QL = be Quactely Journ a .Q15 MOLL of CONC ho [e Oy vet MO. 1% No No. 13.] NOVEMBER, 1877. [VoL, 1. THE ‘QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLO CONTENTS. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES: Bulimiaus Gibbonsi in’ AN, a e a Buliminus costatus Buliminus cimereus Opeas delicata Subulina intermedia ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: Suggestions for finding the smaller Land Shells.—H. Laver, F.1L.S. 264 Helix lamellata.—Richard Rimmer... er eh ees Soe 265 Helix Pisana.—Richard Rimmer ws ; ; be sae 266 List of Land Shells collected on Fitzroy eee with notes on their geographical range.—John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &ce. ... ste 268 Ten days’ dredging at Oban.—Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A. ... she 275 Descriptions of new species of Land Shells from the East Coast of Africa.—John W. Taylor ae 8 aKa 1S es 280 Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Terrestrial Mollusca | —C. P. Gloyne ... ne re, za ae at a 283 BIBLIOGRAPHY : : ree LONDON: HARDWICKE & BOGUE, 192, PiccADILLy, W. BRISTOL: W. K. MANN, Currron, LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN’s STREET. PRICE ONE SHILLING, NEE TT eae Full price will be paid for clean, perfect copies of Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of this Journal at the Office, St. Ann’s Street, Leeds. Bex CHAN Gas Collections of 20 species of British Limnezids, in exchange for Limneeidee of any other country.—W. Netson, Duke Street, Leeds. WANTED.—WHITE VARIETIES Of Helix pomatia, hispida, aculeata, fusca, lapicida; Zonites radiatulus; Clausilia rangosa; Cochlicopa tridens, lubrica; Acme lineata; Limnzea stagnalis, peregra ; in return, marine or land shells.—Rey. A. M. Norman, Burnmoor Rectory, Fence Houses, Co. Durham. To American ConcHoLocists.—Melanize and other operculated freshwater shells desired in exchange for British Land and Freshwater Shells.—J. WuirwHam, Cross Lane, Marsh, Huddersfield, England. Limnea glutinosa, Planorbis lineatus, Helix cartusiana, &c., offered for Vertigo moulinsiana, V. alpestris, V. substriata, V. pusilla, Helix hispida var. albida, Limnea involuta, rare British marine or foreign shells, or small glass tubes.—E. R. F., 82, Abbey Street, Faversham, Kent. BOOKS RECEIVED. Bulletin of the United States Entomological Commission—No. 1,-De- struction of the young or unfledged Locusts, 8vo., 1877, pp. 16. No. 2. On the Natural History of the Rocky Mountain Locust, &c.,.8vo., 1877, pp. 24. [ Prof. Packard, jun. Bulletin of the United States National Museum :—No. 8.—Index to the names which have been applied to the subdivisions of the class Brachiopoda, by Prof. W. H. Dall, 1877, 8vo., pp. 88. [The Author. Die geographische Verbreitung der Binnen-mollusken, by Dr. W. Kobelt, 1877, 8vO., pp. 30. [The Author. Notes on a small collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from South- East Madagascar, with descriptions of new species, by Geo. French Angas, C.M.Z.S.; F.L.S.,&c. [The Author. Jahrbiicher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, edited by Dr. W. Kobelt, July 1877, 8vo., pp. 80 and 3 plates. [The Editor. The Post-Tertiary Fossils procured in the late Arctic Expedition ; with some notes on the recent or living mollusca from the same expedi- tion, by J:Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R:S., &¢., &c.) Sept, megae 8vo., pp. 14. [The Author. The American Naturalist.—Edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, jun., Aug.— October, 1877, 8vo. [The Editor. The Naturalist—Edited by C. P. Hobkirk and G. T. Porritt, F.LS., August-November, 1877, 8vo. [The Editors. we THE NATURALIST: Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and General Field Club Record. Epirep by C. P. Hopxirk and G. T. Porrirt, F.LS. Monthly price 4a., or 4s. per annum (in advance ). Vol. III. commenced August, 1877. Post FREE OF R. Brown, Publisher, Huddersfield. In January, April, July & October, 48 pp, 8vo. “he Scottish Naturalist,” A Quarterly Magazine of ScorrisH Natural History, Edited by F. Bucnanan Wuite, M.D., F.L.S. Price (paid in advance) 4s. per annum, post free. If not paid in advance, 4s. 6d., and postage extra. Single Numbers ts. 2d. ——- ~- | o- Apply to the Epitor, Pertu; or Mr. J. Youne, C.E., Tay Street, Perth. Vol. LV. commenced with the number for January, 1877. Vol. I may still be had—Price, Seven Shillings. G. B. SOWERBY, 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST, LONDON, Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies desiderata, and entire Collections, from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION, 0. A5, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, And at No Other Address. BOOKS “RECEIVED, ( Continued ). Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1876, 8vo., pp. 200. [The Society. Address to the Biological Section of the-British Association, Plymouth, 16th August, 1877, by J. Gywn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., Treas. yaa Be ce '&C., President of the Section, 1877, 8vo., pp. ‘9. [The Author. Descriptions of a new genus of Gastropodous Mollusca from Japan, and of a new species of Bullia from Kurrachi, by George French Angas, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &c., 1877, 8vo., pp. 2 and plate. [The Author. Report on thé Brachiopoda of Alaska and the adjacent shores of North- West America, by Prof. W. H. Dall, 1877, 8vo., pp. 18. [The Authore The Conetal oneal Society GREAT BRITAIN. AND IRELAND. «— <2 + &<— LIST OF ZAND SHETLS COLLECTED ON #i7eAor ISLAND ; WITH NOTES ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE. By Joun Brazier, C.M.ZS., Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of New South Wales, Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania. Fitzroy is a small granitic island on the North-East Coast of Australia, near Cape Grafton, and about one mile off the main- land ; it is nearly two miles long North-East and South-West, and two-thirds of a mile broad ; it rises to a peak 860 feet above the level of the sea, and is well wooded Tight to its summit. Among the most luxuriant tropical growths, which are of great frequency, the familiar Eucalypti rear their not always graceless stems. One’s progress is very much impeded in the valleys by prodigious climbers with stems 200 to 300 yards long ( Calamus Australis ). Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 269 In June, 1848, when the island was visited by my friend Mr. John Macgillivray, in H.M.S. Rattlesnake, he only records two J 5 Ys ? y species Buliinus Tuckeri and Pupina Thomsont. When I visited the island in December, 1871, with the Australian Eclipse Expedition, I obtained at or near the watering place on the west side of the island 7 species of Helix, 1 Heli- carton, 2 of Lupa, 1 Diplommatina, 1 Leptopoma, 2 of Bulimus (including Zuckerz), 1 Ditropis, 1 Georissa (these two are forms quite new to Australia), and 1 Zrwncatella. I now add 3 species of AZelampus, 1 of Pythta and 1 of Cassrdula, which I collected in one day, during my second visit on June 6th, 1875, though only on the island for a few hours. I also obtained another species of “Helix, making, with the Land and Amphibious species, the total of 24. They are as follows :— tr. Helix Macgillivrayi, 7ordes, Voyage of H.M.S. Rattle- snake, vol. il, p. 377, plate 3, fig. 1. Found on the trunks and limbs of trees in the valleys, at-an elevation of 456 feet above sea level. The type specimens were found by Mr. Macgillivray on the Frankland Islands, some three miles south of Fitzroy. Only a few months back my friend Mr. C. E. Beddome obtained specimens on the mainland, 28 miles inland from Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. 2. Helix-Franklandiensis, fordes, Voyage of H.M.S. Rattle- snake, vol. ii., p. 372, plate ii, fig. 2 a.b. Found under decayed wood at the roots of trees in the valleys, at 300 feet. Also collected by Mr. Macgillivray, at the Frankland Islands. Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, in the bushes under leaves (Mr. C, E, Beddome). 270 3: 4. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. Helix Aridorum, Cox, Proc. Zool. Society, 1867, p. 924. Found on the flat near the watering place, under coral and decayed wood. This is the same species found by Mr. Macgillivray at the Frankland Islands and quoted by the late Professor Forbes as Helix stmilaris, Fér. J have seen some of the original specimens from the Franklands, and have com- pared them with what I collected at Fitzroy, under the lens. They are all finely granulated, characters not to be found in felix stmilaris, Fér. Helix aridorum is also found at the Clarence River, New South Wales, Brisbane and Burnett River, Queensland. The only locality in any part of Australia where ZZ s¢melaris, Fér., is found is in Guilfoyle’s Nursery Double Bay and Elizabeth Bay, near Sydney, New South Wales. ‘They were introduced with plants from the Mauritius. After rain I have found them in vast numbers, crawling on the trunks of fruit trees and on the ground under Samphire and Dianthus. It is quite improbable that Hle/ix similaris has ever been carried on floating timber to Australia. Helix Elleryi, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 668, plate Ixxxill, figs. 3-4. Found under decayed leaves, near the watering place. A small, conical, very thin, pale brown shell, having the periphery sharply keeled and spirally striated. It is also found on the Barnard Islands No. III, North East Australia, under drift coral, thrown up, one time or another, during some terrific gale. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 2471 5. Helix Russelli, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 668, plate 13-14. Found near the watering place, under leaves at the roots of trees. A small, turbinately globose, thin, shining, horny, brown shell, with elevated spire. On my way to New Guinea, in 1875, I found it on Barnard Islands No. I11; Home Islands, off Cape Gren- ville, North-East Australia ; Cape York, North Australia ; Bet and Darnley Islands, Torres Straits ; Cardwell, Rock- ingham Bay (Mr. C. E. Beddome). 