resolution" made available in the interim at the rate of one-twelfth the previous year's appropriation each month. Since the heaviest expendi- tures of the Forest Service and the fire season fall in the summer months, the method is obviously inadequate. Through what shifts and devices the fire fighters have been employed, transported, equipped and fed this year because of delay can only be surmised, but very serious responsibilities must have been assumed and formidable embarrassments surmounted. The remedy is simple. Let Congress re-enact the million-dollar extraordinary emer- gency provision and make the fund available until the next year's appropriations can be drawn on. What is not needed will not be spent, but will revert to the Treasury. Public opinion should demand that this appropriation be made. It is also plain that the fund for co-operation with the States in forest fire protection should be largely augmented. The total is now $100,000, apportioned among 24 States. Montana's allotment from this fund for the current year is $3,000 and Idaho's $4,500. The figures speak for themselves. Further, it is imperative that radical measures be adopted to provide adequate salaries for Forest officers commensurate with the character of their responsibilities and with what private business enterprises are glad to pay the same men. The Forest Service is being starved out. Many men have left because they could not stand the economic pressure. In consequence green men have had to be put in where experience was of great impor- tance. Repeated efforts of the Forester to secure more adequate pay for his field force have been without avail. Finally, a more vigorous and determined public de- mand that forest fires throughout the country must be done away with, as nearly as this is humanly possible, must arise and find effective expression. Forest fires have become an anachronism. They belong to a heed- less and unenlightened age in the matter of forest con- servation. They must be fought on a nation-wide scale by private owners, the States and the Federal Govern- ment in co-operation. Protection of forests, including young growth, against fires must be made compulsory in all forest regions. Efficient methods must be developed under public leadership. Competent men must be em- ployed by the States and the nation, and politics must not be allowed to make their work ineffective. The time for indifference and neglect is past. If our lawmakers fail to recognize the fact they may have cause to re- gret it. 1259 PREVENTION OF FOREST FIRE LOSSES BY SMITH RILEY IT is well known the world (Tver that America of all nations is careless with fire and although her equip- ment for suppression is of the finest, our yearly losses from lire are enormous when compared with other nations. The explanation of this would seem to be a lack of thoroughness in adopting and practicing methods of fire prevention. Does this failure come from the typical American haste in doing all things? Is it that in our construction work we are in such haste to arrive at completion we cannot take proper precau- tions to prevent loss from fire? Or is it that the ease with which property is gained and insured makes one careless whether it is destroyed by fire or some other way? It is interesting to fol- low this line of thought in relation to forest fires do- ing enormous damage each year. These fires are from two causes, namely : Those started by man, and those started by lightning. A campaign of prevention should lessen and gradu- ally eliminate a large part of loss from the first cause, while a policy of suppres- sion must be applied to lightning caused fires. Lack of realization of the dam- age created by fire is cer- tainly responsible for the greatest loss by man-made fires and it is quite inter- esting to note the gradual decrease in forest loss in those regions where prog- ress has been made in educating t>fte public to the necessity of care with fire to prevent such loss. The most effective way of doing this seems to be the forci- ble bringing home of the realization, by drastic meas- ures, of the losses by fire and the need for cautious use of this element. In New York State the action of the Conservation Commission in forcing the railroads to burn oil in engines running over all forest roads during the tire season has been a big step towards public realization AX EFFECTIVE MEASURE OF FIRE PREVENTION This is a form of spark arrester which has been employed with good effect on locomotives in Colorado. of the necessity for fire prevention. In South Dakota the most has been accomplished by a suit against a railroad that caused a big loss by forest fire. Where the campaign for prevention has followed the principle of emphasizing the necessity of extreme care in any use of fire and the damage resulting to all forms of forest growth by its promiscuous use, much greater progress has been made towards a realiza- tion of need for public care in its use. In Min- nesota recognition is given to the policy of spring burning of logging slashes, which amounts to nothing more than setting out fire in such areas as soon as it will run in the spring and letting it burn. From a vantage point in the for- ested region one may count a dozen or more such fires when the season is on. There is no question that this promiscuous use of fire does much to deaden the realization of the dam- age done by fires and the public realization of the necessity of caution in fire use or the need of prompt action to stamp out fires gaining headway in dan- gerous seasons of the year. A public, understanding that fires are purposely set which destroy forest growth, is not going to be very keen in responding to a policy for putting out fires that may be burning this same type of forest growth. I feel sure the present losses and the lax attitude of the public toward this loss will continue in Minnesota wherever the pres- ent policy of spring burning is allowed to continue in a wholesale way. There is, therefore, a much keener realization of need for caution where fire is not promiscuously used and I feel sure that the problems of protection against fire loss will grow less and be solved with much greater promptness where the burning over of forest land is considered detrimental to the highest degree unless UN PREVENTION OF FOREST FIRE LOSSES 1261 AND THIS DESTRUCTION MIGHT HAVE BEEN AVOIDED This shows one of the many fires in the Black Hills Forest of South Dakota started by locomotive sparks before the employment of oil burning engines on all lines running through the forest. complete control is demonstrated as necessary and put into effect when such burning is done. While much remains to be done, what has so far been accomplished in gaining public recognition of the proper weight to be given fire losses is very gratifying. Railroad companies are realizing the necessity of plac- ing a value upon all trees from the largest to the small- est. A fire was recently reported near a railroad right of way. The railroad company's claim agents were sent to the area at once with instructions to ascertain whether the company was responsible for the fire, and, if so, to appraise the damage and offer to settle. In a recent juvenile court case, two boys convicted of leav- ing a camp fire burning were sentenced by the judge to take a two weeks' trip into the forest to study a burned area and report fully to the judge the damage done. The public when brought to a proper realization of the losses caused by fires and the need of care and prompt action for fire prevention and suppression, may become a fighting machine of the most effective kind. A fire starts; the individual who first sees it thereby acquires the responsibility of putting it out and, if this is not possible, of securing assistance promptly. Every- thing should be learned about the origin of the fire which is possible, so its cause may be fully understood. The man first upon the ground is in the best position to gain available information. There is attractive excitement in answering the call in light fire. A man who has answered this call once will always feel a quickening of the pulse and a desire to act when the call comes again. The need for quick action regardless of the hour, the necessity of matching one's wits against existing difficulties to secure imme- diate action to control the ele- ment that is steadily destroy- ing values it has taken years to create, brings a quickening of the pulse somewhat akin to that caused by a call for war. There is a big fire in one of the forests and an extra supply of equipment is needed. A wire has been sent to the dis- trict office for these things. The wire is received at 10.30 P. M. The next train upon which these things can be shipped leaves at 2.30 A. M. The first thing is to secure a conveyance and assistance, get into the supply room, pack the needed supplies, rush them to the station and express them out. Here is a piece of work that has in it only keen zest for matching one's wits against obstacles and not fail to ful- fill the work of fire fighting for which one has been made responsible by the receipt of the telegram. A man who has been a ranger for CATCHING IT IN GOOD TIM I. This shows Mexican section bands putting out a fire started by a rail- road engine crossing the Pike National Forest. 1262 AMERICAN FORESTRY many years said the one thing he regretted in leaving his position was losing the exhilarating excitement of going to and participating in controlling forest fires. Efficient organization is important because every man who answers to the call for fire fighting, and is well treated, that is, well trans- ported, well fed and bedded, will respond with zest to the work. Even a lazy man will feel a quickening of the pulse when he hears the call, like the dog and the child in the street when the fire engine goes dashing by. Prompt pay and good treatment are important factors that will in time make every man within strik- ing distance a fire fighter to be depended upon. Here is a gar- age in a small moun- tain town crowded with people mer. r f L \ i . { 1 1 I ■ 1 JJlj J 1 1 ' 1 Nvy ^Ijt* '^Vr& ■ ; ma Hi 1 1 in i nan , W>* "^"» - >-TOHH bwhii BURNED OVER AREA— THE ECHO RIVER FIRE A public understanding that fires are purposely set which destroy forest growth is not going to be very keen in responding to appeals for fire protective measures and necessary control work, and must be' educated to it. in sum- Many men are employed in this garage when the season is on and a line of cars is run, by the com- pany owning it, through the forest to the nearest rail- road point. The administration is charged with the work of keeping fires out of the timber and the beauty of the forest growth along this road is of high value to the transportation company, so an agreement is en- tered into between the transportation company and the forest administration providing that the drivers of all cars upon the road will keep their eyes open and report any fires no- ticed. When the re- port of an existing fire is received at the gar- age, fire tools furnished by the Government are loaded into a car and a number of men work- ing in the garage are whirled away to the fire. The company is paid for the time of its men and cars. One who has seen the faces of these men on the road when they have been suddenly taken away from the me- chanical work of the garage and speeded into the open to fight fire, will understand the thrill of it. Efficient treatment must follow, else the men who respond will lose the zest of it. When the National Forests were first created there was no provision for HARD-WON REST FOR THE CREW This shows the fighters at the Camp Creek Fire on day "sleep shift" near the burning fire line. blankets and "tear it off." Utterly exhausted, they roll up in their PREVENTION OF FOREST FIRE LOSSES 1263 paying except by check from Washington and those working upon a fire would have to wait a month or six weeks for their pay. It was not uncommon in those days, in calling a man to fight fire, to be told he would not go because it took too long to receive the pay. Here is different example : A bank cashier staying with some friends in the mountains, was asked by the forest ranger to help with a fire. He did so and worked at it all day. The check he received for his work was to him a souvenir of a novel and exciting experience. In the future, should this man be in reach of a forest fire alarm and be available, he will respond just for the excitement of it. I have been told one loses his enthusiasm after fighting fire for a day or so ; that the forest rangers in sections where the fire seasons are long and intense, become so wearied they dread to answer the telephone for fear the message may be of a fire requiring mammoth exertion. It is true that when WHEN THE GHOST WALKED Here we see the forest officers paying off fire fighters at the termination of the work. the body is weary, enthusiasm lags, but where the seed has been effectively planted, a period of rest will work a complete change as one's enthusiasm comes again to the front. Those rangers at the beginning of the fire" season are keen and enthusiastic. When they become weary by overexertion, give them a rest of a week or so and see what a change for the better will take place. This element of thrill is a real factor; it pays well to cultivate it in all classes of men. The response will come from those who delight in action and the at- traction will be the zest of matching one's energies against an element of destruction beyond control. Effi- ciency in management, such as good and prompt pay, transportation, good food and bedding, leaves the way clear to develop this enthusiasm, whereas poor management in any one of these things would tend to obstruct or lessen this enthusiasm. FOR THE COMFORT OF THE INNER MAN Tiiis shows the thorough and methodical arrangement of the kitchen and commissary established near the fire line for the service of the men who are fighting the fire. FOREST DESTRUCTION PREVENTED BY CONTROL OF SURFACE FIRES BY JOSEPH A. KITTS FOREST fires in the United States destroy, year by year, more than the forest yield. It requires at least 250 years for a forest to reproduce itself, i. <•., the yield is not greater than two-fifths of one per cent per annum. The stand of timber is being cut at the rate of 3^ per cent per annum. It is evident that we must save the yield and augment natural reproduction by plant- ing, in order to insure a future supply. The situation is now so critical that the fire problem is one to which earnest thought and attention should be given until a solution has been proven, accepted and put into practice throughout the United States. Forest fires are of three types in effect — surface fires which spread over the surface of the forest floor, fed by the litter ; ground fires which smolder in the ground, con- suming the humus and sometimes the roots of trees ; and crown fires which destroy the entire forest cover. Crown fires start from the ground and the litter must be very heavy and very dry and inflammable to cause and sustain them. The humus must be very dry to sustain a ground fire. I have practiced for the past twenty-eight years, on my home lands in California, a method of prevention of crown fires learned from the Sierra Nevada Indians. 1 have found this method successful in my second growth timber and also in prime forest where the accumulation of litter (the cause of destructive fires) was in consider- able proportion. This method has been highly satisfac- tory from every point of view and is here offered as a solution of the fire problem in the coniferous forests. The method consists in the burning of the forest litter, by surface fire control as described herein, during and at the end of the wet season, burning over by rota- tion from one-fiftieth to one-fifth' of the forest area each year, the periodical rotation depending upon the local rate of litter accumulation. The litter is then burned without danger from crown or ground fires and, if handled scientifically, aids natural reproduction, removes the excess underbrush, increases the forage, maintains the forest in a thrifty and healthy condition and renders the forest immune to destruction by fire at all seasons of the year. It is well known that the Indians practiced a periodic burning over of the forests. Literature on the subject has explained this in many ways excepting the one here given. When the California pioneer asked the Indian why he set so many fires, he replied, "Letum go too long — get too hot — killum all." He used the surface fire to burn the litter in order to prevent the crown fire which destroyed .everything. He may not have been very scientific but it must be admitted that his methods of preservation of the forests were highly successful when compared with present day destruction. The first ON growth trees are fire-marked throughout the northern Sierra Nevada forests; the indications of destruction by crown fires prior to the coming of the "Americans" are in small proportion and so indistinct as to point to fires very remotely in the past, if at all; and, the ages of the prime trees precludes the occurrence of crown fires for hundreds and thousands of years of aboriginal treat- ment. The pioneers found these forests open and clean ; today they are so encumbered with fallen trees, underbrush and other litter that complete destruction is the usual result of a summer fire. Consider the fires in the Crater Lake National Forest in 1910. (Forest Service — Bulletin 100). This forest has an. area of 1,166,600 acres, an estimated total stand of 10,197,000,006 feet B. M. and a rated annual yield of 90,000,000 feet B. M. 60,891 acres, or 1-19 of the total area, was burned over, destroying 250,000,000 feet B. M.. or 1-40 of the stand of timber. One thousand men, em- ployed in fighting the fires, were found inadequate and five companies of United States troops were added. The cost of fire fighting to the Forest Service was $40,000. or 70 cents per acre for the area destroyed. One thou- sand acres of the burned-over area was reseeded at a cost of $3.00 per acre. The loss, then, cannot be esti- mated at less than $3.70 per acre. The timber destroyed was three times the annual growth, and, although the year 1910 was an unusually dry one, it must be remembered that the average annual destruction, throughout the United States, is greater than the rate of growth. I recently had an opportunity to study the densely planted forests of France. It should be observed here that without these planted forests France could not have waged war for four years. Crown fires are unknown in these dense forests because the people gather the litter for fuel. It is not possible, of course, for us to go fagoting through our forests and we must dispose of the litter in some other manner. We use the backfire to remove the litter in order to stop a crown fire, and under most adverse circumstances. When the crown fire reaches the area backfired the live trees alone will not sustain it and it is stopped. Even in the drouth of summer, the backfire does little or no harm to the live trees. When the backfire is used to stop a crown fire, it only limits the destruction ; it may be used in the spring to prevent it. The backfire is a controlled surface fire working against the wind, which prevents it from becoming a crown fire. The following rules for surface fire control may be safely used by any engineer or forester experienced in forest fire fighting: 1. Burn the forest litter, by means of surface fires, during and at the end of the wet season, in intervals of (Continued on Page 1306) UNCLE SAM, LUMBERMAN, CANAL ZONE BY W. H. BABBITT I DO not believe that it is very generally known that the United States Government is in the lumber busi- ness, actually operates a saw-mill, maintains lumber yards, sales department and all of the other establish- ments that go with the business. This is, nevertheless, a fact. The operation is on the Panama Canal Zone. The radical departure from the general policy of the Gov- ernment is, I believe, likely to be of interest to Ameri- can timbermen, and as the operations are being carried on in a new or little known field, the results obtained should also be of much in- terest. I hope my effort to impart these facts may not be too severely dealt with, if I also attempt to sketch in a little of the local color and a few of the human heart throbs, to lighten the otherwise heavy duty of the self-appointed historian. The business is a child of the war and was brought into being to supplant, as far as possible, by use of native species, lumber im- ported from the States, and thereby release shipping for war purposes. One ^ may wonder, if not conversant with the facts, why, when the canal is dug and duly operating, any great ship- ments of lumber were re- quired. One look at the machine shops, dry docks, foundries, etc., necessary to the maintenance of locks, dredges, liters and tugs of the operative departments of the canal where ships are repaired, or even built com- plete, or at the extensive car shops, where the rolling stock for the Alaskan railroads is being made up from old canal equipment, together with orders for foreign service and for the States, should be sufficient to convince one that raw material in quantity is, and will be, con- stantly required. Many millions of feet of lumber had to be cut to entirely supplant the shipments from the States. Could SHOWING DETAIL OF THE PECULIAR BARK OF THE LIGNUM VIT.E The wood is close-grained, heavy and very hard, and the tree, with its richly colored dark green leaves, its blue flowers and orange-red fruits, is in striking contrast to its arid surroundings. it be done? Well possibly, yes. There was machinery and men enough, but what about the timber? When garnered together from near and far, the facts were by no means imposing. It was known that the local forest contained trees that could be cut into sawlogs. Some of these trees had even been sawed" up on a little resaw rig prior to the birth of the new industry and furniture woods such as coco bolo, nazareno, mahogany and Spanish cedar of the cigar box variety, had been log- ged from the Zone since the old French days, and there it ended, for while saw- mills are plentiful on both coasts of Central America, none of them have ever cut commercial lumber, nor been successful in selling what they have cut, and from the point of view of a practical lumberman, the field was, and is, an entirely new one. The mill itself is not too imposing, a thirty-five foot band saw intended original- ly for resaw work in ship construction, on which the edging is also done, and a trimming and slab saw. The entire rig occupies a corner of the large planing shop, but it is gradually, like the camel of the fable, pushing the original ma- chinery out into the open. Roll ways were built to re- ceive the logs, since most of the timber was expected to be of floating hardwoods and a pond would not only be nearly useless, but would unduly excite the sanitary contingent, a pow- er to be reckoned with on the Zone. Please note that the first lesson to be learned by a newcomer, upon landing in the Isthmus, is to let sleeping dogs lie, for be it known that the ways of our Uncle Samuel are passing strange to the uninitiated. Dry kilns were also built and so was a burner to take care of the slabs. A logging camp was established on Gatun Lake and those in charge of it had the double duty 1265 12tki AMERICAN FORESTRY of choosing the species to be cut from an endless variety of entirely unknown trees and of inducing the natives to contract for the cutting of the same, that having been found the most satisfactory way of handling the labor question in the tropics. Gatun Lake, along the shores of which the logging was to be done, is approximately twenty-five miles long by twelve in its greatest breadth and is a lake of a thousand arms and islands. It is an artificial body of water held by Gatun Dam eighty-five feet above the salt water level. It is a reservoir for lockage water and for hydro-electric power and is one link of the canal proper, frequently giving the woodsman the rather unusual spectacle of one of the world's largest ships quietly slipping along through the tall uncut forest. AN AVENUE OF WEST INDIAN ALMOND TREES The standing forest in the lake bed was only cleared from a few areas such as the canal channel and the anchorage basins, and the rising water flooded valley, hill, forest and farm to a depth of up to fifty feet, so that the lake is standing full of the skeletons of the former forest, or, what is worse to the logger, the snags of the trees that have rotted off at the water's edge and fallen, for these snags just below the water are as hard or a little harder than they were when green. The loggers' job was to cut these trees, often nearly as hard as iron and as heavy, roll them into the lake, float them through the snags and trees and load them on the cars at the railway. That we are getting the timber at all speaks well of the bush man, who is far from the indolent person he seems at first sight and is more the victim of conditions and lack of training, than a willing idler. He is doing the heaviest work regardless of the tropical discomforts of fever, in- sects, heat and rain. He has not the slightest knowledge of the American woodsman's tool, the machete, or brush knife, replacing with him all of the other imple- ments of either husbandry or logging; and it is only possible to induce him to give it up after a long season of education, but these men know the ways of the bush and will in time, learning the use of proper tools, be- come valuable workmen. Many were to be the surprises and the mortifications of the cruiser who selected the timber to be cut. It was not enough that he must witness the weird freaks often indulged in by some innocent looking tree of apparently decent habits and good timber form, but the result of his judgment came in for most rigid inspection. Criticism seemed to be free to every one and he was generally held personally responsible for the behavior of his selections. A typical failure in choosing a species was that scored by the espavay, from which tree the natives have hued their canoes since time began. It grows to a large size, is common everywhere, floats and seemed likely to be just what was wanted for a rough building material. Indeed, it had been, so rumor said, successfully sawed in various faraway places. The first difficulty was encountered when the saw struck the log. One side cut all right, but the other was like rope, such a bunch of fuzz I never thought could come out of a tree. The sapwood on a large log would be a foot through, white or yellow, with a woven winding grain; the heart was red, gritty, hard and so LIGNUM VIT-E, OR GUAYACUM, IN ITS NATIVE SURROUNDINGS brittle that a six by six would break from a three-foot drop. The sapwood was stronger, but was attacked by millions of boring beetles that would destroy a timber in a single night. To stop these ravages the lumber was put into the kiln the moment it left the saw and by this means was rendered immune to further attack, but under this treatment it took to winding, twisting and splitting beyond expression. Experiment finally showed that this species, treated to live steam and then dried under a shed with plenty of ventilation, while it showed a tendency to decay, could yet be used where strength was not required. The use of UNCLE SAM, LUMBERMAN, CANAL ZONE 1267 NOTE THE GROTESQUE SHAPES INTO WHICH THESE ALMOND TREES (ALMENDRA) HAVE BEEN BENT BY THE TROPICAL WINDS this species has been discontinued, the cost of saving it being disproportionate to the results obtained. Other trees were tried, some of their lumber would split open in the sun and continue the process down to near the excelsior stage. Others that when fresh from the saw, seemed strong, serviceable lumber, yet dried up to be as soft as cork, or became as brittle as chalk. Some had poison sap, some decayed within a few weeks, and nearly all were attacked by borers and beetles. Those first days were dark days indeed, but slowly one and another variety was found that stood all of the tests and proud indeed was the hour when lumber, actual lum- ber, fulfilling all requirements, began to pile up in the yard — lumber that one could trust alone over night with- out dire misgivings for the morrow. Three soft wood species have proven their value, but these, while very beautiful and useful, are not in sufficient stand to be of commercial importance ; indeed, it is diffi- cult to secure all that we need for our own uses, but the hard wood is a very different story. We have large stands of this and they should be of the greatest impor- tance to the trade. Lignum Vitce, generally well known, is plentiful and has been supplied to the various navy yards, where it has given entire satisfaction. It is a very large tree and is unbelievably strong and is heavy as well, about seven pounds to the board foot. The natives bring it in slung under a dugout canoe in logs up to forty inches in diameter and fifty feet long. Nispero, or bullet wood, is the local rubber tree and is the wood eternal. Timbers in the old Spanish forts along the coast are still sound after a century or so of exposure to the weather. This wood is springy as well as strong and splits well. What wonderful ties it would make, and this may be the eventual use of the timber, for the gum hunters in their rush for rubber have girdled every tree in the forest and all are dead or dying. These trees will, of course, stand for many years to come and may still be utilized. Almendra is a larger tree even than the Lignum Vitce and the most plentiful hardwood in the forest. It is unex- celled for fenders and heavy ship work requiring timber harder and stronger than oak. Some Almendra fenders were put on a heavy dredge between sections of white oak by way of a test, and within three months were reported as an absolute failure. This was a heavy blow to the some- what friendless individual that stood sponsor for the spe- cies used and great indeed was his relief when examina- tion proved that the Almendra stood without a mark while the white oak chafed to pieces. The crew, following the usual custom, jumped to the conclusion that the native species was no good. Indeed, I have found that the native substitute has to be far better than the timber it supplants in order to pass the willing and self-appointed critics. The climate is far from kind to any wood. Oak goes to pieces in about six months, sap pine in a few weeks, but the casual observer does not know this and judges native species with the behavior of lumber in the States. There are many other valuable woods of which we are learning slowly. Some day, perhaps, the sum of our knowledge will enable private capital to un- lock some of the vast storehouses of the interior (Gov- ernment operations will doubtless be confined to the Canal Zone). Heretofore the maze of worthless timber and lack of definite knowledge as to what really was merchantable has effectually barred the good timber from a long ready market. FOR THEM A TREE STANDS THERE GEORGES CUVIER was born in 1769— one hun- dred and fifty years ago. This pupil of Linnaeus is rated one of the greatest naturalists the world has ever seen. Perhaps only to the elect is the name Cuvier known, but people are noting the century and a half since he was born, so great has been the interest awakened in the planting of things. The planting of Memorial Trees easily takes the lead in this revival. In the planting of the living, growing tree the people of this country are erecting their own memorials not only to those who gave their lives to their country but to those who offered their lives. The planting takes many forms and is not confined to remembering war heroes. Just the other day the Whitman Park Improvement Associa- tion planted a tree in honor of Walt Whitman to mark the hundredth anniversary of the poet's birth. In many schools and colleges, graduating and incoming classes are planting Memorial Trees to come back to at future re- unions. One of the most far-reaching forms of co-opera- tion with the American Forestry Association is the call to the Christian Endeavor Societies of the World to plant Memorial Trees. This call has been sent out by the Rev. Francis E. Clark. All Memorial Tree planting should be reported to the American Forestry Association at once, so it may keep its honor roll of such planting complete. Following the suggestion made by the American For- estry Association that Memorial Trees be planted in honor of Jane A. Delano, of the Red Cross, the first tree reported placed in her memory was at Canton, Penn- sylvania, her home, by the Village Improvement Asso- ciation. Thirteen trees were planted on the playground maintained by that organization. One of these was planted in memory of Sidney R. Drew, the son of the actor, whose home was at Canton. Twelve trees were planted in a circle and the tree for Miss Delano was placed in the center. The exercises were opened with the singing of "America" and Mrs. Emmeline Leavitt, the oldest member of the Daughters of the American Revo- lution in the state of Pennsylvania, said the prayer. Mrs. Frederick W. Taylor, the president of the Association, gave the address. Mrs. L. M. Marble, of the Canton Red Cross, a neighbor of Miss Delano, told of the Red Cross worker's love of the hills about Canton and how she had expressed a hope to return to them as soon as the war work was ended. Mrs. Charles H. Derrah was in charge of the exercises. The Canton honor roll will appear in an early number of this magazine. Another impressive ceremony was the dedication of the "Patriot's Grove," near Philadelphia, by the National Farm School. Here trees have been planted in honor of those who gave their lives to their country and in honor of those who offered their lives. A flag pole was dedicated to the memory of Henry F. Singer at the same time. In the list of speakers at this ceremony were Judge John M. Patterson, Edward Bok, John H. Mason, Joseph 12C8 Pennell, Harry W. Ettelson, Franklin Spencer Edmonds. Though not as large, of course, this grove is along the same idea as that one planted at the United States Army Balloon School at Ft. Omaha and Ft. Crook. At these places Col. Jacob W. S. Wuest has directed the planting of five thousand trees in memory of those who died and in memory of those who served from that camp of in- struction. Two of these trees are for Red Cross workers who died at the camp. These trees are being marked by the next of kin with the bronze markers designed by the American Forestry Association. This list will appear on the honor roll in a forthcoming number of the American Forestry Magazine, as will that of the National Farm School. A "Hero Grove" has been dedicated in Golden Gate Park, in San Francisco. At this dedication one of the most remarkable demonstrations was seen. Daugh- ters of the Golden West laid Wreaths of Remembrance on an obelisk in the park. These wreaths came from hundreds of towns and cities in California. The citizens joined in the biggest Community Sing the city had ever heard. A great community spirit is being born out of Memorial Tree planting. Coloradoans in San Diego are making plans to plant a Memorial Grove at Camp Kearny. Miss Isabella Churchill, the secretary of the Quadrangle Committee, 2170 Fourth Street, San Diego, has sent out a call to all Colorado people to help in mark- ing the spot where the camp is maintained, for it was through this camp many boys from that state passed. Another example of community work is the building of a Memorial Park at Reading, Massachusetts, in one day. Everything was planned weeks in advance and everyone had a place in the all day work. A wilderness was turned into a beauty spot and the honor roll from Reading will appear in American Forestry shortly. At Lynchburg, Virginia, Honor Oaks have been planted at a ceremony attended by a tremendous crowd. E. F. Sheffey, president of the board of aldermen, presided. Rev. Joseph B. Dunn and Dr. James D. Paxton took part in the ceremony, which was conducted by J. T. Yates, J. C. Woodson, and G. H. Read, of the Park Department. and a committee from the Woman's Club, of which Airs James R. Kyle was chairman. In Cincinnati, pupils of the Avondale School planted Memorial Trees and at the ceremony Leona G. Van Ness, of the third grade, dedi- cated the trees. Miss Annie L. Kinsella informs the Association that the little girl based her talk upon sugges- tions she found in three copies of American Forestry. Another school to plant Memorial Trees is the Municipal University of Akron, Ohio. The planting of Memorial Trees by the graduating class of Georgetown University, when fifty-four trees were placed in honor of her sons who gave their lives in the war, is the most extensive planting by a college thus far reported to the Association. The trees, Lombardy poplars, typical of France, were planted in "The Walks," which is surrounded by a nat- ural amphitheater of sloping, wooded hills. The trees FOR THEM A TREE STANDS THERE 1269 jpwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i inn niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii i in mm i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiin i iiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii| J LIVING MEMORIALS FOR THOSE WHO DIED I iiiiimmitiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiu iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1270 AMERICAN FORESTRY are marked with the bronze marker designed by the Association. Dr. Ernest LaPlace, of Philadelphia, deliv- ered the oration dedicating the trees. Making our motor highways "Roads of Remembrance" is a suggestion of the American Forestry Association that has been taken up throughout the country. The sugges- tion was made coincident with the start of the Motor Transport Corps' transcontinental run from Washington to San Francisco. Newton D. Baker, the Secretary of War, dedicated the Zero Milestone from which the truck train started. The Association urges planting of Memo- rial Trees, Memorial Parks and Memorial Groves with the routes of the motor highways in mind. Indeed, the erection of any form of Memorial should keep the routes in mind, the final result being one vast chain of Memorial Drives that will make the country easy to see and at the same time the most famous touring country in the world. With France as an object lesson and the United States facing a road building era involving the expenditure of half a billion dollars, there is a fine opportunity to do something big in an educational way for forestry by having the people, by county units, beautify these road- ways. The beauties of French roads are widely known. A Roads of Remembrance campaign has been taken up in Great Britain. In France road building is going forward that will connect the cemeteries and the famous battle- fields. We in this country do not have these battlefields and cemeteries to connect, but in connection with the erection of memorials of one kind and another, why can- not a definite plan be worked out whereby the memorial can be placed within easy access of the motor highways ? Then, with the proper planting of Memorial Trees having been done in the meantime, we will have a countrywide memorial which will be worth while and a fitting tribute to the men who answered their country's call. NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, which desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree. WASHINGTON, D. C— By Georgetown University: John B. Ahearn, James C. Amy, Melvin M. Augenstein, Joseph Baumer, David L. Bawlf, J. A. Beck, Charles T. Buckley, Douglas G. Cameron, M. J. Carroll, Thomas C. Carver, John Cissel, Edmund J. Crowe, Walter P. Desmond, Dennis R. Dowd, Jr., Ralph E. Donnelly, Julian N. Dowell, James P. Dunn, Alex- ander P. Finnegan, Arnulf Gloetzner, James L. Goggins, August DeY. Green, Robert M. Hanford, Harold Hall, Maurice L. Harding, Warren G. Harries, Albert Holl, Charles W. House, Grandville Jones, Louis J. Joyce, John J. Keady, Joseph T. Keleher, William L. Kelly, James L. King, John Lyon, Ernest P. Magruder, John Mahlum, John W. Marino, John A. Martin, Joseph G. McDonald, William F. McNierney, William F. Mil- tenberger, T. J. Moran, Leo Malcolm Murphy, Frank Murray, Joseph A. Parrott, Edward S. Pou, Gilbert Sanchez, William A. Sheehan, Francis M. Tracy, A. G. Vanderlip, Julian Robert Worthington. CANTON, PA. — By Village Improvement Association: Jane A. Delano, director general, nursing department, Red Cross; Leroy G. Clark, William Mandeville, Gordon B. King, Corp. Sidney R. Drew, Mack M. Jenkins, Ernest Williams, Sgt. Ray Myron Crandle, Paul Turner, J. Howard Wilcox, Howard Soper, Leon C. Wilcox, Corp. J. Harry Mason. CHAMBERSBURG, PA.— By Falling Spring Presbyterian Church : Lieut. James G. Nixon. CORAOPOLIS, PA.— By Coraopolis High School: John Arthur Holmes, Vance Hays, John Wesoloski, David Pugh. DEVON, PA.— By Mrs. Emory McMichael : Lieut. William Bateman. EAST STROUDSBURG, PA.— By White Oak Run School: J. L. Strockbecker. MIDDLEBURGH, PA.— By Shambach and Wagenseller: Charles F. Mitchell. PHILADELPHIA, PA.— By National Farm School: Louis Berkowitz, Jacob Bledenthal, Morrie A. Deutsch, Jerome L. Goldman, Lieut. Jesse Warren Guise, Simon C. Hellman, Joyce Kilmer, Roy Stewart Marlow, Dr. G. M. Neuberger, Sgt. Harry Polinsky, William C. Rees, Byron H. Reis, Capt. Eugene Rice, George Burton Rosenthal, Alexander J. Roth, Lester B. Rothschild, Mortimer Strauss Rubel, Henry F. Singer, Solomon Spicker, Milton Stern, Bernard W. Traitel, Eli Wittstein, Lieut. Ralph Anspack, Herman L. Artzt, Nelson H. Artzt, Justin S. Bamberger, Eli D. Bernheim, Harold B. Blumenthal, Albert Coons, Jerome Drucker, Isadore J. Faggen, Samuel Faggen, Leon Feigenbaum, Ensign Milton Stanley Getz, Herbert F. Goldstein, Jacob F. Goldstein, Ralph Gutlohn, Julian A. Hill- man, Sgt. Isaac L. Hyman, Dr. Leopold Max Jacobs, Reuben Jacobs, Charles S. Kaufman, Corp. Walter Kaufman, Sgt. Man- fred R. Krauskopf, August Manasses, Dr. Jacob L. Manasses, J. DeRoy Mark, Leonard George Needles, Isadore Oppenheimer, G. Sidney Reinheimer, Leon W. Reinheimer, Herbert D. Reis, Eli M. Rohrheimer, Sgt. Jerome H. Rose, Sgt. S. Ralph Schwarzschild, J. Leonard Sessler, Arthur Shoenberg, Arthur Silverberg, Edwin H. Silverman, Leonard Sostmann, Capt. Camille Stamm, Morris H. Starr, Arthur A. Strouse, Frank L. Teller, Ensign Jerome L. Teller, Philip H. Weinberg, Gustave L. Winelander, Stanley S. Wohl, Myron Albert Zacks. VALLEY FORGE, PA.— By Daughters of the American Revolution : Lieut. Warren T. Kent. HIGHTSTOWN, N. J.— By the High School : Harold Fones, Lewis Forman, Samuel Piatt, Jr. HOBOKEN, N. J.— By the High School : Frank LaPointe. JERSEY CITY, N. J.— By Schools Nos. 1 and 1G : Frank Braitsch, Louis Cohendet, Alexander Brady, Henry Johnson, George Devlin, Joseph Weinert ; by School No. 4 : Dr. Leonard M. Kalaher ; School No. 5 : Boys of Neighborhood ; School No. 19: Michael Keaveny, Harry R. Holler, Louis Halperin, John J. Doris, Michael P. Smith, Thomas O. Dorward, Anthony Mafarra, James T. Barke, William H. Reuter; by School No. 21: Boys who had attended School No. 21; by School No. 30: Roy Losey; by School No. 32: Max Frank, Francis Dillon, Frank Sardoni, James Mason; by School No. 33: Roosevelt, Victory, Peace, Foch, Wilson, Pershing. NEWARK, N. J.— By Memorial Tree Committee: Sgt. Irving C. Olstrum; by Boy Scouts of America: Theodore Roosevelt. PARK RIDGE, N. J.— By Free Public Library: Edward B. Abrams, Charles F. Stalter, Fred H. Pysner, Martin F. Cas- teloni, Lester McGinnis. PLAINFIELD, N. J.— By Watchung School: Holmes E. Marshall, Russell Hall, John H. Down, Benjamin H. Giles. RAHWAY, N. J.— By Wilfred Smith: Lieut. Henry W. Cleary. NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES 1271 gum, miiiimiiiiiiiiiiuiimiiiiiii minimi in imiimiiiiiiiiimii nun in inn imiiiiiini m mini « m mmiiii limn in I iimiiiiiii urn i i mm iiiiiiiiiiimiin iiiimiiiiiiu n i j I TREE PLANTING BRINGS OUT COMMUNITY SPIRIT | liiuiiin, unmiiiiiiii miiiiiiiiiiiini immiiiiiiiiii i iiminniiiii iiiiiiiiimimiiiiii minimi imiiiiimu nun mi iiiimiimiiiiiiim minimi nun mm iiiimiih uuiiumim imiiiium iimiimimiiii m. Upper— A community sing was one of the features of tree planting in San Francisco, and this picture shows what interest can be aroused when the "gods' first temples" are used. Lower — Part of the throng at Lynchburg, Virginia, when memorial trees were planted. 1272 AMERICAN FORESTRY RED BANK, N. J.— By the High School: Lieut. Herbert O. Tilton. SOUTH ORANGE, N. J.— By St. Andrew's Church: John W. Weir. TRENTON, N. J.— By Mrs. Elizabeth O. Hunter: Lieut. E. Oliphant. WEST ORANGE, N. J.— By West Orange High School: James Sayers, Miles Suarez. ASHVILLE, N. Y — By members of Ashville Grange 694 : H. Vincent Moore. COLLINS CENTER, N. Y— By. the High School: Dr. Herbert W. Mackmer. DOLGEVILLE, N. Y.— By Boy Scouts of America: Theo- dore Roosevelt. MOUNT VERNON, N. Y— By Westchester Woman's Club: William Wiley Hayward. NEW YORK CITY— By Mrs. Regina Rubel : Lieut. Solomon Rubel. OGDENSBURG, N. Y— By St. John's Episcopal Church: Frank M. Hanbidge, George Ashwood, Frank S. Harper, Clar- ence Merris, Charles Holbrook, Clarence W. Streeter. SYRACUSE, N. Y.— By St. Patrick's Church: Sgt. John J. Hogan, Raymond Koagel. VALATIE, N. Y— By Chatham Union School: Miss Cath- erine Smith, Soldiers and Sailors. COLUMBIA, TENN. — By Business Women's Association : Lieut. Clarence H. Fry, Lieut. J. C. Wooton, Sgt. Joe B. Warren, Walter D. Goodwin, Clifford Earl Hutchinson, C. W. Hamilton, Jr., Corp. James W. Wilson, Horace Hickman, Melvin White, Eli Richard Haywood, William Rufus Crumley, Corp. Eugene W. Huckaby, Walker Fitzgerald, Tom Workman, Corp. Herbert L. Griffin, Lieut. Robert B. Gilbreath, John Thomas Richardson, Corp. Basil O. Blocker, Wilson D. Holman, Robert A. Hays. Capt. Meade Frierson, Jr., John Will Thompson, Rex Bernard Vestal, Osey Jones. KNOXVILLE, TENN.— By Park City Presbyterian Church: Lieut. William Hugh Eckel, Dick Dickson. NASHVILLE, TENN.— By Fall School : Guy R. Only, Ray- mond F. Houston, John W. Weber ; by Tarbox School : Capt. Charles Duncan, Harold Goodwin, Marshall Goll, Emmet Manier, Carter Milan, Ed J. Walsh, Dan Wasserman, Walter S. Yarbrough. GREEN BAY, WIS.— By Mrs. C. Richard Murphy: C. Rich- ard Murphy; by Miss Jessie DeBoth : Lieut. E. R. DeBoth; by W. D. Fisk: Hiram Fisk, Arthur C. Neville, Sgt. William H. Livie; by P. H. Martin : Lieut. John Martin, Lieut. Jerome Martin, Joseph Martin ; by Mrs. Margaret Parmentier : Capt.. Jules M. Parmentier, Capt. Douglas Parmentier ; by Mrs. Arthur Mc- Carey : Major Arthur McCarey ; by Mrs. M. E. McMillan: Myron McMillan; by Mrs. Frank H. Hoberg : Lieut. Leroy Hoberg; by Mrs.- J. P. Lenfesty ; James Nuss; by Mrs. Her- bert MacPherson : Capt. Leland Joannes, Kenneth Hoeffel ; by Mr. J. R. North : Reynolds North, Ludlow North ; by Mrs. Mitchell Joannes : Lieut. Frederick Kendall ; by Mrs. W. E. Collette: William Harold Collette; by Mrs. R. C. Buchanan: Frederick C. Parish, Edward Tyrakoski ; by Mrs. Fred L. G. Straubel : Major Clarence Welse Straubel ; by Kellogg Public Library : Patrons of the library ; by Mrs. S. D. Hastings : Women's Committee of Brown County Council of Defense ; by Mrs. A. C. Neville: the nurses of Brown County; by the Coun- try Club: Lieut. Harry Howland Fisk, Lieut. Robert S. Cowles, John Parrish, George Van Laanan, John Vance Laanan, Capt. V. I. Minahan; by Junior High School: Lieut. Reginald Calkins. AKRON, OHIO— By Students of the Municipal University: Thomas B. Welker, Thomas J. Quayle, John Laube, Lee W. Pitzer, Bernard Adler, Ray A. Bohl ; by The Boy Scouts of the Goodrich Rubber Company : 250 trees for Theodore Roosevelt. CINCINNATI, OHIO— By West Fork School: Roman J. Heis, Henry W. Deucher ; by Pleasant Ridge School : Lloyd McArthur, Earl L. Parrott; by Westwood School: John Henry Koenig, Dr. Clement Laws, Anthony Schwab, Jens Paterson, Edwin Harder; by Oakley School: Norman Le Roy; by Bond Hill School : Hanley Masters, Walter Volkert ; by Carson School: John Rowan, Walter Sang; by Whittier School: Lovett Channel, Clifford Paddack, Wesley McKinney, Harold Van Matre ; by Eighth Grade Civic Club: The Heroes, William Heiert, Our Fallen Heroes ; by Seventh Grade Civic Club : Frank Wagner, Ralph Wagner. .ELMWOOD PLACE, OHIO— By Elmwood Place High School : Homer L. Gilbert, William H. Peters, Ralph D. Breckel. TWINSBURG, OHIO— By Boy Scout Troop No. 1 : Orland Bishop. BAXTER SPRINGS, KAN.— By Baxter Springs Women's Club : Nathaniel Burns, Harry E. Davis, Albert McCoy, Frank Morford, Frederick Young, Leonard Armstrong, Clarence Mc- Cullough, Albert Schroeder, Grover C. Taylor, Francis Roland Romack, Clinton West, Harry G. Smith. LAWRENCE, KAN.— By Lawrence Public Schools: Mark Beach, Albert Ellis Birch, Max Brown, John Wilfred Charlton, Charles Luther Cone, Everett Demerritt, Eli Ferril Dorsey, Ralph Ellis, Herbert Jones, Thomas Kennedy, Harry Ziesenis, Artemus McCliire, Clark William McColloch, Glen Otis, Ross Rummell, Oliver Cromwell Tucker, John, Tupper, Theodore Rocklund. DETROIT, MICH.— By Juvenile Detention Home: Lieut. Clifford B. Ballard. TIPTON, MICH— By the Red Cross: E. Leroy German. FORT OMAHA, NEB.— By United States Army Balloon School : John Na^el, George Joseph Pahl, Maude Mae Butler, Walter P. Peterson, George H. Williams, Zell S. Killingsworth, Vernon G. Heverly, Dan A. Jacobs, Albert A. Bachand, John J. Nimmo, Albert L. Mower, Oscar K. Westberg, Hugh Scanlan. NORFOLK, NEB— By the High School: Charles Hyde, Harry Koenigstein, Roy McCaslin. SUTTON, NEB.— By Mrs. A. W. Clark: Louis Case, Daniel Zimmerman, John P. Pauley. AURORA, IND. — By Aurora Women's Research Club: Dewey H. Hauck, Henry Scharf, Russell Winkley, Bernard Burke. Frederick S. Steele, William Keith Ross, Charles Bildner, Jphn Bildner. EVANSVILLE, IND.— By Mrs. William fgleheart : Lieut. Douglas Viele. GOSHEN, IND.— By Chamberlain School : Mayor Daniel J. Troyer. CAIRO, ILL.— By Cairo Women's Club: Claude C. Robin- son, Corp. Leonard A. Clifford, Paul Cochran, Lieut. Paul Clen- denen, Hans Miller, Joseph Glynn, James Herring, Corp. George Mills, Arthur Lieberman, Morrin Langon, Cecil M. Reynolds, Dan Crowley, Jesse Lewis, Eddie Street, Edward Mart!n, David Brice, James Johnson, Charles F. Stokes, Willis Holland, Hunter Barksdale, James Bowden, Thomas Scarber, Lieut. Al- bert Stout, Sgt. Frank Gibson, Felix Eakins, George Coleman, Will Smith, Robert S. Courtney. BELLEVILLE, ILL.— By School No. 2: William T. Smith; by School No. 4: Carmine Carcuccio; by School No. 3: George A. Younginger, Charles E. Morgan and George J. Kalvio. CARBONDALE, ILL— By Capt. John Brown: Donald Forsythe, Curtis Allison, William Watson, Lieut. Arthur R. Carter. WHITE HALL, ILL.— By White Hall Round Table: Charles Martin; by White Hall Domestic Science Association: John Fisher; by White Hall Art League: Amos Walker. ELGIN, ILL— By Mrs. Edgar Post: Helen Penrose. STAFFORD SPRINGS, CONN.— By Anna Handel: Madi- son Willis. NORFOLK, VA— First Christian Church : Shirley Owens. DIXIE, WASH.— By Dixie School : James Lauritson, Oliver Hastings. TACOMA, WASH.— By Stadium High School: William Campbell, Malcolm Johnstone, Herman Uddenburg, Charles Huckaba, Elmer Anderson, Wilbur Cook, Arthur Wales, Clyde Moore, Duane Shields, Asa Purkey, George Muir. MT. VERNON, WASH.— By Washington School: William Hilliker. MYSTERIES AND REVELATIONS OF THE PLANT WORLD BY D. LANGE (WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) THE GREAT Swedish naturalist Linnaeus, the father of modern scientific nomenclature, described about 10,000 different plants. Since his time scientific explorers have gone out to all parts of the earth to con- tinue the census of the plant world, but to this day the census is still so far from complete that every year a hundred or more field men can each bring large collec- tions of new species to the great herbariums of Europe and America. So vast has grown the number of plants discovered and described that if Linnaeus could come back to his be- loved Upsala, he would be lost in his own realm, for his modest census of 1 0,000 plants has grown to the bewildering total of 250,000 and wiil very likely pass 300,000 before the last returns are in, if in fact, there will ever be any last returns. Of this vast number of plants probably about 10,000 are trees rang- ing in size from the dwarfs, four feet high to the giants that reach nearly four hundred feet toward the clouds. About 150,000 species would be class- ed as flowering plants, includ- ing grasses, herbs, trees, vines and small woody p 1 a nts of all kinds. The delicate fronded ferns The great Mississippi THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE River starts and their allies, the highest of the flowerless plants, would be represented by about 3,000 species mostly from tropi- cal regions; and the tiny mosses, the humble pigmies among leaf-bearing plants, would add 16,000 species to the list. The remarkable plants known as algae, which float as threads of green scum, or live as little green balls in water or moist places, or grow in the sea like the giant kelp, swell the census by at least 15,000. The list would close with about 65,000 of that wonder- fully d i v erse class of vege- tables forms known as fun- gi. This class inc 1 u d e s the small one-celled yeast plants, the par asitic blights, rusts and smuts, the v a 1 i ous um- brella - shaped fungi popularly known as mushro oms and toadstools, the puff balls and many oth- ers. Each one of the 300,000 species lives and grows in its own pecul- iar way, but of very few do we know anything that approaches a complete life history. Among this countless 'host of plants some species like certain orchids are so rare that several thous- and dollars have been paid for one plant, while others flourish in as- sociat ions so FATHER OF WATERS" roots of a small beaver stream under the Itasca Forest, Minnesota. a fallen tamarack in 1273 1274 AMERICAN FORESTRY great that they cover large sections of whole continents. The best known but not the only examples of the latter are the grasses of the North American prairies, the con- ifers of our evergreen forests, and the broad-leaved trees of our great deciduous forest. The heart of the great deciduous forest was the Ohio Valley. This forest consisted of an association of many THE SHOWY ORCHID One of the most beautiful flowers and readily identified as an orchid by its characteristic odor and taste, differentiating this class from all other plants. species, and a century ago, it stretched almost without a break from the Atlantic Coast to Western Minnesota. North of this broad-leaved forest extended a belt of evergreens to the limit of trees into sub-arctic regions and westward to the treeless plains. This vast forest con- sisted however of comparatively few species. In its southern region the white and Norway pines were the dominant trees. They grew taller and lived longer than any other species, and where fires or storms had not interfered for a century or two they had crowded out, or at least suppressed every other kind. Farther north, especially on poorly drained lands, the black spruce becomes dominant, while vast swamps, too wet for the spruce, are covered with tamarack, which on better and higher land was crowded out by pines, spruces and other species. From Illinois to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains stretched the largest grassy meadows of the world, known as the prairies. The question why these great fertile regions re- mained treeless is not easily answered. Over a part of the prairies the rainfall is insufficient to meet the great demands of trees for water. For con- trary to the popular idea, forests do not cause rain- fall, but an abundant rainfall makes forests possible. However, over a large part of the prairies other fac- tors have operated against the spread of trees. The grasses developed early in the geological history of North America, and when the plains first emerged from the sea, the grasses were able to cover the soil before the trees could reach the new land. The compact unbroken sod formed by their roots made it difficult for trees to secure a footing, but wherever the soil was broken by streams and the waves and ice of lakes, trees and shrubs have successfully invaded the great plains and now fringe every lake and river. Nearly all the prairie grasses and flowers are perennials well fitted to resist annual or occasional severe droughts. Nor could millions of grazing buffaloes and the fires started by lightning or by primitive man harm the under- ground rootstock of these plants. To seedling trees, however, a fire means almost certain destruction. On the western plains in the Bad Lands region and in SKUNK CABBAGE— FIRST FLOWER OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA The large seeds have most likely been scattered by bears. the foothill country the short grasses are rendered still more drought-resistant by having their roots protected by hard impervious sheaths. These grasses produce the black-root sod, which western ranchers and pioneers em- ploy as building material, and the walls constructed of black-root sod are almost as durable as those built of brick. Leaving out of consideration here the rather complex problem of plant distribution over the Black Hills, the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin we reach on the MYSTERIES AND REVELATIONS OF THE PLANT WORLD 1275 Sierra, the Olympic and the Cascade Mountains the grandest and most remarkable forest of the world, which stretches from California northward to the limit of trees in Alaska, through more than two thousand miles of latitude. From California to Puget Sound is a forest of enor- mous redwoods, yellow pines, Douglas firs, western hemlock and other evergreens, including the remarkable isolated groves of giant sequoias containing trees of almost incredible size and age. But not only the great sequoias but also the redwoods and firs are giants, often reaching a height of two hundred to three hundred feet. In these forests the little Douglas squirrel and a number of small birds live permanently in the tree tops and, as one boy expressed it to me, V.Vi can only be studied through a telescope. In extent, in density, in the kinds and size of their trees, these forests have no rival on our planet. Besides the fascinating questions regarding the size, the distributions and survival of their component species they present another perplexing problem : They are the most exclusively coniferous forests in the world. Broad-leaved trees here and there make up six per cent of the whole, but in many regions they form only a small fraction of one per cent. Very few representatives of our eastern forest re- gions can be found here. There are no elms, no hickories, no chestnuts, no catalpas, persimmons, sassafras, magnolias ; no linden, no tulip trees, no locusts ; and many other whole genera found from the Atlantic coast to the plains are entirely absent. Several oaks, a few maples, one birch, one ash and an alder are among the scant representatives of broad-leaved trees, but they seem to live only by sufferance in a forest which everywhere presents an unbroken array of the somber spires of the conifers. In preglacial times the coast region did possess elms and beeches as well as gum trees, magnolias and chest- nuts. Why these and others have disappeared never to return is one of the great riddles of the plant world. In some regions of the earth, a rankly growing vege- tation has almost suppressed human and animal life. This is true of the great rain-soaked beech forests of temperate South America, which Darwin describes so well in his journey on the Beagle, and of the tropical forests of Africa. Another illustration of this dominance of plant life is furnished by the great tropical forests of the Amazon Valley of which the English naturalist and collector, Bates, has furnished us a classic account in "The Naturalist on the River Amazon." In tropical Africa human dwarfs have found a refuge in the im- penetrable forest, and the monkeys of the Amazon Val- ley are compelled to live in the tree tops. The greatest development of higher animal life has taken place in open and comparatively dry regions. Semi- arid South Africa is the home of the greatest number of species of big game, while the buffalo herds of the North American prairies and the caribou herds of the Arctic tundras, are equalled no- where else on earth. The length of life among plants varies even more than among animals. The edible inky mush- room produces its um- brella-shaped column over night. A few days later the whole plant has de- liquesced into a patch of black ink, and within a week not a trace is left of its existence. The giant sequoia, on the other hand, has outlived the great empires of hu- man history, enjoying a vigorous growth for three or even four thousand years. No fungus or in- sect pest is able to harm it. Its top reaches three hun- dred and fifty feet toward the sky and if storms, lightning and resulting fires did not at last bring it down, it seems that it might live and grow for- ever. And when, in the end, the giant trunk has crashed to earth amongst the smaller trees surrounding it, a long depression in the soil tells of the big tree even centuries after forest fires have consumed the enormous mass of sound wood, to which fungus, insects and the tooth of time could do no harm. Some of the giants still growing in Mariposa Park were already big trees, as New England and Minnesota measure trees, when Abraham pastured his flocks in Palestine. Curious and innumerable are the methods of traveling adopted by plants. Most plants can, of course, travel only as seeds, although there are not a few exceptions to this rule. The advantage of the first comer, the squatter, one might say, plays an important part in the world of plant ?! *; ffe WH& A RIVER BOTTOM FOREST OF YOUNG ELMS The seeds of the elm, birch, maple and ash are carried by both wind and water. 1276 AMERICAN FORESTRY life. The cotton tufted seeds of willows and poplars, and the little winged seeds of the white birch are carried by the wind in every direction, and they are produced in such abundance, that every nook and patch of bare soil receives its supply. The result is that these trees generally reach vacant land sooner than any of their competitors. The bare mud-flat left by a flood, the railroad gravel pit, the burnt-over and cut-over pinery are nearly always pre-empted by willows, poplars, or birches because their seeds are much more widely dis- seminated than the seeds of any other northern trees. Poplars and birches, however, are short-lived trees, and within a century the dominant pines will supplant them. Shrubs and trees, as well as vines and herbs, that de- pend on birds for the dissemination of their seeds run the wind-planted species a close race. Woodbine and wild grapes, elder, dog- wood and hackberry, wild cherries and plums, straw- berries and raspberries spring up as if by magic as soon as the lumberman, fire or storm have cleared the ground for them. Of many plants it is not very difficult to discover their methods of traveling. The seed of maple, pine and dandelion sail like par- achutes away from the par- ent plant. The gold-dotted hedges of jewel weed, or touch-me-not, which mirror their delicate flowers and foliage in the dark, silent water of northern beaver ponds are planted by the beavers themselves as they travel and work on their dams ; while birds in their daily and seasonal flights, plant those remarkable gardens of many kinds of wild fruit, whose presence on widely separated islands and mountains and in the depth of isolated canyons delights both the eye and the palate of the explorer. There are, however, numerous instances of plant dis- tribution which present most interesting puzzles to naturalists and foresters. The limber pine is a fairly common tree at an altitude of six thousand feet in the Rocky Mountains. It is not found on the stretch of two hundred miles lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Black Hills, but on the trail to Harney Peak, in the heart of the Black Hills, at an altitude of about six thousand feet, stands a grove of about twenty-five limber pines, the only trees of that kind thus far discovered in the Black Hills. How they traveled over the intervening two hundred miles is a GIANT COTTONWOOD GROWING CLOSE TO THE RIVER A Cottonwood will grow eighteen feet high from a seed in three seasons Within sixty years it is a giant. mystery. One of the most puzzling cases of plant migra- tion or distribution is that of the devil's club. This plant is a common shrub in the moist forests of the Pacific coast and in certain localities in the Rocky Mountains, where, on account of its countless sharp spines it is the terror of woodsmen and timber cruisers. It is not found in the forests touching the Great Lakes, except in several spots on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. By what means it traversed the intervening thousand miles of plain and forest and established itself on an island in Lake Superior seems an insolvable riddle. One possible solution must not be overlooked in such cases as that of the devil's club and the limber pine. They may be cases of a remnant vegetation, just as scattered groves of giant sequoias are undoubtedly only the remnants of former large sequoia forests. Such remnants are not rare. On Sheep Mountain, in the Bad Lands of South Dakota, I found isolated groves of yellow pine sepa- rated by a distance of fifty miles from the yellow pine forests of the Black Hills. I was much surprised to find that porcupines had killed a large number of these trees that were try- ing to maintain their hold on life under severe condi- tions of climate and soil, for one naturally thinks of porcupines as inhabitants of moist northern forests. There has just lately been discovered a natural grove of jackpine in the driftless area of Minnesota, in Houston county, the most southeasterly county of the state. These trees are out- posts of a former period and were left far behind, as the belt of evergreens retreated northward with the vanishing continental gla- cier. On their shaded sandy hillside these northern trees may keep a foothold for centuries to come, although the jackpine forest has moved fully a hundred miles north. The case of the Kentucky coffee tree has been a mys- tery to me ever since I first saw its odd, bluntly ending branches on a winter ramble in a Minnesota woods. The tree bears large bean-like pods containing big hard-shelled seeds resembling somewhat in appearance roasted coffee beans. The great pods remain on the trees through the winter. Neither the pods nor the beans float in water and are, of course much too heavy to be carried by the wind. The seeds are as hard as pebbles, and, as far as I have been able to discover, no birds or animals eat MYSTERIES AND REVELATIONS OF THE PLANT WORLD 1277 them. I kept a dozen of them in water for a year and found by frequent weighing that they did not absorb even a grain of water; but I also found that if they are planted in fall they will sprout in the first or second spring following. One seed I gave to a tame gray squirrel. He drilled a small hole through the shell, but dropped the seed as soon as he had reached the meat. The tree, although one of our rarer forest trees, is fairly well distributed from Tennessee to Ontario and from Pennsylvania to the Indian Territory, but it grows in small colonies, often miles apart. It is found on rich bottom lands and on islands in large lakes. It may be that grouse occasionally swallow the seeds as they swal- low pebbles, for it seems impossible that the seeds could reach islands without the aid of some bird. It is likely that the passenger pigeons in days gone by distributed the seeds of the coffee tree. A small cactus, the joint- ed opuntia, is widely dis- tributed in arid regions from New Mexico north- ward. In some mysterious way it has reached many dry rocky ledges in humid Minnesota and Wisconsin. A few years ago on a canoe trip on Lake of the Woods I found a fresh joint of this cactus among the boulders of the Ontario shore in adensely wooded re- gion. How the plant reach- ed this spot has remained a secret to me. A whole book of miracles might be written on the mutual adaptations between flowers and insects. That many flowers are adapted to cross-pollination by in- sects is a fact of common knowledge, but that some of these adaptations have been perfected, one might say, beyond perfection, is not so generally known. All our species of milkweed':., for instance, depend for pollination absolutely on insects. The peculiar structure of the flowers makes any other method impossible. More- over the work is restricted to wasps and to large butter- flies and moths. Small insects, even those as large as houseflies and honeybees are not strong enough to pull the anthers, shaped like tiny saddle-bags, out of their sheaths. To those insects the honey-filled and sometimes actually honey-dripping milkweed flowers are like so many baited traps, as deadly and remorseless to the hun- gry insects as the steel traps of the fur hunter are to A WONDERFULLY BEAUTIFUL SPECIMEN This stately white pine was planted for shade and ornament near a city home. bears and beavers. Their feet are caught on the specks of sticky gum, which mark the joint of the two halves of the saddle-bag anthers. Trapped in this manner they are held prisoners until they die, and their shrivelled" bodies may be found on almost every patch of milkweeds. One might think that the powerful bumblebee and the milkweed would make ideal partners, but such is not the case. These remarkable plants, which not only flow with honey, but also invite their insect guests by a strong honey scent, are utterly ignored by the big hungry bum- blebee, who have, for some unknown reason, acquired a passion for the purple of the clover and the blue of lobe- lias and gentians ; although to the human observer, getting honey out of these flowers seems a truly laborious task. The closed gentian, found in bloom in this latitude from the latter part of Au- gust to the middle of Octob- er, furnishes one of the most remarkable cases of adaptation of a flower to bumblebees. The striking whirls of beautiful sky-blue flowers are evidently a kind of bill-board advertise- ment to bumblebees. But these magnificent blue flow- ers, often made still more conspicuous by being deli- cately tipped with white seldom open. Day and night, in sunshine as well as in rain and fog, they remain tightly closed. Many observers have been led to conclude that this fine au- tumn flower had abandon- ed cross-pollination and re- sorted to self-pollination ; however, careful observa- tion has convinced me that such is not the case. The bumblebees do get into these closed gentians. In fact, I do not think they miss a flower on those plants that grow in the open, where the gentians are not hidden by tall grasses. With great care the hard working bumblebee selects a flower that has not been pumped dry by a buzzing competitor. Then, with his strong, and long proboscis :..he finds the opening in the closely folded floral segments. "With his head he pries the five segments apart and now, literally standing on his head he kicks and pulls himself with great effort into the blue honey well, until only his defensive posterior and a pair of legs remain partly visible, and if he is not a good sized bumblebee he dis- appears altogether. I watched one on a sunny September day, and I thought he worked harder than any other 1278 AMERICAN FORESTRY bee I had ever observed. He examined flower after flower, many he rejected without opening them, in some he remained only an instant, but in one he stood on his head for fifteen seconds. Why does his tribe ignore the inviting flowing wells of the milkweeds and work labor- OPEN GROVE OF BUSHY RED CEDAR ON SHEEP MOUNTAIN The seeds of the red cedar are planted by the bi iously on such difficult flowers as clovers and lobelias and the refractory closed gentians? And why does not this flower open like other gentians? Are the perma- nently closed flowers only -a device to keep out feeble un- bidden guests, or do they also serve to exclude dew, rain and frost, which might injure the delicate floral organs inside? We all know trees and other plants by their leaves, which in shape, size and position display endless variety. Is there a meaning to all the dif- ferent shapes and positions, or are some of them just accidents that have no meaning? In general it may be said that each plant has evolved or is try- ing to evolve that shape, size or position of foliage, which serves best under its special environ- ment to intercept the most fa- vorable amount of sunlight and to regulate best the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air and the evaporation of water into the air. But why have nearly all the oaks adopted the lobed pattern of foliage as their own, while the large pea and bean family almost unanimously favor the pinnate ly produced for protection against specific dangers. Cattle will not allow young hazel, oak and most other trees and shrubs to survive in a pasture, but the thorn- apple bushes will flourish because their sharp thorns keep away the browsing cattle. There is a certain tree, the honey locust, which I venture to say no boy has ever climbed, al- though the tree is common and well known from New York to Illinois and from Texas to On- tario. Around the trunk most formidable, branched thorns stand out, some reaching almost two feet in length with the thick- ness of a man's finger. The lo- cust trees and their relatives have a tendency to run to thorns. Do the murderous looking thorns, set like bristling bayonettes around the trunk, perform a useful function, or are they merely a case of a family trait run riot? Perhaps they keep opossums, raccoons and bears from climbing the trees and de- vouring the sweet seed-pods, but I have had no oppor- tunity to prove this surmise. Each plant or family of plants produces certain sud- stances which possess a characteristic taste and odor and other generic qualities. Practically all the orchids of the world contain a sap of an odor and taste so characteristic that a blind person, with his hands tied, might distinguish orchids from other plants by using only his sense of smell and taste ; but IN THE BAD LANDS rds. or divided form? The maples all adhere to their well-known family pattern, and no conifer departs from the needle- shaped foliage of pines and spruces. Certain plant structures and substances are evident- SCRUBBY WHITE PINE ON ROCKY ISLAND OF LAKE OF THE WOODS A most attractive spot, and well patronized by vacationists. thus far no botanist has discovered the meaning of the peculiar fluid of the orchid family. All the conifers of the world produce rosin or pitch. A MYSTERIES AND REVELATIONS OF THE PLANT WORLD 1279 WHITE HEARTS, OR BREECHES' "DUTCHMAN'S How they travel from woodland to woodland still a mystery. very large num- ber of compos- ites, the typical prairie flowers, also produce small a m o unts of rosin, and the foliage of nearly all of them emits the pungent odor of rosin. Trees are al- ways exposed to attacks from two hosts of ene- mies, fungi and insects. A wound in a conifer im- mediately causes a flow of rosin. The rosin embalms, so to speak, any fungus spores or insects that might find their way into the wound. The liquid rosin soon hardens and seals up the wound and, in the course of years, new wood grows over the antiseptic covering. The function of rosin in defending trees against insects was well shown in recent years after the great devastation caused in the yellow pine forests of the Black Hills by several species of bark-boring beetles. Fires and drought had weaken- ed the trees and gave the beetles a great advantage for several years, so that they destroyed thousands of acres of fine forest. Then the government organized its forest service and pre- vented fires. Rainy sea- sons also returned, and the beetles began to be found dead in their tunnels under the bark drowned in the flow of rosin of the healthy and vigorous trees. The meaning of the poi- son in the loco-weed of the western plains seems fair- ly clear. It protected the plants from extermination by the herds of wild buf- falo, who evidently had learned to avoid it, for none of the early observers speak of finding "locoed" buffa- loes. Domestic cattle, on the other hand have not yet learned to avoid it and are often killed by it, especially in seasons of poor pasture But what is the mean- ing of the alkaline poison bluebells in the poison ivy and poi- The method of dl8S(:inination o{ son sumach? Would it have the same effect on browsing animals that it has on the skin of many humans? The poison evidently has no injurious ef- fect on birds, because they eat freely of the white, berries and scatter the seeds far and wide. Certain plant forms, although they must be fairly common in nature, are neverthe less rarely found by naturalists and botanists. The little green floating duckweeds, abundant on every pond in late summer, sel- dom produce their simple flowers and al- though I have been familiar BLUE ANISE-FLOWER OR GIANT HYSSOP The method of dissemination of this lovely flower is also unknown. with the plants since boyhood schooldays, I have never found the flowers. The jointed scouring rushes, also known as horsetails or equisetae, grow from small dust-like spores. They are common plants, but it is al- most impossible to find them in their first, or pro- thallium stage. Only once, in the month of July, did 1 find them as little green lumps on moist earth which had been pushed up from a lake bottom by a railroad fill. Many ferns are very common, but very few bot- anists and lovers of flowers have ever found the small heart-shaped fern babies except in greenhouses. The beautiful pink-and- white moccasin flowers are fairly common in their favorite localities, moist meadows and spruce and tamarack swamps. But something seems to be mys- teriously wrong with their methods of pollination and seeding. Many of the flow- ers remain unpollinated, and, of the millions of min- ute seeds produced, very, of Scotland very few ever start a new this delicate flower i, unknown. P^t. One Could not find 1280 AMERICAN FORESTRY ROSIN WEED It grows twelve feet high and is the giant among prairie flowers. CLOSED GENTIANS Flaunting beautiful sky-blue flowers to tempt the bumble-bee. BLUE LOBELIAS The seeds of this dainty flower are probably scattered by the wind. a seedling to a thousand adult plants. By the most care- ful search I have not found more than a dozen all told, and when a seed does start, it produces a most frail plantlet. Its stem, during the first season grows scarcely an inch high, the leaves are mere specks, and its tiny rootlets do not reach the soil through the thick cushion of moss on which the seedling nearly always starts. Every year, however, the root approaches by a kind of hook-shaped growth a little nearer- to the soil below, but I estimate that it must take a seedling from five to six years to establish itself as a vigorous plant whose future is assured. If nature had evolved a really successful plan of pollination and seeding in the moccasin family those beautiful plants should be a hundred times as numerous, for the mature plants are vigorous and hardy perennials. One of the most widely distributed plants over the whole northern hemisphere is the pale-green peat moss, sphagnum. It covers thousands of square miles in Eu- rope, North America and Asia ; but it has almost aban- doned the sexual method of reproduction, and the little spore capsules characteristic of all mosses are rarely found. I have traveled over and camped near peat bogs and marshes ever since my early boyhood, but only once have I found the brown spore capsules, and that was in a small rocky basin on an island in Lake Superior at the entrance to the harbor of Grand Marais. I took the plants home to my room in the hotel, and in the evening as I was reading by lamplight, my attention was attract- ed by several explosions, just barely audible. I began to watch my moss plants. The warmth of the room had dried the capsules to the explosive stage and every time one of the little shells burst, a tiny brown cloud of spores Was thrown into the air. It was the most inti- mate performance in the great drama of the plant world which it has ever been my good fortune to witness. The scene was enacted on an August evening more than ten years ago, and every summer since then, I have looked for the little brown shrapnels of sphagnum but I have never found them again. A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION BY HENRY S. GRAVES FORESTER, U. S. FOREST SERVICE THE NEED OF A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY TO PROVIDE FOR THE PERPETUATION OF OUR TIMBER SUPPLY IS APPARENT TO FORESTERS, LUMBERMEN, TIMBERLAND OWNERS AND EVERYONE. WHAT THIS POLICY SHALL BE, HOW IT SHALL AFFECT PRIVATELY OWNED TIMBER LANDS, NATIONAL, STATE OR MUNICIPAL HOLDINGS, AND HOW A POLICY MAY BE ADOPTED AND ENFORCED, IS NOW THE SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION. AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE OPENS ITS COLUMNS TO ARTICLES ON ANY AND ALL PHASES OF THIS IMPORTANT TOPIC, AND OPINIONS ON THE SUBJECT WILL BE WELCOMED.— EDITOR. ANY program of forestry which is comprehensive enough to anything like meet the needs of the country must involve the practice of forestry on privately owned timberlands. In my judgment this will not be brought about merely by educational method?. These have been tried for twenty years practically with- out result. There must be some requirement on the part of the public as to forest protection and as to forest renewal. The requirement must be nearly as possible equalized in all sections of the country and in all States so that no section or State will be placed at disadvantage. The Forest Service has given considerable thought recently to the principles which must underlie any efforts toward the attainment of this desirable end. We have reached the conclusion that a satisfactory measure of success can be attained only through some plan of co- operation between the States and the Federal Govern- ment, with the States the active agents for carrying the plan into effect and with the Federal Government stimulating action and aiding the States. We have worked out some of the principles which it seems to me should form the foundation of the system to be built up through the necessary legislation by the Fed- eral and State Governments. The principles of legislation requiring the practice of forestry on private lands are briefly as follows : 1. The first step should be a Federal act authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture, in co-operation with any State, to formulate plans for forest protection and for the control of timber cutting within that State. Such plans should become effective only after the State legis- lature had passed appropriate legislation, including ade- quate appropriation to co-operate with the Federal Gov- ernment in putting them into effect. The Secretary of Agriculture should also be authorized to accept plans for protection or cutting which have been adopted by any State. Section 2 of the Weeks Law dealing with co- operative fire protection would therefore be superseded. The act should carry an appropriation. 2. Farm woodlands should be specifically exempted from the provisions of the act, for the reason that pro- tection and conservative cutting for this class of forest can best be brought about through the education and demonstration work authorized by the Smith-Lever Act. The Secretary of Agriculture should be authorized, in co-operation with the State, to define farm woodlands and distinguish between them and commercial timber- lands. 3. All commercial timberlands and all cut-over lands on which a commercial forest (as distinguished from a farm forest) could be grown should be subject to the provisions of the act. But the Secretary of Agriculture, with the approval of the State, should be authorized to exempt any of such lands where it is demonstrated that the surface of such lands is more valuable for other purposes than for the production of timber and where such lands are immediately to be used for the more valuable purpose. 4. Owners of timber should not be compensated either by the State or by the United States for expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of the act where only the renewal of the forest is concerned. But such owners should be compensated either by the State or by the United States (if by the latter, in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture) in the following instances : (a) Where for protection of the watersheds or for other protective purposes it is necessary that the timber should remain standing. (b) Where as a reserve of timber for future supply it is necessary that cutting should be deferred. (c) Where it is necessary to remove the timber in order to prevent the spread of insect depredations or injury from other causes. 5. Every State accepting the provisions of the Fed- eral act should itself have enacted legislation : (a) Which provides adequate fire laws with suitable penalties for violation thereof ; and (b) Which not only prohibits the violation of such rules and regulations as might be prescribed by the State and the Secretary of Agriculture in respect to the cutting of timber or the removal of any products thereof, and provides a penalty for such violation, but prohibits the shipment and sale of forest products manufactured from timber cut or worked in violation of such rules and regu- lations. (c) Which establishes an adequate administrative ma- chine for making the laws effective, and appropriates funds to meet the conditions of co-operation. 6. Federal participation should be based upon the precedent of co-operation with the States in policies of 128! 1282 AMERICAN FORESTRY education and development and upon the commerce clause of the Constitution. The Federal act should pro- hibit from interstate shipment any forest products cut or removed in violation of State law. (Ref. Act prohib- iting shipment of intoxicants from wet into dry states.) 7. The State Forester, or other official with corre- sponding authority, should be charged with the respon- sibility of administering the law. He should be ap- pointed to a position in the Forest Service in order to exercise the authority granted to the Secretary of Agri- culture. The police powers of the State should be ex- tended to the necessary Federal employes. Administra- tive supervision of the work should be exercised by the Forest Service. 8. The expenditure of Federal funds should be au- thorized on the basis of the Federal Government paying not to exceed one-half of the cost. The remaining half would be paid by the States either from their general funds or from special funds raised by tax levies, such as the timberland tax in Maine, the severance tax in Louisiana, and the compulsory patrol tax in Washington and Oregon. Any Federal funds which might be necessary for the purposes of compensation described in paragraph 4 should be carried in a companion act having in view pri- marily the acquisition of forest lands by the Federal Government. 9. In consideration of the Federal co-operation and aid offered under the plan, any State which accepts it will be urged to enact legislation that will relieve stand- ing timber from burdensome taxes by placing a nominal tax on the land and deferring the tax on the timber until cut. A DISCUSSION OF METHODS BY R. S. KELLOGG SECRETARY, NEWS PRINT SERVICE BUREAU THERE is no doubt about the necessity for a na- tional forest policy and that it should be speedily inaugurated if we are to have anywhere near ade- quate timber supplies in the not very distant future. I am heartily in accord with the discussion and the inten- tion to keep the matter before the public until the way is paved for the beginning of the solution of the prob- lem. Anything that I may say, therefore, is a criticism of methods and details and not as opposition to the general purposes, with which I am in sympathy. After giving the matter very serious consideration, I am unable to approve most of the nine provisions set forth in Forester Graves' statement on the principles of legislation requiring the practice of forestry on private lands. I don't believe that it is either practical or expe- dient to compel the practice of forestry upon private lands through the interstate commerce provisions of the Constitution : First, because as shown in a matter upon which there is so much public sentiment as that of child labor, the attempt to accomplish desirable reforms through indirect means has twice fallen down ; and Second, because a coercive program of this sort would immediately alienate and render hostile a large propor- tion of the timberland owners, thus demonstrating once more the statement made a long time ago by high author- ity that "forestry is practiced everywhere except in the woods." In my judgment it is not practicable to line up all the timber states in the multitude of details that program of "mandatory forestry" requires. Even in the one single matter of forest taxation — concerning which for- esters and timberland owners have been in substantial agreement — little progress has been made after years of agitation. How much longer will it take to make prog- ress in matters in which foresters and timberland owners are in opposition? As a matter of fact, we are now- coming to see that the States are very loath to make lax concessions to any one enterprise or form of industry, and while I am in entire sympathy with the suggested changes in forest taxation, I still carry in the back of my head the idea that after all if forestry is a business proposition it must pay dividends under business con- ditions. Politics always plays havoc with forestry. There would be no limit to the trouble that would result were forestry made compulsory upon the private owner through enactment and regulation by Congress and forty legislatures. It seems to me that the time has come when the pro- fessional foresters of the United States should be frank enough to acknowledge what those who have had prac- tical experience saw long ago, namely, that the growing of large sized timber of the ordinary commercial species is an operation too long in time, too hazardous in risk, and too low in rate of return to attract private capital, and that an attempt, national or State, to force private capital by legal enactment to engage in undertakings that are not profitable is doomed to failure. Forestry must be economically sound or it will not succeed. My suggestions of constructive nature are : First: A timber census and land classification to de- termine what we have in the way of present supplies and the areas which may be properly classified as affording opportunity for future and permanent supplies. Second: A great enlargement and extension to all appropriate parts of the country of the purchase of cut-over lands, for which ample precedent has been estab- lished in the White Mountains and Southern Appa- lachians. Third : Much more vigorous and general extension of Federal co-operation in fire prevention along the line of A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY 1283 the Weeks Law, coupled with such additional measures as may seem best in the different States to reduce the fire hazard and afford opportunity for natural reproduc- tion. The States can go a long way in fire control and the mandatory principle can be applied here much more successfully than it can be applied to either cutting or reforesting operations on private lands. Fourth : The acquirement of a reserve supply of mer- chantable timber in the West through the outright pur- chase of timberland financed by the issuing of timber bonds or perhaps the carrying of a reserve supply in private ownership through some form of co-operation with the State and national governments. I am just as strongly in favor of a great increase in the area of publicly owned timberland (national, State or municipal) and an increase in the scope and effective- ness of fire prevention measures as I am opposed to either Government operation of saw mills or the placing of compulsion upon the private owner to grow timber upon his land in case he is not so disposed. PENNSYLVANIA'S OPINION BY GEORGE H. WIRT CHIEF FOREST FIRE WARDEN OF PENNSYLVANIA "WE HAVE VISED THIS REPLY. APPROVE IT. AND HAVE DIRECTED THAT IT SHALL REPRESENT THE ATTITUDE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.'