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UNA ven 1 Nee ‘ses % Terre y oe OO ey L vs ae aw! how see A mia. z tea . 2a mee wn NT) ie ag Me gg aR nee Oo ' We “I 4, nb Vw : P -N we ‘ a MI TIVVCENY gr : abt Ot a bli | Pant 83a 8 . Lit a, i tag “ ai “A, “ . ww pa aN . hibibia ta eo a ‘? Wg yet ee i J ) | te ; : i aerate! = 9 Wy tay tes “ey ve le rae ~Y bo 4 ave VUTNTeIy PJ, | \ | * a el el x et | ay @ o” Barre,.e Gg : | | semarenge ah, wh AVN Wey etl Th | | ‘ nA SC oumnpnie petteity VURTE TER cmueea crn. ** atl vee . Nea Te caeeNn Wess wn IVa cy Anu yd ) ‘23, vuretvy Pat all \ Eden “eg! : Wve eee ereRLeHTY “wd Vey bah idee, aA Wifi unee “wih! Py Ve uaeeeees ht UP Ry w , TT yur pacees ENN vais ww’ ] tg hy Gye eeTY NT edhe PTs 1 PP &: 4 yh tdi ver ald S ) pee ry ot a an ME on is Tear... al de > Vein ew! ons ey, vrs C4 - { ; es ' i A Acbetd bt he «* oe Weg CUT LP ees SSeeeyN Otte eh neat, ety Ls RS BY wey yi) a Wy S. Pe ag WV © 8 Vy ee ) ou uh bg at sg) Wugy yw “ tA LS ¥ | Wey, 7] fe ba wat bbls Ww o~' 41 | a2 tbs To hh OP A | Venta ys we —- WY YY yy . N N Vinee Un ns { —., > “i ) ; ha | Te Rul yee bal oT 72 d mee a @ Vel Wee int? Muy Wty = os a >; We nae! ‘ we ‘ere Ye ed Yr ‘yy Bp wree.. . wit : ae pad ak A a Ad i | w Ay 1 & uy i ng sca toy were 4 wT 3 TT Ad yV vie we gu: we tN et ort . awe? Phd 7 ne YY Ye hey Vee ¥ Pes iy ¥ q v wer q v ad vw Pl Mek 5, —-— > | PL | wv 4 We ae A Nee eB "tone . goon me eyvt® es 4 i ae ‘ oe 2 | tis as c- (w™ 8 | | i 6. Nh ay | TELE OF THE an GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. EDITED BY THE ASSISTANT-SECRETARY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Quod si cui mortalium cordi et curz sit non tantum inventis hzrere, atque iis uti, sed ad ulteriora penetrare; atque non disputando adversarium, sed opere naturam vincere; denique non belle et probabiliter opinari, sed certo et ostensive scire; tales, tanquam veri scientiarum filii, nobis (si videbitur) se adjungant. —Novum Organum, Prefatio. VOLUME THE FIFTY-FOURTH.__ 1898 Pe eel aN LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. PARIS: FRIED. KLINCKSIECK, 11 RUE DE LILLE; F. SAVY, 77 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN LEIPZIG: T. 0. WEIGEL. SOLD ALSO AT THE APARTMENTS OF THE SOCIETY. MDCCCXCVIII. List ; OF THE OFFICHRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON RARPASSLAAIILILIN Elected February 18th, 1898. eyes Prestvent, W. Whitaker, Esq., B.A., F.RB.S. Gice-Presivents. Prof. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. | J. J. H. Teall, Esq., M.A., F.RS. Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Rey. H. H. Winwood, M.A. Secretaries. R. 8. Herries, Esq., M.A. | Prof. W. W. Watts, M.A. Foreign Secretary. Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S. Creasurer. W. T. Blanford, LL.D., F.R.S. COUNGEIL. W. T. Blanford, LL.D., F.R.S. | J. E. Marr, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. Prof. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc., LL.D., F.B.S. Prof. H. A. Miers, M.A., F.R.S. Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, M.A., F.R.S. H. W. Monckton, Esq., F.L.S. Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., | E. T. Newton, Esq., F.R.S. E.LS. Prof. H. G. Seeley, F.R.S. F. W. Harmer, Esq. Prof.W.J.Sollas, M.A.,D.Se.,LL.D.,F.B.S. R. 8. Herries, Esq., M.A. A. Strahan, Esq., M.A. Henry Hicks, M.D., F.R.S8. J.J. H. Teall, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. Rey. Edwin Hill, M.A. Prof. W. W. Watts, M.A. G. J. Hinde, Ph.D., F.R.S. W. Whitaker, Esq., B.A., F.R.S. W.H.Hudleston, Hsq., M.A., F.R.S.,F.L.S. | Rev. H. H. Winwood, M.A. _ Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. A. S. Woodward, Esq., F.L.8.; Assistant-Secretary, Clerk, Librarian, anv Curator. L. L. Belinfante, M.Sc. Assistants in Office, Library, anv fMluseum. W. Rupert Jones. | Clyde H. Black. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Actanp, H. D., Esq. Ona Volcanic Series in the Malvern Hills, near the Herefordshire Beacon oeoe ee eee © © © 6 oe oe oO © © © 8 © © 8 8B ow ow ARNOLD-Bemrose, H. H., Esq. On a Quartz-rock in the Carboni- — ferous Limestone of Derbyshire. (Plates XI & XII.) eee ee © 6 o Barrow, G., Esq. On the Occurrence of Chloritoid in Kincardine- IRC MRE ENG ceeias eo ADs cohen ARMM od oi ah a aap oi chol« 48 vik siecevele eco al 8 yee" & XXVI. oe cc, 1 a RID i tC she RS ee PS ra Buak#, Rev. J. F. The Laccolites of Cutch and their Relations to the other Igneous Masses of the District. (Adstract.) eoeeees ee @ Bonney, Prof.T.G. The Garnet-Actinolite Schists on the Southern Side of the St. Gothard Pass eoereees eee eee Ge ee Fe eerste voe ee ees Buckman, 8.8., Esq. On the Grouping of some Divisions of so- called ‘ Jurassic’ Time. (Tables I & IL.) Cattaway, Dr. C. On the Metamorphism of a Series of Grits and Shales in Northern Anglesey oe eee ee ee oe © Oo eo © oO eoeee eee ee ee eo oe ee ew eee ee eee ew CarTER, the late J. A Contribution to the Paleontology of the Decapod Crustacea of England. (Plates I & IL.) eo ee eee 0 © @ @ © CHapman, F., Esq. On the Foraminifera from Bissex Hill and HTSoneparbleA SLOMAN craetcses hersels lefesdaver ster eshte Seto e sie Scie a + a8 eo Coprineton, T., Esq. On some Submerged Rock-valleys in South Wales, Devon, dida@orthyyalie | Neri ulead ot. hones ae cane CunnineTon, W., Hsq. On some Paleolithic Implements from the Plateau-Gravels, and their Evidence concerning ‘ Holithic’ Man. Dawson, C., Esq. Onthe Discovery of Natural Gasin Kast Sussex. Donatp, Miss J. Observations on the Genus Aclisina, De Koninck, with Descriptions of British Species and of some other Car- boniferous Gasteropoda. (Plates ITI-V.) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. : Page Exirs, Miss G. L. The Graptolite-Fauna of the Skiddaw Slates. (Plate OX VIE.) ecco". ele Ree een renee eect ae 463 Fox-Straneways, C., Esq. Sections along the Lancashire, Derby- shire, and Fast Coast Railway, between Lincoln and Chester- field. , \(Blate Xe) ic aca Sheree lene enantio He y¢ Franks, G. F., Esq.. & Prof. J. B. Harrison. The Globigerina- Marls and Basal Reef-rocks of Barbados.................e0. 