ssasSififf STATE LIBRARY
°"?.""':,?,f;°"°,'.'::'"'yneservo,r water
3 0864 00054809 2
This report was funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) , U.S. Department of Energy, as part of BPA's program to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife affected by the development and operation of hydroelectric facilities on the Columbia River and its tributaries. The views in this report are the author's and do not necessarily represent the views of
BPA .
For copies of this report, write:
Bonneville Power Administration
Division of Fish and Wildlife Public Information Officer - PJ P.O. Box 3621 Portland, OR 97208
Quantification of Libby Reservoir Levels Needed to Maintain or Enhance Reservoir Fisheries
APPEM)ICES for
Annual Report FY 1984
by:
Bradley B. Shepard - Project Biologist Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
P.O. Box 67 Kalispell, Montana 59901
Prepared for: Richard Harper, Project Manager
U.S. Department of Energy Bonneville Power Administration Division of Fish and Wildlife Portland, Oregon
Contract Number: DE-A179-84BPA12660 BPA Project: BPA 83-467
Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive
in 2015
https://arcliive.org/cletails/quantificationof1984mont
APPENDIX A Stream habitat inventory procedures
al^iCM'^iMW.^IEOTT OF
mHM, WIIJ9IJFE AXU PARKS
STREAM HABITAT INVEINTORY PROCEDURES
Fisheries Research and Special Projects Bureau
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
P.O. Box 67 Kalispell, Montana 59903
June 1983
\
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 U.S. Forest Service Stream Reach Inventory and
Channel Stability Evaluation Form . . 2
2 Helicopter Stream Survey Report 4
3 Form FMD-I for general field and office data ....... 5
4 Field Transect form FMD-J 8
Appendix A:
1 Stream Cross Section 11
2 Bank Forms 12
3 Confinement 14
4 l>-90 and Intermediate Axis 15
5 Channel Patterns 20
6 Valley Profile 24
Appendix B:
1 Interagency Stream Fishery Input Data Form 37
.S'2f ;-:'9: ,i'v.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 1
AERIAL SURVEY 1
GROUND SURVEY , 3
DATA ENTRY AND ANALYSIS 7
LITERATURE CITED 9
APPENDIX A: Glossary of terminology used in stream habitat
surveys 10
APPENDIX B: Data entry format and explanation for the
Interagency Stream Fishery Data Input .... 25
INTPDDLICTION
The stream habitat inventory methodology described in this report resulted from four years of study on tributaries to the North and Middle Forks of the Flathead River. This study was funded by the Environmental Protection Agency through the Flathead River Basin Steering Committee. Tlie methodology draws upon multidisciplinary knowledge in describing the biological and physical features interacting to form the stream environ- ment .
The basis for this methodology was the system developed by the Resource Analysis Branch of the British Columbia Ministry of the Environm^ent and used to survey the Canadian portion of the North Fork drainage (Chamberlin 1980a, 1980b). During the four years of study, the method was refined to fit our specific needs and to reduce individual observer bias.
The U.S. Forest Service developed a Stream. Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation technique (Figure 1) to identify unstable stream channel areas and to monitor recovery rates of such areas (U.S. Forest Service 1975). The channel stability method was incorporated into our habitat evaluation technique during the 1980 field season (Fraley et al.
1981) to provide comparable data between agencies. A detailed instruction booklet describing evaluation procedures is available from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region.
A line transect methodology similar to that described by Herrington and Dunham (1967) was included in 1982 to provide more precise site specific information.
Annual reports (Graham et al. 1980, Fraley et al. 1981, Shepard et al.
1982) should be consulted to determine exact methodologies used during each field season. Our modification of the original inventory clossary is presented in ^pendix A.
METHODS
AERIAL SURVEY
The habitat evaluation process began by obtaining U.S. Geologic Survey Qjadrangle maps (7.5 minute series) of the study area and color coding all tributaries to indicate stream order. Beginning at the mouth, each tributary was divided into one km sections on maps to facilitate the location of reach boundaries, survey sites and im.portant stream features. Aerial photographs of the area were reviewed for landmark reference during aerial surveys.
Each tributary to be surveyed was flown by helicopter from its mouth to the upstream limit of suitable fish habitat. SuitaWe fish habitat was defined as pererjiial flow or adequate size to support a fish population. A definite fish barrier also marked the upstream boundary of the survey. During this upstream flight, important stream features such as slumped banks, obstructions to fish passage, beaver activity, trails and other
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crossings, were noted by the observer equipped with the topographic ruaps and a ta^te recorder. Other habitat features such as stream pattern, bank slope characteristics, streambed material, debris quantity and srawning potential for cutthroat and bull trout were noted. A general overviev/ of geomorphically similar sections (reaches) was also gained during the upstream flight. General location of reach breaks v/ere based largely on changes in stream gradient. A return flight downstrear:. at greater altitude and speed allowed the observer to establish actual reach breaks and confirm locations, while keeping flying tim^e to a minimum. A mobile fuel source provided by a backup observer and a vehicle carrying 55 gallon fuel drums also reduced fuel consumption and flying time.
Tapes were transcribed in the office and stream features and reach breaks were added to the U.S.G.S. miajs. A Helicopter Stream Survey Re^xDrt (Figure 2) was compiled for each reach. Recorded information included a suggested survey section typifying the reach, information on stream features, reach characteristics and general comments. Length of the recommended survey section v/as based on total reach length. Completed helicopter survey forms and a field cop^' of the U.S.G.S. maps accompanied crews conducting ground surveys.
GROUM) SURVEY
Before beginning ground surveys, an intensive one or two day training session was conducted to teach survey persoPiTiel the technicrues and standarize eacli individual's perception of what consl.it.utes each habitat variable classification. During this training session, replicate surveys were conducted by al]. field i^iersonne] in tv^o person crews so that replication of survey results could be tested. If results froro replicate surveys differed significantly, more discuss..ion and training were used to ensure results obtained from different crews in the same reach v/ere similar. It was advisable to repeat this replicate survey with al], ground crews once during the field season to test the assumption that surveys were conducted in a similar manner.
Crews of two trained observers r^f^rformied the ground survey for each reach. The crew confirmed helicopter observations of obstructions to fish passage and other important features in each reach. The top of form FMD-I (Figure 3) was completed u^x^n arrival at the survey section. Stations where observers mteasured and rated habitat characteristics v/ere selected by facing a predetermined randomi distance along the stream, channel. These randomi paces were listed on the bottorii i_X)rtion of form FMD-I (Figure 3), Tine following parameters were evaluated at 20 randomily located sites jjer km;
(1) flow character
(2) debris presence
(3) , debris stability
(4) side channel occurrence
(5) split channe] occurrence
(6) habitat uriit (rxx ^ iiff.le, run, ^ccketwater, cascade) Aquatic habitat v/as further quantified at a variabJe number of transecrts
3
FORM: FMD-H
HELICOPTER STREAM SURVEY REPORT
Stream: Reach No, Stream kms:
Date: Time: Observer:
Suggested survey section - km to km
Reach Characteristics
Upper bank slope: Mass wasting potential:
Valley flat: Pattern:
Flow characteristics: Channel width:
Debris - channel: Barriers - types:
floodplain: locations;
Spawning potential - Bull trout:
Cutthroat:
Portion recommended for redd counts:
Bull trout - km to km
Cutthroat - km to km
General comments;
Stream features:
Figure 2. Helicopter Stream Survey report.
4
FORM FMD-I
Length of survey section
Start of survey: kn,
Stage: Dry L M Turbidity: nil L Confinement: Ent Conf Pattern: St Sin Ir Valley flat:
Fr IM
Flood High
Oc Un N/A Rm Tm
Creek NaniL .
Water Code:
Survey personnel
Aqenc)
Date:
Reach
Ti me ;
^ank: form Debris:
Side Chan
Wet width
process
X stable _ Spli t Chan
Air Temp Weather _ Photos _ Flow
Water temp. ;
Loc
m Chan width
noodplaln Debris I H L M H
Reach length _ Reach location
Stream Order
Depth: Avg
Gradient
|
SUBSTRATE |
||
|
Size Class |
Streambed |
Bank |
|
Silt -detritus |
||
|
Sand (<2 mm) |
||
|
Sm. Gravel (2-6. Amm) |
||
|
Lg. Gravel (6. 4 -54mm) |
||
|
Cobble (64-256 mtn) |
||
|
Boulder-bedrock (>256 mm) |
Imbeddedness: Compacti on
cm Max _
0-25 25-50 D90
cm
50-75 75-100 cm
Genotlo Xaterlal:
|
HABITAT UNIT |
I |
|
Pool |
|
|
Riffle |
|
|
Run |
|
|
Pocket water |
|
|
Cascade |
|
|
Pool Class |
|
|
I |
|
|
II |
|
|
111 |
|
Instream cover Overhead cover
Type: Type:
Vertical Stability - A ? D
m per pace
|
Pace ' No. |
Transect No. |
Flow Char. |
DEBRIS |
Side Chan. |
Split Chan. |
Pool (I. I I. Ill) p^^kpt yg^g, Habitat Riffle unit Run Cascade |
|||
|
Pres. |
Abs. |
Stable |
Unstable |
||||||
|
30 |
1 |
||||||||
|
.271 |
2 |
||||||||
|
428 |
|||||||||
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467 |
|||||||||
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MO |
3 |
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_6Qa. 632 6Z3 |
|||||||||
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_Z74_ .302 |
|||||||||
|
858 |
5. |
||||||||
|
967 |
Figure 3. Form FMD-I for general field and office data.
5
|
Pace 1 No. |
ransec tl No. ! |
Fl(jw |
DEBRIS |
Side Chan. |
Split Chan. |
Feature ^^ff]^. Pocktl w.i .er Run Cascade |
|||
|
Char. |
Pres. |
Abs. 1 |
Stable L |
nstable |
|||||
|
- |
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- |
|||||||
|
|
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. — |
T— |
rr |
Si^ficant features^
Notes:
Figure 3. , (Continued).
6
c:er km, depending on the level of precision desired. The following parameters were measured at one meter intervals or at a minimum of five equally spaced points across each transect:
(1) depth to nearest cm
(2) instream cover
(3) overhead cover
(4) two predominant substrate size classes
Visual estimates of substrate irnbeddedness, compaction, D-90, percentages of each substrate size class, percentages of instream and bank cover and maximum depth were also made at each transect to attempt to quantify these subjective observations by using multiple observation points. Total wetted width and channel width were measured at each transect.
At every fifth transect the following features were noted:
(1) flood signs
(2) bank form
(3) bank process '
(4) bank composition
This information along with any additional comments were recorded on field form FMD-J (Figure 4).
The Forest Service stability evaluation (Figure 1) was completed impiediately following the habitat survey on each reach. VlYien possible, stream discharge was also measured at this time. The office portion of form FMD-I (Figure 3), summarizing field measurements, was completed any convenient time after the survey.
DATA ENTRY AND ANALYSIS
Habitat data for each reach were coded on Montana Interagency Stream. Fishery Resource Data Forms (Holton et al. 1981). These forms and instructions concerning their use are presented in Appendix E. Data from completed Interagency forms were keypunched and entered in the statewide data base administered through the Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks in Helena. A dictionary was constructed enabling any physical, chemical or biological parameter available to be requested for a particular reach (Fraley et al. 1981). Use of the habitat evaluation methods and their applicability to fisheries and land management situations in the Flathead National Forest were described in Graham et al. (1982) and Fraley and Graham (1982).
Habitat survey transect data were entered into data files on the ICIS 850 computer located at the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Regional Headquarters, KaJisr^ell, Montana. Computer programs (HABFST and SUMMAR) were develoi:ed to enter and summarize habitat information by survey section.
7
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literatum; cited
Chaniberlin, T.W. 1980a. Aquatic system inventory (biophysical stream surveys) ADP Technical Paper 1. British Columbia, Ministry of the Environment.
Chamber lin, T.W. 1980b. Aquatic survey terminology. ADP Technical Paper 2. British Columbia, Ministry of the Environment.
Fraley, J.J., D. Read and P. Graham. 1981. Flathead River Basin fishery study. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and Parks, Kalispell, MT. 193pp.
Fraley, J.J., and P.J. Graham. 1981. Physical habitat, geologic bedrock types and trout densities in tributaries of the Flathead River drainage, Montana. Proceedings of the Syirposium on the Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, Portland, Oregon.
Graham, P.J., B.B. Shepard and J.J. Fraley. 1981. Use of stream habitat classifications to identify bull trout spawning areas in streams. Pro- ceedings of the Synposium on the Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, Portland, Oregon.
Graham, P.J., D. Read, S. Leathe, J. Miller and K. Pratt. 1980. Flathead River Basin fishery study. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and Parks, Kalispell, MT. 166pp.
Herrington, R.B. and D.K. Dunham. 1967. A technique for sampling general fish habitat characteristics of streams. USDA Forest Service Research Paper, IlSlT-41, Inter mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.
Holton, G.D., R.B. McFarland and B. Gooch. 1981. The Montana interagency stream fishery data storage system. Symposium for the Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Informtion, Portland, Oregon.
Shepard, B.B., J.J. Fraley, T.M. Weaver and P.J. Graham. 1982. Flathead River Basin fishery study. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and Parks, . Kalispell, MT. 149pp.
U.S. Forest Service. 1975. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Serivce Northern Region. US Government Printing Of f ice: 1978-797-059/31, Region 10. Rl-75-002. 26pp.
9
APPENDIX A
- 1
Glossary of terminology used in stream habitat surveys. Adapted from British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Resource Analysis Branch.
10
preface:
This glossary is organized with definitions preceded by the year in which they were adopted. Evaluation of some parameters changed one or more times during the four years of study, therefore several definitions may be presented for certain terms.
Many of the parameters described are classified in abundance by Nil, Low, Moderate or High. Where not specifically defined (e.g. stage) these terms should have the following meanings:
Nil the item is not present, or so seldom as to be irrelevant to
any interpretation.
Low the item is present, but only as a few scattered occurrences
or in a single spot.
Moderate the item occurs in several scattered locations or a few small concentrated zones.
High the item is frequently present throughout the sample area
(reach or point) as continuous cover or frequent zones of occurrence. |
^ - '■
GLOSSARY
bank - (1979) the rising ground bordering a stream channel below the level of rooted vegetation and above the normal streambed; designated as right or left facing downstream. (See bank form and bank process). See also Figure 1.
FI(3URE 1. Stream Cross section
11
bank cover - (1982) refers only to percent overhang <1 m above water
surface. Sample frequency - every transect.
bank form - (1979) the range of bank forms is arbitrarily separated into
four classes which reflect the current state of river processes. Sample frequency - every fifth transect (Figure 2) :
F (flat) - the river bed slopes gently to the beginning of rooted vegetation, frequently with overlapping bar deposits.
R (repose) - the bank is eroded at high water levels, but is at the angle of repose of the unconsolidated material (usually 34® - 37°).
S (steep) - the bank is nearly vertical, due to consolidation by cementation, compaction, root structure or some other agent.
U (undercut) - the bank has an undercut structure caused by erosion. When undercut banks are stabilized by vegetation this should be indicated in the comments.
FIGURE 2. Bank Forms
bank process ~ (1979) the current fluvial process the bank is undergoing. Sample frequency - every fifth transect.
12
F (failing) - active erosion and slumping is taking place.
S (stable) - the bank is of rock, has very high root density, or is otherwise protected from erosion. Artificially stabilized banks should be noted in the comments,
A (aggrading) - continuous sediment deposition is taking place, causing the river channel to migrate away from the river bank. Common on the inside of meander bends where it may be accompanied by the presence of a range of early to late serai vegetation.
barrier - See Obstruction.
cascade - (1982) a habitat unit consisting of a series of small steps or
falls.
channel - (1979) a natural or artificial waterway of perceptible extent
which periodically or continuously contains moving water. It has definite bed and banks which normally confine the water, and which display evidence of fluvial processes (See channel width and Figure 1).
channel width - (1979) the width of the channel fron rooted vegetation to
rooted vegetation. Mean annual high water level should be used in the absence of vegetation. If measured by tape, the width should be given to the nearest 0.1 m (See Figure 1). Sample frequency - every transect.
cover - (1979) anything which projects over the water surface at tlie time of survey. It is divided into two arbitrary levels; crown cover Ol m above water surface) and overhang cover (<1 m. above water surface). Described in terms of the projected area of water surface covered (% of wetted surface area). Sample frequency - visual average for reach.