— ROBERT S. CONKLIN, COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY. rT^HERE is no question in my mind as to the necessity \ for a national forestry program, and I see no reason why such a program should not be worked out im- mediately. This program should be preceded by a short and concise statement, setting forth just what is neces- sary to be accomplished in order to provide the economic factors which can be obtained only by a rational hand- ling of the forest areas of the country, and reasons why these things must be provided for as indicated by the present demands for forest products and the present inability to have these demands satisfied. Necessarily, the methods by which the end in view may be accomplished will differ in different states and in different forest regions. In the first place I believe that the most essential factor in the national program must continue to be the educational work. I cannot endorse your statement to the effect that the education of the last twenty years is practically without result. We have had forestry education in Pennsylvania since 1870, and I am convinced that the results are more than commensurate with the efforts put forth. If any fault is to be found it is with the lack of method, organization, and persistency in educational activities and with the inappropriateness and generality of the material used by national, state, association, and private forces. My first suggestion, therefore, in the national program is for a co-operative scheme by reason of which the national, state, association, and private educational ac- tivities may be made effective and kept continuously so. The foresters of the country do not need to be persuaded, because of the facts which they have at hand and with which they are familiar. When the facts which we have are made common knowledge, there will be little or no question as to the outcome. Along with the educational campaign, the state and nation must collect exact information in order to back Up the claim for a continued forestry activity. We must have more complete and definite information as to the actual amount of timber available and the amount of timber growing or capable of being grown in the country. There must, also, be continued researches which will lead to the conservation of present supplies and the bringing of wood growers and wood users to- gether satisfactorily. Both state and nation may continue as fast as their educational campaign will produce means, to extend public forests and to manage them properly. They must also recognize the community interest in the protection of forests and work out to the best possible advantage necessary means for helping the timber owners to protect the forests from fire and destructive agencies. The tax question also must be solved. This leads directly to the matter of legislation. There must be some law, and, while it is possible in some cases to obtain satisfactory laws without the support of a public understanding the necessity for the law, yet such cases are rare and where such law is obtained its enforce- ment is very unsatisfactory. So in each part of a na- tional program we are brought back to the necessity for an educational campaign, not for a short period of time but continuously. I cannot say that I endorse a program which implies upon the part of the national government anything more than what may be necessary to assist the states to do their work satisfactorily. The present co-operation un- der the Weeks Law might be extended for the protection of forests from fire. I can see no reason for national legislation working to the control of timber cutting within the states, nor do I see any necessity for the national government spending money within any of the states in connection with farm woodlands, except that it might be specifically stated within an amendment to the Smith-Lever Act that the state colleges which receive national funds under this act must assist the farmers in the management of the same as a part of the general farm education required. With respect to compensation of forest owners for what are distinctly protection forests, I would say that this ought to come under the forest purchase laws either of state or nation and such lands should be bought out- right under the right of eminent domain, if necessary, without necessitating the review of private operations. I2S4 AMERICAN FORESTRY It strikes me that the plan to enter the various states under a co-operative agreement upon a fifty-fifty basis other than for educational purposes and for what may be distinctly of national value in the protection of streams affecting several states, is unwise. I also consider it extremely unwise to create an or- ganization such as would be created under item No. 7 of principles of legislation. Each state forestry asso- ciation would necessarily be under obligations to the national officials. It strikes me that the most important service the na- tional government can render in the national program of forestry is to act as a clearing house for the various activities of the states and to keep all of the foresters informed as to national and local conditions, so that the officials of each state may have at hand information which may be of value in avoiding errors and in taking advantage of methods which have proved to be success- ful, and to continue such investigations as it is impossible for any state to continue by itself. CONTROL OF GROWING FORESTS BY ALFRED GASKILL, STATE FORESTER OF NEW JERSEY BEYOND all question there is need for serious con- sideration of the forest situation in this country. Though that situation is in no essential way dif- ferent from what it has been for years, the necessity for effective action is accentuated by the evidence, now clear to every observer, that there is an insufficient re- placement of the waning store of timber in this country. What should be done cannot be decided offhand, or by any man. A full discussion of the conditions, oppor- tunities, and needs in each section of the country must precede the formulation of a policy. A policy to be truly national must have in mind the necessities of the nation as a whole, yet with full recog- nition of the facts that the greater part of the forest lands in this country are in private possession and under state, not federal, control. The discussion of the problem thus far has seemed to confuse the situation as represented by the stumpage holders, chiefly in the West and South, who are over- loaded, and as represented by the public interest in grow- ing, as distinguished from mature, forests. The first condition should be resolved by economic, chiefly finan- cial, measures ; the second demands the best thought of every forester, to the end that the next generation shall have enough lumber. And I cannot agree with some foresters that the lum- bermen have no interest in the question. That their interest is largely, or solely, financial is a fact, but present conditions must change radically before lumbering can become localized and permanent. So long as virgin timber remains it will be an attraction to exploiters, and I can see no escape from the conclusion that we must suffer the exploitation of most of our virgin stands before silviculture finds opportunity to take hold. 1 have never believed, and do not now believe, that for- estry can play any large part in lumbering operations dealing with virgin timber. The proposal lately made that forest owners be com- pelled to handle their properties under the advice of foresters is of doubtful wisdom. Desirable as it is to make the nation's stock of high grade lumber last longer than it now promises to last, there seems to be no argu- ment to support the proposition that property interests in standing timber shall be sacrificed to a hope rather than a promise, much less a guarantee, that what is spared now can be realized on after a while. If this view is radical it springs from a conviction that there must be a greater assurance than there now is in any part of the country that an investment in grow- ing timber — not mature timber, is a safe investment. Before we can approach the owners of timber lands with any chance of securing results, before we can hope to impress legislatures and publicists with the reasonable- ness of our program, three things must be established ; first, the fitness of a given area for continued use (through one rotation at least) as forest; second, security against destruction ; and third, assurance of the total, or ultimate, tax levy. The situation is critical but not hopeless by any means ; a constructive policy probably can be based upon en- couragement to woodland owners by the Federal Gov- ernment and by the states ; upon active instruction and help to the smaller woodland owners — similar to that furnished farmers ; upon fire protection; and upon a modified tax practice ; all of which will tend to establish an insurable interest in growing forests. I emphasize tTie phrase "growing forests." To my mind the key of the situation is there — not in control over forests already mature, and which under every sil- vicultural law should fall to the ax as speedily as pos- sible. rF,0 HELP in meeting war needs, the United States •*■ Forest Service in 1918 continued its efforts to secure full utilization of the forage resources of the National Forests. In 1917, because of the war, 23,000 more cattle and 71,000 more sheep were placed on the National For- ests of California than had ever been grazed on them previously. In 1918 the numbers were still further in- creased by 18,000 cattle and 114,000 sheep. 'T'HE tallest trees of the United States, says the Canad- ■*- ian Forestry Journal, are the California redwoods or the Douglas fir. Both claim the distinction of being the tallest, and it is an even match between them. A maxi- mum of about 350 feet is the greatest, though a little more than that has been claimed. There is no question that in trunk diameter the redwood, that species known as sequoia, is the champion. THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR LOCUST BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S. (PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) THE din created by the droning hum of an immense army of seventeen-year cicadas (they are not locusts, though generally called locusts) has been heard coming from the trees and bushes in many places during the past several weeks. The continuous hum of millions of these curious insects is heard throughout the entire day, from early morn until sun- down. From the ninth to the twelfth of May, especially where there are mostly maples and oaks, there appeared per- fect hosts of curious, dark amber - colored creatures that helplessly crawled about, each making an effort to reach something that it could creep up upon. Min- gled with these were many "locusts" of the kind here shown in Fig- ure 2. Thou- sands of the helpless horde were crushed underfoot. In some cities and towns the side- walks were ab- solutely s 1 i ]>- pery with the mashed bodies of the victims, while hundreds of thousands of others had escaped this fate through climbing UP On Fie. 1. DRIED, EMPTY "SKINS" OF THE SEVENTEEN YEAR CICADA, ATTACHED TO THE & v LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF THE MAPLE LEAF VIBURNUM. THERE IS ONE PERFECT INSECT the trees, near the middle of the picture, slightly reduced. fences, and other supports in their neighborhoods. These "bugs" do not bite or sting, and they fall into a very interesting family of insects known as the Cicadidce, being popularly called locusts, cicadas, and sometimes harvest-flies. However, they must not be in any way confused with the various species of grasshop- per-like insects that are the true locust, such as our Ameri- can locust (Schisto c e r a americana), or with those that during various periods of his- t o r y formed the great flights in the Old World. Such phenomena are more or less fully described in some of the very oldest works we have, as the locust swarms of an- c i e n t Egypt. Many thought- less people take our seventeen- year cicada to be identically the same spe- cies ; and, too, as a rare oc- c u r r ence, we still meet with some pious, old dame who shudders at the sight and sound of these harm- less hordes, drawing a long breath when the "flight" is over and the people have es- caped the pun- ishment follow- ing upon some 128.5 ! 2X6 AMERICAN FORESTRY willful misdemeanors of the nation. Of these cicadas there are a number of species, all looking very much alike, some being very large and some very small, with color in general agreement ; their common appearance is well shown in the cuts illustrating this article. Several species are found in Europe and several still different kinds in the Americas. All true cicadas belong to the Order Hemiptera, and constitute the typical genus of the family Cicadidce. All are of comparatively good size, the males having under their wings peculiar little "drums" wherewith they make the humming note so familiar to all, while the female has a most interesting history. She deposits her eggs from about the end of May through the entire month of June ; these are dis- covered to be in pairs in the twigs of many kinds of oaks and other trees, and are very small, spindle- shaped objects. In the case of this seven- teen-year cica- da, the larvae hatch out in about six weeks from the time the female lays the eggs ; they then im- mediately fall to the ground, into which they burrow, to spend the next seventeen years of their lives, remaining only a few days in the pupa stage. During all this time, their only food consists of the juices of the roots of certain trees, they being provided with the means of sucking the roots. It has been shown that the female is quite indifferent to the kind of tree, shrub, or brush into the twigs of which she deposits her eggs. Often much harm is thus done to fruit trees, such as the apple and pear; and so severe is the treatment sometimes and the number of punctures sustained, that the death of the tree fellows. Peach trees have been thus destroyed, proving the cicada to be, in many instances, a harmful insect. When cherry trees are selected, the exuding gum usually seals in the egg or young, and they never come to anything. Some females show wonderful fecundity, the line of minute MENS OF 1919. FROM LIFE AND NATURAL SIZE FORE-PAIR OF LEGS. punctures for the eggs on the twig often having a length of more than two feet. At the time these cicadas laid their eggs in the grooves they cut in certain trees, along towards the middle of June, the effects very soon became apparent. Especially was this true in the case of all the species of oaks, chest- nut oaks, and sassafras shrubs. The big twigs thus operated upon by the insect had all the leaves beyond the line of punctures die and turn a deep tan color. Some large oaks thus wounded presented a mottled appearance at a little distance, the general body of the tree retaining its normal dark green foilage, with the dead, brown patches irregularly distributed all over it. In general, the tree sus- tained no other injury. Mr. S. S. Ra th vo r, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, gives interest- ing facts in the life history of these cicadas saying, in part, referring to the eggs and young of the seventeen -year Cicada; "many people who en- deavor to study the insect fail to produce the young by keep- i n g branches containing eggs in their studios. I so failed in 1834 and 1851, and indeed I have never heard that any one has suc- ceeded in that way who has kept them for any length of time. In the brood of 1868 the first Cicadas appeared in a body, on the evening of the second day of June. The first pair in coitu I observed on the 21st, and the first female depositing on the 26th of the same month. The first young appeared on the 5th of August. All these dates are some ten days later than corresponding obser- vations made by myself and others in former years. "On the 15th of July, I cut off some apple, pear, and chestnut twigs containing eggs, stuck the ends into a bottle containing water, and set it in a broad, shallow dish also filled with water, the whole remaining out of doors exposed to the weather, whatever it might be. The young continued to drop out on the water in the dish E EMPTY SKIN-CASE. WASHINGTON SPECI- NOTE THE DISPOSITION TO ADVANCE THE THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR LOCUST 1287 for a full week. I could breed no Cicadas from branches that were dead and on which the leaves were withered, nor from those that from any cause had fallen to the ground ; this was also the case "with Mr. Vincent Bernard, of Kennet Square, Chester County, Pennsylvania. After the precise time was known, fresh branches were obtained, and then the young Cicadas were seen coming forth in great numbers by half a dozen observers in this country. As the fruitful eggs were at least a third larger than they were when first deposited, I infer that they require the moisture contained in living wood to preserve their vitality. When the proper time arrives and the proper conditions are preserved, they are easily bred, and indeed I have seen them evolve on the palm of my hand. The eyes of the young Cicadas are seen through the egg-skin before it is broken." Some thirty-five years ago, the late Professor Charles Valentine Riley, an entomologist of great distinction, published an excellent cut, giving an upper view of a seventeen-year cicada, with its wings spread; two views of the pupa; a twig showing the position of the eggs, and a larva. They were all the size of nature, and the illustrations appeared later on in many kinds of publi- cations ; but for some reason the figure of the larva was omitted — perhaps for the reason that it was not quite accurate. The writer believes it was Professor Riley who first discovered that there was in the South a thirteen-year cicada ; he always believed that the seventeen-year broods were northern and the thirteen-year ones southern — the dividing line being at the thirty-eighth degree of latitude, approximately, overlaps taking place at certain points. He predicted accurately the probable emergences for certain years, and the insects did not fail him but put in an appearance in millions on schedule time. Professor Riley pointed out that the development of the larva is extremely slow, being not more than one- fourth its full size when six years old. As it moults more than once a year, there must be some twenty-five or thirty changes of its skin when in its subterranean abode, which is not over two feet below ground during the first six or seven years of its existence. At this time it is in an oval cell which Professor Riley showed was more often away from roots than near them. Packard states : "Yet it can descend to great depths, one writer stating that he found it 20 feet below the surface. As the time approaches for the issuing of the pupa, it grad- ually rises nearer and nearer to the surface, and, for a year or two before the appearance of any given brood, this pupa may be dug up within one or two feet of the surface." During the present invasion of these insects, the round holes where these cicadid nymphs came out were ex- tremely numerous around many trees and in pathways through the woods. Upon several occasions, when turn- ing over fallen logs, the writer discovered the pupa had made a chimney closely resembling the corresponding achievement of the common crayfish ; this has been noticed by other observers. Out at Linden, Maryland, the twigs of the lower limbs of hickories, oaks, and maple-leaved viburnums were seen to be literally covered with the empty cases of the nymphs or pupae of this cicada (Fig. 1). They also covered small cedars not over two feet in height, as well as many bushes. This was upon the 25th of May, 1919. A few of the perfected insects were distributed through these interesting and very striking groups, and the "music" of the latter had Fig. 3. DEAD CICADAS PINNED OUT ON A "SPREADING BOARD" FOR PRESERVATION IN A COLLECTION. THE LARGE UPPER ONE IS THE COMMON FORM OR "HARVEST-FLY" OF THE EAST. NATURAL SIZE. WASHINGTON SPECIMENS, COLLECTED BY THE AUTHOR (1919). just begun in the trees and shrubbery the day before. What strikes us first upon looking at one of these seventeen-year cicadas, when it is alive and in full health, is its beautiful coral-red eyes, set off by its dark greenish- black body. All about the base of its wings and costal margins of the same, the color is of a deep, rich, and very brilliant orange. The sexes are distinguished by the presence of the ovipositor in the female, which is quite conspicuous. While this emergence was on, the writer collected over an hundred of these cicadas, with as many pupae 1288 AMERICAN FORESTRY and empty cases. They were carefully studied and also used for photography, the illustrations accompanying this article being made especially for it. The nymphs dig out of the ground through the use of their strong and enlarged fore-feet, the matured insect subsequently emerging from a slit down the back. All of this is seen in Figure i through carefully regarding the several specimens. Sometimes we meet with cases where the insect died when only partly out of the case. In still others the wings crumple up, and the helpless insects crawl about on the ground. Probably there are also other kinds of deformities. In flight, the seventeen-year cicada is not at all rapid, nor is that flight, as a rule, long sustained. Most often it is in a straight line or on a long curve, either ascending or descending. They are very loath to move in a rain- storm, or when wet from any cause. There is no trouble in catching the adult insects, and when held in the fingers they commonly emit a loud, humming noise ; should the wings be free to move at such times, they whirl them rapidly, thus adding to the fuss they make. On even ground, this cicada walks with great deliberation, bringing the fore-pair of legs to the front with marked cicadian dignity at regular intervals. Frequently, when on the ground, one may get over on its back, when it will violently whirl its wings in its efforts to right itself again. In warm, dry weather they are far more active than when the air is chilly and damp. When observing children capture these "locusts" they will call your attention to the W near the upper, outer angle of each fore-wing and with a dubious shake of their heads predict that a war is near at hand. This is backed up by inviting attention to the reddish color on the wings of our larger species of cicada, where this ominous W is also to be seen. As the Cicadidce have been in existence for a great many thousands of yeais, during which time millions of men have been slain in wars, this harmless superstition is hardly worthy of a smile. Strange to relate, however, we have many "grown-ups" among us who are firm believers in this and similar "signs." This family of Cicadidce contains many other species besides the thirteen-year and seventeen-year ones ; a larger one of the eastern United States is well known. It comes along during the "dog days" of summer or a little later, and its "song" is indicative of the approach of early autumn. Rarely do we hear more than one or MAP SHOWING THE "HOSTESS" STATES— TERRITORY IN THE PERIODICAL CICADA (LOCUST) APPEARED IN 1919. DOTS INDICATE COLONIES. two of these together — in cities usually from the shade trees along the streets. The "song" has a definite begin- ning and ending, and is not a continuous hum as is the case with the seventeen-year fellow. There are a number of tropical species ; and out West a very cute little form, much lighter in color, that the writer has observed in thousands on the sage brush on the prairies. This probably is the one that Dr. Frank E. Lutz refers to in his work, a Fieldbook of Insects, when he says: "Of the genus Cicada (as now limited, Tettigia), the small hieroglyphica (Plate XXII.), with an almost transparent abdomen, may be found in pine bar- rens, and is our only species." (P. 84.) Kirby, in his Text-Book of Entomology, figures Thopha saccata, Amyot, and says that it is an Australian insect, remarkable for the large drums of the male. It is rusty brown ; the thorax is band- ed with black and yellow, and the abdomen is black." From tip to tip, this giant among the Cicadidce meas- ures five and a half inches. Three very fine species inhabit China, and others are found in South Africa. The big one of the East Indies (Dundnbia impera- toria Westw. ) measures over eight inches across the spread wings ! Kirby remarks that the "Cicadas are improperly called "locusts" both in America and Australia. In countries where they abound, the larger species keep up a perpetual chirp- ing, and they and other in- sects make the woods re- sound with their song at almost all hours of the day and night. Hence, I have been assured by travellers who have spent some years in the Tropics, that nothing struck them so much on their return to England as what seemed the death-like stillness of our woods, and that it was months, or even years, before they were able to divest themselves of the impression that it was always winter." Were such travelers able to hear the din created by the thousands of the seventeen-year cicadas "singing" in concert in the trees, they would most assuredly have but slender grounds for such complaint. One of the very best accounts of our cicadas is given us by Dr. L. O. Howard, in his well-known Insect Book, fully illustrated by many of Riley's excellent cuts. These last include the "young Earva" of the seventeen-year species, which stands in evidence of Doctor Howard's belief in its accuracy. "The ultimate fate of this interesting species," says this eminent authority, "is undoubtedly extinction, and its WHICH LARGE DENSE AND SMALL DOTS SCATTERING THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR LOCUST 1289 numbers are rapidly growing less. One of the com- paratively few insects upon which the English sparrow feeds with avidity is the periodical cicada, and many thousands of them are destroyed by sparrows each time they make their appearance and before they lay their eggs." One interested in cicadas should certainly read this valuable account by Doctor Howard. According to Lutz, the adults live only a week or so, "to recompense them for the long period of preparation." Further on the same author remarks that "there are a score, or more, of different broods, each of which has a rather definite — often restricted— distribution and time of emergence. Suppose there are three such broods in' your neighborhood. One of them (that is, the adults) may have appeared in 191 1; its next appearance would be 1928. Another might be 1916, 1933, and so on. As a matter of fact, these are actual broods, although they may not be the ones of your neighborhood. However, the example shows that we may have seventeen-year cicadas oftener than every seventeen years, to say nothing of the possibility of laggards or extra-spry individuals, in various broods, which do not appear on schedule time." It has been pointed out that many thousands of these cicadas came forth on the streets in Washington. This, be it noted, could only happen where the ground, for seventeen years or a little more, had not been sealed over, either by some structure or other having been erected upon it, or by the making of cemented sidewalks" and impenetrable roadways. As Washington very ex- tensively encroached upon its former environs during the time this brood of cicadas were enjoying the seventeen years of subterranean existence, many hundreds of acres being sealed over, it is apparent that all the cicadas in those areas perhaps millions of them, could not come to the surface at the appointed time, and thus perished at the points where they arrived at such impassable bar- riers. It is claimed that this factor of destruction will, in time, exterminate this interesting insect — an idea that surely is quite unbelievable ; though to a certain extent it may keep their numbers down, as does the extensive warfare waged upon them by the "English Sparrows" in and about our cities. Extinction or no extinction ; war or no war ; sparrows or no sparrows — in the month of May, 1936, common reckoning, we shall, with absolute certainty, see an emerg- ence of our seventeen-year cicada where the present hordes have appeared. DR. FERNOW, DEAN OF FORESTERS, RETIRES T\R. B. E. FERNOW, Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, U University of Toronto, retired on July 1. Dr. Fer- now intends to return to the United States and, if his health permits, to continue his labors in authorship which have already won him much distinction. The success of the College of Forestry at Toronto mirrors Dr. Fernow's unsparing giving of himself for the advancement of the science of forestry in Canada. One cannot over-empha- size the discouragements he met and overcame in found- ing a new and unfamiliar branch of technical training, the youngest of the engineering professions. As a Direc- tor of the Canadian Forestry Association, Dr. Fernow was a great believer in educational propaganda and assist- ed it at every opportunity. He became Chief of the Division of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture, in 1886, a position which he filled until 1898. In addition to his official work, he was a constant promoter of all biological investi- gations leading to a broader understanding of the prin- ciples of forestry. In 1883 he was elected secretary of the American Forestry Association, and also held the position of chairman of the Executive Committee, and finally first vice-president of that organization. The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on Dr. Fernow by the University of Wisconsin in 1897. He took up his duties at Toronto University in 1907. DOUGLASS "KILLED IN ACTION" A REPORT from the Adjutant General practically **■ confirming the death of Lieut. C. W. H. Douglass reads as follows : "Lieut. Charles W. H. Douglass, Signal Corps, prev- iously reported missing in action since June 11, 1918, now reported killed in action, same date." No further details are available. Lieutenant Douglass was a graduate of the New York State College of Forestry and at the time of his enlist- ment in the Aviation Service, was associated with P. S. Ridsdale, editor and secretary of the American Forestry Association. His loss is keenly felt. HOMES built of wood were practically the only struc- tures unscathed in the severe earthquakes which devastated parts of the island of Porto Rico, ac- cording to reports made to the National Lumber Manu- facturers' Association — a high tribute to the durability of this forest product in building work. GRADUATES OF THE NEW YORK STATE COL- LEGE OF FORESTRY GRANTED AMERICAN- SCANDINAVIAN FELLOWSHIP ly/TR. HENRY M. MELONEY, of Bordentown, New -L" Jersey, who was graduated from the New York State College of Forestry, at Syracuse University, with the de- gree of B. S., in June, 1918, has just accepted appointment to a technical fellowship for the study of forestry, lumber, and paper and pulp manufacture in Sweden, under the American-Scandinavian Foundation. Ten college and uni- versity men from America will be sent to the Scandinavian states under the American- Scandinavian Foundation for study and research. Two of these fellowships are in forestry and the others in mining, electrical engineering, etc. The fellowships carry $1,000 and are of one year's duration. Mr. Meloney is planning to leave for Sweden in August and will specialize in lumbering and logging engineering. 1290 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE PINE WOODS FOLK SQUEAKY FINDS TWO MORE VANDALS QUEAKY liked to gossip about as well as anyone and he did a good deal of it when he had a chance, but there was nothing lazy about him. When there was any work to do he settled right down to business and fin- ished the job. So when Mrs. Squeaky told him that she had located a big supply of acorns he was as anxious as she to transfer them to their store room. "Where are they?" he asked as they bobbed off through the woods together. "In the old hollow maple stub, right oh the ground." Squeaky stopped very suddenly and looked at her with doubt in his eye. "But Johnny Woodmouse lives there," he exclaimed. "No, he doesn't," Mrs. Squeaky replied, proud of her news. "Porky told me this morn- ing that Mrs. Woodmouse went out on the snow one night last winter and the owl caught her." "But he did not catch Johnny and the chil- dren?" he asked, still hesitating. "No, but Johnny left as soon as the snow melted, to look for another wife, and he took the children with him. They have been gone six weeks." Squeaky no longer hesitated. He raced along with his smart little wife to the old maple stump. She disappeared between two of the big roots and he found a small hole between them that led into the big hollow stump. There must have been a bushel of acorns on the floor of the hollow. "I did not even know that there was a ground hole into this stump," Squeaky ex- claimed admiringly. "I found a tiny little hole there in the rotten wood," Mrs. Squeaky explained proudly, "and dug it out. You see, the adorns came from up there." Squeaky looked up and saw a small hole leading into the hollow above where Johnny Woodmouse had lived. All the acorns had run down through this hole. They started to work at once. With an acorn in each cheek and another in his teeth, Squeaky started out, but he could not make it. He had to take an acorn out of one cheek before he could get through the hole. He made a great fuss about it, but finally went on with the two acorns. While he was gone Mrs. Squeaky, who was of a more practical turn of mind, cut the hole a little larger so that her packed cheeks would go through. Squeaky was on his second trip when he saw a junco hopping along apparently picking something out of the air every little while. Squeaky's curiosity was aroused at once. What was the junco eating? He went over that way and found that the junco was pick- ing the seed caps off of the tiny little pine seedlings and taking the top off of the seed- lings with them. Squeaky was very much excited, but he could not talk with his mouth so full. As it was against his principles to lay down a load, he hurried home with it as fast as he could go and tore back to the junco. "Hey," he called as soon as he was within earshot, "do you know that those are pine seeds that you are eating?" The junco looked a little disgusted. "I thought they tasted like them," he replied. "Well, that's what they are," Squeaky cried. "They stick on top of the seedling when it comes out of the ground. Every time you pull off one of those you pull off the top of the seedling with it and kill it. We shall never have any pine trees if you go around every- where doing that." The junco looked at him curiously. "You eat the seed, don't you?" he asked. "Certainly," said Squeaky, "but — " "Well, then," said the junco as he flew away to another patch of seedlings. Squeaky was almost stunned. He had al- ready scolded Porky, Cottontail and the junco for destroying pine trees and now he had sud- denly discovered that he had probably kept more pine trees from growing than any of them. Probably had destroyed more than any- body else, except Chatter* Box. It made Squeaky very thoughtful, but it did not stop him from hurrying on to help Mrs. Squeaky, and by evening the whole bushel of acorns was safe in their store house. THE GULLS AND TERNS (Family Laridae) BY A. A. ALLEN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY TO THOSE who go down to the sea, there is no bird more familiar than the sea gull. It matters not that there are fifty different kinds of gulls in the world with as many different names. All of the long winged graceful white birds that follow the ships the world over, or congregate in large flocks in the harbors, are everywhere called sea gulls and always will be. Absolute masters of the air they are, for no storm is so severe that they cannot still be seen, now circling with scarcely a mark of any kind. Immature gulls are uniformly darker than the adults, being dusky or grayish, changing gradually during the first two or three years to the plumage of the old birds. Gulls vary in size from that of a pigeon to that of an eagle although they are always more slender than the latter. As a group they are larger than the terns though a few of the terns are larger than the smallest gulls. The majority of terns are about the size of slender Photograph by Herbert K. Job AN AVIAN SNOW STORM Royal and Cabot's terns nesting. Breton Island Reservation, Louisiana. high overhead, now gliding close to the waves, now sail- ing apparently straight into the wind without a move- ment of the wings. Sometimes they sail for hours by the stern of the ship taking advantage of the air currents and never moving their wings except to alter occasionally the angle at which they are held. Again they are seen tossing about on the waves for they have webbed feet and can swim like ducks. The majority of gulls are pure white except for pearl gray mantles and black tips to the wings, but some have the mantle darker, others have the head black during the summer, while still others have the entire plumage white pigeons but some are not much larger than the largest swallows. Indeed they are sometimes called "sea swal- lows" because of their long pointed wings, deeply forked tails, and light, airy flight. Terns do not often sail like the gulls but few birds excel them for gracefulness. With measured strokes of the wings, almost suggestive of the motion of a butterfly, and with their bills directed downward as they watch the water, they beat back and forth along the coast hunting for small fish. Once a flock of terns locates a school of fish, a scene of intense animation follows. The buoyant, rhythmic flight gives way to a series of daring plunges 1281 1292 AMERICAN FORESTRY and they dart from a considerable height into the sea, spearing the small fish with their pointed bills. In this method of feeding they differ entirely from the gulls which have hooked bills and feed upon dead fish that they find floating on the surface. Gulls and terns are much alike in their nesting habits for the majority of species build crude nests or lay their eggs in simple depressions in the sand or on the rocks, with little or no pretense at nest building. In this respect and also in their eggs, which are olive or drab in ground color, rather heavily marked and sharply pointed, they are quite similar to the sandpipers and plov- ers. Indeed they resemble the shorebirds in other respects and in many anatomical characters as well so that most ornithologists today put all of them together in one major group or order. The commonest and best known of the twenty-five species of gulls found in North America is the herring gull. It is found throughout trie northern hemisphere, nesting from northern United States and northern France northward, and wintering from the southern part of its breeding range south to the Gulf of Mexico and the Med- iterranean. It is common in winter in New York harbor and in other Photograph by G. A. Bailey THE BLACK TERN IN SUMMER In this plumage the head and underparts are black — an unusual plumage for this family of birds. Photcaraph by G. A. Bailey A TERN POST A black tern in full plumage. In this plumage it harbors, following the ferries and swooping down to pick up pieces of bread or refuse thrown into the water. It follows also the garbage scows in dense clouds and is every- where a valuable scavenger. In the interior the herring gulls are common on all of the Great Lakes and larger bodies of water that do not freeze over, and whenever the ground is not covered with snow, they make sorties to the uplands, often long distances from water, where they find grasshoppers, beetles, and grubs. Gulls always roost on the water, however, so toward night they can be seen return- ing to the lake just as they left it in the morn- ing. While on the lake, in ad- dition to picking up dead fish, they occasional- ly rob the loons and mergansers. S o m e t imes a dozen or more gulls hover over the spot where these birds are r holograph by G. A. Bailey A SIMPLE HOME The gulls build crude nests and the terns usually none. This is the nest of a Caspian tern on an island in Georgian Bay. Photograph' by G. A. Bailey CAMOUFLAGE IN NATURE Young gulls and terns are almost impossible to see against the lichen covered rock. Here arc three young herring gulls. fishing waiting for one of them to make a catch, and then they will swoop down at it before it has time to swallow its prey. Usually the gulls are so persistent that the diver finally drops the fish, and the gulls fall upon it and begin fighting among themselves. The herring gulls THE GULLS AND TERNS 1293 rt K Job "AN OFF HOUR FOR HOUSEKEEPERS" Laughing gulls, Breton Island Reservation, Louisiana. usually select a rocky island for a nesting site and pull together small piles of drift weed for nests. They usually lay three eggs which vary from drab to olive or bluish white in ground color, irregularly spotted with lilac and shades of brown. The young birds are covered with down when hatched, and, like the adults, are able to swim. They are cared for by their parents, however, until they learn to fly. Their downy coat is mottled with buff and gray so that when they crouch they are almost invisible against the lichen covered rocks. A somewhat smaller and more migratory species is the ring-billed gull which scarcely can be distinguished from the herring gull at any distance. It migrates as far south as Mexico and Central America and rarely winters as far north as New York State. The chief differ- ence between it and the herring gull is that in the adult plumage, it has yellow legs instead of pink and has a black band across its bill. The immature birds can be distinguished at greater dis- tances because the ring-billed gull has a pure white tail marked by a subterminal black band while the immature herring gull has half or all of the tail dark. A somewhat smaller and more maritime species is the kittiwake, so called from its note. It has nearly the same pattern of colo- ration as the herring and ring- billed gulls with more or less black on the flight quills. Three larger species, the glaucous gull, the Iceland gull, and the Kumlien gull are distinguished by the absence of black on the pri- maries. These are northern species found rarely on our coast in winter and they can be distinguished from one another only by experienced observers. A more distinctly marked large gull, in fact the largest of them all, is the great black-backed gull which differs from all the others in having the mantle a deep slaty black. It is a martime species and seldom visits inland waters. The smallest of the North American gulls is the Bonaparte's gull which in its breeding dress has the entire head slaty black. It takes at least two years to acquire this plumage, however, and it is worn only during the summer so that white headed birds are much more often seen. It is more migratory than the other species, nesting in the far north and seldom wintering north of the Southern States, many individuals continuing their winter rovings to Mexico and Yucatan. A more southern black-headed gull is the laughing gull which nests in the salt marshes along the coast from Massachusetts south to Venezuela, retiring in winter to the Gulf coast and even to Brazil. This denizen of the South is somewhat smaller than the ringed-billed Photograph by Herbert K. Job Arctic tern on nest. THE GREATEST OF ALL TRAVELERS This bird is said to migrate 22,000 miles a year. Matinicus Rock, Maine. 1294 AMERICAN FORESTRY in North America. They are easily distinguished from the gulls by the points already mentioned but many of the species are distinguished from one another only by the closest observation. The commonest color pattern is similar to that of the gulls being largely white with pearl gray mantles, but in the breeding season all the typical species have the whole top of the head black. Most of Photograph by Herbert K. Job ON THE SEA CLIFFS Kittiwakes, nesting on Great Bird Rock, Magdalena Islands. gull but considerably larger than the Bonaparte's. In the Mississippi valley and west to the Rockies there is a very similar black headed species called the Franklyn's gull. It is the least maritime of all the gulls, reaching the sea coast only during its winter quarters, which stretch from Louisiana to Peru and Chili. During the summer it frequents the prairie country feeding princi- pally upon locusts and other in- sects, often following the plow- man for the grubs that are turn- ed up by the plough. It is this species that the Mormons believe saved their first settlers from starvation by consuming the black crickets which threatened to destroy all their crops. In- deed they have recently erected an elaborate fountain and monu- ment in Salt Lake City dedicat- ed "to the gulls which saved the early settlers from starvation." Along the Pacific coast there are three common species, the glaucous-winged, the western, and the California gulls, which are not found in the east. They are white-headed species, not strikingly different from the her- ring gull. Ten of the fifty species of terns known to science are found Photograph by Herbert K. Job AN UNUSUAL PERCH FOR A GULL Herring gull solicitous for its nest, Matinicus Island, Maine. them, likewise, have deeply forked tails. They vary in size from the least tern which is not much larger than a swallow, to the royal and Caspian terns which are about y?-F~$=>t Photograph by Herbert K. Job LIKE A MANTLE OF SNOW Royal and Cabot's terns nesting, Breton Island Reservation, Louisiana. THE GULLS AND TERNS 1295 the size of ringed-billed gulls. The Caspian tern is a somewhat larger species than the royal and has a less deeply forked tail. It is likewise more northern in its distribution. The common tern (or Wilson's tern), the Forester's tern, the Arctic tern, and the roseate tern are all much alike being about fifteen inches long and having the typical tern coloration. They are, however, somewhat different in habits and distribution, the com- mon tern being the most widespread and generally seen. Close observation will distinguish the Arctic tern by its grayer underparts and uniformly deep red bill, the com- mon tern by its white throat and grayish breast, and bill, red only at the base. The Forester's tern can be dis- tinguished by its pure white underparts and dull orange bill and the roseate tern by its delicate tint of pink on the underparts. The Arctic tern is the most maritime of them all and is said to have the longest migration of any bird, some individuals nesting well within the Arctic Circle and some wintering well within the Antarctic, requiring an annual pilgrimage of about 22 thousand miles. The Forester's tern is more of a western species and is more marsh loving than the others, nesting in grassy marshes. The common and roseate often nest together on some of the islands off the Atlantic coast but the roseate is more southern of the two extending its breeding range to north- ern South America. The gull-billed tern is a nearly cosmopolitan bird but is found in North America only as far north as Virginia. It is quite easily identified by its short heavy bill and less deeply forked tail. The least maritime of all the terns is the black tern which frequents the marshes of the interior. It is easily distinguished in its breeding dress by its black head and underparts but during the winter these are white and it is not so different from the other terns except that its upper- parts are darker. There are two tropical terns, the sooty tern and the noddy tern which are common on the Florida keys and some of the islands off the Gulf coast where they nest in colonies of thousands. The sooty tern can be dis- tinguished from other terns by its black upperparts and the noddy tern by its black underparts, as well as upper- parts, only the top of the head being white. In the days when the feather trade was at its height, thousands of tern skins of all species were shipped to the New York markets and the breeding colonies all along the Atlantic coast were almost wiped out. Indeed even after some of the nesting islands were set aside as refuges and protected by wardens, hunters congregated in boats near the islands and baited the birds up to them. In this way they were still able to kill hundreds of them because the terns have the unfortunate habit of hovering over a wounded companion and returning again and again, even though shot at, as though they would succor him. It was not until through the efforts of the National Association of Audubon Societies and a few far-sighted Senators and Congressmen that the non-sale of plumage laws were passed. These laws forbade the sale of the plumage of native birds, and made it possible to save the few remaining terns. Now the birds are beginning to increase and to nest where they have not been found for years. The least tern alone, seems unable to recuperate from the verge of extermination to which it was forced and it is still a rare bird all along the Atlantic coast where once it was extremely abundant. CITY TREE PLANTING ALDO LEOPOLD, secretary of the Chamber ' of -*"*- Commerce at Albuquerque, New Mexico, tells how that city conducted a tree planting campaign which offers valuable suggestions to other commercial organi- zations. The first step was to appoint a committee of private citizens experienced in tree planting. This com- mittee drew up a set of specifications embodying the consensus of their opinions as to the best species of trees to plant and when, the best size of stock, and the exact methods of shipment, storage, distribution, planting, and the after care which is necessary to produce the best results under the conditions existing in Albuquerque. The specifications were then published in the local news- papers, and private parties were asked to submit bids, giving the cost per tree for which they would agree to meet the specifications. On a given date all bids were reviewed by the committee, and those bidders whose prices were reasonable were investigated as to their per- sonal reliability and experience and the reliability of the nursery with which they did business. Certificates of recommendation were then issued to all the bidders who, in the opinion of the committee, were fully qualified to do the work. The committee then appointed a trained forester as inspector. The certificates of recommendation stipulated that any work not complying with the specifications as interpreted by the inspector would result in the for- feiture of the certificate of recommendation. All holders of certificates were then encouraged to proceed to solicit business in the regular manner of private contractors. These certified contractors commanded the confidence of the public and were aided by an extensive advertising campaign. This was conducted by the Chamber of Com- merce with the full co-operation of the local newspapers. Large numbers of trees were ordered by property owners who had in former years deferred tree planting because they were not satisfied with the service rendered by un- regulated contractors. A total of over one thousand trees were planted, and so far 95 per cent of them are growing and doing well. Under the extremely difficult conditions obtaining in the Southwest, this is a very exceptional showing. The public is well satisfied. The annual plant- ing of trees will be at least trebled, and the contractors state that they will never work under any other system. A FOREST FIRE IS A REAL ENEMY Carelessness causes many fires. Are you care- less? Never leave your camp fire without making sure it is completely out. We won the war to defend Democracy. Must we now fight forest fires? Are you careful with fire in the forest? Burning matches cause fires. Break your match in two before throw- ing it away. If you discover a forest fire, put it out. 1296 AMERICAN FORESTRY EDITORS TAKE UP FOREST MATTERS NEWSPAPERS ANSWER CALL OF AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION AND OPEN COLUMNS TO DISCUSSION OF BIG QUESTIONS A NATIONAL forest policy for the United States, "Roads of Remembrance," plans for reforesting France, Belgium and Great Britain, and the plant- ing of Memorial Trees, for all of which the American Forestry Association is campaigning, have received the hearty indorsement of the editors of the country. In an editorial on beautifying the roads of the country the Atlanta Constitution outlines the suggestion of the American Forestry Association and says, "This is an ex- cellent idea. The movement in all its phases is commend- able and it is one to which the public should give hearty indorsement." The Association urges that County Units plan memorials of various kinds with the good roads in mind so the memorials be easy of access and that the roads for which millions are to be spent be marked with memo- rial trees. "The advantages of having highways set with trees are a great many," says the Worcester, Massachu- setts, Gazette, "and few undertakings of so small com- parative cost are calculated to give as big a return for the money invested as the planting of trees along the highways wherever such work is practicable." Fruit trees are advocated for roadside planting by the Portland Oregonian, and so are nut trees. "This is an established custom in Europe," the Oregonian points out, "and a practice worth thinking about." The Pittsburgh Post praises the Boy Scouts for planting walnut trees and adds : "This is particularly timely in view of the warning just issued by the American Forestry Association that the country faces a timber shortage." The Columbus, Ohio, Dispatch says : "If the people of this country do not begin planting black walnuts they will make the mistake of their lives." The "Haskin Letter," a feature used by many newspapers, carries a column on "Roads of Re- membrance," pointing to the opportunity to beautify the country and at the same time impress the need of a national forest policy. The Washington Times and the Washington Herald give generous space to the article and the Washington Star uses nearly a column in telling of the Association's suggestion for tree planting along the drive to connect two of Washington's famous parks. Dr. Frank Crane, in his daily editorial, used by about CALL TO MEMBERS Enlist for service with YOUR ASSOCIATION. The need of a national forest policy will be doubly im- pressed upon the editor of your paper if you point out this need to him. Write a short statement of facts, sign your name as a "member of American Forestry Asso- ciation," and send the copy to the editor of your news- paper. Discuss local park and tree situations with the editor for he wants to know the public opinion and values it highly. Where trees need attention tell him and you will find ready response, for the editors of the country are keen to help. one hundred of the biggest newspapers, indorses the Association's Memorial Tree campaign. In an editorial, "Trees as Memorials," the Boston Post says: "The sentiment is one which appeals directly and strongly to the heart of our people. The American For- estry Association is aiding the governments of Great Britain, France and Belgium in their schemes for repair- ing the forest devastation wrought by the Hun and com- pelled by their own military needs. To restore and beau- tify the world for which our boys fought and sacrificed so bravely is their best and most enduring monument." The London Mail, speaking of the ravaged forests, says : "England in one regard looks strangely like those parts of Belgium where the Germans have resided. You see wherever you go acres of sawdust chips in place of van- ished forests." The Mail then goes on to give the plans of Mr.Acland, of the Woods and Forest Department. Under the heading "Trees for France," the Goshen, In- diana, Democrat says : "It is a practical suggestion. America can send almost any desired variety of tree or shrub." The Indianapo- lis Star points to "a recent survey of the forests in France by the secretary of the American Forestry As- sociation," and adds that "the situation presents a tremendous problem not only for the nations in- volved but for other coun- tries as well." "America's natural resources have been the salvation of Eu- rope," is the way the Boston Globe puts it, while the Buffalo Evening Nezvs quotes the figures from the Amer- ican Forestry Magazine to show the need of increased planting. The Baltimore Sun, Minneapolis Journal, New York Times and many other papers quote the magazine for a column on the destruction of the forests in the battle areas. The Dayton Herald quotes the Association's "Dont's" for forest fires and points to the need of a national forest policy, saying, "Only the United States lags." The San Francisco Examiner uses an eight col- umn box across the top of the first page on a telegram of congratulation to San Francisco upon the dedication of its Hero Grove. These are but examples of the way the editors of the country axe. co-operating in, t))£ drive for a national forest policy. FORESTRY— THE RELATION OF WOOD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION BY WILLIAM CARSON VWT E HEAR much and read much of the Coal Age, " the Iron Age, the Age of Steel — and their influ- ence on civilization. In our own time we have been im- pressed with the amazing changes brought about by iron and steel. We traverse continents on rails of steel; span broad rivers with bridges of iron and steel; ply the seven seas in ships of steel, and soar through the air in machines with steel frames. With steel tools and machines the luxuries of yesterday are brought in reach tributed to all the ages. And though its functions have been in the quieter walks of life, less glorious and spec- tacular than iron and steel, its contribution to man in his struggle onward and upward has been no less bounti- ful. Even before the dawn of history, man was dependent on it for his existence ; and on every frontier down to our own day it has been one of man's chief reliances. It has been more than an influence; it has been essen- Courtesy of The White Pine Bureau THE "OLD FAIRBANKS HOUSE" AT DEDHAM, MASSACHUSETTS The oldest house in America now standing in practically its original condition, again with the possible exception of the shell and adobe houses of Florida and California, is the "Old Fairbanks House," at Dedham, Massachusetts, the central sec- tion of which was built in 1636. The picturesqueness of this old, weather-beaten house, nestling beneath a wealth of over- hanging elms and breathing the sweetness and charm of old New England, has an appeal unequalled by any other of the early Colonial houses. Although its unpainted white pine siding has stood exposed to the severe_ New England climate for almost three centuries, it is still almost perfectly preserved — a testimonial to the lasting qualities of wood. of all, adding immensely to the comforts and enjoyment of life; and with other steel tools we fashion guns that hurl masses of steel twenty miles through the air and kill myriads of men. Truly the influence of iron and steel has been stupendous — stupendous beyond our con- ception. Yet, though iron and steel are mere tyros as com- pared to wood, no period has been designated the Wood Age. No particular period could be. Wood has con- tial — indispensable. Man first took refuge in the tree and with its branches built his fire to cook his simple meal. With his wooden club he went forth to provide food for himself and his family. He lightened his first journeys with a staff of wood, and as he became more venturesome floated down the water-courses on a log. When love of home conquered his roving disposition he scratched the ground with a stick and sowed his seeds, and in time made his first plow of wood. As the cen- 1297 .298 AMERICAN FORESTRY turies wore away and the great migrations came, wood was once more destined to play a leading role. On wooden wheels and in wooden boats man went forth to the ends of the earth — from Asia westward to Europe — and from Europe across the Atlantic to the New World. As man pushed forward the frontier of civilization, commerce grew. We marvel at the millions of tons of freight transported annually on steel rails and steel ships ; but centuries must pass before steel's tonnage can equal the traffic that has gone up and down the highways of the earth in wooden ships and on wooden wheels. But wood has done more than provide man with his necessities and comforts. His earliest efforts in sculp- ture and carving were formed from wood. There stands today in the Gizeh Museum in Egypt a wooden statue, the oldest record of man's achievement in sculpture. If Moses saw it, he must have looked upon it in wonder, for it was 2000 years old before he was born. We think of wood as something perishable, as something that soon decays ; yet here is a wooden statue, 6,000 years old — older than any stone or marble statue in existence. In passing it may not be amiss to remark that the oldest living things on earth are the giant Sequoia trees of California. And in music — from the first hammerings on a wooden tom-tom to the symphony orchestra — wood instruments have thrilled man in all ages. No instrument of brass can produce the range and variety of tones or approach the human appeal of the wooden violin. The metal strings of the piano get their tone and quality from the white pine sounding-board. Sometimes, too, I surmise that wood has been rather lavishly used in making the heads of some of our statesmen. In this land of ours, wood — and especially white pine — has been a powerful influence in shaping her destiny. When the colonists came to New England and New York they found an abundance of white pine distributed over the country. The ease with which it could be worked made it readily accessible for sheltering the set- tlers and their stock. And later it gave expression to their culture and love for the beautiful in those stately houses and those dignified churches which still stand as sound as when they were built and give inspiration for so many of the beautiful architectural designs of today. The history of the early Colonies repeated itself in the upbuilding of the great Middle West. The pioneers who came to the Mississippi Valley settled along the rivers and creeks where there was timber available or where it could be transported by water. The necessity for wood, with which to build their homes and barns, and for fuel, kept them from the more fertile prairies ready for the plow that lay back from the streams. As the settlers became more numerous the great white pine forests bordering the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, Chippewa and St. Croix Rivers were tapped, and they have ever since been serving the needs of the country. Fortunate indeed were the settlers to have such an abund- ant supply of wood that was light, easily transported, easy to work, durable and good for practically all uses to which a soft wood can be put. It is impossible to conceive the development of the Middle West without the white pine forests of Michi- gan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Certain it is that the fertile plains of this great granary must have lain un- productive many years longer had not such an adaptable building material been so close at hand. And think what it means today that this vast region is producing food for us and for our Allies. The products from "the bread-basket of the world" — from the country of white pine houses and white pine granaries — may save civili- zation from the deadliest attack ever aimed at its pro- gress. And in this world crisis we of America and our Allies once more turned to wooden ships to save the day — to keep the supply of food unbroken for those who fought with us that democracy might rule the world and that all peoples might live together in peace and justice. Wood has been a powerful factor in the upbuilding of civiliza- tion— and we in our day have seen it one of the deciding factors in saving that which it has through the countless ages so laboriously helped to build. — (White Pine Mono- graph.) USE OF CUT-OVER LANDS A PRELIMINARY study of cut-over timberlands in -^*- the south, with a view to determining their best utilization, is being planned by Dr. H. C. Taylor, chief of the new Bureau of Farm Management of the Agri- cultural Department, and Dr. L. C. Gray, head of the new Division of Land Economics in that Bureau. Co- operation in this work is expected from State authorities, especially those connected with state agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and also from the various organi- zations interested in the development of the south. The work this year will be limited by the appropriations made by Congress for the Bureau of Farm Management, which are not as large as requested by Secretary Houston. In considering the problem of utilizing southern cut- over lands to the best advantage, it is planned to first mobilize data already in the possession of various branches of the government that bear upon the subject. If funds admit this will be followed up next year with a more extended investigation in a number of localities in the southern states. These investigations should in- clude an intensive study of certain questions related to the colonization and development of cut-over lands and this should result in assembling a mass of detailed data that will be of great use in bringing about agricultural development in the southern states, particularly the coastal plain area extending from Virginia to Texas, in which is situated the bulk of the pine stump lands. T> B. MILLER has been appointed State Forester of -"-*•* Illinois and assumed his new duties on July 1. The state forestry work is under the direction of the State Natural History Survey Division and is located at Ur- bana. STATE NEWS 1299 MINNESOTA '"PHE Minnesota Forest Service is just closing a deal with the Pine Tree Lum- ber Company for the purchase of approxi- mately 6,000,000 feet of virgin pine timber within the boundary of Itasca State Park, the consideration, $13.00 per thousand for white and Norway pine, $9.00 for spruce and $5.00 for jack pine; the land, about two thousand acres, together with the miscellaneous timber will constitute a gift to the State. It is valued at $25,000 to $30,000. One of the groves on this land, a magnifi- cent stand of Norway and white pine, has been named the "Theodore Roosevelt Grove." Itasca State Park and Forest was well provided for by the 1919 Legislature. As a result, the summer hotel property at Douglas Lodge has been greatly improved, a number of new buildings are being erect- ed, including a large restaurant, to be known as the "Forest Inn." An electric light plant has been installed, thus reducing a considerable element of fire danger, four- teen sections of land on the west side of the forest will be bought, the necessary money being provided for the purpose. The State Forester has just arranged for the grazing of one bunch of sheep, twenty-two hundred head, along the west edge of Itasca Park and Forest. The Forester has contended for some time that the grazing of sheep in this kind of country, where there is so much grass, weeds and brush, would afford the best kind of fire protection. It is believed also that little, if any, harm would be done in the woods, since stock will not eat the little coniferous trees so long as there is an abundance of other forage. There was some question as to the advisability of permitting sheep graz- ing because of the possible effect on game range, but the location of the grazing area with respect to the feeding grounds of the deer safeguards this feature. Also, on ac- count of the late entrance of the sheep, there will be no danger of their trampling the nests of ground-nesting birds. There is another feature worth watching in this connection. It has been difficult to obtain natural reproduction of pine in portions of Itasca Park owing to the dense growth of brush and small vegetation. There is a probability that sheep grazing will bring about more favorable conditions for pine reproduction through a partial removal of the brush and trampling of the soil to prepare it for the seed. If this experiment works out satisfac- torily, it will be the beginning of a great industry in that part of the State because there is range for several millions of sheep during the summer months. Sheep might be brought from Montana and other Rocky Mountain States about the first of July, fattened on the abundant forage in the timber country of northern Minnesota and then sent to the stock yards of South St. Paul and Chicago. The Forester is con- vinced that the forest fire danger in Min- nesota will be greatly reduced with the increase of stock grazing in the wooded districts. Fires in the woods do not run readily and are easily controlled wherever the grass, weeds and under brush has been even moderately eaten down by stock. much for summer cottages have been hit a body blow by free camp sites on Forest Reserves. The State's five Forest Re- serves are open with few and easy restric- tions to those feeling the summertime call of the wild. Camp sites have been selected, marked, and made ready by the State. Get- ting your "pick" is free of red tape; all the camper has to do is sign an application, send it in, and pitch his tent. MARYLAND VK/ ITH special war activities practically concluded, the Maryland State Board of Forestry has well under way numerous new projects of prime importance to for- est owners and timber users of that State. The summer's field work has been arrang- ed to develop various brand — new and use- ful activities, and to push to completion projects already undertaken. An intensive study of willow culture, with new opportunities opened by the war, will shortly be finished and published. Volume tables have been or are being prepared for every commercial tree species in Maryland. Thousands of taper measurements of hard- wood and softwood trees have been secured in sections of the State where these varie- ties reach commercial importance. Sets of curves are built on these at headquarters, and in the very near future Maryland will have its own volume tables to use and enjoy. These will be published, and made available to all requiring accurate, and localized, information in measuring, buy- ing and selling forest products. They will not only include, as usual, lumber and cordwood, but will be made applicable also to all forest products for which each tree is fitted and used, in board feet or cubic contents. State co-operation is being ex- tended forest owners in the practical im- provement of their timbered holdings, for- esters from the Board directing marking and estimating, and if necessary super- vising cutting, on tracts from a few to sev- eral hundred acres in size. This work is well received, since it secures the owner reproduction of the best, removal of the poorest, and sale of material for what it is worth. In connection with and in exten- sion of this, experiments in cheap and effective tree-killing are under way, meth- ods employed, both old and new, being by mechanical and chemical means. Proper treatment of public trees is still assured through application of Maryland's Roadside Tree Law, and active supervision of all operations by the Board. Profiteering landlords who charge too In co-operation with various private com- panies and progressive individuals, experi- ments in Loblolly pine reproduction on the Eastern Shore are being carried out. In- formation desired is on the best methods of securing N. S. R. in Loblolly. Sample plots are carefully laid out, and results will be watched until conclusive. Ten years ago Maryland's wood-using industries were the subject of research and report. Recently, knowing these results to be old and the data no longer authentic, the Board took up a canvass of the sub- ject. Much interest was manifested by the various industries approached, and prac- tically 100 per cent co-operation gain- ed in the preparation of a new and com- plete report, well illustrated, on "The Wood-Using Industries of Maryland." It is now in the hands of the printer, and will be issued shortly. Both study and subsequent report represent, exclusively, State work. NEW JERSEY "TOR several years State Forester Alfred Gaskill has been urging owners of woodland to give their timber a little care and attention, in order that its value and productiveness might be increased. It has been the practice in this State and else- where to cut off the woods without care or thought of the future, and then allow Nature to do the best she can in replacing the abused timber growth. The following results of a "thinning" experiment in the so-called "scrub oaks" of Burlington Coun- ty prove that such attention is profitable. A portion of the Lebanon State Forest was selected for the demonstration. The tract consisted of a rather dense stand of young oaks from ten to twenty feet tall, growing on sandy soil of low fertility. Two similar plots of approximately one acre each were laid out, and the trees on each counted and measured. Then plot No. 1 was "thinned" to relieve its over- crowded condition. Enough crowded, weakened and suppressed trees of the poor- est species were removed to give the re- maining trees the proper amount of light and growing space for their best develop- 1300 AMERICAN FORESTRY 125 MILLION FEET NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER FOR SALE Location and Amount. — All the mer- chantable dead timber standing and down, and all the live timber marked or designated for cutting on an area of about 6,000 acres of Government land in T. 44 N., R. 4 E. ; T. 44 N., R. 5 E., and T. 43 N., R. 5 E., within the watershed of Fishhook Creek, St. Joe Na- tional Forest, Idaho, estimated to be 33,000 M. B. M. green white pine; 9,000 M. B. M. dead white pine; 30,000 M. B. M. Engelmann spruce; 13,000 M. B. M. cedar; 12,000 M. B. M. white fir and hem- lock; 10,000 M. B. M. larch and Douglas fir; 5,000 M. B. M lodge- pole pine, balsam fir and yellow pine saw timber, 60,000 cedar poles, more or less ; and an unestimated amount of cedar posts, piling and shingle bolts. About 4,000 acres of privately owned timber in the same watershed is also available for purchase from the Northern Pacific Railway Company. Stumpage Prices. — Lowest bid con- sidered $2.50 per M for green white pine; $1.00 per M for spruce and yellow pine; 50 cents per M for all other species and dead white pine; and special rates for cedar products of various dimen- sions. Prices will be readjusted at the end of the third, sixth, ninth and twelfth years. Period for Removal. — A period of fifteen years will be allowed for the removal of the timber, with two additional years within which to construct initial improvements. Deposit.— With bid, $10,000.00 to ap- ply on purchase price if bid is ac- cepted, or refunded if rejected. Ten per cent may be retained as forfeit if the contract and bond are not executed within the re- quired time. Final Date for Bids.— Sealed bids will be received by the District Forester, Missoula, Montana, up to and including September 23, 1919. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Before bids are submitted, full information concerning the character of the timber, conditions of sale, deposits and the submission of bids should be obtained from the District Forester, Missoula, Montana, or the Forest Supervisor, St. Maries, Idaho. ' ment. Plot No. 2 to serve as a check or control, was not thinned. Seven years later, in June, 1919, neither tract having had any attention except pro- tection from fire, the plots were again measured and the following results were noted: Plot No. 1 (thinned plot) had 380 living trees, the volume of which was 10.03 cords per acre, or an increase of 5.57 cords, not counting the one cord removed by thinning. Plot No. 2 contained 558 living trees, with a total volume of 8.63 cords, or an increase of less than a cord (.91 cords) for seven years' growth. In other words the thinned plot almost doubled its wood volume in seven years, while the adjoining unthinned plot in the same time increased less than nine per cent. For- estry pays ! The State Forester is ready to help anyone interested in such a project. KENTUCKY E. BARTON, Commissioner of Geology and Forestry, announces at this time that the Kentenia-Catron Corporation will transfer to the State of Kentucky for use as a State Forest Reservation approximately 3,400 acres of land on Pine Mountain in Harlan County. The gift of this land to the State is in fee simple, subject only to existing contracts for the removal of cer- tain timber on the area. The gift is made through Mr. Charles H. Davis, the Presi- dent of the Company, and Mr. W. W. Duf- field, Agent of the Company for Kentucky. The gift of this land to the State for pur- poses of a state forest is the biggest stimulus to the management of timber tracts under effective forestry principles that the movement in the State to this end has yet seen. The Kentenia-Catron Cor- poration has always had a keen interest in the forestry problems of the State and the concrete way which they have now taken to show this interest is worthy of their ef- forts heretofore in the same direction. The area has a mixed stand of hardwoods, com- mon to the region, and includes some pines. The management of this tract on scientific forestry principles will serve as an excellent example of what can be accomplished un- der these conditions in the Southern Ap- palachian region. Active steps will be taken to put the area under effective ad- ministration at an early date. Immediate measures will be taken looking to the pro- tection of the timber on the tract from fire and other destructive agencies. ILLINOIS 'T'HE Quincy, Illinois, High School has a forestry club, the purpose of which is to save the trees we have now and to plant others. A Science Club, of the same city, composed of twelve or fifteen en- thusiastic nature students, has secured a small tract of land and is growing on it such forest trees as pecan, persimmon, wal- nut and chestnut, which are to be trans- planted to suitable locations as the club members take their weekly hikes. The University of Illinois has an ex- perimental forest tree plantation begun in the spring of 1871 from which some inter- esting data should now be secured. An appropriation of $1,000 was made in 1869 by the Legislature for trees and seeds. Thirteen acres were planted on prairie soil under the direction of Prof. T. J. Burrill, horticulturist and botanist, and G. W. Mc- Cluer, M. S., assistant horticulturist. It is located at the experimental farm, on Lin- coln Avenue. Forest records were kept for 1871, 1872, 1876 and 1886 by Professor Burrill, in which are stated the amounts expended for plants, planting, cultivation, etc., and the receipts from thinnings. European larch, elms, spruce, white pine, soft maple, basswood, black walnut, Bur oak, red oak and hickory are the species which have done best. The forest is fencedi and is used to some extent by the residents of Urbana as a park. GEORGIA "EXTENSION Forester Zimm devoted the month of July to the Extension Schools, which are held in connection with the District Agricultural Schools. One phase of the work which Mr. Zimm is em- phasizing is the preservative treatment of fence posts, shingles, and other farm tim- bers, and he has succeeded in establishing a small treating plant for demonstration purposes at each District School. Vocational work in forestry and agri- culture is receiving considerable attention at the Georgia State College of Agriculture. Approximately 150 rehabilitated soldiers have been sent to the College for special work and the Vocational Board states that preparation should be made to accommodate a total of between four and five hundred. In connection with the program for High- way Construction and Improvement, to be conducted co-operatively by the State and the Federal Government, the Georgia State Highway Commission has recommended that the establishment of roadside trees be given consideration at the same time. The Georgia State Forest School, through the Extension Forester, has agreed to co- operate with the Highway Commission in this phase of road improvement. A bill introduced in the Georgia General Assembly provides for the placing of all forestry matters in the hands of the Board of Trustees of the Georgia State College of Agriculture and empowering the Board to appoint a State Forester. The bill is the result of a conference of in- terested persons of the State and Mr. Peters, of the U. S. Forest Service. It is believed that the passage of this bill will enable the State to give proper attention to this most important of all natural re- sources— the forest. The bill has the en- thusiastic support of the lumbermen of the State. Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers AMERICAN FORESTRY 1301 Creosoted Water Tanks — Home - Made — The species and condition of wood specified for the creosoted water tank, shown below, permit employment of the Open Tank Process either at the shops of consumers or at the mills. Loblolly pine is available at many isolated mills, which because of their location cannot economically supply lumber treated by pressure process. How- ever, they could equip themselves to creosote by the Open Tank Process — providing they will meet the necessary requirements of seasoning and framing. Lumber and timber, as specified, can be purchased from many sources by consumers, manufactured as required and creosoted by the Open Tank Process with Carbosota Creosote Oil, either at the building site or shops. The treating tanks, etc., required for creosoting can be made portable or stationary. The Open Tank Process is not recommended as a substitute for the empty-cell pressure processes, where the latter is practical, but as a means of creosoting and making this grade of lumber available for the pur- pose, under conditions where the empty-cell pressure process cannot be employed. The Open Tank Process is efficient and compara- tively economical, but requires a refined, coal-tar creosote oil. That means Carbosota Creosote Oil which conforms to U. S. Railroad Administration Specification R-828-A. Carbosota is merely a trade-mark which guarantees an absolutely uniform, highly refined, pure, coal-tar creosote oil, physically fit for non-pressure treatments, and chemically of the highest preservative value. (Green wood cannot be effectively creosoted by non:pressure proc- esses. It should be air-dry. In regions of moist, warm climate, wood of some species may start to decay before it can be air-dried. Excep- tion should be made in such cases, and treatment modified accordingly.) Knowles Type Creosoted Water Tank erected at Mattoon, III., by the Illinois Central R.R. (Creosoted by Empty-Cell-Rucping Process 5 lbs A.R.E.A. No. 1 Coal-Tar Creosote Oil per cubic foot.) THE salient features of this type of tank, and the several factors that warrant recommending the Open Tank Process, are quoted from an address by C. R. Knowles, Supt. of Water Service, Illinois Central Rail- road, published by the Southern Pine Associa- tion, in a pamphlet entitled "Southern Pine Tanks." " The timber used in Loblolly Pine, coming under the general specifications for tank timber except that no restrictions are made as to heart or sap. The timber is air seasoned, and should be permitted to season for three months in favorable weather." " A very important feature in the construction of these tanks is that all timber more than 1 inch in thick- ness is framed before treatment to secure the maxi- mum life from the treated timber. The work of framing the tank before treatment, is given such care- ful attention that it is rarely necessary to bore a hole in the treated timber during the field erection of the tank." "In water tanks, however, there is always an inter- mediate condition of moisture in which the wood is dry on the outside and wet on the inside, thus promoting rapid decay." " It is difficult to point out any portion of the tank more susceptible to decay than another, although decay in the tops of the staves is more noticeable, and the timber probably decays more quickly here than in any other part of the tank." New York Chicago Philadelphia Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Seattle Peoria Atlanta Youngstown Lebanon Washington The Company Boston Detroit Salt Lake City Duluth Columbus St. Louis Johnstown New Orleans Latrobe Nashville Baltimore Milwaukee Buffalo Richmond Bethlehem Elizabeth THE BARRETT COMPANY, Limited: Montreal Bangor Toronto Winnipeg Dallas Vancouver Toledo St. John, N. B. Halifax, N. S. Sydney, N. S. 1302 AMERICAN FORESTRY WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO -ENGRAYINGS buy the right kind— That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose— Our little house organ "Etchings" is full of valuable hints— Send for it. B. A. CATCHEL, Pn C A. ST1HS0N. Vice-Pra. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO-ENGRA VERS In one or more colors Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA SALE OF TIMBER, KLAMATH INDIAN RESERVATION. CLIFF BOUNDARY UNIT. SEALED BIDS, MARKED OUTSIDE "BID, Cliff Boundary Timber Unit" and addressed to the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School, Klamath Agency, Oregon, will be re- ceived until 12 o'clock noon, Pacific time, Tues- day, September 23, 1919, for the purchase of tim- ber upon about 10,000 acres within Townships 33 and 34 South, Ranges 7 and 8 East of the Wil- liamette Meridian. The sale embraces approxi- mately 100,000,000 feet of yellow pine and sugar pine. Each bid must state for each species the amount per 1,000 feet Scribner decimal C log scale that will be paid for all timber cut prior to April 1, 1924. Prices subsequent to that .date are to be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by three- year periods. No bid of less than three dollars and seventy-five cents ($3.75) per 1,000 feet for yellow and sugar pine and one dollar ($1.00) per 1,000 feet for other species of timber during the first period will be considered. Each bid must be submitted in duplicate and be accompanied by a certified check on a solvent national bank in favor of the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School in the amount of $10,000. The deposit will be returned if the bid is rejected but retained if the bid is accepted and the required contract and bond are not executed and presented for approval within sixty days from such acceptance. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. For copies of the bid and contract forms and for other information application should be made to the Indian Super- intendent, Klamath Agency. Oregon. Washington, D. C, July 14, 1919. CATO SELLS, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS A T the summer meeting of the Wood- lands Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, mentioned in our last number, a discussion of vital importance to the forests took place. The work of fire prevention for the past seven years has shown conclusively that cut-over areas are the most liable to have fires started in them, and once started these fires are the most difficult to extinguish and do the greatest amount of damage. A few years ago when the areas cut over each year were comparatively small and often widely sepa- rated, a fire in a lumbered area only de- stroyed a small section, but now that the yearly cut has so increased, over two hun- dred per cent, and whole river valleys now are practically cut-over the situation is be- coming very serious and some steps must be taken to dispose of the debris from log- ging. It is the general opinion of foresters and many lumbermen that the present method of cutting to a diameter limit is unwise, unscientific and wasteful. The coniferous trees, being shallow-rooted blow down, the remaining hardwoods soon form a dense cover and prevent the growth of the conifers and those trees which are left under the supposition that they will form a future crop, if they do not blow down, make practically no growth as they were, for the most part, suppressed. It has also been shown that where clean cutting of conifers and most of the hardwoods is prac- ticed, a dense growth of spruce and balsam appears at once. The proper method to be adopted should be that of clean cutting of both conifers and hardwoods, brush burn- ing and then management of the stand. By management is meant the proper thinning of the natural regeneration and the re- moval from time to time of the undesirable species. The time has certainly come when we should realize that to get the most out of the forest we must handle it according to the proper principals. Forest farming has its rules just as agriculture has and they must be followed and must be applied by men who know them and who have the necessary technical training. We can no longer continue to treat our forests as mines and use up our forest capital. Meth- ods of cutting must be revised, slash must be disposed of and systems of management put into practice if we are to have forests in the future. Clyde Leavitt, Forester to the Commis- sion of Conservation and the Dominion Railway Board, was operated on in Ottawa, June 25, and at last reports was doing very well. Mr. F. W. Reed represented the U. S. Forest Service at the meeting of the Woodlands Section and took part in the discussion. Mr. Sterling, of James D. Lacey and Company, and Mr. R. S. Kellogg, of the News Print Service Bureau, were also present. Mr. Craig, of the Commission of Conservation; Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec; Mr. Prince, Chief Forester of New Brunswick; Mr. R. H. Campbell, Director of Dominion Forestry Branch ; Mr. Avery, of the Spanish River Pulp and Paper Company; Messrs. Yberg and Jewett, of the Riordon Pulp and Paper Company; Mr. Galarneau and Mr. Nix, of the St. Maurice Paper Com- pany; Mr. Cressman, of the Wayagamack Pulp and Paper Company ; Mr. Sweezy, of the Royal Securities Company; Mr. Kiffer, of the Quebec Forest Service ; Captain Tremblay, of the Donnacona Paper Com- pany; Mr. Schanche, of the Abitibi Power and Pulp Company, and Messrs. Arnold Hannsen and R. W. Lyons, of the Lauren- tide Company, were among the Canadian foresters present. The new classification of the Canadian Civil Service has just been published and the salaries for foresters are so low that no man who has taken four years at college and a technical two years' course there- after can afford to work for the Dominion Government. Foresters have been rated lower than any other professional men. The result will be that the service will soon lose all its good men. Salaries in many cases are far below those that the present incumbents are receiving and in one case a position has been reclassified and will hereafter receive less than its present holder received on commencing nearly ten years ago. The schedule is as follows : Some comparisons are of interest. The Dominion Entomologist is to receive $3,900 to $4,800; the Dominion Foresters, $3,600 to $4,500. A geologist is to receive $3,300 and UP; a forester, $1,680 to $2,100. The Director of the Forest Products Labo- ratory is to receive only $3,120 to $3,600. In most cases Provincial Governments are paying better salaries, as do also private concerns. Practically the whole of techni- cal staff of the Forest Products Laboratory has been engaged by private concerns. As inevitably the management of Government Forests must come into the hands of tech- nical men, and as they constitute such a Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers AMERICAN FORESTRY 1303 QUALITY- EFFICIENCY- RELIABILITY Upon this foundation was built this, the Largest Saw Works in the World Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel and File Works HENRY DISSTON & SONS, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. • ICD.I PAr.O". A. HELP TO REFOREST FRANCE rpHE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION has undertaken the great task of helping -*- to reforest the shell-torn, war-shattered areas of France; and to aid also Great Britain, half of whose forests were felled; Belgium, whose forests suffered terribly, and Italy. The great humanitarian need, the prime economic importance, the broad constructive value of this work — all place it on a plane which gives it striking pre-eminence. Therefore, it is felt that every member of the American Forestry Association will desire to have a part, and as big a part as possible, in carrying out this program. B Y those who are competent to judge, it is asserted that the forests of France kept the Germans from Paris. How great a debt, then, does the world owe to them! A MERICA can build no nobler memorial in Europe than by replacing the devastated forests of -^*- France, Great Britain, Belgium and Italy. ^Answer this appeal at once by sending your check for whatever amount you can afford, to the American Forestry Association. It will help to purchase the seed needed to replant the forests of our Allies. Checks Should Be Sent to THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WASHINGTON, D. C. 1304 CANADIAN DEPARTMENT Evergreens for All Year Beauty Screens — Hedges— Windbreaks Many places lose their beauty when the leaves fall in Autumn. There is nothing in the landscape to sustain interest. Other places remain attractive and cheerful ooking. They have plenty of color. The cold winds are tempered. There is as much fascination in rambling about the grounds in winter as in summer. ^EVERGREENS make the difference when nature has wrought her worst havoc with snow and sleet, their beauty is only intensified as they bend fantastically under their icy load and glisten with crystal drapery. Plant In Augutt or September if you are ready, or later if neces- sary. Whenever you plant and whatever you plant, it is guar- anteed-IF YOU GET IT FROM HICKS. Get our special prices now on several thousand evergreens 2-8 ft. high. We must clear from leased land. Very highest quality in root and top. HICKS NURSERIES Box F Westbury, L. I., K. Y. HILL'S Seedlings and Transplants ALSO TREE SEEDS FOR REFORESTING "DEST for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in im- mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter's Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 601 DUNDEE, ILL. FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania Orchids We are specialists in Orchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- cial list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS SEEDLINGS ic* /,„ „„■„, „„ TRANSPLANTS large quantities THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE. CONN. HOW TO PRUNE YOUR TREE.S Always use a pole saw and pole shears on the tips of the long branches. Do not "head back" or cut off the top of a tree except where the tree is old and failing, and then under special instructions. Be as sparing and as judicious in pruning as possible, and do not raise the branches so high as to make the tree look like a telegraph pole. Commence pruning the tree from the top and finish at the bottom. Make every cut as close and parallel to the trunk as possible. To make the cut perfectly smooth the saw must be well set and sharp. Leave no stubs, dead and dying wood, or fungus-covered branches behind you. Do not fail to cover every wound with coal tar, not allowing it needlessly to run down the trunk. Do not remove several large branches on one tree at a time. They must be removed gradually, the work extending over several seasons. large share of the natural wealth of the country the effect of putting such responsi- bilities on the shoulders of second-rate men will be disastrous. The patrol flights of the seaplanes of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association have commenced and are proving practical. It is easily possible to locate forest fires at forty to fifty miles and if they are not too far from a lake or a river the plane crew can descend and extinguish them. A forester who made a flight recently reports that the various timber types can easily be distinguished and that photographs taken from the air will make most satisfactory maps. Forest fires of large size are reported in the Cochrane and Cobalt districts and some cut pulpwood is reported destroyed. The Aftenposten, a daily newspaper pub- lished in Christianis, Norway, has an article on Silviculture and Social Conditions in Canada, which refers to the work of the Laurentide Company and gives photographs of its nursery and reclamation work. It says that labor conditions in Canada are better than those in Norway and that Canada is getting ahead of Norway in for- estry matters. The article was written by Mr. W. Rolsted, who is in charge of the Royal Forests. The Province of New Brunswick has issued a circular letter appealing to school teachers and pupils to co-operate in pre- venting forest fires and to try and tell people how they can aid this great work. It explains how to build and extinguish a camp fire, how to notify a fire ranger in case a fire is discovered, and describes the uses and necessity for keeping our forests. In forestry, as in every other movement for better conditions education is the most important thing. Legislation, especially if repressive, arouses antagonism, and often defeats its aim. Education of all, from the child to the adult, brings the best and quick- est results. The writer is reminded in this connection of an incident which he witness- ed while '.iving in Switzerland. A bill was brought before the legislature for compul- sory old age insurance. A few months be- fore the bill was to be voted on the govern- ment sent around to every city, village and hamlet, lecturers who discussed both sides of the question impartially, giving figures of the cost of such a scheme, the results attained in other countries and all possi- ble information. When the time came for the vote, the people knew just what they were doing and had thoroughly discussed the thing among themselves. It has been said that for twenty years forestry propa- ganda has been carried on in the United States and is still without appreciable re- sult. The trouble has been that the propa- ganda has not reached the people and has not been sufficiently intensive. It has been too technical and has not aimed at one re- form at a time. It has tried to cover the whole field. People who have always been interested in the forest are reached but the great mass of the people see the question still as one of more or less academic inter- est only. It must be brought home to them more directly. AMERICAN FORESTRY 1305 DAVEY TREE SURGEONS Estate of Mrs. A . M. Booth, Great Neck, Long Island, New Yorki The tribute of W. G. Woodger to Davey Tree Surgery Broad Lawns, Great Neck, Long Island, New York. The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohio. Gentlemen: I felt it my ducy to write you a few lines in praise of the work of your representative and men on several fine trees on the estate of Mrs. A. M. Booth, most especially the very fine work done on a grand willow tree, not quite two years ago. My employer is most gratified with the work and thinks there is no equal to The Davey Tree Expert Company. The men are extremely keen on their work and know it thoroughly. I am very interested in their work and think them worthy of great praise. Yours truly, W. G. WOODGER, Garden Superintendent. The saving of priceless trees is a matter of first importance on every estate. Davey Tree Surgery is a fulfillment of the maximum expecta- tions of those who love and value trees. A careful examination of your trees will be made by appointment. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 108 Elm St., Kent, Ohio Branch Offices with telephone connections: New York City, 225 Fifth At*.: Chicago, 814-816 Westminster Bid*.; Philadelphia, 8017 Land Title Bldg.; Boston, 18 Pearl Street, Wakefield. Write nearest office. Loss of this magnificent willow would have been irreparable. Note below how Davey methods have bound the branches together with rigid steel rods, and filled the cavities sectionally with concrete to allow for the swaying of the tree Permanent representatives avail- able in districts surrounding Bos- ton, Springfield, Lenox. Newport, Hartford, Stamford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Ja- m;ii';i. Montclair, New York, Philadelphia. Harrisburg, Balti- more Washington, Richmond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pi ttsburgh.Cleve- land. Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee. Canadian address: 252 l.augau- chitere West, Montreal. Kvery real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing themselves John Davey, Father of Tree Surgery 1306 AMERICAN FORESTRY HARVARD UNIVERSITY ^ DEFT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION /"OFFERS specialized graduate training leading to the de- gree of Master of Forestry in the following fields : — Silviculture and Management, Wood Tech- nology, Forest Entomology Dendrology, and (in co-opera- tion with the Graduate School of Business Administration) the Lumber Business. For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho FOREST DESTRUCTION PRE- VENTED BY CONTROL OF SURFACE FIRES (Continued from Page 1264) from five to fifty years, the periodical rota- tion depending upon the local rate of litter accumulation. The litter is then too wet to cause crown or ground fires. 2. Do not light fires in the forest litter after the humus becomes dry. A wet humus serves as an index to the safe firing season and prevents ground fires. 3. Do not light fires while a high wind is prevailing. 4. Burn the snags in mid-winter when the conditions are unfavorable for fires. 5. Fire the lodgments of litter while conditions are still unfavorable for surface fires. 6. Light the first fires over the areas of least litter and least density of stand. 7. Backfire from the barriers. These barriers may be roads, trails, canals, barren and cultivated areas, recently burned-over areas, bodies of water, ice and snow, and barriers scraped for the purpose. 8. Burn over the southerly slopes while the snow is on the north slopes. 9. Burn downward from the tops of the slopes. 10. Fire the ridges before the slopes and the slopes before the ravines. 11. In initiating fire control, the order of burning should be as follows for a five year rotation : 1st year — Standing dead trees. 2nd year — Ridges. 3rd year — South slopes. 4th year — North slopes. 5th year — Ravines. These rules will often conflict and re- quire a logical interpretation to fit the local conditions. No firing should be done with- out a thorough investigation of the litter conditions, topography, barriers, species and ages of trees and a study of the fire re- sistance of various species of trees. Stand- ing dead snags, fallen trees, underbrush, limbs, cones, leaves, needles, weeds and any dead and inflammable material should be included as litter. The importance of fire as a silvicultural agent in the coniferous forests has been recognized in that it has become the gen- eral practice to burn over cuttings to in- sure reproduction. The fires must be con- fined, of course, to moderate surface fires as would be possible if the foregoing rules are used. Fire is an aid to reproduction as it creates favorable conditions for the germination of the seeds, by removing com- petition, preparing the seed bed, opening the closed cones and releasing the seeds, temporarily driving away seed eating ro- dents, and removing insects and fungus. Fire serves to keep a forest clean and healthy by removing the insects and fungus diseases which have their origin in the rotting litter on the forest floor. The use of fire is a silvicultural method particularly adaptable to the coniferous forests because of their great fire resistance and the fire favors the more valuable species and the high-limbing sports. A young conifer tree will withstand the intense heat which kills all but the topmost branches and the ef- fect is similiar to that in the pruning of a fruit tree — more vigor is put into the trunk and the new growth. Our attempt to maintain the non-fire policy has shown that forest fires are in- evitable where the forests contain a large proportion of inflammable litter. The de- struction by fire increases as the litter in- creases. "Fire prevention." so called, simply delays the burning up of the last conifer tree where it stands. The use and control of the surface fire is the solution of the fire problem in the coniferous forests. PIGEONS WILL PROTECT FORESTS. '"PHE War, Navy and Interior Depart- ments, according to information just re- ceived by the Manufacturers Aircraft Asso- ciation, New York, are co-operating in the forest patrol. The idea of such a guard against timber fires occurred simulta- neously to the Forest Service and to the air service of the Army. Now comes the Navy Department with the offer to estab- lish pigeon lofts in the forest reserves and to provide the forest airplane patrol with carrier pigeons whose duty it would be to carry messages direct to home relief sta- tions whenever a fire is discovered. The pigeon branch of the Navy is ex- panding under the direction of Lieutenant McAtee, and recruits are now sought for this service, which is so closely akin to aviation that it is under the same general administration. During the war there was no opportunity to train men for this important duty, but now a special school has been opened at Anacostia and twenty enlisted men are re- ceiving daily instruction in the training and keeping of carrier pigeons. At the same time these men have opportunity to put their learning to practical uses. The pigeon branch of the Navy has 2,500 birds. Plenty are available for the forest patrol. Experiments are going on con- stantly in the effort to increase the effi- ciency of the birds. Pigeons took an im- portant part in naval warfare overseas. It has been proved that pigeons can fly at a speed at least equal to that of a sea plane or flying boat. A REAL COMPLIMENT. "We have been a member of your Asso- ciation for some time and receive from month to month your magazine, which is certainly an up-to-date periodical along the I line for which it is intended. We con- gratulate you on the work you are doing in the Association in educating the people as to the necessity of not only conserving the present standing timber but also the possibility of producing new growths." Haines Lumber Company. Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers AMERICAN FORESTRY 1307 BOOK REVIEWS "The Book of the National Parks," by Robert Sterling Yard. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Price, $3.00. The author of this book possesses all the attributes necessary to contribute to the success of such a work, being an official in the Depart- ment of the Interior and so thoroughly in- formed on his subject, as well as a writer of note and an enthusiastic lover of the out of doors. His book is a valuable con- tribution to the slowly growing literature on our national park system. It will fill a long-felt want, carrying, as it does, in in- teresting fashion, an account of the histori- cal, scenic, geologic and recreational fea- tures of the parks ; and treating in a popu- lar way the geologic and other scientific features. It is well illustrated and has 15 maps and diagrams. "Timber : Its Strength, Seasoning and Grading," by Harold S. Betts. McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York. Price, $3.00. The preface states that this book is intended primarily for engineers, manu- facturers and users of lumber and of vari- ous special classes of wood material, and students of engineering and forestry. Much technical information in readily accessible form is available regarding almost every class of structural material with the excep- tion of wood, and this book will in large measure supply this deficiency. THE N/fflH 1337-1339 F STREET.N.W. WASHINGTON,"*. eri The cascara bark industry on the Suislaw national forest, by T. T. Munger, p. 605-7; A commercial and silvical tree study of Sitka spruce begun, by T. T. Munger, p. 607-8; Spruce gum in the northeast, p. 608; The lumber industry in Mon- tana, p. 609; Wood fuel in Argentina, p. 610. Montana forest school news, May, 1919. — Planting survey in Dist. 1, by W. I. White, p. 1, 3; Mining timbers, by G. Phillips, p. 1, 4. New York forestry, July, 1919. — The job ahead, by F. Roth, p. 5-9; How the Massachusetts forestry dept. co-op- erates with the county farm bureaus, by H. O. Cook, p. 9-10; American aid in reforesting France, by C. L. Pack, p. 10-12; Memorial trees, by J. R. Sim- mons, p. 12-15; The use of our state forest reserves, by B. A. Chandler, p. 19-20. North woods, Apr., 1919.— How to prevent dangerous forest fires, bv T. A. Kitts, p. 21-8. Yale forest school news, July 1, 1919. — The Yale school of forestry, by J. W. Tou- m?y, P- 35-7; War activities of the forest products laboratory, by O. M. Butler, p. 37-9. UNIVERSITY OF MAINE ORONO, MAINE Maintained by Stale and Nation ryHE FORESTRY DEPART- *■ MENT offers a four years' undergraduate curriculum, lead- ing to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. ****** Opportunities for full techni- cal training, and for specializing in problems of the Northeastern States and Canada. ****** John M. Briscoe, Professor of Forestry ****** For catalog and further infor- mation, address ROBERT J. ALEY, Pres't, Orono, Maine The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. UNDERGRADUATE courses in Technical Forestry, Paper and Pulp Making, Logging and Lum- bering, City Forestry, and Forest Engineering, all leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special oppor- tunities offered for post-graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry, Master of City Forestry, and Doctor of Economics. A one-year course of practical training at the State Ranger School on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp of three months open to any man over 16, held each summer on Cranberry Lake. Men may attend this Camp for from two weeks to the entire summer. The State Forest Experiment Sta- tion of 00 acres at Syracuse and an excellent forest library offer unusual opportunities for research work. mimiiiiii 1 1312 AMERICAN FORESTRY "S-E-R-V-I-C-E" THAT SPELLS SECURITY! SERVICE is the basic working principle of the Southern Pine Association, an organization of the leading manufacturers of Southern Pine. That SERVICE embraces practically every interest related to the Southern Pine industry and practically every person having to do with Southern Pine. For those who take advantage of it, it is a guarantee of faithful performance from the sawmill to the consumer. For the Architect and Engineer, it is a safeguard against substitution — the insurance on "getting what you specify." Southern Pine Association Interstate Bank Building NEW ORLEANS, LA. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS H 1 "I "" nM Mw ■*-« irmrtn m ». ■» - I Mun IMMa This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. / hereby accept membership in The American Forestry Association and enclose check for $ NOTE— American Forestry Magazine, a handsomely printed and illustrated monthly, is sent to all except $1.00 members, or without membership the subscription price is $3.00 a year. CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership ..........$ 3.00 Contributing " 10.00 Sustaining " 25.00 Life " 100.00 Patron " 1000.00 Annual Membership, without Magazine ....... 1.00 Canadian Postage 25c extra; Foreign Postage, 50c extra. ($2.00 of the fee is for AMERICAN FORESTRY.) Name ___ Street. _ _ City PLANT MEMORIAL TREES Please mention American Forestry Mayatinc when writing advertisers no I AMERICAN FORESTRY | THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor September 1919 Vol. 25 CONTENTS No. 309 llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilDIIIIIIIIIIIIII! The Pines — Poem, by Lew. R. Sarett Frontispiece Forest Losses on the Italian Front — By Nelson Courtlandt Brown 1315 With twenty-six illustrations. The Fir— Poem, by Donald A. Fraser 1328 The Guardian of Our Forests — By Alice Spencer Cook 1329 With nine illustrations. National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees 1333 "Roads of Remembrance" 1334 With five illustrations. A National Forest Policy — Discussion of the Proposed Legislation: Forest Economics: Some Thoughts on an Old Subject — By Wilson Gompton 1337 Mandatory Control Opposed— By E. A. Sterling 1339 Publicity Education Necessary — By R. S. Maddox 1340 A Lumberman's Viewpoint — By Everitt G. Griggs 1340 Lease Holds Interfere — By G. L. Hume 1341 No Half-Way Policies— By J. E. Barton 1341 A Forest Policy Badly Needed— By Ell wood Wilson 1342 Terms Used in Farm Forestry 1342 The Uses of Wood— Floors Made of Wood— By Hu Maxwell 1343 With ten illustrations. Erosion in the Appalachian and Piedmont Regions 1350 With five illustrations. Why and How Some Forest Fires Occur 1354 With two illustrations. Conservation of Paper 1355 Tree Planting Taken up by Many Editors i 1356 Summer Walks in the Woodland — Along the Palisades in Interstate Park —By J. Otis Swift 1358 With six illustrations. Mexico as a Source of Timber — By Austin F. Macdonald 1361 Spruce Tree 573 Years Old 1363 Book Reviews 1363 State News 1364 California Louisiana North Carolina Pennsylvania Texas Colorado Michigan Oregon Virginia Wisconsin Canadian Department — By Ellwood Wilson 1371 Airplanes Find Forest Fires 1371 Forest School Notes 1372 Bouquets 1375 Entered as second-clasl matter December 21. 1909, at the Postoffice at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by the American ion. Acceptance for mailing at special rate oi pottage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918. I'l'iii'lillHlllii'i'iriiiiiiir'iiiiii' !i;n;n;;i;;;!iiii!i:i!i .;;■;' -;i THE PINES (An old legend) BY LEW. R. SARETT Vv hen the rolling waters covered the earth, The mountains learned to love the waters. Vv hen the whispering ocean rolled away, The hills grew lonely for its music. They prayed to the Spirit to send, the sea hack To sing again to the mountains. Then the Father planted the murmuring pines At the root or the hills, in the quiet valleys. To sing or the sea in the winds of twilight; To ripple and sigh in the hreezes or evening. ..in ;.»...: am ■iiiiiii AMERICAN FORESTRY VOL. XXV SEPTEMBER, 1919 NO. 309 liiniiinuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiUiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiH FOREST LOSSES ON THE ITALIAN FRONT BY NELSON COURTLANDT BROWN U. S. TRADE COMMISSIONER (Photograph* by Courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters') UNTIL October, 191 7, the fighting along the Italian front had been 'restricted almost exclusively to the mountainous regions. The line, until that date, stretched from the mountains of the Carso region and the upper valley of the Isonzo along the Carnic and Julian Alps to S w i t z erland. The high di- vide along the crest of these mountains con- s t i t u t e s the natural boun- dary between Italy and Aus- tria, and the small region about Trieste and the upper valley of the Trentino con- s t i t u t e s the "Italia Irre- denta" for which Italy has largely been in t h e struggle. Before the un- fortunate re- treat from Caporetto the Italian front was longer than the entire Western front in France and Belgium, a fact which is gen- erally not appreciated in this country. The total length formerly was about five hundred miles. For the year preceding the signing of the armistice, the length of the Italian front was about two hundred and twenty miles. Fighting in this rugged and precipitous Alpine country Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters YOUNG AND SCATTERED FOREST GROWTH IMMEDIATELY BACK OF THE LINES ON THE HIGH ASIAGO PLATEAU— PURPOSELY LEFT TO PROTECT MEN AND SUPPLIES GOING TO AND FROM THE FRONT LINE TRENCHES. IT WAS PRACTICALLY WINTER THROUGHOUT THE YEAR ON THE HIGH ITALIAN ALPINE FRONT WHERE A CONSIDERABLE PART OF THE LINES WERE FROM 6000 TO OVER 9000 FEET IN ELEVATION. was naturally carried on under the most extreme physical hardships. Correspondents who have been on all of the fronts have informed me that the tremendous physical difficulties encountered on the Italian front have far exceeded those of any of the other fronts and one can easily under- stand this when seeing how the men live and fight and bring up their sup- plies under those most un- usual condi- tions. The first impression one has is that it is difficult enough to merely exist in that precipi- tous Alpine re- g i o n without attempt i n g to maintain a fighting front and to bring up heavy guns and enormous q u a n tities of supplies which fighting in that country in- volves. For the last year of the war the Italian front ran par- tially across the flat Venetian plain, the Piave River forming the boundary from the Adriatic Sea to Valdoppiana, where it crossed the Piave River and rose sharply from the flat plain to the higher altitudes of the Alps. There is a most abrupt change from steep mountain topography to the flat plains, 13 15 1316 AMERICAN FORESTRY Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters ITALIAN INFANTRY AWAITING THE ORDER TO ADVANCE TO THE COUNTER ATTACK ALONG THE RAILWAY NEAR NERVESA ON THE MORNING OK JINK. 24, 1918, JUST AFTER THE AUSTRIAN'S HAD CROSSED THE PIAVE RIVER IN THEIR ATTEMPT TO REACH VENUE. PADUA AND MILAN. SOME OF THE BITTEREST FIGHTING OF THE WAR TOOK PLACE HERE AND AFTER TWO WEEKS OF CONSTANT STRUGGLE THE ENEMY WAS FINALLY HURLED BACK ACROSS THE RIVER WITH AN ESTIMATED LOSS OF 250,000 MEN DURING THE LOWEST EBB IN THE MORALE OF THE ALLIES, THE ITALIANS MADE A GREAT STAND AND FINALLY WON ONE OF THE GREATEST VICTORIES OF THE WAR. somewhat similar to the sharp rise of our own Rocky Mountains from the flat Colorado prairie. The line crosses Monte Grappa, Monte Rossa, dips down across the Val Brenta, crosses the high Asiago Plateau, dips once more in the double valley on each side of Monte Cimone and across Lake Garda, then rises across the highest parts of the Alps, including the Posilipo and the Posubio, to the Swiss border. Through the kindness of the Italian war officials and the General Staff it was my privilege to investigate the conditions along practically the whole Italian front, in- cluding both the lines along the flat Piave River plain and the higher mountain country as well. Captain Scaravaglio, of General Headquarters, proved to be not only a courteous and gracious host but a most intelligent and well-informed officer on the conditions at the front. He had summered and tramped over a good section of this mountainous country. He said the whole mountain front had never been a heavily forested section. The upper slopes contained scattered stands of silver fir and Norway, spruce, while the lower slopes, particularly in the gulches and ravines, contained open stands of chest- nut and oak. There was a good deal of young growth and middle-aged timber, and sporadic attempts had been made at reforestation on the more favorable locations. In some of the upper valleys, particularly on the Asiago Plateau, there were good stands of silver fir and Norway spruce, running from eight to twenty thousand board feet per acre or more. As a result of continual fighting and heavy artillery bombardment, the whole mountain front has been practi- cally cleared of all evidences of timber growth, in many cases the upper soil being so dotted with shell holes that not a living plant is in evidence. Stumps of trees here and there give evidence of former stands of timber and shattered and broken trunks stand out like skeletons against the sky, the only remains of former timber growth. The whole mountain section immediately appeals to one as be- ing the most urgent subject for reforestation and it will require considerable effort and much money to bring back this beauti- ful mountain region to even the sparsely forested condition which it presented prior to the war. Along the Piave River front, the country on both sides is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the world, as the crop statistics substantiate, so that generally speaking, there has been little forest destruction. While on the battlefield of Mon- tello a few days after the Aus- trians had been repulsed with great losses from their advance beginning June 15 across the Piave, an excellent opportunity was given to study the effects of shell and gun fire in an old chestnut grove back of the little village of Nervesa which had been used Photoural'h by eourtesy of the Italian General Headquarters A COLUMN OF AUSTRIAN PRISONERS, GUARDED BY ITALIAN SOLDIERS, PASSING THROUGH ONE OF THE PICTURESQUE OLD WALLED TOWNS HACK OF THE PIAVE FRONT EN ROUTE TO CENTRAL ITALY FOR VARIOUS KINDS OF EMPLOYMENT THE ITALIAN GUARDS MAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR STEEL HELMETS. FOREST FOSSES ON THE ITALIAN ERONT 1317 as the point of crossing on pontoon bridges by the Aus- trians. The trees had been torn to pieces as if a com- bined hurricane and electrical storm which had hit every tree, had recently destroyed the whole section. When a shell hits a tree the contact fuse causes an explosion and the shattering of the trunk or limb in both directions so that a severe splintering effect is the result. On Monte Grappa, which is the keynote of the whole mountain front, acre after acre has been literally "chewed up" by successive bombardments until the whole surface was a mass of shell holes. Near Monte Cimone not only the picturesque little Alpine villages but nearly every living thing in the form of a tree of any size has been destroyed as well. West of Lake Garda, the front was commonly above timber line at elevations of from 6,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level. Little damage to forest growth consequently is evident in those sectors. Reforestation strikes the imagination at once as being the only salvation for this situation. The land is too rough and rugged to be suitable for agriculture and much of it is so rocky and precipitous that it is not even suitable for development into a grazing proposition. Before the war many parts of Italy were in serious need of refor- estation but now that the war is over Italy should devote a large share of her efforts along the lines of reforesta- tion in the devastated forest regions overlooking the fertile valley of the Veneto. Undoubtedly the happiest and most contented in all Italy during the war were the Austrian prisoners. Ask- ed if they wished to go back to their native land, the invariable answer was that even if they had an oppor- fkoiograpk by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters A MACHINE GUN LOCATION ALONG THE FRONT LINKS BORDERING THE PIAVE RIVER. THIS IS A COMMON IOK.VI OF PROTECTION FROM MACHINE GUN FIRE AS WELL AS ARTILLERY AM> ENEMY AIRPLANES. THE FRONT LINE OF TRENCH ON MOXFENERA, AN OUT- LYING RANGE FROM MONTE GRAPPA, THE KEYNOTE OF THE ITALIAN MOUNTAIN FRONT. THIS HILL WAS FORMERLY FAIRLY WELL FORESTED. SCANT REMAINS OF TREES ARE SEEN IN THE RIGHT BACKGROUND. IN THE DISTANCE IS THE PIAVE RIVER, FLOWING ACROSS THE FLAT VENETIAN PLAIN. ON THE RIGHT OF THE RIVER IS THE MONTELLO, WHERE THE AUSTRIAN'S BEGAN THEIR BIG OFFENSIVE OF JUNE 15, 1918. tunity to get back, either by stealing away or by ex- change of prisoners through Switzerland, they would only be ill-fed, harshly treated, and forced to fight at the front once more. This prospect held out no attraction to these prison- ers at all. Especially was this so in the case of the Hungarians, the Czechs, the Slovaks and the Slovenes. It had always been a matter of interest what a country like Italy actually did with several hundred thousand of these prisoners, that is, whether they were kept in barbed wire stockades or em- ployed on some useful and pro- ductive work. They are actually found doing almost everything in the way of physical labor throughout Italy. One finds them chiefly on railroad work, on construction of bridges, homes for refugees, clearing land, farm work, and all sorts of forestry work, and saw mill and woods work. They are always used in small squads of from twenty-five to fifty or sixty and one is surprised at the comparatively small mini- 1318 AMERICAN FORESTRY AM ATTACK OF THE ITALIAN INFANTRY ACROSS NO MAN'S LAND ON A HIGH PLATEAU. THE BARBED WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS HAVE BEEN BROKEN OR LOWERED BY THE ARTILLERY FIRE, PERMITTING THE TROOPS TO PASS THROUGH. THE FORMER VEGETA- TION HAS BEEN ENTIRELY SWEPT AWAY BY GUN AND SHELL FIRE OR CUT OFF AND UTILIZED FOR FUELWOOD, SHELTER, TRENCH TIMBERS AND OTHER PURPOSES, BY THE TROOPS. ber of armed guards that go with them. It was quite a customary sight to see only one armed Italian soldier guarding a bunch of prisoners. Asked about the danger of escape, almost always the invariable answer was that the men were so happy and contented that there was no danger whatever of their attempting to get away. Their only fear was a possible exchange of prisoners, in which case, there was anything but a pleasant prospect in store for them. The casual traveler in Italy was struck at once with the seri- ous need of reforestation that is apparent almost everywhere. The ever-present rugged mountain topography in the Swiss and Savoy Alps of the north, the Apennines running almost the entire length of the peninsula, the Calabrian range in the south, and the mountains of Sicily pre- sent many glaring needs of re- forestation. Added to this situa- tion, the Italian forestry officials have been forced to cut many of their splendid forests to meet the great war emergency. Aus- trian prisoners have, in many cases, been used to reforest these cut-over areas. Many of them have already had experience in reforestation activities in Aus- tria and so are proficient in the work. The Italian forestry of- ficials have adopted an excellent plan, that of replanting immedi- ately all areas cut over, and every effort is made to bring back the denuded areas to a well-timbered state once more. Many experi- ments have been made in refor- estation at the Royal Experiment Station at Vallambrosa, where there are seven nurseries, total- ing about eighteen acres, and which have a capacity of about one million plants a year. As a result of these experiments, they have found that Abies Pectinata (Silver Fir) will produce the best results. For the past three years, before the war ended, Aus- trian prisoners had been prepar- ing the seed beds at some of the State forestry stations in the Apennines, as well as doing the actual work of transplanting and field planting. In the seasons of the year when there is no plant- ing or nursery weeding, or other work associated with reforesta- tion to be done, the men are employed about saw mills and in woods work, cutting down the mature timber, and on the work of transporting the logs to the mill, and in road and construction work associated with the general improvement of the forests. Aside from silver fir, in some locations Norway spruce and Scotch pine are used for reforestation and to a limited extent some chestnut is planted. There is con- siderable beech on the higher mountains of Central Italy Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters ITALIAN INFANTRY IN ACTION ALONG THE PIAVE RIVER FRONT BELOW NERVESA WHERE THE AUSTRIANS MADE ONE OF THEIR THREE CROSSINGS IN THE BIG OFFENSIVE OF JUNE 15. 1918. NOTE THE CROOKED CHARACTER OF THE TRENCHES IN ORDER TO RENDER AS INEFFECTIVE AS POSSIBLE ARTILLERY FIRE DIRECTED AGAINST THEM. THE BRUSH IS AISO PILED TO DISGUISE THE EXACT LOCATION OF THE TRENCHES. THE RIVER VARIES FROM ONE QUARTER TO OVER A MILE IN WIDTH BELOW THIS POINT. FOREST LOSSES ON THE ITALIAN FRONT 1319 but this is al- ways left to re- forest itself naturally. For reforesta t i o n work, silver fir, spruce and pine seedlings are kept in the seed bed for two years and for three years in the transplant beds. Before the war it cost about six lire, or about $1.20 per 1,000 to produce these five - year - old plants. At that time, labor cost from 75 cents to $1.25 per man per day. The planting Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters AN INTERESTING PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING THE METHOD EMPLOYED IN CAMOUFLAGING A HIGHWAY ALONG THE ITALIAN FRONT WITH BRUSH AND BRANCHES. PLAITED STRAW. WICKER WORK, MATTINGS, AND CLOTH WERE ALSO COMMONLY USED. GREAT QUANTITIES OF LUMBER, POLES AND TIMBERS WERE USED IN THE WORK OF CAMOUFLAGING THE HIGHWAYS, MUNITION DUMPS, ARTILLERY LOCATIONS, ETC. cost has been materially low- ered where Austrian pris- oners were used, because the wages paid were compara- tively lower and the cost of feeding the men was only about 20 cents to 35 cents a day per person. In setting the plants out in the field on areas recently clear- cut of mature timber, the silver fir plants are plac- ed one and one- h a 1 f meters apart in every alone, before the war, cost about 20 to 24 lire per 1,000 direction, that is, the spacing is not prepared in rectangu- plants, or from $4.00 to $4.80. The total cost, therefore, lar shape as is customary in this country. The pine and of the plants placed in the ground would be from $5.20 chestnut transplants are placed only two meters apart, to $6.00 per 1,000 plants. For the past three years this It has been found that planting can be successful in both Underwood and Underwood TRULY A "NO MAN'S" LAND. THIS IS THE SHELL-TORN FOREST ON THE PEAK OF MONTE GRAPPA OVER WHICH THE ITALIANS DID THEIR FIGHTING TO STOP THE AUSTRIAN OFFENSIVE OF JUNE 17, 1918. STUMPS OF TREES AND SHATTERED AND BROKEN TRUNKS STAND OUT LIKE SKELETONS AGAINST THE SKY, THE ONLY REMAINS OF FORMER TIMBER GROWTH. 1320 AMERICAN FORESTRY Italian Official Photograph A HEAVILY SHELLED PORTION OF THE AUSTRIAN TRENCHES AFTER THEIR CAPTURE BY THE ITALIANS. NOTE THE "CHURNED" APPEARANCE OF THE GROUND AND EFFECT ON THE TREE GROWTH OF THE VICINITY. the spring and fall, but particularly in the Apennine Mountains of Central Italy centering about Tuscany. Planting usually begins in March on the lower slopes, while at the higher elevations, running up to three and four thousand feet, planting is done as late as the middle of April and even as late as early in May. The plan of reforestation calls for improvement cuttings every ten years and at maturity the whole areas are clear-cut and replanted at once. Silver fir is usually cut when mature at ninety years of age. Beech is cut at from ninety to one hundred and twenty, un- less desired at an earlier age for charcoal purposes, and the Scotch pine and spruce are cut at from one hundred to one hun- dred and twenty years. The of- ficials have decided to plant pure forests, that is, an area is planted with pure fir or pure pine, as it has been determined that the quality is inferior when these trees are grown in mixed forests in that region. While at Boscolunga, one of the most important State forests along the crest of the Apennine Range between Florence and Bologna, there was an oppor- tunity afforded to see just how the Austrian prisoners worked and lived and felt about their life as captive prisoners in a foreign land. In talking with them they all seemed satisfied with what they were doing, all certainly looked well-fed, and none of them expressed a desire to get back before the war was over. One bright and husky young Hungarian had had two ringers cut off in an accident in the saw mill, but in reply to a question about whether or not lie wished to return, he said that he wanted to remain there after the war and get employment in the saw mill if they would take him. The manager said he was one of the best workers about the place and he hoped that he would remain after the war, as he found him one of the most faithful and efficient among those in his employ. The men slept in clean and commodious bunk- houses which reminded one so much of some of those attached to the Ranger stations in our national forests in the west. Each man had a clean, separate bed and the food was the same as that given to the Italian soldiers. A typical daily menu would be about as follows : For breakfast, war bread and coffee (practically the same as is served in all the hotels, that is, without butter, sugar, marmalade or preserves, etc.). For dinner at noon they received a thick vegetable soup or stew, and macaroni, with bread and a little wine. For supper, they received usually "Risotto" or rice, served up in one of the many styles for which the Italian chefs AN OBSERVER'S LOOK-OUT CAMP IX THE HIGH MOUNTAINS OF THE ALPINE FRONT. PRO- TECTED FROM DETECTION MY THE ENEMY BY THE SURROUNDING FORESTS. THIS WAS TAKEN IN THE HIGH MOUNTAIN FRONT BETWEEN THE BKF.NTA AND PIAVE RIVER VALLEYS. IN THE DISTANCE IS SHOWN ONE OF THE DEEP INTERIOR VALLEYS OF THE MOUNTAIN FRONT. FOREST LOSSES ON THE ITALIAN FRONT 1321 V ~- jfttjp jfc. v 1 *&>< - : t "■■ £%be- 'A * >. ■ « ; ^ffyrw f : '* J> • i \ , • f < . x o • 1 ! * 1 r. ' Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters A COMMUNICATION TRENCH IN A HEAVILY SHELLED PORTION OF THE ITALIAN FRONT. THERE WAS FORMERLY A GOOD FOREST GROWTH IN THIS SECTION BEFORE THE WAR. ALL TREE GROWTH NOT DESTROYED BY THE TERRIFIC SHELL FIRE WAS USED BY THE SOLDIERS FOR FUEL PURPOSES. FOR TRENCH FACING, DUG-OUTS, DUCK-BOARDS, ETC. are famous, bread, coffee and tea, and a dish of vege- tables, such as beans, potatoes, or meat hash. One might ordinarily ask if there were no desserts served. How- ever, no sweets, such as cake, pudding, pie, etc., were served anywhere in Italy during the war. The only dessert offered at the hotels was fruit and occasionally some cheese. By way of contrast with these well-fed, happy and contented prisoners, an opportunity was af- forded at Genoa to see how some of the repatriated Italian pris- oners returning from Austria ap- peared. We helped to feed a whole trainload as they came from Switzerland, and the poor soldiers were the most emaci- ated men that can possibly be imagined. They fairly fought for the food which was rushed to them at the car windows. Another trainload of returned prisoners from Austria stopped a short while later and the food could not be served because the men were in such serious condi- tion that they could not be fed the coffee, chocolate, eggs, sweet chocolate, fruit, etc., which the Red Cross organizations had prepared for them. The men were too weak to rise from their bunks on the train, and the glar- ing eyes, sunken cheeks, and pallid complexions bore silent witness of their terrible treat- ment in Austria. We were in- formed that many of the poor boys died before they reached their destination at the hospitals along the Italian Riviera. Many acres of land have been reforested in Italy during the war, not only by Austrian pris- oners but by women, men past the military age, and by young boys and girls, but after the war throughout Italy there will be a great need for reforestation of these devastated acres and the denuded and bare mountain slopes. No one appreciates these needs better than do the Italian forestry officials themselves and there are plans already under way to provide funds whereby most rapid progress can be made. By way of comparison with forestry in this country, the situation in Italy is most interesting. The first impression in visiting Italy is the vast resources in timber growth in this country, the great variety and individual size of the tree species, a well defined and supported national forest policy and the Italian Official Photograph IN ONE OF THE BEST SPRUCE FORESTS NEAR THE LINES ON THE ASIAGO PLATEAU NEAR THE VAL PREVIA SO OFTEN MENTIONED IN THE COMMUNIQUES FROM THE ITALIAN GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. VERY LITTLE OF THE FOREST ON THE HIGH ALPINE FRONT WAS AS FORTUNATE AS THIS IN ESCAPING THE ARTILLERY FIRE OF THE ENEMY. EVEN THIS FOREST HAD BEEN HEAVILY CUT OVER TO PROVIDE MUCH NEEDED TRENCH TIM- BERS, CAMOUFLAGE POLES AND FUELWOOD FOR THE TROOPS. 1322 AMERICAN FORESTRY BARRACKS OF THE ITALIAN TROOPS ON A PROTECTED SLOPE IMMEDIATELY BACK OF THE FRONT "SOMEWHERE" IN THE ITALIAN ALPS. NOTE THE TELIFERRICO USED TO BRING UP SUPPLIES AND TAKE DOWN THE WOUNDED. most highly developed lumber manufacturing industry, as compared with similar features in Italy. Forestry in Italy may be described as a direct reflec- tion of her political and economic history. It must be remembered that Italy, although old historically, is young politically, and that until comparatively recent times, she has passed through a rapid succession of political changes which have wrought great havoc not only with her forests, but her industrial and economic development as well. Italy is often regarded in this country as a land of old historical associations, of interesting old Roman ruins, the land of poetry, painting and the opera — a sort of "dream land" which annually attracts its large quota of tourist travel. This impression is quite a natural one, but Italy is much more than is most often associated with it. The war has greatly unified and strengthened the nation, and with the development of her important water power properties and the conversion of her great munition plants to peace-time activities, her industrial future is well assured in spite of the lack of such import- ant fundamentals for development as coal and iron resources. For many centuries and until the year 1870, Italy was under Austrian and Spanish rule or was largely made of small individual kingdoms, principalities and papal states, which were highly jealous of each other. As a result of these long continued and seriously disturbed condi- tions, forestry has suffered severely. Early Roman records show that the practice of forestry was considered, and even adopted in some of its primitive forms, in the days of the old Roman Republic as written records of Pliny and Horace give evidence to posterity. Although one is impressed with the small size of trees, and the unsatisfactory condition of a large portion of the Italian forests, there are many evidences still extant which bear witness to the fact that the country was, at one time, well forested. The Italian peninsula is essentially a mountain- ous section, and the greater part of the entire Apennine Range was once well covered with beautiful forests. For example, in such splendid old structures as the Palazzo Vecchia in Florence, there are many large beams up to 16 x 16 inches in cross-section, and some even as large as 20 x 24 inches, and from 50 to 70 feet in length, which have been in constant service for practically a thousand years. With the establishment of the present unified Italian Kingdom in 1870, forestry in Italy received considerable attention from the government authorities, but there were many difficulties and drawbacks in the way of govern- mental control, and the better handling of the forest re- sources. In the first place, the government was embar- rassed with the lack of sufficient available funds, and most of the forests had been so heavily cut over and burned that there was a scant remnant of the original forest cover. Then too, the old practice of cutting the young and growing forests for charcoal had a most Photograph by Nelson C. Brown THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT IN- SPECTOR AT ABETONE IN THE FOREST OF BOSCULUNGO. THE FOREST INSPECTOR HAS HIS HOME HERE, AS WELL AS OFFICE. THIS IS A FAVORITE RESORT OF THE ITALIANS DURING THE HOT DRY SUMMERS. FOREST LOSSES ON THE ITALIAN FRONT 1323 deteriorating effect on the condition of the forests. Just prior to the outbreak of the great war, however, forestry in Italy received a new impetus with the estab- lishment of a much larger and better organized technical force and provision by the government for a greatly increased appropriation for operation and maintenance. The total area of Italy, including the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, consists of about 71,500,000 acres, which is equivalent to the combined area of the states of New York and Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Jersey. Within this comparatively small area, a population of 36,000,000, more than equivalent to one- third of this country is congested. Of the total area of Italy, only 17.64 per cent is now covered with forests. Italian forestry officials estimate Photograph by Nelson C. Brown A VIEW IN THE LUMBER YARD OF A SAW MILL OPERATED EX- CLUSIVELY ON WAR ORDERS IN CENTRAL ITALY. WOMEN WERE COMMONLY EMPLOYED IN YARD WORK OF THIS KIND, AS SHOWN IN THIS PICTURE, OWING TO THE SCARCITY OF MEN THE LUMBER SHOWN IN THIS VIEW IS BEECH. THE BEST BOARDS WERE SELECTED AND USED FOR AIRPLANE PRO- PELLERS, THE REMAINDER BEING USED FOR TRENCH TIMBER, BARRACKS. ARTILLERY WORK, AND FOR MISCELLANEOUS NAVAL PURPOSES. that at least 32 per cent of the total area of the country should be covered with forests. The production of wood is only one of the several important factors enter- ing into the necessity for better forestry in Italy. The maintenance of a continuous water flow for her water power properties, for example, is one of the very most important features. The prevention of erosion on the steep mountain sides, is also an important feature of forestry and its function in Italy. Moreover, the aesthetic side of forestry in Italy has not been neglected any more than in this country. In fact, aestheticism plays such an important part in the national life of the people that the development of her forests along this line, combined with its recreational features, are destined to play a very important part in the future of Italian forestry. Already certain state forests have been set aside and designated as summer resort forests, where cutting is only to be permitted to maintain the forests in best condition, and Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters A HIGH LOOK-OUT FROM THE TOP OF A LOMBARDY POPLAR ALONG THE ITALIAN FRONT. VANTAGE POINTS SUCH AS THIS MADE EXCELLENT OBSERVATION POSTS TO DETECT ENEMY MOVEMENTS. they are not to be regulated along the usual forestry principles. Of the 12,565,000 acres of forest in Italy, which is equal to about the total forest area of New York in this country, a large share is located in the mountains. About 6,700,000 acres are classified as being located in the mountains, and about 3,800,000 acres in the lower hills, the remainder being in the valleys and on the plains. Only 3.8 per cent of the total area of forests in Italy are owned and controlled by the Central Government. This • SCSI v^fk* ^^Jm~M ■B 1 i ■ - V • * *?"»t^^^^ Photograph by Nelson C. Brown LUNCH TIME ON THE RESERVE LINE AT LOSSON ABOUT A MILE FROM THE FRONT LINES ON THE LOWER PIAVE RIVER FRONT. JUST BEFORE THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN THIRTY- FIVE AUSTRIAN SHELLS WERE DROPPED IN THIS VILLAGE DOING CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE TO THE CAMPANILE TOWER SHOWN IN THE BACKGROUND. 1324 AMERICAN FORESTRY i» equivalent to only 270,000 acres as compared to the vast area contained in onr national forests, which em- braces a total of about 160,000,000 acres. The municipalities and communes in Italy are very important owners of forest property, the total per cent being 43.2, while the private owners, lumber companies, etc., own 53 per cent of the total area. Large areas of forests are still retained by many old ancestral estates which have been handed down through the same family, for the past several centuries. On some of these estates Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters DURING A LULL IN THE FIGHTING AT ONE OF THE ITALIAN- BATTERIES BELOW CAPO SILE IN ADRIATIC TIDEWATER. ON THE LEFT ARE SOME LARGE NAVAL GUNS PROTECTED WITH SAND BAGS, ETC. THE ITALIAN OFFICER ON THE RIGHT IS PROFESSOR DINO BIGONGIARI OF THE ROMANCE LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY WHO WENT BACK TO ASSIST HIS NATIVE LAND ON THE OUTBREAK OF WAR. BACK OF HIM IS AN OUTDOOR DINING ROOM PROTECTED WITH CAM- OUFLAGE AND THE WRITER STANDS NEXT TO HIM. the forests are being handled on scientific principles of forestry, but most of them present an exceedingly poor appearance. The number of tree species in Italy is probably greater than in any other country in Europe. All of the trees found in the Mediterranean section are to be seen in Italy, whereas on the higher elevations, tree species which are commonly found in Northern Europe, in such countries as Norway, Sweden and Finland are frequently found. The greatest variety is among the hardwoods. Bnt the total variety of species does not compare with those found in this country. For example : It is esti- mated that there are at least 500 separate and distinct tree species found in this country, whereas in Italy, there are only about sixty. As against about fifty important commercial species, in this country, there are only about eight in Italy. The hardwoods, broadly speaking, occupy 89 per cent of the total forest area of Italy. A good share of this is oak and chestnut forest, the size and general appearance of which is very disappointing to one familiar with the splendid virgin hardwood forests found in the Appalachian and lower Mississippi Valley sections in this country. The conifers or soft woods occupy only 6.9 per cent of the total forest area. On this very small area, however, the very best part of the commercial lumber is con- tained. In fact, some of the soft woods are the only trees which grow to a size comparable in diameter and height to some of our better soft wood stands in this country. These are limited to the higher elevations of the Apennine Mountains and the Alps of Northern Italy. In these limited sections, silver fir and Norway spruce are often found up to 140 feet in total height, and some- times, from 40 to 50 inches in diameter. Stands of silver fir planted 100 years ago produce 75,000 to 100,000 board feet per acre as a maximum. Some limbwood and tops for fuelwood and the manufacture of charcoal are also yielded from these heavy stands. The remainder of the forest area of 4.1 per cent is made up of mixed hard- woods and soft woods. It is very evident, therefore, that the two seldom grow together. The oaks are the principal hardwoods found in Italy and there are four species, namely, two white oaks, one "^^ ^■M^_ « *981^ ^ ^ s BE— ■JArJLp^V^^C^^fTia^HT"^^' '"" Photograph by Sclson c . BtottM THOUSANDS OK SILVER FIB LOGS CUT CLEAN ON ONE OF THE ITALIAN NATIONAL FORESTS, ALONG THE CREST OF THE APENNINE MOUNTAINS. BEFORE THE WAR THIS FOREST WAS CONSIDERED SO REMOTE AM) INACCESSIBLE THAT THE LUM- BER COULD NOT BE MARKETED AT A PROFIT. WITH THE USE OF HUNDREDS OF MOTOR TRUCKS AND AN OVERHEAD CABLE SYSTEM, THESE LOGS WERE BROUGHT DOWN AND UTILIZED FOR THE WAR PROGRAM. BEYOND THE FALLEN LOGS AND BE- FORE THE YOUNG STANDING TIMBER MAY BE SEEN ROWS OF YOUNG TREES PLANTED IN THE STRING OF 1»« AFTER A "WAR CUTTING-' HAD BEEN MADE. red oak and one live oak. Cork oak and a few other oaks of little importance, are also found, but, aside from the cork oak, are of negligible value. The two white oaks are the Quercus sessiliflora and Q. pedunculate. The red oak is the Q. cerrus, and the live oak is the Q. ilex. .Most of these oaks seldom attain a diameter of 20 inches or a total height of 70 feet. Probably 40 to 60 per cent of the total area of oak forests are periodically FOREST LOSSES ON THE ITALIAN FRONT 1325 cut off at an early age, for the making of charcoal which is in heavy demand in Italy. The demand for charcoal is probably the greatest single factor preventing better forestry in Italy. Sprout forests of only from fifteen to thirty years of age are frequently cut off for charcoal, and the trees are seldom permitted to grow large enough to yield lumber. Silver fir and Norway spruce are, next to oak, the most important producers of lumber and forest products in Italy. There are a few fir forests in Calabria, in the toe of Southern Italy, which have been so remote from transportation facilities that the cost of cutting and transporting them to market was greater than the cost of importing lumber from foreign sources. The silver fir and spruce forests are restricted to the higher eleva- tions of the Apennine Mountains and the Alps, bordering Switzerland and Austria. Although restricted in area, these forests grow to such splendid height and size, and so densely, that they are the most important forests from the viewpoint of lumber production in all Italy. Some of the most dense and heavily timbered forests in all iraph by Xvlson C, Brown A HAPPY, SATISFIED, WELL-FED HUNGARIAN PRISONER WORK- IN!; ON ONE OF THE ITALIAN STATE FORESTS HIGH IT IN THE ALPINE MOUNTAINS OF TUSCANY. Europe may be found at an elevation of about 2,000 feet at Boscolungo, Valombrosa and Mandrioli. The spruce is the same tree (Picea excelsa) which is so important in lumber production in Sweden, Finland and Northern Russia, and which is widely sold in the English lumber market under the name of white wood. In general characteristics and properties, it very closely resembles the Adirondack or Canada spruce. It has been widely planted in this country for both commercial planting and for decorative purposes. The silver fir is very similar to the balsam fir in the Northeast, but it grows to a very much larger size. Its scientific name is Abies pectinata. All of the trees found growing in Italy which have similar names to those used in this country, are of the same botanical family, but they all differ somewhat in the character of the wood, nature of the leaves, fruit and bark. There are five varieties of the pine family in Italy. They are found growing chiefly along the shore lines of the peninsula. They are a particular feature of the Italian Riviera where they lend a most pleasing aspect to the already attractive landscape. All of these pines are very similar in general appearance, and seldom attain a height of over sixty feet or twenty-two inches in Photograph by Nelson C. Brown FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT INSPECTOR OF THE FOREST OF BOSCOLUNGO. MR MARTI NETTI OF FLOR- ENCE, MR. CAMILLO PAR1SINI. CHIEF ENGINEER OF FOREST CUTTINGS FOR THE ITALIAN ARMY, AND l'ROF. GIUSEPPE Dl TELLA OF THE ROYAL FORESTRY COLLEGE AT FLORENCE. diameter. They yield a soft, light and workable wood which is rather inferior on account of large knots and other defects. They are commonly referred to as "um- brella" or stone pines. Oftentimes the lower branches are trimmed up leaving a short but broad crown which gives the effect of an umbrella. One of these pines is the same Scotch pine, or redwood as it is called in the English lumber market (Pinus sylvestris) which is one of the most important lumber producing trees of Europe, and is exported in large quantities from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia: Another is the well-known Cembran pine which is held in very high esteem for wood carvings of all kinds, and more especially for the world famous Florentine frames and woodwork so much of which is made and exported from Tuscany in Central Italy. Next to the pines, the Italian beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the most important wood produced in Italy. It is a favorite wood used for making charcoal. It is also used for boxing and crating stock, flooring and for fuel wood. In general appearance, it resembles very closely the beech found in this country, but it grows much smaller and is more defective than the beech found in our native for- ests of Wisconsin and Michigan. The Italian poplar is regarded very highly, especially for the purposes of making interior frames of airplanes 1326 AMERICAN FORESTRY and for miscellaneous wood work purposes. It is much stronger and heavier than the native poplar and cotton- wood found in this country. There are two species of Italian poplar. It is estimated that there are over 1,000,000 acres of chestnut forests alone, in Italy. It is composed entirely of one species which, in external appearance, resembles the American chestnut, but which seldom grows to such large size. Its greatest utility is in the production of sweet chestnuts of which around 800,000 tons were pro- duced in Italy during the year 1918, and furnished an Photograph by Nelson C. Brown A LOG YARD IN ONE OF THE FOREST OPERATIONS FOR THE WAR PROGRAM. THIS VIEW WAS TAKEN IN THE UPPER CASF.NTINE VALLEY IN TUSCANY, IN CENTRAL ITALY. NOTH- ING WAS ALLOWED TO WASTE ON THESE CUTTINGS, THE LUM- BER BEING USED FOR BARRACKS, ETC., AND THE SMALL PIECES BEING USED FOR FUELWOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVEN THE LIMBS AND BRANCHES WERE USED FOR TRENCH FACING AND CAMOUFLAGE PURPOSES AT THE FRONT. important part of the Italian food supply. In fact, it may be truthfully said that most of the Italian chestnut is protected and cultivated more for the production of the nuts than for the production of wood. The larger size chestnut trees are used for poles, piling, vineyard stakes, barrel staves and miscellaneous lumber purposes. Most of the chestnut forests, however, grow on poor, rocky soil above the vineyards and olive groves, and the individual trees are exceedingly crooked, small and mis-shapen. They are not the kind of tree which lends itself readily to production of good lumber for this reason. Italian larch (Larix Europea) is found only in the Alps of the north, at a very high elevation. It is only found as a scattered tree in the coniferous forests of the Alps and has never played an important part in the lumber markets owing to its scarcity. Its wood is very highly valued, however, on account of its strong, durable qualities. There is a variety of other woods found in the Italian forests, and only one is of any commercial importance, namely, walnut (Juglans regia). This tree is found growing here and there with other kinds of hardwoods. It is very highly prized as it is a wood of excellent quali- ties for use in cabinet, high-grade furniture and flooring work. It is even exported to South America where it is held in great demand. It is also used for wood carving, inlaid work, paneling and interior finish. Other woods are alder, cypress, elm, mulberry, maple, birch, ash and eucalyptus. Italy is one of the most important lumber importing nations in Europe. It annually brings in about 1,000,000,- 000 board feet, valued at over $35,000,000 to make up the deficiency of its local supply. During the war this normal importation was practically shut off, and the native for- ests were depended upon to supply a large share of not only the normal demand, but for the requirements of the war program, which were exceedingly large in Italy. As a result of this situation, the Italian forests have been very heavily depleted, and whereas they supplied nearly half of the total amount of lumber and forest Photograph by courtesy of the Italian General Headquarters AN OLD ROMAN MOSAIC UNCOVERED IN DIGGING TRENCHES ALONG THE ITALIAN FRONT IN THE JULIAN ALPS. IT WAS PROBABLY PLACED HERE ABOUT 2000 YEARS AGO TO MARK THE BOUNDARIES OF ONE OF THE ROMAN PROVINCES OF THAI- TIME. ROMAN COINS HAVE ALSO BEEN FOUND IN PREPARING TRENCHES ALONG THE FRONT LINES products required in the country before the war, it is estimated that the local production will play only an insignificant part in the future. First, the spruce and silver fir adjoining the battle- front were cut off, and then the oak, beech and chestnut forests of the northern provinces of Lombardy, Venetia and Piedmont. This was done chiefly to save trans- portation to the front because the Italian railways were very heavily loaded by the necessities of the war pro- gram. They were called upon not only to send troops, ammunition and other supplies to the men at the front, but they were also used for the transporting of English FOREST LOSSES ON THE ITALIAN FRONT 1327 and French troops to ports on the southern coast where they were embarked for points in Macedonia, Mesopo- tamia and Palestine. At first, only the largest and best trees were cut, but as these became depleted, the sec- ondary and more inferior trees were cut and the work progressed to the central, and even the southern provinces of Italy. Finally even the forests which had been classi- fied as summer resort forests belonging to the state, had to be cut. The sacrifice of these beautiful forests such as Valombrosa, Camaldoli, Boscolunga, and others, severely hurt the Italian pride in their native forests. But Photograph by Nelson C. Brown A LARGE STATE NURSERY AT BOSCOLUNGA IN THE MOUN TAINS NEAR FLORENCE. THE SEED BEDS CONTAIN SILVER FIR WHICH AFTER TWO YEARS ARE TAKEN TO THE TRANSPLANT AREAS AND AT THE AGE OF FIVE YEARS ARE SET OUT IN THE FORESTS ON THE RIGHT IS AN AUSTRIAN PRISONER EM- PLOYED IN WEEDING THE SEED BEDS. ON THE EXTREME LEFT IS PROFESSOR GIUSEPPE DI TELI.A OF THE ITALIAN ROYAL FORESTRY COLLEGE SPEAKING TO THE FOREST INSPECTOR OF THE DISTRICT TO THE LEFT OF THE AUSTRIAN PRISONER IS MR CAMILLO PARISINI. GENERAL MANAGER OF ONE OF THE LARGEST LIMBER COMPANIES CUTTING STATE TIMBER FOR WAR EMERGENCY PURPOSES. the sacrifice was necessary for the winning of the Great War. The splendid state forests in Tuscany, Abruzzi and even in Calabria, were cut for the maintenance of a big army of 5,000,000 men at the front. The effect on the Italian forests, therefore, must be very apparent. Italian forestry which was assuming considerable importance prior to the war, has received a serious set back, and damage has been done which will require a century or more to replace. The personnel of the Italian forestry service, which is known as the "Servizio Forestale," is exceedingly high. It has a number of excellent, trained specialists on various phases of forestry, and it compares very favorably with the service of any of the other European nations. Prior to 1910, the Service received only meager support from the government as the annual appropriations only amounted to $150,000. However, since that year, the annual appropriations were raised to 5,000,000 lire which is equal to about $1,000,000. By way of comparison with our forest service in this country, which has, roughly, about five and a half million dollars for an area* of 160,000,000 acres, this is exceedingly good. Since the entrance of Italy in the war, however, in 191 5, the annual appropriation was cut to 3,000,000 lire, which is equal to about $600,000. These amounts include the support of the Royal Forestry College at Florence, and two ranger schools. The schools had no students on their rolls, during the war. The Forestry College re- ceived an equivalent of about $40,000 annually both be- fore and during the war. It was founded as early as 1869 at Valombrosa, and it continued there at the old monastery until 191 1 when it was moved to Florence. The two ranger schools are located at Valombrosa and at Citta Ducali in the province of Abruzzi. The former had 150 students before the war, and the latter, 300. The organization of the Italian Forestry Service con- sists of the director general in charge, who has his head- quarters in the Ministry of Agriculture at Rome. Under him there are 13 chief inspectors, 47 inspectors, 28 assist- ant inspectors, 16 head rangers, 175 rangers, 425 briga- diers and 2,400 guards. The Forestry Service has ON THE ASIAGO PLATEAU A SHORT DISTANCE FROM THE FRONT LINES WHERE SMALL PATCHES OF SILVER FIR AND NORWAY SPRUCE. PROTECTED BY THE TOPOGRAPHY. HAVE SURVIVED THE SHELL FIRE AND CUTTING FOR WAR PURPOSES. NOTE THE GREAT MASS OF BARBED WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS READY TO BE THROWN ACROSS THE ROAD IN CASE THE FRONT LINE IS BROKEN THROUGH BY AN AUSTRIAN ATTACK. recently announced that wounded soldiers will receive preference for all of these positions in so far as they are physically able to perform them. During the year 1914, the total receipts from the state forests was 1,309,427 lire, whereas the expenses were only 1,148,371 lire, leaving a net profit of 161,056 lire, which is, roughly, equivalent to about $32,000. 1328 AMERICAN FORESTRY In the management of the Italian State Forests, silver fir has been demonstrated to be the most successful tree. Its chief advantages are that it is easily regenerated; it grows rapidly ; it is comparatively free from insect and other attack, and it yields a wood of excellent quality for the lumber market. It is usually cut at from 90 to 100 years of age, and the areas are replanted immediately with five-year old trees. The latter are kept two years in a seed bed, and three years in transplant beds. They are spaced one meter apart each way, and it costs from aDout 26 to 30 lire, or roughly, from $5.00 to $6.00 per thousand trees for reforestation. An improvement cut- ting is made every ten years. Since the forestry policy was instituted in Italy in 1867, and down to June 30, 1912, 39,932 hectares or about 100,000 acres of forest land has been reforested at an expense of 15,085 lire, which is equivalent to about $3,000,000 according to the official Italian statistics. The forestry officials have ap- proved a reforestation policy of 81,764 hectares or about 200,000 acres, which only awaits funds for rapid execution. It is estimated that over 1,000,000 acres of forest have been completely destroyed and devastated along the Italian front during the war, and it is believed that the only solution to the difficult problem is refores- tation. To supply her enormous lumber needs Italy can now look to only Switzerland, the United States and Canada. Before the war she imported about 75 per cent of her lum- ber from Austria and about 7/9 of her wood pulp from Germany and Austria. Switzerland is normally an im- porter of lumber and can not long keep up its export, so that Italy will probably have to depend upon this country and Canada for all we can possibly send her. Before the war Italy's home production of lumber was far short of her needs and great quantities of soft wood especially were imported. Since the war the situation has become more serious, all the more so be- cause the war was fought in the precise region of Italy that is richest in soft wood. Not only the damages of war but the uneconomical use caused by the urgency of the demands for lumber for war needs caused the dis- astrous depletion. Soft woods and poplar in the war zone are said to have been forced to yield two or three times their normal production. The new provinces to be added to Italy as a result of the war will give her new forestal riches, especially as most of the wood in the added territories is of the kind not common in Italy. But it is hardly sufficient to de- crease even slightly the gravity of the situation and Italy must import large quantities of lumber in the coming years because of the increased demand of her industries and the necessity of rigorously sparing the forests situated within her old confines to allow them time for regrowth. "IVr L. CAREY, forest assistant in the Olympic Na- -L '• tional Forest, has discovered what he believes to be the largest spruce tree in the world. It measures 16 feet in diameter 4J/£ feet above the ground. It is on the south side of the Solduck River. The top was broken off 150 feet above the ground. THE FIR By Donald A. Fraser O Forest Fir! Standing so straight and so slender. Gigantic, yet slender; Spreading thine arms so benignly In benison over thy kindred. Why dost thou shiver and groan. And moan like a spirit in anguish? Dost hear the far axe being sharpened. The blades that shall sever thy heart-strings, And lay thee a-low in thy glory? Moan not; for to all comes a season When Earth calleth back what -was borrowed; So he who shall shatter thy life-dream. In turn shall his life-dream be shattered. Then moan not, O Forest Fir slender, And groan not in anguish and sorrow; But stretch forth thine evergreen fingers And touch on the strings of the wind-harp A melody sweet and caressing, A pean of love and forgiveness; And breathe o er the world so ungrateful Thy resinous odors of healing. Right on till the axe shall incise thee. Perchance when thy last groan is uttered. And the thunderous crash of thy death- plunge Shall melt in the aisles of the forest. That God will begin a new era For thee, a new lease of achievement; And thus thy proud death shall accomplish Far more than thy bourgeoning life-span, O Forest Fir, Standing so stately and slender! THE GUARDIAN OF OUR FORESTS BY ALICE SPENCER COOK ~ UNCLE Sam's handy man" is what we call the forest ranger, the man who guards our National Forests, for his duties are probably more varied than any other officer in the Government Service. His life and activities are much of a mystery to the average citizen. Even in the western States where the National Forests are largely lo- cated, little is known of the men who pro- tect the timber resources o f the State, watch over t he- water courses and the game and stock, and patrol in gen- eral the great mountain reaches. When t h e Service was pew, the only qua lifications demanded of him were those of a woods- man or a cow- boy. "Book learning" was unessential, so long as he could swing an ax and ride a horse. He blazed the trail through untrod forests and over unnamed peaks, but he was not up on the "technical" stuff and, with the buffalo and bison, the pio- neer and his prairie schooner, he had to go. The advancing strides of civilization demanded a scientific knowledge of the woods and engineering ability and forest schools soon turned out the requisite number of these college trained nxii, whose education in the theory of the management of the forest, supplemented by practical experience in Photograph by H. T. Cowling IIKKK IS FOUND REALIZATION Easy of access, what could be more soul-satisfying to at evening? Lake Chelan is in the Chelan various lines of woods work, made them capable of per- forming their varied duties. So the ranger has gradually developed from the un- educated, though faithful, frontiersman, to the clear- eyed, weather-bronzed young fellow with a vast amount of initiative and tact, a combination of cattleman, sur- veyor, timber cruiser, fire ex- pert, telephone linesman, and, most of all, a first-class woodsman. The little o 1 d. weather beaten shack has given way to a substan- tial cabin, fur- nished by the Gove rnment, and costing about $1,000, which is situ- ated near the largest town in h i s district. These cabins, which are in- variably paint- ed green and have "Old Glory" floating above them, are very at- tractive look- ing. In addi- tion to a rent- free cabin, the ranger is fur- nished with all the fuel he re- quires, so he is never har- assed with the coal bills which bring furrows of care He must, how- a ranger the lover of beauty than this view of Lake Chelan National Forest, guarded by our rangers. to the brow of many a city dweller, ever, furnish his own horse, and a horse to is as necessary as a ship to a sailor; but pasture is fur- nished by the Government. Each ranger has charge of about 200,000 acres, and is assisted by guards, who belong to the old school 1329 1330 AMERICAN FORESTRY which demands brawn in addition to brain. One of his duties is to lay out the mountain trails, which he does with great engineering precision, oftentimes, of neces- sity, through thick underbrush and up steep mountain sides. He puts in the telephone lines, which, as will be seen later, are ab- solutely essen- tial in the safe guarding o f the forests, and on the forests where there is grazing, he has supervision of the Govern- ment grazing permits, which means that he must assist in p r o t e c t i ng the sheep from wolf attack, make proper water- ing places for the stock, and see that the herders move their stock on other grazing lands before the grass is eaten so short that it will not come up again. He must also count the sheep, checking them for loss and for pasturage charge. He supervises in part the timber sales, cruising or making an estimate of the timber, and, after it is cut, scaling it so that the Gov- ernment will derive the proper income from it. He welcomes the campers who enter his domain, ad- vises them of the safest trails, the best fishing streams, and the happy hunting grounds, which in this case does not mean the Indian's paradise, at the. same time warning them, very politely of course, as becomes a model host, not to leave their camp fires burning. Near Portland and Seattle, there are two immense national playgrounds, which are open to the public for IN THE DARK WATCHES OF THE NIGHT A wonderful cloud effect in the forest. READY TO MAKE CAMP FOR THE NIGHT The many visitors to the National Forests appreciate the value and necessity of the work done by the forest rangers, ever alertly on guard, day and night. camping purposes. The public is invited by folders, advertisements, etc., and is more than welcome to camp there for any length of time. For their conven- ience, the rangers erect, here and there, stone fire places for cooking purposes, and sees that the campers are supplied with quantities of wood for fuel. It is the boast of the ranger that the water in the mountain streams is pure and fresh, and he makes good his boast by keeping the streams free of refuse of all kinds. One play- ground, 47 miles from Portland, Ore- gon, on the highway which extends along the Columbia River, is visited every pleasant Sunday by from 2,500 to 3,000 people, some to spend the day, and some the week-end or longer. They fish, hunt, or wander along the trails back into the mountains, whose wild and rugged beauty is balm to the heart of the city dweller. Fre- q u e n t signs tell where the trails lead and rude but s t o r m-proof cabins, sup- plied with fuel, are erected at frequent inter- vals, as a re- fuge when lost. The Govern- ment also is- sues free use or nominal charge permits to anyone who desires to put up a hunting lodge, and is given a piece of land, com- prising about an acre, for this purpose. Timber for the cabin is furnished free of charge and is never missed, for in the Northwest there are from 50,000 to 200,000 feet of timber to the acre, and 5,000 will build the average house ; there is enough timber on every THE GUARDIAN OF OUR FORESTS 1331 lated districts. The teacher lives with the family for the nine months of the school year, in their little wick- i-up, 18 miles from the nearest railroad. This may sound very romantic until one remembers that the acre to build from 10 to 40 houses. These permits are usually taken up by people in Washington and Oregon who wish to spend a few weeks or months in hunting and fishing. The tourists from the East usually take the main traveled roads, instead of the untried trail dear to the heart of the true Westerner. It is a curious fact that ap- proximately 75 per cent of the rangers are married to school teachers. You will wonder where all the school teachers come from in this sparsely set- tled region. This is partly ex- plained by the fact that every district has at least one teacher, regardless of the number of pupils. Since 25 per cent of all receipts from the National For- ests go to the counties in which they lie, to be used for schools and roads, they can well afford to employ a teacher at an at- tractive salary. An additional 10 per cent is expended by the secretary of agri- Indians in that part of the country are not the "six-foot in their culture upon the roads and trails constructed stockings" type, which romance and the movies love to picture. primarily for the benefit of | : 1 They are short and heavy set, and many of them are settlers within the forests. In one district in Washington, HOME OF A RANGER Typical ranger cabin in the less mountainous districts, Washakie National Forest, Wyoming. there are but two "children," one a boy of 22 years of age, the other a girl of nine. These children are half breeds, their mother a full-blooded Indian, the father a white man, blind, owing to their unsanitary mode of living. They are neither energetic nor industrious, and are quite content to live in rude little huts, made by bracing a few logs against each other, and in these huts they live all winter long, with only an open fire to keep out the bitter cold. They live on fish, mostly salmon, which come up the mountain streams in the spring, mid- summer and fall, to spawn, but never get back to the ocean, as those which are not caught are dashed against the rocks and killed, or, having accomplished their purpose in life, die AN UNUSUAL BIT OF SCENF,RY IN A NATIONAL FOREST Spruce trees, with crowns whipped into peculiar, fantastic shape by the winds. "squaw man," as he is scornfully called in that section of the country. But these youngsters receive individual attention seldom accorded to children in the more popu- RANGERS PLANTING FISH The rangers co-operate with the State fish and game commissions and are instrumental in planting, in the mountain streams, billions of fish fry, which play no unimportant part in the food supply of the country as well as furnish a means of recreation for city sportsmen. a natural death. The Indians dry the fish which they catch by hanging them on the sides of their cabins. 1332 AM KRICAN FORESTRY These mountain streams are also well stocked with trout planted there by the rangers. The minnows are BUILDING A TRAIL UNDER DIFFICULTIES Frequently, in order to maintain the proper grade of a trail, it is necessary to remote obstructions of various kinds, such as trees, rocks, and even immense boulders, sometimes larger than the ordinary dwelling house. In the last case, this is accomplished only by the use of dynamite. furnished by the state fish hatcheries and are sent out in 10-gallon milk cans, which the ranger takes up the streams on eight or ten pack horses. And thus, the supply of trout is renewed each year and is ever abun- dant for the campers. In some of the National Forests, the rangers have attempted to secure the utilization of wild fruits in their communities by organizing picnics for the purpose of gathering these fruits. In the mountains of the South- west, there are large quantities of wild grapes and cherries which make excellent jellies, while in Wash- ington and Oregon, wild strawberries and huckleberries are found in great abundance. But the chief duty of the ranger is to guard the for- ests from fires and fight them when they occur. During the course of the fire season, there are sometimes as many as 500 fires in a dis- trict, ranging in size from a few square feet to hundreds of acres. Owing to the unusu- ally dry sea- son and the many logging operations now located adjoin- i n g national forest timber, the number of forest fires, and danger from them has greatly increased. You will wonder how so many fires could be started in the forests, far from human habitation. These are the three chief causes : railroads, campers and lightning. It would be impossible to properly guard the forest were it not for that modern miracle, the telephone. There are from 40 to 100 miles of telephone line in each National Forest, extending along the principal tracks RANGER COUNTING SHEEP A band of sheep at Dutch Joe Corral, Bridger National Forest, Wyoming, READING SNOW SCALE This is important since the amount of snow fall determines to a great extent the fire hazard for the following summer, as well as the supply of water available for irrigation purposes. used by miners, campers, etc., and on up to the lookout stations on the mountain tops. Three of these lookout stations are situated on mountains over 10,000 feet high, which for 2,000 feet from the top are perpetually covered with ice and snow and re- semble huge ice cream cones. And there, t h o usands of feet beyond the timber line, in little cabins, or lookout sta- tions, car ried piece by piece up the steep mountain trail, men are stationed a 1 1 through the fire season to NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES 1333 watch for the thin spires of smoke which mean the begin- ning of a forest fire. When a fire is lighted, sometimes 25 to 30 miles away, he estimates its exact location by means of in- struments for that purpose, and then calls up the ranger, who immediately rushes to the scene of the fire all the men at his disposal. If the fire promises to be more than a small one, he telephones or telegraphs to the nearest city for help. In case of a very bad fire, several hundred men are hurriedly gotten together and hastened to the fire. Fire fighting instruments and cooking equip- ment are already on hand and every one works day and night till the fire is under control. Not long ago, a fire was started by lightning way back in the mountains, 15 miles from the nearest habitation. In the course of an hour and a half after the fire had started, or at least after the smoke had risen through the trees, the ranger had five telephone calls informing him, not only of the fire but also of its exact location. This shows how closely the forests are guarded and explains why most fires are not more serious, than they are. But even with the great- est precautions, a smouldering fire left by careless campers, sparks from the smoke-stack and live coals from the fire of a passing train, or a lighted match thrown in some inflammable material in the forest, com- bined with an east wind, will often wipe out in an hour what nature has taken hundreds of years to create. And not one in a hundred upon reading the startling headlines in his favorite daily, "Millions in Lives and Timber Lost," realizes the brave fight that is made to keep this loss down. But what of the khaki-clad ranger, who with eyes quick and keen, dices with death in a losing game? He is "among the missing," and it's all in the day's work. NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association. BERKELEY, CAL — By Luther Burbank Intermediate School: Edward Werner, John Gazanago, James Gimbel, Rollie Ramos, Martin Dall, Cladius Vinther. MIDDLETOWN, CONN.— By Dr. Kate C. Mead: Arthur Leonard Johnson. NORWICH, CONN.— By W. I, T.'s First Congregational Church: William Morgan Durr; by Mrs. James L. Case: Wil- liam E. Perry. WASHINGTON, D. C— By Mrs. George Combs: The Pa- triots of the War. COMMERCE, GA.— By First Baptist Church: Ellis Luthi. TIFTON, GA.— By Harding Methodist Church : Joe J. Mon- crief, Richmond Lovett. KASBEER, ILL.— By Public Schools: Claus Larson, Walter Paden. MURPHYSBORO, ILL— By Public Schools: Will Connelly, Will Richards, Peter Weber, Ernest H. Rowald, Thaddeus Lee. ROCKFORD, ILL.— By Memorial Tree Committee: Theodore Roosevelt, Soldiers and Sailors of Rockford. SPRINGFIELD, ILL.— By Enos School: Miss Alice K. Flower. WHITE HALL, ILL.— By White Hall Senior High School: Francis Grimes; by White Hall Round Table: Charles Martin. CLAY CITY, IND.— By Betsy Ross Club: Robert Andrew, Edwin Shonk, Samuel Knipe, Jacob Miller, Russell McGriff, Albert Werremeyer. EBENEZER, IND— By Miss Cora Grapy : Elmer Andrews. ELIZABETHTOWN, IND— By Women's Welfare Club: Kent Voyles. INDIANAPOLIS, IND.