K. | = a il No. IIT.] NOVEMBER, 1874. [Vou I. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY, CONDUCTED BY WM. NELSON AND JOHN W. TAYLOR. ConTENTs. PAGE ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : A List of Land and wig: Shells collected at ees Kent— Harry LESLIE : ‘ eS: A. variety of Land Shell new to Britain (Clausilia meee var. **Schlechtii”—W. D. Surron : : . 30 Zonites glaber near Huddersfield—LisTER Prace : 36 Clausilia rugosa var. albida and Pupa umbilicata var. alba ei; Bateley Bridge—LisTER PEACE . : . 36 Note on the Habitat of Neritina eee: PB at - Sor REVIEW : Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel 2 : TEST BIBLIOGRAPHY: . : : 3 ; : a8 REPRINTS: Salpa spinosa off the West Coast of Ireland—A. G. More . . 43 The Pectens, or Scallop-Shells—R. E. C. SreaRNS. : . 43 CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES: Genealogical Import of the External Shell of Mollusca : ee 7 Miscellaneous Notes : ; - : : ; . 48 London ; ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY, W. Lreeps: T. BARMBY, BooxseELter, BRIGGATE. PRICE SIXPENCE. Free by Post, 64d. Annual Subscription, payable in advance, 2s., Post Free, Quarierly Journal of Conchology. Tue Introduction, published in the First Number, sufficiently explains the objects the Editors have in view; but it will, perhaps, not be superfluous to hope that every Conchologist who may be in possession of information, will freely communicate it, and thereby contribute his or her share to rendering the Journal a full and accurate record of the progress of the science which it is founded to promote. Any profits arising from the Journal will be devoted to its improvement ; and illustrations will be given when the interests of the Journal, and its pecuniary success, will admit. It is requested that scientific and proper names be written distinctly and without abbreviation. No notice will be taken of anonymous contributions; and authors alone will be held responsible for the opinions expressed in their articles. LOCAL CATALOGUES.—The Editors will be happy to be receive communications of this nature, and still more so if carefully annotated, with full records of locality, relative abundance or scarcity, and such other informa- tion as wili tend to give a correct idea of the fauna of the district. Prior to compiling a list of this kind, the Editors would feel much obliged by the author communicating with them with regard to the area and boundaries of the pro- posed district. This is requested with a view to ultimate tabulation of the records; and attention to this point would prevent much future uncertainty, REPRINTS. — Authors of Papers who may wish to possess additional copies of their articles, may have them on payment of the printer’s charges, as below (such reprints to be ordered within fourteen days of the publication of the Journal) :— 25 Cepics, 4 pp. 5/6 .. 8 pp. 7/6 -. 12 pp. 10/6 .. 16 pp. 12/6 85 ” ”» 6/6 tee ” 9/- ore ” 12/- ee ” 15/- 100 ” ” 9/- wee ” 11/- eee ” 14/- =a ” 17/- stitched in coloured wrappers. EX CHAN GE.— Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be inserted free of charge. ~LAUSILIA ROLPHII, C. biplicata, and other Land and Freshwater Shells in exchange. Harry Lustig, 6, Moira Place, Southampton. LANORBIS LINEATUS, Clausilia biplicata, &c., for Succinea oblonga, Helix revelata, H. fusca, Pupa anglica, Lymnea involuta, L. glutinosa, Acme lineata, Vertigo alpestris, and V. moulinsiana. H. Groves, 13, Richmond Terrace, Clapham Road, London, §.W. OOD SPECIMENS of Helix arbustorum, H. Cantiana, H. pulchella, H. lapicida, Clausilia laminata, C. rugosa, Pupa secale, P. umbilicata, P. muscorum, Carychium minimum, and Cyclostoma elegans offered for other shells. R. Taytor, 6, Everleigh Street, Tollington Park, London, N. ADVERTISEMENTS will be inserted at the following rates :— Seite: Sis Whele Page .. .. .. 15 O | Quarter Page... .. .. 5 0 Half oie ent 8 Oc) Bk LNCS OF UNer an 8) pe One-Third Page .. .. 6 6 | Every additional line... 0 6 Communications for the Journal, Books for Review, Advertisements, Subscriptions, and orders for copies, to be sent to J, W. TAYLOR, 9, Wade Street, Leeds, to whom also Post-Office Orders shonid be made payable. - dag wae THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, A LIST OF LAND AND FRESHWATER. SHELLS, COLLECTED AT ERITH, KENT. By HARRY LESLIE. The localities referred to in this list lie within about four miles of Erith, all on the Kentish side of the river Thames. Erith itself, or Dartford, are very convenient localities for collectors living in London to visit, beg within easy reach by rail. The soil about Erith is a series of sands, gravels, and clays belonging to the London clay or Eocene formation; while at Dartford the chalk crops out. Several of the species recorded are confined to the chalk. They will be noted in the list. This list does not claim to be, by any means, complete, and merely gives the shells I met with there, collecting at intervals during two seasons :— Spherium corneum Linne.—Rivers Cray and Darent and ditches near them, large. Spherium lacustre d/ul/er.—Found in one or two small ponds near Erith, or in the brickfields. Pisidium amnicum J/uller.—River Cray, rather plentiful, and fine. Anodonta cygnea Zinne.—A variety of this shell, or A. anatina, occurred with a few shells approaching to the type of 4. cygnea in a small brook called the Shuttle, near Bexley. The shells were thick and small. These shells were the only representatives of the genus I found in the neighbourhood, although there were several ponds that looked likely spots for them. Bythinia tentaculata Zinne.—In the River Cray, and Erith Marshes abundant. Hydrobia ventrosa var elongata Montagu.—Occurred very plen- tifully near the Paraffin Works in Erith Marshes, and on the mud and reeds all along the river banks. A few Hydrobia ulve occurred with it. Valvata piscinalis Jfuller.—In the River Cray. Planorbis nitidus M/udler.—Found only in a small pond by the roadside between Cray-pond and Erith, 34 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. Planorbis albus JM/zuiler.—River Cray. Planorbis spirorbis Mzu//er.—Erith Marshes. _Planorbis vortex Zinne.