THE RAT DATA AND REFERENCE TABLES HENRY H. DONALDSON /S JD CO r=\ 1 a = a a m o MEMOIRS OF THE WISTAR INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY AND BIOLOGY No. 6 THE RAT REFERENCE TABLES AND DATA FOR THE ALBINO RAT (MUS NORVEGICUS ALBINUS) AND THE NORWAY RAT (MUS NORVEGICUS) COMPILED AND EDITED BY HENRY H. DONALDSON PHILADELPHIA 1915 C1 / N ,•' COPYRIGHT 1915 BY HENRY H. DONALDSON PREFACE For a number of studies on the growth of the mammalian nervous system made by my colleagues and myself we have used the albino rat. In the course of the work we frequently felt the need of referring to other physical characters of the rat to which the nervous system might be related. This led us to col- lect such data as were already in the literature and also led us to make further investigations. The facts gathered in this way have proved useful to us and are here presented in the hope that they will be useful to others also. The plan of the presentation is simple. An introduction treats of the rat as a laboratory animal, indicates the methods of gather- ing the data, and also gives examples of our use of the tables. This is followed by an outline of the classification of the com- mon rats and by a brief statement of the history of the rat since it arrived in western Europe. The rest of the book falls into two parts. The first part deals with the domesticated albino rat — concerning which we have the larger amount of information. The second part deals in a similar way with the wild Norway rat — the form from which the Albino has been derived. In connection with each part the several reference tables and the formulas employed for them and for the corresponding graphs are given, and at the end of the book a list of papers on the rat is added. In the two parts which form the body of the book the purpose is to present for the rat under normal conditions the funda- mental observations — giving data and conclusions only. It is hardly necessary to add that in most directions our information is fragmentary. For all the formulas which apply to the data coming from the laboratories of The Wistar Institute, I take pleasure in thanking my colleague, Dr. S. Hatai. IV PREFACE For aid in the preparation of these pages I am also much indebted to those unnamed assistants to whose lot has fallen the greater part of the computations for the tables and whose devotion to their work has added a human interest to a task otherwise monotonous. To the many authors whose results are here briefly cited or quoted in extenso I take the opportunity to express my obliga- tions— very sincere obligations — for experience shows that such results come only by hard labor. Many of the illustrations have been taken from the journals in which they were originally published and my thanks are due to the editors and publishers of these journals for the privilege of reprinting the illustrations here. During the preparation of this book my immediate colleagues have given me encouragement and aid, and I cherish the hope that, should the occasion arise, both of these will be again forth- coming to help mend the gaps and rectify the errors which a close scrutiny of these pages is certain to reveal. CONTENTS PAGE Preface iii Introduction 1-7 Classification 7-10 Early records and migrations of the common rats 10-15 PART I ALBINO RAT— MUS NORVEGICUS ALBINUS Chapter 1— Biology 19-28 Chapter 2— Heredity 29 Chapter 3 — Anatomy 30-57 Chapter 4— Physiology 58-62 Chapter 5 — Growth in total body weight according to age 63-72 Chapter 6 — Growth of parts or systems of the body in weight 73-85 Chapter 7 — Growth of parts and organs in relation to body length and in relation to age 86-175 Chapter 8 — Growth in terms of water and solids 176-179 Chapter 9 — Growth of chemical constituents 180-184 Chapter 10— Pathology 185-186 PART II NORWAY RAT— MUS NORVEGICUS Chapter 11 — Life history and distinguishing characters 189-194 Chapter 12 — Growth in weight of parts and systems of the body 195-197 Chapter 13 — Growth of organs in relation to body length 198-210 Chapter 14 — Growth in terms of water and solids 211-213 Chapter 15 — References to the literature 214-267 Index.. . 269-278 THE RAT INTRODUCTION The Norway rat, Mus norvegicus, is the one mammal now easily obtainable both wild and as a domesticated form. This latter is represented by either the Albino or the pied rats so com- mon in our laboratories. The Albinos are clean, gentle, easily kept and bred, and not expensive to maintain. They are omnivorous, thriving best on table scraps. The span of life is about three years and breeding begins at about three months. Furthermore the species is cos- mopolitan. The litters are large and may be had at any sea- son. The young are immature at birth. The domesticated Albino crosses readily with the wild Norway. The rat, both wild and domesticated, takes exercise voluntarily and is susceptible to training. It is also highly resistant to the usual wound- infecting organisms. For a number of lines of study therefore, the rat seems to be a peculiarly suitable animal. Through the researches of several investigators at The Wistar Institute (since 1906) and through those of E. H. Dunn and of J. B. Watson at the University of Chicago, of Chalmers Watson and Sir Edward Schafer at Edinburgh, of C. M. Jackson and L. G. Lowrey at the University of Missouri, of J. R. Slonaker at Leland Stanford University, of T. H. Osborne and L. B. Mendel at Yale University, of E. V. McCollum at the University of Wisconsin, as well as through those of several other investigators both in this country and abroad, there has been gathered a con- siderable body of data applying to the weight and size of the do- mesticated albino rat and its parts, as well as some similar data applying to the wild Norway rat, the parent species. It is the body of facts so gathered that it is our purpose to present, as far as possible in tabular form. 1 2 INTRODUCTION Attention should be called to the fact that the observations presented in the tables have been made mainly on rats in the first year of life and but rarely on those which are older. It follows from this that the data apply to the rat in its most vigor- ous period and do not give information that can be used for the study of old age. Since the quantitative data appearing in the tables are biologi- cal, they naturally exhibit more or less variability and reflect in each instance something of the conditions under which they have been obtained. It follows therefore that they must not be ex- pected to possess the precision of physical or chemical determi- nations. Nevertheless, so long as the values here presented are not mistaken for absolute standards representing ideal or final determinations, they may be used with advantage. Most of the matter presented is taken from researches already published in full, but in a few instances data from work in prog- ress have been included also. In the latter instance the author's name is followed by (MS with date) when it is based on work conducted at The Wistar Institute — while in other instances the laboratory is also named. In a few of the published tables — mainly from our own lab- oratory— it has been found necessary to make corrections — so that when the tables here printed do not agree with the origi- nals, it is to be assumed that the changes are due to revision. Owing to the absence of tables for the normal animal or to the failure of the authors to express their results in a quantita- tive form, much of the literature which is cited is unaccompanied by any text. Such papers however often contain valuable in- formation on either the Albino or Norway rat and the citation of them serves to indicate the range of the studies in which this animal has been used. Extensive reference tables have been computed for the various characters only as these appear under normal conditions, while the modifications which may be experimentally induced in these characters are merely mentioned in the text or presented very briefly. USE OF TABLES 6 In a number of cases the results are represented by both graphs and tables. The purpose of the graphs is merely to furnish a general view of the form of change which occurs, while for the exact values, the tables must always be consulted. In those tables which are based on size, the body length of the rat, be- cause it is least subject to incidental variations, is the measure- ment to which the others have been referred. It is recognized however that some of the characters are func- tions of age and in that case it is of course necessary to know the age of the animal in order to obtain satisfactory results. All of the longer tables are based on formulas. These formu- las are those for the graphs which most closely fit the observed values — and their utility lies in giving precision to the values ob- tained and in making possible interpolations : — as a rule however they cannot be used for extrapolation. In this connection de- terminations of the normal variability are always wanted, yet although this need has been met in a measure, it is far from being satisfied. Since heretofore tables of this nature have not been commonly available, a word as to their use is in order. There exist now — and there will probably continue to appear — strains of the Albino having physical peculiarities related to the locality in which they are bred: e.g., a relatively short tail. The treatment of such an instance by the use of the tables is considered in the paragraph which follows. As has been stated, the tabular values here given apply to the stock strain reared at The Wistar Institute and furnish data from which deviations found in other local strains can be measured. In all experimental work it is now generally agreed that the control and the test animals should be taken from the same lit- ter, and the determinations of any modification made within the litter — the results for the several litters being given the same statistical weight in the subsequent computations. While this procedure might at first seem to render the reference tables su- perfluous, yet to compare the results from two laboratories work- ing with different local strains, having according to the example chosen different normal tail lengths, a series of reference values 4 INTRODUCTION such as the tables furnish, serves to reveal the relations in which the control animals from the respective laboratories stand to one another, and thus permits a more trustworthy comparison of the experimental results.1 Moreover in the course of routine work on the same colony one cannot be sure that the animals retain during successive years the same relations to the reference table values. For this reason we have been following the custom of referring all meas- urements to the reference tables and using the difference in devia- tion shown by the controls and by the test animals respectively as the measure of the modification experimentally produced, By using such a procedure — in place of the assumption that the control animals from the same colony remain similar — the experimental results obtained from year to year are made fairly comparable with one another.2 But there is still another use of the tables which is perhaps the most important of any. In all experiments on the relative weights of parts or organs in which the size of the test animals differs from that of the controls, we readily obtain by weighing or measuring the differences for the entire animal. If however we wish to determine whether the relative size (weight or length) of the parts or organs of the test animals has been affected, we find that this cannot be done by comparing the test and control groups directly — for the relative values of parts and organs differ with the absolute size of the animal — but it can be done by reference to the tables in which the desired values are given ac- 1 If a strain appears in which the length of the tail is on the average 4 per cent below the reference table value then if we compared directly with them the test animals which came from a strain normally in agreement with the reference tables — but which through experiment had had their tail length reduced by 3 per cent — it follows that the test animals, though modified by experiment, would still have relatively longer tails than the first strain. Consequently to compare with each other the results obtained from the two strains, the deviations of both the controls and the test animals from the refer- ence table values must be determined in both series and the differences within the series be used for the cross comparison. 2 The same principle and procedure as described in Note 1 applies to the treat- ment of different series taken, for example from our own colony, at different times. USE OF TABLES cording to body weight or body length or age, as the case may be. Thus by the use of the tables the determinations of the deviations shown by the test animals taken individually can be made and these values compared with the corresponding indi- vidual determinations for the control group.3 One further use of the tables when these are based on age, may be mentioned. The comparison of the experimental re- 3 When the experimental conditions produce control and test animals different in size a determination of the relative size of any organ cannot be made directly or by the assumption that its normal size is in proportion to the body lengths or body weights of the contrasted groups — but only by comparison of the observed values with previously established normal values. The following observed values are taken from Hatai ('15 a), Table 3. D. Nor- mal females — 1914 series. They read as follows: GROUP RATION BODY LENGTH BODY WEIGHT FINAL BRAIN WEIGHT mm. gms. gms. Controls Mixed 185 137 1 729 Test animals — Lipoid free and egg fat 162 100 1.569 It is desired to determine in this case whether the relative brain weight of th test animals has been modified by the lipoid-free ration. The absolute brain weight of the test animals is 0.160 grams less than that of the controls or 9.2 per cent of the larger number. If we assume that it should be in proportion to the observed body lengths it appears that the expected brain weight in the test animals would be 1.540. Hence the observed value, 1.569, is about 2 per cent high — by such a determination. If we assume on the other hand that it should be in proportion to the observed body weights it appears that the expected brain weight in the test animals would be 1.262. Hence the observed value is some 20 per cent too high by this determi- nation. No one of these procedures is justifiable though examples of their use can be found in the literature. The only correct method is to compare the ob- served values with the reference table values for the brain weights of animals having the body lengths of the controls and test animals respectively — to de- termine in each case the percentage difference between the observed and the table value and finally to compare these percentages. Using table 68 and reading the values for the females, we find that in this case the controls are 0.053 grams or 2.97 per cent below the table value while in the test animals the corresponding differences are 0.103 grams or 6.16 per cent. The brain in the test animals is therefore smaller than that of the controls by (6.16-2.97) = 3.19 per cent and this value may be taken as expressing the experi- mental modification of the brain in this series. The foregoing represents the procedure to be generally used for determining modifications in the relative weight of any organ. 6 INTRODUCTION suits obtained on animals with the corresponding results on man has heretofore been difficult because of the absence of a good basis for comparison. We have found reason to assume that in the case of the rat the postnatal span of life of three years is approximately equivalent to the span of ninety years in man — or to put it another way, that the rat grows thirty times as fast as man. This ratio appears to hold for fractions of the span of life, as well as for the entire span. All of the data for the Albino, based on postnatal age, may therefore be compared fairly with the corresponding data for man, if the time intervals are taken as one for the rat to thirty for man.4 Finally it is desirable to explain here a seeming inconsistency in the arrangement of the material presented. In the Preface the statement is made that Part I deals with the albino jat, while Part II deals with the Norway. So far as all of the im- portant tables and records are concerned this statement does not need revision. 4 As an example of the comparison of the rat with man in respect to certain changes which are related to age the observations on the percentage of water in the brain may be quoted — Donaldson ('10) : TABLE 1 Comparison of the percentage of water in the encephalon of man and the albino rat at corresponding ages W = Weisbach, 1868 K = Koch and Mann, '09 MAX RAT Age, years Percentage of water Percentage of water Age, days Birth 88.3 (W) 81.1 (K) 79.2 (W) 77.0 (W)\ 77.8 (K)J 87.7 81.3 78.6 77.7 Birth 26 days 115 days 290 days 2 years 9.5 years 25 years maturity . . . In table 1 the data for man, collected from various studies, are compared with data for the rat — on the assumption that the conditions in the rat brain at any age will be represented by those in the human brain at that age multiplied by thirty. CLASSIFICATION 7 It has been found however in arranging the literature that it would prove most useful to include in Part I all of the incidental and general observations on the wild Norway, on the ground that these applied to the entire species, and to reserve for Part II the more precise data which apply to the wild Norway, as contrasted with the domesticated Albino. The reader therefore will find in the literature cited in Part I papers referring to M. decumanus, M. norvegicus and Epimys norvegicus as well as to the Albino (M. norvegicus albinus or var. Albino), sometimes designated the 'white' rat. As will be pointed out in the section on The Early History of the rat, there is one more complication in this connection. Through an error, unfortunately perpetuated by some of the natural histories, the common Albino has been described as an Albino of the house rat — Mus rattus. It thus happens that in some of the papers cited it is reported that the observations had been made on Mus rattus or ratus (sic), the word albino being sometimes added — sometimes omitted. In a few instances it is impossible to determine whether M. rattus is used for the Albino or whether the house rat was really studied. In forming a judgment on these cases it must be kept in mind that for the last half century the house rat has been rare and hard to obtain both in western Europe and in the northern United States, so that unless the author gives good evidence for the name he has employed, it becomes highly probable that he was working with some form of the Norway. For these reasons it has been found most convenient to include also in Part I all the references to the house rat (Mus rattus). CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE COMMON RATS Up to 1881 Mus (Linnaeus, 1758) was used as the generic des- ignation for both the rats and mice. In 1881 Trouessart pro- posed the subgenus Epimys for the larger forms, the rats, reserv- ing Mus for the smaller forms, the mice — Mus musculus being the type. In 1910 Miller established the use of Epimys for the rats and the change has been accepted. 8 THE COMMON RATS In the pages which follow however the designation Mus has been retained for the rat — as the older term is well understood, while the new term — Epimys — is at present generally unfamiliar. The following condensed citations of the place of the original descriptions — with some of the associated references — serve to give a brief history of the nomenclature. MUS, Linnaeus, 1758 EPIMYS, Trouessart, 1881— Miller, 1910. — norvegicus, Erxleben (1777 descr. orig.) — decumanus, Pallas (1778). — aquaticus, Gessner, 1551. Cosmopolita; ab Asia Occident, in Europam navibus translat. et inde in omnes Orbis Regiones. — rattus, Linnaeus (1758 descr. orig.) Cosmopolita; ab Asia Occident., in Europam a navibus trans- lat., et inde in omnes orbis regiones. — alexandrinus. Geoffroy, (1812 (or 1829 vide Sherborn, 1897) descr. orig.) Asia minori, Arabia, Aegyptus, Algeria, etc. Italia, Hispania, Gallia merid. — orient, et occid., et inde in om- nes orbis regiones. Since attention was called to Erxleben's description in 1777 (Rehn, 1900) his specific name, norvegicus, as the designation for the common brown or Norway rat, has been used in place of decumanus (Pallas, 1778). The designation norvegicus is now well established and will be used here. There seems no question that Mus rattus and Mus r. alexan- drinus are related to one another as color varieties of the same species (de 1'Isle, 1865; Millais, '05) and they are so considered in the following pages. For convenience we shall use the term Norway or Norway rat for Mus norvegicus — and the term Rat- tus or house rat as a general designation for both Mus rattus rattus and M. rattus alexandrinus unless the occasion calls for the precise name. Albinos of the house rat have without doubt existed in the west of Europe at one time or another ever since this form over- ran that region (Topsell, 1658) and one or more such skins as well as pied skins, from animals taken within the past fifty years, are in several of our United States museums. CLASSIFICATION 9 At present Albinos of the house rat appear to be not uncom- mon in India (Lloyd, '12) where the house rat population is large. In western Europe and other regions in which the house rat pop- ulation is waning, a careful search by several investigators dur- ing the last decade .has failed to reveal a living albino specimen. At the present time, therefore, the Albino of Mus norvegicus is the only albino variety generally found. In these pages this form is designated Mus norvegicus albinus — when the name is given in full, but where possible the single word Albino is used for it. When the albino variety is mentioned here the strain as com- monly reared is the one meant. As a rule this strain is far re- moved from its wild ancestor and moderately inbred. It may be conveniently designated as the common albino strain. In the colony at The Wistar Institute, we have in addition to this a closely inbred strain reared by Dr. King and also a strain of 'extracted' Albinos. These latter are the Albinos descended from the F2 generation of hybrids from the wild Norway and the domesticated Albino. During the first few generations after their appearance, these extracted Albinos show clearly certain Norway characters, which distinguish them from the rats with a longer albino ancestry. With the peculiarities of either the inbred or of the extracted strain, we are however not specially concerned at the present time. While all Albinos breed true as to color, the composition of the gametes is undoubtedly different among them in accordance with their remote ancestry. Mudge ('10) recognizes thirteen gametic types. The gametic dissimilarity of various Albinos in respect to hair color is shown by the fact that in breeding tests (Doncaster, '06 and Mudge, '10) Albinos extracted from ancestors with characteristic differences in pigmentation will reveal their origin by producing, when crossed with the pigmented strain, characteristically pigmented descendents, the markings of which can be predicted. We are naturally concerned with the gametic composition of the general population of Albinos constituting our colonies today. As the several colonies stand, the Albinos forming them do not 10 THE COMMON RATS form a strictly homozygous population, even from the standpoint of color, since in subsequent crosses with pigmented forms they give offspring with different color markings according to their several latent characters. On the other hand it may be fairly said that as yet we have no evidence for any correlation of the somatic characters so far studied, with those slight differences in gametic composition of the common albino strain which we can recognize. It is to be noted moreover that the difficulty which thus appears in the case of the albino rat repeats itself for other mammals also, and therefore it does not constitute a peculiarity of this animal. CLASSIFICATION: REFERENCES Alston, 1879-1882. Blasius, 1857. Doncaster, '06. Erxleben, 1777. Geof- froy, 1812. Gesner, 1551. 1'Isle, 1865. Linnaeus, 1758, 1766. Lloyd, '12. Mil- lais, '05. Miller, '10. Mudge, '10. Pallas, 1778. Rehn, 1900. Topsell, 1658. Trouessart 1881, 1897, '10. Tullberg, 1900. EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS OF THE COMMON RATS The common wild rats in the United States usally live in close association with man. There are two species of these, both of which have been introduced from Europe. These are Mus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758; 1766 = Mus rattus rattus, Millais, '05) together with its gray form, Mus alexandrinus (Goeffroy, 1812; = Mus rattus alexandrinus, Millais, '05) and Mus norvegicus (Erxleben, 1777 = Mus decumanus, Pallas, 1778). This last species is our common gray, brown or Norway rat. In addi- tion to these, all of which are wild, there is a fourth form — the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) a variety of Mus norvegicus (Hatai, '07) which is known at present only as a domesticated strain (Donaldson, '12 b). Mus rattus — the house rat — the first species described in west- ern Europe, is probably indigenous to India.1 As now found, 1 Fossil remains of the rat (Mus rattus) are reported in the pliocene in Lom- bardy (Cornalia, 1858) and in the quaternary at Molina di Anosa near Pisa (For- syth Major) and again from the pleistocene cave deposits of the island of Crete (Bate '12). This species appears in glacial times (Diluvialzeit) and in associa- tion with man in the remains of the Lake dwellers in western Germany and in Mecklenburg (Blasius, 1857). It is reported also from the diluvial deposits in Bohemia (Woldfich, 1880). EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS 11 the melanic form of Mus rattus (or Mus rattus rattus, Millais) the 'black' rat, is more frequent in the colder latitudes, and Mus rattus alexandrinus (Millais) the gray form (the 'roof or 'snake' rat) in the warmer latitudes, but the two are not sharply segre- gated. At the same time both of these seem more dependent on warmth, or more resistant to it, than the Norway rat. Although we shall have little to say in the following pages about Mus rattus, yet it is desirable to give its history in order to obtain the proper setting for Mus norvegicus, at present the dominant species. The geological evidence just given indicates the very early appearance of the house rat in Europe but our records of its migrations all fall within the present era. The history of the early migrations is of necessity vague and incomplete, and even in the later times when dates are given it must be remembered that such animals might have been present for some time without appearing in numbers sufficient to cause comment. There is no good evidence that the Greeks or Romans before the present era were familiar with the rat as a pest, and there- fore, even if present, it was probably not abundant at that period on the shores of the Mediterranean. The history of the house rat from the earliest times to the eleventh century makes an interesting archaeological study, but the conclusions which may be drawn from the scanty records and indefinite allusions are too uncertain to be of value for our present purpose and we therefore pass directly to the later authors. Possibly as far back as the migration of the hordes (Volker- wanderung, 400-1100 A. D.) and later in consequence of the increasing use of trade routes with the East, the house rat en- tered western Europe in appreciable numbers (Hehn, '11). It is reported to have arrived there after the twelfth century (Kel- ler, '09, citing Theodores Prodromes). Giraldus Cambrensis,2 (1146?-1220) records several anecdotes concerning it. 2 Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) is sometimes cited as having mentioned the black rat. This is not correct. A. de PIsle (1865) has pointed out that the description in question applies to the dormouse — Myoxus quercinus. 12 THE COMMON RATS As the Norway rat did not reach western Europe until 1727- 1730 it follows that the European rat of the middle ages, the rat of the legends of the Pied Piper3 (1284), of the great plagues (before 1700) and of the early anathemas against vermin, was Mus rattus. The species first brought to South America on the ships of the very early explorers was Mus rattus (Vega, 1609; de Ovalle, 1646). Pennant (1781) gives 1544 as the date of arrival in Peru.4 We have also a notable instance of a plague of these rats in the Bermudas in 1615 (Lefroy, 1882). Of the two species in question, Mus rattus is alone recognized by Linnaeus in his Fauna suesica 1746, and in his Systema (1758 and 1766). It does not concern us here to follow the his- tory of Mus rattus in the United States further than to say that this species only (represented by the two forms) was present up to the time of the arrival of the Norway rat in North America toward the end of the eighteenth century, and that Mus rattus rattus — the black rat — is still found in a number of scattered localities in the northern United States, while in the southern states, Mus rattus alexandrinus is much the more common. It does not appear that either of these forms has ever penetrated far into the interior of the country. Turning to the cosmopolitan Mus norvegicus — the species at present established in China, Japan, India, western Europe and temperate North America — we find that the historical record of its movements, though by no means complete, has the virtue of being recent. v. Gesner (Historia animalium, 1551) mentions a Mus aquati- cus which appears to be the form now called Norvegicus, but apparently he himself had never seen it. According to Pallas (1831) the Norway rat invaded Europe from the East early in the eighteenth century and was observed 3 It may be noted in passing that the ancient inscriptions in Hameln relating to the Pied Piper do not mention the rat (Meinardus, 1882). 4 Pennant (1781) says there were no rats in South America before the time of Blasco Minez. Minez is evidently a misprint for Nunez; Blasco Nunez being the first Viceroy of Peru, from 1544-1546. EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS 13 in large numbers crossing the Volga in the Russian province of Astrakhan. Pallas gives 1727 as the year of this migration. In view of other dates, this can hardly be the date of the first in- vasion. The Norway rat reached England — probably by ships — about 1728-1730 (Donndorff, 1792) and was soon designated the 'Hanover' rat by those who wished to connect the misfortunes of the country with the recently established house of Hanover. There is however no reason to suppose that the Norway rat had yet reached Germany and the name has a political rather than a scientific interest. In 1750 the Norway rats are reported (Donndorff, 1792) to have reached eastern Prussia and in 1753 they were noticed in Paris (Donndorff, 1792). Their early distribution to other lo- calities in Europe need not be recounted, but there is evidence that they spread rapidly and soon displaced more or less com- pletely the Mus rattus which had preceded them. This historical sketch shows that the migration of Mus rattus into western Europe antedated that of Mus norvegicus certainly by some six hundred years, but the Norway rat being the more pugnacious and powerful species has become dominant wherever it has followed the earlier form. This dominance is undoubtedly due in part to these charac- ters of the Norway, but it seems probable that the progressive disuse of wood as a building material has been a factor also (Przibram, '12). We find however that in many places, both in Europe and the United States, where the house rat was thought to have been exterminated, it still survives in small numbers. The arrival of the Norway rat on the north Atlantic seaboard of the United States is usually given as 1775 (Harlan, 1825). The exact date, though of interest, is hardly important for our present purpose. Mus rattus was already in possession, but in the course of the years, how rapidly we do not know, the Norway rat became the dominant form in the northern latitudes of this country — moving along the trade routes to all points which furnish a continuous food supply and a moderate summer temperature. 14 THE COMMON RATS In the present connection our interest in the Norway rat is due mainly to the fact that the common albino rat (M. n. a bi- nus) kept as a pet or laboratory animal, and concerning which we desire all possible information, is a variety of the Norway rat. This relationship is shown not only by the usual methods of comparison, but also by the haemoglobin crystals (Reichert and Brown, '09) the shape of skull (Hatai, '07 c) and the fact that the two forms interbreed freely. Concerning the place and time of origin of the albino strain there is little information at hand. Allusions to albino rats be- fore the time when the Norway rat appeared in Europe clearly show that there must have been an albino strain of Mus rattus. What we know of the present distribution of Albinos of Mus rat- tus has been given on pages 8 and 9 in the preceding chapter. By some curious slip however, many of the natural histories and books of reference speak of the common Albino as an Albino of Mus rattus. This of course is not correct, but owing to the confusion thus early introduced, it is difficult to trace the history of the present albino variety5 of the Norway. We do not know whether the common albino variety had a single or multiple origin, or whether the colonies found in Europe (Rodwell, 1858) are directly related to those now existing here. Moss, 1836, mentions Albinos in or near Bristol, England about 1822. In their general physical characters the European and American Albinos are similar (Donaldson, '12 and '12 a). Judg- ing from the way in which the Albinos of other species arise, we may safely assume that the present strain is derived from one or more albino mutants or sports (Hatai, '12). These must have been captured and the albino descendents segregated and kept 5 Unfortunately there is one more complicating circumstance — namely, the existence of a melanic variety of Mus norvegicus. This melanic variety is often mistaken for Mus rattus rattus because of its color, and this leads to errors of statement concerning the distribution of Mus rattus and also concerning the ability of the two species — rattus and norvegicus — to interbreed. They are in fact mutually infertile (Morgan, '09) . The number of incidental allusions to this melanic variety of norvegicus shows its occurrence to be widespread. See : Ed- wards, 1871, 1872. Hamy, '06. PIsle, 1865. Lapicque and Legendre, '11. Schaff, 1891. Webster, 1892. EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS 15 as pets, as at present6 there is nowhere to be found an established colony of Albinos living in open competition with the common Norway s or with forms of Mus rattus, but all of the colonies are maintained practically under conditions of domestication. In the northern United States, except along the water front of the larger ports, where the house rat arrives from time to time on vessels, we have therefore to deal almost exclusively with the Norway rat. The Norway has been in this region prob- ably not more than a hundred and fifty years. Though living wild, it is more or less dependent on the food conditions found where man is established. The familiar Albino — Mus norvegi- cus albinus — is a sport derived from the wild Norway, and is the form on which most of the investigations here presented have been made. EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS! REFERENCES Albertus Magnus, b. 1206— d. 1280. Barrett-Hamilton, 1892. Bate, '12 Baumgart, '04. Blasius, 1857. Borcherding, 1889. Campbell, 1892. Clarke. 1891. Cornalia, 1858-1871. Cornish, 1890. Donaldson '12 '12 a. '12 b. Donn- dorff, 1792. Edwards, 1871, 1872. Fischer, 1869. Geisenheymer, 1892. Geof- froy, 1812. Gesner, 1551. Giraldus Cambrensis, b. 1146?— d. 1220. Godman, 1826-1828. Gourlay, '07. Hamy, '06. Harlan. 1825. Hatai, '07, '07 c, '12. Hehn, '11. Hossack, '07, '07 b. 1'Isle, 1865. Keller, '09. Keller-Zschokke, 1892. Lantz, '09. Lapicque, '11. Lefroy, 1882. Liebe, 1891. Lindner, 1891. Linnaeus, 1746, 1758. Lloyd, '10. '12. Lons, '08. Major (see Baumgart, '04). Meinardus, 1882. Messer, 1889. Middendorff, 1875. Millais, '04. Mojsisovics, '97. Moss, 1836. Murray, 1866. Ovalle, 1646. Pallas, 1831. Pennant, 1781. Prodromus, Theodorus (see Keller, '09). Przibram, '12. Reichert and Brown, '09. Rodwell, 1858. Schaff, 1891. Vega, 1688. Ward, '06. Webster, 1892. Woldfich, 1880-1884. Rattenkonig. Ahrend, '03. Demaison, '06. Dollfus, '06. Koepert, '04. 6 Rodwell, 1858, page 10, mentions what may have been a colony of Albinos living wild at the Ainsworth Colliery near Bury, England. PART I ALBINO RAT— MUS NORVEGICUS ALBINUS CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGY 1. Life history. 2. Span of life. 3. Puberty — ovulation — menopause. 4. Period of gestation — lengthening of the gestation period. 5. Superfecundation — Superfetation. 6. Fecundity and weight at birth. 7. Recognition of sex. 8. Sex ratio. 9. Body weight according to sex. 10. Behavior, a) Under natural conditions, b) Under experimental conditions. 1. Life history. The albino rat is born blind, hairless, with a short tail, closed ears and undeveloped limbs. It responds to contacts and olfactory and taste stimuli, utters a squeaking sound and is capable of some locomotory movements which are a combination of wriggling and paddling. The head is always searching. The young can find their way back to the mother at about ten days of age (Watson, '03) . The eyes open at from the 14th to the 17th days, most often on the 15th or 16th. King has also observed that in a given litter the eyes of the females usu- ally open some hours before those of the males. For some seven days more, i.e., up to the time when the young rats are 21-22 days of age, they are dependent on the mother. After this they may be weaned, although if permitted, the young will depend partly on the mother for some days longer. This adjustment of relations fits with the fact that the female may be impregnated one or two days after casting a litter (Kirk- ham, '10; Kirkham and Burr, '13) and since the gestation period is about 21.5-22.5 days, this would enable the female to free herself from the first litter before the second one was born. As will be pointed out later, the gestation period may be prolonged in nursing animals. When the young rats become habituated to independence, i.e., at about 25 days, they enter on a period of activity, the phases of which have been followed by Slonaker ('07, '12). In the cases which he observed, it was found that increasing age was accom- 19 20 BIOLOGY panied by increasing activity up to the age period of 87-120 days, after which the activity declined. On the assumption that the span of life in man is thirty times that of the albino rat (Donaldson, '08) this age of greatest ac- tivity would correspond to the age of 7.5-10 years in man. As shown by the records of activity (Slonaker, '12) the albino rat is nocturnal. This habit can be modified more or less by feeding or by disturbance during the day time. The measure of activity in the cases observed by Slonaker was the number of turns of the revolving cage in which the ani- mal was kept, the cage being set in motion by the voluntary run- ning or other movements of the animal, and the revolutions be- ing automatically recorded. In the case of four rats kept in separate revolving cages from 30 days of age until natural death, the following record of activity was obtained (Slonaker, '12). TABLE 2 Total number of miles run during life AGE IN MONTHS AT DEATH. RAT NO. 1 M. MILES NO. 4 M. MILES NO. 2 M. MILES NO. 3 F. MILES 25 1265 26 1391 32 2098 34 5447 This table shows not only great variability in the total per- formances, but also for the one female a record of over five thou- sand miles in a little less than three years. On the average, three- fourths of the total distance is run before the rat has reached middle life, and the last months of old age are always marked by greatly lessened activity. 2. Span of life. The assumption has been made (Donald- son, '08) that dating from birth, the span of life of the albino rat is three years. A rat three years old therefore may be re- garded as corresponding to a man ninety years old. So far as this assumption has been tested, it appears to be a useful approximation. SPAN OF LIFE — PUBERTY — PERIOD OF GESTATION 21 Slonaker ('12, '12 a) working at Leland Stanford University under the favorable climatic conditions of California, has made some direct tests. Four albino rats living in revolving cages attained an average age of 29.5 months, while three control animals reared in sta- tionary cages, but under conditions otherwise similar, attained an average age of 40.3 months. In all these cases, death was reported as due to 'old age.' The average age of these seven individuals was about 34 months, while the greatest age, attained by one of the controls, was 45 months. The three controls all lived longer than any of the four in the revolving cages. It appears from this that living in the revolving cage shortened the span of life — an unexpected result. 3. Puberty — Ovulation and Menopause. Sexual maturity as indicated by the structure of the gonads usually occurs in both males and females at the age of about two months or less. According to our observations, puberty in the female may oc- cur at 60-70 days after birth — although the females usually be- gin to breed at 90-100 days. On the other hand there are oc- casional instances of remarkable precocity. In the breeding Al- bino it is found that impregnation most readily follows 1-4 days after a litter has been cast. This accords with the time of ovu- lation (Kirkham, '10; Sobotta and Burckhard, '10; Kirkham and Burr, '13). During the breeding season of the female ovu- lation occurs at intervals of about three weeks, but only from April to October do the females regularly ovulate 20-48 hours after parturition (Kirkham and Burr, '13). The menopause commonly appears at the age of 15-18 months, but King (MS., '15) reports a female 22 months old — crossed with a male of like age — giving birth to a litter of one. 4. Period of gestation. The gestation period of the non-lac- tating albino rat is usually stated to be about 21-22 days. In the cases where the gestation period has been exactly recorded in our colony the exact tune of copulation and of birth having been observed, Stotsenburg (MS '14) has found it to be from 21 days and 15 hours to 22 days and 16 hours. 22 BIOLOGY Lengthening of gestation period. King ('13), makes the follow- ing statements which apply to lactating Albinos, maintained on a mixed diet. The gestation period in lactating albino rats is of normal length if the female is suckling five or less young and is carrying five or less young. The gestation period may be prolonged from one to six days if an al- bino female, suckling five or less young, is carrying six or more young. The period of gestation is always prolonged when a female is suckling six or more young. In these cases the number of young in the second litter seems to have less influence on the length of the gestation period than has the number of young suckled; but if both litters are very large the gestation period may be extended to 34 days. 5. Super fecundation and super fetation. Superfecundation oc- curs occasionally in the albino rat and causes an interval of two, three or more days between the birth of different members of the litter (King, '13). In support of this statement the following instances are cited: 1) Litter born October 27, 1911; examined November 10, 1911, 12 individuals — 11 of these weighed about 14 grams each. The remaining one had very little hair, weighed 7.1 grams and appeared 4-5 days old. 2) Litter born December 20, 1911; examined January 2, 1912, 10 individuals — 9 of like size weighed 16-17 grams each. The remaining one small; hair just appearing; weighed 10.8 grams. 3) Litter born February 26, 1912; examined March 11, 1912, 10 individuals — 3 had their eyes open and weighed 10.1-10.5 grams. The remaining seven were apparently but one or two days old and weighed 4.2 grams on the average. In rare instances ovulation takes place in the albino rat dur- ing pregnancy and superfoetation occurs. In two cases of this kind litters have been produced at intervals of about two weeks (King, '13, pp. 388 and 389). 