— By Country Club: Lieut. H. C. Colburn, McCrea Stephenson, Reginald Wallace Hughes ; by Arsenal Technical High School: Alfred Sloan, Franklin Burns, Ralph Burns, Ralph Gullett. MUNCIE, IND.— By St. John's Universalist Church: J. R. Hummel. COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA.— By Second Presbyterian Church : Lieut. Richard E. Cook, The Honor Roll. HARTFORD, KY— By Mrs. S. O. Keown : Boys from Ohio County, Kentucky. PADUCAH, KY.— By Robert E. Lee School: Norman E. Lovell, Harry Cornwell. HARWICK, MASS.— By Park Commissioner: Leslie M. Clark, Valmer H. Bassett, Earle M. Chase, Clarence L. Berry, Josiah D. Nickerson. MARBLEHEAD, MASS.— By Tree Warden Stevens: Lieut. Charles H. Evans, Irving E. Brown, John A. Rouiily, William I' larry. ) RANDOLPH, MASS.— By Stetson High School: Lieut. John B. Crawford, Thomas D. McEnelly, Daniel J. McNeill, Lieut. Thomas W. Desmond, Charles G. Devine. READING, MASS.— By Reading Park Commission: Ernest H. Leach, Clarence S. Eaton, Lieut. Edward J. Haines, Stan- wood E. Hill, Thomas E. Meuse, Timothy E. Cummings, Wil- liam A. Riley, Corp. Edward Walsh, Ralph E. Morey, William A. White, Sgt. -Major William G. Britain, Jr., Carl L. Coombs, Sgt. Chester G. Hartshorne. EAST LANSING, MICH— By Michigan Agricultural Col- lege: R. S. Welsh, I. D. MacLachlan, F. E. Leonard, W. R. Johnson, L. Crone, A. F. Edwardsen, W. T. McNeil, H. J. Sheldon, T. W. Churchill, E. E. Ewing, N. F. Hood, D. Mc- Millan, E. E. Peterson, F. I. Lankey, D. A. Miller, L. P. Harris, S. D. Harvey, H. R. Siggins, L. J. Bauer, G. W. Cooper, F. H. Esselstyn, L. K. Hice, C. M. Leveaux, G. S. Monroe, J. S. Palmer, W. H- Rust, O. N. Hinkle, O. C. Luther, L. T. Perrottet, B. F. Smith, G. J. Williams, H. B. Wylie, E. Halbert, S. R. McNair, W. B. Lutz, O. W. Wissmann. LANSING, MICH.— By Eclectic Society of M. A. C. : George Monroe, Hugh Wiley, Samuel McNair. MOUND, MINN.— By Public Schools : George Kohler, Mar- tin Shabert. LAUREL, MISS.— By Dr. W. P. Davis: Lieut. Marvin Stainton, D. S. C. BOWLING GREEN, MO.— By Reading Club: Erritt Sidwell. FORT OMAHA, NEB.— By United States Army Balloon School : Maurice A. Reed, Oscar F. Lindh, Frank A. Kaczkow- ski, Frederick T. Kaulitz. CAMDEN, N. J. — By Whitman Improvement Association : Walt Whitman. ELIZABETH, N. J.— By School No. 15: Theodore Roosevelt, Vincent Carroll. RAHWAY, N. J.— By Mrs. Leillie Burt: John Franklin Burt. BROOKLYN, N. Y— By American Association for Planting and Preservation of Trees : Louis Goldberg. MOUNT VERNON, N. Y.— By Jefferson School: Theodore Roosevelt. SYRACUSE, N. Y— By Oakhurst Grammar School: How- ard Levy. CINCINNATI, OHIO— By Cummins School: Robert Schro- der; by Linwood School: Albert Mider, Grant Long; by Gen- eral Protestant Orphan Asylum : Charles Banger, Charles Stratmeyer. COLUMBUS, OHIO— By the Altrurian Club: Sgt. W. E. Wolfersberger. NEW LEXINGTON, OHIO— By Mr. A. D. Fowler, Scout Master : Theodore Roosevelt. "ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE •n IN THE days when all Gaul was divided into three parts the wise men knew the value of good roads. The Appian Way, built in 312 B. C, is still an ex- cellent highway and France today has good roads, for she began building them in 1556. In 1820 Macadam, the English highway engineer, introduced his methods into France. In this country, however, the good roads idea had to pass through the "crank" stage and then the "en- thusiast" stage until now the country has a road building program under way that will cost about a half billion dollars, counting state and federal activities. Good roads have suddenly become a business proposition and they should also become a basis for the beautification of the country and something more than a strip of concrete baking in the sun in summer and smothering in the snow bridges and libraries, all to be included in one country- wide plan or unit. Here in our own country Minneapolis has the greatest plans for a memorial drive under way, for the Board of Park Commissioners there is planning for fifty years from now. Theodore Wirth, the superintendent, is go- ing ahead with plans by which he claims Minneapolis will have one of the show places of the American conti- nent in 1950. Improvement of the Glenwood-Camden Parkway has been begun and C. M. Loring, "the father of the park system of Minneapolis," has set aside $50,000 for the care of the trees. The vase type of elm is to be used and these trees are now being shaped in the nurseries in order to be ready for planting in the spring of 1921. There will be six rows of trees for DEDICATION CEREMONIES Thirty-six trees were planted at the Michigan Agricultural College in honor of the graduates who gave their lives in the war. A memorial tablet imbedded in a big boulder was unveiled. drifts in the winter. To avoid this the American For- estry Association has pointed, as a solution, to "Roads of Remembrance" — the planting of memorial trees, memorial groves and even memorial forests at such places as are deemed best. We hear much of memorials but why not let memorial of stone wait until the proper set- ting along a "Road of Remembrance" can be found? Memorial tree planting on a big scale is planned accord- ing to William Carroll Hill, secretary of the Pilgrim Tercentenary Commission, in connection with the three hundredth anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims' in 1920. Daniel Boone died in 1820 and as there is now a Boone Memorial Highway the American Forestry Association has suggested that memorial trees be planted along the road to mark the centenary. There are several proposed highways in honor of Colonel Roosevelt, the leading apostle of the great outdoors. In Great Britain memorial plans are of the widest scope, for they include housing, "Roads of Remembrance," nearly two miles and four rows of trees for one mile. The trees will be planted 60 feet apart in both directions. Cincinnati, too, has under consideration a wonderful plan for a memorial drive that includes the widening of Fifth Street in the down-town section, and connecting up with a boulevard now in existence. James P. Orr, who, with F. W. Garber, the architect, was first to sug- gest the plan is enthusiastic for memorial tree planting. In Canada, the Ontario Highway Association has plans up for a highway from Ottawa to Sarnia, across the river from Port Huron, where the Victory Highway cuts across Michigan. This in turn connects with the Lincoln Highway which crosses the Jefferson Highway near Ames, Iowa. The Jefferson Highway runs from New Orleans to Winnepeg. Thus it will be seen there are great possibilities for memorial tree planting along an international drive. The tree planting in Michigan is assured and the stretch of the Jefferson Highway in 1334 "ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE" 1335 Louisiana has been planted with Victory Oaks. Governor Pleasant of Louisiana, and a party of motor enthusiasts, have just completed a run from New Orleans to Winnepeg. Memorial tree planting this fall will be done on a bigger scale than ever before. Inquiries have been coming into the Association for three months in regard to proper plant- ing and the registration of the trees on the national honor roll. From every section of the country requests are coming for the bronze marker to identify the individual tree. East St. Louis has big plans under way for tree planting, and plans are going forward to interest the entire city by plant- ing memorial trees and thus allowing the citizens themselves to have a big part in beautifying the city. Mayor Henry B. Chase of Huntsville, Alabama, has just informed the Asso- ciation that the Grace Club, of which Mrs. Owen Graham is president, plans a memori- al avenue for fifty-four boys from that coun- ty who lost their lives. The town of South west LaGrange, Geor- gia, has memori- al tree planting plans under way, so Mayor C. O. Coleman ad- vises. The Bingham, Mexico Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, of which Mrs. S. J. Whitney is the regent, has planted a large number of memorial trees. The Michigan Agricultural College has dedicated 36 trees in honor of men from that school and Prof. A. K. Chittenden has sent in the names for enrollment. The city of Dallas will take up memorial tree Tbe picture In the center is of the famous elm at Huntington, Indiana, which was saved by changing the plans of the Christian Science Church there. The picture in the oval and the one below, by the Times-Star, show the possibilities of a "Road of Remembrance" planted with Memorial Trees, similar to the plan Cincinnati now has under consideration. 1336 AMERICAN FORESTRY planting on a big scale, Alfred MacDonald reports, and the Evening Post, of Worcester, Massachusetts, has taken up the campaign there for a memorial grove. Prof. F. A. Boggess, of the University Hall School, of Boulder, Colo- rado, reports a very interesting program in connection with the dedication of a memorial tree in honor of four former students who gave their lives to their country. An avenue of flags leading to the tree was a unique fea- ture of the program in which the pupils took part. Schools and colleges are taking up memorial tree plant- ing extensively not only in honor of students and gradu- ates but to mark their own graduation. Thus it will be seen these classes will have trees of their own to come back to at the reunions held ten and twenty years later. Lester Park, the most beautiful and best known park in Ogden, Utah, was, in April, the scene of a very un- usual ceremony in the annals of the Forest Service. The members of the office of the District Forester, located in that city con- gregated in the park for the purpose of ob- serving Arbor Day and to pay respect to the memory of three co-work- ers in Forestry who sacrificed their lives in the world con- flict. Forest of- ficers are par- ticularly inter- ested in the planting of and caring for liv- ing trees, and a fitting meth- od of honoring them was believed to be in planting trees, since two of the men had especially fitted themselves for this particu- lar line of work and the other was an active member of the Forest Service at the time of his death. These three men were Captain Homer S. Youngs, Lieutenant Hubert C. Williams and Forest Ranger Rudolf E. Mel- lenthin. The first two died in France and the last was killed while arresting a draft evader. District Forester L. F. Kneipp, who made the principal address, said in part: "There are few things that man can do to show his faith, his gratitude and his ideals which are more simple than the planting of a tree — and yet, there are few things that are more effective. A tree is a living memorial, often more enduring than marble or bronze. A tree is a thing of beauty and of inspiration ; a living token of the wonder and glory of nature; a symbol of service. "For the life of a tree is a life of service. It gives a touch of beauty to a barren waste ; it enriches the ground upon which it stands and protects it from the destructive elements ; it affords the birds of the air a nesting place and MEMORIAL TREES PLANTED FOR FORESTRY BOYS kneipp, Assistant District Foresters Fenn, Morse, Metcalf and Woods and other members of the United States Forest Service observing Arbor Day and commemorating fallen heroes by K, District Forester members of the United States Forest Servici planting black walnut trees in Lester Park, Ogden, Utah. shelter from the storms; it tempers the keen edge of the blizzard and the blasting touch of the drouth ; its buds and its leaves are marvels of decorative beauty, and its fruits a source of sustenance and life. Even the end of life is not the end of a tree's service ; to the contrary, the end of life opens new fields of service and utility which add immeasur- ably to our civilization and our culture and our happiness. "Because this is true, it follows naturally that one who loves trees must love beauty and unselfishness ; must cherish high ideals and lofty traditions. The mere planting of a tree is an example of unselfish service, for few men can live to enjoy the full fruit of their labor and none can help but share the reward with their fellowmen. "It is not surprising that when the call came to save the world from the threat of barbarism the men who loved trees, who worked among trees, were quick to respond. It is not surprising that men like Youngs and Williams and Mellenthin gladly sacrificed themselves that their ideals might endure, ideals that to them meant more than life itself. '"Nothing that we can do to honor their memory; to display our gratitude and appreciation, could be more fitting than that which we are doing to- day. May we not hope that these trees we are planting here will stand for generations, liv- ing m e m o r ials. not only to these men who made the supreme sac- rifice, but also to the ideals which they cherished and for which they gave their lives?" At the con- clusion of Mr. Kneipp's ad- dress, a black walnut tree was- planted in memory of each of the three men and a short history of the life of each was given by a member of the Service. The people of the country are all interested in trees as never before. Through tree planting they will see the value of groves, through groves they will see the value of forests, through forests they will quickly see the value of a national forest policy. The ground work for big things is being put in place by the Association. Every member can have an important part in this work by co-operating. Tell your friends of the work of your association. Keep your editors informed. Take the lead in tree planting in your own community. The American Forestry Asso- ciation has ready an ideal program for a tree planting day and wherever you see such activities planned, inform those in charge that your association will be glad to help in every possible way. Each member will get out of the association just what she or he puts in it. The oppor- tunity for returns in satisfaction, in the promotion of the community spirit which bloomed during the war, and in the betterment of your country, were never greater than in co-operation at this time in the work the American Forestry Association has before it. Let there be many trees as a memorial to your endeavors. A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE HEREWITH PUBLISHES SOME MORE OPINIONS REGARDING THE NEED OF A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY AND THE KIND OF A FOREST POLICY PROPOSED BY UNITED STATES FORESTER, HENRY S. GRAVES. COL. GRAVES' OUTLINE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUCH A POLICY WAS PRINTED IN THE AUGUST ISSUE OF THE MAGAZINE. FORESTERS, LUMBERMEN AND TIMBERLAND OWNERS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY HAVE BEEN INVITED BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION TO EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS ON THIS VITALLY IMPORTANT SUBJECT.— Editor. FOREST ECONOMICS : SOME THOUGHTS ON AN OLD SUBJECT BY WILSON COMPTON SECRETARY-MANAGER, NATIONAL LUMBER MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION NO well-informed American denies the need for a national plan for efficient forest utilization and adequate replacement of timber. But this is only the statement of a problem, not of its solution. Although there may be general agreement as to the nature of the problem, a veritable encyclopedia of argument and dis- cussion might not suffice to secure agreement as to the answer. Most of the public discussion of Forest Policy has heretofore originated among the foresters. Some of the policies publicly advocated may represent the general opinion of the profession. "Public opinion," however, we have learned, is not the opinion of the most people but the opinion of those who talk the most, or the loudest. It is therefore of doubtful propriety to attribute to the pro- fession as a whole the sensationalism and faddism of a few men having apparently no permanent attachment to a substantial forestry enterprise, whose concepts of forest economics are apparently quite unsoiled by contact with the facts of industry, and whose self-constituted inter- pretation of the public interest is vague and mocking. As a plain citizen, interested in whatever will promote national welfare, I am glad to contribute what I can to clearing away the haze which, it seems to me, has for years enveloped the discussion of future forests and timber supplies, in relation to the industrial life of America. In the discussions of this in recent years, it seems to me, a number of points have frequently been overlooked and other points of doubtful validity have been sometimes taken for granted. A mere enumeration of these with a brief and rather abrupt explanation is all that a short space will permit. The future permanent supply of standing timber as a raw material for industry is a problem of economics. How much timber, what kinds of timber, where it should be located, what lands should be timbered, and how the timber should be used, cannot be determined by applying principles of forestry. These questions will be cor- rectly answered only by appeal to the experience of business and industry, in the light of all the complex economic needs of the nation and in consideration of the experiences of other countries under similar circum- stances. When the nation's timber needs have been determined — then the principles of forestry correctly applied may show how these needs can best be met. Whether or not it is good forestry to have forests for the sake of having trees, it is not good economics. Forestry cannot safely construct its own kind of eco- nomics without considering the nation's needs for the products of all other industries, which are taken from the same land which might otherwise grow trees, and which are made by the same labor which might other- wise make wood products — and then assert that a pro- gram of forest renewal based thereon is a correct inter- pretation of the public interest. Fourteen Points to Consider. To anticipate the probable denial by some reader that the points here commented upon have ever been advocated by any conservationist or by any forester, I wish to say that each one has been advocated to me either in personal conversation or in correspondence. I have never had, however, the impression that the views held by some "conservationists" and some foresters actually represent- ed the views of their respective professions as a body. 1. Possession of cheap and plentiful timber is not necessarily a symptom of national wealth. The great forests of original timber did and do add greatly to national wealth. But a permanent policy that would perpetuate the original quality of merchantable timber or any large propor- tion of it might, and probably would, involve a national waste through employing soil, capital and labor for a less profitable use when a more profitable use was available. Low prices for forest products at the expense of relative scarcity and high prices for other commodities is not safe public economy. 2. Removal of original forests from the soil of the United States without provision for forest renewal on most of the land thus cleared is not necessarily a national misfortune. Classification of land in the light of all the complex agri- cultural and industrial needs of the nation is basic in any ra- tional plan. The scarcity that is most impressive nowadays is not the scarcity of trees, but the scarcity of trees near to the centers of lumber consumption. But although impressive it is not conclusive. It is by no means improbable that a compre- hensive survey of the needs of forest industries in the light of all other industrial needs would show that the public interest will best be served if the permanent commercial stands of timber are confined to the mountainous country of the Far West, the Appalachian and White Mountain region, and rough country elsewhere. It might be exceedingly wasteful, for example, to maintain under forest more than a small proportion of the cut- over Southern pine lands. Certainly the ambitious South would resent an effort to maintain the South permanently as an in- 1338 AMERICAN FORESTRY dustrial frontier, such as has been its substantial status here- tofore. There is neither reason nor truth in the slogan that: Where a tree is cut another tree should be grown. Such a policy, pur- sued throughout this land, would entail great waste in the use of the nation's resources. It is the thoughtless cry of those who believe that nature left unaided and undisturbed should be the universal regulator of the economic life of mankind. 3. The fact that old trees are being cut down faster than new trees are growing up does not of itself signify public loss. It may mean the diverting of some of the productive energies of the nation into more profitable channels than would be offered by the forest industries. The United States is passing through the same evolution of changing lumber requirements experienced by many other countries. During the past 15 years the per capita annual consumption of lumber has declined from more than 500 board feet to approximately 300 board feet, as against 150 feet in Germany immediately before the war, 102 feet in England and 90 feet in France. 4. The virtual disappearance of certain species of timber is not necessarily detrimental to public welfare. For commercial purposes many species are readily inter- changeable. Practically the same things which are now made from a hundred commercial species could be made and the same uses and comforts derived therefrom — from a dozen different species well selected for permanent growth. The elimination from commerce of certain species, provided adequate substi- tutes are preserved, would involve no necessary impairment of public wealth. 5. Not only is it not necessarily, but it is not even probably true, that all the lands in the United States better suited for growing trees than for growing any- thing else, should be used for growing trees. To use an extreme contrast: If 95 per cent of the land of the United States were better suited for pasture land than for any other purpose would 95 per cent be used for that purpose and we become a nation of herdsmen? Or, if 60 per cent of the area of this country were better suited for growing trees than for agriculture or stockraising, would 60 per cent be so used and the United States then have lumber enough to house five times the number of people it could feed? But this doctrine is being publicly preached as ideal ! 6. The disappearance of forest industries in certain regions because of exhaustion of nearby timber supplies is not necessarily either a local or national misfortune. Clearing of the land has frequently paved the way for in- dustrial and agricultural expansion which has produced greater wealth than did the forest industries in their prime. It would be a waste of labor, as well as of capital, to attempt to continue an industrial enterprise under conditions which would have re- turned, as the result of a day's labor, a product worth only $1,000, when the same labor, and the same amount of capital, under more favorable available conditions of employment would have returned a product worth, say $2,000. Surely there is no public economy in making a wasteful use of capital and of human effort. Yet this doctrine is being pub- licly advocated. 7. Economically the original timber in the United States is in large part a "mine" and not a "crop." The business of lumber manufacture is no more the business of growing trees than the business of flour milling is the busi- ness of growing wheat. Men who buy timber and operate saw. mills are not foresters any more than persons who buy coal lands and operate mines are geologists. The business of the lumber manufacturer is to make boards out of trees and if he does that well he is performing the best public service that his industry can render. It is not his business to make more trees out of which some one else some day may make more boards. By fortuitous cir- cumstance the lumber manufacturer is likewise usually an owner of land, some or all of which may have greatest ulti- mate usefulness in reforestation. But this ownership of po- tential forest land does not put the owner under obligation — moral, social or legal — to undertake the growing of trees when to do so would be unprofitable, any more than the ownership of potential farm land obliges the owner to raise farm crops when he could do so only at a loss. If the growing of timber is an appropriate private enterprise, which I doubt, the interest of the public (provided it is well informed) in the maintenance of permanent timber supplies will find expression in some form which will result in economic conditions making profitable private enterprise in growing timber. If it is not an appropriate private enterprise the sooner adequate provision is made for doing it as a public enterprise the better. Public agencies would under such conditions ex- perience no difficulty in acquiring from present owners the lands appropriate for use in reforestation. Public indifference and inactivity cannot, however, encumber the private owner of timber lands with the responsibility for, or expense of, doing something the public should do, but does not. 8. Local shrinkage of employment for labor, caused by vanishing forest industries in certain regions, has been by no means an unmixed evil for labor. Employment at higher wages has usually been secured by re- moval to similar industries in other regions, or to other in- dustries in the same region, the higher prices for the products resulting from increasing scarcity of raw material, making the payment of higher wages possible. Temporary dislocation of labor has always accompanied at some stage the industrial use of exhaustible natural resources. 9. The idleness of some of the cut-over timber lands is the inevitable temporary result of clearing the forests from lands upon which maintenance of permanent forest growth would be poor public economy. Agriculture, stockraising or other purposes will eventually absorb these lands. 10. The idleness of other of the cut-over timber lands is the inevitable result of clearing the forest from lands upon which regrowing of a new forest would be poor private economy. If the public needs these lands to be reforested before the time when enlightened self-interest — which is the essential driving force of all business and industry — induces the private owner to engage in timber growing, the public should itself engage in reforestation of lands appropriate therefor. 11. The owner of private property in timber lands legally acquired is under no different or greater obliga- tion to use his land permanently to grow timber than the owner of agricultural land is to use the land to grow crops if the growing of crops is unprofitable. The public need for food is at least no less than the need for lumber. Lands on stony hillsides in remote New England are scratched into agricultural productivity which would not be even sniffed at in the more fertile country of the Middle West. 12. The legal obligation upon the owner of property, an obligation that is universal and should be enforced, so to use it as to do no damage to another's property and to do no public injury, does not include an additional A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY 1339 obligation to make a specific positive use of it such as may benefit the public at large although at individual loss to himself. Failure to reforest cut-over lands is not to do a public injury. On the contrary, private reforestation enterprises today on most of the cut-over land would, on the whole, be a public loss because it would involve a relative wasteful use of the nation's resources of labor and capital. 13. If the public is interested in any use of timber lands or of cut-over lands different from that which the enlightened self-interest of the owner may dictate, the public which is the beneficiary should pay the additional cost. A single class of private property may not be singled out to sustain a burden, in behalf of the public as a whole, which is not imposed upon other classes of private property. 14. The maintenance in idleness of cut-over land is declared to be wasteful. The larger truth would seem to be that it is wasteful to main- tain cut-over land in such state of idleness as does not furnish safeguard against fire and ravage which destroys the natural reproduction of desirable species. The idleness itself is not always wasteful. In many instances the expenditure of labor upon such land to return it to produc- tive uses is still more wasteful because it withdraws the labor thus expended from other fields to which it could have been more profitably devoted. Timber and forest economics cannot be dissociated from the intricate and everchanging economic relations of all in- dustry. But it would seem safe to assume that protection against fire and ravage made universal and uniform among all timber properties, so as to involve no unequal burden upon any competitor, will be adequate to guarantee, by natural replace- ment, the future of the timber supply at least till such time as the permanent forest needs of the United States, and the most economical way of supplying those needs, can be made more apparent. A uniform national policy of forest protection and of public acquisition of cut-over lands appropriate for permanent foresta- tion should be adequate and practicable. But the duty of the public should be not confused with the public obligation of pri- vate industry. The specific public obligation of the lumber in- dustry is to do well its task of making and selling boards. Along with all others in the nation it shares in the obligation to provide adequate forests for future industry. But this is an obligation common to all and not exclusive upon the lumber industry or upon present owners of its raw material. Being so, the burden of provision for the future should be borne by the public which will profit therefrom, and not by a single industry; lest thereby it undermine the very industry whose future it seeks to safeguard. Economic forces which rule all productive activ- ities will overwhelm a forest policy set up in defiance of them. MANDATORY CONTROL OPPOSED BY E. A. STERLING, FOREST ENGINEER |"T seems to me that a discussion of Col. Henry S. *■ Graves' "Principles of Legislation" necessary for the enforcement of a national forest policy is premature and that the fundamentals of the situation should first be clearly established. In taking this attitude I want to emphasize that the desirability of a sound, national forest policy is fully appreciated, and that whatever is said is in keeping with the request for frank comments and with a sincere desire to assist in developing the subject. The complexity of the problem is also realized, and it is largely for this reason that I believe- the first step should be the estab- lishment of basic principles, which are sufficiently sane and obvious to be generally accepted, rather than the creation of arbitrary provisions based on proposed legislative action, which it would be extremely difficult to attain unless it was accepted and approved by all concerned. While this is in no sense an attempt to outline the fundamentals, I will attempt to summarize below a few of the points which seem pertinent. 1. It is frequently stated, without explanation or figures, that private forest lands must be put under long-time management if an adequate timber supply is to be assured. To carry convic- tion, and show how much and why this private land is needed, would it not be helpful to develop the following: (a). The probable lumber consumption at the end of, say 30 and 40 years and thereafter, based on the curve of past con- sumption in relation to the normal increase in population, and the replacement of wood by substitutes. (b). The sustained annual output from national forests, be- ginning, say 30 years hence, when the supply will be much more needed than now. (c). The prospective future output from state forest lands and from the private lands being operated under definite long- time management. (d). The forest-producing land needed in addition to the above, to give an adequate sustained output. The object of working out the points under No. 1 and its subheadings would be to ascertain as definitely as possible the amount of forest-producing private land needed to supplement the ultimate supply from sources now assured. It is a major premise in any proposition to know what is to be accomplished. Having estab- lished this, the next step is to find means for its consum- mation, which it would seem could be worked out pro- gressively as follows : A. The acquirement by states, as far as they can be per- suaded to do so by publicity and legislation, of the cut-over and otherwise unproductive lands, which can be acquired at a rea- sonable price and reforested with promise of success. B. The much more limited possibilities in the encouragement of municipal forests by acquirement, reforestation and otherwise. C. The encouragement of private, long-time forest practice by reasonable tax legislation and co-operative fire protection, wherever feasible. This development has been very slow in the past because of the economic factors which prevent the profit- able use of capital in such enterprises, but it is reasonable to expect that market and general economic conditions in this re- gard will change materially in the next 30 years, and that long- lived corporations, and particularly wood-consuming organiza- tions, will take steps to grow successive forest crops to exactly the extent that it can be made profitable. D. A continuation and extension of the federal purchase of forest lands, both forested and cut-over, and their inclusion under an established technical and administrative policy. It is my personal opinion that under the existing political and economic situation a policy aimed at the 1340 AMERICAN FORESTRY mandatory acquirement of private lands will fail ; ( 1 ) because the public has not been convinced that it is necessary; and (2) for the reason that sufficiently strong opposition would immediately develop to not only defeat such a policy, but to jeopardize any forest policy. One hears a great deal about the enormous areas of cut-over land more suitable for forest growth than agri- culture. If this is the case, is it not a logical step to as- certain the amount and condition of such land and re- deem it before taking over the commercial timber, which is to supply the demand for lumber? If the private forest lands are to be reduced to a cut-over condition before the government, by mandatory action or other- wise, steps in and imposes methods and systems which will reproduce such forests, why should we not start with the lands which are in a cut-over condition today ? To be sure, the expense of regeneration would be less if the timber was cut more carefully to start with, but if we have some 200,000,000 acres which are practically unproductive at present, is it not the truest kind of con- servation to put this into productivity first? At the same time, every possible effort might be made in the way of tax and fire legislation to prevent existing forests from becoming waste when cut over, this probability being helped by increasing lumber and stumpage values. A suggestion, which I certainly hope will not be mis- understood, concerns the co-operative basis necessary in developing an acceptable and practical policy. Since private timberland owners are primarily interested in the policy which has been outlined in your "Principles of Legislation," would not the whole matter be better re- ceived, and get a fairer hearing if these private owners were consulted and their opinions and co-operation asked, both as timberland owners and as citizens, who have the best interests of the country at heart? The gulf which has always existed between business interests and the government, it seems to me, could be narrowed in this case if the timber owners were made more fully cognizant of the situation as regards a na- tional timber supply, and the federal and state officials in turn learn of the responsibilities pertaining to the use and returns on capital invested in timber. The govern- ment official can whole-heartedly consider the best good of the people as a whole because his check comes regu- larly from the United States Treasury out of funds sup- plied by these same people. The business man, on the other hand, may be equally interested in public welfare, but in order to live and to conserve the capital entrusted to his care, must assume responsibilities and follow policies which are often criticized because the critics have an entirely different point of view. This expression of my personal views is in the spirit of helpfulness and in keeping with the request for a frank discussion. PUBLICITY EDUCATION NECESSARY BY R. S. MADDOX, STATE FORESTER OF TENNESSEE T UNQUALIFIEDLY concur with Colonel Graves' ■*■ opinion that there must be a strong national policy in order to control adequately the great issues confronting us today. Colonel Graves has covered the main problems in a very clear and thorough manner. In connection with this big plan I would suggest that in Tennessee and the entire south, publicity education direct from the seat of the Federal Government, co-operating with the States, is necessary in this scheme. Tennessee is not different from many other States in permitting the neglect of her forested lands and timber problems through lack of knowl- edge. A sure sentiment is growing but it needs co-opera- tion which culminates in action. This result, I believe, will be achieved most rapidly through a systematic co- operative campaign between Federal and State Govern- ments. Reclamation of waste lands in Tennessee is one of the big issues in forestry. It is most vital to the State and in addition the results from reclamation projects are more or less rapid and wholly successful. These ex- periments being carried on in different sections with individual landowners help to make a substantial senti- ment for forestry and thus help other forestry problems which we all recognize as of paramount importance. This phase of forestry should be included as a specialty wher- ever possible in any national policy. Stimulation of forestry on lands under private owner- ship as stressed by Colonel Graves cannot be too much emphasized as applied to Tennessee. Here, with the exception of State and Federal owned lands compara- tively small in acreage, the holdings are in the hands of individuals and companies. These privately owned lands thus embrace the great bulk of the natural resources and should secure, therefore, direct effective co-operative assistance from the Federal Government. A LUMBERMAN'S VIEWPOINT BY EVERITT G. GRIGGS PRESIDENT, ST. PAUL & TACOMA LUMBER COMPANY I BELIEVE that a national forest policy should be established by the co-operation of the Forestry De- partment and practical operators who are continually facing taxation problems and operating costs. So much theory is advanced in matters of this kind that men who are engaged in the business become disgusted with the plans advanced. It certainly would seem that the history of the lumber business, as it has spread across A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY 1341 the continent, should develop a plan which would protect the future supply of our lumber. It is apparent that very little will be done in conserving a product that has no ultimate value, and the tendency in the past has been to criticise lumbermen and operators for organized efforts to control the product or secure a price for a commodity which is so essential. Forestry is practiced in foreign countries, where the value of stumpage has reached a point that reproduction can be carried out. Where stumpage is so cheap that the private operator cannot see any investment value, and where the cupidity of the tax gatherer forces sacri- ficing the timber in order to meet the needs of the com- munity, timber is going to be looked upon as a detriment to the land rather than a benefit. The State of Washington eliminates speculative values in timber, but sells its lands from time to time to oper- ators who must remove the timber within a definite period, say, one or two years. While this eliminates speculative value in purchasing for future rise, yet it forces on the market the entire tract after it is purchased. In my judgment, the chief problem confronting the timber owner today is the matter of taxation, and if this could be properly solved and a man who could afford to hold timber was enabled to retain it until the demand warrants its cutting, a good many of our problems would be disposed of. As it is now the timber pays a tax every year, and an increasing tax, until it is cut off. No more destructive method of timber holdings could be imagined than this system. It would seem, in view of the fact that there is such a wide divergence of opinion as to the actual standing timber of the country, that the Government, through its Forestry Department, might employ the Aeroplane Serv- ice to take views from above of every representative stand of timber in the country, and in this way formulate a policy and an actual determination as to the value of the timber stands throughout the country. There are a good many things that require the backing of Uncle Sam to finance, and I believe the lumbermen generally, at least the progressive ones, will co-operate in every way with the agencies of the Government if the problems that confront them are approached from a practical viewpoint, and not altogether from theoretical or aca- demic stands. LEASE HOLDS INTERFERE BY G. L. HUME VICE-PRESIDENT MONTGOMERY LUMBER COMPANY, SUFFOLK, VIRGINIA T DO not believe that under the present existing laws ■*■ and conditions in this section that the proposition for such a National Forest Policy as outlined by U. S. Forester Graves would be practical, especially in the North Carolina pine belt. This is principally due to the fact that the majority of the timber is held on lease holds, that is, the lumbermen own the timber but not the land. In fact, in only a very small per cent of the cases do the same parties own both the timber and the land in fee. NO HALF-WAY POLICIES BY J. E. BARTON, COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY FOR KENTUCKY T HAVE read with the keenest interest the address by -*- Colonel H. S. Graves on "The National Lumber and Forest Policy," delivered before the American Lumber Congress at Chicago in April, 1919, and am heartily in support of the remedial measures advocated there. No half-way policies in connection with the establishment of a broad and adequate national and state forest policy will meet the situation. It is necessary to formulate a stiff program and adhere rigidly to it before any progress can be made in legislation which will adequately 'provide for the perpetuation of our forest resources as a part of the national life of the nation. As has been repeatedly stated, the recent war has certainly demonstrated the weakness and the incompleteness of the policies and pro- grams already in operation. These merely scratch the surface and the broad problem of privately owned timber lands is not touched. There is no reason, with the amount of waste lands at the present time in the individual states and in the United States, that sufficient forest reserves cannot be provided adequately to assure a sufficient sup- ply of timber for the country for an indefinite period, but this is going to be possible only through clear-cut, well \ defined and vigorous legislation on the part of the states and the Federal Government, and adequate co-operation among all agencies concerned, in seeing that the details of such legislation are conscientiously carried out. So far as Kentucky itself is concerned, there is already plainly evident that the definite change from large perma- nently located saw mills, backed by large bodies of timber of sufficient size to warrant the expenditure for large plants to small minor operations, cutting isolated bodies of timber or returning to cut inferior varieties left during the initial operations. The interpretation of this situation means that the virgin stands of timber have disappeared or will be gone in the immediate future. Any program looking to the establishment of a policy which will assure the timber resources of the country indefinitely would involve these features : (1) A complete and accurate inventory of the re- maining timber resources of the individual states and of the nation. (2) Extensive investigations in the matters of yield and growth, upon which, at the present time, there is, over large regions, little or not satisfactory data. 1342 AMERICAN FORESTRY (3) A thorough study of the tax situation, which in large numbers of the states makes not only undesirable, but in most places impossible, the holding of the timber land by private individuals with the view to maintain such lands in forest crops. Forest taxation laws, so far as feasible, should be uniform throughout the states, and certainly throughout definite timber regions, so the same advantages may accrue to all individuals throughout the region, and certainly throughout the individual states. (4) A very definite plan for the purchase of lands by the states to be retained as a nucleus for extensive state forests in the future, such purchases to be backed by adequate appropriations. (5) Increase in appropriations on the part of the Federal Government for co-operation with the states under the Weeks Law, looking to adequate fire protec- tion to the forests within the state boundaries. (6) Increased purchases on the part of the govern- ment in the eastern part of the United States particularly of lands for national forests. (7) Rigid legislation in regard to the cutting of timber, brush disposal, replanting areas suitable for tim- ber crops and other measures necessary to the perpetua- tion of the forests of the nation. (8) Regulation of the disposal of timber more in accordance with the law of supply and demand, and less in accordance with the exigencies of local conditions in- duced by taxation and other features. The question of freight rates and transportation loom large in the present problem. And such matters as organization within the trade to avoid waste, effective marketing both at home and abroad and to avoid over- cutting of present available supplies demand nation-wide study and concerted effort of all interest involved. A FOREST POLICY BADLY NEEDED BY ELLWOOD WILSON, PRESIDENT CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS A DISCUSSION of the proposals of U. S. Forester -^*- Henry S. Graves for a national forest policy is most appropriate. The time has certainly arrived when the exploitation of forest lands must cease and they must be managed for sustained yield. The cutting over of timber lands, leav- ing them in an unproductive state, cannot be allowed to continue. The theory that a man can do what he likes with his own property, unless his use of it damages his neighbor or the public welfare must be applied to private owners of timber. The speculative purchase of virgin timber lands, the rush to cut and market the cut, denuding the lands and overstocking the markets, may have made a few timber "barons" but has in no sense been a benefit to the country at large. The time has now come when we must imitate the countries of Europe which have passed through the same crisis. Whether Colonel Graves' program is just the right one or not is not certain, but the idea of regulation is absolutely right. The timber lands of the country must be kept productive and those lands which are suitable only for tree growth must be made productive. It is a question whether the mere regulation of cutting will make such lands productive, probably in many cases artificial regeneration must be resorted to, but in any case the country at large must take the question up and find a solution for it. The most satisfactory plan would be for the holders of timber to realize the situation and by consultation with foresters initiate steps to perpetuate their timber, thus acting not only in their own interest but in that of the country at large. It would seem that the whole matter was one of education and that an intensive propaganda should be commenced and carried on. One very good way of bringing home to lumbermen the necessity for better methods is through the banks which advance them money and who hold their bonds and other securities. Boards of trade are also interested, also rotary clubs. News- papers of course should be reached, especially in locali- ties where timber lands are situated. School children should be reached not only because they are future citizens, but because they often educate their parents. Other methods will readily suggest themselves to those with experience in such work. TERMS USED IN FARM FORESTRY T^HE increased interest in the subject of private for- -*- estry, particularly with reference to farm forestry, has brought about the general acceptance of the term "woodland" or "woods" instead of the original one of "woodlot." A large proportion of the woodland in the eastern United States is in irregularly shaped tracts, spreading out over ridges, ravines, slopes, swamps and poor lands, whereas "woodlot" carries the idea of a small sized, regu- larly shaped, and, in a large section of the country, fenced tract. When applied to the large or irregularly shaped tracts, it is obvious that the word inadequately describes the conditions. "Woodlot" probably originated in New England and seems fairly well established there. So long.as only conditions like those in New England were considered, "woodlot" was accepted as adequate, but in the last few years farm forestry has been developing rapidly throughout the country. The private forestry movement is of tremendous importance not only to the owner of woodland, but to the whole community in which he lives or in which the timber occurs. It is extremely desirable that the success of the movement should not be hindered by the use in forestry literature of a term which does not fit the conditions. "Woodland" and "woods" are more satisfactory, more expressive, and avoid the possibility of creating confusion in the minds of the people over mostsections of the country where the word "woodlot" has never been in local use. THE USES OF WOOD FLOORS MADE OF WOOD BY HU MAXWELL Editor's Note:— This is the fourteenth story in a series oi important and very valuable articles by Mr. Maxwell on wood and its uses. The series will thoroughly cover the various phases of the subject, from the beginnings in the forest through the processes of logging, lumbering, transportation and milling, considering in detail the whole field of the utilization and manufacture of wood. IN some respects and for some has no equal. It is attractive able to the touch, contains low erties, is nearly impervious to water, and the degree of hard- ness or soft- n e s s desired may be secured in a measure by careful se- lection of the wood. Wide choice of color is possible. The material is easy to cut and work, is fairly light, strong enough to meet most of the de- mands likely to be made upon it, sufficiently hard to offer necessary re- sistance, and i t s cheapness places it with- in the means of those who need floors. The range of choice as to cost, figure, hardness, col- or, and dura- bility is exten- sive. When all of these fac- tors are con- sidered, wood is found to head the list of floor materials in this country. If it does not occupy that position in The most important fl floes not measure with is so abundant that it to eastern states. kinds of floors wood some other countries, it is due to scarcity there. Wher- in appearance, agree- ever wood can be had at a reasonable cost, and in heat-conducting prop- adequate quantity, and of suitable kinds, it holds first place as stock of which floors are made. The principal argu- ment against it is its tendency to burn readi- ly. Its use is somewhat lim- i t e d by fire laws in towns and cities. It has been many times demonstrated that properly laid wooden block floors re- sist fire in a re- markable man- ner. In t h e Baltimore fire, pavement of such blocks, exactly similar to those laid in floors, passed with little in- j u r y through the conflagra- tion. It h a s been noted, likewise, that the overturn- i n g of caul- drons of molt- en metal in foundries, where floors of such blocks are in use, do less injury to the floors than would be ex- pected. The blocks, under such circum- DOUGLAS FIR FOR FLOORING ooring material in the region west of the Rocky Mountains is Douglas fir. It some of the eastern flooring woods in hardness, but it is moderately hard and it has no rival in the western part of the United States, and it also finds its way 1343 1344 AMERICAN FORESTRY stances, burn with such extreme slowness that the floor is not usually put out of use. Wooden floors formed parts of some very ancient buildings. Occasionally the floors and roofs were of wood while other material formed the walls. Traces of wooden floors are found in some of the prehis- toric stone buildings which are sup- posed to have been erected by ancestors of Indian tribes of New Mex- ico and Ari- zona. Such floors may have been only poles and small logs closely fit- t e d together, or two or more layers crossing at right angles ; but the floor was an essen- tial part of the architect's plan and of the builder's work. The evolu- t i o n of the wooden floor has been inter- esting and its history long. The neolithic man may have floored his camp with brush cut with a stone knife and spread over the snow or the wet sand to keep his feet out of the water or off of the ice. No records of such have come down from the stone age, but they doubtless existed. Be that as it may, miners in Alaska make brush floors yet to hold their feet above the snow, water, and slush when they pitch their tents for the night's camp during their cross-country expeditions. After packing a heavy load on his shoulders all day, or driving a team of huskies, the traveler in the far northern country selects his night's camping place, and one of the first things he does to make his camp ready is to cut spruce brush, spread the branches for a floor, start a fire in his sheetiron stove, and then remove his boots to give his tired feet a rest. The branches keep his feet dry though PACIFIC COAST MAPLE Most maple flooring is cut east of the Missis- sippi river and north of the Ohio. It comes from the common sugar tree, generally known as hard maple. Some maple flooring is cut on the Pacific Coast from the Oregon maple. It is not abundant but the flooring is generally satisfactory. It is not quite so hard as the eastern maple. snow or water may cover the ground beneath. Thus, what was probably the oldest pattern of wooden floor in the world is still in use, having undergone no change since the days of pleistocene men who hunted the saber toothed tiger in California and the hairy elephant in Siberia. The American pioneers floored their cabins with wood before they had sawmills for cutting lumber. Most of the earliest huts in the forest had puncheon floors, if they had any except the ground, for dirt floors were not then uncom- mon and they were used when wood was abundant. The surface of the ground was smoothed, tramped hard, and it was fre- q u e n 1 1 y the only floor the cabin knew. Rural politi- cians of early days some- times liked to parade the in- formation that they were "raised in a cabin with a dirt floor." They seemed to imagine that it was a credit to them, while, as a matter of fact, it was an admission and confession of ordinary lazi- ness, because no man had any excuse for living very long in a cabin with a dirt floor in those times and places of abundant tim- ber. Punch eon floors were common. They were made of split logs, flat sides up, and smoothed with ax or adz, and fitted edge to edge. In the California redwood country, houses somewhat pretentious in dimensions were often floored with split RKD OAK FLOORING MATF.RIAL Manufacturers of flooring find much excellent material for their output in the mature trunks of northern red oaks. This wood is not usually as highly figured as the white oak, but it is naturally higher in color and that may offset any deficiency in the figures of the quartered wood. It is frequently well figured. THE USES OF WOOD 1345 puncheons, not only the first stories, but the second as well. Redwood splits so perfectly that puncheons a foot or more wide and two or three inches thick can be rived in shape nearly as perfect as sawed lumber. Jn eastern hardwood re- gions, during the years when split floors were be- ing made, the finest floor- ing puncheons were of ash, because of the facility with which that wood splits. Chestnut and oak were also favorite puncheon timber. Split boards suitable for floors were often made into doors for the cabins, when sawed stock was not con- venient. Those who want- ed something a little better than split puncheons for floors, and could not pro- cure lumber from a saw- mill, had recourse to the output of the whipsaw operated by hand power. Floors and doors were the first places in cabin building to be filled by sawed lumber. When it became more plentiful, the entire cabin was built of it, but that was not the case at first. It remains true, however, that floors conforming to civilized standards were not common till sawed lumber became available. The older and ruder wooden floors were really makeshifts. Nevertheless, even when after sawed lumber was to be had, some preferred to adhere to the old punch- eon size in providing flooring lum- ber, that is, they wanted planks as large as could be had, and some- times they were much thicker than necessary. Floors strong enough for factories were put in resi- dences. At the present time, flooring lum- ber is pre- ferred in strips from two to four inches METHODS OF SAWING FLOORING Flat grain, edge grain and quarter-sawed stuff all come from the same log. The name given the stock depends upon the manner in which the boards are cut. Any wood may be quarter-sawed, but better results are obtained from oak than from most others, because the quartered grain in oak is more easily seen. FLOORING ON SEA AS WELL AS ON LAND A large bill of lumber is required annually to floor the better class of boats, for all flooring is not destined to remain on land.( Some of the handsomest floors to be seen anywhere are put in vessels, and wood gives as good service there as in any other situation. wide and an inch or less in thickness ; but there was a time when the house builder imagined that the wider the flooring lumber, the better. Modern prac- tice prefers the narrow strips. They give less trouble on account of shrinking and swelling. The openings where the strips are joined edge to edge take up the swelling of the wood in damp weather ; and the shrinkage in dry weather is distribut- ed among the many cracks and is not much noticed. But the wide flooring boards of many years ago might shrink or swell half an inch per plank, causing unsightly cracks to open and close with the changes of the seasons, or the alter- nating wet and dry spells of weather. Such behavior did not seem to be regarded as a very serious matter then. An old house in Pike County, Pennsylvania, was torn down after the pitch pine floors had served 160 years and were still service- able, and the size of the flooring planks amazed the modern mill-men who saw them. The planks were two feet wide and an inch and a quarter thick. Such a floor would be out of fashion now, though when the old Pike County house was built, the wide pine flooring planks doubtless excited the admiration of all who saw them. The length of service to their credit is proof of the excel- 1 e n t wearing qualities of the northern pitch pine, a w o o d which deserves a better repu- tation than has been accord- ed it. Most mod- ern floors are made of woods modera tely hard. No such custom was strictly ad- h e r e d to in former times. In the white 1346 AMERICAN FORESTRY pine country many floors were made of that extremely soft material. It was a favorite wherever it was known. It was convenient, cheap, and it worked easily. A similar custom prevailed in far western regions in regard to redwood and sugar pine. Convenience, in ROUGH FLOORING STOCK Seasoning is one of the first and most important processes through which flooring is passed in its preparation for the planing mill. It may be dried in kilns in a few days, or it may receive its season- ing in the air. That process takes longer but the seasoning by air is always popular. many instances, counted for more than the length of service that might be expected when the wood was laid in floors. Even a floor of white pine would last several years, and builders seldom looked farther ahead than that. Clear white pine is quite soft and as floors it wears rapidly if subjected to much use; but the knots are hard and wear slowly. Consequently, white pine floors be- come very uneven after a few years. Every knot becomes a high place and the clear wood be- tween wears away, leaving va\- leys between the knots. Hard- wood floors wear more regu- larly. With them less difference in hardness exists between the knots and the clear wood. The usual kind of modern floor is known as tongued and grooved, or it may be known as matched. Such has been in use hundreds of years, but there are different sorts of tongues and grooves. Generally the tongue is cut in one edge of the flooring piece, the groove in the other, and these pieces fit edge to edge. Sometimes both edges are grooved and a flat dowel, made as a separate piece, fits in both and serves as a tongue for both. The Egyptians seem to have been acquainted with that method of joinery, so it dates back a long time. Carpenters and planing mill operators have exercised their ingenuity in devising and laying new kinds of floor- ing. The chief purpose of all is to provide a floor that is practically waterproof, dust proof, airtight, and which will remain solid and presentable under heavy wear and for a long time. Some floors are laid double, the lower being known as the sub-floor, while the upper layer forms the visible finish. The sub-floor is not seen un- der ordinary circumstances, and the lumber in its construction need not be selected with a view to its appearance. It is not subject to direct wear and for that reason the wood is not required to be hard, though it must be strong enough to safely carry all the load placed on it. Such is really a two-ply floor, and the boards of the two plies generally cross each other at right angles, or obliquely. The top layer is for show as well as for service, and in most instances a fine hard- wood is selected, one that looks well and wears long. This floor may consist of narrow strips matched side by side and end to end, and perhaps of less than half an inch in thickness. It is not necessary to use thick lumber for this top floor because it is supported by the sub-floor, which carries the load. The principal advantage in using thin lumber for the upper floor is that it effects a saving of valuable wood. The thin shell is sufficient. Oti^. ■\ BLOCK FLOOR IN* LARGE FACTORY The floor shown in the above illustration is made of redwood blocks of 4x6 inches surface and a depth of two and a half inches. It is doing service in a shipbuilding plant on the Pacific Coast. Such blocks have become popular in certain kinds of plants where wear is heavy and the elements of decay are active. Manufacturers and users of flooring lumber make much use of the term "grain." That word is common with most people who deal with dressed and finished lumber. The term is not understood in the same way by all people who employ it, but the flooring people give THE USES OF WOOD 1347 it a precise and definite meaning. Flat grain and edge grain are the most common terms. The former is applied to lumber sawed tan- gentially, that is, off the side of the log in the same way that the slab is taken off. Edge grain flooring is cut radially ; that means, the saw is set to cut from the sap to the heart. The same method is known as "quarter-sawing." When the sawing is done from the sap to the heart, the edges of the annual growth rings are exposed to view in the flat surface of the flooring strips, hence the name, edge grain. In this instance, "grain" is synonymous with annual ring. When an edge grain floor has been laid and is ready for use, the exposed surface, that which takes the wear, shows the edges and not the flat sides of the growth rings. These rings may be visible in the floor as one walks across it. At any rate, they may usually be seen if a care- ful examination is made. Such is not the case if the floor is laid of flat grain lumber. It presents a different appearance. One kind may be pre- ferred in one situation, another in another. It is partly a matter of taste, partly a matter of utility. Edge grain flooring is stronger, harder. and wears better, according to claims of some ; but this claim is at times open to question. The kind of wood and the rate of growth have something to do with the appearance of the floor. The question as to which is the best is still unsettled, but if one kind were unquestionably bet- ter than the other, the pub- lic would long ago have found it out, and the best kind would be in use to the exclusion of the other. (Courtesy Maple Flooring Manufacturers Ass'n) A BEAUTIFUL BEECH In {Courtesy Maple Flooring Manufacturers Ass'n) THE GROWTH OF CENTURIES A long, large trunk, clear of brandies, is a guarantee tad maturity in maple, and it is from such trunks that the highest class of flooring stock is ed. Trees which will cut a thousand feet of good maple flooring arc ahove the average, though an onal tree overruns that figure. ii the forest this tree often attains a height of 120 floors 01 parquetry are to 140 feet, with smoothly rounded bole as sym- , -, r l i i • i nietrical as the pillar of a cathedral. The bark is DUlIt Ot nlOCKS, Strips, and light gray. The wood is close-grained, hard and i , ™, , . , strong and excellent for use as flooring. borders. They should not be confused with the block floors which are popular in factories. '1 hose of parquetry are in the best class and may be quite expensive. It would not be wholly inappropriate to call them "wooden tile" floors, because in pattern they resemble tile. Woods of different and con- trasting colors are selected, because beauty is the object sought in such a floor, and it is produced by contrasts and harmony. Nothing would be gained if all component parts of such a floor were alike in color. The woods may have colors imparted to them by artificial means, by employing stains and dyes. As white a wood as holly may become a substitute for as black a wood as ebony; birch may take the place of red mahogany; and yellow poplar may answer for woods of deep 1348 AMERICAN FORESTRY colors ; but it is better to use woods which naturally have the desired colors, because stains and dyes may not pene- trate much beneath the surface and after a little wearing down by use, the real tones of the woods may appear and betray the counterfeit. Floors of parquetry may be built in place, block by block, strip by strip, and border by border; or they may be made in factories, the pieces all matched ready for laying in sections. One style of such flooring is called wood carpet, though it is more properly a floor -cover- ing than the floor itself, and that is what is implied when the name car- pet is used. Some floors are not meant to resist much wear. Quite soft woods an- swer for such. Floors of that sort are often- est seen in large store windows in- tended for show, and in alcoves and on balconies where mer- chandise is dis- played and few persons ever walk, except window trim- mers, decora- tors and jani- tors. Very soft woods like white pine and basswcod will stand all the wear to which they are com- monly liable in such situations. Factory and warehouse floors are of a wholly different kind. They must stand rough usage, and the wear is often excessive. Heavy trucks and barrows trundle over them, and the surface of the boards, if the floors are of lumber, are apt to be splintered by the grinding and crushing action of wheels, or splintered or dented by the fall of heavy bodies. This holds true of warehouses in particular, the SOUTHERN TIMBER FOR FLOORING Flooring is made in the South as well as in the North, and each kind has a field to fill. The ahove picture represents a forest scene in Georgia where trees of different kinds grow intermingled, and among them are some possessing great value as flooring stuff. Softwoods and hardwoods grow side by side. floors of which must be strong. To secure this condition, sometimes the sub-floor is made of planks several inches thick, and over this is laid a thinner floor of hardwood to receive the immediate wear. By that arrangement, the surface is kept fairly smooth. In many instances, the flooring in a factory or a warehouse is of edge grain lumber, such being less liable than plain planks to split and splinter under rough usage. Another kind of flooring common in factories, mills, breweries, tan- neries, and sta- bles, is made of blocks, set in a way to ex- pose the end grain to wear. These blocks are similar to those used in paving streets. It is customary to set such blocks on a plank floor as a foundation, and after the blocks are in place, they are treated with a dressing of tar, pitch, sand, as- phalt, or some similar mate- rial. This fills the interspaces between the blocks and makes the floor solid and tight. The end- grain of the blocks forms the surface of the floor. It wears better than the side of the block, because the ends of the wood fibers bruise slightly, forming a com- pact, felt-like mass, resembling a cushion, and this resists wear in a remarkable manner, and at the same time it is sufficiently soft to deaden and neutralize the jolts and jars caused by passing trucks or by the dropping of heavy objects. It is a yielding and semi-noiseless floor, and for that reason it is popular for certain kinds of buildings. The employment of wooden blocks as flooring THE USES OF WOOD 1349 material is rapidly extending. Many factory floors are constantly damp, which condition is due to the nature of the business carried on. Under such circumstances, de- cay is liable to attack wood. The usual combination of warmth and dampness con- duces to speedy decay, unless measures are taken to counteract it. Such measures are well understood and are within easy reach. They consist of preservative treat- ment with certain chemicals, creosote among others, which retard the development of decay and prolong the floor's period of usefulness. This treatment is possible with all wooden floors, but is oftenest met with in those made of blocks set on end. The preservative treatment is applied to the wood before it is laid in the floor. Wood kept always dry has no occasion to be given treat- ment to hinder decay, since dry wood does not rot. Some woods in their natural state resist decay much better than others, when they are employed as flooring blocks, and with some of them the application of pre- servatives may be dispensed with. Usually woods of deep color in their natural state are less subject to decay than are those of light color, but this is not a universal rule. Among woods which in their natural state resist decay well are walnut, locust, redwood, osage orange, cypress, heart yellow pine, catalpa, mulberry, mesquite, and red cedar. These are suitable for flooring blocks for warehouses and factories where the causes of decay are active. Other woods may last a long time if given the proper preservative treatment. All kinds of commercial woods are occasionally em- ployed as flooring. None is so soft that it cannot fill certain places; none so hard that it is universally re- jected. Those as white as balm of gilead and holly fill certain places in this industry, as also do those as dark as ebony and dialamban. Those light of weight, like arborvitae and white pine, are acceptable as floor material, and no less so are the heavy woods like lignum-vitae and salmon gum. It is not possible to quote precise statistics to show the kinds of wood made into flooring and the annual output of each. Statistics have not been kept in a way to show this. Figures relating to flooring production, compiled by the government, include certain other products, and the totals only are given, the separate items not being presented. Tables which contain figures on flooring, contain also such items as siding, ceiling, doors, sash, blinds, and frames for windows and doors, all thoroughly mixed in the totals, and it is now impracticable to sepa- rate them. It is safe to conclude that the leading floor woods are yellow pine, Douglas fir, oak, hard maple, and hemlock. Probably half of all the flooring cut in America is made from the five here named. But the list of flooring woods does not end there. Birch, yellow poplar, beech, chest- nut, cypress, gum, and many more meet a large demand. Each possesses qualities which give it value. Maple is very hard, takes a smooth finish, has no figure except the birdseye of an occasional tree. It is among the whitest of our woods. Its strength rates very high, and its stiffness is excelled by few woods of this country. Eight species of maple occur in the United States, and probably every one is made into flooring except the vine maple, which is too small; but only one of the maples is prominent as flooring material. It is the hard maple of commerce. The silver maple (often called soft maple) is probably second among the maples as wood for floors. Most of the fifty-odd oaks in the United States might be made into flooring and many of them are so utilized ; but most oak flooring is of white oak, of which there are several important species. Oak falls below maple in hardness, stiffness, and strength ; but it ranks high in these three qualities, and in addition, it is always more or less figured, and many persons use it because of the figure, particularly when quarter sawed. The red oaks .are good stuff, but their color is not quite so satisfactory as that of white oaks. Birch flooring is in a class with sugar maple in hard- ness, stiffness, and strength, and two species, yellow and sweet birch, supply most that goes to market. Beech floors have never been quite so popular as maple and birch, but beech is an excellent wood, very hard, stiff, and strong, and its tendency to wear smooth makes it popular, for dancing floors. In damp situations it stands more wear than other woods, and this makes it desirable for factory floors. The leading pine flooring is manufactured from south- ern long-leaf pine, which is hard, strong, and it is often figured by growth rings. Douglas fir, from the region west of the Rocky Mountains, is now much used for flooring, and it measures about with long-leaf pine. Red, black, and cotton gums are employed in ware- houses and factory floors where heavy planks are used. These woods are tough and last well under truck wheels and in other situations where rough usage is met. Block floors are of pine, fir, and redwood principally, but many other woods contribute. Perhaps six billion feet of wood are yearly worked into floors of various kinds in this country. This total is based on estimates and does not represent exact figures ; nor does the total include the sills, joists, and other sup- porting and supplementary timbers which sustain the floors. The relative amounts of hardwoods and soft- woods are difficult to estimate; but probably softwoods are more than half, the leading softwoods being yellow pine, fir, and hemlock, and the principal hardwoods oak, maple, beech, and birch. EROSION IN THE APPALACHIAN AND PIEDMONT REGIONS BY R. O. E. DAVIS THROUGHOUT the South Atlantic States the exces- sive erosion of the soil is probably more marked than in any other section of the country. The re- sults of this excessive erosion are worst in the Piedmont section of the coast states. There are many factors in- fluencing the rate of erosion, but the character of the soil causes a marked difference in the rates of erosion under the same conditions. The heavy clay soil of the region erode fairly rapidly developing the shoestring type of gully with rounded edges. Where soils somewhat lighter with a higher percent- age of sand parti cles in them are en- countered, the type of erosion is that of the gully with ver- tical sides, or the caving gul- ly type. Differ- ences in the soil and subsoil influence pro- foundly the c h a r a cter of erosion. Silty soils or clayey soils with sub- soils of a sandy c h a racter ex- hibit the most rapid and most difficult c o n - trolled erosions. The regions of the South subject to excessive erosion are in a number of soil provinces, but the greatest amount of eroded soil occurs within the Appalachian and Pied- mont regions. It is in the Piedmont Plateau, near the "Fall line," that the greatest difficulty is experienced in dealing with erosion. The Fall line forms the boundary between the Appalachian and Piedmont provinces and it is here that the rapids occur in the various streams in their course from the mountains to sea. The soils of the entire section are mainly residual, i. e., derived from the underlying rock and in general the topography of the region conforms to the structural char- acter of the underlying layers. While erosion has affect- ed the relation between the surface form and rock con- figuration locally, especially in the southern portion of CLEAR AND STRIKING EVIDENCE OF WHAT EROSION WILL DO A gully in the lowlands has gradually eaten its wa rain adds to the length the region, the main ridges correspond with the position and the prevailing northeast and southwest direction of the more resistant rocks. In localities where the surface is smooth the soils lie directly over the rock from which they are derived, but on slopes a considerable movement to lower levels has taken place mainly through the action of water. Outcrop of rock is frequent, but by far the larger part of the area is covered with a soil mantle of sufficient depth for the support of forests. Much of it is so steep that it is not s u i table for cultivation, and is best adapted to forests, graz- ing or small fruit pro duc- tion. The prin- cipal soils are the loams, clay loams, silt loams, sandy loams, clays, fine sandy loams and stony loams. In the south- ern Appalach- ian region the forests on the hill and moun- tain sides have maintained an open and por- ous soil; kept in this c o ndition by the cover- Each ;ng 0£ leaves and debris of the forest. The rains falling on the forest floor never reach the soil with unbroken force, so that the finer soil particles are not pounded and stirred and carried off in the water which flows over the surface. The velocity of the moving water is so reduced that where the forest covering is intact erosion is almost a negligible quantity. Where this rate of erosion is slow there has been estab- lished gradually a state of equilibrium between the slopes and rainfall. This slope remains practically constant for very long periods if the conditions are not changed. There is a slow movement of material, but this is not sufficient to disturb the general contour or to injure the vegetal covering. Only occasional cloud-bursts or ex- ceedingly heavy rains produce a visible effect on the soil surface conditions. y back into the hill of this Georgia pine forest, and breadth of the gulch. 1350 EROSION IN THE APPALACHIAN AND PIEDMONT REGIONS 1351 It is true throughout the Appalachian region that the streams which flow from the wooded mountains car- ry very little sediment. Even the cases in which such streams appear turbid, much of the suspended mat- ter is of organic origin. It is also characteristic of such streams that they rise more slowly after a storm, remain in flood for a longer period of time, and fall more slowly than similar streams in non-wooded areas. The Geological Sur- vey has pointed out the characte ristics of such streams in the Appalachian region of North Carolina and Tennessee. Cane River from Mount Mitchel and streams in the Lake Toxa- way section never become muddy, although often greatly swollen from con- tinued rains. These streams are in equilibrium with the land through which they flow. This equilibrium will be disturbed only by clear- ing the land, which causes a change in the relation of surface slope to stream gradient. It is not un- common to find the contrast to this condition in loca 1 i t i e s where the for- est has been de- pleted eit h e r partly or com- pletely by lum- bermen. Often in the snagging of logs the trenches form- e d f u r n i s h drains down which the ac- cumulated water rushes With great ve- locity. It is the work of a very short time to cut these trenches into g u Hies which often devastate A Ti k THE SACRIFICE OF THE TREES A small wash too long neglected in a soil especially, susceptible to erosion has resulted in a gulch which even the fine forest of Georgia pine cannot stop. _ With every storm some mighty tree becomes a sacrifice to the appetite of this voracious monster. THE GULCH APPROACHES-THREATENING DESTRUCTION The removal of the forest covering has resulted in the formation of a gulch which has already forced its way across the road and is threatening to swallow up this farmhouse. great areas. Frequently in the Piedmont region the erosion begins near the low- lands and, in certain types of soil, gullies are develop- ed that extend for great dis- tances even into the forests. In some sections of the Appalachian region where the forest has been remov- ed from the mountains or steeper hillsides, denudation has taken place until good sized areas of the under- lying, bare rock are expos- ed. Much of the mountain- ous land is too steep for cultivation. The removal of the forest is due mainly to lumbering operations. It is this type of activity that is most destructive. The trees are cut without much regard to size or position and as soon as the lumber has been obtained the lum- bermen move on to fresh fields, with ruthless disre- gard to the later effects on the land recently divested of its forest covering. In the Piedmont section the more devastating effects from erosion occur because this land is not too steep for cultivation and there has been extensive clear- ing of the land. The soils are of the same origin and very simi- lar to the soils of the Appala- chian region proper, so that from the re- sults apparent in one region can be determ- ined largely what will he the outcome of ex- tensive clearing in the other. The type of soil has a great influence on the rapidity with which bad ef- fects from ero- s i o n become 1352 AMERICAN FORESTRY evident. It is possible on some types of soil, most notably the heavier clays, to cultivate on rather steep hillsides without serious damage from erosion. But even here continual vigilance is necessary to avoid the ultimate ruin of the land. On soils of a lighter character, or loamy condition, erosion is very destructive if once the land be- comes gullied. On the other hand, soil of an open, porous nature is easily dealt with if the proper precautions are maintained to stop any indication of surface washing. The fact that stream flow is greatly influenced by the presence of forests is so well known that it is almost trite to refer to it. However, when we consider the enormous damages each year from floods, as well as the cost of continual dredging of streams to maintain open channels for navigation, it becomes imperative that the forests' influence be emphasized. As already pointed out, many of the Appalachian streams rising in the mountain show that floods are increasing in frequency and height. The evidence collected in this region shows that the Kiskimmitas and Youghiogheny rivers are the most im- portant rivers in producing floods at Pittsburgh. The two streams drain extensively deforested areas of about the same size, with heavy precipitation and a high rate of run-off. In consequence of this deforestation both rivers collect and move their floodwaters to Pittsburgh in about the same time. This is but one of the worst instances where removal of the forest covering results in disaster to the low lying country. Much of the erosion in forest is started by careless handling of logs. Under conditions where excessive erosion would not take place if care were exercised in handling cut timbers, the "snaking" and dragging of logs result in the formation of smooth depressions into which water gathers and drains from the steep hills. The THE DEVASTATING RESULT OF EROSION A one-time fertile valley in Tennessee ruined by a covering of sand brought down from the nearby hills, deprived of thin forests and subjected to erosion. forests are clear and free from sediment ; but many, and they are fed invariably from watersheds, in part, at least, cleared of their forests, carry a heavy burden of sediment. The Flood Commission of Pittsburgh appointed to investigate the cause of floods at Pittsburgh and to recom- mend means of removing the danger, reported that ex- tensive deforestation of the drainage areas of the Alle- gheny and Monongahela Rivers by giving a higher rate of run-off, has been the cause, in part, of the increase in frequency and height of floods along these and the Ohio rivers. It is furthermore well known that the carrying capacity of the river channels at Pittsburgh has been considerably reduced in the last fifty years. The records rapid cutting of these depressions quickly results in the formation of gullies which advance into sections other- wise not susceptible to erosion. The peculiar climatic and soil conditions of the South- ern Appalachian region, especially, are conducive to the development of gullies. In some localities erosion start- ed in the manner described continues to work its way back into the hills, constantly increasing in depth and width the eroded section with numerous gullies starting from the sides, until immense areas are devastated and the gullies formed almost defy the ingenuity of man to check their progress. The removal of vegetable covering from the hills has resulted in a largely increased burden of solid material EROSION IN THE APPALACHIAN AND PIEDMONT REGIONS 1353 in the rivers. This sediment is carried to the lower lying regions and much of it is deposited in the stream beds. The river channels become so filled that navigation is greatly hindered, or constant dredging must be resorted to. In addition, where storage reservoirs have been built by constructing dams, the sediment is deposited in the reservoirs and reduces their capacities. In fact, in some places it has been found inadvisable to try to maintain storage reservoirs, and the practice has been adopted simply of keeping open a channel. This results, of course, in the loss of much power. One of the power ex- perts employed in developing the power from some of the streams in the South, testified before the Agricultural Committee of the House of Representatives a few years ago that the capacity of certain reservoirs was so much reduced that in a few years only the flow of the rivers being farmed began to erode. But with increased value of lands the necessity of utilizing that already cleared becomes constantly more and more impelling. Reclamation is of two classes; lands reclaimed for cultivation and those for forests. The same methods that are used in prevention must be used in reclamation. Where lands are reclaimed for purposes of cultivation, methods are adopted to increase the porosity of the soil, thereby assuring the ready absorption of water, and to retard the velocity of water not absorbed and flowing over the surface of the soil. The incorporation of or- ganic matters in the soil, the growth of deep rooted crops, green manuring, sodding to pasture, deep plowing, the use of various forms of terraces and hillside ditches are some of the more common methods employed to pre- vent erosion and to reclaim eroded soils. w—sar LAND RUINED FOR AGRICULTURE BY GULLYING A deforested area near the Tennessee-Mississippi line which has resulted in the formation of numerous gullies and has ruined the land for agricultural purposes. would be available for power. A report from the Geo- logical Survey on the amount of silt carried by some of these rivers, states that the Susquehanna carries to the sea, annually, 240,000 tons, the Roanoke, 3,000,000 tons, the Alabama, 3,039,000 tons, the Savannah, 1,000,000 and the Tennessee, 11,000,00 tons. It is but reasonable to assume that at least half of this wastage of soil material is preventable. In discussing reclamation it is well to remark that it is infinitely better to practice prevention than to apply reclamation. However, there is no denying the fact that the damage has been wrought in many places, and meth- ods of reclaiming the devastated areas must be consid- ered. In the past, with cheap land, it has been easier and less expensive to move to new lands, when those The forests have been removed from some soils that should never have been deprived of their natural growth. In such sections the devastation has been almost unbe- lievable and the only feasible method of utilizing in any way these lands is by reforesting. The type and kind of trees best suited, for the work must be determined for the individual localities. From inquiry and personal inspection of the worst eroded sections of the Appalachian region, it has been found that practically all of the lands now useless can be utilized by reforesting. The benefits of such a course can hardly be exaggerated. The losses entailed in manu- factures, power development, navigation, and flood con- ditions now amounting to millions yearly, will be greatly reduced if not largely eliminated. WHY AND HOW SOME FOREST FIRES OCCUR Til II tremendous forest fires which swept the forests of the northwest during July and August, costing millions of dollars to fight and causing damages amounting to many millions of dollars more were due to what? This interesting question is well answered in a letter dated August 2, to American Forestry, by R. H. Rut- ledge, acting district forester of District No. I, which includes the national forest area of northern Idaho and .Montana. The fires were due to a dry year, the third in succession. Lightning, railroads, campers and brush burn- ing started most of the 909 discovered on this forest area in July. Almost one-fourth were due to unknown causes, and twenty-seven were incendiary. A terrific thunderstorm on July 31 resulted in fifty fires being started by lightning. "This is the third dry year in succession for District I," says Forester Rutledge. "The snowfall last winter was far below normal and in many localities spring pre- cipitation was insufficient, many places having been with- out rain for over three months. High winds have pre- vailed quite generally for some sixty days and the atmos- phere has been charged with electricity to such an extent that dry electrical storms have been constantly occurring. As a result the forest floor is as dry as a powder-house and because of excessive transpiration the leaves of conif- erous trees have become so combustible as to be almost explosive when subject to ignition. "While human agencies have been responsible for some of the fires this season, lightning has been by far the most prolific source of trouble. Dry electrical storms have started a great many fires in the most inaccessible parts of the forests where it has been impossible to get men and equipment on the ground quickly. In numerous "Ml w^^C * ... «H ►. *?T. ■ft ^ Jfr" f;1|kjl Iff* * Id K • TWO UNUSUAL FIRE PICTURES SHOWING TREE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING AND ITS SPEEDY DESTRUCTION. Live yellow pine tree, 125 feet high in the Selway National forest, struck by lightning about 2.30 in the afternoon. Bolt struck at point indi- cated, followed down tree to a large limb on right hand side of tree at upper edge of flame showing in picture. At that point it entered body of tree, followed down inside, splitting it through and through but did not break it off. 15 or 16 feet below bolt emerged, and continued down on out- side of tree to ground in 3 distinct paths. Smoke was seen coming out of the split portion of tree shortly after bolt struck. 