—In most of the small ponds, marshes, and ditches, common. Planorbis carinatus d/ul/er.—River Cray and mill ponds. Planorbis complanatus Linne.—Widely distributed in district. The var rhombea (Turt.), occurred in some of the smallest ponds. Planorbis contortus Zinne.—River Cray and Erith Marshes. Physa fontinalis Zinne.—River Cray, fine shells ; Erith Marshes, plentiful. Limnea peregra Muller.—in almost all the small ponds and elsewhere. A small variety approaching the var maritima (Jeffreys), occurred in the ditches, along with Hydrobia ventrosa, in brackish water. Limnza stagnalis Zinne.—Sparingly in the Darent. Limnea palastris Mdul/er.—Mill pond, Dartford. Limnea truncatula Muller.—Ina small rill in a wood at Caugh- ley Bottom, near Erith, not plentiful. Limnea glabra MZuller.—Only ina small pond near Northumber- land Heath, Erith. Ancylus fluviatilis J/ul/er.—Plentiful in the River Cray. Assiminea Grayana Leach.— Very abundant along the Thames wall and in the ditches and creeks. into which brackish water had access. The finest shells were to be had in the latter situations Arion hortensis /erussac.—Dartford, on chalk. Limax agrestis Zinne.—Everywhere in district. Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.— In an oak copse at Erith. Succizea putris Zinne.—Generally distributed in district. Vitrina pellucida Muller.—In woods. Zonites cellarius Muller.—Erith, sparingly ; more plentiful at Dartford, on chalk. Zonites alliarius Muller.—In oak copses. Zonites nitidulus Draparn:ud.—The most plentiful Zonites in the district. Zonites purus Alder.—In oak copses, Erith; also the var mar- garitacea (Jeffreys). Zonites crystallinus A/u/ler.—With the last. Helix aspersa Muller, Helix nemoralis and var Hortensis Muller.—The shells of H. nemoratis, from the chalk at Dartford, were larger and thicker than those from the Marshes. Hortensis occurred in the Marshes, near Dartford, with Helix arbustorum Zinne.—Not plentiful. Helix Cantiana Muller.—Common along Thames bank. Helix hispida Zinne, and var concinna F. and H.—Plentiful throughout. A specimen of the var albida (Jeffreys) occurred. Helix aculeata Muller,—In oak woods, Erith, with Helix fulva Muller. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 39 Helix virgata Da Costa.—At Dartford, on chalk. Helix caperata Montagu.—Throughout district; also the var ornata (Picard), and var major (Joffre Ys), occurred on Thames wall ; a variety, with the spire slightly elevated, occurred in gravel pit, Erith. Helix rotundata Mudller.— Plentiful throughout. Helix pulchella M/zller.—Sparingly, in brick field, Erith. Helix lapicida Zinne.—Dead shell, at Plumstead., Bulimus obscurus Mzuller.—On chalk, at Dartford ; also sparingly elsewhere, Pupa umbilicata Draparnaud.—With Helix rotundata in oak woods. Clausilia rugosa Draparnuud.—in the brick fields; plentiful also throughout the district. Clausilia Rolphii Gray.—Plentiful in Belvedere Park, on sandy soil, under chestnut trees ; also at Plumstead Common. Clausilia biplicata Montagu.—Two shells, amongst the tidal refuse on the shore at Dartford Creek. ; Clausilia laminata Montagu, and var pellucida (Jeffreys).—At Dartford, on chalk. Conovulus denticulatus var myosotis.—Very abundant on the Thames banks, with Assiminea Grayana, Xe. Carychium minimum JM/uJ/er.—In woods, Erith. Cylostoma elegans Muller.—At Dartford, on chalk only. Zua lubrica Muller. —Not very plentiful in Erith. The following analysis of the fifty-four species I found there may be interesting :— Pisidium amnicum, Planorbis albus, P. carinaius, Ancylus fluvia- tilis, Limnea stagnalis, and Valvata piscinalis—occurring in the rivers Cray and Darent. Hydrobia ventrosa, Assiminea Grayana, Conovulus denticulatus, and Clausilia biplicata—all occur within reach of the tide. Helix aculeata, H. fulva, Limax arborum, and Clausilia Rolphu— occur only in woods and uncultivated land. Clausilia laminata, Cyclostoma elegans, and Helix virgata—occur on the chalk at Dartford only. LTimnea glabra, L. truncatula, and Planorbis nautileus—were found each in only one spot in the district. The remaining thirty-four species may be regarded as of general occurrence in the district. 6, Morra Puiace, Southampton. A VARIETY OF LAND SHELL NEW TO BRITAIN. (CLAUSILIA RUGOSA, var “SCHLECHTII,” Zevezor.) By W. D. SUTTON. Having been fortunate enough to find during the last few months a new and distinct variety of Clausiha rugosa, hitherto not noticed as occurring in Britain, and which has been kindly determined for me by 36 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. that eminent authority, J. Gwyn Jeftreys, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. (through Mr. G. Sherriff Tye, who was the first to notice the distinctness of the shell), I send a description of it for the information of your readers and conchologists in general, as also the remarks made upon this variety by the same authority, who has favoured me with his matured opinion respecting them, and his researches in the matter have brought him to the following conclusion :— He considers it to be the variety Schlechtii, of Zelebor, whose description of it is published in the monograph of Adolph Schmidt, entitled ‘Die Kritischen Grappen der Europiieschen Clausilien,” 1857, page 40. Claus. dubia (Draparnaud g.), var. Schlechtii, Zelebor. Gracilis, cerasiova,’ nitidula, striatula, raro, strigillata, carina valida. Long. 12, diam. 21—23 milliim. Ap., 23 millim. longa, 12 lata. Fig. 94, 95, 198. Mr. Jeffreys further remarks :—“ TI believe this is the same variety which Pareyss, of Vienna, has named eximia, but that name has not been published ;” adding, “The intermediate gradations between Clausilia rugosa and its variety dubia are very numerous.” The new variety referred to is apparently confined to one or two spots in the counties of Northumberland and Durham, the best specimens being found in the latter county, in a particular locality not far from the coast. They are generally larger, more elongated, smoother, and more transparent than C7. rugosa var dubia, the colour is likewise different ; whereas the latter attains occasionally a fine purplé colour, and runs generally through the usual shades of brown to purplish brown, the former appears only in a pale brown form, frequently resembling, in external appearance, “ Clausilia laminata,”’ both in smoothness and transparency. GosrorTH GRovE, near Newcastle-upon-Tyne, June 12th, 1874. Zonites glaber (Studer) near Huddersfield.