(1982) sheltered areas in a wetted stream channel where a trout can rest and hide in order to avoid the impact of the elements or enemies. Inst ream cover types include aquatic vegetation, logs, debris, large cobbles and boulders, and man-made structures. Overhead cover would include undercut banks, overhanging vegetation 1 m or less above the water surface (bank cover), overhanging understory and overhanging over story canopy. Sample frequency - 1 m ir tervals or at a minimum of five equa].ly spaced cells across each transect. Cover types were expressed in terms of percent based on presence/absence data for all transects in the reach. Cover types were coded as follows:
13
Cover Codes
mstre^ Overhead
Code Code Type No. Type No.
None 0
Aquatic vegetation 1
Logs 2
Debris *C Below water 3
Boulders _y surface 4
Logs "p 5
Debris X. Above water 6
Boulders 3 surface 7
Man-made structure 8
None
Undercut bank Overhead (<1 m) Understory (1-5 m) Over story (>5 m)
0 1 2 3 4
- (1983) turbulence was added as an instream cover type. Logs, debriSr and boulders above the water surface (instream cover code numbers 5,6 & 7) were deleted from the list of instream cover types and were recorded as overhead «1 m) or understory (1-5 m) cover. Cover was recorded as being present only if it provided cover over at least 10% of the surface area of the cell being considered.
compaction - (1979) the relative looseness of bed material with respect to
fluvial processes. Caused by sedimentation, mineraliza- tion, imbrication or material size. Indicated as nil, low, moderate or high as determined by the relative ease with which a boot can be worked into streambed material. Sample frequency - every transect.
confinement - (1979) the degree to which the river channel is limited in its
lateral movement by terraces or valley walls (See Figure 3). Sample frequency - average for reach by visual and maps. The channel is either:
Ent - entrenched - the streambank is in continuous contact (coincident with) valley walls.
Conf - confined - in continuous or repeated contact at the outside of major meander bends.
Fr - frequently confined by the valley wall.
Oc - occasionally confined by the valley wall.
Un - unconfined - not touching the valley wall.
N/A - not a£-plicable (e.g. where no valley wall exists) .
14
debris (channel)
- (1979) organic material (primarily logs, limbs, root masses) deposited within the chai'inel; not just in the wetted stream channel at the time of survey. DebrJs is recorded as being present if it could provide trout cover over at least one tenth of the channel width at bankful flow.
(1982) described as present or absent at 20 sites per km.
debris (floodplain) - (1980) organic material (prima lily logs, limbs.- root
masses) deposited within the floodplain at time of survey. Described as Nil, Low, Moderate or High. (See flood sign). Sample frequency - average for reach taken from helicopter sheets.
debris stability - (1979) debris in the stream channel that has a low
probability of being moved out of the area during normal spring runoff. Stable debris is usually embedded in or attached to the streambed or bank and forms a part of the stream's morphologic character .
(1982) Sanple frequency - 20 sites per km.
D-90 - (1979) the diameter of bed material which is larger than 90% of the remaining material. Measured by length of intermediate axis. See Figure 4. Sample frequency - every tiansect.
D90=40 nira (b axis;
%
less than
100-
50 -
20 30 40 50
substrate diameter (mm)
Interi!, Mate diameter = b
FIGURE 4. D-90 and Intermediate Axis
15
Un-confined Not applicable
FIGURE 3: Confincnicnt 16
eirbeddedness (imbeddedness.) - (1979) the degree of filling of the
interstitial spaces of a gravel or rubble stream bottori! with sand or fines. Estimated as 0 to 25%, 25 to 50% , 50 to 75%, or 75 to 100% ernbedded. Sample frequency - every transect.
- (1983) the extent to which the predominant-cized particles in the streambed are covered by fine materials (sand & silt). Embeddedness was coded as follows:
Enbeddedness Code No.
Dominant particle size group completely 1
entoedded in fines (or nearly so) .
Three-fourths ei±)edded 2
One-half embedded 3
One-fourth embedded r 4
Unembedded 5
entrenchment
- (1979) stream channel incision resulting from current fluvial processes. This represents the extreme case of stream confinement. (See confinement).
feature - (1979)
a specific stream, attribute worthy of note. Important stream features would include slumped banks, and barriers or obstructions (such as beaver dams, log jams, chutes, falls) that could possibly hinder upstream fish niovement. The location, length and height of important features should be recorded. . v. . ,r
flood signs -
(1979) evidence of the height of historic flood water levels. Recorded are the "height" above water level at the time of survey and the "type" of evidence such as debris (D), flood channels or bank scour (E), soil profiles (P), mud deposited on trees (M), or historical information (H) such as might be found in newspaper files. Sample frequency - every fifth transect.
flow - (1979)
discharge in cfs or cms. Method of measurement and meter type must be indicated. Sample frequency - flow during survey or average low flow.
flow character - (1979) the surface expression of the water that is determined by water velocity and bed material. Sample frequency - 20 sites per km. It is described at the time of survey as:
p - placid - tranquil, sluggish s - swirling - eddies, boils, swirls r " rolling - unbroken wave forms numerous b - broken -~ standing waves are broken, rapids, numerous hydraulic juips
t - tumbling - cascades, usually over large boulders or rock outcrops.
17
genetic material - (1979) materials are classified according to their mode .) of formation. Specific processes of erosion,
transport ion, deposition, mass wasting and weathering produce specific types of materials that are characterized chiefly by texture and surface expression. Subsurface layers are noted in a comment. Sample frequency - visual average for reach.
Descriptive terminology:
A Anthropogenic - man-made or man-modified materials; including those associated with mineral exploitation and waste disposal, and excluding archaelogical sites.
C Colluvial- product of mass wastage? materials that have reached their present position by direct, gravity- induced movement (i.e. no agent of transportation involved). Usually angular and poorly sorted.
E Eolian - materials transported and deposited by wind action. Usually silt or fine sand with thin cross-bedding.
F Fluvial - materials transported and deposited by streams and rivers. Usually rounded, sorted into horizontal layers, and poorly compacted.
I Ice - glacier ice.
L Lacustrine - sediments that have settled from suspension of bodies of standing fresh water or that have accumulated at their margins through wave action. May be fine textured with repetitive annual layers (varves).
M Morainal - the material transported beneath, beside, or within and in front of a glacier; deposited directly from the glacier and not modified by any intermediate agent. Usually poorly sorted and angular to sub-angular. May be highly compacted and have significant clay content .
0 Organic - materials resulting from vegetative growth, decay and accumulation in and around closed basins or on gentle slopes where the rate of accumulation exceeds that of decay.
R Bedrock - rock outcrop and rock covered by a thin mantle (less than 10 cm) of consolidated materials.
S Saprolite - weathered bedrock, decomposed in situ principally by processes of chemical weathering.
V Volcanic - unconsolidated pyroclastic sediments that occur extensively at the land surface.
18
W Marine - sediments that have settled froni suspension in salt or brackish water bodies or that have accumulated at their margins through shoreline processes such as wave action and longshore drift. Found in coastal areas below 125 m above sea level.
U Undifferentiated - layered sequence of more than three typez- of genetic material outcrossing on a steep, erosional (scarp) slope.
gradient - (1979) Difference in elevation (m) from upper to lower reach
breaks divided by length of reach (m) X 100. Calculated from a topographic map. Sample frequency - for entire reach.
habitat unit - (1979a) expression of streams hydrologic nature. Sample frequency - 20 sites per km. Broken into:
pool • -^^".i
riffle run
glide ' ■
pool riffle
run - - • ;
riffle '• run
pocketwater
pool riffle run
pocketwater c :
cascade
instream cover - (1982) See cover. i
notes - (1979) comments should be made in regards to habitat suitability for spawning westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout; land use activities (logging, grazing, etc.) in the valley flat and proximity to streambanks; uniformity of habitat within reach; etc.
obstruction - (1979) any object or formation that may block or hinder
waterflow and/or fish migration identified by helicopter and confirmed by ground crew. Various types are distinguished . such as falls, cascade/chutes, beaver dams, culverts, velocity and man-made dams. Height, length and location should be recorded.
(1979b)
(1980)
(1982)
19
(1982) obstructions or barriers are classified as:
Type A
Type C Type D
Complete barrier to all fish paf:r.age Rirrior to :;[VJwniiKj hull I tout Possible barrier to all fish passage Possible barrier to spawning bull trout.
pattern - (1979) the channel pattern of a reach described in terms of its relative meander curvature (See Figure 5). Sample frequency - average for reach by visual and maps. Classified as follows:
St straight - very little curvature within the reach. Sin sinuous - slight curvature within a belt of less than
approximately two channel widths. Ir irregular - no repeatable pattern.
Im irregular meander - a repeated pattern is vaguely present in the channel plan. The angle between the channel and the general valley trend is less than 90°.
Rm regular meanders - characterized by a clearly repeated pattern.
Tm tortuous meanders - a more or less repeated pattern characterized by angles greater than 90°.
Straight Sinuous
Irregular
Irregular meander
Regular meander
Tortuous meander
FIGURE 5.
Channel Patterns
20
pocket water - (1980) a habitat unit - typically a run, whose flow is
interrupted by boulders creating small turbulent pools or "pockets" v/hich can provide cover for fish„ Distinguished from cascade by the absence of small steps or falls.
pool ~ (1979) a habitat unit of low velocity and deep water relative to the main current.
pool classification - (1979) a classification scheme designed to indicate
the value of a pool as fish habitat. Each pool is rated based on the size, depth, and cover. The total score is used to deter m.ine pool class. The scoring is as follows:
DEPTH RATING COWR RATIISG
Depth Score Cover Score
Over 3 feet 3 Abundant 3
2-3 feet 2 Partial 2
Less than 2 feet 1 Exposed 1
SIZE RATING (measureirent longest axis of pool)
gcor?
Pool longer or wider than average width of stream 3 Pool as long or wide as average width of stream 2 Pool much shorter or narrower than average width 1 of stream
TOTAL SCORE POOL CLASS
8 or 9 I ^ 7 II 5* or 6 III**
*A total score of 5 must include 2 points for depth and two points for cover.
**Pools that score less than Class III are recorded as "unclassified" or as "pocket water".
reach - (1979) a segment of a stream which has a distinct association of physical habitat characteristics. Gradient is an important factor in reach delineation. Streams are divided into reaches by aerial observer.
reach length - (1979) distance in km from lower to upper reach break. Measured on toi:x)oraphic map.
21
reach number - (1979) reaches are numbered sequentially upstream from the mouth (1,2, ...n).
riffle - (1979) a habitat unit with shallow, fast moving water where the surface is turbulent and broken.
run - (1979) a habitat unit of medium velocity water with surface not turbulent to the extent of being broken. Intermediate between pool and riffle.
scour - (1979) substrate size, angularity and brightness indicate amount of scour or deposition along channel bottom. Described as Nil, Low, Moderate or High. Sample frequency - visual average for reach.
serial number - (1981) this number will be controlled by regional or state office or agency entering information.
side channel - (1979) a chaiinel connected to the main cheinnel that is
usually less than one fourth of the average main channel width. Side channels typically have lower velocity flows (frequently placid) and smaller substrate (small gravel, fines, and detritus) than does the main channel. Described as present or absent at 20 sites per km.
split channel - (1982) channel divisions that do not differ significantly from the main channel in terms of current velocity or substrate type. Described as present or absent at 20 sites per km.
stage - (1979) the relative water level at the time of survey
inferred from evidence of flow in bank and bed. Sample frequency - visual average for reach. The categories usedare dry, low, moderate, high and flood:
Dry - water not present or only as unconnected pools.
Low -- water flowing as thread(s) within the channel; most bed
material exposed. Moderate - water flowing throughout the normal bed and in contact with lower portions of banks. Some bars are exposed; sand and small gravel sized bed material is in motion. High - water flowing throughout the normal bed and in contact with middle to upper portions of banks; most bars are submerged; gravel and cdDble. Sized bed material is in motion. Flood - water bank full or over banks and into floodplain; maximum rates of bed material transport.
stability rating - (1980) nine ratings of bank stability combined with
six ratings of bed stability for a stream reach. U.S. Forest Service stability evaluation field forms were used. Sample frequency - average for reach.
22
stream order - (1979) a number assigned to a stream based on its "
location in the drainage. Any unforked channel which appears on USGS maps is a first order drainage. Two first order streams meet to form a second order stream, and so on.
substrate composition - (1979) the assemblage of sizes of material in
banks and bed. Sample frequency - every transect. Described according to the following:
- (1982) the dominant and subdominant substrate types were recorded for each cell at 1 m intervals (or at a minimum of five equally spaced cells) across each transect. The percent composition of each substrate size class within the stream reach was calculated as the number of occurrences of a particular size class as either a dominant or subdominant type, divided by two times the number of measurement cells. ;
turbidity - (1979) described as Nil, Low, Moderate or High. Sample frequency - visual average for reach.
valley: channel ratio - (1979) wean valley width
mean channel width Sample frequency - average for reach.
valley flat - (1979) the area of a valley bottom which may flood,
including low terraces. Relic terraces which cannot be flooded by the present river are excluded from the valley flat. See Figure 6. Estimated mean width by aerial observer or from USGS maps.
valley wall - (1979) the remainder of the valley slope above the valley
flat and relic terraces. In some cases such as on fans or deltas, there may be no valley wall. See Figure 6.
vertical stability - (1979) an indication of the net effect over
a long time period of processes of deposition or scour of tlie streambed. Described as degrading (Deg), aggrading (Agr) or not obvious (?). Sample frequency - visual average for reach.
water chemistry - (1981) chemical parameters and ratings, optional.
water code - State of Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks code number for stream in question.
Code
1
2
3,4 5 6
23
wetted width - the width of water surface at the point sample
cross-section. Sample frequency - every transect.
APPENDIX B
Data entry formt and explanation for the Interagency Stream Fishery Data Input Form (for cards 1-38 Format, instructions and example forms for
additional cards 30 through 38) . ^
25
IlTTFlPAGE'NCy STREAM FISFEI'Y DATA INPTO FOm TNSTPUCTIONS FOR DATA EliTRY CARDS 1-22
CARD 1 :
Serial Number i This number will bo controlled by reoiona] or state office or agency entering information.
State: Ttie code for Montar.a is 30.
Hydrologic Unit Code: This entry designates the drainage. Rixjional snd state office of each agency have these codes c
Stream Order: A numerical class identification assigned to a tiibutary based on its location in the drainage. Two first order strear.is meet to form a second order streain, etc.
State Water Code and Water Type: State water code and watei tyi-^ c.re obtained from a list furnished by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlifo and Parks. Stream water type codes are 01 to 19, with 19 being a stream un£ible to sustain a population of fish.
Reach: Portion of a stream with a distinct association of physical habitat characteristics. Gradient is the major fcictor in reach delineation.
Reach Number: Tlie reaches are numbered consecutively front the mouthf up the streaiTi.
CARD 2 AND 3:
Reach Boundaries; Brief description of upper and lower boundaries and map coordinates for these boundaries.
Elevation: Upper and lower elevation of reach boundaries in meters.
Average Wetted Width; Average of measurements from one water's edge to the other, taken at random intervals within the habitat section.
Tributary To;: USCS map name of stream or river into which the study stream converges.
County : All Flathead County streams are 029. CARD 5:
Fish and Game Region: A13 Flathead County streaitis are ir Region One.
Percent Pocket Water. A series of small pools that do not cjassify at pools individually, but in corbi nation create fish kibitat. Pocket v;aters are usually found in bouldc: cascade area^.
Ingress; Legal avai.labi].ity of piJDlic accero:. tc th<:- r.ti.c-.iri.