1364 The second picture shows the split portion of the tree more throughly burned, and at one point will be observed a hole burned through the tree. The tree fell, completely destroyed by fire, twenty -four hours after it was struck. There now remains only a blackened fire scarred trunk 20 feet high. Picture presented by Supervisor Fenn, of the Selway National Forest, Montana. WHY AND HOW SOME FOREST FIRES OCCUR 1355 cases it has required from three to six days for fire fighters to reach a fire from the nearest railway point. And when it is remembered that equipment and supplies for the men must be transported on pack horses over rough mountain trails and kept on the line at all times, the difficulties of the situation will be appreciated. Under these conditions it can be understood readily how light- ning-set fires in these remote places become raging con- flagrations before the fight against them can be begun. "In spite of the difficulties handicapping the fire organi- zation, District i has made a remarkable record for efficiency, even though a very large acreage in the aggre- gate has been burned over and many bad fires are still burning. "Commonly fires due to preventable causes are near lines of transportation and communication and can be discovered and suppressed before they assume serious proportions, but the reverse is true where lightning fires occur. Not infrequently in the most inaccessible moun- tainous regions ten, fifteen, or twenty fires are started within a few minutes by a single electrical disturbance. Sometimes these blazes are scattered over quite a large extent of territory, often they are close together and before it is possible to start the fight against them they coalesce and form one big fire which, if the wind is blowing freshly, soon reaches the tops of the trees and develops into a crown fire that defies human efforts to combat it so long as the wind continues." The area of fires was as follows: One-quarter acre or less, 427; one-quarter to 10 acres, 295; over 10 acres, 187, a total of 909, while the total acreage burned was 201,014 acres. The causes of fires were as follows: Railroads, 179; campers, 131 ; brush burning, 96; lumbering, 9; lightning, 240; incendiary, 27; miscellaneous, 8; unknown, 219. "The great majority of these fires have been put out or are now definitely under control and no longer dan- gerous although still being watched. At the close of July 30, there were not more than 25 fires running un- controlled, mostly in the mountains of Idaho. On that date approximately 3,500 fire fighters were on the line, this, of course, not including the force of rangers, guards, lookout men, smoke chasers, and other regularly em- ployed forest officers, numbering about 1,500 men. "Detailed reports on file from the several national forests of the district cover the situation only up to the dose of July 30. During the night of July 31, over fifty fires were started by one severe electrical storm that ran along the westerly slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains in Idaho forests. These fires have been mere- ly reported by wire, their extent or precise locations not yet having been determined by the field officers. They were scattered over a territory embracing roughly 4,000 square miles. Does this single night's experience convey an idea of what the forest Service fire organization in Districl 1 is contending with?" I'. C, Wilfong and his crew met with a most trying experience during the Selway fire on Crooked Creek on July 24. They were trapped at a point where three fires met. and their camp with provisions, clothes, etc., was burned. The party saved themselves only by lying in the Selway River for 35 minutes with wet blankets over their heads. Their train of thirteen pack horses was caught in the track of the fire, but they had been taken to a bunch grass hill, and only one horse was lost. The pack saddles were burned from the backs of the other horses. Mr. Wilfong says of his experience: "There was no way out of it, we were cornered and we plunged into the water, keeping our faces above the surface. We put wet blankets over our heads for the heat was so intense that our flesh would have been burned if we had not taken that precaution. The roar of the flames was tremendous but we were comparatively safe. "Once I raised the blanket a little to peek and see how the fire was going and what do you think I saw ? There was a big bear perched on a rock right at my feet and looking over at me like he was ready to jump. I guess he thought I was a rock. We exchanged glances for a while and I am willing to bet that he wasn't any more scared than I was, but as soon as he recovered from the surprise, he turned tail and away he went. It was the last I saw of him." CONSERVATION OF PAPER T^ CONOMY in the use of paper will release vast quan- -Li tities of chemicals which are urgently needed. A pound of paper wasted means from 1 to 3 pounds of coal wasted. Cutting down the use of paper 25 per cent would mean 6,000,000 tons less freight for the railroads to haul and would at the same time save 2,500,000 tons' of coal. Old magazines, books, stationery, etc., are used in making books, writing, and other forms of paper. Paper that comes around purchases at the store is made over again into new paper, cardboard, cartons, paper boxes, paper bags, etc. One hundred pounds of soft white paper shavings will make 90 pounds of new paper. One hundred pounds of old magazine paper will make 80 pounds of new paper. One and one-half million tons of book and writing paper were made last year from old paper. One hundred pounds of old folded newspapers will make 85 pounds of new paper box board. Two and one-half million tons of various kinds of paper box board were made last year from old papers. One hundred pounds of old cotton rags will make from 65 to 75 pounds of paper pulp ; this pulp will make only 2 per cent less than an equal amount of paper. One hundred pounds of new cotton rags will make 80 pounds of paper pulp. One hundred pounds of old collars, cuffs, pillowcases, or sheets will make 80 pounds of new paper. Woolen rags are converted into shoddy and shoddy converted into wool. The shrinkage from shoddy to wool is the same as from raw wool to finished wool, namely, about 3 per cent. One hundred pounds of wool saved or reclaimed pro- vides sufficient material for 25 suits of clothes. 1356 AMERICAN FORESTRY TREE PLANTING TAKEN UP BY MANY EDITORS NEWSPAPERS OPEN COLUMNS TO DISCUSSION OF LIVING MEMORIALS AND "ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE" IDEA T> EADERS of the New York Times find •^ the columns of that paper have been opened to a discussion of the merits of roadside tree planting. The New York Times had a fine editorial on the American Forestry Association's campaign for "Roads of Remembrance" in which it said: "The American Forestry Association is doing good service in linking the causes of roads and forestation. The Road of Remem- brance and the shaded highway have a more intimate connection with the general prob- lem of reforestation than may at first ap- pear. Very soon they will become bases for the advance, of veritable armies of trees. Nature unaided may be sure, but she is slow. The industrious squirrel car- ries acorns, hickorynuts, walnuts and chest- nuts a rod or so before he buries them— and fortunately often forgets his cache. The winds carry the seeds of maple, pine, and linden a little further. But for reasons at which the forester can only guess there are vast prairies and waste lands without a useful tree. The shaded highway will cross them and the shade trees will scatter their seeds and nuts in the nearby country. "He who plants a tree is building the world of the future. In twenty years a maple will grow to a sturdy tree, with dense if not widespread shade. And in that time, when wind and soil are favorable, it is already parent to groves of young maples marching from the highway across lands that have hitherto been waste." This brought out many letters from read- ers who advocated fruit and nut tree plant- ing. The Times has devoted several edi- torials since the first one answering some of the letters and sticking mainly to the planting of shade trees. The first letter printed was from Alida (Countess) von Krockow who pictured the roadside fruit trees of Europe. George J. Horowitz, formerly of the Ambulance Service with the French Army, wrote about the virtues of the French roads. Dr. Robert T. Morris contributed a letter, as did Henry Wood- ward Hulbert on the planting of trees. The Times gives the members of the American Forestry Association a first hand lesson on what can be done if the members will take up these subjects with their newspapers. The editors are keen for just such dis- cussions and while they may not always agree with the writer they are glad to give space to constructive thought. Every mem- ber of the association should discuss the need of a national forest policy with the editor of his paper and tell him what the American Forestry Association is doing. Forty Maples. A Yankee farmer fourscore years ago Set forty maples by the highwayside; Twenty tall saplings stood in either row; The farmer viewed them with a silent pride. They grew apace; there children school- ward bound Loitered in spring to pick the blood- root flowers; There many a bird found sanctuary ground, And laborers refuge from the sudden showers. They waxed in size and beauty when the beams Of our mid-summer sun's unpitying beat; Here dusty drivers paused to rest their teams, And cattle sought a shelter from the heat. They statelier spread; when autumn's pageant came, And all our valley donned its festal dress, Rose forty pillars lit with crimson flame, To stir man's spirit by their loveli- ness. But years passed, and the farm fell to a hind — A prosperous, pushing hind from overseas, Who, with the full contempt that marks his kind, Felled in his blasphemy those forty trees. At times like that one's peaceful spirit longs For the fierce justice of an elder day, For the stern sense that trifled not with wrongs, And did not deem that punishment is play. Who, save for need, destroys a goodly tree, Does mischief; and who wantonly may kill Forty such trees does murder, and should be Hanged forty fathom high on Gallows Hill. — G. S. B. in the New York Tribune. In the Review of Reviews, Elbert Francis Baldwin details the devastation in France and Belgium and tells of the plans of the American Forestry Association for helping in the restoration of these forests. Dr. Frank Crane, who writes for a syndicate of newspapers, has devoted another edi- torial to forestry, this time to the "Roads of Remembrance" idea and also urges co- operation with the Association in its work abroad. This editorial appears in such papers as the Chicago Daily News, the New York Globe, the Washington Star, Phila- delphia Bulletin, Atlanta Journal, Kansas City Star, Cincinnati Times-Star, Buffalo News, Pittsburgh Chronicle-Telegraph, St. Louis Star, St. Paul Dispatch, Des Moines Capital, Milwaukee Journal, Sacramento Bee, Dallas Times-Herald, Omaha World- Herald, Binghamton Press, Houston Post, Richmond News Leader, Oakland Post, Boise Statesman, Baltimore Star and many others. Here is where the members should co-operate with the Association by writ- ing an appreciation to the editor of the paper in which such features are used. Leslie's Weekly has a generous editorial on the value of tree planting and the New York Herald takes up the question of better fire protection for forests by saying "with summer fires of unusual severity sweeping the extensive timber lands of Montana, Idaho and Washington, the American For- estry Association is urging the lumbermen to forward their views as to the steps to be taken for the better protection of the woods." The Herald then goes on to point to the losses. The Trenton Times-Advertiser devotes a long editorial to roadside tree planting and points to the fact that "if this work is properly carried out it would mean in time a memorial highway across the United States. No finer memorial can be built than a tree bordered highway and aside from tender sentiment connected with such an undertaking there can be no better in- vestment for any community." The Denver News calls attention to the fact that the "president of the American Forestry Asso- ciation has issued a call to the people to beautify their highways as memorials to the men who fought for world freedom. Good roads and tree planting go hand in hand. Federal and local authorities are attending to the road building but it will require voluntary citizen effort to get trees planted." The Washington Times points to the famous Potomac Drive made famous by its trees and adds "here is a logical proposition. The roads are to be built. A TREE PLANTING TAKEN UP BY MANY EDITORS 1357 road is more than a way to get some place." The subject of permanent Christmas trees that has been urged by the Associa- tion is taken up by the Milwaukee Journal under the heading "Waste of Good Tim- ber," the Hoboken Observer and the South Bend News. The Milwaukee Journal says on this point : "Trees adapted to Christmas use have survived the ills and perils of infant life. Barring accidents, they are sure to live grow, and flourish. It is savagery, if one views it rightly, to destroy them. Yet men who would not harm a full-grown tree hack down treelings without pity or re- morse. But if we are to have trees for all time, young trees must be saved." "The idea of planting trees as memorials for our soldier boys who will not return is a beautiful one," says the Ohio Farmer as we find it quoted in the Freder'icktown, Ohio,* Press. "The Christian Endeavor Societies have been making a concerted movement toward planting memorial trees at the original suggestion of the American Forestry Association" the Times Journal of Bowling Green, Kentucky, points out. The Kansas City Star wants to know "why a billion dollar town is content to look like thirty cents ? " And points to the city's shabbiness in the way of vacant lots. Prompt action is urged by the Hamilton News has had two editorials on forestry and re- prints the editorial from the New York Times in full, with a two-column head and the Western Newspaper Union has sent out a special feature on "Roads of Remem- brance" illustrated with several pictures. "Grit" uses a half-page feature on memorial tree planting and the International Syndi- cate of Baltimore has used half-page arti- cles on forestry in general and memorial tree planting several times. The news services, the Associated Press, the United Press, the International News Service and the Universal Service are all using news stories of activities in forestry. The Chris- tian Science Monitor used a half column on the need of a national forest policy, and followed it with an editorial on the "World Call for Wood," which concludes that the "need of the hour is to overcome the inertia that has always operated to keep the ade- quate handling of the forest situation in this country behind the actual require- ments." In opening the editorial the Moni- tor points out that "what the people of the United States could accomplish if every FAMOUS ELM SAVED IN HUNTINGTON, INDIANA. The famous Elm Tree at Huntington, Indiana, has been saved by the entire change of architect's plans for a church which is to be erected by the Christian Science Congregation of that city. In a report to the American Forestry Associa- tion Daniel Shaeff, who led the movement to save the tree, announces that the arch- itect, Samuel A. Craig, will so redraw his plans that the tree will be left with plenty of root space, and that he will leave out the organist's room and the Sun- day School classroom in order that the branches may have plenty of space. This movement, in which the congregation is glad to join, is perhaps one of the most unique ever adopted in order to save a tree. The picture of this tree appears on another page of the magazine. or we will find "this country will have committed economic suicide," says that paper in urging a national forest policy and fire protection for our forests. The Journal of Portland, Oregon, reprints the editorial from the New York Times on the work of the Association with a letter from I. X. Lipman, an enthusiastic Oregonian, who points out the advertising Oregon is getting because of its good roads. "Re- plenish the forests," says the New Orleans Item, and points to what Kansas and Illi- nois, known as prairie states, are doing in foresting the land. "It is a melancholy fact," says the Item, "that few persons are willing to take steps in time to keep a natural resource from becoming exhausted." The Burlington, New Jersey, Enterprise person having an interest in land would intelligently and persistently raise the trees which his land could conveniently allow space for, has never been measured, unless, negatively, through the obvious waste of tree opportunities every where." It would seem the editor had every member of the Association in mind when he wrote that sentence and a more urgent call for co- operation could scarcely be phrased. In Montreal the Daily Star deplores the fact that trees are fast disappearing from the streets of that city and calls for action. In the Atlanta Constitution we find con- tinued co-operation with the Association in an editorial on the terrors of a forest fire. The San Diego Sun urges that a tree be planted every time one is cut down and the Concord Monitor says, "had the forest poli- cy of this country been what it should have been we would have timber for our- selves and for Europe and to spare." The Houston Post is of the opinion that "what the country needs is a strong movement to induce the planting of trees similar to the movements that have resulted in such in- creased production of food for war pur- poses." The San Francisco Chronicle takes up the "Hero Grove" in Golden Gate Park at length. The Boise Capital News, in an editorial on the planting of memorial trees by the war mothers, says : "Though the final dedication may be a great public affair, there is something singularly appro- priate in this private planting of trees by the people who, when all is said and done, care more than anybody else." The Manufacturers' Record of Baltimore seldom has an issue in which the subject of forestry is omitted. The Chicago Tribune has taken up the question of the Forest Preserve near Chicago and calls upon the people to help preserve it by keeping their hands off the beautiful things in the pre- serve. To quote the Tribune: "W h y worry about the ex- tinction of the bison and elk and not care a continen t a 1 whether the things which are native hereabouts live or die?" The lack of shade trees along Har- risburg's streets is the subject of a stirring editorial in the Evening News of that city. The Bethlehem Times is devoting as much as a column a day to features from the American Forestry Association. The Worcester Post is urging the planting of memorial trees in that city and has asked the Association for all data on the subject of tree planting. To print a list of the newspapers using news from the Asso- ciation would be to print the directory of such publications. The greatest of oppor- tunities for members of the Association is at hand. Their co-operation will bring forestry to the front in each locality. Now is the time to act by writing to your editor and sending to the Association anything you see dealing with the for- estry problem. TO SAVE CALIFORNIA REDWOODS FOR AUTO ROADS. A movement has been started to save the California redwoods along the roads. "The plan is for the purchase by the State of a strip on either side of state roads in the redwood country, along which the giant trees shall be left untouched," says the San Francisco Chronicle, "as a memorial of the great groves of the past and a keen delight to the traveler through that region." Edward E. Ayer, of Chicago, who motors through the region every year, has reported to M. H. de Young of San Francisco that in some sections "a battlefield could not look worse than where the lumbermen have been cutting down these giants of the forest." SUMMER WALKS IN THE WOODLAND ALONG THE PALISADES IN THE INTERSTATE PARK BY J. OTIS SWIFT, AUTHOR OF WOODLAND MAGIC (PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) THERE is an order of holy men who go about the world doing good to inanimate things. You will know them by the far-away, detached look in their deep eyes when you meet them in the crowded streets, and by the way they have of looking away over the roof-tops as if used to great spaces and lofty mountains. You will come upon them in the waste places, in the shade of the deep woods, on the margin of the brook, the pitcher plant-haunted, quaking peat of the bog, and walking lonely hill paths in the cool of the evening. Then you will dis- cover that the far-away look in their eyes has gone. In its place is quick flash- ing attention to every drooping leaf, bent twig, lichened ledge, rabbit path and flitting thrush. These men are priests of the Order of Nature. Sometimes they are old and bent, with palms calloused by the plough handles and the pruning hook. Again they are youths with soft treading feet and poet's mouths. But all are holy, for they have received their initiation as children in the secret places of the deep forests and their lives, among other things, are consecrated to loving, appreciating and caring for inanimate trees, shrubs, plants and mosses that animate nature — in- sects, birds, animals and men, may be happier. This is the ancient order to which Pliny, Linneas, Asa Gray, Donald Mitchell and Thoreau belonged, and to which you and I are initiates. Its members are the sort of men of whom women, children, dogs and wild creatures are never afraid and are usually trustful and fond. There is a secret bond of fellowship between them and every living thing in the wilderness and waste places. So come, this September morning, and we will make a pil- grimage from Hastings-on-Hudson, across the river to the ONE OF THE NEW AUTOMOBILE MAJESTIC CLIFFS OF great Palisades Interstate Park, the most weirdly beau- tiful spot about the American metropolis. This park is being developed by the Palisades Inter- state Park Commission representing both States of New York and New Jersey, with jurisdiction along the west bank of the Hudson from Fort Lee, New Jersey, to Newburg, New York. The Commission has acquired all of the Palisades section extending up to the tops of the cliffs from Fort Lee to the State line opposite Hastings, and it is a little out of this wonderland we will visit today, for we can- not hope to explore the summer camp for the mili- tary training of youths south of Nyack, rugged Hook mountain at the top of the Tappan Zee, the big Bear Mountain tract a few miles south of West Point, or the Harriman Park sec- tion of 30,000 acres run- ning west from the Hudson towards Tuxedo, all in one day. This great park, as wild and romantic in places as a bit out of the heart of the Rockies, has been made possible through money and land appropriated by New York and New Jersey, through the gift of 10.000 acres of land and $1,000,- 000 by Mrs. Mary W. Har- riman, and gifts by other individuals of various par- cels of land, an aggregate of nearly $2,000,000. It all lies at the doorway of New York City so that a scrub-woman -may spend her day-off in forest depths under the shadows of the frowning palisades for a few pennies and a few minutes' time in getting there on the ferry. We go down to the wide blue river at Hastings, and row over to the shadow of the cliffs, dropping down with the tide to Alpine, opposite Yonkers. We are seek- ing solitude, and find it in spite of the fact that thousands of people landed here at Alpine last Sunday and were ROADS WINDING ROUND THE THE PALISADES. 13S8 SUMMER WALKS IN THE WOODLAND 1359 swallowed up by the precipitous paths, jungles jand hillside forests in a few minutes. We have certain things to say to Mother Nature, and must sit in front of stone altars in inner recesses of the vast rock -heaps at the foot of the purple crags, jumbles of broken trap from the size of a man's head to a house, hurled down by frosts hinterland, cover stretches of the rock heap. In this grow all — I am sure — of the trees and shrubs indigenous to the locality. Then, rising majestically in sheer wall, fissured battlement, detached pinnacles and weather- scarred, time-colored precipices, to a height of between 300 and 500 feet, begin the Palisades. They are of a lava rock called trap which was penetrated as a sheet into the Triassic sandstones. Next to Niagara Falls they form one of the most widely known natural phenomena in America, probably because of their nearness to one of the world's great cities. The awesomeness of their dizzy height as we look up, contrasted with the simple sweet beauty of beds of wild spikenard or False Solomon's Seal, tall meadow rue, bloodroot, wild ginger, white baneberry, black cohosh, wild bergamot, pipsissewa, and clumps of moun- tain laurel, pink azalea, bayberry, blueberry, black-cap raspberry and blackberry, growing all THE ENTRANCE INTO ONE OF THE HUNDREDS OF BEAUTIFUL WOOD PATHS IN THE PARK. arouncl, appals US. The beautiful twelve-mile fringe of sloping land of untold ages, and make our confession. We must ponder upon the persistence of this thing we call Life and which is all around us from the crawling partridge berry vine, woodbine and honeysuckle, binding the rocks together, to the earth cur- rents palpitating in the solid ledges and rising with the sap in giant old oaks, tulips, black birches, and sycamores, towering above. Leaving the little white house that was Cornwallis' head- quarters in the Revolution, and nestles now at one of the nine docks for steamers at the foot of the Palisades, we plunge up a tiny hidden foot path toward the bottom of the crags. A scarlet tanager flutters along ahead to lead us away from her nest, dis- covered at the end of a black birch's limb. A chipmunk sits on a mossy log and stares, and a gray squirrel scolds from a black oak. At once we are as far from civili- zation as if we were lost in the Adirondacks. From the shore of the river the fallen rock debris rises at an angle of forty-five degrees or everal hundred feet in places. Ages of erosion that started, perhaps, with the deluge, leaf-mould from cen- turies of vegetation, earth deposited when the Hudson was an unthinkably big stream, draining the Laurentian under the Palisades is a paradise for artist, naturalist and geologist. Although the State Commission of Con- servation, headed by George W. Perkins, has spent much money and done an incredible amount of work building AT THE FOOT OF THE CLIFFS STILL STANDS THE QUAINT LITTLE WHITE-WASHFD HOUSE WHERE CORNWALLIS. IN LONG GONE DAYS, MADE HIS HEADQUARTERS. bathing beaches, lawns, boat lagoons, winding paths, automobile roads, log comfort stations, bridges, piers, masonry walls, causeways, and monster rustic pavilions that would have decked a Roman emperor's gardens, the vast wilderness of the park remains untamed and is its greatest asset. "The Commission is doing its best to 1360 AMERICAN FORESTRY ON THE LIP OF THE CHASM— FAINTLY VISIBLE IS THE OPPOSITE SHORE LINE AND A STEAMER WENDING ITS WAY UP THE BEAUTIFUL HUDSON. preserve the great natural beauties and advantages which God in His wisdom conferred upon the land over which it has supervision." Here and there, lost in the tangles of sumac, wild cherry, black haw, alspice, sassafras and elderberry are deserted, tum- bled-in cellars of colonial houses that were places of i m p o r t a nee when the Red Coats were chased across the river by Wa shington's troopers, but now overgrown by woodbine and wild grapes. The pink and white roses of the colonial wom- en, planted to celebrate the love of happy homes, have gone wild and bloom lux- uriantly, running back to Nature. An hundred old fashioned herbs and flowers that in the course of almost three centuries have escaped from the gardens up over the cliff tops have dropped their seeds over the dizzy edge and taken root below. It is a bird, animal and tree sanctuary, we find as we leave the path two hundred feet up and turn along one of the new automobile roads the Commission is cutting under the lower edge of the cliffs. We climb up over the slides of broken trap to the top of the age-old crags at one of the places where ascent is pos- sible and creep- ing tremblingly to the lip of the chasm look away south to the great city sweltering in its heat and noise, to the ships dotting the harbor and river, down to the dock half a thousand feet below us ; to Yonkers across the stream, to Graystone once the home of Samuel Tilden, just above; to Hastings where Farragut lived ; Dobbs Ferry where nestles on the hill- side the home of the late Robert G. Ingersoll ; Irvington, ••f •.»■.- i vrajfij!; KFi *jVr Bbri"9Hi^ LOOKING DOWN ON THE DOCKS. HALF A THOUSAND FEET BELOW. THIS SPOT AT THE TOP OF THE PALISADES AFFORDS A MAGNIFICENT VIEW OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY. the home of Washington Irving, and Mystic Sleepy Hollow lost in the blue haze beyond Tarrytown. Five miles above us on the west side of the river, glancing along the Palisades, rises Indian Head, the highest shelf of the cliffs, the profile of the old savage, tossed there, it is said, from a blanket in the hands of Hendrick Hud- son's sailortnen, looking out of the crags in surprise at the changes since his descendants sold their heritage to the Dutch West India Company for a mess of pottage, or a blanket, or something. It is all over- p o w e r i n gly beautiful and inspiring, and we know we can never ade- quately describe it, but as we look there comes up from a treetop grow- ing out of the rocks below us the clear sweet music of a song - sparrow saying, "tweet, tweet - flitter," which is non- sense, but heav- enly music nevertheless, and far more indescribable than a marvelous landscape. Descending the crags to where in a deep cool nook, among broken rocks as big as hayracks, a spring pours out, cold and crystal, for our blessing. We drink, and lying on the mosses, staring up at the cliffs and blue sky be- yond, feel our littleness. Here in the silence the spirit of the place comes to us like a quiet caress. As the sun sinks behind us we go down winding road- ways and paths, among deep forests with occasional glimpses of the river below caught through openings in the dense mat of treetops where the thrushes chant, to the landing— drifting home in our boat on the broad silver river in the moon- light. THE PATH WINDING ROUND THE CLIFFS, FROM WHICH DELIGHTFUL GLIMPSES OF THE RIVER FAR BELOW MAY BE HAD. MEXICO AS A SOURCE OF TIMBER BY AUSTIN F. MACDONALD A FEW years will often work startling transforma- tions in the motives and desires of a people ; and not the least wonderful is the change which was wrought in the lives of the American people by our par- ticipation in the great world conflict. In 1916 we were busily engaged in the absorbing task of making money, we were looking for profitable opportunities to invest that money. In 1918 our sole aim was to win the war, and foreign investments, no matter how alluring, did not appeal to us. But now America has emerged tri- umphant from the struggle, and the present time marks the dawning of a new era of prosperity. Once more American capital is seeking satisfactory opportunities v — valued at $495,257. While these figures are not large when considered by themselves, relatively they are very important, for the forest products during the year 1913 formed approximately one-eighth of the total exports of the country. We must not conclude, however, that a comparatively small export of lumber means a lack of forests in Mexico. On the contrary, it merely signifies that the great forest areas have not yet been developed and are still awaiting exploitation. The Republic has been estimated to contain 479 square leagues of thick forests and 18,134 square leagues of wooded land. Its forests are rich in every variety of the precious woods, besides great areas of commercial timbers. Because of 6» "«* Exp lanatlon: I Temperate Zone Forest Area. ■■ Tropical Forest Area. ^> «£> * 9o Or "1 for investment, and intelligent information on this sub- ject is rapidly becoming an urgent need. There is, perhaps, no bit of advice which the American business man has heard more frequently in the past than the suggestion to invest in Mexican timber. Just what kind of timber, and in just what part of Mexico, seems to have been entirely immaterial. Strangely enough, en- thusiasm about this timber seems to have been in inverse ratio to the actual amount of knowledge concerning it. The purpose of this article is to state concisely the ex- tent of Mexico's timber resources, and the location of these forested areas. In the year 1913 the Republic of Mexico exported mercial timber valued at $3,365,131, and dye woods the lack of laborers and the difficulty of transportation, and because of the presence of precious metals, exploita- tion went on very slowly for over two centuries. Now, however, the people are beginning to realize the vast wealth of their forested areas and are developing them ' at a rapid rate. Wasteful methods of hauling and cut- ting which are at present being employed will if con- tinued lead to deforestation. More scientific exploitation is needed, and it must come quickly. One must not conclude from these introductory re- marks that all Mexico is one vast forest. There are great stretches of waving grain and of the crops of a more tropical agriculture, and there are vast areas that are uninhabited deserts. For the purposes of this paper 1361 1362 AMERICAN FORESTRY the country may be conveniently divided into three dis- tricts. The first of these is' the great tropical forest belt. This covers almost the entire peninsula of Yuca- tan, as well as the small states of the southeast which border on the Gulf of Campeche. Some tropical woods are also found along the Pacific littoral in the far south- west. The second area is the Temperate Zone Forest Belt. This is located in the northwestern section of the Re- public, extending northward almost to the American border. It begins from 100 to 150 miles west of the Pacific coast, and extends eastward over a large strip of territory. Between these two districts is the Treeless Belt, some of which is cultivated, but much of which is arid. It is from the Tropical Forest Belt that logwood and the other dye woods come. Logwood is found in the southern part of the State of Yucatan, which is in the extreme north of the peninsula of that name along the Gulf of Campeche, and over the entire eastern section of the peninsula. Its exploitation has been neglected for several years. Since the demand for the product was revived, however, several ineffective attempts have been made to resurrect the industry in the Peninsula of Yuca- tan. These in many instances have not survived the effort to obtain sufficient labor. In the forests of Quin- tana Roo there are piles of cut logwood which are not available because laborers cannot be obtained to haul them. This difficulty, coupled with the inaccessibility of the product, makes exploitation very difficult, and to a large extent impracticable at the present market price. A lack of vessels is another difficulty which must be met when the product finally reaches the town of export. This logwood is used for dyeing materials and in the manufacture of ink. The largest exportation of the product at present is from the State of Tabasco, which borders on the Gulf of Campeche. This is practically the only export of the state. During two months in 1916, 4,371 tons were exported, valued at $327,127. All of it was shipped to the United States. In the Tropical Forest Belt are also found mahogany, ebony and other precious woods. Along the Gulf of Campeche, particularly in the southwestern part of the Peninsula of Yucatan, are great forests of mahogany and Spanish cedar. These are chiefly in the hands of American and native companies, who export considerable quantities. From July, 1911, to June, 1912, mahogany and Spanish cedar, valued at $1,236,000, were shipped from the small town of Carmen alone. Large areas of the cedar are also found in the interior of the peninsula, but a lack of transportation facilities has made their ex- ploitation almost impossible up to the present time. All along the eastern coast of the Republic, particularly in the southeast, although to a lesser extent further north as well, are found tracts of mahogany in paying quanti- ties. The State of Nuevo Leon, which is situated in the extreme northeast some distance from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, has the chief area of ebony, which is being exploited rapidly. To the east of Nuevo Leon, di- rectly on the coast, are large forests of mahogany which have not yet been developed. By far the largest part of the forest products already exported have come from the Tropical Forest Belt. The Temperate Zone Forest Belt has until very recently been practically undeveloped, and it is from this region that a great increase in the lumber industry may be expected. This area is a broad belt in the northwestern part of the Republic, with its western edge about 150 miles from the Pacific Ocean. The Sierras which traverse Mexico from north to south are well wooded on both their eastern and western slopes. Pine is the commercially important tim- ber, the principal varieties of which, in the order of importance, are yellow short leaf, yellow long leaf and Weymouth. Some oaks, cedars (the kind generally known as cedars in temperate zones) and other hard- woods occur. Thirty-six separate and distinct varieties of hardwoods have been found in the region. In the short leaf pine, trees are quite common measuring from four to four and one-half feet in diameter and running 60 feet without a limb. Spruce and fir are also found in quantity, although pine constitutes approximately three- fourths of the Temperate Zone Forest Belt. The rich timber resources have scarcely been touched, mainly be- cause of inadequate transportation facilities. In the whole region, covering approximately 75,000 square miles, there are less than 1,000 miles of railroads. When new roads which are contemplated or in course of con- struction have been completed vast tracts of virgin forest land will be ready for exploitation. One must not imagine, however, that there is at present no development of this belt. Some exportation is now taking place, the timber being mostly white pine of an excellent quality. Turpentine and rosin of a high grade are secured as by-products. In the State of Chi- huahua, for example, which is one of the leading lumber states of the Temperate Zone area, the forest products of the State for 1909 amounted to $1,214,784, consisting principally of pine, $574,236; oak, $548,766, and mes- quite, $43,991. From all of this it may be seen that Mexico has large areas of timber, both of the cabinet and of the com- mercial woods. Here are splendid opportunities for the investment of American capital, if the problems raised by a lack of labor and of transportation facilities can be successfully overcome. The woods of the Temperate Zone Forest Belt are said to rival in quality those of the United States, and it is only a matter of time when both forest belts will be exploited on a large scale. Is this development to be carried on by American interests, or by the European capitalists who already domi- nate Mexico financially? American business men must decide. CONSIDER THE WOODLOT TO KEEP IT PRODUCTIVE BOOK REVIEWS 1363 BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. FOREST VALUATION— Filibert Roth FOREST REGULATION— Filibert Roth PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR— By Elbert Peets THE LUMBER INDUSTRY— By R. S. Kellogg LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS— By Arthur F. Jones FOREST VALUATION— By H. H. Chapman CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY— By Norman Shaw TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE .1NIALS— By John Kirkegaard TREES AND SHRUBS— By Charles Sprague Sargent— Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume— Per Part THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER— Gifford Pinchot LUMBER AND ITS USES— R. S. Kellogg THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK— B. E. Fernow NORTH AMERICAN TREES— N. L. Britton KEY TO THE TREES— Collins and Preston THE FARM WOODLOT— E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J. Record PLANE SURVEYING— John C. Tracy FOREST MENSURATION— Henry Solon Gra -es THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY— B. E. Fernow FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY— Filibert Roth PRACTICAL FORESTRY— A. S. Fuller PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY— Samuel B. Green TREES IN WINTER— A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)— Chas. Sprague Sargent AMERICAN WOODS— Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS— Romeyn B. Hough GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES— J. Horace McFarland PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD; THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Chas. H. Snow HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION— Samuel M. Rowe TREES OF NEW ENGLAND— L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— H. E. Park- hurst TREES— H. Marshall Ward OUR NATIONAL PARKS— John Muir LOGGING— Ralph C. Bryant THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES— S. B. Elliott FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS— Henry Solon Graves SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES— William Solotaroff THE TREE GUIDE— By Julia Ellen Rogers MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— Austin Cary FARM FORESTRY— Alfred Akerman THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)— A. B. Reck- nagel ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD— Samuel J. Record STUDIES OF TREES— J. J. Levison TREE PRUNING— A. Des Cars THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— Howard F. Weiss SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— By James W. Tourney... FUTURE OF FOREST TREES— By Dr. Harold Unwin FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS— F. Schuyler Mathews FARM FORESTRY— By John Arden Ferguson THE BOOK OF FORESTRY— By Frederick F. Moon OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES— By Maud Going HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— By Jay L. B. Taylor THE LAND WE LIVE IN— By Overton Price WOOD AND FOREST— By William Noyes THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW— By J. P. Kinney HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHODS AND COST— By Halbert P. Gillette FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY— By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— By L. H. Pammel WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Chas. H. Snow EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark OUR NATIONAL FORESTS— H. D. Boerker MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES— Howard Rankin THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS— By Robert Sterling Yard THE STORY OF THE FOREST— By J. Gordon Dorrance FOREST MANAGEMENT— By A. B. Recknagel and John Bentley, Jr THE FOREST RANGER AND OTHER VERSE— By John Guthrie $1.50 2.00 2.00 1.10 2.10 2.00 2.50 1.50 5.00 1.35 1.15 2.17 7.30 1.50 1.75 1.75 3.00 4.00 1.61 1.10 1.50 1.50 2.00 6.00 7.50 6.00 1.75 3.50 5.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.91 3.50 2.50 3.50 1.50 3.00 1.00 2.12 .57 2.10 2.20 1.75 1.75 .65 3.00 3.50 2.25 2.00 1.30 2.10 1.50 2.50 1.70 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 5.35 5.00 1.50 2.50 2.50 3.10 .65 2.60 1.60 * This, of course, Is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.— EDITOR. SPRUCE TREE T.\ making a survey of the spruce forests, where the airplane cutting was carried on during the war in the Grays Habor spruce district, the Forest Service found a tree 573 years old, according to its rings. The tree was felled in clearing to make the military camps safe after a limb had fallen and menaced the roof of the officers' quarters. The tree is close to the Olym- lighway, eleven miles north of Hump- tstips. 573 YEARS OLD The stump was 11.6 feet from the ground level. The tree was a sapling some two inches in diameter when Columbus was discovering America. Though not the oldest spruce on record, it is premier in age during the present survey. An effort is being made by the depart- ment to get the age of the largest type of Sitka spruce in each of the various air- plane enterprises. More than 500 trees have been listed to date. BOOK REVIEWS JPOREST MANAGEMENT, by A. B. Recknagel and John Bentley, Jr., John Wiley & Sons, New York, price $2.60. The book contains a condensed and simple treatment of the following subjects : Forest mensuration, Forest organization, Forest finance, and Forest administration and it is written in such a manner as to be read- ily understood and used by the layman, timber owner and manager. Non-profes- sional students of forestry in colleges and universities and in professional courses not post-graduate grade, will also find it of value as a text. Forest Management occupies the middle ground between the highly technical and the very elementary textbooks and intelli- gent study of the principles advocated in this book will stimulate the practice of forest management by owners of timber land — large and small, public and private — to the end that this important natural re- source may be systematically maintained and developed. RED GUM TREE YIELDS BALSAM OF TRADE VALUE XpEW people in the South, where the red gum tree (Liquidambar styraciflua) grows, apparently are aware that the gum which exudes from this tree when its sap- wood is wounded has commercial value. This "sweet gum," as it is commonly called, is similar in properties and composition to the commercial product obtained from a tree (Liquidambar orientals) indigenous to Asia Minor and known in commerce as "Oriental storax." According to the United States Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wiscon- sin, small amounts of the dried gum have been used for some time in the manufac- ture of chewing gum, but since the war curtailed the supply of oriental storax considerable quantities of the fresh "sweet gum" or "American storax" have been put on the market to replace the imported product. As much as $2 a pound has been paid to collectors of the gum and second hands have sold it for from $2.50 to $3 a pound. These prices, however, are inflated and it is probable that in normal times the gum would not bring more than 50 cents to $1 a pound. Storax is used in the manufacture of perfumes, tobacco, adhesives and phar- maceutical preparations, and contains cin- namic acid and cinnamic alcohol, both of which are in demand. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES 13(54 AMERICAN FORESTRY STATE NEWS CALIFORNIA 'T'HAT public sentiment in California in favor of forestry is steadily growing is shown by the measures which passed the last Legislature and received executive sanction. Besides the general appropria- tion bill which carries items of salaries, support and printing of the State Board of Forestry, ten other measures which have to do with forestry in California were passed. A new board of forestry was created to consist of five persons, the State Forester and four persons appointed by the Gover- nor, one of whom shall be familiar with the timber industry, one with the livestock industry, one with the grain and hay in- dustry, and one at large. Another measure provided for the prevention and suppres- sion of forest fires which are defined as any fires burning uncontrolled on any lands covered wholly or in part by timber, grass, grain or other inflammable vegetation. The State Board of Forestry was author- ized to divide the state into districts, em- ploy district fire rangers and pay fire- fighting expenses under specified condi- tions. It was provided that co-operative agreements for the prevention and sup- pression of forest fires or for reforestation and afforestation purposes might be en- tered into with federal, county, municipal and private agencies. An appropriation of $25,000 for the biennial period was made to put this measure into effect. In addition, a number of forested and brush-covered regions in the state were given protection through the following ap- propriations for the biennial period: Fighting forest fires, etc., in the San Dimas Canyon in the San Gabriel Moun- tains, $1,600; fighting forest fires in the San Gabriel Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains, $3,000; prevention of forest fires in the San Antonio Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains, $5,000; for refor- estation, construction and maintenance of fire lines and trails, Angeles National Forest, $5,000; prevention and extinguish- ment of fires in Tamalpais forest fire dis- trict, $5,000. The above appropriations were made on the condition that the various agencies re- ceiving direct benefit from this protection, such as the San Dimas Fruit Exchange, Azusa Irrigation Company, San Antonio Water Company and Tamalpais forest fire district contribute an equal amount. Law enforcement measures were strength- ened through an amendment to the Penal Code that requires an effective spark ar- resting device to be installed on any gas tractor, oil-burning engine, gas-propelled harvesting machine or auto truck harvest- ing or moving grain or hay, and the carrying of two suitable chemical fire ex- tinguishers by harvesters and hay presses. The section regarding the leaving of camp fires unextinguished was strengthened by the substitution of the words, "Without some person in attendance" for "upon de- parture." A chapter in the Civil Code was revised and now gives the United States the right, heretofore limited to the state and counties, of recovering in a civil action of double the damages sustained from fires through wilfulness, malice or negligence, as well as the actual damages if the fires occurred accidentally, and the full costs incurred in fighting any such fires. COLORADO A CTING upon the advice of the State Forester, the State Board of Land Commissioners has definitely committed itself in favor of effecting an exchange of school lands, chiefly sections 16 and 36, lying within the National Forests of the State, for an equal acreage and value of lands to be chosen in one or two bodies within some National Forest, in order that a State Forest may be created and handled under forestry principles. The State Forester, together with Crosby Hoar, of the United States Forest Service, has examined within the Rout, White River and Arapaho National Forests areas which might serve the purpose of the State. During the summer a crew of National Forest men are examining State lands which have not been examined by the State Forester, and the Forest Supervisors are assisting on other National Forests. Preliminary to this exchange the State Forester has reported on nearly 28,000 acres of State land within National For- ests, but the total area of such lands is approximately 115,000 acres. The timbered school lands in the past have been administered with great handi- caps due to the small areas in single bodies, scattered all over the mountainous portion of the State, and under laws and regulations which were not conducive to good forestry practice. It is believed that the proposed exchange, which is in a preliminary stage at present, will result, if effected, in marked advan- tage to the State and in considerable ad- vantage to the United States Forest Serv- ice, which will not have to contend with the administrative disadvantages of hold- ing within the boundaries of National For- ests certain alienated areas. LOUISIANA '"PHE Commissioner of Conservation, with the approval of the Forestry Advisory Board, has formally promulgated the spark arrester regulations called for by the Louisiana law passed in 1918. Louisiana, which has so many excellent forestry laws, feels proud to join those few states in the Union which have laws requiring the use of proper spark arresters and ash pans on the trunk lines and tram roads of the state. So far as we know the regulations for wood-burning locomotives and skidders are the first passed by any state ; wood as a fuel is not used to any extent today in logging operations except in the South, where our splendid fat pine knots make a mighty fine substitute for coal. The regu- lations as issued require coal burning loco- motives to be equipped with "cabbage- head" stacks and solid ash pans. The coal- burning regulations require no more than what is already the standard equipment on the great majority of railroads in the United States and are modeled along the lines of the British Columbia and New York regulations. There will be, however, a tightening up of the inspection under our regulations. Skidders and loaders or other portable engines used in the woods must be equipped with screens in or over the smoke stacks. The way the lumbermen and railroads of the state have co-operated with the Depart- ment of Conservation in these matters is a very hopeful sign. Two conferences called by the department in March, one for the tram roads, the other for the trunk lines, were very well attended and gave an op- portunity for everyone to be heard. A great many of the tram roads did not wait for the issuance of the spark arrester regula- tions to begin to install the devices recom- mended by the conference, but got busy at once and ordered the equipment. Other of the tram roads were found to have used cabbage-head stacks and similar device; for many years and they were unanimous in boosting the department's efforts to elim- inate railroad fires. Never again when the fire warden talks to the Louisiana farmer or stockman about preventing fires in the woods can that indi- vidual come back and say "why do you pick onus? These dummy engines and locomotives set more fires in a day than we do in a week. Why don't you get after them?" We feel that if the farmers and stockmen will give us as good co-op- eration as the lumber companies and trunk lines seem to be willing to give us under the new regulations, we shall soon have the fire situation in Louisiana eating out of our hands. AMERICAN FORESTRY 1365 " The Dessert Berry of the Nation * * The Erskine Park Everbearing Red Raspberry The Erskine Park Everbearing Red Raspberry is a seedling from the old reliable Cuthbert, discovered on the Westinghouse Estate (Erskine Park) at Lee, Mass., by Mr. Edward Norman. This magnificent estate is in the midst of the beautiful Berkshire Hills, with a temperature in winter of 30 or 40 degrees below zero, so that the hardiness of this berry is unquestioned. The estate is surrounded by the summer homes of many wealthy people, and much to the surprise of his neighbor gardeners and not without a deal of personal satisfaction, Mr. Norman furnished large, luscious raspberries through- out the fall for various dinner parties. These berries are commented on by all who have seen and tasted them as the most delicious and best raspberry they have ever eaten. Mr. Baker of Hoosick. Falls, N. Y., writes us as follows, regarding this remarkable berry: "In the season of 1916, Mr. George M. Darrow of the United States Department of Agriculture was traveling from the Atlantic to the Pacific, visiting fruit growers to obtain information on berries for bulletins published by the Department of Agriculture Mr. Darrow had visited this estate before, and was most favorably impressed that this berry was far ahead of the St. Regis and Renere, and when it became known it would replace these varieties. The plant is by far the strongest growing raspberry I have ever seen. It branches like a tree, and it also has the largest and most roots of any variety with which I am acquainted. It is perfectly hardy and the berries are very large." Of this berry we cannot say too much in praise, and we predict that once known, it will be a standard for planting in every garden and considered a necessity. The Renere and St. Regis have been the standard up to the preseni time. In the Erskine Park we have a berry that far surpasses either of these; a raspberry that is a delight to eat, each berrv being of largest size, with its delicious melting flesh, full of rich creamy juice, highly flavored and sweet as honey. Conceive the joy and satisfaction of having such berries on your table all through the autumn, the source of wonder to your neighbors, that you can pick the finest raspberries until the snow flies. On November the 20th we cut a large branch of the Erskine Park with blossoms, green berries and ripe fruit upon it. We have not as yet been able to propagate any large quantity of this magnificent berry, but what we have are the finest Bearing Two-Year Old Plants, heavily rooted and branched that will bring a full measure of pleasure and satisfaction to the planter. Strong Field Grown Bearing Plants, per six, $3; per twelve, $5; per fifty, $15 One dozen plants set this fall will produce more fruit than two dozen plants set next spring. Plant this fall. Send for our Free illustrated Catalogue which describes the "WORLD'S BEST" trees and plants for youi garden GLEN BROS., Inc. Glenwood Nursery 1873 Main St., Rochester, N.Y. QUALITY- EFFICIENCY- RELIABILITY Upon this foundation was built this, the Largest Saw Works in the World Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel and File Works HENRY DISSTON & SONS, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1366 AMERICAN FORESTRY 234,000,000 FEET NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER FOR SALE Location and Amount. — All the merchantable dead timber standing or down and all the live timber marked or desig- nated for cutting on the Clover Valley Logging Unit embracing about 26,000 acres in T. 23 N., Rs. 14 and 15 E., T. 24 N., Rs. 12, 13, 14 and 15 E., and T. 25 N., Rs. 12 and 13 E., M. D. M. estimated to be 165,000,000 feet B. M. of yellow and Jeffrey pine, 7,500,000 feet B. M. of sugar pine, 49,500,000 feet B. M. of white fir, 4,000,000 feet B. M. of Douglas fir, 450,000 feet B. M. of red fir and 7,500,000 feet B. M. of incense cedar saw timber, more or less lo- cated within the Plumas Na- tional Forest, California. Stumpage Prices. — Lowest rates considered, $3.00 per M. feet for yellow and Jeffrey pine, $3.50 per M. feet for sugar pine, $1.50 per M. feet for Douglas fir and incense cedar, $.75 per M. feet for white fir and $1.00 per M. feet for red fir. For material unmerchant- able under the terms of the agreement to be removed at the option of the purchaser, for which payment is required by the Forest Service, fifty cents per M. feet. Rates to be redetermined by May 1, 1924. Deposit.— With bid $10,000 to apply on purchase price if bid is accepted or refunded if re- jected. Final Date For Bids. — Sealed bids will be received by the District Forester, San Fran- cisco, California, up to and in- cluding October 15, 1919. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Before bids are submitted full information concerning the character of the timber, conditions of sale, deposits, and the submission of bids should be obtained from the District Forester, San Fran- cisco, California, or the Forest Supervisor, Quincy, Califor- nia. MICHIGAN HPHE past summer found the compart- ment line construction work practically completed on two State Forests, the Fife Lake and the Ogemaw. On each of these, a compartment line has been built on the government land subdivision survey lines around each forty acre tract, excepting where swamps or lakes interfere. The Fife Lake Forest contains 7182 acres and the Ogemaw 4284 acres, and the compartment line systems are 112 and 57 miles long, re- spectively. In addition to the systems built on these two forests there are some 380 miles on the other State Forests, and the present sys- tems will be strengthened with more line until each forest is equipped as is each of the two mentioned. These two forests are, probably, the first in America to be so equipped. Since the cpnstruction and maintenance of the lines entails considerable cost, it is interesting to note, as offsetting the cost, their value in a general way to the forest in the light of our own experience. To be sure Eu- ropean foresters long ago were satisfied that the construction of compartment lines was essential to the efficient operation of their forests, and the more intensively managed forests of Europe are now well provided. The lines, as we construct them, are cleared of brush and trees to a width of sixteen feet, all stumps are removed to a width of twelve feet, and a strip ten feet wide is plowed and harrowed. The line is reharrowed or is disced as necessity arises, to remove all grass, ferns, brush, etc., which may start on it. A clean dirt road results. They are the streets of our forests. As streets they serve the same purposes and have much the same relative value to the forest as do the streets to a city. Along them, one may quickly drive to any fire which may arise, and as the streets of a city act as barriers to the spread of fires, and as bases from which fires may be fought, so do the compartment lines of the forest. Indeed, their value as a means of protecting the woods from serious damage by forest fires is, perhaps, their greatest value at present, and as their use for this means is readily observed, they are gen- erally called fire lines. It is along the com- partment lines that telephones are strung, and it is they that, in large measure, bear the vehicular travel over the forest. The compartments correspond in bound- aries with the government land subdi- visions, and as each land subdivision is de- scribed, so is each compartment line bound- ing it. Thus we have as names for our forest streets, the names of subdivision lines, for example: north eight line section 36; east and west quarter line section 2; line between sections 11 and 12; etc. The name of the line indicates its precise posi- tion in the forest. The forest is, by the lines, divided and marked out on the ground (not along on a map) into units of area suitable for admin- istration purposes. If the Custodian wishes to plant a compartment with young trees, he knows that the area is bounded by com- partment lines, and that its location is un- mistakable ; also that he can get to it with a team, if, indeed, not with his Ford. If the State Forester wishes to undertake special surveys or studies or examinations on any particular piece of land, he knows that he can reach it quickly, and that the ease of his work will be immeasurably heightened through the use of the compart- ment lines. It is only the forester who has hunted for section corners and lines in or- der that he might locate his position, who can really appreciate this one value of the compartment line system in the efficient conduct of a forest business. The Forestry Section of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station is mak- ing a study this summer of the rate of growth of forest plantations and also nut tree plantations. The study includes costs of establishing, care and maintenance and also intermediate and final returns where possible. The results of the study will probably be published some time during the coming winter. The Michigan Legislature recently passed a law to encourage the planting of nut-bearing and other food-producing trees along State trunk highways and other roads built in this state. The law makes it the duty of the State Highway Commis- sion and the State Commission of Agri- culture to look after the setting out of such trees and of the State Agricultural College and the Public Domain Commission to distribute stock at nominal cost to local officials and private individuals who will set it out. Trees are to be planted at in- tervals of 20 to 40 feet along the roads. This law is in keeping with the policy of encouraging tree planting announced by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. NORTH CAROLINA '"PEN years ago the United States Forest Service, in co-operation with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, made a study of the Wood-using Industries of the State, the results of which were pub- lished by the Survey as Economic Paper No. 20, "Wood-using Industries of North Carolina." This report is now out of print and as there is a continuous demand for in- formation on this subject, the Survey has determined to revise thoroughly and bring up to date this report and publish the re- sults in connection with the forthcoming bulletin on the "Forest Conditions of Pied- mont North Carolina," in which portion of the State most of these industries are sit- uated. Inquiry cards have been printed and are being sent out to a revised list of firms ask- STATE NEWS 1367 "Pin Oak, t inch caliper, 23 feet high" Westchester County, AMAWALK NURSERY has thousands of MEMORIAL TREES Thousands of large sized evergreen and deciduous trees are growing in the Amawalk Nursery. We can supply hundreds of nursery- grown, matched specimens for memorial planting. Our facilities for shipping by truck or freight are unex- celled. Send for Catalogue Phone Yorktown 128 Visit the Nursery AMAWALK "Norway Maple, 6 inch caliper, 27 feet high" New York ing information as to the amount, kind, quality and value of wood used, and the amount and kind of products manufactured. A special effort is being made to compare the past with the probable future source of supply. Ten years ago North Carolina fur- nished ninety-six per cent of the wood used in her industries ; it will be interest- ing to see to what extent this has been changed by the undoubted rapid reduction in the amount and quality of timber avail- able. Besides the several large summer schools, covering six weeks study, in session at the higher State institutions of learning, there are being held this year for the first time some forty-five schools of four weeks dura- tion for teachers, under the joint control of the State and County authorities. The at- tendance and the work accomplished at these local schools have been most en- couraging. It is at these summer schools, held usually at the county seats, as well as at the Teachers' Institutes (two weeks term), that the State Forester is lecturing. With a lantern and a set of slides, he is visiting the majority of the summer schools in the Piedmont and eastern sections of the State. The general topics are "conserva- tion" and "forestry" as they apply especial- ly to North Carolina conditions. An out- line of the different forest types is given, the uses of the forest touched upon not only as to their products, but their value for recreation and for soil and water protec- tion ; while forestry practice for this State is illustrated and explained. Suggestions are made to the teachers as to how they may interest the children in the observation and study of trees by excursions, school col- lections, Arbor Day observance, etc. They are urged to recommend the planting of shade trees around schools and homes, the reservation and planting of roadside trees and the planting and dedication of Memo- rial Trees. OREGON A T a recent meeting in Portland, Oregon, of the trustees of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, plans were ratified for reorganizing the scope and per- sonnel of the association to cover far more broadly than ever before both the western protective work and the economic problems confronting the entire industry. Favorable action was taken on a co-op- erative plan proposed by the Oregon Forest Fire Association, under which Col. C. S. Chapman, manager of the latter, will take charge of all the fire and similar local work in the five states. The five-state association will furnish him assistance to develop technical fire fighting methods and law en- f oi cement, also increased facilities for ed- ucational work with industry and public on protective matters. Besides these increased activities in the Northwest, the Western Forestry and Con- servation Association will engage more constantly, both independently and in co- operation with the National Lumber Manu- facturers Association and other lumber and timber organizations, in working out larger industrial questions and in getting recog- nition of western needs from governmental agencies. By being relieved of western fire matters, E. T. Allen, who has spent much of the past three years in Washingt6n, will devote himself almost entirely to this work in the east. Much of his earliest attention will be given to relations between the lum- ber industry and the Treasury Department in working out the new revenue laws affect- ing income and profits taxation. PENNSYLVANIA "FORESTER Paul Mulford, in charge of the Stone Forest and Asaph nursery re- ports that he is raising seedlings in his nur- sery from seed collected from white ash frees which were set out in a plantation on the Stone Forest in 1907. The trees bore their first seed in 1914 and have been pro- lific seeders each year since then, except in 1918 when a late frost killed the immature seed. He also reports a heavy attack of white pine weevil, especially on southern exposures, and states that European larch under an advance growth is making only about one-fourth as great a height growth as in the open. Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1368 THE wt 1337-1339 F STREET.N.W. WflSHIN<3T0N,P.C. flWP ILLUSTRATORS 3 Color Pro^ss Work Superior Qoality Phone Main 8Z74 SALE OF TIMBER, KLAMATH INDIAN RESERVATION. CLIFF BOUNDARY UNIT. SEALED BIDS, MARKED OUTSIDE "BID, Cliff Boundary Timber Unit" and addressed to the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School, Klamath Agency, Oregon, will be re- ceived until 12 o'clock noon, Pacific time, Tues- day, September 23, 1919, for the purchase of tim- ber upon about 10,000 acres within Townships 33 and 34 South, Ranges 7 and 8 East of the Wil- liamette Meridian. The sale embraces approxi- mately 100,000,000 feet of yellow pine and sugar pine. Each bid must state for each species the amount per 1,000 feet Scribner decimal C log scale that will be paid for all timber cut prior to April 1, 1921. Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by three-year periods. No bid of less than three dollars and seventy -five cents ($3.75) per 1,000 feet for yellow and sugar pine and one dollar ($1.00) per 1,000 feet for other species of timber during the first period will be considered. Each bid must be submitted in duplicate and be accompanied by a certified check on a solvent national bank in favor of the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School in the amount of $10,000. The deposit will be returned if the bid is rejected but retained if the bid is accepted and the required contract and bond are not- executed and presented for approval within sixty days from such acceptance. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. For copies of the bid and contract forms and for other information application should be made to the Indian Super- intendent, Klamath Agency, Oregon. Washington, D. C, July 14, 1919. CATO SELLS, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. FORESTER wanted as Division Firewarden in New Jersey. Must have professional training and some experience. Salary $100 to $120. Eligi- ble for promotion to Assistant Forester. Civil Service examination can be taken after pro- visional appointment or by mail. Box 810, care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. AMERICAN FORESTRY FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester: college graduate, 37 years of age and married. Have had seven years' experience in the National Forests of Oregon, California, Washington and Alaska. Also some European training. At present employed on timber sur- veys as chief of party in the Forest Service. Desire to make a change and will be glad to consider position as Forester on private estate, or as city Forester. Will also consider position as Asst. Superintendent of State Park and Game Preserve in addition to that of Forester. Can furnish the best of references. Address Box 820, care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. ARBORICULTURIST is open to an engagement ; to take charge of, or as assistant in City For- estry work. Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field — from planting to expert tree surgery— including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. An Opening For One Hundred Foresters The position is that of Division Firewarden; the territory is approximately one-third of the State of New Jersey; the work is general administration of all forest fire matters together with attendance at large fires, in- vestigation of the causes of fires, supervision of the personnel of the local firewarden ser- vice, about one hundred men, and responsi- bility for the publicity and propaganda fire prevention work in the territory. The com- pensation is $1,200 to start, with every likeli- hood of increase shortly, the qualifications are that a man shall be a graduate o. some repu- table technical forestry school. The reason for requiring technical training is that ad- vancement may be either in the forest fire work or in the technical forestry activities of the Department and in addition the incumbent is called on during the slacker season for for- est fire work, to do technical and propaganda forestry work in his territory. Apply Box 830, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis- trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3) YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 675, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D C. QJI) Man to be discharged lroin tne Army Septeiuuer 30th desires position in forestry work, with lum- ber or railroad company or assisting in investi- gations of utilization of wood products. Would accept position in other work. Is married man, graduate of Michigan Agricultural College, 1913. Has had experience in orchard work, clearing land, improvement cuttings, planting and care of nursery, pine and hardwood transplants, orchards and larger trees, grading and construction of gravel roads, and other improvement work. Has executive ability and gets good results from men. Please address Box 860, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (9-11) Forester A. C. Silvius in charge of the Buffalo State Forest in Pennsylvania has established a recreation park within his forest. It has been named Crystal Spring Park, covers an area of about three acres, and is located on one of the main highways of the State. A forestry literature box has been in- stalled in which popular publications on forestry are placed. These publications are a source of recreation to the visitors during their stay at the park, and a means of disseminating information pertaining to forestry, for the publications are free of charge and may be taken home by the visi- tors. Approximately 2,000 bulletins and leaflets have been distributed during the past four months. Forester Silvius is using this practical means of convincing the guests who visit the park that he is trying to give them real service and the Buf- falo Forest is open to the public and being developed so that it will yield large quanti- ties of desirable wood and furnish the best form of recreation to all who are fortunate enough to visit it. District Forester Walter D. Ludwig, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, reports that a number of destructive forest fires occurred during the first week of July. At this sea- son of the year forest fires are usually rare, but on July 4 a fire started which destroyed more than $1,000 worth of pulpwood be- longing to the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company. Hereafter any person who desires to make a business of pruning shade trees in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, must pass an ex- amination given by District Forester Walter D. Ludwig. If the applicant satis- fies the requirements of the examiner, a license is issued to him upon the payment of a one dollar fee. VIRGINIA C EEDLINGS and transplants for refor- estation in Virginia will be available for the first time this fall planting season from the Virginia State Forest Nursery. Evergreens are being grown exclusively up-to-date. They include three species of pine and Norway Spruce. The pines are the well-known white pine (pinus strobus), which is native throughout the mountainous parts of the State and the higher parts of the Piedmont section ; the shortleaf pine (pinus echinata), which is the predominat- ing tree in the Piedmont section of the State, and is also found over much of the mountainous part; and the loblolly pine (pinus taeda), which is decidedly the pre- dominating tree in the Tidewater or Coast- al Plain section of the State, and occurs scatteringly, and grows rapidly in the Pied- mont section of the State. These three pines are expected to predominate in re- forestation in Virginia, each in its own section of the State, because of their rapid growth, dense stands, and early and large yields of much-needed material. The Norway spruce has been planted with much success in many of the Northern States, and is expected to thrive in Vir- ginia, at least in fairly cool and moist situations. It also grows rapidly and in dense stands, producing useful wood. The number of trees which are expected to be available for use this fall and next spring is as follows: white pine, trans- STATE NEWS 1369 plants, 17,000; shortleaf pine, transplants, 13,000, and seedlings, 1,400; loblolly pine, transplants, 8,000, and seedlings, 7,500; and Norway spruce, transplants, 1,000. Rules for the disposal of these plants will probably provide for distribution to public institutions free of charge, and to land-owners in Virginia at a cost low enough to encourage reforestation and based on the cost of raising them. Trees of the species and sizes desirable for forest planting are not grown by any commercial nursery in Virginia, and it is expected that the example of the State will result in such nurseries putting such material on the market after the market has been de- veloped by the State. The State Forest Nursery is located at Charlottesville, Virginia, a junction point of the Southern and Chesapeake and Ohio Rail- roads, on ground belonging to the Univer- sity of Virginia and placed at the disposal of the State Forester free of charge for this purpose. TEXAS JLf R. ALFRED MACDONALD, a grad- uate of the Harvard Forest School, has been appointed City Forester for the City of Dallas. City forestry is new in Texas, Dallas being the only municipality boast- ing of such work. Many other Texas cities have beautiful trees and splendid possibili- ties and it is to be expected that they will follow the lead set by Dallas when the benefits of such work are appreciated. A resolution was recently passed by the State Legislature advocating the planting of pecan trees along state and county high- ways. The pecan is the official State tree and although it is not suited to conditions in all parts of Texas, yet there are many Anyone ca use it Perhaps you have put off blasting your stumps with Atlas Farm Powder because you have thought ' the work required skill and ex- perience. Don't delay any longer. Read our book, "Better Farming with Atlas Farm Pow- der," which will tell you all you need to know about stump blasting. Thousands of farmers are using Atlas Farm Powder for all kinds of farm improvement work, and most of them had no more experience than R. C. English, Port Matilda, Pa., who writes: "I had never used explosives before ana had never seen a stump blasted. But it was no trouble at all after I looked at the pictures in your book." Write now for "Better Farming with Atlas Farm Powder" — 120 pages, 146 illustrations. The coupon at the right will bring it by the first mail. ATLAS POWDER CO.. Wilmington, Del. Dealers everywhere. Magazine stocks near you. VTLAS POWDER COMPANY Wilmington, Del. FD 1 Send me "Better Farming with Atlas Farm Pow- der." 1 am interested in explosives for the pur- ■ pose before which 1 mark "X.' . D Stump Blasting □ Tree Planting I O Boulder Blasting D Ditch Digging I D Subsoil Blasting □ Road Making I Name , I Address 1 Mas Farm Powdei The Safest Explosive The Original Farm Powder PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. / hereby accept membership in The American Forestry Association and enclose check for $ NOTE— American Forestry Magazine, a handsomely printed and illustrated monthly, is sent to all except $1.00 members, or without membership the subscription price is $3.00 a year. CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership ......... Contributing " .......... Sustaining . . . . . . . . . Life " Patron " Annual Membership, without Magazine . . . Canadian Postage 25c extra; Foreign Postage, 50c extra. ($2.00 of the fee is for AMERICAN FORESTRY.) Name _ $ 3.00 10.00 25.00 100.00 1000.00 1.00 Street This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. City PLANT MEMORIAL TREES Pirate mention American Forestry Magaiine when writing advertiieri 1370 AMERICAN FORESTRY EVERGREENS GUARANTEED This is the Time to Plant. And as things will happen we are ■»»»»■■ clearing a block of Pines that are growing on leased land. Every one Root-Pruned and in the pink of condition to trans- plant. Here is your chance, if you act quick, to get highest quality Evergreens, guar- anteed to fit your soil and climate, at a saving of 33-1/3 to 50%. HICKS NURSERIES Box F Westbury, L. I. N. Orchids We arc specialists in Orchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- cial list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, IT. J. ^Sa\ ■»■ a^hSlM^Kv mw" '^v^Uhf **jy i ij Have a "Fleur de Lis" Iris Garden Is there a little nook in your garden where you can rest and "chum" with the glorious flowers named after the Goddess of the Rainbow? Truly, every color of the rainbow may be found in the hardy Iris, or Fleur de Lis, a flower whose fascinating beauty must have been meant to bring peace and rest to human- ity. Learn to know Irises at their best by planting Child's Select Named Fleur de Lis Like glowing velvet and scintillating precious jewels, Ins, in their season, eclipse in beauty every other flower in the hardy border. To enable you to know Iris as we love them, we offer postpaid, 20 best named Garden Iris, all different, for $1.25 10 best named Japan Iris, all different, for $1.25 Both collections, with 3 Iris Pumila, for $2.25 In superfine mixture, 20 Garden or 1 0 Japan, $1.00 We grow acres of Irises, Peonies, Lilies and other hardy bulbs and plants for all planting. We also specialize in Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Crocus, Freesias, etc. Shrubs, Vines, Berries and winter flowering plants in great variety. Large Catalog Free. JOHN LEWIS CHILDS, Inc., Floral Park, L. I., N. Y. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS SEEDLINGS Write for price* on large quantities TRANSPLANTS THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE. CONN. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD HILL'S Seedlings and Transplants ALSO TREE SEEDS FOR REFORESTING ~D EST for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in im- mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter's Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HELL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresner Pennsylvania WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS buy the right kind--That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose-- Our little house organ "Etchings" is fall of valuable hints-Send for it. H. A. GATCHEL. Pre*. C A. ST1NS0N. Via-Pra. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO-ENGRA VERS one or more co. lors In Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA miles of highway which could be beauti- fied by planting these sturdy, graceful utility trees. WISCONSIN '"PO put its discoveries into practical use as soon as pos ible, the Forest prod- ucts Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, has adopted the plan of sending out at short in- tervals a sheaf of so-called "Technical Notes." These notes are not too technical, however, for the average wood worker. They are simply practical suggestions backed up by many tests, on such subjects as how to build boxes and crates, make waterproof glue joints, prevent decay in wood, tell commercial woods apart, or keep doors from shrinking and swelling. The notes are distributed in quantity to the wood-using associations, to technical schools and colleges, and upon request to all others who might benefit by them. A knowledge of the properties of wood is as essential for aircraft repair men as for aircraft builders. The new school for air- plane mechanics at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station will give Navy aircraft repair men a thorough training in the selection and treatment of airplane woods. Instructors in this school have been de- tailed for some time to the Forest Prod- ucts Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, to collect information for use in their courses. The laboratory is also furnishing the school material for a text book on wood identifi- cation, inspection, conditioning and testing. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 1371 CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS 'T'HE Canadian Forestry Association is just sending on the road, for the sec- ond season its "Forestry Car." This is a special car fitted with all sorts of fire fight- ing apparatus, a miniature nursery, samples and pictures of wood manufactures, mov- ing picture apparatus and lectures. This car is sent to regions which have large timberlands or industries and also stops for lectures in the larger cities. Audiences of 600 at one meeting are not uncommon. This kind of propaganda has proved most effective, especially in districts which have been foci of forest fires in the past. Mr. Black, the Secretary, is to be congratulated on his cleverness in devising novel propa- ganda methods in the efficient way in which he has carried them out. Sales of timberlands in Ontario, recentht made by the Government have realized the highest prices ever paid, in one case $22.00 per thousand feet, standing. The Government of New Brunswick has again advanced the dues on timber (jut on Crown Lands by one-third and has put into force new cutting regulations. This will mean an increase in revenue of $150,000 if the cut is the same as last year. Spruce, pine, tamarack and cedar will pay $3.50 per thousand instead of $2.50; hemlock, fir and poplar $3.00 instead of $2.00. Spruce and white pine shall be cut not less than 12 inches in diameter measured inside the bark not less than 12 inches from the ground. Jack pine, or "Princess Pine" as it is called locally, not less than 10 inches. Fir not less than 9 inches. A fine of $50.00 per tree in addition to the regular stumpage is im- posed. Trees must be utilized to a six inch top and a penalty of $7.50 per thou- sand will be imposed for all usable ma- terial left in the wood in contravention o the regulations. In case of fire or blow down the Government may compel the li- censee to cut and remove such timber be- fore it becomes unusable. If he does not remove such timber he must pay the stump- age in any case. Trees killed by fire or budworm shall only pay two-thirds the stumpage of sound trees. New Brunswick is advancing rapidly along forestry lines and should be heartily congratulated. The Brown Corporation has bought a hydroplane for mapping their timber lands and has decided to undertake planting operations on their holdings in the United States, planting four trees for every one they cut. They are undertaking this as a patriotic duty. We hope there will be more like them, and venture the statement that after fifteen or twenty years they will be very thankful that they were so patriotic and far sighted. In traveling through southern Quebec and northern Maine much damage to balsam and spruce by budworm was noticed. Plantations of Scotch Pine in Quebec are showing damage from white pine weevil, from a fungous disease and from a rust. Several trees are showing this years shoots falling off and it looks as if the damage is due to mice. Altogether this species does not seem to be a good one to plant. Norway spruce plantations are doing re- markably well, growth this year being in many cases from two to three feet. Planta- tions made in 1914, four year old stock, are now six feet and over on fair soils. Fires in the Prairie Provinces have been disastrous this summer and have been very difficult to control. Northern On- tario has also suffered quite a little. ! _ Arrangements are being made by Dr. Howe of the Commission of Conservation with a number of the large paper and lum- ber companies to have certain areas cut this next winter under regulations drawn up by him and under the supervision of his men. This will mean some additional slight cost of logging but will furnish very important information in regard to the ef- fect of different systems of cutting. Such co-operation is very valuable and should be encouraged and as widespread as possible. AIRPLANES FIND FOREST FIRES T> EPORTS to the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, from the national forests in California, where Army aviators are making daily flights in search of forest fires, indicate that the innovation has been decidedly successful and that air patrols of the forests will prove so valuable that they will eventually become a permanent part of the work to shield the great woodlands from conflagrations. Numerous fires have been discovered in their early stages by the aviators and have been reported immedi- ately to the forest rangers. It is believed that considerable loss has been prevented by such early discovery. Lack of suitable landing places in this rugged country has proved a handicap in some instances and has caused a belief in certain quarters that dirigible balloons will finally be found more suitable than airplanes for forest flying. & 9 i$ Illustrating the hardy, healthy stock grown at lUttle ®ttz .lfarmsf £ For Planting Now 6 Ornamental Evergreens $r* All 2 ft. High or More 7% DELIVERED TO YOUR DOOR FOR " {Remittance to accompany order) Collection includes i Juniper, t Silver Fir, i Blue Spruce, i Douglas Spruce, i Arborvitae, i Pine— all choice, lugh quality stock raised at Llltle Tree Knriui from best seed. Plant this half dozen evergreens now. Make it part of your vacation fun. Have the satisfaction of doing it your- self. These evergreens will become rooted and well established at once and next spring will start new growth promptly with the season. Thus you gain eight months in growth and joy. Beautiful now and all winter. This unusual offer is made because we have faith In our trees. They are our best salesmen. If we can get you acquainted with our stock you will become an enthusiastic tree planter. Why? Because our trees live. 75^ of our business is with regular customers— the best evidence that our trees and service please. We have made this intro- ductory offer small so as to lie available to all. & lUhietEreejFarmg (Near Boston) MIW.l!!i:s OF American Forestry Company # Dept. D 15 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. (BOX BARBERRY) ^*" The New Hardy Dwarf Ed(inEand low Hedfe — 9 Originators and Introducers THE ELM CITY NURSERY COMPANY W00DMIINT NURSERIES, Inc. Box 205, New Haven, Conn. Send for Box-Raiheiry folder and generalnur- sery Catalogue. Fall Planting Recommended OUR ADVERTISERS ARE RELIABLE (£> | Send, also, for " The book of Little Tre« Ftrat." | = This unique book will help you solve your tree and = | landscape problems. It was written to meet your | | needs. Beautifully illustrated. Discusses in a helpful, | = practical way "Landscape Planting." "Landscape 3 | Improvement," "General Tree Planting," "Trees I I ind Shrubs for Various Conditions and Purposes." = | Acquaints you with our attractive special offers. | = Forwarded free on request. & 1$ Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1372 AMERICAN FORESTRY The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. UNDERGRADUATE courses in Technical Forestry, Paper and Pulp Making, Logging and Lum- bering, City Forestry, and Forest Engineering, all leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special oppor- tunities offered for post-graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry, Master of City Forestry, and Doctor of Economics. A one-year course of practical training at the State Ranger School on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp of three months open to any man over 16, held each summer on Cranberry Lake. Men may attend this Camp for from two weeks to the entire summer. The State Forest Experiment Sta- tion of 90 acres at Syracuse and an excellent forest library offer unusual opportunities for research work. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY The Pennsylvania State College A PROFESSIONAL courae in Forestry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Thorough and practical training for Government, State, Municipal and private forestry. Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to specialize along particular lines are admitted to the "graduate forest schools" as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the successful com- pletion of one year's work. For further information address Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. FOREST SCHOOL NOTES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA f\F the three faculty members who were in in the army, Major David T. Mason was the first to return. After being with the school for two months, he was borrowed for the rest of this year by the Treasury Department and will be in Washington until January 1st as timber expert. Captain Donald Bruce returned to take up his work in Forest Engineering on June 1st after 21 months service in France. While with the A. E. F. he was engaged in securing from the French the timber which was later cut by the 10th and 20th Engineers. Captain Emanuel Fritz took up his duties as Assistant Professor of Forestry, in charge of the work in forest products on July 1st, after nearly two years in military service. Professor Walter Mulford, head of the Forestry School, has been given added ad- ministrative duties and responsibilities in the recent reorganization of the College of Agriculture. He is now Director of Resi- dent Instruction and chairman of the ad- ministrative committee, in which capacity he will have direct supervision of the en- tire student body of the College of Agri- culture. In spite of this added work he plans to give his usual forestry courses next spring. Dr. Charles H. Shattuck, who was with the school as professor of Forestry from August 1917, until January of this year, has gone into private work with his brother at Idaho Falls, Idaho. Professor Woodbridge Metcalf has just returned from a trip to the southern part of the state in connection with his study of eucalyptus plantations and the supervision of the Santa Monica Forestry station. He spent a few days with Supervisor Tillotson of the Cleveland National Forest on an in- spection trip in the San Jacinto Mountains. Charles E. Van Riper (20) has brought his bride with him from France and in- tends to complete his college course. A. E. Wieslander (15) was married in June to Miss Mabel Holmes of Berkeley. He has taken his bride to the Lassen Na- tional Forest where he is engaged as Forest Assistant. Myron E. Kruger (16) stopped in for a visit on his way from France to Linton, Oregon where he has accepted a position with a large lumber company. Alex. Muzzall (16) paid a visit on his way to Sumatra where he has gone to manage some of the Goodyear Rubber Company plantations. Lieutenant Ansel Hall (17) has just re- turned from some very interesting work under Colonel Greeley in France and is re- turning to his work with the National Park Service. He has been assigned to a district in the Yosemite National Park. C. O. Gerhardy (20), G. W. Byrne (22) - and J. E. Pemberton (22) are getting some logging experience with the Hammond Lumber Company, Eureka, California. R. C. Burton (14) is with a reconnais- sance party on the Lassen National Forest this summer but will return to his work at the Santa Cruz High School in the fall. He is giving the only High School forestry course in California. R. W. Beeson (20) is at Ephraim, Utah, at the Great Basin Experiment Station for the summer, working on grazing recon- naissance. COLORADO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE nURING March, 1919, some 25 or more soldiers who had suffered wounds or gassing or had developed incipient tubercu- losis were sent to the Colorado Agricul- tural College by the War Department to be given instruction along lines decided upon by Government advisors and the voca- tional soldier students in order that recu- peration could be effected at the same time that training useful for later life could be given. Undoubtedly giving them something to do actually accelerates their physical improvement. One young marine who had worked in citrus groves in Louisiana before the war is studying horticulture and, in the De- partment of Forestry, is studying, as a minor subject tree repair work with the view of repairing fruit trees, using the methods employed by "tree surgeons." Another Marine who was gassed at Chateau Thiery is fitting himself to be a forest ranger. Others are pursuing agricultural or mechanical subjects. Almost without exception these soldiers display much enthusiasm in their studies and make good progress in spite of de- ficient early schooling in some cases. Ac- customed as they are to discipline, they make ideal members of the student body. The amount of work assigned to each is determined by his physical condition, since his health improvement is given first con- sideration. IOWA STATE COLLEGE T^HE Forestry Class of the Iowa State College has just completed a months camp on the Arapaho National Forest in Colorado. The men have been engaged in various Forest service operations, such as timber marking, scaling, logging and him- FOREST SCHOOL NOTES 1373 bering which has enabled them to gain ex- perience along the practical lines of for- estry. The camp was established in the lodgepole — Englemann Spruce country, where there are extensive lumbering opera- tions which enabled the students to secure good experience along the utilization end of forestry. The class returned to Ames the first of September to continue the forestry work. INDIANA T IEUTENANT T. I. Taylor, who re- cently returned from one year's service with the aviation force overseas, is now practicing City Forestry at Evansville, In- diana. Mr. Taylor was graduated from the Forestry Department of Purdue Uni- versity with the class of nineteen seventeen, leaving the University early for training in the Aviation Service. While in France, Lieut. Taylor had an exceptional opportun- ity of visiting many of the French State Forests. Private Troy Fox, who returned from France in July after nearly two years' ser- vice with the Twentieth Engineers, has taken a position with the Forest Service in District 1. Private Fox reports some very interesting experiences in the forests of France, but much prefers the United States to the Landes. Prof. Burr N. Prentice, who is in charge of the Department of Forestry at Purdue University is in the Northwest this sum- mer in the employ of the Office of White Pine Blister Rust Control in the Bureau of Plant Industry. Co-operative work is be- ing carried on in the five needle pine States of the west, to prevent the extension of the blister rust scourge into western territory. The prospects are bright for a record registration in the Department of Forestry at Purdue University. Practically all up- per class students will return, and elemen- tary courses are going to be crowded. MICHIGAN rPHE Forestry Department of the Michi- gan Agricultural College is planning on collecting seed this fall from a white pine windbreak at the college. Two years ago 110 pounds of seed were obtained from this windbreak, which is half a mile long and consists of a double row of trees, spaced about 10 feet apart. The trees are 22 years old and have been bearing seed for some time. This was the first attempt that had been made, however, to collect the seed. The seed was collected by boys climbing the trees and cutting off the cones with a sharp blade on the end of a six-foot stick. The department has called the attention of farmers to the fact that at present prices there might be consider- able money in collecting seed from wind- breaks or even from individual trees of rfrtain species. During the spring term 106 freshmen took the course in farm forestry at the Michigan Agricultural College. This course is required of all students in the agricultural course. It covers the care and management of farm woodlands, planting, utilization of timber, basket willows, maple sugar making and other activities con- nected with the woodlot or better utiliza- tion of waste lands. Through the courtesy of the Barrett Company the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege has obtained the use of a portable post treating plant, consisting of a tank, firebox and accessories. This plant will be loaned to farmers without charge other than transportation. Many farmers who have only a few posts to treat do not feel justi- fied in getting special equipment, or do not understand the correct methods to use. The Forestry Department of the College plans to give demonstrations in various parts of the State. Mr. E. C. Mandenberg, the Forestry Ex- tension specialist of the college, has re- turned after a year's absence on war work. The Michigan Agricultural College was the first agricultural college to employ a man full time for such work. The college has had a forestry extension man for the last six years. During the past spring the college shipped 180,000 trees from the forest nursery for planting in the State. Since 1909 over 2,100,000 trees have been shipped from the nursery. This is enough to plant an area of 2,000 acres. During the war but very few trees were sold, but the nursery is now getting back to its normal output. The trees used are largely trans- plants about 10 inches high. IDAHO 'T'HE School of Forestry, University of Idaho, at the request of the state board of land commissioners, has made a recon- naissance study of the state lands at Big Payette Lake for the purpose of working out a plan for the development of the timber resources of the tract and the recreational facilities of the water front. As a basis for recommendations to the state land board, the University party is making a topo- graphic map of the tract and an estimate of the timber. The state lands adjacent to the lake com- prise some thirteen thousand acres, and the timber on about twenty-five hundred acres was sold last March. The contract under which the sale was made provides that the trees to be cut shall be marked or otherwise designated by the state agent in charge, that the timber left shall be pro- tected from damage in logging operations, that the stumps shall be of a certain height, and that the brush shall be piled and burned or otherwise disposed of to the satisfaction of the state agent. Frank G. Miller, Dean of the School of Forestry, has been desig- nated by the land board as state agent and r Yale School of Forestry Established in 1900 A Graduate Department of Yale University The two years technical course pre- pares for the general practice of for- estry and leads to the degree of Master of Forestry. Special opportunities in all branches of forestry for Advanced and Research Work. For students planning to engage in forestry or lumbering in the Tropics, particularly tropical Amer- ica, a course is offered in Tropical Forestry. Lumbermen and others desiring in- struction in special subjects may be enrolled as Special Students. A field course of eight weeks in the summer is available for those not prepared for, or who do not wish to take the technical courses. For further information and cata- logue, address: The Director of the School of Forestry, New Haven, Con- necticut, U. S. A. Forest Engineering Summer School University of Georgia ATHENS, GEORGIA Eight-weeks Summer Camp on large lumbering and milling oper- ation in North Georgia. Field training in Surveying, Timber Estimating, Logging Engineer- ing, Lumber Grading, Milling. Special vocational courses for rehabilitated soldiers. Exceptional opportunity to pre- pare for healthful, pleasant, lucra- tive employment in the open. (Special announcement sent upon request.) SARGENT'S HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN PRIVATE SCHOOLS A Guide Book for Parents A Standard Annual of Reference. Describes critically and discriminate] y the Private Schools of all classifications. Comparative Tables give the relative cost, size, age, special features, etc. Introductory Chapters review interesting de- velopments of the year in education — Modern Schools, War Changes in the Schools, Educa- tional Reconstruction, What the Schools Are Doing, Recent Educational Literature, etc. Our Educational Service Bureau will be glad to advise and write you intimately about any school or class of schools. Fifth edition, 1919. revised and enlarged, 786 pages. $3.00. Circvlars and sample pages. PORTER E. SARGENT, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1374 AMERICAN FORESTRY School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho r UNIVERSITY OF MAINE ORONO, MAINE Maintained by State and Nation THE FORESTRY DEPART- MENT offers a four years' undergraduate curriculum, lead- ing to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. ****** Opportunities for full techni- cal training, and for specializing in problems of the Northeastern States and Canada. ****** John M. Briscoe, Professor of Forestry ****** For catalog and further infor- mation, address ROBERT J. ALEY, Pres't, Orono, Maine placed in charge of the logging operations for the state. . The plan of cutting adopted is intended to preserve to the utmost the scenic value of the lake slopes. For the most part, the timber immediately along the lake shores will be left intact, a salvage cutting only being made here. The terms of this contract constitute an important innovation in the management of timber sales on state lands in Idaho, and are attracting wide attention. Dr. Henry Schmitz, of Washington Uni- versity, at St. Louis, has just been called to the faculty of the School of Forestry. He graduated with honors from the School of Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle, in 1915. In September, 1916 he was appointed a fellow in the Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, St. Louis, from which he graduated in June, 1919 with the degree of Doctor of Phil- osophy, writing his thesis on the "Relation of Bacteria to the Decay of Wood." From July, 1917 to January, 1919, Mr. Schmitz was in the U S. Naval Reserve Force where he served with distinction. He has had practical experience in the forests of the Northwest with both the U. S. Forest Service and private concerns. Dr. Schmitz comes to the School of Forestry with the best endorsements from those who know his work. Dr. G. T. Moore, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, says of him, "As an investigator he has shown himself capable of conducting high grade work in- dependently, and there is no reason why he should not make a distinct mark for him- self because of his ability in research." I. W. Cook, associate professor of forestry was with the Rose Lake Lumber company during the summer, engaged on stumping appraisal work. NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY ii'T'AKE the Returning Soldiers Back," is the policy of the New York College of Forestry at Syracuse, at the head of which is Dean Hugh P. Baker, who won a commis- sion as captain of infantry. Five return- ing soldiers have been given positions in the faculty of the college. All are men who were formerly with the college, and the ap- pointments are as follows : Russell T. Gheen, formerly with the extension depart- ment, later with the Southern Pine Associa- tion, captain in field artillery, returning to the extension department for special work in New York state, particularly for lecture work. Reuben T. Pritchard, assistant professor of silviculture, first lieutenant with Battery F, 345th Field Artillery, of Texas ; George H. Cless, Jr., formerly of the extension de- partment, later with the National Lumber Manufacturers association in charge of ex- hibits, first lieutenant with trench mortar battery in Italy, and in charge of a military commission to investigate food supplies in Hungary and Serbia after the armistice ; Oliver M. Porter, Captain Quartermaster Corps, with troops in Europe, former fac- ulty member; Allan F. Arnold, formerly with the extension department, who re- turns as sergeant, but with a special cita- tion for bravery in action. New Professor of Forest Extension Warren B. Bullock, former Milwaukee newspaper correspondent and magazine writer, has been madt professor of forest extension at the New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, New York, marking what appears to be a new campaign of ad- vocacy of forest development. Mr. Bullock has been in newspaper work in Milwaukee nearly 20 years, as reporter, editor and head of the news bureau bearing his name. He became interested in forestry while pub- licity manager of the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association. The selection of Mr. Bullock for the eastern work evidently is a part of Dean Baker's plan to go to the people of the State with his advocacy of modern forestry methods. PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY '"PHE Freshmen Forestry Camp of the Pennsylvania State College, was held on a 1400 acre tract of young timber near Lamar, Pennsylvania, which is about 30 miles from the College. This is the per- manent camp site for Freshmen. The Sophomore Camp was with the Cen- tral Pennsylvania Lumber Company at Laquin, Pennsylvania. The lumber mills at Laquin and Masten were studied and the logging operations at Hillsboro. Side trips ' were taken to study the many wood-using industries in the region. Professor George R. Green, who has been in charge of the section of wood technology at the Naval Aircraft Factory, Philadelphia, returned to State College during July to give the work in Forestry and Tree Identification in the Summer Session of the College for teachers. Lieutenant W. G. Edwards, Assistant Professor of Forestry, has returned from France where he was with the 10th Forestry Regiment and later with the 20th Regiment. He will have charge of the courses in lumbering. The Forestry Department has recently been placed in charge of the 200 acres of woodlands on the college farms which cover 1500 acres of land. An arboretum will be started in the fall which will include all the woody vegeta- tion indigenous to the state of Pennsyl- vania. FOREST SCHOOL NOTES 1375 PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST ACADEMY f~\N August 13 three seniors completed their 144 weeks' course at Mont Alto. Four other seniors will return in September and work until January 1 to cover work missed while in the Army or Navy. In all seven men will complete work for their B. F. in 1919. Four other service men will return to school this fall, entering the second and third year classes. All service men will then have returned to school, except two who have received permanent Lieutenances in the regular army. On September 2, with the beginning of the new school year, 33 men were enrolled at the school. The faculty consists of : Prof. E. A. Ziegler, A. M., Forestry and Survey- ing; Prof. VV. M. Drake, M. S. F., Forestry; Prof. George S. Perry, B. F., Forestry; Prof. C. J. Harris, M. S., Biology; Prof. Eugene P. Deatrick, Ph. D., Chemistry and Soils. The Legislature adjourning in June granted an increased appropriation for 1919-20. The chestnut blight is at the height of its attack and the school forest is losing in ex- cess of 100,000 cords of its growing stock on its 23,000 acres. Forester Staley will sal- vage probably 20 per cent of this through sale of tie stumpage, sale of poles, extract wood and some lumber taken out by forest employes. The students have here an ex- cellent study of the utilization of second growth hardwoods which will be the prin- cipal product of the young state forests for a considerable period. The gross income for 1919 will be about $12,000. Prof. J. S. Illick has severed his con- nection with the Forest Academy and is now Chief of Division of Silviculture of the Department of Forestry with his office at Harrisburg. With deep regret the school announces the loss of Andrew L. AuWerter, Class of 1919, the only undergraduate to fall in ac- tion in France. He had enlisted in the Marines and fell in the fighting in the Argonne shortly before the armistice. FOREST FIRES DETECTED BY AIR SERVICE rT,IIE importance of the army Air Serv- ice at this time when disastrous forest fires are raging in Montana, Idaho, Wash- ington and Oregon, not now under aerial fire protection, is indicated in California where the Air Service has been the means of detecting many fires which have been quickly extinguished. During the week ended July 19 flying of- ficers of the March, Alessandro and Rock- well fields made a total of 65 flights cover- ing 7,707 miles in a little more than 100 hours and discovered ten fires. For the four weeks ended July 19, 259 flights were made and 27 fires discovered. The balloon division is doing superior work from its Ross field, Arcadia station, and so intense is the interest in the work that the commanding officers are par- ticipating personally in observations. WIRELESS PHONE IN FOREST WORK '"PHE Forest Service wireless telephone has been successfully tried out in Portland. As a result instruments will be installed on Mount Hood for use in case of forest fires. One station will be at the summit of the 11,000-foot snow clad peak and the other at the Zigzag ranger station. The test which was made recently by C. M. Allen, telephone engineer of the Forest Service at a distance of eight miles was eminently successful. BOUQUETS "Permit me to add my measure of praise concerning the improvements in American Forestry. Not only is it a pleasure to look at but the contents are interesting to every- one who loves the out-of-doors." F. F. Moon, Santa Barbara, California. "My advertisement in your July issue has been entirely satisfactory, and from the various answers received I have made a satisfactory selection." Frederick Osboni, New York City. "The magazine is, in my opinion, both a typographical and artistic gem, in the special field of its usefulness." — Mrs. Rufus Choate. ^ You have such splendid articles and illu- strations in American Forestry — it always seems a clear echo of a delightful tramp." — Julia A. Thorns. "I have taken American Forestry for sev- eral years, and have found it more and more useful and instructive." — Homer I. Ostrom. "I appreciate the information American Forestry brings me each month." — W. A. Wells. "I am greatly interested in your work and regard your publication as both val- uable and fascinating."— Charles Nagel. "I certainly enjoy the articles in Ameri- can Forestry by Dr. Shufeldt and also the ornithological articles by Dr. Allen." — Wm. E. Menzel. "It is very gratifying to find that Ameri- can Forestry is attracting so much atten- tion. I certainly think that the special June number was a great credit, and the July issue was also extremely interesting." —Chester W. Lyman, New York City. "I read, with great interest, the maga- zine of the Association and certainly think it is a 'dandy.' I look forward to its ar- rival each month and would not miss it for anything." Allison M. Richards. HARVARD UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION /^kFFERS specialized graduate training leading to the de- gree of Master of Forestry in the following fields : — Silviculture and Management, Wood Tech- nology, Forest Entomology Dendrology, and (in co-opera- tion with the Graduate School of Business Administration) the Lumber Business. For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts Forestry at University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan A FOUR - YEAR, undergraduate course that prepares for the practice of Forestry in all its branches and leads to the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY Opportunity is offered for grad- uate work leading to the degree of Master of Science in Forestry. The course is designed to give a broad, well-balanced training in the fundamental sciences as well as in technical Forestry, and has, conse- quently, proven useful to men en- gaged in a variety of occupations. This school of Forestry was estab- lished in 1003 and has a large body of alumni engaged in Forestry work. For announcement giving Complete information and list of alumni, address FILIBERT ROTH Pirate mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1376 AMERICAN FORESTRY GRASS By John J. Ingalls Late Senator of Kansas Southern Pine Association "/->lll!!lllllllllll!Hllllllllllllllll!llttlllllllllllllHII»ll illlUinillllllllllllllllllllilllll Illllllllllll!l«!l![l!llllllllllllllll!lllllllllllll!llllin IHIIIIUIIIIII IIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIiWIIIII HIIHJI!IWIIll[tIfU»)^HflHIH(m»^IRilH1lllllllliil Illllllllllllllllllli [Hllllllllllllllllllllll illll Illllllll October, 1919 Vol. 25 No. 310 CONTENTS "Roads of Remembrance" — Frontispiece 1378 The Forest Policy of France— Its Vindication— By W. B. Greeley 1379 With eight illustrations. When Trees Grow— By J. S. Illick 1386 With nine illustrations. Central Park Trees Starving to Death— By Charles Lathrop Pack 1391 With thirty illustrations. A Policy of Forestry for the Nation— By Henry S. Graves 1401 A Program for Private Forestry — By H. H. Chapman 1405 Let All Sides Be Heard— By R. D. Forbes 1406 What They Say as to a Forest Policy 1408 Forest Fires and "Roads of Remembrance" 1409 "Built-Up Wood"— By O. M. Butler 1410 With seven illustrations. "Napoleon Willow" Dying 1414 With one illustration. Trees and the Highways — By Philip P. Sharpies 1415 With three illustrations. The Community and Roads of Remembrance 1416 With three illustrations. The Loons and Grebes— By A. A. Allen 1419 With twelve illustrations. Timber Resources of the Northwest 1424 Forest School Notes 1425 Forest Service Offers Photographic Exhibits 1426 Canadian Department — By Ellwood Wilson 1428 Arborists Meet 1430 State News 1432 National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees 1433 Forest Fire Peril Ends 1439 NOTICE TO OUR READERS As this magazine goes to press announcement is made of a severe fire in the offices of the American Forestry Associa- tion in which many of the valuable records, papers and all back issues of the magazine, etc., have been totally destroyed. It will be necessary to ask that any letters of inquiry or other correspondence addressed to the Association within the last ten days be repeated. Delays in the conduct of the current business of the Association and the issuance of the magazine, AMERICAN FORESTRY, must necessarily follow, and indulgence and leniency is asked of our members. P. S. RIDSDALE. Entered as second-class matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Washington, under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by the American Forestry Association. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918. LLAO ROCK The famous sentinel In Crater Lake, National Park. TO THE BANKERS OF AMERICA Roads of Remembrance }> FT is the suggestion of the American Forestry Association, made the day following the signing of the armistice, that trees be planted in honor of America's soldiers and sailors, both as memorials to the dead and as tributes of appreciation to the living for their offer of service. The Memorial Tree planting idea strikes a patriotic chord which should receive the support of the Bankers of America. For it is but the beginning of a great for- ward-sweeping desire and determination on the part of the people of America to see their cities and parks and local, as well as transcontinental, highways beauti- fied with handsome trees and their forest resources enriched through a deepening and broadening of conservation methods and reforestation. In connection with the movement, there is a plan proposed which would provide for a county unit system placing memorial tablets to the men who gave their lives for their country, the tablets to be placed on the county courthouse or on memorial highways extending from county to county, preferably at the points where these roads enter adjoining counties. Cities large and small throughout the nation are showing their approval of "Tribute Trees." In our parks and along our highways they will serve as a living tribute to American heroism. They will mark our ' 'Roads of Remembrance. ' ' I i THIS TITLE PAGE FROM THE BURROUGHS CLEARING HOUSE. A PUBLICATION FOR BANKERS, IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE FINE CO-OPERATION THAT IS BEING GIVEN THE CAMPAIGN OF THE AMER- ICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOR MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING AND ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE. HERE IS A PUBLICATION DEVOTED TO BEST BUSINESS METHODS YET ITS EDITOR IS QUICK TO SEE THE OPPORTUNITY IN MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING FOR BETTER ROADS WHICH MEAN BETTER BUSINESS AND A BETTER COUNTRY. JH nn ^;in:n!n:-- :::■!!■■ ■ .:i'i!;!:'-: ■ - r :.;:; !:::^ ■ ..!ii!!i!i:i:;;,: :..:!i:iiii!!!!iii:- -.; in:-;: ■■. .::::i:!:!i!i!i!:,:: ■ I'liinii:!!!;; : ■■ ^ii'^iMiiiiiii^MiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM;: ;■ ■r'.iiiiriiiiiiiniiiiMiMii;!:^- ; Mi.:, ; ^; ii!;::1:.-. ■ .■:; li-:1" ;; ;m ■; .,: i: j^ I AMERICAN FORESTRY VOL. XXV OCTOBER, 1919 NO. 310 ^iiiiiinniiiiiuiiiiiiiini THE FOREST POLICY OF FRANCE-ITS VINDICATION BY W. B. GREELEY. LIEUT.-COL. ENGINEERS C?T~1RANCE will perish for want of wood," exclaimed JP Colbert in 1669. The fears of this far-sighted Minister of old France, which led to a revision of forestry laws that has profoundly influenced all subse- quent legislation, might indeed have been realized in this great war. Wood was one of the most vital military necessities ; and France had to supply from her own for- ests not alone the needs of her own vast armies for four and a half years but also the larger part by far of the element of national strength in the greatest crisis of her history. The development of this policy has not been smooth and uninterrupted. It has suffered setbacks. It has re- flected the social and political upheavals of the last two centuries. It has been influenced by changes in eco- nomic conditions and emphasis. Certain chapters in its history bear a striking resemblance to the disposal of public timberlands in the United States. As a whole, it A TRAINI.OAI) OF LARGE HARDWOOD LOGS MM ONE OF THE ROTHSCHILD E; iTES BY THE 20th ENGINEERS timber used try the British, Belgian, and American forces. The American operations alone required 450,000,000 feet of timber and 650,000 cords of fuelwood, and less than one per cent of this enormous quantity was brought from the United States. For the abundant supplies of timber directly available to the battle lines, the Allied world must thank the patience and foresight with which the French nation has built up its forest resources. Apart from its value to her peace-time life and industries, the forest policy of Prance has been vindicated as a capital is a fruitful field of study for the American forester and economist. Particularly at the present time, when the war has brought- home to us 'the weakness and danger of our own indifference toward the forest resources of the United States, is it opportune to take note how similar problems have been worked out in France. I hope, in subsequent articles, to describe a few of the more impor- tant features of French forest policy, the "regime for- estier" — its backbone, private forestry in France, and the fight against sand dunes and mountain torrents. I shall 1379 1380 AMERICAN FORESTRY try now to give a picture of French forestry in the broad, — its historical setting, the national conceptions which it expresses, and what it has accomplished.* The forestry ordinances of the "ancien regime" con- tained a mass of detailed restrictions, designed not only to prevent a diminution in the forested areas but also to control the methods of cutting and using timber. Hard- wood sprout forests could not be cut before the age ol ten years ; and then a certain number had to be reserved to produce large timber. The age when large trees might be cut and methods of securing regrowth were carefully defined. The needs of the royal navy were pro- tected by requiring special sanction from the king before large timber could be cut within 10 leagues of the sea or 2 leagues of a navigable river — a regulation which calls to mind that the first forestry legislation of the United States was the reservation of oak and cypress lands for the supply of the American navy. This forestry code was in keeping with the whole rural legislation of the times. The freedom of land owners was restricted at almost every turn by royal decrees. Vineyards could not be planted in certain cantons. The fallowing of land at stated periods was obligatory in nearly all forms of culture. It is significant that the public interest was but a secondary and incidental object of these onerous restrictions. The king regarded him- self as the guardian of his people ; and sought to *Much of the material for these articles has been taken from Guyot's Cours de Droit Forestier. protect his subjects against injuries to their own interests. The great outburst of democracy and individualism in the French Revolution unceremoniously threw this maze of restrictive legislation out of doors. The free citizen of the new era was released from all guardianships. A law of 1791 declared that the forests of private owners ceased to be under control of the State. Their owners were free to cut or destroy as they saw fit. During the succeeding half century a large number of private forests were wiped out. Even after public control of the denuda- tion of private woodlands was restored, its application was extremely lenient for many years. Authorizations to destroy 489,000 hectares (1,222,500 acres) were granted subsequent to 1828, no records prior to that date bein.^ available. The demand for cereals, particularly in northern France, had much to do with the large aggre- gate decrease in the forested area of the country, for many of the French forests in the plains occupied land similar in character to that under cultivation. In south- ern France and in her mountains, the predominance of pastoral industries led to a gradual diminution in the area of woodland from excessive grazing. Modern French writers are agreed that this suddenly gained liberty of the Revolution was abused ; that the transition from the restrictive guardianship of the sov- ereign to the new regime of "laissez faire" was too rapid and the land owners too inadequately prepared to use their freedom. But the movement as a whole was an inevitable and necessary part of the change from the old ' AN AMERICAN SAWMILL AMONG SAND DUNES WHICH WERE BARREN WASTES 75 YEARS AGO THE FOREST POLICY OF FRANCE— ITS VINDICATION 1381 ANOTHER OF THE SAWMILLS OF THE 20th ENGINEERS IN THE VOSGES MOUNTAINS political and economic order to the new. It extended indeed to the state forests, sequestered properties of the crown and nobility. Particularly during the period from 1814 to the end of the second Empire, a large number of state forests were alienated under the theory that it was wise to convert this public property into cash and that the land would best contribute to the economic welfare of the country under private ownership and use. These alienations carried no restrictions as to cutting or denu- dation and in the case of most of them reforestation was left to chance. The most interesting feature of this history is not the extent of the reaction but the rapidity and effectiveness with which French common sense and French conserva- tive instinct toward natural resources reasserted them- selves under the very freedom of democratic institutions. As early as 1803, a law restored public control of the extent to which privately owned forests might be de- stroyed. And in 1827 was adopted the "code forestier" which, with minor modifications, has remained to the present day as the corner stone of French forest policy. The forestry code aimed primarily to establish the basis for administering and perpetuating the forests in all forms of public ownership. But the conceptions under- lying it are of special interest as illustrating the attitude of the French toward their forest resources as a whole — private as well as public ; an attitude which finds expres- sion in practically all the subsequent legislation. The French conceive of their forests as standing apart from other forms of real property because of (1) their peculiar nature from the standpoint of principal and interest and (2) their public utility. The trees compos- ing a forest at any given time represent its capital, or growing stock, together with certain quantities of wood which have been produced by that capital and comprise its expendable revenue, which will be realized from time to time by cutting. Revenue and capital are thus inter- mingled ; both are readily convertible into money ; and the danger of reducing the forest capital of the country by unwise or ill-timed lumbering is always present. Furthermore, a forest once ruined by abuse restores itself slowly. While a few years can efface the effects of poor farming, a century may be required to restore a forest capital reduced or destroyed by imprudent cutting. On the other hand, their public utility demands that the forests of the country be extended rather than reduced. Forests figure largely in the public policies of France because the French know that, aside from their direct econofnic value, forests hold the soil on mountain slopes, prevent erosion, stop the devastation of shifting sand, preserve the sources of their rivers and their marvelous inland waterways, and maintain the atmospheric humid- ity necessary for the cultivation of the valleys. Hence the necessity of special and restrictive legislation, going far beyond the terms of the common law, even beyond the provisions of the penal code, to preserve the integ- rity of French forests, public and private alike. This conception is well expressed in Guyot's discus- sion of the laws against the destruction of privately owned forests.* "This legislation constitutes a remark- able anomaly in our civil law concerning the legal obliga- tions imposed on private property. In principle, the private owner is free to use and enjoy his property, free ♦Cours de Droit Forestier, Livre V., Par. 1659 1382 AMERICAN FORESTRY also to dispose of it and to change it as he pleases. The prohibition of denudation applies to but one class of landed property, the forest. An agricultural proprietor can transform his property, make a meadow of a culti- vated field, a pasture of a vineyard ; but such changes are forbidden to the forest owner. He must preserve his property in a forested condition even when he might profit by a change. This lucrative operation is forbid- den him in the public interest. He might, indeed, be indemnified for the heavy burden which is imposed upon him. But he can seek no compensation, no remittance of taxes, no special favor. "How shall we justify an intervention of the state so exceptional, a limitation so extraordinary upon the rights of every private owner? It can be explained only by the special nature of forested property. It is this char- acter peculiar to itself which has prompted the enforce- ment of a forestry regime upon public owners like the of administering Forests owned by the state, the com- munes, and by public institutions, based upon continuous production and the cutting of no more than the current growth. It contains its own, distinctive, and complete penal system for the protection of these properties. Its penal code is almost taken bodily from that existing under the "ancien regime" and differs profoundly from the modern penal laws of France. Its basis is the fine, imposed in accordance with fixed and arbitrary sched- ules, which are obligatory upon the courts and leave the judge no discretion to consider mitigating circum- stances. These penalties are set forth in minute detail, even to the imposition of heavier fines, in cases where trees are cut at night or with a saw because such tres- passes are more difficult to detect. The- forest officers themselves exercise many judicial functions in the pun- ishment of trespasses. They may even enter that strong- hold of French individual liberty, the home, without MULE TEAM BRINGING MARITIME PINE LOGS TO A MILL IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE communes. The forest once destroyed is so slow to reestablish itself that future generations must be guar- anteed against abuses by the present generation. If the country needs wheat, nothing is easier than to increase the culture of cereals from one year to another; but if the need be for wood, the creation of new forests will require long years during which the public interests will suffer gravely." The most striking examples of this solicitude for the preservation of their forests are found in the French code for the administration of publicly owned forests and the laws restricting the denudation of woodlands in private ownership. In each appear significant excep- tions to the general principles which the individualistic and liberty-loving French have incorporated in their legislation since the revolutionary period. The "code forestier" not only defines in precise terms the methods warrant, in search of evidence that offenses have been committed. The laws concerning private forests impose no pre- scribed methods of cutting other than the obligation resting upon every owner not to destroy his forest with- out prior warrant from the state. Such warrants may be issued by the Minister of Agriculture upon a favorable report from the Conservateur of Waters and Forests, but may be refused on the ground that the proposed denudation would be injurious to the protection of moun- tain soils from erosion, to the protection of inland areas from shifting sand, to the sources of streams, or to the public health. It is to be noted that the right to destroy a forest can not be withheld on the grounds of the needs of the country for timber, although many attempts have been made to incorporate such a provision in the law. The teeth of the legislation concerning the denudation of THE FOREST POLICY OF FRANCE— ITS VINDICATION 1383 private forests are found in the severe fines which are im- pose! if the destruction of a forest actually takes place, without warrant, and in the discretion of the Minister to order the reforestation of the land by planting. If this is not done by the owner within three years, it may be done by the state at the owner's cost. It makes no difference whether the denudation was intentional or not. The penalties are applicable if a forest actually disap- pears as the result of severe cutting or grazing. These restrictive measures constitute but one phase of the forest policy of France. Its constructive features are equally striking. Foremost among them in com- manding the admiration of the forest engineers in the American Army stands the conquest of the sand dunes on pine under a cover of brush or herbaceous plants. Their success led to the adoption in 1810 of a systematic plan for controlling the dunes by the French government. State forests were established in part of the territory ; but much of the planting was done on communal and private lands, under the principle of the state's paying the costs and then retaining the use of the land for a sufficient period to recoup itself from the forests established. The stabilization of the dune belt was actually accom- plished in about sixty years, but the impetus given to the planting of maritime pine by private owners and com- munes has extended the forests of this valuable tree over almost the entire area of sand plains in southwestern France. The departments of the Landes and Gironde Underwood and Underwood — British Official Photograph GERMAN TRENCHES SMASHED UP BY BRITISH GUN FIRE IN THE BATTLE OF FLANDERS. THIS GIVES AN IDEA OF THE AMOUNT OF TIMBER USED IN FIELD FORTIFICATIONS the southwestern coast and the conversion of the old bed of the Atlantic Ocean, formerly a thinly populated stretch of sand and marsh, into one of the most produc- tive regions of France. Adjoining the South Atlantic Coast, is a belt of sand dunes covering some 350,000 acres. During the 18th century, the inland movement of these dunes, which traveled from 30 to 80 feet a year, buried entire villages and farms and threatened to de- stroy the economic life of the entire littoral. Experi- ments were begun by French engineers as early as 1784 in stabilizing the dunes by sowing the seed of maritime contain today 1,500,000 acres of private forests, by far the greater part of which were established by planting. The forests of this region, created almost wholly by hu- man foresight and patience, contained nearly a fourth of the timber of France at the outbreak of the war and were one of the most important sources of supply for the French, British and American Armies. The 20th Engi- neers cut ties and sawlogs from state forests in the dunes themselves which, sixty years previously, were not only wholly unproductive but a menace to the country. And aside from the production of timber, the afforestation of 1384 AMERICAN FORESTRY the Landes has created the naval stores industry of southern France, drained its malarial marshes, enor- mously increased its population,, and built up the produc- tivity of its agricultural lands through the extensive cropping of forest undergrowth and litter for the ferti- lization of farms. A similar struggle, not yet ended, has been waged with BRUSH FROM FRENCH FORESTS USED IN REVETTING TRENCHES the mountain torrents which have seriously eroded por- tions of the French Alps, with resulting floods and the destruction of agricultural lands in the valleys below. One of the worst effects of the sudden removal of restric- tions upon the use of private lands, brought about by the Revolution, was the destruction of many forests in the high mountains and the excessive grazing of moun- tain pastures. Effective legislation to combat these perils was long held back by the difficulty of harmonizing the vigorous public action needed with French conceptions of individual liberty and initiative and by the conflict of* interests between the pastoral folk of the mountains and the farmers of the plains. The terrible floods of 1859 prompted the enactment of a law for the reforestation of the mountains (July 28, 1860). It provided for the establishment of restoration areas within which refor- estation and other measures would be undertaken by the state and by communes and private agencies with state aid. All forests within restoration areas, of whatever ownership, were placed under the administration of the Waters and Forests Service in conformity with the con- servative requirements of the "regime forestier." Addi- tional laws passed in 1864 and 1882 provided for the restoration of grass cover on denuded mountain lands under certain conditions and for various preventive measures in the mountain zone generally, particularly the regulation of grazing. Some phases of this attempt to check torrential erosion in the mountains have not been successful, and the prob- lem is a very live one in France today. The most effec- tive steps yet taken have been the reforestation of lands owned by the state or communes and the purchase of mountain forests by the central government. This is directly analogous to federal purchases of forests on the headwaters of navigable streams in the United States under the Weeks Law. While the French government has ample authority to add to its state forests, by pur- chase, in any part of the country, such acquisitions have, up to the present, been limited to mountain regions in connection with restoration projects. Many French for- esters and economists advocate the extension of the pub- lic holdings in other sections, particularly in the oak for- ests of the plains where the timber of large size and high quality needed by industries like shipbuilding may not be grown by private owners. Coupled with the laws restricting the freedom of the private owner in France to destroy his forest, is a series of constructive measures designed to promote the pro- duction of timber on private lands. Tax exemptions, in varying degrees, are extended to forest plantations during their first thirty years. The exemption is com- plete in the case of seeded or planted land on the slopes f •" BINDING FAGOTS OF BRUSH FOR USE AT THE FRONT or summits of mountains, on sand dunes, and on land previously barren. If the planted land was under culti- vation during the preceding decade, three fourths of the taxes are remitted. If the land has been fallow for ten years or more, it remains taxable but the assessed value of the bare land can not be increased for thirty years. Other laws encourage the formation of local associa- tions of forest owners for the joint administration of their properties. (The "syndicate" so common all over France for collective action in various enterprises). Such associations may extend from cooperative protec- tion against fire or trespass to the complete management of timbered areas. And by a statute enacted in 1913 the services of the state foresters are offered to private owners or associations, at cost, in the protection or ad- ministration of their properties. Such measures, aiming to reduce the cost of technical management of timber- lands, are especially adapted to the conditions in France, where timber values are high and forestry practice is general and well understood. Private timberlands, in fact, comprise over two-thirds of the forest resources of France. 18.7 per cent of her THE FOREST POLICY OF FRANCE— ITS VINDICATION 1385 area is forested, or about 23,455,000 acres. The three million acres of state forests represent but 12 per cent of this total while another 20 per cent, owned by com- munes and other public agencies, is also under state administration. The rest is in private hands. The be- lief is common that the area of forests has been reduced below the minimum essential to sustained national pros- perity and there is a strong demand in many quarters for extending the state forests, particularly in the mountain regions in connection with the checking of erosion and protection of water sources. But the results obtained by painstaking care in handling the limited resources of France are truly remarkable. Imagine a third of the population of the United States crowded into an area less than that of Texas and still supplying 70 per cent of their at the outbreak of the war amounted to 100 board feet of lumber and half a cord of fuelwood from every acre of forest land in France. This does not, however, tell the whole story of what France has accomplished in forest conservation. Due to the conservative temper of their race, forest owners, public and private alike, have not cut as much as they might; they have not used the full current revenue from their timber capital. They had accumulated a surplus by the outbreak of the war probably equal to four and a half billion feet, or twice the usual yearly cut. This surplus, together with the uniformly well-stocked and productive condition of their forest lands, was a prime element of national strength in the great struggle. The longer the 20th Engineers operated in France, the more A MILL OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN THE DUNES OF SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE timber and all of their fuelwood from the current pro- duction of their forest lands. Prior to the war, there were cut yearly from the forests of France 2,250,000,000 feet of timber and 4,670,000 cords of fuelwood. In addition to these amounts, some 400,000,000 feet of timber and 167,000 cords of fuel were obtained yearly from trees planted along roads and canals, from farm hedges, and from the plantations of poplar which are a common feature of farms throughout central and northern France. It is probable that France contained, in 1914, at least 150 billion feet of merchant- able timber. The adequacy of her forest resources, however, was judged — not by the quantity of stumpage but by the current yield of forest land. The yearly cut timber their scouts located. Our early conceptions of timber shortage in France were constantly revised up- ward. The enormous demands of the allied armies could have been met for one or two years longer without cut- ting seriously into the growing stock of the country. The progress of France in forestry, like that of any other country, is of course an intimate phase of her own historical and economic evolution, the result of her pecu- liar physical conditions and the racial characteristics of her people. Its special interest to Americans lies in the fact that it is not a policy created by imperial edict — but the freely adopted regime of an intensively demo- cratic and individualistic people. It would be futile to (Continued on Page 1424) WHEN TREES GROW BY PROF. J. S. ILLICK CHIEF, BUREAU OF SILVICULTURE, PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY NOTHING about the numerous processes of trees is more readily comprehended than that they grow, for the results of growth are so obvious, and in some cases striking, particularly in temperate regions where annually a period of vegetative rest alternates with a period of vegetative activity. The belief is prevalent that trees grow throughout the general growing or vegetative seasons, which embraces the middle states from 150 to 200 days, and extends from the last kill- ing frost in the spring, that is, when the leaves of the larches, birches, cherries, and maples appear, to the first killing frost in the autumn when the leaves ex- hibit their autumnal colo- ration. This, however, is a mere supposition, for most of the native and introduced forest trees in the vicinity of Mont Alto, Pennsylvania, make ninety per cent of their height growth in less than forty days. . , The following tabulation, based on data obtained in Pennsylvania, lists five representative species of forest trees, gives the date in spring when the growth of each DO YOU KNOW THAT Trees make nine-tenths of their height growth in less than forty days? Most trees start growing in April and stop growing in May or June? Trees grow twice as much at night as during the day? Some trees grow steadily during the growing time and others rest for days and then continue their growth? That two rings may sometimes represent only one year's growth ? starts, indicates the percentage of the total growth of the season opposite specified dates, and schedules the progress, duration, and cessation of growth. Not all forest trees begin to grow at the same time. Some start early in spring while others begin rather late. The Wild Black. Cherry, Primus serotina is the first forest tree in the vicinity of Mont Alto to be- gin height growth. The elongation of its twigs starts about the fourth of April. The Domestic Cherry, Prunus avium, be- gins its growth about four days later than the native Wild Black Cherry. The Sweet Buckeye, Aescuhts octandra, begins about April 6, White Pine, Pin us Strobus, about April 18, Tulip Tree, Liriodendron Tulipfera, about April 25, and Norway Spruce, Picea Abies, about May 6. The date when the different species start the elongation of their twigs depends upon the in- herent tendency of the species and the factors of the environment. The late opening of the buds of Norway Spruce is not a local characteristic, but an inherent ten- dency, for records from Germany show that they usually EUROPEAN LARCH IN FULL FOLIAGE A coniferous tree which sheds all its foliage each autumn. Lower buds begin to swell early, leaves emerge rapidly, but elongation of shoot does not begin until about the middle of May. 1386 TERMINAL SPRAY PINE OF PITCH I. ATE SPRING AWAKENING SPRUCE OF NORWAY Showing the original and the second growth of the season. Fictitious rings are regularly formed when, a prolonged resting period occurs within the grow- ing season. During early May the buds usually begin to swell. Elongation of the twigs begins at the base of the trees and proceeds upwards. WHEN TREES GROW 1387 open after May 8, and in the extreme northern part after the end of May. On the other hand, factors of the environment, such as latitude, altitude, exposure, shade and shelter, also have a strong influence on the starting time of the season's growth. As a rule, buds open about two and one-half to three days later with each degree Growth Starts Wild Black Cherry Sweet Buckeye White Pine Tulip Tree Norway Spruce April 4th April 6th April 18:h April 25th May Otli April 1.5 7.5% 67.5% 00.0% 00.0% 00.0% May 1 15.0 H.t 12.1 1.2 CO.O May 15 June 1 June 15 July 1 25.0 42.5 62.5 87 5 •- ■ - 100.0 46.2 92.1 988 100.0 r - 00 23.4 588 88.8 97.4 8 22.4 74.1 99.2 100.0 July 15 97.5 98.9 August 1 100.0 100.0 of latitude and about two to two and one-half days later with each 350 feet of altitude. White oak begins its growth from seven to fourteen days later on northern than on southern exposures on the Mont Alto State For- est. Trees with small and partially or completely im- bedded buds such as Honey Locust, Black Locust, Ken- tucky Coffee-Tree, Tree of Heaven, and Catalpa, begin growth relatively late. Nature seems to protect the tender growing points of these trees from the cold of winter by placing them within small buds which are almost completely imbedded within the twigs. This means of adaptation also protects the tender new growth of spring from late frosts, for the small and deeply im- bedded buds are not stimulated so early in spring as large exposed buds ; hence, the resultant vegetative growth usually appears after the damaging frost period. Pennsylvania is the meeting ground of many northern and southern forest tree species. The northern follow the mountains towards the south and the southern extend northward through the valleys. The distinctly southern species, which are decidedly sensitive to Spring frosts, as a rule, begin the elongation of their shoots rather late, that is, after the danger period of frost damage is past. The Eastern Catalpa. supposedly a native of the South Atlantic States, does not leaf out until the latter part of May. Likewise other southern species, such as Persim- mon, Kentucky Coffee-Tree, and- Bald- Cypress postpone the beginning of their vegetative elongation until late spring. The range of the period during which the height growth of forest trees ceases is longer than that during which height growth starts in the spring. The Sweet Buckeye, Aesculus octandra, usually completes its growth at Mont Alto as early as May 10 to May 15, and by June 15 one can find full-sized winter buds. This species is the first to complete its height growth of the season. Most species of forest trees in southern Pennsylvania cease growing during the latter part of May and the early part of June. Only a few species continue their growth into July. On June 10, 1919, 1 examined 79 different species of trees in the' vicinity of Mont Alto, 55 of which, that is 70 per cent, had already ceased growing in height. On June 18 and 19, 1919, I examined 50 species of trees in the vicinity of Bedford, Pennsyl- vania, and found that the height growth of 40 had already stopped. This is an unusually high percentage of growth cessation, and is probably due to the extremely cold period during the early part of May, followed immedi- ately by an unusually hot period during late May and early June. Such extreme temperatures and the" abrupt transition from one extreme to the other are potent fac- tors in retarding growth and in extreme cases may cause entire cessation of growth. The White Pine, which usually stops growing in the vicinity of Mont Alto about June 15, but may continue to grow as late as June 30, ceased growing this year (1919) about June 3. It is the writer's belief that 85 per cent of the forest trees of Pennsylvania have already (June 20, 1919) completed their normal height growth for the season. Of the remaining 15 per cent of the Tulip Tree, Sycamore, and the Larches are prominent species, which may continue to grow until the middle or latter part of July. By the THE WHITE OAK MAY TAKE A REST The large fully developed leaves are the result of the original growth of the season. After resting for 20 days, growth was resumed, and the ter- minal shoot bearing immature leaves is the result. first of August the normal height growth of all the forest trees of Pennsylvania has, as a rule, ceased. In order to determine the progress of the height growth each species must be examined by itself, for each indi- vidual species possess distinctive inherent growth charac- teristics. Some place their growth without a break, while 1388 AMERICAN FORESTRY others place it by leaps and bounds alternating with rest periods. In this respect the method of working followed by trees, and growth surely is work, differs little from the methods of other organisms, including man. Rarely does any organism work continuously, but rest periods are usually, and sometimes frequently, interspersed be- tween the periods of work. Rest periods, however, should not be regarded as synonymous with idleness, for JUST BEFORE HEIGHT GROWTH STOPS The twigs of Norway Spruce take a decidedly drooping position for a few days just prior to the cessation of height growth. they are normal prerequisites to the optimum function- ing of all organisms. Without them no organism can at- tain optimum efficiency nor maintain health. Few comprehensive statements can be made regarding the growth behavior of forest trees during the growing season. There is wide divergence between the height growth behavior of Wild Black Cherry, Sweet Buckeye, White Pine, Tulip Tree, and Norway Spruce. Yet, in spite of this wide divergence the fundamental features of the growth procedure throughout the growing season may be summarized as follows : Growth begins slowly, after a variable period rises rapidly, then reaches a maxi- mum which is maintained for a short while, finally falls gradually to a minimum, and then ceases completely. The actual growth is, however, less regular than charts indicate, for the rate of growth usually exhibits a certain rhythm or periodicity. It progresses by leaps and bounds alternating with rest periods, which may be of long or short duration. Rest periods of short duration occur frequently and at irregular intervals, but are hard to detect with instruments of ordinary precision. Rest per- iods of longer duration are also common and readily measurable. The height growth of a Chestnut Oak, Quercus Prinus, tree during the 1918 growing season showed the terminal shoot started to grow on April 17 and continued its elongation until May 23, when the first upward thrust ceased. A resting period of 24 days followed and on June 16 growth was again resumed and continued until July 13, a period of 27 days. The first growing period extended over 34 days during which the terminal shoot elongated a total of 10 inches, that is an average of approximately one-third of an inch per day. This was followed by a cessation of growth for 24 days when the second and final elongation of the season began. The second growing period extended over only 2j days during which the terminal shoot elongated a total of 13.5 inches, that is an average of one-half an inch per day. Such a periodicity of growth is not unusual, but rather peculiar to TAKING A DAILY MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH The terminal twig of Norway Spruce is the last to begin its elongation. but by the end of the growing season it exceeded all others in length. Some trees grow in height more than one-inch each day during the grand period of growth. certain species. Pin Oak, Black Oak, Chestnut Oak, and Pitch Pine frequently begin to place a second growth 10 to 25 days after the original growth of the season has ceased. The period during spring and summer when height growth does not progress may be regarded as a resting period, a recuperative period, or a period of preparation. WHEN TREES GROW 1389 The trees apparently rest but in reality they are preparing for the next upward thrust which may be longer than the original advance. Furthermore, the writer believes that the recurring rest periods may become a rather fixed and regular feature of the growth of certain species. This is certainly true in the case of normal young Pitch Pine in the vicinity of Mont Alto which exhibits annually AFTER HEIGHT GROWTH HAS CEASED Immediately following the completion of height growth the twigs of Nor- way Spruce assume an erect position, hegin to stiffen, and develop winter buds. a cessation of growth for a period of two to three weeks. The rate of tree growth not only fluctuates throughout the growing season but also during each day. The maxi- mum growth usually occurs late at night, apparently after the preparation and translocation of food and other essential materials becomes less active, and the minimum growth falls in the afternoon of each clear day when the greatest activity in the manufacture of starch and sugar is in operation. About 20 trees of each of the four species given in the following tabulation were measured regularly at 7.30 !'. M. and 7.30 A. M. for a specified period. The derived results for height growth during the day and at night are given in the following tabulation: SPECIES DAY NIGHT Tree of Heaven 35% 65% Tulip Tree 40% 60% Norway Spruce 18% 82% White Pine 39% 61% Average 33% 67% This tabulation shows that trees grow about twice as much at night as during the day. By using instruments of greater precision the percentages would no doubt be changed somewhat, but the general comparative rate of growth would still stand unchanged. To some persons it may appear that the problem of growth behavior of trees has only an academic appli- cation. This point of view is, however, untenable for there is an economic side to the study. If conducted in a scientific manner it will supply the basic data for the preparation of a rational schedule for transplanting in the nursery and setting out trees in the woodlot and forest. Foresters, silviculturists, and plant physiologists recommend that planting and transplanting operations should be conducted when the material to be planted is in a dormant condition. No fault can be found with their recommendation, but in order to execute it properly one must know when trees really are dormant. This can A "DOUBLE-HEADER" OF HEIGHT GROWTH OF CHESTNUT OAR Height growth often proceeds by leaps separated by rest periods of var- iable duration. The original growth of the season bears mature leaves, while the second period of growth is characterized by a sparse setting of immature leaves. be ascertained best by determining when trees grow, since growth is so evident and measurable, and whenever trees are not growing they are dormant, that is, in a static con- dition, the duration of which is hard to determine. Furthermore, such a study facilitates the preparation of a schedule for field work covering the problem of growth. That determination of the quantitative and 1390 AMKK1CAN FORESTRY qualitative growth on cut-over lands is one of the most important and urgent problems in American forestry is conceded by the most authoritative foresters. This is one of the four major problems which the chairman of the forestry committee in the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Research Council recom- mends as worthy of immediate and thorough considera- tion. Heretofore, we have generally been instructed that the height growth of the season cannot be accurately- ascertained until late in fall or during the winter months when the weather is rela- tively unfavorable for field work and the days rather short. Consequently, it now follows that since trees actually cease growing in height in May or June, no reasonable exceptions can henceforth be filed against the collection of height growth data immediately after the cessation of growth in summer. It should be understood, however, that the problem WHEN TREES GROW is but a prelude to the major problem, which is far more comprehensive, and includes also a study of diameter and volume growth of the stem and the growth of roots, all of which should be under- taken ; for the results de- rived therefrom would be of great economic value. A knowledge of WHEN TREES GROW also aids in the determination of the best time to peel bark. Bark- can be peeled satisfactorily only when the sap is abundant and active. Briefly, the bark peeling season coincides with the growing season of trees, even to the extent that lumbermen recognize a "second sap" period during June in Chestnut Oak trees. This furnishes practical proof that the second period of growth recurrs rather regularly in this species. The second period is usually short and the bark does not peel so satisfactorily as in the first period of the season. It is, therefore, reconimendable that the period of active growth be accurately determined i 'jriurf/ '■ i. i\ mm ■ ''ra 4 1 ;■#'! . <*afl &tdm& B>4 jjj WH m THE OLD AND THE NEW Not an evergreen tree decorated with candles but a Pitch Pine witli it characteristic erect new growth. for each species, the bark of which is peeled, in order to determine the exact limits of bark peeling season. A thorough study of the growth of trees will also furnish much-needed information to the legal profession. Many legal decisions concerning boundaries and titles hinge on the question whether each growth ring repre- sents the growth of one season, or if fictitious rings arc sometimes formed. The writer examined a large number of Pitch Pines and Chestnut ( >ak trees and found that tktitious rings are regularly formed when a prolonged resting period occurs within the growing season. Hence, in some cases two rings represent the growth of a season, instead of one an- nual ring. The problem — WHEN TREES GROW is not only of technical interest and economic value but might be used as a means of de- veloping real tree apprecia- tion among the children of our public schools. The best soil in which to plant love for trees is the heart of childhood and woman- hood. The present lack of a fuller appreciation and a more compelling warmth towards the out-of-doors in which we daily move and often toil is largely due to the kind of education prac- ticed in the past and still retained in a few ultra-con- servative communities. It is pedagogically criminal to instruct the boys and girls of the United States con- cerning the Eucalyptus trees of Australia, the Big Trees of California, the Yew trees of England, and the Cypress trees of the South without mentioning the White Oak, Chestnut, Tulip tree or White Pine which may stand near the schoolhouse door. And merely to mention the names of these trees is not sufficient This simply serves as an introduction, but if the children are also instructed concerning their growth and other activities they begin really to know these trees, and will continue to observe and study their habits. WE WANT TO RECORD YOUR MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING. PLEASE ADVISE THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. CENTRAL PARK TREES STARVING TO DEATH BY CHARLES LATHROP PACK PRESIDENT, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION TREES in Central Park, New York City, are starving to death. Four thousand or more have died since 191 7. Three thousand of the dead have already heen removed, the others will be taken out in the next few months. Hundreds are dying now and many of them may be considered a total loss. Some of the weak and sick are to be given special treatment in the endeavor to save them and they may be saved. Various causes contribute to the present deplorable condition of the trees in this famous park of the largest city in the United States, causes which in one way or selection of species for planting, and methods for better- ing conditions of the unhealthy trees which remain stand- ing, and their report indicates that much can be done to improve the situation. Park Commissioner Francis D. Gallatin and City For- ester J. S. Kaplan have, for several months, been closely studying the causes which result in the failure of certain species of trees to thrive and they have already adopted measures to improve soil conditions and provide the trees with more nourishment. This will undoubtedly be effec- tive in many instances but it will not be thoroughly effec- DEAD WHITE ASH An example of the effect of hard packing of the soil about the roots, dense grass sod, and full exposure to sun and wind. This tree is near 72nd Street and 5th Avenue and hy proper ul'l doubtless have been saved. NOURISHMENT LACKING A typical surface soil condition along Fifth Avenue. Note the shallow spreading root sys- tem and hard packed soil about the base of the tree, one of the conditions which lead to the starvation of the park trees. DEAD LINDEN This tree of fine dimensions was killed by the bad surface soil conditions. This part of the park is often thrown open to children and other visitors for play and the earth is hard packed wherever it is not grass coated. another affect tree growth in a great many city parks throughout the country. What has happened in Central Park may happen in many other parks, and the measures being taken to save the stricken trees which remain should be carefully studied hy park commissioners and city foresters of other cities in order to aid them in over- coming similar conditions which may exist under their jurisdiction. The American Forestry Association engaged two ex- pert foresters to make a careful examination of the trees in Central Park, the soil and the climatic conditions, the tive because of the fact that some species of trees, planted many years ago, are not suited to withstand the hard- ships which they encounter in the bark: The relief meas- ures will aid them, but, perhaps, only temporarily, while permanent relief may be obtained only by the removal of such species as will not thrive and their replacement with trees so hardy that they will withstand both the soil and climatic conditions which make careful selection of species and great care of those selected imperative. There are some 60,000 trees in the park and about 4,000 of them were killed during the Garfield winter, 1391 1392 AMERICAN FORESTRY (Qi 7-1918. While the cold was severe, zero weather continuing for a long period, the trees which died would, in the large majority, have withstood the winter had they not been weakened by long years of malnutrition. The chief handicap which species with a deep root system have to face is the fact that the soil in Central Park is only from two to five feet deep and that at a depth of five feet there is a heavy clay which the roots cannot penetrate. Consequently, when a tree reaches an age at which its roots should go deeper than five feet the clay prevents penetration and the trees lack sustenance. In many cases the experts making the examination for American Forestry found that trees would be greatly aided by the earth at their base being broken up. Num- bers of trees were being choked by the hard earth cover- poplars, fourth, the lindens and last, the maples and several other species. There are a great many varieties of trees suitable to park planting and practically all of them vary in some way from each other in their requirements of soil, mois- ture, etc. Let us look over several species commonly found in Central Park in regard to their soil and moisture requirements. Take the elms. In general, the elm is one of the species found most often in Central Park. It is used on the outer edge to shade the walks surrounding the park, on the Mall, and often is met with throughout the interior. Many of them are rapidly approaching death. The once famous cathedral aisles of elms along the Mall have gone entirely, and along the borders of the parks on Fifth Avenue, Eighth Avenue and the two end DYING TULIP DEFOLIATED BEECH A YELLOW TINE The soil about this tree was packed hard by the This 22-inch tree was an out-crop of rock. This tree suffered from a shallow soil, a windy constant playing of children and the grass kept The soil packed hard and exposed to full site, and exposure of the soil to direct rays of using up the soil moisture beyond the bare sunlight about the roots makes it impossible the sun. The result is stunted development and ground. The tree is slowly dying. for the tree to thrive. early death. inns. It will grow on many varieties of soil, and the moisture conditions are not exacting, but they must be uniform for the tree to attain large size. The white ash is also a common tree in Central Park and its crown is fre- quently thin owing to the hard condi- tions it has to face. It is a tree which is rather exacting in moisture requirements, but will reach large size when it is on a well-watered, porous soil. The common COttonWood often en- countered in Central Park is another tree with a good deal of capacity for stand- ing city conditions as long as it has WHERE HEAVY CLAY HINDERS TREE GROWTH About this little drinking fountain the soil is a very heavy clay— almost like putty. This has been the means of the death of the three trees in the background. The tree on the right has been killed by the placing of an asphalt walk right up to it on one side and from appear- ances to within a foot or so on the other. plenty of moisture in the surface soil. Its soil requirements are much less important than its moisture demands. Of the evergreens, none do really well in the dust and bad air of the city, while of the pines, the white pine is often found in Central Park, but it needs abundant and constant moisture in order to attain to its best growth. The Austrian pine is another frequent factor in the make-up of Central Park- scenery. It is hardy and can withstand city conditions fairly well, although, of course, influenced by them to some ex- tent, and is not as healthy in Central Park as it should be. These species of trees are in general the principal trees met with in Central Park. Now, let us examine the park and see what suc- cess has been made in growing them there. Taking them in order of their resistance to hard conditions : The elm is in a class by itself and how it has suffered is told in a prev- ious paragraph. The beech, not so plentiful as the elm, has perhaps been more injured than any other spe- cies in the park. Next in order come the red maple, and the lin- THE ELMS ALONG FIFTH AVENUE This picture was taken in the second week in September. Note the loss of foliage and the hard packed soil around the base of the trees. There was little or nothing to shade the soil about these trees from the sun. ' 1396 AMERICAN FORESTRY den. These two trees were rarely found to be in good condition and often were found partially if not wholly defoliated. A group of four species comes in at this place in the list, tulip, pin oak, white ash, Austrian pine. They were seldom found entirely defoliated but frequently their crowns were very thin. The tulip poplar sometimes had line form but with small, poor foliage. Another group contains cottonwood, English oak, red oak, scarlet oak and sycamore, and these in many cases showed signs of deterioration by having dead tops, al- though many are still in good condition. Sometimes the soil will be badly drained and will tend to collect and hold too much moisture, having the tendency to smother the roots of the trees by shutting off all air. Then again, the soil may be shallow and will, therefore, tend to dry out very quickly, thus leaving the trees without water. Then the condition of the sub-soil may make a great difference in the tree growth. If the sub-soil is very heavy and impermeable to water and to the roots of trees, it will greatly impede tree growth if it is too close to the surface, or it prevents moisture from coming up from below into the surface soil. Under such conditions breaking up the sub-soil with dynamite THE WHITE BIRCH Nowhere is the European white birch found really doing well in Central Park and here it had splendid forest floor conditions with plenty of shade and humus, but it did not thrive despite these. FAST FALLING ELMS American elm near 59th Street, 15 inches in diameter and planted on an east slope where the full effect of the sun on the ground will be felt most. Note the dense cover of grass about the roots of the tree. POOR RED MAPLES This tree was nearly defoliated. The soil was very shallow and there was a large, rocky outcrop just to the left of the picture. Many of the other red maples in the park are like this one. The last class of all, containing trees which showed little or no sign of any kind of having suffered contained the Ailanthus, Gingko, cucumber, Norway maple, Catalpa. Deplorable Soil Conditions. Soil conditions in Central Park are undoubtedly the most severe handicap to the health of the trees. Most common trees desire a fairly deep, well-drained loamy soil with plenty of humus (decayed vegetable matter) mixed in with it, especially in the surface layer of three to six inches. If too loose and sandy the rain water will soon drain off and leave the trees waterless, and if the soil is too heavy, like a fine dense clay, the water falling on it will tend to form pools on the surface and evapo- rate and be lost to the trees that way. Also a heavy clay soil will tend to interfere with the growth of the roots. has been proved to be effective. Again, hard packing of the surface soil by people walking upon it, covering the soil with cement or asphalt walks or roads will tend to impede tree growth. Now, many of these difficulties and hindrances to tree growth exist in Central Park today. Shallow soil is very common, often only a few inches covering up the rock below. Heavy impermeable clay is also present in places. A hard packing of the soil around the bases of the trees is quite noticeable along Fifth Avenue. And exposure of the soil to evaporating winds and to the direct rays of the sun is everywhere common. Add to this the frequent proximity of asphalt walks and drives and the frequency of a dense sod of grass growing under the trees, and it is easy to see how difficult it is for a tree to secure normally good soil con- ditions in Central Park. CENTRAL PARK TREES STARVING TO DEATH 1397 Now it has been the duty of officials of the Park Department ever since it was organized to know these things, to realize the handicaps with which the trees have had to contend and to take measures to overcome these handicaps. That this has not been done by the Park Department officials in the past is evident by the condition of the trees today and the difficulties with which the present Park Department officials have to contend. The trees would be in much better condition had they been properly nourished. They should have been carefully and skillfully fertilized, the shallow soil could have been enriched year after year and if it had been, the trees would have been hardier, stronger and better able to withstand the rigors of the Garfield winter as well as the climatic changes of the past few years. in its annual report for 1919, which said, "The New York City parks bear very noticeable marks of the exceptionally cold winter, 1917-1918. In the spring of 1918 it was observed that many trees and plantations failed to put forth their leaves, and as the season advanced it was found that they had died either from the intensely cold winter or from cold weather and weakened condition due to disease. The great privet plantations along Park Avenue, some of them fifteen years old, were practically destroyed. The privet hedge around Claremont Inn on Riverside Drive had to be cut back to within a foot of the ground or entirely replaced. All over the city the privet showed damage in various degrees and it is estimated that the loss of this ornamental shrub alone amounted to $75,000. A DYINC CATAI.PA This very large and picturesqut catalpa is ol'l and the open situation, grass and exposure to wind and sun is proving too much for it. It uill probably last hut a few more years. A TYPICAL TULIP Note the small size of the leaves, the soil packed around the base of the tree by the visitors and the grass on all sides. The foliage of a healthy tulip is much larger. A BLACK WALNUT Standing on the top of a steep rise, surrounded with heavy grass sod and exposed to the full sunlight and wind, the soil conditions for this large American black walnut are very bad. Even the elms, now so pitiful in appearance, could have been given such care, that they would have thrived even under the adverse conditions which they had to face. They have done well in other cities and in other parks where the soil is just as shallow and where they had many difficulties to overcome and they did well use they were given plenty of individual attention. It is essential in park management that the Park Commissioners and the City Forester should be absolutely fnc from political influence and should be provided with sufficient funds to do their work well. Political forestry cannot be successful. Attention was given to the tree losses of the park by the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society "Next to the privet the greatest sufferer was the plane tree, or Oriental sycamore. This tree was particularly free from pests and was planted in the belief that it would be immune from winter killing. These trees were large- ly in the streets where their loss is particularly grievous as it is hard to make trees grow in New York streets on account of pavement, gas leakage, damage by auto- mobiles, etc. "Other trees which were killed included turkey oaks, horse chestnuts and lindens. In Central Park there were perhaps 400 turkey oaks, 5,000 lindens and 3,000 horse chestnuts. These trees fell easy victims to the weather for they had been defoliated and their vitality sapped for three years in succession by the tussock moth. 1308 AMERICAN FORESTRY TWO FINE HICKORIES In the northern part of the park there is a good deal of natural forest growth and while some of the trees there have died most of them are doing well. These hickories, as is apparent, have taken hold finely. HEALTHY RED OAK The soil ahout this tree on the West Drive was loose and untramped down. The small fence has had a tendency to keep the people on to the walk. The grass would be better absent from under the tree. FINE HONEY LOCUST The honey locust seems to do very well in the park even when the site conditions are not ideal. It would be a good thing to plant more of them, even if they are difficult to prune on account of the thorns. "The one tree of all the nursery-grown trees in the park that seems to have suffered no damage is the Gingko. Not one has been found to be killed and few have frost cracks. Even the solitary Gingko planted by Li Hung Chang at General Grant's tomb, which is one of the most exposed places in the city, weathered the winter without harm, while the bladdernut tree, planted by the same personage at the same time, immediately adja- cent to the park, was all but destroyed. "In January, 1919, Commissioner Berolzheimer an- nounced that over 3,000 dead trees had been removed in his jurisdiction up to that time." Relief Measures Adopted. The Department of Parks makes the following an- nouncement regarding the situation : "Park Commis- sioner Gallatin has announced, as a result of extensive investigations, a definite programme for the restoration and stimulation of the trees in Central Park. "Through the acquisition of a 'K' machine for pulling dead trees and stumps out of the ground, it has been found that the basic trouble with the trees in Central Park is the fact that the native sub-soil is of a stiff im- penetrable clay, and that the reason trees die after they grow to be about one or two feet in diameter, is because of the inability of the roots to secure nourishment after they reach this clay sub-soil. "It is very fortunate that we were able to secure a hand- power pulling machine, which made it possible to tear out stumps practically intact, as it discloses this condi- tion very frankly. This situation was known to the planners and builders of Central Park as very frequently in the removal of a stump of this nature, earthen pipes of two inches in diameter are found, which were placed both horizontally and vertically through the clay, and occasionally a large group of boulders was piled im- mediately under the newly planted tree, designed proba- bly for the purpose of breaking up the clay so that the roots could firmly establish themselves. "It is the opinion of Forester J. S. Kaplan that unless something is done to remedy this situation, it will never be possible to grow trees larger than from two to three feet in diameter in Central Park. "Commissioner Gallatin has concluded that sub-surface blasting is the remedy most likely to be successful and most easily and cheaply to be tried. "As a result of a conference with representatives of the DuPont Powder Company, arrangements have been made to take one lawn in the lower end of Central Park for experiments in this direction. Holes will be drilled about 18 feet apart, and a light charge of dynamite placed in each hole. with the object of shattering this cementatious sub-surface clay. "This practice has been successfully carried out among orchardists elsewhere, and it is highly probable that marked results will ensue from this treatment. This work' is to proceed immediately after the leaves fall this year. It is also intended to plant several trees on this lawn in blasted holes. "If this experiment proves successful it is Commis- sioner Gallatin's intention to request sufficient money to treat practically all of Central Park in the same way." CENTRAL PARK TREES STARVING TO DEATH 1399 A HEALTHY PIN OAK Note the bushes which shelter the soil about part of this fine young pin oak in the Ramble from the direct rays of the sun. This helps very much in making the tree strong and vigor- ous as readily seen. A SPLENDID COTTONWOOD The Cottonwood is a river bottom tree and here close to the Swanboat Pond it has shown its capacity to develop into a beautiful orna- ment for the park. It is, undoubtedly, an ideal site for this species. VIGOROUS ENGLISH ELM The English elm stands the conditions of the park better than the American elm. This tree had very good site conditions for it had been cultivated about the roots which were shaded by rhododendrons. The Experts' Opinion. The experts report to American Forestry that under the head of unfavorable soil conditions they have found in Central Park shallow soil, heavy impermeable clay and hard packing of soil around trees. Under the head of species especially sensitive to the Central Park conditions they have found elm, beech, red maple and linden. Trees which will make fair growth in Central Park under specially favorable conditions there they have found to be tulip, pin oak and white ash. Trees that have demonstrated their ability to do really well in many sections of the park, they have found to be cottonwood, English oak, red oak, scarlet oak and sycamore. For practically any sites in the park, even the unfavor- able places, either the Ailanthus or Gingko can be always counted upon. The cucumber, Norway maple and Catalpa will all grow splendidly when on their proper sites in the park. Off of their proper sites they will not do so well there. In regard to meteorological conditions influencing trees during the last twenty years it is clear that : i. There has been a decided decrease in rainfall. 