—In the early part of May last I collected several very fine specimens of Zonites glaber about 24 or 3 miles from Huddersfield. It was not plentiful, its range being limited to a very few yards. If the place is not disturbed, I have no doubt that in the autumn I shall be able to collect a good number of it, as the place seems very suitable to the habits of the Zonites, as there is plenty of cover for them—herbage and light soil in summer, and stones in winter.—Lister Pracre, Hebble Terrace, Bradford Road, Huddersfield.— June 8th, 1874. On the occurrence of Clausilia rugosa var albida and Pupa um- biiicata, var alba at Pateley Bridge-—On Whit-Monday, May 25th, 1874,in company with my friend, Mr. J. Whitwham, I paid a visit to Pateley Bridge for the purpose of collecting shells, and was rewarded with two specimens of Clausilia rugosa var albida. I also collected several specimens of Pupa wmbilicata var alba. Had our time not been limited to almost a few minutes, I have no doubt that we should have been able to collect several specimens of this rare variety of Claustlia rugosa. We also collected Balia perversa for the first time. Lister Peace, Hebble Terrace, Bradford Road, Huddersfield, Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 37 Note on the habitat of Neritina Tristis (Orbigny).—M. Maza, in his catalogue of Martinique shells (Journal de Conchyliologie, 1874, p. 173), says that the above is a freshwater species. My experience in Jamaica was just the reverse. The only locality where I found it was at a place on the north coast of the island called Rio Bueno (but which is no more a river than Rio Janeiro). It occurred in immense numbers on the rocks of the open coast, to- gether with Nerita peleronta and versicolor, Littorina muricata, and other marine species. It would appear that several species of Neritina inhabit both fresh and salt water. I found this to be the case with NV. wrginea, as I have mentioned in “Journal de Conchyliologie,” 1872, p. 37. I should be glad to know if there is any difference in size between marine and freshwater specimens of J. tristis. If the same ratio obtains as in J. virginea, freshwater specimens of J. tristis ought to be about half an inch in diameter, at least.—C. P. GLoYyNE, Cork. REVIEW. Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel. Mebst Ueber- sicht des Angewandten systems. Berlin, Verlag von Gebriider Paetel, 1873. A good catalogue, at a reasonable price, has long been a desideratum with collectors of shells. This want has been well met by the publi- cation of a classified catalogue of the extensive collection of Dr. Paetel, the title of which we give above. It is a small volume of 172 pages, costing in London only 4s. 6d., and contains a carefully classified list of about 13,000 species, named according to the most modern authorities. The first twenty-three pages are devoted to a systematic table of orders, families, genera, and sub-genera, with the synonyms of most frequent occurrence ; and the rest of the book, except fourteen pages of index, is taken up with the catalogue of species, which are alpha- betically arranged under each genus, and have the sub-genus or section denoted by a figure prefixed to each species and referring to the preceding table. We cannot better illustrate the method followed than by briefly describing a single genus. Selecting for this purpose the genus Murex, we find that in the table of genera it is placed at the head of the Gasteropoda, and is divided into ten sub-genera, or (as we prefer to call them) sections, numbered consecutively as follows :— Sus-Genus 1. Murex JL. Haustellum Klein. Rhinocantha H. Ad. Chicoreus Montfort. Pterouotus Swain. Phyllonotus Swain. Vitularia Swain. Homalocantha JMdrch. Ocenebra Leach. Muricidea Swain. SOWA AH oo bo — 38 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. Turning now to the catalogue we find, under J/urea (L.), a list of 164 species and a few varieties, the figure prefixed to each referring to the above list of sections. Thus to the first section are ascribed 20 species, including JZ. tenuispina (1am) and its allies. Of § 2 there are 4 species, one of which of course is IZ. haustellum (L.), whilst of § 3 there are only 2 examples, viz., IZ. Brandaris (L.), and WM. cornutus (L.) Of § 4, which comprises some of the most elegant forms, there are 32 species, of which J. palma-rose (Lam) may be cited as a good type. Of § 5, which includes M/. pinnatus (Wood) and its allies, there are 15 species, and of § 6 there are 26 species, including J. regius (Wood), I. brassica (Lam), &e. We find 10 species referred to § 7, but some at least of these do not belong to Murex. Vitularia is now usually placed with the Purpuride, to which family it clearly belongs, The best known species is Vitularia salebrosa (King). Of § 8 only If. rota (Sen) and two others are given, but of § 9 there are 30 species, of which no better type can be given than the familiar J/. erinaceus (L.) To§10 are referred 22 species, including J. octogonus (Quoy), &e. To every species, with few exceptions, a locality is given, in some cases sufficiently vague to include a tolerably wide range, e. g., oc. Ind. (Indian Ocean), but in others, especially amongst the land shells, more precise. There are, as might be expected, a few errors and inaccuracies, arising partly from mistakes in classification, and partly from inadvertence ; but, on the whole, the work is very well done, and cannot fail to be acceptable to the student and collector of recent shells. AL) Woods: BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lanxkester, E. Ray.—“ Observations on the development of the Pond-snail (Lymneus stagnalis), and on the early stages of other Mollusca.”