540 GarpinER, C.1., Esq., & S. H. Reynorps, Esq. The Bala Beds and Associated Igneous Rocks of Lambay Island, Co. Dublin. (Plate TX.) ooo cece ced Ging egal bee Seine « aed ee neces ee 135 GARDINER, J. STANLEY, Esq. The Geology of Rotuma.......... 1 Garwoop, E. J., Esq., & Dr. J. W. Grecory. Contributions to the Glacial Geology of Spitsbergen. (Plates XIII-XIX.) .... 197 Greeory, Dr. J. W., & E. J. Garwoop, Esq. Contributions to the Glacial Geology of Spitsbergen. (Plates XITI-XIX.) .... 197 Grestrey, W.S., Esq. Some New Carboniferous Plants, and how they contributed to the Formation of Coal-seams. (Adstract.) 196 —. Cone-in-Cone: Additional Facts from Various Countries. (ABstract.) s siiiecia ocak Shegl oes aula > cielo eee) sels Caen 196 Harmer, F. W., Esq. The Pliocene Deposits of the East of England: The Lenham Beds and the Coralline Crag ........ 308 Harrison, Prof. J.B. & G. F. Franks, Esq. The Globigerina- Marls and Basal Reef-rocks of Barbados..............e0s00. 540 Harcu, Dr. F.H. A Geological Survey of the Witwatersrand and other Districts in the Southern Transvaal. (Plate VI.) ...... 73 Hewitt, Dr. J.T. Note on Natural Gas at Heathfield Station (SUSSEX) ©. cic .c dave cinta Siete cioye Mbyte oles © uate Skeet ae 572 Jennines, A. V., Esq. The Structure of the Davos Valley ...... 279 Juxes-Brownez, A. J., Esq. On an Outlier of Cenomanian and Turonian [equivalent to Lower and Middle Chalk] near Honiton, with*a Note on Holaster altus, Ag. (Plate XXIV.) ........ 239 Karruirz, Dr. R. Observations on the Geology of Franz Josef GANG: yi s0 so bee Wore de ge ee es Gee oe See ne 620 Mavan, H.G., Esq. Note on an Ebbing and Flowing Well at Newton N ottage (Glamorganshire) ..... 2. J 24... eee 301 Moncton, H. W., Esq. On some Gravels of the Bagshot District 184 Morton, G. H., Esq. The Carboniferous Limestone of the Country around Llandudno (North: Wales) 55%. peaesdeuts ae ee 382 pie. * TABLE OF CONTENTS. iW Page Newron, E.-T., Esq., & J. J. H. Tray, Esq. Additional Notes on Rocks and Fossils from Franz Josef Land. (Plate XXIX.) .. 646 Parkinson, J., Esq. On the Pyromerides of Boulay Bay (Jersey). 1 erie ly WE ee eee ga Sas eons: gos Se Sd 920) tee ae 01 Potten, Rey.G.C.H. Exploration of Ty Newydd Caves, Tre- mieichion, North Wales.) (Plate VLU). i). iene. eee. ee ee 119 Ruavez, T. M., Esq. Post-Glacial Beds exposed in the Cutting of iter eral Lemar Catt fa ad item Prahpe <3) op) wlaiebgt gated «A High-level Marine Drift at Colwyn Bay. (Adstract.) .. 582 HKEID, C., Esq. The Eocene Deposits of Devon ...........+.--. 234 Reynotps, 8. H., Esq., & C. I. Garpiner, Esq. The Bala Beds and Associated Igneous Rocks of Lambay Island, Co. Dublin. EU Rere rigs Jn tau crexl) } LEE 20, SA Pee Ps en eet | eee) | | 470 — Kjerulfi, Text-fig.1 ......... Pe eer paboaat ly ya edecctes { 469 ramosus var. cumbrensis nov.|| ~~ “**"""" | Merge. 3:66 4 oa. .21.d.cacdeceee y ; J (471 Climacograptus Scharenbergi ...... { Boer | Phorship Beck.| 519 Clonograptus flexilis ........ccc0c0005- * Skiddaw Slates . (?) 473 SS NS Sa AD er ee 474 Middle Skiddaw) } ( Brewin vse acuchics chia sehen bs Sites | 474 Cryptograptus (2) antennarius. | Upper Skiddaw CKD Ene 5 NSE se ben saeciia cease Wy ASeRbes) . ccceaaty | 519 ; : : Middle & Upper TOSS ee {Se BL .sesss-..| } Keswick district] 4 520 Dicellograptus moffatensis ......... { zat petlay 516 Dichograptus octobrachiatus ...... : er 483 separatus, sp. nov. Text-fig. ae | oO ee eae Se EMEA ner err Peer 0 |e ibaa \ 484 Didymograptus affinis | Skiddaw Slates | { “oomies & Shap ip) ROEa GSS ; districts ......) 503 ROA UIS OS res 053 shiva sb Soe Sreseaer Upper Siddaw itlereith 52222... 511 Slabesi. jo) ous = OGLCMSUS: jsddckvdeve cscccoacccns { Tasik ea } Keswick district} 504 Vill FOSSILS DESCRIBED AND FIGURED. Name of Species. | Formation. | Locality. Page GRAPTOLITOIDEA (continued). l / L S OB Bd eccesrace| f_ Blabes nsy| f Ulleswater, ete. | 507 —— gibberulus, Text-figs. 17 & 18 \ Middle Skiddaw 496 UGGS (oie a8 cece ane osee aaneeene Slates ........ esicktaeteen 506 ——- INDENLUS es ansenvenseneseneereee \ Upper & Middle] f “°°™1% USI 510 = Var. ONUS .. ccuae-nesem Skiddaw Slates} }_ 511 — Nicholsoni. Text-fig. 21 ee = 502 Slates .........| )} Keswick & Ulles- patulus. 'Text-figs. 22 & 23 | water districts) aaa ! | nitidus. Text-figs. 19 & 20. se Skiddaw Keswick district) 499 | | — V-fractus. Text-figs. 25-28 .| ) | Keswick district} 508 Var, VOMLCET she nceen eae (?) 510 Diplograptus appendiculatus. Text- Upper Skiddaw | oueia oh oe HE AO i asc nnn ssaweseeee eee tere hoop LAOS asses. 518 \ (Shap, Ulles- GONUGLUS wdesecedcn ee water, che. sea CE, LET ELUUSCULUS «1 eer nee Keswick district} 518 Glossograptus armatus. Text- Ere Skiddaw 4 PUD is Cusucaindstt on als cee eR eer see ( SRaneS ieee eee Thornship Beck} 522 | Keswick & Cross —— fimbriatus. Text-fig. 32 ... | | Fell districts.| 521 === Gh. HINCHSI 2.cuaseas oxeaeee eee y) | Thornship Beck} 522 Uppermost Ulleswater & heptograpvus: sp. pcwzcespecnpereee ee Sie danny Slates { Bassonthwaitenmenle Loganograptus Logani .........c0+0+- \ ‘) ( 476 pice ea ee bbe hicls | AL AOE | aot —— Anna. CXD- He PLOT oe aeewas = ladle Skiddaw : seuss WMIGIFOLUS \...ucosecudoe ee eee f Slates Peis s-05 r Keswick district}? 493 oa var. grandis nov. ‘Text- | | | UE POND) (ett dace SNe ee REE ) ) | 493 Pleurograptus vagans. Text-fig.8.| Skiddaw Slates .| Keswick district} 481 Pterograptus (4) sp. Text-fig.9 ... | ee Aik Beck” Gees 482 Schizograptus reticulatus ............ Keswick district} 480 ee =D nov. Text- age Slates . Carlside Edge...| 480 LOE alae multiplex. Text-| \ ( Peelwyke......... 477 PxO. Chskecncncas teesenn case eee Tetragraptus Bigsbyi .....c..00.04.. | Middle Skiddaw | Keswick district; 488 crucifer, "ext-fig. 12 ...... Slates ......... Bart <2) 2a 488 Heads. ext-fig. 1) 42...) Keswick district) 486 —— Hea ge. sp.nov. Text-fig. 13} ) Bart" coeceee 491 BG. Meer ieee | fSiddaw Sinton) | (aa — quadribrachiatus | Middle Skiddav| ¢ *eswick district) | yen SOG Meco cs eens cece a nae Slates: ean: 420 Thamnograptus Dover eee a Skiddaw Slates .| Randal Crag ...| 524 ewer JTOGHISTY ese Shap district ...| 476 te ‘ ee j ee ig afte enstormi: "To | Upper SKidden | ayosdaloBack| 528 lanCCOMAIUS. Oo ccccdelscosebonue! Eilergill (p22. 