26
CARD 8: ■ -
Flow During Survey. The instream flow (in /sec) during the survey and Lhe date of obcervation.
Mo r Ilia 1 Low Flow- Lov^est flcv/ expected during an average year fiOD i>^iEt records or as can be estimated. Kotes This is not thr- histc)i i.c lav flow.
Valley Flat: The area of a valley bottom which raay flood, including low terraces. Relic terraces which cannot be flooded by the present rivei are excluded from the valley flat.
Channel Width: The width of the channel from rooted vegetation to rooted vegetation.
Average Maximum Pool Depth: Tine maximum depth measured in the deepest £:>ool in the habitat section.
Gradient (%) : Difference in elevation (neters) from uptxi to lower end
of reach
Length of reach (meters)
This is usually measured with a clinometer or is calculated from a topographic: map.
Pool -Run-Ri f fie Ratio: Tlie estimated percent of each type^ for a iX)rtion of the stream at low water. In cent) iret ion Vv'ith pocket water, ecjuals 100%.
Pool - Usually deeper, quiet water, although £x3ols raay bc^ at the base of falls.
Run - Moderately mtOving water with the surface not turbulent to the extent of being broken. Intermediate between pool and riffle.
Riffle - Shallow, fast moving water where the surface is turbulent and broken.
CARD 9 AND 10:
Bottom Type: Entered under Run. Percent make-up of bot.tort) substrate (the bed material) .
Average Peak Water Temperature: Tlrie highest water tem^x-rature nteasured duiing the summer.
Spring Creek: A spring creek or spring stream is identified by its faiij^ constant temperature.- flow arid clear v/ater. Watercress v/i.!] often be present.
Affected by Lake: When lake or ii!|oundm.ent significant] v affects water temperature, flow pattern, fish food, or fish runs within the reach or
27
stream,
Inuridated by Beaver Ponds; Tl'ie percent of t±e reach ]encth pret>er:tly impounded by beaver {^jonds is entered.
D-90: The dian.eter of bed material which is laroei thai'i 90 percent of iilie renaining material. I-'easured by length of intermediate axis.
Total Alkalinity and Specific Conductance » Alkalinity and conductivity values are measured at the lower end of individual drainages during the low flow period.
Floating ; Recreational use by boaters.
Special Value; Importance as a trout recruitment streaiP.
CAPX) 11:
Channel Stability Rating Elements: Nine ratings of bank stability ccmbilr'ed with six ratings of bed material for a stream reach. U.S. Forest Servico stability evaluation field forms were used.
Pool Classes: The percentage of the pools in the reach in each pool class. Total = 100 percent. Pool classes are determined as follows:;
Size: Measurements refer to the longest axis of the intersected pool .
3 - pool larger or wider than average width of stream
2 - i-ool as wide or long as average strciam width
1 - pool much shorter and narrower thixn average stream, widtli.
Depth Ratings Cover Ratings
3 - Over 3 feet 3 - Abundarit cover
2 - 2-3 feet 2 - Partial ccver
1 - Under 2 feet 1 - Ex].X)L>ed
Total Ratings Pool Class
8-9 1
7 2
5-6* 3
4-5 4
3 5 '
*Sum of 5 must include 2 for depth and 2 for cover.
Habitat Value for Fishes of Special Concern: A judgement value of habitat for spavining and production of v/estt^.Tope cutthroat.
Fish Population: List of game . '"r.h species present, their abundance and dominant use.
28
CAI^ 19;
Inibeddedness:: The filling of the inteistitial spaces of a oravel or i ijt::)bl e stream bottom with sand or fines.
Habitat Trend: All rnan-caused activities in or adjacent to tlie streain .t; well as dynamic natural processes.
Esthetic: Description of the pristine qualities of tlic reach. CARD 20:
Channel Alterations: Cause, type, and length of artificial and natural changes occurring in the stream channel.
Bank Encroachment: Description of structure or activities that interfere with natural stream or floodplain hydraulics.
CARD 21:
Data Source: Month, year, field person, and agency to be contacted concerning data and agency.
CARD 22t
Information on the reach not contained on other cards. ADDITTOMAI, INFORT-IATION:
Parameters v/ere rated based on the following criteria: 1-3 Dit-cins the data rated were based on judgement estiriates. 4-6 mfijans the data rated were based on limited nieasurenc- iii-.F. 7-9 means the data rated were based on exter;sive ir^f^asureriients.
29
Columns 28-30 Columns 31-46 Columns 47-49
INTERAGENCY STE^l FISHERY DATA IMPLTT FORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR DATA ENTRY CARDS 30-38
Cards 30-35 are optional, but any module that has entries must be comt-lctC; i.e., Sfx^cies (codes) and densities must be filled out.
CARD 30 - POOLS
ColuiTiii 6-7: Method of estimatino (see code sheets on page B8 for method abbreviations)
Column 8: Rating, enter 1-9
Column 9-11: Enter species code (enter 3 digit nunber) (012) Columns 12-27: Enter density (0-999.9) per 100 m^ for each age class Enter species code (005)
Enter densities (0-999.9) per 100 m^ for each age class Species code (085) Columns 50-57: Densities (0-999.9) i^er 300 m^
If a s^^cies is not present, leave £]r-x?ciefs code and density columns b]ank.
CARD 11 - 34 - RUI^JS, RIFFLES, VOCKET WATER, OO^EINED FEATURES
Sarre as Card 30
CARD 35 . -
Same as Card 30 except enter Biomass (g/lCO m^) (0-999.9) instead of density.
CARD 36
Option, but any module that has entries must be con»plete, i.e., number, density, year and rating must be filled out.
Coluifiis 6-8: Nuiit)er of bull trout redds in reach, enter 0-999
CoJuniiis 9-11: Density of redds (no/km) (0-99.9)
ColuiTd-is 12-13: Year of redd survey (1950 to 1980)
Columns 14: Rating 1-9
Sequence repeated thrcugh coJuiin 4] .
CARD 31 - ADDITIOr^AL PHYSICAL TTAT DATA
30
Coluraiis 6-8; Avc-r.age depth (0-999 cm)
Colunr; S: Rating (1-9) ' -^^r-'-^'^^r^/'- ■ /
ColuFii-is 10-1] : Percent cover, overhang (0-99 or blarilO 'h\ : ^ ^ , Colupais 12-13: Percent canopy (0-99 or blank) ^ '
Coluirn 14: Rating (1-9) ' v'
Columns 15-17: Wetted cross sectional area (m^) .1-99.9
ColuiiTj 18: Rating (1-9) ■
Columns 17-25: Drainage area (1-999999.9 or blank) '
Cc)jum-\ 26: Rating (1-9) • l'< ' '
Columri 27: Barrier Type (see code sheet for abbreviations)
Columns 28-31: Barriers (0-999.9 or blank) 1.1 r
Column 32: Rating (1-9)
Columns 33-42: Percent cover in features (0-99, or blank) :C < ' «
Column 43: Rating (1-9)
Columns 44-46: Blank -■^■/^ -.ii
Columns 47-48: Flow characteristics (see code sheel. for abbreviations, Alpha code - dominant in Col. 48)
Co].umn 49: Blank
Columns 50-51: Valley - channel ratio (1-99) Column 52: Rating (1-9)
Column 53: Confinement (see code abbreviations) Colunn 54; Pattern (see code al:)breviations) Columi-^ 55: Floodplain debris - M L M H Column 56: Channe] debris - U L M H Columaxs 57-59: Percent of stable debris (0-100) Coliirm 60: Rating (1-9)
Column 6] : Bank Form (see code abbreviations)
31
Co]unTi 62 r Eank Process (see cede abbreviations)
Colunin 63: Type of Genetic Material (see code abbreviations)
Colurori 64: Rating (1-9)
CARD 18 - OPTIONAL
Chemical paraneters and ratings, optional, all can be blank
Lines 6-9: Total Carbon (.01-9.99) Rating 1-9
Lines 10-13: Total Phosphorous (.001-.999) Rating 1-9
Lines 14-17: N03 - (.01-9.99) Rating 1-9
Lines 18-21: SC4 - 2 (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9 . .
Lines 22-25: Na+ (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9
Lines 26-29: K''' (.01-9.99) Rating 1-9
Lines 30-33: Ca.^'^ (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9
Lines 34-37: Mg'*'^ (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9
Line 38: Turbidity - N L M H, (Nil, I<)w, Moderate, High)
32
CX)DE AF.nREVIAI'TONS
METFICD OF OBTATNmC FISH APJTNDANCE T^FORMATIOM
A t.v^'o letter cede was used to identify the n^ethod for obtain ino fish information. The first letter identifies the Method us.ed to collect the information and the second letter identifies the Estinator iir;ed.
METHOD EST H'l ATOP
|
1st |
2nd |
||
|
Ijetter |
Electrof ishing |
Letter |
|
|
B: |
Boat electrof ishing with boom |
T: |
T^s/0-£^.S5 |
|
M: |
Boat electrof ishing with mobile |
P: |
Petei soi ; \ \ci \ k-reca[ tn rc |
|
anode |
Z: |
7ippin |
|
|
Si |
Bank electrofishing |
. Si |
Schinable iiiar k- it m .c^ i li l • |
|
P: |
Backpack electrofishing |
C: |
Catch per unit ef f oi 1 |
|
N: |
Total catc:h |
||
|
Observation |
Unknown |
||
|
Bensitv J. |
|||
|
U: |
Underwater observation (snorkel) |
||
|
I: |
Above water observation |
||
|
Mets |
|||
|
W: |
Weirs |
||
|
J: |
Trammel net |
||
|
L: |
Trap-type net without leads |
||
|
N: |
Trap-type net with leads |
||
|
0: |
Purse seine |
||
|
Q: |
Beach seine |
||
|
T: |
Traw]. |
||
|
V: |
Vertical gill net |
||
|
F: |
Floating gill net |
||
|
G: |
Sinking gill net |
||
|
Ds |
Drift net |
||
|
Other |
|||
|
K: |
Creel |
||
|
F: |
Hydroacoustic |
||
|
C: |
Cheniic^ 1 |
||
|
E: |
Exj)]osives |
||
|
R: |
Dewatering |
||
|
7.: |
Hand capture |
||
|
A: |
Angling |
33
FlCM rnRKArr'RRTSTICS
P S R B
T:
BAEESE TYPES
A: B: C: D:
Placid - Tranquil, Slugcj.sh
Swirling - Eddies, Boils, Swirls
Rollinq - Unbroken wave forrns nunerous
Broken - Standing waves are broken, ranids, mnr^rous
-^Scades, usually over large bcOders or rock outcrops
Complete barrier to all fish passage Barrier to spawning bulls Possible barrier to al]. fish passage Possible barrier to spawning bulls
nr)^FTNEyIE^lT -
confinement (R) - the degree to which ^^^^'J^'^^^ Is'ei^er^ lateral movement by terraces or valley walls. Tl,e channel is eitJr.er.
Entrenched - The streambank is in continuous contact (coincident with) valley walls.
Confined - In continuous or repeated contact at the outside of major meander bends.
Frequently confirmed by the val]ey wall .
Occasionally confined by the valley wall.
Unconfined - not touching the valley wall.
Not applicable (e.g. where no valley wal] exists).
Confinement n f ication
Confined
E:
C:
F: X: U:
Ent
Conf
Fr Oc Un N/A
Entrenched
PATTERN
Pattern (R) - The channel pattern for the reach is described in teim.^, of curvature. The channel is either:
S: N:
St
Sin
Straight - Very little curvaturC' witiiiri the reach.
Sinuour -■ r;, ^ght curvature within a belt of less than approxiriBte.1 : two channel widths.
34
P: C:
R: T:
Tr Irregular - No repeatable patt:ern. S^i'S? ^ ^
Im Irregular Meander - A retreated [jattern is vaguely
pr(vcer.i: h> the channel plan, Tlie anijlt bct.v/ect; tli<' channel and the general valley trend is lesr. than 90^.
Rm Regular Meanders - Characterized by <^ clearly lep^ated
]:jattern ,
Tm Tortuous Meanders - A more or less rev^eated pattern
characterized by angles greater than 90^.
Typical Meander Patterns
Straight Irregular Meander
Sinuous
lURBIDITY
Irregular
High Low
Moderate Nil
Regular Meander
Tlie current fluvial process the bank is undergoing.
F; Failing - Active erosion and slumping is taking place.
S: Stable - The bank is composed of rock and has r? very
high root density, or is otherwise piotected from erosion. Artificially stabilized bank,^: ;Ox)Uld be noted in the coiTffTients.
A:
Aggrading - Continuous sediment derosition is iakiruj place^ causing the river channel to ruicrate away fiom the river bank. Common on the inside of meander bends v/here it may be accompanied by the presence of a ranee of early to late serai veoetaiion.
35
RANK FORT'I
Tie range of bank foriiis iz- arbitrarily separated into four c.lar.?<-r v/l':Ioh reflect the current state of river processes. These are:
F: Flat - The riverbed slofc-s gently to "che begini.iiic of
rooted vegetation, frequently with ovei lapping bar deposits,
R: Repose - The barik is eroded at high water levels, but is
at the angle of repose of the unconsolidated raaterial (usually 34<^ - 37°) .
S: Steep - The bank is nearly vertical, due to
consolidation by cernentetion, conip^icticn, root structure, or soire other agent.
U: Undercut - The bank has an undercut structure caused by
erosion. VJhen undercut banks are stiabJlized by vegetation this should be indicated in the conrrentb.
GENETIC MATERIALS (P)
Materials are classified according to their mode of formation. Sj-ecific: processes of erosion, transportation, deposition, mass wasting and weathering produce sp^ecific types of materials that are characterized chiefly by texture and surface expression. For addet'' dei ojl, consult t.) c- Terrain Classif icatiori Manual (ELUC - Sec. 1976), Siibsui f^ce- layers are noted in a comment. Descriptive teniiino]og^-:
A; Anthropogenic - Man-made or man-modified mater iaLs;
including those associated with mineral exploitatjor> cino waste disposal, and excluding archaecJogical sites.
C: Colluvial - Product of mass wastage; rrinerals that have
reached their present position by direct, gravity- induced movement (i.e. no agent of transportation involved). Usual] y angular and poorly soi.ted.
E; Eolian - Materials transported and dei;xjsitGd b^ V'ind
action, Usucdly silt or fine sand v/ith thin cross- bedding,
F- F.Uivial - Mal-.erials trar^s^orted and de^-osited by sti.€.airi:-.
and rivers. Usually rounded, sorted liito horizontal layers, and poor.ly contacted,
K: Ice - Glacier ice.
L: I.ar;ustrine - Sediipents that have settled frorr siispensioti
in bodies c;f standing fresh water or that have - , accumulated their margins through wave action. May
be fine textured with repjetitive annua] layers (varves) .