—Zhe Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science for October, 1874, vol. xiv. (new series), pp. 365 to 391, with woodcuts and plates xvi. and xvii. Mr. Lankester first gives remarks on some of the developmental phenomena exhibited by the mollusca generally, and in the second part of his paper he details his investigations into the development of the particular species under consideration. Gurry, R. J. L.—*“ On the West Indian Tertiary Fossils,” by R. J. Lechmere Guppy, F.L.S., F.G.8.—G@eological Magazine for October, 1874 : Newseries, Decade II., vol. i. pp. 4833—445 ; with plates xvi., xvi, and xviii. (continued from the September num- ber, p. 411). Mr. Guppy characterizes the following new species of fossil mol- lusca :—Strombus pugiloides ; Murea collatus (pl. xvi. 8); Ancillaria pinguis (pl. xvi. 3) ; Cassis reclusa ; Monodonta basilea (pl. xvi. 2) ; Trochus decipiens (pl. xviii. 18); the same, var laticarinatus (pl. xviii. 19); 7’. plicomphalus (pl. xviii. 17); Vitrinella marginata (pl. xviii. 21); Quarterly Journal of Conchology, 39 Crucibulum piliferum; C. Subsutum (pl. xviii. 4); Donax fabagel- loides (pl. xviii. 10) ; Venus Blandina (pl. xvii. 8); Chama involuta (pl. xvi. 5) ; and Plicatula vexillata (pl. xvii. 7). At the end of the paper is a complete list of the fossil mollusca (253 species) hitherto discovered and recorded from the tertiary rocks of the Caribbean area (exclusive of the post-pliocene). The distri- bution of the species in the ten formations of these rocks is shown in a tabular form, a column being given to each formation, and an additional column shows the range of each outside the limits of the Caribbean area. The following articles appear in the French “ Journal de Con- chyliologie,” edited by MM. Crosse and Fiscumr, 3e série, tome xiv., Nos. 1 and 2, for January and April, 1874. Pages 120—136 of the January number, and 217—220 of the April number, are devoted to Bibliography and Paleontology. 1. Mousson, A.— ‘‘Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies par M. le Dr. Alex. Schleefli en Orient” (land and freshwater shells collected in the East by Dr. Schlcefli).—No. 1, pp. 1—60. This is a very complete catalogue of the species collected chiefly in Mesopotamia, to which Prof. Mousson has added some general con- siderations on the Mesopotamian fauna. The following species and varieties are described as new :— Helix Derbentina, Andrzejowski, var. suberrans, Mousson; H. muscicola, Bourguignat, var. Merssine, Ms.; Chondrus septemden- tatus, Roth, var. borealis, Ms. ; all from Merssina. Helia commeata, Mousson ; H. Mesopotamica, Ms.; H. Hscheriana, Ms.; Chondrus arctespira, Ms. ; Pupa scyphus, Frivaldsky, var. Mesopotamica, Ms. (perhaps a separate species) ; Neritina Rarasuna, Ms. ; from Upper Mesopotamia. Buliminus Samavaensis, Ms. ; Acicula minuta, Ms. ; Limnea Euphratica, Ms.; L. canalifera, Ms.; L. hordewm, Ms. ; Physa lorata. Ms.; Planorbis devians, Porro, var. Huphratica, Ms. ; P. intermixtus, Ms. ; Bythinia ejecta, Ms. ; Melanopsis nodosa, Feérussac, var. moderata, Ms. ; Neritina Euphratica, Ms. ; N. Schloeflit, Ms. ; Anodonta vescoiana, Bourguignat, var. MJesopotamica, Ms. ; A. Schleflii, Ms. ; Cyrena Tigridis, Ms. ; all from the lower part of the same province. 2. Morexet, A.—“Sur I’ Achatina Dohrniana de Pfeifler.”—No. 1, pp. 60—62. The author points out that A. Dohrniana differs from A. Welwit- schit by having one whorl less, by longitudinal bands of a second epidermis, and by its finer and more irregular sculpture. 3. DrsHayeEs, G. P.—Description d’un Cone nouveau des Antilles (description of a new cone from the West Indies).—No. 1, pp. 62—66. Conus Mazet, Desh., from Martinique (Pl. i, fig. 1) is dis- tinguished by its elongated form, its thin and semi-transparent shell, and its coloring, which much resembles that of Voluta Junonia, viz., yellowish white, with nine rows of large chestnut-colored spots. 40 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 4, Crossr, H.—Description du nouveau genre Ravenia, (descrip- tion of the new genus Ravenia.)—No. 1, pp. 66—70. This curious genus is, as it were, intermediate between Spiraxis and Pupa, having the peculiar twisted columella of the former, and the strong internal tooth of the latter, but is really more nearly akin to the former genus. The only species known, R&R. Blandi, Crosse (Pl. i, fig. 4) is from the islet of Los Roques, near Curagao. 5. Liznarp, E.—“ Description d’un JM/uwrex nouveau provenant de Pile Maurice,” (description of a new Murex from the Mauritius). —No. 1, pp. 70, 71. Murex Crossei, Liénard. (Pl. i, fig. 2.) €. Crosse, H.—“ Descriptions des Mollusques nouveaux,” (De- scriptions of new mollusca.)—No. 1, pp. 71—76. Helix Macneili, Crosse, from Nicaragua (PI. ii, fig. 3); Rwmina decollata, L., var. maura, Cr., from Morocco (PI. ii, fig. 6) ; Murex Tnénardi, Cr. (Pl. iii, fig. 4), and Terebratula Cernica, Cr. (Pl. i., fig. 3), both from the Mauritius. 7. Crosse, H., and Fiscurr, P.—Description du nouveau genre Euptychia de Madagascar, (description of the new genus Huptychia from Madagascar.)—No. 1, pp. 76—82. A most extraordinary genus of Cyclostomide, distinguished by the projecting lamelle of the last whorl, and by its operculum, which has externally the appearance of that of a Cyclostoma or Cetopoma, but is thin and horny. The only known species, #. metableta, Cr. and Fisch., is described and figured (pl. 1, fig 5). 8. Crosse, H.—Descriptions des Mollusques terrestres nouveaux provenant de Vile d’ Haiti, (descriptions of new terrestrial mollusca from Haiti.)—No. 1, pp. 82--89. Choanopoma Newcombi, Crosse ; C. Gabbi, Cr. ; C. Moreletianum, Cr. ; Helicina Gabbi, Crosse and Newcomb. M. Crosse considers that Achatina Gundlachi, Pfeiffer, really belongs to the genus Geostilbia. 9. CrossE, H.—Catalogue des espéces du genre Meroe, accom- pagné de la description d’une espéce nouvelle, (catalogue of the species of the genus Meroe, with description of a new species.)—No. 1, pp. 89—97. The new species is Jf. Retersiana, Crosse, (PI. iii., fig, 7) habitat unknown. 10. Crossz, H.—Descriptions des Mollusques inédits provenant de la Nouvelle Caledonie, (descriptions of unpublished mollusca from New Caledonia.)—No. 1, pp. 98—104. Helix Calliope, Crosse (pl. ii, fig. 1); H. Alleryana, Cr. (pl. iii, fig. 5); H. Nowméensis, Cr. (pl. iii, fig. 6); H. minutula, Cr. (pl. u., fig. 2); Bulimus Pancheri, Cr., var. beta (pl. ii, fig. 5); and Sca- laria Mariet, Cr. (pl. ii, fig. 7). Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 41 11. Crossz, H.— Diagnoses Molluscorum Nove Caledoniz inco- larum, (diagnoses of Mollusca inhabiting New Caledonia.)—No. 1, pp. 104—112. 12. Crossr, H.—Diagnoses Molluscorum in fluminibus provincie Nankingensis collectorum, (diagnoses of mollusca collected in the rivers of the province of Nankin, by the Rev. Father Heude.)—No. 1, pp. 112—118. Chiefly Unionide. 13. Crosse, H.—Diagnoses Molluscorum Martinicensium novo- rum, (diagnoses of new mollusca from Martinique.)—No. 1, pp. 118—119. These last three articles contain the Latin diagnoses of many species, published in advance of the French descriptions, in order to secure priority. As the full descriptions in French, with observations and colored figures, almost invariably follow in succeeding numbers of the Journal, we do not now enumerate the species, in order to avoid repetition, 14, Fiscuer, P.—Observations anatomiques sur divers Mol- lusques des Antilles attribués au genre Succinea, (anatomical obser- vations on various West Indian Mollusca attributed to the genus Succinea.)—No. 2, pp. 139—156, and plates v. and vi. A highly important article, in which the author proves by the examination of the lingual ribbons and jaws that Succinea patula, Bruguiére, S. rubescens, Deshayes, and S. depressa, Rang, belong really to the Bulimulide, a family also comprising Gwotes, Peltella, and Simpulopsis, and distinguished by a thin jaw with oblique folds so arranged that the two median ones form an angle in the centre of the jaw. He proposes to include these three species in the genus Amphi- bulima (hitherto only containing the species patula, and wrongly considered as a sub-genus of Succinea). The fourth species examined by Dr. Fischer, Succinea unguis, Férussac, proves itself to be a true Suceinea, its jaw having the quadrangular projection characteristic of the genus. 15. Fiscner, P.— Note sur le Z’urbo phasianellus, Deshayes,” (note on Turbo phasianellus.)—No. 2, pp. 156, 157. The operculum of this species, which has been lately discovered, proves it to belong to Z'rochus instead of Turbo. Besides its origi- nal locality, Réunion, it has also been found near New Caledonia. 16. Maze, H.— Catalogue des coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies & la Martinique en 1873,” (catalogue of land and fresh water shells, collected at Martinique in 1873.)—No. 2, pp. 158—173. A very complete list of the species inhabiting the island of Mar- tinique, with much information respecting their habitats, the altitude at which they are found, and the colors of the animals. Helia lychnuchus, Miiller, (really found in Guadeloupe, Desirade, and St. Martin’s); H. nigrescens, Wood, (from Dominica) ; H. pachy- gastra, Gray, (from Guadeloupe) ; 4. stenostoma, Pfeitier ; H. crasst- 49 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. dens, Pfeiffer, (only a variety of H. nucleola) ; Cyclophorus rubescens, Sowerby ; C. cinereus, Drouét ; Cyclotus Martinicensis, Shuttleworth, and Choanopoma occidentale, Pfeiffer, are wrongly attributed to Mar- tinique. Bulimulus Mazei, Cr., found in damp moss on the Pitons, at a height of 730 métres, (pl. iv. fig. 3,) and Helicina euglypta, Cr., found under stones in shady paths near Fort de France, (pl. iv. fig. 4,) are new species. Helicina Mazei, Crosse, from the Pitons, is now con- sidered a variety of H. Antillarwm, Sowerby. 17. Morcu, Dr. O. A. L.—< Descriptions des trois espéces de Mytilacées nouvelles de la Norvége, (descriptions of three new Nor- wegian Mytilacez.)—No. 2, pp. 173—176. Mytilus Boeckii, Mérch; M. diluculum, Morch; and M. pusio, Philippi, var., all found at a depth of 16—21 fathoms at the island of Udo, near Mandal. 18. Mércu, Dr. O. A. L.—‘‘Sur le genre Malletia,” (on the genus Malletia.)—No. 2, pp. 177—179. Dr. Mévch considers that the shell described by Sars as Yoldia obtusa, really belongs to this genus, which had hitherto only been found on the coasts of the southern portion of South America. 19. Moretet, ArtHuR.—“ Description d’une Hélice nouvelle du Maroe,” (description of a new Helix from Morocco.)—No. 2, pp. 179—180. H. vernuculosa, Morelet, from near Hir, in the province of Sous. 20. CrossE, H.—“ Description despéces de Mollusques inédites, provenant de la Nouvelle Calédonie,” (descriptions of unpublished species of mollusca from New Caledonia.)——No. 2, pp. 180—186. Helix Bazini, Crosse, (pl. iv., fig. 1); H. Taslei, Cr., (pl. iv., fig. 2); Bulimus Alexander, Crosse, var. epsilon; B. porphyrostomus, Pfeiffer, var. delta; 6B. Ouveanus, Dotzauer, var. gamma; Helicina Gassiesiana, Or., (pl. iv., fig. 6); and H. Nouméensis, Cr., (pl. iv., Tea) 21. Souversrs, Dr., and Monrrovzigr, Rev. Father.—“ Descrip- tion d’espéces nouvelles de l’Archipel Calédonien ;’ by Dr. S. (20th article,) and Rev. Father M. (17th article.)\—No. 2, pp. 186—202. Pleurotoma Rougeyron, Souverbie, (pl. vii, fig. 1); P. Giliberta, Souv., (pl. vii, fig. 2); P. (Daphnella) varicosa, Souv., (pl. vii., fig. 3); P. Scalata, Souv., (pl. vii, fig. 4); P. Mogqwiniana, Montr., (pl. vii, fig. 5); Lophcercus Sowverbiet, Montr., (pl. vii, fig. 6); Matica Gaidet, Souv., (pl. vil, fig. 7); Pecten Lamberti, Souv., (pl. vii, fig. 9.) The operculum of Naticina papilaris is figured (pl. vii, fig. 8), and that of Neritopsis radula, L., is described. 22. Crosse, H.—A technical description of the new Martinique shells noticed above, (see No. 16, Mazé’s catalogue.)—No. 2, pp. 202 —205. 23. Fiscuer, P.—Diagnoses of new species.—No. 2, pp. 205—206. See Note to Nos. 11 to 13. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 4.3 24, Crosse, H.—Diagnosis of a new species.—No. 2, pp. 206— 207. 25. Gassies, J. B.—“ Description de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles provenant de la Nouvelle Calédonie.—No. 2, pp. 207—216. Helix saburra, Gassies ; Cassidula pilosa, Gas. ; C. truncata, Gas. ; Melampus exesus, Gas. ; M, strictus, Gas.; Hydrocena rubra, Gas. ; Hydrobia Crosseana, Gas. CEG, REPRINTS. “Salpa Spinosa (Otto) off the West Coast of Ireland.