524 Middle Skiddaw Trochograptus diffusus. Pl. xxvii { Slates | Keswick district} 479 FOSSILS DESCRIBED AND FIGURED. 1x Name of Species. | Formation. | Locality. | Page EcHINOIDEA. Holaster altus. Pl. xxiv eee latevee Ona \ Wilmington Ms 246 CYATHOCRINOIDEA. Petalocrinus angustus, sp. nov. a eae Wlbpsxy, figs. 26-32... .....000e: Lower Silurian | | Wisb 425 expansus, sp. nov. Pl. xxv, Wes wee Sica peor figs. 33-36 & text-figs. 13, 14.. 1 SE ee 434 —— inferior, sp. nov. Pl. xxvi, F) ( 9 ites te 104. ois.c.. | | AE ae ba longus, sp. nov. PI. xxvi,| | Niagara Lime- : figs. 58-65 & text-figs. 11,12... stone «........ ee ee at mirabilis. Pl. xxvi, figs. 387-| | Towa 427 Ee ne eee ye te Lor eee visbycensis, sp. nov. Pl. xxv, wi figs. 1-25 & text-fig. 8 ............ . ACLS be 2 : Lower Silurian . — (senior). Pl. xxv, figs. Vice 424 PSUS Se text-fie. 9... .cee. eae Bae he Macrvura. an = gece) sp.nov. El. i, Great Oolite ...; Northampton. Aa et ec Dagny ee \ Tondon Clay ...| Boyton .......:. | 16 _ BRAcHYURA. Actgopsis Wiltshiret, sp.nov. Pl. ii,| | Lower Green- \ herbed 35 PUREED es Sort lo cei ahey a cisiaiertecro.diaisa ¢ see SE ONS beer cae i Ry ora Z Campylostoma matutiforme ......... (?) 30 Cyclocorystes pulchellus .........00065 a { Various eee 26 Cyphonotus incertus ....1...0.c0eeee0s Chloritic Marl...) Chard ............ 20 : Cambridge DANAE COPCETIQNG oseccccscescecess | Ge a i (?) 19 SB ONUETE Oo nnsasocnsienaid edi cae'sncs Challe sae 22s CRIES Seatinec = ce 20 Middle Head : BM rem eteckac vr siuvnteocseceven { Be a ere | Whitecti« Bay 20 Dromilites Bucklandi........ tee aa YS. Red Orag 18 COROT CITE Moa s)coe8 donee dein | (deriva! 224.2 } SS { 19 5 Cambridge US MOT OINE © oo anncesewdannrnscieseas { Grcweaad | (=) 36 Eucorystes Broderipti ......1.0.0.005 Gratuit eee ccmtee << (?) 25 ‘ Cambridge LC ee } (?) 25 Gastrosacus Wetzleri. Pl. i, fig. 3.; Coral Rag ...... UWpwares io). 1. 18 Gontochele angulata. P1. i, ‘fig. 6 .| London Clay ... (?) 23 Goniocypoda sulcata, sp.nov. Pl.|| Lower Green- Chanel 43 RemrT MOU Ae oceanic Gsidiay vivan sects SHINES ose. 52 emma Homolopsis depressa, sp. nov. Pl.|| Gault & Cam- iy Nee ee ee bridge Green-| } Various ......... 22 Edwardsii. PI. i HS A) coin. SAMS ackeedens J 21 x FOSSILS DESCRIBED AND FIGURED. Name of Species. | Formation. | BRACHYURA (continued). Mithracia libinioides. PI. ii, fig. 8.) London Clay ... Mithracites vectensts .....ccccccccceece Necrocarcinus Bechet. Pl. i, fig. 9. ERIC TUNGLUS \ acesstadnsee cee —— Woodwardu. Pl. ii, fig. 1... Neptunus vectensis, sp. nov. PI. ii, BEE oreo nod cs Gone eee Orithopsis Bonneyt ......sscececsoas- Pale@ocorystes Normant .......e00e000- Stokesi.... Ply Phere e ee Plagiolophus Wetherellii. PA. ii, OZ AOS sche a checncaa nc. otae eee a eee Plagiophthalmus oviformis Podopilumnus Fittoni. P1.ii, fig. 7. Porcuuites incerta 2.9). a franina (Raninella?) atava, sp. nov. I él EO) eae a eri co Rhachiosoma bispinosum Trachynotus sulcatus eeeceescetosooeses Xanthilites Bowerbankii AXanthopsis bispinosa LOCI o.: Hao uth eee Xanthosia Gibbosd .........ceceeeeeeees granulosa. P1. ii, fig. 5 ...... similis, Pl. ii, fig. 9 Ce oblita, sp.nov. PI. ii, fig. 4...| Cambridge Greensand ... Lower Green- | Greensand ... { Cambridge { Cambridge Do. & Gault .. Greensand ... Hamstead Beds. sand & Gault. { Upper Green- Chalict 5.2 S228 Cambridge Greensand ... London Clay ... | Upper Green- Waar 7(; BERR Be De J . ‘Greensand’ ... London Clay ... |} Went Green- SAW sos. ease London Clay .. ( Upper Green- } Sand 4.2.54 ceew Londeu Olay “ae () London Clay ... ? Cambridge Greensand ... LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, } Jareaic(@y. Avicula, sp. Pl. xxix, fig. 1......... Inoceramus (¢). Pl. xxix, fig. 4 GASTEROPODA. Aclisina aciculata, sp. nov. Pl.iv Hess O 2). * Beane eee attenuata, sp. nov. Pl, iv LCA AS Sts Mare eRe ORS ee costulata, PA. iii, figs. 12-14. var. dubia nov. PI. iii, He Mr dos ee een Rae eee elegantula, sp. nov. PI. iv, figs. 13-13 ¢ elongata. PI. iii, fig. 6 ...... var. cingulata noy. Pl. AUER. eo WO reece eae var. varians nov. Pl. VET Tos a neti Reco wa \ | Carboniferous _—— Limestone. Locality. Hamstead ...... Sheppey (?)...... Warminster Lyme Regis (?) Warminster Portsmouth ... Wiltshire ...... Land’ 25 [ S Sconandae A ao Craigenglen Law, Dalry ...... (?) Page FOSSILS DESCRIBED AND FIGURED. x1 Name of Species. | Formation. | Locality. Page GASTEROPODA (continued). Achsina grantonensis, sp. nov. Pl.j ) Calciferous } ME Os crea saincknacieeeafaceasiens Sandstone ... } Woodhall aes 68 parvula, sp.nov. PI. iv, figs.| ) Ee oA 6 anaunenliabt necalecesie ae Carb. = Beoeead ee oe polygyra. PI. iii, fig. 11 ...... | EASE ate eta a BB —— pulchra var. intermedia nov. { iene ole ee 53 Pl. 111, fig. 5) Ak SER NS he RE AAA C bonif —— —— var. tenuis. Pl. ii, figs.) Ferre enone) ay 52 ee. gee ase ee —— pusilla, sp. nov. PI. iv, figs.| ) Carboniferous ¢ 1: CE De Se Ane ee ere ee } Limestone. ; ELST esooacase o —— quadrata, sp. nov. PI. iv, fig a fe a2 oS SS SORE EER e Ue eee eee | ila | 61 ee pp i Lower Carboni-! | | —_—— var. striatissima nov.| | e Li ioe Bere TTD... ee oe eye 62 Riis sanov. Pl. iii,fie.16)| “*OR® --------- | | AG PCT Col oo | J | 57 sulcdtula, Pl. v, fig. 3 ...0:- .| ( Carrickoughter.| 64 BT eieidia, aponov. | PL. iz, | “ower Carboni- fp. 10 a ; mag {ET OUSE oe serc Penbone.. feo. cc. 60 —— terebra, sp.nov. Pl. iv. figs.| | Lower Carb. a UMN osc. bo nes cvossnvcs ons Limest. sss... ee Micrentoma nana, gen.nov. Pl. v,| \ (Settle & Park HDS) 3c a 1S DE Se ge 70 el aed Loe striatula. | Gaabonifereus ee & Craigen- s Ge a aemesrong.|{ Tamestone |) ee Graigene wana nov. PI. v, figs.9 & 10 ... | glen, fitdecss 68 dalryensis. Pl. v. fig. 11...... y Nie 21 0a Ae ae 68 BO en Pe he B Ba | | Yoredale Rocks.| Hollin Gill... 66 —— Selkirkii, sp.nov. Pl.v. fig. 4 a eae } Braidwood ...... 65 CEPHALOPODA. Ammonites Lamberti. Pl. xxix : {Franz Josef | | Oxfordian PM Cartes acesteewos setoes| fhe re i aitertdy. 25.5.5. 649 Arwetites Turneri, gen. emend....... Lower Lias...... - 452 Belemnites, sp. Pl. xxix, fig.5 ...| Jurassic(?)...... ‘Gee Fl poser 650 Brasilia bradfordensis, gen. noy....| Inferior Oolite.