O-

RAMBLES OF A NATURALIST ROUND
FOLKESTONE,

WITH OCCASIONAL PAPERS

ON THE

TO WHICH ARE ADDED

LISTS OF PLANTS, LEPIDOPTEEA, BIEDS,

AND

LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS,

BY

HENRY ULLYETT, B.So., F.R.G.S.,

Honorary Secretary to the Folkestone Natural History Society.

" For O but the woi'ld is fair, is fair,

And O but the world is sweet !

I will out iu the gold of the blossoming mould,

And sit at the Master's feet."

FOLKESTONE:

. ENGLISH, STEAM PRINTER, HIGH STREET, AND ALL ROOKSELLERS.

1880,

J. ENGLISH, STEAM PRINTER, FOLKESTONE.

CONTENTS.

I. RAMULES ROUND FOLKESTONE. PAGE.

1. The Lower Sandgate Eoacl ... 1

2. Sugar Loaf Hill and Holy Well ... 12
8. Castle Hill 20

4. The Warren ... ... 27

5. Our Snakes 48

6. East Wear Bay — Geological . . . 49

II. OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

1. On the Study of Natural History ... 55

2. Winter Work G3

3. The Blood Beetle 71

4. The Slow- worm 76

5. The Large Green Grasshopper ... 80

0. On Primroses ... ... ... 85

7. The Puss Moth 93

8. The Clouded Yellow Butterfly ... 105

9. On Violets 110

III. LISTS.

1. The Plants of Folkestone 129

2. Butterflies ... ... 189

3. Moths .140

4. Birds 150

5. Laud and Freshwater Shells 15G

2091240

PBEFACE.

This little volume, which I would fain hope, may
prove an acceptable Vade-mecum to all lovers of
Nature who may either reside in the district, or may
honour us with occasional visits, has been published
in consequence of the numerous enquiries made
every season by our Naturalist- Visitors, as to what
there is to be found, and where to search for it.
Folkestone is, by this time, a. household word in the
mouth of every naturalist ; few places can compete
with it in the variety and abundance of its ' ' Common
Objects." This is shown conclusively, I think, in
the lists appended, wherein are enumerated about
700 species of Plants, and the same number of
species of Lepidoptera.

In the first part I have endeavoured to show, in
language as free from scientific technicalities as
possible, what natural objects of interest may be
noticed in ordinary rambles in our own immediate
neighbourhood.

The second part consists of a selection of papers,
some of which have been read before our Natural
History Society, while the others are reprints from
Science Gossip (by kind permission of the Editor).
They all relate to the Folkestone Fauna and Flora.

Part three contains lists of species known to occur
here. It will be noticed that in them I have not
given any localities. Some of the more interesting
are mentioned as they occur in the " Kanibles " ; all

botanists and entomologists will, I know, appreciate
my reasons for not going into particulars in all cases,
especially when the species may be rare. I shall" be
very glad, however, at any time, to give what infor-
mation I may to any naturalist who may think well
to honour me with a call.

I am indebted for these lists much more to the
endeavours of my friends, than to my own researches,
although I can personally vouch for the greater por-
tion of them. In drawing up the list of plants, I
have received invaluable assistance from Mr. J.
Hanbury, of London, and Mr. G. C. Walton, of
Sandgate.

The list of Lepidoptera is founded on that of Dr.
Kiiaggs, published with valuable notes for the
Natural History Society in 1870. By the aid of
Mr. C. A. Briggs, of Lincoln's Inn, and Mr. W.
Purdey, of Folkestone, however, we have been able
to certify the occurrence of more than double the
number of species recorded in that list.

The list of Birds is by Messrs. F. Tolputt and V.
Knight.

And lastly the Laud and Freshwater Shells were
kindly worked out for me by Mrs. FitzGcrald, who
has devoted considerable attention to them, and
possesses a splendid collection.

To these, and to all other friends, known and un-
known, I hereby offer iny best thanks for their assist-
ance.

EAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

I.— THE LOWEE SANDGATE ROAD.

The old sandstone cliffs on the one hand, the ever-
sounding sea on the other ; — who that knows
Folkestone does not know the Lower Road ? Judg-
ing by the numbers that frequent it we should say
there are few rambles in the neighbourhood to be
compared with it ; be it summer or whiter, it is never
deserted. What shall be our musings as we wander
along the pebbly beach, or stroll up the romantic
path cut on the face of the cliff through the miniature
groves of Scotch Fir ? Perhaps it will be wiser, cer-
tainly more successful, to give our thoughts the rein,
and let them carry us whither they will, for at every
fresh step we shall gain fresh reminders, and old
associations will rush back again on the mind.

These old grey cliffs, what tales they could tell of
the days that are gone ! What stirring scenes have
once and again been witnessed from their summit !
Time was, when the road at their foot was a rocky
sea shore, over which the waves dashed unceasingly
in the days when mankind were no less tumultuous
than themselves : possibly, nay some will have it,

2 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

very probably, the woad- stained Briton, and the
hoary Druid watched from thence the proud fleet of
the Eomaus nearing the shore ; and since then Saxon
and Dane, and Frenchman have in their turn paid
hostile visits and left unwelcome tokens behind.
On that platform, in the days when it stretched
much further seaward than now, was erected the
first Keligious House in Britain, presided over by no
less a person than Eanswythe, daughter of Eadbald,
King of Kent, but ages ago it was washed away by
the hungry waves ; and the original parish church
shared the same fate.

Vessels, equipped and manned by our forefathers,
started again and again from below in obedience to
the summons of the Warden of the Cinque Ports,
even up to the time of the Armada, and after ; then
gradually the warlike tendencies died out, and not a
hundred years ago the whole locality was a great
smuggling depot. They smuggled English guineas
across to France, and they smuggled tobacco, silks,
and spirits back to England, and that so daringly
that the cargoes were openly displayed on the beach.
Clefts and caves abound in the chalk cliffs which
were excavated for hiding places, and the curiously
built old houses in the ancient part of the town, the
intricate passages, and the trap doors, which rouse
the curiosity of the visitors, are thus easily accounted
for. But now quieter times are come, the fishing
smack and the collier, with an occasional cargo of
timber are all that find ingress and egress at the
port, and there is leisure for grander things. To the
Naturalist, who has learnt to

Look OH Nature as a volume

Ever open to inspection,

THE LOWER SANDGATE ROAD. 8

this Lower Koad must needs be a favourite resort,
whatever his tastes, there are treasures here worth
the seeking, and mysteries which a lifetime would
fail to unravel.

To the Geologist it is interesting as the commence-
ment of that escarpment of Greensand which runs
round the great Weald district to meet the sea again
at Beachy Head. The strata appear to dip five or
six degrees to the east, but the true dip is probably
N.E. ; we may follow these lines past the Harbour
until they enter the bed of the sea. No profusion
of organic remains is to be detected in them ; many
of the blocks contain coarse grains of quartz and
glauconite, showing that the waters of the old sea
were far from tranquil, an opinion borne out by
the many evidences of false bedding and cross-strati-
fication presented in the face of the cliff, and wherever
a quarry is opened. The rocks belong to the sub-
division known as the Folkestone Beds ; a short
distance past the Bathing Establishment the Sandgate
Beds crop out — a dark mixture of clay and sand, in
which we may occasionally find fossil wood much
bored and tunnelled by worms.

A little more interest attaches to a limited deposit
of Pleistocene age crowning the cliff at the back of
the Pavilion Hotel, just below the Battery. In this,
some years ago, were found bones of the extinct
Mammoth, Khinoceros, Hippopotamus, Irish Elk,
Eeindeer, &c., bringing before the mind's eye another
picture of the past, older and stranger than any of
the historical pictures already noted. It is a fresh-
water deposit, as shown by some shells found in it
by Mr. McKenny Hughes, during a hurried visit.

4 KAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

But where is the river that laid it down ? Was it
the stream which cut out the Folkestone valley, the
representative of which now ignobly creeps along
under the Viaduct, and then, hastening out of sight
through the mill and along the back of Tontine
Street, buries itself in the Harbour ? Can that be
the impoverished descendant of a river on whose
banks the huge Mammoth found food, hi whose
rushy bed the Hippopotamus bathed ? Who knows ?
And when was it all done ? Can we tell the ages ? *
Certainly at that time, whenever it was, the extinct
elephant was no scarce beast in the locality; its
bones cannot be said to be uncommon, they are now
and then turned up out of the clay in the brickfields.
Part of a fine shoulder blade, now in the Museum,
was disinterred in 1876 near the Cheriton Arch,
close by the spot where, a few months before, some
teeth and bones of the Khinoceros were found. I
have also a box full of bones belonging to a skeleton
of a very small Mammoth found on Park Farm in
1868. A very slight exercise of the imagination
suffices to picture out the stores of vegetation which
must have covered all this district, as necessary to
support these huge mammals. Like their modern
representatives in Africa, they would require a
luxuriant herbage, and we may fairly compare this
district with their present dwelling place. But they

* I am constantly asked by those whose curiosity exceeds
their taste for geology how many years ago it is since these
creatures lived. But the geologist reckons not by years,
cannot so reckon, however much he may wish it. His chro-
nology is relative, not absolute, for he has no certain data
on which to base his calculations.

THE LOWER SANDGATE ROAD. 5

themselves are all gone, they are a vanished race.

" The old order changeth, giving place to the new."
They probably disappeared before the advances of
the half naked but more sagacious Celt, or even his
predecessors, who with their flint-tipped arrows
forced on their destruction. Now they are gone too,
and we have the nineteenth century with railroads
and telegraphs, electric lights and microphones.
Tempora mutantur.

And now, what of the botany of the Lower Eoad ?
It is truly a storehouse of treasures. From the tune
when the banks are yellow with Furze blossoms in
January to the appearance of the orange berries on
the Sea Buckthorn the slopes are a blaze of colour.
And chiefly it it is golden. The Furze blossoms
have not disappeared before the Kingcups or Butter-
cups (whichever name you prefer) spread themselves
luxuriantly in all directions. Not one or two species
only, for Ranunculus acris is there, though sparingly;
Pi. bulbosus as usual, is without limit, and R. repens
rears its head crowned with a corolla an inch and a
quarter across, two feet and more above its lowlier
neighbours. Then in June, mixing with the dying
blossoms of the Ranunculacece comes the glorious hue
of the Bird's-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus ) and a
host of its relatives. In no one spot have I ever seen
gathered together so many representatives of the
Lefjuminosce, and among them such good things. I
give at the end of this ramble a list of the species
found on this road. The botanist will notice par-
ticularly Lathyrus Xissolia, and L. pratrnsis, Vicia
bithynica, Tri/olium suffocatum, and T. arvense, He
will, I know, want to start at once for

6 BAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

Aphaca, but that, like so many good things, belongs
to the days of old ; I have never seen it, but Mr.
Mackeson, of Hythe, tells me he gathered it there
many years ago. But Nissolia is still to be seen,
though in greatly diminished numbers, for the path
has been cut close by, if not through, the very spot
where I saw it every year. The same place was also
sacred to the Deptford Pink (Dianthus Armeria) ; I
have never seen them elsewhere. I have not been
able to find either of them since 1 877, though I have
been told of a solitary specimen of each gathered in
1879 ; I would fain believe they are still lingering in
some unknown, and therefore safe nook. The patches
of V. lithynica are rather extensive ; it is a vetch
which attracts notice at once by the white wings of
the flower, backed by the purple standard. Trifolium
and Medicago are represented by several species, and
L. pratoisis is here in groves. T. arvense, the Hare's-
foot Trefoil grows only in one small patch near the
summit above the turnpike gate.

On the slope below the Old Church the Notting-
ham Catchfly (Silene nutans) crowds together, and a
smaU patch of the fragrant Butterbur (Petasites
fragrans) appears quite naturalized close by. The
Fennel (Fceniculum officinale) betrays its presence by
its odour just behind the Bathing Establishment,
where it is surrounded by tall straggling heads of
Charlock (Sinapis arvensis] and its close relation
S. alba. A few years ago I found a grand specimen
of the Dame's Violet (Hesperis matronalis) but it has
since disappeared. Beyond the turnpike gate the
cliff face in May and June is covered with the pretty
pink blossoms of Thrift (Armeria maritima), and the

THE LOWER SANDGATE ROAD* 7

common^ Stone-crop (Sedum acre) flowers along the
border of the upper path ; we may also find a few
specimens of it on the rocks on the opposite side of
the road, in which patch of ground flourishes also
the Burdock (Arctium Lappa) Here too by the side
of a stream containing just enough water to keep its
channel marshy, I was shown four or five years ago
the bright blossoms and leaves of the Bog Pimpernel
(AnagalUs tenclla}; it was plentiful then, and the
specimens I gathered have lost little of their beauty,
but the slips and shif tings of the ground seem now
to have caused its disappearance. Here and there
along the road we find the Tree Mallow (Lavatcm
arborea), the Woody Nightshade (Solanwn dulcamara),
and the Teazel (Dipsacus sylvestris). The Brambles
are in profusion, but (except in fruiting time) I
always fight shy of them, having a wholesome fear
of Babingtou and his forty-nine species. There are
the Dewberry (Ritbus casius) and the Blackberry
(R. fmticosus], that is all I venture to say about them.
One thing, however, the Lower Eoad lacks, namely
trees, they do not seem to get on there at all ; the
Scotch Fir thrives the best, but even these are sorry
specimens, libels on their species to any one who
has seen the magnificent trees in some parts of
Scotland. Several hundreds have been lately planted
on the slopes, the majority of which bid fair to suc-
ceed, so that in a few years there will be a great im-
provement. And while we are speaking of this Fir,
let me tell you that it is worth while tapping the
blossoms with your stick in the early summer only to
see the enormous clouds of yellow pollen which will
fill the air. Concerning which pollen, strange tales

8 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

were afloat during the summer of 1879. In the
neighbourhood of Eton and some other spots, it
was noted that the ponds of water after rain were
covered with a yellow powder. Forthwith it got noised
abroad that there had been a shower of sulphur,
and it was not reckoned polite by some persons to
guess where it came from ; one good wife in describ-
ing it, said " it smelt awful strong," filling the air
round about with its odour ; many good people
guiltless of botanical lore "improved " the occasion,
others (true Englishmen) wrote to the papers about
it. A certain botanist, however, who possessed a
microscope, annihilated (or attempted to annihilate)
all their speculations by declaring the yellow dust to
be merely the pollen of the Scotch Fir. Some one,
hailing from the Emerald Isle, declined the annihila-
tion, and in his turn wrote to the papers, saying that
whatever the powder might prove to be in England,
it was neither more nor less than genuine brimstone
in Ireland, and rashly offered to send some to the
learned botanist. The offer was accepted, and once
again (as I need hardly remind my readers) Ireland
was robbed of her hopes by the Saxon.

I must now add N.B. Caution to Botanists. You
will find on some parts of these slopes specimens of
lona fide garden flowers, the seeds of which were
scattered about by a friend of mine in order (he said)
to increase the attractions of the cliff. I know what
the opinions of many botanists concerning such
practices are ; I express none, I only give an expla-
nation which might possibly be needed.

To the Entomologist I can only give a few directions.
Many lepidoptera are common enough here, but

THE LOWER SANDGATE EOAD. 9

there are two or three worth hunting for. Of
Tapinostola Bondii you may take as many as you
want ; the larvae have been found feeding up in the
stems of Festuca antndinacea, a grass which is very
abundant here. On the stunted poplars " once upon
a time " Dr. Knaggs found larvae of the Anchorite
(Clostera anachoreta) which duly produced imagos,
the ancestors of most of the specimens now in
English cabinets. 1 have myself reared C. curtula
and C. reclusa from caterpillars off these trees.
Notodonta dictcea and N. ziczac, two of the Prominent
Moths, are still to be found ; the larvae of the Puss
Moth (Dicranura vinula) may be taken by scores,
and D. lifida has occurred here. The Satin Moth
(Liparis salicis) and the Brown Tail (L. chrysorrhcea),
the Poplar and Privet Hawks abound, and an occa-
sional Death's Head turns up, feeding either on the
potatoes in the cultivated patches or on the Garden
Tea-tree which surrounds them. Apropos of this in-
sect let me tell you a tale with a moral. A friend of
mine out in a boat one evening caught a fine speci-
men which had settled on the sail. He brought it
home and allowed it to wander about the room till
after tea, when he purposed to kill it. Accordingly
we had a chase after it until it settled on my arm as
if appealing to me for protection, little thinking that
I too had a vacant space in my cabinet labelled
A. atropos. On my attempting to seize it, it uttered
its well known "shriek," which sounded so like a
piteous appeal for life that my friend's tender feel-
ings overcame his entomological desires, and he
declared at once it should not be put to death. So
he put it under a glass shade, where in a few days

10 KAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

he found it starved to death. Moral : — Poison your
insects at once.

At the flowers of Silene nutans you may very
probably in June take Dianthecia allrimacula, an in-
sect worth pounds three or four years ago in the
market, but now its value is reckoned in shillings.
It unaccountably turned up again in this country
when everybody thought it was gone, and not only
asserted its right as a Britisher, but came in numbers.
Some dozens are caiight every year in the Folkest.one
district. Will some of the other insects now on the
list of the dear departed ever come back to our land ?
Shall we ever see the Large Copper again ? More
unlikely things have occurred. A few larvae and
imagos of the Cream- Spot Tiger (Arctia mllica) are
taken every year, but they get scarcer, so by the bye
do those of Arctia caja — Woolly Bears, for which it
is difficult to account. I have reared fine broods of
the Emperor Moth (Saturnia carpwu) from caterpillars
off these brambles ; how is it there have been none
the last year or two ? But 1879 was a bad year for
larva, at any rate in this locality, else generally the
bushes in the hollow past the turnpike gate have
been swarming with them.

The only butterflies worth noticing here are the
Clouded Yellows (Colias Edusa and C. Hyalevfiih a few
Helice) which come occasionally in their unaccount-
ably independent fashion. ^l elite a Cinxia is also
said to have formerly fed on these slopes.

In conclusion, if you, gentle reader, should belong
to that unhappy section of mankind known as the
non-naturalists, I may yet say you will enjoy this
ramble. You may wander along and allow your

THE LOWEK SANDGATE ROAD, 11

thoughts to rove whither they will, and that is very
pleasant occasionally. It is pleasant to throw one's
self clown in one of the mossy hollows just beyond
the Half-way Bocks, and let the benign influences of
Nature herself have full sway. There, as the last
rays of the sun tinge the waters, and the distant
horizon becomes more and more obscure, a pleasing
sadness will come over you, full of longings which
you cannot utter ; the white sails before you fading
away into dimness and uncertainty will carry your
thoughts on to the " Land beyond the Sea," into
which you hope to sail when the twilight of Life
comes on, and winds and storms shall have become
things of the past.

LIST OF THE LEGUMINOS^ FOUND IN THE
LOWEE KOAD.

Ulex europseus. Vicia hirsuta.
Ononis arvensis. ,, Cracca.

,, campestris. „ bithynica.

Medicago sativa. ,, sativa

,, maculata. Latkyrus Aphaca.

„ lupulina. ,, Nissolia.

Trif olium pratense. „ pratensis.

,, arvense. Hippocrepis comosa.

,, scabrum. Onobrychis sativa.

„ repens. Lotus corniculatus.

,, procumbens. Anthyllis vulneraria.

12 EAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

II.— SUGAK-LOAF HILL AND HOLY WELL.

As the visitor, approaching Folkestone by rail,
passes over the Viaduct, the most prominent object
on the landward side is undoubtedly " Sugar-Loaf
Hill," projecting from the long escarpment as if
thrusting itself on his notice. Let us on some quiet
summer evening pay it a visit.

We will start from the foot of Grace Hill, going up
the opposite slope and ascending the "Bull-dog
Steps." Only a few years ago, and this road was a
narrow undrained lane affording a passage past the
Mill, with a spring of beautiful clear cold water at
the foot of a flight of fragmentary and dislocated
steps — a spring noted for its hygienic virtues cer-
tainly for the last two hundred years, for do not the
town records give evidence of the care with which it
was protected ? But this, with many other interest-
ing evidences of antiquity, has lately made way for
what I suppose we must call improvements, but we
get them at the expense of the picturesque, and in
the eye of the antiquarian and the naturalist such
improvements are not always regarded as worth the
sacrifice. But it must ever be so it would seem ;
the age is one of utilitarianism, and apparently that
is incompatible with the picturesque.

At the top of the present flight of steps we were
formerly able to get a good view of the Kailway
Viaduct, a light airy structure by Brunei, the middle

SUGAR-LOAF HILL AND HOLY WELL. 13

arch standing 120 feet above the stream that drains
the valley. Often have I paused at this spot, just
at set of sun to enjoy the prospect ; there was then
a splendidly luxuriant specimen of the Horse Chestnut
tree on the right, the only one of any size in Folke-
stone, it has since been cut down to make room for
a shop. Leading thence by the .banks of the stream
up to the Viaduct was a fine row of tall poplars, for
them too we mourn, unconsoled even by the pleasant
row of comfortable houses occupying their place.
We keep grumbling at the lack of trees in Folkestone,
but all the time we go on cutting down what few we
have. Very grateful to the eye was that row of
poplars leading up to the arches, and beyond ah1 was
the background of hills fading away to the west in
the purple twilight. It is difficult now to find any
spot on this side from which to get a good view, and
streets are springing up so rapidly that if we allow
a few months to elapse we can hardly find our way
about old familiar spots.

On passing through the arches we seem at once to
emerge into a new country, the whole scene changes
and so does its character. There before us stretches
the bold chalk escarpment of the North Downs with
its hollows and gently swelling sides ; and across
the grassy slopes falls the evening sunlight in long
golden gleams. It looks like some grand old earth
fortification of the giants

" To sentinel enchanted land ;"

one feels an instinctive desire to go up and see what
lies on the other side. The contrast between plain
and highland seems to give great pleasure to the
mind. 1 shall never forget the feeling of pleasant

14 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

astonishment I once experienced when, after a few
hours' ramble among the Buckinghamshire chalk
hills, I turned a corner of the road and suddenly
found myself on tke edge of the escarpment, the flat
plain lying three or four hundred feet below me, and
stretching away for miles in the distance. So again,
after climbing up Wansfell near Ambleside for 1500
feet one July evening, did an exclamation of wonder
burst from my companion on seeing the grand low-
land on the other side.

But revenons nos moutons, we are in the suburb of
Foord and not in Westmoreland. And there in
front of us, prominently outlined against the clear
sky stands the hill up which we intend to wend our
way. We go on through the rapidly growing hamlet,
and past the old sham ruins the destruction of
which has already commenced. Inside, so the old
guide books tell us, a few years ago, was a mineral
spring, even dignified as chalybeate, but no trace of
it can be detected now. On, past the new church
of St. John Baptist, missing the interesting old
cottages on the right which have long since given
place to brick and Folkestone cement ; the very
stream itself which bordered the road a little further
on has been diverted, I suppose because of the pro-
jected street through the old Pavilion Gardens. On
the left here is the only spot in the neighbourhood
where the Sand Martins used to build, perhaps I
ought to say attempted to build, for I question whether
they were ever allowed to succeed, so strong is the
juvenile desire for ornithological research. But here
again the pickaxe and shovel are at work, rapidly
removing temptation out of the Avay of the birds.

SUGAR-LOAF HILL AND HOLY WELL. 15

All this, ten years ago, was in a very deed a country
lane — a very pleasant stroll for those whose walks
were limited in extent.

We now turn down a short lane leaving the two
laundries on our left and enter the borders of Park
Farm. There are just sufficient traces of antiquity
here to make us wish there were more. Part of the
moat still remains, which is said to have surrounded
the old Manor House of the Middle Ages, the site
of which is now occupied by a small cottage. The
plot of ground thus partially surrounded by water
must originally have been much larger ; it is about
120 feet square.

On, over a couple of meadows and we reach the
gate at the foot of the Sugar-Loaf. Here let us
rest a few minutes, and look at the scene we have
left behind. From no place (except perhaps from
the summit) could we get a better or prettier view of
Folkestone. There is the Viaduct, showing now to
advantage as it gracefully spans the valley ; beyond
it the town, lit up by the evening sun ; further still
the sea, quiet and calm, for there is scarcely a breeze
to ruffle it — a perfect picture of rest, for the vessels
themselves seem at this distance to have no motion
at all. And between this and ourselves the spacious
domain of Park Farm, alas ! no longer 0, park.
Once upon a time — that time when we are apt to
fancy (is it all fancy ?) everything was more perfect
than now — once upon a time all this was a beauti-
fully wooded district, and now the only complaint
against our town is as I have said, that there are no
trees. Little more than 300 years ago the estate
was cleared by order of Henry Herdsou, then Lord

16 RAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

of the Manor ; the small patches of wood still exist-
ing near Cheriton and Newington are probably the
remaining trees of this once noble park. In the
words of Mr. Mackie "Peace be to his ashes, but I
wish he had let it alone ; " why he did it we cannot
say, probably from circumstances over which he had
lost control ; since then Folkestone has been treeless.
May success attend the efforts recently made to
restore them in the town itself.

From our resting place an easy path leads up the
side of the hill, bordered by a hedge in which flourish
luxuriantly wild Eoses, the White and Black Bryony,
the Mealy Guelder Eose, Dogwood and Privet. At
the top on the right is a little copse charitably spared
(let us hope) by the farmer, rich in Orchids, Legu-
minosse, and Knapweeds. It was here that
in 1870 I saw nay first and only Golden
Oriole, and a splendid bird it was. A gorgeous
visitor like this is soon noted, and as it went down
into the hollows I saw the bird catchers on the alert
gazing with wistful eyes and ready nets. I am happy
in being able to record their disappointment. Now
let us mount to the summit ; have you not already
wondered at the curious shape of the hill, and what
the meaning is of the evidently artificial formation
of the top ? Well, in ah1 probability, it is a barrou-,
an old British or Saxon burial place ; but as to who
it was, or how long ago the burial took place, I can
tell you nothing. Men talk of a bloody engagement
in the year of grace 456, somewhere in the neigh-
bourhood, between the Saxons under Hengist, and
the Britons led by Vortimer, who vainly sought to
make up for his father's lack of patriotism ; it has

SUGAR-LOAF HILL AND HOLY WELL. 17

even been said that this was the sepulchre of the

British prince. Who knows '?