6. Fecundity and weight at birth. At the beginning of ovula- tion in the albino rat Sobotta and Burckhard ('10) find on the average a total of thirteen ova in both fallopian tubes. The largest litter we have noted in the common Albino contained sixteen. One instance also of sixteen fetuses 18 days old has been observed Stotsenburg (MS '15). FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT AT BIRTH 23 Kolazy ('71) reports litters consisting of 5-17 young. Crampe ('84) records for 2503 young represented by 394 litters, an av- erage of 6.3 per Utter. From 1911-1913, 275 litters (1928 in- dividuals) in our colony gave an average of 7.0 individuals per litter, and in 1914, 814 litters (5691 individuals) gave an average of 6.99 individuals per litter. Litter size does not appear to be influenced by season (King and Stotsenburg, '15). Under certain food conditions the size of the litters is much modified. When an exclusive diet of ox flesh is given to Albi- nos— 2-4 months of age at the beginning of the experiment — and these are compared with control rats fed on bread and milk, Chalmers Watson ('06 a) finds in the meat fed Albinos preg- nancy less frequent, the weight of the mammae less, and the average number of young in a litter, as well as the average weight of the young, both smaller than in the controls. Such an ex- clusive meat diet is therefore unfavorable both for breeding and for early growth. On the other hand, Stotsenburg (MS '15) found that mothers fed on a table scrap diet produced a larger number of fetuses than those fed on bread and milk. As to the size of the litters at different periods in the life of the female, there are a few observations. Lloyd ('09 a) in his studies on two strains of the house rat, published tables which he interpreted to mean that the number of individuals in a litter was independent of the body weight of the mother. Pearson ('10) however was able to show from Lloyd's data that in both groups the number in a litter increased with the body weight of the mother. It seems probable however that the heavier rats were also older, as Pearson suggests, and that the proper interpretation of the increase in the size of the litter is to relate it with the age of the mother. In these groups none of the animals were beyond the prune of life and hence the explanation is very probably correct. There is now available some detailed information on the rela- tion between the weight and age of the mother and the charac- ters of the young. A study of 11 litters of common albino rats containing 91 young bred by King (MS '15) at The Wistar Institute, gives 24 BIOLOGY the average individual birth weight for the male as 4.72 grams and for the female 4.56 grams. The data from these 11 stock litters used for tables 3, 4, 5, 6 have not been published elsewhere in a separate form. In the paper by King ('15) , however these data are combined with corre- sponding data for the inbred Albinos to form similar tables. The results obtained from the stock data here given are quite in agreement with those from the combined data of King (' 15) . The birth weight may be modified by a series of conditions as shown in the following tables. TABLE 3. Influence of the age of the mother on birth weight NUMBER OF MOTHERS MOTHER AVERAGE WEIGHT INDIVIDUALS Body weight Age in days Males No. Females No. (4).., gms. 165 201 225 114 143 217 4.50 (12) 4.52 (14) 4.97 (18) 4.52 (20) 4.49 (14) 4.81 (13) (3) (4) Table 3 shows that with increasing age up to 217 days the indi- vidual birth weight increases with the age of the mother. At the same time it is to be seen that the body weight of the mother also increases. When the same data are arranged according to the bodyweight of the mother, we get the relations shown in table 4. TABLE 4 Influence of weight of mother on birth weight NUMBER OF MOTHERS MOTHER AVERAGE WEIGHT INDIVIDUALS Body weight Age in days Males Females (4) gms. 165 200 226 114 150 211 4.53 (12) 4.65 (14) 4.88 (18) 4.40 (20) 4.55 (16) 4.76 (11) (3)... (4) Here the birth weight increases with the increasing body- weight, but the age is also increasing hi the successive groups. The influence of the size of the litter on birth weight does not FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT AT BIRTH 25 give regular results, but if we take the extreme records, we find that in the small litters of 6.5 the individual birth weight is higher than in the large litters of 10 or more (table 5). The failure to get regular results is probaby due to the small number of cases here used. TABLE 5 The influence of the size of the litter on the individual birth weight NUMBER OF MOTHERS MOTHER AVERAGE WEIGHT — INDIVIDUALS Body weight Age in days No. in litter Males Females (4).. gms. 195 199 195 165 149 139 6.5 8.3 10.0 4.99 (14) 4.56 (13) 4.60 (17) 4.65 (12) 4.42 (12) 4.53 (23) (3).., (4) Finally, if we take the individual birth weights as the criterion and compare the birth weights under 4.5 grams (for the male) with the birth weights of 5 grams or more (for the male) it ap- pears that the heavier birth weights are associated with the heav- ier weight of the mother — as we should expect from table 4. At the same time it is to be noted that the age at which the heavier birth weights are recorded is greater. TABLE 6 The individual birth weight in relation to body weight of mother NUMBER OF MOTHERS MOTHER AVERAGE WEIGHT — INDIVIDUALS Body weight Age in days Males Females (6) gms. 179 201 244 133 144 263 4.37 (23) 4.96 (13) 5.31 (8) 4.28 (28) 4.80 (14) 5.26 (5) (3).., (2) These relations exhibited by table 6 and based on this small number of stock Albinos agrees with those already determined by King on a much larger series which combines the data here used with a large series of litters from inbred Albinos. This agreement shows that in these respects there is no signi- ficant difference between the stock Albinos and the inbred strain 26 BIOLOGY of King. The general conclusion which King reaches is that increasing weight or increasing age of the mother (the two being correlated) give a heavier birth weight, while the increase in the number in a litter tends to diminish the individual birth weight. There is to be observed also a diminution in birth weight in those litters born of mothers below the standard in size, or suffer- ing from infectious disease. With the larger material just men- tioned, it is also possible for King and Stotsenburg ('15) to show a modification of the birth weight in relation to the place of the litter in the series of litters born by a given female, see table 7. TABLE 7 Showing the sex ratios and average number oj young in 75 litters of stock albino rats. Data arranged according to the position of the litters in the litter series LITTER SERIES NUMBER OF LITTERS NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS MALES FEMALES NUMBER MALES TO 100 FEMALES AVERAGE NO. YOUNG PER LITTER 1 21 131 72 59 122.0 6.2 2 21 162 85 77 110.4 7.7 3. 18 127 64 63 101 6 7.0 4 15 96 41 55 74.5 6.4 75 516 262 254 102.1 6.8 The observations indicate that the number of individuals in the litter generally increases from the first to the second litter, and after that decreases. These results would quite accord with Crampe's conclusions. According to Crampe ('84) the second litter of albino rats is the best. The majority of albino females do not produce more than four or five litters. 7. Recognition of sex. The recognition of sex through ex- ternal characters in -the young rat has been studied by Jackson ('12). He finds in brief that the male, as contrasted with the female, may be recognized by (1) The larger size of the genital papilla; (2) the greater ano-genital distance (see table 8); (3) the absence of clearly marked nipples. (This test is applicable only up to the age of 16 days, i.e., before the development of hair on the ventral surface.) (4) Small extent of the bare area just ventral to the anus (test applicable only after the 16th day). RECOGNITION OF SEX — SEX RATIO — BODY WEIGHT 27 As a rule the descent of the testes occurs about the fortieth day of age or somewhat earlier. The following is a condensed form of Jackson's table for the ano-genital distance. TABLE 8 Ano-genital distance in young albino rats of various ages ACE NUMBER OF EACH SEX AVERAGE GROSS BODY WEIGBTT AVERAGE ANO-GENITAL DISTANCE Male Female Male Female Male Female New born . . 10 17 13 19 19 12 26 15 26 13 gms. 5.7 11.0 19.5 27.4 73.3 gms. 5.4 10.4 18.2 27.4 71.0 gms. 2.8 5.2 8.2 12.0 21.0 gms. 1.2 2.7 4.9 7.0 13.0 7 days 14 days 20 days 42-50 days 8. Sex ratio. On the basis of 30 litters comprising 255 indi- viduals, Cuenot ('99) reports among albino rats — when the litters are examined shortly after birth — 105.6 males to each 100 females. King ('11 b)in 80 litters containing 452 individuals, found 107.3 males to 100 females, and in a later series of 120 litters (which includes the 80 litters just mentioned) containing 690 individu- als, a sex ratio of 107.8 males to 100 females. Finally, in a group of 814 litters, comprising 5691 individuals, King and Stot- senburg ('15) found 108.1 males to 100 females. In a thriving colony therefore a ratio of about 108 males it to be expected. This however is subject to a seasonal variation. At the two periods of greatest reproductive activity — in the spring (March-May) and again in the autumn (September-November) the proportion of males (the sex ratio) is low. In the first litters of young females the sex ratio tends to be higher than in the later litters — but no relation of sex ratio to size of litter has been found (King and Stotsenburg, '15). 9. Body weight according to sex — at maturity. At maturity the body weight of the male Albino is much greater than that of the female. According to our records for the common strain — ages not known — the four largest males thus far examined weighed 320, 327, 343 and 438 (fat) grams respectively, and the four largest females 280, 287, 319 and 359 (fat) grams. In Albi- 28 BIOLOGY nos of the common strain, the following maximum weights for each sex at known ages have been observed by King (MS '15). TABLE 9 Body weight in grams AGE IN DAYS MALES FEMALES 395 284 425 397 455 409 485 437 f265 \324 10. Behavior, a) The normal activities of the rat under natural conditions have been studied and described by a num- ber of observers (see references). b) As the albino rat is easily tamed and responds readily to training it has already been used for a number of studies in which behavior tests have been employed. Studies have been made for example on imitation, temperament, the influence of prac- tice, retentiveness, the role of the several organs of sense and the relation of the learning rate to age and to the relative brain weight (see references). BIOLOGY: REFERENCES Life history. Donaldson, '08. King, '13. Kirkham, '10. Kirkham and Burr, '13. McCoy. '09. Slonaker, '07, '12. Stewart, 1898. Watson, '03. Span of life. Donaldson, '08. Slonaker, '12, '12 a. Puberty, Ovulation, Menopause. Hewer, '14. Kirkham and Burr, '13. Sobotta and Burckhard, '10. Period of gestation. King, '13. Super fecundation. King, '13. Fecundity and weight at birth. Crampe, '84. King, '15. King and Stotsen- burg. '15. Kolazy, 1871. Lloyd, '09 a. Pearson, '10. Sobotta and Burckhard, '10. Watson, '06 a. Recognition of sex. Jackson, '12. Sex ratio. Cuenot, 1899. King, '11 a, 11 b. King and Stotsenburg, '15. Body weight according to sex. King and Stotsenburg, '15. Behavior, a) Under natural conditions. Advisory Committee, '12. Bech- stein, 1801. Bell, 1837-1874. Buckland, 1859. Buffon, 1749-1789. Dehne, 1855. Fisher, 1872. Hewett, '04. Kolazy, 1871. Lambert, '10. Lantz, '10. Manouvrier, '05. Mitchell, '11. b) Under experimental conditions. Adams, '13. Basset, '14. Berry, '06. Carr and Watson, '08. Cesana, '10. Hubbert, '14, '15. Hunter, '12, '13. Lashley, '12. Richardson, '09. Small, 1899, 1900, '01. Szymanski, '14. Ulrich, '13. Vincent, '12, '13/15, '15 a, '15 b. Watson, J. B., '03, '07, '13, '14. CHAPTER 2 HEREDITY 1. General. — 2. Coat color Inbreeding brother and sister from the same litter of Albinos for twenty successive generations (King, 1911-1915, MS) has not been followed by any physical deterioration. Studies on heredity in the Norway rat have been concerned mainly with the inheritance of coat color. The gray coat of the wild Norway is dominant in crosses between the wild gray and the Albino. The Albinos in the F2 generation appear in the proportion of one Albino to three pigmented. In the F2 and in the later generations pied animals may be had and the color pattern both fixed and modified by selection (Castle, '12, 12 a, and Castle and Phillips, '14). The inheritance of brain weight in the reciprocal crosses Norway X Albino has been studied byHatai (MS '13). The references to the literature are grouped into 1) those touching the general problem and 2) those especially applying to coat color. HEREDITY: REFERENCES 1. General. Castle, '11, '12, '12 a. Castle and Phillips, '14. Crampe, 1883, 1884. Darwin, 1883. Hagedoorn, '11, '14. Hatai, '11 a, '12. Lloyd, '08, '09, '11. Pearson, '11. Przibram, '07, '10, '11. Ritzema-Bos, 1894. Yerkes, '13. 2. Coat color. Bateson, '03. Castle, '14 a, '14 b. Castle and Phillips, '14. Crampe, 1877. Doncaster, '06. Fischer, 1874. Fr6de>ic, '07. Haacke, 1895. MacCurdy and Castle, '07. Morgan, '09. Mudge, '08, '08 a, '09. 29 CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY 1. Anatomy, general. 2. Embryology, a) Spermatogenesis. b) Ovulation. c) Earlier stages, d) Later stages. 3. Bones, joints and connective tissues, a) Teeth. 4. Muscles. 5. Vessels and lymphatics, a) Blood. 6. Nervous sys- tem, a) Central 1) Brain. 2) Spinal cord, b) Peripheral. 1) Cerebral. 2) Spinal nerves and ganglia. 3) Autonomic. c) Technical methods. 7. Sense organs. 8. Integument. 9. Gastro-pulmonary system, a) Gastro-intestinal system, b) Pulmonary system. 10. Uro-genital system. 11. Endocrine system. Since this book purposes to present mainly those results that can be systematically arranged and are in a quantitative form —there will appear several divisions of this chapter marked only by references to the literature. Further, even in those divisions for which there are some available data it happens in many instances that the presentation of them can be better given in the chapters which treat of growth — and in such instances the reader is merely referred to the later place of presentation. These general statements apply to the subsequent chapters as well. 1. Anatomy, general. In only two instances has the rat been used as the basis for a general presentation of mammalian anat- omy. These are in the books by Martin and Moale, 1884, and Goto, 1906. The remaining references are to studies which ap- ply to portions or systems only (see classified references — at the end of the chapter). 2. Embryology, a) Spermatogenesis. According to Hewer (14): In the newborn animal, active mitosis is occurring in the testis, and at 3^ weeks the spermatogonia can be distinguished from the spermato- cytes. No lumen begins to appear in the tubules as a rule until 7 weeks. At 8 weeks spermatids are easily distinguishable: at 8| weeks isolated spermatozoa may occasionally be seen. At 9 weeks typical ripe spermatozoa are plentiful, but the fully formed epididymis con- tains no free spennatozoa. At 10 weeks all the tubules show active 30 EMBRYOLOGY 31 spermatogenesis : the second crop of spermatozoa is appearing, while the first crop can be seen in the epididymis. Reduced number of chro- mosomes 19. Allen (MS '15). 6) Ovulation. According to the observations of Sobotta and Burckhard, '10, ovulation is simultaneous in both ovaries — as many as 13 egg cells have been found discharged. The ovum — after fixation with Zenker's solution containing somewhat less than the usual proportion of acetic acid — measured 60-65 n in diameter with a nucleus about 25 n in diameter. The reduced number of chromosomes is 16. The full number of chromosomes 32. The authors incorrectly assume that the common Albino is a variety of Mus rattus. For the diameter of the living unsegmented egg Kirkham and Burr (?13) give 79 n as a mean value. For the volume of the ovum see table 11. c) On the early stages of development we have the observations of Huber ('15 a). His description is as follows: The material at hand permits the conclusion that in the albino rat the segmenting ova pass from the oviduct to the uterine horn at the end of the fourth day after the beginning of insemination, probably in the 12-cell to 16-cell stage. With the beginning of the fifth day, as will appear from further discussion, all of the ova are to be found in the uterine horn. The following summary of the data gained by a study of the models of oviducts containing ova in stages from the pronuclear to 12-cell to TABLE 10 Showing the distance of the ova jrom the fimbria at various ages. Based on table 3, Huber ('15a) H o 3 0 « 0 K fc H RECORD NUM- SIDE RECON- AOE NUM- BER OF STAGE fa. o °s •J a BER STRUCTED OVA w H ii > t> w H ^ § H K 3 ft* 7\ r\ w H to ft, a 3 cm. cm. 106 R. 1 dav 8 Pronuclear 3.2 0.8 0.25 59 R. *~Mt7 2 days 4 2-cell 2.291 1.4 0.63 62 L. 2 days 22 hrs. 5 2-cell 2.451 2.0 0.84 50 R. 3 days 1 hour 4 4-cell 2.8 2.5 0.90 51 L. 4 days 5 12 to 16 cell 2.86 2.86 1.00 Not the entire length of oviduct was available for reconstruction. 32 ANATOMY 16-cell stages in which latter stage transit to the uterine horn occurs, is presented to indicate rate of transit within the oviduct. The regu- larity of the rate of transit as revealed in the summary may perhaps speak for the trustworthiness of the age data as concerns my material. It will be observed that the ova approach the uterine end of the ovi- duct while in the 2-cell stage (see table 10); transit through the last portion of the oviduct, where the greater part of the segmentation oc- curs, being relatively slow. It is hoped that these data, for the accuracy of which I am dependent on reconstructions, may be of service to others who may desire to collect segmentation stages of the albino rat. In order to obtain the volume changes of the ova during transit through the oviduct, beginning with the pronuclear and extending to the 8-cell to 11-cell stages, reconstructions were made at a magnification of 1000 diameters of ova presenting the stage in question. The respec- tive volumes of these models were determined and the data reduced to the actual volumes. TABLE 11 Volumes of ova and embryos. Based on table 4 Huber ('15 a) RECORD NUMBER AGE STAGE ACTUAL VOL. OF EGG MASS IN C. MM. AVERAGE VOL. PER STAGE GIVEN IN C. MM. Days Hours 106 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 17 17 17 17 17 17 Pronuclear Pronuclear Pronuclear Pronuclear 2 cell 2 cell 4 cell 4 cell 8 cell 8 cell 8 cell 8 cell 8 cell 11 cell 0.000151 0.000143 0.000158 0.000171 0.000162 . 0.000183 0.000183 0.000155 0.000189 0.000160 0.000187 0.000182 0.000200 0.000210 0.000156 0.000173 0.000162 0.000184 0.000210 106 106 106 59 59 50 50 57 57 57 57 57 57 The uniformity of the figures giving the actual volume of the egg mass, as determined by the weight of the water displaced by the models of the respective ova reconstructed, leads me to feel that the errors com- mitted in reconstruction were not serious. The last column of the table, giving averages, is of interest since it shows a very slight increase in the volume of the egg mass during segmentation and transit through the oviduct. Following the pronuclear stage, which, as has been seen, extends through a relatively long period and into the beginning of the second day, by which time the ova have migrated about one-fourth of BONES, JOINTS, CONNECTIVE TISSUES 33 the length of the oviduct, there occurs only three successive mitotic divisions, including the first segmentation division, namely mitoses re- sulting in 2-cell, 4-cell, and 8-cell stages while the ova are in transit in the oviduct. In making this statement it is assumed that in the suc- cessive segmentations, the several cells divide synchronously, which is not in conformity with the fact. These three mitotic divisions are spaced at intervals of about 18 hours. In the next following division, the fourth, the ovum passes from the oviduct to the uterine horn. Since the normal gestation period of the non-lactating albino rat is only 21 to 23 days, this slow rate of increase in volume and multiplication of cells during the first four days of de- velopment is of especial interest and is very probably to be accounted for by the inadequacy of the food supply of the ovum during its transit through the oviduct. d) Later stages. Observations have been made by Stotsen- burg (MS '15) on the daily increase in the weight of the fetus from the 13th to the 22nd day after insemination. The data and graph are given in chapter 5, pp. 64 and 65. 3. Bones, joints and connective tissues. On the following page is an enumeration of the bones forming the skeleton of the rat. For data on the growth of the entire skeleton see Chapter 6. Skull measurements have been made by Hatai ('07 c). The following description is extracted from his paper. For this study 53 male and 51 female skulls of mature Albinos (rats more than 150 days old) were measured. These skulls had been care- fully cleaned and dried at room temperature. The following measure- ments were made with vernier calipers: 1) the length of the entire skull; 2) the fronto-occipital length; 3) the zygomatic width; 4) the length of the nasal bone; 5) the height of the skull; 6) the width of the cranium or the squamosal distance. In every case the maximum length alone was recorded in millimeters. The horizontal straight line joining the tip of the nasal bone to the end of the occipital bone is called the length of the entire skull. This however is not exactly equal to t^ie sum of the length of the nasal bone and that of the fronto-occipital. The fronto-occipital length was determined in the following way: Since the length measured with the calipers from the tip of the nasal bone to the posterior end of the inter-parietal bone is usually less than the length measured from the same point to the end of the occipital bone, both measurements were taken (see fig. 1). The difference be- tween these two measurements was added to the length from the tip of the frontal bone to the end of the inter-parietal bone, and the sum was called the fronto-occipital length. The width of the cranium (squamosal distance) was determined by 34 ANATOMY Skull Cranium LIST OF BONES Nasals 2 Premaxillae 2 Maxillae 2 Jugals 2 Palatines 2 Vomer 1 Lachrymals 2 Ethmoid 1 Frontals 2 Sphenoid 1 Presphenoid 1 Parietals 2 Squamosals 2 Interparietal 1 Occipital 1 Periotic capsules 2 Tympanic bones 2 f Malleus... 2 Ear bones Mandible. \ Incus 2 [Stapes 2 2 Teeth 16 Hyoid 1 Cervical 7 Dorsal or thoracic 13 Vertebrae Lumbar 6 Sacral 4 Caudal (about) 30 [Vertebro-sternal 14 Ribs I Vertebro-costal 6 [Vertebral 6 Sternum 6 Shoulder /Scapula 2 girdle \Clavicle 2 f Ilium. . 2 Pelvic { Ischium. . , 2 girdle „ , . [Os pubis Humerus . 2 2 Ulna 2 Radius. .. a [Carpus 16 Fore feet < Metacarpus.. 10 [Phalanges.... 28 Femur 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 [Patellae 2 Sesamoid { 2 back of bones [ Femur 4 [Tarsus 16 Hind feet \ Metatarsus... 10 [Phalanges.... 28 281 Nails (20) omitted taking the maximum distance between the two points (right and left) where the zygomatic bones rest on the lateral walls of the cranium. The height of the skull was determined by measuring a perpendicular distance between the greatest convexity of the parietal bone in the me- dian line and the junction line between the basi-occipital and the basi- sphenoidal bones on the ventral surface. The cranial capacity was determined in the following way: The skull was held vertically, with the nose downwards and was filled with fine shot (no. 11) to the upper level of foramen magnum and then the nose of the skull gen\tly struck twice against the palm of the hand. The space thus formed was again filled. Although this is a simple procedure yet it needs the greatest care to produce uniform results. w •C 81VH A O 'OK CO rH US US us us CO TH us us CO rH us us CO TH us us CO rH US US CO rH us us CO TH us us US t>. TH CO -o 8 % co US CD co (M co t» CN JC TM Q QJ m US CO CM CO cO oo g ft O d d d d d d O II d O •e-a O £ -H -H -H 4 -H H CO -H 4 ,0 E-i •< ta co CO S Q o TH i CS rH TH I. S Q T-H C^l (M ^5 (M ^H (X) a rH rH rH O d TH d (N •& h o \ 1 ""* O 8 .* H Z W !>• ^5 CO CO us 00 CO !M co oo O CO TH CO C^I O5 (M 0 0 0 0 O O O O O O O O 0 O O O CM O § & -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H Op 0 CJ 0 U O5 CO CS. rH TH O CM CD TH 00 SI co i> Ol (M CO CO S S us co - US (M d d o d 0 d d o (M *8 ."r H \ I CO fe § « \ i S -S 'e « Jtei % < Q rH OO TH CO IS i §co us CO O co CD O O (M CM O O TH US CO IM O O TH CD CO (M O O oo o TH US O US g s "5 2 O O 0 0 o o O O o o o o O O O O CO TH <» >-< B -H -H II It Tl n -H -H -H -H -H -H ii n -H -H -H -H -H -H ~ -2 -g -| CO CO 00 US r~ IM t^ CO r-I 00 oo co II II CO us us co 00 (M t^ oo TH CO us co CO TH §S T-H i-H TH O TH O TH O 0 0 O O O O o o (M O § 8 Q US (M 5> ° J ^ *<- QJ "S ** i CO rH 5 o (H • ta I, i d E 41 *C il cO CD TH n TH rH CO i § T! § -H g • CO oo co CO • O5 CO rH • "** 55 8=a o o 0 0 O O o o o o O O 0 O o o US 00 (M us CO O O2 TH CO CO !>• OJ CO co co CO O5 O5 CO us co t^ (M 00 TH CD 00 O5 CO oo co CO US 00 TH oo co <» 03 (H o rG "So 5- o o ip .^4 o o &C •^ CD b — < PI CD ^3 GO ^ «> ^ H '-3 o 4J 49 -d o3 a ^2 *3 -^ O % O 73 a 2 'S X -^ d m E> o r£3 > rS '&, -e c3 (H •H >> bfi 8 -u 4O O •43 e •M 0 IM o o "3 X 'v •H c» O '-u O o OQ "S 03 •+-= S (Q ^3 •w o3 a rg o 49 O a -l-= ,111 Sb a is .Sf -g M o M C 03 [§b d u '53 ca 8 •^ (3 4) h3 bfl >> N C CD o t-< fn O1 O2 'S w CD "3 'S tf » as m o S SJ9C ^8011^10 IUJ O CQ 36 ANATOMY By practice Hatai has been able to reduce the difference between the first and second filling to less than one per cent. The cranial capacity thus determined in the terms of shot weight can be transformed into brain weight as follows: by dividing the weight of the shot in the case of the males by 5.980 and in the case of the females by 6.009. The re- lations between the cranial capacity, in terms of shot weight, and the body weight are represented by the formulas (8) and (9). TABLE 13 Showing the range of variates and rate of increase for various characters according to sex Hatai ('07 c) MALE FEMALE Mini- mum Mean* Maxi- mum Maxi- mum Meant Mini- mum mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Length of the entire cran- ium 39.4 43.3 47 .4 44.5 41.5 38.9 Rate 100 100 100 100 100 100 Zygomatic width. 19.6 21.7 24.8 23.4 20.9 18.9 Rate 49.8 50.2 52.3 52.5 50.3 48.5 Length of the nasal bone. 14.7 17.0 18.7 17.8 15.7 14.4 Rate 37.3 39.2 39.3 40.0 37.7 37.0 Fronto-occipital length. 24.9 27.3 28.8 28.2 26.4 24.9 Rate 63.2 63.0 60.7 63.3 63.5 64.0 Squamosal distance. 14.6 15.3 16.2 16.2 15.1 14.4 Rate 37.0 35.3 34.1 36.4 36.2 37.0 Height of cranium 10.4 11.5 13.0 12.2 11.1 10.3 Rate 26.4 26.5 27.4 27.4 26.8 26.4 1 Taken from Table 12. B FIG 1. A. Fronto — occipital length. B. Squamosal distance. BONES, JOINTS, CONNECTIVE TISSUES 37 The greatest difference found between the measurements of the skulls for the two sexes is in the nasal bones, which are nearly 2 per cent longer in the male skull. The greater relative length of the nasal bones in the male may be regarded as a sec- ondary sexual character (Hatai). a) Teeth. Addison and Appleton ('15) report as follows on the size and growth of the incisor teeth in the Albino. The dental formula of the albino rat is There is only one set of teeth, and hence the dentition is mono- phyodont. The time of eruption of the various teeth extends over a period of 3| weeks. The incisors are the first to appear, viz., at 8 to 10 days after birth. The first and second molars erupt at about the 19th and 21st days respectively, and it is after this latter period that the young animals may be weaned and are able to maintain an independent existence, as far as food is concerned. The third molars are delayed until two weeks later and do not appear until about the 35th day. The incisors are permanently-growing (or rootless) teeth, while the molars have a definite limited period of development and acquire roots. A wide diastema separates the incisors from the molars as may be seen by reference to figure 1 (loc. cit.) The incisors are strongly curved and Owen (1840-1845) has described the lower incisor as being the smaller segment of a larger circle, and the upper incisor as the larger segment of a smaller circle. In the case of lower incisor of the albino rat this statement needs a slight modification. The times of the early stages of development of the incisors were as follows: 14 day fetus — slight thickening of oral epithelium. 15 day fetus — distinct thickening and growth inwards of oral epithelium. 16 day fetus — dental ledge and beginning of flask-shaped enamel organ. 17 day fetus — dental papilla with crescentic enamel organ capping it. 19 day fetus — both ameloblasts and odontoblasts differentiated. New-born animal — enamel and dentine formation begun. 8 to 10 days — eruption of the tooth. 38 ANATOMY The rate at which the teeth increase in length during their formative period and prior to attrition is given in the following table : TABLE 14 LENGTH OF INCISORS Upper Lower 1 day old mm. 2.3 3.6 5 7 mm. 3 5 7-8 11 4 days old 7 days old 10 days old Average growth of upper incisor 0.52 mm. and of lower incisor 0.88 mm. per day. TABLE 15 Upper Lower Total thickness It 100-110 p 140-150 Outer fibrous layer 30-40 20-30 Pigmented portion of outer fibrous layer 8-10-12 6-8 Inner plexiform layer 70 120-125 TABLE 16 23 DAYS 41 DAYS 10 WEEKS 15 WEEKS 5 MONTHS 8 MONTHS 10 MONTHS Naso-occipital length mm. 29.7 13.7 7.4 12.8 5.1 4.6 18.1 6.5 mm. 32.5 14 9.5 15 5.5 5 21.7 7 mm. 39 14.5 10 18.3 7 5.6 25.5 10.5 mm. 40 14.6 11.4 20.3 8.4 6 26.4 11.4 mm. 43 15.4 12.3 23.3 8.7 6.7 29.4 11.6 mm. 44 15.1 12.5 23.7 9 7 29.9 12 mm. 46.5 15.5 13 26.2 9.3 6.8 31.3 12.4 Interzygomatic1 Upper diastema Upper incisor — total length Upper incisor — extra alveolar length Lower diastema Lower incisor — total length Lower incisor — extra alveolar length 1 Same as 'squamosal distance,' figure 1, p. 36. VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS 39 Throughout life growth continues, and in the adult animal is on the average 2.2 mm. per week in the upper and 2.8 mm. per week in the lower incisor. In a five months animal the thickness of the enamel and its constituent layers measured in the mid-line of the teeth is given in table 15. Measurements of the incisors and skulls of animals of different ages were made and are shown in table 16. The lower incisor of a five months animal forms a segment of about four-fifths of a semicircle (140-145°). 4. Muscles. Morpurgo (1898) has furnished data on the Muse. radialis of the albino rat; giving the number of muscle fibers and of nuclei at different ages (table 17). TABLE 17 AGE NO. OF MUSCLE FIBERS NO. OF NUCLEI PER CUBIC MM. AREA OF CROSS SECTION IN MM. X 37 DIAM. Newborn 5919 570645 552 15 days 7252 357764 868 16 days (very well grown) . . . 30 days 7587 7625 347343 139861 1010 2766 420 days 8014 37542 11817 5. Vessels and lymphatics, a) Blood. Specific gravity 1.056 (Sherrington and Copeman, 1893). The diameter of the erythro- cytes is as follows (White, '01) : FOR M. DECUMANUS DIAMETERS IN It Determination by (Treadwell) 6.5 Determination by (Wormley, 1888) 7.0 Determination by (Gulliver, 1875) 6.5 1} Percentage of water in the blood. Hatai (MS '15) has deter- mined the percentage of water in the blood of a small series of Albinos. 40 ANATOMY The Albinos were from The Wistar Institute stock strain, grown on the scrap diet and examined before the day's feeding. The rat was chloroformed, but before the heart ceased beating it was exposed in situ, the tip clipped away and the blood from it caught in a small glass weighing bottle. The fresh weight was immediately taken and after drying at 95°C. for a week the weight of the residue was obtained. The results are given in table 18. TABLE 18 Percentage of water in the blood of the Albino, Hatai (MS. '15) 8EX NO. OP CASES BODT WEIGHT RANGE MEAN PERCENTAGE OP WATER IN BLOOD Range Mean M 4 4 5 6 106-127 135-194 72-100 105-125 gms. 121 157 88 117 79.47-81.05 79.05-81.15 78.13-81.12 80.25-80.97 80.09 80.00 79.88 80.30 M F F In 50 rats (27 males -f 23 females) between the weights of 50 and 150 grams the average number of erythrocytes was found by Chisolm ('11) to be 8.8 millions and the average hemoglobin content 87.8 per cent as measured on the human scale. TABLE 19 Rivas (University of Pennsylvania MS. '14). Observations on the Albino rat blood — normal. PERCENTAGE OP HEMOGLOBIN IN 1 CU. MM. PERCENTAGES OF Erythro- cytes in millions Leuco- cytes Poly- morph. Small lymph. Large lymph. Eosinoph. Basoph. 85 8.6 9.2 8.2 7.4 8.0 8.4 8.4 7.6 7.6 8.4 8,800 7,200 8,400 8,000 8,000 9,400 16,000 11,600 8,800 9,400 68.5 56.5 47.5 44.9 69.9 42.4 43.6 71.6 56.4 51.2 24.9 34.4 44.9 49.3 25.4 50.5 51.9 20.7 37.6 42.1 6.2 9.1 5.9 5.2 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.5 6.2 0.4 3.0 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.6 1.5 0.7 0 0.85 0 0.70 0 0.26 0 0 0 85 88 90 90 90 93 95 97 100 NERVOUS SYSTEM 41 In addition the observations of Rivas, University of Pennsyl- vania (MS '14) are given in table 19. The data are arranged according to the increasing haemoglobin content. For the wandering cells we have tables 20 and 21 by Kan- thack and Hardy, 1894. TABLE 20 Showing the percentage and size of the various forms of the wandering cells of the blood in the rat TYPE OF CELL GRANULATION PERCENTAGE OF TYPE DIAMETERS IN Jl Oxyphile ( Coarse 2 10 Basophile \Fine (absent) 45 7-8 Hyaline 2 8-10 Lymphocytes 50 6 TABLE 21 (From the same authors) Shows the percentage and size of various forms of the wandering cells in the peritoneal fluid of the rat TYPE OP CELL GRANULATION PERCENTAGE OF TYPE DIAMETERS IN ft Oxyphile /Coarse 20-40 10 Basophile1 \Fine f Coarse (absent) 5-10 18 Hyaline \ \Fine (absent) ( 65-so > 13 Lymphocytes J I / 6.5 Basophile cells in connective tissue 23 v in diameter. 6. Nervous system, a) Central. 1) Brain. Specific gravity 1.050-1.056, Reichardt ('06). For brain weight see Chapter 7, p. 90, and table 68. For the percentage of water see Chapter 8, p. 176 and table 74. For the chemical composition see Chapter 9, p. 181 and tables 80, 81. Cell division in the central nervous system continues after birth. The observations of Hamilton ('01) are given in table 22. 42 ANATOMY TABLE 22 The number of mitoses in 13 consecutive sections, each section 6.75 p in thickness, from the brain and spinal cord of rats at different stages of development. The jetus weighed 0.78 gms. and had a crown-rump length of 17 mm. It was probably at 17.5 days of gestation. STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT BRAIN Ventricular mitoses Extra-ventricular mitoses Foetus 2196 390 24 115 966 595 386 443 Birth 24 hours 4 days LUMBAR COBD Ventricular mitoses Extra-ventricular mitoses Foetus 28 8 1 8 18 45 13 64 Birth 24 hours 4 days For the first 25 days after birth Allen ('12) has obtained the results given in table 23. TABLE 23 Showing the number of mitoses per cubic millimeter of nerve tissue in the central nervous system of the stock Albino at certain levels. The figures are taken from calculations of the volume of tissue and based on the number of mitoses in the con- secutive sections at each level of the cord, five in the largest portion of the cere- bellum and five in the cerebrum in the region of the optic chiasma. The letters (a) (b) and (c) refer to different rats of the same age CORD Cervical Thoracic Lumbar 1 208 115 259 1597 430 4 437 176 351 2111 447 6 446 236 320 193 7 4848 12 46 75 14 839 37 20 00 00 00 (c) 520 20 00 00 00 (b) 61 (b) 27 20 00 00 00 (a) 00 (a) 18 25 00 00 00 00 27 NERVOUS SYSTEM 43 The diameters of the Purkinje cells have been studied by Addison, '11. The Albinos were from the stock colony of The Wistar Institute, reared on the scrap diet. The cerebellum was fixed in Ohlmach- er's solution (King, '10) imbedded in paraffin and stained with carbol-thionine and acid fuchsin. The values for the respective diameters given in table 24 are in each instance averages of ten measurements from the largest cells found in equivalent areas at the several ages. The measurements stop at 20 days of age. After this age there is but little change in the diameters of the largest cells. TABLE 24 Diameters of Purkinje cells and their nuclei AGE IN DAYS DIAMETERS IN M Cell Nucleus Birth 12 X 7 14 X 8 18 X 12 21 X 14 (largest) 24 X 19 8 X 6.3 8.3 X 7.4 11 X 8.5 12 X 9.0 3 8 10-20 2) Spinal cord. For the weight of the spinal cord see Chapter 7, p. 90, and table 68. For the percentage of water see Chapter 8, p. 176, and table 74. For the chemical composition see Chap- ter 9, p. 180 and table 80. Cell division in the spinal cord after birth has been studied by Hamilton, '01, see table 22 and Allen (12) see table 23. 6) Peripheral. 1) Cerebral nerves. Fortuyn ('14) counted 3000 myelinated fibers in the n. cochlearis of the Norway rat. Boughton ('06) studied the increase with age (body weight) in the number of myelinated fibers in the oculomotor nerve in the albino rat and measured the areas of the entire fiber and the axis in osmic preparations. The results are given in table 25. 2) Spinal nerves and ganglia. One of the larger spinal ganglia from a cervical nerve root of an Albino weighing 140 grams was fixed in a formalin-acetic sublimate mixture (6, loc. 44 ANATOMY TABLE 25 Oculo motor nerve BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS AND SEX NUMBER OF FIBERS AREAS IN M2 PERCENTAGE OF AXIS Large Small Total Entire fiber Axis 11 M 764 880 885 926 887 888 882 932 925 926 901 930 928 38 220 227 290 329 465 316 383 471 566 379 408 764 918 1105 1153 1177 1217 1347 1248 1308 1397 1467 1309 1336 13.2 41.8 56.7 6.6 21.2 27.3 50 51 48 14 M 44 M 51 F 80 F 109 F 172 M 192 M 213 M 218 M 278 M 318 M 414 M cit. p. 3) by Hatai ('01) and cut in paraffin sections 6-7 /* thick. Selecting cells according to size from large to small the meas- urements of the cell body and the nucleus were made as in table 26. TABLE 26 SERIES NO. OF CELLS AVERAGE DIAMETERS IN M Cell body Nucleus A 10 10 5 5 55 X 46 38 X 25 26 X 23 19 X 17 18 X15 15 X 14 13 X 12 10 X 10 a B b Further studies on the spinal roots and ganglia were made by Hatai ('02) and ('03 b). From a series of male Albinos the spinal ganglia with accom- panying dorsal root nerves were fixed in one per cent osmic acid and cut in paraffin. The measurements on this material Hatai ('02) are given in table 27. Incorporated in the same table NERVOUS SYSTEM 45 are the enumerations for the myelinated fibers in the ventral roots (Hatai, '03 b). It was found that the number of myelinated fibers in the ven- tral roots diminishes from sections near the spinal cord to those near the spinal ganglion. The amount of the diminution de- creases with the age (body weight) of the rat. The increase in the number of cells in the spinal ganglia from the small to the large rats is certainly due in part to the fact that in the small animals some of the smallest ganglion cells escape enumeration. The increase in the number of myelinated fibers in the spinal roots with advancing age is due mainly to progressive myelina- tion. Both roots at maturity still contain functional fibers with- out myelin sheaths (Ranson, '06). TABLE 27 Number of ganglion cells and number and size of myelinated root fibers in spinal nerves from three levels of the spinal cord at five ages (body weights) Results from Tables II, VI and VIII combined. Hatai ('02) Also data on ventral root fibers from Hatai ('03 b) MEAN BODY WEIGHT IN QMS. TOTAL OF MYELINATED VENTRAL ROOT FIBERS TOTAL OF GANGLION CELLS TOTAL OF MYELINATED DORSAL BOOT FIBERS TOTAL COMPOSED OF MATURE FIBERS IMMATURE FIBERS DIAMETER IN It OF 20 largest DOB- SAL ROOT FIBERS ENTIRE "3 _0 10.3 24.5 558 1007 10996 9793 1998 2569 1043 2263 955 306 7.5 11.6 Q 68.5 1302 11772 3683 3569 114 13.3 167.0 1474 12200 4227 4173 54 13.9 HH 264.3 1522 4028 Thoracic 10.3 24.5 68.5 167.0 286 434 561 613 7142 7068 7611 7406 607 683 1420 1522 283 497 1259 1460 424 366 161 82 4.8 7.1 8.9 11.6 HH 264.3 772 1650 '. Lumbar 10.3 24.5 68.5 167.0 333 698 704 1028 8315 8200 9514 9442 723 911 1317 1644 303 678 1181 1565 420 233 136 79 5.1 8.0 11.3 12.0 ^^ — 264.3 965 2102 46 ANATOMY For the numerical relations of cells and fibers in the second cervical nerve data have been furnished by Ranson ('06). TABLE 28 Second cervical nerve Observations on normal male rats (Albinos.) Osmic acid fixation — paraffin sections AGE IN DAYS BODY WEIGHT CELLS IN GANGLION NUMBER OF MYELINATED FIBERS Dorsal root Ventral root 72 110 110 110 110 155 161 188 188 302 7721 8116 9343 8624 2472 2394 1959 2217 2090 2689 2891 2386 689 660 590 591 672 703 773 646 72 72 72 72 240 (leftside)... 240 (right side) . When the number of myelinated fibers in the two rami on the distal side of the II cervical spinal ganglion is compared with the total number found in the two roots — a distal excess in the number of fibers is found. This is shown in table 29. The dis- tal excess appears to be due to branching of the fibers in their course, Ranson ('06). TABLE 29 BODY WEIGHT CMS. IN ROOTS DISTAL EXCESS IN RAMI Ventral Dorsal Sum Absolute Percent- age Sum Ventral Ramus Dorsal Ramus 161 672 646 2090 2386 2762 3032 276 257 10 8 3098 3289 708 887 2390 2402 302 Enumerations of the myelinated fibers in the ventral roots of the II spinal nerve of the Albino have been made by Dunn ('12). Each record is the mean of two enumerations of rats of like age. Areas in ju2 of the entire fiber and of the axis — together with the percentage value of the axis. Each entry is based on the mean of the 20 largest fibers. In this series there is a change NERVOUS SYSTEM 47 in the relative area of the axis with age, as well as a decrease in the total areas in the oldest group. TABLE 30 Giving for Albinos of different ages the numbers of my elinated fibers in the ventral root of the second cervical nerve and the areas of the fibers. Dunn ('12) AGE, NUMBER, SEX WEIGHT NUMBER FIBERS AVERAGE AREA TEN LARGEST FIBERS AVERAGE AREA OF AXES IN^l2 PERCENTAGE OF AXIS grams 7 days Two females... . Two males 8.59 9.33 368 366 17.2 22.3 10.6 13.9 61.6 62.3 14 days Two females . . . Two males 20.92 21.33 542 565 38.5 32.9 18.1 15.2 47.0 46.2 36 days Two females . . . Two males 42.24 41.93 653 613 78.2 80.6 31.2 31.7 40.0 39.3 75 days Two females... . Two males 136.70 169.55 560 668 115.4 116.9 49.6 52.8 43.0 45.1 132 days Two females .. . 164.26 683 136.0 59.3 43.6 Two males 267.00 625 141.0 63.2 44.8 180 days Two females... . 212.50 518 168.8 75.9 44.9 Two males 264.80 609 201.3 98.2 48.7 270 days Two females... . 176.91 776 261.0 133.4 51.3 Two males 340.05 617 216.8 107.1 49.4 640 days Three males. .. . 334.47 864 170.7 78.2 45.8 From a study of the diameters of the cell bodies and their nuclei in the second cervical spinal ganglion of the adult Albino, values which apply to the mean of the entire cell 'population' of this ganglion have been obtained (Hatai, '07 b) . The ganglion examined was from a mature male weighing 194 grams. The 48 ANATOMY ganglion was fixed in osmic acid and imbedded in paraffin. The mean values are as follows: TABLE 31 MEAN DIAMETER STANDARD DEVIATION COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION Cell bod}' M 28.6 14.9 18.4 Nucleus. .. 13.1 1.8 13.7 On the basis of these observations, formula (12) was devised for computing the diameter of the nucleus from the diameter of the cell body. For comparison with the data in table 31 see data in table 26 obtained by a different method of fixation. The number of myelinated fibers in the peroneal nerve of the normal Albino is given from Greenman's observations ('13) in table 32. Ages not known. TABLE 32 LEVEL OF SECTION COUNTED BODY WEIGHT 104 F. RIGHT NERVE BODY WEIGHT 117 F. RIGHT NERVE BODY WEIGHT 182 M. LEFT NERVE AVERAGES 1. Proximal 2240 2430 2192 2288 Distance from 1 to 2 in mm 3 0 4 7 3 1 2. Middle 2118 2292 2418 2276 Distance from 2 to 3 in mm 4 5 2 3 3.3 3. Distal 2392 2213 2364 2323 Averages. . . 2250 2312 2325 2296 TABLE 33 Normal Albinos: Sectional area of ten largest inn"; relation of axis to sheath PROXIMAL END DISTAL END Body weight Entire fiber Axis Per cent of axis Entire fiber Axis Per cent of axis 104 109.8 137.7 150.3 55.6 75.2 82.9 50.6 54.6 55.1 85.0 85.8 113.0 42.3 42.6 56.7 49.7 49.6 50.1 117 182 Average 135 132.6 71.2 53.7 94.6 47.2 49.9 NERVOUS SYSTEM 49 Greenman ('13) also found in osmic preparations the sectional areas of the 10 largest myehnated fibers and the areas of their axes. The length of nerve used was 10 mm. The results are given in table 33. 3} Autonomic. In the course of a study intended primarily to determine whether the small myelinated fibers in the spinal accessory could be regarded as representing the fibers of the rami communicantes, Roth ('05) in a series of cervical nerves, counted on one side the number of myelinated fibers 4 n or less in diameter, and in the corresponding ramus communicans he also counted the myelinated fibers of like size. His findings are given in table 34. TABLE 34 NERVE MYELINATED FIBERS LESS THAN 4 M IN DIAMETER IN VENTRAL ROOT MYELINATED FIBERS LESS THAN 4 /I IN RAMUS COMMUNICANS Rat I Rat II 2nd cervical 130 105 380 432 168 126 363 449 None None 195 220 3rd cervical 4th cervical 5th cervical c) Technical methods. To determine the effects of various fixatives on the brain of the rat, King ('10) carried through a series of weighings of mature rat brains which had been sub- jected to the action of various fixatives. A summary of the results is given in table 35. The solution of Ohlmacher ('97), the formula for which is as follows : Absolute alcohol, 80 parts. Chloroform, 15 parts. Glacial acetic acid, 5 parts. Corrosive sublimate to saturation (about 20 per cent) was found to give excellent results with the cells of the cerebral cortex. 50 ANATOMY TABLE 35 Summary of Data Collected (King ' RAT NO. K H o> BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS BODY LENGTH IN MM. NORMAL WEIGHT OF FRESH BRAIN COMPUTED SOLUTIONS USED FOR FIXATION NO. HOURS SOLUTIONS ACTED WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN GRAMS WHEN REMOVED PROM SOLUTION PER CENT GAIN OR LOSS IN WEIGHT WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN GRAMS AFTER REMAIN- ING IN 70% ALCOHOL FOR 48 HOURS 1 o 8 0 M go |g ~ z 1 2 3 4 5 cf cf 9 9 9 277 163 158 129 164 219 196 199 183 188 1.94 1.83 1.85 1.78 1.80 4% Formaldehyde... . 4% Formaldehyde... . Formol-Muller (cold) 4% Formaldehyde... . Formol-Muller (warm) 48 48 20 48 3 2.5750 2.8200 2.2437 2.6778 2.1880 +33 +54 +21 +50 +22 1.5706 1.6463 1.5537 1.6577 1.8711 -19 -10 -16 - 7 + 4 6 rf 187 198 1 85 Ohlmacher 5 1.6100 -12 1.4471 —22 7 9 137 184 1 78 Ohlmacher 2 1.7389 - 2 1.4099 -21 / Zenker. . 6 1.8716 + 3 1.6666 - 8 8 o1 160 190 1.81 \ Miiller 48 / Dahlgren 4 1.9000 + 3 1.7273 - 7 9 V i;o 19; 1.84 \ Muller 48 10 ^ 18,2 186 1 79 Picro-formol 4 1.7881 - 0 1.4663 -18 11 rf 275 228 1 98 Ohlmacher 6 1.8267 - 8 1.6248 -18 12 rf 206 207 1 88 Ohlmacher 2 1.6924 -10 1.5748 -16 13 rf 228 210 1 90 Ohlmacher 4 1.5787 -17 1.4498 -25 14 rf 169 194 1 83 Ohlmacher. . '. 3 1.5458 -16 1.4633 -20 15 rf 126 157 1 65 Ohlmacher 3 1.3978 -16 1.3099 -21 16 rf 158 181 1 77 Ohlmacher 3 1.4590 -18 1.4000 -21 17 rf 232 1 85 Ohlmacher 3 1.6390 -11 1.4875 -20 18 9 111 154 1 63 Zenker-formol H 1.6040 2 1.3297 -18 19 20 9 rf 106 6 159 1.66 0 30 Zenker (modified) Ohlmacher U 1 1.7451 0.2523 + 5 -16 1.3167 0.2074 -21 -31 21 9 6 0 29 Ohlmacher 2 0.2489 -14 0.2011 -30 rf 108 156 1 64 2£% K2Cr2O7 48 2.8445 +73 2.1409 +31 23 rf 88 163 1 68 2£% K2Cr2O7 48 2.5594 +52 1.7518 + 4 24 rf 162 187 1 79 Alcohol K2Cr2O7 48 2.5073 +40 1.8885 + 6 25 26 cf H" 190 174 207 184 1.88 1 78 Alcohol K2Cr2O7 Weak alcohol . . 48 27 2.8169 1.7753 +50 -00 2.1797 1.6201 +16 - 9 27 rf 168 191 1 81 Alcohol-formol 24 1.6392 -10 1.5147 -16 28 rf 198 1 85 95% Alcohol 24 1.4418 -22 1.4611 -21 29 30 cf rf 151 213 184 202 1.78 1 86 Sublimate-acetic Carney's fluid 3 1.8604 1.8192 + 5 + 2 1.4484 1.4077 -19 -24 31 rf 181 194 1 82 Carney's fluid 4 1.7575 1.3042 -23 32 33 34 9 cf 9 141 165 149 178 191 184 1.75 1.81 1.77 Graf (5% formalin) Graf (10% formalin) Carnov's fluid. . H 19 2.1520 1.9283 1.7416 +23 + 7 2 1.7421 1.5994 1.3110 -00 -12 -28 NERVOUS SYSTEM 51 TABLE 35— Concluded. HAT NO. X H BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS BODY LENGTH IN MM. NORMAL WEIGHT OF FRESH BRAIN COMPUTFD SOLUTIONS USED FOR FIXATION • o H 3 2 p 83 H WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN GRAMS WHEN REMOVED FROM SOLUTION 31 O K O K a °>s * »• £2 WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN GRAMS AFTER REMAIN- ING IN 70% ALCOHOL FOR 48 HOURS 1 3 o 2 2 * f £2 35 9 167 189 1 80 Lang's fluid ?0 2.0670 +15 1.6794 — 7 36 0" ?OS ?,03 1 86 Lang's fluid 4 2.0429 +10 1.7970 - 3 37 9 173 194 1 82 Marina's fluid 7? 