| = 458 Celoceras pettus, gen. emend. ...... | 454 Darellia semicostata, nom. nov. .. J Se 459 Emileia Brocchi, gen. nov. ......... ie aa oem - | 456 Graphoceras v-scriptum, gen. nov. . 458 Lioceras opaliniforme, sp. nov....... Yeovil Sands ... 458 | t Maal Lins 453 SLCDACOCETAS, NOM, NOV. ....00000+00000 Qolite cock ahes23- 454 Uptonia Jamesoni, gen. nov.......... Lower Lias...... 453 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE PAGE Decapop Orustacna, to illustrate the late J. Carter’s paper sale on Fossil Species of these from England ...............s00.+- ITI-V. from the Carboniferous Limestone of Britain, to illustrate AcuisinaA, Ruappospira, Murcuison1a, and MIcrENTOMA Miss J. Donald’s paper on those fossils ..................20000s (GrotocicAL Map or tur SoutHEern Transvaal; SEcTION | FROM THE MAGALIESBERG THROUGH JOHANNESBURG AND THE | Nice Mine; and Section FroM THE GATSRAND ACROSS { THe VAAL River to Parys, to illustrate Dr. F. H. | Hatch’s paper on the Witwatersrand and other Districts | in the Southern Pransyaal (220.202. 0.. s.n02---0-ccen see MAB (Jersey), to illustrate Mr. J. Parkinson’s paper on those ( MicroscopE-sEcTIONS oF PyrompripEes or Bounay Bay Vil TOGCKS oo.cecctacd catdea ce vcsnteBehecet secs Seen oe aoe ee LonGituDINAL Section oF THE Western Cave, ‘ly Newypp, to illustrate the Rev. G. C. H. Pollen’s paper on the Exploration of the Ty Newydd Caves © -25...:..3...scceeeeeee VIII. GrotocicaAL Map or Lampay Isuanp, to illustrate Messrs. C, I. Gardiner & 8S. H. Reynolds’s paper on the Bala Beds and Associated Igneous Rocks of that island ............... i! [ VERTICAL SECTIONS IN BoLsoverR TUNNEL, and SECTION ACROSS xX. THE ALLUVIUM OF THE Trent VALLEY, to illustrate Mr. C. Fox-Strangways’s paper on the railway between Lincoln and Chesterfield © och s.t.chiicacd.oeee eee eee ( Map or District NorTH-EAST oF BonsaLi; and Microscorr- SECTIONS OF QUARTZ-ROCK AND QuARTZ08E LIMESTONE FROM DERBYSHIRE, to illustrate Mr. H. H. Arnold Bem- rose’s paper on those rocks .......sessse0++0- caceeeee ‘Sica hea XJ-XII. STRATIFIED AND CONTORTED MORAINIC MATERIAL IN ICE; | FORMATION OF CRESCENTIC MORAINES; TERMINAL MORAINES, | ETc. OF Ivory GLACIER ; ADVANCE or Ivory Guactzr ; xXIti- a TERMINAL FRONTS OF Booming AND BALDHEAD GLactmrs : VIEWS OF BooMInG GLACIER, SHOWING RAISED EDGE AND | CENTRE SAGGING AWAY FROM SIDE OF VALLEY; and STARASH- ; CHIN Ripex, to illustrate Messrs. E. J. Caen & J. \ W. Gregory’s paper on the Glacial Geology of Spitsbergen. 15 45 73 101 119 135 157 169 197 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Xili PLATE PaGE Map or Cuiprerton Atoitt; View or Rock IBID., LOOKING XX-XXII. NORTH-WEST; and NEAR VIEW OF THE SAME, to illustrate Adm. Sir W. J. Wharton’s paper on that atoll ............ 228 MicroscoPE-sEcTIONS OF PHOsPHATIZED TRACHYTE FROM XXIII. Ciwrerrton ATOLL, to illustrate Mr. J. J. H. Teall’s paper Glia) DIETER Ce ete pate heen eee, aoa eet Ah a oka 0% Ss 0t.ghbas's 230 xxv, { Houaster artus, Ag., to illustrate Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne’s : MOCO COME MOA LOSS) eenenn rane ces. taancee nam ets tevin «ie biaicienrn dss 246 XxvV- XXVL Norru Amsrica, to illustrate Mr. F. A. Bather’s paper on | Prerarecrinus FroM GoTLAND; and PrETALOCRINUS FROM Peer HAN RON apr ee eine soca tach natsn ded asi mace dons ceeutaniteeiewe vue 401 TrocHoeRraPTus DIFFuSUS (Holm), to illustrate Miss G. L. Elles’s paper on the Graptolite-Fauna of the Skiddaw MXVIL SLE Ne SN Bae A ui hed ham tS ARI I YN 7 UB i a 463 District, to illustrate Mr. O. A. Shrubsole’s paper on those GIODOSTLS ee ener wardens cae caduinn ian rsddassedsnaianvaradee eS ) or oerences, 9° maeest®” = = § MAP oF The dotted a7veas RO) bois 2k S-TSACN De fe a beach-sand’ for7zatiore. Oo yt SCALE, 9 3 Miles [For ‘Soron’ read ‘ Sorou’ or ‘Kugot’ read ‘Kugoi’ ; and for ‘Satarau’ read ‘ Satarua.’] B2 4 MR. J. S. GARDINER ON THE GEOLOGY OF ROTUMA. [Feb. 1898, about 5 miles long by 23 broad, and the heights of its hills vary up to 860 feet. Along it the hills run in two lines, but to the east they are closed by Satarua, so that they appear to have a U-shape with a deep and, in places, very broad valley between, right up the centre. Round this, everywhere between the hills is a ridge with a general height of a little over 100 feet, and a minimum of about 60 feet between Satarua and Hof. On their outer faces, towards the sea, are extensive beach-sand deposits, especially to the north at Oinafa and to the south at Noatau and Pepji, while the flat land between the two ends is similarly formed. On the reef, which is fringing, with in places an approach to the barrier class, are several islets with a gradual slope towards the land, but precipitous cliffs to the sea. On an examination of this U-shaped range of hills, which appear wonderfully uniform in height, they are found to have a flat summit with a central depression of varying depth, or to run up into a ridge. In both cases the angle of slope for the last 200 to 300 feet varies from 30° to 55°. This appearance is further often accentuated by the vegetation: large forest-timber on the summits and slopes of the first, but on the second planted land, sometimes right across the ridge itself. Satarua, the most easterly of this range, combines to some extent the characters of both classes. From it to the north-east run out into the sea four prominent points, all of porous lava. Behind these the land rises with a slope of 1 in 30 to 1 in 20 for about 4 mile, covered for the most part with rough, hard, vesicular lava, often in loose blocks, with very little earth. The rise then gradually increases to 1 in 6, or 4, for the next 300 feet, the rough lava being gradually more and more covered with earth. The steepness of the land continually increases, only small blocks of lava are to be found for the next 50 to 100 feet, and then there is an abrupt rise for the last 250 or 200 feet at an angle measured at 41° to 44°, the height of the mountain being a little over 700 feet. On the top is a crater 150 feet broad by 40 deep. The slopes into it are steeper than the external slope, while the bottom is perfectly flat, and indeed, as many of these craters do, gives evidence of having at some previous time been planted for food. The rim is about 