36
yUNV Z'ff'T i^NIUniDM Sb31131 "IVildVS ^3lH\hr. 3'n - N3g INlOd 1"13J UO 1]3N3d IdOS 3Sr; - a"1B]D31 3il£iM
37
38
3 C
C
o o
(U
i-
39
o o
40
|
i 1 f f 1; 1'] 1 ll |
;j r ■ ■J > It J ; |
1 |
O m CO iX> va s r> lO O « M tn ■0 |
1 ! _ 1 1 - 1 1 1 _ |
57 n IN O m <j? CD kC J* , ut 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 r-» fl iO R o X) SI /I |
■ I |
i/> rs O p^ 01 <A m lO lO <o u> in 10 10 <s a to at in o ' in |
I' < C I ( |
ce 1 r-» j n* O i£. Cb lO IC « 10 1^ O o D n n D -» |
; |
n IN;
O us u> lu> iis* " - o ~ , — |
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|
1 1 - I - unuogi <j — |
n ^ r n uimosi < — ; |
n n |
1 t |
D Tt n » niuiOgi< n |
-i" u u u . b M |
n n n |
: |
to ' 'I \n 1 J m j J iuiuQg]<- — 1 |
||||
|
i uiuiogi> |
J |
n >n IN u> lA o. uimogi> |
r 1 _ I r -I |
■) r> I unuogp |
t ^ t 1 I — - < i |
T A n n = imnogi;> |
r _ u r _ u ij |
"> n ^1 n n ?j niuiggx > |
— |
n in ly in o mulogix |
||
|
3 poo |
in I 9po3 9 |
a |
[ sajoads r |
c _ ^ |
> a poo . sayoads |
< r |
t| I SPOD ' sefoads » ^ |
» apoo X sajDads |
||||
|
1 |
O 9 J .III |
u _ \ </ % ■< ^ r ^3 |
> r 1 r |
1 |
> ! ."I |
« 1 r |
f S .III r |
- |
lO • JQ 5 " ^.III |
- |
||
|
1 II |
t % < Hi |
^ t ? II |
IS *~ C |
II |
■ ' ■ r ■<! |
? II ? a3v |
■ ■ r- •% K C M |
^ r ' - — V ^ S II ' 2 33v |
mm |
' u ' s S'" II ? 83V |
||
|
•1 a3v |
— i, }! — ' u f |
? i ' 33v |
a IT n |
1 I 33v |
«■ p ~}S — r |
5 ^ ! Q) T » 4J 1 ' r? 33¥- iS . |
1^ |
> § . o ) ) " 0) T 1 ^ ^ |
-■ |
fl-^ ~ -> 0) i? ^ .2 |
— i _; |
|
|
Q 0) 1 8 0 |
< r r r r |
[ !,§ 0 |
n m n |
! u) ( 1 0 5 93v |
<• 1" |
33v |
S — f PI ~ " p< n 1 |
i « 1 (r. 1 J::^ 0 p 33v |
" • ( r |
^ m ^> J= |
r f I; r |
|
|
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en <N CO |
a poo say aads |
Q n ~~ <» i\ """00 |
j apoo soyoads |
J3 — Iw pi — ■ IN |
* apoo sayoads |
4 |
; S apoo I gsayoads |
J C |
||
|
III |
III 1 -^a3v |
m ~ IT |
III |
<\ lO in — « |
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t t « p |
||
|
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|
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|
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||
|
a poo sajDads |
O <n |
1 " apoq o sa-fDadcj ^ |
a poo ' safoadg |
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apoo j sayoads j |
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apoo sajDadsi |
1 - o <» |
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|
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|
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f . |
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||||
|
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1 — ^ 1 ; J <i. CL T, |
41
,4 r
s
li
I-
1
j PP3H
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if — 'jQTica t
■ } —
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sppaa
(l€</*oN) I
.•]jo Joqmn|«j
o
cn
42
APPEDSDIX B
Lengths of hydroaccxistic sample transects, cross-sectional area of each depth strata covered by the 10° cone width, and volume of water sampled by depth strata for hydroacoustic transects sampled in Libby Reservoir during August, 1984.
43
/^pendix Bl. Lengths and volumes across 38 hydroacoustic transects in Libby Reservoir sairpled during August 1984.
Mea. Length^ Total Volume (Area x length) by depth interval (m^ x lOQ)
Transect (m) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Tenmile
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
Peck Gulch 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
areaCM-^)
2024
1982
1966
2016
2212
2358
2200
2205
2913
1846
1495 1768 1457 1724 2180 1888 1489
754 1161
554
1850 728 2207 1518 3056 1943 1947 1619 3315 3441
1023 1159 2541 3439 909 3661 3203 2094
8.75 177.1 173.4 172.0 176.4 193.5 206.3 192.5 192.9 254.9 161.5
130.8 154.7 127.5 150.8 190.7 165.2 130.3
66.0 101.6
48.5
161.9 63.7 193.1 132.8 267.4 170.0 170.4 141.7 290.1 301,1
89.5 101.4 222.3 300.9
79.5 320.3 280.3 183.2
26.25 531.3 520.3 516.1 529.2 580.6 619.0 577.5 578.8 764.7 484.6
392.4 464.1 382.5 452.5 572.2 495.6 390.9 197.9 304.8 145.4
485.6 191.1 579.3 398.5 802.2 510.0 511.1 425.0
870, 903,
268.5 304.2 667.0 902.7 238.6 961.0 840.8 549.7
43.75 885.5 867.1 860.1 882.0 967.7
1031.6 962.5 964.7
1274.4 807.6
654 773 637 754 953 826 651 329 507 242
809.4 318.5 965.6 664.1 1337.0 850.1 851.8 708.3 1450.3 1505.4
447.6
507.1 1111.7 1504.6
397.7 1601.7 1401.3
916.1
61.25 1239.7 1214.0 1214.2 1234.8 1354.8 1444.3 1347.5 1350.6 1784.2 1130.7
915.7 1082.9 892.4 1055.9 1335.2 1156.4 912.0 461.8 711.1 339.3
1133.1 445.9 1351.8 929.8 1871.8 1190.1 1192.5 991.6 2030.4 2107.6
626.6 709.9 1556.4 2106.4 556.8 2242.4 1961.8 1282.6
78.75 1593.9 1560.8 1548.2 1587.6 1741.9 1856.9 1732.5 1736.4 2294,0 1453.7
1177.3 1392.3 1147.4 1357,6 1716,7 1486.8 1172.6 593.8 914.3 436.3
1456.9
573,3 1738.0 1195.4 2406.6 1530,1 1533,3 1275.0 2610.6 2709.8
96,25 1948,1 1907,7 1892.3 1940.4 2129.0 2269.6 2117.5 2122.3 2803.8 1776.8
1438.9 1701.7 1402,4 1659.3 2098.2 1817.2 1433.2
725.7 1117.5
533.2
1780.6 700.7 2124.2 1461.1 2941.4 1870.1 1874,0 1558,3 3190,7 3311,9
113,75 2302,3 2254.5 2236.3 2293.2 2516.1 2682.2 2502.5 2508.2 3313,5 2099,8
1700,6 2011,1 1657,3 1961,0 2479,7 2147,6 1693,7
857,7 1320,6
630,2
2104.4 828.1 2510.5 1726.7 3476.2 2210.2 2214.7 1841.6 3770.8 3914.1
TOTAL 76.1 km
■1/ Based on boat speed & time corrected using known distance transects.
44
APPENDIX C
Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity profiles in Libby Reservoir during 1983 and 1984.
JULY 20/29. 1983
INTERNATIONAL BOUNOARY
BAILEY BfllOGE
igure CI .
Temperature isopleths in Libby Reservoir in July, August, and October-November, 1984.
45
Figure C2. Temperatures measured at the surface, 15 m, and 30 m depths of three areas of Libby Reservoir during 1983 and 1984 .
46
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55
APPENDIX D
Suirniary of tributary habitat survey informtion by reach for tributaries surveyed during 1983 and 1984.
Table Dl .
Summary of tributary habitat survey information by reach for East-side tributaries to Libby Reservoir surveyed during 1983 and 1984.
iLilaitari;
Little JacksonO^ Cr.
Jackson Cr . No. Forkb/ So. Forkt!'
Barron Cr.
Brlstow Cr.
Ms. Fork So. Fork
Ural Cr. ^ — b/
Geibler Cr.^^
Parsi
Cr.
Middle Fork No. Fork
Big Cr. Steep Cr. Good Cr. N3. Pork
So. Fork
Drop Cr. Ebst Branch
West Branch
Boulder Cr
Sullivan Cr.
Poverty Cr.*^ — ti/
Dodge Cr.
So. Fork ^ No. Fork
Young Cr.
So. Fork
First nurrber is percen second nun\ber
|
Beasb |
Reach length (km) |
Stream Sitdfic. |
area |
Cradle (»1 |
|
1 |
1.0 |
2 |
6.7 |
16.5 |
|
3.0 |
3 |
9.3 |
3.5 |
|
|
I |
7.3 |
3 |
8.9 |
1.7 |
|
3.0 |
2 |
4.0 |
6.5 |
|
|
6.3 |
3 |
21.6 |
2.6 |
|
|
2 |
2.9 |
3 |
11 .7 |
5.0 |
|
4.9 |
3 |
z/ .J |
3.2 |
|
|
55 |
3 |
21.7 |
5.2 |
|
|
\ |
1.7 |
2 |
2.7 |
5.0 |
|
1.0 |
2 |
1.4 |
5.0 |
|
|
1 |
2.2 |
2 |
8.8 |
6.2 |
|
l.B |
2 |
2.5 |
7.2 |
|
|
1 |
2.0 |
2 |
3.7 |
18.4 |
|
£ • / |
3 |
8.0 |
4.6 |
|
|
2 |
2.7 |
3 |
18.1 |
8.7 |
|
1 |
3.1 |
3 |
3.5 |
9.6 |
|
1 |
3.4 |
2 |
3.6 |
16.3 |
|
1 |
12.3 |
4 |
194 .0 |
|
|
I |
1.6 |
2 |
19.0 |
Xi .4 |
|
1 |
5.0 |
2 |
e'.B |
6.2 |
|
5.2 |
3 |
18.5 |
3.8 |
|
|
3.5 |
3 |
11.3 |
4.5 |
|
|
12.0 |
4 |
86.2 |
2.4 |
|
|
12.1 |
4 |
33.9 |
0.9 |
|
|
3.0 |
3 |
9.8 |
5.6 |
|
|
5.4 |
3 |
23.9 |
2.2 |
|
|
4.1 |
2 |
9.3 |
2.1 |
|
|
4.0 |
3 |
11.6 |
1.2 |
|
|
3.5 |
4 |
9.7 |
12.3 |
|
|
4.8 |
3 |
19.7 |
4.2 |
|
|
5.2 |
3 |
46.1 |
7.6 |
|
|
1.9 |
2 |
1.4 |
7.4 |
|
|
3.1 |
2 |
3.5 |
1.0 |
|
|
1.5 |
3 |
2.1 |
2.9 |
|
|
3.4 |
3 |
4.4 |
3.0 |
|
|
2.3 |
3 |
6.5 |
4.5 |
|
|
3.6 |
3 |
12.3 |
6.9 |
|
|
3.0 |
2 |
5.6 |
12.6 |
|
|
2.4 |
2 |
6.7 |
10.0 |
|
|
1.5 |
4 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
|
|
1.6 |
4 |
5.1 |
1.9 |
|
|
2.8 |
4 |
16.6 |
1.0 |
|
|
2.8 |
4 |
16.6 |
1.0 |
|
|
6.8 |
4 |
23.6 |
4.2 |
|
|
3.1 |
4 |
17.5 |
8.2 |
|
|
2.3 |
3 |
16.3 |
8.3 |
Average Channel Wetted
Cover n\
fmL InaUsam QisiUfias^ icml iS2kmL
width width
19.5
37.8 10.9 11.6 25.9 18.2
39.1 40.6 23.9 31.4 34.5 38.4
25.4
22.9 30.5 19.2 24.2
15.8
38.1 20.5 48.0 24.1 24.4 19.2 18.6
19O Spawning Gravel
6.1
23.2 5.9
11.1 9.0 9.0
16.1 11.7 10.2 6.6
9.0 6.1
6.1
10.0 7.1 5.1 6.1
2.6
12.5 5.7 4.7 9.7 9.0 7.8 3.8
3.5
74
39/81
44
25.3
|
26.3 14.3 |
6.8 4.5 |
4.5 2.2 |
36 35 |
36/37 73/75 |
7 15 |
425.7 295.3 |
|
|
28.7 14.8 10.9 16.0 |
9.6 7.6 5.4 5.0 |
7.1 3.8 3.3 3.3 |
54 30 35 35 |
63/67 45/73 65/80 60/63 |
40 24 30 27 |
233.3 12.6 29.3 2.3 |
|
|
20.5 |
9.7 |
6.2 |
56 |
37/77 |
27 |
5.5 |
|
15.6 3.0 6.2 5.1 4.4
12.1 10.0 3.7 5.2 4.5 4.9
4.1
4.8 5.9 4.0 3.6
2.0
6.0 4.7 4.3 5.7 5.3 4.9 3.3
31 42 44 51 18
45 33 55 49 42 33
31
23 42 20 21
13
11 41 8 6 6 7 9
19/18 17/65 19/59 40/64 30/41
31/31 15/19 58/55 51/34 28/45 12/3
17/60
37/79 42/68 15/57 7/85
40 43 46 33 25
47 31 29 29 27 19
55
11 13 31 27
65.2 59.5 5.4 106.0 36.5
54.3 23.3 153.5 114.9 47.9 26.1
31.1
18/48 20
8/73 32/64 8/9 3/29 7/76 17/71 14/85
22 21 47 17 29 31 30
461.8 81.9 69.9 51.5
17.4
150.6 34.2 437.8 558.2 346.9 52.5 54.5
of streanfcank with overhead cover less than or pmiai ^n i m -.k^.^ h, .. ■ , , s the percent oe strean*>ank with overhead^To^^r T^er^^^l f7t^l Te'^^leXl^^lT..''' cursory survey identified reach as having limited fish production potential.
56
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57
APPENDIX E
Near-shore floating and sinking gill net catches (number of fish per net night) by species in the
three areas of Libby Reservoir during 1983 and 1984.
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58
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59
ro VD o in
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60
in o
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CM (N rH
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62
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r-i |
|||
|
>l |
• cn |
■^4j > |
• o |
m |
• > |
63
APPENDIX F
Annual catches (number of fish per net night) of fish in floating gill nets set during the fall and sinking gill nets set during the spring in Libby Reservoir 1975-1984.
Table Fl. Average catch per net night in floating gill nets set during the fall in the Tenmile and Rexford areas of liibby Reservoir in 1975 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.^
Yfiai
Parameter 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1977
Surface
temperature (°C) 16.1
Number of nets 129
Average catch of
|
RB |
2.8 |
|
2.0 |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
Total Salmo |
4.8 |
|
MWF |
2.0 |
|
CRC |
4.0 |
|
SQ |
4.2 |
|
RSS |
3.3 |
|
W |
<0.1 |
|
CSU |
1.9 |
|
KDK |
0.0 |
|
Total |
20.2 |
17.2 15.6 16.7 15.6
|
31 |
/o |
T3 16 |
1 Q /y |
|
3.6 |
6.3 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
|
2.5 |
2.0 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
|
0.0 |
OJ. |
<0.1 |
<oa |
|
6.1 |
8.4 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
|
2.3 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
|
4.2 |
3.0 |
6.5 |
8.8 |
|
4.7 |
4.2 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
|
7.9 |
7.3 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
|
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
|
2.4 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0,2 |
0.0 |
|
27.6 |
25.0 |
19.7 |
19.2 |
range
16.7 16.3 15,6 7.6 to 17 70 24 28 24
|
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
|
1.2 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
|
<0.1 |
1^ |
0.4 |
|
3.6 |
4.2 |
2.6 |
|
1.0 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
|
15.1 |
12.6 |
11.0 |
|
3.5 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
|
0.2 |
0.7 |
0,2 |
|
<0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
|
1.2 |
0.4 |
0,2 |
|
7.1 |
0.3 |
6,5 |
|
31.7 |
20.5 |
22.7 |
5,4 3,5
^ Catches prior to 1983 reported by Huston et al. (1984) ■ '4.
^ Abbreviations explained in "Methods" section under "Fish Abundance..."
^ Prior to 1983 very few hybrids were identified as such, although they were probably present in the samples.
64
Table F2. Average catch per net night in sinking gill nets set during the spring in the Rexford area of Libby Reservoir in 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.^
Parameter 1975 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984
Surface tempertaure (°C)
Number of nets
Average catch of:^ RB CT
RB X WCIV
MWF v; CRC
NSQ '
RSS
DV
LING
CSU
FSU
Yp -
Total
|
12.8 |
12.2 |
11.1 |
11.1 |
11.7 |
12.7 |
|
111 |
41 |
41 |
38 |
36 |
20 |
|
0.8 |
0.3 |
1 A 1.4 |
0.7 |
1 A 1.4 |
|
|
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
<0.1 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.6 |
|
6.6 |
6.4 |
7.2 |
1.0 |
2.1 |
2.9 |
|
0.3 |
1.0 |
0.7 |
7.2 |
24.3 |
59.2 |
|
2.3, |
, 1.2 |
5.8 |
2.8 |
4.3 |
8.0 |
|
^ 1.4 |
2.8 |
0.7 |
1.9 |
2.5 |
|
|
1.4 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
0.8 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
|
<0.1 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
|
37.3 |
26.1 |
23.5 |
36.3 |
18.6 |
63.2 |
|
7.9 |
11.1 |
9.1 |
5.8 |
10.9 |
5.6 |
|
0.0 |
0,0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0,2 |
0,8 |
|
56.8 |
50.0 |
53.4 |
56.1 |
66.0 |
147.5 |
^ Catches prior to 1984 reported by Huston et al. (1984)
^ Abbreviations explained in "Methods".