—T first found this oceanic mollusk in August, 1869, when it was floating near the surface of the sea, in very great abundance, between Golam Head and the Isles of Arran. Again, this season, I have met with it plentifully in the vicinity of the Skiara Rocks, and around Deer Island, to the south-west of Roundstone, in Connemara.—A. G, More, Dublin, Sept. 4, 1874.”—Zoologist for October, 1874 ; 8.S., vol. ix., p. 4202. THE PECTENS, OR SCALLOP-SHELLS. By R. E. C. STEARNS. [From the Overland Monthly for April, 1873.] The Ocean heaves resistlessly, And pours his glittering treasures forth ; His waves, the priesthood of the sea, Kneel on the shell-gemmed earth, And there emit a hollow sound, Asif they murmured praise and prayer ; On every side ’tis holy ground— All nature worships there! —VEDDER, Or the many beautiful forms which live in the sea, perhaps none are more attractive or deservedly popular than the pectens, or scallop- shells. The rambler on the sea-shore rejoices in a prizé when the odd valve of a scallop is detected in some out-of-the-way nook, covered up and hidden like a treasure, among the sea wrack, mingled in strange confusion, with dead crabs, star-fishes, delicate corals and algee—the flotsam and jetsam of the winter storms; and when a specimen of unusual vividness of color and perfectness of sculpture is obtained, an exclamation of triumph mingles with the murmuring music of the surf. The fairer sex esteem these shells highly, but not from an edible point of view, as do their sterner brethren ; for though the animal, or soft part, when /resh, is really a great delicacy, the valves, or two 44 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. pieces of which the complete shell is composed, are utilized in various ways, and with that ingenuity peculiar to the sex, through which “in- considered trifles” are converted into forms of beauty, an accession of scallops is sure to be followed by a harvest of pincushions and needle- books. In natural history, the scallops are known as Pectens, from a fancied resemblance of the radiating ribs which most of them display to the teeth of a comb ; but as the forms of combs are subject to the caprices of fashion, the pertinency of the name is not altogether appa- rent. They are also called fan-shells, which is far more appropriate. Though included by the public in the term shell-fish, as are also the clams, quahaugs, and cockles, they are in no way related to the fishes, but belong to the division of the animal kingdom known as mol-_ lusca, or soft-bodied animals (from the Latin word, mollis, soft), as do the cuttles, snails, conchs, oysters, and mussels. The genus Pecten was established by the naturalist Brugiére, to distinguish these shells from the oysters, with which they were for- merly classed. The shells of this genus, of which two hundred species are known, have a wide geographical distribution, being found in almost every sea. In most of them, the valves, as the two pieces are termed which form the perfect shell, are externally convex, but in others one is convex and the other flat. They frequently exhibit most elaborate and exquisite sculpture, and extreme brilliancy of color. One group, which is peculiar to the coral areas of the Indo-Pacitic waters, known as the mantle-shells (Palliwm), resembles fine em- broidery in sculpture and coloration. Many of the forms which in- habit the colder seas, either north or south of the equator, are notable for their beauty ; a single species frequently indulges in a differentiation in color and markings. The larger species of the fan-shells are found in the colder waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific (Puget Sound and Japan); also, in the Straits of Magellan, and the similarity of form and sculpture in the shells from these widely separated regions is quite remarkable. Other illustrations of the pectens are found on the west coast of North America, and one species is quite abundant at San Diego. The fan-shells or scallops were known to the ancients ; they were called Ktévec by the Greeks, and the Ateds of Xenocrates and Galen is said to be the Pecten maximus of modern authors. According to Athenzus, this or an allied species was used by the ancients for medi- cinal purposes as well as food. In England, they are called “frills,” or “queens” in South Devon, Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 45 according to Montagu; and on the Dorset coast the fishermen call them “squinns.” In the North of France, one kind bears the name of “vanneau” or “ olivette,’ and another species (P. mawimus) is an article of food. Of the latter, Jeffrey, a British conchologist, says : “If the oyster is the king of mollusks, this has a just claim to the rank and title of prince.” In the fish markets of the north of France, it is called “ grand-pelerine,” “gofiche,” or “palourde.” In the south of England, it shares with another species the name of “ frill,” and in the north that of “clam.” This species (P. maximus), Jeffrey says, was formerly “ plentiful in Lulworth Bay, on the Dorset coast ; but now they are rarely found alive. I was told that the breed had been exterminated there by an epicurean officer of the coast-guard. The late Major Martin would permit any conchologist to dredge as much as he pleased in the bays of the Connemara coast, provided he only took useless shells,...... but all the big clams (P. maximus) were reserved for the table at Bally- nahinch Castle.” The high reputation of this species causes it to be much sought after, and it “is a constant visitant of the London mar- kets. Scalloped with bread-crumbs in its own shell, or fried with a ~ little butter and pepper, it forms a very delicious morsel.” The Pecten irradians is the common species on the coast of New Eng- land. In the winter the “meats” are sold in the Boston market by the quart, and are called “scallops.” They are obtained on the shores of Rhode Island. It is somewhat singular that the San Diego scallop has not been introduced into the San Francisco markets ; it will be, undoubtedly, in the course of a few years. It may, however, be less palatable than those above referred to, as all the species named inhabit waters that have a much lower temperature