ee me . b 7 ee nee Ge ee ee ee : Fi - § : Y % hea Sell PD Pp ee nn tite Mea bah oa ;: ; 1 : pet ag Piper a ¥ o~ ge ie. : — _ 5 freA tReet Hm ngm, ; Z ; - : Sse cmnep aah Baton a AR ire ~% Te Hy > ila Qemtog ) — Sea P-Anadh, Adelle Pndeme CoA “ “ ioe eae ; : os ie . ant tm teil + a b-a-0-2 Tok , : * ; J . ? ‘ —~ ¥ RP FR AP AF Ah YM. Fi Peas m Pat Pe fe Bas Bota es 3 5 a - . a dtc a Nee er . -" i. - tt a , 9 ~ POR ae 9g it eyes A as Late lhl _e-diliy “ beh Ome pay . mw > Se ore a aw “ha tfet mie th . i binaetBiel sibatee- 2 : Patra Rei pW een * “A ath Raitio. fone . ~ ee oe x 3 HH Ne oe Sera kere . > Pate nal Ro Rtg lg LO NI RI Bah Sie ae ae oe Se ee SS Fae oi . ‘ - +o ol al Gelr-| Peewee zs he antag ; A Soiled Gor : it We Oiee she 4 -ooe 6-0 i. EAA, PP i Rinsinri ee Oea ee aE Nel 84. 0-0-% Pot fuPaG- fol nok eciablinn miente mak he - PRE a P. ad SS ee Ree PRG NaY AM! we py) A Hae chew Wye: Wa i i ay, COR, cu 4 . 1) ‘ ’ t rs ‘a i : , ; F mr ¢ ¥ ‘ f i ri 2 4 ro) 7 i f , \ i t i r SPN, ; ~ ] i tir " I f 3 uy ‘le git, Sa (oS O 6 ef al | Geos. (9 N M4 THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. EDITED BY . THE ASSISTANT-SECRETARY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, VOLUME THE THIRD. 1847. PART THE. FIRST. MOIOO RE I re PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIBTY!" /"/S775 LONDON: lee War) TR LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. ~~~" PARIS :—FRIED. KLINCKSIECK, 11 RUE DE LILLE; BAUDRY, 9 RUE DU COQ, PRES LE LOUVRE; LEIPZIG, T. 0. WEIGEL. NEW YORK :—WILEY AND PUTNAM, 161 BROADWAY. SOLD ALSO AT THE APARTMENTS OF THE SOCIETY. MDCCCXLVII. (ORAL rae or 1 \ List OFFICERS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ~~ Evectep Frespruary 1847. DA eae WPrestVent. Sir Henry T. De la Beche, F.R.S. & L.S. Gtce-WrestVents. Sir P. Grey Egerton, Bart. M.P. Charles Lyell, jun., Esq. F.R.S. Professor Owen, F.R.S. & L.S. Rey. Prof. Sedgwick, F.R.S. F.R.S. & L.S. Secretaries. William John Hamilton, Esq. M.P. John Carrick Moore, Esq. Foreign Secretary. C. J. F. Bunbury, Esq. F.L.S. Treasurer. John Lewis Prevost, Esq. COUNCIL, J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. F.R. Robert Hutton, Esq. M.R.I.A. S. Charles Darwin, Esq. M.A. F.R. S. G. A. Mantell, LL.D. F.R.S. & L.S. Hugh Falconer, M.D. F.R.S. & L.S. Sir R. I. Murchison, G.C.St.S. F.R.S.& L.S. Prof. E. Forbes, F.R.S. & L.S. Samuel Peace Pratt, Esq. F.R.S. & L.S. G. B. Greenough, Esq. F.R.S. & L.S. D. Sharpe, Esq. F.L.S. William Hopkins, Esq. F.R.S. | H. E. Strickland, Esq. M.A. Leonard Horner, Esq. F.R.S. L. & E. S. V. Wood, Esq. Assistant-Secretarp. James Nicol, Esq. F.R.S.E. Curator. Mr. J. De C. Sowerby, F.L.S. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Antuony, Mr. J. G. Letter to C. Lyell, Esq., V.P.G.S., on an Impression of the Soft parts of an Orthoceras ................ BapsaGe, C., Esq. Observations on the Temple of Serapis, at Pozzuoli, near Naples, with remarks on certain causes which may produce Geological Cycles of great extent............+eeeeeee Bropiz, Rev. P. B. Notice on the existence of Purbeck Strata with remains of Insects and other fossils at Swindon, Wilts Brown, Mr. R. On the Gypsiferous Strata of Cape Dauphin in Piicmstendnor Cape DretOW. foes. cect eve were es eer eee cee uwe Bunsury, C. J. F., Esq. Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the @oal-neld near Richmond, Virginia) 6. ee ie ee ee On Fossil Plants from the Coal Formation of Cape Breton. . CxiarkK, G. T., Esq. On the Neighbourhood of Bombay, and certain heasmeonpaming Fossil; Progs 25.6 ccs keto ens cae tec clees CLARKE, Rev. W. B. On the Geology of the Island Lafti m the Satie oi mes ACHIC 11 beet ee te ihe + icark aia elelclale ths «vance lee a ele ConyBEARE, Mr. Extract from his Report on the Country between the Summit of the Malsej Ghaut and the Gungathuree ........ Cumming, Rev. J.G. On the Geology of the Calf of Man...... EcGeEertTon, Sir P. G., Bart., M.P. On the Nomenclature of the Pas stiee inmmccrord Bishes ..)iai) aces ltye seb ve tne chee he we ee ee Firron, W. H., Esq., M.D. A Stratigraphical Account of the Section from Atherfield to Rocken End, on the South-west coast of BA ae MU CROMUNN VLEING daisy, & “aster epermene tel oboe pet oven arvieiel ere aiets sap elsie ase ote GRANTHAM, R., Esq. Notice of a New Clinometer ............ Hamitton, W. J., Esq., M.P., and H. E. StrickLAND, Esq. On a Tertiary deposit near Lixouri in the Island of Cephalonia...... James, Capt. On a Section exposed by the excavation at the New Steam Basin, in Portsmouth Dock-yard.................0 000 Juxes, J. B., Esq. Notes on the Paleozoic Formations of New Senin, Wales and. Van Diemen sand ». 20... sci eee en LyEuu, Charles, Esq. On the Structure and Probable Age of the Coal-field of the James River near Richmond, Virginia ........ Mourcuison, Sir R. I. On the Silurian and associated Rocks in Dalecarlia, ..and on the Succession from Lower to Upper Silurian in Smoland, Oland, and Gothland, and m Scania................ Additional Remarks on the Deposit of Giningen in Switz- See DEM MN mete BS Fate ts. 06 SPE Cavan sie dibes otabnhe eG wim etal tases piace eee om 94 lv TABLE OF CONTENTS. Mourcuison, Sir R. I. On the Meaning originally attached to the term ‘Cambrian System,’ and on the evidences since obtained of its being geologically synonymous with the previously established term, ‘Lower Silupian.? 6 2i05% cs .yb ws cleh asi onan stn tekcaate te aes eee Introductory note to Capt. Vicary’s Memoir on the Geology OE USING Cages oo iis tele e cue) Sujaoe ars otal neltoneiiole erence eens ee a NasmytuH, James, Esq. Onthe Slow Transmission of Heat through loosely, coherent Clay and Samd’ yr tos ae ee clis sii eine Owen, Professor. On the extinct Fossil Viverrine Fox of Giningen, showing its specific characters and affinities to the Family of Vi- WETELGS |. 24 'b ele'siecs 6 se \e, aoetea ls evganete iacenete al aca ciaalanong Woes Grete emer arae ——. On the Batracholites, dicative of a small species of Frog (Rana pusilla, Ow.). Addendum to the paper of G. T. Clark, Esq., on the Neizhbourhoodton bombay ven. 5. 9 ee ea eee PRESTWICH, Joseph, jun., Esq. Onthe probable Age of the London Clay, and its relations to the Hampshire and Paris Tertiary Systems On the main points of Structure and the probable Age of the Bagshot Sands, and on their presumed equivalents in Hampshire and “Prane@rys 4/2 Sas sa as pag tee veo wate d soning See ae Ropertson, Alexander, Esq. On the Wealden Beds of Brora, Sutherlandshire, with Remarks on the Relations of the Wealden Strata and Stonesfield Slate to the rest of the Jurassic System, and on the marme contemporary of the Wealden Series above the Portland, Stamey ou. sc saa wn oe oes oo gee ue eee SALTER, J. W., Esq. Description of a Fossil Chiton from the Si- lurian Rocks, with remarks on the fossil species of the genus.... ——. On the Structure of Trinucleus, with remarks on the species. SEDGWICK, Professor. On the Classification of the Fossiliferous Slates of North Wales, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lanca- shire (being a Supplement to a paper read to the Society, March 1127304 ol 5) ean iC TP nenartnee ane ROMMEL R eee 53 9 00 SHARPE, Daniel, Esq. On Slaty Cleavage ...............0040: SmiTH, James, Esq. (of Jordan-hill). Notice of the occurrence of the Hlephas primigentus at Gozo, near Malta ............00. ——. On recent Depressions in the Land ................006. On the Age of the Tertiary beds of the Tagus, with a Catalogue of, the: Possilsscopi/.ccczansdcaeeseh asks eats ae! wiessi ane veteh ocokener peony ane eee Spratt, Lieut. Remarks on the Geology of the Island of Samos. . On the Geology of a part of Euboea and Boeotia.......... STRICKLAND, H. E., Esq., and W. J. Hamitton, Esq.,M.P. On a Tertiary deposit near Lixouri, in the Island of Cephalonia .... Vicary, Capt. N. Notes on the Geological Structure of parts of fois (0 eer PURE A iN MA nerd bic ocid's,o.0.0%0 00.00 ¢ Watton, John, Esq. On the Laws of Development of Existing Vegetation, and the application of these Laws to certain Geological Problems eco. ete) oy aso peters ene eee ote ae WHEWELL, The Rev. Dr. Onthe Wave of Translation in connexion with’ the Norther: Dit)... ee ee Page 165 331 232 35) 224 304 378 113 48 251 133 74 52 234 410 65 67 106 334 LIST OF THE FOSSILS FIGURED AND DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. [In this list those fossils, the names of which are printed in Roman type, have been previously described. | Name of Species. Formation. Locality. Page. Prants. (13.) Charcoal, mineral, its structure......... @olites ees Wireinia@esccese 208 Dictyopteris obliqua. P\. xxi. f.2. ...| Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 427 Filicites fimbriatus. Pl. xi. f. 2. ...... Oalite se ae t. Wimo Vials oe eo sce 283 Lepidodendron binerve. P1. xxiv. f. 2.| Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 431 soumidum., Pl. xxiv. f. 1........+. Coal formation...) Cape Breton...... 432 Neuropteris linneefolia. PI. x......... Oohte 2252555428 Vireiniagitoscesens 281 cordata. Pl. xxi. f.1 A & 1 C...| Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 423 (var. angustifolia) P\. xxi. f. 1 B.| Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 426 —— rarinervis. Pl. xxii. f. 1........... Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 425 Odontopteris subcuneata. P1. xxiii. f.1.| Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 427 Pecopteris (Aspidites) bullata. P\. xi.| Oolite ............ Nib GMa eo ieee s 283 fol: —— teniopteroides. PI. xxiii. f. 2....| Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 428 Sphenophyllum erosum. PI. xxiii. f.3.| Coal formation...| Cape Breton...... 430 Mouuusca. (88.) Arca subrostrata. Pl. xv. f. 8, 9....... Tertiary .......:+<. fishon geese -»-| 418 Artemis elliptica. Pl. xv. f.2, 3....... OGUIALY, aessace cass Ihisbon...eecseeesae 417 Cancellaria decussata. Pl. xx. f. 27...