1.2219 -33 1.2913 -29 38 ef 197 201 1 86 Marina's fluid % 1.2146 -35 1.2546 -33 39 rT ?59 214 1 92 Cor. sublimate 4 2.0760 + 8 1.4695 -23 40 177 195 1 83 Cor. sublimate ?0 2.0229 + 11 1.4087 -23 41 42 43 d1 d1 9 265 213 ?13 216 203 ?04 1.92 1.86 1 86 Sublimate-formol NaCl + sublimate... . Tellyesniczky 4 4 48 2.3315 1.9927 1.9643 +21 + 7 + 6 1.6565 1.3947 1.6372 -14 -25 -12 44 9 137 177 1 74 Telly esniczky 94 1.7981 + 3 1.4906 -14 45 46 47 d1 9 rf" 196 135 141 200 179 179 1.85 1.75 1 75 NaCl + sublimate Sublimate-formol .... Cox (osmic) 20 20 48 2.1549 2.0512 1.9917 +16 +17 + 2 1.5074 1.3687 1.5483 -19 -22 -12 48 d! 150 18? 1 76 Cox (osmic) 7? 2.1555 +22 1.8365 + 4 49 50 d1 d1 171 137 192 178 1.81 1.75 Cox (formol-acetic) . . Cox (formol-acetic).. 48 72 1.7687 1.8944 - 2 + 8 1.5003 1.5221 -17 -13 In a later study King ('13 a) followed in some detail the ef- fects of formaldehyde on the brain of the Albino. The conclu- sions reached were as follows: 1. A 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde causes a pronounced swell- ing in the brains of rats of all ages. 2. A solution of formaldehyde undergoes some chemical change on standing, since a solution five months old causes less swelling in the brain of the rat than does a freshly made solution. 3. A 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde neutralized with NaCO3 produces a much greater amount of swelling in the brain of the rat than does a solution that has a faintly acid reaction. 4. A strong neutralized solution of formaldehyde causes a greater percentage weight increase in the ratfe brain than does a weak neutral- ized solution. A reverse result is obtained when the solutions are not neutralized. && 3$/$~*~ ^ 52 ANATOMY 5. If rats' brains are subjected to the action of a solution of for- maldehyde that is kept at a constant temperature of 36°C., they under- go a greater amount of swelling than is produced when the solution is kept at a temperature of 8 to 11°C. The maximum weight increase in the brains is reached by the end of the first day in the former case, and not until the third day in the latter case. 6. When the conditions under which the solution acts are uni- form, the maximum weight increase in rats' brains subjected to the action of a 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde is attained in all cases by the third day, and there is then a gradual decrease in weight. Brains of very young animals tend to reach the maximum earlier than do those of older animals. 7. The percentage weight increase in rats' brains as the result of the action of a 4 per cent formaldehyde solution tends to be greater in the brains of young animals than in those of adults. 8. In animals of the same age the larger brain does not show a greater percentage weight increase after treatment with a solution of formal- dehyde than does the smaller one. 9. A 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde extracts solids from the brains of rats of all ages. This is shown by the fact that the percentage of solids in brains that have been subjected to the action of such a solution is always less than that found in the fresh brains of animals of the same age. Brains of very young rats lose much more of their solids than do brains of older animals. 10. Brains of animals infected with pneumonia show a slightly greater percentage weight increase when treated with a 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde than do the brains of healthy animals. 11. Even under the most favorable conditions an aqueous solution of formaldehyde is not a satisfactory fixative for the cell structures in brain tissues, as it causes a pronounced distention of the nuclei and gives a poor preservation of the nuclear contents. The more important data are given in tables 36, 37, 38, 39, 40. NERVOUS SYSTEM 53 TABLE 36 Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for ten weeks on 40 cc. of a neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made five months before the experi- ments began (averages for three brains at each age) AGE 0 F BATS TIME SOLUTION ACTED New- born 10 days 20 days 40 days 50 days 70 days 100 days 200 days 1 day . . 29 71 28.8 25.0 25.2 26. 91 24.5 28. 31 15.3 3 days 28.0 35. 01 28. 31 26. 3l 26.8 27. 31 26.8 21. Ol 7 days 27.3 33.0 27.3 25.0 25.1 25.1 25.7 18.6 2 weeks 23.9 31.9 27.3 24.5 25.1 25.3 26.3 18.9 3 weeks 23.4 31.4 28.3 24.9 25.5 24.4 25.3 19.3 4 weeks ... 22.5 30.5 26.7 24.5 24.8 25.6 26.2 19.4 10 weeks 17.6 27.9 26.9 24.7 25.2 25.6 25.0 19.2 Average percentage gain . . 24.6 31.2 27.1 25.0 25.6 25.4 26.2 18.8 Maximum weight increase. TABLE 37 Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for ten weeks in 40 cc. of a neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made at the time the experiments began (averages for three brains at each age) AGE OF BATS TIME SOLUTION ACTED New- born 10 days 20 days 40 days 50 days 70 clays 100 days 200 days 1 day. . . 44 41 58 2 39.5 37. 91 39. 31 34.4 45. 61 32.4 3 days 42 0 64. 61 41. 51 37.6 38.5 38. 61 43.1 34. 71 7 days 41.5 62.1 40.1 36.4 35.6 34.1 41.1 30.9 2 weeks 38 0 62.9 39.7 35.9 36.1 34.9 41.0 30.8 3 weeks 37.7 63.4 40.0 35.7 36.9 34.3 40.4 31.2 4 weeks 36 1 62.8 39.9 35.5 35.4 35.7 40.5 31.6 10 weeks 33 9 61 4 39 4 35 5 36 1 35.5 37.7 31.8 Average percentage gain . . 39.1 62.2 40.0 36.4 36.7 35.4 41.3 31.9 Maximum weight increase. 54 ANATOMY TABLE 38 Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for four weeks in 40 cc. of a neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made fresh for each lot of animals killed (averages for two brains at each age) AGE O f BATS TIME SOLUTION' ACTED New- born 10 days 1° days 40 days 50 days 70 days 100 days 200 days 1 day . - 60.4 54.7 45.8 47. 61 50. 41 44.9 44. 21 36 1 3 days 65. 81 58. 51 52. 91 47.4 47.7 48. 81 42.7 40. 11 7 days . 65 4 58.5 48.3 45.6 45.1 44.2 38 3 36 2 2 weeks 65.1 58.4 48.9 45.3 44.8 43.2 38.6 33 0 3 weeks 64.8 58.2 48.9 44.7 45.2 43.9 38.8 34.7 4 weeks 61.7 57.8 50.4 45.1 45.4 44.9 39.3 34.9 Average percentage gain . . 63.4 57.7 49.2 35.9 46.4 44.8 40.3 35.8 1 Maximum weight increase. TABLE 39 Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for four weeks in 40 cc. oj non-neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made fresh for each lot of animals killed (averages for two brains at each age) AGE OF RATS TIME SOLUTION ACTED New- born 10 days 20 days 40 days 50 days 70 days 100 days 200 days 1 day 34. 51 37.3 36.7 39. 71 44. 21 39.5 41. 11 32.2 3 days 18.6 45. 11 45. 41 39.1 42.8 42. 31 39.4 35. 41 7 days 9.9 37.8 38.2 35.6 38.1 34.3 33.8 30.2 2 weeks 3.5 30.4 34.6 31.5 32.6 31.5 29.0 26.7 3 weeks 0.4 25.9 30.7 28.3 30.6 29.5 27.4 24.5 4 weeks -1.5 23.5 27.9 26.6 27.8 27.3 24.3 24.5 Average percentage gain . . 13.1 33.3 35.6 33.5 36.0 34.1 32.5 28.9 1 Maximum weight increase. NERVOUS SYSTEM 55 TABLE 40 The percentage of solids in brains of rats of various ages kept from four to eighteen weeks in solutions of 4 'Per cen^ formaldehyde (computations made from original brain weights) EXPERIMENTS AGE OF RATS New- born 10 days 20 days 40 days 50 days 70 days 100 days 200 days Brains kept 18 wks. in neu- tralized stock solutions Brains kept 10 wks. in sol. 5 mos. old . . . 8.1 8.1 7.8 8.2 9.6 9.2 10.5 9.7 8.3 10.3 10.1 10.3 10.1 10.9 9.8 10.9 9.8 10.6 14.7 16.5 16.0 16.4 16.7 16.2 16.3 15.1 16.3 18.4 19.4 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.7 19.0 18.7 19.2 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.1 20.5 20.0 19.4 19.0 19.5 20.5 20.1 19.6 20.7 19.9 20.1 19.8 20.1 19.7 20.1 20.9 20.1 20.2 20.8 20.1 20.1 20.9 20.5 21.6 21.8 21.1 21.5 21.6 20.1 21.7 Brains kept 10 wks. in freshly made sol. . . . Brains kept 4 wks. in 40 cc. neutral sol. Brains kept 4 wks. in 40 cc. acid sol. Brains kept 4 wks. in 20 cc. neutral sol Brains kept 4 wks. in 20 cc. acid sol Brains kept 4 wks. in neu- tral sol. at temp. 26 °C. . Brains kept 4 wks. in neu- tral sol. at temp. 8 to 11°C Averages for above series Normal percentage of sol- ids in rats' brains (Don- aldson) 8.6 12.2 29.5 10.6 14.6 29.4 16.3 17.5 7.4 19.2 19.5 1.5 19.6 20.9 6.2 20.1 21.1 4.7 20.3 21.3 4.7 21.2 21.6 1.8 Percentage loss of solids as result of action of formaldehvde. . . 7. Sense organs. The cochlea makes 2| turns (Fortuyn, '14, p. 348). 8. Integument (see references). 9. Gastro-pulmonary systems. For the weights of the various viscera see tables 68-72. a) Gastro-intestinal system. The volumes of the liver and pan- creas cells — with those of their respective nuclei — have been de- 56 ANATOMY termined by Morgulis ('11). The organs were fixed in Zenker's solution and imbedded in paraffine and were taken from one normal Albino — 110 days old; body length 176 mm. ; body weight, 137.7 grams. TABLE 41 Liver cells NO. OF MEASUREMENTS OF CELI 8 VOLUME IN if OF NO. OF MEASUREMENTS OF NUCLEUS DIAMETERS OF NUCLEUS IN ft Entire cell Nucleus 100 5075 247.2 50 7.56 X 8.25 Pancreas cells 100 1829 94.3 40 5.48 X 6.00 b) Pulmonary system (see references), also table 70. 10. Uro-genital system (see references), also table 70. 11. Endocrine system (see references), also table 77. ANATOMY: REFERENCES 1. Anatomy, general. Akamatsu, '05. Brisson, 1756. Duesberg, '07. Flower, 1872. Goto, '06. Hewer, '14. Krause, 1876. Leydig, 1854, 1857. Martin and Moale, 1884. Meyer, 1800. Morrell, 1872. Owen, 1868. Waller, 1693. 2. Embryology, a) Spermatogenesis. Benda, 1887. Brown, 1885. Dues- berg, '08, '08 a, '09. Ebner, 1888. Hewer, '14. Jensen, 1887. Leeuwenhoeck, 1693. Lenhoss6k, 1898. Meves, 1898. Montane, 1889. Regaud, '04. Renson, 1882. Retzius, '09. Wiedersperg, 1885. 6) Ovulation. Bellonci, 1885. Blanc, 1892. Coe, '08. Kirkham, '10. Kirkham and Burr, '13. Mark and Long, '12. Sobotta and Burckhard, '10. Tafani, 1889, 1889 a. c) Early stages. Cristiani, 1892. Fraser, 1883. Huber, '15, '15 a, '15 b. Klebs, 1891. Melissinos, '07. Rob- inson, 1892, '04. Ryder, 1888. Selenka, 1883, 1884. Solger, 1889. d) Later stages. Adloff, 1898. Askanazy ,'08. Braun, 1882. Brunn, 1887. Chievitz, 1885. Freund, 1892. Glas, '04. Gottschau, 1883. Henneberg, 1899, 1900. Lewis, '15. Mey- erheim,' 1898. Robinson, 1889, 1892, 1892a, 1896. Souli<§,'03. Tandler,'02. Uskow, 1883. Weiss,'01. Widakowich,'09. Willach, 1888. Williams,'96. Zuckerkandl, '03. 3. Bones and joints and connective tissues. Bignotte, 1900. Donaldson, '12 a. Hansemann, '04. Hartley, '07. Hatai, '07 c. Hyrtl, 1845. Katzenstein, '03. Kohlmeyer, '06. Renaut, '04. Retterer, '05. Weiss, 1900. a) Teeth. Addison and Appleton, '15. Beretta, '13. Brunn, 1880. MacGillavry, 1875, 1876. Owen, 1840-1845. Terra, '11. Wiedersheim, '03. 4. Muscles, Bell, '11. Gulliver, 1839, 1842. Kolster, '01. McMunn, 1884. Meek, '99. Mellanby, '08. Morpurgo, 1898, 1899, 1899 a. Rosenfeld, 1899. Schafer, 1900a. Stirling, 1883. ANATOMY REFERENCES 57 5. Vessels and blood. Chisholm, '11. Gamgee, '98. Gulliver, 1875. Halli- burton, 1888. Hober, '11. Job, '15. Jolly and Stini, '05. Kanthack and Hardy, 1894. Minot, 1900. Preyer, 1866, 1871. Quinquaud, 1873. Reichert and Brown, '09. Schafer, 1898. Sherrington and Copeman, 1893. Tandler, 1899; White, '01. Wormley, 1888. 6. Nervous system, a) Central. 1) Brain. Addison, '11. Allen, '12. Bech- terew, 1890. Bradley, '03. Cajal, 1897, 1909-1911. Donaldson, '08, '09, '10, '11, '11 a, '11 b. Donaldson and Hatai, '11, '11 a. Fortuyn, '14. Gentes, '03. Gold- stein, '04. Haller, '10. Hamilton, '01. Hatai, '03, '09, '09 a. King, J. L., '10. King, H. D., '11. Lapicque, '07. Lewis, 1881. Meek, '07. Reichardt, '06 Retzius, 1894. Watson, '03. Wagner, 1841. 2) Spinal cord. Allen, '12. Bar- deleben, 1899. Hatai, '02 b. Lenhossek, 1889. Pontier and G6rard, 1900. Ran- son, '13, '14 a. Retzius, 1893. Robinson, 1892 a. Spitzka, 1886. Sterzi, '04. Stieda, 1869. Van der Vloet, '06. b) Peripheral. 1, 2) Cerebrospinal. Beck, 1896. Benedicenti, 1892. Berkley, 1893, 1895. Bischoff, 1832. Boughton, '06. Cabibbe, '04. Cannieu, '94. Donaldson, 1900, '05. Dunn, '12. Fortuyn, '14. Greenman, '13. Hamilton, '01. Hatai, '01, 'Ola, '02, '02 a, '03, '03 b, '03 c, '03 d, '04, '07 b. Krause, 1870. Ploschko, 1897. Ramstrom, '05. Ranson, '06. Stirling, 1883. S) Autonomic. Apolant, 1896. Asp, 1873. Barteneff, 1891. Cajal, 1893. Carpenter and Conel, '14. Fusari and Panasci, 1891. Fusari, 1894. Korolkow, 1892. Martinotti, 1889. Roth, '05. c) Technical methods. Cajal, 1889, '03. King, '10, '13 a. Ohlmacher, 1897. Turner, '04. 7. Sense organs. Asai, '08. Bulle, 1887. Ebner, 1873. Fortuyn, '14. Gmelin, 1892. Honigschmied, 1873. Koganei, 1885. Lauber, '01. Love"n, 1868, Mayer, 1843. Munch, 1896. Schafer, 1900 a. Stahr, '03. Tello, '06. Tucker- man, 1892. Wyss, 1870. 8. Integument. Calef, 1900. Durham, '04. Peters, 1890. Romer, 1896. 9. Gastro-pulmonary systems, a) Gastro-intestinal . Asher, '08. Asher and Erdely, '03. Asp, 1873. Briimmer, 1876. Bujard, '05, '09. Custor, 1873. Cu- vier, 1805. Demjanenko, '09. Edelmann, 1889. Ellenberger and Guenther, '08. Falcone, 1898. Frenkel, 1892. Gamier, 1897. Gillette, 1872. Heuser, '14. Home, 1807. Hoyer, 1890. Klein, 1871. Kupffer, 1876. Langley, 1882. Loewenthal, 1894, 1894 a, 1900, '08. Mayer, 1894. Mazzarelli, 1890. Morgulis, '11. Mouret, 1895. Miiller, 1830. Nicolas, 1890. Podwisotzky, 1878. Pod- wyssotzki, 1882. Ranvier, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1886 a. Rapp, 1839. Retzius, 1841. Rubeli, 1890. Salter, 1859. Saviotti, 1869. Schmidt, 1863. Schwalbe, 1872. Severin, 1885. Toepfer and Fleischmann, 1891. Watney, 1874. Zillin- berg-Paul, '09. Zumstein, 1891. b) Pulmonary system. Arnstein, 1877. Frank- enhaeuser, 1879. Fuchs-Wolfring, 1898. Gegenbaur, 1892. Guieysse/ 1898. Hansemann, 1895. Klein, 1875. Linser, 1900. Livini, 1896. Miller, 1893. Schulze, 1871. Zumstein, 1890. 10. Urogenital system. Beiling, '06. Belloy, 1899. Disselhorst, 1897, 1897 a, '04. Fischel, '14. Harz, 1883. Leydig, 1850. Lowenthal, 1897. Mueller, '02. Oudemans, 1892. Rauther, '03. Regaud, 1900, 1900 a, 1900 b, 1900 c, '01, 01 a, '01 b, '01 c, '01 d, '02, '02 a, '03. Stutzmann, 1898. Watson and Campbell, '06. 11. Endocrine system (see also Endocrine system under Physiology). Dos- toiewsky, 1886, 1886 a. Elliot and Tuckett, '06. Erdheim, '06. Gemelli, '03, '05, '06. '06 a. Hatai, '14, '14 a. Sandri, '08. Stendell, '13. Tilney, '11, '13. Vincent, '10. Watson, C., '07, '09. CHAPTER 4 PHYSIOLOGY 1. Muscle and nerve. 2. Nervous system, a) Central, b) Peripheral, b1) Degeneration, b2) Regeneration. 3. Special senses. 4. Blood and lymph. 5. Circulation — blood and lymph. 6. Respiration. 7. Digestion and secretion (exclusive of ductless glands). 8. Nutrition, a) Body temperature. 9. Repro- duction. 10. Endocrine system. The quantitative data for the functions of the normal Albino are rather scanty. Those available are given in their topical order and the references at the end of the chapter are also ar- ranged by topics — as usual. Tabular records for the very important studies of Osborne and Mendel on the modifications of body growth by the use of various proteins are reluctantly omitted because of the general plan of presenting in these pages data for the normal rat only. 8. Nutrition. A study of the nitrogen excretion has been made by Hatai ('05). Chicago Colony, ration: Uneeda biscuit and water. From observations on 89 male rats at different ages and weights the following results were obtained: 1. The total amount of urine increases with the weight up to 120 grams, then decreases very decidedly. From 180 grams it again in- creases up to 220 grams, beyond which weight it remains rather constant. A diminution of urine in animals between 120 and 180 grams, or ap- proximately 70-125 days old, seems to be a normal phenomenon rather than mere statistical variation. Whether or not this is a phenomenon of adolescence needs further investigation. It must be noted, how- ever, that puberty in the rat begins at about seventy days after birth. The smaller animals excrete a relatively greater quantity of urine than the larger animals. 2. The total amount of nitrogen is quite independent of the amount of urine, and increases constantly and continuously throughout life. The smaller rats, however, excrete a relatively greater quantity than the larger animals. 3. The percentage value of urinary nitrogen is 91 per cent of the total in the case of smaller animals, and 89 per cent in the case of the larger. 58 NUTRITION 59 TABLE 42 Showing the amount of urine, feces, and nitrogen during three days, rats alone were used Male BODY WEIGHT NO. OP ANIMALS URINE FECES NITHOGF.N IN URINE NITROGEN IN FECES TOTAL NITROGEN BODY WEIGHT NO. OP ANIMAI 8 URINE FECES NITROGEN IN URINE NITROGEN IN FECES TOTAL NITROGEN gm. 38 8 CC. 5.75 6.25 5.00 mgm . 327 217 105 mgm. 52 45 42 mgm. 4 4 1 mgm. 56 49 43 gm. 162 4 CC. 16.13 11.50 12.00 mgm. 748 208 227 mgm. 162 140 141 mgm. 32 11 16 mgm. 194 151 157 Average 5.7 216 46 3 50 Average 13.2 394 148 20 168 53 7 12.62 9.52 9.17 347 0 57 85 65 54 11 0 3 96 65 57 178 4 12.13 12.00 13.38 379 482 374 187 154 162 17 21 15 204 175 177 Average 10.4 135 68 5 73 Average 12.5 412 168 18 185 70 8 16.69 10.87 10.41 395 205 68 93 103 92 13 7 3 106 110 95 191 3 16.00 17.30 11.30 177 163 348 194 185 164 9 9 17 203 194 181 Average 12.8 223 96 8 104 Average 14.9 229 181 12 193 85 5 15.9 12.4 9.5 438 219 330 97 102 83 22 4 13 119 106 96 207 4 19.30 10.80 19.00 776 516 195 158 182 181 29 24 7 187 206 188 Average 12.6 329 94 13 107 Average 16.4 496 174 20 194 99 6 15.50 10.83 8.98 556 38 199 137 124 100 20 3 5 157 127 105 220 2 24.00 20.00 19.00 809 235 382 217 181 148 42 8 ' 29 259 189 177 Average 11.8 264 120 9 130 Average 21.00 475 182 26 208 106 6 15.41 17.67 17.33 374 294 248 122 119 110 10 5 18 132 124 128 239 4 18.80 17.80 18.00 794 502 404 207 175 178 30 15 16 237 190 194 Average 16.8 305 117 11 128 Average 18.2 566 187 20 207 116 5 22.3 14.5 18.0 776 138 39 143 135 123 26 8 0 169 143 123 266 4 20.38 24.00 22.00 333 896 690 204 225 259 21 32 28 225 257 287 Average 18.3 318 134 11 145 Average 22.1 639 229 27 256 127 4 18.25 13.00 18.75 906 346 127 120 115 129 26 17 6 146 132 135 298 5 20.25 18.00 17.35 956 638 598 246 272 262 37 26 24 283 298 286 Average 16.7 460 121 16 138 Average 18.5 731 260 29 289 144 5 17.58 16.25 15.00 359 360 49 153 166 113 15 10 1 168 176 114 333 3 16.88 26.50 19.50 1424 475 857 261 280 297 25 20 37 286 300 334 Average 16.3 256 144 9 153 Average 20.9 919 279 27 306 156 5 13.90 13.90 15.75 425 638 445 126 151 169 14 16 17 140 167 186 370 3 13.00 12.80 19.30 877 817 217 250 289 •291 45 32 9 295 321 299 Average 14.5 503 149 16 165 Average 15.00 637 277 29 306 60 PHYSIOLOGY 4. The total, amount of nitrogen eliminated by the rat during twenty- four hours at different weights may be determined with a high degree of accuracy by the formula (33). The normal protein metabolism of the rat has been studied by Fomvand Morris ('13). They find a distribution of nitro- gen in the urine as shown in tables 43, 44. TABLE 43 Female rat weighing 290 grams. Average of 5 days MGU. PER CENT Total N 173.50 100 00 Urea N 143 20 77 30 Ammonia N 9.10 5.20 Uric Acid N 0.69 0.40 Creatinine N 4 50 2 65 Creatinine + Creatine N 4.70 2.71 TABLE 44 Male rat weighing 197 grams. Average of 6 MGM. PER CENT Total N 126.00 100.00 Urea N 105 90 84 00 Ammonia N 6.70 5 30 Uric Acid N 0.52 0.41 Creatinine N 2 90 2 30 Creatinine + Creatine N 3.00 2.38 "It will be seen from examination of the average results that the percentage composition of rat urine differs but little from that of human urine." a) Body temperature. Using the mercurial thermometer in the rectum, Pembrey ('95) reports a body temperature of 37.5°C. in adult Albinos. Macleod ('07) by the same method finds a range of 37.5-38.5°C. with a mean of 37.9°C.; Congdon ('12) also by the same method a temperature of 37.9°C. in the young; in the adult, when reared at 16°C., a temperature of 36.2°C. and when reared at 33°C., of 37.2°C. Graham and Hutchison NUTRITION 61 ('14) using the thermoelectric method of Philips and Demuth — obtained the following: TABLE 45 EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE BODY TEMPERATURE (C.) High Low 5 C Series (a) 36.1 34.9 38.7 41.8 21.1 19.0 32.4 32.9 Series (b) 21 C 37 C PHYSIOLOGY: REFERENCES 1. Muscle and nerve. Boinet, 1895. Engelmann, 1877. Lee, '10. Mellanby, '08. 2. Nervous system, a) Central. Terrier, 1886. Hatai, '03 a, '04 a, '07 a, '08, '15 a. Mills, 1897. Schafer, 1900. Watson, '05. 6) Peripheral. 61) Degenera- tion. b2) Regeneration. Greenman, '13. Ranson, '03, '04, '06, '14. Tournade, '13. 3. Special Senses. Bogardus and Henke, '11. Hunter, '14. Vincent, '12, '13, '15, '15 a, '15 b. 4. Blood and Lymph. Erddly, '05. Robertson, 12. Rywosch, '07. Tromms- dorf, '09. 5. Circulation. Rattone and Mondino, 1888, 1888 a, 1889, 1889 a. 6. Respiration. Bert, 1878. Boycott and Damant, '08 a. Boycott and Da- mant and Haldane, '08. Pembrey, 1895. Pembrey and Spriggs, '04. 7. Digestion and Secretion (exclusive of the ductless glands). Ackroyd, '14, '15. Astaschewsky, 1877. Basch, 1870. Easier, '09. Bohlen, 1894. Drasch, 1886. Eimer, 1869. Ellenberger, '06. Elliott and Barclay-Smith '04. Gruetz- ner, 1875, 1878, 1894, 1898, '05. Hohmeier,'01. Jolyet and Chaker, 1875. Langley and Sewall, 1879. Langley, 1879. Matthes and Marquardsen, 1898. Paneth, 1888, 1888 a. Ranvier, 1887, 1888, 1894. Schiff, 1859. Zawarykin, 1883. 8. Nutrition and body temperature. Aldrich, '12. Aron, '12, '13. Briining, '14, '14 a. Chidester, '12. Congdon, '12. Cook, '13. Czermak, 1895. Falta and Noeggerath, '05. Folin and Morris, '13. Forbes and Keith, '14. Frank and Schittenhelm, '12. Gevaerts, '01. Graham and Hutchison, '14. Greg- ersen, '11. Gudernatsch, '15. Hart and McCollum, '13. Hatai, '05. Hewer, '14. Heymann, '04. Hill, '13. Hill and Macleod, '03. Hopkins, '12. Hop- kins and Neville, '12. Hunt, '10. Hunter, Givens and Guion, '14. Jackson, '15b. Jacob. '06. Knapp, '08. Kreidl and Neumann, '08. Lane-Claypon, '09. Langlois and Loir, '02. McCollum, '09. McCollum and Davis, '13, '13 a, '14. Macleod, '07. Mendel, '13. Morgulis, '11. Osborne, '13. Osborne and Men- del, '11, '11 a, '11 b, '12, '12 a, '12 b, '12 c, '12 d, '12 e, '12 f, '12 g, '13, '13 a, '13 b '14, '14 a, '14 b, '14 c, '14 d, '14 e, '15. Paul, '06. Pembrey. 1895. Pitts, 1898. Poljakoff, 1888. Rohde" and Jones, '09. Watson, B. P., '07. Watson, C., '06, 62 PHYSIOLOGY '06 a, '06 b. '07 a, '07 b, '07 c, '07 d, '10 '12. Watson and Lyon, '06. Watson and Gibbs, '06. 9. Reproduction. Carmichael and Marshall, '07. Cuenot, 1899. Fischel, '14. Hewer, '14. Marshall and Jolly, '07, '08. Regaud, 1900 d, 1900 e, 1900 f. Steinach, '10, '11, '12, '13. 10. Endocrine System. Barnabo, '13. Biedl, '13. Boinet, 1895, 1895 a. Brown-Sequard, 1856. Cristiani, 1893, 1893 a, 1893 b, 1895, 1900. Cristiani and Cristiani, '02, '02 a, '02 b, '02c, '02 d. Erdheim, '06 a, '07, '11, '11 a, 'lib. Gemelli, '06. Goetsch and Gushing, '13. Goldmann, '09, '12. Harley, 1857, 1858, 1858 a, 1858 b. Hohlbaum, '12. Hunt and Seidell '09. Iselin, '08. Leischner, '07. Leischner and Kohler, '11. Leopold and Reuss, '08. Olds, '10. Poll, 1898, 1899. Schafer, '08. Schiff, 1884, 1884 a. Steinach, 1894. Strehl and Weiss, '01. Toyofuku, '11. Vincent, 1897, 1897 a. '12. Vincent and Jolly, '05, '06. Watson, C., '14. Wiesel, 1899, 1899 a. CHAPTER 5 GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT ACCORDING TO AGE 1. Introduction. 2. Growth before birth. 3. Growth between birth and maturity. 4. Modifications of growth in total body weight. 5. Weight-length ratios. 1. Introduction. Under the general caption of growth several series of data are grouped in this chapter and in the four chapters which follow it. The chapter heads explain the several group- ings and show that some data are presented according to age and other data according to some bodily measurement. The reasons for this procedure will be evident in each instance. The effort has been made to gather as much of the data as pos- sible under the caption of growth as this seemed the best way to make the records available for reference. The following tables present the size, weight and composition of the albino rat and some of its parts, under conditions which may be considered normal. As regards absohite measurements, it must be borne in mind that the Albino is very responsive to external conditions as rep- resented by food, housing, temperature, exercise, and incidental disturbances, especially light and noises. No two colonies today are kept under more than approximately similar conditions and it follows that the average size of the animals from different colonies varies. The conditions just noted also appear to influence the relative weights of some of the viscera. For these reasons, each set of determinations will be accompanied by a statement, as complete as possible, con- cerning the special conditions surrounding the animals on which the observations were made. 2. Growth before birth. For the data on growth during the first few days of fetal life, see Chapter 3, Embryology, early stages, pp. 31-33 Huber ('15 a) and other references there given. 63 64 GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT At about the 13th day after insemination the fetus is large enough to be directly weighed and from this date to birth the growth has been followed. In a series of 38 females, each of which had already born one litter, Stotsenburg (MS '15) has observed exactly the time of Fetus of albino rat Weight in grams 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Days Chart 1 shows the course of fetal growth from the 13th to the 22nd day gestation. Stotsenburg (MS '15). The data are given in table 46. insemination and then weighed the fetuses at the ages given in table 46. Before weighing the membranes were removed and in some instances the crown-rump length was measured (table 47) . The graph representing the growth before birth from the 13th day on is given in chart 1, the interval used for one day be- ing two-fifths of that used for one gram. GROWTH BETWEEN BIRTH AND MATURITY 65 3. Growth between birth and maturity. The first observations were made at the University of Chicago by Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06) on stock rats fed mainly on milk-soaked bread TABLE 46 Showing the mean weights of the fetuses at ten ages during gestation AGE IN DAYS NUMBER OF FETUSES 'AVERAGE WEIGHT OF FETUS IN GRAMS RATE OF INCREASE IN WEIGHT 13 34 0.040 per cent 14 44 0.112 179 15 37 0.168 50 16 44 0.310 83 17 21 0.548 77 18 43 1.000 83 19 30 1.580 58 20 25 2.630 65 21 42 3.980 51 22 10 4.630 16 TABLE 47 Giving the crown-rump length of fetus in millimeters. Scrap diet only, here measured are part of those used for Table 46 The fetuses SERIAL NUMBER AGE IN DAYS NUMBER IN LITTER AVERAGE WEIGHT OF FETUS IN GRAMS AVERAGE CROWN- RUMP LENGTH IN MM. RANGE OF LENGTH IN MM. 42 14 8 0.093 9.5 9.0-10.0 43 15 12 0.107 9.4 9.0-10.0 37 15 8 0.218 12.1 12.0-12.5 41 16 11 0.322 13.0 12.5-13.0 40 17 7 0.525 16.3 16.0-17.0 36 18 9 0.947 19.1 18.0-21.0 37 19 8 1.490 22.7 20.5-24.0 35 20 10 2.510 27.7 24.0-32.0 34 21 9 4.070 36.7 35.0-39.0 44 22 10 4.630 39.2 36.0-41.0 with corn as a staple. The values before fourteen days of age were obtained from weighing different litters, each litter being weighed only once. The original values at birth and for the first ten days were plainly too high and have been replaced by new 66 GROWTH IN. TOTAL BODY WEIGHT data (Donaldson, MS '14). After the 14th day the weighing of 19 males and 17 females was made at frequent intervals, so long as the animals kept in good condition. Tables 63 and 64 give for males and females respectively not only the mean values but the range, and in the case of the females, after 90 days, the Chart 2 Growth in body weight on age. Male albino rat. A. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06) . See table 63. B. Observations of Ferry, '13. See table 65. B'. Observations of Ferry, '13. See column 2, table 65. C. Observations of King (MS '15). Data from two series combined. See table 67. observed values for the unmated animals are accompanied by a second series of values computed for mated rats on the basis of Watson's ('05) observations which show that mated females gain in weight about 0.03 per cent per diem faster than the unmated. These data are used for graph A, chart 2, males, and graph A, chart 3, females. GROWTH BETWEEN BIRTH AND MATURITY 67 Using the mean values in table 63 for the males from 10 days of age on, and the corresponding values in table 64 for the fe- males and taking the records for the mated females where given, Hatai has determined the graph for which formulas 34 and 35 give the values for the male, and formulas 36 and 37 the values for the female for this special series. By the use of these formu- las the body weights have been computed for each day of age Growth in body weight Albino Rat Chart 3 Growth in body weight on age. Female albino rat. A. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06). See table 64. B. Observations of Ferry, '13. See table 65. C. Observations of King (MS '15). Data from two series combined. See table 67. from 10-100 days and at intervals of five days from 100-365 days (see table 62). The values given for the first ten days of age in table 62 have been obtained from a revised series of direct observations Don- aldson (MS '14). The weight at birth as here given, is for rats that have suckled. A second series of data for body weight on age have been gathered by Miss Ferry. 68 GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT Using the rats from the colony maintained for the experiments of Osborne and Mendel at the Connecticut Agricultural Station in New Haven, Ferry ('13) has recorded the growth with age from the 10th to the 280th day of life. The diet of the rats consisted of Austin's dog-biscuit, and sunflower seeds with fresh vegetables (chiefly carrots or corn and string beans) two or three times a week, and a small amount of cooked meat twice a week. A little salt was always kept in the cage. The cages were small. Table 66 gives the numbers of rats weighed at the several ages and table 65 the mean values for each sex. The females were unmated. In chart 2 graph B shows the values for the males and in chart 3 graph B shows the values for the females. The broken line record marked B' in chart 2 gives the values found in column 2, table 65, and probably gives the truer picture for the normal weight change. Finally at The Wistar Institute King (MS '15) has conducted two series of observations (1912-1913) (1913-1915) on the in- crease in body weight with age in stock Albinos. There were 23 males and 23 females in the first series and 27 of each sex in the second. The records for the two series have been combined. The observations extend from 13^85 days and the weighings were made at the ages given in table 67. These rats received a 'scrap' diet (i.e., a diet composed of table refuse from which materials known to be injurious had been removed). In chart 2 the record for the males is given by graph C and in chart 3 the record for the females by graph C. In chart 4 the graphs for both sexes appear extended to 485 days. In 1913 Jackson ('13) published a series of body weights for both sexes according to age, but as these animals did not grow well after about 70 days of age, the table has not been copied here. On comparing the graphs for the males in the several series — (see chart 2) it appears that the males reared by King grew best —while in the graphs for the females (chart 3) the record by Ferry shows the poorest growth for the females. It appears therefore that laboratory conditions including diet (assumed in each case to be wholesome) may modify the growth and that the two sexes are not necessarily affected to a like degree. MODIFICATIONS IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT 69 4. Modifications of growth in total body weight. No change occurs in the growth of castrated males, Stotsenburg ('09). A slight increase in growth was observed by Hatai ('03 a, p. 61) after lecithin feeding. Increased growth occurs in spayed females, Stotsenburg ('13). This increase is in part due to the accumulation of fat and in part to general enlargement. Growth in body weight Albino Rat Body «n>om m ar.m. Chart 4 Growth in body weight on age for 485 days. Males and females. Observations by King (MS., '15). Data from two series combined. See table 67. Bearing young also causes an increase in body weight in the females, J. B. Watson ('05). A decrease follows all forms of underfeeding (Hatai, '04 a, '07 a, '08; Donaldson, '11 a) including feeding with certain vege- table proteins. See many references to Osborne and Mendel in chapter 4, Physiology: Nutrition, p. 61. Decrease also follows an excessive meat diet when begun with young animals (Mus norvegicus) (C. Watson, '06, '06 a, '06 b). 70 GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT TABLE 48 Giving in grams the values obtained by dividing the body weight by body length in millimeters. Based on data in Table 68 BODY LENGTH RATIO BODY LENGTH RATIO BODY LENGTH RATIO Male Female Male Female Male Female 50 0.10 0.10 86 0.22 0.23 121 0.37 0.39 51 0.10 0.10 87 0.23 0.24 122 0.37 0.39 52 0.10 0.10 88 0.23 0.24 123 0.38 0.40 53 0.10 0.11 89 0.23 0.24 124 0.38 0.40 54 0.10 0.11 90 0.24 0.25 125 0.39 0.41 55 0.11 0.11 126 0.39 0.41 56 0.11 0.12 91 0.24 0.25 127 0.40 0.42 57 0.11 0.12 92 0.24 0.26 128 0.40 0.43 58 0.12 0.12 93 0.25 0.26 129 0.41 0.43 59 0.12 0.13 94 0.25 0.27 130 0.41 0.44 60 0.13 0.13 95 0.26 0.27 96 0.26 0.27 131 0.42 0.44 61 0.13 0.14 97 0.26 0.28 132 0.42 0.45 62 0.13 0.14 98 0.27 0.28 133 0.43 0.45 63 0.14 0.14 99 0.27 0.29 134 0.43 0.46 64 0.14 0.15 100 0.28 0.29 135 0.44 0.47 65 0.14 0.15 136 0.44 0.47 66 0.15 0.16 101 0.28 0.30 137 0.45 0.48 67 0.15 0.16 102 0.28 0.30 138 0.46 0.48 68 0.16 0.16 103 0.29 0.30 139 0.46 0.49 69 0.16 0.17 104 0.29 0.31 140 0.47 0.50 70 0.16 0.17 105 0.30 0.31 106 0.30 0.32 141 0.47 0.50 71 0.17 0.18 107 0.30 0.32 142 0.48 0.51 72 0.17 0.18 108 0.31 0.33 143 0.48 0.52 73 0.17 0.18 109 0.31 0.33 144 0.49 0.52 74 0.18 0.19 110 0.32 0.34 145 0.50 0.53 75 0.18 0.19 146 0.50 0.54 76 0.18 0.19 111 0.32 0.34 147 0.51 0.54 77 0.19 0.20 112 0.33 0.34 148 0.52 0.55 78 0.19 0.20 113 0.33 0.35 149 0.52 0.56 79 0.19 0.21 114 0.34 0.35 150 0.53 0.56 80 0.20 0.21 115 0.34 0.36 116 0.34 0.36 151 0.54 0.57 81 0.20 0.21 117 0.35 0.37 152 0.54 0.58 82 0.21 0.22 118 0.35 0.37 153 0.55 0.58 83 0.21 0.22 119 0.36 0.38 154 0.56 0.59 84 0.21 0.23 120 0.36 0.38 155 0.56 0.60 85 0.22 0.23 156 0.57 0.61 WEIGHT LENGTH RATIOS 71 TABLE 48— Concluded BODY LENGTH RATIO BODY LENGTH RATIO BODY LENGTH RATIO Male Female Male Female Male Female 157 0.58 0.61 188 0.84 0.90 219 1.22 1.32 158 0.58 0.62 189 0.85 0.91 220 1.24 1.34 159 0.59 0.63 190 0.86 0.92 160 0.60 0.64 221 1.25 1.36 191 0.87 0.94 222 1.27 1.38 161 0.60 0.65 192 0.88 0.95 223 1.28 1.40 162 0.61 0.65 193 0.89 0.96 224 1.30 1.41 163 0.62 0.66 ' 194 0.90 0.97 225 1.32 1.43 164 0.63 0.67 195 0.91 0.98 226 1.33 1.45 165 0.63 0.68 196 0.92 1.00 227 1.35 1.47 166 0.64 0.69 197 0.94 1.01 228 1.37 1.49 167 0.65 0.70 198 0.95 1.02 229 1.38 1.51 168 0.66 0.70 199 0.96 1.03 230 1.40 1.52 169 0.67 0.71 200 0.97 1.05 170 0.67 0.71 231 1.42 1.54 201 0.98 1.06 232 1.44 1.56 171 0.68 0.72 202 0.99 1.07 233 1.45 1.58 172 0.69 0.73 203 1.01 1.09 234 1.47 1.60 173 0.70 0.75 204 1.02 1.10 235 1.49 1.62 174 0.71 0.76 205 1.03 1.11 236 1.51 1.64 175 0.72 0.77 206 1.04 1.13 237 1.53 1.67 176 0.73 0.78 207 1.06 1.14 238 1.55 1.69 177 0.73 0.79 208 1.07 1.16 239 1.56 1.71 178 0.74 0.80 209 1.08 1.17 240 1.58 1.73 179 0.75 0.81 210 1.10 1.19 180 0.76 0.82 241 1.60 1.75 211 1.11 1.20 242 1.62 1.78 181 0.77 0.83 212 1.12 1.22 243 1.64 1.80 182 0.78 0.84 213 1.14 1.23 244 1.67 1.82 183 0.79 0.85 214 1.15 1.25 245 1.69 1.84 184 0.80 0.86 215 1.17 1.26 246 1.71 1.87 185 0.81 0.87 216 1.18 1.28 247 1.73 1.89 186 0.82 0.88 217 1.19 1.29 248 1.75 1.92 187 0.83 0.89 218 1.21 1.31 249 1.77 1.94 250 1.79 1.97 5. Weight-length ratios. Although it is not our purpose to in- troduce derived values among the tables, yet it seemed desir- able in this connection to put in a table showing the ratio of body weight to body length. This gives the weight value of a running millimeter of the animal. By the use of this table it can be de- 72 GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT termined whether a given rat is emaciated or fat. The values for the weights and lengths as given in table 68 have been used for obtaining these ratios. GROWTH IN TOTAL WEIGHT: REFERENCES 2. Growth before birth. Huber, '15 a. 3. Growth after birth. Chisolm, '11. Donaldson, '06, '12 c. Dunn, '08. Ferry, '13. Jackson, '13. King, '15. King and Stotsenburg, '15. Robertson, '08. 4. Modifications of growth. Donaldson, 11 a. Hatai, '03 a. '04 a, '07 a, '08, '13 a, '15. Jackson, '15, '15 a, '15 b. Os- borne and Mendel (See Physiology: Nutrition). Schafer, '12. Stotsenburg, '09, '13. Watson, C., '06, '06 a, '06 b. Watson, J. B., '05. CHAPTER 6 GROWTH OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY IN WEIGHT 1. Larger divisions. 2. Systems. 3. Teeth. 4. Blood. 5. Fat. 1. Larger divisions. The relative growth of the component parts (head, trunk and limbs) and of the systems (integument ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera) has been studied by Jackson and Lowrey ('12). The rats were reared at the University of Missouri and fed daily' with wheat bread soaked in whole milk — a supply of chopped corn being kept constantly in the cages. In addition fresh beef was given once a week. The rats were well grown except at five months and one year, when both sexes were some- what low in body weight — the deficiency being most marked in the females. The report of the work by Jackson and Lowrey ('12) is given largely in their own words. The method of dissection was as follows. The animal was taken in the morning before feeding and killed by chloroform. The gross body weight, and the lengths of body and tail were recorded. The head (with skin) was then removed (just posterior to the foramen mag- num and anterior to the larynx) and weighed. In the meantime, the trunk was suspended and the blood (unmeasured) was allowed to es- cape. Then the viscera were carefully removed and weighed indi- vidually (including brain, spinal cord, eyeballs, thyroid, thymus, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, stomach and intestines, both with contents and empty, suprarenals, kidneys and gonads). Urine was estimated if present. The extremities were separated at the shoulder and hip joints and weighed with skin. The skin (including ears, claws and adherent subcutaneous tissue) was next removed and weighed. The trunk weight was estimated by substracting the weight of the head and ex- tremities from the net body weight. Then the musculature with skeleton was weighed, the few remaining additional structures ( genitalia, large vessels, pharynx and oesophagus, larynx and trachea, and masses of fat connected with the musculature) having been carefully removed. Finally the musculature was care- 73 74 GROWTH IN PARTS fully dissected off and the skeleton, including bones, cartilages and liga- ments, was weighed. This weight, subtracted from that of the skele- ton and musculature together, gives the weight of tlie musculature, in- cluding the tendons. Evaporation was reduced to a minimum by keeping the various structures in a closed moist container, so far as possible. The net body weight, which is the gross body weight minus con- tents of stomach, intestines and urinary bladder, was used as the basis in calculating the percentage weights. The percentages therefore differ slightly from those calculated upon the gross body weight. The dif- ference is not of material importance in the case of the albino rat, however, as the intestinal and other contents do not average more than 5 per cent of the body at the ages observed (excepting at 6 weeks, where the average was about 8 per cent.) The observations were grouped at seven ages, chosen for the following reasons. At one week the weight at birth has about doubled. At three weeks it has about doubled again, and this moreover is the age at which the animal is usually weaned. At six weeks the body weight has again about doubled, and the animal is well established upon its permanent diet. Ten weeks represents the age of puberty, and the body weight of six weeks has again about doubled. At one year the body weight has again nearly doubled, and this represents nearly the adult weight. Five months was arbitrarily selected as the time when the body weight is approxi- mately half way between those of ten weeks and one year. While therefore observations are not available for the various intermediate age periods, these are sufficiently close together so that no important change in the relative weights of the constituent parts is likely to be overlooked. Moreover, on account of the variations at the different ages in the body weights, these form a fairly continuous series ; and the relative weights of the various constituent parts are apparently more closely correlated with the body weight than with the age. The relative weights of the component parts examined are given in table 49 (modified from table 2, p. 455, loc. cit.). TABLE 49 Albino rat — Average percentage weight of head, trunk and extremities at various ages — sexes combined (Jackson and Lowrey, '12) AGE, DAYS BODY WEIGHT HEAD FORE-LIMBS HIND-LIMBS TRUNK o gms. 5.4 per cent 21.65 per cent 7 39 per cent 9.45 per cent 61.51 7 11.6 23.70 8.92 11.97 55.41 21 25.5 20.22 9.25 14.87 55.66 42 79.2 11.80 6.72 14.94 66.54 70 .. 141 9 9.56 5.32 15.59 69.53 150 190.7 9.42 5.87 15.64 69.07 365 222 2 9.29 4.76 14.63 71.32 GROWTH OF SYSTEMS 75 The authors call attention to the relative increase in the weight of the head during the first week — as peculiar in the rat — and also point out that the maximum relative weight is shown by the head at one week — by the forelimbs at three weeks, by the hind limbs at five months and by the trunk at a year — the wave of most active growth thus passing from the head caudad with ad- vancing age. 2. Systems. The relative growth of the various systems is also given for the integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera. The method of preparing each system has been previously noted. The following table is based on table 4 (loc. cit., p. 460) to which has been added the average values of the net body weights. It is to be noted that the percentages in tables 49 and 50 are based on the 'net body weight' of the rats. According to Jack- son and Lowrey this is about 95 per cent of the gross weight, and this factor can be used therefore to transform net into gross weight. TABLE 50 Average percentage weights of integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature, viscera and remainder. Based on Jackson and Lowrey ('12), table 4- for the corresponding absolute weights see table 51 AGE IN DAYS SEX AND NUMBER BODY WEIGHT PERCENTAGE VALUES — SEXES COMBINED FOR Integument Liga- mentous skeleton Muscula- ture Viscera Remainder 0 I'M. 9 \F. 9 fM. 8 \F. 11 fM. 7 \F. G fM. 6 \F. 8 /M. 5 \F. 5 /M. 6 \F. 7 fM. 4 \F. 2 qms. | 4.7 ] 10.1 j 24.8 | 64.5 | 130.5 J 184.3 } 234.6 19.8 25.9 22.4 20.9 18.7 18.1 18.0 17.3 18.5 16.6 14.0 11.7 11.5 10.9 24.4 22.8 26.9 32.7 41.1 42.6 45.4 18.1 19.2 21.3 20.4 16.0 14.8 13.3 20.4 13.6 12.8 12.0 12.5 13.0 12.4 7 21 42 .... 70 150 365 76 GROWTH IN PARTS TABLE 51. Shows for the series of body weights of the albino rat by Jackson and Lowrey ('12) the absolute weights of integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature, viscera and remainder determined by the use of the percentage values given in the preceding table 50 AGE IN MEAN BODT SEX NO. INTEGUMENT LIGAMEN- TOUS MUSCULATURE VISCERA REMAINDER DAYS SKELETON Average gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 0 M. + F. 5.11 M. 9 1.00 0.87 1.19 0.90 1.15 4.27 F. 9 0.85 0.75 1.09 0.79 0.79 4.69 0.93 0.81 1.15 0.85 0.97 7 10.47 M. 8 2.79 1.93 2.40 2.00 1.36 9.83 F. 11 2.33 1.70 2.24 1.90 1.30 10.10 2.62 1.87 2.30 1.94 1.37 21 26.91 M. 7 6.35 4.20 7.45 5.71 3.23 22.31 F. 6 4.69 3.97 5.78 4.77 3.08 24.78 5.55 4.11 6.67 5.28 3.17 42 60.10 M. 6 12.14 9.08 19.41 12.86 6.67 67.80 F. 8 14.51 8.95 22.37 13.36 8.61 64.50 13.48 9.03 21.09 13.16 7.74 70 143.60 M. 5 26.14 15.94 57.15 23.26 21.11 117.50 F. 5 22.56 14.34 49.94 18.68 11.99 130.50 24.40 15.27 53.64 20.88 16.31 150 218.70 M. 6 41.99 22.84 93.38 29.96 25.52 154.80 F. 7 26.62 18.73 65.94 24.30 19.20 184.30 33.36 21.38 78.51 27.28 23.77 365 260.20 M. 4 44.75 25.50 120.99 33.83 35.13 183.50 F. 2 35.78 24.22 79.46 25.32 18.72 234.60 42.23 25.57 106.51 31.20 29.09 Ligamentous skeleton. Since the values for the skeleton as given in tables 50 and 51 were obtained by dissection of the soft parts from the bones, it is evident that these determinations for the skeleton, which here corresponds to the 'ligamentous skeleton' would be high as compared with those obtained after the soft parts had been completely removed by maceration — thus giving the 'cartilaginous skeleton' in the strict sense. In view of this difference we have made recently a series of determinations of the relative weight of the cartilaginous skeleton after maceration, Conrow (MS '15). Using these determinations as a basis, table 52 has been formed which gives the values thus GROWTH OF SYSTEMS 77 obtained. The differences between the values for the moist skeleton after maceration and those obtained after gross dissec- tion may be designated as values for the 'periosteum, ligaments, etc.' and are so entered in table 52. It is thus possible from these two tables to compare subse- quent determinations of the skeleton after either dissection or maceration. If rats normal in body weight for their age are compared, we find that the cartilaginous skeleton at birth represents 52.5 per Chart 5 Giving for the sexes combined the percentage of the entire body weight represented by each of the several systems. Plotted on age in days. Table 50, Jackson and Lowrey ('12). cent of the weight of the ligamentous skeleton, while at one year it represents 64.5 per cent. The ratio for the weight of the bony skeleton rises therefore one point for each .23 grams increase in body weight, or for each gram of increase in body weight the ratio rises about 0.044 of a point. Within the age limits here given, these factors may be used for transforming one set of values into the other. 