" I cannot say how the truth may be,
I say the tale as 'twas said to me."

But they are pleasant things to chat about, these olcl
legends. I give you this for what it is worth.
Anyhow, it is very delightful to look around us from
such a vantage ground, — the Farm, the Eailway and
the Town in the foreground, and beyond, " the white
sails of ships " — on the left the old cliffs of the
Warren, to which we mean to devote another ramble,
and here, down the steep slope on the right is a
curiously shaped recess in the escarpment, the lower
portion of which is covered by the quiet waters of
Holy Well, fed by two or three streams issuing from
the base of the chalk. Why " Holy " Well I cannot
say, we must again fall back on tradition ; it is also
" Lady Well," and about a mile from it over the
brow is " Lady Wood," but whether any connexion
exists or ever has existed between the two is all un-
known. We might indeed, give full and free scope
to our imagination without incurring any severe
criticism. The hand of man is evident all around,
the artificial bankings and smoothings of the surface,
the made road now covered with grass leading up to
the top, speak plainly enough of his work. May we
not think of an old Religious House standing here,
whose inmates drank of the cool clear waters of these
springs in the clays when Christianity was less of a
" civilized heathenism " and more of a grand reality
in the world than it is now ; — when men instead of
sayinrj " I believe, "fdt it, lived it, and acted it out —
when " their religion " as Carlyle says " wastf/f great

c

18 GAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

fact about them ?" Tradition supports us thus far,
for the Well is said to have been a stopping place for
pilgrims landing on the coast close by on a visit to
the shrine of the murdered Becket at Canterbury.
Truly the spot seems well suited for such a house ;
let us descend, and seating ourselves on that little
grassy platform in the middle, indulge our thoughts
still further. Here the inmates would be wholly and
completely shut out from the busy world, all its
traffic, all its disappointments. You can now perhaps
see one or two of the mansions at the new West End,
but in those days Old Folkestone was out of sight
here, snugly hidden beneath the cliffs, not even the
smoke of it would be visible. And so, free from all
distraction, from all sounds save those sent by GOD
Himself — the voices of the birds and the trees, and
ever and anon the swell of the ocean borne aloft on
the breeze above the old forest, they could give them-
selves up to that contemplation which finds no con-
genial home among the busy haunts of men.

And now, what have we here in the way of bo-
tanical treasures ? Nothing very extraordinary, but
much to give pleasure. The slope we have just
descended is covered in June with the Spotted and
Pyramidal orchids (Orchis maculata and O.pyramidalis),
later on we find a few stray specimens of the Bee
Orchis (Ophrys apifera), and in the autumn the Lady's
Tresses (Spiranthes autumnalisj. The waters them-
selves are well nigh hidden by the abundance of
Banunculaceas, Pondweeds, Keeds, and Bushes.
The banks round about will yield in their season at
least three species of violets — the Hairy Violet (Viola
hirta) and two forms of the Wood Violet ( V. liiviniamc

SUGAE-LOAF HILL AND HOLY WELL. 19

and V. BricJunbackuma)* with Cowslips and Prim-
roses ; the marshy spot over which the waters find
an outlet give us shining masses of the Golden
Saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositifolhnn) and spear
forests of the Yellow Iris (Iris Pseudacorus). In the
little gully beyond is the Twayhlade (Listera ovata),
not very common at Folkestone, but found also in
Lady "Wood, and further along large patches of what
you might at this distance take to be Lilies of the
Valley, but which on a nearer approach betray them-
selves as Garlic (Allium ursinuni).

A very pleasant path leads from the gate above,
along the slope to the foot of Caesar's Camp, but as
the shades of night are already beginning to close in
round us, we must postpone any further explorations
till our next ramble.

* Along the south side of the hedge, running at the base of
the hill the specimens of V. Riviniana are remarkably fine,
growing seven or eight inches in height.

20 11AMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

III.— CASTLE HILL.

We may reach this very prominent natural feature
of the district by a pleasant path from Holy Well
along the foot of the escarpment. Or, for a change,
suppose we go up the Dover Koad, and then turn off
to the left, just above the limekiln. We shall then
get a good panoramic view of many miles of both
land and sea (possibly a sight of Boulogne Cathedral,
and that without a glass), and also a good look-down
on the curiously shaped summit of Sugar-Loaf Hill.
A path across the fields from the turnpike gate,
through a district known as " Gibraltar " will take us
on to Castle Hill, or as it is also called, Casar's Camp.
The view obtainable here is even more extensive than
that from the Sugar-Loaf, reaching from Dover Pier
on the left to Duugeness on the right. We appear
to be in a district rich with " memories of the past ;"
the hand of man is visible all along the brink of the
hills — a tumulus to our left, another here to our
right, while the banks are artificially sloped along
almost the whole face. One would think there must
have been many a struggle here between the early
invaders and those who fought for the " humble
cottage in Britain." Our interest just now, however,
centres in the hill itself. Folkestone is said to have
possessed a Pharos in Roman times, but while that
at Dover still remains, every trace of ours is gone ;

CASTLE HILL. 21

several antiquarians have thought it stood probably
on this very spot. It does not seem very likely that
it would have been at such a distance from the sea.
But Lambarde says that in his time " there were yet
extant to the eie the ruined walls of an antient fortifi-
cation, which for the height thereof might serve for a
watch tower." However, there are no traces what-
ever now of such a building, whatever it may have
been. Intrenchraents there are, outer and inner,
plainly traceable, but antiquarians cannot agree
about those who dug them. Why it is commonly
called Ccesar's Camp no one can tell, for there are no
certain records in writing that the Eornans ever en-
camped in the neighbourhood. Some will have it
the works are Celtic ; excavations were made here a
.short time ago under the superintendence of General
Lane Fox, and escarpments were laid bare, evidently
military work, and a deep well on the summit was
partially emptied ; beyond however a few doubtful
pieces of pottery and a small specimen of archi-
tecture that was Norman, I believe little was found.
General Fox is however to read a paper giving an
account of it shortly, and then we shall know what
conclusions he has been able to draw from the ex-
cavation.

We will leave then the historical associations, and
follow out a pursuit at the present moment more con-
genial to our minds.

The slopes of the hill make one extensive carpet
of flowers all through the summer. We have here a
grand metropolis of orchids, not only the commoner
ones, the Early Purple (Orchis mascula], the Spotted
(0. maculata), and the Green-winged (0. Moriv), but

22 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

Bee orchids literally by hundreds, and the Late
Spider (Ophrys arachnites) not at all rare among
them. The Pyramidal (Orchis pyramidalis) and the
Sweet-Scented (Gymnadenia conopsea) grow by
thousands, and I know of one specimen at least of
the Man Orchis (Aceras antkropopJiora) found here.
Two species of Best-harrow (Ononis arrensis and 0.
spinosa] are common, while the Milkwort (Polygala
vulgaris) and the Wild Thyme (T. Serpyllum) are
almost as plentiful as the grass itself. All along the
hedgebank at the foot we find the parasitic Broom-
rapes (Orobanche).

And for the Entomologist there are Adonis, Alsus,
and Corydon in their appointed seasons, Semele,
Cardui, PJiamni, Hyale, and Edusa with stray Helice.
One of the grandest entomological sights I ever wit-
nessed was on the hill there beyond the waterworks.
*Ikwas a -summer evening, bird and flower alike were
preparing for rest, when I saw as I stood at the top,
the whole face of the slope covered with innumerable
specimens of Adonis resting with outspread wings
. on the gr^sLS, their rich blue throwing back the rays
of the de'clin'iBg sun. It afforded me intense pleasure,
and no little astonishment, for there had been a
heavy and prolonged thunderstorm the evening
before, and I had expected to find few of these small
butterflies about, at any rate in a respectable con-
dition. How they managed to hide themselves at all
in that downpour I was at a loss to imagine, but how
they succeeded in also preserving their resplendent
colour deepened the mystery. But there they were,
and I shall never forget the picture.

Among the moths we get Mi and Glyph tea,

CASTLE HILL, 23

little /Enea, and all three of the Foresters (Statices, Glo-
lularice, and Geryoii). Further along the hills west-
ward several years ago I took many specimens of the
Five- spotted Burnet (Z. tnfolii} flying about with
Z.fdipendulce, but I have never seen it since, either
there or hi any other part of our district. All along
these slopes we find in October the handsome larva
of the Fox Moth (Bomlyj.- rubi) hi great abundance,
the perfect insect appearing in May. Only once
have I been fortunate enough to see it on the wing,
and then, of course, I had not my net. It only flies
for an hour or so towards the end of the afternoon,
and then only the males are about ; the females hide
themselves in the long grass, and the only way to
find them is to track the males patiently until they
drop down. I took three males in my hat, and they
are still my only specimens. Why should it be so
difficult to rear this insect '? The caterpillar hyber-
nates, and gets on very well during the winter, but
in captivity ninety-nine out of every hundred invari-
ably die in the spring, only a few entomologists have
succeeded in rearing them. Along with my per-
severing friend, Mr. Blackall, I have limited for the
larva? in April but we have not found above a dozen
altogether, and those we did find died, mostly from
previous attacks by parasitic diptera. We then
searched later on for cocoons among the long grass,
furze and brambles, and two crowned our efforts
from one of which Mr. B. was fortunate enough to
rear a female. Bombyx rubi is hi fact, a troublesome
insect to get hold of. I strongly suspect that the
caterpillar spins up at the end of its hybernation
without going abroad much to eat, otherwise we

24 BAMELES HOUND FOLKESTONE.

should most certainly find plenty of them in the early
spring. They are very prolific, but they have evi-
dently numerous enemies, as we found many frag-
ments of cocoons.

The little nook by the side of the hill is known as
the Cherry Gardens and contains the Folkestone
Waterworks. A few years ago we should certainly
have gone down and obtained some refreshment, for
the air on these hills is appetizing, but now the
cherries have departed, and the place is " private."
Let us follow the path and stroll through the short
lane and along the meadows homeward. There is
one little object of interest here, if you are anything
of an antiquarian, and that is the miraculous stream
which flows uphill. In the field next to that
through which our path runs, we may find a tiny
little aqueduct through which one stream is carried,
and under which runs a second. This aqueduct (so
says tradition) was built by St. Eanswythe, daughter
of King Eadbald (see page 2), to allow of the stream
being conducted to her religious house for the supply
of the inmates. There was a slight impediment in
the way however, namely, that the elevation of the
nunnery was greater than that of the source of the
spring ; but she who "restored the bliude," and " for-
bade certaine ravenous birdes the countrey," "drewe
the water over the hills and rockes against Nature,"
and the enterprise was successful. And even now this
same stream supplies a large pond on the Bayle,
near which spot the nunnery stood. If you will take
your stand anywhere along the course of this stream,
and look up it, you may easily fancy the source to be
much lower than the spot where you are. Scientific

CASTLE HILL. 25

men of the present clay tell us that the last thing in
the world to which we are justified in trusting, is the
evidence of our own senses. I give you this caution
and there J leave the matter.

As we follow our proper path we may notice a
small pond on the left, which I mention here for the
sake of the beautiful sight it presents in May and
June. Its surface is then covered with the large
white blossoms of one of the Water Crowfoots
(Ranunculus aquatilis.) Once only have I seen a
similar sight that surpassed it ; it was in June, 1879
when I was walking along the canal side from Hythe
towards Lympne. For two miles without a break,
the water was one mass of blossoms. Once or twice
every year I come across the fields for the sake of
the view of snow white blossoms mantling this pond ;
on a small scale it is to me what the " host of golden
daffodils " was to Wordsworth,

" And oft when on my couch I lie,
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude."

There are at least one or two moments in most men's
lives productive of pictures like these — scenes from
the Distant or the Past which flash on the eye of the
mind and fill the heart with intense delight. One
or two for each of us. Mine are but such as may
fall to the lot of any ordinary person ; but one stands
out supreme — the moment when I stood gazing on
those magnificent falls of Cora Linn and Bonnington
in that beautiful park near Lanark — gazing in silent
worship, filled with awe, mingled with gratitude that
it should have been given to me to behold such

26 RAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

beauty, fresh almost it seemed from the hand of GOD.
Another, nearer home, as I lay resting on one of the
steep slopes on the cliff between St. Margaret's Bay
and Dover Castle ; the bright sun lighting up both
land and water, the sea like glass, and studded with
sails, the regular thudding of the paddles of the
steamers reaching the ear from a distance of two or
three milss — a scene of enchantment, all so quiet, to
be looked at only in silence and enjoyed.

Along the banks of this little stream where the
trees are thickest, it is worth the entomologist's while
to devote a night or two to sugaring. The three
Bed Underwings fCatocala mipta, C. sponsa and
C, promissa) have been taken here.

THE \VAEREN

TV.— THE WABBEN.

" It's O my heart, my heart !

To be out in the sun and sing;

To sing and shout in the fields about,

In the balm and blossoming.

Sing loud, O bird in the tree,

O bird, sing loud in the sky;

And honey bees blacken the clover beds,

There are none of you glad as I.

The leaves laugh low in the wind,

Laugh low with the wind at play;

And the odorous call of the flowers all

Entices my soul away."

Mr. Stanley, in the exciting description of his
" Journey through the Dark Continent," tells us
how, in one spot where he knew he could ramble
about in perfect safety, he began his explorations
with all a boy's ardour — how he gave free rein to the
impulse to run, jump, spring, and climb, to roll
about on the leaves or ruins of branch and bark, to
laugh and sing — how, hi short, he was for an hour
or two in the enjoyment of such bliss as can be
enjoyed only in communion with Nature, and in the
bright fresh days of Spring. If you, gentle reader,
would wish for such pleasure as was evidenced by
these private demonstrations, it is attainable on the
Warren, which I counsel you strongly to visit, not
once, nor twice, but often. If you wish to make a
good day of it, I would recommend you to start from
St. Peter's Church, just above the Harbour, and
travel along the edge of East Cliff. You will get

28 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE,

here the full benefit of the sea breezes, and a
pleasant view of the Harbour and Bailway Ftation.
You can watch the fleet of fishing boats starting on
their journey, and swinging round the Pier Head,
and the Boulogne boat taking a more graceful sweep
as she brings her load of possibly pale and uncom-
fortable travellers to the landing stage, where they
may once more feel themselves steady on terra
firma.

This field, simply known as East Cliff, has long
been a kind of common playground, though not I
believe professedly so ; but landlords and fanners are
very indulgent in our neighbourhood. My London
friends tell me they enjoy coining to Folkestone so
much because they "can go about everywhere " with-
out meeting horrible " Caution " boards — a liberty
unknown in the country suburbs of the great city.
It seems probable now, however, that the freedom so
long enjoyed on this cliff will be somewhat restricted,
if not entirely taken away ; the Genius of bricks and
mortar has seized upon the place for his own, and it
is doomed to be built over. Let us enjoy it while
we may.

See, as you walk along the edge, what destruction
occurs year after year by the breaking away of the
cliff, a destruction, I cannot help thinking it is quite
possible to stay. People call it the ravages of the
sea ; that is not quite correct, there must be some
other agent at work, for the top of the cliff wears
away faster than the bottom. Far more destructive
than the action of the waves is that of the fresh
water which abounds in this part. The soil and sub-
soil are of no great depth, and are very porous ;

THE WARREN. 29

immediately beneath is the Gault clay, which, by
stopping the percolation of the water causes it to
collect in underground, pools and rivulets ; these
burst out in the face of the cliff, as you may see in a
dozen places, and rush down to the beach below,
carrying with them an enormous amount of sedi-
ment. A proper system of draining, together with
the construction of a sea-wah1 (which might consist
simply of the blocks scattered about below) would
certainly check, if it did not altogether prevent the
waste ; but it must be a full, and not a half finished
system. It would appear that the greatest falls have
occurred just at those places where the drain pipes
terminate, the water discharged has worn back the
face of the cliff , then the end of the pipe has broken
off, and this has gone on alternately until, within the
last ten years twenty or thirty yards have, in some
places been taken off from these gardens. I do not
know on what tenure the land may be held, but I
should imagine at an annually decreasing rental.

About the geology of the cliffs we will have a chat in
another chapter ; it will be sufficient here to state that
we are walking chiefly over the Gault, but that it is
covered with a deposit of diluvium some three or four feet
deep, in which are thickly embedded numbers of
flints, all very sharp and angular, the remnants of the
chalk which once evidently covered the whole plain.
If we went farther back from the face of the cliff
towards the escarpment we should soon detect an
increasing thickness of rainwash from the slopes,
composed of chalk mud with small lumps of chalk
scattered through it.

At the termination of these garden patches we

30 KAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

come to the Warren itself, as picturesque a spot as
you may find anywhere in the country, a broken and
confused stretch of ground for about two miles along
the base of the cliffs, an uudercliff itself, mostly
natural, partly artificial from excavations and
embankments made to allow the railway to pass
through it. It would be a puzzle to any geologist
to arrange its strata, if indeed it have any, for
gault and chalk, sand and masses of flint are
in inextricable confusion. Yet this very confu-
sion gives to the place its beauty ; there are not fifty
yards of level ground throughout its whole extent ;
hence we get a number of lazy ponds in quiet sunny
hollows, giving us throughout the summer months
glorious pictures of still life. Who that lives at
Folkestone, who that visits it, does not love the
Warren ? There are three Martello Towers ; from
No. 3 you will get the best view, an artist's view of
the whole, — beautiful in its contour, rich in its
contrasts of colour — the bold sweep of East Wear
Bay, backed by the massive cliffs of chalk, diversified
with verdure, and capped here and there with patches
of red clay and sand — Tertiary Drift.

Let us describe this western end first. It is by no
means comparable to the further portion, but it is
not without its beauty ; it is perhaps the most broken
part of all, and the most unstable, changing every
winter. The luxuriant growth of rushes and horse-
tails (Equisetum maximum, and E. arveme) tell you
how damp it is as you look over it, but as you follow
the path you see for yourself the pools in almost
every hollow, and the water travelling from one to
the other over newly exposed clay. Like the cliff

THE WARKEN. 31

along which we have passe 1, it is being destroyed
by freshwater action, the effect of which is to cause
enonnons masses to be thrown downwards towards
the sea, there to be devoured by the waves. A walk
along the beach from the Harbour towards Dover in
the early Spring shows the amount of damage ; I
have seen thousands of tons of debris lying about,
the effect of one whiter 's work, but by the end of the
Summer it has ah1 been washed away again. Not
much more than a dozen years ago there stood a
cottage and garden on this end of the Warren ; in
fact, I believe it was once a gentleman's residence,
with a road down which one could drive to it, but
notice of ejectment was. served upon the last tenant
by Nature herself in the shape of successive openings
in the walls, and he wisely quitted it. None too
soon ; now you will only find traces of its walls, and
perhaps one or two lingering specimens of its garden
productions. Decidedly the Warren is not the place
to build upon.

You will want to know about the botany of this
portion of the Warren. Well, there are Brambles
of various species known only to " Splitters " of the
botanical ranks ; climbing over them occasionally some
magnificent specimens of the Tufted Vetch (Vicia
Cracca) with its long blue clusters of blossoms ;
then there is Eyebright (Euplirasia officiiialia), Cath-
artic Flax (Linuui catharticum), Eestharrow (Ononis
arvensi-i) and Lungwort (Pulmonaria offidnalis) ;
the Centaury (Enjihroca Centaurhim and E. pitlchella),
and Yellow-wort ( Chlora perfoliata) with the Gentian
(G-cntiana cauipestris), and here and there scattered
tufts of Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) with its half

32 KAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

inviting, half forbidding blossoms, sickly odour, and
clammy touch. The Bee Orchis is here sparingly,
the Pyramidal Orchis is plentiful, while in the Spring
months the Green-winged Orchis (O.Morio) the Spotted
Orchis (0. maculata] and the Early Purple (0. mascula)
are abundant. Tall Teazels raise their heads in
company with the Ox-tongue (Helminthia ecliioidex],
clumps of Hemp Agrimony (Eupatoriumcannabinum),
and various species of Thistle including Carlina
vulyaris. Each season of the year has its own

characteristic flora here, always worth coming to see.
* * * * •» * *

The ordinary road to the Warren is across the
railway leading down to the Harbour, and through,
the Folly Fields, The first field on the right after
crossing the line was long known by the name of
"Chapel Field," though no one could say why. But in
1872 some excavations were made there, and the
foundations of what had evidently been a church
were laid open, they were very massive and strong,
and many old Eoman tiles were among them.
Several skeletons were found, some around the walls,
some inside, all lay with their hands across the
breast. A curious circular foundation was also ex-
posed close by, but it was apparently unconnected
with the building. It was a great pity that the
Kent Archaeological Society did not pay it a visit, or
depute some competent person to do so ; it is too
late now, for most of the work was pulled to pieces
and the stones were devoted to utilitarian purposes.
On the left are some brick fields, and the recently
established works of the Folkestone Cement Company.
Here again the workmen met with the remains of

TfiE WA1U1EX. 33

antiquity in the form of a Eoinan building -with its
liypocatist, together with pieces of pottery and a few
coins. When we get over the next field, past Tower
No. 2, we are on the Warren again. Let us go down
over the broken ground to this large pond, which is
only two or three years old, as you might guess from
the bramble and hawthorn trees withered and dead
in the midst of the waters like memories of the past.
The hollow was formed when the collapse of the
tunnel occurred in January, 1877. The place was
altogether a scene of ruin and disorder after that
event, one small pond was literally turned inside out,
and its bed, full of shells of Pond Snails (Limnaa
j>cref/ra and L. staijnalis) is now an elevation. Great
cracks, some a couple of feet wide and four or five
deep, were left in the ground, in fact it seemed as if
the Warren had been visited by an earthquake. And
such, on a small scale, I suppose we may say it was.
This again was the result of the action of fresh
water accumulated during a long wet season, and pent
up until it exerted its well-known strength and com-
pletely wrecked the place. For many long weeks
afterwards a stream ran down either side of the rail-
way until it was all drained away. Well, this pond
is, as I said, one of its results.

At all periods of the year, and at every hour of
the day and night the Warren repays a visit. But
to me it is prettiest in Spring and early Summer,
doubtless by contrast with its wintry aspect — the
days when the milder weather begins to fill the
mind with longings after

" The fall of waters, and the sorig of birds."

I have just been looking at some notes of a visit

D

34 EAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

paid in June, 1879, to this pond. It was a delightful
spring day (every one knows that there was no sum-
mer during that year), and I wanted a few specimens
of the Holly Blue (Lycoena aryiolus) and the early
Skippers (Hesperiidce), but I saw none ; the only
lepidopterous creatures that entered my net were a
battered green Hair-streak (TJtecla rubi), and that
very great rarity known as Plusia yam-ma, or the
Silver Y. But the first hour was very delightful.
I got down by the pond and it was teeming with
life, both plant and animal. Shoals of tadpoles made
the water black all round the borders, there must
have been thousands of them ; the whirligig beetles
and others of that ilk were moving in mazy dances
over the surface, while through the clear water could
be seen the efts lying at the bottom, or sluggishly
corning up to breathe. Dragon Flies of every size
and hue, the big yellow or blue Libelhda depressa, and
the airy Demoiselles of richest azure and red, were
there flitting through the air and resting now and
then on the brambles at the side. It was just one
of those happy moments in a naturalist's life when
he feels what Wordsworth well describes as thehappi-
ness of simply being alive, when he stands in pleasur-
able wonderment at the exuberance of Hie around
him.

" The cowslip startles in meadows green,

The buttercup catches the sun iu its chalice ;
And there's never a leaf or blade too mean

To be some happy creature's palace."

I noted as a fog came creeping from the east over
the hills what a sudden change came over the Dragon
Flies, how inert they became, you could pick them
off the leaves with your fingers, but when the sun

THE WARKEN. 35

was out you could get nowhere near them. The
Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilts) held up its
tiny white blossoms, and the starry heads of Calli-
triche vcrna studded the surface of the waters, the
Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus Flammula) grew
thickly round the banks, and close by were masses of
the sky-blue flowers of the Brooklhne (Veronica Becca-
bunga). I lay upon the bank enjoying it all while
the splashing of the tide only a few yards away filled
me with that intense longing
" Break, break, break

On thy cold gray stones, O Sea !
And I would that my tongue could utter,

The thoughts that arise in me."

Just over the ridge there on the seaward side
you will find another pond filling up a long narrow
deep ridge, and called the Long Pond. About this
spot the shrubs are very luxuriant, the Wild Kose
and the Sweetbriar, the Dogwood, the Elder and the
two Guelder Roses with Babiugtonian Brambles.
The blossoms of the Water Plantain (Alisma Plantayo)
crowd above the surface of the water, and over the
bushes along the edge creeps the Woody Nightshade
(Solanum Dulcamara) or Bitter-sweet, with its lurid
warning flowers. They are very dangerous these
Nightshade plants, just when most beautiful, that is,
in the Autumn. I remember some years ago a boy
eating some of the tempting berries, and getting
frightfully delirious all that night; the physician
quite believed he had eaten of the Deadly Nightshade,
(Atropa Belladonna) from the peculiar symptoms. He
got all right again in a few days. I do not know
that Belladonna occurs anywhere in the district ; wo
have the other three species of the family Solanacea,

36 KAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

the Black Nightshade (8. niyrum) occurring on road
sides, and in waste places. Lychun Barbarum seems
naturalized, but the Thorn Apple (Datura Stramonium}
has not appeared. I should think it probable that
Belladonna may exist in some of the woods.