2. Much of this decrease has been in the summer months when needed most. 3. There has been a decided decrease in relative humidity in the past five years. 4. There has been an increase in the wind movement in the past five years. 5. The trees have been subjected to a very severe frost in the winter of 1917-1918. With all of these factors before us it is only natural to seek to come to some conclusion as to what the cause of the present situation of the park is and from that to reach out for a solution. Briefly the conclusion as to the cause of the present situation of Central Park, is that no one single, but a combination of causes all detrimental to the successful maintenance of Central Park trees are operating. None of these conditions alone would en- tirely bring about the present situation and therefore the changing of any one will not cure it entirely. All must be taken into consideration arid all must be worked upon. The Conclusion. The conclusions reached by the experts follow : 1. Selection of only such species of trees for plant- ing as have proved either entirely hardy under present conditions or at least have done well on certain special sites in the park. This, of course, applies only to the planting of trees on a large scale, specimens of arboricul- tural interest being entirely another matter. 2. Special attention to the establishment and main- tenance of proper surface soil conditions under the trees. It is the soil-moisture conditions of the trees which is the one great thing to watch out for in dealing with trees anywhere and especially in a park where the trees are planted singly and are exposed to severe drying condi- tions of the surface soil around them. The establishment and maintenance of proper conditions for preserving soil-moisture in Central Park might entail : 1400 AMERICAN FORESTRY (a). Cultivation of soil around all trees of special interest or value, and the more the better. (b). Mulching or covering the soil about the trees with manure, dead leaves, etc., during the winter. (c). Planting trees in small groves or "woodlets" and keeping them in the form of small patches of natural forest (leaving the leaves and small twigs to decay on the ground and so form a natural mulch). (d). Underplanting the larger trees with more shade enduring species which would shade the ground, protect from wind and so prevent drying out. These suggestions would perhaps cost a great deal of money or a change in the principal present-day policy of the park management but is not the end worthy of such expense and change? To anyone passing through the park on any bright day in the warmer months the value to human life — especially child fife — of the open, out- door stretches of natural growth, so different from the narrow, dirty, noisy streets in which most of the park visitors were born and now live, is ample to warrant a great increase in expenditure by the city to save and energetically maintain the tree growth within this, the most famous of all American city parks. At the present time and under the present system many of the trees of the park are much retarded in growth and a large number have died. Some of these latter have been of large size and fair age, but it is clear to the careful observer that practically all of them should have lived for a good many years longer and there is good reason to believe that if proper care and enough money had been devoted to them, they would still be shading the walks and lawns instead of going to the woodpile. Now, when too late the trees are dead and the expense of taking them out and plant- ing new ones comes up, while the public waits for years for the new tree to attain good enough proportions to fill the blank left by the dead specimen. The situation confronting New York as a result of these findings will, perhaps, fit many other cities in the United States. We have all seen beautiful trees "just die" and the layman is at a loss to understand why they should. The New York park officials are alive to the situation, and are trying to improve it while knowledge of just what is best suited to Central Park conditions is of the utmost value to every city forester and park depart- ment official. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD THE NORWAY MAPLE This tree has been benefited by having the soil about it cultivated to some extent and also shaded. More than that, it is not on a windy site. It thrives under these conditions. THE GINGKO Note the peculiar outspreading branches. All of the gingkos that were noticed in the park were growing well. There are, tn this coun- try, no insects or fungi which attack this tree. CUCUMBER TREES These two large trees in the Ramble show the good development of this species under con- ditions favorable to it. Compare their appear- ;uk-c with others not so well situated. A POLICY OF FORESTRY FOR THE NATION BY HENRY S. GRAVES UNITED STATES FORESTER AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE HEREWITH PUBLISHES SOME MORE OPINIONS REGARDING THE NEED OF A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY AND THE KIND OF A FOREST POLICY PROPOSED BY UNITED STATES FORESTER HENRY S. GRAVES. COL. GRAVES' OUTLINE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUCH A POLICY WAS PRINTED IN THE AUGUST ISSUE OF THE MAGAZINE AND A FURTHER OUTLINE IS PUBLISHED HEREWITH. FORESTERS, LUMBERMEN AND TIMBERLAND OWNERS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY HAVE BEEN INVITED BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION TO EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS ON THIS VITALLY IMPORTANT SUBJECT.— EDITOR. A NATIONAL policy of forestry seeks the protec- tion and beneficial utilization of our present forest resources, the renewal after cutting of forests on lands not needed for agriculture and settlement, the sta- bility of forest industries and of satisfactory conditions for forest workers, and the restoration of forest growth on lands now unproductive and idle. The public interests in the continuance of forests jus- tify and require direct ownership of extensive areas, and also participation by the public in working out the problem of protection and renewal of private forests. A program of forestry for the nation should include action by the public through the Government and the States, action by land owners and operators, and the means of uniting the efforts of all for the achievement of a common purpose. The service of forests is not alone local ; it is national as well. For the products are widely distributed without reference to State lines, the industries are engaged in interstate business, and the protective benefits of forests often extend far beyond the localities where they are situ- ated. It is the function of the Federal Government to take the leadership in formulating a national economic policy that gives consideration to the relationship of all forests to the industrial life of the country. The central Government alone can bring about concurrent and harmonious action within given regions. Its re- search and educational work may be directed to the problems of the nation and of regions that comprise more than one State. Representing the whole Nation, the Government can stimulate and guide local action where individual States by their own efforts would fail. The Government can act to organize all agencies affected by the forest problem in a united undertaking to in- augurate and carry out a program of forestry. The States have not only the function of handling the public forests owned by them, but they have also a direct responsibility in the protection and continuance of private forests. In this, the Federal Government should take part to meet interstate and national prob- lems, to stimulate action by the States, and to bring into harmony the efforts of the different States. In the prob- lem of private forestry, the Government would work through and in cooperation with the States. The leg- islation affecting the private owner in the matter of pro- tection and continuance of forests should be by the States. The Government should help the States in formulating plans and developing methods and by direct assistance in carrying them out. The assistance offered by the Government should be contingent upon the States taking legislative and administrative action to provide for the protection and renewal of their forests. A national policy must recognize the problems of the private owner of forests. Greater security of forest property from fire, better returns from timberland in the long run, and more stable industrial conditions must be sought. A program in which the public participates and recognizes industrial problems, like taxation, would enable private proprietors to handle their forests in a way not to be a public injury but to serve in building up the localities in which they are situated. Public Forests. There should be an extensive program of public forests, owned by the Nation, by the States, by muni- cipalities, and, too, by quasi-public institutions and or- ganizations. The public forests today comprise about 25 per cent of the total forest area of the country. They should be extended to include ultimately from 40 to 50 per cent. In any plan of extensive public holdings, whether Federal or State, provision should be made for return- ing to the communities a share of the receipts, as is done in case of the National Forests, or otherwise to com- pensate them for withdrawing the lands from taxation. The Federal Government should not only provide adequate support properly to protect and develop its forest properties; it should also rehabilitate, by planting if necessary, the depleted and wasted cut-over and burned lands. DURING THE LAST SIX MONTHS THERE HAS BEEN A GREAT DEAL OF DISCUSSION REGARDING THE NEED OF A NATIONAL POLICY OF FORESTRY AND WHAT SUCH A POLICY SHOULD COMPRISE. DURING THAT PERIOD I HAVE HELD MANY CONFER- ENCES WITH FORESTERS, LUMBERMEN AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN THE QUESTION IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE COUNTRY, AND HAVE PRESENTED CERTAIN PRINCIPLES WHICH I BELIEVE SHOULD UNDERLIE SUCH A POLICY. I HAVE RECEIVED MANY INQUIRIES REGARDING VARIOUS POINTS IN THE POLICY AS I HAVE SET IT FORTH. I HAVE THEREFORE PREPARED A STATEMENT MORE COMPREHENSIVE THAN HERETOFORE IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THE OBJECTIVES AND WHAT STEPS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO ATTAIN THEM. THIS STATEMENT MAY BE OF INTEREST IN CONNECTION WITH THE DISCUSSION OF A NATIONAL POLICY OF FORESTRY. HENRY S. GRAVES. 1401 1402 AMERICAN FORESTRY National Forests. The Federal holdings should be extended by purchase, by exchange of stumpage for land, and by placing under permanent administration forest lands now in the un- reserved public domain. The program of acquisition should seek two classes of forest land : 1. Areas needed for the protection of water re- sources, to prevent erosion, for recreation and other gen- eral public purposes. These should include both virgin forests and cut-over lands. 2. Cut-over lands, with the purpose of insuring the production of lumber and other products and of estab- lishing demonstration areas and centers for Federal cooperation with States and private owners. The present Weeks Law program contemplates the purchase of about one million acres in New England and five million acres in the Southern Appalachians. This program should be completed as fast as is compat- ible with public financial conditions, and should be ex- tended to include other important areas needed for water- shed protection and other general public service. Lands acquired for protective purposes as well as those for lumber production should be distributed through all forest regions of the country. The acquisition of cut-over lands by exchange for stumpage would serve to consolidate and block out the National Forests of the West. This principle has already been recognized in several special laws applicable to certain Forests. There are still forest lands in the public domain which should be added to the National Forests. There are several million acres of such lands outside of Alaska. The great forests of the interior of Alaska should also be placed under adequate protection and administration. State Forests. The States should establish public forests, with the same general objectives as the Federal Government, and with special reference to the economic and industrial needs within their boundaries. Many western and south- ern States still own forest lands received from previous grants from the Government; these should be placed under permanent forest administration, with provision for the settlement of areas suited to agriculture. Lands reverting to the States for taxes or otherwise should, where practicable, be retained arid used to build up permanent public forest reservations. Other Public Forests. Every encouragement should be offered to munici- palities to establish public forests or woodland parks. These may be necessary to protect the local water sup- plies, or to serve as public recreation grounds; and in many instances they may yield products that will help in a material way to reduce local taxation for schools or public works. Permanent institutions and organiza- tions of a quasi-public character should also be encour- aged to acquire forests and handle them on the basis of continued production. Private Forests. The safeguarding and perpetuation of forests on private lands are possible through an organized system of protection, through the prohibition of destructive processes that produce waste lands, and through the promotion of constructive and entirely practical meas- ures of forestry. The participation, liberal cooperation, and direction of the public in working out the problems involved are necessary for success. Fire Protection. The objectives of fire protection are : 1. To prevent destruction and injury to standing timber by fire. 2. To safeguard young growth already established within the older timber and on cut-over lands. 3. To promote natural reproduction so far as this can be done by fire protective measures. Effective fire protection is achieved only through a joint undertaking between the public and private agencies in which all lands, regardless of ownership, are brought under an organized system. Such a system requires : 1. An effective service for preventing forest fires and detecting and suppressing those which may be started. Such a service already exists in a number of States. 2. Improvements needed for the prompt detection and suppression of fires. These include roads, trails, lookout stations, properly located stations for rangers, bases for airplanes when these are used, and so on. 3. Measures to reduce the inflammability of the for- ests. These may consist of lopping the tops, as is prac- ticed in parts of the East ; or burning the brush in piles as conducted in many pine stands on the National For- ests ; or burning over at the proper season cleared areas, protected by fire lines, as in heavy Douglas fir stands ; or in felling dead snags, as is required in many National Forest timber sales; and in other measures. In some places fire lines may be desirable, as practiced in southern California ; or carefully controlled burning at the proper season of strips and selected areas, as is practical in certain open pine forests. Uncontrolled light burning should be prohibited everywhere. 4. A vigorous campaign of education of the public regarding the danger of forest fires and the need of cooperation on the part of every user of the woods. 5. A systematic campaign of law enforcement, m which all citizens should be asked to cooperate, to punish those who by carelessness or intent start fires or permit their spread. There should be incorporated in the forest laws of every State requirements to bring all forest owners into the protective system, and to extend it to all cut-over and unimproved lands in the State, together with the disposal, by lopping or burning, of dangerous slashings and other special measures that the local conditions may require. A POLICY OF FORESTRY FOR THE NATION 1403 There should be provided by the State the administra- tive machinery necessary to carry out the work effec- tively. The public should share in the burden of protection. The division of cost will necessarily vary in different States, as is now the case among those States which have inaugurated such a system. The public may properly bear the cost of the State-wide patrol system, including overhead, inspection, lookouts, and similar items, and a portion of the fire suppression costs. In general, the cost of the preventive system should be shared about equally between the public and the owner of the land. At the present time assistance by the States and the efforts of the private owners alike are inadequate. Measures like brush disposal are essentially a part of the logging operations and should be a charge against it. The Federal Government should grant liberal aid in fire protection, far greater than at present. Its aid should be contingent on the State's inaugurating and carrying out such a system as above described. This financial help should not exceed in amount that appro- priated by the State. As in fire protection, the spread of dangerous insect infestations and diseases requires the aid and direction of the public. Both the National and State Governments should participate and appropriate liberally to check the depredations. Forest Renewal. The renewal of forests on lands not required for agri- culture and settlement is an essential feature of a national policy of forestry and an effective program should be worked out in each State, backed by appropriate legis- lation and efficient administration, which will achieve this object on private as well as on public property. As in the case of fire protection, forest renewal on private lands requires the participation and aid of the public. There are two problems of forest renewal ; first, the restocking of lands already cut over and now in a condi- tion of waste ; and second, that of providing for natural reproduction as the timber is cut. Where there is still seed or seed-bearing trees on cut-over lands, continued fire protection may in many cases suffice for restocking. Where there is no chance for natural reproduction, plant- ing or sowing will be necessary. The public will have to take over a large portion of these lands and restore them to productivity. In many other cases owners may be' induced to restock their waste lands as a business undertaking. Provision for forest renewal should be made at the time of cutting. Sufficient restocking of the average private tract can be accomplished by natural reproduc- tion without resort to planting or other intensive meas- ures. On certain types of forest, renewal will result from fire protection alone. In many instances of unrestricted exploitation, however, fire protection alone dues not suffice to secure renewal and to prevent the lands becoming waste. If protection alone does not suf- fice to secure forest reproduction, the owners should be required to adopt such measures as may be necessary to accomplish this, with cooperative aid by the public in working out the problem as a practical undertaking. As in the case of fire protection, the additional measures necessary for forest renewal should be made a part of a systematic program in which the public and private owners engage in a joint undertaking with a common objective. The first steps in this undertaking are to determine in each region : 1. The circumstances under which fire protection alone will not suffice to prevent wasting of the land under prevailing methods of lumbering. 2. The additional measures necessary to secure con- ditions favorable for natural renewal. 3. The classes of land upon which forest growth should be continued. 4. The cooperation that should be given by the public to make feasible in practice the measures that may be necessary for the owners to take. 5. The legislation needed to bring these measures into practice, as a part of the State's program of for- estry. As in the case of fire protection, the plan for special measures and for forest renewal should be worked out through State legislation and administration, with the assistance and backing of the Government. The Federal Government should seek to secure concurrent action by the States within given economic regional units, to bring about uniform standards of practice, to conduct experi- ments and research, to grant material aid in various ways, and to act as a coordinating agent to bring to- gether the different local agencies into full cooperation. The Government should make its assistance to the States contingent upon effective action by the latter. Measures of forestry upon private lands sought by the proposed program fall into two classes : first, those necessary to prevent the lands becoming waste after lumbering; and second, those which seek a maximum production of timber and other products. The first class of measures should be required on all lands that ought to remain in forest growth. The measures to secure maximum production are of a more-intensive character. They should be encouraged in every way but would not be obligatory. They involve a larger initial invest- ment, and they render a larger ultimate return to the owner. Under the second class fall such measures as planting where needed, leaving a larger number of seed trees, cutting in favorable seed years, leaving medium sized trees even though now saleable for a second cut or for cover, various kinds of thinnings of second growth, organization of the forest work on a basis of sustained annual yield, and so on. Experiments should be con- ducted by the public to establish and make generally known the best practice in each region. Advice by pub- lic officers should be freely afforded. Planting stock should be offered at cost by the public. Taxes should be adjusted to encourage owners to undertake the meth- ods found to be most efficient, and other measures of 1404 AMERICAN FORESTRY aid given as indicated in the last section of this state- ment. Every encouragement should be afforded to bring about close utilization of timber in the forest and to pre- vent losses in the handling and use of the manufactured product. This will be accomplished largely through cooperation and research, in bringing information to the knowledge of operators and users of wood products. It is a problem of investigation and industrial education, in which the public should take the leadership. Public Assistance and Cooperation. In a national policy of forestry the public itself should assume certain responsibilities and it should assume cer- tain burdens. It should cooperate with and assist pri- vate owners in carrying out their part of the undertaking. The measures of cooperation fall under the following heads : 1. Fire Protection. — As already indicated, the public should directly share the burden of fire protection, espe- cially in a preventive system and in the cost of suppres- sion. 2. Assistance in Forestry. — The public should assist owners in working out plans for cutting that will pro- mote natural reproduction, in planting, and in other measures of forestry. The State should offer planting stock at cost and cooperate with the owners in estab- lishing plantations. 3. Taxation. — The States should adopt a form of taxation calculated to encourage good forest practice. The present methods of taxation, with their lack of uniformity in application, often tend to promote prema- ture and wasteful cutting and to discourage forest re- newal. To promote action by the State, the Federal Government should assist the States to investigate the current methods of taxation, their effect in causing pre- mature and wasteful cutting and in increasing the diffi- culties of holding cut-over lands for tree growth, and should assist in drafting model tax laws applicable to various forest conditions. 4. Forest Loans. — Existing legislation concerning farm loans should be extended to include loans for the purchase and improvement of forest lands, to encourage the holding of lands previously acquired, where the pur- pose of the owner is to hold and protect cut-over lands or those having growing timber, to reforest lands by seeding or planting, or to use other measures in pro- moting forest production. To obtain the benefit of such loans, which should be for a maximum period of 50 years, the land owner should enter into a specific obliga- tion to retain the land in growing timber and protect and care for it during the life of the loan. 5. A Survey of Forest Resources. — Funds should be provided whereby the Federal Government in coopera- tion with State and private interests may make a survey of the forest resources of the country. This would determine the quantities of timber suitable for different industrial uses, the current consumption of forest prod- ucts, the probable requirements of the different regions for material, the possible production of the forests by growth to meet these requirements, and other matters which will aid in developing the national forest policy. 6. Land Classification. — The public should cooperate in land classification to aid owners to put their lands to the most productive use. The public should aid in bring- ing settlers upon lands suited to agriculture, discourag- ing speculative undertakings that lead to the deception of innocent investors and efforts for the colonization of lands unsuited to the purpose. Land classification would indicate the classes of lands which should be devoted to the production of timber, either permanently or pending a development which would make possible their suc- cessful settlement. 7. Research Work. — Adequate funds should be pro- vided to enable the Government and other public agen- cies to carry on investigative work needed in carrying out a national policy of forestry. This would include investigations on a larger scale than at present in deter- mining the best methods of forest practice, and also research in forest products. The National Program. A program for the nation must be an aggregate of local programs adapted to different conditions, and cor- related and standardized through the Federal Govern- ment to meet the broader requirements of the whole country. A national program cannot be put into effect in its entirety at once. Local programs will also probably have to be worked out by steps. Some States are al- ready able to go forward more rapidly than others, partly because of their financial strength and partly be- cause experience has already demonstrated the methods of protection and forestry required to secure results on the ground. The initiation of a national policy of forestry requires as one of the first steps the passage of a Federal law that recognizes its objectives and provides authority and means for the Government to extend cooperation with the States in the protection and perpetuation of the for- ests under their jurisdiction along the foregoing lines. At the same time, Federal appropriations for the pur- chase of forest lands should be greatly increased. Much can be accomplished pending such a law. Thus, there should be at once a joining of hands in a most vigorous campaign for fire protection, that will educate the public to the dangers from fire and lead to more effective action in all forest regions. Individual States should go forward with plans for better legislation and larger support of forestry. But the passage of a basic Federal law with the aid that the Nation can offer would make possible the inauguration of a policy that would secure results impossible without such national action. A POLICY OF FORESTRY FOR THE NATION 1405 A PROGRAM FOR PRIVATE FORESTRY BY H. H. CHAPMAN PROFESSOR OF FORESTRY, YALE FORESTRY SCHOOL 'TMIE agitation for securing forestry practice on private -*■ lands is due ; first, to the rapid destruction of the forests on lands privately owned, a nation-wide condition ; second, to the growing need for forest products ; third, to the inadequacy of the method of public ownership of forest lands to solve the problem on a quantitative basis, because of the small percentage of forest lands publicly owned. I believe absolutely that public ownership and manage- ment is the best method of growing timber, and this is generally admitted by foresters and economists. But owing solely to the expense and slowness of the process of acquiring title to lands now owned privately, foresters are seeking means to check the destruction of forest values on private lands and preserve their productiveness. Private owners have a keen appreciation of forest values of all kinds, including stumpage value of merchant- able timber, protective value of forested slopes, aesthetic value of parks, and even commercial value of half grown timber. But their general desire is to realize or cash in on these values by sale of property or timber, or by turning the forest products into cash. In the process, the forest as a productive "plant" or property is wrecked or gutted as effectually as the Huns stripped the factories at Lille — and it takes just about as much patient invest- ment and far more time to restore such forest property to productiveness. Lumbermen, especially sawmill men, representing as they do the business of converting forests into cash, con- duct their business logically on this basis and as a class are not interested in what becomes of the land as forest land after cutting. Most of them will admit this and justify it. Many are interested in forestry, provided they themselves do not have to practice it. Most of them resent, and desire to avoid, criticism for this policy, but since it is the logical economic plan for them to pursue as far as they have been able to figure it out, they go ahead on those lines, cutting out their stumpage, and abandoning the worn out mill and plant on completion of the cut. For this policy the lumberman need not be considered either crazy, stupid, or criminal. He is a good average, short-sighted American, differing in no way from other operators who desire to skim the cream of a project, and with far more logic behind him. It pays the farmer who owns his soil to maintain its fertility, but the renter often resorts to skimming. It pays any business to adopt meth- ods for securing permanence, with reduced depreciation and labor costs and greater efficiency — but the lumberman has not been able to compute the profit in maintaining and renewing his raw material by the slow growth of the forest species, which does not keep pace with his mill rapacity, based as it is on large output and low manu- facturing costs. Self interest and public interest do not always coin- cide, but they are seldom diametrically opposed. The public benefit requires the curbing of selfish activities, and this usually results in the curtailment of immediate financial profit whose acquisition would result directly in public loss perhaps of a permanent character. By this curbing of greed, a business may even be made unprofit- able. This usually indicates that the public benefits of this business do not offset the injuries and damage re- sulting from its conduct. If a business is necessary to public welfare, which is the only excuse for its existence, public regulation will soon cause an adjustment which makes it possible to continue as before, and usually at an equal profit. The short-sighted policy of utter destruction of pri- vate forest property, like the placer gold mining of the west, may have to be terminated in the public interest, for several reasons. We will continue to need forest prod- ucts, grown on these lands, after the present supply is exhausted, if we are to continue to enjoy our present standard of living and not retrograde like the Chinese. Waste land incapable of agricultural use is an economic plague spot in a community, which can be cured by re- storing forest values. Productive land, whether forest or agricultural means taxes, roads, schools, population, markets, prosperity and character. The reverse means poverty, lack of transportation, ignorance, degeneracy, in- sanity, and pauperism. If the reader does not believe this it is because he has never investigated conditions where such causes have operated for two generations. Those who destroy forest values create prosperity during their operations, but insure a permanent condition of destitution to follow. We are passing through a transition stage in this coun- try, when the process of skimming our national resources, soil, forests, and minerals, is giving way to permanent ownership and management. What is the lumberman going to do with his skinned forest land in the future ? The process of selling it off to prospective settlers as agri- cultural land will be more and more curtailed by the interference of the same public interests, which, slow to awaken, now bid fair to adopt the principle that land must be suitable for agriculture before being disposed of to such investors. This is another example of interfer- ence with immediate profits, because of public good ! Are such land owners going to oppose the educational efforts of the government, and the attempts of states to secure land classification for fear it might prevent them from unloading worthless lands on prospective farmers? The corollary of the operation of skinning the forest is to skin the settler. Yet there is evidence that many such land owners balk at this process, and sincerely desire to find some true values and real uses for their cut-over 1406 AMERICAN FORESTRY lands — any use except forestry, for of this they are firmly persuaded that it is impractical, impossible, and un- profitable. My own belief is that it is going to become increasingly impractical, impossible and unprofitable for owners of forest land which is non-agricultural in character to do anything else with it except to grow timber upon it, and that the process of passing the buck by exchange of ownership does not relieve the purchaser of the problem, nor will it suffice very much longer for such land owners to seek to nullify the efforts of foresters to emphasize these conditions, by applying the damning epithet of "theorist." Those lumbermen who did service in France know that forestry is not a theory. They also know that our economic conditions are rapidly approaching those of France. Foresight on our part is needed as much as it was for the French. They applied it— will we? Close study of many areas of timber land in the south and elsewhere has convinced me that the skinning process applied to these operations actually loses money to the operator compared with that of reserving a small per cent of the less matured trees, and that reproduction even of Longleaf pine is easily obtainable by the use of simple and easily applied measures of protection. But the aver- age timber land owner does not wish to believe this and looks only at the difficulties. He is not in the forestry game and refuses to enter it or even consider it. If the cure for this deadlock lies in legislation we must secure the following conditions : First, the risks of timber production as a business must be reduced. This means better fire protection, better laws for exclusion of tree diseases and insect pests, and better enforcement. Second, proper tax legislation. This means a workable tax law removing the annual tax from timber, and im- posing instead a products tax. We have no workable laws at present. Third, actual land classification into agricultural and forest lands. If anyone thinks this is easy he is no farmer. Fourth, capable, trained, non-political state depart- ments of forestry with both the knowledge of forest technique and silviculture which will enable them to ad- vocate intelligent measures of forest regulation, and the power to enforce such measures. Finally, we may be in position to secure by regulation the measures needed to preserve the forest land from the destructive processes which now characterize private operations. If we begin at the other end of this chain of develop- ment, what do we get? Restrictive measures, of course, designed to force private owners to practice forestry. These measures will be formulated by politicians, or leg- islators, ignorant of the technique of forest production, and will be almost certainly impractical and calculated to defeat their own ends, like much of the "diameter limit" legislation which seems to be the first thought of such statesmen. Having passed such laws, we will have poli- ticians to enforce ( ?) them — and they will be evaded or repealed. We will find it impossible to enforce them on land claimed to be agricultural and there will be no authoritative classification of such lands, hence no possi- bility of actual enforcement. Meanwhile the same legis- latures which seek to regulate the owner of land will con- tinue to sanction increasing burdens of taxation on stand- ing timber, and may fail to provide an adequate system of fire protection to insure the survival of the plantations or young timber which they seek to force the owner to raise. The development of forestry by states has been by no means negligible. Progress has been made in securing good and workable fire laws. Experiments have been attempted in reform of state tax legislation as affecting forests, and a determined effort has been made to keep forestry out of the miasma of party politics. But this latter struggle resembles the labors of Sisyphus, who, as soon as he succeeded in rolling the stone to the top of the mountain, witnessed its smashing descent into the depths. The biggest problem we have in this entire forestry movement is how to secure and keep trained men in charge of state forestry organizations, for with- out such men, we will' never get even halfway up the slope of achievement in the program of securing actual forest production on private forest lands. LET ALL SIDES BE HEARD BY R. D. FORBES SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTRY, LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION T~\0 we need a national forest policy, and if so just *-* what form should this policy take? The lumbermen and the foresters of the country seem to be getting to- gether rapidly to solve this problem. Their getting together, however, reminds one of a couple of cats, with their tails tied together, hung over a clothes line. If you don't believe that, read some of the recent discus- sions in the lumber journals, notably the Lumber World Review of Chicago. A great many articles on national forest policy from far abler pens than the present writer's will have appeared in the columns of American Fores- try, and instead of addressing himself to an attempt to shed new light on the subject, he would like to make a suggestion- as to one means of remedying the lack of co- operation between the lumberman and the forester in solving this problem. No one can read the various articles pro and con which have appeared in the press of the day without A POLICY OF FORESTRY FOR THE NATION 1407 feeling that the cause of disagreement between the for- esters and the lumbermen is a lack of understanding of each other's point of view. There has been a lot of good time wasted on both sides demolishing arguments that were never raised, or statements that were never made, by the opposition. And as usual under such circum- stances, the less a man knew, the more positive he has been in his statements. Lumbering and forestry have been too far apart in the past. It is not at all necessary that every forester be a lumberman or every lumberman, a forester, but it certainly is essential that the forester be acquainted with the basic economic facts upon which the lumber industry rests, and that the lumberman under- stand the principles of forestry, before either can discuss a national timber land policy in an adequate and con- structive way. To emphasize these truths, there follows a quotation from Professor R. C. Bryant, of the Yale Forest School, who is in the very front of the small group of foresters who have a thorough understanding of the lumber busi- ness. He says: "It is one of the weak points in the profession (the forestry profession) that as yet we have not developed forester-economics who can speak authori- tatively on the many vital problems affecting forests and forestry. . . . Why are not foresters called into consul- tation by courts and Government agencies on questions involving tariff legislation, export policy, lumber trans- portation, and like issues? It is, I think, largely be- cause we have been content in the past to devote our attention to the problems which seem more closely related to forestry and have neglected the broader economic phases of the subject, which did not seem at the moment of so great interest or of such vital importance." On the other hand, to prove the contention that the lumbermen are very inadequately acquainted with the foresters' aims and work, let me ask our lumbermen friends how many of them have ever discussed forestry with professional foresters, or read articles on forestry subjects in the Journal of Forestry, which is the official organ of the Society of American Foresters, and reflects current opin- ion in the profession. American Forestry has for years, of course, endeavored to place forestry before the pub- lic, but its efforts have necessarily been confined to brief and popular presentations ; exhaustive and more or less technical discussions were not suited to its purpose. Certainly the meaning of forestry has been sadly twisted by some of the lumbermen when they have discussed it in the past, and this is reasonably attributable to the lum- bermen's failure to inform themselves, through reading and study, on forestry subjects. To remedy this situation why not let us all go back to school temporarily and take an examination on the sub- ject of forestry and the lumber industry? Let the offi- cials of the National Manufacturers' Association appoint a committee, preferably a one-man committee, to draft half a dozen questions regarding the broad economic con- ditions underlying the lumber industry. Let these ques- tions be such that an intelligible answer to all six can be made in 3,000 words. Let the Society of American For- esters appoint a similar committee to draft six questions on the fundamentals of forestry, which can likewise be adequately answered in 3,000 words. Then let a long- suffering jury of about five men, or any number deemed advisable, be chosen by joint action of the Lumber Manu- facturers' Association and the Society of American For- esters to grade the replies received to both sets of ques- tions. Every contestant would be known to the judges only by a key number, and be required to reply to every one of the twelve questions. Allow the contestants access to all of the literature on forestry or the lumber industry that they may care to delve into (for the good of their souls or for the purpose of answering the questions) and require all the papers to be in at the end of a three-months' period. Finally let the associations named or any other good and interested citizens put up a substantial sum in the form of cash prizes, say $500, to be divided among the three best writers. Other details could be worked out very simply, but for the benefit of all concerned the writer suggests that in judging the papers plainness of language and avoidance of technicalities be considered a virtue second only to knowledge of the facts. I at once hear the sneer of the self-made man, who says : "Some smart aleck from a college can write a bet- ter paper than a lumberman who has been knocking out his 100,000 feet a day for the last 25 years. An exami- nation on paper is no fair test of a man's abilities. Put the same college youth, at the head of a sawmill and log- ging job and see how long he would last." In reply, let me say first that it would hardly be practicable to test our contestants out except in some such way as I have sug- gested. Secondly, let me call the objector's attention to the fact that the United States Forest Service, headed by a technical forester and directed in all of its branches by either technical foresters or men who have grown up with the forestry profession, today administers 150,000,- 000 acres of land, has charge of about 18 per cent of the stumpage in the United States, and employs some 2,500 men every year. It expends around $4,000,000, and takes in about $3,500,000 annually, and will soon be self-sup- porting. It is a bigger concern than any lumber company in the world, and in spite of entire lack of precedents it has, within fifteen years, built up a very efficient organi- zation. Any man who has been Supervisor of a million acres of national forest land in the west and has handled successfully the tremendous multitude of details con- nected with the administration of that million acres is no mere dreamer, but an exceedingly practical business man. The forestry profession is composed 99 per cent of men who have been in the business not over 20 years, and considering their youth and the difficulties which they have encountered, no fair-minded man can deny that they have done much hard and exceedingly practical work. Let us make a test of the foresters' knowledge, as com- pared to the lumberman's knowledge, of the whole field of forestry and lumbering. 1408 AMERICAN FORESTRY WHAT THEY SAY AS TO A FOREST POLICY: rPREE culture and tree conservation should be taught and practiced. — Chi- cago Tribune. The American Forestry Association is doing good service in linking the causes of roads and forestation. — New York Times. It is a subject calling for a national forest policy. — St. Louis Globe-Democrat. The statistics are certainly alarming.— New York Tribune. We must plant trees as we plant corn. — Hamilton, Ohio, Republican-News. We still refuse to learn from the coun- tries of the Old World. — Florida Times-Union. An appalling indictment of Ameri- can carelessness. — Cleveland Press. This is a matter of first import- ance.— Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. In times of peace the loss of fifty millions in property at a single time would stir the world. — Cincinnati Times-Star. From every side is heard words of praise for the American Forestry Association. — Chicago Evening Post. The increase of trees and shaded highways will add millions to the scenic value of the country. — Minne- apolis Journal. Nor have we been able to think of a more lovely memorial than a col- lonade of trees. — Cincinnati Enquirer. We should seek to have the two improvements go hand in hand — re- forestation and road construction. — New Orleans Times-Picayune. The American Forestry Associa- tion earnestly aims to promote the. beautification of public highways. — Salt Lake Tribune. The American Forestry Associa- tion's efforts should be pushed and in the South especially it should be given the encouragement which it merits. — Charleston, S. C, News and Courier. It is to be hoped the American people will take kindly to the plan of the American Forestry Association, not only as a matter of sentiment, but as a matter of comm-> BY O. M. BUTLER ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY RESEARCH in forest products, stimulated by war requirements, forecasts a far-reaching movement in the peace-time utilization of wood in new forms. One field of possibilities in particular stands out. In it lumbermen and foresters should be especially interested, because rapid advancement within the next ten or twenty years may be expected, and developments in this field may have a marked influence on the industry and the profession. This domain is the utilization of wood in built-up forms. The trend of utilization is already strong in this direc- tion. Built-up wood is by no means new. Before the dawn of history, the Horse of Troy, we have been led to believe, was a built-up wooden "steed of tremendous height," and on through the ages wood has been used in forms that were "built-up" in one sense or another. The in the same way. During the war, built-up structural beams were approved by both the National and Chicago Boards of Fire Underwriters to meet the shortage of the large sizes of structural timbers, while lattice trusses of light-weight timber with the principal supporting mem- bers made of built-up stock were developed for govern- ment use to span walls as far as ioo feet apart. Recogniz- ing that it would be a mistake for lumbermen and archi- tects generally to adopt this form of construction without first having conclusive data as to the efficiency of Specific types or standards of built-up designs, the Forest Prod- ucts Laboratory now has under way, in co-operation with the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association, a series of mechanical tests on full-sized, built-up beams. A number of factors may be mentioned as influencing this trend toward the larger use of built-up wood. New EXPERIMENTS ARK BEING CONDUCTED UPON A WIDE VARIETY OF WOODKX ARTICLES AT THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABOR- ATORY TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY MAY BE MADE FROM LAMINATED STOCK. THE AIRCRAFT PROPELLED IS TYPICAL OF THE SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF LAMINATED CONSTRUCTION. THE OTHER ARTICLES ARK AS YET PURELY EXPERIMENTAL IN CHARACTER ALTHOUGH THE TESTS ALREADY CONDUCTED INDICATE THE POSSIBILITY OF SECURING VERY SATISFACTORY SERVICE FROM LAMINATED ARTICLES. term, as here used, however, refers to the fabrication from smaller material of special forms or types of lumber to replace or to serve as substitutes for full-sawn or solid material. Two general methods of building up wood in this manner are now in use ; one employs glue, and the other, nails, bolts, wooden pins, and other forms of fastenings, to hold the different parts or laminations together. Glued laminations are quite widfely used for the manu- facture of a great variety of material for inside pur- poses, such as furniture, toys, mill work, etc.; but it has not found extensive application commercially for exterior or semi-exterior requirements, because the ready failure of the glue used when joints became exposed to rain or extreme changes of moisture conditions. Laminated beams, girders, and stringers are now built up of thin pieces of lumber bolted together and used for structural purposes in the same manner as solid timbers of the same cross section. Tension members in truss design and, in fact, entire trusses have also been built up 1410 and more accurate knowledge of the mechanical and physical properties of wood and of the materials and methods essential in perfecting built-up construction is stimulating interest in its commercial possibilities. The knowledge gained through intensive research during the war relative to making glues of great strength and mois- ture-resistance and relative to methods of conditioning and protecting wooden laminations or parts has turned attention to the possibilities of the exterior use of built- up wood. A second factor is the regional depletion of forests and the necessity that manufacturing plants in those re- gions resort to closer utilization of the remaining timber. Experience has shown that in such localities utilization becomes increasingly intensive, while the price of lumber likewise increases, thus permitting forms of utilization involving increased cost to manufacturers. Closely allied to this factor is the decreasing supply of large-sized tim- ber from which solid beams or timbers in structural sizes can readily be obtained. War demands emphasized only "BUILT-UP WOOD" 1411 too clearly the increasing scarcity of high-grade structural timber and the necessity of providing built-up substitutes that will be practically as serviceable as the solid material. A third factor — now more potential than immediate in its influence but which in the long run will undoubtedly exercise great pressure — is the growing economic neces- sity of making the national wood supply go further by utilizing material now wasted and by adopting more eco- nomical forms of construction and use. The airplane exemplifies more than any other one thing the possibilities of built-up wood. It represents accomplishment under the propulsion of necessity and intensive application. During the early days of the war and, in fact, even after America's entrance, it has been-. BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN AT PRESENT CONCERNING THE EFFI- CIENCY OF BUILT-UP AXLES AND BOLSTERS SUCH AS THOSE SHOWN IN THE ILLUSTRATION. THEY WOULD UNDOUBTEDLY BE STRONG ENOUGH TO DO THE WORK EXPECTED OF THEM, BUT NO DATA IS AS YET AVAILABLE TO SHOW HOW MUCH RESISTANCE THEY WOULD HAVE AGAINST EXPOSURE TO THE WEATHER AM) THE SHOCKS INCIDENT TO USE. said thai ISo per cent of the French propellers had to be rejected before use because strains and stresses in the wood brought about by changing moisture conditions had rendered them practically useless. The propeller proba- bly represents the most refined requirements of glued-up wood from the standpoint of manufacturing practice. It is essential that the propeller be so perfectly manufac- tured and finished that changing weather conditions will not pull it apart, weaken it, or even throw it out of bal- ance or trackage to an infinitesimal degree. By the close of the war, these difficulties had been largely overcome through intensive studies of glues, protective wood fin- ishes, and the effect of moisture upon wood. The wing beam of an airplane illustrates another major problem in the use of glued-up wood because it must meet very precise strength requirements. Despite this fact, it was found by experiments that laminations of spruce, glued-up with strong waterproof glue, made a beam which was equal in strength requirements to a solid beam of the same dimension. The United States, England and France had actually approved such beams in their specifications. While laminated beams of many different designs were used to a limited extent by Germany and the Allies during the early years of the war, the advantages of such beams became so apparent towards the end of the war that sev- eral of the Allies specified them to the exclusion of solid" beams. While there are at present no glues available that are equal to wood in tensile strength, it is possible to join wood so that it will resist tension satisfactorily by making long scarf joints, the area of which is much greater than the cross-sectional area of the pieces to be glued. Like- wise, scarf joints are used satisfactorily in beams, where both tension and compression stresses must be resisted. There is, of course, more wastage of material in the scarf. It will be apparent that the solution of the problems involved in aircraft manufacture has general application in many other directions and the successful development of glued-up wood for exterior use under exacting air- craft requirements forecasts with seeming certainty its ultimate application to the diversified wood-using indus- tries. There is, however, one very vital problem not encountered in airplane manufacture, and that is success- ful protection against bacteria, to which glued joints are now particularly subject, especially when exposed to conditions of dampness. Recent experiments, however, IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LAMINATED BOWLING PINS THE MATERIAL OF THE PROPER SIZE AND KIND IS FIRST SUR- FACED ON TWO SIDES AND THEN GLUED UP INTO A BLOCK AND SET ASIDE FOR A WEEK OR LONGER TO ENABLE THEM TO REACH A STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM. have yielded results which indicate quite conclusively that it is possible to make a glue which will be both waterproof and bacteria-proof without decreasing its strength prop- erties. The successful use of large built-up columns, trusses, and structural timbers of similar character is more un- certain, on account of the difficulty of designing satisfac- tory joints and fastenings to meet the tremendous strains to which they must be subjected. Another problem at- tending their use is the shrinking of the wood after they are put in place and the consequent loosening of bolts and joints. Further refinements in drying practice, however, 1412 AMERICAN FORESTRY should go far toward solving this difficulty. In the ex- periments now under way to determine the possibilities of various built-up forms for heavy structural use and the efficiency of different types of joints and fastenings, glued laminations are not yet being used, although it is not improbable that when the effect of aging on the strength of glue becomes definitely established, glued joints may find structural application. For smaller wooden arti- cles, built-up wood has im- mediate application not only in replacing solid ma- terial but in extending the utilization of small sizes and low grades. Some of these possibilities are for wagon tongues, bolsters, wheel hubs and rims, plow beams, sled runners, auto- moblie bodies, gun stocks, agricultural implements, ath- letic goods, artificial limbs, hat blocks, ladder rails, shoe lasts, porch columns and outside doors. The Laboratory has already made up as experiments sets of maple bowling pins and shoe lasts, oak wheel IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LAMINATED BOWLING PINS THE BLOCK HAVING BEEN ROUGHED OUT ON THE BAND SAW IS PUT IN THE TURNING LATHE AND TURNED TO THE PROPER PATTERN. AFTER A SUITABLE FINISH HAS BEEN APPLIED THE PINS ARE READY FOR TEST. mercial practicability will undoubtedly time its wide- spread or general adoption. As a manufacturing process, laminated construction is in a great many cases more expensive than solid-wood construction, and there is an element of waste in the large amount of saw kerf. It would appear offhand that, so long as present dif- ferentials in the prices of thin and thick lumber and in various species prevail, built-up wood will have great difficulty generally in meeting competition. But this is not altogether the case and for the following reasons : 1. The drying or seasoning costs are lessened by laminated construction since thin lumber can be much more rapidly dried and with less loss than thick lumber. 2. The manufacturing loss in solid wood, especially where steam bending is required, as in wheel rims and certain kinds of furniture, promises to be very greatly reduced by lami- nated construction. 3. Scrap ends and waste material may often be fully utilized in built-up wood. 4. In the manufacturing of certain articles now requiring select high grades, low grades obtained at cheaper prices may be substituted. 5. Built-up wood makes possible better and more uniform seasoning of stock, and this in turn, makes possible a more serviceable article and tends to eliminate price competition. 6. The location of the nation's main sources of timber supply in the far West will tend to make possible the local utilization of built-up wood from other species in eastern and middle f \ JBfi - B^^^^^ fHgi -A *** aA KK^mSmmi LAMINATED BOWLING PINS READY FOR TEST. THE TEST CON- SISTS OF ACTUAL SERVICE IN A BOWLING ALLEY, A RECORD BEING KEPT OF THE NUMBER OF GAMES PLAYED WITH THE PINS. rims, wagon bolsters and tongues and walnut gun stocks. These articles are now made commercially from solid wood, but the experiments are in laminated construc- tion, with the use of waterproof casein glue in some cases and blood albumin in others. The bowling pins, under actual preliminary test in a local alley at Madison, gave the same service as the solid pins. The testing of the other laminated articles has not yet been completed. While the field for laminated construction of the fore- going character is very extensive, the factor of com- AFTER 250 GAMES THESE LAMINATED HOWLING PINS ARK STILL IN SERVICEABLE CONDITION, IN FACT THIS PARTICULAR SET IS, TO ALL INTENTS AND PURPOSES THE EQUAL OF SOLID PINS. western regions, at prices comparable with or even below those of solid wood shipped in from distant regions. These conditions, it will be apparent, will have a direct bearing upon the final costs of built-up wood. It is "BUILT-UP WOOD" 1413 significant that even under the price conditions existing today a suprisingly large number of laminated articles, by efficient utilization and manufacture, is being produced and marketed in competition with the solid form of con- struction. Another factor with which built-up wood will have to contend for its general adoption is that of buyers' preju- dice or custom. Custom has a strong hold upon the average person, particularly the rural citizen, in relation to the tools and equipment which he uses in his work. The average farmer, for example, will have to be shown that a laminated wagon tongue or bolster is serviceable and "worth the money." In the immediate development of markets for built-up wood intended to replace solid wood, price competition will, therefore, be neces- sary to establish the ser- viceability of many articles. To the average forester and lumberman a general transition to built-up wood probably appears far dis- tant or doubtful. The limits of its commercial practicability are, to be sure, indeterminate and problematical, but, from the standpoint of satisfac- tory service, there seem to be no limits to its possible substitution for most forms of solid wood. Even built- up railroad ties and tele- phone poles, while extreme examples, are by no means beyond the realm of possi- bility. Further research may be counted upon to make available glues that will be absolutely imperv- ious to moisture and bac- teria, and to determine ac- curately the factors of safety for all different types and forms of built- up wood. It will then become possible to use it with intelligence, economy, fail to be impressed by the possibilities of built-up wood as a factor of utilization. Not only would it make pos- sible the saving of a large percentage of present woods and mill waste, but conceivably it would revolutionize beneficially the present milling and grading practices for many species. Select and clear material, the value of which is now lost in under-sizes or discounted by low grade classification, could be utilized and valued on the basis of the number of clear cuttings produced, the method being somewhat the same, only far more inten- sive ; as that now used with the more valuable hardwoods and shop grades of softwoods. This general practice TWO TYPES OF LAMINATED SHOE LASTS ARE ILLUSTRATED IN THIS PHOTOGRAPH. THE UPPER LAST IS MADE WITH VERTI- CAL LAMINATIONS AND THE LOWER ONE WITH HORIZONTAL LAMINATIONS. THESE LASTS ARE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHOES AND RECEIVE A MUCH HARDER SERVICE THAN THE ORDINARY SHOE TREE. THE SOLID LASTS ARE USUALLY MADE OF MAPLE AND BIRCH AND THE LOSSES INCURRED IN THE SEASONING OF THE BLOCKS AND THE MANUFACTURE OF THE LASTS ARE NORMALLY RATHER GREAT. SEVERAL SHOE FAC- TORIES ARE COOPERATING WITH THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY IN TESTING OUT THE SERVICEABILITY OF THE LAMINATED LASTS. WHILE NO DEFINITE RESULTS HAVE AS YET BEEN OBTAINED, PRESENT INDICATIONS ARE THAT LAM- INATED LASTS. BUILT UP WITH WATER-RESISTANT GLUES WILL BE QUITE SATISFACTORY. and safety. One cannot and utilization standards, would, in turn, stimulate similar refinement in stump- age valuation and would go far toward valuing the tree on its actual contents of clear material. In brief, the in-- fluence of defects upon surrounding clear material would be reduced to an almost negligible minimum, while milling practices would automatically be adjusted to an intensive manufacture either of small-dimension material for lami- nated manufacture in the wood-using industries or to standardized built-up, ready-to-use building lumber for the retail trade, or both. Furthermore, other species of wood now more or less unusable could be brought into use — eucalyptus, for example, because of the practica- bility of drying it satisfactorily in small dimensions. A general utilization movement of the intensiveness suggested above would nat- urally exercise a direct in- fluence upon the practice of forestry. Instead of man- aging timber lands on long rotations, the raising of young forests under short rotations would be practi- cable, and foresters in working out their silvicul- tural plans would give spe- cial weight in the selection of species to their economic value for laminated or built-up use. Short rota- tions, in most instances, mean greater quantity pro- duction, higher financial re- turns from forest invest- ments, and enhanced soil values, while a wider range of species utilization, which laminated construction makes possible, would tend further to increase quantity production. Forestry has great diffi- culty in many regions in commending itself as a profitable or desirable fi- nancial investment because of the long rotations neces- sitated by present lumber but built-up wood would largely remove that difficulty by making practicable com- paratively short rotations for all species and the greater utilization of quick-growing and so-called inferior species now discredited with the trade and of low commercial value. It would, therefore, transform many now un- attractive forest projects from unprofitable to profitable investments and stimulate the practice of private forestry in all parts of the country. The utilization of young forests naturally raises many questions relative to seasoning, durability, mechanical properties, etc. One is apt to think that it will intensify drying difficulties on account of the increase in percent- 1414 AMERICAN FORESTRY agt- of sapwood, bat such is not the case. On the other hand, sapwood simplifies the drying problem because of the fact that it dries; more easily and better than heart- wood. Likewise, the sapwood of most species, excepting that of hemlock, white spruce, and certain fir, takes pre- servative treatment better than heartwood, although it is not probable that this greater penetration will give greater durability than well-treated heartwood. While in the case of most hardwoods, second-growth young timber is superior in strength quality to older or mature timber, this is not true for all conifers. In fact, the reverse is more nearly the rule, but the differences are not too great or serious to be met satisfactorily by devel- oping methods and standards of laminated construction in accordance with which the required strength for spe- cific purposes will be obtained. From the broad standpoint of forest conservation, built-up wood justifies thoughtful public and professional consideration. The tremendous annual loss to the nation of wood wasted under present methods of logging, milling and manufacture, is like the weather; it is much talked about but relatively little is done about it. For every foot of wood utilized we have to admit that two feet are wasted in woods, mill and factory. At the same time lumbermen admit that ten years hence the remaining large bodies of southern pine will be cut out. The coun- try's main storehouse of timber will then be the west coast, two to three thousand miles removed from the principal consuming markets of the country. When that comes to be the case, the East and Middle West will begin to feel the full effect on the price of lumber gen- erally of a transportation cost of from $10 to $20 per thousand feet. Furthermore, public measures making mandatory the more economical utilization of our forest resources may be expected in a relatively few years. It is, therefore, wise and forehanded to determine in the meantime the directions along which a sane and sound national utilization policy for the future may be shaped. H "NAPOLEON WILLOW" DYING EAVY with memories of Napoleonic glory and whispers of quiet St. Helena, the old tree which came from the aisle of willows at the Emperor's grave some forty years ago as a slender shoot to be trans- planted to the Woodside estate of John Morris Phillips is dying. Today it is in the care of the city of Newark, part of the little park at Elwood Place which the Phillips estate presented to the city in 1892, and tree surgeons are busy on the tree, with cement for the gaping cavity at the base of its trunk and all the remedies known to science. But the willow, which has aged early, is world weary, and its wide, drooping branches are symbolic of a fast and steady decline. In the days when the old Phillips estate, which holds a place in the city's history for 200 years, dominated the Woodside section with its twenty green acres. John .Morris Phillips, lover of beautiful trees and shrubs, took delight in putting out new ones from his fine nursery. Besides trees,, he had another enthusiasm — Napoleon Photograph by courtesy of the Nrwark Bvtning Nrms THE FAMOUS "NAPOLEON WILLOW" AT ELWOOD PLACE The photograph shows the dying branches on the wonderful old tree. Bonaparte. Fine prints of the little Corsican, memoirs and documents galore bearing upon his career, were stored up at the Phillips' homestead in a collection that never seemed to stop growing. But one day there came an incident that combined the two loves of John Morris Phillips — a friend of his who had gone on a trip around the world had stopped off at St. Helena and there taken a shoot from the clump of willows that surrounded the great exile's original burial place. The young tree was duly set out on the broad lawn facing Elwood Place, and from that time on it was the favorite of old Mr. Phillips. Set in among the elms and maples in what is now a city park, it is still the aristocrat of the lawn. Thirty-five years ago Mr. Phillips died, and the estate today is not of the size that it used to be. Neither have the same understanding hands that cared for the willow been there to care for it in the old way, for the Napoleonic tradition died. City officials may worry about it — Carl Bannwart of the Shade Tree Department has ordered that it be given special care — attendants may potter around at the broad base of its trunk, and the curious may speculate, but the willow of St. Helena is dying. TREES AND THE HIGHWAYS BY PHILIP P. SHARPLES ROAD ENGINEERING EXPERT OF THE BARRETT COMPANY A MAX from New England carries through the length of his life a picture of a village street with high arching elms overhead beneath whose grateful shade he was wont to linger on his way from school in the first hot days of June. The elm is still there and ever will be the most attractive tree for highway planting. Highways are built not for today, but for tomorrow in a long vista into the future. It behooves the engineer of today to look ahead. He can lay out a highway in the most approved fashion and put upon it a surface adapted to the traffic of the minute, but in the end the only permanent part of the way is the location and this our experience tells us is likely to be handed down through the generations to come. What more fitting gift can we bestow upon pos- terity than the chance to enjoy roadways well locat- ed and lined with noble trees ! The details of tree plant- ing require the co-operation of the engineer, the land- scape architect and the for- ester. Rare is the man who combines the talents of all three and the majority of trees must be planted on an experience and common sense basis. The engineer must de- termine the width of the road and the likelihood of change so that the trees may be placed where they will not be disturbed in the future. It is also up to him to tell if there should be planted trees of varieties that give dense shade, or, if such trees should be placed only on the north side of the road, for there are road locations that require sun and warmth to keep their surfaces in traversable condi- tion the year through. It may be necessary in swampy forest locations to ruthlessly cut the trees away from the sides of the road to prevent too much dampness. The landscape architect must decide the most effec- tive placing of the trees, not alone for the present, but, with his imaginative eye, for the future. He must also decide the kind of tree suited to the view 'and to the surroundings. Elms may be desired or a quicker grow- ing tree like the maple or the linden. A swampy soil may call for the weeping willow or swamp maple. His problems are numerous, from the placing of an elm in New England to the designation of eucalyptus and palms in southern California. He may even throw up his hands and tell you that neither the giant cactus nor the live oak will thrive and there can be no successful planting without irrigation. The Lincoln Highway has miles and miles of these problems in Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah and Neva- da. Nothing but sage brush grows and yet even that, as vegetation, has a charm in the desert. The landscape architect has other subjects than trees to consider and, per- haps, the time is not far distant when shrubs and flowers may be considered for our roadsides in our more settled communities. The hawthorne hedges and the roadside gardening of old England are ex- amples for the future. The possibilities in this country are not indicated in the park work of our larger cities. The forester (and the arboriculturist is included) must indicate the kinds of trees suited to soil and locality, which ones will stand drouth and which ones water. He must indi- cate the kinds that must grow in groups for self-protec- tion and which opes can stand alone battling the winds, a sentinel and a landmark on some commanding hill. He too must devise the plans for transplanting and must attend the nurslings until they are established and care for them in the future. In contemplating the future, let us not forget to save and cherish what we already have. The engineer should attempt to save the noble specimen on a new location, the landscape architect should attempt to utilize foliage already on the location and the forester should attempt THE MONARCH OF FOREST TREKS Redwood* on the California State Highway, mar Miranda. As Mr. Sharp- Irs says, the reconstruction of the battle areas in France is an easy task compared to replacing such trees as these. 1415 1416 AMERICAN FORESTRY ON THE WILLIAM PENN HIGHWAY, NEAR YELLOW PENNSYLVANIA SPRINGS, This gives a good idea of what needs to be done to make our motor routes "Roads of Remembrance." . Note the most unattractive . of Remembrance." - stretch of barns and teleeraoh noles on the rieht of the road. to save for the future what our ancestors have left us. The national forest reservations are a wonderful step in saving for the future some of the beauties nature has bestowed upon us. More must be done. The great state highway project should be made to mean more, and in building such highways advan- tage should be taken of natural beauties that can be preserved. In Humbolt County, Cali- fornia, a new state highway is in process of construction. It is flanked with noble redwoods dating from before the time of Christ. Unless public sentiment bestirs itself, the trees along this great aisle of the cathedral of the woods are doomed to the saw and the mill. The man-made buildings destroyed in devastated France are easier to restore than one of these ancient monarchs of the forest. The problems of tree planting and tree saving have only been briefly touched upon. It is to be hoped that the example of France and England may not be lost on our soldiers who have been across and that we may look forward to roads and streets better kept and more artistically treated. THE COMMUNITY AND ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE POSSIBILITIES of highway tree planting pointed ■*■ out by Philip P. Sharpies in the article are only limited to the number of miles a road may extend. The community spirit that was reborn of the war may, with the planting of "Roads of Remembrance," be kept alive and bring about a more united country. The great burden of our roads is civilization. A striking example of what may be done is seen in the plan worked out at Dryden, Michigan, by Major-General George O. Squier, chief signal officer of the United States Army. The General took a green scum covered mill pond and con- verted it into a beauty spot by building a miniature dam. A small club house was erected on the side of a hill. The General demonstrated right in his own home town that the beauties of a place are seldom seen by the people who live there. The result was that the little club house has become a real country club and it is the meet- ing place of the farmers of that county. The boys and girls of the farm community now enjoy this interesting place. Let our good roads program include such com- munity centers and the planting of memorial trees such as General Squier is going to have planted at his home town and we will shortly have a transformed farming community. Nearly every State in the Union is alive to these possibilities and various organizations are backing plans for memorial drives and victory highways. The Rotary Club at Bluefield, West Virginia, is one of the first branches of that organization to plan a memorial drive A BEAUTIFUL STRETCH OK ROAD AT TOPSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS This shows the wonderful possibilities for Memorial Tree planting along the good roads now under con- struction. Compare this picture with that of the William Penn Highway in Pennsylvania. THE COMMUNITY AND ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE 1417 although the Detroit Rotary Club has planted memorial trees for its members. The Rotary Club of Hamilton, Ohio, is going in for tree planting as a memorial on an even bigger scale for that organization will plant memorial trees for the soldiers of Butler County. Perhaps one of the most unique forms of hearty response to the call of the American Forestry Association for memorial tree planting is found in the Burroughs Clearing House maga- zine. This publication, which goes to the banks and bankers of the country and is devoted to office manage- ment and efficiency, gives a full page to "Roads of Re- membrance" and urges the bankers of the country to visualize the possibilities for a better country and better business in the building of good roads and their beauti- fication. Frederick Stuart Greene, State Commissioner of High- ways for New York, has outlined a plan whereby his department will plant fruit and nut bearing trees along the roads. On this point Commissioner Greene says : "The productive fruit or nut from these trees would be ripened at just about the time we now lay off our patrolmen or repair gangs and instead of laying these men off they could be used to harvest the crops which the trees produce and with the number of trucks which the government is now turning over to the department these crops could be quickly and economically transported to markets. "The yield from trees planted along our highways represents but a small part of their value to the State. There are few things we can do toward lengthening the life of a road more effective than the planting of trees so that the pavement is shaded. On some of our mid- summer days it is not unusual to find a temperature of from 115 to 125 degrees on the pavement itself where it is subjected to the direct rays of the sun, whereas the same pavement under the shade of a tree will show at the same time not more than 90 degrees of heat. WHAT LARGE M ANLFACTURING CONCERNS CAN DO I.N MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING This picture shows the avenue leading to the works of Henry Disston & Sons, Inc., of Philadelphia. The management planted this avenue of Norway maples twenty-three years ago. Why cannot every manufacturing plant in the country plant a memorial avenue in honor of their men who offered their Jives to their country? By American Photo Service. PERSHING PLANTS A MEMORIAL TREE One of the first things (after the cheering) when General John J. Pershing arrived in New York from over seas, was the planting of a memorial tree in Central Park. This pin oak from the Amawalk Nursery was planted as a memorial to the men who lost their lives in the war. The General also planted a memorial tree in Independence Square, Philadelphia. "It is during these hot days that we most frequently get our sudden showers. The temperature of the water from one of these showers runs from about 65 to 70 degrees. On an unshaded pavement we have, therefore, a sudden drop in temperature from say 120 degrees to 65 degrees, or 55 full degrees. On a pavement protected by the shade of trees we have a drop of from 90 to 60 degrees, or a total of 30 degrees, just one- half the change in temperature of an exposed pavement. "The stress and amount of shrinkage set up in a pavement which is subjected to the sudden change of 55 degrees are a detri- ment to any type of road. Fur- ther than this, with an unexposed pavement this sudden change in temperature is more gradual, due to the fact that the leaves of the trees retard the water to some extent and the pavement does not get the full rainfall at one blow." The soldiers, now back from France, are the strongest advo- cates of good roads for they know their value as perhaps no other one set of men know it. 1418 AMERICAN FORESTRY This point of view is told in the Anioroc News, which was published by the American Army of Occupation at Coblenz in these words: "The most urgent necessity of our country is good roads — permanent roads that can be used twelve months in each year. The roads of America today are abso- lutely inadequate, inefficient, and antiquated. They are not designed to carry heavy traffic. It is a vital problem, this question of good roads, one that reaches down into the very foundation of our social and economic scheme of life, for roads are the clearing houses for the various States and the only means of free travel. Our national municipalities have planned their own memorial highways or victory drives. In St. Albans. Vermont, for example, a memorial avenue a half mile long has been planted by the Woman's Club. At Bridgeton, New Jersey, a drive has been planted with trees in honor of that town's heroes. These tree plantings are being reported to the American Forestry Association for registration on the National Honor Roll of trees the association is compiling. Street tree planting has been taken up anew and a fine opening for the community spirit is found in the neigh- bors along a street or a block getting together and de- ciding to beautify their surroundings. The movement 1917 --WORLD WAR-- 1918 SCHOOL HOUSE ft ft CORP FRANK McNAMARA JOHN CONNELl ft FRANCIS CARBERRY ft ft EARL KEARNEY FRANK KEARNEY ft S'G'T FRANK D.V-COUGHLIN ft ft ALFRED KEARNEY JOSEPH J KEARNEY r is f ^ mi » W:-] *-N ft CLARENCE KINGSTON ft ARZIE GILLESPIE CLARENCE MILLER LIEUT. FRANCIS TRACY KILLED IN ACTION ft ft DANIEL MAHONEY LIEUT. URBAN LAVERY ft LIEUT. PAUL LAVERY ft ft SIDNEY E.HARVEY LIEUT.JAMES F.LAVERY ACADIA SCHOOL This bronze tablet (without the picture inserts) is one of the most unique memorials marking memorial tree planting in the United .State The tablet hangs in the Acadia School, at Lavery^ Pennsylvania, and each star on the tablet marks where, in tin- school yard, a memorial tre an oak. T Raycroft, was chairman of the dedication committee has been planted in honor of the former pupils. There is one star in gold, that of Lieut Francis Tracy, who was killed m action. This tree The others are maples. Lieut. Tracy was killed in the Argonnc on his thirty-fifth birthday. The other insert, Mrs. Annie Lavery From all over Erie county hundreds came to the dedication. prosperity demands that this disadvantage of roads be overcome. This can only be done by honest legislators making laws, the enforcement of which shall be placed in the hands of men who have passed the test, by service in the construction and maintenance of highways." With nearly a billion dollars appropriated from one source or another for good roads the opportunity for beautifying these roads comes right now. The move- ment is well underway and growing every day. Many has spread around the world for the American Forestry Association has just received word that New Zealand has plans under way for "Roads of Remembrance" following a meeting of borough council presidents and automobile officials called by P. J. Luke, the Mayor of Wellington. One road under discussion is between Wellington and Auckland, straight across the dominion. Take up the work in your community and start the movement going as a representative of the American Forestry Association. THE LOONS AND GREBES (Families Caviidae and Colymbidae) BY A. A. ALLEN, PH. D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, COKNELL UNIVERSITY "A: S crazy as a loon" is an expression that gains force when one hears the weird notes of one of these curious divers. Beginning low, the strange sonorous sound rises in pitch and increases in volume until it ends with a terrible spasmodic gasp. Heard in Photograph by G. A. Bailey A CAPTIVE LOON This beauty is in summer plumage — in winter it is gray above. the dead of night when one is alone in the silent forest it has the faculty of arousing one from slumber with a stiffened scalp and strange prickly feeling in the vicinity of one's spine. At other times a pair of birds will hold 1 . ' * :,, Photograph by G. A. Bailey LOOKS LIKE A SHADOW But it is a young loon in its characteristic coat of soft black down. a concert or a single bird will locate a rocky cliff where there is a good echo and will call to himself for hours at a time. The notes are then different and resemble more the insane laugh of an escaped maniac. Those who spend their summers in Canada are familiar with the loons and their ways for it is impossible to camp by the lakes where they nest without being almost continually aware of their presence. Those who do not go to Canada or visit the lake country of northern New Eng- land, however, seldom see them. They, may not realize that they are present in numbers during the winter on the larger bodies of water throughout the United States Photograph by G. A. Bailey THE HOME OF AN EXCLUSIVE LOON Though fully exposed, this nest on the shore of Georgia Bay is safe. The eggs are inconspicuous because of their olive-drab color. and along the sea coast, for at such times they are silent and usually keep a safe distance from the shore. On their migrations over land they usually fly high and, because of their large size and long necks, they are some- A STERN WHEELER Young grebes resemble their parents in everything but color. Note lobed toes and the position of the legs at the head of the body. the 1419 1420 AMERICAN FORESTRY times mistaken for geese, but the flocks of loons never assume the characteristic wedge of the wild geese. Though occasionally there may be a hundred or more birds in the flock, they seem to care nothing for each others company but fly in scattered ranks. During the winter all loons are colored much alike, being grayish above and white below but, during the summer, they are quite different. There are only five species of loons in the world, confined to the northern "ALL ABOARD" One young grebe is just crawling onto its father's back and the other is making haste to follow him. half of the northern hemisphere, and only one of these, the common loon, is often seen. It is black above, the back spotted with white, and there is a half ring of white streaked across the neck. The underparts are white but as it is seldom seen except on the water, the general im- pression is that of a black bird about the size of a goose but with a shorter neck and a longer bill. The bill is very strong and sharply pointed for it is used for ON THE BOSOM OF THE CAYUGA A horned grebe on Cayuga Lake in winter plumage. spearing the fish upon which the loon lives. The fish captured by the loon are usually small but some occa- sionally weigh as much as a pound or even two pounds and these are swallowed with much difficulty. The fish are pursued by the loon and speared beneath the water, the strong webbed feet of the bird driving it at such speed that the wings never have to be used unless the Photograph by A. D. DuBois A HORNED GREBE AT HOME All grebes build floating nests from which they can slip readily into the water and disappear. bird is wounded. The fish are never swallowed beneath water but are brought to the surface and juggled about until they can be swallowed head foremost. The loon ordinarily lays its two olive-brown spotted eggs in a mere depression on the shore, on a hummock THE "HELL-DIVER'' Otherwise known as the pied-billed grebe. Note the insignificant tail. It is a graceful bird on the water but almost helpless on the land. THE LOONS AND THE GREBES 1421 of mud, or a muskrat house where it can quickly slip into the water and dive from sight. The young loons are covered with thick black down when hatched and almost im- mediately take to the water where they can swim and dive with the greatest ease. Campers often pursue the young birds with canoes in an effort to catch them but it is nearly impossible to do so as they can dodge very quickly and swim for long distances under water. Very often they dive deep- ly, turn about under the water and swim back under the pursuing canoe until they come up a long dis- tance in the opposite direc- tion. The red-throated loon is the only other species found in eastern North America and it occurs within the borders of the United States, only as a winter visitant. In its winter plumage it resembles the common loon but is smaller and has the back spotted, rather than streaked with white. In summer plumage it is very different from the common loon as it has gray upper parts instead of black, and a chestnut patch on the front of the neck. The black-throated loon is confined to northwestern North America and north- ern Europe and Asia and even in winter is a rare bird within the United States. A very similar species, the Pacific loon, however, is common along the Pacific coast through- out the winter. The fifth species is called the yellow- billed loon and it, like the black-throated species, in- habits the Arctic regions of western North America and eastern Siberia. It resem- bles the common loon but is larger and has a yellow- ish bill. WHERE THE "HEL The margin of a mill pond showing THE GREBES (Family Colymbidae) Closely related to the loons but different from them in many essentials are the grebes or, as they are popularly called, "the Hell- divers." There are twenty-five different kinds of grebes, found all over the world, and six of them are found in North America. All are smaller than the loons, being about the size of small ducks, which, indeed, they very L-DIVER" LIVES the nest of a pied-billed grebe A CAMOUFLAGED CRADLE, THE NEST OF PIED BILLED GREBE Eight eggs lie concealed beneath the debris which the grebe pulled over them before leaving. THE CAMOUFLAGE REMOVED The conspicuous white eggs would now be quickly discovewd by some hungry crow hence the necessity for concealment. 