78 GROWTH IN PARTS Jackson and Lowrey conclude (p. 472) that the data indicate no noteworthy differences between the sexes in the relative weights of the various parts and systems, and that the body of the al- bino rat has practically reached the adult proportions in its com- ponent parts and systems at the age of ten weeks. Corresponding observations, though less extensive, made on the Norway rat are given in chapter 12. TABLE 52 Giving the percentage values for the cartilaginous skeleton when this has been pre- pared by maceration (Conrow, MS. '15), also giving — by difference between these values and those in table 50 — the percentage values for the "periosteum, ligaments, etc." AGE IN DAYS SEX AND NUMBER BODY WEIGHT NET BOTH SEXES PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MOIST Cartilaginous skeleton (by maceration) Conrow Periosteum ligaments, etc. Based on table 50 o /M. IF. /M. IF. fM. IF. /M. IF. /M. IF. /M. IF. fM. IF. 1 9J 8) 11J 7) 6J 6) 8J 5) 5J 6) 7J 4) 2/ 4.7 10.1 24.8 64.5 130.5 184.3 234.6 8.95 9.36 9.61 7.46 7.32 6.32 6.04 8.35 9.14 6.99 6.54 4.38 4.18 4.05 7 21 42 70 150 365 Weight of entire cartilaginous skeleton. Using a 2 per cent so- lution of the commercial gold dust washing powder ('Gold dust washing powder' consists of about 45 per cent sodium carbonate, 30 per cent soap powder, and 25 per cent water), the skeletons of some 70 inbred Albinos (King) have been carefully prepared by Conrow (MS '15) at The Wistar Institute. The animals were reared on a scrap diet. A careful comparison with the stock Albinos has not yet been made, but at the same time there is no suggestion thus far that the values for the inbreds differ from GROWTH OF SYSTEMS 79 those for the stock, when both age and body weight are taken into consideration. The weight of the skeleton is given in relation to the body weight. The value for the body used here is that normal to the body length (see table 68) when the observed body weight is less than that to be expected — but the observed body weight is used when that is above the normal for the body length. In the case of old rats undergoing senile loss of body weight the maximum body weight is the one used. The weight of the teeth is included with that of the skeleton —but the weight of the nails is excluded. Under these condi- tions the following table gives the weight of the moist carti- laginous skeleton — immediately after complete cleaning, and also TABLE 53 Giving data on the cartilaginous skeleton of the (inbred) Albino (Conrow MS '15). The weights for the moist skeleton are given — but not for the room dried skeleton. The percentage values for both on the body weight have been computed. AGE BODY BODY SKELETON PEBCENTAG] 2 VALUE OF IN DAYS LENGTH WEIGHT MOIST Moist skeleton Dry skeleton M New born mm. 45 gms. 4.0 0.379 9 38 1.78 M New born 47 4.0 0.401 10.03 2.35 F* New born 47 4.7 0.351 7 43 1.70 M 4 58 6.8 0.791 11.59 2.48 M... 2 59 7.1 0.986 13 85 3.51 M 3 59 7.1 0.613 8.59 2.24 M 11 65 9.4 0.909 9 63 2.47 F 10 65 9.9 0.904 9.09 2.67 F 17 76 14.8 1.469 9 89 3.61 F 20 90 22.4 2.114 9.40 3.59 F 22 102 30.5 3.005 9.82 3.81 M 28 103 29.6 2.543 8.56 3.91 M. . 29 113 37.3 3.301 8 82 3.91 M 33 118 41.6 3.532 8.46 3.72 M 34 123 46.3 4.030 8 73 4.06 M 32 125 48.3 3.965 8.18 3.84 F 41 126 52 3 3.959 7.54 3.89 M 40 131 54.7 4.374 7.97 3.85 M 36 133 56.9 4.662 8.16 3.74 M 43 135 59.3 4.620 7.76 3.89 F... 46 140 69.5 4.997 7.16 4.03 80 GROWTH IN PARTS TABLE 53— Concluded AGE BODY BODY SKELETON PERCENTAGl S VALUE OF IN DAYS ENGTH WEIGHT MOIST Moist skeleton Dry skeleton F 73 mm. 145 gms. 76 7 5 930 7 70 4 84 F 54 148 81 3 6 349 7 78 4 34 F 102 153 89 4 7 278 8 12 5 20 F 84 164 109 9 8 114 7 36 4 79 F 117 164 109 9 7 424 6 74 4 58 F 106 171 125 0 8 876 7 08 4 72 F 189 172 127 3 9 665 7 57 5 36 F 119 181 149 7 10 209 6 80 4 77 F 120 183 155 2 9 983 6 41 4 43 F 135 185 160 8 11.155 6 92 4 56 M 99 185 149 6 10 609 7 07 5 03 M 105 186 152 3 10 539 6 90 4 74 F 125 188 169 6 11.469 6.74 4.79 F 190 175 7 11 888 6 75 5 00 F 320 196 223.0 13 386 5.98 4 00 M 173 197 184.3 11.283 6.10 4.00 F 281 199 205 8 13.132 6 36 4 64 M 253 199 190.8 12.557 6.56 4.82 M 196 200 194.1 12.409 6.38 4.53 F 299 202 216 8 14.378 6.62 4 57 F 302 203 220.7 13.974 6.32 4.69 F 392 203 220.7 12.911 5.84 3.56 M 121 207 218 7 13 594 6.22 4.37 M 203 211 234.1 14.600 6.23 4.21 M 371 211 295.0 15.019 5.08 3.42 M 169 214 246.3 15.543 6.30 4.52 M 205 215 250.5 15.688 6.25 4.58 M 304 216 307.0 16.810 5.47 3.76 M 367 219 318 0 19.321 6.07 4.26 M 221 219 267.9 16.158 6.02 4.09 M 314 221 344.0 20.078 5.83 4.05 M 462 223 342 9 20.277 5.90 4.22 M 357 225 410.0 19 . 147 4.66 3.47 M 518 226 343.0 20.433 5.95 4.29 M 332 226 419.0 22.257 5.30 3.93 M... 474 228 355 0 19.518 5.49 3.88 M 276 228 413.0 22.323 5.40 3.96 M 726 230 446.0 21.720 4.86 3.55 M 255 238 420.0 25.390 6.04 4.49 M 253 240 440.0 23.698 5.38 4.01 M 408 252 463.4 23.823 5.03 3.79 GROWTH OF SYSTEMS 81 the weight of the dry skeleton after drying in open, but dust free vessels, for thirty days or more at room temperature (17°- 23°C.). In table 54 the same material has been used to show the lengths of the femur and tibia and the humerus and ulna together with some simple relations. In the case of the Albinos less than 30 days of age, drying in the air may cause so considerable a reduc- tion in the lengths of these bones that no measurements are given in table 54 for dried long bones younger than 30 days — at which time the skeleton is fairly well calcified. TABLE 54 From some of the same (inbred) Albinos as were used for table 53 the lengths of the femur, tibia, humerus and ulna have been determined and also the percentage lengths of the humerus and ulna on the femur and tibia, as well as the relation of both of these pairs to the body length (Conrow, MS '15) SEX AGE DATS BODY LENGTH MEAN LENGTHS IN mm. OF PERCENTAGES OF Femur Tibia Humerus Ulna H. + U. F. T. H. u. I.+T. Bd. L. Bd. L. mm. M 32 125 18.7 23.0 15.9 18.8 83 33 27 F 41 126 18.7 23.0 15.4 18.3 80 33 26 M 40 131 18.2 22.9 15.4 18.7 82 31 26 M 36 133 20. 9 25.0 16.9 20.2 80 34 28 M 43 135 19.8 23.6 16.0 18.9 80 32 25 F 46 140 21.2 24.6 17.1 19.7 80 32 26 F 73 145 23.1 26.4 17.8 21.4 79 34 27 F 54 148 23.5 27.4 18.4 22.0 79 34 27 F 102 153 25.3 29.3 20.5 23.6 80 35 28 F 84 164 26.1 29.8 20.7 24.6 81 34 27 F 117 164 27.3 31.5 21.3 25.7 79 35 28 F 106 171 27.8 31.5 22.1 25.8 80 34 28 F 189 172 28.8 32.2 22.6 26.8 80 35 28 F 119 181 30.3 33.0 23.6 27.1 80 34 27 F 120 183 29.0 32.9 22.7 27.1 80 33 27 M 119 183 30.7 33.6 23.9 26.6 78 35 27 F 135 185 31.5 34.6 24.6 28.3 80 35 28 M 99 185 30.6 34.0 23.9 27.1 78 34 27 M 105 186 30.8 33.8 24.1 27.4 79 34 27 F 125 188 30.6 33.8 23.6 28.1 80 34 27 F 190 30.7 34.6 24.4 28.6 81 34 27 F 730 193 33.5 36.5 26.3 31.5 82 35 29 82 GROWTH IN PARTS TABLE 54— Concluded SEX AGE DAYS BODY LENGTH MEAN LENGTHS IN mm. OF PERCENTAGES OF Femur Tibia Humerus Ulna H. + U. F. T. H. U. F. + T. Bd. L. Bd.L. mm. F 320 196 34.8 36.5 26.8 30.5 80 36 29 M 173 197 32.8 35.6 25.5 28.9 79 34 27 M 253 199 34.3 37.4 26.8 31.4 81 35 29 F 281 199 32.9 36.5 25.9 30.8 81 34 28 M 196 200 33.9 36.9 26.3 30.3 79 35 28 F 392 203 32.1 35.1 25.0 29.3 80 33 26 F 302 203 34.5 37.8 26.6 31.9 80 35 28 M 121 207 34.1 36.9 26.7 30.2 80 34 27 M 203 211 34.6 38.6 26.9 31.6 79 34 27 M 371 211 37.0 39.2 28.3 32.5 79 36 28 M 169 214 35.0 37.3 27.3 30.7 80 33 27 M 205 215 35.1 37.7 27.1 31.3 80 33 27 M 304 216 37.9 41.7 29.8 34.6 81 36 29 M 221 219 37.5 39.8 28.7 32.3 78 35 27 M 367 219 37.3 38.6 28.9 31.8 79 34 27 M 314 221 38.6 40.4 29.9 34.1 81 35 28 M 462 223 37.3 39.2 29.4 32.1 80 34 27 M 357 225 39.2 41.5 30.5 34.1 80 35 28 M 518 226 37.7 39.2 29.6 32.4 80 34 27 M 332 226 38.2 41.5 29.6 34.6 80 35 28 M 276 228 38.3 39.7 29.8 32.5 79 34 27 M 474 228 40.0 41.3 30.9 34.2 80 35 28 M 726 230 39.2 40.9 30.5 33.1 79 34 27 M 255 238 39.6 42.5 30.7 35.9 81 34 27 M 253 240 40.7 43.8 32.0 36.0 80 35 28 M 408 252 41.0 43.1 31.7 36.1 80 33 26 Tests show that after 30 days of age, drying at room tempera- ture causes less than one per cent of shrinkage in the absolute lengths of the bones. The values for the bone lengths given in the table are means for the right and left sides — the length for the two sides usually being very nearly the same. The body length in every case is taken on the rat immediately after chloroforming. Weight of cranium. Determinations of the weight of the cranium dried at room temperature have been made, Donald- son ('12 a). By the cranium is meant the skull with upper GROWTH OF CRANIUM 83 teeth, minus the mandible with lower teeth and minus the ear bones. The mean weights are given in table 55. TABLE 55 The mean weight in grams of the crania in each body weight group of the four series of albino rats from Paris, London, Philadelphia, Vienna (based on table 4) Donald- son ('12 a). Each weight group is based on six cases, three males and three females BODY WEIGHT GROUP WEIGHT OF CRANIA IN GRAMS London Paris Philadelphia Vienna grams 125 0.89 1.23 1.52 1.79 1.03 1.27 1.52 1.05 1.41 1.51 1.87 2.15 1.00 1.40 1.73 2.10 175 225 275 325 For the corresponding weights of the Norway crania see Table 84. 3. Teeth. For the data on the growth of the incisor teeth (Ad- dison and Appleton, '15), see chapter 3, p. 37-39. 4. Blood. By means of a formula (19) based on his observa- tions Chisolm ('11) was able to compute approximately the vol- ume of the blood in rats of different body weights. Hatai (MS '14) has added two formulas (19 a) (19 b) based on that of Chisolm and giving results somewhat closer to the observations when the determinations are made according to sex. These three formulas have been transformed in turn from vol- ume to weight by using as a factor 1.056 — the specific gravity of the blood — and three formulas for blood weight (20) (20 a) (20 b) have been thus obtained. These last have been used to compute the weight of the blood as given in table 70. Table 56 here given presents Chisolm' s data on the other growth changes in the blood. 5. Fat. Boycott and Damant ('08, '08 a) have recorded the proportion of fat in rats of both sexes and of increasing body weights. The total fat was determined in healthy animals living under ordinary laboratory conditions as to food. No details given. The fat was estimated by Leathes' modification of Liebermann's 84 GROWTH IN PARTS TABLE 58 Showing growth changes in the blood in rats of increasing age (body weight) . Sexes combined — based on tables I and II, Chisolm ('11) NO. OF ANIMALS AGE IN DATS BODY WT. IN QMS. LENGTH OF BODY IN MM. HB PER CENT Oz CAPACITY IN CC. BLOOD VOLUME IN CC. Total Per kilo body wt. Total Per kilo body wt. 2 1 3.6 89.0 0.0411 11.59 0.249 70.3 5 2 4.8 47 72.0 0.0466 9.79 0.350 73.5 3 8 10.0 59 50.3 0.0485 4.83 0.522 52.0 9 16 12.8 72 63.0 0.0639 4.99 0.544 42.5 3 21 14.2 82 49.0 0.0773 5.44 0.863 60.4 3 28 14.3 84 44.7 0.0891 6.17 1.070 74.4 9 37.0 112 76.0 0.3730 10.00 2.620 70.0 8 57.0 134 84.6 0.5630 9.92 3.610 63.7 8 66.0 140 85.1 0.6490 9.88 4.120 62.7 12 75.0 144 79.9 0.7220 9.60 4.940 65.7 15 86.0 148 82.4 0.8600 10.02 5.670 66.0 8 95.0 155 84.0 0.9550 10.02 6.070 63.9 8 106.0 159 82.4 1.0270 9.74 6.810 64.5 11 115.0 166 92.5 1.2130 10.51 6.970 60.5 9 125.0 169 92.6 1.2410 9.89 7.260 57.9 8 146.0 178 89.1 1.4460 9.92 8.870 60.8 8 165.0 180 92.0 1.6630 10.10 9.890 59.3 7 194.0 189 92.4 1.9880 10.28 11.820 61.0 10 227.0 201 89.9 2.1860 9.68 13.180 58.2 8 268.0 206 85.4 2.2300 8.36 14.150 53.0 methods (see Hartley, '07) which is easily applicable to the entire carcasses of animals. The figures, given as percentages of fatty acid on the crude weight of the animal, represent therefore masked as well as anatomical fat. From the table 57 based on body weight it appears that the proportion of fat tends to be greater in the heavier animals, and from the tables based on the data grouped according to sex, it appears that the females have a somewhat larger percentage of fat than do the males. GROWTH OF FAT 85 TABLE 57 Giving the proportion of fat (fatty acids) with increasing age (body weight.) Based on table A, Boycott and Damant ('08 o) NUMBER AND SEX BODY WEIGHT IN GM8. PERCENTAGE OF FATTY ACIDS M. F. Max. Min. Average 15 10 20- 49 9.2 0.85 4.1 8 7 50- 99 6.1 1.00 4.0 19 25 100-149 16.1 0.80 6.1 11 17 150-199 14.6 1.30 7.6 7 2 200-247 9.7 1.30 5.8 Eighty-three rats arranged according to sex . Males 41 11.3 0.8 4.4 Females 42... . 16.1 1.0 5.6 GROWTH OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS: REFERENCES 1. Larger divisions. Jackson and Lowrey, '12. 2. Systems. Donaldson, '11, '11 c, '12, '12 a. Donaldson and Hatai, '11, '11 a. Jackson and Lowrey, '12. 3. Teeth. Addison and Appleton, '15. MacGillavry, 1875. Meyerheim, 1898. 4. Blood &nd5.Fat. Boycott and Damant, '08, '08 a. Chisolm, '11. Hartley, '07. CHAPTER 7 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS IN RELATION TO BODY LENGTH AND IN RELATION TO AGE 1. Introduction. 2. Methods of examination and graphs. 3. Body length on body weight. Body weight on body length. Tail length on body length. 4. Organs with an early rapid growth: Brain, spinal cord, eyeballs. 5. Organs with a nearly uniform growth: Heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs, blood, ali- mentary tract, thyroid, hypophysis and suprarenals. 6. Organs with a rapid growth just preceding puberty. Ovaries, testes, thymus (on age). 7. Determi- nations of variation. 8. General tables, a) Tables, weight of entire body on age. Before birth; from birth on. 6) Tables, increase in the length and weight of parts and organs on body length. 9. Table, weight of thymus on age. 10. Table, weight of all viscera combined. 11. Tables, values for characters linked with age. 12. Formulas. 1. Introduction. The organs, the growth of which has been followed are tail (length), brain, spinal cord, eyeballs, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs (blood), alimentary tract, testes, ovaries, hypophysis, suprarenals, thyroid and thymus. All the observations were made on stock Albinos from the colony at The Wistar Institute, except those for the total blood which are based on the records of Chisolm, '11. The mean values for the several organs were in each instance charted and with these as a guide a theoretical graph was found which could be expressed by a formula or a series of formulas. All the formulas were devised by Hatai. To present the results in a convenient form the organs are grouped in the text according to the manner of their growth, each organ is accompanied by a chart showing the original data and the graph based on these data. In each case reference is made to the formula or formulas on which the graph is based, but as a matter of convenience, the formulas utilized here for the graphs are grouped in the section entitled "Formulas" pp. 158-175. BODY LENGTH ON BODY WEIGHT 87 The charts serve to show the form of the graph of growth in each instance, but the precise weight values of the organs are to be read from the tables. For those who desire to find the weight of an organ in a rat of any body length or body weight a series of values — computed by the aid of the appropriate formulas — are given in tables 68-71 inclusive. In making these tables the determinations for the correspond- ing body weights for each millimeter of length in each sex were first made by formulas (2 a) and (2b) and the body weights so ob- tained were then used in computing the weights of the several organs. In table 72 for the thymus however, it was found necessary to enter the weight values of the organ according to the age of the rat. In table 73 the computed weight of the thymus on body weight is given on the assumption that the body weights are normal to age in conformity with the data in table 62. 2. Methods of examination and graphs. Unless otherwise stated the following determinations were made on stock Albinos taken from the colony at The Wistar Institute. The animals were killed with chloroform twenty hours after the last feeding and were dissected according to a fixed procedure. 3. Body length on body weight. Technic: Immediately after killing the rat was laid on its back and gently extended — the tail being drawn out straight. With jointed calipers the dis- tance from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail was taken and its values in millimeters found by applying the points to a scale. Next the distance from the tip of the nose to the center of the anus was found and its value in millimeters determined in the same way. These measurements give first the total length, second, the body length and by the difference, the tail length. Chart 6 gives the body length on the body weight. The data used are given in table 68. The values were computed by for- mula (1). The graphs show that for a given body weight the male has the greater body length. Donaldson '09; Donaldson and Hatai '11. 88 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS Body weight on body length. The entire rat was next weighed to one-tenth of a gram. The weight thus obtained was not cor- rected for the contents of the alimentary canal — which accord- ing to Jackson and Lowrey ('12) amounts to about 5 per cent of the gross body weight. In gravid females a correction was made however by subtracting the weight of the uterus and fetuses from the observed value. The weight of the body on the body BOPY LENGTH L£r rim &ODY weiGm ' Chart 6 Giving for the males and females respectively the body length on the body weight. Formula (1), table 68. length is given in chart 7. The values for each millimeter of body length in each sex are given in table 68. The graphs were computed by formulas (2a) and (2b), and show that for a given body length the female has a greater body weight. Donaldson '09, Donaldson and Hatai, '11. Tail length on body length. The method of obtaining the tail length has been given under body length. The values for TAIL LENGTH ON BODY LENGTH 89 500 BOPV WEIGHT &OOY LENGTH -r— I — I — I Wffl f—. Chart 7 Giving for the males and females respectively the body weight on the body length. Formulas (2 a) and (2 b), table 68. TAIL LEN5TM mm. "ft so' 'ah' 160 ija \M Chart 8 Giving the length of tail in millimeters on the body length, males, females. Formulas (4) and (5), table 68. 90 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS the graphs in chart 8 and for the table 68 were determined by formulas 4 and 5. The tail hi the female is relatively longer than in the male. Hatai (MS '14). 4. Following the plan of grouping the organs according to the manner of their growth we shall first consider the weights of the brain, the spinal cord and both eyeballs. All of these organs have an early rapid growth. Brain weight on body weight. Technic: The rat was first eviscerated — this leaves in the brain a minimal amount of blood. The bones of the skull were removed from above — the meninges being left intact. Care was taken to preserve the flocculi which lie in bony pockets. The brain was severed from the cord by a section at the level of the first cervical nerve — coinciding as a rule with the tip of the calamus as seen from the dorsal aspect. The brain was then raised from the floor of the cranium — the nerves being clipped close to the base. The hypophysis was not included. Care was taken to obtain the olfactory bulbs entire. Thus prepared the brain was dropped into a small glass stoppered weighing bottle in which it was weighed to the tenth of a milli- gram. In this instance, as in the case of all of the other organs, the dissection was made under a glass hood to protect the oper- ator from all drafts which might dry the organ during its prepa- ration. The values for the graph, males only, chart 9 and for table 68 were computed by formulas (6) and (7). The graph for the male alone is given. As will be seen from table 68, for the same body length the female has a slightly lighter brain and this difference increases to about 1.5 per cent when the female is of the same body weight. Spinal cord weight on body weight. Spinal cord— Technic : Following the removal of the brain (vide ante) the spinal cord was exposed by removing the arches of the vertebrae from neck to sacrum. The filum terminale was found and the cord raised — so that the roots of the spinal nerves could be clipped close to the cord. The mass thus removed with meninges — was placed in a glass stoppered weighing bottle and weighed to the tenth of a milligram. The values for the graph, males only, in chart 9 and for table 68 were computed by formula (11). Donaldson ('08), ('09); Hatai, ('09a). WEIGHT OF EYEBALLS ON BODY WEIGHT 91 For convenience the graph for the spinal cord is given on the same chart as that for the brain. The graph for the male only is entered. For the same body length as the male the spinal cord in the female is about 5 per cent heavier, and for the same body weight, about 2 per cent heavier. Donaldson ('08, '09) ; Hatai ('09a). .. WEIGHT ama. 2.0 ° £::== ==-LUU=fcL -2.. BRAIN. .' If - -, BRAIN "" ,8 _,*_. ^ *" "^ ----- - • _ .6 / / . 1 i-i -f it . . a : : i " - . 1.0 0.1 . _ . _ « - -'."-• i-ii::: spmALcoftD :ia<> CM: :::::::>:•:!::!::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::&« ru : X! : | o2± m 50 10O ISO 200 2 50 300 350 400 450 Chart 9 Giving the brain weight on the body weight. Males only. Formu- las (6) and (7), table 68. Also spinal cord weight on the body weight. Males only. Formula (11), table 68. Weight of both eyeballs on body weight. Technic: Care being taken to remove the muscle attachments, both eyes were weighed in a closed weighing bottle. There is usually a close similarity in the weight of the right and left eyeballs. The graph is based on rats studied by Jackson ('13). His results have been corroborated by studies on the stock Albinos from the colony of the Wistar Institute, Hatai ('13). The values for the graph in chart 10 and those given in table 68 are based on formula (13). The graph for the male only is entered, but the values for the female are like those for the male of the same body weight. Under unfavorable nutritional conditions the weight of the eyeballs follows the age rather than the body weight. Hatai (MS '14). 92 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS 0.4 0.3 0.2 C.1 ( EYEBALLS 2 WEIGHT GRAM 0.3 0.1 s ~*~ £ -— • ^ 5 J —- ^- — ' 1 — ' • • • j r^- , .--* • ^ ' ^ " • " X * • • BODY WEIGHT GRAMS '. 3 50 10O 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chart 10 Showing the weight of eyeballs of the male albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 149 male rats (Jackson) . Table 68, formula (13). • Observed weight. Calculated weight. 5. Organs with a nearly uniform growth after the first very early phase of rapid growth — heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs (blood), alimentary tract, hypophysis, suprarenals and thyroid. In case of all of the organs to be described the preparation was carried on beneath a glass hood to prevent drying. The organ was weighed in a small glass stoppered bottle and the weight was taken to a tenth of a milligram. The weight of the heart on body weight. Technic: The heart was removed after cutting all its vessels close to their proximal ends. It was then opened by longitudinal slits through its walls and the clots removed from the cavities thus exposed. The graph given in chart 11 and the values in table 69 have been determined by formula (14). The weight of the heart is closely correlated with that of the body and no difference according to sex has been noted. Hatai (13); Jackson ('13). Weight of both kidneys on body weight. Technic: All vessels were cut close to the hilum and any superficial fat removed. The graph given in chart 12 and the values in table 69 were determined by formula (15). WEIGHTS OF HEART AND KIDNEYS 93 1.7 - 1 1 1.5 1.0 0.5 n HEART WEIGHT GRAM 1.5 e xl X 1 J X X 4 , / » 4 . X1 ( X «i t s* X1 ,•• * *, S A 4 • >' / ^ '" • t * •* / / > * BODY WEIGHT GRAMS / 0 50 100 "150' 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chart 11 Showing the heart weight of the male albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 134 male rats. Table 69, for- mula (14). • Observed weight. - — Calculated weight. 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 t6 1.0 0.5 i KIDNEYS 2 WEIGHT GRAMS — — z -J3.5 / 2.5 1.5 0.5 ' \f / J, /i • '•/. .^ 3 • X X ' / ', /• • / / ,- J X ^ • • x • / • x , -" , X * /' » , J £ • | •• / • r. f / 1 BODY WEIGHT GRAMS • ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chart 12 Showing the weight of kidneys of the male albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 136 male rats. Table 69, formula (15). • Observed weight. - — Calculated weight. 94 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS No sex difference was observed but the graph represents the determinations for the male only. Hatai ('13) ; Jackson ('13). Weight of the liver on the body weight. Technic: The vessels were cut close to their entrance into the liver and the blood in the larger vessels gently pressed out. The graph given in chart 13 and the values in table 69 were determined by formula (16). 19. 18. 17. 16. LIVER WEIGHT GRAMS / ? / / ". iS • s , • ^ 14. 13. 12. 11. 10- 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. < / f ' / , /" s • 4 , • ^ •; t S , J f * t s • S t ^ j / / ' • ^ ^ t / t / / • / / / ,' * i o« ( BODY WEIGHT GRAMS ,« • ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 20. 15. 10. Chart 13 Showing the weight of liver of the male albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 136 male rats. Table 69, for- mula (16). • Observed weight. Calculated weight. No sex difference in the weight of the liver has been noted — but the graph is given for the males only. Considerable vari- ability is to be expected in the weight of an organ with such com- plex functions as those of the liver and this appears. A heavy liver usually accompanies a heavy spleen (Hatai). Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13). WEIGHT OF LUNGS ON BODY WEIGHT 95 The weight of the spleen on the body weight. Technic: The vessels were cut close to the hilum. The determination of the weight of the spleen is complicated by the occurrence of "en- larged spleens" — so called. These differ from the normal by being often several tunes the normal weight, darker in color, soft to the touch and showing on the surface dark or grayish patches. Spleens with these characters plainly marked were not used. The graph in chart 14 and the values in table 69 were determined 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 n A " SPLEEN WEIGHT GRAMS 1.0 .5 * ^ ^ • ^ ' ^ ? • ^ ^ x- ^ ^* • x ^ ' t * ^ • ^ ' * • > • ^ ' ' • 0.3 0.2 0.1 f ^ ,x #• ^ • f- • BC i >DY WEIGHT GRAMS i , 1,1 ,• .-* 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chart 14 Showing the weight of spleen of the male albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 87 male rats. Table 69, formula (17). • Observed weight. — Calculated weight. by formula (17). No sex difference was observed but the graph is based on male records only. Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13). The weight of both lungs on the body weight. Technic: The lungs are severed from the trachea and the portion of the esoph- agus usually taken out with them is removed. After the first three months of life the lungs of the rat are often infected. Such infected lungs may be highly altered — but are always abnormally heavy. The endeavor has been made to exclude infected lungs from the series — but doubtless some have been used. The graph in chart 15 and the values in table 70 were determined by 96 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS 1 1 1 1 1 1 «!.» 2.0 LUNGS 2 WEIGHT GRAM I ^« 1.6 5 ^ ' i ^ ' s- ^ t^ ^ m s_ * -^- X* ^ ^-^" \ _-""'' 10- ( • ~* ^ •"" 1 B, -^ ! •f .' ,* ,J . 1 ,.J BODY. WEIGHT GRAMS i i ii. i «• 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Chart 15 Showing the weight of lungs of the male albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 90 male rats. Table 70, formula (18). • Observed weight. Calculated weight. formula (18). No sex difference has been noted but the graph is based on male data alone. Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13). Weight of the total blood on body weight. Technic: The observations on this relation were made by Chisolm '11 on Al- binos and pied rats. His methods are given in the paper cited above (pp. 207-208) and depend on determinations of the oxygen capacity. Chisolm's formulas have been revised by Hatai (MS '14). The graph in chart 16 and the values in table 70 have WEIGHT Of BLOOP - Chart 16 Giving weight of total blood on body weight. Males, females. Formulas (20), (20 a), and (20b), table 70. WEIGHT OF THYROID GLAND ON BODY WEIGHT 97 been determined by formulas (20), (20 a), and (20 b). The data are for both sexes combined. Chisolm ('13) ; Jolly and Stini ('05). The weight of the alimentary tract on body weight. Technic: The digestive tube from the level of the diaphragm to the onus was removed in its entirety — the pancreas, mesentery and small masses of fat being left adherent. The stomach and the large intestine were cut open and the contents removed while gentle 50 150 200 250 300 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. .3* 2. 1, ALIMENTARY TRAC WEIGHT GRAMS T /• 15. 10. 5. /* ^ \ / ^ S ~? ^ s •* / s S* /' "? * , * ^j_ "* fS / ^ ' / / f' • 4 / */ / /- / BODY WEIGHT GRAMS /• , » 350 400 450 Chart 17 Showing the weight of alimentary tract of the male albino rat ac- cording to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 112 (Jackson) rats below 50 grams in body weight, and 82 (Wistar) rats above 50 grams in body weight. Table 70, formula (21). • Observed weight. • — Calculated weight. pressure on the small intestine — exerted from above down- wards— served to expel what it contained. The records are based on one series examined by Jackson ('13) and another series from The Wistar Institute colony. All are males. The graph in chart 17 and the values in table 70 were determined by formula (21). Hatai ('13); and Jackson ('13). Weight of the thyroid gland on body weight. Technic: Sev- eral minute muscles nearly the color of the gland must be re- 98 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS moved before weighing. The data are from observations by Jackson ('13), as well as from those made at The Wistar Institute. A study of the data has not revealed any difference according to sex and the graph therefore is for both sexes combined. The graph in chart 18 and the values in table 71 have been determined by formula (32). Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13). 06 05 04 03 02 .01 1 1 1 1 1 i / .08 .04 .02 THYROID WEIGHT GRAMS X ^ J X x' _x > ^ X" • X * • ^ J ^ X S • • ^ * X x • •0 . ,0 " • P •6 • S / , / f ' •\ n ,• ^ S • 'o rf C BODV WEIGHT GRAMS 2 a 50 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chart 18 Showing the weight of thyroid gland of the albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 42 (Jackson) female rats below 50 grams in body weight, and 49 (Wistar) male rats above 50 grams in body weight; and 36 (Jackson) female rats below 50 grams in body weight, and 27 (Wistar) female rats above 50 grams in body weight. Table 71, formula (32) . • Observed weight male. Calculated weight for both sexes, o Observed weight, female. The weight of the hypophysis on body weight. Technic: After the removal of the brain, the hypophysis is readily picked up from the floor of the skull with a small forceps. It is weighed as removed. At about 40-50 days of age there appears a difference in the weight of the hypophysis according to sex and with advancing age this difference tends to increase. The female has the heavier hypophysis. The graph for the male in chart 19 and the values for the male in table 71 have been determined by formula (28). WEIGHT OF SUPRARENALS ON BODY WEIGHT 99 The graph for the female and the corresponding tabular values by|formulas (28) and (29). Hatai ('13). The weight of the suprarenals on body weight. Technic: The suprarenals are usually imbedded within some fat tissue — but with a little practice they may be dissected out cleanly. At about 40-50 days of age there appears a difference hi the weight 022 HYPOF WEIGHT 'HYSIS GRAMS / / • 018 , o . * 3 / , _,^ 014 7 x o r ^ ^ £ >^ ^>^3 ? n • x ' ^ ^i c / ^ ' 0 s • S ** . ! / 1 *" • jj < + i ±3_ 1 *> - If-- noft <>' ,*-4lX -\- \A 1\ J ..' ' • L^ '*S £* • i/ | 002 g _£ 1 i | H BODY WEIGHT GRAMJ tf> • •*! ! \ 0 50' 100 150 200 250 300 390 400 450 Chart 19 Showing the weight of hypophysis of the albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 78 male and 80 female rats. Table 71, formulas (28) and (29). • Observed weight, male. o Observed weight, female. Calculated weight, male. Calculated weight, female. of the suprarenals according to sex and with advancing age this difference tends to increase. The female has the heavier supra- renals. The graph for the male in chart 20 and the values for the male in table 71 have been determined by formula (30). The graph for the female and the corresponding tabular values, by formula (31). Hatai (13); Jackson (13). 100 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS 6. The third group of the organs here considered is formed by those the growth of which is represented by a sinuous graph in which the most marked rise appears shortly before puberty. These organs, so far as examined, are the ovaries, the testes and the thymus. .07 .06 .05 .04 ,03 .02 .01 ( SUPRARENALS WEIGHT GRAMS Z .u« .06 .04 .02 ' / / / / .^ / ^-i ^ x °l / x 0 0 1 ^ ' X / • X1 • f ** 0 o ^ / " ^ • X X • f > " ^ *" X / » ,x j f ^ / • *> • / 4 / /> / /^ ^ •' f & BODY WEIGHT GRAMS I ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chart 20 Showing the weight of suprarenals of the albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 92 (Jackson) male rats below 50 grams in body weight, and 53 (Wistar) male rats above 50 grams in body weight; and 84 (Jackson) female rats below 50 grams in body weight, and 29 (Wistar) female rats above 50 grams in body weight. Table 71, formulas (30) and (31) . • Observed weight, male. o Observed weight, female. Calculated weight, male. Calculated weight, female. The weight of both ovaries on the body weight. Technic: The ovaries must be carefully dissected from their capsules and from the end of the fallopian tube. When the animal is small it is sometimes necessary to do this under a dissecting microscope. The data collected by Jackson ('13) are those used. The graph in chart 21 and the values in table 70 have been determined by formulas (25), (26), and (27). Hatai ('13, '14a); Jackson ('13). WEIGHT OF OVARIES ON BODY WEIGHT 101 .05 .04 .03 OVARIES 2 WEIGHT GRAMS .04 .02 O o _ - — _ — )- ,Y ' o. , 0 ' I 1 h .02 .01 1 1 I0 c n / 9 o- , ' \J IODY WEIGHT GRAMS 6 I g 1 50 TOO 150 200 250 300 35 Chart 21 Showing the weight of ovaries of the female albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 136 (Jackson) rats. Table 70, formulas (25) , (26) and (27) . O Observed weight. Calculated weight. 3.5 3.0 rESi EIGHl •ES 2 r GRAMS , AD - w .— - _L r^ t — ^- — • 7 • "* l * ^-^ , ' • * ^ ~. ? , •^ ? * • / • , <• ' • / / • / _L / J • . • / / ' / i ' , i l_^ 0 & i > j BODY WEIGHT GRAMS / •*" 2.0 1- - 1.5 1.0 0.5 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Chart 22 Showing the weight of testes of the male albino rat according to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 121 male rats. Table 70, formulas (22), (23) and (24). • Observed weight. Calculated weight. 102 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS The weight of both testes on body weight. Technic: The epi- didymis was removed before the testes were weighed. The graph in chart 22 and the values in table 70 were determined by formulas (22), (23) and (24). Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13). .35 .30 .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 THYMUS GLAND weight grams 35 Age in days. 280 300 350 30 25 20 15 10 05 Chart 23 Showing the weight of thethymus of the albino rat according to age. The observed weights are represented by 229 males (164 Jackson and 64 Wistar) and 207 females (179 Jackson and 28 Wistar). Table 72, formulas (38) and (39) . Observed weight • male, O female, computed weight. Weight of thymus on age. In the case of the thymus the data are more useful when presented according to age than when pre- sented according to body weight. Technic: In preparing the thymus care must be taken to dis- sect away the large lymph glands as well as the fat lying about it. The records by Jackson ('13) have been combined with those from The Wistar Institute. The graph in chart 23 and the values in table 72 have been determined by the formulas (38) and (39). No weight difference according to sex has been noted. Hatai ('14); Jackson ('13). DETERMINATION OF VARIATION 103 7. Determinations of variation. Variation in body weight and organ weight. In table 58 Jackson ('13) gives a series of determi- nations of the coefficient of variation for body weight on a litter basis and in age groups. The animals were selected by the method of 'random sampling.' These values are to be compared with those determined by King (MS '15). In King's series the. same groups of rats were examined at different ages (table 67) . For the same animals as were used in table 58 Jackson ('13) also gives for the several organs the coefficient of variation (table 59) and the coefficients of correlation with the body weight (table 60) . The coefficients of variation for body weight on age are given by King (MS '15) in her growth series (table 67). TABLE 58. Coefficient of variation in body weight for total population by ordinary method, and on litter basis (fraternal variation) estimated by various methods (Jackson, 'IS). x • • NEWBORN 8} ft d t- • >• •< o § 6 WEEKS 10 WEEKS 5 MONTHS Total population / Male 13. 61 16. 91 24. 42 20. 82 18. 81 18. 51 (ordinary method) \ Female 9.9' 13. 71 29. 42 24. 22 16. 81 15. 31 Litter basis / Male 7.0 6.1 5.7 6.6 5.8 7.4 (average of litters calcu- \ Female 4.4 5.4 4.0 5.9 12.0 10.4 lated by ordinary me- thod) Litter basis / Male 6.8 7.6 6.8 7.1 6.1 8.1 (calculated from Yule's \ Female 5.2 4.4 4.5 7.9 12.2 9.3 formula) Litter basis / Male 7.3 8 4 6 0 7 2 6 7 8.5 (from Kellogg's for- \ Female 5.2 4.5 4.1 8.5 12.0 9.0 mula) 1 For net body weight. 2 For gross body weight, larger series. 104 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 59 Coefficients of variation in organ weights, albino rat at different ages. Arranged according to mean values in the last column (Jackson, '12). 0 DAYS 7 DATS 21 DAYS 42 DAYS TODAYS 150 DAYS AVERAGE Brain 12 7 12 10 Eyeballs 16 15 13 8 11 9 12 Head 10 11 15 10 14 13 12 Total body 12 16 28 21 20 19 19 Lungs 23 17 24 19 21 21 Kidneys 24 22 34 15 17 19 22 Heart 18 20 34 30 18 21 24 Liver 22 19 41 19 33 25 26 Suprarenals 24 20 33 22 21 39 26 Testes 25 18 30 27 35 41 29 Thymus 31 32 43 50 25 22 34 Spleen 39 34 51 26 38 19 34 Intestinal canal (plus contents) Ovaries 38 29 42 42 30 47 51 33 35 43 Average of viscera 23 22 31 24 26 24 '25 TABLE 60 Coefficients of correlation of organ weights with the body weight: albino rat at different ages. Arranged according to mean values in the last column (Jackson, '13) . 0 DAYS 7 DAYS 21 DAYS 42 DAYS 70 DAYS 150 DAYS AVERAQB Head 0 76 0 89 0.93 0.95 0.75 0 85 0 86 Kidneys 0.70 0.79 0.96 0.92 0.90 0.91 0 86 Liver 0.76 0.76 0.97 0.84 0.74 0.87 0.83 Lungs 0.74 0 80 0.87 0.94 0 62 0 80 Brain 0.69 0.78 0.88 0.78 Heart 0 58 0 50 0 91 0 97 0 86 0 84 0 78 Testes 0.67 0.75 0 95 0.75 0.48 0.88 0.75 Ovaries 0 73 0 64 0 82 0 81 0 75 Intestinal canal (plus contents) . . Thymus 0.29 0.67 0.59 0.74 0.84 0.89 0.76 0.90 0.51 -0.09 0.62 0.60 Spleen . 0 54 0 44 0 97 0 50 0.41 0.46 0 55 Eyeballs 0.67 0.52 0.67 0.31 0.22 0.32 0.45 Suprarenals 0.51 0.13 0.58 0.41 0.41 0.35 0.40 Average 0.63 0.63 0.85 0.75 0.62 0.70 0.70 WEIGHTS OF FETUSES 105 8. General Tables. The tables which are not represented by charts in the text are usually short and have been introduced where they are mentioned, but as a matter of convenience all of those which are so represented are here grouped together as general tables under the following heads : a) . Tables for the increase in the weight of the entire body on age. Tables 61-67. b). Tables for the increase in the length of the tail, in the weight of the entire body, and in the weight of several of the viscera according to body length. Tables 68-71 (72). 9. Table 72 for the weight of the thymus — based not on body length but on age. 10. Weight of all the viscera combined. Table 73. 11. Tables giving the values for characters other than body weight, linked with age. Table 74. For the most part the tables are preceded by a slight descrip- tive heading only. Reference is made to the corresponding charts in connection with which all the details concerning them have been noted. Tables showing the increase in the weight of the entire body with age. Growth before birth, Stotsenburg (MS '15) (p. 64), table 61. This table duplicates table 46, but gives one additional entry. TABLE 61 Showing the mean weights of the fetuses at ten ages during gestation and at birth. Stotsenburg (MS '15). Chart 1 AGE IN DAYS NUMBER OF FETUSES AVERAGE WEIGHT OF FETUS RATE OF INCREASE IN WEIGHT 13 34 grams 0 040 per cent 14 44 0 112 179 15 37 0 168 50 16 44 0 310 83 17 21 0 548 77 18 43 1 000 83 19 30 1 580 58 20 25 2 630 65 21 42 3.980 51 22 10 4 630 16 Strictly new born 37 4.680 106 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS Growth after birth, tables 62-67. TABLE 62 Body weight on age — both sexes. Based on records by Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06) and computed from 10-865 days , by formulas (34), (S5) males; (36), (37) females. The values for the first ten days are from direct observation, Donaldson (MS '15). Not charted AGE DAYS BODY WEIGHT AGE DAYS BODY WEIGHT AGE DAYS BODY -WEIGHT AGE DAYS BODY WEIGHT Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female B. 4.8 4.7 33 32.8 34.4 66 94.5 89.4 99 164.3 145.1 1 5.5 5.4 34 34.1 35.7 67 97.0 91.5 100 165.8 146.2 2 5.9 5.8 35 35.4 37.0 68 99.5 93.6 3 6.4 6.3 36 36.8 38.3 69 102.1 95.8 105 172.7 151.4 4 6.9 6.8 37 38.1 39.6 70 104.7 98.0 110 179.1 156.3 5 7.6 7.5 38 39.6 40.9 115 185.2 160.9 6 8.5 8.4 39 41.0 42.3 71 107.3 100.2 120 190.9 165.2 7 9.5 9.4 40 42.5 43.7 72 110.0 102.4 125 196.2 169.2 8 10.5 10.4 73 112.7 104.7 130 201.2 173.0 9 11.8 11.6 41 44.1 45.1 74 115.5 107.0 135 206.0 176.5 10 13.5 13.0 42 45.7 46.6 75 118.3 109.3 140 210.5 179.9 43 47.3 48.1 76 121.1 111.6 145 214.7 183.1 11 13.9 13.7 44 48.9 49.6 77 124.0 114.0 150 218.7 186.1 12 14.4 14.4 45 50.6 51.1 78 126.8 116.4 13 14.9 15.1 46 52.3 52.7 79 129.8 118.8 155 222.5 188.9 14 15.5 15.8 47 54.1 54.3 80 132.8 121.3 160 226.0 191.6 15 16.1 16.5 48 55.9 55.9 165 229.4 194.2 16 16.7 17.3 49 57.7 57.5 81 134.7 122.6 170 232.6 196.5 17 17.3 18.1 50 59.6 59.2 82 136.5 124.0 175 235.7 198.8 18 18.0 18.9 83 138.4 125.4 180 238.6 201.0 19 18.7 19.8 51 61.5 60.9 84 140.2 126.8 185 241.3 203.0 20 19.5 20.7 52 63.4 62.6 85 142.0 128.1 190 243.9 204.9 53 65.4 64.3 86 143.7 129.5 195 246.3 206.7 21 20.3 21.6 54 67.4 66.1 87 145.5 130.8 200 248.6 208.4 22 21.1 22.5 55 69.5 67.9 88 147.2 132.1 23 22.0 23.4 56 71.6 69.7 89 148.9 133.4 205 250.9 210.1 24 22.9 24.4 57 73.7 71.6 90 150.5 134.6 210 253.1 211.6 25 23.9 25.4 58 75.9 73.4 215 254.9 213.1 26 24.9 26.5 59 78.1 75.3 91 152.1 135.8 220 256.8 214.4 27 25.9 27.5 60 80.3 77.3 92 153.7 137.1 225 258.6 216.8 28 27.0 28.6 93 155.3 138.3 230 260.2 217.0 29 28.1 29.7 61 82.5 79.2 94 156.9 139.4 235 261.9 218.1 30 29.2 30.9 62 84.9 81.2 95 158.4 140.6 240 263.3 219.2 63 87.2 83.2 96 160.0 141.8 245 264.8 220.3 31 30.4 32.0 64 89.6 85.2 97 161.4 142.9 250 266.1 221.2 32 31.6 33.2 65 92.0 87.3 98 162.9 144.0 BODY WEIGHT ON AGE 107 TABLE 62— Concluded AGE DAYS BODY WEIGHT AGE DAYS BODY WEIGHT AGE DAYS BODY WEIGHT AGE DAYS BODY WEIGHT Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 255 267.3 222.1 290 274.2 226.9 320 277.7 229.3 355 279.7 230.4 260 268.5 223.0 295 274.9 227.4 325 278.1 229.5 360 279.8 230.4 265 269.6 223.7 300 275.5 227.9 330 278.5 229.8 365 279.9 230.4 270 270.7 224.5 335 278.8 229.9 275 271.6 225.1 305 276.2 228.3 340 279.1 230.1 280 272.5 225.8 310 276.8 228.7 345 279.3 230.2 285 273.4 226.4 315 277.2 229.0 350 279.6 230.3 108 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 63 Body weight on age. Male Albinos unmated. Chicago colony. Donaldson, Dunn and Watson, ('06) . The records for the first ten days as given in the original table are here omitted. Those values may be obtained from table 62. In addition to the average values the highest and lowest are also given. See graph A in chart 2 AGE IX DAYS BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS NUMBER OF ANIMALS Average Lowest Highest 11 13.3 14.8 15.3 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.5 21.2 22.9 25.3 27.4 29.5 31.8 34.9 37.8 42.2 46.3 50.5 56.7 62.5 68.5 73.9 81.7 89.1 99.3 106.6 113.8 121.3 128.2 135.0 143.8 148.4 152.3 160.0 168.8 177.6 183.8 13.0 11.4 14.1 14.0 12.5 13.9 15.2 14.6 17.9 19.0 19.8 22.1 25.9 27.4 28.5 30.8 33.7 35.9 38.9 39.8 40.6 45.1 49.0 52.7 57.7 71.2 71.4 89.8 97.0 105.1 117.0 124.5 124.0 124.0 120.0 120.0 125.0 13.6 19.5 16.0 17.6 22.4 24.0 26.0 30.1 32.5 35.8 38.3 39.3 41.2 43.3 48.0 52.2 62.4 66.2 73.9 82.5 87.5 100.1 116.6 129.6 140.2 148.5 152.4 157.5 161.2 165.5 168.5 174.0 179.6 180.7 192.2 206.0 215.6 4 6 5 6 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 .... 76 79 ... 82 85 88 92 97 102 107 112.. BODY WEIGHT ON AGE 109 TABLE 63— Concluded AGE IN DATS BODY WEIGHT IX GRAMS NUMBER OF ANIMALS Average Lowest Highest 117 191.4 197.3 202.5 209.7 218.3 225.4 227.0 231.4 235.8 239.4 239.8 252.9 265.4 279.0 308.5 130.0 123.0 132.4 145.6 155.5 162.4 162.4 159.0 165.2 167.9 176.0 190.5 190.5 203.6 285.0 223.0 238.2 249.2 248.4 259.4 268.2 271.4 271.8 289.0 291.2 294.0 294.5 310.0 320.0 375.6 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 17 17 17 15 10 10 6 6 124 131 138 143 150 157 164 171 178 185 216 256 365 730 110 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 64 Body weight on age. Female albinos unmated. Values for 'mated1 computed (Watson '05) Chicago colony. Donaldson, Dunn and Watson, ('06). The records for the first ten days as given in the original table are here omitted. Those values may be obtained from table 62. In addition to the average values the highest and lowest are also given. See graph A, in chart 8. AGE IN DAYS BOOT WEIGHT IN GRAMS NUMBER OF ANIMALS Average Lowest Highest 11 12.8 15.1 15.1 15.6 17.7 19.2 20.6 22.6 24.9 27.4 30.0 31.4 32.9 35.7 39.6 43.7 47.9 52.0 57.7 62.9 68.4 74.6 78.4 85.8 96.0 99.8 105.6 110.4 118.8 124.7 131.5 mated 136.0 139.6 139.8 145.9 146.3 152.4 153.1 154.9 155.8 160.2 161.4 12.1 13.6 14.7 13.5 13.1 15.1 16.9 16.1 17.3 20.8 23.9 24.0 26.3 26.4 29.8' 30.6 35.0 41.4 42.0 41.7 49.8 53.6 56.2 57.5 71.2 79.0 80.2 89.6 97.7 101.0 105.0 mated 115.6 118.7 118.9 119.6 120.0 124.6 125.2 129.6 130.3 138.5 139.5 13.6 17.7 16.0 18.1 23.2 24.5 27.0 30.1 33.3 36.0 38.5 39.0 42.8 44.1 47.4 52.4 60.7 63.0 69.2 74.8 80.7 86.6 96.7 106.8 114.1 122.6 126.5 131.6 136.0 139.2 143.2 mated 157.4 161.4 161.6 174.5 175.0 185.7 186.5 191.4 192.5 193.6 195.0 2 5 5 5 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 ......... 