| Tertiary ........... TSDOM) se. . een ee-| 421 Cardium pholadiforme. PI. xv. f.6, 7. Tertiary ........... FEISDOM HE asececies 417 —— latisulcatum. Pl. xv. f. 4, 5...... Megtiatiyy coacsceec. ThiSDONI 2s caecnaee 417 Crioceratites Bowerbankii. Woodcut.| L. Greensand ....| Atherfield......... 303 Fusus filamentosus. Woodcut ......... Pliocene cece es Cephalonia ...... 12 Helminthochiton priscus. Woodcut,f.2} Devonian .........] .ec.....ceeeseeeeeees 49 eburonicus. Woodcut, f. 3....... Devonian ......... Tournay and Visé| 49 Griffithii. Woodcut, f.6......... SUMBIAM aces acs Preland, iss vosseto: 49 Lucina ? Hisingeri. Woodcut ......... Wo Sultiniany 0 22: Gothland ..... each moe Mitra juniperus. Woodcut ............ PHOCene 2 o-.s00s. Cephalonia ....... 113 essa pusio. Pl. xx. f. 30. .....s0000.0- Mertiany) o.ccesene TGISOM sexe oases 421 nO wUmd. NPAAKK. £43) sce sina clecn « Megti ary ire eaetinnn ae HVSIOGIN Sasanedgseces 422 parvula. Pl. xxx. f. 34 a, nat.| Tertiary ........... Lisbon) Gesesensese 422 size; 6, c. magn. INCONSPICUA...seccereeeeee eat ee os Merivary sissieinc sisfsideo.s cee emerstedorciaes 10, 11.—Fossil plants from the oolitic coal-field of Eastern Virginia, toillustrate a memoir by Mr. Bunbury: ¢ .4.22...5.3-cs.0sccs-eacecs 12.—Comparative sections of the Lower Greensand in England and France, to illustrate Dr. Fitton’s memoir on the coast at Ather- leer ee nny Ay a Napionine ldsemiisinss\Canedead accssmierce due da assesoacedes Table of the distribution of fossils in lower greensand at Ather- field, to illustrate a memoir by Dr. Fitton ............e0s.cseeeees 13.—Jaws and teeth of fossil Chimeroid fishes, to illustrate a memoir ye Sie Ge BO CEUOM, Ev albees seni cameciosiesesccecees series ... 2. ote eee eee ote oe 810 Add, Fellows elected during former | Residents.... 2 years, and paid in 1846 °.... f Non-residents. 1 Fellows elected, and paid, during | Residents.... 17 UB46) foe digs ARATAGG ocgf2t8 Non-residents. 12 —29 — 32 842 Meduct,. Compounder deceased... 3... s ss oss ae 1 Residents Pda i Seek Ni Ie, ah Abc Tah 2 INON=TeSTCENtS oe bros i caenn ee eee 6 BRESVOTICG Dorie gs cts en's nese ovate geteees cee tae 13 — 22 Total number of Fellows, 31st Dec. 1846, as above.. 820 Number of Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Personages of Royal Blood, December 31, 1845.... 73 Add, Foreign Member elected in 1846..............,.. 1 f Total as above 74 Number of Fellows liable to Annual Contribution at the close of 1846, with the Alterations during the year. INumberattheclose ot: 1 S46 “psec. are bepress acs - Zao Add, Elected in former years, and paid in 1846 ...... 2 Hiected and paid; durmeviis46. (42s... toe 17 Non-residents who became Residents .......... 10 279 DCH CER ICCEASCE Ce as icle ce Nelle ko oe Se ee ee 2 RLGSIPTICU es kus tote hes oc sige eee oe eens Compounded ra. re co as oe ee 6 Became Non-resident ...... Soqueueene Beets 5 es Total as above 25 DeEcEASED FELLOWS. Compounder (1). Charles Worthington, Esq. Residents (2). John Bostock, M.D. | Sir J. S. Sebright, Bart. Non-residents (6). John Cole, M.D. John Norris, Esq. Rev. Richard Hennah. The Dean of Windsor. Charles T. Kaye, Esq. Thomas Winter, Esq. ANNUAL REPORT. VIL _ The following Persons were elected Fellows during the year 1846. January 7th.—George Thornton, Esq., Brighton ; and Henry Scale, - Esq., St. John’s Wood Road. January 21st.—Alfred Tyler, Esq., Warwick Lane; and B. H. - Galland, Esq., Cheltenham. February 4th.—P. W. Barlow, Esq., Manchester Buildings; and George Buist, LL.D., Bombay. February 25th.—G. E. H. Vernon, Esq., Whitehall ee: and Julius Jeffreys, Esq., Norfolk Crescent. March 11th.—Thomas H. Braim, Esq., Australia. April 8th.—Joshua Richardson, Esq., Neath, South Wales; and James Matheson, Esq., M.P., Cleveland Row. April 22nd.—John G. Perry, Esq., Old Burlington Street; and Capt. Otter, R.N., H.M.S. Sparrow. May 6th.—Sir Thomas Phillips, Temple; Joseph Hooker, M.D.; Rey. T. W. Jenkyn, D.D., Torrington Square; Francis Forster, Esq., Bangor, N. Wales; James Foster, Esq., Stourton Castle, Staffordshire ; and Arthur Grote, Esq., Clapham Park. May 20th.—Rev. J. G. Cumming, Isle of Man; and C. H. L. Woodd, Esq., Hillfield, Hampstead. June 3rd.—J. W. Salter, Esq., Park Place, Camden Town; Charles Maclaren, Esq., Edinburgh; William Chambers, Esq., Edinburgh; and J. C. Conybeare, Esq., Chancery Lane. June 17th.—George A. MacDermott, Esq., Chesterton Hall, near Newcastle-under-Lyne; and Thomas Macdougall Smith, Esq., Chapel Place, Westminster. November 18th.—Prof. L. D. B. Gordon, Glasgow. Dec. 2nd.—Rt. Hon. Sir EK. Ryan, Kensington ; George E. Dennes, Esg., Vine-Street, Golden Square; J. B. Birch, Esq., Parliament Street; and William Bainbridge, Esq., Newcastle-on-T'yne. December 16th.— William Twining, M.D., Bedford Place. The following Person was elected a Foreign Member. February 4th.—M. F. Dubois de Montpéreux, Neuchatel. The following Donations to the Musrum have been received since the last Anniversary. British and Irish Specimens. Carboniferous Limestone Fossils and Rock Specimens from the Isle of Man; presented by the Rev. J. G. Cumming, F.G.S. Cast in Hastings Sand of a supposed gigantic Footstep; presented by the Rev. E. Tagart, F.G.S. Specimens of Tellina and Ostrea from March in Cambridgeshire; presented by H. M. Lee, Esq. Fossil shells from the Kimmeridge Clay of Hartwell, Buckingham- shire; presented by John Lee, LL.D., F.G.S. Collection of Devonian shells and Crinoidal remains, made by the late Rev. Richard Hennah and the Rev. W. V. Hennah; presented by the Rev. W. V. Hennah. Vill ANNIVERSARY MEETING. Specimens of Crinoidal remains; presented by the Earl of Ennis- killen, F.G.S. | Spiral appendages of a Spirifer in Chert, from Ashford presented by James Tennant, Esq., F.G.S. Pecten and Pentacrinites in Sandstone ; presented by W. Richandear Esq., F.G.S. Specimens of Hastings Sand from near Tunbridge; presented by Messrs. Prestwich and Morris, Fs.G.S. Specimens of Unio from the Iron Mines of Caermarthenshire ; pre- sented by W. L. Wrey, Esq., F.G.S. Cast of Head and Paddle of a new species of Plesiosaurus; presented’ by 8. Stutchbury, Esq., F.G.S. Foreign Specimens. Specimens of Copper Ores from South Australia; presented by F.S. Dutton, Esq. A series of Fossils from the Nummulite Limestone of India, and Fossil bones, &c. of Ruminants from Scinde ; presented by Capt. Vicary and General Sir C. Napier. A portion of an Elephant’s tooth from the Island of Gozo; presented by Jas. Smith, Esq., F.G.S. Leptena euglypha, from the Mendip Hills, and a Fossil Conus from Malta; presented by A. Majendie, Esq., F.G.S. Coal from Formosa; presented by Sir G. Staunton, Bart., F.G.S. Specimens of Rocks of Round Island and Serpent’s Island; north of the Mauritius; presented by Capt. Beaufort, R.N., Hon. Mem. G.S. Collection of Upper Silurian Fossils from Gothland, and Lower Silu- rian Fossils from Scania, &c.; presented by Sir R. I. Murchison, V.P.G.S. Sigillaria from the Coal. Measures of South Joggins, Nova Scotia; presented by Charles Lyell, Esq., F.G.S. : Collection of Fossils and Rocks from South Australia and Van Die- men’s Land; presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq., F.G.S. Collection of Tertiary Fossils from Koomie, Smyrna, Samos, &c.; presented by Lieut. T. A. B. Spratt, R.N., F.G.S. Fossil Frogs from the neighbourhood of Bombay; presented by G. Clarke, Esq. Fucoids in Quartzose Sandstone, Table Mountain, Cape of Good Hope; presented by Mr. Geddes Bain. , Specimens of Fish and Crustaceans from Juni Bay, Mount Lebanon, and Fossils and Minerals from the Dead Sea; presented by Capt. Newbold, R.N. Silicified Ostrea and Wood, and Minerals from Georgia ; ager by George White, Esq. ~ Cast of Skull of Sivathertum Perimense, from Perim Island ; ia by A, Bettington, Esq., F.G.S. - ANNUAL REPORT. 1X. Cuarts anp Maps. - The Physical Atlas, by H. Berghaus, LL.D., and A. K. Johnson. Part 1; presented by A. K. Johnson, Esq., F.G.S. The Charts published by the Admiralty during the year 1845; pre- sented by Capt. Beaufort, R.N., by direction of the Lords Com- missioners of the Admiralty. Ordnance Townland Survey of the County of Kerry, in 113 sheets ; presented by Major-Gen. Colby, R.E., by direction of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Carte Pittoresque des. Chemins de Fer de la Belgique, par M. Ph. Vandermaelen. Carte et Tableau Statistique des Chemins de Fer en Belgique, dressée par M. Ph. Vandermaelen. Carte Itinéraire, Historique et Statistique des Chemins de Fer de VEurope Centrale, dressée par G. P. de Pistoia. Carte des Routes existantes avant 1795, exécutées depuis, sous les Régimes Frengais et Neerlandais, 1846. Atlas Administratif et Statistique de la Belgique, Carte No. 18. Carte des Chemins de Fer de l'Europe ; presented by M. Ph. Van- dermaelen, F.G.S. Map of Lycia, Milyas and the Cibyratis, by Lieut: T. Spratt, R.N. ; presented by Mr. J. Van Voorst. Section of the strata of Alston Moor, by Wm. Wallace ; presented by the Author. MIscELLANEOUS. A Clinometer; presented by R. B. Grantham, Esq., F.G.S. A Marble Bust of the Rev. Prof. Sedgwick, by H. Weekes; presented by H. Weekes, Esq. The following List contains the Names of all the Persons and Public Bodies from whom Donations to the Library and Museum were received during the past year. Academy of Sciences of Paris. Ansted,.Prof.,.D:F..¥-G.S. Admiralty, The Right Hon. the | Association of American Geolo- Lords Commissioners of the. gists. Agassiz, Prof. L., For. Mem. G.S. | Atheneum, Editor of the. Agricultural Magazine, The Edi- | American Journal, Editors of the. tor of the. Austin, Messrs. Thomas. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Bain, Geddes, Esq. _ American Philosophical Society. | Barraude, M. J. x ANNIVERSARY MEETING. Beaufort, Capt. R.N., Hon. Mem. G.S Bettington, A., Esq., F.G.S. Binney, E. W., Esq. Bowerbank, James, Esq., F.G.S. British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. Calcutta Journal, Editors of. Catullo, Prof. T. A. Chemical Society of London. Clarke, G., Esq. Colby, Major-Gen., F.G.S. Cumming, Rev. J., F.G.S. Dana, J. D., Esq. D’Aoust, M. V. Darwin, Charles, Esq., F.G.S. Daubeny, Prof., M.D., F.G.S. De Koninck, M. L. Dela Beche, Sir H. T., For. Sec. G.S. D’Orbigny, M. Alcide, For. Mem. G.S. Dunleoss D. W. Dutton, F. S., Esq. Enniskillen, Earl of, F.G.S. Faraday, Michael, Esq., F.G.S. Forbes, Prof. E., F.G.S. : Geneva Society of Nat. Hist. Geological and Polytechnic So- ciety of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Geological Society of France. Gilliss, Lieut. J. M. Grantham, R. B., Esq., F.G.S. Greenough, G. B., Esq., F.G.S. Grey, Right Hon. Earl. Griffith, Richard, Esq., F.G.S. Gumprecht, Dr. T. E. Hausmann, Prof. J. F. L., For. Mem. G.S. Hennah, Rev. W. V. Horner, L., Esq., Pres. G.S. Institution of Civil Engineers, Ireland, Lord Lieutenant of. Jobert, M. A. C. Johnson, A. K., Esq., F.G.S8. Jukes, J. B., Esq., F.G.S. Kelaart, E. F., M.D., F.G.S. Kutorga, Dr. 8. Lee, John, LL.D., F.G.S. Lee, H. M., Esq. Leeds Philosophical Society, Linnean Society. Logan, W. E., Esq., F.G.S. London Geological Journal, Edi- tor of the. London Institution. Lyell, Charles, Esq., F.G.S. Majendie, A., Esq., F.G.S. Mantell, G. A., LL.D., F.G.S. Michelin, H., Esq. Microscopical Society. Modena Society. Morris, John, Esq., F.G.S. Moore, J. C., Esq., Sec. G.S. Miller, Herr John. Murchison, Sir R. I., F.G.S. Napier, Gen. Sir C. Newbold, Capt. New York Lyceum of Nat. Hist. Noble, Daniel, Esq. Nyst, M. P. H. Orlebar, A. B., Esq. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science. Phillips, Prof. J., F.G.S. Pictet, M. F. J. Pilla, Herr L. Prestwich, Josh., jun., Esq., B G.S. Reeve Brothers, Messrs. Rennie, G., Esq., F.G.S. Pivneoeer. W., Esq., F.G.S. Rose, Prof. Gustav, a Mem.G.8. Royal Academy of Berlin. Royal Academy of Brussels. Royal Academy of Munich. ANNUAL REPORT. Royal Agricultural Society of En- gland. | Royal Asiatic Society. Royal Astronomical Society. Royal Geographical Society. Royal Polytechnic Society of Cornwall. Royal Society of Copenhagen. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Royal Society of London. Scarborough Philosophical So- ciety. ; Sharpe, D., Esq., F.G.8. Silliman, Prof., M.D., For. Mem. G.S. Sismonda, Prof. Angelo. Smith, James, Esq., F.G.S. Solly, Edward, Esq., F.G.S. Sowerby, J. de Carle, Esq. Spratt, Lieut. T., R.N., F.G.S. Staunton, Sir G., Bart., F.G.S. Strasburg Natural History So- ciety. Strickland, H. E., Esq., F.G.S. Stutchbury, 8., Esq., F.G.S. St. Petersburgh Muineralogical Society. xl St.Petersburgh Imperial Academy. Tagart, Rev. E., F.G.S. Taylor, R., Esq., F.G.S. Taylor, R. C., Esq., F.G.S. Tcheftkine, General. Tennant, Mr. James, F.G.S. Trimmer, Joshua, Esq., F.G.S. Vandermaelen, M. Ph., F.G.S. Vicary, Capt. Volborth, Dr. A. Von. Von Meyer, Herr H. Voorst, Mr. J. Van. Wallace, William, Esq. Whittlesey, C., Esq. Wicksteed, Thomas, Esq. Williamson, W.-C., Esq. White, G., Esq. Wrey, W. L., Esq., F.G.S. Woods and Forests, Chief Com- missioner of. Yorkshire Philosophical Society. Zejsznera, M. L. Zoological Society. List of Paprrs read since the last Anniversary Meeting, February 20th, 1846. Feb. 25th.—On a Calcareous Bed in the Thames, by George Rennie, Esq., F.G.S. On the Tertiary or Supracretaceous Formations of the Isle of Wight, by Joseph Prestwich, jun., Esq., F.G.S. March 11th.—Geological Report on a portion of the Beloochistan Hills, by Capt. N. Vicary ; communicated by Sir R. I. Murchison, F.G.S. On Markings in the Hastings Sand Beds near Has- tings, by the Rev. E. Tagart, F.G.S. March 25th.—On the Geology of the Falkland Islands, by C. Dar- win, Esq., F.G.S. Lyell, Esq., F.G.S. Notice on the Coal-Fields of Alabama, by Charles April 8th.—On the Superficial Detritus of Sweden, and on the Pro- bable Causes which have affected the Surface of the Rocks in the Central and Southern portions of that kingdom, by Sir R. I. Mur- _ chison, F.G.S. Xil ANNIVERSARY MEETING. April 22nd.—On the Subdivision of the genus Terebratula, by John Morris, Esq., F.G.S. —_———— Description of the Dukinfield Sigillaria, by E. Ww. Binney, Esq. —_—— On Erect Fossil Trees in Cape Breton Coal-Field, by Richard Brown, Esq. May 6th.—On the Wealden Strata exposed by the Tunbridge Wells Railway, by J. Prestwich, jun., Esq., F.G.S., and John. Morris, Esq., F.G.S. S56 -—— On the Newer Deposits of the Southern States of North America, by Charles Lyell, Esq., F.G. S. On Footmarks of Birds in the New Red Sandstone, by John Cunningham, Esq., F.G.S. May 20.—Description of a New Species of Plesiosaurus, by 8S. Stutchbury, Esq., F.G.S. by Charles Lyell, Esq., F.G.S. Description of an Upper Molar Tooth of Dichobune cervinum, from Binstead, Isle of Wight, by Richard Owen, Esq., F.G.S., Hunterian Professor of Anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons. SS aEEEEnEE On the Wealden Beds of Brora, Sutherlandshire, by Alex. Robertson, Esq., F.G.S. June 3rd and 17th.—On the Silurian and Associated Rocks in Da- lecarlia, by Sir R. I. Murchison, F.G.S. June 17.—Description of a Fossil Chiton from the Silurian Rocks, by J. W. Salter, Esq., F.G.S. — Notice of the occurrence of the Hlephas primigenius at Gozo near Malta, by James Smith, Esq., of Jordan Hill, F.G.S. Nov. 4th.—Notice on the existence of Purbeck Strata with remains of Insects, at Swindon, Wilts, by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, F.G.S. Switzerland, by Sir R. I. Murchison, F.G.S. —— On the extinct Fossil Viverrine Fox of CEningen, by Richard Owen, Esq., F.G.S., Hunterian Professor of Anatomy i In the Royal College of Surgeons. On the Geology of the Island of Laft, by the Rev. W.B. Ciarke, F.G.S. November 18th.—On the Laws of Beyelonment of Existing Vegeta tion, and the application of these laws to certain Geological Pro- blems, by John Walton, Esq. Remarks on the Geology of the Islands of Samos and Eubeea, by Lieut. T. Spratt, R.N., F.G.S. On the Fossils collected by Lieut. Spratt, R.N., in the Islands of Samos and Eubeea, by Edward Forbes, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of Botany in King’s College, London. December 2nd.—On the Coal Plants of Nova Scotia, by C. J. F. Bunbury, Esq., F.G.S. —— On Slaty Cleavage, by Daniel Sharpe, Esq., F.G.S. December 16th.—On the Fossiliferous Slates of North Wales, On Foot-marks in the Coal Measures of Pennsylvania, Additional Remarks on the Deposit of Giningen in _ ANNUAL REPORT... Xi - Westmoreland and Cumberland, by the Rev. AdamSedgwick, F.G.S., Woodwardian Professor in the University of Cambridge. January 6th, 1847.—On the Classification of the lowest Fossili- ferous Rocks of North and South Wales, by Sir R. I. Murchison, COR GS. —_— On the Island called the Calf of Man, by the Rev. J. Cumming, F.G.S. —__———-~ Notes on some portion of the Geology of the neigh- bourhood of Bombay, by G. Clarke, Esq. On the Fossil Remains of Frogs in the Deposits of Bombay, described by Mr. Clarke, by Richard Owen, Esq., F.G.S., Hunterian Professor of Anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons. : On the Geology of the neighbourhood of Bombay, by Mr. Conybeare ; communicated by W. J. Hamilton, Esq., Sec. G.S January 20th.—On a new Clinometer, by R. B. Grantham, Esq., F.G.S. —— On the slow Transmission of Heat through Clay, by Mr. Nasmyth; communicated by the President. On the Wave of Translation, in Connection with the Northern Drift, by the Rev. William Whewell, D.D., F.G.S., Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. February 3rd.—-On the London Clay, by Joseph Prestwich, Jun., Esq., F.G.S. —— On recent depressions of Land, by James Smith, Ksq., of Jordan Hill, F.G.S. (commenced). After the Reports had been read, it was resolved,— That they be received and entered on the Minutes of the Meet- ing; and that such parts of them as the Council shall think fit, be printed and distributed among the Fellows. It was afterwards resolved :-— 1. That the thanks of the Society be given to Leonard Horner, Esq., retiring from the Office of President. 2. That the thanks of the Society be given to Robert Hutton, Esq., and Sir R. I. Murchison, retiring from the Office of Vice-President. 3. That the thanks of the Society be given to Sir H. T. De la Beche, retiring from the Office of Foreign Secretary. 4. That the thanks of the Society be given to Prof. Daubeny, M.D., the Marquis of Northampton, Lieut.-Col Sabine, Henry War- burton, Esq., and the Very Rev. the Dean of Westminster, re- tiring from the Council. XIV ANNIVERSARY MEETING. After the Balloting Glasses had been duly closed, and the lists ex- amined by the Scrutineers , the following gentlemen were declared to have been duly elected the Officers and Council for the ensuing year :— OFFICERS. SS PRESIDENT. Sir H. T. De la Beche, F.R.S. and L.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Sir P. G. Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Charles Lyell, jun., Esq., F.R.S. and L.S. Prof. Owen, F.R.S. and L.S. Rey. Prof. Sedgwick, F.R.S. SECRETARIES. William John Hamilton, Esq., M.P. John Carrick Moore, Esq. FOREIGN SECRETARY. C. J. F. Bunbury, Esq., F.L.S. TREASURER. John Lewis Prevost, Esq. COUNCIL. J. S. Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S. C. J. F. Bunbury, Esq., F.L.S. Charles Darwin, Esgq., F.R.S. Sir H. T. De la Beche, F.R.S. and L.S. Sir P. Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Hugh Falconer, M.D., F.R.S. and L.S. Prof. E. Forbes, F.R.S. and L.S. G. B. Greenough, Esq., F.R.S. and L.S. William John Hamilton, Esq., M.P. William Hopkins, Esq., F.R.S. L. & E. Robert Hutton, Esq., M.R.LA. Charles Lyell, jun., Esq., F. R. S. and L.S. G. A. Mantell, LL.D., F.R.S. and L.S. John C. Moore, Esq. Sir R. I. Murchison, G.C. St.8., F.R.S. and L.S. Prof. Owen, F.R.S. and L.S. Samuel Peace Pratt, Esq., F.R.S. and L.S. John Lewis Prevost, Esq. Rev. Prof. Sedgwick, F.R.S. D. Sharpe, Esq., F.L.S. | H. E. Strickland, Esq., M.A. Leonard Horner, Esq:, F.R.S. S. V. Wood, Esq. ‘umuAsSvaNy, “LSOATUd “If “Pausig =“ LEST “8 “ar I §I 3&9sF I Sl 289¢F [‘papnjour avay you sz anhojojny faoag ——— ae wASS “IT pun yousnor hyrazunng ‘shurpaar0ug ‘suorg =x -IDSUDAT, pjosun fo yoojs ‘aunjruing ‘havrg = “UT ‘suorpoaqoy yosaurpy ayz fo angva ayy, “aN ] Oa 300 0 ZZ FP * OFSI Jo suonqiayu0,d jo sievo.y 09 9 °'°''** poos patapisuod ‘gFQT 0} A0LId suOI}NqIIyUOZ Jo sively = 0 SI 6€ °°°**' Saaq UOIssIWpY jo sivaly ct 7) °$ eee Pp j ~~ 19 G OSTE ******sposuog “spt 7Zpeg ‘Arredorg popung £6 GLog “°°° 77° *** Ajatv0g ayy Jo anoavy ut sourleg Il 61 8 Gran meet "res 5" snuvy § yda]9 Ul soULRleg qc @ 7c soos sso Avy “a of puw “ry *sassayy 0} mnqit ple Zif “°° c¢ oO spuevy saayueg ut soureg PS ag ££ ¢9 ‘*'"** 09 pus uBUIsUOT ‘sAssay] WOIy ong "Lda ga as eae "ALUIIOUg “OFST saquaseq stg fhpsadoug sfiqa1909 ay} fO NOLLVAIV A Zz “LEST “S Qa =. “ LLIVYd dOVdd THONVS 0 8 FOIF HEY "| oxae HOIMISHYd NHOL 0 8 VOLF 9 I 64 ~""***** Junoddy jsniy, ‘s sayuReg ye sduRjeEg | ——-———— Onl. 26S) | *yoa1109 TUdY} Puy puUv s}USUIA}eIS aso} O FI LI SPS jo douvjeq ‘qshousess) “JIA YIM SN 0} pazuesoid s1ayjanoA pue syoog ay} pareduiod savy aM O I 9§ °°** satdoo GZ 10} ‘yyIUIsmMoy. 9 | 64 ———— —: dey jearSopoary jO yunodoe UO pieg 9 I1 1g ‘sag sad ¢ ‘poy “PI “ST ‘2PS0T Oe eile ae jo puny uolnvuog ay} UO spuspiaig 9. fe e0G 22> oe Bre Scapemsue ayy (Se (pjos) dey eordo] 0} popivae spass001g jo souLvleg "D'S *¥ -09) JY} JO yUNOIS UO paAIZDIy Ue (1 Sed Ce aie easter Ra 12° <= *S1epsuoy aN) 0, Gr CG. aa" cist dey [eo1d0]o0ax ‘s Jayueg 3e sourleg ‘Pp ‘S “F 0} papleme jepayy] wnipeyjeg joysoy | 9 I1 IE sr srssee ss ss puny UOIJVUOG UOISEI[OAA eS soe ‘Dp "8 "# ayy uo ‘gpey ‘Arenuve ys] ‘s Jayurg ye soured “SINANAV *SLdIGOay SA TATOIOAFATT Tanar Tr Xvi - Income and Expenditure during the INCOME. £. §. do Bec Se ae Balance at Banker’s, January 1, 1846.... 338 5 74 Less composition to be invested.......... 31 10 0 306 15 2 Balance in hands of Clerk, Jan. 1, 1846.. S.4Zr8 —-———- 315 2 10 Compositionsirecéived o2 0.0 sae eee 157-10 0 Do. at Banker’s, as above ........ cso See lr eel a) satel —— 189 0 0 Do. received in December after Consols closed...... 3110 O Arrears of Admission Fees...........-.. 2S F229 Arrears of Annual Contributions ........ 31 10 O 5412 0O Admission Fees of 1846..........-.00 00:5 PM 233° 22 wg Annual Contributions of 1846 ............. ee a ne TA en ae Dividends on 3 per Cent. Consols ........-.+-+20 93.8 9 Sale:Ol WranSactwpnsiee © occ nee seo ee ceemmeenan eel 129:40-. 3 Sale of Transactions in separate Memoirs..........-- 26°97 1 Sale-of Proceedings#, :, eer reesoee nc oer ree 8S 3 0 Journal, Vol. I., Publisher’s allowance on sale........ 711 0 Sale of Journal, Vol. II............. eae es ce tee call OS) eum Library : Sale of Catalogue;: 52:22 224074202 310 0 Donation from Sir T. Phillips .. pes £2065 17 10 We have compared the Books and Vouchers presented to us with these Statements, and find them correct. . Signed, JOHN PRESTWICH, Jun. A Feb. 8, 1847. SAMUEL PEACE PRATT, } et Year ending December 31st, 1846. XVH EXPENDITURE. ee 2S. oe Wamposiiionsanvestéd:...... 2.22.5 Yaseen, .s'ren 6 1829 0 0 General Expenditure : Ee PRE Sema TUALCS. 053, 5.1/decsesvieenodessveccsereieubvess $5 11. 4 Bie MHSUTANCE, oe s.ve oes ccennecn woes soo essansense 9 20-0 SEMIS G ep A Ta cee) oes loaning naiew serine “ess tuna 4. 0 BRIE MITE LR EPAlls...\.) ..dudeessevlews«vaes ceadoarcedues 18 18 11 NGF Oirticabe sss. cts sugcevese.sseeessseens (40 OF 4 Perce ce Ma acai « « oivioleig scan ch aotinelsspap odce 34 13 O “LTS. joc 5 Ache ME Sen ean eee aoe 92 8 2 Miscellaneous House expenses, including Post- BCS), . SesaceuvvrsvssUccscocsccsrecvcseaessasccecceseres 51 13 0O AORN ois o> » slots oleic nasi REA MREAED opie ape Siw so Zee 25°56, 9 Miscellaneous Printing ..................se0eeessseve 153 iZ O _— Tea for Meetings «.....csccscescescnscsscoscnseanaeese IF. G6... S . 286 17 11 Salaries and Wages : PACES SECUELATY occ. +0 coe cesiecavieiesas vov'sesoenuneties 120 0 O Librarian and Curator (3 qrs. of a year) ...... 97 10 O LEST 5 [OSS OCC ORAB BEC RTESE EEE Sar HE PME are See 100 6 O RMN oS. 5 opie elle Sp Saltbtyodccee Ce eioadleecaiewomoniees 80 0 O BPOMRE MAL 2.53. 500.00). stn enlsvtg odeeeWente . eedave sesh 33 4 O Oceacional Attendants. . 5.0.5 . Sade AA puUe soles Ve 11.886 = O r@) Os wee e ee seer ss seetsesences SSu1qa0 [| IO} val, O O GI Ceccersonsseese Suyultg SNOULTIIISITAL 0 Oo GG ee ccecese ecceee seceesceneerienees {TAURI O O OG ‘""***sasuadxy asnoPFT Snoouey][aost py O 0 GG rettteerteeeeeettteeeeees QU ging O 0 Gg itttitettesseteetteneeeeeteeteeeeees done OO GL citeititeeeererseainquang May O (0) GI @eceeetseveccceseeree suredayy dAN}UIN J (0) O 6S Ceeoceereccsece seeeeoeeerorieday asnoxy] O O 6 eeeceeoeover*%o @eoeoestt oes *90URINSUT CHAR: BOLL GS cetteettteseseesees gayeay pure sox eae : oinjIpuedx| [e1ouay) 9 € 1G °*°: s0fAUyz “a “fF pue ‘yy ‘sIssapy 0} ONp TIIG ‘DS OR ‘CULVWILSH AUNLIGNdd Xa oo°oco LIOIF 00g eeoesesece @e eee e@ 2 + jeuno ¢ Ap 1oq1e0%) jo ayes (Oi Sa Sa ee ee pos ‘ag ‘stOIjovsuRIy, JO ales 16 “te ""sfosuog “yuag Jod ¢ uo spusprarq L0G 0 O 961 °°" (GL) sjuapises-uoNT 0 SL TQ crritertstttteeses (er) sjuapIsoy BP SF > $00,J UOISSIUIPY 9c, °° °° **(SMOT[AT OFZ) SUONGLUOD yenUUYy : poyeulljss / PR] 1oy owoouy Areurpiog eee @ 06 "sss (oays-uoTyen[Y A 9aq) sivaiy Gg ttc tt ttsees phere oun UI ‘OD pur ueUduO'TT ‘sissoyy Aq onp yunooDy ap ‘(ad L0ad Xa ANOONT “LEST vay ay) Of SALYNILLSY KIX PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 19ra FEBRUARY, 1847. AWARD OF THE WOLLASTON MEDAL AND DonaTION FuND. AFTER the Reports of the Council and Committees had been read, the President delivered the Wollaston Palladium Medal, awarded to Dr. Boué, to Sir Roderick Murchison, addressing him as follows :— Sir Roprrick Murcuison, In presenting to you, as the representative of your friend Dr. Boué of Vienna, the Wollaston Palladium Medal, I cannot better set forth his claims to the honour than by repeating the terms of the award of the Council. This distinction has been conferred on him “for the zeal, intelligence and perseverance with which he has de- voted himself, both in the field and in the study, to the attainment and diffusion of geological knowledge during the last thirty years; for his valuable and original investigations in Scotland, the south of France, Italy, the mountain regions of Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Swit- zerland and the Tyrol, Austria, Illyria, Hungary, Transylvania, &c.; for his scientific researches in European Turkey ; for his industry in collecting materials and his skill in arranging them, as exemplified in his geological maps, particularly those of Europe and the World, and in numerous other publications ; all tending to facilitate the study and advance the progress of Geology and its kindred sciences.” So comprehensive an enumeration of the claims of Dr. Boué to the gratitude of geologists,—so ample an exposition of the grounds on which the Council have conferred this distinction upon him, may probably be considered sufficient without my adding another word ; but as Dr. Boué is a very old personal friend, I hope I shall be ex- cused if I dwell a little longer upon some of his merits, and give expression to my admiration of his indefatigable zeal, activity and success in the pursuit of science. I first knew him as a medical stu- dent at Edinburgh, where, in the lecture-room of Professor Jameson, and in sight of the interesting geological features of the neighbour- hood of that city, he first imbibed a taste for our science. While in Scotland, he traversed almost every part of it, as a botanist and geo- logist ; and in his inaugural dissertation for his doctor’s degree in 1817, he pointed out the influence of geological structure on the flora of a country, illustrated by examples drawn from Scotland. Soon after he left Edinburgh he published his ‘ Hssaz Géologique VOL. IIl. c e = Se ~~. OLS A AE ACT ET a a a SS See xX PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. sur 0 Ecosse,’ a most remarkable work to have been accomplished in so short a time by one individual, a young man, especially consider- ing the state of the science at that time. He was then, too, labouring under the disadvantage of having been imbued with the system of Werner, at that time exclusively taught by Professor Jameson: “J'ai suivi,’ he says in his introduction, “dans mon travail les principes de son école.” But in justice to my excellent friend Professor Jame- son, it must be said, that although he then taught an erroneous creed, he inspired his scholars with a devotion to science which led to their conversion to a sounder faith, as the same devotion to the cause of sound Geology afterwards led their master; and in the same sen- tence from which I quote the above words, his attached pupil says, “< J’ai mis a profit les intéressantes lecons de M. Jameson.” But Dr. Boué was too acute and able a man to continue long fettered by the dogmas of any school; he read the volume of nature himself, with- out the aid of the Freyberg Professor as an interpreter, and he had the merit of being one of the first who pointed out to continental geologists the unsoundness of the Wernerian hypotheses. Humboldt frequently alludes to this first work of our distinguished Foreign Member, in his ‘Essai sur le Gissement des Roches,’ and always with approbation ; and even the severe MacCulloch speaks of it with comparative respect. Dr. Boué next brought out various Memoirs on the Geology of France and Germany, the fruits of his researches during several summers occupied in exploring these countries; and in these he was the first to maintain that the Muschelkalk and Quadersandstein of the Germans were not identical with any English formations, but distinct beds. ‘These memoirs were embodied in his ‘ Geognostical Picture of Germany. He undertook the difficult and dangerous task of exploring European Turkey, which occupied him several years, the results of which he published in an elaborate work, which gives the first authentic account of the geology of this little-known region. His various journeys were undertaken at his own expense: he never accepted any public appointment, although the Chair of Geology at Geneva was offered to him some years ago through the influence of Professor De la Rive and others. Dr. Boué was one of the founders of the Geological Society of France in 1830; he and M. Elie de Beaumont were its first Secretaries; he was Vice- President in 1834, when he gave a “ Resumé des Progrés des Sci- ences Géologiques pendant l Année 1833,” which ogcupies the whole of the fifth volume of the Bulletin of the Society; and in 1835 he was elected its President. He is now resident at Vienna, pursuing his geological researches with unabated ardour. I received a letter from him three days ago, in reply to that in which I announced to him the award of the Wollaston Medal; he regrets his inability to be present to receive it, and he adds, that he is deeply sensible of the unexpected honour that has thus been conferred upon him. On receiving the Medal, Sir RopERIck Murcutson replied as follows : ANNIVERSARY MEETING.