1422 AMERICAN FORESTRY much resemble. They can always be distinguished from the ducks, however, by their pointed bills, short rounded wings, and their apparent lack of tails which are repre- sented by mere tufts of feathers. Their feet, instead of being fully webbed as in the ducks and loons, are lobed, appearing as though the webbing had been cut between the toes. This does not seem to hinder their swimming or diving for they are fully the equals of their larger cousins, diving so deeply and remaining under for so long that they often seem never to come up. Indeed, when alarmed, they sometimes come up very quietly, letting only their bills show above the water and if there is a slight ripple on the surface they are entirely invisible. This has given rise to many stories of mysterious disap- pearances and to such popular names as "water witch" and "Hell-divers" already mentioned. When diving they either dive head foremost with a flip of their feet or they settle backwards so carefully as to scarcely leave a ripple on the surface. Such expert divers are they that they prefer this method of es- cape to flight, especially as it seems to take c o n s i derable effort for them to rise. When they do take- fl i g h t , they ordinarily pat- ter along the surface for some distance before they are able to get up enough momentum to lift themselves from the water. Once on the wing, however, they look a great deal like ducks because they carry their feet straight out behind them and these make up for the absence of tails which would otherwise be a conspicuous difference. The commonest species of grebe is the pied-billed grebe, an inconspicuous brownish little bird even in its breeding plumage. It is found most often on reed bordered ponds and marshy lakes where it builds its floating nest, anchoring it to the reeds. The nest is but a pile of debris and looks like the little platforms that muskrats sometimes build to rest on. When the bird leaves the nest she always covers her eggs with some of the material of the nest, and, as she is seldom, if ever, surprised on the nest, it was once thought that pied-billed grebes did not incubate their eggs as other birds but depend upon the sun and the heat of the decaying vegetation to hatch A WATER BABY'S FIRST SWIM The proud mother grehe is swimming up to encourage her brave little youngster that has struggled from the nest shortly after hatching. them. The eggs are white when first laid but soon be- come discolored. The young grebes, when first hatched, are curious little creatures, covered with down of a striped black and white pattern very different from that of their parents. They are able to swim almost as soon as hatched and follow their parents about the pond. When they get tired they climb upon the backs of their parents and in case of alarm, the old birds cover them with their wings and dive from sight, coming up among the reeds where they can easily hide. The pied-billed grebes are found in summer from British Columbia to Chile and Argentina, thus having one of the most ex- tensive breeding ranges of any bird, and in winter they occur from Maryland southward. Another common grebe is the horned grebe, so called from the tufts of yellowish feathers that decorate the sides of the head during the breeding season. In ad- dition to these plumes, it has the neck, breast and sides a rich chestnut and the upper parts blackish, so that alto- gether, it is a m uch hand- somer and more striking bird than the p i e d - b i 1 led grebe. In win- t e r plumage, however, it lacks all of these bright colors and is merely gray above and sil- very white be- low, the white of the under parts extending on to the sides of the head and making it a more conspicuous bird than it would otherwise be. In its habits it is not strikingly different from its cousin, for it builds a floating nest and cares for its young in the same curious way. It is a more northern species however, nesting from northern United States northward to Alaska and wintering from the northern states to Florida. A third and larger species is the Holboell's grebe, a less common bird than the horned grebe, although it has about the same distribution. In winter plumage it is similar to the horned grebe but does not have such white cheeks. During the summer it is conspicuously different for the throat and sides of the head are pure white and it does not have the ear tufts. A somewhat smaller species (Continued on Page 1424) WIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlll^ A Lesson in Conservation A little over three years ago a progressive engineer saved thousands of feet of timber from the scrap heap, incidentally saving many hundreds of dollars, by using creosoted timber in a starch mill — an experiment looked upon as dangerous by other members of the profession. The floor framing for the seven floors of the table house, consist- ing largely of 12" x 12" and 6" x 12" loblolly pine timbers, would not have justified the cost of laying alone because of its rapid decay under the prevailing conditions. It was thought that creosoting the lumber might harm the starch. Nevertheless lumber creosoted by the Open Tank Process was employed. All details were properly attended to, and the result was a huge sure After three years of use, a length of service which, untreated, this timber would not have given, all wood- work was found in excellent condition. It was also found that the starch had not been affected ths least bit by the creosoting. Thus, Conservation and Econ- omy were both served, and the non-pressure treatment, properly applied, again proved Worth while. Obviously, Carbosota Creosote Oil — the universal standard wood preservative for non-pressure treatments — was used. (Green wood cannot be effectively creosoted by non- pressure processes. It should be air-dry. In regions of moist, warm climate, ivood of some species may start to decay before it can be air-dried. Exception should be made in such cases and treatment modified accordingly.) Similar opportunity for PROFIT by SAVING WOOD FROM DECAY exists in almost every industry. When building, request the advice of our experts which is obtainable gratis by addressing the nearest office. The Company The Open-Tank Process: Simple wooden tank (.lined with sheet iron) equipped urith mteam~coile and smalt derrick. Upon expiration of the hot treatment, both oiland timber are permitted to root instead of being trans- ferred to a cold. tank. Fence surrounding this plant has been creosoted. New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Detroit Birmingham New Orleans Kansas City Minneapolis Salt Lake City Nashville Seattle Peoria Atlanta Duluth Milwaukee Bangor Washington Johnstown Lebanon Youngstown Dallas Toledo Columbus Richmond Latrobe Bethlehem Elizabeth Buffalo Baltimore THE BARRETT COMPANY, Limited: Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver St. John, N. B. Halifax, N. S. Sydney, N S ■IIIIIIIIIIM^^^^ 1424 AMERICAN FORESTRY BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. FOREST VALUATION— Fillbert Roth FOREST REGULATION— Filibert Roth PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR— By Elbert Peets THE LUMBER INDUSTRY— By R. S. Kellogg LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS— By Arthur F. Jones FOREST VALUATION— By H. H. Chapman CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY— By Norman Shaw TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— By John Kirkegaard TREES AND SHRUBS— By Charles Sprague Sargent— Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume— Per Part THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER— Glfford Plnchot LUMBER AND ITS USES— R. S. Kellogg THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK— B. E. Fernow NORTH AMERICAN TREES— N. L. Britton KEY TO THE TREES— Collins and Preston THE FARM WOODLOT— E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J. Record PLANE SURVEYING— John C. Tracy FOREST MENSURATION— Henry Solon Graves THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY— B. E. Fernow FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY— Filibert Roth PRACTICAL FORESTRY— A. S. Fuller PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY— Samuel B. Green TREES IN WINTER— A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)— Chas. Sprague Sargent AMERICAN WOODS— Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS— Romeyn B. Hough GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES— J. Horace McFarland PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD; THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Chas. H. Snow HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION— Samuel M. Rowe TREES OF NEW ENGLAND— L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— H. E. Park- hurst TREES— H. Marshall Ward OUR NATIONAL PARKS— John Muir LOGGING— Ralph C. Bryant THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES— S. B. Elliott FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS— Henry Solon Graves SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES— William Solotaroff THE TREE GUIDE— By Julia Ellen Rogers MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— Austin Cary FARM FORESTRY— Alfred Akerman THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)— A. B. Reck- nagel ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD— Samuel J. Record STUDIES OF TREES— J. J. Levison TREE PRUNING— A. Des Cars THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— Howard F. Weiss SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— By James W. Tourney... FUTURE OF FOREST TREES— By Dr. Harold Unwln FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS— F. Schuyler Mathews , FARM FORESTRY— By John Arden Ferguson THE BOOK OF FORESTRY— By Frederick F. Moon OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES— By Maud Going HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— By Jay L. B. Taylor THE LAND WE LIVE IN— By Overton Price WOOD AND FOREST— By William Noyes THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW— By J. P. Kinney HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHODS AND COST— By Halbert P. Gillette FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY— By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— By L. H. Pammel WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Chos. H. Snow EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION— Winkenwerder and Clark OUR NATIONAL FORESTS— H. D. Boerker MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES— Howard Rankin THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS— By Robert Sterling Yard THE STORY OF THE FOREST— By J. Gordon Dorrance FOREST MANAGEMENT— By A. B. Recknagel and John Bentley, Jr THE FOREST RANGER AND OTHER VERSE— By John Guthrie $1.60 2.00 2.00 1.10 2 10 2.00 2.50 1.50 5.00 1.35 1.15 2.17 7.30 1.50 1.75 1.75 3.00 4.00 1.61 1.10 1.50 1.50 2.00 (.00 7.50 6.00 1.75 3.50 5.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.91 3.50 2.50 3.50 1.50 3.00 1.00 2.12 .57 2.10 2.20 1.75 1.75 .65 3.00 3.50 2.25 2.00 1.30 2.10 1.50 2.50 1.70 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 5.35 5.00 1.50 2.50 2.50 3.10 .65 2.60 1.60 * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to It any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.— EDITOR. THE FOREST POLICY OF FRANCE -ITS VINDICATION ( Continued from Page 1385) advocate a wholesale transplanting of French policies or methods to the United States. Yet in many respects, what the French have done is strikingly suggestive of practical solutions of forest problems in the United States. Some of these will be discussed in greater detail in later articles. In considering them let us not forget, particularly in view of the re- awakening to the importance of our own for- ests which the war has brought about, how the forest policy of France has vindicated itself in a crucial test of national strength. NOTE:— THIS IS THE FIRST OF A SERIES OF ARTICLES BY LT.-COL. W. B. GREELEY ON FRENCH FORESTRY CONDITIONS. THE OTHERS ARE AS FOLLOWS : NOVEMBER, THE FOREST CODE AND THE REGIME FORESTIER. DECEMBER, THE CONTROL OF SAND DUNES AND MOUNTAIN TORRENTS. JANUARY, FORESTRY ON PRIVATE LANDS IN FRANCE. THE LOONS AND GREBES (Continued from Page 1422) than the horned grebe, confined to western North America, is the eared grebe. It has the same yellowish tufts of feathers on the sides of the head but its neck is black instead of chestnut. Another grebe of western United Stated is called the western grebe. It resembles the winter plumage of the horned grebe at all seasons of the year but it has a much longer and more slender neck. At one time the snowy white breast plumage of this bird was in great demand by milliners which resulted in the near extinction of this species, as well as the eared and even the horned grebes. The marshes and tule- bordered lakes of the West gave up thou- sands of these graceful birds to satisfy the dictates of fashion and for a time they al- most disappeared. Now, however, they are protected, and, as one travels westward, he can gaze from the train windows and see them gliding over the surface of the reedy- ponds and even catch glimpses of their floating nests or downy young. TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NORTHWEST TF all the timber were cut into lumber and loaded on freight cars it would take 114,000,000 cars and 77,700,000 cars respec- tively to haul away the Douglas fir of Oregon and Washington, allowing the usual 30,000 feet of lumber to a car. Wash- ington and Oregon contain one-third of all the standing timber in the United States. One-fourth of all standing timber in the country is Douglas fir and 80 per cent of the Douglas fir is in these two states. The lumbering industry, including log- ging, sawmill operations and maufactured wood products is the largest single indus- try in Oregon and Washington and gives employment to nearly 60 per cent of the working population in the two states. In Montana, a conservative government estimate places the standing timber at 65 billion feet, a large part in government forest reserves. At the present rate of cut- ting— 300 million feet a year — it would take over 200 years to fell this enormous stand and as reforestation has already be- gun and methods of fighting forest fires are improving, there will be billions of feet of timber left in Montana at the end of the next hundred years. DOUGLAS FIR AT ATLANTIC CITY 'T'HE famous "board walk" at Atlantic- City is being rebuilt of Douglas fir, replacing the planks of southern pine which have for two generations borne the weight of the gay habitues of the popular resort of the Atlantic seaboard, according to Secretary R. B. Allen, of the West Coast Lumbermen's Association. (The Timber- man, June. 1919. page 109.) FOREST SCHOOL NOTES 1425 FOREST SCHOOL NOTES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT the first regular meeting of the For- estry Club the following officers were unanimously chosen : president, George M. Gowan ; vice-president, Landis J. Arnold ; secretary, Willis M. Wagener; treasurer, Virgil Davis; sergeant-at-arms, Professor Emanuel Fritz. Professor Mulford said a few words of greeting and welcome to old and new club members and reminded his hearers that forestry is "of age" as a science in America with the opening of this college year; the first instruction in the subject having been given twenty-one years ago. "The very fact that the profession is of age," he said, "obligates all of us to strive for clearer thinking and more solid and adequate foundation work in research than ever before. People have a right to ex- pect more of us and we must strive to measure up to those expectations." He predicted much better days ahead for for- esters and forestry in general in spite of past and present discouragements and said he believed that the outlook for men going into forestry had never been better than at the present time. Though only five years old and the youngest division in the College of Agri- culture, the Forestry Division is now fourth in enrollment and but very little below Pomology which is next largest. The club received from Hall and Ryerson two interesting mementos of their stay in France. One is the official badge of the French Forest Service today ; the other, which is very rare, is the official badge worn by foresters during the reign ot Napoleon. Professor Bruce is at present on a field trip with Forest Examiner S. B. Show in connection with logging and mensuration studies in the Central Sierras. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO T\ EAN F. G. MILLER, of the Univer- sity School of Forestry at Moscow. Idaho, has just returned from Heybourne Park where he spent several days investi- gating timber conditions and forest cutting there. The trip was undertaken at the re- quest of William J. Hall, State Commis- sioner of Public Works. A more extended reconnaissance is planned for next summer Heybourne Park was purchased by the state in 1909 from the Federal Government and comprises some 8,000 acres in addi- tion to Chatcolet Lake. It was dedicated to the people of Idaho. Because of its accessibility, its wooded hills and lake, Dean Miller believes that it will soon become the playground of the Northwest. Other members of the party were: W. I. Bassett, district engineer of the State Highway Department; M. H. Wolff, forest supervisor of the Coeur d'Alene National Forest; C. L. Billings, lumberman of the United States forest service; Judge E. F. Conklin, superintendent of the park, and E. C. Mohr, in charge of logging opera- tions. The purpose of the trip was to decide on a future policy for cutting timber. UNIVERSITY OF MAINE /"» W. L. Chapman, a 1914 graduate of the Forestry Department of the Uni- versity of Maine, has been appointed an assistant in the forestry school at Orono. Mr. Chapman has had both practical exper- ience in the field and in teaching, is very highly recommended for his work and has also been in war work. The school has had more applications for entrance than ever before in the history of the University, and it looks as if it will have the largest entering class. Many who dropped out during the war period are com- ing back to finish their work, so the pros- pects for the coming college year are most encouraging. NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY '"PHREE developments of great impor- tance to the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University have been announced on the eve of the opening of the college year of 1919-20. They are the inauguration of a department of Forest Recreation; the establishment of the Roosevelt Wild Life Experiment Station ; the beginning of a series of practical for- est operations in the Summer Sophomore Camp at Cranberry Lake. The three new departures are essentially different phases of forestry training, but are at the same time allied in some of their phases. The department of Forest Recreation was determined upon by Dean Hugh P. Baker, of the College of Forestry, some months ago. Professor Henry R. Francis was selected as the head of the department, and to prepare himself for the work, and to secure data for the opening of the course he spent the summer months in a tour of the National Parks, traveling 8,000 miles by rail, 1,200 miles by automobile and 650 by horseback and on foot. In brief the new department will train men in the problems of proper utilization of forest areas for recreation, camping, hunting, fishing, summer camps for city people, tourists, and to help make the forests at- tractive in all phases which appeal to the vacationist. School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho Forest Engineering Summer School University of Georgia ATHENS, GEORGIA Eight-weeks Summer Camp on large lumbering and milling oper- ation in North Georgia. Field training in Surveying, Timber Estimating, Logging Engineer- ing, Lumber Grading, Milling. Special vocational courses for rehabilitated soldiers. Exceptional opportunity to pre- pare for healthful, pleasant, lucra- tive employment in the open. (Special announcement sent upon request.) SARGENT'S HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN PRIVATE SCHOOLS A Guide Book for Parents A Standard Annual of Reference. Describes critically and discriminately the Private Schools of all classifications. Comparative Tables give the relative cost, size, age, special features, etc. Introductory Chapters review interesting de- velopments of the year in education— Modern Schools, War Changes in the Schools, Educa- tional Reconstruction, What the Schools Are Doing, Recent Educational Literature, etc. Our Educational Service Bureau will be glad to advise and write you intimately about any school or class of schools. Fifth edition. 1919, revised and enlarged, 786 page*. $3.00. Circulars and sample pages. POKIER E. SARGENT, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1426 AMERICAN FORESTRY The establishment of the Roosevelt Wild Life Experiment Station is by authoriza- tion of the state legislature, and is the direct outcome of plans made in 1916 by Theodore Roosevelt himself. The func- tions of the station as specified by the new law are "to establish and conduct an ex- perimental station in which there shall be maintained records of the results of the experiments and investigations and re- search work accomplished; also a library of works, publications, papers and data having to do with wild life together with means for practical illustration and dem- onstration, which library shall at all rea- sonable hours be open to the public." Other duties are to make investigations of the life, histories, propagation, manage- ment of fish, birds, game and food and fur- bearing animals and forest wild life. Quarters will be provided at the College of Forestry Experiment Station at Syracuse. The work done the past summer at the Cranberry Lake Sophomore Camp as prac- tical training in forestry has been devel- oped along an entirely new line, one of gieat interest to the students, and of a real public value as well. In some re- spects it is allied to the new recreational forestry department, for the students were assigned the task of laying out trails to- ward different parts of the camp's 1,000 acre area, for visitors to use in getting to points of interest. These trails are two in number, as the first year's work and will be maintained properly inscribed with the class numerals of the Class of '21, as mementos of the summer work of this class. The trails will next year be con- tinued into the distant depths of the forest, and eventually it is hoped to connect them with the state system of trails and high- ways. This expansion in the field of the College of Forestry has been paralleled by the largest opening attendance in the history of the institution. The freshman class entering September 16 was the largest' in the history of the College of Forestry, and was larger than the entire attendance in all classes during the year of 1918-19, depleted as was the college during that year by the war conditions. Luis J. Reyes, of Manila, a Filipino Forester, has been sent to the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse to take a college course in forestry. Mr. Reyes comes to America as a special student sent by the Forestry Bureau of the Philippines, after six years service as assistant wood expert in that bureau. He is a graduate of the Forest School of the University of the Philippines and after graduation was made a member of the governmental bureau. Of special importance is the fact that he brings with him 300 authentic samples of Philippine woods, comprising 150 species, giving the College of Forestry the most complete such collection in the country. He is to specialize in microscopic study of woods, in the course in wood technology, as the use of the high-power microscope is of utmost importance in final determina- tion of Philippine lumber. "The need of the microscope is shown," said Mr. Reyes, "in the case of Tangile and Red Lauan. Tangile is worth 200 pesos a thousand, and is valuable for airplane pro- pellers as is mahogany. Lauan, however, worth only 150 pesos, resembles Tangile so closely that though entirely unfit for air- plane propellers, the microscope is needed to tell the difference. That is why the scientist, and the technical forester is needed in the lumber indjustry in the Phil- ippines." FOREST SERVICE OFFERS PHOTO- GRAPHIC EXHIBITS. "VTEW photographic exhibits on "Forestry and Nature Study" and "Farm Wood- lands" may now be borrowed from the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, by schools and libraries. The "Forestry and Nature Study" exhibit is a pictorial story of how trees grow, and of the buds, leaves, flowers, and fruits, the typical forms of trees, the different kinds of forests, and the influences that affect their growth, and the enemies and friends of the forest. The "Farm Woodland" exhibit, which is especially adapted for use in agricultural and rural schools, shows different types of woodland, how the farmer can use the woodland and sell the product, and how trees make waste land profitable and help the farmer in other ways. The exhibits are made up in panel form, each panel consisting of 4 sepia enlargements. Teachers who are interested in the for- ests in a more general way will find what they need in the original photograph ex- hibits of the Forest Service, which show forest conditions in the United States, how the forests are used, and how they may be preserved. For classes in manual training and the like there are exhibits of commer- cially important woods of the United States with explanatory charts and tables. Schools that have a lantern, or can pro- vide one, may borrow sets of lantern slides with prepared outlines for lectures on many topics connected with forestry. For instance, there are sets on forestry in the United States, and on nature study, botany, manual training, geography and agriculture in relation to forestry, and on street trees and wind-breaks. Recently a set has been made up on recreation in the national forests. Lists of subjects and other details may be secured on appli- cation to the Forest Service, Washington. District of Columbia. BOUQUETS "1 take this opportunity to congratulate you on the very great interest you have developed in the magazine and the great increase in scope which has been evolved in recent years. It is one of the most wel- come periodicals which comes to our house." E. G. Cutler. "It is gratifying to see so much forestry in the August number of American For- estry." K. W. Woodward. "I was very much gratified to have the August number of your most interesting magazine, and want to congratulate you on its many entertaining and attractive features." Nelson C. Brown. "The Magazine is certainly fine." Mary J. Chute. "I deem it a great privilege to be a mem- ber of the American Forestry Association, and derive great pleasure and profit from the magazine as well as many helpful suggestions for my forestry work." Mrs. Adelaide M. Godding. "I have given American Forestry my careful investigation and I consider it an excellent magazine and will do what I can to have it placed in our High School libraries." Miss A. F. Brown. "I enjoy your magazine, American For- estry, very much." Col. Chas. H. Cummincs. "The magazine is a credit to the Associa- tion and yourself. It is the most effective agency for keeping the forestry movement before the people." Southern Pine Association. "American Forestry is used by all our students, but particularly by the younger ones in their school work. All that you claim for it is true and even more." Harriet H. Ames. "Though there are numberless demands for one's bit of income these unusual times, I feel that American Forestry and the cause it represents are too good to pass by. The magazine is beautiful, interest- ing, instructive and altogether delightful." F. H. Ballou. "I read your magazine with great enjoy- ment. Thomas F. Taylor. "One of the several factors that help make American Forestry an unusually attractive, as well as helpful magazine, is its freshness — the use of artistic illustra- tions, beautiful photographs, art work, and, too, the physical make-up of the magazine. The average professional magazine, or class magazine, is preUy drab and color- less. American Forestry is by all odds the most attractive magazine of that type that I have run across, not only because its contents are interesting and informative, but also they are presented with freshness, vitality, life and beauty." Prof. Lew Sarett. AMERICAN FORESTRY 1427 DAVEY TREE SURGEONS Estate of Mrs. A. M. Booth, Great Neck, Long Island, New York, The tribute of W. G. Woodger to Davey Tree Surgery Broad Lawns, Great Neck, Lonj? Island, New York. The Uavey Trt2 Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohio. Gentlemen: I felt it my duty to write you a few lines in praise of the work of your representative and men on several fine trees on the estate of Mrs. A. M. Booth, most especially the very fine work done on a grand willow tree, not quite two years ago. My employer is most gratified with the work and thinks there is no equal to The Davey Tree Expert Company. The men are extremely keen on their work and know it thoroughly. I am very interested in their work and think them worthy of great praise. Yours truly, W. G. WOODGER; (I'artirit Sttj/i'rht!; nt/cit. The saving of priceless trees is a matter of first importance on ever" estate. Davc.y Tree Surgery is a fulfillment of the maximum expecta- tions of those who love and value trees. A careful examination of your trees will be made by appointment. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 108 Elm St., Kent, Ohio Branch offices with telephone connections; New York City, 2*5 Fifth Aw : Chicago, 814-014 Westminster Bid*.: Philadelphia, 2017 I*and Title Bldg.; Boston, 19 Pearl Street, Wakefield. Write nearest office. W. G. Woodger, Garden Superin tendenl, Mrs. A. M. Booth Estate Loss of this magnificent willow would have been irreparable. Note below how Davey methods have hound the branches together with rigid steel rods, and filled the cavities sectionally with concrete to allow for the swaying of the tree Permanent representatives avail able in districts surrounding Bos ton, Springfield, Lenox, Newport, Hartford, Stamford, Albany, Poajchlceepsie, \\ liitc Plains, J a Bales, Montelafr, New York, Philadelphia. I larrlsours;, BaltJ more Washington, Richmond. Buffalo, Toronto, ['it tsnur-:h. Cleve- land, Detroit.Cliieago. Milwaukee. Canadian address: 202 Laugau* cliitcre West, Montreal. Every real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing themselves j'-hii httr'ij, Father of Tt€t Suruery 1428 AMERICAN FORESTRY FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITION wanted by technically trained Fur- ester; college graduate, 37 years of age and married. Have had seven years* experience in the National Forests of Oregon, California, Washington and Alaska. Also some European training. At present employed on timber sur- veys as chief of party in the Forest Service. Desire to make a change and will be glad to consider position as Forester on private estate, or as city Forester. Will also consider position as Asst. Superintendent of State Park and Game Preserve in addition to that of Forester. Can furnish the best of references. Address Box 820, care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. ARBORICULTURIST is open to an engagement to take charge of, or as assistant in City For- estry work. Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field — from planting to expert tree surgery — including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. An Opening For One Hundred Foresters The position is that of Division Firewarden; the territory is approximately one-third of the State of New Jersey ; the work is general administration of all forest fire matters together with attendance at large fires, in- vestigation of the causes of fires, supervision of the personnel of the local firewarden ser- vice, about one hundred men, and responsi- bility for the publicity and propaganda fire prevention work in the territory. The com- Sensation is $1,200 to start, with every likeli- ood of increase shortly, the qualifications are that a man shall be a graduate oi some repu- table technical forestry school. The reason for requiring technical trailing is that ad- vancement may be either in the forest fire work or in the technical forestry activities of the Department and in addition the incumbent is called on during the slacker season for for- est fire work, to do technical and propaganda forestry work in his territory. Apply Box 830, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silviculturat and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other fines. Can furnish the best of reference Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3) YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 875, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3) Man to De discharged Irom tne nrmy SeptemDer 30th desires position in torestry work, with lum- ber or railroad company or assisting in investi- gations of utilization of wood products. Would accept position in other work. Is married man, graduate of Michigan Agricultural College, 1913 Has had experience in orchard work, clearing land, improvement cuttings, planting and care of nursery, pine and hardwood transplants, orchards and larger trees, grading and construction of gravel roads, and other improvement work. Has executive ability and gets good results from men. Please address Box 880, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (9-11) FORESTER wanted as Division Firewarden in New Jersey. Must have professional training and some experience. Salary $100 to $120. Eligi- ble for promotion to Assistant Forester. Civil Service examination can be taken after pro- visional appointment or by mail. Box S10, care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. WANTED — Position as Forester and Land Agent. Technically trained forester, 36 years old. Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of fhe above positions. For- mer Captain, Field Artillery. Address Box 810, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED — Position with Lumber Company or Private Concern by technically trained Forester with five years practical experience. Box 820, care American Forestry. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS HPHE Hon. Jules Allard, for ten years Minister of Lands and Forests of Que- bec, has resigned. Mr. Allard has been Ministerlongerthan any of his predecessors and during his term of office more progress has been made than in the whole previous history of the Department. The revenues from Government Lands have been materi- ally increased, one of the most efficient fire protective systems on the continent put in operation, buying of lands by timber specu- lators has almost wholly been eliminated, improvements have been made in cutting regulations and much important forestry legislation been enacted. Mr. Allard is a man of broad views and deep interest in the progress and welfare of his country and his Province and everyone is sorry to have him relinquish his office. He remains, however, a member of the Legislative Council and will continue to use his influ- ence and interest for the welfare and im- provement of the Crown Forests. Mr. Allard has been succeeded by the Hon. Mr. Mercier, for some time Minister of Colonization, which Department he has successfully conducted. He brings to his new office a wide knowledge of the Prov- ince from actual experience as he has traveled all over it and has seen the forest at first hand on many a hunting and canoe- ing trip. He is a man of energy and broad views and will take up and worthily carry on the work started by the Hon. Mr. Tur- geon and carried on by the Hon. Jules Allard so successfully. Mr. Piche, the Chief Forester, has had several parties in the woods this summer making studies of the quantities of timber in various districts, rates of growth, con- ditions on cut-over areas, prevalence of various insect pests and fungous diseases and so forth. Mr. Piche has done much valuable work since he became Chief For- ester and it is hoped that he will soon let his confreres have the benefit of his re- searches through the medium of bulletins from his Department. Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Forester of the Com- mission of Conservation, underwent a seri- ous operation early in the summer but is now back at his desk again much improved in health. The researches of the Commission of Conservation in cooperation with the Laur- entide, Abittibi and Riordan Pulp and Paper Companies have been making good progress during the summer. New sample plots and subplots have been laid out, those on the Laurentide Company's Limits now totaling 13 acres. Here a substantial camp has been built with facilities for all sorts of research work. Studies of rate3 of growth, meteorological conditions, rates of evaporation, insects and fungous diseases have been carried on. It has been found, for instance, that the daily- rate of growth of trees is proportional to the temperature. The borer which is caus- ing the death of the white birch has been thoroughly studied. Areas which have been burnt are being studied under different con- ditions to see which trees seed in first on them and why. Different methods of cut- ting are being tried on a small scale. Contracts have also been made with the Logging Departments of the Laurentide, Abittibi and Bathurst Lumber Companies to cut sample areas of about 200 acres according to forestry methods, careful rec- ords being kept of the conditions before and after cutting, the cost of logging, brush burning and utilization of smaller sizes of wood and so forth. Although there have been many difficul- ties to be overcome, chiefly the late start at the beginning of the season, the seaplane patrol of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association has been carried on with a fair measure of success and the practicability of the work demonstrated beyond any doubt. The planes have flown all over the territory of 16,000 square miles without any difficulty whatever. Fires have been dis- covered, explorers for one of the constitu- ent companies have been taken over the territory they wished to see, reports of the burnt-over and timber conditions have been made, etc. The planes have proved to be too large for gasoline economy as they use HO gallons per hour. The ideal installation would be two smaller machines for patrol purposes and a large machine to carry to the scene of a fire a portable gasoline pump and hose, tools and three men. The exper- iment will probably be continued next sea- son under the auspices of the newly created Air Board. The rest of the season will be spent in photographic work for making maps. The fire season has been the worst in Eastern Canada for several years, owing to long continued dry weather. Few fires were reported from New Brunswick, Que- bec suffered a little more than in the pre- vious year and the losses in Ontario were very large. 'The problem of settlers start- ing clearing fires in Northern Ontario will AMERICAN FORESTRY 1429 "Pin Oak, 6 inch caliper, 23 feet high" Westchester County, AMAWALK NURSERY has thousands of MEMORIAL TREES Thousands of large sized evergreen and deciduous trees are growing in the Amawalk Nursery. We can supply hundreds of nursery- grown, matched specimens for memorial planting. Our facilities for shipping by truck or freight are unex- celled. Send for Catalogue Phone York town 12S Visit the Nunerft AMAWALK "Norway Maple, 6 inch caliper, 27 feet high" New York A SO-TON PULL BY HAND POWER '"PHIS picture, taken in Central Park, New York City, shows 1 the "K" HAND POWER STUMP PULLER used by the City Forester in removing hundreds of dead trees up to 38 inches in diameter and 40 to 70 feet in height, as well as stumps of all sizes. Without any preliminary digging, they were pulled out by the roots in a phenomenally short time, and the saving in labor quickly paid for the machine. The "K" is made of Bessemer steel, is light, portable, practically indestructible, and is guaranteed against breakage It works equally well on hillsides and marshes where horses can- not be used. Write for further particulars. FITZPATRICK PRODUCTS CORP. DEPARTMENT "F" 99 JOHN STREET :-: NEW YORK Please Mention American Forestry Magatine when writing advertisers 1430 AMERICAN FORESTRY 61,300,000 FEET NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER FOR SALE Amount and Kinds. — Approxi- mately 61,300,000 feet B.M. more or less of white pine, larch, Douglas fir, hemlock, spruce, cedar, white fir and other sawtimber, approxi- mately 59 per cent white pine and 70,000 cedar poles, to- gether with an unestimated amount of piling, shingle bolts and round and split cedar posts. Location. — Within the Kootenai and Pend Oreille National Forests, Montana and Idaho, in Sec. 19, T. 31 N., R. 34 W., M. P. M., and approximate unsurveyed Sees. 24, 25, 26, 35 and 36, T. 31 N., R. 35 W., M. P. M., Sees. 31, 33, and 34, T. 59 N., R. 3 E. ; Sees. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 and 17 T. 58 N., R. 3 E., B. M., Callahan Creek watershed. Stumpage Prices. — Lowest rates considered, $3.50 per M for green white pine and $1.00 per M for dead white pine, $1.00 per M for spruce, and 50c per M for other species ; and spe- cial rates for cedar poles of various dimensions, piling, shingle bolts, cedar post ma- terial and cordwood. The removal of larch and Douglas fir saw timber, cedar posts, shingle bolts, and cord- wood will be optional with the purchaser. Deposit— With bid, $5,000.00 to apply on purchase price if bid is accepted or refunded if re- jected. Final Date For Bids. — Sealed bids will be received by the District Forester, Missoula, Montana, up to and including December 24, 1919. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Before bids are submitted full information concerning the character of the timber, conditions of sale, deposits, and the submission of bids should be obtained from the District Forester, Missoula, Montana, or the Forest Supervisor, Libby, Montana. have to be met promptly and vigorously. The Prairie Provinces also suffered se- verely. Dr. C. D. Howe has been appointed Act- ing Dean of the Forestry Department of the University of Toronto to take the place left vacant by the resignation of Dr. Fer- now. As Dr. Fernow was the Father of For- estry in the United States so he has been in Canada, and it is with the deepest regret that we see him giving up his active work among us. We wish him all sorts of good things in the retirement which he has chosen and shall ever remember the inspi- ration he has been to us and the great things he has done for forestry. A party which has been making a survey of the areas in New Brunswick affected by the spruce bud worm, reports that prac- tically all the balsam in that Province is affected and is dying. The spruce is only slightly attacked. Mr. A. C. Volckinar, Forester of the Canada Paper Company, is making a re- connaissance of about two hundred square miles on the St. Ann River in Quebec. It is reported that an aeroplane explora- tion undertaken by American interests in Labrador has proved a great success and that large areas of valuable timber were discovered. Confirmation of these reports and the size and amount of the timber will be awaited with interest as all previous explorers report timber only in the river valleys and that of small size. A new saw for cutting down trees and cutting them up into logs is described in the Scientific American. It is electric- ally operated, the current being supplied by a portable dynamo driven by a gasoline engine. The saw is mounted on wheels and on a universal joint so that it can be set at any height or angle. Trees can be cut very rapidly and close to the ground. The set of the teeth is also novel and it is claimed that it operates very rapidly. In view of the increasing cost and decreas- ing efficiency of woods labor this should be thoroughly tried out and might prove of great advantage. The Wayagamac Pulp and Paper Com- pany have purchased a number of small caterpillar tractors and will try them in their logging operations this coming win- ter. The Association of the Northeastern Foresters has decided to hold its next annual summer meeting at Grand'Mere, Quebec, as the guests of the Forestry Divi- sion of the Laurentide Company, Ltd. They will also be the guests of the Commis- sion of Conservation at its Lac Edward Experimental Station. • ARBORISTS MEET THE American Academy of Arborists, which suspended its meetings during the period of the war has renewed its activ- ities, and is again prepared to disseminate the much needed scientific information on the planting and growing of trees, es- pecially at this period of reconstruction. The Academy held its first meeting in 1915, choosing for its object the advance- ment of arboricultural and landscape for- estry and the maintenance of the highest professional standard among its members. Its membership is now extensively distrib- uted throughout the United States, and at its last meeting it was voted to refer im- portant inquiries on all tree matters to the nearest regional member. After many interesting discussions on tree problems, the following resolutions were also unanimously adopted : "I. Resolved, That the American Acad- emy of Arborists endorses and strongly urges the planting of trees as memorials commemorating the heroes of the World War, but strongly advises the careful se- lection of species native and suitable for the location. In discussing this resolution the prevailing members favored the sturdy, long-lived varieties, characteristic of American ideals, and particularly discour- aged the quick growing and weak varie- ties. "II. Resolved, That the American Acad- emy of Arborists endorses the name of the Federal Horticultural Board to prevent the further importation of plant pests but urges the representation on the Board of practi- cal arborists and foresters. "III. Resolved, That the American Academy of Arborists endorses the work of the American Joint Committee of Hor- ticultural Nomenclature in standardizing scientific and common plant names for use of arborists and horticulturists and obligates itself to the use of these stand- ardized names as published by said Com- mittee." It was decided to hold the next meeting in Washington on the second Saturday of January, 1920. and it was also decided to have some of the papers presented before the Academy at this meeting given out for publication. GRAYS HARBOR COUNTY WILL CUT OUT IN 16 YEARS W APPROXIMATELY 1,000,000,000 feet of lumber was the output of the Grays Harbor County mills during the year of 1918, according to figures compiled in the office of the county assessor. The assessment rolls show that 414,295 acres of timberland remain to be logged in Grays Harbor County. The record last year was 26.364 acres cut over." (American Lum- berman, August 16, 1919, page 70.) This means only 16 years' cut remaining in one of the biggest timber producing dis- tricts of the Pacific Northwest. AMERICAN FORESTRY 1431 Ask any Filer about the quality of Diss ton Crucible Steel — made in the Disston Works since 18SS. AN"ALL DISSTON MILL. It is very frequently found that every saw in use in a modern, efficient mill is a Disston. In fact, after Disston's 80 years of leadership, it could not well be otherwise. Wherever lumber is produced, it is known and acknowledged that Disston Saws represent the maximum in quality and in true-cutting, profitable service. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. *ia u %. pat. ore CHICAGO CINCINNATI SAN FRANCISCO BOSTON SEATTLE ' America 's Longest Established Makers of Hand Saws, Cross-Cat Saws, Band Saws, Circular Saws and Tools." CANADIAN WORKS: TORONTO, CANADA SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA NEW ORLEANS MEMPHIS BANGOR, ME. PORTLAND, ORE. VANCOUVER, B. C. DISSTON SAWS WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. / hereby accept membership in The American Forestry Association and enclose check for $ NOTE— American Forestry Magazine, a handsomely printed and illustrated monthly, is sent to all except $1.00 members, or without membership the subscription price is $3.00 a year. CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership ......... Contributing " .......... Sustaining .......... Life " Patron *'.......... Annual Membership, without Magazine . . . . Canadian Postage 25c extra; Foreign Postage, 50c extra. ($2.00 of the fee is for AMERICAN FORESTRY.) Name _ $ 3.00 10.00 25.00 100.00 1000.00 1.00 Street City PLANT MEMORIAL TREES Pltase mention American Forestry Maoatine when writing advertisers 1432 AMERICAN FORESTRY STATE NEWS CALIFORNIA i/THIS year for the first time the state of California is enabled to benefit by the terms of the Weeks Law agreement by reason of the appropriation made by the last legislature for the prevention and sup- pression of forest fires," says M. B. Pratt, deputy state forester. "Through the use of the federal and state funds, approxi- mately three million acres of brush and tim- ber land lying in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains outside the National Forests are receiving systematic protection through the employment of four experi- enced patrolmen. "These patrolmen cooperate with the federal forest service and rural fire-fight- ing companies organized through farm centers by the county farm agents. They are provided with Fords and fire-fighting equipment for twenty men by the state which also authorizes them to incur fire- fighting expenses to the extent of their monthly letters of authorization. These salaries are paid by the federal govern- ment through the office of the district for- ester at San Francisco. "The region covered by the Weeks Law patrolmen is one of great fire hazard due to the amount of inflammable material, in- tense summer heat, heavy winds and the large number of campers and hunters. Precipitation in California during March, April, May and June of this year was, according to Weather Bureau records, 27 per cent, 53 per cent, 74 per cent and 97 per cent respectively, below normal. Rain cannot be expected until the last of Sep- tember which makes a long fire season and strenuous work for those engaged in fire protection. "Since being appointed in July, the Weeks Law patrolmen have been almost constantly engaged in fighting fires some of which would have swept the Sierra foot- hills had they not been promptly sup- pressed. The region which they cover is patrolled daily by airplanes from Mather Field near Sacramento, and is under the eyes of federal lookout men in the adjoin- ing National Forests as well. As a result, fires are promptly apprehended. The very bad fire conditions have made some of them difficult to control, and several have covered five thousand acres or more de- stroying young timber, watershed cover and ranch property. Reports to Septem- ber 1st give a total of 30,000 acres of brush and timber lands burned over outside the national forests. "The situation is not as bad as in Idaho and Montana since the country is well set- tled for the most part, and there are roads and trails from which to back-fire in ad- vance of the main fire. The loss has been serious enough, however, to make people realize that the fire problem in California is a long way from being solved. The few trained men that are on the job in the Sierra foothill country have demonstrated to the local residents what can be accom- plished by organized effort, and the way is being paved for better cooperation and a more efficient organization next year." CANADA A V. S. Pulling, who graduated from the * New York State College of Forestry, at Syracuse, New York, in 1915, has been secured by the University of New Bruns- wick at Frederickton, New Brunswick, for the position in charge of the Depart- ment of Forestry. At the outbreak of the war Mr. Pulling enlisted in the 504th Engineers, winning a sergeancy, and being sent overseas with his organization. ILLINOIS STATE Forester R. B. Miller has had an interesting trip with Ransom H. Kennicott, Forester for the Cook County Forest Preserves, through the preserves, traveling by auto for an entire day without covering the entire chain of parks belong- ing to Cook County. Mr. Kennicott is con- fronted by the question of recreation and along this line is building roads, dams and drinking fountains and driving wells to secure drinking water for the campers and vacationists who are constantly seeking these wooded areas for health and enjoy- ment. On one park, the Deer Creek, he has two or three Boy Scout camps under competent direction and a Fresh Air camp, for Chicago children. The entire chain comprises 12,353 acres of forest and wood- lands and on some of these he plans to maintain forest conditions and raise timber. On the Desplaines river he has also started a forest nursery of considerable size, in charge of "Bill" Johnson, of Syracuse University, who has surmounted many dif- ficulties in the raising of seedlings. It takes a formidable force of rangers, guards, road builders, and others to look after the comfort of the public, as well as several district foresters, and Mr. Kennicott is happy in looking after all of the various projects and looking out for the comfort of his many guests. About six miles east of Polo, Illinois, on the east side of Pine Creek, a tributary of the Rock River, in Ogle County, Illinois, is a unique white pine stand, the origin of which is unknown. Here is a fine tract of white pine resembling the finest stands in Pennsylvania or Connecticut, occupying about 150 acres. The diameter of the trees varies from 10 to 24 inches and the height is from 75 to. 80 feet. According to Wes- ley Bradfield, who wrote a short report on this tract some years ago, the number of trees in the two groves is 1,017 and their total volume is about 245,000 feet. Accord- ing to H. DeForest, a graduate of the Yale Forest School now making a report on the flora of Ogle County, the grove is unique in that the succession is from oak to white pine rather than from white pine to oak, the ordinary succession. There is a strong local sentiment in favor of making "The Pines" a forest reserve which would be a very good way of preserving a beautiful and rare tract of native timber, one of the few in Illinois. The stream, Pine Creek, has been stocked with bass and down near the stream there is an ideal camping site. A map of the site will be found on the Dix- on Quadrangle of the Illinois Geological Survey. Governor Lowden, of Illinois, has been an enthusiast for several years in forest and ornamental planting and at his farm, "Sinnissippi," three miles from Oregon, Illinois, can be found white pine and Scotch pine plantations fifteen years of age down to recent planting, all doing remarkably well on sandy soil. Many species of hard- wood trees are also growing successfully on this farm which will well repay a visit. An informal meeting of much importance was recently held at the Quadrangle Club, in Chicago. Those present were Dr. John M. Coulter and Dr. Cowles, of Chicago University; Dr. Shepherdson, Director of Registration and Education, from Spring- field, Illinois; Dr. Forbes, Chief of the State Natural History Survey Division and State Forester R. B. Miller. Among the things to be included in the work* of the first year it was decided that a forest sur- vey of at least one county was necessary, in cooperation with the soil survey and topographic survey; an investigation should be conducted showing the profit and loss from grazing in the ordinary wood lot ; that demonstration forests similar to those in Ohio be established on a cooperative basis with farmers; that certain questions vital to a forest policy for the state be carefully looked up, such as state forests, state nurseries, fire protection plans and forest taxation ; that the estimating of tim- ber and the bringing together of buyer and seller was a legitimate work for the state forester to engage in and that so far as possible he should cooperate with the county advisers, through personal confer- ences and lectures, so as to bring forestry information to the people; in addition carry on publicity work through the press and by public lectures wherever possible. Co- NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES 1433 NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES Trees have been planted for the follow- ing and registered with the American Forestry Association. BOULDER, COLO. By University Hill School: Ralph Kennicott, Miles Jain, Bert Daugherty, Ivan Pendell. SOMERS, CONN. By First Congregational Church: Albert Joseph Chenade, Roy Alonzo Buck, Edward Palmer Han- ley, Harold Norman Bryant. DAYTONA, FLA. By M. Ella De Voy: Silas S Furbush. COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA. By A. M. Hutchinson: Honor Roll of Sixty-Four Members of the S. S. 2d Presbyterian Church. ATTLEBORO, MASS. By Attleboro Community Fellowship: Miss Ruth Holden, Howard C. Mattson, Charles F. Hall, Willard B. Hoyt, Jerome F. Gilbert, Edward J. Kelby, Arthur N. Crosby, Charles H. Fontneau, Herbert D. Parmenter, D. Emery Holman, Leroy C. Estee, Charles O. Fiske, Cyril M. Angell, Percy E. Cobb, Peter Boivin, Lloyd C. Inman, Albert H. Allen, Herbert O. Gilman, F. Henbert Ogilovie, Earle I. Brown, Joseph Perry, Edward Quintin, Chester E. Harding, Albert Laro.se, George F. Spencer, Earle A. Thayer, Harold V. Patriquin, Lincoln A. Smith, Lieut. Carlton M. Bliss, Harry A Iter i an, Joseph L. Ritchie, Harry L. Boyce, Elmer Gordon Baker, Ralph V. Kling, Lester L. Simmons. HESSEL. MICH. By Mr. James H. Rogers: Lieut. James T. Rogers, 2d. BEMIDJI, MINN. By L. F. Johnson: Lieut. Ralph D. Gracie. OMAHA, NEB. By United States Army Balloon School: James Owen Curtis, Walter L. Sievers, Bertie L. Noah, Robert D. R. Weigel, Carl Frick, Anton Nepper. VINELAND, N. J. By City Beautiful Committee: Joast N. Denels- beck. Adolph A. Phillips, Frederick Van Deusen, Joseph Trucano, Clarence Hartman, Grover C. Hankins, Paul G. Kimball, Daniel Ogborn, Stan- ley Simpkins, Joseph Di Curcio, Grady R. Roberts, Albert E. Wilkinson, Arthur E. Brooke, Charles Phillips, Joseph Lenzi, Terre Calkins, J. Alfred Ackley, Jr., Daniel B. Rhubart, Jack F. Gaskill, Aldo Bruge, Robert L. Van Deusen, Louis Gassel. WALPOLE, N. H. By Walpole Town Improvement Society: Henry Ellis Howland. NEW YORK CITY. By Mrs. Charles de Rahm, Jr.: Lieut. Charles de Rahm, Jr. By J. S. Kaplan : Lieut. Solomon Rubel. WOODMERE, L. I., NEW YORK By Marjorie D. Barlow: C. Loom is Dana, Jr. SMITH'S COVE, NOVA SCOTIA. By Mrs. Robert S. Collyer : John Chipman Thomas. GEISTOWN, PA. By Geistown School : Joseph Nightingale, Oth- mar B. Grosch, Russell Berkey, Albert Brandle, John Brandle, Alfred Miller, Lloyd Hershberger, Charles Dill, George Nees, Thomas Nees, Victor Raab, Walter Christ, Samuel Zimmerman. PITTSBURGH, PA. By Fawcus Machine Company: Albert E. Pep- per. SIOUX FALLS. S. D. By Dr. A. Zetlitz: Thor Zetlitz, Theodore Roosevelt. DALLAS, TEX. By Mr. W. P. Maloney: J. S. Maloney. OGDEN, UTAH. By Forest Service: Hubert C. Williams, Homer S. Youngs, R E. Mellinthin. [Mllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll[||lll[||llllllllllllllllllllllll[lllllllll[|[[||||||||llllll!!lllllllllllllllllllll[ Live Evergreens for Winter Decorations Charming Evergreens from pttk ®ree Jijarms for Porches, Windows, Rooms, Tables, Window Sills, Entrances, Sun Parlors, Balconies, etc. Arborvitae with- out pot 75c each. ■ Blue Spruce without pot $1.50 each. 17 Blended Evergreens and Box for $10.00 Delivered to the Express at Framingham, Mass. Plant hardy evergreens in Window Boxes, Pots, Urns, and Tubs just as you plant flowers and vines for the warm months. These fragrant plants give Holiday cheer to the entire household throughout the long, dreary, winter months. We ship you the little trees carefully packed in the boxes. You have only to remove the cover, fill the box with earth, and plant the trees as illustrated in the photograph from which you order. Each box is 3 feet long, 7 inches wide, and about 6 inches deep, painted dark green. The only care needed is frequent watering. Customers may order the plants without the box, deducting 75c for the box. Evergreens in Pots, Urns, and Jardinieres are beautiful indoors all win- ter. Baby Spruces, Pines, Arborvitae, and Junipers are charming on tables and window sills. Our beautiful large Evergreens are much used in hotels and residences as decorations for entrances, sun parlors, balconies, etc. . — „ — , _ it'- ' 'TJTl 1 1 ' a 10 Arborvitae and Box for $5.00 Delivered to the Express at Framingham, Mass. Write for our pamphlet on the uses of live trees for Indoor decorating. Our book of ICiitle <£ree J[arras will help you solve your outdoor tree and landscape problems. This book sent free on request. JiWtit 'i&Vee JfartttS (Near Boston) Nurseries of American Forestry Company DEPT. D-10 15 BEACON ST., BOSTON, MASS. Pine without pot 40c each H PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD 1434 AMERICAN FORESTRY operation with the Forest Service in their national program was agreed upon as of vital importance just at this time, when a forestry policy was being formulated. The Ayer and Lord Wood Preserving plant at Carbondale, Illinois, is one of the largest in the country and operates eight treating cylinders for treating railroad ties, zinc chloride being used at present. The plant employs as high as 285 men and treats about 15,000 ties per day. The plant for making and treating wood blocks has been temporarily shut down owing to the high price of longleaf pine. It is stated that only about 1% of the ties treated come from Illinois. Almost any species can be treated at present prices, beech being one of the new arrivals within the last few years. The Illinois Central has a treating plant at Marion, Illinois. MASSACHUSETTS ANE of the five state forests that have been established during the past four years in Massachusetts is situated in Southern Berkshire County, and is known as the Arthur Wharton Swann State Forest. It was a gift to the Commonwealth by Mrs. Susan R. S. Swann in memory of her hus- band. On this forest are many acres of chestnut growth in a dead or dying condi- tion, and at its last session the legislature appropriated ten thousand dollars for the use of the State Forester in cutting and marketing this growth before it becomes completely valueless. It is probable that a mill will be placed on the reservation so that such sawing as may be necessary can be done without too great a haul. After nearly a year's service in France as Y. M. C. A. secretary, Mr. Frank L. Haynes, Engineer for the State Forest Commission, has returned to this country and resumed his duties with the Massachu- setts state forest department. While in France, Mr. Haynes was stationed at Aix- les-Bains, Chamonix, Paris, and St. Quay, which places were used as leave areas for the soldiers of the A. E. F. Emulating the example of the Federal Government, Massachusetts is throwing open its state forests for the use of Massa- chusetts citizens for recreational purposes. The shores of the lakes and ponds within the borders of these forest reservations have been surveyed into lots of one hundred feet front on the water and two hundred feet deep. The camp sites have been di- vided into two classes — temporary and per- manent. For the use of a temporary site a fee of one dollar per week is charged, and for the use of a permanent site the permittee pays a rental of ten dollars per year. Many of those who have selected camp sites con- template the erection of substantial cot- tages. The lakes on these reservations have been stocked with bass and other vari- eties of fish by the Massachusetts Fish and Game Commission, so that campers are assured of good fishing during the often season. The auto-truck sprayers designed by the Massachusetts forestry department and used in connection with the suppression of the gypsy moth have proved to be very important factors in protecting the roadside trees from the depredations of these pests. They have taken the place of the horse- drawn sprayer, and by their use a much greater amount of territory is covered than formerly, with a reduced cost. NEW HAMPSHIRE 'T' PAMPERS in the White Mountain Na- tional Forest will find ready for them next summer the first north-and-south trail extending through the area of land held by the Federal Government. The new trail will be made a reality by the construction of a link from Bartlett, New Hampshire, over Cave Mountain and Mount Parker to con- nect with the Davis Path on Mount Reso- lution. The link, which is to be constructed by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, and the paths with which it will connect, will extend for approximately forty miles, from Wonalan- cet, at the extreme southerly end of the White Mountain group, to Appalachia, at the north of the Presidential Range. Trampers can profitably spend a week in traversing the new route, according to Forest Service officials. It will pass over most of the Presidential Range, and will disclose some of the most beautiful scenery of this vacation land. Following is a de- scription of the new route: Old Mast road between Wonalancet and Passaconaway ; Douglas Brook trail from Passaconaway to Bartlett ; new link over Cave Mountain and Mount Parker to Davis path on Mount Resolution; Davis path to Crawford Bridle path, Gulfside trail, Val- ley Way to Appalachia. The route is well supplied with shelter between Appalachia and Bartlett, while the hotel accommodations will be found at Pas- saconaway. What to name the new route is being debated by the Forest Service men. One suggestion is that it be called Agiocochook. which is the Indian name for Mount Wash- ington. This name is open to objection, officials say, because of its length and dif- ficulty. There may be a compromise. In the meantime the office of the Forest Super- visor at Gorham, New Hampshire, invites suggestions. The Forest Service also expects to have in operation early next summer the two public camping grounds that are being in- stalled on Government-owned land. One is at the Dolly Copp farm on the State highway about five miles south of Gorham. The other is on the Profile road about seven miles from Twin Mountain, and about the same distance from the Old Man of the Mountains. The camp grounds are located in sheltered valleys and are well supplied with piped spring water and sani- tary conveniences. Each is to have a big stone fireplace for public use. Trampers, campers, and automobile parties will have free use of the grounds and conveniences, and they are invited to make use of them, subject only to the usual etiquette and pro- tective restrictions that govern in the for- ests. It will be necessary, of course, for all visitors to supply their own tents. Two acres of white pine, near Keene, New Hampshire, sold three or four years ago, before the war prices, brought $2,ooo on the stump. The total stand was 254 cords, which equals 170,000 board feet, or an average of 85,000 feet per acre. Much of it was 80 to 85 years old, so the growth was about 1,000 feet per acre per annum. Stump examinations showed a rapid growth the first 35 years. MICHIGAN TPO date, nearly 8,000 acres have been planted with young trees on the logged over lands included within the Michigan State Forests. Some of the plantations are more than fifteen years old, but more than fifty per cent have been planted within the last five years. White pine has been planted more than any one other species, but Norway pine, Jack pine and Scotch pine are also planted largely. Austrian pine and European larch have been planted in an ex- perimental way, but due to their inability to resist frost and drought have not succeeded well, and they are no longer used. The western species, lodgepole pine and western yellow pine were planted some years ago and gave promise of being splendidly adapted to some localities of this region, but unfortunately they were seriously in- jured by a fungus {Pcridcrmium sp.) and all those which were planted were de- stroyed and no more have been set. Some few acres have been set to Norway spruce, but so far, due to their slow growth on the sand lands, they have not proven very encouraging to further planting. Hardwoods have also been planted, pop- lars, oaks, walnut, black locust, etc., but none have succeeded in a satisfactory manner. It is interesting thus to note that after fifteen years of experimentation, the con- clusion is reached by the Public Domain Commissioner that it is those trees which are native to the region that are proving the most successful for reforestation. It is true that the exotic, Scotch pine, which is planted extensively in the European for- ests, appears to be perfectly hardy here, more so indeed than either white or Nor- way pine, but yet very good evidence indi- cates that it will not produce better lumber, if as good, as does the native jack pine. All the trees planted are raised in the nursery located within the Higgins Lake Forest. The nursery has capacity to pro- duce sufficient seedlings to plant, with stock averaging two years old, 8,000 acres STATE NEWS 1435 per year. The loss of seedlings in the nur- sery from all causes, including the white grub, grass-hoppers, damping-off, heaving, frost, and drought is less than one per cent yearly. In the plantations, however, such excel- lent results are not obtained. Examina- tions of the plantations indicate that of the white pine two and three year old seedlings planted, about sixty per cent survive. Jack pine does better, although it is planted on the poorer soils and is but one year old when set, for it is found that fully sixty- five per cent of the tiny trees survive. Scotch pine is nearly as hardy as the jack pine, but Norway pine, apparently due principally to frost killing, shows but barely fifty per cent survivals. These mortality figures are not discour- aging to the Public Domain Commission. Each year it learns more about the types of soil and the requirement of the seed- lings, higher percentages of survivals are obtained. Indeed, of the two million seed- lings which were planted this spring, de- spite the severe droughts and frosts of this summer, fully eighty-five per cent have survived, and it is expected that seventy- five per cent of these will be firmly estab- lished in 1925. Since the commission plants from 1,500 to 2,000 trees per acre, despite the losses, good stands will be obtained. NEW JERSEY TOURING the past summer State For- ester Alfred Gaskill, of the New Jer- sey Department of Conservation and De- velopment, published a leaflet, which was widely announced through the press, mak- ing known the desirability and many ad- vantages of the State forests and parks for outdoor recreation, and extending an invi- tation to the public to use them in this way. This policy has met with such success, as evidenced by the numerous inquiries and applications for camp sites, that the Department's proposal to create a forty thousand acre State Forest Park along the Kittatinny Mountain in Sussex county seems assured of public approval. New Jersey is most centrally situated with respect to population, over ten mil- lion people living within a radius of sixty miles of the capitol at Trenton. An enormous increase in applications for camp sites must be expected as the State's invitation receives wider considera- tion among so many people, who seek rec- reation within a convenient distance from their homes. The forest extending along the Kitta- tinny Mountain is a most desirable one for the expansion of State holdings, as it is well suited for recreation purposes as well as the practice of forestry. The seven thousand acres already embodied in the Stokes State Forest afford an unexcelled vacation ground for lovers of outdoor life. can use 1 Atlas Farm Powder is compounded especially for safety and efficiency. Inexperiencedusers can easi- ly follow the simple directions given in our book. "Although 1 had never done any blasting before," writes Dean Johnson. Netherlands, Mo., "1 had the 6rst stump out in pieces 1 could handle easily within ten minutes from the time I started working on it. It is easy to use Atlas Farm Powder." Thousands of farmers and their helpers have found that with Atlas Farm Powder it is easy to clear land, make ditches, prepare beds for trees and increase soil fertility. Send the coupon (or a postal mentioning this paper) and we will mail you the 120-page book "Better Farming with Atlas Powder," telling you just how to do the work. ATLAS POWDER CO., Wilmington, Del. Dealers everywhere. Magazine stocks near you. ATLAS POWDER CO.. Wilmington. Del. FD3 (Send me" Better Farming with Atlas Farm Powder. ' * 1 am interested in explosives for I the purpose before which I mark "X." G Stump Blasting D Tree Planting ID Boulder Blasting D Ditch Digging O Subsoil Blasting D Road Making | Name , , I Address /Idas Farm Powde The Safest Explosive The Original Farm Powder JL VOLUNTEER O for the Third RED CROSS ROLL CALL Opportunity, Privilege, Duty con- front YOU. The personal service of a million volunteers is needed November second to Armistice Day, the eleventh, to enlist every citizen in the world's greatest Army of Mercy. Hopeful, grateful America ap- peals for the Red Cross spirit. Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1436 AMKRICAN FORESTRY ... tf f C* J x • _1 [ is a sixteen-page book that tells you how **JU# ICICff.fi/ f^K connect y0Ur house properly with the P iCL TttlTlg S [surroundings. It will help you, too, to have compositions that are more harmonious and in better taste than usual. We shall be pleased to send you a copy on request. HICKS NURSERIES, Box F, Westbury, L. I., New York HILL'S Seedlings and Transplants ALSO TREE SEEDS FOR REFORESTING "DEST for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in im- mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter's Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 601 DUNDEE, ILL. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS SEEDLINGS Write for price, on TRANSPLANTS large quantities THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. (BOX BARBERRY) ^^- Tbe N«w Hardy Dwarf Edging and Low Hedge — — » Originators and Introducers; THE ELM CITY NURSERY COMPANY Wood mo nt Nurseries Box 905 1 Mew Haven, Conn. ' Send for Box-Barberry Folder and General Nursery Catalogue. H ARRISONS' NURSERIE Fruit Trees Budded from Bearing Orchards. Peach, apple, pear, plum, cherry, qui net*, grape-vines, straw- berry plants, raspberries, blackber- ries, evergreens and shade trees. Catalog free. Box 71, Berlin, Md. S FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD Orchids We are specialists in Orchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- cial list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. CONSIDER THE WOODLOT TO KEEP IT PRODUCTIVE Attractive camp sites, beautiful scenery, pure mountain air and spring water, trovit fishing in season, are some of the attrac- tions offered free to the public. Nearby are the well-known mountain lake resorts — Culvers' Lake, Lake Owassa and Swartswood Lake, where fishing, boat- ing and bathing may be had. This region is easily accessible by motor over good roads, and by railroad so that it may be reached in a little over three hours from Jersey City or Newark. The Department is planning to enlarge this property to include forty thousand acres and create a great State Forest Park extending for thirty-five miles along the mountain from Delaware Water Gap to the New York State line. This area will afford exceptional oppor- tunities for the practice and demonstration of forestry management and protection, and at the same time will doubtless prove to be one of the most popular "public play- grounds" in the east. NEW YORK I UMBER and forestry interests in New York State are looking forward with interest to the second week of November. Tuesday, November 11, has been defi- nitely set as the date for the holding of the forestry conference at which Colonel Henry S. Graves, chief forester of the United States Forest Service, will discuss at Syracuse with all interested organiza- tions his proposed national forest policy. This is the date of the meeting of the New York Forestry Association, and many manufacturers, retailers and dealers in lumber, foresters, and others interested in conservation have accepted invitations to attend and to hear Colonel Graves explain his proposed program. Colonel Graves had originally agreed to hold a conference with the Empire State Forest Products Association, but the for- estry association got the consent of the manufacturers to the present plan so that a more general discussion might be pos- sible. The Empire State Forest Products As- sociation will hold its annual convention at Albany, November 13; the American Pulp and Paper Manufacturers' Associa- tion will hold a convention in New York City the latter part of that week. Thus many of those interested will travel from Syracuse to New York City by way of Albany to participate in the three confer- ences. William Shemin, a graduate of the New York State Ranger School, at Wanakena, formerly working under a College of For- estry graduate, R. E. Waldenberger, city- forester of Bayonne. New Jersey, followed his chief into the service and was wounded at Vesle, when in Company G, 47th regu- lar infantry. He has now returned to his old chief, who has taken him to Niagara where Waldenberger is superintendent of the state reservation at Niagara Falls, New York. STATE NEWS' 1437 " The Dessert Berry of the Nation ' ' The Erskine Park Everbearing Red Raspberry The Erskine Park Everbearing Red Raspberry is a seedling from the old reliable Cuthbert, discovered on the Westinghouse Estate (Erskine Park) at Lee, Mass., by Mr. Edward Norman. This magnificent estate is in the midst of the beautiful Berkshire Hills, with a temperature in winter of 30 or 40 degrees below zero, so that the hardiness of this berry is unquestioned. The estate is surrounded by the summer homes of many wealthy people, and much to the surprise of his neighbor gardeners and not without a deal of personal satisfaction, Mr. Norman furnished large, luscious raspberries through- out the fall for various dinner parties. These berries are commented on by all who have seen and tasted them as the most delicious and best raspberry they have ever eaten. Mr. Baker of Hoosick. Falls, N. Y., writes us as follows, regarding this remarkable berry: "In the season of 1916, Mr. George M. Darrow of the United States Department of Agriculture was traveling from the Atlantic to the Pacific, visiting fruit growers to obtain information on berries for bulletins published by the Department of Agriculture. Mr. Darrow had visited this estate before, and was most favorably impressed that this berry was far ahead of the St. Regis and Renere, and when it became known it would replace these varieties. The plant is by far the strongest growing raspberry I have ever seen. It branches like a tree, and it also has the largest and most roots of any variety with which I am acquainted. It is perfectly hardy and the berries are very large." Of this berry we cannot say too much in praise, and we predict that once known, it will be a standard for planting in every garden and considered a necessity. The Renere and St. Regis have been the standard up to the presen; time. In the Erskine Park we have a berry that far surpasses either of these; a raspberry that is a delight to eat, each berry being of largest size, with its delicious melting flesh, full of rich creamy juice, highly flavored and sweet as honey. Conceive the joy and satisfaction of having such berries on your table all through the autumn, the source of wonder to your neighbors, that you can pick the finest raspberries until the snow flies. On November the 20th we cut a large branch of the Erskine Park with blossoms, green berries and ripe fruit upon it. We have not as yet been able to propagate any large quantity of this magnificent berry, but what we have are the finest Bearing Two-Year Old Plants, heavily rooted and branched that will bring a full measure of pleasure and satisfaction to the planter. Strong Field Crown Bearing Plants, per six, $3; per twelve, $5; per fifty, $15 One dozen plants set this fall will produce more fruit than two dozen plants set next spring. Plant this fall. Send for our Free illustrated Catalogue which describes the "WORLD'S BEST" trees and plants for your garden GLEN BROS., Inc. Glenwood Nursery 1873 Main St., Rochester, N.Y. NORTH CAROLINA '"FHE North Carolina Forestry Associa- tion has adopted the following fourteen points in forestry and asks the support of the people of the state in securing and en- forcing them : 1. The scientific classification of forest and cut-over lands as those chiefly suitable for grazing and forestry. 2. Increased ownership of non-agricul- tural forest lands by federal, state and mu- nicipal governments. 3. Regulation of cutting on non-agri- cultural land in order to maintain a pro- ductive and profitable crop, and for the protection of our streams. 4. Growing a crop of timber on agri- cultural land not yet needed for a more profitable crop. 5. Prevention of all unnecessary waste in cutting and marketing timber. 6. Protection from fire of all young growth as well as merchantable timber. 7. State investigations looking to the rehabilitation of our naval stores industry. 8. Practical control of serious insect pests and fungus diseases of forest and shade trees. '.) Protection of young and growing forests from livestock through proper con- trol. 10. Effective public control of water powers as a natural resource belonging to all the people. 11. Development and management of Mitchell state park for the benefit of the people of North Carolina. 12. Maintaining and increasing the beauty of our highways by proper utiliza- tion of trees and shrubs. 13. Effective protection of birds and game both for their economic and aesthetic values. 14. Training of the young to know and appreciate the value of trees, forests and wild life. OREGON TN view of the recent destructive fires in the northwest forests, the Pacific Log- ging Congress has sent to all loggers in this vast territory a set of fire rules which are comprehensive and public-spirited. Among other rules they advise shutting down the mills during dangerous weather rather than risk a disastrous fire, not leav- ing a fire even after it is under control until it is thoroughly extinguished, giving fire fighting precedence over everything, using all vigor and resources, and maintaining closest cooperation with fire wardens and other government officials. Many rules cover technical matters and the subject has evidently been given very careful attention. TEXAS ALFRED MacDONALD of Newton, Massachusetts, has recently been ap- pointed City Forester in Dallas, Texas. Mr. MacDonald was formerly Field Sec- retary of the Massachusetts Forestry Asso- ciation and later spent two years in the Graduate School of Forestry in Harvard University studying problems concerning city forestry. The city of Dallas is planning an aggres- sive Memorial Tree planting campaign for this fall and present indications are that several hundred such trees will be set out by the Forestry Department. The Boy WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS buy the right kind— That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose-- Our little house organ "Etchings" is full of valuable hints— Send for it. H. A. GATCHEL, Prei. C. A. STINSON, VkePrti. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO-ENGRA VERS In one or more colors Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA PLANT MEMORIAL TREES Please mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1438 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE 1337-1339 F STREET, N.W. WflSHINGTON.P.C. PeSI<3N^.RS fliip ILLUSTRATORS 3 ^olor Pro^ss Work ^lotrotypss Superior Qoality & S^Rl/IC^L Phone Main 8274 Scouts have already been enlisted to assist in the work of the Forestry Department in locating dead trees and suppressing noxious insects. Most of the trees heretofore planted in Dallas have been native species and For- ester MacDonald is planning to try, exper- imentally, trees of European and Asiatic origin, such as Norway Maple, Oriental Plane and Gingko, which have proved so successful in Eastern cities. VERMONT XT E. GRUPE, who went overseas with * the ioth Engineers, was detached and put on special duty in Paris in criminal investigation, work entirely distinct from military investigation. He graduated from New York State College of Forestry in 1917, and has been engaged by the State Forestry Department of Vermont, being placed in charge of a district of the state forest. WISCONSIN A TEN-LESSON correspondence course "^ in the kiln drying of lumber is offered for five dollars by the Extension Division of the University of Wisconsin in co-oper- ation with the Forest Products Laboratory. The lessons are written in simple language and explain how lumber may be kiln dried for particular purposes with results which are superior to those produced by air sea- soning. A million-pound testing machine is being built for the Forest Products Laboratory • * is a Thrift sfiieid dgjdinst money worriea • « Buy