^ Prior to 1984 very few hybrids were identified as such, although they were probably present in the samples
^ Numbers of redside shinres were not recorded in 1975, although several hundred were caught
65
APPENDIX G
Vertical distributions of fish and zooplankton compared to temperature profiles and euphotic zone depths by date in two areas of Libby Reservoir during 1983 and 1984.
u
< U
H U 2
O
<
u
M EH
>
00
CO
o
.-I •H
B C
Eh
o
>
Q
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CM
u 3:
u
o o
Eh
LD
o
(ui) Hidaa
66
67
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O ^4
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Eh
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00
o
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C 0) Eh
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ld
w
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69
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EH
W
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u
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w >
00
in ro I
rH
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e
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u
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, o
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ro
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70
71
72
73
74
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Dm
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2 > Q
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76
En 12
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as
T3
u
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CD
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Eh < U
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W >
Eh U
CQ
CM H <M
u
s
Eh
(ui) Hidaa
77
fa :s a
IS
80
(/) rO «sD (Ti CN LO
83
(ui) Hidaa
85
86
APPENDIX H
Timing of juvenile and adult movanent through traps located in Bristow, Big, Young, Fivemile, and For tine creeks during 1984 and tag return information for 1983 and 1984.
7-
6-
5-
4-
15 I 16 1 17
WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUt[] RAINBOW TROUt| RBxWCT HYBRID0
18 Tl9
20 JUNE
21 24
1^2546
27 Va-id
1 I 2-111 12 I13-ia 17
JULY
25-
20-
15-
10-
westslope cutthroat trout[]
RAINBOW TROUt| RBxWCT HYBRID0
n
i\ iil'U\ '^5 » 'i6 I 'i7 I 'i'^ I S5 I 20 I 51 I 85 Ig3 I 54 I S5 I S6 I » I'ifi I S5 1 30 I T I i I S' I '4 I'S 1*6 17 I'B
JUNE JULY
Figure HI. Timing of adult (top) and juvenile (bottom) trout movement downstream through a trap located in Bristow Creek during 1984.
87
14-
12-
10-
B--I
2 -
16 iH-aa 1
JUNE
WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUtQ
rainbow trout i rbxwct hybridQ
41
[A
maw
17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 21
120-
110-
100-
90-
80-
60-
40-
30-
20-
10-
185
I
WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUtQ RAINBOW TROUT^ RB « WCT HYBR1D0
~^\J Pi8 Pig P20 1^ [l2 r23fl4P2S
12 I 13 JULY
Figure H2. Timing of adult (top) and juvenile (bottom) trout movement downstream through a trap located in Big Creek during 1984.
88
00 CD
T—
I
UJ
oc o
z
5
I-
o
oc
§
QC X
O UJ
a.
LU
CZ3
ii
o
oo
o> z
c
3S
I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — r
ou)Oi/)Oinou)0
in
J" Ui
% Z
J- 3
CM
Ui
"I — r
m o
(0
0)
c e
0)
a fd
o u
0)
-p c o
c (d
e (d
(U
-p
cn
;3
-p
c
0) 0)
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00
tn C •H
Ti
M
CU (U
u
-P Cn
o a u o
-P >H
-P c
.-I -H
fd 0) -P
14-1 fd o u o
a
-H cu B fd
•H
H -P
u
tn •H
o
CM
HSId JO ON
3?
■ *>"
36- 32- 28-
UJ
i «
12- 8-
□ WESTSlOPe CUTTHROAT TTOUT I RAINBOW TROUT Qr8>WCT HYBRID
■iillL-Ti m -0-4!
APRIL
la ' i« '» 'ii '12 'a '24 'as 'm'ii MwaoJiiaJ** MAY JUNE
40-1
36
32-
2S-
1
i w-
• 7 • > 10 II 11 U V4 II W'l; W ll'JO 21 22 21 24212<2l2*2Slei 2 1 4 • « I i t BIIUU'UUMiri* JUNE JULY
32- 28
is 20
la'^n'^t •■31 <
ii'20'21 '22'a'a4'2s'a|j3o'aiji,jM'i»'i^Jao'ji 'ja^^'a'jjji,^'^ 'tjs 'lo'ii'^i^Ji Vij^^a'i^'ai '22'2j'»4' jj'ayi,^ J ""^o JUUr AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NQWCMMR
Figure H4. Timing of juvenile trout movement downstream through a trap located in Young Creek during 1984.
90
LU
ai cc o m
111 > u.
-P Cn
C C
0) -H
e U
0) > O
e ^
0)
4-> (U
O U U
-P 0) .—I
— -H
g e
O 0)
-p >
-P -H O Xi
^ c
•H
Q) -^
•H (D
C -P
dj fd
> u
:3 o
•p
o -p
CP -P o
3 ^
fd
o
fd
Q)
u
CP -P
•H d ^
g > 00 •H O CTi Eh 13 ^
r 1 — r
CO CM T-
HSId J0d3ai/\inN
HSIddOON
0)
CP •H
91
FORTINE CREEK
X
(O
E u. O
d
20- 19- 18- 17- 16- 15- 14- 13- 12- 11 - 10- 9- 8- 7- 6- 5
4H 3 2 1
QwESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT I RAINBOW TROUT QrBxWCT HYBRID
19 • 20
22 ' 23 • 24 • 25 JULY
27 ■28tjo' 1
AUGUST
Figure H6. Timing of juvenile trout movement downstream through a trap located in Fortine Creek during 1984.
92
Table HI. Tag return information for adult trout tagged in Libby Reservoir and its tributaries during 1983 and 1984.
Tagging Infomatioo-
Return Information
LocatiOTi Tagged
|
Tag# |
Date |
Sp3/ L |
Wt Date |
Lb/ |
h/ . r/ we^/ Location'^/ |
|||
|
2494 |
06/15/83 |
WCT |
407 |
544 |
11/05/83 |
381 |
680 |
Black Lake Bay (LK) |
|
2493 |
06/15/83 |
398 |
526 |
07/04/83 |
Big Creek |
|||
|
2499 |
06/15/83 |
WCT |
401 |
526 |
10/— /83 |
No location |
||
|
2554 |
06/06/83 |
wrr |
372 |
456 |
08/26/83 |
330 |
526 |
Mouth of Tobacco R. (IK) |
|
2569 |
06/07/83 |
425 |
— |
09/24/83 |
406 |
454 |
Mouth of Barren Ck. (liC) |
|
|
2598 |
06/10/83 |
WCT |
397 |
544 |
07/03/83 |
356 |
Mouth of Elk R. (IK) |
|
|
2780 |
06/17/83 |
WCT |
370 |
816 |
09/23/83 |
394 |
567 |
Westbank Tenmile (LK) |
|
2790 |
06/18/83 |
WCT |
375 |
517 |
08/11/83 |
Lower Elk River, B.C. |
||
|
2795 |
06/19/83 |
WCT |
395 |
535 |
09/— /83 |
406 |
317 |
Peck Gulch (LK) |
|
3438 |
06/25/83 |
WCT |
380 |
536 |
08/10/83 |
440 |
963 |
S.P. Tobacco Bay (LK) |
|
3448 |
06/28/83 |
WCT |
305 |
249 |
11/16/83 |
War land area (LK) |
||
|
3460 |
06/29/83 |
WCT |
395 |
526 |
09/30/83 |
395 |
680 |
Koocanusa Bridge (LK) |
|
3807 |
07/02/83 |
WCT |
380 |
425 |
10/22/83 |
381 |
680 |
Sutton Creek Bay (LKl . So. Pt. Bristow (LK)°/ |
|
3439 |
06/23/83 |
WCT |
391 |
580 |
05/22/84 |
391 |
473 |
|
|
4094 |
06/14/84 |
WCT |
392 |
530 |
06/18/84 |
381 |
No Location |
|
|
4068 |
06/16/84 |
WCT |
402 |
621 |
06/16/84 |
393 |
567 |
Peck Gulch (LK) |
|
2584 |
06/08/83 |
HB |
417 |
448 |
04/29/84 |
445 |
907 |
Mouth of Young Ck. (LK) |
|
2593 |
06/09/83 |
WCT |
380 |
47 |
04/29/84 |
356 |
No location |
|
|
3450 |
06/29/83 |
WCT |
405 |
522 |
04/29/84 |
356 |
No location |
|
|
4058 |
06/08/84 |
WCT |
381 |
544 |
06/16/84 \J\J/ JL\J/ U*t |
406 |
Above Sutton Ck. (LK) |
|
|
4185 |
07/02/84 |
ILD |
"KfO |
SI 7 |
Mouth Young Ck. (IZ.) |
|||
|
4127 |
06/15/84 |
\J\j/ z>v/ ot |
406 |
Murray Bay (LK) |
||||
|
3815 |
07/14/83 |
V J/ yf±/ OH |
Tobacco Bay (LK) |
|||||
|
4043 |
06/07/84 |
HJlKJ |
SRI |
UD/ V // O** |
Ana |
907 |
No location |
|
|
5867 |
07/16/84 |
WCT |
359 |
366 |
07/22/84 |
356 |
Mouth Young Ck. (UC) |
|
|
2575 |
06/07/83 |
WCT |
395 |
550+ |
07/11/84 |
381 |
Fivemile a. (LK) |
|
|
4021 |
06/05/84 |
WCT |
407 |
713 |
06/17/84 |
406 |
East side of Dam (LK) |
|
|
4066 |
06/09/84 |
WCT |
407 |
576 |
06/13/84 |
356 |
454 |
Rexford area (LK) |
|
2783 |
06/16/83 |
WCT |
406 |
521 |
06/22/84 |
406 |
793 |
Fivemile Creek |
|
3426 |
06/21/83 |
WCT |
376 |
481 |
08/09/84 |
431 |
By Libby Dam (LK) |
|
|
3398 |
06/16/84 |
w:^' |
410 |
598 |
08/13/84 |
406 |
In front of Dam (UC) |
|
|
2594 |
06/09/83 |
WCT |
387 |
512 |
09/— /84 |
No location |
||
|
4012 |
06/04/84 |
WCT |
371 |
571 |
09/~/84 |
No location |
||
|
4182 |
07/18/84 |
WCT |
382 |
544 |
09/08/84 |
356 |
Above dam east (LK) |
|
|
5856 |
07/05/84 |
WCT |
380 |
490 |
09/07/84 |
406 |
907 |
10 miles below Rex (LK) |
|
4310 |
07/06/84 |
WCT |
406 |
520 |
07/07/84 |
416 |
793 |
Peck Gulch (LK) |
|
4299 |
07/21/84 |
HB |
450 |
550 |
07/22/84 |
431 |
Left side by dam (LK) |
|
|
5527 |
06/28/84 |
WCT |
390 |
586 |
09/09/84 |
381 |
454 |
2 Mi. S. Peck Gulch (LK) |
|
4342 |
07/19/84 |
w::^' |
362 |
444 |
09/08/84 |
356 |
East above dam (LK) |
|
|
4346 |
07/19/84 |
HE |
352 |
550 |
09/23/84 |
Mouth Barren (LK) |
||
|
5489 |
06/19/84 |
WCT |
377 |
455 |
07/13/84 |
1/2 mi. No. Dam (U?) |
||
|
5544 |
07/05/84 |
RB |
404 |
488 |
07/12/84 |
Westshore Dam (IK) |
||
|
3488 |
06/19/84 |
WCT |
395 |
424 |
07/26/84 |
No location |
||
|
5524 |
06/27/84 |
RB |
405 |
430 |
07/19/84 |
381 |
Peck canpground (LK) |
|
|
5539 |
07/02/84 |
RB |
359 |
339 |
07/19/84 |
317 |
Kootenai River |
|
|
5560 |
07/11/84 |
HB |
401 |
415 |
07/11/84 |
406 |
West shore above Dam (LK) |
|
|
5546 |
07/06/84 |
WCT |
357 |
351 |
11/16/84 |
304 |
2 mi. So. Bridge (LK) |
|
|
4224 |
07/18/84 |
RB |
365 |
410 |
08/04/84 |
279 |
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK) |
|
|
4226 |
07/18/84 |
w::r |
378 |
402 |
08/04/84 |
279 |
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK) |
|
|
4216 |
07/02/84 |
WCT |
352 |
412 |
11/30/84 |
406 |
Kootenai River below dam |
fjah.Ttap
Young Creek:
Big Creek:
Five Mile:
Pinkham:
93
Table . Continued
|
Taaainq Informaticn |
Return Infonnation |
|
|
Location |
||
|
Tagged |
Tag# Date Sp L Wt Date |
L Wt Location |
|
Bristw: |
f\C /I Q /QA Uo/iy/o4 |
wcr |
0//Uj/o4 |
noutn 01 canyon CK. (LK) |
|||||
|
Purse Seine |
|||||||||
|
TemLle-Acea |
|||||||||
|
Sutton Creek |
5461 |
05/04/84 |
RB |
302 |
315 |
AA / /A J 08/ — /84 |
425 |
Canada area (UC) |
|
|
2E |
2601 |
11/28/83 |
WCT |
308 |
278 |
T O '/AT /OT 12/01/83 |
noutn or Warland Ck. (LK) |
||
|
Rexford Area |
|||||||||
|
S. Border Buoy |
5197 |
04/10/84 |
RB |
340 |
417 |
04/28/84 |
343 |
227 |
Koocanusa Bridge (LR) |
|
Young Cr. Bay: |
5159 |
03/29/84 |
VCT |
405 |
743 |
06/03/84 |
406 |
Above bridge (LK) |
|
|
5161 |
03/29/84 |
HB |
313 |
349 |
06/11/84 |
406 |
Rexford boat temp [IK) |
||
|
5155 |
03/29/84 |
RB |
308 |
313 |
06/05/84 |
311 |
340 |
Koocanusa |
|
|
5132 |
03/29/84 |
RB |
432 |
694 |
07/04/84 |
Gold Creek |
|||
|
5163 |
03/29/84 |
HB |
357 |
481 |
08/13/84 |
406 |
793 |
Near Dam (LK) |
|
|
5160 |
03/29/84 |
VCT |
358 |
481 |
06/10/84 |
330 |
340 |
Canyon Creek |
|
|
So. Pt. Young: |
5112 |
03/29/84 |
WCT |
310 |
331 |
06/16/84 |
330 |
Above Souse Gulch (LK) |
|
|
5120 |
03/29/84 |
RB |
348 |
440 |
09/— /84 |
No location |
|||
|
5116 |
03/29/84 |
382 |
626 |
07/12/84 |
NO location |
||||
|
Far So. Tobacco: |
5177 |
03/30/84 |
wcr |
304 |
290 |
05/27/84 |
304 |
Rexford Point (LK) |
|
|
5174 |
03/30/84 |
WCT |
387 |
608 |
08/11/84 |
393 |
1134 |
5 mi. N. Elk River (LK) |
|
|
So. Hurray Spg. |
5071 |
03/28/84 |
RB |
399 |
653 |
04/24/84 |
397 |
653 |
N. pt. Fivemile (IJC)°/ |
|
N.N.Pt. Tobacco; |
5045 |
03/28/84 |
RB |
417 |
712 |
08/09/84 |
432 |
West shore above dam (LK) |
|
|
5188 |
04/09/84 |
HB |
337 |
432 |
04/03/84 |
468 |
North of Bridge (li?) |
||
|
5065 |
03/28/84 |
WCT |
316 |
362 |