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 92 97 102 107 112 BODY WEIGHT ON AGE TABLE 94— Concluded 111 AGE IN DAYS BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS NUMBER OF ANIMALS Average Lowest Highest 117 166.5 168.0 170.7 172.6 178.6 181.0 182.2 185.0 183.4 186.6 184.6 188.2 184.0 188.0 185.1 189.5 187.4 192.2 191.7 197.0 194.2 200.0 195.9 202.2 226.4 142.5 143.8 146.4 148.0 151.2 153.0 151.0 153.3 154.0 156.7 153.7 156.7 154.9 158.2 154.0 157.6 154.0 158.0 153.0 157.2 152.0 156.6 155.0 160.0 171.4 199.0 200.8 206.7 209.0 214.7 217.5 210.2 213.4 219.4 223.4 220.7 225.0 217.6 222.4 215.0 220.1 210.0 215.4 215.0 221.0 215.0 221.4 217.0 224.0 280.0 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11. 11 11 11 11 7 124 131 138 143 150 157 164 171 178 185 192 365 112 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 65 Increase in the body weight of the albino rat with age, based on a personal communi- cation, Ferry ('IS). New Haven Colony. See graphs B and B1 Chart 2, and B, Chart S BODY WEIGHT Males (1) Females ») 10 grams 14 6 grams 13 20 22.3 25 30 35.3 38 40 51.7 54 50 73.1 73 60 96.8 89 70 113 6 100 80 127.7 105 90 143.7 115 100 157.3 120 110 168.3 125 120 180.8 133 130 190.4 137 140 197.4 146 150 208 3 150 160 211.9 Males. 152 170 218.3 158 180 225 7 160 190 233.5 (2) 164 200 243.1 168 210 254.0 169 220 253.3 262.0 172 230 264.0 172 240 268.2 270.0 172 250 272.0 170 260 259.1 276.0 171 270. ... 280.0 173 280 265.2 287.0 176 300 267.4 Column 1, males, includes some rats declining in body weight after 200 days. Column 2, males, contains values from the normal growth curve (New Haven series). Column 3, females, contains values read directly from normal growth curve, New Haven. VARIATION IN BODY WEIGHT 113 TABLE 66 Giving the number of animals used by Ferry, ('18) in computing her growth table 65, for the rats at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven. (Personal Communication). In both groups the maximum number of observations was made at SO days of age MALES FEMALES Age in days Number of rats Age in days Number of rats 20- 80 47-81 20- 90 39-68 90-170 30-40 100-160 20-37 180-210 18-27 170-190 11-14 220-280 6-12 200-280 6- 8 TABLE 67 Giving the increase in body weight with age — stock Albinos. Mean of two series — King (MS '15) and giving also the coefficients of variation with their probable er- rors. The Wistar Institute Colony. See graph C, Charts 2 and S, and Chart 4- Age in days No. individuals Average bd. wt. Coefficient of variation No. individuals Average bd. wt. Coefficient of variation grams grams 13 50 17.2 11.8±0.795 50 15.7 11.4±0.768 30 50 48.5 10.2±0.687 50 45.7 11.0±0.741 60 50 122.9 17. 0± 1.140 50 107.1 15. 7=*= 1.050 90 50 184.8 14.8±0.998 39 148.0 12.5±0.951 120 50 223.2 13.4±0.903 42 173.4 10.3±0.755 151 50 244.8 13.3±0.896 45 186.3 10.4±0.735 182 50 258.4 14.2±1.220 42 196.5 12.3±0.903 212 48 268.0 14.0±0.964 42 197.3 12.4±0.910 243 44 279.7 13.9±0.998 43 209.6 12.6±0.910 273 41 280.9 13.4±0.997 38 210.8 11.5±0.890 304 36 296.1 14.0±1.110 38 219.1 10.3±0.795 334 33 300.8 13. 7± 1.130 35 222.4 10.8±0.870 365 28 306.1 13.0±1.160 31 223.1 10.7±0.910 395 24 314.1 12.6±1.220 31 220.5 11.5±0.984 425 23 312.2 13. 4± 1.320 30 215.8 10.9±0.944 455 15 323.9 13.6=tl.670 18 220.2 8.9±0.998 485 12 326.0 15.0^2.060 13 234.7 13. 4± 1.770 114 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS The four tables 68, 69, 70 and 71 which follow have been worked out on the basis of body length by the use of the appropriate formulas. The details touching the organs represented, as well as the corresponding graphs, are to be found in the earlier para- graphs of this chapter. The values for the body weights are repeated in each table. Weights of viscera combined. Using the data in tables 68- 71 (72) the total weight of the viscera — brain, spinal cord, both eyeballs, heart, both kidneys, liver, spleen, both lungs, alimen- tary tract, both testes, both ovaries, hypophysis, both supra- renals, thyroid and thymus (given separately) — has been entered after the total body weight at each millimeter of body length and for each sex. For obvious reasons the weight of the total blood (see table 70) has not been included. For the thymus, the weight of which is most closely correlated with age, the following procedure has been employed. Using table 62 for the values for the body weights at given ages, the relation between age, body weight and thymus weight has been directly tabulated, and using these data as a basis, the values of the thymus for the body weight — which is assumed to be nor- mal to the age — have been determined as given in table 73. Owing to the manner in which they have been obtained, it has seemed best to give the thymus values in a separate column. The entries for the thymus cease after a body length of 221 mm. for males and 198 mm. for females, as these mark the limit of the data in table 62. But in animals of this size or larger, the value for the thymus has become very small both absolutely and relatively. Tables giving characters which depend primarily on age. Table 74 gives the percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord for each sex from birth to 365 days. These values have been computed by formulas (40) , (41) and (42) . The graphs corresponding to these data for the males are given in chart 26. WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 115 TABLE 68 Giving for each sex the tail length and the weights of the brain, spinal cord and both eyeballs for each millimeter of body length. See Charts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gma. mm. gms. gms. 47 14.9 4.9 0.226 0.033 0.029 15.4 4.7 0.211 0.033 0.028 48 15.8 4.9 0.226 0.033 0.029 16.6 4.7 0.214 0.033 0.028 49 16.9 5.0 0.232 0.034 0.030 17.8 4.9 0.217 0.034 0.029 50 18.0 5.1 0.238 0.034 0.031 19.0 5.0 0.222 0.035 0.029 51 19.2 5.2 0.252 0.035 0.031 20.2 5.1 0.227 0.035 0.030 52 20.4 5.3 0.266 0.036 0.032 21.5 5.3 0.255 0.036 0.032 53 21.6 5.4 0.280 0.037 0.033 22.7 5.5 0.283 0.038 0.034 54 22.7 5.6 0.300 0.038 0.034 23.9 5.8 0.323 0.041 0.036 55 23.9 5.8 0.320 0.040 0.036 25.2 6.2 0.361 0.044 0.039 56 25.0 6.1 0.358 0.043 0.039 26.4 6.5 0.398 0.048 0.041 57 26.2 6.. 4 0.395 0.046 0.041 27.6 6.9 0.433 0.051 0.044 58 27.3 6.8 0.431 0.049 0.044 28.8 7.2 0.468 0.054 0.046 59 28.5 7.1 0.465 0.052 0.046 30.0 7.6 0.500 0.057 0.049 60 29.6 7.5 0.498 0.055 0.048 31.2 8.0 0.532 0.061 0.051 61 30.7 7.9 0.530 0.059 0.050 32.3 8.4 0.564 0.064 0.053 62 31.9 8.2 0.561 0.062 0.052 33.5 8.7 0.594 0.068 0.055 63 33.0 8.6 0.591 0.065 0.054 34.7 9.1 0.624 0.071 0.057 64 34.1 9.0 0.621 0.068 0.056 35.9 9.5 0.652 0.074 0.059 65 35.2 9.4 0.650 0.071 0.058 37.0 9.9 0.679 0.077 0.061 66 36.3 9.8 0.678 0.075 0.060 38.2 10.3 0.703 0.081 0.063 67 37.4 10.1 0.695 0.078 0.062 39.4 10.8 0.726 0.084 0.065 68 38.5 10.6 0.711 0.081 0.064 40.5 11.2 0.772 0.088 0.067 69 39.6 11.0 0.761 0.084 0.066 41.7 11.6 0.811 0.091 0.068 70 40.7 11.4 0.803 0.088 0.068 42.8 12.0 0.846 0.095 0.070 71 41.8 11.8 0.840 0.091 0.069 43.9 12.5 0.876 0.098 0.072 72 42.9 12.2 0.872 0.094 0.071 45.1 12.9 0.904 0.101 0.073 73 44.0 12.7 0.901 0.098 0.073 46.2 13.4 0.929 0.105 0.075 74 45.1 13.1 0.928 0.101 0.074 47.3 13.9 0.952 0.108 0.077 75 46.2 13.6 0.952 0.104 0.076 48.5 14.3 0.974 0.112 0.078 76 47.2 14.0 0.974 0.107 0.077 49.6 14.8 0.994 0.115 0.080 77 48.3 14.5 0.995 0.111 0.079 50.7 15.3 1.013 0.119 0.082 78 49.4 15.0 1.015 0.114 0.081 51.8 15.8 1.031 0.122 0.083 79 50.4 15.4 1.033 0.117 0.082 52.9 16.3 1.047 0.126 0.085 80 51.5 15.9 1.051 0.121 0.084 54.0 16.8 1.064 0.129 0.086 116 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 68— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. 81 52.6 16.4 1.067 0.124 0. 085 55.1 17.3 1.079 0.133 0.088 82 53.6 16.9 1.083 0.128 0. 087 56.3 17.9 1.093 0.136 0.089 83 54.7 17.4 1.098 0.131 0. 088 57.4 18.4 1.107 0.140 0.091 84 55.7 18.0 1.112 0.134 0. 090 58.5 19.0 1.121 0.143 0.093 85 56.8 18.5 1.126 0.138 0. 091 59.5 19.5 1.134 0.147 0.094 86 57.8 19.0 1.139 0.141 0. 093 60.6 20.1 1.146 0.150 0.095 87 58.9 19.6 1.152 0.144 0. 094 61.7 20.7 1.159 0.154 0.097 88 59.9 20.1 1.165 0.148 0. 095 62.8 21.2 1.170 0.158 0.098 89 61.0 20.7 1.177 0.151 0 097 63.9 21.8 1.181 0.161 0.100 90 62.0 21.3 1.188 0.155 0 098 65.0 22.4 1.193 0.165 0.101 91 63.0 21.9 1.200 0.158 0 100 66.1 23.1 1.203 0.168 0.103 92 64.1 22.4 1.211 0.162 0 101 67.2 23.7 1.214 0.172 0.104 93 65.1 23.0 1.221 0.165 0 102 68.2 24.3 1.224 0.176 0.105 94 66.2 23.7 1.231 0.168 0 .104 69.3 25.0 1.234 0.179 0.107 95 67.2 24.3 1.242 0.172 0 105 70.4 25.6 1.244 0.183 0.108 96 68.2 24.9 1.252 0.175 0 107 71.4 26.3 1.253 0.186 0.109 97 69.2 25.6 1.261 0.179 0 108 72.5 27.0 1.262 0.190 0.111 98 70.3 26.2 1.271 0.182 0 109 73.6 27.7 1.271 0.194 0.112 99 71.3 26.9 1.280 0.186 0 .111 74.6 28.4 1.280 0.197 0.114 100 72.3 27.5 1.289 0.189 0.112 75.7 29.1 1.289 0.201 0.115 101 73.3 28.2 1.298 0.193 0 .113 76.8 29.8 1.298 0.205 0.116 102 74.3 28.9 1.307 0.197 0 .115 77.8 30.5 1.306 0.209 0.118 103 75.4 29.6 1.315 0.200 0 .116 78.9 31.3 1.314 0.212 0.119 104 76.4 30.3 1.323 0.204 0 .117 79.9 32.0 1.322 0.216 0.120 105 77.4 31.1 1.332 0.207 0 .119 81.0 32.8 1.330 0.220 0.122 106 78.4 31.8 1.340 0.211 0 .120 82.0 33.6 1.338 0.223 0.123 107 79.4 32.5 1.348 0.214 0 .121 83.1 34.4 1.346 0.227 0.124 108 80.4 33.3 1.356 0.218 0 .123 84.1 35.2 1.354 0.231 0.126 109 81.4 34.1 1.363 0.221 0 .124 85.2 36.0 1.361 0.235 0.127 110 82.4 34.9 1.371 0.225 0 .125 86.2 36.9 1.368 0.238 0.128 111 83.4 35.7 1.378 0.228 0 .126 87.3 37.7 1.376 0.242 0.1,30 112 84.4 36.5 1.386 0.232 0 .128 88.3 38.6 1.383 0.246 0.131 113 85.4 37.3 1.393 0.236 0 .129 89.4 39.5 1.390 0.250 0.132 114 86.4 38.2 1.400 0.239 0 .130 90.4 40.3 1.397 0.253 0.134 115 87.4 39.0 1.407 0.243 0 .132 91.4 41.3 1.404 0.257 0.135 116 88.4 39.9 1.414 0.246 0 .133 92.5 42.2 1.411 0.261 0.136 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 117 TABLE 68— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. 117 89.4 40.8 1.421 0.250 0. 134 93.5 43.1 1.418 0.265 0.138 118 90.4 41.6 1.428 0.254 0. 136 94.5 44.1 1.424 0.268 0.139 119 91.4 42.6 1.435 0.257 0. 137 95.6 45.0 1.431 0.272 0.140 120 92.4 43.5 1.442 0.261 0. 138 96.6 46.0 1.438 0.276 0.142 121 93.4 44.4 1.448 0.265 0. 140 97.6 47.0 1.444 0.280 0.143 122 94.4 45.4 1.455 0.268 0. 141 98.7 48.0 1.450 0.284 0.144 123 95.4 46.3 1.461 0.272 0. 142 99.7 49.1 1.457 0.287 0.146 124 96.4 47.3 1.468 0.276 0. 143 100.7 50.1 1.463 0.291 0.147 125 97.4 48.3 1.474 0.279 0. 145 101.7 51.2 1.469 0.295 0.148 126 98.4 49.3 1.480 0.283 0. 146 102.8 52.3 1.476 0.299 0.150 127 99.3 50.4 1.487 0.287 0 147 103.8 53.4 1.482 0.303 0.151 128 100.3 51.4 1.493 0.290 0. 149 104.8 54.5 1.488 0.307 0.153 129 101.3 52.5 1.499 0.294 0, 150 105.8 55.6 1.494 0.310 0.154 130 102.3 53.6 1.505" 0.297 Q, 151 106.8 56.8 1.500 0.314 0.155 131 103.3 54.7 1.511 0.301 0 153 107.9 58.0 1.506 0.318 0.157 132 104.2 55.8 1.517 0.305 0. 154 108.9 59.2 1.512 0.322 0.158 133 105.2 56.9 1.523 0.309 0 155 109.9 60.4 1.518 0.326 0.159 134 106.2 58.1 1.529 0.312 0 .157 110.9 61.6 1.523 0.330 0.161 135 107.2 59.3 1.535 0.316 0 158 111.9 62.9 1.529 0.334 0.162 136 108.2 60.5 1.541 0.320 0. 160 112.9 64.2 1.535 0.338 0.164 137 109.1 61.7 1.546 0.323 0 161 114.0 65.5 1.540 0.341 0.165 138 110.1 62.9 1.552 0.327 0 .162 115.0 66.8 1.546 0.345 0.166 139 111.1 64.1 1.558 0.331 0 .164 116.0 68.1 1.552 0.349 0.168 140 112.1 65.4 1.563 0.335 0 .165 117.0 69.5 1.557 0.353 0.169 141 113.0 66.7 1.569 0.338 0 .166 118.0 70.9 1.563 0.357 0.171 142 114.0 68.0 1.575 0.342 0 .168 119.0 72.3 1.568 0.361 0.172 143 115.0 69.3 1.580 0.346 0 .169 120.0 73.7 1.574 0.365 0.174 144 115.9 70.7 1.586 0.349 0 .171 121.0 75.2 1.579 0.369 0.175 145 116.9 72.1 1.591 0.353 0 .172 122.0 76.7 1.585 0.373 0.177 146 117.9 73.5 1.597 0.357 0 .173 123.0 78.2 1.590 0.377 0.178 147 118.8 74.9 1.602 0.361 0 .175 124.0 79.7 1.595 0.380 0.180 148 119.8 76.3 1.607 0.365 0 .176 125.0 81.3 1.601 0.384 0.181 149 120.8 77.8 1.613 0.368 0 .178 126.0 82.8 1.606 0.388 0.182 150 121.7 79.3 1.618 0.372 0 .179 127.0 84.4 1.611 0.392 0.184 151 122.7 80.8 1.623 0.376 0 .181 128.0 86.1 1.616 0.396 0.186 152 123.7 82.4 1.629 0.380 0 .182 129.0 87.7 1.622 0.400 0.187 118 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 68— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gma. gms. mm. gms. gms. 153 124.6 83.9 1.634 0.383 0.183 130. 0 89.4 1.627 0.404 0.189 154 125.6 85.5 1.639 0.387 0.185 131. 0 91.1 1.632 0.408 0.190 155 126.5 87.1 1.644 0.391 0.186 132.0 92.9 1.637 0.412 0.192 156 127.5 88.7 1.649 0.395 0.188 133. 0 94.6 1.642 0.416 0.193 157 128.5 90.4 1.654 0.398 0.189 134. 0 96.4 1.647 0.420 0.195 158 129.4 92.1 1.659 0.402 0.191 135. 0 98.3 1.652 0.424 0.196 159 130.4 93.8 1.664 0.406 0.192 136 0 100.1 1.657 0.428 0.198 160 131.3 95.6 1.670 0.410 0.194 137 0 102.0 1.662 0.432 0.200 161 132.3 97.3 1.675 0.414 0.196 137 ,9 103.9 1.667 0.436 0.201 162 133.3 99.2 1.680 0.417 0.197 138 .9 105.9 1.672 0.440 0.203 163 134.2 101.0 1.685 0.421 0.199 139 .9 107.9 1.677 0.444 0.204 164 135.2 102.8 1.690 0.425 0.200 140 .9 109.9 1.682 0.448 0.206 165 136.1 104.7 1.695 0.429 0.202 141 .9 111.9 1.687 0.452 0.208 166 137.1 106.7 1.699 0.433 0.203 142 .9 114.0 1.692 0.456 0.209 167 138.0 108.6 1.704 0.436 0.205 143 .9 116.1 1.697 0.460 0.211 168 139.0 110.6 1.709 0.440 0.207 144 .9 118.3 1.702 0.464 0.213 169 139.9 112.6 1.714 0.444 0.208 145 .9 120.5 1.707 0.468 0.215 170 140.9 114.8 1.719 0.448 0.210 146 .8 122.7 1.711 0.472 0.216 171 141.8 116.7 1.724 0.452 0.212 147 .8 125.0 1.716 0.476 0.218 172 142.8 118.9 1.729 0.456 0.213 148 .8 127.3 1.721 0.480 0.220 173 143.7 121.0 1.734 0.459 0.215 149 .8 129.6 1.726 0.484 0.222 174 144.7 123.2 1.738 0.463 0.217 150 .8 132.0 1.731 0.488 0.223 175 145.6 125.4 1.743 0.467 0.218 151 .8 134.4 1.735 0.492 0.225 176 146.6 127.7 1.748 0.471 0.220 152 .7 136.8 1.740 0.496 0.227 177 147.5 130.0 1.753 0.475 0.222 153 .7 139.3 1.745 0.500 0.229 178 148.5 132.3 1.757 0.479 0.224 154 .7 141.9 1.750 0.504 0.231 179 149.4 134.6 1.762 0.483 0.225 155 .7 144.4 1.754 0.508 0.232 180 150.4 137.0 1.767 0.486 0.227 156 .7 147.1 1.759 0.512 0.234 181 151.3 139.5 1.771 0.490 0.229 157 .6 149.7 1.764 0.516 0.236 182 152.3 142.0 1.776 0.494 0.231 158 .6 152.4 1.768 0.520 0.238 183 153.2 144.5 1.781 0.498 0.233 159 .8 155.2 1.773 0.524 0.240 184 154.1 147.0 1.785 0.502 0.234 160 .6 158.0 1.778 0.528 0.242 185 155.1 149.6 1.790 0.506 0.236 161 .5 160.8 1.782 0.532 0.244 186 156.0 152.3 1.795 0.510 0.238 162 .5 163.7 1.787 0.536 0.246 187 157.0 155.0 1.799 0.513 0.240 163 .5 166.6 1.791 0.540 0.248 188 157.9 157.7 1.804 0.517 0.242 164.5 169.6 1.796 0.544 0.250 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 119 TABLE 68— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. • gms. mm. gms. gms. 189 158.9 160.5 1.808 0.521 0.244 165 4 172.6 1.801 0.548 0.252 190 159.8 163.3 1.813 0.525 0.246 166 4 175.7 1.805 0.552 0.254 191 160.7 166.2 1.818 0.529 0.248 167 ,4 178.8 1.810 0.556 0.256 192 161.7 169.1 1.822 0.533 0.250 168 ,4 182.0 1.814 0.560 0.258 193 162.6 172.0 1.827 0.537 0.252 169 3 185.2 1.819 0.564 0.261 194 163.6 175.0 1.831 0.541 0.254 170 .3 188.5 1.823 0.569 0.263 195 164.5 178.1 1.836 0.545 0.256 171 ,3 191.9 1.828 0.573 0.265 196 165.4 181.2 1.840 0.548 0.258 172 .2 195.3 1.832 0.577 0.267 197 166.4 184.3 1.845 0.552 0.260 173 .2 198.7 1.837 0.581 0.269 198 167.3 187.5 1.849 0.556 0.262 174 .2 202.2 1.841 0.585 0.272 199 168.3 190.8 1.854 0.560 0.264 175 .1 205.8 1.846 0.589 0.274 200 169.2 194.1 1.858 0.564 0.266 176 .1 209.4 1.850 0.593 0.276 201 170.1 197.4 1.863 0.568 0.268 177 .1 213.1 1.855 0.597 0.278 202 171.1 200.8 1.867 0.572 0.271 178 .0 216.8 1.859 0.601 0.281 203 172.0 204.3 1.872 0.576 0.273 179 .0 220.7 1.864 0.605 0.283 204 172.9 207.8 1.876 0.579 0.275 180 .0 224.5 1.868 0.609 0.286 205 173.9 211.4 1.880 0.583 0.277 180 .9 228.4 1.872 0.613 0.288 206 174.8 215.0 1.885 0.587 0.280 181 .9 232.4 1.877 0.617 0.290 207 175.7 218.7 1.889 0.591 0.282 182.9 236.5 1.881 0.621 0.293 208 176.7 222.5 1.894 0.595 0.284 183 .8 240.6 1.886 0.625 0.295 209 177.6 226.3 1.898 0.599 0.288 184 .8 244.8 1.890 0.630 0.298 210 178.5 230.2 1.903 0.603 0.289 185 .8 249.1 1.894 0.634 0.301 211 179.5 234.1 1.907 0.607 0.291 186 .7 253.4 1.899 0.638 0.303 212 180.4 238.1 1.911 0.611 0.294 187 .7 257.8 1.903 0.642 0.306 213 181.3 242.2 1.916 0.615 0.296 188 .7 262.3 1.908 0.646 0.308 214 182.3 246.3 1.920 0.619 0.299 189 .6 266.9 1.912 0.650 0.311 215 183.2 250.5 1.924 0.623 0.301 190.6 271.5 1.916 0.654 0.314 216 184.1 254.7 1.929 0.626 0.304 191 .5 276.2 1.921 0.658 0.317 217 185.0 259.1 1.933 0.630 0.306 192 .5 281.0 1.925 0.662 0.319 218 186.0 263.5 1.937 0.634 0.309 193 .5 285.8 1.929 0.666 0.322 219 186.9 267.9 1.942 0.638 0.312 194 .4 290.8 1.934 0.670 0.325 220 187.8 272.5 1.946 0.642 0.314 195 .4 295.8 1.938 0.675 0.328 221 188.8 277.1 1.950 0.646 0.317 196 .3 300.9 1.942 0.679 0.331 222 189.7 281.8 1.955 0.650 0.320 197 .3 306.1 1.947 0.683 0.334 223 190.6 286.5 1.959 0.654 0.322 198 .3 311.3 1.951 0.687 0.337 120 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 68— Concluded MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Tail length Body weight Weight in gms. Both eye- balls Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. mm. gms. Qma. 224 191.5 291.4 1.963 0.658 0.325 199. 2 316.7 1.955 0.691 0.340 225 192.5 296.3 1.968 0.662 0.328 200. 2 322.1 1.960 0.695 0.343 226 193.4 301.3 1.972 0.666 0.331 201. 1 327.7 1.964 0.699 0.346 227 194.3 306.4 1.976 0.670 0.334 202. 1 333.3 1.968 0.703 0.349 228 195.3 311.5 1.981 0.673 0.337 203. 0 339.0 1.972 0.707 0.352 229 196.2 316.8 1.985 0.677 0.340 204. 0 344.8 1.977 0.712 0.355 230 197.1 322.1 1.989 0.681 0.343 205. 0 350.7 1.981 0.716 0.359 231 198.0 327.5 1.993 0.685 0.346 205. 9 356.7 1.985 0.720 0.362 232 198.9 333.0 1.998 0.689 0.349 206. 9 362.8 1.989 0.724 0.365 233 199.9 338.6 2.002 0.693 0.352 207. 8 369.0 1.994 0.728 0.369 234 200.8 344.3 2.006 0.697 0.355 208 8 375.3 1.998 0.732 0.372 235 201.7 350.0 2.010 0.701 0.358 209, .7 381.7 2.002 0.736 0.375 236 202.6 355.9 2.014 0.705 0.361 210 7 388.2 2.006 0.740 0.379 237 203.6 361.9 2.019 0.709 0.365 211 6 394.9 2.011 0.744 0.383 238 204.5 367.9 2.023 0.713 0.368 212 6 401.6 2.015 0.749 0.386 239 205.4 374.1 2.027 0.717 0.371 213 .5 408.4 2.019 0.753 0.390 240 206.3 380.3 2.031 0.721 0.375 214.5 415.4 2.023 0.757 0.393 241 207.3 386.6 2.036 0.725 0.378 215 .4 422.4 2.028 0.761 0.397 242 208.2 393.1 2.040 0.729 0.382 216 .4 429.6 2.032 0.765 0.401 243 209.1 399.6 2.044 0.733 0.385 217 .3 436.9 2.036 0.769 0.405 244 210.0 406.3 2.048 0.737 0.389 218 .3 444.3 2.040 0.773 0.409 245 210.9 413.1 2.052 0.741 0.392 219 .2 451.9 2.044 0.777 0.413 246 211.9 419.9 2.057 0.745 0.396 220 .2 459.5 2.049 0.782 0.417 247 212.8 426.9 2.061 0.748 0.400 221 .1 467.3 2.053 0.786 0.421 248 213.7 434.0 2.065 0.752 0.403 222 .1 475.2 2.057 0.790 0.425 249 214.6 441.2 2.069 0.756 0.407 223 .1 483.3 2.061 0.794 0.429 250 215.5 448.5 2.073 0.760 0.411 224 .0 491.5 2.065 0.798 0.433 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 121 TABLE 69 Giving for each sex the weights of body, heart, both kidneys, liver and spleen — for each millimeter of body length. See Charts 11, 12, 18 and 14 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 47 4.9 0.031 0.046 0.21 0.009 4.7 0.030 0. 046 0.20 0.008 48 4.9 0.031 0.047 0.21 0.009 4.7 0.030 0. 046 0.20 0.008 49 5.0 0.032 0.048 0.22 0.009 4.9 0.032 0 048 0.21 0.009 50 5.1 0.033 0.049 0.22 0.009 5.0 0.033 0. 050 0.22 0.009 51 5.2 0.033 0.052 0.22 0.010 5.1 0.034 0.052 0.23 0.009 52 5.3 0.034 0.055 0.23 0.010 5.3 0.035 0 055 0.23 0.009 53 5.4 0.035 0.058 0.23 0.010 5.5 0.036 0 062 0.24 0.011 54 5.6 0.036 0.064 0.24 0.011 5.8 0.038 0 070 0.25 0.012 55 5.8 0.038 0.070 0.25 0.012 6.2 0.042 0 .081 0.27 0.014 56 6.1 0.041 0.078 0.26 0.014 6.5 0.044 0 .088 0.28 0.015 57 6.4 0.043 0.086 0.28 0.015 6.9 0.047 0 .097 0.30 0.017 58 6.8 0.046 0.095 0.29 0.017 7.2 0.049 0 103 0.32 0.018 59 7.1 0.049 0.101 0.31 0.018 7.6 0.052 0 .112 0.34 0.020 60 7.5 0.052 0.110 0.33 0.020 8.0 0.056 0 .119 0.36 0.022 61 7.9 0.055 0.117 0.35 0.021 8.4 0.058 0 .127 0.38 0.023 62 8.2 0.057 0.123 0.37 0.023 8.7 0.061 0 .132 0.40 0.025 63 8.6 0.060 0.130 0.40 0.024 9.1 0.064 0 .139 0.43 0.026 64 9.0 0.063 0.137 0.42 0.026 9.5 0.067 0 .145 0.45 0.028 65 9.4 0.066 0.143 0.45 0.027 9.9 0.069 0 .151 0.48 0.029 66 9.8 0.069 0.150 0.48 0.029 10.3 0.072 0 157 0.52 0.031 67 10.1 0.071 0.154 0.50 0.030 10.8 0.076 0 ,165 0.59 0.033 68 10.6 0.074 0.162 0.56 0.032 11.2 0.079 0 171 0.63 0.034 69 11.0 0.077 0.168 0.61 0.033 11.6 0.081 0 .176 0.68 0.036 70 11.4 0.080 0.173 0.66 0.035 12.0 0.084 0 .182 0.73 0.037 71 11.8 0.083 0.179 0.71 0.036 12.5 0.087 0 .188 0.79 0.039 72 12.2 0.085 0.184 0.75 0.038 12.9 0.090 0 .194 0.83 0.040 73 12.7 0.089 0.191 0.81 0.039 13.4 0.093 0 .200 0.89 0.042 74 13.1 0.091 0.194 0.85 0.041 13.9 0.097 0 .206 0.94 0.044 75 13.6 0.095 0.203 0.91 0.042 14.3 0.099 0 .211 0.98 0.045 76 14.0 0.097 0.207 0.95 0.044 14.8 0.102 0 .217 1.03 0.047 77 14.5 0.100 0.214 1.00 0.046 15.3 0.105 0 223 1.09 0.048 78 15.0 0.104 0.220 1.06 0.047 15.8 0.109 0 .229 1.14 0.050 79 15.4 0.106 0.224 1.10 0.049 16.3 0.112 0 .235 1.19 0.051 80 15.9 0.109 0.230 1.15 0.050 16.8 0.115 0 .241 1.24 0.053 122 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 69— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen am. I/IIIX. gms. gins. gms. firm*. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 81 16.4 0.112 0.236 1.20 0 052 17.3 0.118 0.246 1.28 0.055 82 16.9 0.115 0.242 1.24 n 053 17.9 0.121 0.253 1.34 0.057 83 17.4 0.118 0.247 1.29 0 055 18.4 0.124 0.258 1.39 0.058 84 18.0 0.122 0.254 1.35 0 .057 19.0 0.128 0.265 1.44 0.060 85 18.5 0.125 0.259 1.40 0 059 19.5 0.131 0.270 1.49 0.062 86 19.0 0.128 0.265 1.44 0 060 20.1 0.134 0.277 1.54 0.064 87 19.6 0.131 0.271 1.50 0 062 20.7 0.138 0.283 1.59 0.065 88 20.1 0.134 0.277 1.54 0 064 21.2 0.141 0.288 1.64 0.067 89 20.7 0.138 0.283 1.59 0 065 21.8 0.144 0.294 1.69 0.069 90 21.3 0.141 0.289 1.64 0 067 22.4 0.147 0.300 1.74 0.071 91 21.9 0.145 0.296 1.69 0. 069 23.1 0.151 0.307 1.79 0.073 92 22.4 0.147 0.300 1.74 0 .071 23.7 0.155 0.313 1.84 0.075 93 23.0 0.151 0.306 1.79 0 .072 24.3 0.158 0.319 1.89 0.076 94 23.7 0.155 0.313 1.84 0 075 25.0 0.162 0.326 1.95 0.078 95 24.3 0.158 0.319 1.89 0 076 25.6 0.165 0.332 1.99 0.080 96 24.9 0.161 0.325 1.94 0 078 26.3 0.169 0.339 2.05 0.082 97 25.6 0.165 0.332 1.99 0 080 27.0 0.172 0.344 2.10 0.084 98 26.2 0.168 0.338 2.05 0 .082 27.7 0.176 0.352 2.15 0.086 99 26.9 0.172 0.345 2.09 0 .084 28.4 0.180 0.359 2.21 0.088 100 27.5 0.175 0.350 2.14 0 ,086 29.1 0.183 0.365 2.26 0.090 101 28.2 0.178 0.357 2.19 0 .088 29.8 0.187 0.372 2.31 0.092 102 28.9 0.182 0.364 2.24 0 .090 30.5 0.190 0.378 2.36 0.094 103 29.6 0.186 0.370 2.29 0 092 31.3 0.194 0.386 2.41 0.097 104 30.3 0.189 0.377 2.34 0 ,094 32.0 0.198 0.392 2.46 0.099 105 31.1 0.193 0.384 2.40 0 .096 32.8 0.202 0.400 2.52 0.101 106 31.8 0.197 0.390 2.45 0 .098 33.6 0.206 0.407 2.57 0.103 107 32.5 0.200 0.397 2.50 0 .100 34.4 0.209 0.414 2.63 0.106 108 33.3 0.204 0.404 2.55 0 .102 35.2 0.213 0.421 2.68 0.108 109 34.1 0.208 0.411 2.61 0 .105 36.0 0.217 0.428 2.73 0.110 110 34.9 0.212 0.419 2.66 0 .107 36.9 0.221 0.436 2.79 0.113 111 35.7 0.216 0.426 2.71 0 .109 37.7 0.225 0.444 2.84 0.115 112 36.5 0.219 0.433 2.77 0 .112 38.6 0.229 0.451 2.90 0.117 113 37.3 0.223 0.440 2.82 0 .114 39.5 0.234 0.459 2.96 0.120 114 38.2 0.227 0.448 2.88 0 .116 40.3 0.237 0.466 3.01 0.122 115 39.0 0.231 0.455 2.93 0 .118 41.3 0.242 0.475 3.07 0.125 116 39.9 0.235 0.463 2.98 0 .121 42.2 0.246 0.483 3.13 0.127 117 40.8 0.239 0.471 3.04 0 .123 43.1 0.250 0.491 3.18 0.130 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH TABLE 69— Continued 123 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen mm. gmt. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 118 41.6 0.243 0.478 3.09 0. 126 44.1 0.254 0.499 3.24 0.133 119 42.6 0.248 0.486 3.15 0. 128 45.0 0.258 0.507 3.29 0.135 120 43.5 0.252 0.494 3.20 0. 131 46.0 0.263 0.515 3.35 0.138 121 44.4 0.256 0.502 3.26 0. 133 47.0 0.267 0.524 3.41 0.141 122 45.4 0.260 0.510 3.32 0. 136 48.0 0.272 0.532 3.47 0.143 123 46.3 0.264 0.518 3.37 0. 139 49.1 0.276 0.542 3.53 0.146 124 47.3 0.269 0.526 3.43 0. 141 50.1 0.281 0.550 3.59 0.149 125 48.3 0.273 0.535 3.49 0. 144 51.2 0.285 0.559 3.65 0.152 126 49.3 0.277 0.543 3.54 0. 147 52.3 0.290 0.568 3.71 0.155 127 50.4 0.282 0.553 3.61 0. 150 53.4 0.295 0.578 3.77 0.158 128 51.4 0.286 0.561 3.66 0. 152 54.5 0.299 0.587 3.83 0.161 129 52.5 0.291 0.570 3.72 0. 155 55.6 0.304 0.596 3.89 0.164 130 53.6 0.295 0.579 3.78 0. 158 56.8 0.309 0.606 3.96 0.167 131 54.7 0.300 0.588 3.84 0, 161 58.0 0.314 0.616 4.02 0.170 132 55.8 0.305 0.598 3.90 0 164 59.2 0.319 0.626 4.09 0.173 133 56.9 0.309 0.607 3.96 0. 167 60.4 0.324 0.635 4.15 0.177 134 58.1 0.314 0.617 4.03 0. 171 61.6 0.328 0.645 4.21 0.180 135 59.3 0.319 0.626 4.09 0. 174 62.9 0.334 0.656 4.28 0.183 136 60.5 0.324 0.636 4.15 0.177 64.2 0.339 0.666 4.35 0.187 137 61.7 0.329 0.646 4.22 0. 180 65.5 0.344 0.677 4.41 0.190 138 62.9 0.334 0.656 4.28 0 183 66.8 0.349 0.687 4.48 0.194 139 64.1 0.338 0.666 4.34 0 186 68.1 0.354 0.698 4.54 0.197 140 65.4 0.344 0.676 4.41 0 190 69.5 0.360 0.709 4.61 0.201 141 66.7 0.349 0.687 4.47 0 193 70.9 0.365 0.720 4.68 0.204 142 68.0 0.354 0.697 4.54 0 .197 72.3 0.370 0.732 4.75 0.208 143 69.3 0.359 0.708 4.60 0 .200 73.7 0.376 0.743 4.82 0.212 144 70.7 0.364 0.719 4.67 0 .204 75.2 0.382 0.755 4.89 0.216 145 72.1 0.370 0.730 4.74 0.208 76.7 0.387 0.767 4.97 0.220 146 73.5 0.375 0.741 4.81 0 .211 78.2 0.393 0.779 5.04 0.224 147 74.9 0.380 0.752 4.88 0 .215 79.7 0.399 0.791 5.11 0.228 148 76.3 0.386 0.764 4.95 o .219 81.3 0.405 0.803 5.19 0.232 149 77.8 0.391 0.775 5.02 0 .223 82.8 0.410 0.815 5.26 0.236 150 79.3 0.397 0.787 5.09 0 .227 84.4 0.416 0.828 5.33 0.240 151 80.8 0.403 0.799 5.16 0 .230 86.1 0.422 0.841 5.41 0.244 152 82.4 0.409 0.812 5.24 0 .235 87.7 0.428 0.854 5.48 0.248 153 83.9 0.414 0.824 5.31 0 .239 89.4 0.435 0.867 5.56 0.253 124 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 69— Continued MA.LES FEMALES Body length Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 154 85.5 0.420 0.836 5.38 0.243 91. 1 0.441 0.880 5.64 0.257 155 87.1 0.426 0.849 5.46 0.247 92. 9 0.447 0.894 5.72 0.262 156 88.7 0.432 0.862 5.53 0.251 94. 6 0.453 0.908 5.80 0.266 157 90.4 0.438 0.875 5.61 0.255 96. 4 0.460 0.922 5.88 0.271 158 92.1 0.444 0.888 5.68 0.260 98. 3 0.467 0.937 5.96 0.276 159 93.8 0.450 0.901 5.76 0.264 100. 1 0.473 0.951 6.04 0.281 160 95.6 0.457 0.916 5.84 0.269 102. 0 0.480 0.965 6.12 0.285 161 97.3 0.463 0.929 5.92 0.273 103. 9 0.486 0.980 6.21 0.290 162 99.2 0.470 0.944 6.00 0.278 105. 9 0.493 0.996 6.29 0.295 163 101.0 0.476 0.958 6.08 0.283 107. 9 0.500 1.011 6.38 0.301 164 102.8 0.483 0.971 6.16 0.287 109. 9 0.507 1.026 6.47 0.306 165 104.7 0.489 0.986 6.24 0.292 Ill 9 0.514 1.042 6.55 0.311 166 106.7 0.496 1.002 6.33 0.298 114 0 0.522 1.058 6.64 0.316 167 108.6 0.502 1.016 6.41 0.302 116 1 0.529 1.074 6.73 0.322 168 110.6 0.510 1.032 6.50 0.308 118 3 0.536 1.091 6.82 0.327 169 112.6 0.517 1.047 6.58 0.313 120 5 0.544 1.108 6.92 0.333 170 114.7 0.524 1.063 6.67 0.318 122 ,7 0.551 1.125 7.01 0.339 171 116.7 0.531 1.079 6.76 0.323 125 .0 0.559 1.142 7.10 0.344 172 118.9 0.538 1.096 6.85 0.329 127 .3 0.567 1.160 7.20 0.350 173 121.0 0.545 1.112 6.94 0.334 129 .6 0.575 1.178 7.29 0.356 174 123.2 0.553 1.129 7.03 0.340 132 .0 0.583 1.196 7.39 0.362 175 125.4 0.560 1.145 7.12 0.345 134 .4 0.591 1.214 7.49 0.368 176 127.7 0.568 1.163 7.22 0.351 136 .8 0.599 1.232 7.59 0.375 177 130.0 0.576 1.181 7.31 0.357 139 .3 0.607 1.251 7.69 0.381 178 132.3 0.584 1.198 7.40 0.363 141 .9 0.615 1.271 7.79 0.387 179 134.6 0.591 1.216 7.50 0.369 144 .4 0.624 1.290 7.89 0.394 180 137.0 0.599 1.234 7.60 0.375 147 .1 0.632 1.311 8.00 0.401 181 139.5 0.607 1.253 7.70 0.381 149 .7 0.641 1.330 8.10 0.407 182 142.0 0.616 1.272 7.80 0.388 152 .4 0.650 1.351 8.21 0.414 183 144.5 0.622 1.291 7.90 0.394 155 .2 0.659 1.372 8.32 0.421 184 147.0 0.632 1.310 8.00 0.400 158 .0 0.668 1.393 8.43 0.428 185 149.6 0.641 1.330 8.10 0.407 160 .8 0.677 1.414 8.54 0.435 186 152.3 0.649 1.350 8.21 0.414 163 .7 0.686 1.436 8.65 0.443 187 155.0 0.658 1.370 8.31 0.421 166 .6 0.696 1.458 8.77 0.450 188 157.7 0.667 1.391 8.42 0.428 169 .6 0.705 1.481 8.88 0.458 189 160.5 0.676 1.412 8.53 0.435 172 .6 0.715 1.503 9.00 0.465 190 163.3 0.685 1.433 8.64 0.442 175 .7 0.725 1.526 9.12 0.473 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH TABLE 69— Continued 125 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen mm. gins. gms. gms. gma. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 191 166.2 0.694 1.455 8.75 0.449 178, ,8 0.734 1.550 9.23 0.481 192 169.1 0.704 1.477 8.86 0.456 182 ,0 0.744 1.574 9.36 0.489 193 172.0 0.713 1.499 8.98 0.464 185, ,2 0.755 1.598 9.48 0.497 194 175.0 0.722 1.521 9.09 0.471 188 ,5 0.765 1.622 9.60 0.505 195 178.1 0.732 1.544 9.21 0.479 191 ,9 0.776 1.648 9.73 0.514 196 181.2 0.742 1.568 9.33 0.487 195 .3 0.786 1.673 9.86 0.522 197 184.3 0.752 1.591 9.45 0.495 198 ,7 0.797 1.699 9.99 0.531 198 187.5 0.762 1.615 9.57 0.503 202 ,2 0.808 1.725 10.12 0.540 199 190.8 0.772 1.640 9.69 0.511 205 ,8 0.819 1.752 10.25 0.549 200 194.1 0.782 1.664 9.82 0.519 209 .4 0.830 1.779 10.39 0.558 201 197.4 0.793 1.689 9.94 0.528 213 .1 0.841 1.806 10.52 0.567 202 200.8 0.803 1.714 10.07 0.536 216 .8 0.853 1.834 10.66 0.577 203 204.3 0.814 1.740 10.20 0.545 220 ,7 0.865 1.863 10.80 0.586 204 207.8 0.825 1.767 10.33 0.554 224 .5 0.876 1.891 10.94 0.596 205 211.4 0.836 1.793 10.46 0.563 228 .4 0.888 1.920 11.09 0.606 206 215.0 0.847 1.820 10.59 0.572 232 .4 0.900 1.950 11.23 0.616 207 218.7 0.859 1.848 10.73 0.581 236 .5 0.913 1.980 11.38 0.626 208 222.5 0.870 1.876 10.87 0.591 240 .6- 0.925 2.011 11.53 0.636 209 226.3 0.882 1.904 11.01 0.600 244 .8 0.938 2.042 11.68 0.647 210 230.2 0.894 1.933 11.15 0.610 249 .1 0.951 2.074 11.84 0.657 211 234.1 0.905 1.962 11.29 0.620 253 .4 0.964 2.106 11.99 0.668 212 238.1 0.918 1.992 11.44 0.630 257 .8 0.977 2.138 12.15 0.679 213 242.2 0.930 2.023 11.59 0.640 262 .3 0.990 2.171 12.31 0.691 214 246.3 0.942 2.053 11.74 0.650 266 .9 1.004 2.205 12.47 0.702 215 250.5 0.955 2.084 11.89 0.661 271 .5 1.018 2.239 12.64 0.713 216 254.7 0.968 2.115 12.04 0.671 276 .2 1.032 2.274 12.80 0.725 217 259.1 0.981 2.148 12.20 0.683 281 .0 1.046 2.310 12.97 0.737 218 263.5 0.994 2.180 12.35 0.694 285 .8 1.060 2.345 13.14 0.749 219 267.9 1.007 2.213 12.50 0.704 290 .8 1.075 2.382 13.32 0.762 220 272.5 1.021 2.247 12.67 0.716 295 .8 1.090 2.419 13.50 0.774 221 277.1 1.034 2.281 12.84 0.727 300 .9 1.105 2.457 13.67 0.787 222 281.8 1.048 2.316 13.00 0.739 306 .1 1.120 2.495 13.86 0.800 223 286.5 1.062 2.350 13.17 0.751 311 .3 1.135 2.533 14.04 0.813 224 291.4 1.077 2.386 13.34 0.763 316.7 1.151 2.573 14.23 0.826 225 296.3 1.091 2.423 13.51 0.775 322 .1 1.167 2.613 14.41 0.840 226 301.3 1.106 2.460 13.69 0.788 327 .7 1.183 2.654 14.61 0.854 227 306.4 1.121 2.497 13.87 0.801 333 .3 1.200 2.695 14.80 0.868 126 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 69— Concluded MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen Body weight Heart Both kidneys Liver Spleen mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gmt. gms. gms. gms. gms. 228 311.5 1.136 2.535 14.05 0.813 339.0 1.216 2.737 15.00 0.882 229 316.8 1.152 2.574 14.23 0.826 344.8 1.233 2.780 15.20 0.896 230 322.1 1.167 2.613 14.41 0.840 350.7 1.250 2.823 15.40 0.911 231 327.5 1.183 2.652 14.60 0.853 356.7 1.268 2.867 15.61 0.926 232 333.0 1.199 2.693 14.79 0.867 362.8 1.285 2.912 15.82 0.941 233 338.6 1.215 2.734 14.99 0.881 369.0 1.303 2.957 16.03 0.956 234 344.3 1.232 2.776 15.18 0.895 375.3 1.321 3.004 16.24 0.972 235 350.0 1.248 2.818 15.38 0.909 381.7 1.340 3.050 16.46 0.988 236 355.9 1.265 2.861 15.58 0.924 388.2 1.358 3.098 16.68 1.004 237 361.9 1.283 2.905 15.79 0.939 394.9 1.377 3.147 16.91 1.021 238 367.9 1.300 2.949 15.99 0.954 401.6 1.397 3.196 17.14 1.037 239 374.1 1.318 2.995 16.20 0.969 408.4 1.416 3.246 17.37 1.054 240 380.3 1.336 3.040 16.42 0.984 415.4 1.436 3.297 17.61 1.072 241 386.6 1.354 3.086 16.63 1.000 422.4 1.456 3.349 17.84 1.089 242 393.1 1.372 3.134 16.85 1.016 429.6 1.477 3.401 18.08 1.107 243 399.6 1.391 3.182 17.07 1.032 436.9 1.497 3.455 18.33 1.125 244 406.3 1.410 3.231 17.30 1.049 444.3 1.518 3.509 18.58 1.143 245 413.1 1.429 3.280 17.53 1.066 451.9 1.540 3.564 18.83 1.162 246 419.9 1.449 3.330 17.76 1.083 459.5 1.561 3.620 19.09 1.181 247 426.9 1.469 3.381 17.98 1.100 467.3 1.583 3.677 19.35 1.200 248 434.0 1.489 3.433 18.23 1.118 475.2 1.606 3.734 19.61 1.220 249 441.2 1.509 3.486 18.47 1.136 483.3 1.628 3.794 19.88 1.240 250 448.5 1.530 3.539 18.72 1.154 491.5 1.652 3.853 20.15 1.260 127 TABLE 70 Giving for each sex the weights of body, lungs, blood, alimentary tract and gonads (testes and ovaries') for each millimeter of body length. See Charts 15, 16, 17, 21 and 22. MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Testes Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Ovaries mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 47 4.9 0.078 0.44 0.14 0.004 4.7 0.078 0.41 0.14 0.0006 48 4.9 0.079 0.44 0.14 0.004 4.7 0.079 0.41 0.14 0.0006 49 5.0 0.080 0.45 0.15 0.004 4.9 0.080 0.43 0.15 0.0008 50 5.1 0.081 0.45 0.15 0.004 5.0 0.081 0.44 0.15 0.0009 51 5.2 0.082 0.46 0.15 0.004 5.1 0.082 0.45 0.15 0.0009 52 5.3 0.083 0.47 0.16 0.006 5.3 0.084 0.47 0.16 0.0010 53 5.4 0.085 0.48 0.16 0.006 5.5 0.086 0.49 0.16 0.0011 54 5.6 0.087 0.50 0.17 0.007 5.8 0.090 0.51 0.18 0.0013 55 5.8 0.090 0.51 0.18 0.007 6.2 0.094 0.54 0.19 0.0015 56 6.1 0.093 0.53 0.19 0.009 6.5 0.097 0.56 0.20 0.0016 57 6.4 0.096 0.56 0.20 0.011 6.9 0.102 0.60 0.22 0.0019 58 6.8 0.101 0.59 0.21 0.013 7.2 0.105 0.62 0.23 0.0020 59 7.1 0.104 0.61 0.22 0.016 7.6 0.109 0.65 0.24 0.0022 60 7.5 0.108 0.64 0.24 0.019 8.0 0.113 0.68 0.25 0.0024 61 7.9 0.112 0.67 0.25 0.023 8.4 0.117 0.71 0.27 0.0025 62 8.2 0.115 0.69 0.26 0.026 8.7 0.120 0.73 0.27 0.0026 63 8.6 0.119 0.73 0.27 0.031 9.1 0.124 0.76 0.28 0.0028 64 9.0 0.123 0.76 0.28 0.036 9.5 0.128 0.79 0.30 0.0029 65 9.4 0.127 0.79 0.29 0.041 9.9 0.131 0.82 0.31 0.0031 66 9.8 0.130 0.82 0.30 0.047 10.3 0.135 0.85 0.34 0.0032 67 10.1 0.133 0.84 0.31 0.050 10.8 0.139 0.89 0.41 0.0034 68 10.6 0.138 0.88 0.39 0.051 11.2 0.143 0.92 0.47 0.0035 69 11.0 0.141 0.91 0.44 0.052 11.6 0.146 0.95 0.52 0.0036 70 11.4 0.145 0.93 0.50 0.053 12.0 0.150 0.98 0.58 0.0037 71 11.8 0.148 0.96 0.55 0.054 12.5 0.154 1.02 0.64 0.0039 72 12.2 0.152 0.99 0.60 0.055 12.9 O.T57 1.04 0.69 0.0040 73 12.7 0.155 1.03 0.67 0.057 13.4 0.161 1.08 0.76 0.0041 74 13.1 0.159 1.06 0.72 0.058 13.9 0.165 1.12 0.82 0.0042 75 13.6 0.163 1.10 0.78 0.060 14.3 0.169 1.13 0.87 O.C043 76 14.0 0.166 1.12 0.83 0.061 14.8 0.173 1.18 0.93 0.0044 77 14.5 0.170 1.16 0.89 0.063 15.3 0.177 1.22 0.99 0.0046 78 15.0 0.174 1.20 0.95 0.065 15.8 0.180 1.25 1.04 0.0047 79 15.4 0.177 1.23 1.00 0.067 16.3 0.184 1.29 1.10 0.0048 80 15.9 0.181 1.26 1.05 0.069 16.8 0.188 1.33 1.16 0.0049 128 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 70— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Testes Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Ovaries mm. gms. gms. gmt. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 81 16.4 0.185 1.30 1.11 0 .071 17.3 0.192 1.36 1.21 0.0050 82 16.9 0.189 1.33 1.17 0.073 17.9 0.196 1.40 1.28 0.0051 83 17.4 0.193 1.37 1.22 0 .076 18.4 0.200 1.44 1.33 0.0052 84 18.0 0.197 1.41 1.29 0 .078 19.0 0.204 1.48 1.39 0.0053 85 18.5 0.201 1.45 1.34 0 .081 19.5 0.208 1.52 1.44 0.0054 86 19.0 0.204 1.48 1.39 0 .084 20.1 0.212 1.56 1.50 0.0055 87 19.6 0.209 1.52 1.45 0 .087 20.7 0.216 1.60 1.56 0.0056 88 20.1 0.212 1.56 1.50 0 .089 21.2 0.220 1.63 1.61 0.0057 89 20.7 0.216 1.60 1.56 0 .093 21.8 0.224 1.68 1.67 0.0058 90 21.3 0.221 1.64 1.62 0 .096 22.4 0.228 1.72 1.73 0.0058 91 21.9 0.225 1.68 1.68 0 100 23.1 0.233 1.76 1.79 0.0059 92 22.4 0.228 1.72 1.73 0 103 23.7 0.237 1.81 1.85 0.0060 93 23.0 0.232 1.76 1.78 0 107 24.3 0.241 1.85 1.90 0.0061 94 23.7 0.237 1.81 1.85 0 112 25.0 0.246 1.90 1.96 0.0062 95 24.3 0.241 1.85 1.90 0 116 25.6 0.250 1.94 2.02 0.0063 96 24.9 0.245 1.89 1.96 0. 120 26.3 0.254 1.98 2.08 0.0064 97 25.6 0.250 1.94 2.02 0 125 27.0 0.259 2.03 2.14 0.0065 98 26.2 0.254 1.98 2.07 0 130 27.7 0.264 2.08 2.20 0.0066 99 26.9 0.258 2.02 2.13 0 135 28.4 0.268 2.13 2.25 0.0067 100 27.5 0.262 2.06 2.18 0 .140 29.1 0.273 2.17 2.31 0.0067 101 28.2 0.267 2.11 2.24 0 145 29.8 0.277 2.22 2.37 0.0068 102 28.9 0.271 2.16 2.30 0 151 30.5 0.282 2.27 2.42 0.0069 103 29.6 0.276 2.21 2.35 0. 157 31.3 0.287 2.32 2.49 0.0070 104 30.3 0.280 2.25 2.41 0 163 32.0 0.291 2.37 2.54 0.0071 105 31.1 0.285 2.31 2.47 0 171 32.8 0.296 2.42 2.60 0.0071 106 31.8 0.290 2.35 2.53 0 .177 33.6 0.301 2.47 2.66 0.0072 107 32.5 0.294 2.40 2.58 0 184 34.4 0.306 2.53 2.72 0.0073 108 33.3 0.299 2.45 2.64 0 192 35.2 0.311 2.58 2.78 0.0074 109 34.1 0.304 2.51 2.70 0 200 36.0 0.316 2.63 2.84 0.0075 110 34.9 0.309 2.56 2.76 0 208 36.9 0.321 2.69 2.90 0.0075 111 35.7 0.314 2.61 2.82 0. 216 37.7 0.326 2.74 2.96 0.0076 112 36.5 0.319 2.66 2.88 0. 225 38.6 0.332 2.80 3.02 0.0077 113 37.3 0.324 2.72 2.93 0 234 39.5 0.337 2.86 3.09 0.0078 114 38.2 0.329 2.78 3.00 0 244 40.3 0.342 2.91 3.14 0.0078 115 39.0 0.334 2.83 3.05 0 253 41.3 0.348 2.98 3.21 0.0079 116 39.9 0.339 2.89 3.11 0 264 42.2 0.353 3.04 3.27 0.0080 117 40.8 0.345 2.95 3.17 0 275 43.1 0.358 3.09 3.33 0.0081 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH TABLE 70— Continued 129 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Testes Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Ovaries mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 118 41.6 0.349 3.00 3.23 0.285 44.1 0.364 3.16 3.39 0.0081 119 42.6 0 .355 3.06 3.29 0.298 45.0 0.369 3.22 3.45 0.0082 120 43.5 0 .361 3.12 3.35 0.309 46.0 0.375 3.28 3.51 0.0083 121 44.4 0 .366 3.18 3.41 0.321 47.0 0.381 3.35 3.58 0.0084 122 45.4 0 .372 3.24 3.47 0.335 48.0 0.387 3.41 3.64 0.0084 123 46.3 0 .377 3.30 3.53 0.348 49.1 0.393 3.48 3.71 0.0085 124 47.3 0 .383 3.36 3.59 0.362 50.1 0.399 3.54 3.77 0.0086 125 48.3 0 .389 3.43 3.66 0.377 51.2 0.405 3.61 3.83 0.0086 126 49.3 0 .394 3.49 3.72 0.392 52.3 0.411 3.68 3.90 0.0087 127 50.4 0 .401 3.56 3.78 0.408 53.4 0.418 3.75 3.96 0.0088 128 51.4 0 .406 3.63 3.84 0.424 54.5 0.424 3.82 4.03 0.0089 129 52.5 0 .413 3.69 3.91 0.442 55.6 0.430 3.89 4.09 0.0089 130 53.6 0 .419 3.76 3.97 0.460 56.8 0.437 3.97 4.15 0.0090 131 54.7 0 .425 3.83 4.04 0.478 58.0 0.444 4.04 4.22 0.0091 132 55.8 0 .431 3.90 4.10 0.497 59.2 0.450 4.12 4.29 0.0091 133 56.9 0 .437 3.97 4.16 0.516 60.4 0.457 4.19 4.36 0.0092 134 58.1 0 .444 4.05 4.23 0.537 61.6 0.464 4.27 4.42 0.0093 135 59.3 0 .451 4.12 4.30 0.559 62.9 0.471 4.35 4.49 0.0093 136 60.5 0 .458 4.20 4.36 0.581 64.2 0.478 4.43 4.56 0.0094 137 61.7 0 .464 4.27 4.43 0.604 65.5 0.485 4.51 4.63 0.0095 138 62.9 0 .471 4.35 4.49 0.627 66.8 0.492 4.59 4.70 0.0099 139 64.1 0 .477 4.42 4.56 0.651 68.1 0.499 4.67 4.77 0.0102 140 65.4 0 .485 4.50 4.63 0.677 69.5 0.507 4.76 4.84 0.0106 141 66.7 0 .492 4.58 4.70 0.704 70.9 0.515 4.84 4.91 0.0110 142 68.0 0 .499 4.66 4.76 0.731 72.3 0.522 4.93 4.98 0.0115 143 69.3 0 .506 4.74 4.83 0.759 73.7 0.530 5.01 5.05 0.0120 144 70.7 0 .514 4.83 4.90 0.790 75.2 0.538 5.11 5.13 0.0126 145 72.1 0 .521 4.92 4.97 0.821 76.7 0.546 5.20 5.20 0.0132 146 73.5 0 .529 5.00 5.04 0.853 78.2 0.554 5.29 5.27 0.0139 147 74.9 0 .536 5.09 5.11 0.885 79.7 0.562 5.38 5.35 0.0147 148 76.3 0 .544 5.17 5.18 0.918 81.3 0.571 5.48 5.42 0.0155 149 77.8 0.552 5.27 5.26 0.955 82.8 0.579 5.57 5.50 0.0164 150 79.3 0 .560 5.36 5.34 0.991 84.4 0.587 5.67 5.57 0.0173 151 80.8 0 .568 5.45 5.40 1.031 86.1 0.596 5.77 5.65 0.0184 152 82.4 0 .577 5.54 5.48 1.055 87.7 0.605 5.86 5.72 0.0195 153 83.9 0.585 5.64 5.55 1.078 89.4 0.614 5.97 5.80 0.0207 130 GEOWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 70— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Lungs Blood Alitnen. tract Testes Body •weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Ovaries mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 154 85.5 0.593 5.73 5.63 1 .102 91.1 0.623 6.07 5.88 0.0219 155 87.1 0.602 5.83 5.70 1 .125 92.9 0.632 6.18 5.96 0.0233 156 88.7 0.610 5.92 5.77 1 .148 94.6 0.641 6.28 6.04 0.0247 157 90.4 0.619 6.03 5.85 1 .173 96.4 0.651 6.39 6.12 0.0262 158 92.1 0.628 6.13 5.93 1 .196 98.3 0.661 6.50 6.20 0.0279 159 93.8 0.637 6.23 6.00 1 .219 100.1 0.670 6.61 6.28 0.0296 160 95.6 0.646 6.34 6.08 1 .243 102.0 0.680 6.72 6.46 0.0314 161 97.3 0.655 6.44 6.16 1 .265 103.9 0.690 6.83 6.44 0.0334 162 99.2 0.665 6.55 6.24 1 .290 105.9 0.700 6.95 6.53 0.0344 163 101.0 0.675 6.66 6.32 1 .313 107.9 0.711 7.07 6.62 0.0377 164 102.8 0.684 6.77 6.40 1 .335 109.9 0.721 7.18 6.70 0.0400 165 104.7 0.694 6.88 6.48 1 .358 111.9 0.731 7.30 6.78 0.0411 166 106.7 0.704 7.00 6.56 1 .382 114.0 0.742 7.43 6.87 0.0419 167 108.6 0.714 7.11 6.65 1 .404 116.1 0.753 7.55 6.96 0.0425 168 110.6 0.725 7.23 6.73 1 .428 118.3 0.764 7.68 7.05 0.0431 169 112.6 0.735 7.34 6.81 1 .450 120.5 0.776 7.81 7.14 0.0435 170 114.7 0.746 7.47 6.90 1 .473 122.7 0.787 7.93 7.23 0.0439 171 116.7 0.756 7.58 6.98 1 .495 125.0 0.799 8.07 7.32 0.0443 172 118.9 0.768 7.71 7.07 1 .519 127.3 0.811 8.20 7.41 0.0446 173 121.0 0.778 7.83 7.16 1 .541 129.6 0.822 8.33 7.50 0.0449 174 123.2 0.790 7.96 7.25 1 .564 132.0 0.835 8.47 7.60 0.0452 175 125.4 0.801 8.09 7.33 1 .586 134.4 0.847 8.61 7.69 0.0455 176 127.7 0.813 8.22 7.43 1 .609 136.8 0.859 8.75 7.78 0.0457 177 130.0 0.824 8.36 7.52 1 .632 139.3 0.872 8.89 7.88 0.0459 178 132.3 0.836 8.49 7.61 1 .654 141.9 0.885 9.04 7.98 0.0462 179 134.6 0.848 8.62 7.70 1 .675 144 .4 0.898 9.19 8.07 0.0464 180 137.0 0.860 8.76 7.79 1 .698 147.1 0.911 9.34 8.18 0.0466 181 139.5 0.873 8.90 7.89 1 .721 149.7 0.925 9.49 8.28 0.0468 182 142.0 0.886 9.05 7.98 1 .743 152.4 0.938 10.22 8.38 0.0469 183 144.5 0.898 9.19 8.08 1 .765 155.2 0.952 10.39 8.48 0.0471 184 147.0 0.911 9.26 8.17 1 .787 158.0 0.967 10.56 8.58 0.0473 185 149.6 0.924 9.33 8.27 1 .809 160.8 0.981 10.73 8.69 0.0474 186 152.3 0.938 9.40 8.37 1 .832 163.7 0.995 10.90 8.79 0.0476 187 155.0 0.951 9.50 8.47 1 .854 166.6 1.010 11.07 8.90 0.0477 188 157.7 0.965 9.64 8.57 1 .876 169.6 1.025 11.25 9.01 0.0479 189 160.5 0.979 9.80 8.68 1 .898 172.6 1.040 11.43 9.12 0.0480 190 163.3 0.993 9.95 8.78 1 .920 175.7 1.055 11.62 9.23 0.0482 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH TABLE 70— Continued 131 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Testes Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Ovaries mm. gms. gm». gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 191 166.2 1.008 10.11 8.88 1 ,942 178.8 1.071 11.80 9.34 0.0483 192 169.1 1.022 10.27 8.99 1, 964 182.0 1.087 11.99 9.45 0.0484 193 172.0 1.037 10.43 9.09 1. 