during the greater part of the year than the sea at San Diego. The scallops are, and have been, esteemed for food and other pur- poses by the aboriginal tribes, as well as by their civilized successors. In the shell-heaps of Florida, among the Ajekkenceddings, or kitchen- refuse, we find great numbers of these shells, especially in a heap at Cedar Keys; and the shells of some of the west American species, found in Puget Sound, are now used by the Indians of that neigh- bourhood, for in the ethnological department of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington (specimens 4773-4-5) arerattlesmade of valves of the Pecten hastatus, which were used by the Makah Indians in the vicinity of Neeah Bay in their dances ; and another specimen (No, 1034) is a rattle made from the convex valves of a larger species (Peetan caurinus) and formerly used as a medicine rattle. These rattles are 46 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. made by piercing a hole through the valves and stringing them upon a willow, or similar twig. The animal of the fan-shells is exceedingly beautiful. The mantle, or thin outer edge, which is the part nearest the rim or edge of the valves, conforms to the internal fluted structure of the latter, and presents the appearance of a delicately pointed ruffle or frill. This mantle is a thin and almost transparent membrane, adorned with a delicate fringe of slender, thread-like processes or filaments, and furnished with glands which secrete a coloring matter of the same tint as the shell; the valves increase in size, in harmony with the growth of the soft parts, by the deposition around and upon the edges of membranous matter, from the fringed edge of the mantle which secretes it. This cover is also adorned with a row of conspi- cuous round black eyes (oce/l) around its base. The lungs or gills are between the two folds of the mantle, composed of fibres pointing outward, of delicate form, and free at their outer edges, so as to float loosely in the water. The mouth is placed between the two inmost gills, where they unite; it isa simple orifice, destitute of teeth, but with four membranous lips on each side of the aperture. The pectens have also a foot, less developed than in some others of the bi-valve mollusks, which resembles a crooked finger, and is capable of enlargement and contraction, and assists the animal in moving about on the bottom of the sea. Some of them have a sort of beard (byssus), at least when young, by which they attach them- selves to rocks, seaweeds, and other marine bodies, as do the mussels, which are also bearded; while others of the scallops live without attachment, and move through the water with considerable celerity, with a jerking motion, caused by the rapid opening and closing of the two valves, producing a recoil which carries them along sideways. The young shells of some species dart with great rapidity, a single jerk carrying them several yards. The writer has frequently watched the Atlantic species (P. irradians), and when taken from the water, and as long as life continues, the animal will open the valves and shut them with a snap, the operation producing a short, sharp, per- cussive sound. : The mechanism by which respiration and nutrition are secured is elaborate and exceedingly interesting. The filaments of the gill- fringe, when examined under a powerful microscope, are seen to be covered with numberless minute, hair-like processes, endowed with the power of rapid motion. These are called cilia, and, when the Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 47 animal is alive and in situ, with the valves gaping, may be seen in constant vibration in the water, generating, by their mutual action, a system of currents by which the surface of the gills is laved, divert- ing toward the mouth animalcules and other small nutritious particles. The shell of the scallops consist almost exclusively, says Dr. W. B. Carpenter, of membranous laminz coarsely or finely corrugated. It is composed of two very distinct layers, differing in color also in texture and destructibility—but having essentially the same structure. Traces of cellularity are sometimes discoverable on the external surface, and one species (P. nobilis) has a distinct prismatic cellular layer externally. As the idea of the Corinthian capital is believed to have been suggested to Callimachus, the Grecian architect, by a plant of the Acanthus growing around a basket, it is quite possible that the fluting of the Corinthian colwmn may have been suggested by the internal grooving of the pecten shells. Aside from their physiology and the position in the order of Nature occupied by the scallops, they have a place in history and song; for, “in the days when Ossian sang, the flat valves were the plates, the hollow ones the drinking cups, of Fingal and his heroes.” The common Mediterranean scallop (Pecten Jacobeus), or St. James’ shell, was, during the Middle Ages, worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land, and became the badge of several orders of knighthood. “ ‘When the monks of the ninth century converted the fisherman of Genne- serat into a Spanish warrior, they assigned him the scallop shell for his ‘cognizance. and 299 CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES. The Genealogical Import of the External Shell of Mollusca.