By the side of this pond, years ago, I found my
first specimen of the rare Spider Orchis (Ophrys
arachnites], but it has vanished again, and though
the Bee is not at all uncommon, i doubt if the Late
Spider occurs now in the Warren. The Early Spider
(0. arani/era) is plentiful. From hence all along the
seaward side of the railway the ground is excessively
rough and broken from the results of yearly landslips,
but it is picturesquely clothed with shrubs, notable
among which is the Sea Buckthorn (Ilip-pophae
rhamnoides) plentiful here as along the Lower
Sandgate Road. All over the chalky slopes grows
the Yellow Horned Poppy (Glaucium lute-uni), and in
one or two spots Papaver somniferum. The Bose-bay
Willow-herb (Epilobium anyusti/olium} fills at least
one hollow, and the slopes are gay with the tall
spikes of the Viper's Bugloss (Ecltium vulgare) rising
amidst masses of Mignonette (Reseda lutea), Weld
(R. luteola), and the Wood Sage (Teucrium Scorodonia);
the Purple Iris (Iris fatidissima) is very abundant,
and less so the Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum
offidnale).

To the entomologist I may say that out of the
grass in June and July we may rouse the little Venilia
maculata or a male of the Clouded Buff (Euthemonia
russula) ; on the docks there is a good chance of S.
ckrysidiforme ; Mi and Glyphica are spinning about
among the herbage, while the scarlet wings of the

THE WARREN 37

Burnet (Zyyana filipendula) and the Cinnabar
(Euchelia Jacobeie] flash in the sun. Why does not
its relative the Scarlet Tiger (Callimorpha Dominula}
occur here too ? Nay more, why irill it not occur,
wheii every provision is made for it ? At St.
Margaret's Bay on the other side of the South Fore-
land, it swarms by thousands, feeding on every
possible kind of plant ; everyone of those plants is
abundant on the Warren, many scores of caterpillars
and imagos have been turned loose there, but no
Dominula has ever been bred from them. Why not ?

A little earlier, and we should find a few specimens
of the exquisite little Lace-border (Acidalia ornata).
Moths and Butterflies and their larvae abound;
among the latter the Marbled White (Arge Galatltea),
the Grayling ( Hipparclna Semch'j, the Dark Green
Fritillary (Argnnnia Aglaia), a few of the Large
Tortoiseshell (Vanessa polychloros) with an occasional
Queen of Spain, a Carnberwell Beauty, or a Bath
White. In the years when it pleases Edusa to appear
it swarms all over this locality.

Many a pleasant hunt have I had here after various
larvae, and I remember the time when I pounced
eagerly upon stragglers of the Oak Eggar and the
Drinker, and rarer specimens of the Emperor Moth.
Time and space would fail to tell you of all that
might be done on the Warren in the insect line ; I
hope some competent hand may yet be found to
devote a volume to its entomology. I will just give
you a list of a few of the " good things " that may be
taken here : — On the flowers of Silsne nut-ana a few of
D. albimacula: flying around the bushes for about an
hour at dusk Acidalia strigilata ; at sugar the Sworfl*

88 KAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

grass (Calocampa rcttista), the Ked Underwing
(Catocala nuj/ta), and a possible Lcucania allipnncta :
Hdiothis maryinata visits the Echium in company
with Clicerocampa Porcellus — both are abundant ;
Aplasta ononaria has been taken once or twice, and
so also has Dewpeia pulchella ; the Privet, the Poplar,
and the Convolvulus Hawk Moths occur, D. Uneata
has been taken several times, and of the Humming
Bird Moth (AZ. stellatanim) and Sesia ichneumoniformis
you can always find specimens in their season.

That portion of the Warren on the inner side of
the railway has been styled " Little Switzerland. "
Not so rough and broken up as the seaward part,
it is nevertheless a well diversified tract of ground,
consisting of minature plains, table lands, and solitary
hillocks, which in spring time almost dazzle the eyes
with the countless number of primroses scattered

over them —

Stars that in earth's firmament do shine.
All through the summer months there is a rapid suc-
cession of flowers, making the Warren a favourite
resort for children. I do not know that I could give
a better picture of it than is afforded by the following
extract from my diary : —

" July 80th, 1879.— Weather intensely hot. Eani-
bled on till I came to Kakemere Pond. Beyond
all contradiction this is the prettiest spot in the whole
of the Warren, in fact I doubt whether many equally
picturesqiie places are to be found in the country.
The massive cliffs at the back, streaked with green
and red, the hills all around thickly clothed with trees,
bushes, and flowers, the quiet reedy waters below —
all combine to form a picture which many a time and

THE WARREN. 39

oft has been transferred to canvass. As I sat on tlio
summit of one of the lulls and looked on the scene
at my feet, I could not help saying " How we should
enjoy it and value it all if it were but fifty or a hun-
dred miles away. " Why do we neglect the thousand
and one beauties and wonders close around us, and
fly to others simply because they are far away ?
However, I did enjoy the panorama before me, and
the profusion with which Nature had scattered her
wealth around. It came into my mind to count the
species of flowers just within my reach where I sat,
and this is the result : —

Gi-omwell. Eyebright.

Bugle. Squinauceywort.

Thyme. Pyramidal Orchis.

Wood Spurge. Cathartic Flax.

Centaury. Bird's-foot Trefoil.

Bed Clover. Yellow Bedstraw.

Carrot White Bedstraw.

Rock Eose. Hop Trefoil.

Plantain. Milkwort (white & blue).

Yellow-wort.

Nineteen in all, any one of which I could gather
without leaving my seat. And there, with the Wild
Roses blossoming around me, the Privet still in
bloom but tinged with decay, the scent of the Sweet-
briar perfuming the air, the sea covered with haze
from the heat, the only sound the cooing of the Wood
Pigeon, what could I do but gaze and offer up that
" worship of the silent sort " which prompts the lover
of Nature perhaps beyond all other men.

Then I went down to the pond itself and spent a
quarter of an hour watching, and listening to the
many curious and strange sounds that broke the
stillness. Keeds and tall rushes seven or eight feet
high filled up one half of the pond, and round the

40 BAUBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

edge was a thick growth of plants, among which
were the Forget-me-nots, Mints, Watercress, Brook-
weed, Water Plantain, White Water Bedstraw, and,
under the trees opposite, the Enchanter's Nightshade.
Dragon Flies sported about in ferocious glee over the
water ; I watched one of the larger species (JEsJma)
a long time pursuing and snapping up insects in the
air. The muscular strength of these creatures (and
indeed of ah1 insects) must be enormous, when we
consider the time they remain on the wing ; they arc
able to fly in any direction without turning and are
said to match the swallow in speed. Occasionally
a second of the same species dashed across, and,
whether it was play or deadly combat I cannot tell,
but there was an aerial chase, and now and again
they closed with such force that both fell into the
water together and struggled on the surface, then
they rose and the vanquished individual fled.

Among the odd sounds which kept coming from
the reeds I heard a short sharp barking noise siich
as a young dog might make. For some time I tried
in vain to discover whence and from what it came,
but it ceased when I made a slight noise. I passed
out of sight round a bush, and presently heard it
afresh and on working cautiously round got full view
of a Moorhen swimming quickly and unconcernedly
across the open water. It paddled about with quick
short jerks of its white-edged pert-looking tail, con-
stantly uttering its peculiar cry, then it went into
the reeds again. Just as I was preparing to start a
second came in sight following the track of the
former, and differing from its partner only in being
more soberly coloured. For five or six minutes I

THE WARBEN, 41

watched them swimming about and listened to their
monotonous duet ; the cry of the female is not quite
so canine in character as that of the male, but
slightly more musical, a crinking sound, putting one
in mind of that made by the frog, only much louder.

The best view of the Warren as a whole — a bird's-
eye view in fact, is to be obtained from the top of
the cliffs. It is not an easy task to mount them, but
stih1 it is possible. I would recommend you, how-
ever, instead to take an early walk some morning
before breakfast up the Dover Eoad, Avheuce you
will easily find your way. There is a path all along
the edge bordered with flowers, notably the small
golden crosses of the Ladies' Bedstraw (Galium
re ruin) on which you may find feeding in September
or October the caterpillar of the Humming Bird
Moth, and where you would like to find (though I
fear you would be disappointed in the search) that of
Detleph&a f/alii.

I witnessed a very curious phenomenon from this
path one evening in September. A fog had blown
up from the sea to the face of the cliffs, and being
thus checked in its progress it became very dense
and heaped itself up against them like a horizontal
surface of white cloud, through which the Martello
Tower and the higher rocks stood out like islands,
vanishing and reappearing. Far away to the left
we could see this white bank pressing in a sharply
defined line against the cliffs, rising like a sea
gradually up the steep till in one spot it overflowed,
and then in a few minutes it sank quietly down again.
All this time we stood quite above the fog, expecting

42 RAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

it to rise and envelope us, but it passed away without
doing so.

You can walk all the way to Dover along this
path, and a most enjoyable ramble it is. If not too
fatigued you should come back by way of the beach,
that is if time and tide permit. Or should the double
walk be too far you can descend the cliff from the
Coast Guard Cottages at Lydden Spout, and there
below you will find a number of shore plants that are
not common elsewhere in this neighbourhood.
Among them are the Samphire (Crithmum man-
timum), the Wild Madder (Piitlia yiereyrina), the Wild
Cabbage (Brassica olcmcca), and Frankaenia lavix.
The Wallflower occurs wild on the cliffs on both
sides of Dover.

OUR SNAKES. 43

V.— OUE SNAKES.

Our " Kamble on the Warren " would be con-
sidered hardly complete without a few words in
reference to its reptiles. Years ago, when I first
came to Folkestone, I heard the most marvellous
accounts of the snakes to be met with on the Warren
— monsters of varied colours, six or seven feet long
and proportionately thick. Making the usual allow-
ance for exaggeration, and knowing that the Grass
Snake occasionally reaches a length of five feet, I
still expected to come across one or two specimens
of respectable size. The largest I have seen is in a
bottle at the Museum and is scarcely forty inches
long.

The Common Grass Snake (Tropidonotm natriv)
and the Viper or Adder (Pelias bents') are tolerably
common on the Warren, but the latter is seen far
oftener then the former. And yet hundreds of
persons frequent the locality and never meet with
either. Visitors who have loved to learn this
picturesque spot are horrified and disappointed when
told of the presence of these creatures. Yet there is
not the slightest reason for such feelings, the best
evidence of this being the apparent rarity of the
reptiles ; you may go many times and even search
for them without being successful.

Timidity is the characteristic of both species ; at
the sound of a footstep they glide noiselessly through

44 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

the grass, and seek the cover of the thick bushes or
their subterranean retreats. Let no one then ever
be deterred from visiting the Warren by the fear of
meeting with either.

The Grass Snake is perfectly harmless, and may
be handled without any possible danger ; it has no
venom, and if it wished to bite, which is highly im-
probable (I have taken hold of many), its teeth
would scarcely serve the purpose. What mir/ht pre-
vent your taking up a second specimen would be the
offensive odour which clings to the hand for some
time after. You may easily tell this species by the bright
yellow patches just behind the head, and the absence
of the dark zigzag mark along the back which
characterises its distant relation.

The Viper, I grant, is dangerous to handle, though
not to the extent popularly supposed. It appears to
be still a disputed question whether any one has been
poisoned by a viper, and the poison has directly
proved fatal. I say directly, for it no doubt may be,
and has been an indirect cause of death ; as for
instance where a person has been bitten in the neck,
and the swelling has produced suffocation. But in
such a case we should hardly say that the man was
fatally poisoned by the viper ; similar consequences
have been known to result from the sting of a wasp.
I have never yet been able to meet with any well
authenticated instance of the poison of Pelias Bents
proving fatal in the same way as we should say that
of a Cobra would, that is, purely and simply from its
own nature. Yet almost every country churchyard
has its grave pointed out to children and strangers
as a caution against meddling with snakes and

OUR SHAKES. 45

adders. I remember in particular a churchyard in
one of the lonely villages of Norfolk in which was a
tombstone ornamented with a sculptured snake with
its tail in its mouth forming a ring. Doubtless it
was intended as an emblem of eternity, but there it
was looked upon as proof positive of the manner of
the man's death, and we children used to look at it
with awe, while one of our elders related the story
of the man gathering wood, when an adder " stung "
him, &c., &c.

As there is, no doubt, some residuum of truth
even in the wildest legends we may believe that death
after the bite of a viper is not an utterly unknown
circumstance. The physical constitution of the
victim, the state of his health at the time, will no
doubt affect the case. Very likely a person of feeble
constitution, whose blood was in an impure state,
and who chanced to get bittsn in the sultry days of
July or August, might succumb to the venomous
bite ; otherwise I should say not. Such was the case
with a man at Folkestone many years ago, he was
bitten on the hand and died in a few hours ; but his
medical attendant told me that the state of his blood
from drink was such that it took very little to kill
him. Any instances brought forward on either
side of the question must necessarily be interesting.
From one or two accounts I have read, and from the
following for which I can vouch, it would appeal-
that the veuoni does not always act in the same way.
Mr. Wood mentions a case in which there was in-
tense pain and fever ; in the following instance there
was little of either.
I was out entomologising sonic few years ago,

46 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

when I saw a very beautiful viper, about half grown,
Meeting a brother of the net a few minutes after-
wards I mentioned it to him. " Of course you killed
it?" said he. "No, I did not, I seldom do."
" Perhaps you were never bitten by one ; or else you
always would." No, I was not ; I had kept them in
confinement, and I am always shy of killing any
creature I have watched and studied. Upon which
he fcold me that he was, and the circumstances and
consequences were as follow : — He was out butterfly
hunting, and caught a viper in his net as it was
gliding over the ground. Not knowing then the
difference between a viper and a common snake, he
mistook it for the latter, handled it repeatedly, and
carried it home, where he placed it on a table to watch its
movements. He took it up several times till at last
it turned its head sharply round, and with its fang
punctured the forefinger of the right hand. Still he
took no notice, and continued handling it as before,
though he was careful now to lay hold of it closer to
the head. Shortly, however, he felb a curious
drowsy sensation stealing over him, which his friends
attributed to fancy. But it was not long before he
became seriously ill, his mind wandered, they put
him in bed and sent for a medical man. No ohve
oil was applied, and the principal thing given him
was neat brandy in occasional doses. The object of
this was to cause a reaction from the great weakness
which ensued ; he felt utterly prostrated, and needed
all that could be given him to restore his physical
strength. He lay in bed a fortnight, no fever
ensued, and more curiously no pain, nothing but
excessive weakness, and, immediately after the bite,

OCR SNAKES. 47

insensibility and delirium. The hand, arm, and side
as low as the hip were immensely swollen and
almost black ; the two former were frequently bathed
in hot water.

Having gone through this little experience, he al-
ways made it a rule to kill a viper when he had the
opportunity ; not because there was any danger of its
attacking anybody, he knew it was a very timid
creature, but then " you might tread on one." \Vell,
I have trodden on one, but was not bitten, though I
stood on it some little time looking round to see
where it was, as my friends were calling out to me,
but I did not kill it, and it glided off to earth : vipers,
like all other created beings, have their allotted work
to perform, though we may be ignorant of its nature,
and they are neither sufficiently numerous nor
wantonly aggressive to warrant our endeavours to
exterminate them.

One of my pupils was similarly poisoned in the
hand this year (1880). Hand, arm, and side were
swollen and black, but there was no fever, and little
pain ; he was out at play all the time till the effects
were gone. But this was in the month of March, a
time when the poison would not be very virulent.
Some time ago I had a conversation with a sports-
man, in which he mentioned that dogs are occasion-
ally killed by vipers ; he had lost two very valuable
ones himself. Young ones generally die but
occasionally recover, old ones seldom fall victims.
One that he had had some years had been bitten
twice when young, but as it grew older it became
an adept at killing its foes ; it would spring upon
them, allfour feet coming down at once, and then

48 BAUBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

with its head up in the air trample them to death.

The Viper is common, not only on the Warren
but all over the neighbourhood, it does not seem to
be so dependent on water as the Grass Snake. The
latter may be seen occasionally swimming in the
ponds on the Warren in search of newts or frogs.

Subjoined is a list of the lieptilia and Amphibia to
be found at Folkestone — all on the Warren except
the Edible Frog.

BEPTILIA.

Grass Snake (Tropidonotus natrix)
Viper or Adder (Pclias her us)
Slow-worm (Anguis frayilis)
Scaly Lizard (Zootoca rivipara)

AMPHIBIA.

Common Toad (Bufo vulfjaris)
Common Frog (liana tempo ravia)
Edible Frog (Rana esculenta)
Large Newt (Triton cristatus)
Smooth Newt (Lissotriton punctatus)
Pahnated Newt (Lisxotriton palmatus}.

EAST WEAK BAY. 49

VI.— EAST WEAR BAY— GEOLOGICAL.

The geologist possesses this advantage over the
botanist and entomologist, that he can follow out his
open air studies at all times and at all seasons.
With the objects of his search there are none of those
periods of appearance and disappearance such as
limit his brother naturalists. Fossils are to be found
in all lands of weather, and can be studied in situ at
Christmas just as weU as at Midsummer, provided
always of course, that the geologist himself be indif-
ferent to seasonal changes.

Our visitors, however, of geological predilections
are mostly here in the summer months, and never a
day passes then when several may not be seen per-
ambulating the clay and the sands, hammer and
knife in hand, on a search which will undoubtedly
proved successful. For East Wear Bay is a grand
storehouse of the relics of bygone worlds.

" Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks
In Vallombrosa,"

are the tokens that tell of the ancient inhabitants.
Glittering in the blue clay as the tide recedes are
innumerable shells of Ammonites more or less imper-
fect, and the valves of Inocerami in a similar condi-
tion. Perhaps a few hints on the best mode of pro-
ceeding will prove not unacceptable to those unac-
customed to working in the Gault. A hammer,
generally regarded as a sine qua non on a geological
expedition, will be useless here, there is no hard

50 RAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

rock, unless you turn your attention to the blocks of
sandstone or chalk, in \vhich, however you would
find few fossils. A good broad-bladed knife, stout,
but flexible, is the required weapon. It is useless to
try to get out any fossil by itself, separate from its
clay bed ; it will undoubtedly fall to pieces during the
process. Whenever you see the brilliant nacreous
shell, or a portion of one, jutting up above the clay,
remove as much from it on the upper surface and at
the sides as will display its shape and characters
sufficiently ; then dig it out with a block of the clay
itself attached, on which it shall remain as if you
had intentionally mounted it, shape the block care-
fully with your knife (best done after you get home),
and leave a thickness of half or three quarters of an
inch according to the size of your fossil. This will
gradually harden, and in time will be like a little
block of stone. The shell itself and likewise the clay
will be all the better for two or three coatings of thin
gum put on at intervals. If these directions are
followed out I think you will find your specimens
last for years, and preserve much of their beauty.
But once again, do not try to get them detached
from their matrix. Of course you will find plenty of
detached specimens rolling about in the bay, and
probably a few good ones, but there Nature herself
has performed the work for you — take advantage
of it.

Neither will it be of any use to work in the dry
clay above high water mark, sorely tempted as you
may be to do so by the sunlight reflected from a
dozen glittering fragments of embedded shells. No
specimens can be extracted therefrom otherwise than

EAST WEAK BAY. 51

by instalments. Under your band the gault divides
itself into little cubical blocks, and the shells are all
disintegrated. Follow the tide as it goes out, and
icork in the icet clay.

The section exposed from the Harbour at East
Cliff, and stretching eastward towards Dover, is a
good one, and highly instructive to the young
geologist. I have mentioned the general nature of
the cliffs in the Lower Sandgate Eoad in a former
ramble. These cliffs are but a continuation of them,
Old Folkestone standing in a valley formed by some
river cutting through them in ancient times. They
belong to the Folkestone Beds the upper division of
the Lower Greensand, or, as some prefer to call them
the Neocomian Beds. A few fossil oysters and tere-
bratulae, with an occasional pecten, &c., may with
difficulty be extracted from them. They dip rapidly
here into the sea, you may follow the rocky strata
down to low- water mark.

Above them conies the Gault, but between the two
a curious bed known as the Junction Bed, about
eighteen inches thick, variegated with yellow, red and
black, and glittering with crystals of selenite and
iron pyrites ; full, as full as it can be, of phosphatic
uodules with which are mixed ammonites and black
wood bored by ancient worms. Large lumps of
selenite may be found among the rocks at the foot of
the cliffs. What is the origin of all these nodules so
highly charged with phosphate of lime ? Since, so
far as we know, this substance is mostly an animal
production in Nature, they would appear to tell of
the decayed remains of countless generations of
creatures which had lived in the old Gault seas.

52 RAMBLES BOUND FOLKESTONE.

Thickly strewn about and water-worn as they are all
through this seam, they must represent such re-
mains which gradually accumulated on an old sea
bed, tolerably clear of sediment. Inland this bed
appears to thicken considerably, and was worked a
lew years ago at Cheriton for the extraction of the
phosphate for agricultural purposes. It forms here
a good line of demarcation between the Greensand
and the Gault. In the Gault itself, however, there
are two or three similar beds to be traced.

The Gault Clay here is about 100 feet in thickness,
and has been divided by Mr. Price into eleven beds
characterised by particular species of ammonites.

Between the Gault and the Chalk we have a
feeble development of the Chloritic Series or Upper
Greemand, blocks of which, some I believe still in
situ, may be seen on the floor when the tide is out.
Fossil wood may occasionally be found in it.

Then come the Lower Chalk strata with an almost
entire absence of flints, and a scarcity of fossils.
But between the high chalk cliffs and the Lower
Greensand, /. e. over nearly the whole space oc-
cupied by the Gault, the ground here is all in
confusion

"Crags, knolls, and mounds confusedly hurled,
The fragments of an earlier world,"

and confusion gets worse confounded every winter
(see p. 29). So that it is difficult, even impossible
to trace the order of succession anywhere except on
the bed of the sea itself.

Among the most striking objects on this ancient
floor once again laid bare, are the lumps of iron
pyrites — sulphide of iron, strewn about in abundance.

EAST WEAR BAY. 53

Very pretty specimens may occasionally be picked
up in the crystalline form, but all are interesting
from the curious shapes they assume. Many of the
fossil shells have become completely impregnated
with this substance so as to become veritable iron
shells. Veins of it too, may be traced here and
there in the clay.

It would not be possible to give here a list of the
many hundreds of species of fossils that have been
found in the blue clay but I may mention some of
commoner kinds. A skeleton, almost entire, of one
of the ancient Mesozoic reptiles was discovered at
Copt Point very recently by Mr. Griffiths ; it was
probably over twelve feet long, and has been named
Mauisaurus Gardneri. A quantity of smooth quartz
pebbles was found with the bones, which, it is pro-
bable, had been swallowed by the animal, as pebbles
of all kinds are absent from the Gault. Teeth and
vertebrae of fishes of the shark tribe are to be found ;
and the remains of crabs and lobsters are far from
uncommon.

The most attractive fossils in the bay are the
Ammonites and Belemnites. Of the former may be
found : —

A. splendens. A. lautus.

A. auritua. A. tuberculatus.

A. varicosus. A. interruptus.

and many others. The commonest of the Beleni-
uites are B. minima, and B. Listen. Of other
chambered shells we get Hamites, Scapldtes, Ancy-
loceras, Nautilus, &c.
Of univalves we get the following genera : —

Rostellaria. Natica.

Ttnrilites. Trochua,

54 RAMBLES ROUND FOLKESTONE.

Scalaria. Turbo.

Pleurotomaria. Dentalium.

Solarium. Bellerophon. &c.

Of bivalves : —

Inoceramus sulcatus. Plicatula.

I. concentricus. Pecten.

Nucula ovata. Lima.

N. pectinata. Terebratula.

N. bivirgata. Ehynchonella.

N. ornatissima. Area. &c.

Subjoined is a table of the formations of the
neighbourhood in the order of their succession, the
newest being at the top : —

BKICK-EAKTH, in scattered deposits, containing

bones of the Mammoth and Khinoceros.
PLEISTOCENE DEPOSIT, in the cliff at the back of the
Pavilion, containing freshwater shells, with
bones of Mammoth, Hippotarnus, Ehinoceros,
Hyaena, Irish Elk. Oxen, Horses, &c.

UPPEE CEETACEOUS.
UPPER CHALK with flints, (near Dover).
LOWEE CHALK with few or none.
CHALK MAKL.
UPPEE GREENSAND.
GAULT.

LOWEE CEETACEOUS OR NEOCOMIAN.
FOLKESTONE BEDS.
SANDGATE BEDS.
HYTHE BEDS, (Kentish Eag).
ATHERFIELD CLAY, (beyond Hythc).

ON THE STUDY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 55

OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

I.— ON THE STUDY OF NATUKAL HISTORY.

Read before the High Wycombe Natural History
Society, April 1866.

" GOD fulfils Himself in many ways."
The study of Natural History may be looked at
from two points of view ; we may regard it either as
affording pleasure to the senses and gratification to
the mind ; or as tending to be practically useful in
the economy of our lives. It is now closely followed
up by the holders of each of these views, and no
student in either class has ever repented the study.
Nature herself is so infinite and varied in all her pro-
ductions, that though she has had disciples ever
since man appeared on the earth, she retains, even
now, after the lapse of thousands of years, the
same freshening influence, the same charm hanging
about her works, which acts with such an irresistible
force upon the neophyte and urges him to travel
onwards. It is not my intention now to refer at all
to the advantages derived from the study by those
holding the second view ; we are assembled here as
we have been at other times, simply from a love of
Nature, with a desire so to look upon created works,
that we may find "life and food for future years."
To many I may say nothing new ; to some I may

56 OCCASIONAL PAPEBS.

probably be able to place some old facts or thoughts
iii a new light ; but I shall be amply repaid if I
succeed in making only one more eager in his or her
pursuits in the woods and fields — more desirous of
following out thoroughly that which at present is
taken up only in a desultory manner.