985 185.2 1.103 12.18 9.56 0.0485 194 175.0 1.052 10.59 9.20 2, 007 188.5 1.119 12.38 9.68 0.0487 195 178.1 1.067 10.76 9.31 2 030 191.9 1.136 12.58 9.80 0.0488 196 181.2 1.083 10.93 9.42 2 .051 195.3 1.153 12.78 9.92 0.0489 197 184.3 1.098 11.10 9.53 2, .073 198.7 1.170 12.98 10.03 0.0490 198 187.5 1.114 11.27 9.64 2, 094 202.2 1.188 13.18 10.15 0.0491 199 190.8 1.131 11.45 9.76 2 .117 205.8 1.206 13.39 10.28 0.0492 200 194.1 1.147 11.63 9.87 2 .138 209.4 1.223 13.61 10.40 0.0493 201 197.4 1.164 11.81 9.99 2.159 213.1 1.242 13.82 10.53 0.0494 202 200.8 1.181 11.99 10.11 2 .181 216.8 1.260 14.04 10.65 0.0495 203 204.3 1.198 12.18 10.23 2 .203 220.7 1.279 14.26 10.78 0.0496 204 207.8 1.215 12.36 10.35 2 .224 224.5 1.298 14.48 10.91 0.0497 205 211.4 1.233 12.56 10.47 2 .246 228.4 1.317 14.71 11.04 0.0498 206 215.0 1.251 12.75 10.59 2 .267 232.4 1.337 14.94 11.17 0.0499 207 218.7 1.269 12.95 10.71 2 .289 236.5 1.357 15.18 11.31 0.0500 208 222.5 1.288 13.15 10.84 2 .311 240.6 1.378 15.42 11.44 0.0501 209 226.3 1.307 13.35 10.97 2 .332 244.8 1.398 15.66 11.58 0.0502 210 230.2 1.326 13.46 11.10 2 .354 249.1 1.419 15.90 11.72 0.0503 211 234.1 1.346 13.76 11.23 2 .375 253.4 1.441 16.15 11.86 0.0504 212 238.1 1.365 13.98 11.36 2 397- 257.8 1.462 16.41 12.00 0.0505 213 242.2 1.386 14.19 11.49 2 .418 262.3 1.484 16.66 12.14 0.0506 214 246.3 1.406 14.41 11.63 2 .439 266.9 1.507 16.92 12.29 0.0507 215 250.5 1.426 14.63 11.76 2.461 271.5 1.530 17.19 12.44 0.0508 216 254.7 1.447 14.85 11.90 2 .482 276.2 1.553 17.45 12.59 0.0508 217 259.1 1.469 15.08 12.04 2 .503 281.0 1.576 17.73 12.74 0.0509 218 263.5 1.490 15.31 12.18 2 .525 2&5.S 1.600 18.00 12.89 0.0510 219 267.9 1.512 15.54 12.32 2 .546 290.8 1.624 18.28 13.05 0.0511 220 272.5 1.534 15.78 12.47 2 .567 295.8 1.648 18.57 13.21 0.0512 221 277.1 1.557 16.02 12.62 2 .588 300.9 1.673 18.85 13.36 0.0512 222 281.8 1.580 16.26 12.77 2 .609 306.1 1.705 19.15 13.53 0.0513 223 286.5 1.603 16.55 12.91 2 .630 311.3 1.724 19.44 13.69 0.0514 224 291.4 1.627 16.76 13.07 2 .652 316 7 1.751 19.74 13.85 0.0515 225 296.3 1.651 17.02 13.22 2 .673 322.1 1.777 20.05 14.02 0.0516 226 301.3 1.675 17.27 13.38 2 .694 327.7 1.804 20.36 14.19 0.0516 227 306.4 1.700 17.54 13.54 2 .715 333.3 1.831 20.67 14.36 0.0517 132 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 70— Concluded MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Testes Body weight Lungs Blood Alimen. tract Ovaries mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. ams. gms. 228 311.5 1.725 17.80 13.74 2.736 339.0 1.859 20.99 14.54 0.0518 229 316.8 1.751 18.07 13.86 2.757 344.8 1.887 21.31 14.71 0.0519 230 322.1 1.777 18.34 14.02 2.778 350.7 1.916 21.64 14.89 0.0519 231 327.5 1.803 18.62 14.19 2.799 356.7 1.945 21.97 15.07 0.0520 232 333.0 1.830 18.90 14.35 2.820 362.8 1.975 22.31 15.26 0.0521 233 338.6 1.857 19.19 14.52 2.841 369.0 2.005 22.65 15.44 0.0522 234 344.3 1.885 19.47 14.68 2.862 375.3 2.035 23.00 15.63 0.0522 235 350.0 1.913 19.77 14.87 2.883 381.7 2.067 23.35 15.82 0.0523 236 355.9 1.941 20.07 15.05 2.904 388.2 2.098 23.71 16.01 0.0524 237 361.9 1.970 20.37 15.23 2.926 394.9 2.130 24.08 16.21 0.0524 238 367.9 2.000 20.68 15.41 2.946 401.6 2.163 24.45 16.41 0.0525 239 374.1 2.030 20.99 15.59 2.967 408.4 2.196 24.82 16.61 0.0526 240 380.3 2.060 21.30 15.78 2.988 415.4 2.230 25.20 16.82 0.0526 241 386.6 2.090 21.62 15.97 3.009 422.4 2.264 25.58 17.02 0.0527 242 393.1 2.122 21.95 16.16 3.030 429.6 2.298 25.98 17.23 0.0528 243 399.6 2.153 22.27 16.35 3.051 436.9 2.334 26.37 17.45 0.0529 244 406.3 2.186 22.61 16.55 3.072 444.3 2.369 26.77 17.66 0.0529 245 413.1 2.219 22.95 16.75 3.093 451.9 2.406 27.18 17.88 0.0530 246 419.9 2.251 23.28 16.95 3.113 459.5 2.443 27.60 18.10 0.0531 247 426.9 2.285 23.64 17.15 3.134 467.3 2.480 28.02 18.33 0.0531 248 434.0 2.320 23.99 17.36 3.155 475.2 2.518 28.45 18.55 0.0532 249 441.2 2.354 24.35 17.57 3.176 483.3 2.557 28.89 18.79 0.0532 250 448.5 2.390 24.71 17.78 3.197 491.5 2.597 29.32 19.02 0.0533 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 133 TABLE 71 Giving for each sex the weights of body, hypophysis, suprarenals and thyroid Jor each millimeter of body length. See charts 18, 19, and 20. MALES FEMALES A $1 Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 50 5.1 0.0005 0.0017 0.0015 5.0 0.0005 0.0017 0.0014 51 5.2 0.0005 0.0017 0.0015 5.1 0.0005 0.0017 0.0015 52 5.3 0.0005 0.0017 0.0015 5.3 0.0005 0.0018 0.0015 53 5.4 0.0005 0.0018 0.0016 5.5 0.0006 0.0019 0.0016 54 5.6 0.0005 0.0019 0.0016 5.8 0.0006 0.0021 0.0017 55 5.8 0.0006 0.0021 0.0017 6.2 0.0006 0.0024 0.0018 56 6.1 0.0006 0.0023 0.0018 6.5 0.0006 0.0026 0.0019 57 6.4 0.0006 0.0025 0.0018 6.9 0.0007 0.0028 0.0020 58 6.8 0.0007 0.0027 0.0019 7.2 0.0007 0.0030 0.0021 59 7.1 0.0007 0.0029 0.0020 7.6 0.0007 0.0032 0.0022 60 7.5 0.0007 0.0031 0.0021 8.0 0.0008 0.0034 0.0023 61 7.9 0.0008 0.0034 0.0022 8.4 0.0008 0.0036 0.0024 62 8.2 0.0008 0.0035 0.0023 8.7 0.0008 0.0038 0.0025 63 8.6 0.0008 0.0037 0.0024 9.1 0.0009 0.0040 0.0026 64 9.0 0.0009 0.0039 0.0025 9.5 0.0009 0.0042 0.0027 65 9.4 0.0009 0.0041 0.0026 9.9 0.0009 0.0044 0.0028 66 9.8 0.0009 0.0043 0.0027 10.3 0.0009 0.0045 0.0029 67 10.1 0.0009 0.0045 0.0028 10.8 0.0010 0.0048 0.0030 68 10.6 0.0010 0.0047 0.0030 11.2 0.0010 0.0049 0.0031 69 11.0 0.0010 0.0049 0.0031 11.6 0.0010 0.0051 0.0032 70 11.4 0.0010 0.0050 0.0032 12.0 0.0011 0.0053 0.0033 71 11.8 0.0011 0.0052 0.0033 12.5 0.0011 0.0055 0.0034 72 12.2 0.0011 0.0054 0.0034 12.9 0.0011 0.0056 0.0035 73 12.7 0.0011 0.0056 0.0035 13.4 0.0012 0.0058 0.0037 74 13.1 0.0011 0.0057 0.0036 13.9 0.0012 0.0060 0.0038 75 13.6 0.0012 0.0059 0.0037 14.3 0.0012 0.0062 0.0039 76 14.0 0.0012 0.0061 0.0038 14.8 0.0012 0.0064 0.0040 77 14.5 0.0012 0.0063 0.0039 15.3 0.0013 0.0065 0.0041 78 15.0 0.0013 0.0064 0.0041 15.8 0.0013 0.0067 0.0042 79 15.4 0.0013 0.0066 0.0042 16.3 0.0013 0.0069 0.0044 80 15.9 0.0013 0.0067 0.0043 16.8 0.0014 0.0070 0.0045 81 16.4 0.0013 0.0069 0.0044 17.3 0.0014 0.0072 0.0046 82 16.9 0.0014 0.0071 0.0045 17.9 0.0014 0.0074 0.0047 83 17.4 0.0014 0.0072 0.0046 18.4 0.0014 0.0076 0.0049 134 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 71— Continued MALES FEMALES J Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms 84 18.0 0.0014 0.0074 0.0048 19.0 0.0015 0.0078 0.0050 85 18.5 0.0015 0.0076 0.0049 19.5 0.0015 0.0079 0.0051 86 19.0 0.0015 0.0078 0.0050 20.1 0.0015 0.0081 0.0052 87 19.6 0.0015 0.0079 0.0051 20.7 0.0016 0.0083 0.0054 88 20.1 0.0015 0.0081 0.0052 21.2 0.0016 0.0084 0.0055 89 20.7 0.0016 0.0083 0.0054 21.8 0.0016 0.0086 0.0056 90 21.3 0.0016 0.0084 0.0055 22.4 0.0017 0.0087 0.0058 91 21.9 0.0016 0.0086 0.0056 23.1 0.0017 0.0089 0.0059 92 22.4 0.0017 0.0087 0.0058 23.7 0.0017 0.0091 0.0060 93 23.0 0.0017 0.0089 0.0059 24.3 0.0017 0.0093 0.0062 94 23.7 0.0017 0.0091 0.0060 25.0 O.C018 0.0094 0.0063 95 24.3 0.0017 0.0093 0.0062 25.6 0.0018 0.0096 0.0064 96 24.9 0.0018 0.0094 0.0063 26.3 0.0018 0.0098 0.0066 97 25.6 0.0018 0.0096 0.0064 27.0 0.0019 0.0100 0.0067 98 26.2 0.0018 0.0098 0.0066 27.7 0.0019 0.0101 0.0069 99 26.9 0.0019 0.0099 0.0067 28.4 0.0019 0.0103 0.0070 100 27.5 0.0019 0.0101 0.0068 29.1 0.0020 0.0105 0.0072 101 28.2 0.0019 0.0103 0.0070 29.8 0.0020 0.0106 0.0073 102 28.9 0.0020 0.0104 0.0071 30.5 0.0020 0.0108 0.0075 103 29.6 0.0020 0.0106 0.0073 31.3 0.0021 0.0110 0.0076 104 30.3 0.0020 0.0108 0.0074 32.0 0.0021 0.0112 0.0078 105 31.1 0.0021 0.0109 0.0076 32.8 0.0021 0.0114 0.0079 106 31.8 0.0021 0.0111 0.0077 33.6 0.0022 0.0117 0.0081 107 32.5 0.0021 0.0113 0.0079 34.4 0.0022 0.0119 0.0082 108 33.3 0.0021 0.0114 O.C080 35.2 0.0022 0.0121 0.0084 109 34.1 0.0022 0.0116 0.0082 36.0 0.0023 0.0123 0.0085 110 34.9 0.0022 0.0118 0.0083 36.9 0.0023 0.0126 0.0087 111 35.7 0.0022 0.0120 0.0085 37.7 0.0023 0.0128 0.0089 112 36.5 0.0023 0.0121 0.0086 38.6 0.0024 0.0130 0.0090 113 37.3 0.0023 0.0123 0.0088 39.5 0.0024 0.0133 0.0092 114 38.2 0.0024 0.0125 0.0090 40.3 0.0024 0.0135 0.0094 115 39.0 0.0024 0.0126 0.0091 41.3 0.0025 0.0138 0.0096 116 39.9 0.0024 0.0128 0.0093 42.2 0.0025 0.0140 0.0097 117 40.8 0.0025 0.0130 0.0095 43.1 0.0025 0.0143 0.0099 118 41.6 0.0025 0.0132 0.0096 44.1 0.0026 0.0145 0.0101 119 42.6 0.0025 0.0134 0.0098 45.0 0.0026 0.0148 0.0102 120 43.5 0.0026 0.0135 0.0100 46.0 0.0027 0.0150 0.0104 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 135 TABLE 71— Continued MALES FEMALES 4 fj H Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid mm. g ms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 121 44 .4 0.0026 0.0137 0.0101 47.0 0.0027 0.0153 0.0106 122 45.4 0.0026 0.0139 0.0103 48.0 0.0027 0.0156 0.0108 123 46.3 0.0027 0.0141 0.0105 49.1 0.0028 0.0159 0.0110 124 47.3 0.0027 0.0142 0.0106 50.1 0.0028 0.0161 0.0111 125 48.3 0.0027 0.0144 0.0108 51.2 0.0029 0.0164 0.0113 126 49.3 0.0028 0.0146 0.0110 52.3 0.0029 0.0167 0.0115 127 50.4 0.0028 0.0148 0.0112 53.4 0.0030 0.0170 0.0117 128 51.4 0.0029 0.0150 0.0114 54.5 0.0031 0.0173 0.0119 129 52.5 0.0029 0.0152 0.0116 55.6 0.0031 0.0176 0.0121 130 53.6 0.0029 0.0154 0.0117 56.8 0.0032 0.0179 0.0123 131 54.7 0.0030 0.0155 0.0119 58.0 0.0033 0.0182 0.0125 132 55.8 0.0030 0.0157 0.0121 59.2 0.0034 0.0185 0.0127 133 56.9 0.0031 0.0159 0.0123 60.4 0.0035 0.0188 0.0129 134 58.1 0.0031 0.0161 0.0125 61.6 0.0035 0.0191 0.0131 135 59.3 0.0031 0.0163 0.0127 62.9 0.0036 0.0195 0.0133 136 60.5 0.0032 0.0165 0.0129 64.2 0.0037 0.0198 0.0135 137 61.7 0.0032 0.0167 0.0131 65.5 0.0038 0.0201 0.0137 138 62.9 0.0033 0.0169 0.0133 66.8 0.0039 0.0204 0.0139 139 64.1 0.0033 0.0171 0.0135 68.1 0.0040 0.0208 0.0142 140 65.4 0.0034 0.0173 0.0137 69.5 0.0041 0.0211 0.0144 141 66.7 0.0034 0.0175 0.0139 70.9 0.0042 0.0215 0.0146 142 68.0 0.0034 0.0177 0.0141 72.3 0.0043 0.0218 0.0148 143 69.3 0.0035 0.0179 0.0143 73.7 0.0044 0.0222 0.0150 144 70.7 0.0035 0.0181 0.0146 75.2 0.0045 0.0226 0.0153 145 72.1 0.0036 0.0183 0.0148 76.7 0.0046 0.0230 0.0155 146 73.5 0.0036 0.0185 0.0150 78.2 0.0047 0.0233 0.0158 147 74.9 0.0037 0.0187 0.0152 79.7 0.0048 0.0237 0.0160 148 76.3 0.0037 0.0189 0.0155 81.3 0.0049 0.0241 0.0162 149 77.8 0.0038 0.0192 0.0157 82.8 0.0050 0.0245 0.0164 150 79.3 0.0038 0.0194 0.0159 84.4 0.0051 0.0249 0.0167 151 80.8 0.0039 0.0196 0.0161 86.1 0.0052 0.0253 0.0169 152 82.4 0.0039 0.0198 0.0164 87.7 0.0053 0.0257 0.0172 153 83.9 0.0040 0.0200 0.0166 89.4 0.0055 0.0261 0.0175 154 85.5 0.0040 0.0203 0.0169 91.1 0.0056 0.0266 0.0177 155 87.1 0.0041 0.0205 0.0171 92.9 0.0057 0.0270 0.0180 156 88.7 0.0041 0.0207 0.0173 94.6 0.0058 0.0274 0.0182 157 90.4 0.0042 0.0210 0.0176 96.4 0.0060 0.0279 0.0185 136 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 71— Continued MALES FEMALES "O 3 M~~ Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 158 92.1 0.0042 0.0212 0.0179 98.3 0.0061 0.0283 0.0188 159 93.8 0.0043 0.0214 0.0181 100.1 0.0062 0.0288 0.0190 160 95.6 0.0044 0.0217 0.0184 102.0 0.0064 0.0293 0.0193 161 97.3 0.0044 0.0219 0. 0186 103. 9 0.0065 0. 0297 0.0196 162 99.2 0.0045 0.0222 0. 0189 105. 9 0.0067 0, 0302 0.0199 163 101.0 0.0045 0.0224 0.0191 107. 9 0.0068 0. 0307 0.0201 164 102.8 0.0046 0.0226 0. 0194 109. 9 0.0070 0. 0312 0.0204 165 104.7 0.0046 0.0229 0. 0197 111. 9 0.0071 0. 0317 0.0207 166 106.7 0.0047 0.0231 0. 0200 114. 0 0.0073 0. 0322 0.0210 167 108.6 0.0048 0.0234 0. 0202 116. 1 0.0074 0. 0327 0.0213 168 110.6 0.0048 0.0236 0. 0205 118. 3 0.0076 0. 0333 0.0216 169 112.6 0.0049 0.0239 0. 0208 120. 5 0.0077 0. 0338 0.0219 170 114.7 0.0050 0.0242 0. 0211 122. 7 0.0079 0. 0343 0.0222 171 116.7 0.0050 0.0244 0. 0214 125. 0 0.0081 0. 0349 0.0225 172 118.9 0.0051 0.0247 0. 0217 127. 3 0.0082 0.0355 0.0228 173 121.0 0.0052 0.0250 0. 0220 129. 6 0.0084 0. 0360 0.0232 174 123.2 0.0052 0.0252 0. 0223 132. 0 0.0086 0. 0366 0.0235 175 125.4 0.0053 0.0255 0. 0226 134. 4 0.0088 0. 0372 0.0238 176 127.7 0.0054 0.0258 0. 0229 136 8 0.0089 0 0378 0.0241 177 130.0 0.0054 0.0261 0, 0232 139 3 0.0091 0 0384 0.0245 178 132.3 0.0055 0.0264 0 0235 141 9 0.0093 0 .0390 0.0248 179 134.6 0.0056 0.0266 0 0238 144 4 0.0095 0 .0396 0.0251 180 137.0 0.0056 0.0269 0 ,0242 147 .1 0.0097 0 .0402 0.0255 181 139.5 0.0057 0.0272 0 .0245 149 .7 0.0099 0 .0409 0.0258 182 142.0 0.0058 0.0275 0 .0248 152 .4 0.0101 0 .0415 0.0262 183 144.5 0.0059 0.0278 0 .0252 155 .2 0.0103 0 .0422 0.0266 184 147.0 0.0059 0.0281 0 .0255 158 .0 0.0105 0 .0429 0.0269 185 149.6 0.0060 0.0284 0 .0258 160 .8 0.0108 0 .0435 0.0273 186 152.3 0.0061 0.0287 0 .0262 163 .7 0.0110 0 .0442 0.0277 187 155.0 0.0062 0.0291 0, .0265 166 .6 0.0112 0 .0449 0.0280 188 157.7 0.0063 0.0294 0 .0269 169 .6 0.0114 0 .0457 0.0284 189 160.5 0.0063 0.0297 0 .0272 172 .0 0.0117 0 .0464 0.0288 190 163.3 0.0064 0.0300 0 .0276 175 .7 0.0119 0 .0471 0.0292 191 166.2 0.0065 0.0304 0 .0280 178 .8 0.0121 0 .0479 0.0296 192 169.1 0.0066 0.0307 0 .0284 182 .0 0.0124 0 .0486 0.0300 193 172.0 0.0067 0.0310 0 .0287 185 .2 0.0126 0 .0494 0.0304 WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH TABLE 71— Continued 137 MALES FEMALES 5 Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid H mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 194 175.0 0.0068 0.0314 0 0291 188 5 0.0129 0 .0502 0.0308 195 178.1 0.0068 0.0317 0 0295 191 ,9 0.0131 0 .0510 0.0312 196 181.2 0.0069 0.0321 0 0299 195 3 0.0134 0 .0518 0.0317 197 184.3 0.0070 0.0324 0 0303 198 .7 0.0136 0.0526 0.0321 198 187.5 0.0071 0.0328 0 0307 202 .2 0.0139 0 .0535 0.0325 199 190.8 0.0072 0.0331 0 0311 205 .8 0.0142 0 .0543 0.0330 200 194.1 0.0073 0.0335 0 0315 209 .4 0.0145 0 .0552 0.0334 201 197.4 0.0074 0.0338 0.0319 213 1 0.0148 0 .0560 0.0339 202 200.8 0.0075 0.0342 0 0323 216 .8 0.0150 0 .0569 0.0343 203 204.3 0.0076 0.0346 0 .0328 220 .7 0.0153 0 .0579 0.0348 204 207.8 0.0077 0.0350 0 .0332 224 .5 0.0155 0 .0588 0.0352 205 211.4 0.0078 0.0354 0 ,0336 228 .4 0.0159 0 .0597 0.0357 206 215.0 0.0079 0.0358 0 .0341 232 .4 0.0162 0 .C606 0.0362 207 218.7 0.0080 0.0362 0 0345 236 .5 0.0166 0 .0616 0.0367 208 222.5 0.0081 0.0366 0 .0350 240 .6 0.0169 0 .0626 0.0372 209 226.3 0.0082 0.0370 0 .0355 344 .8 0.0172 0 .0636 0.0377 210 230.2 0.0083 0.0374 0 .0359 249 .1 0.0175 0 .0646 0.0382 211 234.1 0.0084 0.0378 0 .0364 253 .4 0.0179 0 .0656 0.0387 212 238.1 0.0086 0.0382 0 .0369 257 .8 0.0182 0 .0667 0.0392 213 242.2 0.0087 0.0387 0 .0374 262 .3 0.0186 0 .0677 0.0398 214 246.3 0.0088 0.0391 0 .0379 266.9 0.0189 0 .0688 0.0403 215 250.5 0.0089 0.0395 0 .0384 271 .5 0.0193 0 .0699 0.0408 216 254.7 0.0090 0.0400 0 .0389 276 .2 0.0196 0.0710 0.0414 217 259.1 0.0092 0.0404 0 .0394 281 .0 0.0200 0 .0721 0.0420 218 263.5 0.0093 0.0409 0 .0399 285 .8 0.0204 0 .0733 0.0425 219 267.9 0.0094 0.0414 0 .0404 290 .8 0.0208 0 .0744 0.0431 220 272.5 0.0095 0.0418 0 .0410 295 .8 0.0212 0 .0756 0.0437 221 277.1 0.0097 0.0423 0 .0415 300 .9 0.0216 0 .0768 0.0443 222 281.8 0.0098 0.0428 0 .0421 306 .1 0.0220 0 .0781 0.0449 223 286.5 0.0099 0.0433 0 .0426 311 .3 0.0224 0 .0793 0.0455 224 291.4 0.0101 0.0438 0.0432 316 .7 0.0228 0 .0805 0.0461 225 296.3 0.0102 0.0443 0 .0437 322 .1 0.0232 0 .0818 0.0467 226 301.3 0.0103 0.0448 0 .0443 327 .7 0.0237 0 .0831 0.0474 227 306.4 0.0105 0.0453 0 .0449 333 .3 0.0242 0 .0845 0.0480 228 311.5 0.0106 0.0458 0 .0455 339 .0 0.0246 o .0858 0.0486 229 316.8 0.0108 0.0464 0 .0461 344 .8 0.0250 0 .0872 0.0493 230 322.1 0.0109 0.0469 0 .0467 350 .7 0.0255 0 .0885 0.0500 138 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 71— Concluded MALES FEMALES J O — « Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid Body weight Hypo- physis Supra- renals Thyroid mm. gtu.". gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 231 327.5 0.0111 0.0474 0 .0473 356 .7 0.0259 0 .0899 0.0507 232 333.0 0.0112 0.0480 0 .0480 362 .8 0.0264 0 .0914 0.0513 233 338.6 0.0114 0.0485 0 .0486 369 .0 0.0269 0 .0928 0.0520 234 344.3 0.0115 0.0491 0 .0493 375 .3 0.0274 0 .0943 0.0527 235 350.0 0.0117 0.0497 0 .0499 381 .7 0.0279 0 .0958 0.0535 236 355.9 0.0118 0.0503 0 .0506 388.2 0.0284 0 .0973 0.0542 237 361.9 0.0120 0.0509 0 .0512 394 .0 0.0290 0 .0989 0.0549 238 367.9 0.0122 0.0514 0 .0519 401 .6 0.0295 0, .1005 0.0557 239 374.1 0.0123 0.0521 0 .0526 408 .4 0.0300 0 .1021 0.0564 240 380.3 0.0125 0.0527 0 .0533 415 .4 0.0306 0 1037 0.0572 241 386.6 0.0127 0.0533 0 .0540 422 .4 0.0311 0. 1053 0.0580 242 393.1 0.0129 0.0539 0 .0548 429 .6 0.0317 0 1070 0.0588 243 399.6 0.0130 0.0546 0 .0555 436 9 0.0323 0, 1087 0.0596 244 406.3 0.0132 0.0552 0 .0562 444 ,3 0.0329 0. 1105 0.0604 245 413.1 0.0134 0.0559 0 0570 451 9 0.0335 0. 1122 0.0613 246 419.9 0.0136 0.0565 0 0577 459 5 0.0341 0. 1140 0.0621 247 426.9 0.0138 0.0572 0 ,0585 467 3 0.0347 0. 1158 0.0630 248 434.0 0.0140 0.0579 0 0593 475 ,2 0.0353 0. 1177 0.0638 249 441.2 0.0142 0.0586 0 0601 483 3 0.0359 0. 1196 0.0647 250 448.5 0.0144 0.0593 0 0609 491. 5 0.0366 0. 1251 0.0656 WEIGHT OF THYMUS ON AGE 139 TABLE 72 Giving the weight of the thymus in grams — sexes combined — for the first 400 days of life. See Chart 23 AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OF THYMUS AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OF THYMUS AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OP THYMUS AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OF THYMUS B. 0.008 38 0.114 75 0.283 113 0.250 1 0.008 39 0.118 76 0.285 114 0.249 2 0.010 40 0.123 77 0.286 115 0.247 3 0.012 78 0.288 116 0.246 4 0.015 41 0.128 79 0.289 117 0.245 5 0.017 42 0.133 80 0.290 118 0.244 6 0.018 43 0.139 119 0.243 7 0.020 44 0.144 81 0.290 120 0.242 8 0.021 45 0.149 82 0.291 9 0.022 46 0.154 83 0.291 121 0.241 10 0.024 47 0.160 84 0.290 122 0.240 48 0.165 85 0.290 123 0.239 11 0.026 49 0.171 86 0.289 124 0.238 12 0.028 50 0.176 87 0.288 125 0.237 13 0.029 88 0.287 126 0.236 14 0.031 51 0.181 89 0.285 127 0.234 15 0.034 52 0.187 90 0.283 128 0.233 16 0.036 53 0.192 129 0.232 17 0.038 54 0.198 91 0.281 130 0.231 18 0.040 55 0.203 92 0.278 19 0.043 56 0.208 93 0.276 131 0.230 20 0.046 57 0.213 94 0.273 132 0.229 58 0.218 95 0.270 133 0.228 21 0.048 59 0.224 96 0.269 134 0.227 22 0.051 60 0.229 97 0.268 135 0.226 23 0.054 98 0.266 136 0.225 24 0.057 61 0.233 99 0.265 137 0.224 25 0.061 62 0.238 100 0.264 138 0.223 26 0.064 63 0.243 101 0.263 139 0.222 27 0.067 64 0.247 102 0.262 140 0.221 28 0.071 65 0.251 103 0.261 29 0.075 66 0.255 104 0.260 141 0.220 30 0.079 67 0.259 105 0.259 142 0.219 68 0.263 106 0.257 143 0.218 31 0.083 69 0.267 107 0.256 144 0.217 32 0.087 70 0.270 108 0.255 145 0.216 33 0.091 109 0.254 146 0.215 34 0.095 71 0.273 110 0.253 147 0.214 35 0.100 72 0.276 148 0.213 36 0.104 73 0.278 111 0.252 149 0.212 37 0.109 74 0.281 112 0.251 150 0.211 140 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 72— Continued AGE IN DATS WEIGHT OF THYMUS AGE IN DATS WEIGHT OF THYMUS AGE IX DAYS WEIGHT OF THYMUS AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT IN THYMUS 151 0.210 191 0.172 231 0.138 271 0.108 152 0.209 192 0.171 232 0.137 272 0.107 153 0.208 193 0.170 233 0.136 273 0.106 154 0.207 194 0.169 234 0.135 274 0.106 155 0.206 195 0.168 235 0.134 275 0.105 156 0.205 196 0.167 236 0.134 276 0.104 157 0.204 197 0.166 237 0.133 277 0.104 158 0.203 198 0.165 238 0.132 278 0.103 159 0.202 199 0.164 239 0.131 279 0.102 160 0.201 200 0.164 240 0.130 280 0.102 161 0.200 201 0.163 241 0.130 281 0.101 162 0.199 202 0.162 242 0.129 282 0.100 163 0.198 203 0.161 243 0.128 283 0.099 164 0.197 204 0.160 244 0.127 284 0.099 165 0.196 205 0.159 245 0.127 285 0.098 166 0.195 206 0.158 246 0.126 286 0.098 167 0.194 207 0.157 247 0.125 287 0.097 168 0.193 208 0.157 248 0.124 288 0.096 169 0.192 209 0.156 249 0.124 289 0.096 170 0.191 210 0.155 250 0.123 290 0.095 171 0.190 211 0.154 251 0.122 291 0.094 172 0.189 212 0.153 252 0.121 292 0.094 173 0.188 213 0.152 253 0.121 293 0.093 174 0.187 214 0.152 254 0.120 294 0.092 175 0.186 215 0.151 255 0.119 295 0.092 176 0.185 216 0.150 256 0.118 296 0.091 177 0.184 217 0.149 257 0.118 297 0.090 178 0.183 218 0.148 258 0.117 298 0.090 179 0.183 219 0.147 259 0.116 299 0.089 180 0.182 220 0.147 260 0.115 300 0.089 181 0.181 221 0.146 261 0.115 301 0.088 182 0.180 222 0.145 262 0.114 302 0.087 183 0.179 223 0.144 263 0.113 303 0.087 184 0.178 224 0.143 264 0.113 304 0.086 185 0.177 225 0.142 265 0.112 305 0.085 186 0.176 226 0.142 266 0.111 306 0.085 187 0.175 227 0.141 267 0.110 307 0.084 188 0.174 228 0.140 268 0.110 308 0.084 189 0.173 229 0.139 269 0.109 309 0.083 190 0.172 230 0.138 270 0.108 310 0.082 WEIGHT OF THYMUS ON AGE TABLE 72— Concluded 141 AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OP THYMCS AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OF THYMUS AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OP THYMUS AGE IN DAYS WEIGHT OF THYMUS 311 0.082 334 0.069 357 0.057 379 0.047 312 0.081 335 0.068 358 0.057 380 0.047 313 0.081 336 0.068 359 0.056 314 0.080 337 0.067 360 0.056 381 0.047 315 0.080 338 0.067 382 0.046 316 0.079 339 0.066 361 0.055 383 0.046 317 0.078 340 0.066 362 0.055 384 0.045 318 0.078 363 0.054 385 0.045 319 0.077 341 0.065 364 0.054 386 0.045 320 0.077 342 0.065 365 0.054 387 0.044 343 0.064 366 0.053 388 0.044 321 0.076 344 0.064 367 0.053 389 0.043 322 0.075 345 0.063 368 0.052 390 0.043 323 0.075 346 0.063 369 0.052 324 0.074 347 0.062 370 0.051 391 0.043 325 0.074 348 0.062 392 0.042 326 0.073 349 0.061 371 0.051 393 0.042 327 0.073 350 0.061 372 0.050 394 0.041 328 0.072 373 0.050 395 0.041 329 0.072 351 0.060 374 0.050 396 0.041 330 0.071 352 0.060 375 0.049 397 0.040 353 0.059 376 0.049 398 0.040 331 0.071 354 0.059 377 0.048 399 0.040 332 0.070 355 0.058 378 0.048 400 0.039 333 0.069 356 0.058 142 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 73 Weights of viscera combined plus that of thymus for each sex and at each millimeter of body length. Not charted. The percentage of the body weight represented by the weight of the viscera is however given under 'viscera' in table 50, and chart 5. MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 47 4.9 0.806 0.007 4.7 0.775 0.007 48 4.9 0.808 0.007 4.7 0.779 0.007 49 5.0 0.839 0.007 4.9 0.810 0.007 50 5.1 0.853 0.007 5.0 0.834 0.008 51 5.2 0.873 0.008 5.1 0.854 0.008 52 5.3 0.916 0.008 5.3 0.901 0.008 53 5.4 0.938 0.008 5.5 0.955 0.008 54 5.6 0.991 0.008 5.8 1.046 0.010 55 5.8 1.047 0.010 6.2 1.141 0.012 56 6.1 1.130 0.011 6.5 1.218 0.015 57 6.4 1.218 0.012 6.9 1.318 0.015 58 6.8 1.301 0.015 7.2 1.401 0.016 59 7.1 1.387 0.015 7.6 1.487 0.017 60 7.5 1.486 0.016 8.0 1.573 0.017 61 7.9 1.573 0.016 8.4 1.665 0.018 62 8.2 1.656 0.017 8.7 1.735 0.020 63 8.6 1.751 0.017 9.1 1.825 0.020 64 9.0 1.837 0.018 9.5 1.914 0.020 65 9.4 1.931 0.020 9.9 1.998 0.021 66 9.8 2.026 0.020 10.3 2.114 0.021 67 10.1 2.091 0.021 10.8 2.300 0.021 68 10.6 2.272 0.021 11.2 2.467 0.022 69 11.0 2.441 0.022 11.6 2.622 0.023 70 11.4 2.614 0.022 12.0 2.787 0.024 71 11.8 2.770 0.023 12.5 2.958 0.025 72 12.2 2.911 0.024 12.9 3.093 0.026 73 12.7 3.093 0.025 13.4 3.270 0.026 74 13.1 3.226 0.026 13.9 3.424 0.027 75 13.6 3.396 0.027 14.3 3.554 0.027 76 14.0 3.524 0.028 14.8 3.704 0.028 77 14.5 3.679 0.028 15.3 3.864 0.028 78 15.0 3.842 0.029 15.8 4.001 0.031 79 15.4 3.967 0.031 16.3 4.147 0.032 80 15.9 4.107 0.032 16.8 4.294 0.033 WEIGHT OF VISCERA TABLE 73— Continued 143 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 81 16.4 4.255 0.034 17.3 4.419 0.034 82 16.9 4.393 0.036 17.9 4.584 0.034 83 17.4 4.529 0.038 18.4 4.717 0.035 84 18.0 4.698 0.037 19.0 4.864 0.037 85 18.5 4.834 0.040 19.5 4.996 0.038 86 19.0 4.958 0.041 20.1 5.138 0.040 87 19.6 5.115 0.043 ' 20.7 5.283 0.043 88 20.1 5.239 0.044 21.2 5.413 0.044 89 20.7 5.385 0.046 21.8 5.555 0.046 90 21.3 5.531 0.048 22.4 5.697 0.048 91 21.9 5.679 0.050 23.1 5.840 0.050 92 22.4 5.809 0.052 23.7 5.983 0.052 93 23.0 5.943 0.054 24.3 6.112 0.054 94 23.7 6.102 0.056 25.0 6.266 0.055 95 24.3 6.236 0.057 25.6 6.396 0.057 96 24.9 6.381 0.059 26.3 6.547 0.059 97 25.6 6.528 0.061 27.0 6.687 0.060 98 26.2 6.672 0.063 27.7 6.831 0.061 99 26.9 6.810 0.065 28.4 6.972 0.063 100 27.5 6.942 0.067 29.1 7.112 0.065 101 28.2 7.088 0.070 29.8 7.254 0.067 102 28.9 7.237 0.073 30.5 7.384 0.067 103 29.6 7.372 0.075 31.3 7.537 0.075 104 30.3 7.517 0.078 32.0 7.666 0.079 105 31.1 7.678 0.081 32.8 7.820 0.083 106 31.8 7.824 0.083 33.6 7.960 0.087 107 32.5 7.959 0.086 34.4 8.112 0.091 108 33.3 8.110 0.089 35.2 8.254 0.095 109 34.1 8.268 0.092 36.0 8.395 0.097 110 34.9 8.418 0.095 36.9 8.546 0.099 111 35.7 8.566 0.099 37.7 8.690 0.101 112 36.5 8.727 0.104 38.6 8.841 0.105 113 37.3 8.866 0.109 39.5 9.005 0.109 114 38.2 9.037 0.111 40.3 9.134 0.113 115 39.0 9.177 0.113 41.3 9.300 0.117 116 39.9 9.330 0.116 42.2 9.451 0.120 117 40.8 9.493 0.118 43.1 9.595 0.123 144 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 73— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Weight ol viscera Weight of thymus Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 118 41.6 9.644 0.120 44.1 9.746 0.126 119 42.6 9.810 0.123 45.0 9.888 0.130 120 43.5 9.964 0.127 46.0 10.043 0.133 121 44.4 10.127 0.131 47.0 10.207 0.136 122 45.4 10.294 0.135 48.0 10.360 0.139 123 46.3 10.448 0.139 49.1 10.525 0.144 124 47.3 10.616 0.140 50.1 10.679 0.147 125 48.3 10.794 0.141 51.2 10.832 0.151 126 49.3 10.950 0.142 52.3 10.999 0.154 127 50.4 11.134 0.144 53.4 11.156 0.159 128 51.4 11.290 0.149 54.5 11.320 0.164 129 52.5 •11.474 0.154 55.6 11.474 0.167 130 53.6 11.644 0.159 56.8 11.640 0.171 131 54.7 11.827 0.164 58.0 11.808 0.174 132 55.8 12.002 0.167 59.2 11.984 0.178 133 56.9 12.174 0.171 60.4 12.150 0.181 134 58.1 12.373 0.175 61.6 12.306 0.184 135 59.3 12.560 0.178 62.9 12.485 0.187 136 60.5 12.740 0.181 64.2 12.663 0.190 137 61.7 12.936 0.184 65.5 12.829 0.193 138 62.9 13.116 0.187 66.8 13.007 0.196 139 64.1 13.305 0.192 68.1 13.176 0.199 140 65.4 13.509 0.196 69.5 13.356 0.203 141 66.7 13.703 0.200 70.9 13.536 0.206 142 68.0 13.898 0.203 72.3 13.715 0.210 143 69.3 14.093 0.208 73.7 13.898 0.214 144 70.7 14.303 0.211 75.2 14.089 0.218 145 72.1 14.513 0.214 76.7 14.281 0.225 146 73.5 14.723 0.218 78.2 14.464 0.233 147 74.9 14.934 0.220 79.7 14.654 0.236 148 76.3 15.147 0.223 81.3 14.848 0.239 149 77.8 15.374 0.226 82.8 15.038 0.243 150 79.3 15.600 0.229 84.4 15.222 0.247 151 80.8 15.811 0.231 86.1 15.427 0.249 152 82.4 16.039 0.233 87.7 15.612 0.251 153 83.9 16.241 0.236 89.4 15.819 0.252 WEIGHT OF VISCERA TABLE 73— Continued 145 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 154 85.5 16.456 0.239 91.1 16.023 0.253 155 87.1 16.672 0.241 92.9 16.230 0.254 156 88.7 16.877 0.244 94.6 16.435 0.256 157 90.4 17.104 0.247 96.4 16.645 0.262 158 92.1 17.321 0.249 98.3 16.854 0.269 159 93.8 17.537 0.251 100.1 17.062 0.270 160 95.6 17.770 0.253 102.0 17.270 0.273 161 97.3 17.995 0.256 103.9 17.489 0.276 162 99.2 18.227 0.259 105.9 17.710 0.278 163 101.0 18.456 0.262 107.9 17.943 0.280 164 102.8 18.682 0.264 109.9 18.165 0.283 165 104.7 18.912 0.267 111.9 18.376 0.285 166 106.7 19.155 0.270 114.0 18.607 0.286 167 108.6 19.391 0.272 116.1 18.840 0.288 168 110.6 19.638 0.274 118.3 19.073 0.289 169 112.6 19.868 0.276 120.5 19.318 0.290 170 114.7 20.121 0.278 122.7 19.549 0.291 171 116.7 20.363 0.280 125.0 19.784 0.290 172 118.9 20.620 0.282 127.3 20.030 0.289 173 121.0 20.870 0.285 129.6 20.266 0.288 174 123.2 21 . 127 0.286 132.0 20.522 0.288 175 125.4 21.368 0.288 134.4 20.767 0.287 176 127.7 21.647 0.289 136.8 21.015 0.284 177 130.0 21.905 0.290 139.3 21.273 0.278 178 132.3 22.160 0.291 141.9 21.532 0.273 179 134.6 22.425 0.291 144.4 21.781 0.268 180 137.0 22.693 0.291 147.1 22.062 0.266 181 139.5 22.972 0.290 149.7 22.322 0.264 182 142.0 23.244 0.290 152.4 22.594 0.262 183 144.5 23.521 0.290 155.2 22.867 0.256 184 147.0 23.791 0.287 158.0 23.142 0.251 185 149.6 24.073 0.285 160.8 23.424 0.248 186 152.3 24.367 0.278 163.7 23.700 0.247 187 155.0 24.648 0.274 166.6 23.995 0.245 188 157.7 24.943 0.271 169.6 24.282 0.238 189 160.5 25.246 0.268 172.6 24.579 0.235 190 163.3 25.541 0.266 175.7 24.876 0.232 146 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 73— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus mm. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. 191 166.2 25.838 0.264 178.8 25.166 0.230 192 169.1 26.144 0.262 182.0 25.475 0.223 193 172.0 26.450 0.259 185.2 25.778 0.211 194 175.0 26.756 0.256 188.5 26.089 0.190 195 178.1 27.077 0.253 191.9 26.414 0.183 196 181.2 27.396 0.251 195.3 26.736 0.171 197 184.3 27.716 0.249 198.7 27.051 198 187.5 28.036 0.247 202.2 27.378 199 190.8 28.370 0.245 205.8 27.716 200 194.1 28.692 0.241 209.4 28.051 201 197.4 29.035 0.238 213.1 28.380 202 200.8 29.379 0.230 216.8 28.731 203 204.3 29.726 0.226 220.7 29.083 204 207.8 30.071 0.224 224.5 29.433 205 211.4 30.418 0.222 228.4 29.795 206 215.0 30.767 0.220 232.4 30.150 207 218.7 31.127 0.218 236.5 30.526 208 222.5 31.499 0.210 240.6 30.893 209 226.3 31 .871 0.205 244.8 31.272 210 230.2 32.244 0.197 249.1 31.661 211 234.1 32.616 0.190 253.4 32.042 212 238.1 33.002 0.183 257.8 32.432 213 242.2 33.389 0.177 262.3 32.825 214 246.3 33.784 0.169 266.9 33.230 215 250.5 34.172 0.150 271.5 33.645 216 254.7 34.570 0.140 276.2 34.053 217 259.1 34.982 0.130 281.0 34.470 218 263.5 35.384 0.124 285.8 34.888 219 267.9 35.785 0.118 290.8 35.331 220 272.5 36.219 295.8 35.774 221 277.1 36.654 300.9 36.198 222 281.8 37.082 306.1 36.670 223 286.5 37.507 311.3 37.109 224 291.4 37.958 316.7 37.568 225 296.3 38.339 322.1 38.028 226 301.3 38.861 327.7 38.510 227 306.4 39.325 333.3 38.982 WEIGHT OF VISCERA TABLE 73— Concluded 147 MALES FEMALES Body length Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymus Body weight Weight of viscera Weight of thymua mm. gms. g ma. gms. gms. gms. gms. 228 311.5 39.828 339.0 39.476 229 316.8 40.255 344.8 39.963 230 322.1 40.723 350.7 40.462 231 327.5 41.210 232 333.0 41.692 233 338.6 42.194 234 344.3 42.678 235 350.0 43.201 236 355.9 43.718 237 361.9 44.250 238 367.9 44.769 239 374.1 45.301 240 380.3 45.854 241 386.6 46.398 242 393.1 46.957 243 399.6 47.514 244 406.3 48.097 245 413.1 48.678 246 419.9 49.262 247 426.9 49.838 248 434.0 50.456 249 441.2 51.066 250 448.5 51.689 356.7 40.972 362.8 41.492 369.0 42.006 375.3 42.531 381.7 43.068 388.2 43.605 394.9 44.168 401.6 44.731 408.4 45.295 415.4 45.882 422.4 46.451 429.6 47.041 436.9 47.655 444.3 48.258 451.9 48.876 459.5 49.506 467.3 50.147 475.2 50.780 483.3 51.446 491.5 52.105 148 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 74 Giving the percentage of water inthebrain and in the spinal cord for each sex, on age. See Chart 26. AOE IN DAYS MALES FEMALES Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord Body weight gma. Brain weight gma. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord B 4.7 0.217 88.00 0.033 86.75 4.6 0.213 88.00 0.033 86.75 1 5.5 0.290 87.95 0.038 86. 42 5.4 0.269 87.95 0.037 86.42 2 5.9 0.333 87.90 0.041 86. 08 5.8 0.323 87.90 0.041 86.08 3 6.4 0.395 87.85 0.046 85.74 6.3 0.373 87.85 0.045 85.74 4 6.9 0.442 87.83 0.050 85. 41 6.8 0.421 87.83 0.050 85.41 5 7.6 0.509 87.79 0.056 85. 07 7.5 0.492 87.79 0.056 85.07 6 8.5 0.581 87.70 0.064 84. 73 8.4 0.564 87.70 0.064 84.73 7 9.5 0.657 87.50 0.072 84. 40 9.4 0.645 87.50 0.073 84.40 8 10.5 0.708 87.30 0.081 84. 06 10.4 0.697 87.30 0.082 84.06 9 11.8 0.840 87.05 0.091 83. 73 11.6 0.811 87.05 0.091 83.73 10 13.5 0.947 86.72 0.104 83. 40 13.0 0.909 86.72 0.102 83.40 11 13.9 0.969 86.26 0.106 82. 98 13.7 0.940 86.26 0.107 82.96 12 14.4 0.991 85.82 0.110 82. 57 14.4 0.979 85.82 0.112 82.52 13 14.9 1.011 85.39 0.114 82. 17 15.1 1.003 85.40 0.117 82.10 14 15.5 1.037 84.97 0.118 81. 77 15.8 1.031 84.98 0.122 81.68 15 16.1 1.057 84.58 0.122 81.39 16.5 1.048 84.59 0.127 81.28 16 16.7 1.077 84.19 0.126 81. 00 17.3 1.079 84.20 0.133 80.88 17 17.3 1.095 83.82 0.131 80. 63 18.1 1.099 83.82 0.138 80.49 18 18.0 1.112 83.46 0.135 80 26 18.9 1.118 83.47 0.142 80.11 19 18.7 1.131 83.12 0.139 79 90 19.8 1.140 83.13 0.148 79.73 20 19.5 1.150 82.80 0.144 79 ,55 20.7 1.159 82.82 0.154 79.47 21 20.3 1.169 82.49 0.149 79 21 21.6 1.177 82.51 0.160 79.02 22 21.1 1.184 82.19 0.154 78 ,87 22.5 1.195 82.21 0.165 78.67 23 22.0 1.202 81.91 0.159 78 54 23.4 1.208 81.93 0.170 78.33 24 22.9 1.219 81.64 0.165 78 .22 24.4 1.226 81.66 0.176 78.00 25 23.9 1.237 81.39 0.169 77 90 25.4 1.241 81.41 0.182 77.67 26 24.9 1.252 81.15 0.175 77 ,59 26.5 1.251 81.17 0.187 77.36 27 25.9 1.266 80.93 0.179 77 ,29 27.5 1.269 80.95 0.193 77.06 28 27.0 1.282 80.72 0.186 77 00 28.6 1.282 80.74 0.198 76.76 29 28.1 1.297 80.53 0.193 76 .71 29.7 1.297 80.55 0.204 76.47 30 29.2 1.311 80.35 0.198 76 .43 30.9 1.310 80.37 0.210 76.19 31 30.4 1.324 80.19 0.204 76 .16 32.0 1.322 80.21 0.216 75.92 32 31.6 1.338 80.04 0.210 75 .90 33.2 1.334 80.07 0.221 75.66 33 32.8 1.351 79.91 0.215 75 .64 34.4 1.346 79.94 0.227 75.40 34 34.1 1.363 79.79 0.221 75 .39 35.7 1.358 79.82 0.233 75.16 35 35.4 1.375 79.69 0.227 75 .15 37.0 1.369 79.72 0.239 74.92 36 36.8 1.389 79.60 0.233 74 .91 38.3 1.380 79.63 0.245 74.69 PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD 149 TABLE 74— Continued AOE IN DAYS HALES FEMALES Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gma. Per cent of water cord Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water Brain Cord weignt gms. Per cent of water cord 37 38.1 1.399 79.52 0.239 74.68 39.6 1.391 79.55 0.250 74.47 38 39.6 1.411 79.46 0.245 74.46 40.9 1.400 79.49 0.255 74.26 39 41.0 1.423 79.42 0.251 74.25 42.3 1.411 79.45 0.261 74.06 40 42.5 1.434 79.39 0.257 74.04 43.7 1.422 79.42 0.267 73.86 41 44.1 1.446 79.36 0.264 73.95 45.1 1.432 79.39 0.272 73.78 42 45.7 1.457 79.34 0.269 73.87 46.6 1.441 79.37 0.278 73.72 43 47.3 1.468 79.32 0.276 73.74 48.1 1.451 79.35 0.284 73.60 44 48.9 1.478 79.30 0.281 73.62 49.6 1.460 79.33 0.289 73.50 45 50.6 1.488 79.28 0.288 73.50 51.1 1.468 79.31 0.294 73.39 46 52.3 1.498 79.26 0.293 73.39 52.7 1.478 79.29 0.300 73.30 47 54.1 1.507 79.24 0.299 73.28 54.3 1.487 79.27 0.306 73.21 48 55.9 1.518 79.22 0.305 73.17 55.9 1.495 79.25 0.311 73.12 49 57.7 1.527 79.21 0.311 73.07 57.5 1.503 79.24 0.316 72.05 50 59.6 1.537 79.19 0.317 72.97 59.2 1.512 79.23 0.322 72.97 51 61.5 1.546 79.17 0.323 72.88 60.9 1.520 79.21 0.327 72.88 52 63.4 1.555 79.15 0.329 72.79 62.6 1.528 79.19 0.332 72.79 53 65.4 1.563 79.14 0.334 72.69 64.3 1.535 79.18 0.338 72.69 54 67.4 1.572 79.12 0.340 72.60 66.1 1.543 79.16 0.343 72.60 55 69.5 1.581 79.10 0.346 72.51 67.9 1.551 79.14 0.348 72.51 56 71.6 1.589 79.08 0.352 72.43 69.7 1.558 79.12 0.353 72.43 57 73.7 1.597 79.07 0.358 72.35 71.6 1.565 79.11 0.359 72.35 58 75.9 1.606 79.05 0.363 72.27 73.4 1.573 79.09 0.364 72.27 59 78.1 1.614 79.04 0.369 72.19 75.3 1.580 79.08 0.370 72.19 60 80.3 1.622 79.02 0.375 72.11 77.3 1.587 79.06 0.375 72.11 61 82.5 1.629 79.00 0.380 72.04 79.2 1.594 79.04 0.380 72.04 62 84.9 1.637 78.99 0.386 71.97 81.2 1.601 79.02 0.385 71.97 63 87.2 1.644 78.97 0.391 71.91 83.2 1.607 79.01 0.389 71.91 64 89.6 1.652 78.96 0.397 71.84 85.2 1.614 78.99 0.394 71.84 65 92.0 1.659 78.94 0.402 71.77 87.3 1.621 78.98 0.399 71.77 66 94.5 1.666 78.93 0.407 71.71 89.4 1.627 78.97 0.404 71.72 67 97.0 1.673 78.92 0.413 71.65 91.5 1.633 78.96 0.409 71.66 68 99.5 1.681 78.90 0.418 71.60 93.6 1.639 78.94 0.414 71.61 69 102.1 1.688 78.89 0.424 71.54 95.8 1.645 78.93 0.419 71.54 70 104.7 1.695 78.88 0.429 71.48 98.0 1.651 78.92 0.424 71.50 71 107.3 1.702 78.87 0.434 71.43 100.2 1.657 78.91 0.429 71.45 72 110.0 1.709 78.85 0.439 71.38 102.4 1.663 78.89 0.433 71.41 73 112.7 1.715 78.84 0.445 71.32 104.7 1.669 78.88 0.438 71.36 74 115.5 1.722 78.82 0.450 71.27 107.0 1.675 78.86 0.442 71.32 150 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 74— Continued AGE IN DAYS MALES FEMALES Body weight gma. Brain weight gma. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord Body weight gmsr Brain weight gms. Per cent of water Brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord 75 118.3 1.729 78.81 0.455 71.22 109 .3 1.681 78.85 0.447 71.27 76 121.1 1.735 78.80 0.460 71.18 111 .6 1.687 78.84 0.451 71.23 77 124.0 1.741 78.79 0.465 71.13 114 .0 1.692 78.83 0.456 71.19 78 126.8 1.746 78.77 0.470 71.09 116 .4 1.698 78.82 0.460 71.15 79 129.8 1.752 78.76 0.475 71.04 118 .8 1.703 78.81 0.465 71.11 80 132.8 1.758 78.75 0.480 71.00 121 .3 1.709 78.80 0.469 71.07 81 134.7 1.762 78.74 0.483 70.96 122 .6 1.712 78.79 0.471 71.03 82 136.5 1.765 78.73 0.486 70.92 124 .0 1.715 78.78 0.474 71.00 83 138.4 1.769 78.72 0.488 70.89 125 .4 1.717 78.77 0.476 70.96 84 140.2 1.772 78.71 0.491 70.85 126 .8 1.720 78.76 0.479 70.93 85 142.0 1.776 78.70 0.494 70.81 128 .1 1.723 78.75 0.481 70.89 86 143.7 1.779 78.69 0.497 70.78 129 .5 1-.726 78.74 0.483 70.86 87 145.5 1.782 78.68 0.499 70.74 130 .8 1.728 78.73 0.485 70.83 88 147.2 1.785 78.67 0.502 70.71 132 .1 1.731 78.72 0.488 70.80 89 148.9 1.788 78,66 0.504 70.67 133 .4 1.733 78.71 0.490 70.77 90 150.5 1.791 78.65 0.507 70.64 134 .6 1.736 78.70 0.492 70.74 91 152.1 1.794 78.64 0.509 70.61 135 ,S 1.738 78.69 0.494 70.72 92 153.7 1.797 78.63 0.511 70.58 137 .1 1.740 78.68 0.496 70.69 93 155.3 1.799 78.62 0.514 70.56 138 3 1.743 78.67 0.497 70.67 94 156.9 1.802 78.61 0.516 70.53 139.4 1.745 78.66 0.499 70.64 95 158.4 1.805 78.60 0.518 70.50 140 .6 1.747 78.65 0.501 70.62 96 160.0 1.807 78.59 0.520 70.48 141 .8 1.749 78.64 0.503 70.60 97 161.4 1.810 78.58 0.522 70.45 142 .9 1.751 78.63 0.505 70.58 98 162.9 1.812 78.57 0.525 70.43 144 .0 1.752 78.62 0.506 70.55 99 164.3 1.815 78.56 0.527 70.40 145 .1 1.754 78.61 0.508 70.53 100 165.8 1.817 78.55 0.529 70.38 146 .2 1.756 78.60 0.510 70.51 101 167.2 1.819 78.54 0.531 70.36 147 .3 1.758 78.59 0.512 70.49 102 168.6 1.821 78.53 0.533 70.34 148 .3 1.760 78.58 0.514 70.47 103 170.0 1.824 78.53 0.534 70.32 149 .4 1.762 78.58 0.515 70.46 104 171.3 1.826 78.52 0.536 70.30 ISO .4 1.764 78.57 0.517 70.44 105 172.7 1.828 78.51 0.538 70.28 151 .4 1.766 78.56 0.519 70.42 106 174.0 1.830 78.50 0.540 70.26 152 .4 1.768 78.55 0.520 60.41 107 175.3 1.832 78.49 0.541 70.25 153 .4 1.770 78.54 0.522 70.40 108 176.6 1.833 78.48 0.543 70.23 154 .4 1.772 78.53 0.523 70.38 109 177.9 1.835 78.47 0.544 70.22 155 .3 1.774 78.52 0.525 70.37 110 179.1 1.837 78.46 0.546 70.20 156 .3 1.775 78.51 0.526 70.36 111 180.4 1.839 78.45 0.547 70.19 157 .2 1.776 78.50 0.527 70.35 112 181.6 1.841 78.44 0.549 70.17 158 ,2 1.778 78.49 0.528 70.34 PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD 151 TABLE 74— Continued AGE IN DAYS MALES FEMALES Body weight gms. Brain weight firms. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water Brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord 113 182.8 1.842 78.44 0.550 70 .15 159.1 1.779 78.49 0.530 70.32 114 184.0 1.844 78.43 0.552 70 .14 160.0 1.781 78.48 0.531 70.31 115 185.2 1.846 78.42 0.553 70 .13 160.9 1.782 78.47 0.532 70.30 116 186.4 1.848 78.41 0.555 70 .12 161.8 1.783 78.46 0.533 70.29 117 187.5 1.849 78.40 0.556 70 .11 162.6 1.785 78.46 0.535 70.28 118 188.7 1.851 78.40 0.558 70 .09 163.5 1.786 78.45 0.536 70.27 119 189.7 1.852 78.39 0.559 70 .08 164.3 1.788 78.45 0.538 70.26 120 190.9 1.854 78.38 0.561 70 .07 165.2 1.789 78.44 0.539 70.25 121 192.0 1.855 78.37 0.562 70 .06 166.0 1.790 78.43 0.540 70.25 122 193.1 1.857 78.37 0.563 70 .06 166.8 1.791 78.43 0.541 70.24 123 194.1 1.858 78.36 0.564 70 .05 167.6 1.793 78.42 0.542 70.24 124 195.2 1.860 78.36 0.565 70 .05 168.4 1.794 78.42 0.543 70.23 125 196.2 1.861 78.35 0.566 70 .04 169.2 1.795 78.41 0.544 70.23 126 197.3 1.862 78.34 0.567 70 .03 170.0 1.796 78.40 0.545 70.23 127 198.3 1.863 78.33 0.569 70 .03 170.7 1.798 78.39 0.546 70.23 128 199.3 1.865 78.33 0.570 70 .02 171.5 1.799 78.39 0.546 70.22 129 200.3 1.866 78.32 0.572 70 .02 172.3 1.801 78.38 0.547 70.22 130 201.2 1.867 78.31 0.573 70 .01 173.0 1.802 78.37 0.548 70.22 131 202.2 1.868 78.30 0.574 70 .01 173.7 1.803 78.36 0.549 70.22 132 203.2 1.870 78.30 0.575 70 .01 174.5 1.804 78.36 0.550 70.22 133 204.1 1.871 78.29 0.576 70 .00 175.2 1.804 78.35 0.551 70.22 134 205.1 1.873 78.29 0.577 70 .00 175.9 1.805 78.35 0.552 70.22 135 206.0 1.874 78.28 0.578 70 .00 176.2 1.806 78.34 0.553 70.22 136 206.9 1.875 78.27 0.579 70 .00 176.5 1.807 78.33 0.554 70.22 137 207.8 1.876 78.26 0.580 70 .00 176.9 1.808 78.32 0.555 70.22 138 208.7 1.877 78.26 0.580 70 .00 177.6 1.809 78.32 0.555 70.22 139 209.6 1.878 78.25 0.581 70 .00 178.3 1.810 78.31 0.556 70.22 140 210.5 1.879 78.24 0.582 70 00 179.9 1.811 78.30 0.557 70.22 141 211.3 1.880 78.24 0.583 70. 00 180.6 1.812 78.30 0.558 70.22 142 212.2 1.881 78.23 0.584 70 .00 181.2 1.813 78.29 0.559 70.22 143 213.0 1.882 78.23 0.584 70 .00 181.8 1.813 78.29 0.559 70.22 144 213.9 1.883 78.22 0.585 70.00 182.5 1.814 78.28 0.560 70.22 145 214.7 1.884 78.22 0.586 70 00 183.1 1.815 78.28 0.561 70.22 146 215.5 1.885 78.21 0.587 70 00 183.7 1.816 78.27 0.562 70.22 147 216.3 1.886 78.21 0.588 70 .00 184.3 1.817 78.27 0.562 70.22 148 217.1 1.887 78.20 0.588 70. 00 184.9 1.817 78.26 0.563 70.22 149 217.9 1.887 78.20 0.589 70. 00 185.5 1.818 78.26 0.564 70.22 150 218.7 1.888 78.19 0.590 70. 00 186.1 1.819 78.25 0.565 70.22 152 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 74— Continued AGE IN DAYS MALES FEMALES Body weight gms. Brain weight gmx. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water Brain Cord weight gms . Per cent of water cord 151 219.5 1.889 78.19 0.591 70.00 186.7 1.820 78.25 0.565 70.22 152 220.2 1.890 78.18 0.592 70.00 187.2 1.821 78.24 0.566 70.22 153 221.0 1.891 78.18 0.592 70.00 187.8 1.821 78.24 0.567 70.22 154 221.7 1.892 78.17 0.593 70.00 188.4 1.822 78.23 0.568 70.22 155 222.5 1.893 78.17 0.594 70.00 188.9 1.823 78.23 0.568 70.22 156 223.2 1.894 78.16 0.595 70.70 189.5 1.824 78.22 0.569 70.22 157 223.9 1.895 78.16 0.586 70.00 190.0 1.825 78.22 0.570 70.22 158 224.7 1.896 78.15 0.596 70.00 190.6 1.825 78.21 0.571 70.22 159 225.3 1.897 78.15 0.597 70.00 191.1 1.826 78.21 0.571 70.22 160 226.0 1.898 78.14 0.598 70.00 191.6 1.827 78.20 0.572 70.22 161 226.7 1.899 78.14 0.599 70.00 192.1 1.828 78.20 0.573 70.22 162 227.4 1.900 78.13 0.600 70.00 192.6 1.829 78.19 0.574 70.22 163 228.1 1.901 78.13 0.600 70.00 193.2 1.829 78.19 0.574 70.22 164 228.8 1.902 78.12 0.601 70.00 193.6 1.830 78.18 0.575 70.22 165 229.4 1.902 78.12 0.602 70.00 194.2 1.831 78.18 0.576 70.22 166 230.1 1.903 78.12 0.603 70.00 194.6 1.832 78.18 0.576 70.22 167 230.7 1.903 78.12 0.603 70.00 195.1 1.832 78.18 0.577 70.22 168 231.4 1.904 78.12 0.604 70.00 195.6 1.833 78.18 0.577 70.22 169 232.0 1.904 78.12 0.604 70.00 196.1 1.833 78.18 0.578 70.22 170 232.6 1.905 78.12 0.605 70.00 196.5 1.834 78.18 0.578 70.22 171 233.3 1.906 78.12 0.605 70.00 197.0 1.834 78.18 0.579 70.22 172 233.9 1.906 78.12 0.606 70.00 197.5 1.835 78.18 0.579 70.22 173 234.5 1.907 78.12 0.606 70.00 197.9 1.835 78.18 0.580 70.22 174 235.1 1.907 78.12 0.607 70.00 198.4 1.836 78.18 0.580 70.22 175 235.7 1.908 78.12 0.608 70.00 198.8 1.837 78.18 0.581 70.22 176 236.3 1.909 78.12 0.608 70.00 199.3 1.837 78.18 0.581 70.22 177 236.9 1.909 78.12 0.609 70.00 199.7 1.838 78.18 0.582 70.22 178 237.4 1.910 78.11 0.609 69.99 200.1 1.838 78.17 0.582 70.22 179 238.0 1.910 78.11 0.610 69.99 200.6 1.839 78.17 0.583 70.22 180 238.6 1.911 78.11 0.610 69.99 201.0 1.839 78.17 0.583 70.22 181 239.1 1.912 78.11 0.611 69.99 201.4 1.840 78.17 0.584 70.22 182 239.7 1.912 78.11 0.612 69.99 201.8 1.841 78.17 0.584 70.22 183 240.2 1.913 78.11 0.612 69.99 202.2 1.841 78.17 0.585 70.22 184 240.8 1.913 78.11 0.613 69.99 202.6 1.842 78.17 0.585 70.22 185 241.3 1.914 78.11 0.613 69.99 203.0 1.842 78.17 0.586 70.22 186 241.8 1.915 78.11 0.814 69.99 203.4 1.843 78.17 0.586 70.22 187 242.3 1.915 78.11 0.614 69.99 203.8 1.843 78.17 0.587 70.22 188 242.9 1.916 78.11 0.615 69.99 204.2 1.844 78.17 0.587 70.22 PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD 153 TABLE 74— Continued AGE IN DAYS MALES FEMALES Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water Brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord 189 243.4 1.916 78.11 0.615 69.99 204.6 1.844 78.17 0.588 70.22 190 243.9 1.917 78.11 0.616 69.99 204.9 1.845 78.17 0.588 70.22 191 244.4 1.917 78.11 0.616 69.99 205.3 1.845 78.17 0.588 70.22 192 244.9 1.918 78.11 0.617 69.99 205.7 1.846 78.17 0.589 70.22 193 245.4 1.918 78.11 0.617 69.98 206.0 1.846 78.17 0.589 70.22 194 245.9 1.919 78.11 0.618 69.98 206.4 1.847 78.17 0.589 70.22 195 246.3 1.919 78.11 0.618 69.98 206.7 1.847 78.17 0.590 70.21 196 246.8 1.920 78.11 0.618 69.98 207.1 1.847 78.17 0.590 70.21 197 247.3 1.920 78.10 0.619 69.97 207.4 1.848 78.17 0.591 70.21 198 247.8 1.921 78.10 0.619 69.97 207.8 1.848 78.17 0.591 70.21 199 248.2 1.921 78.10 0.620 69.97 208.1 1.849 78.17 0.591 70.21 200 248.6 1.922 78.10 0.620 69.97 208.4 1.849 78.17 0.592 70.20 201 249.1 1.922 78.10 0.620 69.96 208.8 1.849 78.17 0.592 70.20 202 249.6 1.923 78.10 0.621 69.96 209.1 1.850 78.17 0.592 70.20 203 250.0 1.923 78.10 0.621 69.96 209.4 1.850 78.16 0.593 70.20 204 250.4 1.924 78.10 0.622 69.96 209.8 1.851 78.16 0.593 70.20 205 250.9 1.924 78.10 0.622 69.95 210.1 1.851 78.16 0.593 70.20 206 251.3 1.925 78.10 0.622 69.95 210.4 1.851 78.16 0.594 70.19 207 251.7 1.925 78.10 0.623 69.95 210.7 1.852 78.16 0.594 70.19 208 252.1 1.926 78.10 0.623 69.95 211.0 1.852 78.16 0.594 70.19 209 252.5 1.926 78.09 0.624 69.94 211.3 1.853 78.16 0.595 70.19 210 252.9 1.927 78.09 0.624 69.94 211.6 1.853 78.16 0.595 70.19 211 253.4 1.927 78.09 0.624 69.94 211.9 1.853 78.16 0.596 70.19 212 253.7 1.928 78.09 0.625 69.94 212.2 1.854 78.16 0.596 70.18 213 254.2 1.928 78.09 0.625 69.93 212.5 1.854 78.16 0.596 70.18 214 254.5 1.929 78.09 0.626 69.93 212.8 1.855 78.16 0.597 70.18 215 254.9 1.929 78.09 0.626 69.93 213.1 1.855 78.16 0.597 70.18 216 255.3 1.929 78.09 0.626 69.93 213.4 1.855 78.16 0.597 70.18 217 255.7 1.930 78.09 0.627 69.92 213.7 1.856 78.16 0.597 70.17 218 256.1 1.930 78.08 0.627 69.92 213.9 1.856 78.15 0.598 70.17 219 256.4 1.930 78.08 0.627 69.92 214.2 1.856 78.15 0.598 70.17 220 256.8 1.931 78.08 0.628 69.91 214.4 1.857 78.15 0.598 70.16 221 257.2 1.931 78.08 0.628 69.91 214.7 1.857 78.15 0.598 70.16 222 257.5 1.931 78.08 0.628 69.90 215.0 1.857 78.15 0.599 70.16 223 257.9 1.932 78.07 0.629 69.90 215.2 1.858 78.14 0.599 70.15 224 258.2 1.932 78.07 0.629 69.90 215.5 1.858 78.14 0.599 70.15 225 258.6 1.932 78.07 0.629 69.89 215.8 1.858 78.14 0.599 70.15 226 258.9 1.933 78.07 0.630 69.89 216.0 1.859 78.14 0.600 70.14 154 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 74— Continued AGE IN DAYS MALES FEMALES Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water Brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord 227 259.2 1.933 78.07 0.630 69.89 216.2 1.859 78.14 0.600 70.14 228 259.6 1.933 78.06 0.630 69.88 216.5 1.859 78.13 0.600 70.14 229 259.9 1.933 78.06 0.630 69.88 216.7 1.859 78.13 0.600 70.14 230 260.2 1.934 78.06 0.631 69.88 217.0 1.860 78.13 0.601 70.13 231 260.6 1.934 78.06 0.631 69.87 217.2 1.860 78.13 0.601 70.13 232 260.9 1.934 78.06 0.631 69.87 217.5 1.860 78.13 0.601 70.13 233 261.2 1.935 78.05 0.632 69.87 217.7 1.861 78.12 0.601 70.12 234 261.5 1.935 78.05 0.632 69.86 217.9 1.861 78.12 0.602 70.12 235 261.9 1.935 78.05 0.632 69.86 218.1 1.861 78.12 0.602 70.12 236 262.1 1.936 78.05 0.633 69.85 218.3 1.862 78.12 0.602 70.11 237 262.4 1.936 78.05 0.633 69.85 218.6 1.862 78.12 0.602 70.11 238 262.8 1.936 78.04 0.633 69.85 218.8 1.862 78.11 0.603 70.11 239 263.0 1.937 78.04 0.634 69.84 219.0 1.863 78.11 0.603 70.10 240 263.3 1.937 78.04 0.634 69.84 219.2 1.863 78.11 0.603 70.10 241 263.6 1.937 78.04 0.634 69.84 219.4 1.863 78.11 0.603 70.10 242 263.9 1.938 78.03 0.634 69.83 219.6 1.863 78.10 0.603 70.09 243 264.2 1.938 78.03 0.635 69.83 219.8 1.863 78.10 0.604 70.09 244 264.5 1.938 78.03 0.635 69.82 220.0 1.864 78.10 0.604 70.08 245 264.8 1.938 78.03 0.635 69.82 220.3 1.864 78.10 0.604 70.08 246 265.0 1.939 78.02 0.635 69.81 220.4 1.864 78.09 0.604 70.07 247 265.3 1.939 78.02 0.636 69.81 220.6 1.864 78.09 0.604 70.07 248 265.6 1.939 78. C2 0.636 69.80 220.8 1.864 78.09 0.605 70.06 249 265.8 1.940 78.01 0.636 69.80 221.0 1.864 78.08 0.605 70.06 250 266.1 1.940 78.01 0.636 69.79 221.2 1.865 78.08 0.605 70.05 251 266.3 1.940 78.01 0.637 69.79 221.4 1.865 78.08 0.605 70.05 252 266.6 1.940 78.01 0.637 69.78 221.6 1.865 78.08 0.605 70.04 253 266.8 1.941 78.00 0.637 69.78 221.7 1.865 78.07 0.606 70.04 254 267.1 1.941 78.00 0.637 69.77 221.9 1.865 78.07 0.606 70.03 255 267.3 1.941 78.00 0.638 69.77 222.1 1.865 78.07 0.606 70.03 256 267.6 1.941 78.00 0.638 69.76 222.3 1.866 78.07 0.606 70.02 257 267.8 1.942 77.99 0.638 69.76 222.4 1.866 78.06 0.606 70.02 258 268.0 1.942 77.99 0.638 69.75 222.6 1.866 78.06 0.607 70.01 259 268.3 1.942 77.99 0.639 69.75 222.8 1.866 78.06 0.607 70.01 260 268.5 1.943 77.98 0.639 69.74 223.0 1.866 78.05 0.607 70.00 261 268.7 1.943 77.98 0.639 69.74 223.1 1.866 78.05 0.607 70.00 262 269.0 1.943 77.98 0.639 69.73 223.3 1.867 78.05 0.607 69.99 263 269.2 1.943 77.98 0.640 69.73 223.4 1.867 78.05 0.608 69.99 264 269.4 1.944 77.97 0.640 69.72 223.6 1.867 78.04 0.608 69.98 PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD 155 TABLE 74— Continued AGE IN DATS MALES FEMALES Body weight gms . Brain weight gms. Per cent of water brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord Body weight gms. Brain weight gms. Per cent of water Brain Cord weight gms. Per cent of water cord 265 269.6 1.944 77.97 0.640 69 .72 223.7 1.867 78.04 0.608 69.98 266 269.8 1.944 77.97 0.640 69 .72 223.9 1.867 78.04 0.608 69.98 267 270.0 1.944 77.96 0.640 69 .71 224.0 1.867 78.03 0.608 69.97 268 270.2 1.944 77.96 0.640 69 .71 224.2 1.867 78.03 0.608 69.97 269 270.5 1.945 77.96 0.640 69 .70 224.3 1.867 78.03 0.608 69.96 270 270.7 1.945 77.95 0.641 69 .70 224.5 1.868 78.02 0.609 69.96 271 270.9 1.945 77.95 0.641 69 .69 224.6 1.868 78.02 0.609 69.95 272 271.1 1.945 77.94 0.641 69 .69 224.8 1.868 78.02 0.609 69.95 273 271.3 1.945 77.94 0.641 69 .68 224.9 1.868 78.01 0.609 69.94 274 271.5 1.945 77.94 0.641 69 .68 225.0 1.868 78.01 0.609 69.94 275 271.6 1.946 77.93 0.641 69 .67 225.1 1.868 78.01 0.609 69.94 276 271.8 1.946 77.93 0.641 69 .67 225.3 1.868 78.00 0.609 69.93 277 272.0 1.946 77.93 0.641 69 .66 225.4 1.86S 78.00 0.609 69.93 278 272.2 1.946 77.92 0.642 69 .66 225.5 1.869 78.00 0.610 69.92 279 272.3 1.946 77.92 0.642 69 .65 225.7 1.869 78.00 0.610 69.92 280 272.5 1.946 77.92 0.642 69 .65 225.8 1.869 77.99 0.610 69.91 281 272.7 1.947 77.91 0.642 69 .64 225.9 1.869 77.99 0.610 69.91 282 272.8 1.947 77.91 0.642 69 .64 226.0 1.869 77.99 0.610 69.91 283 273.0 1.947 77.91 0.642 69 .63 226.1 1.869 77.98 0.610 69.90 284 273.2 1.947 77.90 0.642 69 ,63 226.2 1.869 77.98 0.610 69.90 285 273.4 1.947 77.90 0.642 69 .62 226.4 1.869 77.98 0.610 69.89 286 273.5 1.947 77.89 0.643 69 .62 226.5 1.870 77.97 0.611 69.89 287 273.7 1.948 77.89 0.643 69 .61 226.6 1.870 77.97 0.611 69.88 288 273.9 1.948 77.89 0.643 69 .61 226.7 1.870 77.97 0.611 69.88 289 274.0 1.948 77.88 0.643 69 .60 226.8 1.870 77.96 0.611 69.87 290 274.2 1.948 77.88 0.643 69 .60 226.9 1.870 77.96 0.611 69.87 291 274.3 1.948 77.88 0.643 69 .59 227.0 1.870 77.96 0.611 69.86 292 274.5 1.948 77.87 0.643 69 .59 227.1 1.870 77.95 0.611 69.86 293 274.6 1.948 77.87 0.643 69 .58 227.2 1.870 77.95 0.611 69.85 294 274.7 1.948 77.86 0.643 69 58 227.3 1.870 77.94 0.611 69.85 295 274.9 1.948 77.86 0.644 69 .57 227.4 1.870 77.94 0.611 69.84 296 275.0 1.948 77.86 0.644 69 .56 227.5 1.870 77.94 0.611 69.84 297 275.2 1.949 77.85 0.644 69 .56 227.6 1.871 77.93 0.612 69.83 298 275.3 1.949 77.85 0.644 .69 .55 227.7 1.871 77.93 0.612 69.83 299 275.4 1.949 77.84 0.644 69 .55 227.8 1.871 77.92 0.612 69.82 300 275.5 1.949 77.84 0.644 69 .54 227.9 1.871 77.92 0.612 69.82 301 275.7 1.949 77.84 0.644 69 .53 228.0 1.871 77.92 0.612 69.81 302 275.8 1.949 77.83 0.644 69 .53 228.0 1.871 77.91 0.612 68.81 156 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS TABLE 74— Continued MALES FEMALES IN DATS Body weight Brain weight Per cent of water brain Cord weight Per cent of water cord Body weight Brain weight Per cent of water Brain Cord weight Per cent of water gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. cord 303 275.9 1.949 77.83 0.645 69.52 228.1 1 .871 77.91 0.612 69.80 304 276.1 1.949 77.82 0.645 69.52 228.2 1 .871 77.90 0.612 69.80 305 276.2 1.949 77.82 0.645 69.51 228.3 1 .871 77.90 0.612 69.79 306 276.3 1.949 77.82 0.645 69.50 228.3 1 .871 77.90 0.612 69.79 307 276.4 1.949 77.81 0.645 69.50 228.4 1 .871 77.89 0.612 69.78 308 276.5 1.949 77.81 0.645 69.49 228.5 1 .871 77.89 0.612 69.78 309 276.6 1.950 77.80 0.645 69.49 228.6 1 .872 77.88 0.613 69.77 310 276.7 1.950 77.80 0.645 69.48 228.7 1 .872 77.88 0.613 69.77 311 276.9 1.950 77.80 0.646 69.47 228.7 1 .872 77.88 0.613 6'.76 312 277.0 1.950 77.79 0.646 69.47 228.8 1 .872 77.87 0.613 69.76 313 277.0 1.950 77.79 0.646 69.46 228.8 1 .872 77.87 0.613 69.75 314 277.1 1.950 77.78 0.646 69.46 228.9 1 .872 77.86 0.613 69.75 315 277.2 1.950 77.78 0.646 69.45 229.0 1 .872 77.86 0.613 69.74 316 277.3 1.950 77.77 0.646 69.44 229.0 1 .872 77.85 0.613 69.73 317 277.5 1.950 77.77 0.646 69.44 229.1 1 .872 77.85 0.613 69.73 318 277.5 1.950 77.76 0.646 69.43 229.1 1 .872 77.84 0.613 69.72 319 277.6 1.950 77.76 0.646 69.43 229.2 1 .872 77.84 0.613 69.72 320 277.7 1.950 77.75 0.646 69.42 229.3 1 .872 77.83 0.613 69.71 321 277.8 1.950 77.75 0.646 69.41 229.3 1 .872 77.83 0.613 69.71 322 277.9 1.951 77.74 0.647 69.41 229.4 i .873 77.82 0.614 69.70 323 278.0 1.951 77.74 0.647 69.40 229.4 i .873 77.82 0.614 69.70 324 278.0 1.951 77.73 0.647 69.40 229.5 i .873 77.81 0.614 69.69 325 278.1 1.951 77.73 0.647 69.39 229.5 i .873 77.81 0.614 69.68 326 278.2 1.951 77.72 0.647 69.38 229.6 i .873 77.80 0.614 69.68 327 278.3 1.951 77.72 0.647 69.38 229.6 i .873 77.80 0.614 69.67 328 278.4 1.951 77.71 0.647 69.37 229.7 i .873 77.79 0.614 69.67 329 278.4 1.951 77.71 0.647 69.37 229.7 i .873 77.79 0.614 69.66 330 278.5 1.951 77.70 0.647 69.36 229.8 i .873 77.78 0.614 69.66 331 278.6 1.951 77.70 0.647 69.35 229.8 i .873 77.78 0.614 69.65 332 278.6 1.951 77.69 0.647 69.35 229.8 i .873 77.77 0.614 69.64 333 278.7 1.951 77.69 0.647 69.34 229.9 i .873 77.77 0.614 69.64 334 278.7 1.952 77.68 0.648 69.34 229.9 i .874 77.76 0.615 69.63 335 278.8 1.952 77.68 0.648 69.33 229.9 i .874 77.76 0.615 69.63 336 278.9 1.952 77.67 0.648 69.32 230.0 i .874 77.75 0.615 69.62 337 278.9 1.952 77.67 0.648 69.32 230.0 i .874 77.75 0.615 69.62 338 279.0 1.952 77.66 0.648 69.31 230.0 i .874 77.74 0.615 69.61 339 279.0 1.952 77.66 0.648 69.31 230.1 i .874 77.74 0.615 69.61 340 279.1 1.952 77.65 0.648 69.30 230.1 1.874 77.73 0.615 69.60 PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD 157 TABLE 74— Concluded MALES FEMALES IN DAYS Body weight Brain weight Per cent of water brain Cord weight Per cent of water cord Body weight Brain weight Per cent of water brain Cord weight Per cent of water gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. gms. cord 341 279.2 1.952 77.64 0.648 69 .29 230.1 1.874 77.72 0.615 69.59 342 279.2 1.952 77.64 0.648 69 .29 230.1 1.874 77.72 0.615 69.59 343 279.3 1.952 77.63 0.648 69 .28 230.2 1.874 77.71 0.615 69.58 344 279.3 1.952 77.63 0.648 69 .27 230.2 1.874 77.71 0.615 69.57 345 279.3 1.952 77.62 0.648 69.27 230.2 1.874 77.70 0.615 69.57 346 279.4 1.952 77.61 0.648 69 .26 230.3 1.874 77.69 0.615 69.56 347 279.4 1.953 77.61 0.648 69 .25 230.3 1.874 77.69 0.615 69.56 348 279.5 1.953 77.60 0.648 69 .25 230.3 1.874 77.68 0.615 69.55 349 279.5 1.953 77.60 0.648 69, 24 230.3 1.874 77.68 0.615 69.54 350 279.6 1.953 77.59 0.648 69 .23 230.3 1.874 77.67 0.615 69.54 351 279.6 1.953 67.58 0.648 69 .23 230.3 1.874 77.66 0.615 69.53 352 279.6 1.953 77.58 0.648 69 .22 230.3 1.874 77.66 0.615 69.52 353 279.7 1.953 77.57 0.649 69 .21 230.4 1.875 77.65 0.616 69.52 354 279.7 1.953 77.57 0.649 69 .20 230.4 1.875 77.65 0.616 69.51 355 279.7 1.953 77.56 0.649 69 20 230.4 1.875 77.64 0.616 69.50 356 279.8 1.953 77.55 0.649 69 .19 230.4 1.875 77.63 0.616 69.50 357 279.8 1.953 77.55 0.649 69 .18 230.4 1.875 77.63 0.616 69.49 358 279.8 1.953 77.54 0.649 69 .18 230.4 1.875 77.62 0.616 69.48 359 279.8 1.954 77.54 0.649 69 ,17 230.4 1.875 77.62 0.616 69.48 360 279.8 1.954 77.53 0.649 69 .16 230.4 1.875 77.61 0.616 69.47 361 279.8 1.954 77.52 0.649 69 16 230.4 1.875 77.60 0.616 69.47 362 279.9 1.954 77.52 0.649 69 .15 230.4 1.875 77.60 0.616 69.46 363 279.9 1.954 77.51 0.649 69 .14 230.4 1.875 77.59 0.616 69.45 364 279.9 1.954 77.51 0.649 69 .14 230.4 1.875 77.59 0.616 69.45 365 279.9 1.954 77.50 0.649 69, 13 230.4 1.875 77.58 0.616 69.44 158 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS 12. Formulas. Formulas for computing the length or weight of the body and of its several parts, systems or organs, also for expressing the values of other characters. The formulas for the Albino — Group I — are given first, then those for the Norway — Group II. In Group I there are two divisions. The first division comprises the formulas based on size (body length and body weight). The second division com- prises the formulas based on age. These formulas have been kept simple in order to facilitate their use. This condition has made it sometimes necessary to have different formulas for the different parts of the same series of data, but this was deemed more desirable than a reduction in the number of the formulas at the price of greater complexity. After the formula there follows in parenthesis the number by which it is designated in the text, and every formula, whether it be general or subsidiary, is thus numbered, each subsidiary formula carrying the number of the general formula to which it is related, followed by a distinguishing letter. A catalog of the formulas, given in detail later, is here presented. CATALOG OF FORMULAS GROUP I. ALBINOS First division: Formulas based on size Body length on body weight (I). Body weight on body length (2), (2 a), (2 b). Body weight on brain weight (3). Tail length on body length (4), (5). Brain weight on body weight (6), (7). Cranial capacity on body weight (8), (9), (10). Spinal cord weight on body weight (11). Diameters of ganglion cell and nucleus (12), (12 a). Weight of both eyeballs on body weight (13) . Weight of heart on body weight (14). Weight of both kidneys on body weight (15). Weight of liver on body weight (16) . Weight of spleen on body weight (17) . Weight of both lungs on body weight (18). Volume of blood on body weight (19), (19 a), (19 b). Weight of blood on body weight (20), (20 a), (20 b). Weight of alimentary tract on body weight (21). BODY WEIGHT ON BODY LENGTH 159 Weight of both testes on body weight (22), (23), (24). Weight of both ovaries on body weight (25), (26), (27). Weight of hypophysis on body weight (28), (29). Weight of both suprarenals on body weight (30), (31). Weight of thyroid on body weight (32). Weight of nitrogen on body weight (33) . Second division: Formulas based on age in days Body weight on age (34), (35), (36), (37). Weight of thymus on age (38), (39). Percentage of water in brain — on age (40), (41), (42), (42 a). Percentage of water in spinal cord — on age (43), (44), (45), (45 a), (45 b), (45 c), (45 d). GROUP II. NORWAYS First division: Formulas based on size Body length on body weight (46). Body weight on body length (47), (48). Body weight Norway on body weight Albino (49) . Tail length on body length (50), (51). Brain weight on body weight (52) . Cranial capacity on body weight (53). Spinal cord weight on body weight (54) . Spinal cord weight on brain weight (55). GROUP I. ALBINOS FIRST DIVISION: FORMULAS BASED ON SIZE BODY LENGTH ON BODY WEIGHT, (DONALDSON, '09) Body length (sexes combined) = 143 log (Bd.wt.+l5) — 134 (1) A study of tables 1 and 2 in the investigations by Donaldson '09 shows that for a given body weight the body length of the male is about 2.2 per cent greater than that of the female. If then the value found by this formula for any body weight is increased by 1.1 per cent of itself the sum obtained represents the body length for the male. If on the contrary, the value found is decreased by 1.1 per cent of itself, the difference obtained represents the body length for the corresponding female. 160 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS BODY WEIGHT ON BODY LENGTH (DONALDSON, 'OJ) By transposing formula (1) we obtain Body weight (sexes combined) = 10 143 — 15 (2) As the body length for a given body weight is for the male 1.1 per cent above the value in (2) and for the female 1.1 per cent below the value in (2), two new formulas have been made for the male and female respectively — thus (100 Bd. l.-l.l Bd./.)+13400 Body weight:— male = 10 1430° -15 (2a) ( 100 Bd.l.+l.lBd.l.)+ 13400 Body weight:— female = 10 1430° -15 (2b) By use of formulas (2a) and (2b) the body weights corre- sponding to body lengths from 50-250 mm have been computed for each sex and the values obtained are those entered in the accompanying tables. To illustrate the procedure with a formula of this sort the f ollowing example is given. To compute the body weight for a body length of 150 mm. (male) by the following formula (2a). BODY WEIGHT — TAIL LENGTH 161 (100 Bd. Z.-l.l Bd. n+13400 Body weight (male) = 10 1430° - 15 Transpose 15 from right hand side to the left and take the logarithm of both sides. We have (100 X 150 - 1.1 X 150) + 13400 log (Bd. wt. + 15) = log 10 X T — 14oUO ' 15000 -165 + 13400 14300 Thus 1.9745 is equivalent to the logarithm of body weight plus 15. Therefore body weight + 15 = 94.3 (anti-logarithm of 1.9745). Finally, body weight = 94.3 - 15 = 79.3 grams. The above procedure is that to be followed with other formulas of the same type. BODY WEIGHT ON BRAIN WEIGHT (DONALDSON, '08) Br. wt.— 0.554 Body weight (sexes combined) = 8.7+10 ^ (3) TAIL LENGTH ON BODY LENGTH. (HATAI, MS '14.) Tail length : male = 0.852 Bd. 1. + 38.8 (log Bd. I.) - 90 . 5 (4) Tail length -.—female = 0.874 Bd. I +43.2 (log Bd. 1) - 98.1 (5) Formulas (4) and (5) were used for table 68. 162 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS BRAIN WEIGHT ON BODY WEIGHT. (HATAI, '09, p. 172) For the brain weight of sexes combined, the following for- mulas have been obtained:— Brain weight (sexes combined) = 1.56 log (Bd. wt.} — 0.87 (6) [5 < Bd. wt. < 10 gms.] Brain weight (sexes combined) = 0.569 log (Bd. wt. - 8.7) + .554 (7) [Bd. wt. > 10 gms.] For a given body weight the average brain weight in the male was found to be 1.5 per cent more than in the female, hence the determinations of brain weight on body weight by formulas (6) and (7) give final values which must be increased by 0.75 per cent to represent the male brain and decreased by 0.75 per cent to represent the female brain weight. By using this procedure the data on brain weight given hi table 68 were obtained. CRANIAL CAPACITY ON BODY WEIGHT. (HATAI, '07 c) Cranial capacity represented by the weight of the shot con- tained is given by Cranial capacity (shot wt.) = 0.0072 X (Bd. wt. male) + 9.349 (8) To reduce the shot weight to brain weight in the male, the value obtained is to be divided by 5.98. The corresponding formula for the female is Cranial capacity (shot wt.) = 0.0251 X (Bd. wt. female) + 6.168 (9) To reduce the shot weight to brain weight in the female, the value obtained is to be divided by 6.009. CRANIAL CAPACITY — DIAMETER OF NUCLEUS 163 For the cranial capacity expressed in cc. Donaldson ('12), the formula for sexes combined is Cranial capacity in cc. = 1.02 log Bd. wt. - 0.00027 Bd. wt. - 0.596 (10) [80 < Bd. wt. < 300] SPINAL CORD WEIGHT ON BODY WEIGHT (DONALDSON, '09) Spinal cord wt. (sexes combined) = 0.585 log (Bd. wt. +21) - 0.795 (11) In the female the spinal cord is about 2 per cent heavier than in the male, therefore when using formula (11) the values ob- tained require to be increased by 1 per cent to represent the weight of the spinal cord in the female and to be diminished by 1 per cent to represent its weight in the male. By using this procedure, the data on the weights of the spinal cord in table 68 have been obtained. DIAMETER OP SECOND CERVICAL SPINAL GANGLION CELL NUCLEUS ON DIAMETER OF CELL BODY (HATAI, '07b) Correlation between diameter of cell body and diameter of nucleus in /* — hi spinal ganglion cells of second cervical nerve. Diameter of nucleus in n = 12.2939 [ 1.0252 + 0.3564^) - 0.0758 (yV | (12) where x is the diameter of the cell in n and 1 is a half range of the variates. 164 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS As the value of 1 is 10, the formula (12) may be transformed by a series of steps here omitted, to read . 20 J 20 - 0.9 (12a) Where D n = Diameter of nucleus in /* and D c b = Diameter of cell body in /z. See table 31. WEIGHT OF BOTH EYEBALLS ON BODY WEIGHT. (HATAI, '13, p. 112) Weight of both eyeballs (sexes combined) = 0.000428 Bd. wt. +0.098 log Bd. wt. - 0.041 (13) Formula (13) was used for table 68. WEIGHT OF HEART ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of heart (sexes combined) = 0.0026 (Bd. wt. + 14) + 0.249 log (Bd. wt. + 14) - 0.336 (14) Formula (14) was used for table 69. WEIGHT OF BOTH KIDNEYS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of both kidneys (sexes combined) = 0.00718 (Bd. wt. - 3) + 0.132 log (Bd. wt. - 3) -0.009 (15) Formula (15) was used for table 69. LIVER WEIGHT — BLOOD VOLUME 165 WEIGHT OF LIVER ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of liver (sexes combined} = 0.0303 (Bd. wt. + 5) + 3.340 log (Bd. wt. + 5) - 3.896 (16) [Bd. wt. > 10] Formula (16) was used for obtaining the values given in table 69 for body weights of 10 grams or above. For body weights below 10 grams the weights have been determined by graphic inter- polation— using the crude records as a basis. WEIGHT OF SPLEEN ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of spleen (sexes combined) = 0 . 00245 Bd. wt. + Q. 0301 log (Bd. wt.) - 0.025 (17) Formula (17) was used for table 69. WEIGHT OF BOTH LUNGS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of both lungs (sexes combined) = 0.00471 (Bd. wt. + 2) + 0 . 122 log (Bd. wt. + 2) - 0 . 056 (18) Formula (18) was used for table 70. VOLUME OF THE BLOOD ON BODY WEIGHT (CHISOLM, '11) AND HATAI (MS '14) Bd wt °-9 Blood volume (sexes combined) = — '- — '- — = 0 . 099 Bd. wt.0-9 (19) 10.1 [5 < Bd. wt. < 150] Blood volume (males') = 0.099 Bd. wt.0-9 - .03 (.099 Bd. wt.)0-9 (19a) = 0.09603 Bd. wt.0-9 [150 < Bd. wt. < 350] 166 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS Blood volumes (females) = 0.099 Bd.wt.°-9+. 06 (.099 Bd.wt.)0-9 (19b) = 0.10494 Bd. wt.°-9 [150 < Bd. wt. < 350] By using the factor 1.056 for the specific gravity of the blood corresponding formulas for the blood weight on body weight have been obtained as follows: Hatai (MS '14). Blood weight (sexes combined) = 0.099 Bd. wt.0-9 X 1.056 or = 0.1045 Bd. wt.0-9 (20) [5 < Bd. wt. < 150] Blood weight (males') = 0. 1045 Bd. wt.0-9 - .03 (0.1045 Bd. wt.)0-9 (20a) = 0.101365 Bd.wt.0-9 [150 < Bd. wt. < 350] Blood weight (females) = 0 . 1045 Bd. wt.0-9 + 0 . 06 (0.1045 Bd. wt.0-9) (20b) = 0. 11077 Bd.wt.0-9 (150 < Bd. wt. < 350) These formulas (20), (20 a) and (20 b) for blood weight have been used for table 70. ALIMENTARY TRACT — OVARIES 167 WEIGHT OF ALIMENTARY TRACT ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of alimentary tract (sexes combined) = 0 . 0245 Bd. wt. + 4.720 log (Bd. wt. + 7) - 5.753 (21) Formula (21) was used for table 70. WEIGHT OP BOTH TESTES ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Wt. of testes = 0 . 022 - 0.00992 Bd. wt. + 0.00127 Bd. wt.2 (22) [4 80] \ For the weight of the testes for body weights of 4r-10 grams, the values were obtained by formula (22), while formulas (23) and (24) were used for obtaining the values for body weights of 10 grams or over. Formulas (22) (23) and (24) were used for table 70. WEIGHT OF BOTH OVARIES ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of both ovaries = = 0.00781 log. Bd. wt. - 0.0047 (25) (Phase 1) [Bd. wt. < 65] = 0.0425 - 0 . 00121 Bd. wt. + 0.0000108 Bd. wt.2 (26) (Phase 2) [65 < Bd. wt. < 110] = 0.007 log. (Bd. wt. - 105) + 0.0352 (27) (PhaseZ) [Bd. wt. >110] Formulas (25) (26) (27) were used for table 70. 168 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS WEIGHT OF HYPOPHYSIS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) In the case of the hypophysis a separate formula for each sex is required. Weight of hypophysis (male) = 0 . 0000257 (Bd. wt. + 3) + 0 . 0014 log (Bd. wt. + 3) - 0 . 00097 (28) Formula (28) is also used for the female up to 50 gms. in body weight then Weight of hypophysis (female) = 0.00205 + 0 . 000081 Bd. wt. - 0.00196 log (Bd. wt.) (29) [Bd. wt. > 50] Formulas (28) and (29) were used for table 71 in accordance with the restrictions indicated. WEIGHT OF BOTH SUPRARENALS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) In the case of the suprarenals a separate formula for each sex is required. Weight of both suprarenals (male) = 0.0000855 (Bd.wt. + 3) +0.0113 log (Bd. wt. + 3) - 0.0093 (30) Formula (30) is also used for the female up to 30 gms. in body weight, then Weight of both suprarenah (female) = 0.00023 Bd. wt. + 0.00388 log (Bd. wt.) - 0.002 (31) \Bd. wt. > 30] THYEOID — BODY WEIGHT ON AGE 169 Formulas (30) and (31) were used for table 71 in accordance with the restrictions indicated. WEIGHT OF THYROID ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13) Weight of thyroid (sexes combined} — 0.0000973 (Bd. wt. + 27) + 0.0139 log (Bd. wt. + 27) - 0.0226 (32) Formula (32) was used for table 71. WEIGHT OF NITROGEN ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '05) To determine the amount of nitrogen eliminated by the rat during twenty-four hours at different body weights. Ration: Uneeda biscuit and water only — Chicago colony. where N = total nitrogen in milligrams and Bd. wt. = body weight in grams. Formula 33 is based on the data in table 42. GROUP I. ALBINOS SECOND DIVISION: FORMULAS BASED ON AGE BODY WEIGHT ON AGE FROM 10-365 DAYS, HATAI (MS '14) The formulas (34) (35) (36) (37) apply only to the series of data published by Donaldson, Dunn and Watson, ('06.) Body weight on age in days — males = 11.199 + 0.0475 Age-}- 0.0184 Age- (34) [W 95] Formulas (38) (39) were used for table 72. PERCENTAGE OP WATER IN BRAIN. HATAI (MS '14; The formulas do not apply to rats under ten days of age. Percentage of water in brain — (male) = 92.122-0.614 Age +0.00739 Age2 (Phase 1) (40) [10 O (M OO Q >C 880 00 1C »-H Q O IM O 0 £2 §^? t^* ^? o c^i ^* CX) l>- I-H 0 3 ° f— i t— i ^0 1C (M (M Q Q (M •* O O O O O CO CO tL tL •s .si. d p, g 03 g -3 g S "^ _C S to Cfl) ^j z; oj o d g d .9 0 CJ1 ., , S3 49 +3 ^ O r ^ ° •** <« * OS TJ 'S 'S rt M ° 1 .3 -s s C >> "ro T3 g S •< o ISpl §O ^c ^r oo "^ ^ t> •* o I-H -n- O O O O O OO O oo oooco O5 COO"-! 80 o O 1C t^ 1-1 1C §1 O O O (M O ^i C5 Ci »C »C C^l 1C *# O i-l 88 8 co t- oo 88 8S Q o O O t^ co oo r~ eo 888 O5 i-l i-l O5 CO o to O Oi CO O 1-1 •^ co -^ p as 1-H Oi 1C 1— I 1-1 8 i-l CO O5 O i-l to o3 C ^3 03 a tH O o C i-f SI'S!! O 02 O J3 O O O H EH 8888 CO OS CO i-H CO O O »O »d co i— i co ic •<* SS'8 »o co oo 10 o t^ 888 88 888 •|2 •*a O O fj( £ i3 OQ CC o •2 'S ^ e. -«j e. 't co co t>. (M 8 88 o "* co to o r-> co 35 8 CONSTITUENTS OF BRAIN 183 TABLE 81. Absolute weights, in milligrams, of the constituents of a single brain of the albino rat at different ages (prepared from Table 80) AGE IN DAYS 1 10 20 40 120 210 Moist weight of one brain in grams 0.250 10.420 0.026 0.860 12.500 0.107 1.280 17.500 0.224 1.380 20.340 0.281 1.600 21.650 0.347 1.670 21.900 0.365 Solids in per cent. . . . Dry weight of one brain in grams Absolute weights in milligrams Proteins (1)1 15.140* 3.950 0.380 4.650 1.870 0.260 0.480 60.450f 13.160 2.780 16.160 (14.45) 0.900 1.600 119.400* 47.900 6.700 5.600 32.600 11.700 1.5700 3.7200 136.000* 61.300 16.600 7.200 41.700 18.200 1.540 4.300 165.200* 74.950 29.150 12.300 33.800 31.600 1.940 4.930 177.000t 80.300 30.660 16.400 35.800 24.800 2.120 5.070 Phosphatides (2) Cerebrosides (3) Sulphatides (4) Organic extrac- 1 tives. . . / Inorganic consti- tuents J Cholesterol unde- \ termined (5) / Total sulphur Total phosphorus. . . . In absolute weight in milligrams of sulphur Protein S (1S)§ 0.079 0.008 0.125 0.047 0.398 0.054 0.409 0.039 0.885 0.111 0.449 0.122 0.982 0.149 0.279 0.130 1.199 0.246 0.363 0.132 1.352 0.330 0.307 0.129 Lipoid S (4) Neutral S (6). Inorganic S (7) In absolute weight in milligrams of phosphorus Protein P (IP) 0.064 0.161 0.260 0.215* 0.558 0.826 0.220 1.964 1.532 0.374 2.464 1.462 0.360 3.160 1.410 0.345 3.427 1.298 Lipoid P (2) Water sol. P (8) * Record from average duplicate analyses, t Record from one analysis. | Figures in parentheses in this section refer to Chart III. See original. § Figures in parentheses in this and the following sections refer to Chart IV. See original. 184 GROWTH OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Chart 27. Giving in milligrams the absolute weight of the more important chemical constituents of the brain. Plotted on age. Table 81. In chart 27 are given the graphs for the absolute weights of the more important chemical constituents of the brain plotted on age (see table 81). GROWTH IN CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: REFERENCES 1. Entire body. Mendel and Daniels, '12. Pembrey and Spriggs, '04. 2. Nervous system. Bibra, 1854. Hatai, '09, '10. Koch, M., '13. Koch and Mann, '09. Koch and Koch, '13, '13 a. CHAPTER 10 PATHOLOGY 1. Tumors. 2. Parasites and infections (except leprosy and plague). 3. Leprosy. 4. Plague. 5. Public hygiene. 6. Descriptive and experimental pathology. 7. Economic relations. In the various studies on the pathology of the rat there are, of course, some data, which might be tabulated or charted. It has been thought best however to adhere to our general plan of treating in detail the data for the normal animal only and the presentation in this chapter is limited therefore to a series of references classified according to the subheads given above. PATHOLOGY: REFERENCES 1. Tumors. Bashford and Murray, 1900. Bennett, '14. Bullock, W. E., '13. Cramer and Pringle, '10. Eiselsberg, 1890. Flexner and Jobling, '07. Freund, '11. Gay, '09. Gaylord, '06. Jensen, '08. Joannovics, '12. Lambert, '11. Levin, '08, '10, '10a, '11. Loeb, '01, '02, '02a, '03, '03a, '04, '07. McCoy, '10 a. Moreschi, '09. Ordway and Morris, '13. Robertson and Burnett, '13. Rous, '11, '14 Sweet, Corson-White and Saxon, '13. Taylor, '15. Uhlenhuth and Weidanz, '09. Van Alstyne, '13. Weil, '13. 2. Parasites and infections (except plague and leprosy). Bacot, '14. Bahr, '06. Bancroft, 1893-1894. Bayon, '12 a. Bullock and Rohdenburg, '13. Cam- pana, '11. Chick and Martin, '11. Currie, '10. Dean, '03. Fantham, '06. Giglio-Tos, 1900. Hurler, '12. Jungano, '09. Jurgens, '03. Laveran and Mes- nil, 1900, 1900 a, 1900 b. Loghem, '08. Mallory and Ordway, '09. Mitchell, '12. Morpurgo, '01, '02. Ori, '12. Poppe, '13. Pound, '05. Rabinowitsch and Kempner, 1899. Robinson, '13. Rosenau, '01. Sabrazes and Muratet, '05. Shipley, '08. Stiles and Crane, '10. Stiles and Hassall, '10. Terry, '05. Traut- mann, A., '12. Trautmann, H., '12. Wasielewski and Senn, 1900. Webel, '13-'14. Wiener, '02, '03. 3. Leprosy. Bayon, '11, '12, '12 b, '12 c, Chapin, '12. Dean, '05. Duval, '10, '11. Duval and Gurd, '11, '11 a. Duval and Wellman, '12. Duval and Harris, '13. Hollmann, '12. Jadassohn, '13. Leboeuf, '12. Marchoux, '10, '11, '11-'12, '12. Marchoux and Sorel, '12, '12 a, '12 b, '12 c. McCoy, '08. Tids- well and Cleland, '12. Wherry, '08. Wolbach and Honeij, '14. Zinsser and Carey, '12. 4. Plague. Advisory Committee, '12 b. Bacot and Martin, '14. Banner- man, '06. Blue, '08, '10. Brinckerhoff,'10. Chick and Martin.'ll. Edington,'01. 185 186 PATHOLOGY '01. Galli-Valerio, '02. Gauthier and Raybaud, '03. Herzog, '05. Hossack, '07 a. India Plague Commission, '08. Liston, '05, '05 a. Loghem and Swellen- grebel, '14. Martini, '01. McCoy, '10. Petrie, '10. Reports on Plague Inves- tigations in India, '06. Thompson, '06. Tiraboschi, '02, '04, '04 a. 5. Public hygiene. Advisory Committee, '12 a. Bahr, '09, '09 a, '10. Berg- mann, '08. Boelter, '09. Buchanan, '10. Calmette, '10, '11. Converse, '10. Cook, 1885-1886. Creel, '10. DuPuy, and Brewster, '10. Foster, '09. Fox, '12. Foy, '13. Grubbs and Holsendorf, '13. Heiser, '10, '13. Hobdy, '10. Kerr, '10. Konstansoff, '10. Kunhardt and Taylor, '15. Lagarrique, '11. Lantz, '07, '10 a. Lavrinovich, '10. Mandoul, '08-'09. Munson, '10. Neu- mark, '13. Pottevin, '10. Ramachandrier, '08. Reaney and Malcolmson, '08. Ringeling, '12. Rosenau, '10. Rucker, '10, '12, '13. Schern, '12. Simpson, '13. Suffolk, '10. Symposium, '11. Tailby, '11. Zuschlag, '03. 6. Descriptive and experimental pathology. Ascher, '10. Aumann, '12. Au- nett, '08. Bainbridge, '08-'09. Bircher, '11, '11 a. Boinet, 1897, 1897 a. Bullock and Rohdenburg, '15. Cramer, '08. Czerny, 1890. Fibiger, '13, '13 a, '13 b, '14. Flexner and Noguchi, '06. Graham and Hutchison, '14. Horton, '05. Kolmer and Yui and Tyau, '13. Lewin, '12, '12 a. Loeb, '13. Mallory and Ordway, '09. Martin, 1895. Mavrojannis, '03. Mereshkowsky and Sarin, '09. Mereshkowsky, '12, '12 a. Metschnikoff and Roux, 1891. Murphy, '14. Nerking, '09. Olds, '10. Ophiils, '11. Plimmer and Thomson, '08. Remlin- ger, '04. Rowland, '11. Schern, '09. Schiirmann, '08. Sittenfield, '12. Stef- fenhagen, '10. 7. Economic relations. Bruneau, 1886. Galli-Valerio, '08. Klunzinger, '08. Landois, 1886. Lantz, '10 b. Lersch, 1871. Loir, '03. PART II NORWAY RAT CHAPTER 11 LIFE HISTORY AND DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS 1. Introduction. 2. Life history, a. Span of life. b. Gestation period, c. Number of litters, d. Number in litter, e. Proportion of sexes, f. Open- ing of eyes. g. Age of sexual maturity. 3. Comparison of Norway with Albino. 4. Similarities of Norway s and Albinos in western Europe to those of the United States. 1. Introduction. To obtain more complete information con- cerning the rat it is important to note differences which may ap- pear between the domesticated Albino and the wild Norway. Since the wild Norway represents the parent stock it might seem proper to use that form as the standard and to record the devia- tions of the Albino from it. As a matter of fact however our in- formation with regard to the Albino is so much the more complete that the best results will follow from using it as the standard, despite the fact that zoologically it is but a variety of the Norway. 2. Life history of the Norway rat. As regards behavior, the Norway rat is very responsive to sounds, gnaws its cage, bur- rows when opportunity offers, is hard to handle and appears fierce because usually in a state of terror, yet after some days in a cage, it often becomes quite docile. Mus norvegicus when mature weighs 300-500 grams. (550 grams = 1 \ pounds avd., has been reported but is very unusual). We have recorded one male with a body weight of 523 gms. The color above ranges from light gray or orange to brown and dark gray, usually with more or less white or light gray on the ventral surfaces. Melanic sports occasionally occur (see p. 14, note 5). Mus norvegicus is distinguished from Mus rattus, the house rat, by the following superficial characters: larger size; blunter head; smaller ears which are thicker and more covered with hair; tail shorter than body; claws usually relatively dull. Its movements are less rapid. Commonly the female Norway has twelve, some- times fourteen nipples, while the house rat has very constantly ten. 189 190 LIFE HISTORY a.) Span of life. The span of life of the Norway rat is not known. It seems probable that it is between three and four years, though here and there individuals may live somewhat longer. 6.) Period of gestation: 21 days Lantz ('09); 23.5-25.5 days Miller ('11). The latter periods are possibly due to the effect of nursing on gestation. See p. 22. c.) Number of litters. Miller ('11) reports seven litters in seven months from a single pair, and estimates that, in general, five to six litters may be easily reared by a single pair in a year. d.} Number of young in a litter. Climate and station appear as general modifying influences. Larger litters are reported from northern Europe than from India (Lantz, '09). Crampe ('84) obtained an average of 10.4 in fourteen litters. Zuschlag ('03) states that among the rats examined at Copen- hagen in 1899, fetuses to the number of 14 were found four times and he himself in 1902 examined one female bearing 16. Donaldson (MS, '09) also noted in a rat taken in Paris, 16 fetuses. The India Plague Commission reports ('08) that the average number of fetuses found in females was 8.1 from a total of 12,000 Norway rats. According to Lantz ('09) the maximum size of litters recorded in England (Field) are 17, 19, 22 and 23; in India however 14. The maximum numbers just given as recorded in England are not trustworthy as they represent merely the number of young found in a single nest. Since two different litters are sometimes reared in the same nest the inference from the number in the nest to the number in the litter is not convincing. Lantz ('09) as- sumes the average litter (in north temperate latitude ) to be about 10. This is what Miller ('11) (vide infra) and Crampe ('84) (vide supra) found. Miller ('11) observed in a group of eight litters 7-12 young in a litter, with an average of 10.5. e.) Proportion of the sexes. Lantz ('09) and others state that the males are in excess. Donaldson ('12) found the same in trapped series taken in Paris and London. In a small series COMPARISON WITH ALBINO 191 trapped in Vienna however, the females were in excess. There are no observations on the proportions of the sexes at birth in general population, but in a special study of "extracted" Nor- ways made by King (MS., '15) 56 litters from females — them- selves taken from litters in which the two sexes were equally or nearly equally represented — gave 212 males and 213 females. f.) Opening of eyes. Miller ('11) found the eyes to open at 16 or 17 days and also states that the young are weaned during the sixth week. g.) Age of sexual maturity. Miller ('11) gives one instance of a female conceiving at the age of 120 days. Owing to the difficulty of keeping M. norvegicus happy and contented in captivity, it has not yet been possible to get a trust- worthy record for increase in body weight with age in the case of this form. Neither our own data (Donaldson and Hatai, '11) nor those of Miller ('11) show what must be the normal rate of increase in body weight. 3. Comparison of the Norway with the Albino. To determine whether the wild Norway form, as trapped in Philadelphia, dif- fers in any way from the albino rats in the colony at The Wistar Institute, a comparison has been made between the two forms in respect to body length, body weight, brain weight, spinal cord weight and the percentage of water in both the brain andthe spinal cord (Donaldson and Hatai, '11) as well as the weights of several of the parts and viscera. (Jackson and Lowrey, '12; Hatai, '14 a.) In addition to the familiar facts that the Norway rat is more wild and difficult to handle, more successful in escaping from cages and much more given to gnawing than is the Albino, that it grows bigger, breeds later, has larger litters and a longer sexual life (Crampe, '84) it is now possible to make several further statements. At birth the Norway is somewhat heavier than the stock Albino (King, '15, table 1) but in their relative body length and the rela- tive weights of the brain and spinal cord, as well as in the per- centage of water in these two divisions of the central nervous system, they are approximately alike. 192 LIFE HISTORY The marked differences between the two forms appear later, during the period of rapid growth. Grouping together the gen- eral differences subsequently found, we may say that the Norway rat is absolutely much heavier, relatively slightly longer, has a relatively heavier brain and a heavier spinal cord, and since for the same body weight as a given Albino it is younger, it has when so compared a higher percentage of water in the central nervous system. For the same age however, the percentages of water are nearly alike; the percentage in the Norway rat being a trifle higher (Donaldson and Hatai, '11). The relative weights of the ovaries, testes and suprarenals are also greater (C. Watson, 'Q7; Hatai, '14). These plus characters of the Norway tend to disappear when the Norway is subjected to domestication. The deviations of the Norway may be expressed in another way. When the body weights of Norway and Albino are the same: The Norway rat has a greater body length; a greater brain weight; a greater spinal cord weight; a higher percentage of water in the central nervous system; heavier ovaries, testes and suprarenals. When body lengths are the same: The Norway rat has a smaller body weight; a greater brain weight; a greater spinal cord weight; a higher percentage of water in the central nervous system; heavier ovaries, testes and suprarenals. When brain weights are the same : The Norway rat has a smaller body weight; a smaller body length; a smaller spinal cord weight; a higher percentage of water in the central nervous system. When the spinal cord weights are the same: The Norway rat has a smaller body weight; a smaller body length; a greater brain weight; a higher percentage of water in the central nervous system. Speaking generally therefore we may say that when compared with the domesticated Albino, the wild Norway rat weighs more, is longer and possesses a nervous system in which both the brain and spinal cord are relatively larger. COMPARISON WITH ALBINO 193 These differences taken together indicate that the albino rat has grown less well, and it seems most natural to attribute the lack of growth to the whole set of conditions summed up in the word 'domestication.' The most marked difference in structure thus far described between the two forms is in the relative weight of the central nervous system. That this is due to the effects of domestication seems highly probable, in view of the observations of Darwin ('83) and Lapicque and Girard ('07). There are still other observations which belong here. In a study on the weight of some of the ductless glands of the Norway and of the albino rat according to sex and variety Hatai, ('14 a) an examination was made of the suprarenals, hypophysis, thy- roid and gonads hi both forms. The conclusions reached are here given. In both the Norway and albino rats the suprarenal glands of the males are considerably smaller than those of the females. When, however, these two forms of rats are compared, both sexes of the Norway rats have suprarenals considerably heavier than those of the like sexes of the Albino. A sex difference is noted in the weight of the hypophysis in both the Norway and albino rats. The male hypophysis is lighter than that of the female. However, when these two forms of rats are compared, the hypophysis of the Norway is found to be smaller than that of the albino rat; the greater difference being in the case of the female. Neither in the Norway nor the albino rat is a sex difference found in the weight of the thyroid. Moreover, there is no weight difference in the thyroid according to variety in the case of these two forms of rats. The sex glands (testes and ovaries) of the Norway rats are heavier than those of the albino rats. Hatai is also of the opinion that the differences noted are again the result of a response to domestication. 4. Similarity of the Norway s and Albinos of western Europe to those of the United States. It is to be noted in this connection that so far as tests have been made, the albino rats found in Europe 194 LIFE HISTORY are similar to those found in America. For the Albinos from Vienna, Paris and London, the determinations were made by Donaldson ('12) and Chisolm ('11) has reported on the relation of body length to body weight in albino and pied rats in London. Chisolm compares his determinations of length with those by Donaldson ('09) and when correction is made for the slight dif- ference in the methods of measurements, the two sets of results agree nicely. It is also true that the wild Norways of Europe seem to be similar to those of the United States (Donaldson, '12) so that the differences above noted probably will be found at whatever stations the two forms are compared. LIFE HISTORY — NORWAY RAT: REFERENCES Chisolm, '11. Crampe, 1884. Darwin, 1883. Donaldson, '09, '11, '12. Don- aldson and Hatai, '11. Hatai, '14 a. India Plague Commission, '08. Jackson andLowrey, '12. Lantz, '09. Lapicque and Girard, '07. Miller, '11. Watson, C., '07. Zuschlag, '03. CHAPTER 12 GROWTH IN WEIGHT OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY 1. Growth of parts. 2. Growth of systems. 3. Weight of cranium. 1. Growth of parts of the body. For the general conditions under which these observations were made by Jackson and Lowrey ('12), see pp. 73-74. Five Norways only were examined, these having been trapped in barns at the University of Missouri. They were probably living on gram. As will be seen by reference to table 82 the smallest of these, a male, weighed 65 grams and was therefore probably from three to five weeks old. The percentage rela- tions of the several parts of the body are given in table 82. TABLE 82 Norway rat — Percentage weights of head, trunk and extremities. (Jackson and Lowrey, '!%) Sexes combined SEX NET BODT WEIGHT HEAD FORE LIMBS HIND LIMBS TRUNK M grams 65.0 per cent 14.66 per cent 5.95 per cent 13.88 per cent 65 51 M 95 4 12.17 5 83 15 34 66 66 F 107.5 10.18 5.58 15 81 68 43 M.... 164 0 9 27 5 24 14 94 70 55 F 254 0' 7 85 5 02 13 68 73 45 1 Including gravid uterus, which weighed 13.76 grams. On comparing the relative values here given with those for the albino rat (see p. 74) it appears that for corresponding body weights the average values for the fore limbs and hind limbs are low, while those for the trunk are high — a relation which might be expected in view of the greater body length of the Norway — see tables 49 and 82. 195 196 GROWTH OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS TABLE 83 Norway rat — Percentage of total body weight represented by the weight of integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature, viscera and remainder. (Jackson and Lowrey, SEX NET BODY WEIGHT INTEGUMENT LIGAMENTOUS SKELETON MUSCULATURE VISCERA REMAINDER M grams 65.0 per cent 18.42 per cent 13.15 per cent 35.39 per cent 23.40 per cent 9.64 M 95.4 19.29 13.85 38.57 23.21 5.08 F... 107.5 20.37 13.86 42.14 17.51 6.12 M 164.0 17.35 13.29 41.66 20.95 6.75 F 254.0' 19.41 10.16 44.21 16.22 10.00 1 Including gravid uterus, which weighed 13.76 grams. 2.} Growth of systems. When the values for the five entries in table 83 are compared with the last four in table 50 for the albino rat, it is noted that in the Norway the values for the musculature and viscera are high, while that for the 'remainder' is low. This last difference is due in part to the smaller amount of fat in the Norway. At the same time there is other evidence to show that for the same body weight as the Albino, both the trunk and the viscera of the Norway are heavier, as here found. 3.) Weight of cranium. (Donaldson, '12.) Determinations of the weight of the cranium dried at room temperature have TABLE 84 The mean weight in grams of the crania in each body weight group of the four series of wild Norway rats from Paris, London, Philadelphia, Vienna (based on table 1 Donaldson, '12 a.) Each weight group is based on six cases', S males and 3 females BODY WEIGHT WEIGHT OF THE CRANIA IN GRAMS GROUP LONDON PARIS PHILADELPHIA VIENNA grams 125 1 17 1 27 1 13 1 10 175 1 58 1 58 1 34 1 37 225 1 84 1 91 1 71 1 70 275 2 25 2 17 2 14 1 90 325 2 69 2 60 2 40 2 27 375 3.13 2 98 2.86 2 48 For the corresponding weights of the albino crania see table 55. WEIGHT OF CRANIUM 197 been made. By the cranium is meant the skull with upper teeth, minus the mandible with lower teeth and the ear bones. The mean weights are given in table 84. GROWTH IN WEIGHT OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: REFERENCES Donaldson, '12 a. Jackson and Lowrey, '12. CHAPTER 13 GROWTH OF ORGANS IN RELATION TO BODY LENGTH— NORWAY 1. Length of tail and weights of body, brain and spinal cord in relation to body length. 2. Weight — length ratios. 1) Length of tail, body weight, brain weight and spinal cord weight in relation to body length. Before passing to the tables on the Norway rat, it should be pointed out that the observations used for them have been made on the Norway rat as found in Philadelphia. At the same tune it has been shown that the Nor- way rat taken in Vienna, Paris and London is similar in its gen- eral form to that found in the United States, so that the determi- nations in the tables may be applied to the Norway rat in Europe also (Donaldson, '12). Table 85 contains values for the several characters named above, computed by the formulas devised by Hatai; these for- mulas being in turn based on series of observations, the number of which is given in e.ach case. Body length on body weight. From the study of 282 male and 318 female Norway rats, trapped in Philadelphia, measure- ments have been taken for body weight and body length (Don- aldson and Hatai, '11). The values for body length — sexes combined — on body weight are given by formula (46). In chart 28 the corresponding graph is given and for comparison the graph for the body length of the Albino is also drawn (see formula (1)). It has been found that for a given body weight, the body length is in the male Norway 0.4 per cent above the mean, and in the female 0.4 per cent below (Donaldson and Hatai, '11, p. 425). Body weight on body length. When the formula (46) is trans- formed so as to give the body weight for a given body length and the correction for sex is included, we have for the males formula (47) and for the females formula (48). In chart (29) are given the graphs for both sexes. 198 BODY LENGTH — BODY WEIGHT 199 55 TOO SO 00 KORVAY ALBNO BODY V/EJGHT Chart 28 Norway rat — Giving body length on Formula (46), table 85. Inserted for comparison the male Albino (see formula (1) . the body weight. Males only, is the corresponding graph for Mot BODY LENGTH zlo 1260 Chart 29 Norway rat — Giving the body weight on the body length. Males, females. Formulas (47), (48), table 85. 200 GROWTH OF ORGANS Body weight of the Norway on the body weight of the Albino. Formula (49) gives the body weight of the Norway on the body weight of the Albino for a limited range of Albino body weights. Tail length on body length. The tail length on the body length has been determined by Hatai (MS '14) and is repre- sented by formulas (50) and (51) for the male and female re- 0 20 40 BDBy LENGTH , mm. LLI 240 Chart 30 Norway rat — giving the tail length on the body length. Males, females. Formulas (50), (51), table 85. spectively. As can be seen by consulting table 85 the males have the shorter tails — a relation which agrees with that found for the Albino. In chart 30 are given the corresponding graphs. Brain weight on body weight. The direct determinations of the weight of the brain have been made on 232 males and 278 females. The general formula (52) expresses the relation of brain weight on body weight for the sexes combined. It applies however only to rats with a body weight above five grams. WEIGHTS OF BRAIN AND CORD 201 Using this formula the brain weights have been computed for each of the series of body weights as determined by formulas (47) and (48). It has been found however (Donaldson and Hatai, '11, p. 428) that the weight of the male brain is one per cent above the mean for the two sexes, and that of the female, one per cent below. Chart 31 Norway rat, giving brain weight on the body weight. Males only. With the corresponding graph for the Albino inserted for comparison. Formula 52, table 85. Also the spinal cord weight on the body weight. Males only. With the corresponding graph for the Albino inserted for comparison. Formula 54, table 85. As a consequence, each value gotten by the foregoing compu- tations has been corrected by adding one per cent to the value found to give the weight for the male brain and by subtracting one per cent to obtain the weight for the female brain. Chart 31 gives the graph for the male brain weight on the body weight and the corresponding graph (male) for the Albino (see chart 9) is also drawn for comparison. The marked differ- ence in the brain weight of the two forms is clearly shown. 202 GROWTH OF ORGANS Formula (53) gives the cranial capacity for the body weight — a useful datum in many instances. Spinal cord weight on body weight. In the case of the spinal cord, the computation was made for the sexes combined by the aid of formula (54). Here again there is a difference according to sex, the male spinal cord exceeding the female by 0.2 per cent, and the value for both sexes combined, by 0.1 per cent. Cor- rections similar to those applied to the brain have been made in this case also. Chart (31) gives the graph for the male spinal cord on body weight and the corresponding graph (male) for the Albino (see chart 9) is also drawn for comparison. Formula (55) gives the spinal cord weight (sexes combined) on the brain weight — sexes combined, table 85. 