08/27/84 |
432 |
680 |
L. Koocanusa |
|
|
5061 |
03/28/84 |
WCT |
296 |
249 |
10/01/84 |
Mouth of Wigwam, B.C. |
|||
|
5055 |
03/28/84 |
WCT |
403 |
667 |
05/15/84 |
432 |
Behind Dam (LK) |
||
|
5051 |
03/28/84 |
WCT |
387 |
607 |
04/15/84 |
406 |
Near Bridge {IK) |
||
|
5186 |
04/09/84 |
WCT |
338 |
431 |
05/02/84 |
330 |
680 |
Tenmile area (LK) |
|
|
5411 |
05/01/84 |
RB |
332 |
386 |
06/14/84 |
330 |
340 |
Btwn Marina & Warland (LK) |
|
|
5262 |
04/13/84 |
WCT |
334 |
335 |
06/11/84 |
330 |
453 |
Behind dam (LK) |
|
|
Tobacco Bay: |
5001 |
03/26/84 |
RB |
353 |
544 |
06/20/84 |
330 |
Mouth of Boulder Ck. (LK) |
|
|
5254 |
04/12/84 |
RB |
325 |
367 |
06/— /84 |
330 |
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK) |
||
|
5003 |
03/26/84 |
WCT |
398 |
689 |
05/27/84 |
386 |
Tobacco River |
||
|
5440 |
05/02/84 |
HB |
352 |
490 |
06/14/84 |
No location |
|||
|
5078 |
03/28/84 |
RB |
420 |
816 |
06/23/84 |
1355 |
793 |
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK) |
|
|
5438 |
05/02/84 |
WCT |
319 |
353 |
05/27/84 |
680 |
No location |
||
|
5089 |
03/28/84 |
RB |
386 |
608 |
04/20/84 |
368 |
567 |
Rexford area (LK) |
|
|
5004 |
03/26/84 |
HB |
401 |
734 |
07/01/84 |
406 |
793 |
Mouth of Parsnip Ck. (LK) |
|
|
Far So. Tobacco |
5180 |
03/30/84 |
WCT |
418 |
721 |
05/25/84 |
470 |
Bristow Ck. |
|
|
Sullivan Creek: |
5228 |
04/14/84 |
WCT |
398 |
671 |
05/22/84 |
409 |
648 |
S. pt. Tenmile Ck. (LK)** , |
|
5232 |
04/12/84 |
RB |
416 |
762 |
06/15/84 |
413 |
716 |
N. pt. Fivemile Ck. (LK)^ |
|
|
5227 |
04/12/84 |
WCT |
280 |
245 |
09/13/84 |
330 |
453 |
2 ml. S. Peck Gulch (LK) |
|
|
5021 |
03/27/84 |
RB |
430 |
703 |
08/— /84 |
425 |
Canada area {IK) |
||
|
5022 |
03/27/84 |
RB |
335 |
403 |
11/07/84 |
330 |
Koocanusa |
||
|
Poverty Creek: |
5210 |
04A2/84 |
WCT |
302 |
317 |
06/22/84 |
318 |
West above dam (LK) |
|
|
5218 |
04/12/84 |
HB |
447 |
839 |
05/08/84 |
431 |
Koocanusa Bast (LK) |
94
Table . Continued
lagging. InfOCnatiai Return Infonnation
Location
|
Tagged |
Tag* |
Date |
Sp |
L |
Wt |
Date |
L |
Wt |
Location |
|
Mouth Elk: |
5365 |
04/19/84 |
DV |
541 |
1415 |
08/30/84 |
558 |
1588 |
Wigwam River |
|
5363 |
04/19/84 |
WCT |
310 |
312 |
08/31/84 |
374 |
680 |
Wigwam River |
|
|
5368 |
04/19/84 |
VICT |
338 |
367 |
08/10/84 |
304 |
Elk Dam, Elk River |
||
|
Kikomun; |
5332 |
04/17/84 |
RB |
376 |
562 |
07/24/84 |
368 |
340 |
Peck Gulch (LK) |
|
5327 |
04/17/84 |
RB |
443 |
816 |
06/04/84 |
355 |
Just above bridge [IK) |
||
|
N. Kikomun: |
5351 |
04/18/84 |
RB |
250 |
190 |
04/— /84 |
Mouth Kikomun (LK) |
||
|
5338 |
04/18/84 |
WCT |
326 |
371 |
06/03/84 |
Mouth Kikomun CLK) |
|||
|
Bristow Creek: |
511 |
07/14/83 |
RB |
445 |
585 |
06/14/84 |
435 |
626 |
Big Bend (LK)'^ |
|
779 |
06/20/83 |
VCT |
410 |
550+ |
10/12/83 |
381 |
Canada (LK) |
||
|
773 |
06/20/83 |
WCT |
390 |
484 |
09/20/83 |
386 |
571 |
S. pt. Tenmile Ck. (LK)' |
|
|
Big Creek: |
742 |
06/28/83 |
WCT |
384 |
412 |
Big Creek |
|||
|
218 |
07/14/83 |
HB |
416 |
534 |
12/— /83 |
No location |
|||
|
Bristow Creek |
443 |
06/27/83 |
HB |
372 |
412 |
05/18/84 |
406 |
Parsnip Mouth (LK) |
6/
^ Species abbreviations explained in the "Methods" section.
°' Lengths and weights for returns were often estimates from anglers.
^/ (LK) designates Libby Reservoir.
°^ These returns were captured in our sairpling gear.
95
Table H2. Tag return information for juvenile trout tagged with
dangler tags in Libby Reservoir tributaries during 1983 and 1984. Species abbreviations were explained in the "Methods" section. Lengths and weights of returned fish were estimated by anglers.
|
Taaaina Informaticai |
Return Information |
||||||||
|
Location |
|||||||||
|
Tagged |
Tag# |
Date |
Sp |
L |
Wt |
Date |
L |
Wt |
Location |
|
Pifih Trap |
|||||||||
|
Young Creek: |
5455 |
06/08/83 |
HB |
168 |
47 |
10/09/83 |
304 |
Below Elk River (LK) |
|
|
356 |
06/21/83 |
WCT |
195 |
70 |
10/— /83 |
228 |
War land area (LK) |
||
|
2082 |
06/30/84 |
WJT |
213 |
109 |
09/08/84 |
241 |
Souse Gulch (LK) |
||
|
3553 |
07/19/84 |
WCT |
192 |
76 |
09/27/84 |
254 |
150 |
Kokomun Creek, B.C. |
|
|
561 |
06/21/84 |
WCT |
142 |
29 |
08/— /84 |
B.C., Canada |
|||
|
2532 |
07/11/84 |
WCT |
156 |
40 |
08/07/84 |
177 |
Rexford Cairpground (LK) |
||
|
Big Creek: |
890 |
06/18/83 |
WCT |
160 |
38 |
08/14/83 |
203 |
Kootenai River below dam |
|
|
971 |
06/19/83 |
HB |
180 |
54 |
08/21/83 |
265 |
Peck Gulch (LK) |
||
|
480 |
06/27/83 |
HB |
150 |
32 |
08/02/83 |
177 |
Big Creek |
||
|
852 |
06/30/83 |
HB |
184 |
54 |
07/30/83 |
Big Creek |
|||
|
880 |
07/01/83 |
WCT |
156 |
33 |
12/— /83 |
No location |
|||
|
889 |
06/18/83 |
HB |
169 |
39 |
05/— /84 |
279 |
Mouth Young Creek (LK) |
||
|
960 |
07/09/84 |
WCT |
151 |
30 |
07/— /84 |
Big Creek . Tenmile area (LK)^ |
|||
|
2602 |
07/06/84 |
WCT |
141 |
22 |
08/21/84 |
189 |
54 |
||
|
3199 |
07/09/84 |
WCT |
164 |
37 |
09/— /84 |
No location |
|||
|
2912 |
07/04/84 |
HB |
136 |
17 |
152 |
Big Creek |
|||
|
482 |
06/21/83 |
WCT |
204 |
74 |
07/22/83 |
Big Creek |
Captured in our sampling gear.
96
APPENDIX I
Food habits information for fish collected during August 1983 from Libby Reservoir
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102
APPENDIX J
Average estimted densities and conposition (%) of zooplankton by genera in three areas of Libby Reservoir, 1983-84
Table Jl. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and per cents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during 1983 in the Tenmile area of Libby Reservoir.
|
Uaynn±a. |
||||||
|
08/16/83 |
1.20 |
0.35 |
1.72 |
0.74 |
0.04 |
4.05 |
|
(30) |
(9) |
(42) |
(18) |
(1) |
||
|
08/29/83 |
0.80 |
0.16 |
2.76 |
1.40 |
0.01 |
5.13 |
|
(15) |
(3) |
(54) |
(27) |
(1) |
||
|
09/06/83 |
1.44 |
0.34 |
3.25 |
1.94 |
|
6.97 |
|
09/21/83 |
1.81 |
0.06 |
5.86 |
5.45 |
13.18 |
|
|
\^'*} |
||||||
|
10/05/83 |
1.85 |
T |
2,54 |
1.66 |
||
|
( ■) |
||||||
|
10/17/83 |
1.80 |
0.01 |
1.98 |
1.37 |
5.16 |
|
|
(35) |
(T) |
(38) |
(27) |
(— ) |
||
|
11/01/83 |
0.78 |
T |
1.40 |
1.26 |
0.01 |
3.45 |
|
(23) |
(T) |
(40) |
(36) |
(1) |
||
|
12/06/83 |
0.43 |
1.35 |
1.07 |
2.85 |
||
|
(15) |
(-) |
(47) |
(38) |
(-) |
103
Table J2. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and percents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during 1984 in the Tenmile area of Libby Reservoir.
|
Date |
Daphnia |
Bosmina |
Cyclops |
Diaptomus |
Epischura |
Total |
|
01/06/84 |
0.55 |
2.29 |
0.84 |
0.04 |
3.72 |
|
|
It c\ (15) |
(— -) |
(62) |
(22) |
(1) |
||
|
01/16/84 |
0.53 |
3.79 |
1.44 |
0.01 |
5.77 |
|
|
(9) |
(— ) |
(66) |
(25) |
(T) |
||
|
02/02/84 |
2.56 |
0.05 |
4o81 |
2.11 |
9.53 |
|
|
(27) |
(1) |
(50) |
(22) |
(— ) |
||
|
03/05/84 |
0.28 |
0.02 |
1.47 |
0.97 |
2.74 |
|
|
(10) |
(1) |
(54) |
(35) |
(— ) |
||
|
04/03/84 |
0.28 |
0.02 |
1.20 |
0.87 |
2.37 |
|
|
(12) |
(1) |
(50) |
(37) |
(— ) |
||
|
04/23/84 |
0.59 |
0.03 |
0.88 |
0.62 |
2.12 |
|
|
(28) |
(1) |
(42) |
(29) |
(— ) |
||
|
05/08/84 |
0.60 |
0.04 |
0.79 |
0.73 |
|
2.16 |
|
(28) |
(2) |
(36) |
(34) |
(— ) |
||
|
05/2V84 |
1.55 |
0.07 |
1.09 |
0.58 |
|
3.29 |
|
(47) |
(2) |
(33) |
(18) |
(— ) |
||
|
06/08/84 |
1.99 |
0.33 |
3.53 |
0.19 |
|
6.04 |
|
(33) |
(5) |
(58) |
(3) |
(— ) |
||
|
06/22/84 |
1.91 |
0.72 |
8.09 |
1.14 |
0.01 |
11.87 |
|
(16) |
(6) |
(68) |
(10) |
(T) |
||
|
07/03/84 |
3.22 |
1.22 |
9.35 |
0.31 |
0.07 |
14.17 |
|
(23) |
(9) |
(66) |
(2) |
(T) |
||
|
07/19/84 |
1.12 |
0.74 |
3.34 |
0.37 |
0.01 |
5.58 |
|
(20) |
(13) |
(60) |
(7) |
(T) |
||
|
07/31/84 |
1.93 |
1.78 |
5.78 |
1.42 |
0.05 |
10.96 |
|
(18) |
(16) |
(53) |
(13) |
(T) |
104
Table J3. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and percents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during 1983 in the Rexford area of Libby Reservoir.
|
Date |
EJaphnia |
Bosmina |
Cyclops |
Diaptomos |
Epischura |
Total |
|
08/17/83 |
0.48 |
0.11 |
1.24 |
0.81 |
0.03 |
2.67 |
|
/TON (18) |
(4) |
(46) |
(30) |
(1) |
||
|
09/07/83 |
0.75 |
0.07 |
1.90 |
1.91 |
T |
4.63 |
|
/I c\ (16) |
(2) |
(41) |
/ AT \ (41) |
(T) |
||
|
09/21/83 |
1.31 |
0.03 |
5.34 |
5.90 |
0.01 |
12.58 |
|
(10) |
(4Z) |
f A'1\ (4/) |
IT) |
|||
|
10/06/83 |
0.70 |
0.03 |
2.01 |
2.26 |
5.0 |
|
|
(14) |
(1) |
f A(\\ (4U) |
(4d) |
( — ) |
||
|
10/19/83 |
1.02 |
0.01 |
2.39 |
2.86 |
6.28 |
|
|
(16) |
(T) |
(38) |
(46) |
(-) |
||
|
11/02/83 |
0.58 |
0.01 |
2.13 |
1.95 |
0.01 |
4.68 |
|
(12) |
(T) |
(46) |
(42) |
(T) |
||
|
12/08/83 |
0.55 |
0.01 |
2.56 |
0.80 |
0.04 |
3.96 |
|
(14) |
(65) |
(20) |
(1) |
105
Table J4. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and percents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during 1984 in the Rexford area of Libby Reservoir.
|
Date |
Daphnia |
Bosmina |
Cyclops |
Diaptoraus |
Epischura |
Total |
|
01/09/84 |
2.13 |
0.09 |
4.11 |
2.49 |
0.01 |
8.82 |
|
(24) |
(1) |
(47) |
(28) |
(T) |
||
|
02/02/84 |
2.50 |
0.06 |
3.36 |
2.09 |
8.01 |
|
|
(31) |
(1) |
(42) |
(26) |
|||
|
03/07/84 |
0.98 |
0.04 |
4.00 |
1.19 |
|
6.21 |
|
(16) |
(1) |
(64) |
(19) |
|||
|
04/05/84 |
1.82 |
0.01 |
6.62 |
1.64 |
|
10.09 |
|
, . ... |
(18) |
(T) |
(66) |
(16) |
||
|
04/27/84 |
2.07 |
0.07 |
5.58 |
0.74 |
|
8.46 |
|
(24) |
(1) |
(66) |
(9) |
f — - J |
||
|
05/10/84 |
3.50 |
0.32 |
12.15 |
2.09 |
18.06 |
|
|
(18) |
(2) |
(67) |
(12) |
|||
|
05/23/84 |
3.92 |
0.12 |
9.51 |
1.31 |
— ,_ |
14.80 |
|
(26) |
(1) |
(64) |
(9) |
(— ) |
||
|
06/06/84 |
2.80 |
1.49 |
8.74 |
0.35 |
|
13.35 |
|
(21) |
(11) |
(65) |
(3) |
(— ) |
||
|
06/22/84 |
2.09 |
0.80 |
7.01 |
1.35 |
11.25 |
|
|
(19) |
(7) |
(62) |
(12) |
( — ) |
||
|
07/03/84 |
2.04 |
0.94 |
7.38 |
0.51 |
0.01 |
10.88 |
|
(19) |
(9) |
(68) |
(5) |
(T) |
||
|
07/19/84 |
2.34 |
0.94 |
6.12 |
1.16 |
0.01 |
10.56 |
|
(22) |
(9) |
(58) |
(11) |
(T) |
||
|
08/01/84 |
1.93 |
1.08 |
6.97 |
1.35 |
0.06 |
11.39 |
|
(17) |
(9) |
(61) |
(12) |
(1) |
106
Table J5. Mean zcx)plankton densities (#/l)and per cents (in
parentheses) estimted from 0-30 m vertical tows during 1983 in the Canada area of Libby Reservoir.
|
Date |
Daphnia |
Bosmina |
Cyclops |
Diaptoimis |
Epischura |
Total |
|
08/18/83 |
5.40 |
7,23 |
4.33 |
11.96 |
||
|
(32) |
(— ) |
(43) |
(25) |
^-r,, -' (— ) |
||
|
09/08/83 |
2.64 |
0.08 |
3.23 |
4.92 |
T |
10.87 |
|
(24) |
(1) |
(30) |
/ A C \ (45) |
(~) |
||
|
09/22/83 |
2.97 |
0.09 |
3.28 |
4.09 |
0.04 |
10.47 |
|
(28) |
(1) |
(31) |
(39) |
(T) |
||
|
10/07/83 |
4.64 |
0.16 |
4.85 |
6.13 |
0.01 |
15.78 |
|
(29) |
(1) |
(31) |
(39) |
|||
|
10/20/83 |
2.52 |
0.03 |
3.64 |
4.03 |
10.22 |
|
|
(25) |
(T) |
(36) |
(39) |
(— ) |
||
|
11/03/83 |
11.17 |
0.25 |
7.89 |
8.03 |
27.34 |
|
|
(41) |
(1) |
(29) |
(29) |
(-) |
107
Table J6. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and per cents (in
parentheses) estiitiated from 0-30 m vertical tows during 1984 in the Canada area of Libby Reservoir.