~—WOLLASTON MEDAL. XXi _ S1r,—The well-merited eulogium you have just pronounced on the scientific labours of Dr. Bou€ enumerates merits more than enough to entitle any geologist to our highest honour; but permit me to say, that notwithstanding the length of that list of labours, carried on as they were at his own expense and without fee or re- ward, there is still one subject to which you have not adverted, and which I can estimate the importance of from my own observations, — I mean the researches of our Foreign Associate, seventeen or eight- een years ago, inthe Kastern Alps and Carpathians, which led to a most able parallel between these chains. In examining the former, I derived such essential advantages from an original Geological Map of that region prepared by Dr. Boué, a copy of which was sent by him to this Society, that it gives me pecu- liar pleasure thus publicly to state, on the part of my fellow-labourer and myself, that, on the question of the age of the Gosau deposits, our antagonist has proved more correct than ourselves ; for we now acknowledge that these strata, at least a large part of them, do not exhibit, as we had supposed, a transition into the tertiary series, but form, as Dr. Boué had asserted, a portion of the cretaceous system. Hoping to revisit Austria in the ensuing summer, (and what plea- sure it will give me, I need scarcely say, if my old friend Professor Sedgwick again unites with me, ) I shall indeed, Sir, have the sincerest gratification in conveying to Dr. Boué our Wollaston Medal, which Iam sure he will doubly value, when he refers to the names of the eminent foreign geologists who, in common with himself, have re- ceived this token of the approbation and esteem of their British contemporaries. The President next addressed Sir Henry De la Beche, Foreign Secretary of the Society, as follows :— Sir Henry De ta Becue, In the bequest by which Dr. Wollaston established our “Donation Fund,” he empowers the Council to apply the annual proceeds, in whole or in part, “in aiding or rewarding the researches of any in- dividual or individuals, of any country.” By virtue of that power, and ever anxious to act in accordance with the liberal desire of Dr. Wollaston, the Council have this year awarded the balance of the proceeds, after providing the Medal, amounting to Tuirry Pounps, to M. AtcipE pOrsieny, to assist him in the publication of his paleontological works now in progress. The researches of M. Alcide d’Orbigny have contributed new material to all departments of Natural History. During his eight years’ sojourn in South America, he devoted himself entirely to the service of science ; and his great work, the ‘ Voyage dans I’ Amérique Méridionale, will be an enduring monument of his labours. But it is for the services he has rendered to Geology through the ap- plication of his zoological knowledge to the determination and description of fossil remains, that we have especially to be grateful. His ‘ Paléontologie Fran¢aise’ is a work as important to the English as to the French geologist, That part which relates to the creta- e2 XXil PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ceous strata is nearly completed, and forms in itself one of the finest and most extensive paleontological monographs extant. The de- scriptions therein given are full and well drawn up, and the figures which accompany them are unrivalled for beauty of execution. It is in the hope of contributing towards the continuation and comple- tion of this great undertaking, that the Council now offer to M. d’Or- bigny such assistance as lies within their means. Important as is the Cretaceous section of the ‘ Paléontologie Francaise,’ the continuation of the Oolitic division, as yet only commenced, would be, if possible, even of more consequence to our science in England. A mono- graph of recent and fossil Crinoidea is another of M. d’Orbigny’s works, which has as yet proceeded but a short way, and I scarcely need say how valuable such an essay would be, if complete. The memoirs of this distinguished naturalist upon the fossils of South America, on the secondary fossils of Russia, and many others of minor extent, all bear testimony to his talents and industry, and to his ardent zeal for science. Few living naturalists have sent forth such a mass of valuable work, in the descriptive and iconographical depart- ments of Paleontology ; and, perhaps, none but himself would have the courage to contemplate sucha gigantic undertaking as the ‘ Pa- léontologie Universelle des Coquilles et des Mollusques,’ combined with a complete history of existing species, recently announced, and even commenced by M. Alcide d’Orbigny. Sir Henry DE La Becue said in reply :—I entirely concur in all the remarks which you, Sir, have just made respecting the merits of M. Alcide d’Orbigny, and the importance to our science of promoting, by all the means in our power, the publications in which he is en- gaged ; and I highly value the privilege, which my official position in the Society gives me, of being the channel for such a communi- cation to M. d’Orbigny as the present. ore eee After the other proceedings had been completed, and the Officers and Council had been elected, the President proceeded to address the Meeting. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, LEONARD HORNER, Esa., V.P.R.S. GENTLEMEN,—TI have again the satisfaction of being able to con- gratulate you on the prosperous state of the Society. At no period has it been in a condition of more effective usefulness ; our numbers are greater than at any former Anniversary ; we never had a larger proportion of our Fellows actively engaged in various departments of geological science ; our finances are in so sound a state, that we live within our income, and are able to publish the papers read at our meetings quickly and with ample illustrations; our collections of ¢ ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. XX1il books, maps and specimens have been augmented by many valuable donations in the past year, and thev are becoming more and more available to those who desire to consult them. We have had no meeting since our last Anniversary without one paper at least of con- siderable interest, often more than one; and several valuable me- moirs are in the possession of the Council, and others in course of pre- paration by the authors, which will be read during the remainder of the present session. Our discussions have been carried on with the same talent, animation and earnestness by which they have usually been characterized, combined with that good humour and kind feel- ing between those maintaining different views, which have prevailed at all times, from the earliest days of the Society. We have never met on these occasions without having had to la- ment the loss, by death, of some of our Members; but happily, this year we have not been deprived of more than half the number of those whose deaths it was the painful duty of the Council to announce to you at our last Anniversary. Joun Bostock, M.D., although not actively engaged in geolo- gical inquiries, was a valuable member of our Society for many years. His name stands high in the medical profession as a physiologist, and he devoted much of his time to chemical research. His scien- tific pursuits embraced a wide field; he took a warm interest in the objects of this Society, particularly in its early days, and he was elected President in 1826. We have in our Transactions a short paper by him, read in January 1835, giving the results of an analysis he had made of the water of a boiling spring in the volcanic island of St. Paul in the Indian Ocean. THe Rev. RicHaArpD HeENNAH was the eldest son of the Vicar of St. Austle in Cornwall; and after having taken his Bachelor’s degree at Oxford, became his father’s curate. ‘The place where they resided was in one of the richest mining districts of Cornwall, which gave both a taste for mineralogical pursuits ; they formed a choice collection of the minerals of the county, especially the ores of cop- per and tin, a collection that was well known to all in that county who had similar tastes. In 1804 he was appointed Chaplain to the Garrison of Plymouth, and he held the appointment until his death in 1846, in the 8Ist year of his age. Although he had little opportunity of extending his geological researches beyond the country in the neighbourhood of his residence, we are indebted to him for much valuable information respecting the fossils of the Plymouth Limestone, which during many years he had examined with great diligence and success. He announced his dis- covery of organic remains in that rock in a letter to Mr. Warburton in the autumn of 1814, afterwards published in the fourth volume of the First Series of our ‘Transactions’; and on the 2nd of April 1819, a paper by him was read, afterwards published in the fifth volume, in which he describes a considerable variety of the remains of Mollusca and of Zoophytes found in various places. In April 1822 he pub- XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. lished ‘A Succinet Account of the Lime Rocks of Plymouth.’ Pre- viously to his researches, doubts were entertained whether that. lime- stone was fossiliferous. Thus, in the above letter to Mr. Warburton, Mr, Hennah says, “It has hitherto been a point in dispute whether the limestone at Plymouth does or does not contain organic remains. ’ He probably had not then read the ‘Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory,’ for otherwise he would have seen that Mr. Playfair had, twelve years before, discovered a shell in the limestone, at the very spot from which he was then writing. In accordance with a funda- mental principle of that theory, that all the strata, even the most ancient, are composed of the detritus of pre-existing rocks, Dr. Hutton maintained that organic bodies might be discovered in what in those days were called the primary strata; and Mr. Playfair, in his ‘Illustrations,’ announces ( and he appears to have considered ita triumphant proof of the soundness of that principle) his discovery of a shell in the limestone at Plymouth. He thus describes it:—“ On the sea-shore, on the east side of Plymouth Dock, opposite to Stone- house, I found a specimen of schistose micaceous limestone, con- taining a shell of the bivalve kind: it was struck off from the solid rock, and cannot possibly be considered as an adventitious fossil. Now, no rocks can be more decidedly primary than those about Ply- mouth. ‘Though, therefore, the remains of marine animals are not frequent among the primary rocks, they are not excluded from them; and hence the existence of shell-fish and zoophytes is clearly proved to be anterior to the formation even of those parts of the present land which are justly accounted the most ancient*,” M. De Lue visiting Plymouth in 1805, writes thus :—“ There I saw the section of the strata of a limestone much resembling the most ancient second- ary limestones of the Alps, which contain but very few marine bodies ; I observed none in this stonet.” Dr. Berger and M. Louis Albert Necker visited Plymouth in 1810, and Dr, Berger thus speaks of the limsetone, in his paper published in the Ist volume of the First Series of our Transactions, p. 103 :—“At Plymouth the cliffs on the shore are of limestone, which I examined leisurely. I did not dis- cover in it any impressions of organic bodies, and I did not hear that they have ever been found in it; at least, if any do exist, they are very scarce.’ Dr. Thomas Thomson sought carefully for them, but without success t. Yet these rocks belong to that series which, under the division called “ Plymouth Group,” Mr. Phillips, in his work on the Paleozoic Fossils of the counties of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, describes as containing 28 species of Corals, 9 species of Crinoidea, 120 species of Shells, and 9 species of Crustacea. No doubt the far greater proportion of these bodies are from localities where they are not only abundant, but could not be missed by even a casual observer; for in one quarry alone, at Newton, Mr. Austen found 139 organic forms specifically distinct, which he has described in a memoir in the Gth volume of our Transactions. It is true, that * Page 164. tT Geological Travels, ii. 342. t Annals of Phil. vol. ii, p. 248, 1813. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. XXV those in the limestone of Plymouth are not very easily discovered 3 but the geologists of those days had not yet found out that it is not in the fresh fracture of a crystalline limestone, but on its weathered surface that we are to search for the included fossils with most hopes of success, particularly as regards Corals. It was this which first revealed the secret to Mr. Hennah: he tells us, that on the weathered surface of large blocks he found “ the varied figures of Madreporites, which left no doubt on his mind respecting the nature of their con- tents,’ and thus encouraged, he succeeded in obtaining “unquestion- able proofs” that the limestone enclosed “very numerous and striking varieties of organized remains of marine animals*.” To him, there- fore, the science is indebted for the evidence of this fact, and for the first delineation of the fossils. Mr. Hennah’s claims upon the con- sideration of geologists, nevertheless, do not rest on his published memoirs, as to his unremitted exertions are due the preservation and accumulation, in one series, of the various organic remains which the public works conducted during his long residence in Plymouth laid open. These collections were most freely rendered available to science, and the loan of them to Mr. Lonsdale, Professor Sedgwick, and Sir R. Murchison, afforded one of the principal sources for determining the relative geological age of the Devonshire limestones. That valuable collection was on his death presented by his son, the Rev. William Hennah, Incumbent of East Cowes, to this Society ; the greater part is now in our possession, and the Corals are now at Bath under examination by Mr. Lonsdale, from whom we shall at no distant period receive what will doubtless be a most able report upon them, and which will greatly enhance their value. As the col- lection contained many duplicates, Mr. Lonsdale, who is ever ready to make great sacrifices for the advancement of science and for the interest of this Society, notwithstanding the very delicate state of his health, went at the request of the Council from Bath to Ply- mouth, and made the selection ; this donation has been perhaps the most valuable acquisition in our Museum during the last year. But I should not do full justice to Mr. Hennah, were I to confine my observations to kis merits as a paleontologist. I had not the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, but Professor Sedgwick, who knew him well, has supplied me with some particulars, from which it may be fairly inferred, that if Mr. Hennah had been able to travel, he would, in all probability, have been a still more extensive contri- butor to the progress of Geology. I will give the information with which Professor Sedgwick has favoured me in his own words :—“ I first saw Mr. Hennah at Plymouth in 1819; at that time he had made a fine collection of the neighbouring fossils, and he had a good general notion of the position of the Plymouth limestone, viz. that it was over the slate between Plymouth and Dartmoor, and under the slates farther south. Like all older geologists, he believed that the granite was primitive, and that the Cornish slates were among the oldest stratified rocks of the world; hence he had not a true notion * Succinet Account, pp. 6, 20, 30. XXvl PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. of the place of the Plymouth limestone in the British Series; but he did know the near resemblance of several species of his Plymouth fossils to those of the mountain limestone. More than this, he had traced the line of Plymouth limestone into White Sand Bay on the Cornish side of the great estuary, and he had done this by help of fossils. For the mass of limestone thins off, and you can only follow its line by help of some very insignificant reddish calcareous bands with a few fossils (especially encrinites) which he identified with those in his Plymouth limestone. This was really good geological work; and remember it was done before 1819, when he was becoming old and had not the leisure for travelling ;—remember too the exist- ing state of knowledge. In 1836 I followed the fossil bands from Plymouth to Fowey, Veryan, &c., and thence to the slates north of the Lizard Serpentine. I was in fact only following out what was a corollary from the work of Hennah before 1819. In 1846 De la Beche had not touched the south-west coast of Cornwall, somy work was original in one sense; but it was, I say, suggested by Hennah’s work, and I only took the subject up where he had left it off.” The two eminent persons I have mentioned lived to an advanced period of life; but he whose loss I have now to speak of has been taken from us in the vigour of manhood. Mr. Cuarztes TurtToN KaAyYE was born in London in 1812, and from school went to the East India Company’s College at Hayley- bury in 1829, where he distinguished himself and gained the Clas- sical Medal at his first examination in 1830. In the spring of 1831 he proceeded to India, having obtained an appointment in the civil service, in the presidency of Madras. In the College of Fort St. George he obtained the thousand-pagoda prize for proficiency in the native languages. He was at first employed in the revenue depart- ment, and was shortly afterwards appointed Assistant to the Ac- countant-General of Madras; but in 1838 he received the more important appointment of a Judge at Cuddalore, on the Coromandel coast. Hitherto his attention had been more directed to literature than to science, and accidental circumstances appear to have led him to geological studies. In conjunction with his friend Mr. Brooke Cunliffe, also resident at Cuddalore, now a Fellow of this Society, he examined in 1841 a neighbouring district, which is remarkable from containing fossil wood in great abundance, and where they collected a considerable number of other organic remains. ‘They afterwards obtained many specimens of fossils from a limestone in the neighbourhood of Pondicherry and Trichinopoly. Mr. Kaye came to England