6. Helix turriculata, Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 724. Found with Helix L£lleryi and Russelle. It does not differ from the type specimens from Port Curtis. Also Barnard Islands No. ITI. 7. Helix pampina, Cox, Monog. Aust. Land Shells, 1868, Pp 3, plate x1x, fig. 9. Found on the leaves and trunks of trees, at an elevation of 456 feet above sea level. I include this as I obtained it during my second visit of a few hours, in 1875, to the island, on my way to New Guinea. I also obtained specimens at the Great Palm and Barnard Islands No. III, North-East Australia; Albany Island and Cape York, North Australia. The typical specimen in my collection was obtained at Wide Bay, Queensland, Bowen, Port Denison (Mr. A. Simson). 272 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. - 8. Helix rustica, Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 112. = FT, inconspicua, Forbes. =— de tui iCna eee: Found under decayed wood and leaves, at the roots of trees, near the watering place. 9. Bulimus Tuckeri, Pfr., Proc. Zool. Society, 1846, p. 30. = B. Walk Cox. Found in crevices of coral, at the roots of trees. Also on Barnard and Home Islands, North-East Aus- tralia; Albany Island and Cape York, North Australia ; Sue, Warrior, Bet, Long, Dungeness, and Cocoanut Islands, Torres Straits. These last localities I visited in 1875. Sunday, Lizard, and Sir Charles Hardy’s Islands (Macgillivray). All these islands are inside the great Aus. tralian coral barrier. to. Bulimus pacificus, Pfr., Mon. Helic. Viv., 1859, Vol. iii, Dp. ALA. = Pupa paciica, Pir. Proc.” Zool. Society, oases Ds atk ‘ound with BL. Zucker7, and at the whole 1e above F 1 with 4. Zuckeri, and at the whole of the ab islands. 11. Helicarion Brazieri, Cox, Proc. Zool. Society, 1873, Dp: @ba, Found at.an altitude of 456 feet above sea level, crawl- ing on the trunks of trees and on large granite boulders, in the dark and thickly wooded virgin forest. 12, Vertigo Macdonnelli, Bvazer, Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 669, pl. Ixxxiul, figs, 22-23. Found under leaves and at the roots of trees, Quarterly Journal of Conchology. Paul. Also No. 8 Island, Claremont Group, off Cape Sidmouth, Barnard Islands No. III, North-East Australia; Cape York, North Australia. 13. Vertigo Scotti, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 669, pl. Ixxxili, figs. 24—26. Only one specimen found at the watering place, under a bit of wood. 14. Diplommatina Gowllandi, &razier, Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 670, pl. Ixxxiil, figs. rg—21. Found at the roots of trees, crawling upon the grass during a heavy rain. On my second visit to the island, in 1875, I only obtained 3 specimens, no rain having fallen for some months. Everything appeared to have been burnt up with the warm weather. 15. Cyclophorus (Ditropis) Whitei, Brazer, Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 669, pl. lxxxiii, figs.. 5—7. Found under wood near the watering place. Barnard Islands No. III, North-East Australia ; found under coral at the edge of the brushes. 16, Leptopoma vitreum, Zesson, Voy. de la Coq., p. 346, pie 13, fis. 6. = Dermatocera vitrea, H. & A. Adams. Found on the leaves and trunks of trees and small bushes, at the altitude of 456 feet. Also found at the whole of the Solomon Islands, New Britain and New Ireland. They are brought off by the natives in small-sized baskets, three or four quarts in each. The Rev. George Brown,-on his return from New Britain 274 Quarterly Journal of Counchology. and New Ireland, brought with him to Sydney some bushels cf them. Dunk, Frankland, and Green Islands, North-East Australia (Macgillivray). * t7. Pupina Thomsoni, fortes, Voy. H.M.S. Rattlesnake, App., p. 394, pl. im, fig: 2. Found at the roots of trees in shaded places. Living specimens are only to be procured during rain ; in the dry season one has to scrape and dig in the loose coral that forms the high flat before one can get perfect and dead specimens. 18. Georissa multilirata, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 670, pl. Ixxxi, figs. 8—ro. Found crawling on the roots of grass during a heavy rain. 19. Truncatella teres, P/, Proc. Zocl. Society, 1856, p. 336. Found under wood at the watering place, and near the coral sand beach, under drift timber and weeds. Also found on Barrow Island and Cape Grenville, North- East Australia. 20. Melampus pulchellus, /eziz, Proc. Zool. Society, 1842, p. 202. = Auricula pulchella, Petit. One specimen found up the valley at the watering place. 21. Melampus trifasciatus, Aws?er, Auricula, p. 38, pl. v, qd Gise aS kaye One specimen found at the watering place. 