10 yards broad, and consists, with both of the slopes, of loose earth, with only small lava-blocks here and there. From the rim of the crater there extends to the south-west a ridge, sloping down- ward, but undulating, about 150 yards long by 15 to 25 yards broad. Beyond it the slope again plunges down at an angle of about 40°, and the general character is the same. 7 This bare low-lying stretch of lava at the base of the hill, mentioned above, with a low angle of rise, passing into a rich and highly arable soil, is very characteristic of all the volcanic hills of theisland. It usually presents an extremely rugged and rough, black appearance, sometimes covered with loose, large blocks, but more often completely bare. Of the other hills in the range, Mafoa is a cone with a crater on Vol. 54.] MR. J. 8. GARDINER ON THE GEOLOGY OF ROTUMA, 5 the top about 240 feet deep, and an external slope of 50° to 60° near the summit; there are also craters on the summits of Atja and Hoi, and Matja is simply a crater with one side blown out. Generally the rock is the same as on Satarua, a very vesicular lava (see Appendix, p. 10, No. 2); but at the bases of Hoi, Rau, Matja, and Vavasse, near the sea, a much finer-grained basalt (loc. cit. No. 3) is found. At Oinafa, Noatau, Pepji, and many places along the coast the volcanic rock is shut off from the sea by the formation of a sand- flat, which also to some extent is found at the mouth of the U-shaped range of hills. At Noatau in places it is } to 4 mile broad, and is about 1 foot above high-tide level. Between it and the sea is a further small rise of 2 to 3 feet. Holes dug in it in places to a depth of 6 to 12 feet give nothing but loose sand with fragments of corals, shells, nullipores, ete. Towards the sea, on the beach between extreme tide-marks, it ends with a ‘beach-sandstone formation’ sloping down at an angle of from 6° to 12° to the sea, and showing corresponding stratification ; in places, however, this beach-sandstone is much overlain with sand. It can be and is used for gravestones, split off in blocks of any dimensions, but the strata never run more than 4 to 7 inches in thickness. Below the first layer thus removed is a second, which, however, is never so firmly consolidated. It then becomes less firm till in 3 or 4 feet loose sand and fragments of coral, nullipores, etc., as on the flat, make their appearance. On the beach the projecting ends of six or seven layers, like so many steps, may be seen. Used as gravestones, exposed to the air and not acted on by the sea, it hardens, becomes more compact, and rings to thehammer. After the removal of a layer the under layer now exposed hardens consider- ably, and the place of the old layer is taken up by the sand. The part exposed to the air and waves is hardest, and where broken off from the stratum is usually covered with sand. Here, however, it is reformed, growing up under the covering sand, as it were, from the broken edge. At Oinafa this sand-flat has a height at most parts of a few inches above high tide, but 100 yards in from the coast, imme- diately behind the anchorage, it descends to 1-3 feet below high- tide level. This area is nearly half a mile long by 300 yards in greatest breadth. In places init are pools 6 to7 feet deep, and much of the remainder is taken up by a swamp, in which papoi or broka, a species of arum, is cultivated for food. On it, more or less buried in the sand, are loose blocks of coral strewed about, and a crowbar cannot be forced down far without meeting solid rock, which is usually of coral formation. Between it and the sea to the north-east, the sand-beach is 3 to 4 feet above high tide, and the beach-sand rock is unusually well defined. It seems really as if a small lagoon in connexion with the sea had once existed here, but had been filled up by corals, sand, etc., and cut off from the sea by the formation to the north of a sand-beach. Somewhat similar but much smaller swamps exist in Noatau and 6 MR. J. S. GARDINER ON THE GEOLOGY oF RoTUMA. [ Feb. 1898, in Itomotu at the western end, but the level of the former seems little below that of high tide. The outlying islands on the reef all seem to be of the same structure, a rough, reddish ash-rock, mixed with chips of harder, black rocks, which on examination appear to be lava, some other voleanic agglomerate, or of basaltic nature; they are, however, very rarely crystalline. Sometimes these foreign rocks occur in large masses, and indeed the southern end of Afaga is formed entirely of a basaltic rock. The two islands of Howa, opposite Oinafa, were obviously once joined, but the ash-rock has been washed away between them, leaving achannel, now covered by 2 to 3 feet of water. In it, however, are many blocks of hard black rock from the dis- integration of the ash-rock. Two-thirds of the way from Howa to Afaga lie two rocks about 20 yards outside the breaking edge of the reef, apparently of a basaltic nature. Afaga, as before mentioned, has its southern end of a compact lava or basalt, together with many rocks lying in the reef off its southern end. Towards the sea it is precipitous, but the section fails to show any sharp distinction between it and the ash-rock. The latter has its strata dipping slightly at an angle of 2° or 3° to the N., while generally, if the strata show at all, they are perfectly horizontal. Between Afaga and the shore rises a small ash-rock island, Husia, with precipitous walls about 40 feet high. It has been considerably washed away within the memory of many Rotumans, a strong current with a deep channel (9 feet) running between it and the shore. Sol Kopi is about 350 feet high, with precipices, often over- hanging the sea to the outside from 50 to 200 feet high, while Sol Onau has a similar structure. Towards the sea, indeed, all these islands of volcanic ash end precipitously, but under them is always a narrow fringing-reef 10 to 20 yards broad. Some, too, show traces of extensive landslips. The Western End. The part thus designated is very sharply separated from the beach-sand flat at the isthmus by steep cliffs of 70 to 100 feet, surrounding the base of Kugoi, while the same hill continues to the south by a ridge into