on leave of absence in the spring of 1842, bring- ing the collection with him which he presented in his own name and that of Mr. Cunliffe to this Society. He drew up a short me- moir, describing generally the structure of the country from which he had obtained the fossils, which was read on the 29th June 1842; and that memoir, together with two reports, the one by Sir Philip Egerton “On the Remains of Fishes,” the other by Professor E. Forbes “ On the Fossil Invertebrata of the Collection,” have, as you ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. XXvil are aware, been recently published, forming the third part of the seventh volume of our ‘ Transactions. Professor Forbes tells us that the collection is in every point of view of the highest interest, and that the fossils are as beautiful as they are interesting. The total number of species of Invertebrata is 178, of which 165 are Mol- lusea, 2 Articulata, 8 Echinodermata, and 3 Zoophytes, the greater proportion being from Pondicherry, or, more properly speaking, from South Arcot, being more within the English than the French territory. The evidence afforded by these fossils as to the age of the beds in which they are contained, makes it clear that they are cretaceous; that in two of the localities in which they were found the beds are equivalent to the Upper Greensand and Gault, and in the other to the lowest division of the cretaceous system in Europe. We are thus indebted to Mr. Kaye for some additional precise and valuable information respecting fossiliferous deposits in Southern India, the great importance of which in a geological point of view must be allowed, when we consider the comparatively limited extent of our knowledge respecting the distribution of animal life in the seas of the tropics during the secondary period. We know little more than what we have learned from the valuable memoir of Cap- tain Grant on the district of Cutch, published in the fifth volume of our ‘ Transactions,’ and from these researches of Mr. Kaye. Although unpracticed in geological investigations, he undertook to follow out the hints afforded by Captain Newbold, and overcame all difficul- ties, through his sagacity and ardent love of science. His collec- tions in our Museum are a monument of his zeal. During his stay in England he neglected no opportunity of getting together what- ever information was likely to aid him in the prosecution of his researches. He returned to India in October 1845, prepared to investigate the interesting district upon the structure of which he _ had already thrown so much light; but he was shortly afterwards attacked by a disease which terininated his existence in July last, in the 34th year of his age. I have now to advert to the decease during the past year of one of our Foreign Members, Grorcre GotTLizB Puscn. He was a German by birth, but entered, about the year 1816, into the Impe- rial mining service of Russia, in the as of Poland. The pre- face to the first volume of his work, entitled a ‘ Geognostical descrip- tion of Poland and the Nocthtsn Carpathians,’ is dated Warsaw, ‘1829; and in this M. Pusch modestly explains the object he had in view, ‘after ten years of assiduous personal researches. We who are surrounded by many facilities and terms of comparison, may well admire the courage with which a solitary miner, living among the hills of the Mittelgebirge, between Warsaw and Cracow, should have ventured to grapple with the herculean task of putting toge- ther the geological description of a kingdom, which should enbitaee every variety of its deposits and rocks, from the oldest transition formations to the most recent alluvia. With scarcely any valid land- marks to guide him, as established by preceding geologists, M. Pusch XXVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. so carefully examined this region, that he not only produced an ex- cellent description of its physical geography, relative heights, and mineral constitution, but also developed the ascending series of sedimentary deposits through each great period. The second part - of this work, published in 1836, was accompanied by a general geo- logical map of Poland and the North Carpathians, illustrated by local maps, plans and sections; and when I state that this general map contains fifty distinct colours or signs, indicating the various sedimentary strata, and seven colours for the eruptive rocks, besides distinct indications of all the mines, | may convey some idea, how- ever inadequate, of the indefatigable industry of this author. In the publication of this work, M. Pusch had the merit of fully appreciating the dependence of correct geological results on an accu- rate acquaintance with fossils. Not contented with simply employ- ing the old generic names of Schlotheim, which when he was edu- cated were considered to be adequate to the explanation of the age of rocks, he mainly grounded his reasoning and inductions on the principle of “strata identified by their specific fossils ;” and in draw- ing a parallel between the Polish formations and those which had been well-established in other countries, he specially appealed to the geology of England and Wales. It would be unreasonable to ex- pect perfection in a work prepared under the great obstacles to which I have alluded, and which, from there being no German press in Poland, was necessarily printed in another kingdom. But not- withstanding his insulated state, M. Pusch clearly laid down the geological outlines of the kingdom of Poland and the adjacent pro- vinces of Podolia and Gallicia, and instituted numerous comparisons which have stood the test of subsequent inquiries. ‘Thus, for ex- ample, after describing the transition limestone of Podolia, he sug- gested that its overlying red sandstone being older than the carbo- niferous rocks, must be of the age of the Old Red Sandstone of En- gland; and although we are now informed by Sir R. Murchison * that some of the transition limestones which Pusch had compared with the limestone of Sweden are not, like the latter, of Silurian, but of Devonian age, still it is evident that our deceased Associate very nearly reached the truth by the above-mentioned comparison. In working out the relations of the secondary rocks, M. Pusch devoted a considerable portion of his time to the description of that enormously thick and widely spread series of sandstone, conglome- rate, shale, and impure limestone, which constitutes the northern and eastern flanks of the Carpathian chain, under the name of “ Carpa- thian Sandstone,” and in this effort he was ably seconded by the Austrian geologist, the late M- Lill von Lilienbach. Indicating its various members upon his map by eight distinct colours and letters, M. Pusch considered the whole group of Carpathian sandstone (though with doubts) to be an intervening mass between the Lias and the cretaceous strata ; or in other words to represent the lower part of the Jurassic rocks, whilst he associated with its upper portion the saliferous deposits of Wielieczka, &c. Now, although most of * Russia and the Ural Mountains, vol. i. p. 39. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. XXIX the present geologists, including Von Buch and Murchison*, have placed the Carpathian sandstone with its fucoids and nummulites in the Cretaceous system, it must be stated, that M. Pusch having re-examined the ground and fossils in 1830, in company with Professor Zeuschner, came also to the conclusion, that this disputed group might be an equivalent of the greensand series. But as this opinion is expressed in the appendix only to his work, the reader must consult it in order to interpret correctly the classification laid down upon the general map, and the changes adopted by the author, and further to understand the extent to which he admitted the com- parisons between the Alps and Carpathians, a memoir on which had at that time been just published by Boué and Keferstein. Seeing, how- ever, that the differences of opinion which prevailed seventeen years ago have not even yet been thoroughly adjusted, in reference to the age of the Carpathian sandstones, and that Professor Zeuschner thinks there are alternations of limestone with Jurassic fossils, let us hope that those geologists who are competent to the ‘task will endea- vour to delineate the natural limit between the Cretaceous and Juras- sic systems of that region; and in comparing them with their equi- valents in the Eastern Alps and the North of Italy, will indicate the different species of Nummutlites which characterize each subfor- mation, and point out to what horizon this striking family of Zoo- phytes descends in the vertical scale of the secondary formations. Until these distinctions be established, the age of deposits cannot be determined by the presence of Nummulites only; for we know that some species exist in the Eocene tertiary, and others throughout the chalk and greensand ; and it is even contended that these fossils also alternate in the Jurassic series. The last congress of Italian naturalists have therefore done well in offering a premium to the naturalist who will best answer this interesting question, and will clearly mark the first appearance of Nummulites, and the diversity of their species in succeeding periods, In short, this desirable end must be accomplished, before the labours of Von Buch, Boué, Lill von Lilienbach, Pusch, and Sedgwick and Murchison, can be brought into accordance with the more recent observations of Zeuschner, Pilla of Pisa, and other writers. Again, since M. Pusch’s researches were carried out, the salt for- mations on the northern flank of the Carpathian sandstone have been clearly shown by their imbedded fossils to belong to the Miocene tertiary aget ; but on this point, whilst he might well be misled by the appearance exhibited by the natural sections of such saliferous masses dipping beneath the secondary