1) 1S) . Melamous parvulus, WVi¢¢a// in Pfr. Mon. Auricula, 1856, D:ae One specimen found at the watering place, Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 275 The aperture is lighter in colour than in the specimens from Oahu, Sandwich Islands. 23. Pythia Argenvillei, 2, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1853, p. 191. Found in vast numbers in shaded places up the valley, near the watering place, under decayed wood and leaves. 24. Cassidula angulifera, /efct, (Auricula), in Revue Zool., LO41,, Pp» LOT. = Auricula subrepia, Homb et Jaq. = Auricula angulata, Forbes. = Melampus anguliferus, Chenu. = Rhodostoma bidentata, Swainson, Proc. Royal Soc. Tasmania, 1854, vol. ili, p. 45, pl. vil, fig. 4. One specimen found near the brackish water. I have also found it on the mainland at Cardwell, Cape Sidmouth, North-East Australia; Mud Bay, Cape York, North Australia ; and Katow, South New Guinea. It was described by Swainson as Rhodostoma bidentata, « and appears to have been overlooked by authors. i TEN DAYS’ DREDGING AT OBAN. By the Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A. A line of railway has been now opened to Dalmally, and Oban has thus been brought within very easy reach of the tourist visiting Scotland. ‘This deservedly favourite place, on the western coast, is likely each year to become more frequented. It has struck me, therefore, that a list of the Mollusca which, during a very short visit, were observed in the land-locked waters close to Oban, might not be without interest to your readers. 276 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. In August last I went to Oban for the purpose of examin- ing the fauna of the Bay more minutely than I had previously had opportunity of doing when merely staying there for a night or so in years gone by, on my way to dredging grounds further to the north. It is necessary that I should mention that during my recent visit my attention was chiefly directed to the Polyzoa, Crustacea, Hydrozoa and Sponges.* The Mollusca were regarded by me as of secondary moment, as I was not likely to find, in such a locality, anything that was new to me; and, although the larger species which could be seen with the unassisted eye in the sieves while at sea were carefully picked out, the finer sand and mud were not saved for home examination. Had my aim been merely the pro- curing of shells, the following list would no doubt have been con- siderably extended as regards the smaller species (Lzssoa, Odostomia, &c.); although the locality does not seem so favour- able for minute as it is for the larger Mollusca. The boat employed was a small row-boat with two oars. The depth dredged never exceeded 16-20 fathoms; and the area examined was purposely very restricted. It only embraced Oban Bay, lying to the north of a line drawn from Oban to Kerrera, and thence to the “ Maiden Isle,” and perhaps three-quarters of a mile round the point on which Dunolly Castle stands. Kerrera Sound to the south of Oban, Loch Linnhe outside of the Island of Kerrera, and Loch Etive were left wholly unexplored. Taking these circumstances into consideration, the concho- logist who casts his eye down the following list will be in a “position to understand—first, that the Molluscan fauna of the Bay * I hope before long to publish elsewhere some notes with respect to the animals of these classes which were procured, Many species new to our fauna or to science were obtained, Quarterly Journal of Conchology. ag of Oban is very rich ; secondly, that interest attaches to the Oban fauna, as, indeed, to that of the Hebrides generally, on account of the intermixture of northern and southern forms. Terebratula caput-serpentis, (Zzz. ) Crania anomala, (JZci/ler). Anomia ephippium, Zz. » Striata, Loven. Ostrea edulis, Zz. Pecten pusio, (Zzz.) 55 opercularis, (Zz7. ) » tigrinus, ( AZ’. ) », striatus, (AZi//. ) » niveus, JZacgil. » similis, Laskey. », maximus, (Lz. ) Lima elliptica, Jef. » Loscombii, Soz. » hians, (Gmelin ). Mytilus edulis, Zzz. », modiolus, Lzz. »» Pphaseolinus, (P/z7.) Modiolaria marmorata, (ordes ). discors, (Zz7.) af nigra, ( Gray ). Nucula nucleus, (zz. ) Leda minuta, (A777. ) Pectunculus glycimeris, (Lzz. ) Arca tetragona, Polz. Lucina spinifera, (AZonz¢. ) » borealis, (Lz7.) Axinus flexuosus, (JZont. ) Cardium edule, £27. » fasciatum, JZonz. » nodosum, Zurton., Cyprina Islandica, (Zzn.) Astarte sulcata, (Da Costa). » elliptica, (Browz ). Circe minima, (AZonz. ) Venus lincta, Pulteney. » fasciata, (Da Costa). yO Gasina,, 2272, » Ovata, Perm. 278 Quarterly Journal of Concholog). Venus gallina, Zzz. Tapes virgineus, (Zz7. ) », pullastra, (AZonz. ) Lucinopsis. undata, (Pen. ) Tellina crassa, Penn. » fabula, Gronov. Psammobia tellinella, Lamk, Ferréensis, (Chemn.) Mactra elliptica, Brown. Syndesmia nitida, (Afz//. ) aj alba, ( Wood. ) Scrobicularia piperata, (Zz. ) Solen pellucidus, Pez. Syn MONSIS, 27.277: Pandora obtusa, Leach. Lyonsia Norvegica, ( Chemn ). Cochlodesma preetenue, (Pu/z. ) Thracia villosiuscula, (AZacgil. ) Corbula gibba, (Olivi.) Mya truncata, ‘Lin Zs Sphzenia Binghami, ( Turton). Saxicava rugosa, (Lz. ) 5 Varwarctica, (L709) Dentalium entalis, Zz7. Chiton fascicularis, Lin, cinereus, £772. marginatus, Pen. ruber, 27. eevis, Penn. marmoreus, Fiz, Patella vulgata, Lin. Helcion pellucidum, (Zzz. ) Tectura testudinalis, (AZ7//. ) » virginea, (AZz//. ) Pilidium fulvum, (JZz//. ) Emarginula fissura, (Zzz. ) Yissurella Greeca, (Lz7. ) Trochus Groenlandicus, Chem, magus, L272. tumidus, JZonz¢. cinerarius, £77. umbilicatus, Afont. Montacuti, W. Wood. zizyphinus, Zzz. ” Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 279 Trochus millegranus, P/z/. : Lacuna divaricata, (adr. ) Littorina obtusata, (Zz7.) rudis, (AZaton. ) A ,, var.tenebrosa, (JZonz.) 3 littorea, (Zin. ) _Rissoa parva, (Da Costa ). inconspicua, Alder. membranacea, (Adamnis ). striata, ( Adams y. Hydrobia ulvee, (Penz.) Turnitella terebra, (Zzn.) Odostomia conoidea, (4rocchz). 5 unidentata, AZovt. Velutina levigata, Penn. Trichotropis borealis, Brod. G& Sew. Aporrhais pes-pelicani, (Zzz. ) Purpura lapillus, (Zzz. ) Buccinum undatum, Lin. Murex erinaceus, oe. Trophon Barvicensis, (/o/zst. ) » truncatus, (Std. ) Fusus antiquus, (Zz7.) Nassa incrassata, (.S¢70v1 ). Defrancia linearis, ( 4/on¢. ) Pleurotoma striolata, P/z/. septang sularis, (LZont. ) rura, (Mor nt.) 3 turricula, (AZont. ) Cypraea Europzea; AZonz. ) 2) 2? 2? 9) Only a very few Nudibranchiata were observed, and those were common species. The following Mollusca, though not obtained during my last visit, are also to be found in the neighbourhood of Oban. Many of them have been previously dredged by myself in Loch Linnhe, and the rest have been recorded on reliable authority—found by "Jeffreys, Barlee, Bedford, &c. :— Pecten Teste, Bivona; Nucula sulcata, Brown, and N. nitida, G. B. Sow ; Kellia suborbicularis, (AZont.) ; Lepton squa- 280 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. mosum, (Jonz.); Isocardia cor, (Zin.) ; Nezera cuspidata, (O/iv2); Chiton Hanleyi, Bean; Propilidium alcyloide, (Forbes); Emar- ginula crassa, G. Sow.,; Cyclostrema nitens, (P#z/.), and C. serpuloides, (AZonz.) ; Trochus helicinus, /wé. ; Phasianella pulla, (Zzn.); Rissoa reticulata, (AZont¢.), R. violacea. Desm., R. vitrea, (Mont.), and R. semistriata, (AZont.) ; Odostomia Lukisi, Jef, O. umbilicaris, (JZa/m.), O. insculpta, (AZonz.), and O. decussata, (Afont.) ; Chemunitzia fulvocincta, (Zhompson) ; Eulimella affinis, fF. & H.,; Natica Montagui, /orbes; Cerithiopsis tubercularis, (Mont.) ; Pleurotoma attenuata (Mont), and P. brachystoma, fhil. Of course the list is capable of considerable extension as regards the commoner forms. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELES PROM THE EAST ‘COAST OF APRIGA By Joun W. Taytor. I have pleasure in resuming the description and publication of the various and interesting species collected by Mr. Gibbons in East Africa. Buliminus Gibbonsi (Pl. III., fig. 1). SHELL broadly ovato-conical, thin, glistening, hardly semi-trans- parent, of a light horn color, strongly and very regularly striate in the line of growth; efédermis distinct, moderate; whorls 614-7 broad, ventricose ; the dody-whorl very large; the apex blunt ; saztwre distinct; aperture ovate; outer lip thin, simple ; inner lip reflected partly over the umbilicus; anterior end of mouth rounded ; wmdilicus large and deep. Length 0.625, breadth 0.375. “fab. Mozambique. Two specimens only of this fine species were obtained on’ the mainland, Mozambique. One of the specimens, found beneath a stone, was evidently only recently dead. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 281 Buliminus costatus, G7bdons, MS. (PI. IIL, fig 2). SHELL slender, elongately-conical, thin, of a light opaque brownish color, with distinct, transverse, and slightly oblique ribs; the whorls are lighter colored than the rest of the shell; epzdermas thin; whorls 6-614 tumid, flattened, and inflected towards suture, producing a somewhat turrite aspect, gradually increasing in size, the last whorl forming about one-third the length of the shell ; swturve broad and deep; mouth narrow, ovato-elliptical, somewhat contracted and pointed in front; outer “7p thin and direct, long and gently curved ; zzzer ip short and straight ; columella slightly twisted ; aperture white within and strength- ened by a slight internal thickening ; wmdzlicus obsolete. Length 0.156, breadth 0.062. fTab. Zanzibar. Only two dead specimens of this pretty species were found, among dead leaves under trees at Zanzibar. Opeas delicata, Gibbons, MS. (PI. IIL, fig. 3). ANIMAL yellowish. SHELL conico-turrite, elongate, very thin, semi-transparent, glossy, of a pearly gray color, clouded and rather opaque in places, finely but very distinctly striulate transversely, the striulee rather curved, with the convexity towards the aperture; epidermis very thin; whorls 7-8, rather tumid, rapidly enlarging, especi- ally after the 4th or 5th whorl, the last being much the largest and most tumid ; afex rather obtuse ; swéwre deep and distinct ; mouth rather narrow, ovate, somewhat oblong, ps almost parallel, outer thin and sinuous, ze very slightly reflected behind anterior end of aperture, rounded ; wmdilicus narrow but rather deep. Length 0.275, breadth 0.093. flab, Zanzibar. 