I believe the love of created works to be inherent
in the human mind — that it is not so much an
acquired love as one that will spring up involuntarily ;
we have it in us naturally ; it may lie a long time
dormant, but when some flower of spring, or
animated "thing of beauty" shall appear, at a
moment perhaps when the heart is peculiarly open
to its influence, it will implant itself in our memories ,
and become a "joy for ever." Few indeed are they,
who, having once set foot within the porches of the
great palace of nature turn round and retrace their
steps. And the farther they advance the greater is
their wonder and delight — the more keen is their
sense of enjoyment. When LINN^US, after years of
study, came to England, and for the first time in his
life saw the yellow gorse in flower, he fell on his
knees, and thanked GOD for the sight. No one can
understand this who has not discovered a rare plant
or seen some beautiful animal for the first time,
that he has long wished to find.

Just as in childhood, as the years — nay, as the
weeks — roll by, we make fresh discoveries in the
world around us, feel ourselves growing wiser — feel
an expansive power at work within us, produced by
the very objects which that power enables us to
appreciate — so do we, in maturer years, among the
domains of nature, feel sources of new pleasures

ON THE STUDY OP NATURAL HISTORY. 5?

ever opening to us, and we make continually new
discoveries. The tilings which delighted us in child-
hood, yield us little delight in manhood — then
" Eartb, and every common sight,

To us did seem
Apparelled in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream."

But a sort of wearisome familiarity began to cling

to them,

" Shades of the prison-house begin to close

Upon the growing boy,
But he beholds the light, and whence it flows,

He sees it in his joy ;
The youth who daily from the East
Must travel, still is nature's priest,

And by the vision splendid

Is on his way attended ;
At length the man perceives it die away,
And fade into the light of common day."

So, says the poet, is it with the ordinary experiences
of life. If it could be shown then, that there was
any one subject of study, which, beyond all others,
and with less trouble, could afford us a never-ending
experience of new pleasures — pleasures, which
should not pall our satiated appetites, which have
the very least alloy of disappointment in them, is it
not worth while to pay a little attention to it ? I
may be said to be exaggerating, to be enthusiastic in
my mode of recreation ; but I appeal to all natura-
lists to bear me out in what I have said, and I
confidently leave it to the experience of others.

The subject is one, not so much for the library and
the study, as for the theatre of Creation itself — you
will bear in mind the view with which I am now re-
garding it — we shall learn most by personal exami-
nation, and what we so learn we shall seldom forget.

Nature probably is most fascinating, subjectively,

58 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

in the season of youth, the mind being then most
capable of pure enjoyment for its own sake ; all
things then wear a fairy garb ; it was then, says
Wordsworth, that

" The sounding cataract

Haunted me like a passion : the tall rock,

The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood,

Their colours and their forms, were then to me

An appetite ; a feeling and a love

That had no need of a remoter charm

By thought supplied, or any interest

Unborrowed from the eye."

And as riper years steal upon us the same love re-
tains its hold, but there is a change in the mode of
regarding it ; we, like the poet, learn

" To look on Nature, not as in the hour

Of thoughtless youth, but hearing oftentimes

The still sad music of humanity,

Not harsh nor grating, though of ample power

To chasten and subdue. And we have felt

A presence that disturbs us with the joy

Of elevated thoughts ; a sense sublime

Of something far more deeply interfused,

Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,

And the round ocean, and the living air,

And the blue sky, and in the mind of man :

A motion and a spirit that impels

All thinking things, all objects of all thought,

And rolls through all things."

To come to something practical : let us draw a
comparison between a lover of nature and one who
thinks nothing of her. Take the case of a simple
ramble through the fields : most people are in the
habit of " doing a constitutional " occasionally.
This walk is very often quite aimless, and is only
undertaken as a matter of duty, out of regard to
one's health. A man takes a certain number of
steps every day ; he feels a sort of satisfaction after
it, and goes to his work again until the time returns

ON THE STUDY OP NATURAL HISTORY. 59

for its repetition. All well and good perhaps, but I
ask, is it not also our duty to keep our minds in
health, as well as our bodies ? The above individual
grows no richer, mentally, for his labour. How
different from the case of another, who tells you he
never comes home from a ramble without having
discovered something fresh : he goes out to escape
from his daily routine of business ; he knows that
nothing rests the mind so much as change, and that
when it is thoroughly wearied out by continued con-
centration on one subject, it is better to occupy
it with another than to suffer it to be idle. And
therefore in his walk he notices the flower and the
animal, their habitats, and their times of appearing ;
he discovers, without the aid of books, that there is
" a time for everything " — a set time, and that in the
beautiful regularity which pervades nature, nothing
appears out of time or order ; the caterpillar is not
hatched before its food-plant is putting forth its
leaves ; the butterfly and the bat do not wake from
their winter's sleep when there is nothing for them
to eat ; everything is arranged. He notices, with
scarcely an effort, the peculiarities of the beasts of
the field, and the birds of the air ; he discovers the
marvellous connection between one species and
another, between one family and another, and the
dependence of all upon the Creator, so that

" The whole round earth is every way
Bound by gold chains about the feet of GOD."

In the Spring his eyes first see the swallow, his ears
are first greeted by the cuckoo, he is gratified by the
bursting forth of the vegetation into the most lovely
green ; iu the Autumn, while tints still more lovely

60 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

objectively array themselves before him, his delight
is tempered with sober thoughts of the great change
which is one day to be wrought in himself. In Summer
he beholds the triumphant reign of ah1 living things,
and in Winter — generally thought to be dull and
cheerless in the country, — he knows where to find
the squirrel and the dormouse snugly domiciled ;
he can find you the chrysalis of many a moth and
butterfly marvellously entombed in the earth, or
slung in a hammock ; he can show you luxuriant
beds of mosses — those children of the winter that
flourish when all around is asleep. And even if
he could not shoiv you aU this, think what
marvellous stores of information he has laid up,
that shall afford him food for thought when he is
lonely, or from which he ean draw fairy lore to
while away the winter evening ; what tales he can
tell you of the wonderful things he saw in the
summer — how he found the boat of eggs floating
about in the pond, so curiously and perfectly formed
by the gnat, that it could not be upset — a veritable
life-boat ; again, how he drew from the water a
thing monstrously strange, armed with jaws that
could unfold themselves upon its prey while yet afar
off, how with unrelenting stedfastness it destroyed
and devoured the other inhabitants, and after a few
months of such enjoyment it climbed up a tall reed,
and splitting itself down the back, took unto itself
wings and flew off to continue its carnage among the
inhabitants of air. Or our naturalist may give you
more pleasing accounts of the nests of the wren and
titmouse, the beautiful spotted eggs of the thrush,
find the pearly eggs of the azure halcyon — how ono

OH THE STUDY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 61

bird assailed him with a torrent of abuse as he
approached her offspring, and another suffered him
to lay hold of her, sooner than she would forsake
her nest : again, of the banks of flowers upon
which he lay and pondered — the bed of happy
violets, the golden cowslips, the "jocund company''
of daffodils, the delicate wood sorrel, and the wind
flower ; he tells you how he saw the face of wintry
nature turned into a perfect paradise of loveliness,
and says —

" Though absent long

These forms of beauty have not been to me
As is a landscape to a blind man's eye ;
But oft, in lonely rooms, and 'mid the din
Of towns and cities, I have owed to them,
In hours of weariness, sensations sweet."

These are the stores upon which the lover of nature
can draw.

The poets of nature have been many, and I must
not take up your time in quoting what is most likely
familiar to you. I have tried to show what a charm
there is around us if we like to experience it — what
an infinite variety there is for the mind to study.
It is this infinite variety which gives the superiority
to Natural History as a means of recreation : there
is no fear of exhausting the subject. Alexander the
Great was sorely distressed when he had conquered
all there was to conquer ; but it cannot be so with
us, Creation knows no limit. I remember in some
" wild dream of a German poet " that a human
being was conducted over the universe to view GOD'S
worlds, and that after sweeping past innumerable
orbs, — planets, satellites, and comets, the mind of
the man sank into itself, and shuddered with the

62 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

over-powering effects, begging to be shown no more.
If it were so with the thought of the infinity of
worlds, what would it be, could he have but a dim
comprehension of the infinitude of infinities that
exists in each separate world.

Here then is provided for our delectation a goodly
storehouse of knowledge ; volumes on volumes lie
open before us ; take them up and reverently turn
over the leaves, they make up the Book of GOD.

WINTER WORK. 63

II.— WINTEE WORK.

Read before the Folkestom Natural H-istofy Society,
December 2nd, 1868.

The glorious summer weather of 1868 is all past,
and the usual October and November gales sent us
rather sooner than we expected into the regions of
winter. All around us now is inhospitable and bleak,
and there is little inducement to follow out in the
open aii- the practical study of Natural History. So
we are tempted, perhaps, to sit still and ponder over
the rambles we took in the summer, to regret that
they are over, and to wish they would soon conic
again. It is weh1, perhaps, that we should do so, for
they ought to have supplied us with a whole treasure-
house full of " studies," from which we may draw
one after another to gaze and admire. It is well to
ask ourselves now, with these pictures set in the
golden frame of memory still fresh before us,
whether we valued them so much before they were
thus framed — in plainer words, whether we thought
at the tune that we really had great opportunities for
gathering food for thought in quiet hours. Did we
do ah1 we might have done ? In what respects did
we fall short ? So we may gather experience to
guide us when the swallow and the cuckoo return
again. Perhaps some of us made a tolerable collec-

64 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

tion of objects, which we had not then time to
arrange, perhaps not even to name. Now is the
time ; the collector would never get through his
work if he were always collecting, if he never had
seasons of leisure, for simply gathering objects is but
half the work ; they have to be compared, classified,
and specified ; general laws deducted, hasty conclu-
sions tested, perhaps reversed ; all this you know is
specially the work of the mind, and the mind at
such times must not be hampered by the body,
leisure and freedom from disturbance is essential for
contemplation and study. There are our Land and
Water Shells ; it was no easy task to name some of
them, and no doubt some of us have got three or
four pill boxes full of shells somewhere or other
labelled " doubtful." Now is the time, when the
drizzling November rain keeps us in doors, to sit
down, and by the aid of Lovell Keeve and a mag-
nifier to settle the question. A few papers of dried
flowers too, not yet properly labelled, will occupy us
now and then for an hour or two, perhaps also birds'
eggs, seaweeds and fossils. Winter is necessarily
the time for theoretical study ; we cannot do so
much out of doors, and in Summer, when all is
favourable for so doing, it would be folly to be read-
ing books at home. We must perfect and complete
in December what we began in the early spring.

But there is an impression I know that no active
out-door work can be done by a naturalist in winter.
I should be glad to do something towards removing
this impression. Winter is not so lifeless as we are
apt to think. I look back to many mild days in
December and January when I experienced great

WINTER WORK. 65

pleasure and gained no little knowledge in my
rambles — days spent in the leafless woods perhaps,
but yet where the squirrel might be surprised at a
winter meal, and the hawk at its feast of blood.
True, there is not in winter the mysterious abun-
dance of life around us which astonishes us in
slimmer, but the very lack of this abundance renders
it easier for us to make observations on those objects
that are left. In June and July we are so em-
barassed by the multitude of objects we see around
us, that we do not know where to begin, we feel
quite helpless till some friendly hand comes and
puts us to work. Now Botany is a subject which
is associated so thoroughly with summer that few
ever think it possible to do anything at it in the
cold weather. Yet winter has a flora of its own,
and even now, in December we might go and
gather a handful of flowers. There is more room
however for active work among the mosses which
flourish most luxuriantly in the midst of snow and
rain. Many of them ripen their fruits only in the
dead of winter, and for beauty of detail, they
rival all the rest of the botanical creation. It is
worth a damp walk to some woody dell to see their
varied hues of green, and the marvellously contrived
mechanism for the dispersion of the fruit which
characterises them; they appear all the more
flourishing by reason of those very influences which
lay their more sturdy brethren low. And many an
evening's amusement may be obtained by studying
these mosses with a microscope.

In Geology a great deal can be done ; when
neither plants nor animals put in an appearance we

06 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

can always go geologising. I do not mean simply
fossil-bunting, but geologising in tbe fuller sense of
tbe word — gaining a knowledge of all tbe formations
in our neigbbourbood, wbere tbey crop up, and their
line of strike — tbe gravels, tbe clays, tbe sands, and
tbe drift, as well as tbe harder rocks ; all these will
afford plenty of room for speculation, too much,
perhaps, but at any rate tbey will set us a thinking.
And if we go out simply in search of fossils, we
shall meet plenty to encourage us in this rich neigh-
bourhood. Among the chalk on the cliffs crowded
with fragments of Inocerami and Rhynclionclke ; in
tbe Green sand blocks scattered over the beach in
East Wear Bay, rich in oysters and fossil woods ;
and above all in the blue clay left bare by tbe
receding tide, studded with countless ammonites
and belemnites — here we shall find ourselves sur-
rounded by the remains of a former world, and find
problems set us that men very far wiser than
ourselves have never yet been able to work out.
Although it is certainly not pleasant to stand
chipping corners off stones with a cold hammer,
with tbe wind and sleet driving in our faces, yet
there are many mild soft days in tbe very depth
of winter when we may thus comfortably amuse
ourselves.

But now, to pass to the animal world. Many of
our sylvan inhabitants have, it is true, retired for
tbe winter, but they are not wholly lost to us. Many
a time, when rooting among tbe mosses we shall
turn out perhaps a beetle snugly ensconced, or a
plump caterpillar, perhaps a dormouse fast asleep,
and this sets our mind astir in another direction, we

WINTER WORK. (»7

ponder over the mystery of hybernation. Why these
animals should thus pass away the winter we can
perhaps see — change of climate and scarcity of food
render it necessary ; but how it is done is beyond our
ken. We see it in all sorts of creatures — in the
great Brown Bear in the forests of Eussia, in the
Marmot, in the Squirrel, down to the tiny caterpillar
not the tenth part of an inch in length. We see it
again in those weird creatures the Bats. Go into
some sheltered cave and you will probably find num-
bers of these creatures hanging by their claws to
the roof, head downwards, their wings closely
enwrapped around them — not a sign of life, not
even any perceptible breathing. It is not merely
sleep, you may rouse up an animal from its ordinary
sleep, and it does not take long to collect its
faculties ; unlike the lords of the creation, there is
no stretching of linibs and rubbing of eyes, the
creature springs up from slumber and is on the alert
at once. But not so with hybernation ; it takes
some time to rouse a bat, the wakening comes very
gradually and is generally fatal. It is evidently a
much nearer approach to death than sleep is — the
breathing is so slight as to defy investigation, and
the blood courses so sluggishly along that you can
detect no pulsation ; the air in which the creature
passes the winter, undergoes no change, and
strangest of all the animal will exist for some
time in gases that would be inimediatety fatal to it if
awake. I just refer briefly to these points in the hope
of provoking a discussion on the subject presently,
By thus exploring caves and other suitable spots, we
may become acquainted with some species of bats

G8 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

not otherwise often seen. I remember once going
into a chalk cave and finding four species, the
Pipistrelle, Noctule, Long-eared Bat, and the Lesser
Horse- Shoe Bat having the curious leaf-like append-
age to the nose.

Again we may study birds as well during the winter
as in summer, perhaps some species better. The little
Tits may be seen in flocks of about a dozen flitting
in and out of the hedgerows, or busily running up
and down the stems of trees searching for sleeping
insects ; the little Wren often scuds across the road a
foot or two above the ground ; the song of the Skylark
may be heard on a sunny day in any month of the year.
The habits of most of our birds change as they don
their winter plumage ; they begin to flock together
in great numbers, especially the Starlings, the Larks,
the Finches, &c. The Chaffinch is seen in large
flocks-, containing only males, very few females arje to
be seen, and these mostly in the south. Another
question here arises — Why this collecting together
in flocks ? And why in winter and not in summer ?
Well we, perhaps, can understand why not in summer,
because of the family duties which engage them,
and the intense rivalry and jealousy of the males.
These feelings, however, die away with the siimmer
months. Do they congregate in the winter for
warmth, or for food? Scarcely the latter, since it
would be easier to obtain food singly.

Then there are the birds of passage — those going
and those coming ; the Swift, the Swallow, the
Cuckoo, and others disappearing ; the Fieldfare,
the Eedwing, the Hooded Crow, &c., coming. The
Jatter, as of course you know, frequents the shore and.

WINTER WOKK. 69

the adjacent fields now in search of food, and at
once attracts notice by the hood it wears. Where
does it raise its family ? does it ever breed in Eng-
land ? Why does it come here at all ?

Migration is almost as wonderful as hybematiou.
Before it was so well established a fact as it is in the
present day, hibernation was much more extensively
allowed. The Swallow tribe in particular attracted
most notice, as was but natural, and they were all
firmly believed to spend the winter in this country,
hidden up in caves and rock crevices, old buildings
and places similar to those where we find the bats ;
some thought even in the bottom of lakes and rivers
buried in the mud. Dr. Johnson in his usual dog-
matic style, once remarked in the course of
conversation — " Swallows certainly sleep all the
winter, a number of them conglobulate together by
flying round and round, and then all in a heap
throw themselves under water and lie in the bed of
a river." And Gilbert White of Selborne, could
never bring himself to totally disbelieve in their
hybemation. Nor has the belief died out in the
present day, for there was a discussion about it in
the pages of " Science Gossip " only a few months
ago. But this is rather digressing.

There is often much talk about the " mysterious "
instinct which guides birds in their migrations. I
confess I can see little mystery in it, not nearly so
much as in hybemation.

Disbelieving totally, as I do, in what is commonly
called the " instinct " of the lower animals, and be-
lieving that the whole animal creation possesses
pretty well the same' faculties and reasoning powers

70 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

as ourselves, nay, I may go further and say, an
immaterial and undying principle similar to our own,
the mystery commonly supposed to be connected
with the instinct of animals, vanishes in my mind
to a considerable extent, It is improbable in the
highest degree, that a flock of birds all of the first
year, should set off for 'a foreign land alone, with
no old ones in their company, who have been the
road before ; and therefore, I believe there are
always plenty in a flock to guide them. And if so,
why should not birds be able to travel about just the
same as men ? But even supposing for the sake of
argument that such an improbability as I have stated
takes place, what then ? A flock of birds feel the
weather in their locality, getting too cold for them.
They do what a tribe of men might do, try to find a
warmer place. If they fly northwards, they only
experience colder winds, what should they do then
but turn round to the south ? In that direction
they meet with warmer air, and are beckoned con-
tinually on and on by more balmy breezes, until
they arrive in a locality which suits them, and there
they wait until they feel compelled by circumstances
to go back again. In short they act like reasonable
beings as they are. I should be glad if some one
would take up the discussion of the subject presently.
I fear I have trespassed somewhat too much on
your attention, and must now draw to a close my
desultory remarks. I have simply tried to show
what we may all do in what are generally called the
dreary months of winter, and I hope I have proved
that there is plenty of occupation both for niiud and
body.

THE BLOOD BEETLE. 71

III.— THE BLOOD BEETLE.

Timarcha Iccvif/ata.
Reprinted from Science Gossip for February, 1867.

It was in the month of October, several years ago,
that I first became acquainted with the Blood Beetle.
It was crawling over some herbage at a very sluggish
pace, totally different to the hurrying race of a Sim-
Beetle across your path, or a Weevil over the leaves,
and I took it up to examine it. While turning it
over, I found my fingers were covered with what I at
first took to be blood ; recollecting, however, that
none of the other beetles with which I was acquainted
afforded the sanguineous fluid, I looked a little closer,
and discovered a rich scarlet bead, very translucent
in appearance, emerging from the creature's mouth.
Upon taking up several others they behaved in the
same way, and the habit appeared evidently a de-
fensive one, although the fluid was to me perfectly
harmless ; it might not be so, however, to the ordi-
nary enemies of the Beetle. This habit, together
with the firm ovate appearance, and the worse than
snail's pace, at which it crawled along, made the
insect very interesting to a neophyte in Natural
History, and not knowing its name, I called it pro
ton. the Blood-Beetle, which, perhaps, is slightly
more refined than its common English cognomen,
" The Bloody-nosed Beetle." As it was then rather

72 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

late in the year, there was not much opportunity for
discovering many of its peculiarities ; it soon retired
from observation, probably burying itself among
thick moss or herbage. Early in January, how-
ever, it was abroad in the sunshine under the
hedges, and my attention was drawn to it. Iii April
I noticed another curious creature, very common : it
appeared to be some kind of larva. It was about ten
lines in length, of a dull metallic green above and
pinkish beneath, the whole body very wrinkled, and
in general appearance convex. It was feeding on
Bed-straw, and, where one specimen was seen,
plenty of others were sure to be found. It was not
until I had taken up several to look at that some of
the well-known fluid appeared, and the thought at
once struck me that the creature was the larva of
my new friend, — the Beetle. It fed, too, on the
same food, Galium Aparine, and more rarely on G,
molhtyo. I at once collected the larvae and caged
them, and after a time found my suspicions correct,
for they produced some very fine imagos.

This was one of my first entomological discoveries,
and, like every other beginner, I felt a good deal of
satisfaction at having made it myself without the aid
of a book. I mention this simply as an illustration
of the pleasure awaiting anyone who chooses to
search for it in the insect world. A few of the notes
I have since made on the same species may, perhaps,
prove interesting to some of our readers.

The Beetle itself is the most plentiful of the larger
coleoptera in our neighbourhood, being found on
every bank, and under every hedge ; it appears also
to be the most hardy, for there is probably no season

THE BLOOD BEETLE. 78

of the year when it may not be seen. I have caught
it in every month except December. The larvae are
to be found in April and May on the Bed-straws,
looking when young merely like small black protu-
berances on the leaves. At first sight it would
appear that they do not possess the usual number
of prolegs or claspers — so prominent among the
lepidopterous caterpillars — having apparently only one
at the tail. Although Westwood mentions this as
single, it is evident to the naked eye, and much more
so through a glass, that it is a double one, quite as
much as that of a hawk-moth larva ; the other four
pairs are present in the shape of small tubercles on
the abdomen, and are seen quite plainly if the
creature be allowed to cross the hand held up hori-
zontally to the light ; each is then seen to be brought
into full play in the act of walking — they are not so
easily detected when it is crawling over the herbage.
When seized it rolls itself up like a hedgehog, not
being proportionally long enough to do so after the
fashion of larger caterpillars. When alarmed, I
have known it, in various instances, to emit the
scarlet fluid, but it is not done so freely as by the
imago. It changes its skin at regular intervals,
appearing immediately after of a reddish hue,
particularly about the head and legs : it gradually
darkens in coloim The larva is quite as sluggish in
its movements as the perfect insect. All my
specimens were buried by June 10th, but some had
gone down into the earth a fortnight before. On
July 4th I disinterred one or two ; they were
then of a very light pink colour, very jelly-like in
appearance ; the legs were perfectly formed, and the

74 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

wings lay loosely by the side of the body, which was
on its back. A small cavity had been formed in the
soil in the usual way, the sides ot which were made
quite compact by the pressure of the body, and at
one end lay the cast-off skin, the antennae were full
size, but these, like the legs, were pink, much
deeper in shade than the body. On July 22nd I
disinterred another, almost perfect, but the body was
still soft and pink, while the elytra were of their
proper hue : a second specimen was still without the
wing cases. The first imago emerged July 30th,
and this was soon followed by others.

The perfect insect is very ovate in appearance and
firm in consistency, the under surface and also the
legs are of a glistening metallic dark blue, the elytra
are nearly black, as is also the head and thorax. It
is placed in the family CHRYSOMELIDJE, and in the
genus Timarcha, though formerly it was called a
Tcncbrio : the specific name is tenebricosa , or more
lately Iceciyata : the latter term is preferable as it
serves more directly to contrast it with the other
species in the same genus — coriaria. The elytra are
soldered together longitudinally ; and when they are
forced open the Beetle is found to be wingless ; it is
thus totally incapable of flight, and is the largest
vegetable feeding insect in England so constituted.
The tarsi are very broad, and afford it the power of
taking a firm hold of the herbage over which it
crawls. At night it rests clinging to stems with its
head downwards ; they are difficult to discover in the
early morning, being covered with heavy dew, and
looking more like dry seeds than anything else ; as
soon as the heat of the sun has caused all the mois-

THE BLOOD BEETLE. 75

tnre to evaporate, they begin their peregrinations.
The antennae look like strings of small beads, very
beautiful ; and, when the insect is moving, they are
in constant motion from side to side, tapping the
ground or stem over which it is travelling, as if to
test its safety. The scarlet fluid is said by Westwood
to be emitted both from the mouth and the joints of
the limbs ; I have never, however, been able to
detect the smallest particle flowing from the latter
places. Country people say it is a specific for the
toothache ; and, having once tried it, I am inclined
to believe them. I found relief from rubbing it over
the tooth and gums ; but, perhaps, one is not entitled
to state it as a general fact from one trial. The
Blood-Beetle is often figured and spoken of in old
works as the Catch- weed Beetle, no doubt from its
being commonly found in Galiiuii Aparinc.