Carpathian sandstone, we must not forget that he more nearly approached the truth than any of his predecessors, most of whom, led by English and other Euro- pean analogies, considered the salt rocks of Wielieczka to be of the age of the New Red Sandstone. Such indeed has been the destiny of all former conclusions which have been exclusively based either * See Russia and the Ural Mountains, vol. i. p. 265. ¥ did. vol. i, p. 290. XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. on lithological analogies, or even upon the apparent order of super- position ; since it is now well known, that formations frequently lie in inverted positions in those parts of the world wherein the rocks have undergone violent disturbances. This triumph of paleeontology over all other evidences is indeed the peculiar feature of modern geology; and M. Pusch was one of the labourers in the field who have been conspicuous in achieving it. His work on the Paleontology of Poland, published in 1837, was a valuable addition to all that had preceded it, and is much more copious and detailed than the contemporary inquiries of Dubois de Montpereux and EKichwald, who severally described the organic remains of certain parts only of the same country. It was for these contributions to physical geology and paleontology, that in the year 1841 M. Pusch was elected a Foreign Member of our Society ; and when it is recollected that he achieved these results in a region remote from those persons who could best aid him, and gave to us an original Map of the subsoil of a previously unclassified country, I may truly say, that few of our honorary associates have had stronger claims upon our grateful remembrance. For the last few years of his life, M. Pusch had been almost exclusively employed in the tedious and oppressive minutize of the administration of the Polish Mines, particularly in the direction of the Coal works on the eastern or Polish limit of the Silesian coal-field. PROGRESS OF GEOLOGY. I will now endeavour to bring before you an outline of some of the more prominent features in the onward movement of the science we cultivate, during the last year. ‘That progress is so rapid, that while it is gratifiying in one sense, it causes a feeling of disappoint- ment almost amounting to despair; for it outstrips the efforts of the most active and industrious to keep pace with, leaving a conscious- ness that, even within our ewn dumain, if we are to know anything well, we must remain ignorant of much that we should be glad to be acquainted with. And so connected are the various departments of the wide field of Geology, that we are thus constantly doomed to feel the disadvantage of our imperfect acquaintance with other branches of our subject, in working out that which is the special object of our study. The separate works and the memoirs contained in periodical pub- lications by the geologists of Europe and of the United States of North America have been so numerous, that I might fill my pages by giving only a summary Catalogue Raisonnée of the subjects treated of; but as an address so composed would be equally weari- some to me to write and to you to listen to, I have thought it better to follow the same course I did last year, by dwelling on some of those subjects of general interest which are most attractive to myself, and to which consequently I have paid most attention. I will however first advert to some of the larger and more general works. Among the most valuable of these, I am disposed to name first the ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. XXXI ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.’ This is the first volume only of a work which we must all hope will speedily be followed by many more; because they cannot fail to supply us with a large body of facts, carefully collected by most competent observers, which will not only make us more accurately acquainted with the structure of our own country, of which a great part may be said to be known to us as yet only in its principal outlines, but will ma- terially aid in the determination of many of the great problems of Geology. I consider the advantages to be derived from this new insti- tution of our Government, in an economical point of view, important as they will be, subordinate to the higher objects of science it is calculated to promote. In my Address of last year I adverted to the new importance that had been given to this national establishment, instituted nine years ago, and to the able men by whom the work is to be conducted. With scarcely any exceptions, all geological inquiries have been the fruits of individual research. From the extent of such inquiries, every geologist working by himself, and endeavouring to make out the structure of a country and describe the phenomena in detail, must labour under considerable disadvantages; but in the Geo- logical Survey of Great Britain, there is a combination of forces which we have never, in this country at least, seen applied to the promotion of any one department of science. No department per- haps requires so many different descriptions of force to be brought to bear upon it. The Ordnance Trigonometrical Survey led the way by the preparation of that indispensable requisite in geological in- quiries, an accurate Map on a large scale, so ably begun under the direction of General Mudge, and not less ably carried on by his successor General Colby—both early Fellows of this Society. For the more general Survey we have geologists of great practical expe- rience, who have established a high reputation ; and when the structure of each region is to be worked out in detail, the special knowledge of the mineralogist, the chemist, the natural philosopher, the zoolo- gist, the comparative anatomist, the botanist, and the paleontologist, will be brought to bear, as required, by means of men of high au- thority in each branch, and their labours will be illustrated by artists of great skill, all attached to the Survey ; forming together a corps of scientific men, for the accomplishment of a great work, not sur- passed, I believe, by any similar establishment in any other country. The Journal of Mr. Darwin, as Naturalist in the Surveying Voy- age of the Beagle, contained such an amount of new and important information as to excite a universal admiration of his talents as an observer; and had he given us nothing more, he would by that work have supplied ample evidence of his industry and zeal, notwithstand- ing almost continual suffering from ill health for several years. But, besides some separate memoirs, he has contributed to our science, as you know, his valuable treatise on Coral Reefs, and that on Volcanic Islands. These however had not exhausted his store, for during the last year he has produced another volume of the highest interest, his ‘ Geological Observations on South America,’ containing in its XXX11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. closely printed pages an amount of reading equal to two-thirds of his Journal. In his first work we had the outlines of these geological observations, but in that recently published we have the outlines filled up with most valuable details, together with many new facts, general observations and deductions, which will be read with much profit by every geologist. In the sequel of this Address, I shall allude more particularly to some of the more striking features of this work. We received last spring a valuable work from our distinguished Foreign Member, M. Elie de Beaumont—his ‘Lecons de Géologie Pratique.’ It is an important publication, as giving us the views and opinions of one of the most eminent geologists of France up to a late period, for these Lectures were delivered “only three years ago. He informs us that they were given orally, but taken down in short- hand, and revised by himself for publication. Such of you as are not already acquainted with the work will readily believe that a Course of Lectures by so able, so accomplished, and so experienced a geologist, must contain much that is interesting and valuable; and those who seek for minuteness of detail and amplitude of illustra- tion will not be disappointed. He tells us that he took the Agenda of Saussure, published half a century ago at the end of the fourth volume of the ‘Voyages dans les Alpes,’ as the basis of his plan, but that the present more advanced state of the science had made it necessary for him frequently to leave his guide. Nevertheless, he says,—and it is a proud homage to the genius and sagacity of the great Swiss geologist,—the facts since collected have scarcely ever led him to controvert Saussure, for that philosopher “ possessed in an eminent degree the instinct and the presentiment of truth.” At the conclusion of his first Lecture he pays another tribute to the great master whom he justly holds up as an example to the pupils he is instructing, in the following terms: “ When we read the ‘Agenda’ with attention, we are surprised how appropriate the greater number of the questions are to the present time. The ‘ Agenda’ are at once the most judicious and the most stimulating guide to observation which the geologist can follow. All that is wanting is to complete them, to extend them, to modify them in some particulars; to establish certain relations between facts less insulated now than they were in his time; and there is perhaps no way in which Geology can be presented to us in a manner more interesting and more instructive. It is that which I shall endeavour to follow in this Course, in which it will be my aim to present known facts in such a Way as is most proper for conducting to facts yet to be discovered*.” This last year has also supplied us with a work long wanted, a ‘Manual of Chemical and Physical Geology,’ by Dr. Gustav Bischof, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Bonn, already well known to us by several interesting Gleniico