282 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. Rather diffused around Zanzibar, but not common ; usually under stones. A number were found by Mr. Gibbons in the in- terstices of a small piece of coral, lying on the ground under a tree; a few yards away great quantities of dead and old shells were lying among the grass, near some bushes. In March this species contains 3 or 4 large calcareous shelled eggs, Buliminus cinereus, Gzddons, MS. (Pl. IIL, fig. 5). SHELL conical. tapering, rather thin, of a light brown color, faintly striulate transversely ; ef¢dermis thin and distinct ; whorls 7%, convex, inflected towards suture, gradually enlarging to last, which is rounded and one-third the length of the shell, spire produced, tapering ; @fex rather acute ; suture deep and very distinct ; sof .ovato-trigonal, slightly pointed in front, sub- angulate behind ; feristome thin and direct ; zzner lip slightly reflected ; wmdi/icus distinct, moderately deep. Length 0.25, breadth 0.105. ffab. Zanzibar. One dead specimen of this species was found at Zanzibar. Subulina intermedia, G7ddons, MS. (Pl. III, fig. 4). ANIMAL with body less than one-half the length of the shell, narrow and high, derswm rounded; ¢ad/ sloping and abruptly pointed ; cola a pearly white ; upper tentacles very short and also white, tipped with faint brownish ; ower almost obsolete. SHELL elongated, very slender, conico-cylindrical, very thin, glossy semi-transparent, of a glassy straw color, very finely striolate in the line of growth ; epidermis very thin; whorls 8-8%, very oblique, convex, gradually tapering to apex, which is obtuse and abrupt ; the last whorl is but little larger than the penultimate ; suture very oblique, deep; mouth broadly ovate ; outer ip thin Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 283 and curved ; columella truncate, with a thin and somewhat indistinct layer of callus ; wmdbilicus obsolete. Length 0.375, breadth 0.076. Hab, Zanzibar. Rather numerous at Zanzibar, but in one place only, viz., under a bush in or on the light mould. The animal crawls very slowly and by jerks, dragging the shell after it; the position of the shell would appear to be a matter of little moment to the animal ; sometimes it is pulled along sideways, and on one occasion Mr. Gibbons observed a specimen actually pushing its shell before it. The tail is usually slightly curved upwards. ———====8£G0GC0thte==———___ REMARKS ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA. By C. P. GLoyNe. I. INTRODUCTORY.—We have been induced to put together the following remarks on the geographical distribution of the terrestrial mollusca by the consideration that no general survey of the subject has been published in England of a later date than that in Woodward’s “ Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells,” of - which the first edition was published nearly a quarter of a century ago, and the second in 1866. ‘The account of the subject in the first edition was very good for the time, that in the second was partially, but only partially, revised, and the third edition was a mere reprint of the second. Of late years the discoveries of new species in regions little known in Woodward’s time have been very numerous, and, besides this, the general classification of the terrestrial mollusca has been completely altered, so that, for example, the West Indies, to which 284 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 27 species of Achatina are attributed by Woodward, are not now considered to possess one; not on account of errors in localities, but because all the species are referred to other genera—the genus Achatina being now restricted to the large phytophagous African species, ¢.g., 4. fulica. The additions that have been made to our knowledge of the particular regions will be stated more particularly under each. It may, however, be well to say generally that whilst the additions to the faunas of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor, of Tropical Africa, of Philippines, of the United States, and, to a less extent, of South America, have, though con- siderable, not been such as to materially modify general conclu- sions, the contrary is the case with regard to India, many of the Polynesian Islands (including New Caledonia), Australia, and Mexico. We adopt, generally, the great divisions of Dr. Sclater, sub- dividing them into regions of smaller extent, and we would make the general remark that whilst on continents a vast extent of land is sometimes comprised