76 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

IV.— ABOUT THE SLOW-WOEM.
Beprinted from the Naturalises Circular for June, 1868

I remember one of my companions telling me how
during a ramble after wild-flowers a slow-worm had
sprung at him from the bank, and only just missed
fixing itself on his face. As he firmly believed the
creature to be of a deadly poisonous nature, he
regarded this as a wonderful escape. Neither of us
knew much of natural history then, and I accord-
ingly congratulated him on the fact that he was still
alive ; indeed, to tell the truth I felt rather envious,
and wished that I could relate such a marvellous
escape. But this was many many years ago, and
the slow-worm has since then been one of my
numerous pets. A box of these reptiles is certainly
a novelty to most people, for though they may have
come across one or two in their occasional rambles,
it was only to jump away from them, or to strike at
them with a stick ; whereas before a box with a
glass front they can gratify their curiosity, and at
the same time feel perfectly safe. As you dilate on
the curious traits of your little proteges to an
admiring audience, they listen to you with about the
same feelings as those experienced by the crowd
before a cage of tigers while Mattoko the great tiger-
man is giving a lecture on his captives. Will they
test the creature's harmlessuess by taking one into

THE SLOW-WORM. 77

their hands? "Ugh!" (quite involuntarily) "no,
thank you !" 1 recollect taking a few once to a
natural history meeting (where certainly folks ought
to have known better) and one happened to get on
the floor. It was ludicrous to see how instan-
taneously that floor was vacated, and every lady
was standing on a chair. Poor Anguis fragilis ! he
was picked up by a friend and replaced in his box,
much to his own satisfaction and that of the ladies.

Slow-worms used to be very plentiful in the
Quakers' burial ground in a town where I formerly
lived, and were killed by dozens when the grass was
mown, the man using a stick about ten feet long,
so that he might be out of danger. On lifting up
the flat stones we often came upon six or seven at
once, and although the creature in a general way
deserves its name, it can in times of peril make off
pretty briskly as it attempted to do then. On being
seized it twists itself in and out between one's fingers
in a manner peculiarly unpleasant to those not
accustomed to it. I took home three or four and
put them into a good sized box with some earth and
rockwork, beneath which they soon formed regular
hiding places. They are not all of the same colour,
some being of a rich sienna brown with darker
markings, and others of a leaden hue ; whether this
denotes distinction of sex, or is a mark of age, I am
not prepared to say for certain, but all the old ones
I have ever seen were of the dull hue, and I never
saw any young ones that were not bright brown. I
came across one at six a.m. in a ramble tip a lane.
I was hunting for molluscs and heard my dog barking
as if she liacl ma.de a, discovery. Such I found was

78 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

the case, she had surprised a slow- worm as it was
retreating, and without endeavouring to touch it
was performing a circular dance round the hole it
was entering. I seized it before it made good its
escape, and carried it home to the others.

The general food of the Slow-worm consists of the
small white a^id grey slugs so common and so
mischievous in gardens, and the mode of eating is
very peculiar. If hungry, on seeing a slug crawling
along it approaches it, eyeing it intently, and with
the greatest deliberation seizes it across the middle ;
there is no darting, nothing sudden, — it merely
opens its mouth and quietly takes hold of its prey.
Of course, from the nature of its food, we see there
is not the slightest necessity for rapid movements
such as we find in those of its near relation, the
Scaly Lizard which has to catch flies. So with the
swallowing, it is done very gradually, and often takes
a long time, a considerable quantity of fluid covering
the mouth meanwhile. If the slug has been crawling
over the earth, and has anything adhering to it, the
slow-worm will take it to a stone and rub it against
it till it is detached. This shows the the possession
of a considerable amount of reasoning power, as it
was only done when necessary. I could not always
provide slugs for them and sometimes they took
earthworms, but they did not relish them so well.

Like all the members of its class the Slow-worm
is under the necessity of changing its skin at intervals ;
it does not, as with the snake, come off entire, but
in several detached portions, which peel off, the
creature assisting in the process by twining its body
in and out amongst rough substances. One of mine

THE SLOW-WORM. 79

changed on May 1st, and again July 14th. The
common name of " Blind- worm " is so utterly in-
appropriate that I cannot conceive how it arose, and
yet many country people will tell you that it cannot
see at all. But it is very evident that it discovers
its prey more by sight than by any other sense, and
its eyes are peculiarly pretty and gentle, without the
baleful aspect of those of the viper. My slow-worms
buried themselves in the garden during the winter,
and the first reappeared March 28th, very sluggish
and sleepy, and it ate nothing for several days. The
property of throwing off its tail and reproducing it
must be well known to my readers.

On the Wan-en here they are very plentiful under
the large stones. Their usual length is about thirteen
or fourteen inches, but I had one brought which
measured nineteen and a half, of which the tail took
up eleven ; this was a monster.

I began with an anecdote, and I will end with one.
A friend of mine was hunting for slow-worms
underneath some stones, and wanted very much to
move one immense rock, having an intuitive know-
ledge of the presence there of a host of victims. But
it was beyond his strength, and he called in the
assistance of the military in the shape of two soldiers
who happened to be passing by. When the stone
had been overturned there lay several slow- worms,
among which my friend immediately darted, seizing
two or three in each hand. The sight was too much
for the soldiers who fled precipitately, waiting for
neither thanks nor largess.

80 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

V.— THE LARGE GREEN GRASSHOPPER,

Acrida vindissima.
Reprinted from Science Gossip, September, 1868.

Among the terrestrial creatures now peopling the
earth in such vast myriads, none come across our
path so often as the Grass-hoppers. Every tuft of
grass seems alive with their curious calls ; at every
step one seems to hop away from us. And they well
repay a short examination, were it only for their
varied and lovely colours : some having their
habitation solely in the grass, are of its own green
hue, others enlivening the bare chalky slopes are grey
while some again are of a delicate carmine, some
green and some crimson — in fact, as we catch one
after another, there seems no end to their tints.
The Large Grasshopper, of which I have made a few
notes, is, however, much more seldom seen ; when
it is caught it is generally killed and pinned out, as
something a little out of the common, but very rarely
is it kept alive, and consequently little or nothing is
known of its habits. My friend Mr. Tate just
mentions it in the volume for 18G6, and Mrs. Watney
also states one fact concerning its food. Were it
better known I suppose we should have a recognized
English name for it ; as it is, it goes by the name of
the Green Locust, or the one at the head of this
article, But, scientifically, it is neither a locust nor

THE LARGE GREEN GRASSHOPPER. 81

a grasshopper, both of which are included in the
family Locmtidce, but this belongs to the Oryllidce
which is distinguished from the former by the pre-
sence in the females of a formidable looking ovi-
positor extending from the end of the body. Mr.
Tate calls it the " Horsehead " Grasshopper, but I
do not see why the title should be applied solely to
this species, as all of the tribe have heads much alike ;
perhaps the resemblance to a horse's head is more
striking in viridissima from its great size.

I caught a female two or three weeks ago as it sat
on the head of a large flower, and brought it home
captive. It has been living in a glass globe ever
since, and at the present moment is doing a consti-
tutional over my writing table ; not, I fear, appre-
ciating the honour I ana doing it by giving its history
in the pages of Science Gossip ; at any rate, it does
not look as if it did, being busily engaged in discus-
sing the contents of a cabbage stalk I purposely laid
in its way. I did not know at first what food to
supply it with, animal or vegetable, until I thought
of Mrs. Watney's note above referred to. I put in
some grass well moistened, a piece of cooked beef,
and, as I knew the latter would not easily be obtained
in the creature's own haunts, a couple of houseflies
as well. It treated both flies and grass with great
unconcern ; but when one of the antennce came in
contact with the meat, it went up to it at once and
devoured it, holding it between its two front legs.
Shortly after I found that one of the flies was gone,
and, as it could not have escaped, I concluded the
creature had eaten it, so I sat down to watch the
fate of the other. Vii-iilissimu had retired to the

8Z OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

gauze over its dwelling, hanging with its back down-
wards and appeared busily engaged in " cleaning its
teeth ; but presently the fly came between its legs
and the roof, there was a sharp, sudden movement
of the head, and the prey was entangled in the com-
plicated jaws of the grasshopper, by the agency of
which it was speedily tucked in and devoured.
Having once heard of an individual of this species
devouring its own leg which had been accidentally
knocked off, I put in a few small grasshoppers, to
see whether they formed part of its diet. It was not
long before one of them ventured within range, and
escaped with the loss of a leg. A few minutes after-
wards another was caught bodily, and eaten with
great relish. I now fed it entirely with living prey,
and though I put in both raw and cooked meat, it
never again touched either. I also put in a worm,
thinking that probably, like a mole cricket I once
kept, it would eat it, but it did not. I should think
very probably it would do so, though, if hungry. It
is not, however, wholly carnivorous, for, as before
mentioned, it is fond of the succulent stalks of cab-
bage, and possibly of other similar substances.

It never appeared to hunt its prey, never ran after
the flies or sprang on them ; it waited quietly until
they came within reach, when it turned its head
sharply round and seized them, the legs assisting.
It very likely obtains its usual food by lying in wait
as it certainly could not capture either flies or grass-
hoppers in fair open chase. Its mode of progression
appears to be a series of short leaps, on an average
twelve to fifteen inches, not nearly so long as those
of its smaller relatives, though when jumping from

THE LARGE GREEN GRASSHOPPER. 83

a table or any elevated spot to a lower eminence I
have seen it go above a yard. It walks about a
great deal but I do not think it ever flies ; when I
threw it into the air it never attempted to do so, it
spread out its wings but merely to break the fall, in
fact, it always uses its wings when leaping.

I noticed the frequent application of the tarsi to
the mouth when walking ; it took place not only when
the animal was climbing up the smooth glass, but in
going up a wall or door, and even in walking over the
carpet. On the wall it took place about every half-
dozen steps, but not so often on the door or carpet,
and still less frequently when walking up my coat.
I scarcely think with Mr. Tate that by this action
the feet are rendered more glutinous, but that it
brings them to its mouth simply to cleanse them
from any particles of dust that may adhere, by which
the action of the pads or suckers may be impeded ;
as it uses these suckers more in climbing smooth
surfaces than in walking, the cleansing would in the
former case be necessarily more frequent. When-
ever it finds one of its feet slipping about on the
wall, it brings it to its mouth and cleans it, after
which it adheres very well until clogged again with
dust. I noticed especially when it was trying to
gain a footing on a dusty ledge above the door, it
completely failed, although every foot was repeatedly
cleansed. Viridissima is very clean in its habits,
washing its face with its feet very much as a cat
does ; it also with its mouth frequently cleanses its
ovipositor and antenna, the latter being bent down
to the jaws by one of the front legs and drawn up-
wards with a curve,'like that of a carriage-whip. I

84

OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

have been hoping to see it use its curious ovipositor
and lay some eggs, but have not hitherto been
gratified. The length of my specimen is two inches
and three-eighths, the antennas are two inches, and
the hind legs two and a half.

ON PRIMROSES AND THEIR FERTILIZATION. 85

VI.— ON PRIMROSES AND THEIR
FERTILIZATION.

Read b efore the Folkestone Natural History Society,
March 3rd, 1870.

" A Primrose by the river's brim,
A yellow primrose was to him,

'Twas that and nothing more."

I have chosen this quotation simply because it is
not all suitable for the object we have in hand, nor
to be taken as a motto by the members of a Natural
History Society. Yet it is doubtless known to you
all, and may serve as a " shocking example " of the
state into which some people fall, who neglect to use
their senses. Much more than simple " yellow prim-
roses " are these blossoms to us. I might enlarge
upon them as the flowers of childhood, round which
cluster many " sunny memories " of our early days,
that might otherwise have been forgotten ; as remin-
ders of the happy careless hours when earth was ever
unfolding new treasures and filling our minds with
delight at its luxuriousness of beauty.

And again I might dwell upon them as above all
others the flowers of spring, bright and happy
messengers, coming with clear blue skies in January
and February to tell us of the wealth of form and
colour that will shortly dazzle our eyes as the bleak
days get fewer, and at last disappear. But this
would be too sentimental ; we must look deeper into

86 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

Nature than this, and derive a still greater intellec-
tual feast from a knowledge of the mysteries of life
that lie hidden in the Primrose.

We discover at once, from the venation of the
leaves, that the Primrose helongs to the exogenous
order of plants, these veins forming a net work all
over the leaf, and not running parallel from one end
to the other, like those in a lily leaf. We notice,
moreover, that there is no stem here : you may ex-
press surprise at this, seeing so many blossoms
springing up from the root, each one at the head of
a stalk. But these stalks are pedicels or secondary
flower stalks, like those which spring from the head
of a Cowslip stalk, and if you cut through a root just
below where it emerges from the ground, you will
notice that all these pedicels spring from one circling
line marking the real stem, which in this case, is to
a certain extent suppressed, or rather arrested in its
growth. Occasionally, owing to certain circum-
stances, this peduncle shoots up to some height,
carrying the pedicels with it ; then we get the variety
commonly called the Oxlip, though not the true
species of that name. To this I shall refer again
presently.

And now, ascending the stalk, we come to this
green cup at the summit, which all the members of
the botanical class will recognise as the calyx.
The component parts of this calyx, i.e., the sepals,
are five in number : that or some multiple of it, as
you know, is the prevailing number of organs in this
division of plants, though four shares the honour to
some extent. But you do not find that these sepals
are separate as in the case of the Kose, nor deciduous

ON PRIMROSES AND THEIR FERTILIZATION. 87

as with the Buttercup ; they are all united, hence
the calyx is yamosepalous, and it encloses the seed
vessels until its contents are perfected, hence it is
ytermtent. You recognise the five sepals, however,
by the five points at the summit.

Inside this calyx we come to the five coloured
leaves or petals forming the corolla, and these like-
wise are united — gamopetaUms, Concerning the
colours of these petals naturalists are divided,
though it is highly probable that many of us have
no doubts upon the subject ; but if you gather num-
bers of blossoms from different localities, you will
find them varying from light yellow to yellowish
green, and in some parts of England they are
decidedly pink. Some call the colour green because
it turns green when dried, but that seems to me an
absurd reason ; this dried cowslip is blue, but I do
not suppose anyone would talk of blue cowslips.
Inside the corolla again we come to the stamens five
in number; and here mark a peculiarity. It is
another general rule in the arrangement of the
organs of the flower, that each member of a circle of
organs is inserted opposite to the opening, between
two members of an outer or inner circle ; e.g. each
petal is inserted between two sepals, though inside,
each stamen between two petals and so on. But
here, as you see, the stamens are inserted upon the
petals (hence styled epipetalous) and opposite to each
— not between them ; in a case like this it is con-
sidered that an outer circle of stamens has been
suppressed, and hence the members of this second
and inner circle come between where the others
would have been.

88 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

Having stripped off the calyx, the corolla, and the
stamens we come to one solitary organ in the middle
— the seed-bearing organ or pistil, with the stigma at
the summit.

Here I come to, perhaps, the most interesting
portion of my paper, a peculiar feature in the
physiology of the Primrose. Those of us who have
heen in the habit of not merely gathering flowers but
also of examining them, must have noticed that in
some flowers of the Primrose there is a small
spherical body, a little larger, perhaps, than a pin's
head, in the centre ; that in others this organ is
invisible, and instead we have deeply hued yellow
bodies, five in number, clustering together. These
two varieties of the Primrose are known respectively
as Pin centres and Rose centres ; the same peculiarity
is observable in Cowslips and the garden Polyanthus.
The rose centre is accounted the more handsome of
the two and is cultivated to the exclusion of the pin
centre. Now what are these organs ? The little
round body in the pin centred specimens is the
stitjma, i.e. the summit of the pistil, or seed-producing
organ ; the " rose centres " present us with the
anthers, or pollen-bearing organs at the summit of
the stamens. But if you take a rose centred speci-
men and dissect it, you will find the pistil inside,
but reduced to about half the length, thus allowing
the stamens to tower above it. So if you dissect a
pin centre you will find stamens below. Such are
the facts to be gleaned by simple observation ; what
I have to say now will show what is to be learned
by thought and careful scrutiny from these facts.
You all know that no seed ever arrives at perfection

ON PRIMROSES AND THEIR FERTILIZATION. 89

without the pistil being fertilized by pollen scattered
ou it from the anthers. Now what follows from
this ? We have first a short-styled variety, the
anthers reaching some height above the stigma ; it is
easy enough to imagine how the pollen may drop from
these anthers on the stigma and so fertilize it. But
what about the long- styled pin centre, where the
stigma stands above the pollen bearing organs, and
so does not stand any chance of being thus fertilized ?
Now the first thought that struck Mr. Darwin was
this, that the primrose was gradually becoming
dioecious, i.e. that by and by the stamens would die
out in the long-styled specimens, and the plant
would bear only a pistil ; and that in the short- sty led
specimens the pistil was dying out and the stamens
were developing themselves. It is the case in many
plants that some flowers bear pistils only and others
stamens only — they are called dioecious or " Re-
housed." Thus in time we should get two sorts of
primroses much more distinct than they are at
present. Again, the thought may strike you at once,
that if the pollen cannot reach the stigma on the
long- sty led specimens there can be no fertilization,
and therefore no seed, and consequently the pin cen-
tres must in time die out. Now we must ask some
botanical friend whether he knows for a certainty
that the pin centres ever produce seed. He savs

j. j. t/

" Yes, quite as often as the others." Therefore they
do get fertilized. This sets us thinking again — how ?
Mr. Darwin says it is done by the Humble Bee.
Many of you will recollect how by the agency of this
and other insects orchids are fertilized. The bee
inserting its head into the corolla of a flower detaches

90 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

some of the pollen, and upon entering another is
pretty certain to leave some of it behind. It is now
a well-known fact that this process, which is called
cross-fertilization, is the rule and not the exception ;
the exceptions He on the other side, the case of a
flower fertilizing itself by its own pollen, being rare
even in flowers like the short-styled primroses. And
when such self-fertilization takes place the seed
deteriorates.

But then you will say in a case like this — the short-
styled Primrose — how is it possible to prevent self-
fertilization? Now we make use of another or two of
Mr. Darwin's discoveries in the physiology of plants.
He discovered that when a stigma is covered with
two or three kinds of pollen, — species or varieties,
one only takes effect to the exclusion of all others ;
also that the pollen from a long-styled Primrose is
more powerful on the stigma of a short- sty led
specimen than its own, and vice versa : hence if the
stigma in a rose centre gets sprinkled with pollen,
both from its own anthers and from those of a pin
centre, the latter will be most probably the effectual
agent ; and if the stigma in a pin centre receives
pollen by any means from its own anthers (which is
unlikely) and from a rose centre, the latter only will
take effect. Hence a cross fertilization goes on, and
this you see by the agency of insects. It may not have
struck you, could not in fact, unless some of these
facts were known to you, that insects and flowers
are mutually necessary to each other, and neither
could exist without the other. I remember being
much struck with this remark when I heard it from
the lips of Mr. Bates, the traveller of the Amazons,

ON PRIMROSES AND THEIR FERTILIZATION. 91

during a short walk on the Warren. " If insects
perish " he said " flowers must necessarily perish
too." The flower yields its nectar to the insect, and
the insect in return assists in perpetuating the
flower.

Such are a few of the mysteries enveloped in a
Primrose blossom. As my remarks have already
reached a greater length than I intended, I must say
nothing about the Cowslip, though I should like, if
I am not tiring you, to say a few words about the
Oxlip. I may astonish you, but I do not think I
shall make a rash assertion, if I say that, in all pro-
bability, none here present have seen the true Oxlip.
It grows in Cambridgeshire and perhaps one or two
other localities. What we call the Oxlip is, as you
know, a set of several flowers like Primroses growing
on one stem like Cowslip flowers. I remarked a few
minutes ago that the stem of the Primrose was
arrested in its growth, that if you cut through the
root just below the ground you would see that the
pedicels all sprang from one circle, and that if we
could only imagine the stem elevated, carrying this
circle with it, we should have our Oxlip. It has been
generally set down as a hybrid between a Cowslip
and a Primrose, but I am quite of the opinion of my
friend, Mr. Britten (to whom I am in fact indebted
for some of the thoughts I have placed before you),
that it is but a developed Primrose. I have found
both single flowered and many flowered stems grow-
ing on the same root. It is a question, however, by
no means settled, whether there is not in addition
a true intermediate form between a Cowslip and a
Primrose. There is plenty of work before us all ra

92 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

the matter if we like to commence the work of obser-
vation. I chose the subject because I thought it
might give us all an object to work for at once, as
the Primroses are now coming out. I give you a
hint or two about it. Set notes down in your vade-
mecum (I suppose no member of a Natural History
Society goes out without a note-book) to work out
answers to the following questions : —

1 . Are these oxlips most plentiful among primroses

or amcng cowslips ?

2. Do those which occur among primroses bear a

closer resemblance to primroses than to cow-
slips ?

8. Do those among cowslips resemble those flowers
most?

4. Have you ever found primroses and oxlips on

the same root ?

5. Have you ever found cowslips and oxlips on the

same root ?

In all probability the Primrose, Cowslip, and
Oxlip have been developed from one common form,
according to surrounding circumstances.

THE PUSS MOTH. 98

VIL— THE PUSS MOTH— A LIFE HISTORY.
Dicranura vinula.

Read before the Folkestone Natural History Society,
December, 15th, 1874.

There are Entomologists and Entomologists — two
distinct classes, better known perhaps as students
and collectors, and wide is the difference between
them. There are those who take a delight (as every
true naturalist must do) in making the lives of GOD'S
creatures a perpetual study as well as a source of
endless recreation, and I may even say amusement ;
who prefer to watch animals in their native haunts
and there to trace out their habits, and their wonder-
ful adaptation to their physical surroundings ; or who
take advantage of the dominion given to man over
the earth and all that is in it, to capture and study
in captivity those points which probably never could
be studied in the creature's wild state. Many of
this class make no collections at all, but they are in
themselves perfect encyclopaedias of all that relates
to insect Hie. There are others again whose sole
aim is to hunt, capture, and kill ; who glory in
nothing so much as the possession of a species which
their near neighbour and friend does not possess
— whose greatest boast is that they have a unique
specimen. The habits of their so-called pets are
utterly unknown to them, and they will spend a
small fortune in purchasing specimens which they

94 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

might with very little trouble obtain by their own efforts .

Of these two classes, members of the first delight
most in conversing about the objects they study,
while those of the second prefer to show you their
collection : the former will travel miles to see their
favourites in their native spot, but you must be very
cautious in imparting the locality of any rare species
to the latter, for so long as they can catch or obtain
specimens they think little of extermination.

There are, however, entomologists who hold a
position between these two — a class I am happy to
say which is increasing every day ; they make a
collection, it is true, but it is quite subordinate to
the study of the insects themselves. When showing
this collection to you they will point with pride to
such and such a species — not because they gave five
or ten pounds for it, or because Mr. So-and-so has
not yet been able to get one — but they tell you they
caught it themselves deep in the mountain world of
Wales or Scotland, and then come welcome little
episodes of their travels, how up in the North they
found themselves quite out of the civilized world and
couldn't even get bread except the postman brought
it, and that meat was utterly unknown, and that if
owing to the forewarnings of a friend they had not
provided themselves with a few tins of Australian
meat, they might just as well have been in the back-
woods of America. * Or again they point out a
species they have reared from the egg, and conse-
quently they are in possession of knowledge unknown
to the rest of the world, for it may safely be said

* This was actually the case with one of my entomological
friends.

THE PUSS MOTH. 95

that lie who watches the progress of any insect, new
or old, known or unknown, from the egg to maturity
is certain to discover some fact about it previously
unknown.

There is a strange charm about this study. " Do
not you," says Kingsley in his delightful Glaucus,
" do not you, the London merchant, recollect how
but last summer your douce and portly head clerk
was seized by two keepers in the act of wandering
in Epping Forest at dead of night, with a dark
lantern, ajar of strange sweet compound, and in-
numerable pocketsful of pill-boxes ; and found it
very difficult to make either his captors or you be-
lieve that he was neither going to burn wheat ricks
nor poison pheasants, but was simply sugaring the
trees for moths as a blameless entomologist ? And
when in self -justification he took you to his house in
Islington, and showed you the glazed and corked
drawers full of delicate insects, which had evidently
cost him in the collecting the spare hours of many
busy years, and many a pound too out of his small
salary, were you not a little puzzled to make out
what spell there could be in those ' useless moths '
to draw out of his warm bed, twenty miles down the
Eastern Counties Railway and into the damp forest
like a deer-stealer, a sober white-headed Tim Linkin-
water like him, your very best man of business,
given to the reading of Scotch political economy,
and gifted with peculiarly clear notions on the cur-
rency question ? " There is, I say again, a strange
charm about this study. Perhaps one of its sources
is this constant discovery, constant acquisition of
knowledge. It is like travelling in a foreign laud

UB OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

while close at home — akin to the continual delight
of childhood at the gradual opening of the wealth of
novelty in the world around.

For myself, I shall never forget the delight with
which, years ago, I watched a caterpillar undergo its
wondrous transformations, when even the larva of a
cabbage butterfly proved a thing of beauty ; or the
astonishment which filled me, not unaccompanied by
reverence, as I saw the resurrection of a Peacock
Butterfly from its six weeks' entombment. It had
entered its shroud a creeping thing of earth, it
emerged a joyous bright tenant of air — how changed
and beautified. We can understand the entomologist
who in his feeble old age would be wheeled to a
sunny hillside and spend hours in watching the
gambols of the creatures which had been his daily
companions for years.

Very often our interest in entomology is first
excited by seeing some creature more strange in its
habits or bizarre in aspect than others we have
known ; it was so in nay case on having (while living in
the outskirts of London) several caterpillars of the
Puss Moth brought to me from some willows close
by — they came in company with a number of beautiful
niusk beetles and a thick fleshy larva of the Goat
Moth with its peculiar odour. Of the latter I could
make nothing ; I did not know its food, and only
kept it long enough to learn that it could gnaw a
hole through a box like a rat. But the Puss
Caterpillars ate, and grew, and their colours grew
blighter and brighter, though i failed in rearing them
for that time. Since then never a year has passed
without my rearing boxes of caterpillars and my

THE PUSS MOTH. 97

early friend among them.