Kiliga, but to the north has a sharp drop into a valley from which Sororoa rises to the height of about 850 feet. Kugoi and Kiliga are bounded on all sides by precipitous cliffs, 150 to 250 feet high, but on the west have been to some extent banked up by a flow of lava from a crater halfway up Sororoa, the greater part, however, of which mountain is of ash-rock, as also is the hill of Mea to the west. Somewhat westward of Mea rises a small, perfectly conical- shaped hill, called Mafiri. It is nearly 200 feet above the general level and about 350 feet above the sea. It is covered everywhere with big rough blocks of black, extremely vesicular, but heavy lava, in which are many small caves, 15 to 25 feetdeep. On the top is a Vol. 54.] MR. J.S. GARDINER ON THE GEOLOGY OF ROTUMA. fi large pit leading into a number of passages and caves. South of Mea is another such pit on a slight rise, called An Hufhuf (the Cave of Many Bats); the detailed descriptions of both are appended. South of these are two hills, Sorou and Meamea, both of which are of volcanic ash; the former has, like Sororoa, a crater on the side away from the sea. III. Cavzs, Prts, Ere. On the summit of Mafiri (see figs. 1-4, p. 8) is a pit 13 to 14 feet broad at the top and nearly circular in shape. Round the edge is a raised rim 1 to 2 feet high and 6 inches thick, consisting of much-weathered vesicular lava. Descending, the pit narrows to a breadth of 5 feet at a depth of 32 feet, and then opens into an immense chamber 70 feet long by 30 broad at the level of the summit of a mound, which has formed in the centre 82 feet below the mouth of the pit. The narrow pit to the depth of 32 feet has the appearance of a wall, built up by man, of great rectangular concave blocks of stone, owing to horizontal and vertical fractures. The mound consists of loose masses of lava, earth, decaying vegetable matter, etc., which have fallen in from the summit or the walls. On one side the mound slopes down, at an angle of 45°, for 60 feet or so into a small chamber, which is much filled up by large fallen masses of rock. Twelve feet above one part of the slope is a narrow triangular tunnel, about 3 feet high by the same broad, running for 30 yards outward with a slight downward slope of 1°to 3°. Near its end it opens into a chamber 16 feet high. For the last two-thirds of this tunnel the floor has a rough, black, some- what ropy appearance, showing clearly the direction of a lava-flow outward. On the roof hang a few small, sharp, conical stalactites, never more than 2 or 3 inches long. At the end the roof and floor approach each other at a very acute angle. On the other side of the mound the first slope is steeper, and runs rather deeper down. It ends then in a tunnel about 110 yards long, sloping down at an angle of 10° or less. Its general height is about 6 feet in the centre, with a breadth of 12 to 15 feet. Its floor is slightly higher in the centre, and shows for most of its course, about 14 feet from the walls, two cracks or fissures, 10 to 12 inches deep by 3 or 4 broad at the top; these follow very regularly its course. Near its end it opens, as does the other tunnel, into a large chamber, and the angle at its end is likewise very acute. The structure of its walls, floor, and roof is the same as in the smaller cave; in no place, not even in the large chambers, is there any sign of the walls or roof falling inin any way. The ropy appearance of the floor, its raised centre and general trend, show conclusively the direction of the flow of lava along the tunnel. Examining the contour of the land above, there is a distinct rise, running out for a considerable distance to the south-west, but signs of any direct outflow from this tunnel or any difference of the lava could not be detected. An Hufhuf seems to be directly Somparinle to Mafiri, only the ‘G ‘Sy UL poyxreur syu10d oy} 4B SUOIJOOg “z ” @ ‘soy “OIGISIA SI MOB-CAVT OY} O.L0YM MOUS 0} sMOTIY pu Gaede 799F OT Souly-tn0jU0s YWTM OAva JO uv[d-punoay *Z ‘Sig 0AU0 OF} CAOGE TITY OT} JO AnojU09 oYy Os]e SuLMoyYs ‘Avo pue Ssuruedo yeus94x0 yo uoroas [BUIpnyTsaoy oyeuMeAseICE *T “BIyy "SUOIZIES DUE “UDI “HAVO TaITVIN NW Vol. 54.] MR. J. Ss. GARDINER ON THE GEOLOGY OF ROTUMA. ey) pit is not situated at the top of a steep conical rise, but almost on the flat. Its pit, too, is much broader at the top and not nearly so deep. It has one long tunnel, out of which two caves run. The first rises at once to some extent and then has a sudden drop of 16 feet into a tunnel which proceeds almost at right angles to it, and down which a lava-flow has coursed, of the same character as in the tunnels of Sol Mafiri. The second has its lava-flow into the main tunnel. The lava-beds in the neighbourhood of these two pits show meny small caves or overhanging ledges, caused apparently by the lava underneath flowing away after the crust above has cooled. In one place just under Mafiri is a circular pit about 3 feet across. It is about 10 feet deep, and shows the flow of lava for 20 to 30 yards. The tunnels seem to be comparable to that left by the lava-stream above Hilo, in the eruption of Mount Kea, Sandwich Islands, of 1880-81," but the stalactites would seem to be absolutely dissimilar, and stalagmites are practically absent in the Rotuman tunnels. TV. Western IstANnDs. Uea, to the north, is formed of essentially the same volcanic ash as the hill of Sororoa opposite to it. It is about 900 feet high, and is thus about 40 feet higher than any hill on the main island. On every side it is bounded by cliffs, which to the north and west are very high and precipitous. ‘To the north-west near the summit they are over 800 feet. While round Sororoa there is even on the most precipitous face a small fringing-reef, none is present around Uea. Eastward the island slopes more gradually, but a landing, on account of the steepness and breakers, has nearly always to be effected by swimming. The strata in the cliffs round the island are generally horizontal, but at the landing-place have a tendency to dip or be curved slightly and show much false bedding. In the ash- rock embedded volcanic fragments occur, but rarely, and never in large blocks. In places under the action of fresh water, near certain streams, the rock becomes more like shale. Near these, too, a red earth is found, which lathers slightly, and is used as a soap. Halfway between Uea and Hatana is a small reef, Hofhaveanlolo, about 60 yards across, partially uncovered at low tide. Hatana really consists of two islands inside the same fringing-reef, with cliffs to the west. Hoflewa, 2 miles south-west, is a crescent-shaped island open to the north-east, with cliffs allround. The whole island is, like Hatana, a mass of dense, hard, black, very slightly vesicular lava. V. MereoroLocicaL ConpDiITIONS. Except during December, January, February, and March, the prevailing winds are EK. to 8.; in the above months they vary from N. to W. Very heavy rainstorms often come up with the E. 1 J. D. Dana, ‘ Characteristics of Volcanoes,’ 1890, p. 209. 10 MR. J. S, GARDINER ON THE GHOLOGY OF RoTUMA. [Feb. 1898, winds, but with N.W. winds the storms are of long duration and very dense. Hurricanes, with heavy rain, occur about every three years. The total annual rainfall is estimated by residents, from known Fijian statistics, at from 150 to 250 inches. No perennial streams flow except on Uea, where there are two. Deep channels have been cut by the rain, however, on Sororoa and Sol Kopi. In the regions of volcanic rock there are no signs of watercourses, but two streams flow perennially out of this rock between tide-marks at Lopta and Noatau. Towards the middle of this part of the island is an extensive watershed with no visible escape to the sea; possibly these two streams are fed from a reservoir filled by this. Round the island is no current, except a drift, caused by and varying with the wind. The 100-fathom line follows the contour everywhere very regularly, but extends considerably to the north- east and south-west along the lines of Hoflewa and Uea. VI. ConciLustion. From the foregoing evidence I am inclined to think that Rotuma was first formed of a kind of basaltic rock, such as is found in Kugoi now. This rock I believe to have extended along the whole island as it now runs, but to have been broken up by that great eruption, or series of eruptions, which formed the central U-shaped range of hills of the eastern end. By this eruption I believe that this same basaltic rock was in places loosely piled up, and then, by dis- integration and admixture with lava, formed the hills and islands of voleanic ash. The last stage is the washing away of these, and the formation of the coral-reef and the beach-sand flats. VIL. Apprnprx. Nores on the Rocks cottectep by Mr. Srantey GARDINER. By Henry Woops, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. 1. Olivine-Dolerite from Kugoi. This is a light-greyish, moderately coarse-grained dolerite, con- taining much felspar. The rock is quite fresh, and consists of plagioclase-felspar, augite, olivine, magnetite, and apatite. Two generations of felspar are very distinct—the crystals belonging to the earlier showing good contours. It is probable that this is an intrusive rock. a. ‘Basalts from Tarasua Point, Mafiri Cave, and ~ An Authuk These are very vesicular basalts, black or grey in colour. The specimen from Tarasua Point was found by Dr. W. Pollard to contain 48°86 per cent. of silica; the rock is dark in colour and Vol. 54. | MR. H. WOODS ON ROCKS FROM ROTUMA. idl consists of minute, but long, plagioclase-felspars (with a few larger erystals of the same mineral), augite, and magnetite. The small felspars have a parallel arrangement. The specimen from Mafiri is a fine-grained rock, in which the felspars have no regular arrange- ment. 3. Olivine-Basalts from Savelei Point, base of Hoi, and base of Vavasse (opposite Sol Kopi). The specimen from Hoi is a greyish compact rock with light green crystals of olivine. Microscopic examination shows that it is fine-grained and not decomposed ; it consists mainly of a mass of small, lath-shaped, plagioclase-felspars and augite, with larger crystals of augite and olivine. Magnetite is abundant. The felspars have a fairly well-marked parallel arrangement. The rock from Savelei Point is darker and somewhat vesicular, resembling in general appearance the specimen from Tarasua Point, but containing olivine. 4. Ashes from Sol Kopi, Afaga, Howa, Kugoi, Kiliga Point, and Sororoa. These are light-coloured rocks, varying in texture and compact- ness. The specimen from Sol Kopi is composed mainly of rather large fragments of glass containing numerous vesicles, and a fair number of crystals of augite. The specimen from Afaga is similar, but lighter in colour and finer-grained. 5. Calcareous Sand from Noatau, Oinafa, and Matusa. This is a white, loosely-compacted rock, composed of calcareous grains, often as much as 3 mm. in diameter. Microscopic exami- nation shows that the grains consist of calcareous alge, fragments of echinoderms, and corals ; a few pieces of volcanic rock (? andesite) are also seen. In a more compact example the cementing-material is calcite. Discussron. Prof. J. W. Jupp and Mr. Marr spoke, and the AuTHor replied. 12 REY. J. F. BLAKE ON THE LACCOLITES OF curcH. [Feb. 1898, 2. The Laccorires of Curce and their Retations to the other lenzous Massss of the Disrrict. By the Rev. J. F. Braxsz, M.A., F.G.S. (Read May 26th, 1897.) [ Abstract. | Tue Author has observed thirty-two domes of various kinds in Cutch, distributed as follows :—(i) those connected with the northern islands ; (ii) those of Wagir; and (111) those along the northern edge of the mainland. They are divisible into four classes: (a) those which are so elongated on the line joining adjacent ones that they seem to be mere modifications of anticlinals, though the supposed anticline is not really continuous; (6) those which lie in a line, but are not elongated in that direction, and often in no other; (c) those which are related to a fault, which cuts them in half; and (d) those which are not in any particular relation to each other, or to any other stratigraphical feature. The domes vary in degree of perfection: some are irregular, while some have the strata running in concentric circles, the outer and newer strata dipping away from the inner and older. In no less than ten of the thirty-two domes igneous bosses are found occupying the centre, and these are distributed amongst all of the above classes. The Author gives reasons for maintaining that the domes are the results of intrusion of igneous rocks in the form of laccolites, and are not anticlinal folds which have afterwards been affected by cross-folds. The domes are contrasted with igneous peaks which occur in abundance in a different part of the area, usually at a higher horizon of the strata and at a higher level above sea. ‘These are probably volcanic pipes through which the lava was forced and extruded at the surface. The Author compares the rocks of the bosses with those of the dykes and flows. Both are principally perfectly fresh dolerites, but the former are distinguished by the presence of intergrowths of micropegmatite as the last stage of consolidation, as in the ‘ Konga diabases.’ There is also among them a felsite-breccia with micro- pegmatite developed in the cracks. He considers that nearly all the igneous rocks of Cutch have been derived from a single magma, which in a solid condition must have contained large crystals of augite, olivine, and ilmenite in a ground- mass of lime-felspars, and have been throughout of a basic character. Such a magma originated in more than one centre. One was possibly not far from the Sindree basin, whence lines of weakness diverged. Along these, owing to the thickness of the strata, there was no extrusion at the surface, and laccolite-domes were formed. Where the rock reached higher levels, it spread out into sheets between the domes and aided in the production of synclinals. Another centre was west of Bhuj, where the rock reached the surface without materially disturbing the sedimentary rocks, and formed the so-called Vol.54.| REV.J.F. BLAKE ON THE LACCOLITES OF CUICH. 13 ‘stratified traps.’ There were also areas here, especially to the south, where escape was impossible and domes were formed. The Author observes that his conclusions, if correct, may be applied to explain the source of the Deccan trap without eruptive centres. It may have been forced out from innumerable orifices as from a sieve, none of these being so much larger than others as to make a definite centre. Discussion. Mr. W. W. Warts congratulated the Author on abolishing the mushroom-stalk-like dyke which disfigured most diagrams of lacco- lites, but failed to understand that the diagrams exhibited by Prof. Blake showed the typical structure of these igneous masses. Indeed, the whole of the sedimentary rocks of this region were represented as floating on a mass of igneous rock. He pointed out that in the Shelve and Corndon area the igneous rock occupied several positions—anticlinal spaces, arch-limb spaces, fault-planes, and twist-lines. The physical structure of the region, however, was just like that of areas from which igneous rocks were absent, making it clear that the structure was the result of lateral pressure, but that an igneous magma was at hand which welled up into all the regions of lower pressure. It was interesting to note that the rock- types of the laccolites described by the Author corresponded with those described in British masses, and not with those whose petro- graphy had been the subject of the recent memoir by Whitman Cross, published in the 14th Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey. Mr. Rourtey said that he felt the limited time allotted to the reading of the paper had prevented the Author from doing justice to his work. After emphasizing the relation of the terms ‘ peg- matitic’ and ‘ micropegmatitic,’ he suggested that it would be well to supplant the latter by ‘micrographic,’ as employed by Harker, restricting the term ‘graphic structure’ to the well-known coarse intergrowths of quartz and felspar which are at times associated with pegmatite proper or ‘ Riesengranit.’ The Prestipent and Gen. McManon also spoke. The AvurHor replied that the points raised by those who had discussed his brief résumé would all be found dealt with in the paper itself. 14 AN EXPLANATION OF THE CLAXHEUGH SECTION. [Feb. 1898, 3. An Expranation of the CLaxueveH Section (Co. Dunnam). By D. Wooracotr, Esq., M.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. G. A. Lesovr, M.A., F.G.S. Read June 23rd, 1897.) [ Abstract. | Tue section of which an explanation is offered in this communi- cation occurs about 2 miles west of Sunderland, and has been noticed by Messrs. King & Howse, and Prof. Lebour. The base shows the Permian Yellow Sands, which are succeeded at the western end of the section by the Marl Slate, thin-bedded lime- stones, and at the top crystalline limestones without any trace of bedding. At the eastern end the Marl Slate and thin-bedded lime- stones are absent, and except when a breccia intervenes the crystal- line limestones rest on the Yellow Sands, though the thin-bedded limestones and Marl Slate show no signs of thinning out. There are also minor complications. The Author suggests that the section may be explained by supposing that denudation occurred in a cavern, the roof of which afterwards fell in, and that disturbances were also produced by ‘ creep ’-movements. THE DECAPOD CRUSTACEA OF ENGLAND. 15 Wol. 54. | 4, A ContRisution to the Patmonrotoey of the Decarop CrustacEa of Eneranp. By the late James Carrer, F.R.C.S., F.GS. (Communicated by Prof. T. McKenny Hveuss, M.A., F.R.S. Read November 3rd, 1897 ) [Puates I & II.] ConTENTS. Page PPI CEUIER Le 5 .a/o. aw Ses cows sete Ieee Soielgctoahn Sse daew ks Sealer eee e sneer sedeaay 16 BEMIS ACOMOLIO AM sateen be cigs cance sos slaneck nav anmweuina dense cwitvlseeaeds 16 Nephrops. Gebia. Lh, EOSGVII pg Seas ae ee ae Seno een aS ee ch ene 18 Bailie POMMA CED | fenesa acs aesaecs aden stosecte de cncera sam -cccrenemceaa-anadstiyes 18 Gastrosacus. Plagiophthalmus. Dromilites. Homolopsis. Diaulax. Gontochele. Cyphonotus. UOT HVAT OUES) S.0t sonst .t- cetoursedeusnae testes mensisadawesseedddnounse ase 23 Ranina BIE rte ORY SHO MI ALA diac oc ng ceeds Gene mmciiscmoal yoelewaoueewaesacqarnaceassk oils 24: Paleocorystes. Campylostoma, Eucorystes. Mithracia. Cyclocorystes. Mithracites. Necrocarcinus. Trachynotus. Orithopsis. AON ELON CHOP Al 2 d- oecdsncd ieincjudcle