Date Daphnia Bosmina Cyclops Diaptoirus Epischura Total
|
07/05/84 |
4.94 |
0.64 |
5.00 |
2.67 |
13.24 |
|
|
(37) |
(5) |
(38) |
(20) |
(— ) |
||
|
07/20/84 |
4.76 |
0.02 |
11.34 |
2.59 |
0.03 |
18.42 |
|
(25) |
(62) |
(14) |
(T) |
|||
|
08/02/84 |
5.00 |
0.40 |
2.83 |
0.67 |
0.01 |
8.9 |
|
(56) |
(4) |
(32) |
(8) |
(T) |
108
APPENDIX K
Average seasonal catch of macroinvertebrates by order in near-shore and limnetic tows on the surface of Libby Reservoir during 1983 and 1984
1
l^ble Kl. Surface macroinvertebrate densities and bionrass by Order during the suitsner 1983.
TEmiLE EEXEQBD CANADA
N.S. L Combined N.S. L Combined N.S. L Combined
(# tows = 14) (# tows = 10) (ft tows = 8)
Terrestrial:
Hynenoptera 43 428 235 3 24 14 4 4 4
Pscoptera ^ 5 17 11 3 20 12 - 8 4
Orthoptera ~ 2 — 1 - 3 2
Hemiptera
Homoptera 17 12 15 7 - 3 4 13 8
Coleoptera 12 — 6 3 - 2 21 13 17
Lepidoptera Neuroptera
Other 17 6 11 7 11 9
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 43 463 278 23 58 41 29 38 34
Aquatic:
Diptera 17 21 19 7 10 9 17 42 30
Tricoptera - 4 2
Ephemeroptera Other
TOTAL AQUATIC 17 21 19 7 10 9 17 45 32
GRAND TOTAL 110 484 297 30 68 49 46 84 65
Hymenoptera .238 1.712 .975 .018 .081 .049 .002 .008 .005
Pscoptera 0.008 0.019 .013 .003 .035 .019 .016 .008
Orthoptera 3.301 - — 1.650 — 2.811 1.405
Hemiptera
HoiToptera 0.076 0.146 .111 .226 .113 .004 1.088 .546
Coleoptera 0.176 .09 .215 .108 .718 .297 .507
Lepidoptera Neuroptera
Other 0.640 0.042 .341 .023 .005 .014
TOTAL
TE3RRESTRIAL 4.373 1.91 3.141 .485 2.932 1.708 .724 1.409 1.066
Aquatic:
Diptera 0.053 0.125 .089 .003 .007 .005 1.018 1.012
Tricoptera .026 .013
Ephemeroptera Other
TOTAL AQUATIC 0.053 0.125 .089 .003 .007 .005 1.018 1.038 1.028
Parts
GRAND TOTAL 4.426 2.035 3.231 .488 2.939 1.714 1.742 1.447 2.109
109
T^ble K2. Surface macroinvertebrate densities and biomss by Order during the fall 1983.
|
n |
N.S. |
L |
Combined |
N.S. |
L |
Combined |
N.S. |
L Combined |
|
|
(# tows = |
16) |
(# tows = |
14) |
(# |
tows = |
10) |
|||
|
Terrestrial: |
|||||||||
|
Hymenoptera |
4 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
20 |
10 |
15 |
||
|
I^coptera |
2 |
y.z |
2 |
2 |
1 |
||||
|
Orthoptera |
|||||||||
|
Hemiptera |
2 |
8 |
5 |
■, . 2 |
1 |
17 |
T7 |
X / |
|
|
Homoptera |
4 |
2- |
3 |
0 A |
oic ^0 |
14 |
420 |
C o |
|
|
Coleoptera |
2 |
4 |
3 |
in |
11 |
20 |
10 |
15 |
|
|
Lepidoptera |
3 |
2 |
|||||||
|
Neuroptera |
A |
17 |
13 |
||||||
|
Other |
4 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
17 |
12 |
3 |
•) |
|
|
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL |
18 |
22 |
20 |
19 |
64 |
42 |
483 |
AT |
|
|
Aquatic: |
|||||||||
|
Diptera |
10 |
10 |
10 |
? |
i'i " Xi |
13 |
97 |
in |
54 |
|
Tricoptera |
z |
1 |
|||||||
|
^hemeroptera |
|||||||||
|
Other (Plecoptera) |
3 |
2 |
|||||||
|
TOTAL AQUATIC |
10 |
10 |
10 |
Q |
1 Q |
14 |
100 |
xu |
|
|
GRAND TOTAL |
28 |
32 |
30 |
OJ |
56 |
583 |
|||
|
Gcaos/ha |
|||||||||
|
Terrestrial: |
|||||||||
|
Hymenoptera |
.013 |
.013 |
.013 |
.001 |
.0005 |
.026 |
1.374 |
.700 |
|
|
Pscoptera |
.002 |
.005 |
.004 |
.003 |
.002 |
||||
|
Orthoptera |
|||||||||
|
Hemiptera |
.009 |
.048 |
.028 |
.338 |
.169 |
.205 |
.935 |
.570 |
|
|
Homoptera |
.0003 |
.006 |
.003 |
.002 |
.160 |
.080 |
.451 |
.035 |
.243 |
|
Coleoptera |
.002 |
.012 |
.007 |
.124 |
.257 |
.190 |
.556 |
.162 |
.359 |
|
Lepidoptera |
.019 |
.009 |
|||||||
|
Neuroptera |
|||||||||
|
Other |
.034 |
.112 |
.073 |
.027 |
.137 |
o082 |
.004 |
.002 |
|
|
TOTAL |
|||||||||
|
TE31RESTRIAL |
.060 |
.196 |
.128 |
.153 |
.896 |
.53 |
1.261 |
2.506 |
1.883 |
|
Aquatic: |
|||||||||
|
Diptera |
.054 |
.004 |
.029 |
.027 |
.052 |
.040 |
.309 |
.047 |
.178 |
|
Tricoptera |
.017 |
.009 |
|||||||
|
Ephemeroptera |
|||||||||
|
Other |
'■...si- |
.003 |
.001 |
||||||
|
TOTAL W3UATIC |
.054 |
.004 |
.029 |
.312 |
|||||
|
Parts |
|||||||||
|
GRAND TOTAL |
.114 |
.200 |
.157 |
1.573 |
2.553 |
2.062 |
110
Terrestrial: Hymenoptera Pscoptera Orthoptera Hemiptera Homoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Neuroptera Other
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic: Diptera Tricoptera Et)hemeroptera Other
TOTAL AQUATIC GRAND TOTAL
Terrestrial: Hymenoptera Pscoptera Orthoptera Hemiptera Homoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Neuroptera Other TOTAL
TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic: Diptera Tricoptera E^hemeroptera Other
TOTAL AQUATIC
Parts GRAND TC)TAL
22
14
11 47
3 50
.056
.008
.057 .121 .005
19
11 49
22
22 71
.050
.002 .004 .060
.028 .144 .032
20
1 11 4
11 48
13
13 61
.053
.001 .006 .030
.043 .133 .019
.005 .032 .126 .176
.019 .151
111
Table K4. Surface macroinvertebrate densities
and biomass by Order during the
spring
Terrestrial: Hymenoptera Pscoptera Orthoptera Hemiptera Homoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Neuroptera Other
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic: Diptera Tricoptera E^hemeroptera Other
TOTAL AQUATIC GRAND TOTAL
Terrestrial: Hymenoptera Pscoptera Orthoptera Hemiptera Homoptera Coleoptera lepidoptera Neuroptera Other IDTAL
TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic:
Diptera
Tricoptera
E^Jhemeroptera Other
TOTAL AQUATIC
Parts GRAND TOTAL
N.S.
31
1 6 14
5 58
Combined ITs. ^'^^o^r^--, Caim
^ Combined N.S^ tTc
108
5
113 171
.199
.001 .011 .238 .842
.041
1.332
.468 .006 .474 1.806
(# tows = 26)
Combined
31
11
49
158
158 207
.140
.007 .004 .046
.036 .233
.602
.602 .835
31
1 4
12
.5
4
53
133 2
135
4
16
11
254 433
4
258
3
436
274 447
.169 .169
.003
.004 .007 .142 .421
.039 .783
.199 .017
.033 .401
.060 .080
.535 .003 .538 1.301 1.111
.012 .710
.025 1.482
6 14
344
3
347 361
.086
.108
.046 .240
.698 1.457 1.067
.019 1.096
1.562 1.336
112
I^ble K5. surface macroinvertebrate densities and biomass by Order during the sum^r
N.S.
Combined N.S.
.BEXEQBH.
CANADA
Combined N.S. L Combined
I*™bf;r/h^
Tferrestrial: Hyirenoptera Pscoptera Orthoptera Hemiptera Homoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Neuroptera Other
TOTAL TE3^RESTRIAL
Aquatic: Diptera Tricoptera Ephemeroptera Other
TOTAL AQUATIC GRAND TOTAL
Terrestrial: Hymenoptera .5 Pscoptera Orthoptera
Hemiptera .01 Homoptera .034 Coleoptera .879 Lepidoptera Neuroptera
Other .135 TOTAL
TERRESTRIAL 1.558
Aquatic:
Diptera .171 Tricoptera
Ephemeroptera .010 Other
TOTAL AQUATIC .181 Parts
GRAND TOTAL 1.739
(# tows = 18)
.269
tows = 12)
|
22 |
15 |
19 |
|
2 |
6 |
4 |
|
20 |
19 |
19 |
|
24 |
4 |
14 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
15 |
6 |
10 |
|
83 |
52 |
67 |
|
21 |
26 |
24 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
23 |
26 |
25 |
|
.06 |
78 |
92 |
|
25 |
9 |
17 |
|
22 |
6 |
14 |
|
6 |
8 |
7 |
|
28 |
8 |
18 |
|
47 |
14 |
30 |
|
6 |
3 |
4 |
|
9 |
3 |
6 |
|
143 |
51 |
97 |
|
25 |
17 |
21 |
|
25 |
17 |
21 |
|
168 |
68 |
118 |
|
/ i |
r tows |
- 12) |
|
6 |
6 |
6 |
|
6 |
6 |
6 |
|
20 |
14 |
17 |
|
9 |
11 |
10 |
|
6 |
3 |
|
|
9 |
4 |
|
|
50 |
43 |
46 |
|
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
3 |
1.5 |
|
|
6 |
3 |
4 |
|
8 |
4 |
|
|
25 |
17 |
21 |
|
75 |
60 |
67 |
.385
.213 .007
.078 .001
.146 .004
.057 .073
.065
|
.009 .030 .093 .010 |
.01 .032 .485 .005 |
.011 .122 1.506 .008 |
.104 .051 .440 .009 |
.058 .086 .973 .008 |
.046 .015 .514 |
.015 .006 .234 .022 |
.031 .011 .374 .011 |
|
.027 |
.081 |
.090 |
.017 |
.054 |
.060 |
.030 |
|
|
.438 |
.998 |
1.957 |
.7 |
1.329 |
.692 |
.350 |
.522 |
|
.105 |
.138 .005 |
.258 |
.051 |
.155 |
.586 .017 |
.065 .004 |
.325 .01 |
|
.105 |
.143 |
.258 |
.051 |
.155 |
1.023 |
.069 |
.546 |
|
.543 |
1.141 |
2.215 |
.751 |
1.484 |
1.715 |
.419 |
1.068 |
113
. p I".
APPENDIX L
Initial modeling effort on the Libby Reservoir fishery by the United States Geological Survey
United States Department of the Interior
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Division ;: ; / .
301 South Park Avenue, Room 428 Federal Building, Drawer 10076 Helena, Montana 59626-0076
October 24, 1984
Bradley B. Shepard
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife
and Parks - - ' -
Route 1, Box 1270
Libby, Montana 59923 . . - r.?:
Dear Brad:
Our proposal with your agency was to construct and test a computer model that describes the effect of reservoir drawdown on the trophic dynamics of Lake Koocanusa. During the first year (FY 84) of the modeling effort, our plan was to develop a preliminary model for Lake Koocanusa. This preliminary model was to be a coarse model by which the feasibility of continuing model develop- ment would be evaluated.
After review of literature that addresses ecological structure and function of reservoir ecosystems, Rodger Ferreira's original approach was to adapt either the CLEANER series of aquatic ecosystem models developed for the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency or the CE-QUAL water quality models developed at the U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station- However, because of the numerous literature-derived variable coefficients and large amounts of data required for these and similar models, Rodger was advised against their use. Determining cause and effect relationships would be difficult because of the large number of coefficients; the coefficients might not even be applicable to Lake Koocanusa. At a meeting, March 6, 1984, at which you, Steve McMullen, Rodger Ferreira, and Jim LaBaugh of the U.S. Geological Survey were present, development of a simplified model of reservoir drawdown and carrying capacity of fish was decided as the best approach. If this effort indicated a relationship between reservoir drawdown and fish biomass, the U.S. Geological Survey was to continue model development of the trophic dynamics of Lake Koocanusa.
Analysis of fisheries data from Lake Koocanusa showed no strong correlation between annual reservoir drawdown and catch as an estimate of fish carrying capacity. A regression of reservoir drawdown with catch of rainbow trout per net-night during autumn at the Rexford site (fig. 1) had a coefficient of determination (r^) equal to .087 and was not significant (p>F = .477) (table 1). At the Cripple Horse site a regression of the same variables (fig. 2) also showed a poor correlation (r^ = .013; p>F = .791) (table 2).
114
Page 2
The first year of reservoir growth of rainbow trout by migration class was also regressed against annual reservoir drawdown (figs. 3, A, and 5). These regressions were not significant, p>.05, and explained little variation in the amount of first year reservoir growth (tables 3, 4, and 5). However, there is "hint" of an inverse relationship (fig. 4) which describes an increase in the first-year reservoir-growth of migration class 1 with decreasing reservoir drawdown (r^ = .335; p>.05 = .080). Perhaps additional data would better define this relationship. Log transformations of the fish growth data and the catch data did not improve any of the regressions.
Regression analysis indicated a relatively strong relationship (fig. 6, table 6) between increasing condition factor of rainbow trout and increasing reser- voir drawdown. This relationship is significant (p<.05) with 82 percent of the variation in fish condition described; however, this trend was not expected based on our theoretical understanding of the effects of reservoir drawdown. The increase in "robustness" of fish netted during the fall could be the result of greater reservoir surface-elevation recovery in the summer and fall following a relatively deep reservoir-drawdown. Or it could be the result of relatively few fish, compared to the amount of food available, being able to take advantage of the increased density of food organisms concentrated by deeper reservoir drawdown.