I am afraid you are beginning to ask when I am
going to talk about my subject, so without any more
digressions (though I am rather fond of them) I will
commence. Peculiar looking as the creature is, so
that the attention of a stranger is at once drawn to
it, it is really one of the very " Common objects of
the country ;" here in Folkestone you may gather
them by the dozen all the summer through, where-
ever you come across willow or poplar tree. The
Lower Koad is perhaps one of the besthuntinggrounds.

About June or earlier we may find the brown eggs
of the moth laid on the flat surface of the leaves, one
here, and one there, hemispherical in shape and
attached by their flat sides. With a tolerably good
magnifying glass hexagonal markings may be seen
on them, for the eggs of moths and butterflies, small
as they are, are often beautifully sculptured — they
are in their way more beautiful than those of birds.
If you see a tiny hole in this brown egg it is a sign
that the inmate has escaped, and probably he is close
beside it, looking at you all the time, but unrecog-
nised— mistaken for a bit of black cotton. He is not
unlike it and looks remarkably stiff and even uncom-
fortable ; almost wholly black, with a head, or at
least what you suppose a head large out of all pro-
portion to the rest of his body, which tapers towards
the tail and ends in two fine points. Collect as many
of these bits of animated black cotton as you can find
and take them home, put them in a glass
cy Under or tumbler, and supply them with fresh
leaves from the tree on which you found them (or
one of the same species), and you will have enough

H

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to do to notice them for many weeks. Sometimes
nibbling bits from the leaves, at others sitting motion-
less for hours with head drawn up and back, and
tail curved over the body, and then again perhaps
going a day or two without food. This is because
one of the important epochs of his life has arrived —
an important epoch to all juveniles— he is to have a
new suit of clothes. Caterpillars are like lobsters and
crabs — in fact they form a subdivision of the same
class — the growth of their skin does not keep pace
with that of their body ; consequently they now and
then begin to feel uneasy, they haven't room, and,
wiser than juveniles of a higher order, they leave off
eating. By and by the old skin cracks down the
back, and comes off, while underneath it appears a
new one in all the glory of fresh unfaded colour.
Probably as a matter of economy, the creature
devours its old clo'. This you may perhaps recollect,
is done by frogs, toads, and newts, though not always.
A change of skin with our Puss Caterpillar occurs,
I believe, four times, though other larvae change more
frequently, and at every change the markings become
more definite, though in this case the colours do not
always become brighter. Your attention will pro-
bably be drawn, particularly in the early youth of the
larva, to two projections on the head like small ears,
giving to the creature a marvellous resemblance to a
young kitten ; these gradually disappear, being ab-
sorbed into the body, but their former position is
marked by two black spots.

When full grown the caterpillar has a flat head,
pale brown in colour, black at the sides ; when at
rest it is withdrawn into the second segment of the

THE PUSS MOTH. 99

body, and is then surrounded by a pink line with
black spots. The general ground colour is a rather
pretty green, on the back is a very long diamond-
shaped mark of a reddish purple colour, but varying
much in different specimens, and at different ages ;
this is surrounded by a white stripe. This arrange-
ment of colours is probably to a certain extent pro-
tective, resembling the leaf and the bark. Another
curious feature in the larva is the forked tail. It may
not be known to some of our non- entomological
friends that caterpillars in general have as organs of
locomotion six legs and ten claspers or pro-legs ; of
these the front six are retained by the perfect insect,
but the claspers never reappear after the chrysalis
state is assumed. Two of these claspers are quite at
the end of the body and are called anal claspers. But
here in the Puss Caterpillar they are not to be found
— what has become of them ? They have been
modified into the two horns we have noticed — altered
both in structure and function — one instance in
nature among ten thousand of the modification of an
organ to perform a different office — the best illustra-
tion being, I think, that of the two front limbs of
different animals, which, all formed on the same
general plan, serve as organs for climbing in the
monkeys, for flying in the bats and birds, for holding
and tearing in the carnivora, for simple support and
locomotion in the horse and elephant, and in man,
for a thousand delicate offices necessary for our exist-
ence or amusement.

Our Puss Moth derives its scientific name from
this peculiarity. Towards the end of last century,
a Bavarian zoologist denominated it Cerura or horn-

100 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

tail ; in 1829 Latreille called it Dicranura or fork-
tail, a name which it still bears, though in fact both
are in use. You will ask for what purpose have the
anal claspers undergone this curious transformation,
or if a Darwinian, you will want to knew what com-
bination of physical conditions favoured its occur-
rence. Well, these questions have not been answered
as yet, at any rate satisfactorily ; here is another
opportunity for any of you to make the discovery
by careful watching and experimenting. Out of
these horny cases, as they really are, the creature
can project tiny scarlet threads to some considerable
distance ; this it will always do if you disturb or
irritate it by touching it, or if another larva does so.
It has been supposed that these threads serve as a
kind of protection — weapons of defence — against
small enemies, particularly the ichneumon flies to
which we shall presently refer. And when the
peculiar attitude of the larva is assumed, the head
thrown up and back, and the tail recurved so as to
throw the whole body into a concave form, these
threads can sweep over it all, so that there is con-
siderable probability in the conjecture. But, on the
other hand, these larvae do not seem to be more
exempt than others from the successful attacks of
these and other parasites. So the question remains
undecided.

The caterpillar has, however, another mode of
defence by way of attack, namely, the ejection of a
fluid acrid in its nature, and causing a slight smart-
ing on the skin, but probably more powerful when di-
rected against minute enemies. This power is possess-
ed by some beetles among other creatures ; Iremem-

THE PUSS MOTH. 101

ber when coming home once in the evening, seeing a
beetle running across the road, and pouncing upon it
as my lawful prey, I picked it up, and while holding
it in the twilight between my eyes and the sky to
look at it I suddenly received a discharge below the
eye that caused for the minute some little amount of
pain, and I parted with the beetle much sooner than
I had intended. Our caterpillar sends the fluid from
a transverse slit just beneath the chin, or beneath
where it would be if he had one. It is said in some
books to lose this power in captivity, but this is not
always the case. In connexion with the tail I ought
to have mentioned that you generally find the full-
grown caterpillars possessing merely the stumps,
and no scarlet thread is ever produced. It might be
thought perhaps that this was the effect of old age,
and was similar to creatures of another class grow-
ing bald or losing their teeth with advancing years.
Let me assure you that such is not the case. For
though the larva itself may appear old we must
remember that it has yet to go through a second life,
and can, therefore, be scarcely considered in the sere
and yellow leaf. The mystery is solved by watching
the animal in captivity, when it will be seen that if
any one caterpillar can possibly catch another asleep
or otherwise off his guard he will assuredly nibble
off his tail. They eat each other's tails, and that
purely out of choice, for they do it in the presence
of an abundance of fresh food. I believe, however,
they do their utmost to prevent others returning the
compliment. Monkeys also are fond of tail ends,
but then they nibble their own,

When about six or seven weeks old the larva of

102 OCCASIONAL PAPEBS.

the Puss Moth is full fed and becomes much lighter
in colour ; it then begins to seek a suitable place on
which to construct its cocoon in which to spend the
winter. It generally fixes on the bark of a tree, and
fashions its cocoon out of the said bark. With a
gummy secretion of its own it fastens together small
chips which it has gnawed from the bark, thereby
making a hollow, building all round itself and arch-
ing a covering over it just as the Esquimaux builds
his snow house, only that it does not leave any
aperture for escape. It requires the quick discern-
ing eye of the practised entomologist to detect one of
these cocoons on the stem of a tree. It is similar
in colour to the bark, and is merely one of a great
number of excrescences upon it. I have often
hunted for them in vain, but they were plain enough
after the escape of the moth, the large aperture and
the white down round it making it conspicuous.
This is another instance of what is called " pro-
tective resemblance," and saves the creature from
the attacks of birds that live on larvae and pupa? and
whose quick eyes soon discern anything differing in
colour from its surroundings, In the " struggle for
existence " always going on, the Puss Moth thus
stands a better chance of preservation, a less risk of
being exterminated. The cocoon is very hard, and
a penknife has often been broken in the attempt to
cut or remove it. In captivity of course the creature
has not much choice, and will make its cocoon of
anything it can get ; if confined under a glass it
will even construct it simply of gum. The case is
then transparent and the brown chrysalis can be
seen through it. In the specimens before you there

THE PUSS MOTH. 103

are two or three cocoons formed on trees, and one
formed in the mortar of a wall. This last is very
peculiar, and it is difficult to account for the creature's
choice when trees were within six feet of the wall.
In fact the caterpillar appears to have descended a
poplar tree close by and to have gone across to the
wall. The other cocoons are of course natural, but
were made under circumstances over which the larva
had no control — one is formed on and out of a piece of
coal sacking, the other of coloured bits of cardboard.
But one and all are weatherproof and watertight ; no
storm, however violent, disturbs the chrysalis within.

Out of this, in May or June, comes the perfect
moth or imago ; it moistens its hard covering with
a solution manufactured on the premises, and so
makes a hole large enough to crawl out by. Not
yet, however, does it appear in full perfection. The
body and wings hang down limp and almost helpless,
the latter being not more than a quarter of an inch
in length. But it crawls up ward and suspends itself
for an hour or two by its legs, and then you may
almost see the wings grow and strengthen. One
specimen on the table shows you its state on first
emerging. It never succeeded in enlarging its wings,
owing to some inherent defect. The perfect insect
is not at all lacking in beauty, thickly clothed with
down to the very toes, and with lighter and darker
markings on the wings, which are supposed to
resemble those of a variegated cat, and hence the
name of Puss Moth. We have seen, however, that
the kitten-like aspect of the young larva?, may also
have something to do with the name.

You may perhaps be disappointed now and then

104 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

in not getting any moth to emerge from some of
your cocoons. On breaking them open you will
find a cluster of long black cases inside. These are
cocoons out of which have escaped ichneumon flies
— the flies and their cocoons are both on the table.
You ask how came they there ? And where is the
chrysalis ? All caterpillars are liable to the attacks
of these creatures, the office of which appears to be
to assist in preserving the balance of nature by
checking the undue increase of vegetable-feeding
caterpillars; in this of course they act in concert
with the birds. You will generally find that in those
years when caterpillars are more than ordinarily
abundant, when the gardener finds his cabbage
plants worked into verdant antimacassars of every
complicated pattern, that then ichneumon flies are
also abundant, and that comparatively few of the
caterpillars arrive at butterfly-hood. I once counted
nearly 100 chrysalises of the Cabbage White Butter-
fly in an outhouse, and with the exception of not
more than half a dozen, each one had beside it a
cluster of small yellow cocoons — those of an ichneu-
mon fly. This fly darts down on the unfortunate
caterpillar's back, bores a hole in it and lays therein
an egg ; this egg hatches and the small larva feeds upon
the bodily substance of its huge brother, carefully
avoiding, it is said, the vital parts, " growing with his
growth and strengthening with his strength."

It would not appear as if much inconvenience re-
sulted, for the unwilling landlord eats and goes about
his allotted work with all unconcern, and often has
strength sufficient at last to manufacture the tomb
out of which he is destined never to arise.

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. 105

VIH.— ON THE CLOUDED YELLOW
BUTTERFLY AND ITS ABUNDANCE IN 1877.

Read before the Folkestone Natural History Society,
May 14th, 1878.

Those of our members who take an interest in
entomology have not even yet, I venture to say, for-
gotten the sight which gladdened their eyes during
last summer from June to October. Even our non-
entomological friends, who, without devoting them-
selves to the exciting influences of the chase can yet
notice intelligently all they see round them, well re-
member the hundreds of Clouded Yellow Butterflies
which covered the slopes of our Folkestone hills. For
it was the great " Edusa" year, and as such will be
long remembered. Never before within the recollec-
tion of any one was there known to be such an
abundance of this handsome insect. All day long
from the time the sun began to chase away the dew
to the time it fell again, field and meadow and hill
side were animated by hunters with the net ; they
had never had such a chance before, they never ex-
pected to get it again, and in very deed they made
the most of it, for captures by single individuals were
recorded by hundreds.

The Clouded Yellow, or Colias Edusa, as it is
scientifically termed, is one of those butterflies that
are very capricious in their times of appearance. For

106 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

one or two years, or even longer, we may not see a
single specimen ; another year they come out by twos
and threes, but every now and then there is a great
swarm of them. No one can yet account for it ; no
one knows whether it is through extensive immigra-
tion, or through circumstances more than usually
favourable to their multiplication on our own soil.
It is one of the many knotty but interesting questions
Nature sets before us, and almost defies us to answer.
Perseverance, however, and patience on our side will
doubtless in the end write down a correct answer to
this, as has been done to other problems. A few
years ago (in 1872) we had a " Camberwell Beauty
Year," when this large insect, noted as one of the
more than usually rare British butterflies, and indeed
generally referred to as rapidly disappearing like the
Great Copper, was taken in many parts of the coun-
try, though not, it is true, in any great numbers.
Folkestone, however, yielded several specimens. The
Bath White and the Queen of Spain were abundant
the same year. And so it is with other insects from
time to time;

As Edusa is of great local interest, I thought a few
remarks concerning the butterfly, its appearances,
and its variations in form and colour, would not be
unacceptable to our members. By the kindness of
Mr. Giles and Mr. Blackall we have before us some
fine specimens as illustrations. The family to which
it belongs is known as the Rhodoceridce, or Redhorns,
from the roseate tinge you will observe on their
antennae. It is not a large family in our island, in-
cluding only the following members : The Clouded
Yellow (Colias Edusa), the Pale Clouded Yellow (C.

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. 107

Hi/ale), and the Brimstone, (G-onepteryxTUt-amni). The
caterpillars belonging to them are cylindrical in shape,
more like what is called a grub — smooth and without
any spines. Those of the first two feed on leguminous
plants, those of the latter, as the specific name implies
feed on the Buckthorn (Rliamnus frangnla and R.
Catharticus). In the perfect insect the ground colour
is yellow, varying from the rich orange of Edusa to the
delicate greenish yellow of the female of Rhawni.
The markings are orange and black. All three insects
are strong and rapid fliers. They probably ah1
hybernate through the whiter either regularly or
occasionally ; certainly the Brimstone does, for the
first warm days of the year generally supply a few
stray specimens. One is astonished at the marvel-
lously fresh and unfaded appearance of some of these
individuals ; it is difficult to imagine where they
can have sheltered themselves so securely for their
winter sleep. I have caught them in March without
a scratch or a mark of any kind on the wings, and
with the beautiful gray silky comb of hair on the
thorax perfect and unruffled. We also have evidence
of hibernation on the part of Edusa. Mr. Arthur
Taylor showed me, on the 28th of April, 1869, a
specimen he had just taken on the Warren : it was
small, tolerably fresh, and had undoubtedly survived
the brood of the year before. We have already had
notices of the reappearance of last year's specimens,
though I am not aware that any have been seen at
Folkestone. The proper time of its appearance fresh
from the chrysalis is in July, perhaps even the latter
end of June, and it was formerly supposed that this
was the only brood in the year. Then the appear

108 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

ance of some late but very fresh specimens in
October led entomologists to conclude that there were
two broods. It was not, however, till last year that
any evidence was obtained proving that their might
be in some years three. Nowhere was this proved
more satisfactorily than in Folkestone, by one of our
own members, Mr. Blackall, who has kindly placed
at my disposal notes of his observations on the insect
throughout last summer. The first appearance was
in June, abnormally early. On the 9th of that
month as I was in a field by Lady Wood, a specimen
of Edusa rushed by me in its well-known headlong
manner. Those who have ever hunted it know what
a chase it is. The day was hot, I did not want to
run about, and like the fox in the fable, though I
should have liked to capture it, I said to myself "It
is but a hybernated specimen." Please give me the
credit, however, which we do not award to the afore-
said fox, of believing what I said to be true. Presently
a second flew by, then a third, and a fourth. I
caught the seventh, which was in such good condition
that I determined to have as many as I could get.
Of course after that determination I saw no more.
On mentioning this to Mr. Blackall, I found that he
having more opportunities than myself, had already
taken some specimens, the first being captured June
6th. We both visited the field I had been in the
next morning, but only saw one. Within the next
few days dozens might have been taken ; many in
perfect condition ; one, in fact had its wings still
limp. There was therefore no doubt about their
being freshly emerged specimens ; probably none
had hybernated. Some of these were of unusually

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. 109

large size. Mr. Blackall took one of the white variety
known as Helice, to be alluded to again presently ;
this was much worn. We were puzzled rather ahout
this appearance of Edusa at the beginning of June,
apparently between the period when hybernated
specimens might be caught, and that when new
broods occurred, and together with Mr. Giles, who
had also been working, we pondered over the question
how they were to be regarded. At one time we said
" hybernated," and again we said " no." Anyhow,
we all prophesied a second brood, probably numerous,
at the latter end of July or beginning of August.
Accordingly, on the third of the latter month they
swarmed, and Helice among them, to the intense
delight and astonishment of everyone. From this
time onward for nearly four months the whole neigh-
bourhood abounded with them, the fading specimens
of the second brood mingling with the fresh bright
ones of a third in October. It is this third brood
which, so far as I am able to make out, is a unique
occurrence ; a second brood has been recorded,
though doubts were thrown upon it, but no one ex-
pected a third. The weather being favourable, and
Mr. Blackall very energetic in the matter, specimens
were captured all through October and up to 12th of
November. Some of these in October he took while
they were drying their wings after emerging from
the chrysalis. Many of this third brood proved to
be much below the average size. In one of the cases
on the table the three distinct broods are shown for
comparison. Helice was abundant again in the last
brood. Mr. Blackall took ten between the end of
October and November 12th,

110 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

Such is a brief outline of the occurrence of this
insect in our own neighbourhood. But the same tale
might be told of almost every part of England. One
correspondent in the Entomologist knew of 1,500
captures in the district round Strood. The third
brood made provision for the present year, though
some we know hybernated. My friend took eggs off
the trefoil in November, hoping to rear some speci-
mens ; in this, however, he was unsuccessful. I
might mention here for the benefit of entomologists
a " wrinkle worth knowing" with regard to the mode
of capturing Edusa. I have it again from Mr.
Blackall's notes. Don't wait till mid-day when the
hot sun inspires the insect with unusual vigour, and
correspondingly depresses your own physical energies.
I assure you it is no joke racing over the Folkestone
Downs after it then, and especially when you have to
go up hill. You think perhaps that is a feat you
would not attempt for the sake of a specimen. Ah, wait
till you see Helice go by ; and with a loud exclamation
off you go ; up or down it is all one, you feel you
must have that specimen. It is to be hoped you may
get it, but whether you do or not you will want ten
minutes rest afterwards. The wise plan is to go out
early in the morning when the sun has just, only just,
driven off the dew. Edusa is rousing itself, and rising
lazily only to drop again a short distance ahead.
Mark the spot, walk up quietly and put your net
over it.

And now we come to ask how we are to account for
the great abundance of tin's butterfly in 1877 — a
year which has been alluded to as " one of the wettest
and most sunless years remembered for some time ?"

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY.

Not by immigration certainly ; I have given satis-
factory proof that the specimens were British born.
That they do, like some other butterflies, occasionally
come across from France we know full well ; clouds
of them have been seen on their way far out at sea.
There is no explanation forthcoming yet, we must
extend our knowledge of Ediisa as regards its life
history both here and on the Continent ; we must
accumulate facts and patiently await the answer to
our question. There was an old tradition that it
occurred in England once every seven years ; this
empirical law was founded on scanty observation, and
has quite broken down before stubborn facts. We
are all looking forward with anxious expectation to
the Edusa period of 1878. Will it be one of plenty
or scarcity ? If the latter, why ? It is very remark-
able that the Pale Clouded Yellow (C. Hyale) was
very rare indeed last year, though in 1876 it was
tolerably plentiful. Why should it not have occurred
as well as Edusa / Closely allied as the two are,
both in the same genus, both living on the same or
similar food, what are the circumstances in nature
that caused one to be abundant, the other absent ?
Eggs in abundance must have been left the previous
year; we have always supposed the same weather
good for both ; where then was Hyale in '77 ? We
cannot tell. You see I am asking plenty of questions,
and giving no answers to them. My aim is to show
what interesting problems there are to be worked out
in connexion with these butterflies, and that it is
in the power of anyone of us to assist in solving them,
by a little patient study of nature. I promised to
allude again to the white variety of Edusa known as

112 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

' Helice. There are several specimens on the table,
varying in size and markings. Now a few years ago
Helice was particularly rare ; I well remember the
capture of my first, ten years ago. I was driving out
with a friend through Acrise when I believed I saw
Helice settle on a flower by the road side. My
friend kindly stopped while I went back, Helice as
kindly waited to be caught, and I came back with it
in my box. It was a red letter day with me. But
last year it was not much thought of ; it came into
our gardens ; Mr. Austen took 78. I suppose there
is scarcely a cabinet now without it. Now if Helice
occurred in a separate country and away from Edusa,
there is little doubt that it would be set down as a
different species altogether, and not as a mere variety
like a white hyacinth. There are many species that
differ far less than these two. Stay ; there is one
fact against making Helice a species — every specimen
is a female ; there are no white varieties of the males.
You will agree with me that this is a very curious
fact. Why should the female Edusa occasionally be
white instead of yellow ?

" And yet more why " —

Why should the male never undergo such a change ?
Again I have no reply, only a suggestion. But first
let me state that the occurrence of two forms of
females with only one of males is not restricted to
Edusa. It is known to exist with several other
butterflies. Mr. Wallace, in his book on the Malay
Archipelago, alludes to a very striking instance in
Papilio Memnon, a large handsome butterfly of a
deep black colour with various coloured markings,
measuring five inches in expanse of wing. There

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. 118

are two forms of females, the difference between them
being much greater than that between Edusa and
Helwe. One possesses two tail-like appendages on
the hind wings, of which neither the male nor the
other female possesses the slightest vestige. The
colours too are different. The tailed variety how-
ever closely resembles the normal female of an allied
species, P. Coon, so that we have here a case of
mimicry. In the north of India P. Coon is replaced
by another species P. Doubledayi, and P. Memnon is
replaced by an allied species P. Androgeus. And
here curiously enough there are two female forms of
the latter, one of which mimics the female of P.
Donbledayi. Mr. Wallace offers the following in ex-
planation : — " The butterflies imitated belong to a
section which from some cause or other are not
attacked by birds ; and by so closely resembling these
in form and colour the female of Memnon and its
ally also escape persecution." If so, then I should
imagine that the tailed variety will prove permanent,
while the other will die out. All three forms of the
male and the two females are produced from eggs of
either female. Mr. Wallace's explanation serves to
show theoretically how one form may replace another.
Well now, in the case of Edusa, have we here an ex-
ample before our eyes of a transmutation of species
or of form gradually going on ? Will this change
some day extend to the males, and will there be by
and by a totally distinct species having a white
ground colour ? or will the change be confined to the
females, the old form of which will die out ? In
connection with this again, does the white colour of
Helice afford it any protection against enemies ?

i

114 OCCASIONAL PAPKRS.

Is it mimicry of Hyale or of any of the Whites ?
Do birds devour the yellow specimens while white
ones for some cause or other are passed by ? Or on
the other hand do birds devour white specimens and
leave the yellow ones which are so much in excess
of the others ? Is the white variety only a reversion
to the original colour ? More questions again for us
to puzzle our minds over.

You may perhaps say that from a bright orange
ground colour to a white can hardly be looked on as
a gradual change as we see it. Last year's captures
have enabled me to reply to this. Mr. Austen
showed me a specimen he had taken in which the
ground colour was a beautiful light golden yellow ;
and it was very doubtful as to whether it ought to be
labelled Edusa or Helice. Mr. Blackall has a similar
specimen, and I have one lighter still, but not white.
I then ventured an opinion that if it were possible
to place side by side a very large number of captures of
the two forms we should find every tint, from the orange
of Edusa suffused with a rosy purple light to the milk
white Helice. Such I find was the case at the Ento-
mological Exhibition, held in March at the Royal
Aquarium. It was absolutely impossible to say where
Edusa terminated and Helice began. In the plate of
examples on the table you will also notice this. And
in addition you will find one specimen having the
fore wings of Helice with the hind wings of Edusa ;
another again which has both wings on the right side
those of Helice, while the left are those of E<1nnu.
So you see it is possible to believe in a firadual trans-
mutation from one to the other ; but it is impossible
to say why the change is limited to the females.

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTEIIFLY. 115

From the eggs of Editsa both yellow and white
specimens have been reared ; this of course would be
a satisfactory proof of their not being distinct species.
With regard to the variation in markings, it has been
noticed that we had several illustrations last year of
specimens closely resembling continental ones bear-
ing a different specific name. When the full history
of the genus comes to be written, it will doubtless be
a deeply interesting one ; and will tend to show the
great probability that many so called species are but
variations of one original form, such variations being
attributable to differences in food, climate, and other
physical surroundings.

116 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

IX.— VIOLETS.

Read before the Folkestone Natural History Society,
at Saltwood, June 6th, 1879.

" Spring Violets ! " says Miss Pratt in her
" Flowering Plants of Great Britain " ; " What lover
of the country is not gladdened by their coming ?"
I leave the question to be answered by those whose
hearts have been gladdened by the balmy (?) days of
the late spring, if they have noticed such a season.
True the Violet is essentially a spring flower, asso-
ciated with verdant banks, young lambs, and the
warbling of birds under a blue and sunny sky ; at
least so we have been taught. I suppose such things
have been in the past, in the good old times, just as
there have been fairies and Arabian Nights. Now,
alas ! all are fled.