in a single region, very small islands must often be separately treated. With regard to the boundaries of regions there is one mis- conception as to which we must warn our readers, that of thinking that they are sharply defined. This is only true with regard to some islands, and even with them there are often cases in which the fauna has in some way overstepped a narrow strait and spread to the neighbouring mainland, as in the case of Florida, which has received a large immigration of West Indian species. On continents a sharp boundary is very rare, and the rule is for one fauna gradually to give way to another, as there are seldom natural obstacles forming perfect barriers ; even in the case of the Tropical African Province, perhaps the best defined of any, Abyssinia is a sort of border land in which such purely African groups as Limicolaria and fella are found together with . Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 285 Euparypha, Patula and a whole series of Pufa of European facies. In short, these boundaries are not like those made by treaty, whether at Vienna or Frankfort, but what they lose in definite- ness they gain in permanency, for whereas the political map of Europe fifty years ago would now be pretty antiquated, and that of a century back useless, it would require many centuries, or rather hundreds of centuries, before there was any perceptible change in the conchological map of the same region. The following are the Provinces defined by Dr. Sclater, and now generally admitted. I, THE PAL#ARCTIC PROVINCE; 2, THE ETHIOPIAN PROVINCE; 3, [THE PALOTROPICAL PROVINCE; 4, THE AUSTRALASIAN PROVINCE; 5, THE NEARCTIC PROVINCE; 6, THE NEOTROPICAL PROVINCE. II. The Palearctic Province.—We include under this Province, with reference to the Mollusca, all Europe, Africa north of the Sahara, the Atlantic Islands (the Azores, the Madeira Archipelago, the Canaries and Cape de Verdes), Asia north of the line of deserts, and, also, Arctic America, but we exclude Japan— contrary to Mr. Wallace’s views in his excellent work on the Geographical Distribution of Animals—as the genera Cyclophoris, Alyceus, Pupina and Felicina are undoubtedly tropical, and the Japanese C/ausilie are related to the tropical forms of Burmah, Siam, etc., and not to the European species. With regard to Arctic America we would refer to a very interesting article by Mr. Binney, “Catalogue of the Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of North America,” in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in which he gives a list of 33 species of the “ Northern Region,” of which ‘13 are also found in Europe. It is our opinion, from the similarity of the Siberian to the European fauna, that these species spread to America by way of Asia, across the narrow Behring’s Straits rather than by Iceland and Greenland, and the 286 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. discovery of a species of C/ausilia in Alaska (formerly Russian America) seems to confirm this view. A very complete catalogue of the species of this province (except the Atlantic Islands) is Dr. Kobelt’s “ Catalog der im Europeeischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconchylien,” and Rossmaessler’s Iconographie with Kobelt’s continuation, will, when complete, give figures and descriptions of all the species of land and freshwater shells mentioned in the Catalogue. There is no want of works on particular districts, this having been naturally the best explored province of all, especially in its northern parts. For lists of the species found in the Atlantic Islands the following authors should be consulted: Morelet for the Azores, Paiva for Madeira, etc., Mousson for the Canaries, and Dohrn’s papers for the Cape de Verdes. We sub-divide this province as follows :— 1. NORTHERN REGION. 2. MEDITERRANHAN REGION. A. Ausiro-Turkish Division. B, Italian Division. C. Hispano-Algerian Division, Oe VATELANINEG Tal G LOM: A. Azores. B. Madeiran Archipelago. C. Canaries. D. Cape de Verdes. 1. THE NORTHERN REGION.—This region, which we consider as embracing the whole of Europe to the north of the Medi- terranean basin, Siberia, and Arctic America, and, probably, from the list of species found near Kieff, published by M. Jelski in the Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 287 Journal de Conchyliologie for 1873, also the northern shores of the Black Sea, is poor in comparison with most of the others. The characteristic group is /rudicicola, the subgenus of /e/ix, including rufescens, hispida, etc., and the small subgenera of Helix, Acantht- nuda and Vallonza are also marked features. The other subgenera of Helix are poorly represented. Xerophila and Luparypha are found in the littoral districts, as is also the subgenus Coch/icella represented by HZ. acuta, Miiller, the shell called Bulimus acutus by Jeffreys and Pfeiffer. (It may here be remarked that the Jamaican 7 acuta, Lam. must change its name