The basic logistic equation of population growth on a yearly time step was used to model" changes in population growth, as represented by the catch data in response to carrying capacity as represented by reservoir drawdown. However the regression relationship between fish catch at Rexford and reservoir drawdowii with an equal to .087 was used to force the "model" to match the observed data. Consequently, the "model" had no meaning with respect to understanding how reservoir drawdown was related to changes in fish population or could be used to predict these changes.
Based on fisheries data that we have at the present time, it appears unlikely that a model could be developed to simulate the effect of reservoir drawdown on fish production of the reservoir. Lack of a strong correlation could result from several reasons: 1) The fish data represent fish populations that exist soon after reservoir impoundment. Fish populations have been observed in other reservoirs to fluctuate sharply during the first five to ten years of impoundment until trophic equilibrium is reached. 2) Reservoir drawdown might not have varied enough to show a change in the size of the fish populations! Reservoir drawdown from one year to the next varied by no more than 20 feet during the first five years of impoundment. These years were most likely ^IVJ"^ ^.000^ t'^ophic instability. During the last four years of data, ly/y to 1982, reservoir drawdown from one year to the next varied from 12 feet to only 4 feet. These years most likely are a time of trophic equilibrium. 3) If major controlling factors on fish production occurs by changes in the food web, there may be a lag time before reservoir drawdown would show effects on fisheries production. It may be that the only ways to distinguish the effects of reservoir drawdown might be to draw the reservoir down to the same elevation for several years in a row to allow a new trophic equilibrium to be reached. 4 Other factors affecting observed fish production in the reservoir could result from changes that occur in tributary streams. A change in water quality or quantity of the streams could affect fish spawning or juvenile growth and therefore recruitment to the lake. juveuixe
Because many other factors could be complicating a direct effect of reservoir drawdown on fish production, a model that incorporates severfrinput factors
115
Page 3
might be used to indicate various channels of indirect effects. Attached is a flow chart for a proposed model that incorporates changes in the food organisms of fish. Major changes include the availability of benthic invertebrates, terrestrial insects, and zooplankton. Each of these food organisms are theoretically affected by reservoir drawdown in the model (fig. 7). The changes in zooplankton are controlled through changes in primary production as estimated through regression models proposed by Woods and Falter (1982). Changes in the thermal structure and mixing stability, which are factors affecting primary productivity in Lake Koocanusa, will be driven in the lake model by use of a thermal model developed by Adams (1974). Change in the number of fish with time is controlled by a self-regenerating fish stock routine that, by default, will use historical rates of fish growth and mortality The rates of growth and mortality are adjusted by specified amounts depending on how the biomass of fish predicted by available food energy compares to the biomass of fish predicted by the self-regenerating fish stock model. Determining by what amount growth rates and mortality rates will be adjusted will be determined as part of the calibration process of the model.
Model output will be on an annual basis, however, changes in the fish popula- tion will be calculated on a seasonal basis, starting with spring. Using seasons will allow simulation of changes in food organisms as affected by reservoir drawdown.
Input driving variables for the model would include:
1) Reservoir elevation change per season (ft)
2) Mean solar radiation per season (cal/cm^/min)
3) Water temperature of inflow and outflow ( °C)
4) Volume of inflow and outflow (Ac. ft)
Input state variables for the model include:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Initial number of juvenile fish in tributaries Historic growth rates of fish in tributaries and Lake Koocanusa Historic mortality rates of fish in tributaries and Lake Koocanusa Fishing rate in Lake Koocanusa
Recruitment coefficients, a and b, of spawning fish Initial temperature profile of Lake Koocanusa (°C) Initial surface water elevation of Lake Koocanusa (ft) Season of spawning and emigration Number of migration classes of fish
Percentage distribution of fish among migration classes
Age of migration for each migration class
Total number of fish in reservoir during intitial year
Light restrictions and water density controls for zooplankton
Water temperature controls for fish
Driving variables incorporated as block data in the model:
1) Mean quarterly number of terrestrial insects per m2
2) Mean quarterly number of benthic invertebrates per m2 at each of three sampling areas
3) Mean quarterly euphotic zone depth (ft)
4) Mean quarterly euphotic zone dissolved solids concentrations (rag/L)
5) Mean quarterly surface illumination (foot candles)
6) Mean quarterly percent growth of fish resulting from zooplankton, phytoplankton, and terrestrial insects
116
Page 4
All organism counts or biomass values will be converted to units of energy (kilocalories) for internal calculations of energy flow in the model. Details will need to be worked out for reservoir elevation changes as related to inflow and outflow volumes. Either inflow and outflow volumes will be specified by the user and a resultant reservoir elevation change calculated or the reservoir elevation change can be specified and outflow volume adjusted to correspond with inflow volumes.
Model output variables will include:
1) Cohort population size for each cohort by year
2) Length of individuals in each fish cohort by migration class and year (mm)
3) Weight of individuals in each fish cohort by migration class and year (gm) A) Total spawning biomass per year (gm)
5) Recruitment number of fish to the reservoir each year
6) Total catch of fish each year (gm)
Development of the model will continue through FY 1985 and 1986. Output from the model during development will be analyzed to determine the most important factors that affect the production of fish. This analysis will be accomplished through calibration checks with actual data and sensitivity tests. If output from the model is determined not to represent changes resulting from actual occurrences of important factors in the system, new directions in modeling or sampling will be considered. If new directions in modeling or sampling are not feasible, the model will not be developed any further. If new directions in sampling are feasible, or if output from the model is determined to represent changes resulting from actual occurrences of important factors in the system, the model will be developed further and refined with each successive year of sampling.
The feasiblity of adapting the model to Hungry Horse Reservoir will be determined in early 1986. If the model is appropriate, it will be applied to Hungry Horse Reservoir and further refined during 1986.
During model development, the Montana District will receive assistance from James LaBaugh (GS-13 Hydrologist-Limonology) , who will act as advisor to the project. Jim is familiar with lake and ecosystem modeling as part of his work in the Lake Hydrology Group of the Office of the Regional Research Hydrologist, Central Region.
Project Products and Reports;
Model output will be in the form of a computer printout. A progress report describing model development will be published as a U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report at the end of FY 1985. At the end of FY 1986, a final report describing the model and the trophic dynamics of each reservoir will be published in a referred scientific journal.
117
Funding :
Page 5
The total cost of the project in FY 85 which includes programming the proposed flow chart, running calibration checks, and conducting sensitivity analysis, is $56,200. Funding can be adjusted to comply with the dates of your operating fiscal year. The project will be funded as a cooperative program with the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Because data collected by your agency from Lake Koocanusa and Hungry Horse Reservoir is used for the modeling project, a portion of the the cost is included as direct services. Therefore cost to the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks is $22,500. Funding for the federal side of the costs are provided through the Merit Fund program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Proposed Funding Arrangements for FY 85;
Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife
U.S. Geological Survey and Parks TOTAL
Matching Funds Matching Funds Direct Services
$28,100 $22,500 $5,600 $56,200
A breakdown of the total costs for model development of Lake Koocanusa durine FY 85 is as follows: ^
Employee Cost (Salary and Benefits);
Rodger F. Ferreira, GS-12, Hydrologist (Biology) James W. LaBaugh, GS-13, Hydrologist (Limnologist ) - Gary W. Rogers, GS-12, Computer Specialist
Travel Expenses:
Transportation:
Kalispell (2 trips)
GSA Vehicle: 1 month Q $131 /month
800 miles @ $0.17/mile
Denver (3 trips)
Airfare: 3 trips @ $440 trip Per Diem: Rodger F. Ferreira, 21 days Q $75/day
Computer Operation and Maintenance;
Prime System Operation costs. 6 months @ $300/month Maintenance: 6 months @ $100/month
Model and Data Storage, Tape backup: 10 months @ $15/month Computer operator costs: 10 months @ $15/month Computer Supplies
Direct Services
TOTAL
$37,390
7,170 $44,560
$ 130
140
1,320 1 ,580 $3,170
$1,800 600 150 150 170
$2,870
$5,600 $56,200
Sincerely,
George M. Pike District Chief
Enclosures
118
CITED REFERENCES t'' ^
Adams, D. B. , 1974, A predictive mathematical model for the behavior of thermal stratification and water quality of Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah-Wyoming: Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, unpublished Masters Thesis, 213 p.
Woods, P. F. , and Falter, C. M. , 1982, Limnological investigations: Lake
Koocanusa, Montana, Part 4: Factors controlling primary productivity: Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 82-15, 106 p.
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APPEM)IX M
Comments by Gene R. Ploskey, Aquatic Ecosystems Analysts, on the First Annual Report (1984) and proposed Work Plan (in prep.) for the study "Quantification of Libby Reservoir levels needed to maintain or enhance reservoir fisheries"
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ANALYSTS
POST OFFICE BOX 4188 FAYETTEVILLE. AR 72702
PHONE 501/442-3744
December 20, 1984
Brad Shepard
Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl., and Parks P. 0. Box 67
Kalispell, Montana 59903
Dear Brad,
On attached sheets you will find my comments concerning your work plan and first annual report on the Libby Reservoir project. You obviously have put a lot of thought and effort into the project, which is one of the more comprehensive sampling efforts I have seen in recent years. The results should contribute signifi- cantly to our understanding of the ecology of cold-water reser- voirs in the U.S. Time constraints forced me to restrict comment to perceived problem areas. I hope my thoughts are of some use to you.
Merry Christmas,
Gene R. Ploskey
136
Work Plan
Page A (top) — I agree that changes in living space associated with water-level fluctuations may limit fish-food resources and produc- tion, but negative impacts are most pronounced when drawdown occurs during the growing season. Impacts in winter are usually moderated by low water temperatures that reduce primary production, food requirements, growth, and predation. Primary and secondary produc- tivity would be low regardless of water levels, I can visualize protracted negative impacts of winter drawdown on benthos produc- tion because overwintering populations in the fluctuation zone are decimated annually and reproduction and recolonizat ion would require several months during the following spring and summer. Algae and zooplankton production typically is minimal in winter, and therefore unlikely to be limited by drawdown, unless the draw- down occurs during spring, summer, or fall. The highly seasonal nature of zooplankton and phytoplankton production, and dessication resistant overwintering mechanisms in the former group (e,g,, ephipial eggs) make protracted damage unlikely.
Pages 5-21 — I have no problem with your sampling efforts as you seem to have adequately covered all important variables. Your efforts on food habits, zooplankton, and benthos are good and will be indispensib le for defining trophic relations.
Page 21 (objective 5) — I have serious reservations about using habitat suitability models to assess impacts of water-level fluctuations, A loss of habitat to drawdown (especially in winter) rarely causes a proportional reduction in fish abundance. Habitat suitability models have been most criticized because habitat units rarely can be correlated with density or standing crop, A better approach to assessing impact of winter drawdown might be to compare size- specific mortality of fish or abundance among seasons. If mortality is substantially higher during winter drawdown than in summer, some basis exists for implicating drawdown as a detrimental
^ agent. Most literature indicates that fish metabolism, consump- tion, and growth drops substantially in winter, although stomach contents may not decrease due to reduced food processing rates, i,e,, a -food item may require days to digest. Due to reduced food needs, winter losses of invertebrate food resources and predation on young fishes should be less significant in winter. I have often found positive correlations between fish abundance and annual water-level fluctuation whereas habitat losses due to fluctuation might suggest that the effect would be distinctly negative. Until the mechanisms and effects are understood, relying on habitat changes to project population impacts could be misleading.
Page 24 (Revegetation) — Vegetation in the upper fluctuation zone is very important for spawning and nursery habitat for certain species, especially in warm-water impoundments, California Biologists have had some successes along these lines — see McCammon and von Geldern (1979) in Predator-prey Systems In Fisheries Mgmt. (SFA Publ., Page 431), NAJFM 2(4): 307-315, and an excellent review
137
by Whitlow and Harris (1979). A copy of the review by Whitlow and Harris is enclosed.
Page 27 (Factorial Analysis of Variance) — Statistically, a weak part of the study is that 3-4 years of replication probably will be inadequate to statistically quantify relations between reservoir operations and changes in populations of fish or fish-food biota. Seasonal and areal variations inmost variables usually exceed annual variations, especially when annual fluctuation regimes do not differ significantly from year to year. Consequently, you may , not be able to demonstrate significant differences among years unless you standardize the data by area and season and use these standardized deviates as replicates, I prefer to use one-way analysis of variance to look for differences among years, seasons, or areas because 3-way ANOVA's always yield many interactions that cannot be explained. If adequate replication is a problem because .„ samples from different areas are highly variable or have different variances, try standardizing all dimensions (years, seasons, or areas) except the one you want to test. You will want to use a nonparametr ic test such as the Kruskal-Wal 1 is test if sample variances are not homogeneous.
In my experience, the ability to predict reservoir-wide operational effects on fish requires at least 8-10 years of data unless you are lucky enough to sample fewer years under highly variable flow conditions.
The limited replication of hydrological cycles (4 years; 4 springs; 4 summers, etc.) should not prevent the study from meeting its stated objectives or your group from formulating valuable recom- mendations to maintain or enhance the reservoir fishery. It probably will force the development of a more conceptual than mathematical model for predicting effects, and one with more assumptions. For example, documented differences in summer benthos populations in areas that were dewatered one winter and not another can be used to project effects on fish that feed on benthos by using trophic transfer coefficients and many assumptions.
Your sampling seems more than adequate to describe the reservoir trophic system and to suggest the important interactions between target fishes and their habitat and food resources. Therefore it should be adequate to conceptualize a trophic model. However, the 3-4 years of data probably will be insufficient to derive relations between reservoir operations and biotic variables, relations that ' are needed to drive a trophic model. Unless operational trends
differ significantly among years and seasons and affect different areas, it will be impossible to attribute a change in fish-food biota or fish to operations.
As you indicated, the best chance for success lies with obtaining significant modification of the water-level regimes in one or two of the years, which would at least permit paired comparisons of means of biotic variables.
138
Page 28 — If you pursue a trophic model, you may have difficulty modeling fish species for whom only catch per unit effort data were recorded. Salmo and kokanee should be less of a problem.
Final Annual Report (May-Oct., 1983)
Page 27 (last sentence; 1st full paragraph) — Zooplankton production may also be limited by high rates of water exchange (> than once in 30 days). However, production already limited by temperature (in winter) will not be impaired significantly by high rates of water exchange.
(2nd full paragraph) — I can think of no better justification for your efforts than the fact that we know virtually nothing about the biology of cold-water fishes in reservoirs. What you find should be valuable to conservation and regulatory agencies who will run into similar problems in the future*
Page 44 (Predicting benefits) — I believe the development of a trophic model for fish is premature because it cannot predict effects of operations on fish unless driving variables are identified and related to reservoir operations. Food types consumed by fish are primary driving variables of a trophic model. If you have a species of fish that consumes 3 food types (benthos, zooplankton, prey fishes) and plan to use a trophic model to project effects of water levels on this species, you must guess or project the effects of water levels on the three food types in order to drive the model. You may find you can project effects of some operations (such as drawdown) on fish recruitment, growth, or mortality with- out having to first project effects on fish foods (among other things). Trophic models also tend to have large errors (+ 150 percent of actual values) associated with predictions. A well thought-out conceptual model can be as useful as a mathematical modelj less expensive to develop, and readily changed as new infor- mation becomes available. I recommend a thorough analysis of all data to fill in or correct your existing conceptual model (alluded to in Pages 38 and 43 of the Annual Report and Page 4 of the Work Plan) before considering a complex trophic model. I would guess that other operational constraints will severely limit the amount of operational modification possible.
It would be difficult to justify an elaborate model to predict effects of operations on fish if operations are too inflexible to be altered significantly. From your extensive data collections you should acquire a workable understanding of essential water-level requirements from which you probably could develop a suitable rule curve.
Page 45 (last paragraph) — Unless analysis of your data yields relationships that provide other driving variables, your proposed trophic model will be weak.
139
DOE/BP-1 2660-2 June 1985