When I first thought of writing a few lines about
Violets, I felt in duty bound to keep up old traditions,
and had already made a choice selection from poets
and others of suitable phrases, such as " the velvet
foot of Spring," " balmy breeze," " vernal airs,"
" the kisses of the April wind," &c., &c. I sat
down — it was on the ninth of May in the present
year of our nineteenth century — the century of pro-

VIOLKTS. 117

gress and improvement, mark you, in all that
appertains to the well-being and comfort of man ; on
the ninth of May, 1879, I took my pen to write in
praise of Violets, and before I had written six words
there came on a blinding snowstorm. What could I
do with such a scene before me ? Need it be said
that all those beautiful phrases fled, leaving a blank,
and an aching void behind ? What kind of a paper
I might otherwise have written, what the loss to my
present audience may be through that fah1 of snow,
it is not for me to say. Let me only beg those who
may be disappointed in my paper, to attribute its
shortcomings to the chilling influences which have
been at work around me. I hope they will at least
acknowledge that it is a difficult task to write about
Violets while a snow storm is in full action.

Our faith in bright spring days is gone ; neverthe-
less Violets do occasionally bloom, and doubtless in
the intervals between the snow storms some of us
have paid a few delicate attentions to them during
the late conclusion of winter.

I have been anxious to discover how many species
we have in our own district, and if possible to learn
the distinguishing marks between them. Let me
first give a general description of the flowers, and
then enumerate the various species.

They belong to the natural order which takes its
name from them — Violacece. It includes twenty-one
genera, one only of which, Viola, is found in the
British Islands. The parts of the flower are arranged
in fives, that is to say — there are five sepals, five
petals, and five stamens, the last mark referring the
plant at once to the Linneean class Pentandria.

118 OCCASIONAL PAPEKS.

There is a curious modification in these stamens ;
the summits are expanded into flat membranes, -which
bend towards the centre, making a small cavity into
which the pollen falls when ripe. Two of these
stamens send out long processes behind known as
" anther spurs," which are enclosed in the spur
formed by the lower petal of the corolla. These
anther spurs possess glands which secrete honey,
and it is not at all uncommon to find the corolla spur
perforated in one or two places where insects have
been endeavouring to regale themselves. What
these insects may be I do not know, but I believe
moths and bees in their visits to the flower obtain
the nectar in the usual way, namely, by passing the
sucking tube down the throat of the flower from the
front. The petals of the flower are unequal in size,
the lower one being lengthened into the spur just
mentioned. The general colour is a variable purple,
sometimes lilac, or white, and in one or two species
yellow. In the throat of the flower are two tufts of
hair, one on each lateral petal ; they possibly protect
the entrance from rain which might enter and wash
out the nectar, though this in the great majority of
cases would be prevented by the drooping posture of
the blossom ; probably also they guide bees or other
insects in then' search after honey ; they certainly
add greatly to the beauty of the corolla.

It is not generally known (except to the botanist)
that the Violet, like some other plants, has two dis-
tinct and quite different sets of flowers ; the second
set, small and inconspicuous, appearing about six
weeks or later after the first. They are known as
" cleistogamic " flowers ; they are uncoloured, and

VIOLETS. 119

almost without petals, but they produce the seed
which preserves the species ; very rarely is this per-
fected hy the ordinary hlossoms, in fact it has been
said by Bentham that the pansy (V. tricolor) is the
only one of our English species in which the showy
flowers generally produce seed. The cleistogamic
flowers are self-fertilizing, and therefore do not re-
quire the visits of insects to aid in the perfecting of
their seed. They are believed to be degraded forms
of the ordinary showy flowers, since all intermediate
forms can be traced. If this be the case, it seems
to me that the continued existence of the ordinary
coloured flowers is difficult to be explained on Dar-
winian principles. According to his theory (which is,
as I have shown in a former paper, that generally
accepted by naturalists), the colour of flowers has
been developed by the visits of insects, and such
colour has been developed only because it was ad-
vantageous to the plant in the " struggle for exist-
ence." But if, as is believed, the cleistogamic flowers
are aborted forms of the showy ones, then it must
have been a great advantage to the plant to possess
such aborted forms. And if the violets are as a rule
perpetuated by the development of seed from these
colourless blossoms, un visited by insects, of what
advantages to the plant at all are the coloured
flowers ? It could get on just as well without them.
Sir J. Lubbock says he thinks " the persistence of
the showy ones can only be accounted for by the
fact that the ordinary flowers are useful in securing
an occasional cross." This seems to me unsatisfac-
tory, and implies an enormous excess of energy over
the effect to be produced.

120 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

The task of distinguishing between the different
species of violets is a difficult one, and in fact it is by
no means easy to say how many there are. To
ordinary mortals, guiltless of botanical lore there are
but two, viz., the Sweet Violet, and the Dog Violet.
Why " dog " violet it is hard to say ; it seems a term
of contempt, often applied to a thing which will not
bear comparison with its rivals. We have it in dog
rose and other flowers. The epithet " horse " is
similarly prefixed in horse-radish, horse-mustard,
&c. Both terms are found again in connexion with
the names of animals, e.g., dog- whelk, dog-fish,
horse-mussel, horse-stinger (the dragon fly), &c.

But the species of violet are by no means limited
to the above two; the name "Dog violet" usually
includes all those that have no scent, of which there
are certainly several well marked forms All botani-
cal authorities vary in their number of species. Dr.
Hooker in his Student's Flora gives five, including
several sub-species under canina; Miss Pratt gives
seven, identical with those of Withering ; Babington
gives eight. I suppose there is no house, society, or
sect, where absolute unity of views on any particular
subject is to be found. Botanists are certainly no
exception, they are divided into sections known
respectively as Lumpers and Splitters; the former
reducing the number of species as much as possible,
the latter increasing them at their own sweet will.
This is due to the fact that nobody is able to define
what a species is, at any rate to the satisfaction of
anyone else. Until that is done the two factions in
botany are bound to exist. If I were giving notes
for the assistance of young botanists, I should feel

VIOLETS. 121

inclined to follow the classification given by Miss
Anne Pratt as the simplest, viz., into two sections: —

(a) Those having no evident stem.

(6) Those with very evident stems.

Under the former — those in which the stem is
apparently absent — are included three species easy
to distinguish : —

1. The Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) flourishing
in a few localities near us. Mr. Hy. Birch found a
bank covered with them near Castle Hill.

2. The Hairy Violet (F. liirta) without scent, and
commonly referred to the Dog violet group. It is
recognised by the rough hairs covering the leaves
and leaf stalks, and two small leaf-like organs called
bracts are found on the flower-stalk always below the
middle ; the same organs exist in the Sweet Violet,
but are above the middle of the stalk. F. kirta is the
prevailing form at the East Cliff end of the Warren, and
is generally distributed elsewhere ; it appears fond of
a chalky soil.

3. The Marsh Violet (F. palustris), paler in
colour than violets usually are,. sometimes lilac, very
abundant in marshy spots in Scotland, and the
mountainous districts of England. Occasionally it
is scented.

In all these three species the green leaves enlarge
considerably for some time after flowering, a pecu-
liarity which most of us have doubtless noticed in
the garden violets. In the second section — violets
with an evident stem which continues to lengthen
as it throws off flower stalks, are included four
species : —

X. The Dog Violet (V. canina). Here our

122 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

troubles begin. What is a Dog Violet ? Under this
species Dr. Hooker includes the Wood Violet (F.
sylvatica} as a sub-species ; the form is common
enough here. But Babington makes sylvatica a
distinct species, and Miss Pratt does not mention it
by name, though she evidently refers to it in some
of her remarks about canina. The difference given is
that in canina there are primary and lateral stems,
all giving off flowers and lengthening ; while in
sylvatica the lateral stems only do this. It appears
to me that the distinction is an uncertain one, and
very difficult in many cases to detect. I wrote to a
friend in the British Museum to ask if he could give
me any definite marks for a guide, knowing that he
and I had been sorely exercised in the matter in our
rambles over the Buckinghamshire hills. I look
upon him as an authority, but he only tells me he
cannot define canina, though he knows it when he
sees it ; so I have not gained much. I found a short
time ago a good specimen of — well, I cannot say the
species, but it is not odorata, and it is not hirta ; it
has two lateral stems lengthening and flowering, the
primary stem lengthens of course, but gives off no
flowers. I suppose it is sylvatica.

This form (the Wood Violet) is by far the hand-
somest of all our violets, growing frequently from
six to eight inches high ; the flower is very large,
and its colour often remarkably rich. It thrives best
in woods and on slopes, and is very common round
Folkestone. For the benefit of those inclined to
range themselves under the banner of the splitters, I
may say that Babington not only makes sylvatica a
true species, but gives two varieties of it which he

VIOLETS. 128

says are also probably distinct. They rejoice in the
names of Reichenbachiana and Riviniana. The main
differences are : —

Riviniana has many branched veins on the lower
petal, and the spur is yellowish.

Reichenbachiana has a few simple veins, and the
spur is purple or lilac.

I have found to my confusion that these charac-
teristics frequently cross each other, and that
branched veins, oftener than not, go along with a
purple spur.

I cannot help thinking that these two forms, and
also canina simply depend on locality, on the nature
of the spot where they grow, and that they vary
accordingly, being more or less robust and luxuriant
as the surrounding conditions are more or less
favourable. I fear many of the specific descriptions
of plants are made with undue haste, and irom
'examination of a limited number of specimens. A
very large number ought to be carefully looked over,
including some from every kind of locality where the
flower is known to occur, before any description is
ventured upon ; if this were done I believe we should
certainly get fewer species. The remaining species
in this section are : —

2. The Cream coloured Violet (V. lactea) found
on mountains and boggy heaths, given by Miss
Pratt as distinct, but by Babington and Hooker as a
sub-species under canina.

3. The Pansy (V. tricolor), which is too easily
recognised to require any special description. It is
common in cultivated fields ; and from it all the
varieties of our garden pansy have been produced.

124 OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

4. The Yellow Mountain Violet (V. lutea), much
resembling V. tricolor but usually larger. It is
sometimes purple instead of yellow.

We possess then in our own district four species: —

The Sweet Violet (V. odorata).

The Hairy Violet (F. hirta).

The Wood Violet (F. sylvatica) of both forms.

The Pansy (F. tricolor).*

Whether canina is here or not I cannot venture to
say until I have seen an authentic specimen. It is
said to grow in sandy and peaty places.

Of the virtues of the Violets I do not know that
there is much to say ; but their roots appear
generally to possess medicinal properties. One of the
ipecacuanhas is the root of a Brazilian violet ; in
South America most of the family are shrubs.

According to old Gerard the study of violets is
productive of good moral results, and in his words I
will conclude. Speaking of the Sweet Violet he says
" They have a great prerogative above the other
violets, not only because the minde conceiveth a
certain pleasure and recreation by smelling and
handling these most odoriferous flowers, but also for
that very many by these violets receive ornaments
and comely grace ; for there be made of them
garlands for the head, nosegaies, and posies, which
are delightful to look upon, and pleasant to smell
to, speaking nothing of their appropriate virtues ;
yea, gardens themselves receive by these the greatest
ornament of all cheerful beautie, and most gallant
grace. And the recreation of the mind which is

* Viola palustris is recorded in an old Floral Guide to East
Kent, as occurring at Sellinge.

VIOLETS 125

ta'cen thereby cannot but be very good and honest,
for they admonish and stir up a man to do that
which is comely and honest; for flowers through
their beautie, variety of colour, and exquisite forme,
doe bring to a liberal and gentlemanly mind the
r3m8tnbrance of honestie, comelinesse, and all kinds
of virtues. For it would be an unseemlie • thing
for him that doth look upon and handle faire and
beautiful things, and who frequenteth and is con-
versant in faire and beautiful things to have his
mind not faire but filthie and deformed."

LISTS

OF THE

PLANTS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, BIEDS,

AND

LAND AND FEESH WATER SHELLS,

TO BE FOUND

In the Neighbourhood of Folkestone, within a radius
of six miles from the Town Hall.

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

129

I.— PLANTS.

RANUNCtlLArE.T'.

Clematis Vitalba
Anemone nemorosa
Myosurns minimus
Ranunculus fluitans
peltatus
Baudotii
Drouettii
tricophyllus
Ficaria
Flammula
auricomus
acris
repens
bulbosus
hirsutus
sceleratus
arvensis
parviflorus
Caltha palustris
Helleborus viridis
Delphinium Ajacis
Aconitum Napellus

NYMPH^ACE^E

Nuphar lutea

PAPAVERACEOUS

Papaver somnifevum
,, Rhoeas
,, Argemone
,, hybridum

Glaucium luteum

Chelidonium majus

FUMARIACF.;F.
Fumaria officinalis

CKUCIFERJE

Cakile maritima
Crambe maritima
Eaplianus Raphanistrum
Sinapis arvensis

,, alba

„ nigra

,, tenuifolia

,, muralis
Brassica oleracea
Sisymbrium officinale
Erysimum Alliaria
Hesperis matronalis
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Cardamine pratensis

,, hirsuta
Arabis tlialiana
Barbarea vulgaris
Nasturtium officinale
, , sylvestre
Draba verna
Alyssum maritimum
Thlaspi arvense
Capsella Bursa-pastoris
Lepidium Draba
,, Smithii
,, campestre
Senebiera Coronopus

RESEDACE;E
Reseda lutea

130

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

Reseda Luteola

CISTACE.E

Helianthemum vulgare

VIOLACE^E
Viola odorata

,, var. alba

,, hirta

, , sylvatica

,, a. Eiviniana

,, b. Eeichenbacliiana

„ tricolor

„ vzr. arvensis

,, palustris

DBOSEBACE^R

Drosera rotundifolia

POLYGALACE.35

Polygala vulgaris

FBANKENIACE^E

Frankeuia laevis

CABYOPHYLLACE^E

Dianthus Armeria
Silene inflata
,, inaritima
,, nutans
,, rar. paradoxa
Lychnis vespertiua
,, diurna
,, Flos-cuculi
,, Githago
Moenchia erecta
Cerastinm glomeratum
„ triviale
„ tetrandrum
„ semidecandrum
Stellaria media

Holostea

Stellaria graminea

,, uliginosa

Arenaria trinervis

,, serpyllifolia
Sagina maritima
,, procumbens
,, nodosa
Spergula arvensis
Spergularia neglecta
,, var. media
„ marginata
, , rubra

Saponaria officiualis

ILLECEBBACE-**:

Sclerantlras animus

POBTULACE^E

Montia fontana

TAMABISCACE^F,

Tamarix anglica

HYPEEICACE.TC

Hypericum Androsaemum
calycinum
perforation

tetrapterum
humifusum
hirsutnm
elodes

MALVACEAE

Malva moschata

,, sylvestris

,, rotundifolia
Althrea officinalis
Lavatera arborea

LINAGES

Linum catharticum
„ angustifolium

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

181

OTERANIACE.E

Geranium pratense
,, pyrenaicum
,, molle
,, dissectiim
', columbinurn
,, Kobertianum

Erodium cicutarium

Oxalis Acetosella
ILICACE.E

Ilex aquifolium

CELASTRACE^E

Euonymus europams

BHAMNACE^E

Kliamnus catharticus

SAPINDACE^:
Acer campestre
,, Pseudo-platanus

LEGUMINIFEB.H

Ulex europseus

Genista anglica

Sarothamnus scoparius

Onouis spinosa
,, arveusis

Anthyllis vulneraria

Medicago sativa
,, lupulina
,, inacxilata
,, denticulata
,, minima

Melilotus officinalis
,, arveuis
vulgaris

Trifolium arvense
„ scabrum
striatum
glomeratuni
suffocatuni
fragiferum
procunibens
minus
filiforme
Lotus corniculatus

„ major

Astragalus glyciphyllos
Ornitliopus perpusillus
Hippoorepia comosa
Onobrycliis sativa
Vicia hirsuta

tetrasperma
cracca
sativa
angustifolia
var. Bobartii
lathyroides
sepium
bithynica
var. angustifolia
sylvatica
Lathyrus Nissolia
,, prateusis
Orobus tuberosus

ROSACES

Primus Padus
, , Avium
Spiraea Ulmaria
Agrirnonia Eupatoria

TrigonellaornithopodioidesPoterium Sanguisorba
Trifolium repens Alchemilla arvensis

,, subterraneum Potentilla auserina
,, pratense. ,, reptans

182

FOLKESTONE: PLANTS.

Potentilla Tonnentilla

,, Fragariastrum
Fragaria vesca
Rubus caesiiTS

,, fruticosus
Geum urbanum
Eosa rubiginosa

,, canina

Cratsegus Oxyacantha
Pyrus mains

LYTHKACEJE

Ly thrum Salicaria

ONAGRACE^E

Epilobium angustifolium
, , liirsutum
,, parviflorum
,, niontanum
,, tetragonum

Circrea lutetiana

HALORAGACE^E

Hippuris vulgaris
Myriophyllurn verticilla-

tum
Callitriclie vema

,, platycarpa

CUCURBITACE^E

Bryonia clioica

GROSSULARIACEvTC

Ribes rubrum
,, Grossularia

CRASSULACEJE

Sedum Telephium

„ auglicuin

„ acre
Cotyledon umbilicus

SAXIFRAGACE-3!

Saxifraga oppositifolia
„ tridactylites

Clirysospleniurn oppositi-
folium
,, alternifolium

UMBELLIFER^;

Hydrocotyle vulgaris

Sanicula europaea

Conium maculatum

Apium graveolens

Sison Amomum

Bunium flexuosum

Pimpinella Saxifraga
,, magna

^Enantlie fistulosa

,, pimpinelloides
„ Laclienalii
,, crocata
,, Phellandrium

Fo3niculum vulgare

Silaus pratensis

Crithmum maritimTim

Angelica sylvestris

Pastinaca sativa

Heracleum Spliondyliuni

Caucus Carota

„ var. maritimus

Torilis Anthriscus
,, nodosa

Scandix Pecten-Veneris

Anthriscus sylvestris

Smyi-nium Olusatruui

LORANTHACE^

Viscum alburn

ARALIACE^

Hedera Helix

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

133

CORNACE^E

Goruus sanguinea

CAPRIFOLIACE.2E

Adoxa Moschatellina
Sambucus nigra
Viburnum opulus

,, Lautana
Lonicera Periclymenum

RUBIACE.&
Kubia peregrina
Galium veruin

palustre

uliginosiun

saxatile

Mollugo

anglicuin

tricome

Aparine
Slierardia arvensis
Asperula odorata
,, cynancbica

VALERIANACE.i£

Valeriana dioica

,, officiiialis
Valerianella olitoria

DIPSACEJE

Dipsacus sylvestris
Scabiosa succisa

, , columbaria

,, arvensis
COMPOSITE.
Tragopogon minor
Helminthia echioides
Picris hieracioides
Leontodon kirtus

,, hispidus

Leontodon autumnalis

Hypocboeris radicata

Lactuca virosa
,, rnuralis

Soncbus arvensis
,, oleraceus

Crepis virens
,, biennis

Hieracium Pilosella
„ unibellatuui
,, boreale

Taraxacum omcinale

Lapsana comniunis

Cicborium Intybus

Arctium Lappa

Carduus nutans
,, crispus
,, tenuinoris
„ lanceolatus
,, eriopborus
,, palustris
,, arveusis
,, acaulis

Onorpordum Acautbiuni

Carlina vulgaris

Centaui-ea nigra

Cyanus

,, Scabiosa
,, Calcitrapa

Eupatorium cannabiumn

Artemisia Absintbium
, , vulgaiis

Gnapbalium uliginosum

Filago gerrnaiiica

Petasites viugaris

Tussilago Fari'ara

Erigeron acris

ISolidago Virgam-ea

134

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

Senecio vulgaris
,, viscosus
,, erucifolius
,, Jacobaea
,, aquations

Inula Conyza
„ dysenterica

Bellis perennis

Solanum nigrum
,, Dulcamara

SCROPHULARIACE^E .

Verbascum Thapsus
„ nigrurn

Scrophularia nodosa
,, aquatic a

Digitalis purpurea

«| . 1 . J->-X6iAWfcV*J.t>7 *J t^.JU tj <-i.J. \S1M

Chrysanthemum septum Linaria Cymbalaria
,, -Leucantliemum spuria

Tanacetum " Elatine

„ inodorum vul is

,, Chamomilla minor

Achillea Millefoliurn

CAMPANULACE JE .

Campanula rotundifolia
„ Trachelium

JASMINACE^;.
Fraxinus excelsior
Ligustruui vulgare

APOCYNACE^E.

Vinca minor

GENTIANACE^.

Gentiana Amarella
,, campestris

Erythrsea Centaurium
,, pulchella

Chlora perfoliata

Menyanthes trifoliata

CON VOLVULACE^E .

Convolvulus arvensis
,, sepium
„ Soldanella

Cuscuta Trifolii

SOLANACEiE.

Hyoscyamus uiger

Veronica arvensis
,, serpyllifolia
,, scutellata

Auagallis

Beccabunga

officinalis

montana

Chamffidrys

hederifolia

agrestis

Buxbaurnii
Euphrasia officinalis
Bartsia Oclontites
Pedicularis palustris
Ehinantlms Crista-galli
Melampyrum pratense

OKOBANCHACE^;.

Orobanche caryophyllacefe

,, minor

car. amethystea

, , Picridis
Lathraea squamaria

VERBENACEJE.

Verbena officiualis

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

135

LABIATE.

Lycopus europaeus
Mentha sylvestris
,, kirsuta
,, arvensis
Thymus Serpyllum
Origanum vulgare
Calamintha Acinos

,, officinalis
Nepeta Cataria

,, Gleclioma
Salvia verbanaca
Prunella vulgaris
Scutellaria galericulata

minor

Marrubiurn vulgare
Ballota nigra
Stacliys Betonica
,, sylvatica
, , arvensis
Galeopsis Ladauum

„ Tetrahit
Laniium Galeobdolon
,, album
, , ample xicaule
,, purpureum
,, incisum
Ajuga reptans
Teucrium Scorodouia

BOB AGIN AC E.E.

Echium vulgare
Litliosperrnum offlcinale

, , arvense

Myosotis palustris
,, arvensis
,, collina
versicolor

Anchusa sempervirens
Borago officinalis
Sympliytum omcinale
Cynoglossurn omcinale

PRIMULACE.E.
Primula vulgaris

var. caulescens
„ veris

Lysimachia vulgaris
,, nemorum
„ nummularia
Anagallis arvensis
,, cserulea
,, tenella
Glaux maritima
Samolus Valerandi

PLUMBAGINACE.E.

Armeria maritima
Statice binervosa

PLANTAGINACE/Ti .

Plantago major
„ media
,, lanceolata
„ Coronopus

CHENOPODIACEiE .

Suseda maritima
Beta maritima
Cheuopodium oliduni

„ murale

,, album

,, Bonus-Henricus
Atriplex patula

POLYGONACEvE.

Polygouum Persicaria
Hydropiper
aviculare

136

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

Rumex Hydrolapathum
crispus
obtusifolius
nemorosus
conglomeratus
pulcher
Acetosa
Acetosella

Hippophae rhamnoides

THYMELACE.E.

Daphne Laureola

EUPHORBIACE^:.

Euphorbia Helioscopia

„ stricta

,, exigua

,, Peplus

,, amygdaloides
Mercurialis perennis

,, anuua

UBTICACEJE.

Urtica urens

„ dioica

Parietaria officinahs
Humulus Lupulus
Ulmus montana

,, suberosa

AMENTTFERjE.

Quercus Robur
Fagus sylvatica
Corylus Avellana
Ahius glutinosa
Populus alba
tt nigra
balix alba

Salix caprea

CONIFERJE.
Juniperus communis

TYPHACE-S;.

Sparganium simplex

,, rarnosum
Typha latifolia
„ angustifolia

ARACE/E.

Arum maculatum

LEMNACE^E.

Lemna minor
,, trisulca

NAIADACE.E.

Potaniogeton densus
„ lucens
, , natans

ALISMACE^E.

Triglocliin niaritimum

,, palustre
Sagittaria sagittifoha
Ahsnia Plantago

HYDROCHAKIDACEJE.

Hydrochaiis Morsus-rauie

Aceras anthropophora
Orchis morio

mascula

ustulata

pyrarnidalib

incai'nata

maculata
Gymnadenia conopsea
Habeuaria bifolia
,, chlorautlui

FOLKESTONE PLANTS

137

Habenaria viridis
Ophrys apifera

,, aranifera

,, arachnites

,, muscifera
Spiranthes autumnalis
Listera ovata
Neottia Nidus-avis
Epipactis latifolia
IBIDACE.&;.
Iris fo3tidissima
,, Pseud acorus

AMARYLLIDACE.E.

NarcissusPseudo-narcissus
Galanthus nivalis

DIOSCOEEACE^E.

Tamus communis

TRILLIACE^E.

Paris quadrifolia

LILIACE.E.

Polygonatum multiflorinn
Convallaria majalis
Ornithogallum umbellatum
Allium vineale

var. compactum

,, ursinum

JUNCACE.E.
Juncus communis

„ glaucus

,, lamprocarpus
Juncus obtusiflorus

,, supinus

„ Gerardi

,, bufonius
Luzula sylvatica

„ campestris

C YPERACE.E .

Cyperus longus
Scirpus lacustris
,, carinatus
,, setaceus
,, maritimus
,, sylvaticus
,, palustris
Eriophorum angustilblium
Carex pulicaris

stellulata

ovalis

remota

arenaria

divisa

muricata

divulsa

vulpina

paniculata

laevigata

sylvatica

pendula

Pseudo-cyperus

glauca

hirta

ampullacea

riparia

GKAMINA.

Anthoxaiithum odoratum
Phlasuni prateuse
Alopecurus pratensis
,, geniculatus
,, agrestis
Agrostis canina
,, vulgaris
,, alba
Arundo Phragmites

138

FOLKESTONE PLANTS.

Brachypodium sylvaticum

,, piunatum

Triticum camnum

Aria csespitosa

,, flexuosa

„ caryophyllea
Avena pubescens ,, repens

„ flavescens var. littorale

Arrhenatherum avenaceumLolium perenne

Holcus lanatus
,, mollis
Triodia decumbens
Koeleria cristata
Melica uniflora
Molinia caerulea
Catabrosa aquatica
Glyceria fluitans
Sclerochloa rigida
Poa annua
,, pratensis
,, trivialis
Briza media
Cynosurus cristatus
Dactylis gloinerata
Festuca sciuroides
,, ovina
„ elatior
var. arundinacea
Bromus giganteus
,, asper
,, sterilis
mollis

temulentum
Hordeum pratense

„ murinum
Nardus stricta
Lepturis filiformis

FILICES.

Polypodium vulgare
Polystichum aculeatiun
Lastrea Filix-mas
,, spinulosa
,, dilatata
Athyrium Filix-foemina
Aspleniuin Adiantum-

nigrum

„ Euta-muraria
Scolopeudrium vulgare
Blechnum boreale
Pteris aquiliua
Opliioglossuni vulgatum

EQUISETACE^E.

Equisetum maximum
,, arvense
limosum

BUTTERFLIES.

139

II.— BUTTERFLIES.

PAPILIONID^;.

Vanessa Urticae

Papilionidi.

,, C -album

Papilio Machaou

ArgymMi.

Pieridi.
Gonepteryx Rhamni

Argynnis Aglaia
,, Adippe

Colias Edusa

,, Latlionia

,, var. Helice

,, Euphrosyne

„ Hyale

,, Selene

Pieris Gratsegi

Melitaaa Artemis

, , Brassiere

„ Cinxia

,, Rapae

ERYCINID^:.

,, Napi
„ Daplidice

Nenieobius Lucina

Anthocaris Cardainmes

LYC^ENID^E.

Leucopliasia Siuapis

Thecla Rubi

NYMPHALIM:.

,, Quercus

Satiii'irfi.

„ BetulsB

*/

Arge Galathea

Polyommatus Phleas

Satyrus ^Egeria

Lycaena J^goii

, Megaera

,, Agestis

, Semele

,, Alexis

, Janira

, , Adonis

, Tithoiius

,, Corydou

, Hyperauthus
Chortobius Pamphilus

,, Alsus
,, Argiolus

Vanessidi.

HESPERID-E.

Vanessa Cardui

Syriclithus Alveolus

, , Atalauta

Thanaos Tages

lo

Hespeiia Sylvanus

,, Polychloros

,, Comma

„ Autiopa

,, Line a

140

MOTHb.

III.— MOTHS.

SPHINGINA.

ZYG.3ENID.E.

Procris Statices
„ Globularia3
„ Geryon
Zygaana Trifolii
, , Filipendulae

SPHINGID.E
Smerinthus ocellatus

,, Populi

Acherontia Atropos
Sphinx Convolvuli

,, Ligustri
Deilepliila Galii

,, lineata
Cbserocampa Porcellus

Chaerocampa Elpenor

SESIIDjE.

Macroglossa stellatarum
„ fuciformis
,, bombyliformis

Sesia myopiformis
culiciformis
formiciformis
cluysidiformis
ichneuinoniformis
cynipiformis
tipuliformis
andreniformis
bembeciformis
apiformis

BOMBYCINA.

HEPIALID^E.

Hepialus hectus
,, lupulinus
,, sylvinus
,, Velleda
,, Humuli

ZEUZEBUX&.
Zeuzera ^Esculi
Cossus ligniperda

NoTODONTID^E.

Dicranura furcula
„ bifida
vinula

Stauropus Fagi
Notodonta Camelliua
dictasa
dictseoides
ziczac
chaonia
Dodonaea
Diloba ceeruleocepliala
Ptilodontis palpina
Clostera anaclioreta
, , reclusa
,, cnrtula
Pygaera bucephala

BOMBYCTNA NOOTUTNA.

141

LIPARHXT:.

Liparis Monacha

,, dispar

, , Salicis

,, auriflua

,, chrysoiThea
Orgyia pudibuucla

,, antiqua
Demas Coryli

LITHOSID.'E.

Calligenia miniata
Lithosia mesomella
complanula
cornplana
straraineola
quadra
rubricollis
Setina irrorella
Nuclaria mundana

NOLIDJE.

Syntomis phegea

Nola cucullatella

,, cristulalis

„ albulalis

Sarrothripa revayaua

Halias prasinana

CHELONHXE.

Callimorpha Dominnla
Euthemonia russula
Chelonia caja
„ villica
,, Plautaginis
Arctia fuligiuosa

,, lubricipeda

,, Menthrasti

,, Urticae
Euchelia JacobeaB
Deiopeia pulchella

BOMBYCID.^.

Bombyx neustria

,, Eubi

,, Quercus
Eriogaster lanestris
Trichiura Crataegi.
Odonestis potatoria
Lasiocarnpa quercifolia
Saturnia Carpini

PLATYPTER YGID^E .

Cilix spinula.
Platypteryx lacertula
, , falcula
liaraula

NOCTUINA.

NOCTUO-BOMBYCID.E .

Thyatira derasa

,, batis

Cymatophora duplaris
,, fluctuosa

Or
,, flavicoruis

BRYOPHILID.B.

Bryophila glandifera

Bryophila perla

BOMBYCOID.F,.

Diphthera Orion
Acronycta tridens

Psi

leporina

Aceris

inegacephala

Alui

142

MOTHS.

Acronycta Ligustri

Mainestra furva

„ Rumicis

,, brassicse

,, auricoma

,, persicarifc

LEUCANIDJE.

Apamea basiliiiea

Leucania conigera

, connexa

litliargyria

, gemina

albipuncta

, fibrosa

Comma

, oculea

straminea

Miana strigilis

impura

,

fasciuncnla

pallens

>

literosa

Pliragmitidis

,

furiincula

Tapiuostola Bondii

,

arcuosa

Nonagria fulva

CAEADRINID^:.

, , Hellmanni

, , geminipuncta
typhiP
lutosa

Grammesia trilinea
Caradrina Morpbeus

,, Alsines

,, blanda

APAMIDJE.

cubicularis

Gortyna flavago
Hydrsecia nictitans
,, micacea

NOCTUID7E.

Rusina tenebrosa

Axylia putris

Agi-otis valligera

Xylopbasia rurea
lithoxylea

puta
suffusa

sublustris

saucia

polyodon

Segetum

bepatica

exclamationis

scolopacina

corticea

Neuria SaponarifB

cinerea

Heliopbobus popularis
Pachetra leucopbaea

nigricaus
Tritici

Cerigo Cytherea

aquilina

• -|

Luperina testacea
Cespitis

ravida
hicernea

•

Marnestra abjecta

Trypbipna lantliina

„ anceps

,, ntnnna

NOCTUINA.

148

Tryphsena pronuba

Oporina croceago

,, interjecta

Xanthia cerago

Noctua glareosa

,, silago

augur

gilvago

plecta

„ ferruginea

C-nigrum

Cirrhoedia xeranipelina

triangulum

1

brunnea

•

festiva

Tethea retusa

Dahlii

Cosmia trapezina

Eubi

,, affinis

umbrosa

HADENIDJE.

baja
xanthographa

Eremobia ochroleuca
Dianthecia carpophaga

OKTHOSHXE.

,, capsincola

Trachea piniperda

,, cucubali

Tneniocampa gothica

,, albimacula

leucographa

,, conspersa

rubricosa

Hecatera dysodea

instabilis

,, sereua

stabilis

Polia flavicincta

gracilis

Epunda lutulenta

miniosa

,, viminalis

munda

,, Liclienea

cruda

Miselia Oxyacanthte

Orthosia suspecta

Agriopis Aprilina

,, Ypsilon

Phlogophora meticulosa

„ lota

Euplexia lucipara

,, macilenta

Aplecta herbida

Ancliocelis rufina

,, occulta

,, pistacina

„ nebulosa

, , lunosa

,, tincta

, , Litura

,, advena

Cerastis Vaccinii

Hadena Protea

, , spadicea

, , dentina

,, erythrocephala

,, Chenopodii

Scopelosoma satellitia

„ oleracea

144

MOTHS.

Hadena Pisi

,, thalassina
,, contigua
„ Genista?
Xylocanapa lithorhiza
Calocarnpa vetusta
,, exoleta
Xylina rlrizolitlia
„ semibiamnea
,, petrificata
Cncullia Verbasci
,, Asteris
,, Chamomillse
,, umbratica
HKLIOTHIDJE.
Heliothis marginata
,, peltigera
,, armigera
,, dipsacea
Heliodes Arbuti

ACONTID;E.

Agrophila sulphuralis
Acontia luctuosa

ERASTRID;E.
Erastria fuscula

PHAL.iENOID.ZR.

Brephos Parfclienias

PLUSIDJ5.

Habrostola Urticae

Plusia orichalcea
,, chrysitis
,, Festucne
,, V-aureum
,, Gamma

Gonoptera Libatrix

AMPHIPYRIDJE.

Amphipyra pyramidea

„ Tragopogonis
Mania typica
,, Maura

TOXOCAMPID^.
Toxocampa Pastinum

STn^BID^.

Stilbia anomala

CATC-CALIIX*1..

Catocala Fraxini
,, nupta
,, sponsa
„ promissa
OPHIUSID^;.

Ophiodes lunaris

Euclidia Mi

glyphica

POAPHILID/T.

Phytometra renea

GEOMETEINA.

URAPTERYDJE.

Urapteryx sambucata

ENNOMID^E.

Epione apiciaria
Eumia cratwgata

Venilia maculata
Angerona pnmaria
Metrocainpa margaritata
Ellopia fasciaria
Eurymene dolabraria

GEOMETIUNA.

145

Pericallia syriugaria
Selenia illunaria

,, lunaria
Odontoptera bidentata
Crocallis elinguaria
Ennomos tiliaria
, , fuscantaria
, , angularia
Himera pennaria

AMPHIDASID.E:
Phigalia pilosaria
Ampliidasis prodromaria
., betularia

Hemeropbila abruptaria

Cleora licbenaria

Boarmia repandata
,, rbomboidaria
,, consortaria

Tcplirosia consonaria
,, crepuscularia
,, biundularia
,, extersaria
, , punctulata

Guophos obscurata

GEOMETRIC jE.

Pseudoterpna cytisaria
Geometra papiliouaiia
lodis vernaria
,, lactearia
Phorodesma bajularia
Hemitliea thymiaria

EPHYRIDJ;.
Epliyra porata
,, punctaria
omicronaria

Ephyra pendularia

ACIDALIDjE.

Astbena luteata
, , candidata
,, sylvata

Eupisteria beparata

Acidalia rubricata
scutulata
bisetata
rusticata
osseata
dilutaria
incanaria
ornata
promutata
subsericeata
immutata
remutata
strigilata
imitaria
aversata
inornata
emarginata

Timandi'a amataria

Cabera pusaria
,, rotundaria
,, exaiitbemaria

Corycia ternerata
,, tarninata

MACARIDJE.

Macaria notata

,, liturata
Halia wavaria

FIDONID.E.
Strenia clatbrata

146

MOTHS.

Panagra petraria
Numeria pulveraria
Fidonia atomaria
,, piniaria
Minoa euphorbiata
Sterrha sacraria
Aplasta ononaria
Aspilates strigillaria
,, citraria
,, gilvaria

ZERENIDvE.

Abraxas grossulariata

,, ulmata
Ligdia adustata
Lomaspilis margiuata

HYBEKNID.E.

Hybernia rupicapraria
,, leucophearia
,, progemmaria
, , defoliaria

Anisopteryx aescularia

LAKENTID^E.

Clieimatobia brnmata
Oporabia dilutata
Larentia didymata
,, inultistrigaria
,, pectiuitaria
Erninclesia affinitata

alcbemillata
albulata
decolorata
unifasciata
Eupitliccia venosata
linariata
centaureata
snbfulvata
subumbrata

Eupithecia pluinbeolata
,, isogrammata
,, satyrata
,, castigata
, , virgaureata
,, albipunctata
,, pusillata
,, pimpinellata
,, fraxinata
,, subnotata
,, vulgata
„ expallidata
,, absinthiata
,, assimilata
,, subciliata
,, abbreviata
,, exiguata
,, pumilata
,, coronata
,, rectangulata
Lobophora viretata
,, lobulata
,, polycommata
Hypsipetes impluviata

, , elutata
Melanthia ocellata

albicillata
hastata
procellata
unaBgulata
rivata
subtristata
moutanata
galiata
fiuctuata
Anticlca rnbidata
badiata
derivata

GEOMETRINA, PYKALIDINA.

117

Anticlea berberata
Coremia propugiiata
, , ferrugata
,, unidentaria
„ quadrifasciaria
Carnptograrnma bilineata
,, fluviata

Pliibalapteryx tersata
,, lignata

,, vitalbata

Scotosia dubitata
,, rhamuata
„ certata
„ undulata
Cidaria psittacata
,, miata
, , picata
,, corylata
russata

Cidaria immanata
,, suffumata
,, silaceata
„ prunata
,, testata
,, fulvata
,, pyraliata
,, dotata

Pelurga comitata

Eubolia cervinaria
,, mensuraria
„ palumbaria
,, bipunctaria
,, lineolata
Anaitis plagiata
Chesias spartiata
,, obliquaria

PYKALIDINA.

DELTOIDES.
HYPENID^.

Hypeua proboscidalis

,, rostralis
Hypenodes albistrigalis

,, costfestrigalis

HEBMINIDJE.

Piivula sericealis
licrminia derivalis
,, barbalis
,, tarsipenualis
,, grisealis

PYR.VLIDES.
ODONTID.E.

Odoutia dentalis

Pyralis fimbrialis

,, glaucinalis
Aglossa pinguinalis

CLEDEOBID^E.

Cledeobia anustalis

Pyrausta punicealis
„ piu'pm-alis
, , ostrinalis

Herbula cespitalis

Eunycliia cingulalis
,, anguinalis
„ octomaculalis
ASOPID.E.

Agrotera uenioralis

148

MOTHS.

Endotricha flammealis

STENIADiE.

Diasemia ramburialis

HYDROCAMPIDJE .

Cataclysta lemnalis
Hydrocampa nymphaealis
,, stagualis

BOTYD.S;.
Botys pandalis
flavalis
hyalinalis
verticalis
lancealis
fuscalis
urticalis
Ebulea crocealis
verbascalis
sambucalis
Pionea forticalis
, , inargaritalis
„ stramentalis
Spilodes sticticalis
„ palealis
,, cinctalis
Scopula olivalis
„ prunalis
,, ferrugalis
Lerniodes pulveralis
Mecyna polygonalis
Stenopteryx hybridalis

CRAMBITES.
EUDOKEID.E.

Scoparia arnbigualis
, , cembrse
„ dubitalis
,, ingratella

Scoparia lineola

,', mercurella
,, cratsegella
,, angustea
,, pallida

CRAMBID.E.
Eromene ocellea
Crambus verellus
falsellus
pratellus
dumetellus
fascuellus
pinetellus
latistrius
perlellus
Warringtonellus
tristellus
inquinatellns
genicunellus
culmellus
rorellus
hortuellus
Chilo plaragmitellus
SchsBnobius forficellus
,, gigantellus
Ilithyia carnella
Homoeosoma sinuella
nimbella
nebulella
binsevella
saxicola
petrella
Ephestia flutella
pinguis

Cryptoblabes bistriga
Phycis betulella
,, adoruatella
suboruatella

PYRALIDINA.

149

Phycis ornatella
,, roborella
Khodophaea consociella
,, advenella
,, marmorea
,, suavella
tumidella

Kliodophasa rubrotibiella
Oncocera ahenella
Melia sociella

,, anella

,, cephalonica
Galeria cerella
Meliphora alveariella

150 BIRDS.

IV.— BIRDS.
OEDER I.— ACCIPITRES.

FAMILY FALCONID.E .

Peregrine Falcon . . . Falco peregrinus

Hobby ... ... ,, subbuteo

Kestrel ... ... ,, tinnunculus

Sparrowhawk ... ... Accipiter Nisns

Buzzard ... ... Buteo vulgaris

Rough-legged Buzzard ... ,, lagopus

Honey Buzzard ... Pernis apivorus

BTKIGIDJE.

Long-eared Owl ... Otus vulgaris

Short-eared ,, ... ,, brachyotus

White ,, ... Strix flamniea

Brown ,, ... Syrnium aluco

ORDER II.— PASSERES.

FAMILY LANHD^E .

Red Backed Shrike . . . Lanius collurio

MUSCICAPIDjE.

Spotted Flycatcher ...• Muscicapa grisola

TUEDID^E.

Missel Thrush ... ... Turdus viscivorus

Fieldfare ... ... ,, pilaris

Song Thrush ... ... ,, musicus

Redwing ... ... Turdus iliacus

Blackbird ... ... ,, merula

Ring Ouzel ... ... ,, torquatus

Golden Oriole ... ... Oriolus galbula

UlltPS.

151

SYLVIID.E.

Hedge Sparrow

Redbreast

Redstart

Stonechat

Wliinchat

Wheater

Gras shopper Warbler

Sedge „

Reed „

Nightingale

Blackcap

Garden Warbler

Whitethroat ...

Leaser Whitethroat

Wood Warbler

Willow „ ...

Chiffchaff

Gold Crest

Great Tit

Blue „

Cole „

Marsh ,,

Longtailed Tit . . .

Pied Wagtail . . .

White „

Gray

Tree Pipit

Meadow Pipit ...

Rock Pipit

Shore Lark
Sky

Accentor niodulaiis
Erythaca rubecula
Kuticilla phamicura
Saxicola rubicola

„ nibetra
» „ ./Enanthe
Calamodyta locustella
,, phraguiatis
, , arundiuacea
Philomela luscinia
Sylvia Trochilus
Curruca hortensis
,, ciuerca
,, sylviella
,, sibilatrix
Sylvia Trochilus

,, rufa

Regulus cristatus
Parus major
„ cseruleus
,, ater
,, palustris
,, caudatus
Motacilla Yarrellii
,, alba
,, boarula
Antlms arboreus
„ pratensis
,, petrosus

FRINGILLIDJE.

Alauda alpestris
,, arvensis

152 BIRDS.

Wood Lark ... ... Alauda arborea

Snow Bunting ... ... Plectrophanes nivalis

Common Bunting ... Emberiza miliaris

Blackheaded Bunting ... ,, schseuiclus

Yellow Bunting ... ,, citrinella

Chaffinch ... ... Fringilla C celebs

Mountain Finch ... ,, montifringilla

Tree Sparrow ... ... Passer montanus

House ,, ... ... ,, domesticus

Greenfinch ... ... Coccothraustes chloris

Goldfinch ... ... Carduelis elegans

Siskin ... ... ,, spinus

Linnet .. ... Linota cannabina

Lesser Redpole ... ,, linaria

Mountain Linnet ... ,, flavirostris

Bullfinch ... ... Pyrrhula vulgaris

STURNHXE.

Starling ... ... Sturnus vulgaris

Raven ... ... Corvus Corax

Carrion Crow ... ... ,, Corone

Hooded ,, ... ... ,, Cornix

Rook ... ... ., frugilegus

Jackdaw ... ... „ monedula

Magpie ... ... Pica caudata

Jay ... ... Gariulus glandarius

CERTHIAD^:.

Creeper ... ... Certhia familiaris

Wren ... ... Troglodytes vulgaris

Nuthatch ... ... Sitta Europea

UPUPIDjE.

Hoopoe ... ... Upupa epops

BIRDS. 153

ALCEDINDXE.

Kingfisher ... ... Alcedo ispida

CYPSELID^E.

Swift ... ... Cypselus apus

HIRUNDINID.E.

Chimney Swallow ... Hirundo rustica

Martin ... ... ,, urbica

Sand Martin ... ... „ riparia

CAPRIMULGID^E.

Goatsucker ... ... Capriuiulgus Europeus

ORDER III.— SCANSOEES.

FAMILY PICID^E.

Great Spotted Woodpecker Picus major
Green ,, „ viridis

Lesser „ ,, minor

Wryneck ... ... Yunx torquilla

CUCULIDJE.
Cuckoo Cuculus canorus

ORDER IV— COLUMBJE.

FAMILY COLUMBIIXE .

Ring Dove ... ... Columba palumbus

Rock ,, ... ... ,, livia

Turtle „ ... ... „ Turtur

ORDER V.— GALLING.

FAMILY PHASIANIDjE .

Pheasant ... ... Phasianus colchicus

TETRAONID^:.

Partridge ... ... Perdix cinerea

Red-legged Partridge ... ,, rufa

Quail ... ... Coturnix communis

154

BIRDS.

ORDER VII.— GRALLJE.

FAMILY — CIIAK ADKIID^E .

Great Plover ... ... (Edicnemus crepitans

Golden Plover ... ... Charadrius pluvial! s

Ringed Plover ... ... ,, hiaticula

Lapwing ... ... Vanellus cristatus

Oystercatcber ... ... Haematopusostralcgus

ARDEID.E.

Heron Ardea cinerea

SCOLOPACID.E.

Curlew

Green Sandpiper

Common ,, ...

Woodcock

Common Snipe...

Jack , ,

Dunlin

Purple Sandpiper

Gray Phalarope

Land Rail
Baillon's Crake...
Water Rail
Moorhen
Coot .

RALLHWE.

Numenius arquata
Totanus ochropus
,, hypoleuous
Scolopax rusticola
,, gallinago
,, gallinula
Triuga variabilis
,, maritima
Phalaropus lobatus

Crex pratensis
„ pygmaea
Rallus aquaticus
Gallinula chloropus
Fulica atra

ORDER VIIL— NATATORES.

FAMILY ANATID.E

Brent Goose ... ... Anser Brenta

Wild Swan ... ... Cygnus ferus

Bewick's Swan ... „ minor

Wild Duck ... ... Anas Boschas

Teal crecca

BIRDS. 155

Wigeon ... ... Anas Penelope

Velvet Duck ... ... Oidemia fuse a

Scoter ... ... ,, nigra

Goldeneye ... ... Puligula clangula

Redbreasted Merganser . . . Mergus serrator

COLYMBIDjE.

Little Grebe ... ... Podiceps minor

Blackthroated Diver ... Colymbus arcticus
Redthroated ,, ... „ septentrioualis

Guillemot ... ... Uria troile

Little Auk ... ... Mergulus alle

Razorbill ... ... Alca torda

PELICANHXE.

Cormorant ... ... Phalacrocorax Carbo

Gauuet ... ... Lula Bassaua

LAEID.E.

Common Tern ... ... Sterna Hirunda

Lesser ,, ... ... ,, minuta

Black ,, ... ... ,, fissipes

Little Gull ... ... Larus niinutus

Blackheaded Gull ... ,, ridibundus

Kittiwake ... ... ,, tridactylus

Lesser Blackbacked Gull ,, fuscus

Great ,, ,, ,, marinus

Common Gull ... ... ,, canus

Herring ,, ... ... ,, argentatus

Common Skua ... Lestris cataractes

Richardson's Skua ... ,, parasiticus

PROCELLARIM?.

Forktailed Petrel ... Thalassidrotna Leachii

Storm „ ... „ pelnsrica

156

LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS.

V.— LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS.

AQUATIC.

GASTROPODA.

Paliidinulce,

Bythiuia tentaculata

,, Leachii
Hydrobia ventrosa

CONCHIFERA.

Sphtrriidce.

Sphrerium corneuin

,, lacustre
Pisidium amnicum

,, nitidum
Unionida.
Unio tumidus

, , pictormn
Anodonta cygnea

,, var. radiata

,, ,, incrassata

NOTE. — The shells of the
above Unionidae are found
in the Hythe Canal. ButPhysa fontinalis
this is now pcriodicallyLimnnea peregra
flushed with sea water, so " ,, var. labiosa
that the molluscs have died , , auricularia
out. I have some remark- ,, stagnalis
ably fine specimens of palustris

Anodonta (seven inches ,, var. elongata
straight through), some of ,, trimcatula
which have shells of the ,, var. albida
Acorn Barnacle attached. Anoylus fluviatilis
— H.U.

Planorbis nitidus

nautileus

albus

spirorbis

vortex

complanatus

corneus

contortus

SHELLS.

157

LAND AND FEESHWATEB SHELLS.

TEEEESTEIAL.

HeUeidee.

Helix var. subglobosa

Succinea putris

„ submaritima

,, elegans

„ carinata

Vitrina pellucida

caperata

Zonites cellarius

var. major

, alliarius

,, ornata

, nitidulus

,, subscalaris

, radiatulus

„ Gigaxii

, nitidus

ericetorum

, crystalliiius

var. alba

, ralvus

„ minor

Helix Aculeata

rotundata

,, pomatia

pygmaea

, rar. albida

pullchella

, aspersa

var. costata

, var. albo-fasciata

lapicida

, ,, exalbida

Bulimus obcurus

, ,, conoidea

Pupa umbilicata

, nemoralis

, , marginata

, var. liortensis

Vertigo pygmaea

, ,, hybrida

,, edentula

, arbustoruru

Balia perversa

, var. flavesceus

Clausilia rugosa

„ major

,, var. Everetti

. • » <! IN;!.

„ ,, tumidula

, Cantiaua

, , Eolphii

, Cartusiaiia

,, laminata

, var. rufilabris

Coclilicopa lubrica

, rufescens

,, var. hyalina

, var. albida

Achatina acicnla

, , , minor

Carycldid(C.

, couciuua

Carycbium minimum

, bispida

Cydostomatiilcc.

, virgata

Cyclostoma elegaus

, var. subaperta

Acme lineata

A 000 049 500 2