if Cochlicella acuta is to be finally considered as a Helix, we have seen acutissima used in Paetel’s catalogue, but as that name was given to a very distinct variety, we prefer H. Lamarckiz, Fér, for the species, the other Z. Lamarckii being now universally included in Vanna). The genus Hyalina is pretty largely represented in this region. Pupa and Vertigo are also abundant, Budléminus has only a very few species, C/ausz/ia seems to die out to the north and west from its centre of dispersion in the Balkan Peninsula, and throughout the greater portion of the region Cyclostomus elegans and one or two species of Acme form the sole representatives of the opercul- ate Pulmonifera. This region includes the greater part of Dr. Fischer’s Western Region which he makes to extend all along the coast of the Atlantic from Ireland to Portugal, We can hardly agree with this division. It is based upon the occurrence of certain peculiar species. ‘These, however, are mostly limited to peculiar localities, whilst those species such as Helix pisana and variadbilis which are truly distinctive of the coast, as opposed to the inland, fauna are also found throughout all the coasts of the Mediterranean. The truth appears to be that these species are common to the coast of the whole province (except in the Arctic Regions), and, therefore, unless a littoral region is to be formed, embracing the whole extent of land within a league or two of the sea, hardly an advisable 288 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. plan, they cannot be considered as defining any particular geographical region, but are merely species limited to a particular* station in the same way as rock or marsh-loving species. In Amooria, according to Schrenck, 17 out of 25 species are European, showing the immense diffusion of this poor fauna. Two districts on the southern boundaries of this region deserve special. mention—the Pyrenees and the Alps. The Pyrenees possess many peculiar species, amongst which may be mentioned Helix constricta, carascalensis and Rangiana, Pupa pyrenearia, polyodon, Partioti and ringens (indeed the subgenus Torquilla is largely Pyrenean) and Clausilia Pauli. FPomatias is also abundant, and of many wide-spreading species there are special varieties. The Alps, forming as they do the dividing line between the Northern and Mediterranean regions, naturally partake of’the fauna of both, but the more numerous and charac- teristic species are Mediterranean. Il. THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION.—This is the richest part of the Palzearctic Province, and mav be considered to include not only the basin of the Mediterranean itself, but that of the Black Sea, except, probably, the northern shores and the whole of Asia to the south of Siberia, and the west of the Indian Province, except Arabia. Though there are many features in common, we consider that there are certain types characteristic of the different divisions, not by their exclusive limitation but by their great development. We refer to Clausilia and Buliminus in the East, and JAZacularia and Tberus in the West, and we therefore divide the region as follows: A, the Austro-Turkish Division, comprising the basin of the Danube, the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor and the Caucasus ; B, the Italian Division, including, in addition to Italy proper, the Italian Tyrol, and the Swiss Canton of Ticino; and C, the Hispano-Algerien Division, forming the western and southern part of the region, =— PI. MED. rt I é f a] + & 9 er id he) iL he) Ih al 4 ag ad a it : y 3 5 5 1. BULIMINUS GIBBONSI. 2. B. COSTATUS. 8. OPEAS DELICATA. 4. BULIMINUS CINEREUS. 5, SUBULINA INTERMEDIA, NATURAL HISTORY OF TEXAS. Texan insecis, Phyllopod Crustacea, and Land and Fresh-water Shells for Sale by 3 G. W. BELFRAGE, Clifton, Bosque County, TEXAS, U.S.A. R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Booksellers, BERLIN, N.W., Carlstrasse, 1], Beg to recommend their Stock (the largest in the World) of Books on NATURAL HISTORY and SCIENCE, containing the richest collection of works on Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Palzeon- tology, Mathematics, Scientific Seriels and Transactions of learned Scientific Societies as well as Monographs and Scientific Pamphlets, including the rarest ones. IES Special Catalogues for every department of Science issued continu- ally and forwarded gratis. 0 Just out: Catalogue No. 258: Conchology, the richest selec- tion of Works and Monographs on recent and fossil Mollusca, including the works of Adams, Binney, Blainville, Chenu, Costa. Davidson, Delle Chiaje, Deshayes, Gould, Jay, Hornes, Kiister, Lea, Lamarck, Pfeiffer, Philippi, Poli, Rossmiassler, Reeve, etc., ete. ROBERT F. GEALE, Natural His torn Agent, (Many years with the late HucuH CuMING), SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, ECCS, REPTILES, &c., &c. 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