— Mr. E. R. Lankester read a paper on this subject before the Biolo- gical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at its meeting in Belfast, last August, in the course of which he referred to what had been called the recapitulation hypothesis, according to which all living things in their development present a rapid series of pictures or dissolving views of their ancestors, arranged in historical order. Applying this to the human race, he said that the earliest commencement of a human being was a small speck of proto- plasm of mucus-like consistency, such as existed in ponds. A later stage exhibited him as a smail sac, composed of two layers of living cor- puscles, which he inherited from polyp-like ancestors, and was to-day seen in polyps. Still later he was an elongated creature, with slits in 48 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. the side of the neck, which, like the gill-slits of a shark, he inherited from a shark-like ancestor. Six months after birth the child con- tinued to inherit qualities from it ancestors, viz., from those which crawled on four legs ; and at a later period certain irrepressible ten- dencies made it clear that qualities were inherited from climbing and shrieking animals. Mr. Lankester then went into an elaborate de- scription of certain molluscs with a view of showing that the pen (the “ cuttle-bone” or sepiostaire) of the cephalopod is homologous with the shell of the lower mollusca. Professor Huxley thought that the position had been well estab- lished. Myr. Lankester’s attempt to reduce to one form the immense variety of shells in molluscous animals was exceedingly important. Dr, Carpenter also said that he was almost prepared to receive the conclusion at which Mr. Lankester had arrived. Dr. Michael Foster added his testimony to the value of Mr. Lankester’s observations, and said that part of the work accomplished was due to the establishment of the Zoological station at Naples. The Cambridge Museums and Lecture Rooms Syndicate, in their eighth annual report state that among the additions which have been made to the collections in the several museums, the bequest of the late Mr. M‘Andrew, F.R.S., of the whole of his collection of shells and other specimens, deserves the first mention, as it is a gift of the highest scientific value. ACADEMY oF Sciences, Paris, Sept. 7, 1874.—M. Frémy in the chair.—On some phenomena of localisation of mineral and organic substances in Mollusca, Gasteropoda, and Cephalopoda, by M. E. Heckel. Specimens of Helix aspersa and Zonites algirus were fed with white lead, or with acetate of lead mixed with wheat flour. An accumulation of metal was found in the liver and also in the cerebral ganglia. Loligo vulgaris, Sepia officinalis, and Octopus vulgaris were fed during two months with garancine (mixed with meat). In no case was the internal shell coloured, but the cephalic cartilage and all the cartilaginous portions of the skeleton of these Mollusca were coloured after an experiment of three months’ duration. The author points out the necessity of distinguishing clearly the hard parts be- longing to the skeleton from those belonging to the shell. In February last the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon the distinguished conchologist, Mr. John Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., by the University of St. Andrew’s. Within the past month has been announced the death of Mr. Bryce McMurdo Wright, well known as a collector of fossils and shells. TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS, SomE explanation is due for the non-appearance of the Journal in August last. Severe illness in the families of both the Editors, culminating in the one case in death, rendered it absolutely impossible that either of them could attend to the duty of bringing out the Journal, and seeing it through the press. The Editors trust that on this account, and on account of the domestic troubles necessarily attendant on sickness, their subscribers will excuse them ; and confidently hope for the future to be able to produce the Journal by the first day of each quarter, trusting to the co-operation of their readers and subscribers to render it a periodical worthy of their acceptance. LE£ZDs, NOVEMBER 1, 1874. : Leeds Matuvalists’ Pield Clioh SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION. ae OBJECTS: In the first piace, the minute investigation of the Natural History (in all its branches) of the immediate neighbourhood of Leeds, and a more general investigation of the whole of the West-Riding ; the collection of information, whether at present oa record or as yet unwritten ; the co.npletion of the work by original research, and eventually the preparation of a comprehensive account of the Natural History of the District, Secondly, the endeavour of the Society is to cultivate a taste for Scientific Knowledge amongst the inhabitants of Leeds; to combine and strengthen indi- vidual effort, and afford facilities for the reading and discussion of Papers on Scientific subjects. It is also intended to provide, by means of Field Excursions, a source of instructive and healthful recreation for the Members. The Meetings are held EVERY TuEsDAY EvENrING, at the MECHANICS’ InysT1TuTION, at Eight o’clock precisely, and are open to the public free of charge. The Field Excursions usually take place on the Saturday immediately preceding a Conversational Meeting. SYLLABUS OF MEETINGS FOR THE THIRD QUARTER, 1874. 1874, Oct. 6.—Exhibition of Specimens, and Conversation. = », 18.—“ Volcanic Phenomena” a icp An S. JEFFERSON, F.C.S, », 20.—Exhibition of Specimens, and Conversation. » 27.—“Solar Physics” a8 JIN GARBUTT, F.R.A.S. Noy. 3.—2Exhibition of Specimens, and Conversation. » 10.—‘ The Scientific Theories of the Ancients” » 17.—Exhibition of Specimens, and Conversation. » 24.—*The Anatomy of Aberrant Stems”’ ace Dec. 1.—Exhibition of Specimens, and Conversation. » 15.—“ The Hedgehog ” ee Lah on ar J. K. ROWBOTHAM. JAMES ABBOTT, EDWARD HB. PRINCE. TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP. Ordinary Members : 1/- per Quarter. Honorary Members : not less than 10/6 per Annum, To ensure prompt attention, all communications should be addressed to one of the Secretaries, at his residence, WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, ; 9, Sunny Bank Terrace. } Secretaries. JAMES BRODIE. G. B. SOWEREY 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private MUSEUMS; supplies desiderata, and entire Collections, from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. e@ 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, AND AT NO OTHER ADDRESS. ROBT. F. GEALE, NATURAL HISTORY AGENT, (Many years with the late HUGH CUMING.) SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRD SKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &e., &e, COLLECTIONS BOUGHT OR SOLD ON COMMISSION, No. 55, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, OPPOSITE THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON.