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fm^w^Baptor Collisions with Utility Lines:

An Analysis Using Subjective
Field Observations

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RAPTOR COLLISIONS WITH UTILITY LINES:
AN ANALYSIS USING SUBJECTIVE FIELD OBSERVATIONS

Pinal Report

Prepared by

Richard R. Olendorff

Robert N. Lehman

February, 1986

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Department of Engineering Research
3400 Crow Canyon Road
San Ramon, CA 94583

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U.S. Department of the Interior^V^ v &6> fci ^w
Bureau of Land Management Vv»^%* • * fc°

2800 Cottage Way.
Sacramento, CA 95825

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Copies of this report are available from Roland J. Risser,
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (address above).

TABLS OP CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY lv

INTRODUCTION 1

METHODS 3

Objective 1 3

Objective 2 . . . 4

RESULTS 5

Species for Which Collisions Were Reported 5

Years Suspected Collisions Occurred 5

Months Suspected Collisions Occurred 5

Locations of Collisions .. 5

Health of Birds at the Time of Collision 9

Weather as a Contributing Factor 9

Age Classes of Birds Involved in Collisions 9

Tjrpes of Utility Lines Involved 11

Habitat Conditions Near the Collision Sites . . . 11

Types of Injuries Sustained 15

Species-specific Considerations 15

Peregrine Falcons 15

Bald Eagles 17

Golden Eagles 17

Ospreys IS

Red-tailed Hawks 18

Generic and Other Group Considerations 19

DISCUSSION 23

California Peregrines • • 23

Factors Which Decrease the Susceptibility of Raptors

to Utility Line Collisions 25

Circumstances Under Which Collisions May Become a

Significant Limiting Factor 25

Mitigation Under Such Circumstances 26

Summary 26

FUTURE DATA COLLECTION 27

REFERENCES CITED 28

ii ^©9>

' Page
U APPENDICES

n 1. Call for Information 29

2. List of Journals to Which the Call for Information Was Sent . . 31

3. Raptor/Utility Line Collision Report Porta ........... 36

4. Data Base Structure and Codes ................. 41

[- 5. Raw Data— Total Sample (M » 88) ............... . 45

LJ 6. Raw Data — Peregrine Falcons (H = 24). ............. 50

7. Raw Data— Bald Eagles (N = 15) 53

r ~) 8. Raw Data — Golden Eagles (M ■ 9) ............... . 56

9. Raw Data— Ospreys (N = 7) 59

10. Raw Data— Red-tailed Hawks (N = 7) ....... . 62

11. Raw Data— All Falcons (II » 32) 65

12. Raw Data— All Eagles (M = 24) . . . 68

13. Raw Data— All Buteos (N = 11) 71

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SXSCUTIV2 SUMMARY

Data were collected on a total of 88 probable raptor collisions with

utility lines. Peregrine Falcons, Bald Eagles, Golden Bagles, Red-tailed

Hawks, and Ospreys were the species most commonly reported (Table 1). The

reports were evenly distributed through the months, except for peaks during

r, March and October (Pigure 2). Of the 38 reports which included weather

jrj information, only 7 (18.4 percent) cited weather as a possible causal

® factor. Of 76 birds for which age class was recorded, 42 (55.3 percent)

were adults and 34 (44.7 percent) were subadults.

t ... }

U The type of utility line apparently struck was known for 72 of the 88

suspected collisions (Table 3). Of the 72, 10 (13.9 percent) were tele-
phone lines, 36 (50.0 percent) were electric distribution lines, and 26
(36.1 percent) were electric transmission lines. Twenty-seven (75.0
percent) of the distribution lines were pole-and-crossarm configurations;
17 (65.4 percent) of the transmission lines involved were supported by
metal towers. No data were collected on the relative importance of static
wires versus conductors as factors in these suspected strikes. The types
of injuries sustained by the birds include 27.3 percent (N = 81) with head
injuries and 75.6 percent (M = 81) with wing injuries (Table 4). Only
15.6 percent (N = 78) of the birds involved were uninjured or were later
returned to the wild.

Type of line hit was recorded in 15 cases involving Peregrine Falcons.
Three (20.0 percent) probably hit electric transmission lines, 11 (73-3
percent) electric distribution lines, and 1 (6.7 percent) telephone lines.
Similar figures for Bald Sagles were 5 (33.3 percent), 8 (53.4 percent),
and 2 (13.3 percent), respectively.

In California the wild population of Peregrine Falcons increased from
10 known pairs to 80 known pairs between 1975 and 1985. During the same
tirne^ period 17 Peregrine Falcons were reported as possible utility line
collisions. It is clear that this Peregrine Falcon population is
recovering in spite of the randomly distributed (Figure 5) mortality due
to utility line collisions.

Though raptor collisions with utility lines will always contribute to
proximate mortality of individuals, it does not seem likely that collisions
could become an ultimate cause of population declines, except for criti-
cally endangered species such as the California Condor. Collision with
utility lines apparently is a random, low level, and inconsequential
mortality factor of raptor populations. Any other conclusion is counter
to available data.

The authors will continue to solicit new data on raptor collisions
with utility lines and stand ready to reanalyze all available data when
appropriate .

iv

INTRODUCTION

In transmitting electric power from production facilities to their
users, utility companies have erected many thousands of miles of trans-
mission and distribution lines worldwide. In flight, birds of prey
(raptors) are usually able to avoid such obstacles; however, when pre-
occupied or distracted — e.g., when engaged in territorial defense or
pursuing prey — the potential for line strikes increases. This was the
conclusion of participants of the workshop on Impacts of Transmission
Lines on Birds in Flight (Avery 1976: 106):

Raptors that actively pursue prey in flight are probably more
vulnerable to a collision with transmission lines than those
that do not, but factors such as size of bird, wing span, and
maneuverability (erratic or straight flight) are also important.
The group agreed that when birds pursue prey, engage in court-
ship flights, defend a territory, or escape from a predator,
they are particularly prone to collide with a power line,
because they are preoccupied and not very alert to the hazards
that transmission lines pose.

The potential for line strikes appears to be more important to
resource managers when power lines are near nest sites, roosts, or other
high use areas of endangered species. In California, for example, the
Pacific Gas and Electric Company and other utilities operate power lines
in the densest, most productive population of Peregrine Falcons (Falco
peregrinus anatum) in the continental United States. Peregrine Falcons
are swift flying, power diving predators of other birds. Their hunting
flights begin at high altitude, but frequently end close to the ground,
often lower than existing electric transmission lines, and sometimes below
the level of most electric distribution lines. Indeed, evidence contained
in this report confirms that Peregrine Falcons do collide with power lines
with enough frequency to concern some California biologists.

Although efforts to portray raptor/utility line collisions as a
serious problem have not been convincing, it is still common to find
recommendations to route power lines through less sensitive areas
(Snderson and Kirven 1979, ¥hite and Cade 1975), to construct them at
certain times of the year (Meyer 1979, Baldridge 1977, Thomas Reid
Associates 1980), and to adorn them with large orange balls (for greater
visibility) — all in an effort to minimize the chance of collisions by
endangered species. In addition, the circumstantial nature of the
information and the lack of analysis of the known instances of raptor/
power line collisions has too often resulted in indefensible positions in
environmental analyses and Iand-U3e decisions relating to power line
routing, design, and construction. The entire electric industry needs as
much information as possible to make informed decisions.

In the fall of 1983, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E),
Department of Engineering Research, contracted with the U.S. Department of
Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Sacramento, California, to
initiate a comprehensive assessment of the collision problem. As proposed,
the objectives of this study were:

1. To conduct a worldwide search for unpublished information concerning
rj collisions of raptors with power lines and other utility lines; and

2. To analyze the assembled information, evaluate specific related
raptor/power line interactions, and produce a definitive state-of-the-
knowledge report on the subject.

This report summarizes the methods used and work completed to date

(February 1986) to accomplish the above goals . It is intended by the

!,j authors to continue data collection for the next decade or so and to

produce other reports as appropriate, probably at three- to five-year

intervals.

!'.■ f

METHODS

The key to acquisition of unpublished information on any subject is a
broad-based search aimed at appropriate individuals and groups. As pro-
posed, a Call for Information was distributed for publication in many
biological and ornithological journals, newsletters, bulletins, and other
periodicals throughout the country and world. In addition, personal
contacts were made with specialized groups of raptor enthusiasts, including
raptor researchers, falconers, and rehabilitators, and with government
agencies and personnel responsible for wildlife. Blectric industry
personnel were contacted through the Bdison Blectric Institute in
Washington , D . C .

To augment the acquisition of unpublished material as described above,
additional published and unpublished material was acquired by making use
of the 3,850 source documents in BLH's Raptor Management Information
System housed in the California State Office, Sacramento, California.
Other information pertinent to the subject was acquired by contacting the
U.S. Bird Banding Laboratory, Washington, D.C., regarding verified cases
of raptor mortality from band returns, and the National Wildlife Health
Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, regarding the results of the hundreds of
raptor necropsies (primarily eagles) performed there in recent years.
Specific methods used to meet each of the study objectives are discussed
below.

Objective 1. Conduct a worldwide search for unpublished information
concerning collisions of raptors with power lines and other
utility lines.

Work on this phase of the study began in January, 1984. A Call for
Information (Appendix 1) was developed for distribution worldwide. It was
circulated to the editors of biological and ornithological journals, raptor
researchers, falconers, raptor rehabilitators, and electric industry
personnel .

Distribution to Journals. The Call for Information was sent to the
editors of 175 biological and ornithological journals, newsletters,
bulletins, and other periodicals in the United Stated, Canada, and through-
out the world (Appendix 2). The Call was sent to journals in all 50
states, 3 U.S. Trust Territories (Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and
Guam) , most Canadian provinces , and 26 other countries . The only areas of
the world which were poorly represented in this distribution were the
Soviet Union and some parts of Asia, and Central and South America.
Burope, Africa, and Australia were well represented.

It is not known how many of the 175 editors to which the Call for
Information was sent printed it in issues of their journals. It has been
confirmed that the Call appeared in 26 journals (Appendix 2). In addi-
tion, the Call appeared in eight journals to which it was not submitted
(the editors apparently acquired it indirectly). Because many who
responded to the Call commented on its widespread distribution, we feel
certain that it appeared in dozens of other journals from which we
received no confirmation. We did not make a special attempt at a large
university library to verify publication of the Call for Information.

L:

O

Distribution to Falconers. The Call for Information reached over
1,500 falconers by appearing la Hawk Chalk, the news magazine of the North
American Falconer's Association (HAFA). It was also sent to the presidents
of 13 hawking clubs in the United States for distribution to their member-
ships. Finally, the Call was sent to NAFA associate members in parts of
the world where good representation was not achieved through distribution
to Journals: Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, Iceland, Mauritius, Mexico, New
Zealand, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.

Distribution to Raptor Rahabllitators. The Call for Information was
sent to over 300 wildlife/raptor rehabilitation facilities throughout the
United States. These included well-established facilities associated with
universities, facilities associated with veterinary hospitals, and
"backyard" facilities operated by nonprofessionals.

The Raptor Collision Report Form. A report form (questionnaire) was
developed in February, 1984, for distribution to individuals responding to
the Call for Information (Appendix 3). Almost 250 responses to the Call
for Information were received. Over 400 report forms were distributed.
One hundred twenty-one questionnaires were returned (see below). Reports
continue to come in (three to five per month).

Other Methods Used to Meet Objective 1. Copies of the Call for
Information and the Collision Report Form were sent to Richard S. Thorsell,
Sdison Electric Institute (BEI), Washington, D.C., for distribution to EEI
member companies. They were also distributed at two annual meetings of
the Raptor Research Foundation. The U.S. Bird Banding Laboratory (FWS)
was contacted with regard to band returns from raptors found near power
lines. The lab responded by providing a computerized summary of all band
returns of raptors under "Code 54," i.e., "raptors recovered due to
striking radio, TV, high tension, etc., wires or towers, or ceilometers , n
between the years 1943 and 1984. Finally, the National Wildlife Health
Laboratory (NWHL) was contacted. A summary of Bald Eagle mortality between
the years 1963 and 1984 prepared by the NWHL was obtained (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service 1985 ) . Summaries of other species were unavailable .

Many State and Federal agency biologists were contacted for additional
information, though no systematic mailing was made. Given the many
hundreds of Federal and State wildlife and land management offices through-
out the country, such an effort was prohibitive. Further, given the wide-
spread distribution which the Call for Information received, most agency
biologists probably encountered the Call in the normal course of their
work.

Objective 2: Analyze the assembled information; evaluate specific related
raptor/power line interactions, and produce a definitive
state-of-the-knowledge report on the subject.

Data from report forms were computerized on an IBM XT computer and
were analyzed using dBase II software (Ashton-Tate 1982). The data base
(Appendices 4 and 5) was characterised 1) by summarizing all categories
(e.g., species, time of year, weather conditions, utility line type, type
of injuries, etc.) with frequency distributions, and 2) by referencing
data between categories (e.g., 3pecies with line type, species with type
of injuries, etc.). These data are presented in the Results section of
this paper.

4

RESULTS

A total of 121 completed questionnaires were received, 33 of which
were rejected because the information given was too Incomplete or the
cause of death was obviously not a collision with a utility line. Usually
these unused data involved electrocutions, a subject that has been dealt
with elsewhere (Olendorff et ai. 1981). Three reports (two for Red-tailed
Hawks and one for a Bald Kagle) included eyewitness accounts of simul-
taneous midspan collisions and electrocutions. These data were included
in the final sample of 88 probable raptor collisions (see Appendix A for
the data base structure and codes and Appendix 5 for raw data for all 88
reports).

Species for Which Collisions Were Reported

Peregrine Falcons, Bald Bagles, Golden Eagles, Red- tailed Hawks, and
Ospreys were the species most commonly reported (Table 1). This is not
unexpected in light of the widespread concern for these species and
because of the large body sizes in the case of eagles. The sample of 88
reports is undoubtedly biased toward these species. For example, 14 of
the Peregrine reports came from one source, the Santa Cruz Predatory Bird
Research Group, which has kept records of Peregrine mortalities in
California for many years. No other single source accounted for more than
three collision reports.

Years Suspected Collisions Occurred

Of the 88 reports of suspected collisions, 75 (85 percent) were from
the past ten years (Figure 1). These data are included only to character-
ize the data base, not to indicate that the occurrence of collisions is
increasing as might be inferred from Figure 1. Obviously, the data are
biased toward collisions still fresh in people's minds. The recency of
the data does allow a measure of confidence that the observations were
correctly recorded and reported, though the high subjectivity of most of
the data remains.

Months Suspected Collisions Occurred

Of the 88 collision reports, 75 gave the month in which the suspected
collision occurred (the others gave season or just the year) (Figure 2).
The reports were evenly distributed through the months, except for peaks
during March and October. The extent that these peaks might be related to
courtship and/or migration is not discernable from the data.

Locations of Collisions

The locations of suspected collisions or the recovery sites of Injured
or dead birds were recorded in 87 of the 88 report forms received. Sus-
pected collisions were reported from six countries (excluding the United
States): Canada (all from Saskatchewan — 4 reports); Great Britain (3
reports); Australia, Malawi, and Sicily (2 reports each); and Zimbabwe (1
report). Of the 87 reports for which location was recorded, 72 (82.7
percent) were from the United States; reports were received from 21 states.

Table 1. Species for which collisions were reported.

! 1

f-

Report Foras

Received

SDeciea

Scientific Mar&s

Huiaber

(*)

Peregrine Falcon

Faleo peregrinus

24

(27.3)

Bald Eagle

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

15

(17.1)

Golden Bagle

Aquila chrysaetos

9

(10.2)

Red-tailed Hawk

Buteo jamaicensis

7

(8.0)

Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

7

(8.0)

Short-eared Owl

Aaio flanmeua

4

(4.6)

Swains on 's Hawk

Buteo swainsonii

3

(3.4)

Great Horned owl

Bubo vir&inianus

3

(3-4)

Long-eared Owl

Asio otus

2

(2.3)

Merlin

Falco columbariua

2

(2.3)

Prairie Falcon

Falco mexicanua

2

(2.3)

Common Kestrel

Falco tinnunculua

2

(2.3)

Gyrfalcon

Falco ruaticolus

1

(1.1)

Little Falcon

Falco lon&ipennis

1

(1.1)

Rough-legged Hawk

Buteo lasopus

1

(1.1)

Northern Harrier

Circus cvaneus

1

(1.1)

Secretary Bird

Sagittarius seruentarius

1

(1-1)

Spotted Bagle Owl

Bubo africanus

1

(1.1)

White-faced Scops Owl

Otus leucotis

1

(1.1)

Barn Owl

Tyto alba

_1

(1.1)

Total

38

(100.0)

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N
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M
B
E
R

0
F

R
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P
0
R
T
E
D

C
0
L
L
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S
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0
N
S

FIGURE 1 . THE YEARS DURING WHICH THE
REPORTED COLLISIONS OCCURRED.

1 7 ~f*

16

15
14
13
12
11
10

9~

8

7

6

5

4

3

2"

1

sns^&esax&t^^^ttawaT^^

u^M^M>ommrmaaumiam^mmmmmmm^mM^m,^mmBmammmnimmum HHiMIMIII ,i i li 1 1 1)

III I

1 1 1 ■

1 1 1 ■

1 1 1 1

H H -'■,'•; 1 H ■

PI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

TTTTTttt n i r i i i i i i i i

65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85

66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84

YEARS: 1965-1985

N

FIGURE 2. THE MONTHS IN WHICH THE REPORTED

Oo

M

0
E
R

0
F

R
E
P
0
R
T
E
D

C
0
L
L
I
S
1
0
N
S

COLLISIONS OCCURRED

2-

I

i I i r r

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

MONTH

The greatest number of suspected collisions were reported from California
(22 reports), followed by Idaho (7 reports), Montana, and Washington (5
reports each) . One to three reports were received from each of the
remaining 17 states.

Health of the Birds at the Time of the Suspected Collision

Of the 88 reports, 81 evaluated the health of the birds at the time
of the suspected collision. Only one bird (1.2 percent) was cited as
being in poor health. This bird was a slightly emaciated fledgling Bald
Sagle that apparently struck a telephone line in Wisconsin. The bird was
rehabilitated and released near its nest five days after the reported
collision. It flew away strongly at the time of release.

Weather as a Contributing Factor

Of the 88 reports, 38 gave information about weather at the time of
the suspected collision. Only 7 of the 38 (18.4 percent) cited weather as
a possible causal factor. Six different species were represented.

A Golden Eagle and an Osprey were picked up under a transmission line
near Bureka, California, on April 17, 1983, after a windstorm. The line
was a wooden H-frame configuration with five wires. A second Golden Eagle
collided with a transmission line (metal towers, six wires, eyewitness
account) near Bishop, California, as it was being pursued by a trained
Gyrfalcon. While the weather was good at the time of the collision,
there was light snow on the ground that may have affected visibility.
Undoubtedly, the pursuit was also a significant distraction.

Misty weather was reported at the time of a reported collision of a
Short-eared Owl with a 6-wire transmission line (metal towers) in Britain.
A Long-eared Owl in Ohio collided with a transmission line (metal towers)
in windy and rainy weather.

Two birds (a Bald Eagle and a Red-tailed Hawk) were actually observed
hitting electric distribution lines midspan (pole and crossarm configura-
tions) in bad weather and immediately being electrocuted. In the case of
the Bald Eagle, foggy conditions prevailed. The Red-tailed Hawk was blown
into the wires.

Age Classes of the Birds Involved in Suspected Collisions

Age class (adult or subadult) was recorded for 76 of the 88 birds
suspected to have collided with utility lines. Of the 76, 42 (55.3
percent) were adults; 34 (44.7 percent) were subadults. Species other
than Peregrines, Bald Eagles, and Golden Eagles accounted for the greater
number of adults (Table 2). Although the sample size is small, 5 of 8
(62.5 percent) Golden Eagles were subadults. For electrocution of Golden
Eagles, one would expect 90 to 95 percent subadults (Olendorff et al.
1981).

Table 2. Age classes of the birds reported to have collided with utility
lines .

Peregrine
Bald Sagle
Golden Sagle
All Buteos
Osprey
All Others
Totals

Adult

Subadult

Unknown

10

13

l

7

8

0

3

5

i

7

3

l

4

1

2

11

JL

_7

42

34

12

10

Types of Utility Lines Involved

Three types of utility lines are considered in this report: telephone
lines, electric distribution lines, and electric transmission lines.
Telephone line configurations vary depending on the number of phone lines
carried. Everything from single lines on single poles to dozens of lines
on several crossarms supported by one pole are used. Each phone wire is
smaller in diameter than most electric lines.

Electric distribution lines are generally supported on a single pole
with crossarms (multiple lines) or without crossarms (usually two lines)
(Figure 3). They carry less than 69 kV and are by far the source of most
raptor electrocutions (Olendorff et al. 1981).

Electric transmission lines are generally supported by two large
poles with a heavy crossarm between them (H-frame) or by metal towers
(Figure 4). They typically carry 69 kV or more, sometimes more than
700 kV. The diameter of electric transmission line conductors is the
largest of the three types of lines considered here.

The type of utility line apparently struck was known for 72 of the 88
suspected raptor collisions (Table 3). Of the 72, 10 (13.9 percent) were
telephone lines, 36 (50.0 percent) were electric distribution lines, and
26 (36.1 percent) were electric transmission lines (Table 3, Column I).

Of the 36 distribution lines supposedly struck, 27 (75.0 percent)
were of the pole-and-crossarm configuration, and 5 (13.9 percent) were
single poles. The configuration of the other 4 was unknown (Table 3,
Column II) .

Of the 26 suspected transmission line strikes, 17 (65.4 percent)
involved metal tower configurations. Five (19.2 percent) were of the
wooden H-frame type. The rest (four) were of unknown configuration
(Table 3, Column II). No data were collected on the relative importance
of static wires versus conductors as factors in these suspected strikes.

Habitat Conditions Hear the Collision Sites

Bach person responding with a questionnaire was asked to list any
habitat conditions that may have contributed to the suspected collision.
Of the 88, 20 did not characterize habitat conditions In any way. Of the
remaining 68 questionnaires, 29 (42.6 percent) implied that abundant prey
(an attraction to the raptors) or pursuit of prey was a possible factor.
However, about half of these (15) questioned their own statements about
prey involvement. A priori, one would expect abundant prey to be related
because of the opportunistic nature of raptors in exploiting concentra-
tions of prey.

Other habitat features of particular note included the presence of
nests, roads, and urbanization. Of the 68 suspected collisions, at least
21 (30.9 percent) were near roads, implying only that that is where people
are "most likely to see a dead or injured raptor. Mests were present near
the sites of 15 (22.1 percent) of the 68 suspected collisions. Vegetation,
usually when the line is below treetop, is cited as a possible causal

11

F§6UR£ 3

TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION

762/ 13. 2 KV

!4.4/24.<

S£ CSOJT

7.62/13. 2 KV 14.4/24.9 KV

TVWEE- PHASE SWGLE CRCUT

7.62/24.SKV
CPtCSSAW* CCNSmjCBON

7.62/13, 2 KV W4/24SKV

TWEE- PHASE DOSLE C33CUT

From: Olendorff et al . (1980)

12

FIGURE 4

HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES

{ SUFFICIENT CONDUCTOR SPACING PREVENTS
PHASE-TO- PHASE OR PHASE-TO-GROUNO CONTACT. )

TYPICAL H5Ky WOOO H-FRAi^S

TYPICAL 230KV WOOO K- FRAME

02.13m.
02.44 m.
04.57 m
03.31m
07.01 m.
07.S3m
09.7Sm
10.37m
15.23m
20.74 m,
22.37 m
24.40 m
25.92 m

TYPICAL II5KV
DOUBLE CIRCUIT TOWER

TYPICAL 345/500 KV
TOWER CONFIGURATION

From: Olendorff et al . (1980).

13

Table 3. Line types presumably struck by raptors (each column represents &
unique way of totaling the percentages ) .

I

Number
(% of -Total)

II

Number

(H, of Subtotal)

Telephone Lines

10 (13-9)

10 (100.0)

Electric Distribution Lines

Pole-and-Crossarm
Single Pole
Unknown

Subtotal

27 (37.5)

5 (6.9)

4 (5.6)

36 (50.0)

27 (75.0)
5 (13.9)
4 (11.1)

36 (100.0)

Slectric Transmission Lines

Metal Tower
Wooden H-frase
Unknown

Subtotal
Total

17 (23-6)
5 (6.9)
* (5.6)

26 (36.1)
72 (100.0)

17 (65.4)
5 (19.2)
4 (15.4)

26 (100.0)

14

factor in 11 (16.2 percent) of the Instances. Seven (10.3 percent) were
at river crossings. Light conditions or sun angle were Implicated in four
(5.9 percent) of the cases. Five others (7.4 percent) were in urban
areas. Only one report was received from a hack site, though hack site
attendants mention that young Peregrines, in particular, frequently hit
lines. Most are not injured, however, and electrocution has apparently
been more of a problem at hack sites.

Types of Injuries Sustained

For 7 of the 88 reported collisions, injuries were unknown. Of the
remaining 81 birds, 8 showed no trauma, but some of these had burn marks
caused by simultaneous collisions and electrocutions.

Of the 81 birds, 19 (23.5 percent) had head, beak, eye, or neck
injuries (Table 4). By far the most conmon injuries in the sample were
wing injuries. Of the 81 birds for which injuries were recorded, 62 (76.5
percent) had broken, dislocated, or bruised wings, or wing joint or wing
tip problems.

The frequency of occurrence of other miscellaneous injuries is also
shown in Table 4. Of particular note are the five birds (two subadult
Bald Bagles and three owls) found hanging from wires at midspan. Four
were on distribution lines, and one owl was on a telephone line.

The fate of 84 of the 88 birds suspected to have collided with
utility lines was reported. Sixty-five (77.4 percent; N = 84) suspected
collisions were biologically fatal (i.e., the birds died at the scene,
died later, or never could be released back to the wild). This does not,
however, indicate that 77-4 percent of all collisions are biologically
fatal. The data are undoubtedly biased toward seriously disabled birds,
since such birds are more likely to be found than are "soft" noninjurious
collisions likely to be observed. These data do indicate, however, that
once a bird is downed and discovered, it has about a 16 percent chance of
being returned to the wild (84 with known fate, 7 uninjured, 77 birds
taken in, 65 biologically dead; 15.6 percent returned to wild (N = 78)).

Species-specific Considerations

Parearlne Falcons. Of the 88 collision reports, 24 (27.3 percent)
were for Peregrine Falcons (see Appendix 6 for raw data for all
Peregrines). All Peregrine Falcon reports were from 1975 or after.
Sxcluding reports from the Southern Hemisphere, all suspected collisions
for which the month was recorded (M = 14) occurred between May and
December (one or two reported each month). Additionally, four were
reported as occurring in the fall, two in the winter, and one in the
spring. The one record from Australia was in January.

All 24 Peregrines were in apparent good health at the time of their
suspected collisions. Weather was reported in 12 cases, but was not
considered a factor in any instance. Age class was known for 23 oi the 24
Peregrines; 10 (43.5 percent) were adults, and 13 (56.5 percent) were
subadult s .

15

Table 4. The frequency of occurrence of specific injuries in 81 birds
reported to have collided, with utility lines. (NOTE: Many
birds had more than one type of injury; thus, percents do not
add to 100.0).

% of Total

Injury

Occurrence

(M = 81)

Ho Trauma

8

9.9

Head Trauma

5s

6.2
6.2
3.7
13.6
3.7

Beak Broken
Bye Injury
Broken Heck

3"

3*
11»

Stunned

3*

Broken Wing
Dislocated Wing
Wing Joint Problem
Bruised Wing
Wing Tip Problem

• 45*.

3""

JHItt

*•*

55.6
3.7

4.9
7.4
4.9

Plumage Damage

7

8.6

Internal Injuries

7

8.6

Burns

5

6.2

Broken Leg

2

2.5

Hanging on Wire

5

6.2

■ This group with head injuries represents 22 different birds or 27.3
percent (M = 81).

»« This group with wing injuries represents 62 different birds or 76.5
percent (H = 81) .

15

In 15 oases the type of line apparently struck by Peregrines was
known. One bird (6.7 percent) apparently struck a telephone line. Sleven
(73.3 percent) were reported to have struck electric distribution lines.
Three (20.0 percent) probably hit electric transmission lines. Of the 11
distribution line cases, 9 were pole-and-crossarm configurations; 2 were
armless configurations. Two of the transmission line reports involved
lines suspended from metal towers. The configuration of the third case
was unknown.

The fate of all 24 Peregrines reported to have struck lines was known.
Twenty (83.3 percent) of the suspected collisions were biologically fatal
(dead at the scene, died later, or never returned to the wild). Pour
(16.7 percent) were uninjured or released after rehabilitation.

Bald Eagles. Of the 88 collision reports, 15 (17.0 percent) were for
Bald Eagles, recorded mostly during the 1980s (one from 1965; another from
1974) (Appendix 7). The month during which suspected Bald Bagle collisions
with lines occurred was recorded in 14 cases. Nine (64.3 percent) of these
occurred in the spring (March-May), with six (42.9 percent) occurring in
March alone. Only three cases (21.4 percent) occurred during winter
(November-February) .

Health was known for 14 of the 15 Bald Eagles. Only one (7.1 percent)
was in questionable health, a slightly emaciated fledgling which received
a bruised wing in an apparent collision. It was later released back to
the nest area. Weather was a possible factor in only one of five reports
for which weather was recorded. In April, 1985, an adult bird released
several years earlier on the Channel Islands, California, struck a
distribution line with three wires and was immediately electrocuted in
foggy weather (eyewitness account). The age classes of Bald Eagles
suspected of colliding with wires were 7 adults and 8 subadults.

The types of lines apparently struck by Bald Eagles were as follows
(N - 15)' two (13.3 percent) telephone lines, eight (53.4 percent)
electric distribution lines, and five (33.3 percent) electric transmission
lines. Of the eight distribution line cases, all were pole-and-crossarm
configurations. Configurations of only three of the five transmission
lines were known: two metal towers and one wooden H-frame.

The fate of the 15 Bald Eagles reported was known in all cases. Only
two (13.3 percent) were returned to the wild following rehabilitation.
All other cases were biologically fatal, though two were placed in captive
breeding projects.

Golden Eagles. Of the 88 collision reports, 9 (10.2 percent) were
for Golden Eagles (Appendix 8). The records ranged in date between 1971
and 1984. The susoected collisions were -scattered throughout the year.
The apparent health of Golden Eagles at the time of their suspected
collisions was recorded in eight cases. All eight were in aPP««nt S°od
health. Weather was recorded in only three cases; in two of these cases
(one involving high winds and one involving light snow) «rttearw|
contributed to the collision. Age class was also recorded in e lgh o the
nine cases; three (37.5 percent) were adults. The type of line ^Ived
in the suspected impacts by Golden Eagles was recorded in eight cases.

17

Pour b-*rds collided with distribution lines and four collided with trans-
mission lines. Sight of the nine line strikes by Golden Eagles were
biologically fatal. The bird's fate was not recorded in one case.

Oscreys . Of the 88 collision reports, 7 (7.9 percent) were for
Ospreys (Appendix 9). All but two of the records were from the 1980-3
(one from 1973, another from 1977). The month in which the collision
occurred was recorded in all seven cases: two in September, two in
October, one in April, and one in July.

All seven Ospreys were in apparent good health at the time of their
suspected collisions. Heather was recorded in four of the seven cases and
was an apparent factor in one case. In April, 1983, near Eureka, Nevada,
an adult Osprey apparently flew into a 230-kV transmission line during
high winds. Age class was known in five of the seven cases; four (80.0
percent) of these were adults.

In sis cases the type of line apparently struck by Ospreys was known.
Pour (66.6 percent) of the birds apparently struck transmission lines, and
two (33.3 percent) were found near distribution lines.

The fate of sis of the seven Ospreys suspected to have struck lines
was known. Five of these suspected collisions were biologically fatal.
In the remaining case, the bird was carrying a large fish at the time of
the collision and was not flying at a high rate of speed. The bird was
stunned by the impact, but recovered within three minutes and flew away
(eyewitness account).

Red-tailed Kawka. Of the 88 collision reports, seven (7.9 percent)
were for Red-tailed Hawks (Appendis 10). All but one record (an incident
from 1976) occurred between 1982 and 1985. The month in which the
collision occurred was recorded in all but one case: three from October,
two from February, and one from June.

All seven Red-tailed Hawks were apparently in good health at the time
of their suspected line strikes. Weather was suspected to be a contribut-
ing factor only once. In this incident the bird was apparently blown into
wires during high winds. Age class was Identified in all cases: five
birds (71.4 percent) were adults.

Line tyoe was identified in all seven cases. Four birds apparently
collided with transmission lines, two with phone lines, and one a distribu-
tion line. Transmission lines were suspended from metal towers in the
four relevant cases; the single incident involving a distribution line
apparently occurred on a pole-and-crossarm configuration.

"-he fate of all seven Red- tailed Hawks was recorded. Four (57.1
percent) of the incidents were biologically fatal. Broken wing bones
occurred in two cases; both of these birds were rehabilitated and returned
to the wild. Minor injuries occurred in one case. This bird, a fledgling,
was returned to the nest after 24 hours of observation.

18

Generic and Other Group Considerations

Raw data for all falcons, all eagles, and all buteoa are listed in
Appendices 11, 12, and 13, respectively.

With regard to age class, more subadult than adult falcons and eagles
are apparent victims of collisions with utility lines (Table 5). However,
70-0 percent of the buteos were adults.

Falcons and eagles apparently collide with distribution lines more
often; buteos are oore likely to strike transmission lines according to
the reports received (Table 6). The high susceptibility of falcons to
distribution line collisions may be related to the use of distribution
lines, and the habitats they provide, by birds of the size preyed upon by
Peregrines and other falcons. This may also relate to the fact that
distribution lines are more prevalent in the environment, but one would
not expect buteos to show the opposite trend (i.e., more apparently
colliding with transmission lines). More data are necessary to establish
these relationships with any certainty.

Buteos are also more likely to survive utility line collisions
(Table T), with a 60 percent biological survival rate (uninjured or later
released) of those reported. The suspected collisions of falcons and
eagles were biologically fatal much more often. In fact, no falcon or
eagle for which both fate and line type were reported survived a collision
with a transmission line uninjured or was later released back to the wild
(Table 7). There is a small chance that falcons and eagles will survive
distribution line collisions. We strongly believe that these high
mortality figures are related to the momentum inherent in swift flying
falcons and heavy bodied eagles; buteos fly more slowly and weigh less
than eagles.

19

Table 5- Age classes of raptors which apparently collided with utility
lines by group (falcons, eagles, and buteos).

Total Ho. With

Known Ass Glass

All Falcons 29

All Eagles 23

All Buteos 10

%

Adults

41.4

43.5

70.0

20

Table 6. Types of lines with which raptors (by group) are suspected to have
collided.

Total Ho. of % Colliding With $ Colliding With % Colliding With
Records With Telephone Distribution Transmission

Lines Lines Lines

All Falcons

19

15.8 (H = 3)

68.4 (K = 13)

15.8 (N = 3)

All Sagles

23

8.7 (H = 2)

52.2 (N = 12)

39.1 (N = 9)

All Buteos

11

18.2 (N = 2)

27.3 (N = 3)

54-5 (N = 6)

21

Table 7. Fatality rates of raptor groups in relation to line type.

Total

Fate

With Known
and Line Type

% of Collisions
With Distribution
Lines Which Were
Biologically Fatal

% of Collisions
With Transmission
Lines Which Were
Biologically Fatal

•",.-

All Falcons

16

76.9 (N = 13)

100.0 <N = 3)

All Eagles

20

90.9 (N = 11)

100.0 (H = 9)

All Buteos

3

50.0 (N = 2)

33.3 (N = 6)

All Species

59

81.8 (M = 33)

76.9 (N = 26)

22

DISCUSSION

Considering the widespread (worldwide) distribution of the Call for
Information for this study, it is surprising that only 88 suspected colli-
sions were reported. The data span 21 years (1965-1985), with no more
than six birds of any species being reported in one year.

Peregrine Falcons accounted for 24 (27.3 percent) of the 88 case
histories reported, and among all raptors may be most prone to collisions
with utility lines. Their great speed in flight and mode of hunting may
predispose them to collision with stationary objects more so than other
raptors (recognising as well, that the frequency of Peregrines in the data
base reflect, in part, a bias towards the species (page 6)). With respect
to the possible effects of utility line collisions on raptor populations,
and given the relative abundance of data which was available from one
area, the case of Peregrine Falcons appears to be a good example.

California Peregrines

Between 1975 and 1985, 17 Peregrine Palcons were reported as possible
utility line collisions in California. Between 1970 and 1985 the wild
population of Peregrines in California increased from 10 known pairs to 80
known pairs. This resulted from a combination of aggressive hands-on
management and natural recovery. Recovery might have been slightly more
rapid in the absence of collisions. However, recovery is occurring in
spite of mortality due to utility line collisions, and in spite of all
other proximate mortality factors including shooting, pesticides, and
electrocution.

When mapped (Figure 5), Peregrine Falcon-utility line impacts in
California appear to be random events. Such cases are distributed evenly
throughout the range of the species in California. The only repeat
location is near the nest site at Morro Bay where two Peregrines have
apparently collided with distribution lines and one other is thought to
have hit a line of unknown configuration. Peregrines were found after
suspected collisions in a river bottom, near a house, in a street, in
chaparral, at a hack site, and in mudflats. Four of the seventeen occurred
near nests (including three at Morro Bay). Mo habitat trends seem able to
dismiss the apparent randomness of suspected Peregrine Falcon collisions
with utility lines, except that 6 of the 17 cases were thought to be
related to the presence of abundant prey.

Peregrine Falcon populations are recovering in California in spite of
the species' apparent vulnerability to power line collisions and in spite
of all other natural and man-caused mortality factors. And if Peregrine
collisions are simply random events, then there seems no possible way to
construe the data to suggest 1) that collisions are potentially an ultimate
cause of Peregrine population declines or even a significant limiting
factor at the population level, or 2) that any mitigation over and above
site-specific or special-case problems should be undertaken. Given that
Peregrines are more susceptible than other raptors, yet are not being
limited at the population level, several questions logically follow:

23

Figure 5. Distribution of suspected Peregrine Falcon collisions with
utility lines in California: 1975-1985.

UNITED tTAUf

di»*sits«»t or tm i«T»*ien

SUfttAU Of CAMS aAM4«SB£MT

- J

I

e

1

3

24

s

■

1. What characteristics of all raptors and their behavior combine to
lower their susceptibility to collisions with utility lines (or any
stationary object, for that matter)?

2. Under what circumstances might raptor impacts with wires become
significant at the population level?

3. What can be done under those circumstances to reduce the potential of
collisions?

Factors Which Decrease the Susceptibility of Raptors to Utility Line
Collisions

There are several physical and behavioral attributes of raptors which
decrease their susceptibility to collisions. These include the following:

1. Raptors have keen eyesight.

2. Many raptors soar or use relatively slow flapping flight.

3. Raptors in general are maneuverable while in flight.

A. Raptors learn to use utility poles and structures as hunting perches
and as nest sites and probably become conditioned to the presence of
lines.

5. Raptors, unlike waterfowl, do not fly in groups, with their position
and altitude being at least in part determined by other birds of the
flock.

Thus, raptors are not likely to collide with utility lines unless
they are distracted in some way (e.g., while pursuing prey) and unless
other environmental factors (e.g., weather) contribute to increased
susceptibilty. Though collisions with utility lines will always contribute
to proximate mortality, it does not seem likely that collisions could
become an ultimate cause of population declines, except under unusual or
special circumstances.

Circumstances Under Which Collisions Hay Become a Significant Limiting
Factor

In the case of a gravely endangered species, for example, the
California Condor (Gymnogyps calif ornianus) . which has been reduced to
just five surviving individuals in the wild, collisions with utility lines
could obviously result in significant impacts at the population level. In
the case of other endangered, threatened, or rare species, collisions with
power lines could become significant if lines pass through or near
important habitats where such species congregate. For example, Bald
gagles congregate in large numbers during the winter near abundant food
sources and often roost communally at night. Flight corridors used during
arrivals and departures at roost sites are usually quite distinct. Siting
of utility line corridors near or through such areas would certainly be
imprudent without extensive analysis of eagle flight behavior.

25

i :

From a more general perspective, mortality associated with utility
line collisions cannot be regarded apart from other types of proximate
mortality. The sum total of all proximate mortality factors, e.g.,

starvation, disease, shooting, poisoning, electrocution, and collision
with man-made objects, limits some raptor populations, and may result in
population declines in some cases when endangered species are involved.
In these cases, mitigation to reduce the potential of collisions with
utility lines, may he justified with an overall program to reduce all
proximate mortality factors.

Mitigation Under Such Circumstances

Given that raptor collisions with utility lines is a random and
relatively infrequent event, and that raptors for the most part are
naturally adapted against this type of mortality, there seems little that
utility companies can or should do to reduce collision potential; nor do
expensive measures to make lines more visible or to resite existing lines
seem justified. Instead, attention should be focused on recognition of
declines, ultimate causes of those declines, and mitigation opportunities
directed at causal factors. Since collisions may be significant in the
case of certain endangered species, and since the sum of all proximate
mortality factors, including collision, may limit recovery potential of
such species, mitigation prior to construction of new lines may be appro-
priate in certain cases. Proper siting of new lines so that habitats
important to endangered raptors are avoided is an activity in which the
electric industry has shown considerable willingness to take part.
However, mitigation aimed at singular proximate causes of mortality, wane
marginally justifiable, may not be the best use of limited funding and
manpower .

Summary

The conclusions drawn in this paper must always be considered
subjective, because, except for the few eyewitness accounts, the data are
not empirical. However, due to the low probability of one person observing
a single collision (let alone a significant number), the best ^active
data— some of which is also circumstantial— must be used. Thus, the
information given herein characterizes the data set more than it Provides
definitive information on raptor collisions with utility lines. Nonethe-
less, the data are the best available; more definitive conclusions must
await better awareness of observers and systematic recording of collision
data over a decade or more.

On the basis of our data, collisions with utility lines do not result
in a discemable effect on the population dynamics of raptors, except in
the case of critically endangered species or when rare, threatened or
endangered SDecies are experiencing population declines ^J*» ?"J
utlSy lines apparently is a random, low level, and ^"f •*"""£
mortality factor of raptor populations. Any other conclusion is counter
to available data.

26

FUTURE DATA C0LL2CTI0H

The authors expect this report to generate more data — perhaps more
than herein analyzed. Me encourage those who disagree with our findings,
those who observe or suspect raptor collisions with utility lines, and
those who failed to responsd to our first Call for Information to submit a
completed report form copied from Appendix 3. Anyone with more complete
information on the cases herein reported are also encouraged to respond.
The data base on which this report is based will be maintained for the
next several years, and an updated report will be prepared if and when
appropriate.

{...■

27

REFERENCES CITED

Avery, M.L. (ed.) 1978. Impacts of transmission lines on birds in flight:
proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Pish and Wildlife Service, Biological
Services Program, Washington, D.C. 151 pp.

Baldridge, P. A. 1977. Raptor nesting survey of southern San Diego County,
Spring 1977; with an analysis of impacts of powerlines. Unpubl. Rep.
U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Riverside, California. 29 pp.

Enderson, J.H., and M.M. Kirven. 1979. Peregrine Falcon foraging study in
the Geysers-Callstoga Known Geotheraaal Resource Area, Sonoma County,
California— 1979- Unpubl. Rep. U.S. Bureau of Land Management,
Sacramento, California. 82 pp.

Meyer, J.R. 1979. Northwest Montana/north Idaho transmission corridor
Bald Eagle study. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.
90 pp.

Olendorff, R.R., A.D. Miller, and R.N. Lehman. 1931. Suggested practices
for raptor protection on power lines — the state of the art in 1981.
Raptor Res. Rep. 4:1-111-

Thomas Reid Associates. 1980. Biological assessment for endangered
species: Cottonwood-Elverta No. 3 transmission line rehabilitation
project, Shasta, Tehama, and Butte Counties, California. Unpubl.
Rep. Prepared for Western Area Power Administration, Sacramento,
California. 32 pp.

White, CM., and T.J. Cade. 1975. Raptor studies along the proposed
Susitna powerllne corridors, oil pipeline and in the Yukon and
Colville River regions of Alaska, combined report for 1975. Unpubl.
Rep. Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah,
and Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York. 28 pp.

NOTE

Another part of this project involved the compilation of all PubJ;^e<J
material concerning raptor collisions with power lines. A report """J-J*
"Raptor Collisions with Utility Lines and Fences— an Annotated Bibli-
ography- will be available from Pacific Gas and Electric Company (address
on the cover of this report) in May, 1986.

23

APPSNDIX 1:

The Call for Information sent to ornithological journals, falconer's
associations, raptor rehabilitation facilities, and electric industry
organizations throughout the country and world.

29

; j

RAPTOR COLLISIONS WITH UTILITY LINES
A Call for Information

The U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Sacramento, in
cooperation with the Pacific Gas and Blectric Company, is assembling all
available published and unpublished information concerning collisions of
raptors with power lines and other utility lines. Actual case histories-
no matter how circumstantial or fragmentary— are needed. Please acknowl-
edge that you have such information by writing to Dr. Richard R. (Butch)
Olendorff, D.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management,
2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, California 95825 U.S.A. (Phone (916)
484-4541). A form on which to record your information will then be sent
by return mail.

30

APPBNDIX 2:

Biological and ornithological journals, newsletters, bulletins, and other
periodicals throughout the country and world to which the Call for Informa-
tion was sent- Countries of publication are indicated by parentheses.

31

rfyx

m

Acta Biologica (Hungary)

African Wildlife News (Kenya)

Alabama Birdlife (USA)

Alauda (Prance)

Alberta Naturalist" (Canada)

American Birds (DSA)

American Midland Naturalist (DSA)

American Naturalist (USA)

American Ornithologists' Union Ornithological Newsletter* (USA)

American Zoologist (USA)

Archives of Natural History (England)

Ardea (Netherlands)

Arizona Wildlife News (USA)

Arkansas Out of Doors (USA)

Atlantic Naturalist (USA)

Audubon Leader* (USA)

Audubon Newsletter (USA)

Audubon Society of Rhode Island Report (USA)

AuJc (USA)

Australian Birds (Australia)

Australian Birdwatcher (Australia)

Australian Natural History (Australia)

Aves (Belgium)

B.C. Naturalist" (Canada)

Beitrage zur Vogelkunde (East Germany)

Biological Conservation (England)

Bird Behavior (Singapore)

Blrding (USA)

Birds (England)

Birds and Country (England)

Bird Study (England)

Bird Talk (USA)

Bird Watch (DSA)

Bird Watcher's Digest* (USA)

Bluebird (USA)

Blue Bill (Canada)

Blue Jay (Canada)

Bokmakierie* (South Africa)

British Birds* (England)

British Ornithologist's Club Bulletin (England)

Bulletin Ornithologique (Canada)

California Pish and Game (USA)

California Wildlife (USA)

Canadian Field-Naturalist* (Canada)

Canadian Journal of Zoology (Canada)

Cardinal (USA)

Caribbean Journal of Science ••< Puerto Rico-USA)

Chat (USA)

Chihuahuan Desert Discovery (USA)

Colorado Field Ornithologist's Journal (DSA)

Colorado Wildlife (USA)

Condor (USA)

Connecticut Warbler* (DSA)

Conservation News (USA)

Continental Bird Life (DSA)

32

Corella (Australia)
Delmarva Ornithologist (USA)

Der Falke (East Germany)

Der Ornithologische Beobachter (Switzerland)

Bie Gefiederte Welt (West Germany)

Die Vogelwarte (West Germany)

Duivengazet (Netherlands)
r. Dutch Birding (Netherlands)

gagle Rare Bourbon Straight Motes* (USA)

Earthcare Northwest (USA)

Sarthwatch Oregon (OSA)
; Econews (USA)

L Egretta (Austria)

Elepaio* (DSA)

SI Zumbador Newsletter (Puerto Rico-USA)

Emu (Australia)

Environmental Conservation" (Switzerland)
.. Environmental Currents (USA)

| Ergcnomija (Yugoslavia)

Eyas* (USA)

Fauna Och Flora (Sweden)

Field Studies (England)

Flickertales (USA)

Florida Naturalist (USA)
; - Flower and Feather (USA)

Forest and Bird (New Zealand)

Fugle (Denmark)

Georgia Wildlife (USA)

Gosse Bird Club Broadsheet (Jamaica)
'•-. Great Basin Naturalist (USA)

Guam Rail (Guam- USA)

Hawk Chalk* (USA)

Hawk Mountain News* (USA)

Honeyguide* (Zimbabwe)

Ibis (England)

International Council for Bird Preservation Newsletter* (England)

Inland Bird Banding Newsletter (USA)

International Osprey Foundation Newsletter (USA)

Iowa Bird Life (USA)

Jack Pine Warbler (USA)

Journal Pur Ornithologie (West Germany)

Journal of Field Ornithology (USA)

Journal of Wildlife Management (USA)

Kansas Ornithological Society Bulletin* (USA)

Kentucky Warbler (USA)

Kestrel Karetaker News (USA)

Kingbird (USA)

Korean Nature (North Korea)

Lark Bunting (USA)

LeGerfaut (Belgium) ^^

L'Qiseau et la Revue ?ranchcaise D* Ornithologie (:francs) A

Loon (USA) ^^

Louisiana Out of Doors (USA)
Luscinia (West Germany)
Maine Audubon News (USA)

ir ;

33

Man and Mature (USA)

Maryland BIrdlife (OSA)

Migrant (OSA)

Migrazione 2 Caccia (Italy)

Murrelet (OSA)

Natura (Italy)

Nebraska Bird Review (OSA)

Nevada Wildlife Newsletter (OSA)

New Brunswick Out of Doors (Canada)

New Hampshire Audubon Newsletter (OSA)

News from the Mews (OSA)

Newsletter for Bird Watchers (India)

Newsletter of the Center for Action on Endangered Species (OSA)

Newsletter of the Hawk Migration Association of American (OSA)

Newsletter of the Hawk Trust (England)

North American Bird Bander* (OSA)

Nos Oiaeaux (Switzerland)

Notornis (New Zealand)

Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin (OSA)

Oikos (Sweden)

Onze Vogels (Netherlands)

Oriole (OSA)

Ornis Fennica (Finland)

Ornis Scandinavica* (Sweden)

Ornithological Newsletter (OSA)

Ornithologische Arbeitsgruppe Mitteilungen (South West Africa)

Ornithologische Mitteilungen (West Germany)

Ostrich (South Africa)

Outdoor News Bulletin" (OSA)

Outdoor Reporter (OSA)

Outdoor Watchdog (OSA)

Passenger Pigeon (OSA)

Province of Quebec Society for the Protection of Birds Newsletter (Canada)

Raptor Research" (OSA)

Raven (OSA)

Records of New Jersey Birds (OSA)

Records of Vermont Birds (OSA)

Redstart (OSA)

Ring (Poland)

Rivista Italiana Di Ornithologia (Italy)

Scissortall (OSA)

Scopus (Kenya)

Scottish Birds (Scotland)

Seasons* (Canada)

Sieboldia (Japan)

South African Journal of Wildlife Research (South Africa)

South Australian Ornithologist (Australia)

South Carolina Out of Doors (OSA)

South Dakota Birds Notes (OSA)

Southwestern Naturalist (OSA)

Teva Va-Aretz (Israel)

Tori (Japan)

Orban Wildlife News* (OSA)

Otah Wildlife News (OSA)

34

Virgin Islands Conservation Society Newsletter (Virgin Islands-USA)

Vulture Mews (South Africa)
! Vulture Catcher (USA)

Western Birds (USA)

Wlelewaal (Belgium)

Wildlife Crusader (USA)

Wildlife Society Bulletin (USA)

Wilson Bulletin (Canada)
H Wyoming Wildlife Hews (USA)

! j Zambian Ornithological Society Newsletter (Zambia)

* It has been confirmed that the Call for Information recently appeared in
journals marked with an asterisk- In addition, the Call appeared in the
following journals though it was not submitted (the editors apparently
acquired it indirectly):

!.. Anser (Sweden)

Australasian Raptor Association News (Australia)
P British Falconer's Club Newsletter (England)
! j Scology USA (USA)

Montana Wildlifer (USA)
p Nordic Scology (Sweden)

Pennsylvania Game News (USA)

Wildlife Society Western Section Newsletter (USA)

35

r: "■

r"';

H

APP2NDIX 3:

Collision report form developed for distribution to Individuals responding
to the Call for Information.

I.J

f I

36

n

RAPTOR/UTILITY LINE COLLISION REPORT FORM

Complete form to the extent possible even if the record is circumstantial or
f ragmentary . We are not concerned with electrocutions in this study. Mail
completed forms to Richard R- Olendorff, U.S. Bureau of Land Management,
2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, California 95825 USA. Use extra sheets, if
necessary.

1. Name of Name of Observer

r- Contributor: (if different):,.

Addres s : __ Addrea s :

'<- Phone : . Phone:

Affiliation: Affiliation:.

2. Species observed colliding with or suspected to have collided with utility line:

Common Name:

Scientific Name:.

3. Date of Collision (or beat estimate). Month/Day /Year:

4. Weather Conditions (describe):

Did adverse weather conditions contribute to the collision?

:es

No I I Unknown

If yea, explain:

5. Location of Observation:

State. Province, or Country:
County or Other Subdivision:
Nearest City or Town

Legal Description (if known):.
Other Geographic Information:

37

6. Mas the bird an adult?

subadult?

bird-of-the-year?
of unknown age?

7. Was the bird banded, radioed, or marked in any way? Yes
If yes, explain (give band number, if appropriate):

No

8. Was the bird trained in falconry? Yes
If yes, please give details.

Ho |_|

9. Was the bird in apparent good health at the time of collision?
Yes i~~! No | | If no, please give details:

10. With what type of utility line did the bird collide?

Telephone Line: 1 I How many wires? 1 !

Transmission Line: | | How many wires? | |

(Large — 115 kV or larger)

Metal Tower | |

Wooden H- Frame | J

Other: _______________ — . — — •

Please Draw

38

How many wires?

Distribution Line: | i

(Small — 69 kV or smaller)

Pole and Crossarm j

Armless | |

(Just pole & side-mounted insulators)

Other:

Other Tyoes of Lines (please describe any other types of utility lines not
listed above) :

11. What characteristics of the utility line's location contributed to the colli-
sion? Discuss any of the following that seem related to the collision: habi-
tat (vegetation, terrain, abundant prey, etc.); time (season, time of day);
behavior (territorial defense, pursuit of prey, courtship); etc.

12. If the actual collision was not observed, describe the circumstances surround-
ing recovery of the injured bird or carcass:

39

13- If bird was killed: .

Was the carcass recovered? Yes j | Mo

If Yes:

Describe external injuries:

If necropsy was performed, describe internal injuries:

Facility where necropsy was performed:
Mane:

Address:

Phone : ____

Necropsy performed by:.

14. If bird was injured: __

Was the bird recovered? Yes | | Mo

If Yes:

Describe external injuries:

If rehabilitated, briefly describe rehabilitation procedures.
What was the recovery time? Was the bird released? How? When;
Where? Were follow-up studies performed?

Facility where rehabilitation took place:
Mame: _—

Address:

Phone :

Rehabilitation performed by:

40

APPENDIX 4:

Data Base Structure and Codes

•

41

Field

Number Field Content

1 Contributor's Name

2 Contributor's Institution

3 Contributor's Street

4 Contributor's City, St., Zip

5 Contributor's Phone

6 Species

7 Collision Date

8 Weather a Factor?

9 Observation — State

Computer

Field

Field Name

Size

CNAME

24

CINST

24

CSTREET

24

CCTYSTZ

30

CTEL

12

SPECIES

5

COLLDATE

8

WEATHER

1

OBSTATE

2

Codes

Printout Code

RMIS CODE (see Attached)

Yes No Unknown

2-Letter Postal Abbrev.

for State, plus the following;

AU ■ Australia

EG - England

ML - Malawi

SI - Sicily

SK - Saskatchewan

ZI - Zimbabwe

10

11

Observation — Nearest City
Age of Bird

OBNRCITY
BAGE

16

1

Subadult

Adult

Unknown

12

Marks on Bird

BMARK

1

None
Banded

Colormarked
Radioed

13
14
15

Bird Trained for Falconry?
Bird in Good Health?
Type of Line Involved

TRAINED

HEALTH

TYPELINE

1
1
1

Yes No

Yes No Unknown

Phone

Transmission

Distribution

Other

Unknown

16
17

Number of Wires
Configuration of Transmission

Line

NOWIRES
TCONFIG

2

1

No. or Unknown
Metal Tower
H-frame (wooden)
Unknown

CONTRIBUTOR'S NAME

CONTRIBUTOR'S INST.

CONTRIBUTOR'S STREET

CONTRIBUTOR'S ADDRESS

PHONE

SPEC

COLLDATE

W

ST

NEAR CITY
A

M

1

II
L

#W
C

Flel(i Computer Fleld

Number Fleld Content Fleld Name Size Codes . __ Printout Code

18 Configuration of Distribution Line DCONFIG 1

19 Conditions Possibly Contributing HABCOND 20 AGR - Agricultural Area HABITAT CONDITIONS
to the Collision

20 Collision Biologically Fatal? FATAL
(ever Released = Fatal)

Pole

and Crossarm

Aral

ess

Single Pole

Othe

r

Uknown

AGR

«■ Agricultural Area

DEF

■ Territory Defense

DIS

■ Avoiding Disturbance

FOG

■ Foggy

GRS

■ Grassland

HAK

- Hack Site

LIG

■ Poor Light

LUR

■ Flying to Lure

MIG

- Migration Corridor

MST

- Mist

NES

■ Nest Terr.

NGT

« Night

NUM

■ Numerous Lines

NWR

- Nat. Wildlife Ref.

OWA

- Lines Over Water

PRY

" Prey Abundance of

or Pursuit of

PUR

« Being Pursued by

by Other Raptor

RAI

■ Rain

RIV

■ River Xing

ROD

■ Along Road

SEA

■ Season

SNO-Snowing

SUB

■ Substation

SUN

■ Sunlight Glare

TER

■ Terrain

UNK

« Unknown

URB

~ Urban

VEG

■ Vegetation

UNO

- Wind

Yes

No Unknown

>

Field

Number

21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29

30
31
32

Field Content

Carcass Retrieved?
Carcass Injuries

Necropsy Done?

Person Who Did Necropsy

Phone

Live Bird Retrieved?

Live Bird Injuries

Rehab. Attempted?

Was Bird Ever Released?

Rehabilita tor's Name
Rehabilitator's Phone
Comments

Computer

Field

Field Name

Size
1

Codes
Yes No

Printout Code

CARCRET

C

CARCINJ

20

AMP » Wing Amputated
BEK - Beak Problem
BLB - Broken Leg Bone
BNK - Broken Neck
BRW - Bruised Wing
BUR - Burned
BWB - Broken Wing Bone
DIE - Died in Captivity

CARCASS INJURY

/

DIW - Dislocated Wing

EMA ■ Emaciated

EUT - Euthanized

EYE » Eye Injury

HED - Head Injury

HNG - Hanging

INT - Internal Injuries

JNT - Joint Problem (Wing)

LEG - Leg Problem

LES - Lesion-Breast & Wing Area

NON - None Apparent

NOT - No Trauma

PLU ■ Plumage Damage

SPW - Sprained Wing

STN - Stunned, Concussion

UNK « Unknown

WTP - Wing Tip Damage

NECROPSY

1

Yes No

N

NECNAME

24

NECROPSY— NAME

NECTEL

12

PHONE

LIVERET

1

Yes No

L

LIVEINJ

20

See Carcass Injuries

LIVE BIRD INJURY

REHAB

1

Yes No

R

RELEASE

1

Yes No Died

Captivity for Extended Period

R

REHNAME

24

_

REHABILITATOR'S NAME

REHTEL

12

PHONE

COMMENT

60

COMMENTS

APPENDIX 5:
Raw Data — Total Sample (N = 88)

45

mm cullimm win tm.wa> thhub) wnmn is, issa

CDwr8istfii$Js rsc

EsSaatpred S^acli* Bait
fii£zt%erai Bjtscira Unit
Allan 8. Jteuall
fee. (IB, fesaar
Buisrt ft. fiiguli
H. Brsa

Rash U BlscMaere
Com>l l&i«&a-«so
E£oird p. BaVrios
Hiatus (PBall
E. Us&t Ritsiall
E. Btssrt Itttctoll
Br. Kary AAsem
Ce I B. fertl
8. Rest Csrola
Lk;;i Isle?
fey Basrsaa
PsaI T. &taill
Couila E. Bejsas
& 13-1*3 It fens! I
fe;L lijlvlal
iuary Ite-iMai
Uis L. Uylaa
Leia L. i£)its>
Uis I. Uytoa
Laaia E. Cist

AlUa ft. Assail

fillat 8, ftasell

Alien ft. ttdssil

fesou B»fetl

Hidual a. RoMm

Kl Jffii! a PerfciK*

Batid e. Iteiliir

E&rid 8. fclhar

fc»id 8. Bslfcar

fti.i H. Ksn-ifti&ea

H-a ItlijiiKt

Lyia liilji^i*

Lyat OHfJisJ

Ktifcisl N. Raster*

Hitteeil a Riita'i

iSr*. 6.8. feoasr

fctart ft. 8s«adi
fckSMi-y K*tu*)f
ftn» Ita-ia Tftpjtsa
R.V. Kar
H.V. Kerr
Siaart Mitchell
0.ri»tcj*wr I. U. A>Ua

cumiiiunH'S «ai. contributes' s street

aKTfllSUHSffS (WteESS

MHE SPEC aUJMIE U ST KEAS GUY ANIKIHCI IKSIT8T CBSlHliffl

UtlJlifc Katiiitsss Cant.
Uildlifa Bssosrcs* Caat.
ldAo Pesar Cswpiny

Clccsisd fea. Ks*. IH*t
i23&V«ca gswsst
fcirtkssia iSUJl. tost.
Rita. IfciL fciaral Baa.
U.8. Fish I Uilyl. Saw.

Es&a&t Cltsis
fci^t. <tl Italic
K. &ar. FeUsesrs' fea.
U.8. Aray Cssf® Et^ia.

feli-r, SV 1246*
Dales-, Iff I£i54
1S3 Idaho Strat Baiu, 13 13730

Prireta ftsj S Blestyrs, Halaui

&& Cfc»l Briw Clavsland, GH 4416a

Ksidaltsrg, Victoria i£24 Antral ia
HiStaji.y 78 Bns* Hinaasafi, M 3VS43

648 HSU) Ls*», HE. Blains, 18 SS434
f>i£8t Offioa foiiliSiiii Swema, II ai»4
4S Eiat tVitattty fcstte, iff 39W1

Csa fessj PerUana, a I&IS*

Dsa Siid i%tl*sd, CI S4i»8

gyi £24 E&isn, KB ESS4I

Esiter Stcta Celkp %ta* W SUSft
P.O. ftsa 17 Slorieta, Ht I73S

Urn. % ftaa HI Siilltssa, Eft 74SSS

Staa-iver, Oft 977et
iiSJ RisiBicfc 6), few IS! Uctpsrt, Mf 14S34

ftws£i Bdltr St. Pert
U.8. Fisii I tillol. Swv.
(kvi&i Biijiii-iSBiii Utldl.
Ka-ia ftebka Sscisty
ferie Ascii&a Sticiaty
■■r la itiiuka i^cisty

Islsfe* P^isar fisj«it*

IJJ j Psk-s** bti^ciy

61*. i, Bm fc*

aa» HE. toiiKid ».
P.a Bsa tSiHl
P.O. Baa £4il
P.I. Boa S3I
P.a taa ES3I

fit. tot*, W 99171

Hllli!iito«
Pwilanl, 63SJ&3

Ksbvh KVftSSa

tonar, W ssa
Ccotar, If J SatK

liH na'a-awllla IH. 1 1 lallshisaa, R 32133

ML Bear, uf Leal t^at.
ILft. sW. ef U.J I^jJ.
ftoyal fine Prat. Sinto
E.»j.3l Bra. Prat, ftirdi
Eiyil Bsc Pre*. Bi»vhi
U.B. Fish I mm. flerv.
Uislv. »f fosdisidasaan
Ifeiv. at Iwaatefcaaai

U.8. fear. UM l^at.
ILS. tar. Usd 6^4.

Calf. IM Fish t Csa
Cl«wla*d Baa. fet.Hist.
feistralasian fts^tor Iba.

tiahin^tcat iaf. of Bum
IteahiiijtoA Duo. of Sua
Tla Haaa

LS&3 IOif»Kreiit
l£^a Ida* Si-isit
JSB8 lij^a Ki-iiit
^ Eat teos&iati
■tar Ko. S, Bm I
Btar Bw> a, Bm I

64 Eusrvibtt to, BsffljttsA
£4 twnteisto, t^Am
(4 Birisfeiafca, t^itsi

p.o. Bu« mie

JS4S Bsvalof^ant Ave

3543 ftrelcsssftt A».
Privats Bej S3
(£5 Pacific fes.
liafcj Uval Briva

Bolts, IB 13797

toim, 1BS37S7

Eai&s, 1B»3797

Batte, Rf »7U

Ely, ttV 88391

Ely, m §93*1

PiHritti CfllB SSI, Custe-ia, IH

Fwrllh CAI8 BO, CMkria, UH

Pratrith OiB Eta, UuSa-ia, ia

Rlasattj Fallt, Oft tttSI

Uiiitetessa, EiJc STM K9

Staksisaa, Sock. 8TN M

Ssdutoca, Saa* S7M B9

BoiM, IBB17S3

Boisa, IBB37B3

Blwtyra, fel»i, CsM

Uilliaa, Lfl ffiia

Clavalml, OH 441K

IB Haaiwt S4.fO.C«»mor, Canbsrra, Act ££•!, Aiattralia

1319 Cadanbla
Bte. I, Boa BCrft
Rte. I, Boa Bfc-B
Con Road
2£» hnjylt Street

Baton RosfC, LA TiSSia
truster, UA 88312
BrcMttr, UA 9BSI2
pcHlml, H »&4C8
fbgina, Suit. S4S SMI

5I8-4B-T£35 PAHAL H/tS/BI U Hf Cuavltstitll
S1B-439-7&1S FAPtt S5/S2/77 U 6» Byrsn
SI8-383-e729 HflLEU B5/B1/SI U IB Solas
I OTUU IS/24/71 U ML Blesdyra

£lk-23I-4E£3 ISUU 1VVIU B IC U
I FACE*. B1/S4/K U AU Lorm

7l5-3ar-74M liUM B7/B4/B4 N Ul Nusiiold
Bie-£%-3344 HSLH1 83/39/74 U Ht Neutavldto
8l5-£73-e73e HOBI BI/38/B3 U IL Balima
4SB-723-SUI IKIEU 84/87/B3 U 81 Judith B&p
2*3-34B-e«S BUtflft W>V&> U n Nlddlatoan
233-342-5538 BUB8I 19/IB/Tt U CT Colcfcnter
913-TEMaS KliSSI 1S/I5/S2 U KS KssAslo
6SI-£ar6172 TVaS 1 1/24/78 U UT Cerrira
SS3-757-i^T2 FBJEft WYitn H ^ Sc^jsII
91B-77S-4473 PKHAL 77/77/81 U © BtlltMN
383-333-1221 ABQ9 8E/7?/7i U OB Sss-ivcr
7IS-433-abSB BUIia BE/LS/fS ft S3 Urcfefsort
5S9-€4g-iS£l C1CVA 83/77/% U t*"i St. Ji*a
98I-876-K31 HIKa 77/77/83 U TH Hillif^ten
£aj-23l-ffia FfirtR HI/77/7S U CA Uilltxs
KS-784-4839 BUEE^ &JVltt « W FalliM
3S7-472-7S33 AffiKR 11/07/88 U Iff Siaridaa

m-\fc-nm reco. si/it/ai u hv casjar

3B7-47£-7S» Ff*£l 63/«6/SI U l» Binclcir
S84-222-2738 PHJAL 87/SS/73 N a Hirai
2S8-333-€729 ASFLA Ce/19/79 N IB Ksas
c^-333-2729 BUS I2/1S/7B U IB tV«sd«i^
£B8-3B3-«7a KDa 12/21/72 U IB J»ffcr«a Owcsty
4S4-723-3S21 BWIB S3/I3/84 M HT ttelcoa
7a2-£S9-4£iS maa 84/17/83 V 83» Eanto
7t%^S9-4£B> PSMAL 84/17/83 V ft¥ Earahs
1 ASFUI K/77/IE t EB Shaf

I W LA 83/77/S3 U EB Usttua

I FAFEB 8W38/BI U EB Ship

3S3-8B3-8338 KStOI 83/19/84 U DB Dairy
381-343-9783 FMU 82/77/73 U « B&totoa*
3B&-343-S783 FflBUB ll/77/fit U SI Striuiteon
3BV-343-97a FtSO 88/77/72 N BK Bafhttotw
B23-334-SW fiSaa 83/43/71 U IB Arcs
£S8-334-%79 fSOS 84/82/71 U IB Brendviei
Africa I BUFBTI B872Vn N H Blantyra

918-934-2384 FAPER 87/81/34 H U Orlanl
2IB-e3l-4i8a ASOTU 18/17/73 V OH Olastad Fall*
I FAUBi 81/23/79 N AU Cwacrra

384-344-823S FAPFJ 11/13/82 U LA Balar
S89-U9-2o3S HMBI 81/77/BI H W Brftstar
5S9 643-2335 HHLEU 83/17/84 N UA Carlton
283-342-2998 PfiHM. It/lt/M N CI Eut rtiddui
3»-3S4-95G4 A9DTU 18/77/84 U 5K Luasdw

UHHVOI 11IBK
ANHVUI KIM
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AHNTI84 ISUW
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fiiiutpes 1 1 p« asEsa

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AHHYUl I I WD

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A N N » B 83 I P VEB BBB 1ST

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ANN 1 T U I I KES
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psisa l li* grtsa ihjun r r fieissiurfiresps kse pubs

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V I I

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V I I

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V C Pt«9 Mesa

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V Y Bart L Blafctasi*

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111

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H I 1

III

i

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■ 11

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VII

i v mass>

YHBr. Jwvfea

MrflHn

YI 8

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attftltt-ttXB

Nil

1 V K3

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1

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m-uMfiai

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V HI

1

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1 I 1

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V V Loie L. Is/Urn

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111

1

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81

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i3i-2S2-&£e I 1

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V V Lyia OliEhsnt

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1 I I

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III

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Y Y LS ESI

V Bitfasil R. ibcfcsrt

m-at-smii

I I I

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V Kkiasl H. teaaa-t

m-m-^mt i

1 1 I

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V VHra. I.B. (fcssr

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Y C IE ttwi*

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V I I

1 Y OS HE

111

X

Y I I

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V C ferry OIhji

1

N I I

I Y M Pitt EYE

Y Y Ursa Itgixa

HtHttjirHU

KM

V Cwsssir (fc&jii, UaJ

1 II

III

1

V RbH? Katt

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Bat-Stt-ttElB

YNiSS

1 II

I I I

I

consists

Bitd fiiJiA of recovery. Breton basai-oss.

Fossa! water paasr Una. EtitttaniMd WillTJ.

V«y Ifocsylittc Called Ritii (!»iwst. He bitter tietc.

Uhitr-faanl Owl.

fends feeth uinga. Sfaa b-asdiKg in captivity.

Eyaaitf^sa. Kim in csptiva brssliRg arejsct. RasAd

fcttsresl to Mat area. Flsse assy strongly. Bad SE9-H

Gtvald haw lawn hit ay i car. Ro aj$ssr£it& injsria,

Bisd after uvsrvtl hoar*. Csspote-d Hint fructanss.

Foaml fcilau saesr line. Ring dm aaaetctcd.

Faatd tassr Una. lilfcj healed in Mild at alard uqla.

Picted t$ esfcr Umi aoaa sfissr iajarf. Ralsassd U/M/n.

felasasal in Kav., ISS2. Fswd along read tstisr lis«a

Fs'*sJ dsad talea eirs. ito sigsss ef injvy. S&d ^7-IH*8i

Ho ifij»y. Flee i4 t^srry ^ la's IMS'.

Bal«y tffi»r, g£y tfirsa, I-llee» all frssai. ISletit esvarcj.

Picbisl *f I ee after csllisiast, Un&la to fly after rs&sfe.

EyaaitissEsi. Yaang bird. Ss^lsad Ik k^ after £4 fare.

L'jrj i^etstel. Fs>affiJ alaag rd eith uirss. Sfeji* felt ty car.

Lisa kilos karieta. Britjivt MSk

PidcJ q» laer liea ttusr rosd. Hfiyfe saat to Ptetessi.

foitedisq tarr. i-jilwit liffvis-. Bst i^janiid.

Rim betos st 6&»aJ(&r, &3lsl stiff. F&UMal aaor lirss.

tliag tip ud Sea frtcttres. Ss* M 8jBS>lti<es3 i5sc«s4.

Ri*3 tsM^lsteSy sess^sS sff. Hit lies i^ivisg ea prsyl

Eyic&iUiisa. StoK«d for 3 elsw Fl$u sff ea its tun.

Klta c$aa MttsEi* <» 84-es«4.

filial famll ted tkss&nt. fe tetter tkia.

Called fei»ll ud ttesssri, Ha festtar oWo.

Kat ekJi i&fontstifiss,

Pittad «9 Oder li» oftar sifei ttora.

Pidsai if) taskr Uw after ids! •tam

Fwsal WBfeiC iisa Histy.

Faaad mSssr lira. Satt?«sS to &r@sdl&e enaa.

F««Kd eilitiit 1 hnara. Bid in captivity.

Pusaiklii stritia I tfest uledreesSlKi. 193*. Hs. PS 8XFS9.

felsoBsJ afjcr 7 «a. I^rat^ 4.4 fenaajii^j afait.

Bird rassweJ fey rtdi»-t«iat3irtry.

FalisBsr'a feird. Flea into cina taioi taas flylsf ta l«r«.

Fosei 15 s est fras tfcs lies.

Ks aSgM «f few* bs*».

■alaaasd July t.

Rlngtlp rassvid. Raa it Basta Crss. isid S37-33SSB.

ttiug sl»sit essajy^. Bind »as» aijjJtt. RlKdy, rata.

tVotea oisg bbot ctNwIdar.

fll&a abrasiona <m load.

Ilosd hiaeoraoa trouni nocti ve-tstosa,

Bird sajjsnisd fros Him at siisjmai,

Bsfinite colliaion, Ri«ar crosaiBg. Gfispasid teief fractisras.

SetjssK&d fraa air* aidipai. ^eteely Lesf-sirat Gal.

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Bv-iast J. tfeltas
triass J. Baltaa
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Kris* J. Sfcltsa

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SfciwwSsy ef California Bala frw, CA
IMmraity ef EallicmU 8*sta Cm, CA
teaiwrolty of Califsreia Stata Cm, CD SS3S4
a«i«^el*y of California Bissta Cm, Cfl m*
fete-sity of California Sif-U Cm, CS
Itelvsrsity a* California tela Cm, Cfl
Bteivxraity of Calif ami* Ssata Cm, CA
ttatvasraity of Call tarsia Sssla Dm, CA
Ikisarsity of California Santa Cm, Cfi
IfeSversslty «f California fc;4a Cm, CA 9«4
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CeiiusissA. Eya «dt«aa.

tatlawtaal.

fiiad £sal wsfc- lira.

Few! fed erfar licit.

Bird eK&aagld in uiraa. FsU aakaam.

Bid ifi/S»J84. fed SI7-T«SS.

SteiS *t ta Brlesea Kild Ut4 mak. EBstw. Met essfc Isfa.

Ejs-rftf^iB. Bird hit litts, flinfMi I flatter*, M fla» t»

Basr aigg ti(t circ. fes?y hIw» in srtai «r«a.

F«sd #iq bsbst li>a in rivw tettaa. Bnd SiT-VHBL

fcsss rat, kiri Ms&a, Ma is h%UiliKg projarf.

Fosaj fesiis, Kirs, n^v kaesa. &s4 %3)'-9!iS'f

Fosasi kalaa wire. Slai ikriRg *i«a rapir ef«srsSio«.

8sd ratsra. Bi«d Wl-mm,
4®-4at-fi«S I*fsctiffi». Bial ia tractmk. tssel SIMiHIS. F»i»? TafBTT

Fcaai ia etreat Utloa Uility Htas.
X Bisd « «sy ts sat. fv&d kales 1 lift* in thigoml.

Sill estiva. lai^&aa er dictrltetleii lifis?
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visibility?
6B5-S5B-SS5* F<K«d l»ic« li« ale«B roaA Ust »3*s mImIhs.
I Sfee^iivjj Ly Kosrk ct eii^a.

X Mot$iKg ky neck fct ai&pm.

Hit 3^Si Ji*iS c<j. U tm. mi disk, liwo. F««h3 ai^SA,
I Sirs* utra m JK» ii«s, kss Mt isytswi. tjwissiEEi.

Ksa f^» lira Ik Be. I. IHc^d at liift^. EsihssiMsL
8 ISada^ kird. Hit uira ^w levies. M> Inj^V-

49&-4SS~e*£6 Stesl SSJ-7J^ Cksting p«V i® —*»»*■ F«»s^ *®'«» «*•*••
«&-«»-*& Bid at *a*. Bam Sjffiiq 1^*. Feisd ffi^a- lias. Sf^flirti.
I EjiEiitfas-ja Gtrilw Ua» alactrocutio*. fctgst. S^xt K9-ffAMB.

I Cco-trisip, lalcsi Brt«ilir#, Collisic* tiiaa elssitresstisa,

1 Ccwtiiils. Talon tt*e»wl ifg- Collleio* tiM alistnceiiaa.

1 Eysuitnctt. Bird bloaa inta airaa ( cledr<s«i«j.

S

i ;

iili

APPENDIX 6:
Raw Data — Peregrine Paloona (N = 24)

50

mt>m guuimm latin maim ihhjubh awuaat is, isa

CfiwiiiliUllH'S feSE

Esisfig.'rsi Sgaciiai Unit

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feviU a. Baiter
State 6s»a
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Brita J. tteliss
grlta i. Ualtat
Brio J. Ballon
Brian J. (Saltan
Brian J. feltoa
Patrick L. KcLas^ilin
David GsrceiiaJ
Brian J. Ballon
Brim J. Hilton

aHmiHflca'3 liar.

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midlife BasowaiHS Cent.

123 Brora Strast fisidsltarj, Victoria

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ttsiivsraity of California Santa Oral, CM S3S&4
feivsraity of Califsrei* Saata Crai, £9 83I&4
Uaivsrsity si California Basta Oral, 05 SS«£4
tkiverzity of California 6»ia Orw, Cfl »SM
University of California Santa Oral, CO 96BM
University of California Seta Drat, CB 33S44
IMivxraity of California Ssaa Crai, CB «$S4
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EjsaitRsss. Bird hit lies, flln
Pew uihj tip circ ttay (drat in <
Fossi riyiag Wfcr Hiss i« river festiea.
•mm «t, biN flcaa, mh in fcres^i^ firsts*.
FessS teles (sirs, Ma- hMM. Hani Sgl-KSSS?
Few* tales eire. Med sfcHftg Mitf rsfiir *■"**■• .
fesi wtea, isd SW-6SSS2.

MtatMft. BM is treeta*. BuM NMKN. Fs*sa! fcrtf»
FessaS is strest telm utility Him,
MH««*ti art. FftsaJ fcsSoa 1 Has i* dss**rraJ.
Still earttw. Islnjfesaa ar iSistrifesSlss Una?
fe> ate* lira U. Mbi. MdW st •*» EstSsailssl
fedad felrd. Hit Bira s?sa l«tfta|. M tejary.
, fessJ M9-1«9R. ttffiii^ P«? »a MWMt. fe^ MM Birw-
BM a vat. Mr» Bp«« MM. Fewd ■»- 1W. ftdfl-^B.

APPENDIX 7:
Raw Data — Bald Sagles (H = 15)

U

53

uvm coiisicM lano Htiuva tihmjh sepibser is, i%5

..■■j

UGiflltlSUimi'S KfitfE

Align R. ftiisn

Bota-t S. §3^*!i
Kirit L 6ladilasaTi
Carol HMfersua
EiiiS.U P. feVrias
Ihoua tPSMl
bn U. Rarinjtom
N.V. Har
N.V. fear
Usltar EngHth
•id fcsrtll*
Joha BScfera
ft.iL tbrssta
fi.IL Rsaisia
SsvitJ fcrcsioa

CCilSlEUTtel'S IMSI.

IdiSa Paaar Cesjfwy
Clssvaleni tt*s. Hat. Hist
Vwth&sii Hi Ml. Csnt.
Nina, fejs, tfaiarul fea.
U.S. Fish I ItiMl. Sii-v.
Hsttwa Peaa- Cstsj,isy
U.8. Fish I UiMl. ftsrv.
Kafetegtoa fc.ii. of Seat
Uidiif.jU-a isjf of tea
IssiUliiaJ Prfk loo
te0. fetural Stoourcw
Haj&M lea
Biology £ii£a*iu»at
Biology Bsjtsriwsit
Cilaliii*. Cssasa-v&jcy

owmiiwnK's siket

li£9 list* Stmt
tote Ovsl Criv»
Ki&Svi&V 78 lk-;t
£*S llSJIt Um, NX
Post Officii Baildint
48 Effist torsa&iit/
P.O. Boa 1SI»
Ki*. I, Km 85-8

S&iS ftiitoay ftva. Worth
P.O. Boa «S
2SS3 Hal lousy
H^t«M Stats Iteiwartity

fesjtisa Bista Uaiwwity
fca £739

OHlRIBUlOrS SEMES

tois*. id una

ClavslsO, IH Mitt

Hildas, Ul StStB
BMina, Ml 55*34
Uvmta, 1L 1.1974
fctta, HI 53i74l
Klotath Ftlls, t» STJSi
Brcustcr, M3 56312

kwrinr, in seaie

SaittM, UB S3183
Euerttba, HI «6£9
Rs#Mi, TH 33112
Baraga, Kf S97I7
tws*ss«, Iff S9717
Swiss, CD S37«

PMB£ SPEC CUUAIE U 81 NESS CITY ANTHLNCB KBITSIT tXKBIII!K8

iȣ-3U-e729
2lk-eil-4g3«
TKHEHV-HN

6l2-2si-13M
015-273-2732
42fr-723-3t21

533-SS3-4S53
SS5-t»-2Sa

s>j-tK»-2aa
wtaawe

Hb-IKHOH

*31-7£i-«37

•JHV-9K-3HI

213-41B-17S2

tKLEU S5/8I/8I U

nam ??/??/u u

WLH1 I7/8.WS4 H

lauu ai/se/M u

K8LEU 81/38/03 II
ls?iHJ M/S7/43 II
IttLEU S3/IS/M U

NMfii 6i/??/ai n

SSLEU B3/17/B4 N

muh umm n

H9UU §7/23/64 U
IStHJ 1I/B7/B2 u

mat o/nm u

iiSLEI 81/77/63 u

ILU

til Ra&old

Hil Stetoi&ia

1L felSBB

HI fcliU fc?
GBBiiry
US Braiatar
MCarltM

IS) Friday Kwter
HI

Ml

HI SiKjliKj
ST IcsEsaai
Dl fe.iilea

AND

mis

SIN
HNH
ANN
ANN
ANN
SNN
8NN
8HN
893
ANN
BAN
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turn

pita

PPtVNB

PRIV

ftmm

PHESI8S

i van

I HIS
I RIB

aspiaa ouiBitM saw ffiUKa n&ougsi mnmsa s$» is£>

F C BS5CS33 UUISSV

m aajpay-ft-*

HOC

I LIVE B!t3 IKS,

m R R HBMalLITHIIBPit »*

1 yu

1 1

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1 I

III

V 1 I

t i

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Y C Itirwy feteta?

N I 1

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Y Y Ha* U Blirfciasrn

V V 1

I Ml. (ML lte»M 1st??

I

8 I

1 1 I

V 1 1

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iwmtm

Ml

VI I

X I

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lB0M>

YHBr. tartest

t vua mx.

V &.U. Uilal. Sfcaltfe life. Ka-Kffi-ttffi E I

111

Y Y BS

V Corns' IkM^ mi

I

1 s

I I 1

V « mi KKSSltS

K I

I

1 1

1 1 I

HI I

I 3

1

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V Y tt»dl(Ml Pa* Isa

V YIHt

HI

1

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111

V I I

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Y isa

Y C SL^iii* tea EU. Ctr,

Y I 1

II

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iai

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H I

1

IH

NH I

Y YKJIBB

1 B48. iyt fe4!«i Ufa.

1 1

1 1 1

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I «tery iHxsfiiA*. Cell Kick tea**,

U Brote totfc ««««». Hsat kro»<liwj in <w#&ivlty.

715-SS-ftSia fetevaw* to ant ansa. Flan assy strongly, hoi 6»-l*SM.

I CoaM turn teat bit fey I car. Ho JjWtrmt iwrixs.

1 listf aftw tevera! tearo. Ctspsjayl t*if4 fractsrca.

4£&-£5£-4!SS Fees! Sales pass? Uses. Siisj tus *3j«st*taA,

I feseiWa ttrita t Stea aleotfwxtle*. SSI tte. !

I BliwJ hamum^ Bpeasl rseS WK^sfc-ss.

1 Sirs' Kajze&a* froa »ir# «t si&jHBh

J8S-423-54SB RalKaad Si/lt/fA lb Una. tWafels cswltasu.

1 Eyi ttittsaa. Bad S&M7ST&. &bj» to B«L.

Sil-J2fe-»W i&saiaaas?*! fwl«aa» ie/Si fes> in brsaliisa dsaiiKa'.

I EstltwiauL Ejs eitt&sa.

I Esthtsital.

I EyiMHsssa elriSa ttaa slf2$rse«tisa. F«§gy. Ss

Ul

APPENDIX 8:
Raw Data — Golden Bagles (N = 9)

56

ctfeifcieuriSPB use

aHraiEmura ubt.

MP10B DlilSllH MIR RECEIVES TWUfiH aUDSO IS, IK3

cammunrs sweet ct^rDigurwii t&mw rune spec bums h si kbsucitv * n t h l ss c • Ksairsr ctsannss

iHNV §831 PfiiV833
UHHUUX III
MHVBttlBttK
■ IIITMMIMn

snh y»u i uira

iimieumfin

SNHVTMNINIS
• NHf TKMIMMN

J«y tsuaraa

Kitsre Csssfcu-

fenrivsr, tlH 9778S

S53-SSM2£1 fiaJS H/n/Tt U & fenrlws-

Lai* L. Ujfiia

RsHa Ikitssa Baci&ty

P.O. fen £331

Casjiisr, W 62CS2

SjfM7£-76B «9CW ll/»7/£B U W Sarito

Ml<» H. fewsll

Idaho Psest Cet^ffij?

IH3B ifchs ssti-eat

tela, IB U7»?

BIS-^J-ii7g9 iSMSi l£/am U IB Js* lanm

Hlduel IL Pirfelns

U.B. Si?, eJ Usui %d.

Sta? Kb. 5, foa 1

Ely, W Vmi

T&*ssh*sa ema wwtn » w Ewvk*

Kidtssl H. Ka&srt

U.B. E#. bad %s£.

Jlttii &ivQlc$sasJ te*.

toisa, » HWS

k£-j»-«t» fans so/earn u ib fees

Nlcfeasl N. Kischart

U.S. far. Led Si*-*-

ii't§ Ewaloesaat fcia.

Mast, IB 617*5

ESS-JJVSS/J flSOH toltent U IB feesMsa

Mr. ttaa« Usigiil

Prairie Bsftor Frsjsct

Ms. I.few 1*9

TesstU, KS 674S*

SiJ-ea-tsss* Rsoa isret^ m ns cuttm

ft.IL HorttU

8ioli%y 6ijiijite^.4

Gtal&u Stitt* University Bsissaw, KT S97IT

«&-3&-jm7 Kxia mm/ai u nr m^ius

Brin J. Utltot

BCPSc3, Laaar ftaovy

Iklwkrsity of CalileraU SasU CM, Cfl SS4*

<33-4£9-2U& RGtijR 62/77/68 V D) 6ls&i»

mm tuimm sna eceivbi \vmm sswm is, ass

F C OtSHSS IBflSS H ISDSSW-tKJS PHBE I UK 8!iS HUffH R I KJ3SlLIIfim?S IsS* M£€

T|| || | y KB V C fearivsr fet«ra Otutar 383~S»-iaei Mete* 9 I w altar call Wit*, fecal* to Fly #ft«- ntefe.

Vll || 1 ygm yci I (He* krd&ai «J thwltfer. Katlel rtilf. Feerf mar lino.

Ull || 1 IS' 1X1 1 Called &aaH «d feat-A & tetter Ml

» I HU M 8 X « * * i""1 ■ Wctol * *■*"' •*■ *nor "ild "ta*"

V Y giH KIT I BUfeal a Bssiswt g®-3S*-«m S X XXX I Fws* IS a sU fr*s tfes llta.

1 I n » Wdssel H. Reefes* e§3-M*-S2Jf IS XXX 1 to «lS« ■* Sssm swte.

n 1 || 1 3 Bja (d^CQllH » U Br. fern UsJjsl SI3-8SM68* &# still &> tnelMsai Kraba enrseel*.

yil 11 I » K& Off 8I£» HHI X EtsSteliW*.

Y » B8-&\£SE' II X I XI XXI X foamt fry traitaai iy. »»»* •» ""■> l*> •«■»

vtalUlttyt

©3

APPENDIX 9:
Raw Data — Ospreys (N = 7)

59

(sflPllH COXlSIBi fcllfl (£C£1\€D TUSOUBH OTIOSEl IS, ISS5

aHHuarmrs hwe

Ctdi*ts>rsd Bpaciea (bit
Uysi hliy
Lost* £. Cl«*
Nldtsal U. ftrtiia
SSuart KiUtel)
«. fevid tltiuf
Xsthy Ifcifres, Kit

crami&mis'B hot. aHnuairas-s sifiar

ccHiaiswtB's mmm

hoc wz. ULimt nsr kkicitv minlwci ubiibt cossinoa

Midlife tesoarcsa Cent.
U.S. Bray Cm-pa E*aifc.

U.B. tor. ef UmI R^si

Rm Nm

fe*. UiNlifo Bs,

Liberty «L fehak FcsA Ilea H. 78th »r«3*

te!«sr, feV IE65*
Rio. 4, to IK SsIIium, « 7«S

1114 IkEsaadlle M. S 6 Ulltfeaiaa, a 32383

Star »■. 5, &n I Ely, NV 633*1

Cw iksi PKa-tlBid, CI &*89

SccitBikls, fil 6325*

3l8-*SJ-7tB fiwiSl S9/1E/U U W &&lft*ill
9H-775-M7S Wm rtmm U W SdlUuM

9gt-&2-«73i ma. n/flaro s a Mod

TtZ-tm-toBS P»«L M/I7/S3 V IN Eeraka

m-ix-ena urn. tvum inist tt^a

Hfr-J2MSi3 HML M/3V77 U IN Hwrittoai

Ke-sss-asis mm. is/ei/a n «i Ba&sye

UHHVUI I I IS«

• !■« 1 R1IH

DUIIITi3KIHHDBUe

HHNVTCSHIPsiy?

BNMTIKIIlWBIIVUeea

h i a y i es 1 9 wa an

uNN«iaii>ra

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mnm aumm mt* jshxksd iiisafii gmeigg ss, aso

f c osaxsa ihhsw m aw UK R®« t uve »«st jmiuw « • issfisn.ircrros'B isss rsbs cbsshm

v I 1 11 l V BS3 BiEB » » Br. a hd> SIMSKtt* lie* *i#* at recoory. Irttan Watnm.

Vyag Hl i II ill 1 feiltjr fcouw. gK» wire*, T-H«s «ll prauwt. Aiottt eswrei

„. . , | | u gijij ill 1 Ejsjaltaaes, BJwasd f«r ) isia. Ftes &*« e* its wet.

? » 8J ESI HE * » * * * * ' Pidad "* "*** Ufis afte" olSii **"*'

YI| j t g |H VC 64eart Mitel! 8SS-StS-»J« §&f idle mIIMm, Mmt creatine. Bw»— i tries fmisraa.

v | | » IkW.Twa. tet. &iss©l 61S-SI&-t$St * ICT KS il£i » I fewvills test. Pis* I ^ale« a*^4 isfl ap. faptsrei lira- 1 gull Ua&SKr.

gi, |i i Via (08g{Bi8» U U Itest^ Ingres, IWa JiMSg-KSi FsssaiJ feaiosi list *k«§ r«eJ. Lffii (sp ei^ia©,

o>

APPENDIX 10:
Raw Data— Red-tailed Hawks (N = 7)

62

j C7I]

motor aniBiiM ma eceives nevus, septosu is, >ws

ammmnwm mmwanim. omn.Kmiirsin.in lamHmvsmn mk «rat musrc « si «*«cm •■iitMCi Hwnrnaamaa.

E. Kea-t MUteM

&*. fkrry Jateasi
PjuI T. Eiisall
Dwin ft. Narvirt.
P»t«r H. SUit*
Piiii- K Stele*
JotSjii P. Stort^a

Co fed Pa-tlwd, n t£*89

Stoa S6S fcstas, RS i&Ml

6J&3 8sasic* Ri, B&a .42 Uckprt, W «*83*

RMlinfto*
1743 fcsto- 9t. farteluy, CD W713

I?U Csrisa- St. Bsrtei.ey, l» SsJSJ

Ifeivsrvity of Cillforsda fej*- of ftnthrapole«y »avi»j C* 95614

Esfctsa VW Clinic
Item Bjalb? St. Pat

£83-MB-£t^ HU«I IWIS/H II CI EeSdwIsr
91J-J£5-ti833 SiMI 18/.5/S2 U MS ««&£i9
716~t33-£&% BUSa UJWM N N* Ucfcgsrt
SSt-«Hr4»l BUfiN >?/??/« U IH Kitli«gta»
4.Vi4£-^» mm WWm a CD tertsliy
M5-«2-S625 BIBS. 12/29/65 N ffi fcrtelejr
516rJi2-W« BUS. ISUW82 V Cfi fcwis

NNNVf nunm

IIHflMNtICi iSSH-tligS
UNHVPMI IVES? as
ftUNVIU NINES?
RUNVTU 110

8NN«»niPK»

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Nil
Nil
HI I

» VMIU

visa
rill

KODPSV-WHE

kmiib ou-isiON k.i« igkived itwiuai gpiBaa is, isas

MSE L LIVE »1I3» UiSiSV f) 8 KHS!UKITBa>B «Si£ &i5£

I M
«M

f Ha
ii

8 I

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1 1

WE. Bturt mUiali

* V Er. tterry Jtfcswa

» V Nil I. Sdsall

111

I I I

I 1 I

111

88Mtt-«8» Picfeoi s» aster line *»M attar iatect. felessad WOTTI,
NJ-72S-USS Calami la ftw., 1582, Fossa) *l»a raid edsr Ileal
7l6-tB-&% Eywitnsas. Yaawj Bird, la) taaaj la sea* stte- 8* tar*.
1 Line tolas fcort&a. Srl^it as*,

I Cawtchia. talca Gtagplittg. Galllalca tea BkstrfoceUsa,

I CssrisMjp, falsa prt$?ll&%. Sell inlet Ifcaa alairsiistisa.

1 E$sulthȣ. Sirs! fcltsa* jests sires 1 slectraestad.

p APPENDIX 11:

L

Raw Data—All Falcons (N = 32)

65

feWlill fJILLl&UM BfllA RECEIVED TH80£H SEPlBStB 15, 1965

cutjraiamK's ass cfatiMSuroa's iwn. cohthibuiub's siket ctHigismM's abosess

PSSK SPEC COLLBAIE M ST ItffiJ CITY AMTHLWO IKSIIIST COSITIISS

Isd&j&u-ei Sjsciea Unit

U. Brei

S. tent Csrma

Jack Hslvie

Uii U Layton

Lai i L. Uytca

BjviJ B. Balfcer

Lynn Oliptunt

Lynn Oliphaftt

Lynn Oliphffit

Strv* Bssfl

Rmaary Ifcicilf

fewa Itsrie Tampan

Salts SlSi'i;»«i

Salvo iiiC^iiftfti

CA. Rogiliio
LA. Susillio
0. Lisa Balsas
•Visa J. (Saltan
Brio J. Uallosi
Brian J. Ualtan
Brian J. Ualtosi
Brian J. Ualton
trim J. lialton
Brian J. kSalt(H>
Brian J. Ualton
trien J. Kaltofl
Brian J. Milton
Patrirf) L. tkUs^lin
Divid Gercalca
Brian J. Ualton
Brim J. Uxlton

Wildlife Baourwni Cant.

123 Broan Strest rtaiAiIteea, Victoria

H. Assr. Falcercra' ftaa. P.B, Bo» 6?

U.S. Fiio I llilill. Sar*. S»S CLE. KnUnosdi St.

feria Aabfexi Sacisty
Sto-is ftsfcta* focleiy
Royal Sac Prat. Bird*
IfaiB. of SaritatcfcsKaw
IL.lv. of foiluidiefcan
Ifalv. of Bfishetetass*
Calf. iayt Fish I Baa

P.O. Boa 2851
P.O. lax 2S51
t« tWf&Biiis, Baapton

EES PiilliE Aw».

Dslw, NY I2S&*
$23* Australia
Slorieta, tM 67535
Port Ural, 08 973F8
Caspar, I* B£ti£
Cmbw, UV82£«2
Penrith CAW 28a, Cffifcria,
Sislustooa, S***. 37* «3
Ssskitoon, Ssak. B7H Btf
Saatutotw, Biak 87W S3
lilUas, t» K.S3

fojtrslssiss Es?t<sr Has. 18 Htaaaai ».,U.Ciinv»-, Caatarra, Act 2£S1, (fostralia

Via Ctarera 59
Via t^rer* SS

1619 Csdarablc
SBii3 Bxatafto
9S8BB RactJaaata

VJ13 Brsyfeas ftwf.
4913 BreyloKS Ave.

LA 7i£13
(%ri{S«tol Sicily
(%-ipi<ibl Sicily
i&tairie, LA THUS,
Ssiaira. LA 78S2&

HPwS, Loassr fturry

SCPBiB, Lost tksrry

SCPSSfi, Lousr Uaarry

SCPSK6, Los«w ttairry

SCPBRE, Lcssr Gharry

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SCPSS, Louar Hurry

awm, LmarBaarm

SOPiia, Lawr tt.ajrvy

SEPiiai, Losmt Bwrry

BCP&a, Lossr Bsarry

Calif, fcpt. Fivh I Essa ii9 2>Jl StreH

Inst, for llilill. StttiliH P.O. Boa 127

Uhivarsity of Califontia S£Rta Crw, CH
Ibivonity of Calilomia Siiia Crsz, Cft SiH
Uaivsraity of California £a*a Cnu.OA SSSt*
Uaivsrsity of California Santa Crai, CA S55i4
Univaralty of California Santa Om, CA £3£4
Iteiwrxity of California Etata Crai, CA SSES4
IMivarsity of California Santa Cru, CA S&S4
Univanity of Calilcroia Sfitta Crai, DA <£iHA
Uni varsity of California Santa Cru, CA %n%4
Uaivsraity of California Santa Crai, CA «5%4
tkiesrsity of California Sama Crw, CA S33M
E«"8fei, CASQ5S1
Areata, CA 49521

SCPliS, LoMsr Sanry Uaivwaity of California Santa Cru, CA SSSM
SCPSiB, Loaar Ifearry Univaraity of Califrawia Ssita Cru, DA 95864

5iB-u!r-»35 rm.R oswtm U Iff

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3a-4'«-K-a FKS3 tO/O/dl U Iff SltaUir
I F^PEI ta/33/BI U ES fifes*

3tt-3U-5T85 FS21L 12/77/75 U B* SasStfitow
Ki-lU-57S5 FAHfi 11/77/81 U St Ssaftxtoon
J51-JO-<S/u5 fUSt 62/77/72 S BX SMiictotM
SISr3J*-2234 FWEI 67/ftl/H N CA Orlanl
I FSJ5I BI/21/n H (81 CseterTfl

^V-3*Vffi35 FSSB ll/13/fi U Ut Baler
Kffi-Wl&a FSIW ea/77/BI U SI Saats^o
Baffl^ftlaWS FbIIM S3/77/74 U SI ftsaUato
53*-4ia-S»B FfiSH 12/S2/M U LA Lesvillt
SS4-ES3-55I6 FK€8 19^3/M U I i
WB-425-*4i» HWE1I Bt/13/B] H Cft Wsm IV/
4as-«»-e«S FnfER 77/77/77 N CA fcrro Bay
4«H2»-«t» FAPEI tP/77/TB U CA &M;y
«3-42?-24a FfSCB FA/77/tS H « Baa Lais Qsiiao
49»-t2)-2tta F«€B lt/77/BS N CA Fort Bragg.
444-42J-24a F«€« FA/77/Ge M CA tMlllta
«8~t29-2«i FAPER Fft/77/iM M CA Poaoaa
4^-429-24U FAKB I3/77/B2 H CA Laniatoa
4%M2»-2^& FA%B 77/77/B2 I CA Sal BiatfO
taa-*29-2iii FfSO Fft/77/61 U CA Calietoja
48M29-24& B»£8 Ul/77/77 U CA Bartervlll»
7B7 «J-i771 FK?I o5/£S/ai U CA Rasb Craak
2I3-51»-I7a! FAPEB S7/23/a5 N CA fealca
4M-429-24U FBO f^82/S5 M CA Kara Bay
*tt-t29-24i£ Ff3€B 65/82/15 H CA Carta Ka&s-a

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I A Pat

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1 1 w

I I PSY

1PIES

I I E3

mm
mm
if n

I I IB m MM

I I BBJ
I 8P5»?
I B Ms¥7
III
III

ilia mv a

iianiBm

I I PSY MV
IPIM

i sua

ipisa

■ « eaieoiriia. asbi

i i ica

1 1 oi a

■ I MSI

1 1 m

1 1MB

iftm

I>P3Y

ippxr

E3

, .. . j

en

f c umm ihmh

1 1
1 1
1 1

VMM
1 1

I I

II I
1 1
VM
I I

I I

I I

I I

v asm

VM

I I

8 I
I I

I i i

H MX BK9 FH KDUISL

I ii

J I

I 1

f SLEORa F8S4 SSffll

I a

I B

I S

I I

1 i

I s

I 8
I 1

eaflpsx-ww

mnm couli&im who kceiweb ihhibh sepiekier ss» is»

PHM L LIVE BIRD IHJIWY R N RQWeiLIIAIOTS KfKE PUBC

Br. B«2Sa fells
Br. &«l!<t tbl Is

X JBJ! B1U On
(BMEi

vniM
1 1

x ms
xkb

IMIB

VMM

I 1
VMK

V Hi Ml HIHB-1IP

X S3
VMiU

a i

I I

S»-«tfrMl» X BS 1ST S1E9

s»t-$a~Mi« » S3 nay bie9
I i

x m m-sriip mi
i 1

y Btaiajcs'
x ta na jw im eras

X S3 ££V3£! BiEB *ft

HI

X K3 H1MB-TIP I1EH

x mem

x ea kk sai no

VM

vBtaan

IKK

VMM

iBaiiin

X N Dr. Ed Boctar

X C Pansy Oluia

Nil

I I I

X X Lois L. Uyton

X C Lois U Lsyiia

X B Bs*id 6. Mallear

X X Lyaa Dliptueat

111

III

X C UC govts

X C Gary Bls*»

X X Sara l&jtpn

III

I I I
HH I
■ HI

II I

X S Rl«. LiraSsay *■-

III

X 8 Sail Baylor

X H Br. teas EMsea

KIULC Bails.

HR1

X R Sriui J. tbltm

X N Bas Bis$o lea

XMI

rimi

X B Itaboldt U/L bra
III

X 3 Sriss Usltea
X It fc-ie* J. UtUu.

5l6-*5ifi»3l

M-MM

I

I

3B7-412-7M

SS7-*re-7«*S

1

33&-JU-37B5

I

I

U

I

SIMeVttU

I

I

I

i

I

ft,

«8-4CT€m Bams art

4^-4g9-e*a

Dmter

*5S-4£S-H45,

l< , ■■•

Feast sn&r |»sw tin. Eathanliad MMT1*

EyaaitKess. Koi ia ca#tiv* brssdiiig. project. Siii&jJ

Hs injury. Floua ti ausiTy 24 art later.

Picfcsd u« near Has mat road. Rays* toot to fatmnt.

UIkj tip sad to» fractures. Ifei an ayettitiwse bscso*.

Ulaa coa^letely sr<£$pst' off. Hit tin «iviR§ ea pray?

Fetsd elite 3 hears. Bi«t in c^tivlty.

Messed after 7 so. fctrs^ad es krassdic^ u&ilt.

Bird recovered sy radio-talesatry..

Falconer's bird. Flea into aires talc* ataa flyiftf t» lore.

Hiftjtla raawtd. Km a* 6»ta Cwa. Bead SSMSva.

8,-tstea uisa amir ifcuU.sc

also cbresiaas ta kud.

Feted dssd asAsr Use.

fttrd ^ud aider lisa.

Bled timm. Besd S3T-T^

Biad M tisa Brims, Bild Bird ftadiss. Oeatar. Krt sail tnfa.

Eye«itmss. Bird alt lias, filafesd 1 flattsrad, tet flta sa

fasr tii»3 tis ctrc. Hssy slraa in arksst sraa.

Fotisd dyiag MB* lira ia rlwr Bottw. Sa<J S1»M^3».

bird fleas, am ia kretdiaf areject.
Fs^id kulis aire, asar less*. Kstd »7-S^OT
f&&4 ssloa aire. Eiid ArlEf eta| repair ejMfstlw.

B»d Mtam &£* ar-^aat

litfestieH. Slsd ia trssfass**. 8afd ei&-4Q9ia, F«sa? Teritn

Ft-srf ia sl?ssS Msa etillty lira.

Bi«l a* ajaa ta vat. Farad telso T Una la itetsyvel.

%lll ea^tlva. Isle^tea w dl«trikrtiea Una?

Urn* ^sas lite t» aa.1. dieted at Kisg. Es£h»igs&

lisetei Itrd. Hit alra sses lasdlBg. !to iajary.

&ad WJ-TJ2SI,, Qmsji^ prey ia saHIM. faesd tatsa airas.

Sia fit vet. iera Sja-iitg l^k Fesal wdw lias, fejflsts.

■ •:
Pi

APPENDIX 12:
Raw Data—All Bagles (N = 24)

68

v.. . <../

EoL

-i;,J

l\;:v;-:j

I OHLI610H tfllfl KEIIlttil TlHQUSt EBTEHUtt 15, I9»

ujmibjuks8 mc

RMcn it fesssll
fioiart 8. Ssgali
Sfca-s L 6ls£fcbaiw
Carrol Sfewfer»Kt
IJu* J P. SsVrlsa
Tta* 0*tkril

Jay IhijSJriHi*

Lois U U/ica
Allan «. ftssall

Hidual U. Rsrtlia
tea U. KarrlE^tot
HiduU H. Kst&srt
Michel H. Badcrt
H.V. Hsw
8.V. Ks*T

6-. Mm* &i0si

Iblte- t^lisis
Bit-it fUiils
Jett* ESoSas*
a B. Itaresta
B.8. HBrwAs
ILL lltrasU
•Yiast J. Hilton
David Satsksi

ccBisisuiGa'B hist. casrsiiEuiiBCB sisso

lJilia Pewr Dntaanp
Cl^lssd Itea. tfc». Nisi
Hartte&3& Uildl. Cssi.

Him. li^. Kstsj-al da.
U.S. Flah 1 Uildl. flta-w.
foatcstt fear Cessaiy
Haters CBSiltir
KcB-ic te&&G») fecifcty
lilato Pass" l^aa^
U.8. Bar. of Led Hyst.
(LB. Fiji I Uildl. ksrv.
U.B. Bar. UU Kg8».
ILS. Ssa-. lad tij-.S.
tLJilhgtca Sift e* &>*»
Uei&iRgtw li?. sf tea
Prairie Bigittr Pfejact
l&«cJlfffiB Puis Is*
Bti#i. fettaral Eti'2**tsa
foufSiis lea
Biology fo^srtaasi
Bi&lojy lija.-iisii
Bickjy Bap&rtessi
S0P**3, Ltosar feuory
C&talina lexmrvwq

1SE3 i«t*o Kreat
bVadalwsl sViw
Highly Wfea
149 ItSib Una, HE.
Past Bflica Building
43 £«3t aVai&iiy

p.p. ta aai

IE38 Idaho fitrsat

P.O. Bs* 1919

XrtS Bawlojuasal Aw.

3tHS BavslsfsasA Sa.

Efcl. I, few Bb-B

Sta. I, Bsi tt-B

Kb. t.Btesi IS

E88 Atway fea. fcrtli

P.B. Bsx 455

£323 Ballot

Hasina (Rati University

fcMasa 8t«U lfal«wsity

fesviaa Btsts University

Ikivarsity of California

Bsa 8739

t&mimiws mmm

Boise, IB B17S3
Clsv»ls*l, Oil 44186
Hlcoopa, HI 54549
Blziiea, M 95434
Bav&taa, IL ti*74
Batte, HI S9791
aWivsr, OH 97738
Casoar, BV B2£S
Boise, IB B37S7
£ly, VU HUS1
Klceatk Falls, CI 97S91
Balsa, IB 4170
Balsa, IB 13735

r, K3 9£il£

-, US SUU2
!■— It, KS 674S4

fistic, tat saia
EstwK hi 4^a

RacjStia, TH 13112
feHssaa, Iff 5S717
fc«a^ Iff 59717
Bows** Iff 99717

&toia&-ai, CB %M4

wo* mc o&ma u si tsaacitv ■ h t h l ei c i ««iiflT obwtim

m-m-em

BH-ett-4iM
7rS-3aVT4M

tl£-e9k~U44
Bi5-«73-e732

ttfr- 723-5421
5s3~5U-Uei
M7-472-7t49

RHNB

aw mi am

SS9-£SS-JSB
MMBMW
£«r££HWK
fK-NHEW

981-736-4787
46(-3i&-3747
44fc-S&-1747
4S1-581-3747
MUHMtt
i!13-5iB-IJi£

HIIHI B57BI/BI
HHJEU 77/77/U

mlbi nmm

WiBiWWH

mm S1/3S/B3

MUU »4/B7/fi3
WOflCUTT/TB

eiLUa U/87/&8

esaa warn
tmrn wmm

«oa sumii

feSiia 44/62/71
(glHJ C1/77/B1
k%BI B3/I7/64

fcaa is/£S/fit

KHjaiB3n4/B2
HUU HttaVM

KT4RJ u/87/ee
ss-ata/n/sj

JgiHI 93/77/83
ISLBi (3/77/S3

ea-a 6£/7?/s3
IStHI 84/a7/aa

U IBBsia

■ 1LU

H til gggsSsId

IMHastevMN

U ILBalBM

U HT Jaaitb St*)

Utift g^rlvsr

UHST ferl^sa

U IB Art hMM OiKisty

IWIMl

0W Ulty

U IBBVtM

U IB &<si»Viae>

N fe3 Gs««isr

• H Car UN

N IS Cliftea

UHt Irsntry
■ WaWbari
U Iff aUsaU*4
U HI Si«s.llH|
II Iff leaaaaaal
VCAUbbsa
T 01 Walesa

BHUY
BUBU

• lata
BHHV
fi«B»
BHHi
RHRV
URDU
BHUi

■ ■■1

* m et v

BHEtV

■ ■Ml

■ ■«f

■ «■!

9HHT

■ mi

BBBT

BHHI
ISkT
BHHI
BHHV
«HHV
BID!

INI*

TUB!

Ben

8 64 I P
I U HI
TU US
BBIIB
Ul II

B«ii>

I 63K J
I til*
■ ■ IU

IBID
B93IB
BUIP

r«ai

BtHIP

• ■sit

• B4I I

TB4HI
IB4HI
1B4NI
I BUI
IB3IP

m tin

m

■a

UK

ua

81V KS
I

ita

part

m

ma

mi

Hits

fetV
HVIWI

man

NBVGB

Kin

HIS
MS

ess

MM
■a HM!

i

.J

mm taiisicw ma maiva rmmt serosa is, ism

o

F C CSSSSS BUSY

lt»

VII
Nil
VVI
VII
VII
VII
VII
UII
IIMUR

vvuaiaE
v v sa m f

IV SSI

v v&a

v a mt wmm

VII

Nil
WW
VII
VII
VI I
VI I

v v fta-mss!

v imm

N 8ED3PSV-W6S

II
II
II

I Rati. UA. fcsHSi U&n

II

I I

II

II

X II

N 3

Roc L u« 8ta» i«sjh»- » a sessiLiiflTas-a rise

i I

v ra

I MB BR
I I

v sasiffl

V MR*

i m

VRR
II

V feU. lilldl. toll* Ufa. iS8-£3t-*«S: 8 I

Vfiictesl 9. Ifcatart

V RJifcal R. Rater*

V feses- Ssass, iSU
II

I I
II
Ml
II
II
I 1

V KsU. UA. tealtit U&

ea-jjvaasa i

II
1 1

V k&3 !
I HK
X 1
IBB

i rr m eia

IRR
■ RR
I I

1 I

III

vc

V » Rat L. HscUbhb*
I I I

Nil

VM£r. J*«53S»

V C fesrivsr fettB-» Ossstw
VCI

I I I
III
I 1 1
I I I
I II
I I I
III

V It Rr. Bar* U&i^il

V V Itadlfsd Pa* Jft*
III

V C RasatiU 1*8 Udttfc. Ctr.
HHI

III
• II
I I I

111

i

u

m-ssb-im
x

X
tRrtSMtR)

RMHSI
I

s

s

X

I

I
I
1

KMBHRN

mfaam
t

i
i
■
I

. «*, rasim

tfcry i*acss?l«SB. Called lii* Kessnd. N* Hatter feifc

(atii* toth sIk&s. Ro» femttog 1» nativity.

Ibtiirad *» km* arsa. Flea cany strongly, (tea! &*-ltK«.

Cssls tea fcjws hit by ■ nr. Hi scares* lnjurUs.

Bled efter emsrd tor*, Ca^BssJ bIǤ frectona.

Fessri iBlss eraer Ilea. King ess tsartstsA,

Meted as* I Ett eflsr Dttlllslesi. tfes&ls to fly «*tw n*sk»

l^m bre&i* M !&*»lsfar. Kaled stiff. F«wsd (» lira.

Called Itasall cad Haas*. K» issStaa» date

Pitted «* *£&*■ lint after uiid tiers.

Passible strifes t tkast BlgctrflcutleR. I

Fend IS a est fWa Uaa Iks.

K* tips sf fears carta.

StitJ Ssssres* erssai wsi sertefee?-

Slid ss^swtei frea Bin* at «4^sa,

fey still fes relassii. Sroteas Ksrssld.

Balsas^ €2/l*Viil. fe toss. HtcbjMb Bj-waltssss.

Eya ritaa*. toi SiS-IM!®. Ses* te SSSt*

UKstxaaijfs! r*l&a» I6/S& Bw la hnodlai tfctt&sr.

EetaeataBt>

EtSiaaiiJiSt £j« idbffisa.

Cltwlwl

ftreMd 6y traliad %r. SJsi «* MM. U. mm
vttbflltfl

F.>saltHWS ^rita tSiaa elsetreNtisa, fts^, Skj l£S^SSa.

APPENDIX 13:
Raw Data — All Buteoa (N = 11)

71

f C CSSGfflS VAMU H

Nil II

MIS II

ill II

v i m na hi

an 11

U I 8 11

ais ix

hri n

YHS» 11

v a m hi

HM BST&SKa HI

*£Ca!PiiV-H»!E

IKflCiJ KU1SIK4 telft SttEElUO 1MGU8H SS»)SS£« 15, 1983
PHSE L ll« 8IIS IIUIW 8 I ffSRSIUrATCS'S KS£ PHf££

CBS5KJ8

1 I M

1 V E. Kurt WtdsaU £S

1 VBS 1

f V ft?, ferry Jefcssaa 91

1 «H» 1

f V Peal I. fctasU 7

1 11

ill I

1 HI 1

in a

III !

in i

i kspm i

1 V Jcrasitii iitasm

I MI I

I I I

in i

III 1

in i

11 1

i ii

II 1

£i0~:fti>-aw Piciatl «* aaifcr Hm o after isjsc*. hboed am/Tt.
«M3-7Sr-*iB talmad In Hm., IS2. Fessa* along rati rater Una*

I&-U3-£t% Eyeaitftjoi, festg Mrd, fe^lacs! in s»a* sftsr £4 te-s.
Urb failoe feeriKS*. Si-i^tt vm,
tatmiiiq law. against Karriar. SM liyenti.
Ceiled feaalt mi Hoaard. Kb tetter rfsta.
Hit 343V il.j alj. ta 23& aad dis*. lisaa. Fessd tJ&iasn.
a«s:4 sire aa 345* lies, tsi act injarad. Eyssitraca,
CcsiitrJiif!. I«lo« lii;{<lii^. Collision than* eloctrecstiM.
Cowtdiip. falaa grayling. Collision iirnu slsett-ocstlisi,
l"y«aits.«iii. Gird Moms into ttirss 1 alsctrocviad.

O MJ O

a

03

m

•

fi»

!

M

3

o

3

en

S

<!

1

01

rr"

ID

i.i

■M

■1

DO

h

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i

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'.,i

w

e

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t»

p,

c;

M

en

•

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'-!

00

o

1

! 1

o

*>

p

!'.

K>

•vl

H

(•>

o
a
9

3
Cn
cn

o

o

O

£

-;s

ma- msn

aaftosaoa

aaNVOT
axva

saut ■[ A41.I 1. 4
sua i:s x 1 [co ja 4 d

1 1

RAT f'Vil " Q"Q/V ""lr'1

daMoaaoa

<t>861 aunf)
S—6LZX uuoj

'"Jj © ** rsS ft

&%%% .

8»

u

CO

<r€>
*6

. JTJ ff»

•

•

s*iDfi cuiibioi ma tectwEa mamai anessa is, isas

tmmmmtrm wmnnnm mmmmtmm mmmmnmK* mm mcaum*** *mw miium. mmmammm

E. Start Hitchall
Br. ttsr.-y Jofmson
P«ut T. fefcjll
CWItn ft. Rsrvall

Allot R. taosl!
tayroPlti
Hiy.vj Pill
Patau- H. Wait*
PsUr H. eielfA
Jota0i P. 8ti*rssfM

Cca Saii Pwtltfsl, H B4*8»

Eitea Wist Clinic Baa 2% Ettam, KS 443*1

4713 Hiwdck «, IN l«e Uefcjwrt, K» 1*694
HilliaftM

Kceaaa Bsalby 61. Par*
BivmU fejia-tusai Uildl
ll&» Passr Cai^iS^y
fc£l. Barv. Co. H. Kaa.
Pstsl. Bsrv. Co. R. fci.

P. ft, Sua 1^58
1ES l&ho St re**

1743 CffiSsr St.
17*3 Cs&a- St.
Ifctlwrmity of Califoroi* fc*». of fte*fcre»sli)Br

fcjio, i«b352B

tales, 19 83797

fllt»}S3ns)a, HI 87134
•arfceley, CA 9*7*3
Bftrhsloy, CD 34J83
fevis, Cfl «6I4

9l3-72S-t»E
714-433-24%
IM-fTfc-SEM

7££-7&M&»

amwam
aamtawi

413-44£-£3a
4!3-t4M£23
914-7524743

BUM IS/lB/m U CT Coldwstor fiRM»TMHilfS»7

ami ie/15/ae u ks Hes*ata iiMf»ailfwati

stum Km/32 w m urtsu-t giMtTBtiiias murium

mm nmm u ra tuuugtaa »«inp«nvffl?Ba

mm tt/77/82 H W F«llon HIIIBIHBllB

glSB 12/13773 U IB eVga&i&i U«B?8«0!PU

susa sssm/e* n m ci«ru 8 1 « v i ei R i bs i®»-hiks ww

6US& I8/7J/** H ^ ClwiB A H R If I 68 R » BB USS-WeS WOT

EUS6S K!/lS/£a M IX tarbsliy f» U H I T U R I KB?

Klim CS/eS/fii H CR tsriMlay AURT1U HI NEST

mm wnm y a s*;i» s«R»nn»p«a

■1

\i

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fX

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