2. Weight-length ratios. In table 86 are given the values for the Norway obtained by dividing the body weight by the body length, as these appear in table 85. The explanation of the use of this table has been given on p. 72 in connection with the corresponding table 48 for the Albino. GROWTH OF ORGANS IN RELATION TO BODY LENGTH! REFERENCES Donaldson, '12, '12 a. Donaldson and Hatai, '11. GROWTH OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 203 TABLE 85 Gives the tail length, body weight, brain weight and spinal cord weight for each milli- meter of body length of the male and female Norway rat respectively. See Charts 28, 29, SO, SI. MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight of Tail length Body weight Weight of Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. gms. 50 15.0 4.4 0.031 16.0 4.6 0.032 51 16.2 4.8 0.034 17.2 4.9 0.035 52 17.3 5.1 0.270 0.037 18.4 5.2 0.307 0.038 53 18.5 5.4 0.367 0.040 19.6 5.6 0.393 0.041 54 19.6 5.8 0.443 0.043 20.8 5.9 0.462 0.044 55 20.8 6.1 0.508 0.046 21.9 6.3 0.522 0.047 56 21.9 6.5 0.563 0.049 23.1 6.6 0.574 0.050 57 23.0 6.8 0.611 0.052 24.3 7.0 0.620 0.053 58 24.1 7.2 0.655 0.055 25.4 7.4 0.661 0.056 59 25.3 7.6 0.694 0.058 26.5 7.7 0.698 0.059 60 26.4 7.9 0.730 0.061 27.7 8.1 0.732 0.063 61 27.5 8.3 0.763 0.064 28.8 8.5 0.763 0.066 62 28.6 8.7 0.794 0.067 29.9 8.9 0.793 0.069 63 29.7 9.1 0.823 0.070 31.1 9.3 0.820 0.072 64 30.8 9.5 0.850 0.074 32.2 9.7 0.846 0.075 65 31.9 9.9 0.875 0.077 33.3 10.1 0.871 0.078 66 32.9 10.3 0:900 0.080 34.4 10.5 0.894 0.082 67 34.0 10.7 0.923 0.083 35.5 10.9 0.916 0.085 68 35.1 11.1 0.944 0.086 36.6 11.3 0.937 0.088 69 36.2 11.5 0.965 0.090 37.7 11.8 0.957 0.091 70 37.2 11.9 0.985 0.093 38.8 12.2 0.977 0.095 71 38.3 12.4 1.005 0.096 39.9 12.6 0.995 0.098 72 39.4 12.8 1.023 0.099 41.0 13.1 1.013 0.101 73 40.4 13.3 1.041 0.103 42.1 13.5 1.031 0.104 74 41.5 13.7 1.059 0.106 43.1 14.0 1.048 0.108 75 42.5 14.2 1.075 0.109 44.2 14.5 1.064 0.111 76 43.6 14.7 1.092 0.113 45.3 14.9 1.080 0.114 77 44.6 15.1 1.107 0.116 46.4 15.4 1.095 0.118 78 45.7 15.6 1.123 0.119 47.4 15.9 1.110 0.121 79 46.7 16.1 1.138 0.123 48.5 16.4 1.124 0.125 80 47.7 16.6 1.152 0.126 49.5 16.9 1.138 0.128 81 48.8 17.1 1.166 0.129 50.6 17.4 1.152 0.131 82 49.8 17.6 1.180 0.133 51.7 17.9 1.166 0.135 204 GROWTH OF ORGANS TABLE 85 — Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight of Tail length Body weight Weight of Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. gms. 83 50.8 18.1 1.194 0.136 52.7 18.5 1.179 0.138 84 51.9 18.7 1.207 0.140 53.8 19.0 1.192 0.142 85 52.9 19.2 1.220 0.143 54.8 19.6 1.204 0.145 86 53.9 19.7 1.232 0.146 55.8 20.1 1.216 0.149 87 54.9 20.3 1.245 0.150 56.9 20.7 1.229 0.152 88 55.9 20.8 1.257 0.153 57.9 21.2 1.240 0.156 89 57.0 21.4 1.269 0.157 59.0 21.8 1.252 0.159 90 58.0 22.0 1.281 0.160 60.0 22.4 1.264 0.163 91 59.0 22.5 1.292 0.164 61.0 23.0 1.275 0.166 92 60.0 23.1 1.303 0.167 62.1 23.6 1.286 0.170 93, 61.0 23.7 1.315 0.171 63.1 24.2 1.297 0.173 94 62.0 24.3 1.325 0.174 64.1 24.8 1.307 0.177 95 63.0 25.0 1.336 0.178 65.1 25.4 1.318 0.180 96 64.0 25.6 1.347 0.181 66.1 26.1 1.328 0.184 97 65.0 26.2 1.357 0.185 67.2 26.7 1.338 0.188 98 66.0 26.9 1.368 0.189 68.2 27.4 1.348 0.191 99 67.0 27.5 1.378 0.192 69.2 28.0 1.358 0.195 100 68.0 28.2 1.388 0.196 70.2 28.7 1.368 0.198 101 69.0 28.8 1.398 0.199 71.2 29.4 1.378 0.202 102 70.0 29.5 1.408 0.203 72.2 30.1 1.388 0.206 103 71.0 30.2 1.417 0.207 73.2 30.8 1.397 0.209 104 72.0 30.9 1.427 0.210 74.2 31.5 1.406 0.213 105 73.0 31.6 1.436 0.214 75.2 32.2 1.416 0.217 106 73.9 32.3 1.446 0.218 76.2 33.0 1.425 0.220 107 74.9 33.1 1.455 0.221 • 77.2 33.7 1.434 0.224 108 75.9 33.8 1.464 0.225 78.2 34.5 1.443 0.228 109 76.9 34.6 1.473 0.229 79.2 35.2 1.452 0.232 110 77.9 35.3 1.482 0.232 80.2 36.0 1.460 0.235 111 78.8 36.1 1.491 0.236 81.2 36.8 1.469 0.239 112 79.8 36.9 1.499 0.240 82.2 37.6 1.477 0.243 113 80.8 37.7 1.508 0.244 83.2 38.4 1.486 0.247 114 81.8 38.5 1.517 0.247 84.2 39.3 1.494 0.250 115 82.7 39.3 1.525 0.251 85.2 40.1 1.503 0.254 116 83.7 40.2 1.534 0.255 86.2 40.9 1.511 0.258 117 84.7 41.0 1.542 0.259 87.2 41.8 1.519 0.262 118 85.6 41.9 1.550 0.262 88.1 42.7 1.527 0.266 GROWTH OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 205 TABLE 85 — Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight of Tail length Body weight Weight of Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. gms. 119 86.6 42.7 1.558 0.266 89.1 43.6 1.535 0.269 120 87.6 43.6 1.567 0.270 90.1 44.5 1.543 0.273 121 88.5 44.5 1.575 0.274 91.1 45.4 1.551 0.277 122 89.5 45.4 1.583 0.278 92.1 46.3 1.559 0.281 123 90.5 46.3 1.591 0.281 93.0 47.3 1.567 0.285 124 91.4 47.3 1.599 0.285 94.0 48.2 1.575 0.289 125 92.4 48.2 1.606 0.289 95.0 49.2 1.582 0.292 126 93.4 49.2 1.614 0.293 96.0 50.2 1.590 0.296 127 94.3 50.2 1.622 0.297 96.9 51.2 1.598 0.300 128 95.3 51.1 1.630 0.301 97.9 52.2 1.605 0.304 129 96.2 52.1 1.637 0.305 98.9 53.2 1.613 0.308 130 97.2 53.2 1.645 0.308 99.8 54.2 1.620 0.312 131 98.1 54.2 1.652 0.312 100.8 55.3 1.627 0.316 132 99.1 55.3 1.660 0.316 101.8 56.4 1.635 0.320 133 100.0 56.3 1.667 0.320 102.7 57.5 1.642 0.324 134 101.0 57.4 1.675 0.324 103.7 58.6 1.649 0.328 135 101.9 58.5 1.682 0.328 104.7 59.7 1.657 0.332 136 102.9 59.6 1.689 0.332 105.6 60.9 1.664 0.336 137 103.8 60.7 1.697 0.336 106.6 62.0 1.671 0.339 138 104.8 61.9 1.704 0.340 107.5 63.2 1.678 0.343 139 105.7 63.0 1.711 0.344 108.5 64.3 1.685 0.347 140 106.7 64.2 1.718 0.348 109.5 65.6 1.692 0.35k 141 107.6 65.4 1.725 0.352 110.4 66.8 1.699 0.355 142 108.6 66.6 1.732 0.356 111.4 68.0 1.706 0.359 143 109.5 67.8 1.739 0.360 112.3 69.3 1.713 0.363 144 110.5 69.1 1.746 0.363 113.3 70.6 1.720 0.368 145 111.4 70.4 1.753 0.367 114.2 71.9 1.727 0.372 146 112.3 71.6 1.760 0.371 115.2 73.2 1.733 0.376 147 113.3 72.9 1.767 0.375 116.1 74.5 1.740 0.380 148 114.2 74.3 1.774 0.379 117.1 75.9 1.747 0.384 149 115.2 75.6 1.781 0.384 118.0 77.2 1 754 0.388 150 116.1 77.0 1.788 0.388 119.0 78.6 1.760 0.392 151 117.0 78.3 1.794 0.392 119.9 80.0 1.767 0.396 152 118.0 79.7 1.801 0.396 120.9 81.5 1.774 0.400 153 118.9 81.2 1.808 0.400 121.8 82.9 1.780 0.404 206 GROWTH OF ORGANS TABLE 85— Coutinued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight of Tail length Body •weight Weight of Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. gms. 154 119.8 82.6 1.815 0.404 122.8 84.4 1.787 0.408 155 120.8 84.1 1.821 0.408 123.7 85.9 1.793 0.412 156 121.7 85.6 1.828 0.412 124.7 87.4 1.800 0.416 157 122.6 87.1 1.835 0.416 125.6 89.0 1.807 0.420 158 123.6 88.6 1.841 0.420 126.6 90.6 1.813 0.424 159 124.5 90.1 1.848 0.424 127.5 92.1 1.819 0.429 160 125.4 91.7 1.854 0.428 128.4 93.8 1.826 0.433 161 126.4 93.3 1.861 0.432 129.4 95.4 1.832 0.437 162 127.3 94.9 1.867 0.436 130.3 97.1 1.839 0.441 163 128.2 96.6 1.874 0.441 131.3 98.7 1.845 0.445 164 129.1 98.2 1.880 0.445 132.2 100.5 1.851 0.449 165 130.1 99.9 1.887 0.449 133.1 102.2 1.858 0.453 166 131.0 101.6 1.893 0.453 134.1 104.1 1.864 0.458 167 131.9 103.4 1.899 0.457 135.0 105.7 1 870 0.462 168 132.8 105.1 1.906 0.461 135.9 107.5 1 877 0.466 169 133.8 106.9 1.912 0.465 136.9 109.4 1.883 0.470 170 134.7 108.7 1.918 0.469 137.8 111.3 1.889 0.474 171 135.6 110.6 1.925 0.474 138.8 113.1 1.895 0.478 172 136.5 112.4 1.931 0.478 139.7 115.1 1.901 0.483 173 137.5 114.3 1.937 0.482 140.6 117.0 1.908 0.487 174 138.4 116.3 1.944 0.486 141.5 119.0 1.914 0.491 475 139.3 118.2 1.950 0.490 142.5 121.0 1.920 0.495 176 140.2 120.2 1.956 0.494 143.4 123.0 1.926 0.499 177 141.1 122.2 1.962 0.499 144.3 125.1 1.932 0.504 178 142.1 124.2 1.968 0.503 145.3 127.2 1.938 0.508 179 143.0 126.3 1.975 0.507 146.2 129.3 1.9--4 0.512 180 143.9 128.4 1.981 0.511 147.1 131.5 1.949 0.516 181 144.8 130.5 1.987 0.515 148.1 133.7 1.955 0.520 182 145.7 132.7 1.993 0.520 149.0 135.9 1.962 0.525 183 146.7 134.9 1.999 0.524 149.9 138.1 1.968 0.529 184 147.6 137.1 2.005 0.528 150.8 140.4 1.974 0.533 185 148.5 139.3 2.011 0.532 151.8 142.8 1.980 0.537 186 149.4 141.6 2.017 0.536 152.7 145.1 1.986 0.542 187 150.3 144.0 2.023 0.541 153.6 147.5 1.992 0.546 188 151.2 146.3 2.029 0.545 154.5 149.9 1.998 0.550 189 152.2 148.7 2.035 0.549 155.5 152.4 2.004 0.554 190 153.1 151.1 2.042 0.553 156.4 154.9 2.010 0.559 GROWTH OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH 207 TABLE 85— Continued MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight of Tail length Body weight Weight of Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. gms. 191 154.0 153.6 2.047 0.557 157.3 157.4 2.016 0.563 192 154.9 156.1 2.053 0.562 158.2 160.0 2.022 0.567 193 155.8 158.6 2.059 0.566 159.1 162.6 2.028 0.572 194 156.7 161.2 2.065 0.570 160.1 165.2 2.034 0.576 195 157.6 163.8 2.071 0.575 161.0 167.9 2.039 0.580 196 158.5 166.4 2.077 0.579 161.9 170.6 2.045 0.584 197 159.4 169.1 2.083 0.583 162.8 173.4 2.051 0.589 198 160.4 171.8 2.089 0.587 163.7 176.2 2.057 0.593 199 161.3 174.6 2.095 0.592 164.7 179.1 2.063 0.597 200 162.2 177.4 2.101 0.596 165.6 181.9 2.069 0.602 201 163.1 180.2 2.107 0.600 166.5 184.9 2.074 0.606 202 164.0 183.1 2.112 0.604 167.4 187.8 2.080 0.610 203 164.9 186.0 2.118 0.609 168.3 190.9 2.086 0.615 204 165.8 189.0 2.124 0.613 169.2 193.9 2.092 0.619 205 166.7 192.0 2.130 0.617 170.2 197.0 2.098 0.623 206 167.6 195.0 2.136 0.622 171.1 200.2 2.103 0.628 207 168.5 198.1 2.142 0.626 172.0 203.4 2.109 0.632 208 169.4 201.3 2.148 0.630 172.9 206.6 2.115 0.636 209 170.3 204.4 2.153 0.635 173.8 209.9 2.120 0.641 210 171.2 207.7 2.159 0.639 174.7 213.2 2.126 0.645 211 172.1 210.9 2.165 0.643 175.6 216.6 2.132 0.649 212 173.1 214.3 2.171 0.647 176.6 220.1 2.138 0.654 213 174.0 217.7 2.177 0.652 177.5 223.5 2.143 0.658 214 174.9 221.1 2.182 0.656 178.4 227.1 2.149 0.662 215 175.8 224.5 2.188 0.660 179.3 230.7 2.155 0.667 216 176.7 228.1 2.194 0.665 180.2 234.3 2.160 0.671 217 177.6 231.6 2.199 0.669 181.1 238.0 2.166 0.675 218 178.5 235.3 2.205 0.673 182.0 241.8 2.171 0.680 219 179.4 239.0 2.211 0.678 182.9 245.6 2.177 0.684 220 180.3 242.7 2.217 0.682 183.8 249.4 2.183 0.689 221 181.2 246.5 2.222 0.686 184.8 253.3 2.188 0.693 222 182.1 250.3 2.228 0.691 185.7 257.3 2.194 0.697 223 183.0 254.2 2.234 0.695 186.6 261.3 2.199 0.702 224 183.9 258.2 2.239 0.699 187.5 265.4 2.205 0.706 225 184.8 262.2 2.245 0.704 188.4 269.6 2.211 0.710 226 185.7 266.3 2.251 0.708 189.3 273.8 2.216 0.715 227 186.6 270.4 2.256 0.713 190.2 278.1 2.222 0.719 208 GROWTH OF ORGANS TABLE 85— Concluded MALES FEMALES Body length Tail length Body weight Weight of Tail length Body weight Weight of Brain Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord mm. mm. gms. gms. gms. mm. gms. gms. gms. 228 187.5 274.6 2.262 0.717 191.1 282.4 2.227 0.724 229 188.4 278.8 2.268 0.721 192.0 286.8 2.233 0.728 230 189.3 283.1 2.273 0.726 192.9 291.3 2.238 0.732 231 190.2 287.5 2.279 0.730 193.8 295.8 2.244 0.737 232 191.1 292.0 2.285 0.734 194.7 300.4 2.250 0.741 233 192.0 296.5 2.290 0.739 195.6 305.1 2.255 0.746 234 192.9 301.0 2.296 0.743 196.5 309.8 2.261 0.750 235 193.8 305.7 2.301 0.748 197.4 314.6 2.266 0.754 236 194.7 310.4 2.307 0.752 198.3 319.5 2.272 0.759 237 195.5 315.1 2.312 0.756 199.2 324.4 2.277 0.763 238 196.4 320.0 2.318 0.761 200.1 329.4 2.283 0.768 239 197.3 324.9 2.324 0.765 201.1 334.5 2.288 0.772 240 198.2 329.9 2.329 0.769 202.0 339.7 2.294 0.776 241 199.1 334.9 2.335 0.774 202.9 344.9 2.299 0.781 242 200.0 340.1 2.340 0.778 203.8 350.2 2.305 0.785 243 200.9 345.3 2.346 0.783 204.7 255.6 2.310 0.790 244 201.8 350.5 2.351 0.787 205.6 361.1 2.316 0.794 245 202.7 355.9 2.357 0.791 206.5 366.7 2.321 0.799 246 203.6 361.3 2.363 0.796 207.4 372.3 2.327 0.803 247 204.5 366.8 2.368 0.800 208.3 378.0 2.332 0.807 248 205.4 372.4 2.374 0.805 209.2 383.8 2.337 0.812 249 206.3 378.1 2.379 0.809 210.1 389.7 2.343 0.816 250 207.2 383.9 2.385 0.813 211.0 395.7 2.349 0.821 251 389.7 2.390 0.818 401.7 2.354 0.825 252 395.6 2.396 0.822 407.9 2.359 0.830 253 401.6 2.401 0.827 414.1 2.365 0.834 254 407.7 2.407 0.831 420.4 2.370 0.838 255 413.9 2.412 0.835 426.9 2.376 0.843 256 420.2 2.418 0.840 433.4 2.381 0.847 257 426.5 2.423 0.844 440.0 2.386 0.852 258 433.0 2.429 0.849 446.7 2.392 0.856 259 439.6 2.434 0.853 453.5 2.397 0.861 260 446.2 2.440 0.858 460.4 2.403 0.865 209 TABLE 86 Giving in grams the values obtained by dividing the body weight by the body length in millimeters. Based on data in table 85 BODT LENGTH RATIO BODY LENGTH RATIO BODT LENGTH RATIO Male Female Male Female Male Female 50 0.09 0.09 87 0.23 0.24 124 0.38 0.39 51 0.09 0.10 88 0.24 0.24 125 0.39 0.39 52 0.10 0.10 89 0.24 0.24 126 0.39 0.40 53 0.10 0.11 90 0.24 0.25 127 0.40 0.40 54 0.11 0.11 128 0.40 0.41 55 0.11 0.11 91 0.25 0.25 129 0.40 0.41 56 0.12 0.12 92 0.25 0.26 130 0.41 0.42 57 0.12 0.12 93 0.25 0.26 58 0.12 0.13 94 0.26 0.26 131 0.41 0.42 59 0.13 0.13 95 0.26 0.27 132 0.42 0.43 60 0.13 0.14 96 0.27 0.27 133 0.42 0.43 97 0.27 0.28 134 0.43 0.44 61 0.14 0.14 98 0.27 0.28 135 0.43 0.44 62 0.14 0.14 99 0.28 0.28 136 0.44 0.45 63 0.14 0.15 100 0.28 0.29 137 0.44 0.45 64 0.15 0.15 138 0.45 0.46 65 0.15 0.16 101 0.29 0.29 139 0.45 0.45 66 0.16 0.16 102 0.29 0.30 140 0.46 0.47 67 0.16 0.16 103 0.29 0.30 68 0.16 0.17 104 0.30 0.30 141 0.46 0.47 69 0.17 0.17 105 0.30 0.31 142 0.47 0.48 70 0.17 0.17 106 0.30 0.31 143 0.47 0.48 107 0.31 0.31 144 0.48 0.49 71 0.17 0.18 108 0.31 0.32 145 0.49 0.50 72 0.18 0.18 109 0.32 0.32 146 0.49 0.50 73 0.18 0.18 110 0.32 0.33 147 0.50 0.51 74 0.19 0.19 111 0.33 0.33 148 0.50 0.51 75 0.19 0.19 112 0.33 0.34 149 0.51 0.52 76 0.19 0.20 113 0.33 0.34 150 0.51 0.52 77 0.20 0.20 114 0.34 0.34 78 0.20 0.20 115 0.34 0.35 151 0.52 0.53 79 0.20 0.21 116 0.35 0.35 152 0.52 0.54 80 0.21 0.21 117 0.35 0.36 153 0.53 0.54 118 0.36 0.36 154 0.54 0.55 81 0.21 0.21 119 0.36 0.37 155 0.54 0.55 82 0.21 0.22 120 0.36 0.37 156 0.55 0.56 83 0.22 0.22 157 0.55 0.57 84 0.22 0.23 121 0.37 0.38 158 0.56 0.57 85 0.23 0.23 122 0.37 0.38 159 0.57 0.58 86 0.23 0.23 123 0.38 0.38 160 0.57 0.59 210 GROWTH OF ORGANS TABLE 86— Concluded BODY LENGTH RATIO BODY LENGTH RATIO BODY LENGTH RATIO Male Female Male Female Male Female 161 0.58 0.59 195 0.84 0.86 228 1.20 1.24 162 0.59 0.60 196 0.85 0.87 229 1.22 1.25 163 0.59 0.61 197 0.86 0.88 230 1.23 1.27 164 0.60 0.61 198 0.87 0.89 . 165 0.61 0.62 199 0.88 0.90 231 1.24 1.28 . 166 0.61 0.63 200 0.89 0.91 232 1.26 1.29 167 0.62 0.63 233 1.27 1.31 168 0.63 0.64 201 0.90 0.92 234 1.29 1.32 169 0.63 0.65 202 0.91 0.93 235 1.30 1.34 170 0.64 0.65 203 0.92 0.94 236 1.32 1.35 204 0.93 0.95 237 1.33 1.37 171 0.65 0.66 205 0.94 0.96 238 1.34 1.38 172 0.65 0.67 206 0.95 0.97 239 1.36 1.40 173 0.66 0.68 207 0.96 0.98 240 1.37 1.41 174 0.67 0.68 208 0.97 0.99 175 0.68 0.69 209 0.98 1.00 241 1.39 1.43 176 0.68 0.70 210 0.99 1.02 242 1.41 1.45 177 0.69 0.71 243 1.42 1.46 178 0.70 0.71 211 1.00 1.03 244 1.44 1.48 179 0.71 0.72 212 1.01 1.04 245 1.45 1.50 180 0.71 0.73 213 1.02 1.05 246 1.47 1.51 181 0.72 0.74 214 1.03 1.06 247 1.49 1.53 182 0.73 0.75 215 1.04 1.07 248 1.50 1.55 183 0.74 0.75 216 1.06 1.08 249 1.52 1.57 184 0.75 0.76 217 1.07 1.10 250 1.54 1.58 185 0.75 0.77 218 1.08 1.11 186 0.76 0.78 219 1.09 1.12 251 1.55 1.60 187 0.77 0.79 220 1.10 1.13 252 1.57 1.62 188 0.78 0.80 253 1.59 1.64 189 0.79 0.81 221 1.12 1.15 254 1.61 1.66 190 0.80 0.82 222 1.13 1.16 255 1.62 1.67 223 1.14 1.17 256 1.64 1.69 191 0.80 0.82 224 1.15 1.18 257 1.66 1.71 192 0.81 0.83 225 1.17 1.20 258 1.68 1.73 193 0.82 0.84 226 1.18 1.21 259 1.70 1.75 194 0.83 0.85 227 1.19 1.23 260 1.72 1.77 CHAPTER 14 GROWTH IN TERMS OF WATER AND SOLIDS 1. Percentage of water in blood. 2. Percentage of water in brain and spinal cord. (1) Percentage of water in the blood. Hatai (MS '15) has de- termined the percentage of water in the blood of a small series of Norways. The Norways were recently caught and examined before the day's feeding. The rat was chloroformed, but before the heart ceased beating it was exposed in situ, the tip clipped away and the blood from it caught in a small glass weighing bottle. The fresh weight was immediately taken and after drying at 95°C. for a week the weight of the residue was obtained. The results are given in table 87. TABLE 87 Giving the percentage of water in the blood of the Norway rat, Hatai (MS., '15) SEX NUMBER OF CASES BODYWEIGHT, GBAMS PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BLOOD Range Mean Range Mean M 5 6 4 5 114-169 173-440 103-190 199-304 144 243 148 271 79.02-82.05 79.92-81.53 79.82-80.35 79.52-81.77 80.34 80.52 80.05 80.82 M... F F (2) Percentage of water in the brain and spinal cord. Since the percentage of water in the nervous system is most closely linked with age, a precise determination in the case of the Norway rat is wanting, by reason of the difficulty of rearing the Norway in captivity. A few data are however at hand. From Norways born in captivity from trapped females we obtain the percentages according to age, given in table 88. It 211 212 GROWTH IN WATER AND SOLIDS TABLE 88. Showing the percentage of water in the brain and spinal cord of the Norway rat at different ages (sexes combined), (Donaldson and Hatai, '11) NUMBER OF CASES AGE IN DATS BODY WEIGHT PERCENTAGE OF WATER Brain Spinal cord 5 1 10 13 15 16 19 25 40 47 grams 5.1 12.2 18.1 17.7 26.1 25.5 32.6 35.8 38.5 88.2 86.9 85.3 84.5 82.8 81.5 80.9 79.2 79.3 87.0 83.3 82.5 81.0 79.4 77.8 76.7 74.3 74.0 3 8 6 11 10 7 4 5 is to be noted that for the most part the rats grew poorly, as shown by the body weights. (Donaldson and Hatai, '11. ) For Norways trapped in Philadelphia and killed shortly after capture, we obtain, according to body weight, sexes combined, the percentage values of water in brain and spinal cord which are given in table 89. A comparison of the values for the Norways and Albinos shows that the percentage of water in the Norways tends to run above that in the Albinos — being + 0.37 per cent for the brain and + 0.73 per cent for the spinal cord. PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN NERVOUS SYSTEM 213 TABLE Giving the percentage of water in the brain and spinal cord of the Norway rat accord- ing to body weight (sexes conbined). Based on Donaldson and Hatai, '11, tables 11 and 14 BODT WEIGHT IN GRAMS NUMBER OP CASES (SEXES COMBINED) PERCENTAGE OF WATER (SEXES COMBINED) Brain Spinal cord 195 7 8 14 13 16 14 12 14 11 15 9 11 11 12 10 9 3 8 7 5 3 2 5 2 6 1 1 78.4 78.4 78.6 78.6 78.5 78.7 78.5 78.3 78.3 78.3 78.6 78.6 78.4 78.0 78.2 78.2 78.3 78.1 78.3 78.0 78.3 78.0 78.4 78.0 78.5 78.0 78.0 71.3 71.7 71.7 70.8 71.4 71.5 71.5 70.1 70.3 70.4 71.0 70.1 70.0 69.3 70.3 69.7 70.7 68.0 71.2 69.6 69.8 69.0 70.2 69.0 69.6 69.0 67.0 205 215 225 235... . 245 255 265 275 285 295 305 315 325 335 345 355 365 375 385 395 405 415 425 435 445 455 465 Growth in terms of WATER and Solids: REFERENCES Donaldson and Hatai '11, CHAPTER 15 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE Introduction. The list of references which follows does not claim to be complete and in several directions is intentionally selective. For example, many bacteriological investigations in which the rat has been used are omitted, as are also a large num- ber of descriptive papers belonging to the earlier zoological liter- ature. To this list of omissions belong about a dozen titles which do not appear to be accessible in any of the larger libraries of the United States; the printing of such titles was therefore regarded as superfluous. On the other hand, it has been my intention to include the titles of all the papers which record anatomical investiga- tions and physiological studies, so far as these were generally available. At the outset of such a plan one meets with the difficulty that the rat has been used in many cases where the fact is not stated in the title of the paper, and moreover in other instances it is only one of several animals which have been examined or tested. In the selection of the titles of this class the plan has been to include everything which gave information — no matter how re- stricted— that applied to the rat. Of course it is inevitable under these circumstances that some papers should have been over- looked. In accordance with the general plan of the book we have in- cluded papers not only on the wild Norway and the domesti- cated Albino, but also on both forms of the house rat, Mus rattus rattus and Mus rattus alexandrinus. The specific names and designations as given by the authors are quoted without comment but can be revised by reference to the foregoing section on nomenclature. Now and then I have permitted myself an annotation when this was pertinent. 214 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 215' Thus far the statements apply to the literature which follows and which is arranged alphabetically by authors' names and under authors by date. It was desirable at the same time to get some sort of a subject classification, and this has been done in the following manner. At the end of each chapter, references to the literature bearing on the subject of the chapter are given by author's name and. date. The full reference appears in the list of the end of the volume. The chapter lists contain not only the citations in the text, but also other references which have not been cited there. The presentation is not uniform but dictated by the arrangement of the chapter. Where possible the references are given in alpha- betical order without subdivisions, but where it will be of advan- tage to have the references grouped according to the sub-head- ings, this is done, although under this plan the same reference often appears under more than one sub-heading. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE ADDENDA: PP. 265-266 ACKROYD, H. 1914, 1915 On the purine metabolism of rats. Biochem. J., vol. 8, pp. 434-437. ADAMS, HENRY F. 1913 A set of blind white rats which could not learn the maze. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 3, pp. 300-302. ADDISON, W. H. F. 1911 The development of the Purkinje cells and of the cor- tical layers in the cerebellum of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neurol., . vol. 21, pp. 459-481. ADDISON, W. H. F. AND APPLETON, J. L. 1915 The structure and growth of the incisor teeth of the albino rat. J. of Morphol., vol. 26, pp. 43-96. ADLOFF, PAUL 1898 Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Nagetiergebisses. Inaug.-Diss. Universitat Rostock, Gustav Fischer, Jena. Figs. 77-81 inclusive. ADVISORY COMMITTEE SEE (REPORTS ON PLAGUE INVESTIGATIONS) ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1912 Observations on the breeding of Mus rattus in . captivity. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. 1, pp. 193-206. 1912 a The immunity of the wild rat in India. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. II, 7th Report on Plague Investigations in India, pp. 229-265. 1912 b Experimental plague epidemics among rats. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. II, 7th Report on Plague Invest, in India, pp. 292-299. AHREND 1903 Beitrag zur Geschichte des sog. "Rattenkonigs." Natur. u. Haus., vol. 11, pp. 371-373. AKAMATSU, KUNITARO 1905 On the brown rat. Zool. Mag. (In Japanese) Tokio, vol. 17, no. 203. 216 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE ALBERTUS, MAGNUS 1206-1280 B. Albert! Magni, Opera Omnia, edited by Au- gust Borgnet— 38 vols., 1890-1899, Paris. See vol. 12, 1891, p. 420. Mus "quod nos ratum vocamus," in Lib. xxii De Animalibus, Tract II, n. 78. ALDRICH, T. B. 1912 On feeding young white rats the posterior and the anterior parts of the pituitary gland. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 31, pp. 94-101. ALLEN, EZRA 1912 The cessation of mitosis in the central nervous system of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 22, pp. 547-568. ALSTON, EDWARD R. 1879-1882 Biologia Centrali Americana. Mammals, p. 141. APOLANT, HUGO 1896 Ueber die sympathischen Ganglienzellen der Nager. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 47, pp. 461-471, p. 466, rats mentioned — mostly rabbits. ARNSTEIN, C. 1877 Zur Kenntnis der quergestreiften Muskulatur in den Lun- genvenen. Med. Centralbl., 15 Jahrg., pp. 692-694. Extended to veins of small caliber in the rat. ARON, HANS 1912 Weitere Untersuchungen liber die Beeinflussung des Wach- stums durch die Ernahrung. Verhandl. der 29th Versamml. der Gesel- Isch. f . Kinderheilk. in der Abt. fur Kinderheilkunde der 84 Versamml. der Gesellsch. deut. Naturforcher und Aerzte in Mtinster. Bergmann. Wiesbaden. ARON, HANS 1913 Biochemie des Wachstums des Menschen und der hoheren Tiere. (In OPPENHEIMER, CARL, Handbuch der Biochemie des Menschen und der Tiere — Enganzungsband, pp. 610-674. Fischer, Jena.) ASAI, K. 1908 Die Blutgefasse des hautigen Labyrinthes der Ratte. Beitrage zur vergleichenden Anatomie des inneren Ohres. Anat. Hefte, vol. 36, pp. 711-728. ASCHER, L. 1910 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Rattenkratze. Arch. f. Dermat. u. Syph., Wien u. Leipz., vol. 101, pp. 211-220. 2 pi. ASHER, LEON AND ERDELY, A. 1903 Ueber die Beziehung zwischen Bau und Function des lymphatischen Apparates des Darmes. Centralbl. f. Physiol., vol. 16, pp. 705-709. ASHER, LEON 1908 Des Verhalten des Darmepithels bei verschiedenen funk- tionellen Zustanden. Ztschr. f. Biol., vol. 51, pp. 115-126. ASKANAZY, M. 1908 Die Teratome nach ihrem Bau, ihrem Verlauf , ihrer Genese und im Vergleich zum experimentellen Teratoid. Verh. deutsch. path. Ges., vol. 11, pp. 39-82. ASP, GEORG A. 1873 Bidrag till spottkortlarnes mikroskopiska anatomi. pp. 128, 1 pi. J. C. Frenckell & Son, Helsingfors. 1873 a Om nervernas andingsatt i spottkortlana. (Ueber die Endi- gungsweise der Nerven in den Speicheldriisen.) Nord. med. Ark., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1-9. ASTASCHEWSKY, P. 1877 Ueber die diastatische Wirkung des Speichels bei ver- schiedenen Tieren. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss., pp. 531-534. p. 533, saliva of rat remarkably active. AUMANN 1912 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber die Wirksamkeit bakteri- eller und chemischer Rattenvertilgungsmittel. Centralbl. f. Bak- teriol., 1 Abt., vol. 63, pp. 212-221. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 217 AUNETT, H. E. 1908 Virus for the destruction of rats and mice. Brit. M. J., Lond., vol. 2, p. 1524. BACOT, A. 1914 A study of the bionomics of the common rat fleas and other species associated with human habitations, with special reference to the influence of temperature and humidity at various periods of the life history of the insect. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. Ill, pp. 447-654. BACOT, A. W. AND MARTIN, C. J. 1914 Observations on the mechanism of the transmission of plague by fleas. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. Ill, 8th Report on Plague Invest, in India, pp. 423-440. BAHR, L. 1906 Ueber das Vorkommen von Trichinen bei der Ratte. Zeitschr. Infektionskr. parasit. Krankh. Hyg. Haustiere, vol. 2, pp. 62-65. 1909 Die Resultate der Versuche zur rationellen Rattenvertilgung ver- mittelst Praparate des Laboratoriums. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., 1 Abt. vol. 52, pp. 441-455. 1909 a The rational extirpation of rats by means of ratin prepara- tions. Halsovannen, Stockholm, vol. 24, pp. 329-333. 1910 Zur rationellen Vertilgung von Ratten mit Hilfe von Praparaten des Laboratoriums unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung des Ratinsys- tems. Ztschr. f. Fleisch. u. Milchhyg., Berl., vol. 20, pp. 389-393. BAINBRIDGE, F. A. 1909 On the bacterial nature and efficiency of certain rat viruses. J. Path, and Bacteriol., vol. 13, pp. 457-466. BANCROFT, T. L. 1894 On the whip-worm of the rat's liver. J. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N. South Wales, 1893, Sydney, 1894, xxvii, 86-90, 2 pi. BANNERMAN, W. B. 1906 The spread of plague in India. J. Hyg., vol. 6, pp. 179-211. BARDELEBEN, KARL VON 1899 Handbuch der Anatomic, vol. 4, Centralnerven- system, I Teil, von Prof. Dr. Th. Ziehen., p. 12. Spinal cord weight; rat (Ranke). BARNABO, VALENTINO 1913 Ulteriori richerce sperimentali sulla secrezione in- terna testicolare. Policlin., vol. 20, pp. 165-192. BARRETT-HAMILTON, G. E. H. 1892 Mus alexandrinus in Ireland. The Zoolo- gist, vol. 16, p. 75. BARTENEFF, L. 1891 On the distribution of the nerves in the plexus of the small intestine. Inaug.-Diss. 32 pp. 1 pi. (in Russian). BASCH, S. VON 1870 Die ersten Chyluswege und die Fettresorption. Sitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. math.-naturw. Cl. Wien, vol. 62, Abt. 2, pp. 617-634. Ipl. BASHFORD, E. T. AND MURRAY, J. A., ETC. 1900 General results of propagation of malignant new growths. The Imp. Cancer Research Fund, 3rd Scien. Report, pp. 262-283. BASLER, A. 1909 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bewegungsvorgange des Blinddarm- inhaltes. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 128, pp. 251-276, 9 text figures. BASSET, GARDNER C. 1914 Habit formation in a strain of albino rats of less than normal brain weight. Behavior monographs, vol 2, no. 4, serial number 9. BATE, DOROTHEA M. A. 1912 On a new species of mouse and other rodent re- mains from Crete. Geol. Mag. Dec., V. vol. ix, no. 571, pp. 4-6. Epi- mys (Mus) rattus from the pleistocene cave deposits of Crete. 218 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE B ATESON, W. 1903 The present state of knowledge of color heredity in mice and rats. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, vol. 2, p. 71. BAUMGART, MARTIN 1904 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber Mus rattus und Mus decumanus und iiber die Ursachen der Verdrangung der Hausratte durch die Wanderratte. Inaug.-Diss. Philos. Fak. Zurich. BATON, H. 1911 Demonstration of specimens relating to the culture of the leprosy bacillus. Brit. M. J. part 2, pp. 1269-1272. 1912 Demonstration of acid-fast germs cultivated from cases of lep- rosy. Tr. Soc. Trop. M. and Hyg., vol. 5, pp. 103-105. Authors mentioned in text; no tables — rats. 1912 a The experimental transmission of the spirochaete of Euro- pean relapsing fever to rats and mice. Parasitology (Suppl. to the J. Hyg.) vol. 5, pp. 135-149 3 figs.; experiments on white rats, pp. 142- 145; results summarized, not tabulated. 1912 b The culture and identification of the germ of leprosy and the relationship of the human disease to rat leprosy. Tr. Soc. Trop. M. and Hyg., vol. 5, pp. 158-167. 1912 c On the transmission of leprosy to animals by direct inocula- tion. Brit. M. J., part 1, pp. 424-426. BECHSTEIN, J. M. 1801 Gemeinniitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands nach alien drey Reichen. Zweite Ausgabe, vol 1, Saugethiere, pp. 931-952. Leipzig. BECHTEREW, W. VON 1890 Ueber die verschiedenen Lagen und Dimensionen der Pyramidenbahnen beim Menschen und den Thieren und liber das Vorkommen von Fasern in denselben welche sich durch eine frlihere Entwickelung auszeichnen. Neurol. Centralbl., pp. 738-741. BECK, WILHELM 1896 Uber den Austritt des N. Hypoglossus und N. Cervi- calis Primus aus dem Centralorgan beim Menschen und in der Reihe der Saugetiere unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der dorsalen \\ur- zeln. Anat Hefte, vol. 6, pp. 251-344. Mus rattus, p. 312. BEILING, KARL 1906 Beitrage zur makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Ana- tomic der Vagina und des Uterus der Saugetiere. Archiv. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 67, pp. 573-637. Mus decumanus, p. 588. BELL, E. T. 1911 The interstitial granules of striated muscle and their relation to nutrition. Internat. Monat. f. Anat. u. Physiol., vol. 28, pp. 297- 347. BELL, THOMAS 1837-1874 British quadrupeds including the cetacea. John van Voorst, London; 2nd ed., pp. 310-320. Both rattus and decumanus: excellent pictures of each. BELLONCI, G. 1885 Del fuso direzionale e della formazione di un globulo polare nell'ovulo ovarico di alcuni mammiferi. Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Ser 4. Rendiconti, pp. 285-286. BELLOT, G. 1899 Recherches sur 1'origine des corps jaunes de 1'ovaire chez le rat et le cochon d'Inde. Compt. rend, de 1'Ass. d. Anat. Premiere ses- sion, Paris, pp. 47-52. BENDA, CARL 1887 Untersuchungen iiber den Bau des funktionirenden Samen- kanalchens einiger Saugethiere und Folgerungen fur die Spermatoge- nese dieser Wirbelthierklasse. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., vol. 30, pp. 49- 110. Rat, pp. 58 and 66. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 219 BENEDICENTI, A. 1892 Recherches sur les terminaisons nerveuses dans la mu- queuse de la trachee. Resume de 1'Auteur. Arch. ital. de biol., vol. 17, pp. 46-48. BENNETT, CHARLES B. 1914 The cholesterol content of cancers in rats. J. Biol.. Chem., vol. 17. pp. 13-14. BERETTA, ARTUR 1913 La normala dentatura dei Roditori in rapporto alle anomalie dentali in questi osservate. Stomatol., vol. 10, no. 2 and 3. BERGMANN, A. M. 1908 Two methods for the extermination of rats, by the culture of Danysz' rat bacillus and ratin. Svensk Veterinartidskr., Stockholm, vol. 13, pp. 377-387. BERKLEY, H. J. 1893 The intrinsic pulmonary nerves by the silver method. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 3, pp. 107-111, 1 pi. Mus decumanus. 1895 The intrinsic pulmonary nerves in mammalia. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep. (Baltimore), vol. 4, pp. 72-78 (240-246), 1 pi. BERRY, C. S. 1906 The imitative tendency of white rats. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 16, pp. 333-361. BERT, PAUL 1878 La pression barometrique; rescherches de physiologic experi- mentale. G. Masson, Paris. Some observations on rats. BIBRA, ERNST VON 1854 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber das Gehirn des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere. Basssermann and Mathy, Mannheim. Hausratte — Mus rattus, p. 22. BIEDL, ARTUR 1913 Innere Sekretion. 2 vols. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Berlin. BIGNOTTI, G. 1900 Sul tarso del Mus decumanus. Monit. zool. ital., vol. 11, suppl. pp. 17-19. BIRCHER, EUGEN 1911 Die kretinische Degeneration (Kropf, endemischer Kretinismus und Taubstummheit) in ihrer Beziehung zu anderen Wis- sensgebieten. Fortschr. d. Naturwissen. Forschung, vol. 2, pp. 273- 338, p. 289, figures of the normal and abnormal thyroid of the rat. All references by name only. 1911 a Weitere Beitrage zur experimentellen Erzeugung des Kropf es. Die Kropfatiologie ein colloid-chemisches Problem. Ztschr. f. exper. Path. u. Therap., vol. 9. BISCHOFP, T. L. W. 1832 Nervii accessorii Willisii anatomia et physiologia. 104 pp., 6 pi. 4°. Heidelbergae, typ. Reichardianis. BLANC, Louis 1892 Sur un ovule a deux noyaux observ6 dans 1'ovaire de Mus decumanus. Ann. de la societe" Linneenne de Lyon Nouv. S6r., vol. 39, pp. 73-80. BLASIUS, J. H. 1857 Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands und der angrenzen- den Lander von Mitteleuropa. Vol. 1, Saugethiere. Braunschweig. Viehweg. Descriptions of the several species of rats. BLUE, RUPERT 1908 The underlying principles of anti-plague measures. Calif. State J. Med., vol. 6, pp. 271-277. 1910 Rodents in relation to the transmission of bubonic plague. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 145-152. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Service of U. S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Wash., D. C. BOELTER, W. R. 1909 The rat problem. John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Lon- don, pp. 165. 220 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE BOGARDTJS, E. S. AND HsNKE, F. G. 1911 Experiments on tactual sensations in the white rat. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 1, pp. 125-137. BOHLEN, F. 1894 Ueber die elektromotorischen Wirkungen der Magenschleim- haut. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 57, pp. 97-122. BOINET, ED. 1895 Resistance a la fatigue de 11 rats de"capsules depuis cinq et six mois. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 47, pp. 273-274. 1895 a Ablation des capsules vraies et accessoires chez le rat d'e"gout. Compt. Rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 47, pp. 498-500. 1897 Diminution de resistance des rats doublement de'capsule's a 1'action toxique de diverses substances. C. R. Soc. de Biol., p. 466. 1897 a Dix nouveaux cas de maladie d'Addison exp6rimentale chez le rat d'e'gout. C. R. Soc. de Biol., 8th and 15th of May, pp. 439 and 473. BORCHERDING, FR. 1889 tlber das Vorkommen deV Hausratte, Mus rattus L., im nordwestlichen Deutschland. Zoolog. Garten, 30 Jahrg., pp. 92- 93. BORGNET, AUGUST See Albertus Magnus. BOUGHTON, T. H. 1906 The increase in the number and size of the medullated fibers in the oculomotor nerve of the white rat and of the cat at dif- ferent ages. J. comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 16, pp. 153-165. BOYCOTT, A. E. AND DAMANT, G. C. C. 1908 Experiments on the influence of fatness on susceptibility to caisson disease. J. Hyg. Cambr., vol. 8, pp. 445-456. Pp. 447-450, tables and notes on experiments with rats giving sex, body weight and fatty acids. 1908 a A note on the total fat of rats, guinea-pigs and mice. J. Phys- iol., vol. 37, pp. 25-26. BOYCOTT, A. E., DAMANT, G. C. C. AND HALDANE, J. S. 1908 The preven- tion of compressed air illness. J. Hyg. Cambr., vol. 8, pp. 342-443. BRADLEY, O. Charnock 1903 On the development and homology of the mam- malian cerebellar fissures. J. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 37, pp. 112-130. Cerebellum: Mus decumanus figs. 38, 39, 40 and 41. BRAUN, M. 1882 Entwicklungsvorgange am Schwanzende bei einigen Sauge- thierenmit Beriicksichtigung beim Menschen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys- iol., Anat. Abt., pp. 207-241. Taf. XII, XIII. Rat among animals used. BRINCKERHOFF, WALTER R. 1910 Rat leprosy. Found in "The rat and its re- lation to the public health." Pp. 49-53. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. BRISSON, A. D. 1756 Le regne animal divise" en IX classes, etc. 4° Paris. P. 168, description of Mus rattus — many references. BROWN, HERBERT H. 1885 On spermatogenesis in the rat. Quart. J. Micr. Sc., London, vol. 25, pp. 343-369. BROWN-SEQUARD, E. 1856 Recherches expe'rimentales sur la physiologie et la pathologic des capsules surr&iales. Arch. gdn. de me'd. vol. 2 (ser. 5, vol. 8) pp. 385-401; 572-598 (Oct. and Nov). Experiments chiefly on rabbits; but mentions another physiologist's observations on rats, p. 595. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 221 BRUMMER. JOHANNES 1876 Anatomische und histologische Untersuchungen iiber den zusammengesetztenMagen verschiedener Saugethiere. Tafeln I-V. Deutsche Ztschr. f. Thiermed., vol. 2, pp. 158-298 and 299-319. BRUNEAU 1886 Un tuyau a gaz en plomb coupe par les rats. Ann. d'hyg., Par., 3s., xv, 530. BRUNING, HERMANN 1914 Experimentelle Studien iiber die Entwicklung neu- geborener Tiere bei langerdauernder Trennung von der Saugenden Mutter und nachheriger verschiedenartiger kiinstlicher Ernahrung (Rats). Jahrb. f. Kinderheilk., vol. 80, pp. 65-85. 6 fig. in text (tables and graphs important). 1914 a Untersuchungen liber das Wachstum von Tieren jenseits der Sauglingsperiode bei verschiedenartiger kiinstlicher Ernahrung (Rat). Jahrb. Kinderheilk., vol. 79, pp. 305-319. 2 text figs., tables (impor- tant). BRUNN, A. VON 1880 Notiz iiber unvollkommene Schmelzentwicklung auf den Mahlzahnen der Ratte — M. decumanus. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 17, pp. 241-242. 1887 Ueber die Ausdehnung des Schmelzorganes und seine Bedeutung fur die Zahnbildung Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 29, pp. 367-383. BUCHANAN, A. 1910 The destruction of rats. Brit. M. J., Lond., vol. 2, p. 1388. BUCKLAND, FRANCIS T. 1859 Curiosities of natural history. Rudd and Carle- ton, N. Y. Rats, pp. 87-205. BUFFON, GEORGE Louis LE CLERC, COMTE DE 1749-1789 Histoire naturelle, gSnerale et particuliere. Paris, vol. 7, 1758, pp. 278-308; vol. 8, 1760, pp. 206-218. BUJARD, EUG. 1905 Sur les villosit6s intestinales. Bibl. anat., vol. 14, p. 236. 1909 Etude des types appendiciels de la muqueuse intestinale, en rap- port avec les regimes alimentaires. Morphologic compared. Sitio- morphoses naturelles et expdrimentales. Internat. Monatschr. f. Anat. u. Physiol., vol. 26, pp. 101-192. Plates VI-X, Rats, pp. 123- 124. BULLE, HERMANN 1887 Beitrage zur Anatomie des Ohres. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., vol. 29. pp. 237-264. Rat, p. 245. BULLOCK, F. D. AND ROHDENBURG, G. L. 1913 Primary sarcoma of the liver of the rat originating in the wall of a parasitic cyst. J. Med. Research, vol. 28 (n. s. vol. 23) pp. 477-481. 1915 Tumor-like growths in the rat stomach following irritation. Proc. of the Soc. for Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 12, pp. 161-162. BULLOCK, W. E 1913 Contributions to the biochemistry of growth. On the lipoids of transplantable tumors of the mouse and the rat. Proc. R. Soc., London, vol. 87 B, pp. 236-239. CABIBBE, GIACOMO 1904 Histologische Untersuchungen iiber die Nervenendi- gungen in den Sehnen und im Perimysium der Ratte und des Meer- schweinchens. Monatschr. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol., vol. 15, pp. 81-89. 3 figs. CAJAL, S. RAMON 1889 Neuvas aplicaziones de metodo de colaraci6n de Golgi. Gac. med. Catal., vol. 12, pp. 6-8. 222 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE CAJAL, S. RAMON 1893 Sur les ganglions et plexus nerveux de 1'intestin. Compt. rend. soc. de biol., ser. 9, vol. 5, pp. 217-223, Paris. 3 figs. 1897 Leyes de la morfologia y dinamismo de las c61ulas nerviosas. Rev. trimestr. Microgr., vol. 2, pp. 1-28. 1903 Un sencillo m6todo de coloraci6n del reticulo protoplasmico y sus efectos en los diversos centres nerviosos de vertebrados e inverte- brados. Rev. trimestr Microgr., vol. 7, pp. 129-221, fig. 33. 1909, 1911 Histologie du systeme nerveux de 1'homme et des vert6- bres. 2 vols. A. Maloine. Paris For rat (vol. 1) figs. 19, 113, 123, 189, 190; (vol. 2) figs. 20, 21, 46, 246. CALEF, A. 1900 Studio istologico e morfologico di un'appendice epiteliale del pelo nella pelle del Mus decumanus var. albino e del Sus scrofa. Anat. Anz., vol. 17, pp. 509-517. CALMETTE, A. 1910 La lutte internationale contre les rats. L'Hygiene, Par., no. 9, 5-7.. 1911 La lutte internationale contre les rats. J. de med. de Par., 2s. vol. 23, pp. 588-591. CAMPANA, ROBERTO 1911 I bacilli acidi nei topi in Mancuiria; ed altri studi. CILn. dermosifilopat d. r. Univ. di Roma, vol. 29, pp. 47-50. CAMPBELL, J. MACNAUGHT 1892 On the appearance of the brown rat (Mus de- cumanus Pallas) on Ailsa Craig. Ann. of Scott. Nat. Hist. I. no. 2. pp. 132-134. CANNIEU, ANDRE 1893 R£cherches sur le nerf auditif, ses rameaux et ses gang- lions. Revue biol. du Nord de la France, Ann6e VI, pp.87-153. Rat among animals used. CARMICHAEL, E. S. and MARSHALL, F. H. A. 1907 The correlation of the ovarian and uterine functions. Proc. Roy. Soc. S. B. vol. 79, pp. 387-394. Rats — 4 experiments. CARPENTER, F. W. AND CONEL, J. L. 1914 A study of ganglion cells in the sym- pathetic nervous system, with special reference to intrinsic sensory neurones. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 24, pp. 269-281. CARR, HARVEY AND WATSON, J. B. 1908 Orientation in the white rat. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 18, pp. 27-44. CASTLE, W. E. 1911 Heredity. Chapter 6. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y. 1912 Some biological principles of animal breeding. Am. Breeders Mag., vol. 3, pp. 270-282. 1912 a The inconstancy of unit characters. Am. Naturalist, vol. 46, pp. 352-362. CASTLE, W. E. AND PHILLIPS, J. C. 1914 Piebald rats and selection. An ex- perimental test of the effectiveness of selection and of the theory of gametic purity in Mendelian crosses. Carnegie Inst. Wash., no. 195. CASTLE, W. E. 1914 Some new varieties of rats and guinea pigs and their rela- tion to problems of color inheritance. Am, Naturalist, vol. 48, pp. 65-73. 1914 a Yellow varieties of rats. Am. Naturalist, vol. 48, p. 254. CAVAZZANI, E. AND MUZZIOLI, M. 1912 Contribution a 1'etude de 1'eau dans les organismes. Arch. ital. Biol., vol. 57, pp. 473-480. KEFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 223 CESANA, G. 1910 Lo sviluppo ontogenico degli atti riflesi (Rat) Arch, di Fisiol., vol. 9, pp. 1-120, 43 figs.— full tables. CHAPIN, C. W. 1912 An acid-fast organism resembling the bacillus of human leprosy cultivated from the tissues of a leprous rat. Pub. health rep. U. S. Mar. Hosp. Serv., vol. 27, part 1, p. 161. CHICK, HARRIETTS AND MARTIN, C. J. 1911 The fleas common on rats in differ- ent parts of the world and the readiness with which they bite man. J. Hyg., vol. 11, pp. 122-136. CHIDESTER, F. E. 1912 Experiments with desiccated thyroid, thymus and su- prarenals. Science, vol. 36, no. 932, November 8th. CHIEVITZ, J. H. 1885 Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Speicheldrtisen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Entwcklngsgesch., pp. 401-436, 1 pi. CHISOLM, R. A. 1911 On the size and growth of the blood in tame rats. Quart. J. Exper. Physiol., vol. 4, pp. 207-229. CLARKE, W. E. 1891 Black and Alexandrine rats at Leith (M. rattus and al- exandrinus) Ann. of Scott. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 36. COE, W. R. 1908 The maturation of the egg of the rat. Science, vol.27, no. 690, March 20th, p. 444. CONGDON, E. D. 1912 The surroundings of the germ plasm. III. The inter- nal temperature of warm-blooded animals (Mus decumanus, M. muscu- lus, Myoxus glis) in artificial climates. Archiv f. Entwcklngsmechn. d. Organ., vol. 33, pp. 703-715. CONVERSE, G. M. 1910 Rat suppression in San Francisco, California. Pub. Health Rep., U. S. Mar. Hosp. Serv. Wash., vol. 25, pp. 1003-1005. COOK, C. 1886 Poisoning from a rat bite. Indiana M. J., vol. 9, p. 77. COOK, F. C. 1913 The importance of food accessories as shown by rat-feeding experiments. Science, p. 675. November 7. CORNALIA, EMILE 1858-1871 Mammiferes fossiles de Lombardie, Milan — being 2nd Series in Paleonotologie Lombarde par 1'Abbie Antoine Stoppani. 4°. pp. 38-40. Mus rattus. CORNISH, THOM. 1890 Black rat in Cornwall. Zoologist, vol. 13, p. 450. CRAMER, W. 1908 The gaseous metabolism in rats inoculated with malignant new growths. Third Scien. Report Imp. Cancer Research Fund, pp. 427- 433. CRAMER, W. AND PRINGLE, HAROLD 1910 Contributions to the biochemistry of growth. The total nitrogen metabolism of rats bearing malignant new growths. Proc. R. Soc., London, vol. 82 B, pp. 307-315. CRAMPE, HUGO 1877 Kreuzungen zwischen Wanderatten verschiedener Farbe. Landwirths. Jahrb., vol. 6, p. 384. 1883 Zucht-Versuche mit zahmen Wanderratten. I. Resultate der Zucht in Verwandtschaft. Landwirths. Jahrb., vol. 12. 1884 Zucht-Versuche mit zahmen Wanderratten. II. Resultate der Kreuzung der zahmen Ratten mit wilden. Landwirths. Jahrb., vol. 13. CREEL, RICHARD H. 1910 Rat proofing as an antiplague measure. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 171-178. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. 224 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE CRISTIANI, H. 1892 L' inversion des feuillets blastodermiques chez le rat albi- nos. Arch, de Phys. norm, et pathol., vol. 24 (S. 5, T. 4). 1893 De la thyroidectomie chez le rat pour servir a la physiologic de la glande thyroide. Arch, de physiol. norm, et path., 5th series, vol. 5, pp. 39-46. 1893 a Remarques sur 1'anatomie et la physiologic des glandes et glandules thyroidiennes chez le rat. Arch, de physiol. norm, et path., 5th series, vol. 5, pp. 164-168. 1893 b Des glandules thyroidiennes accessoires chez la souris e le campagnol. Arch, de physiol. norm, et path., 5th series, vol. 5, pp. 279-283. 1895 De la greffe thyroldienne in gfinfiral et de son Evolution histo- logique en particulier. Arch, de physiol. norm, et path., 5th series, vol. 7 (vol. 27), pp. 65-76. 1900 Developpement des greffes thyroldienne; analogic avec le d<5- veloppement embryonnaire du corps thyroide et avec la formation du goitre hyperplasique. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., Paris, vol. 52, pp. 967-969. CRISTIANI, H. AND CRISTIANI, A. 1902 Recherches sur les capsules surrfinales (Planche I.) J. de physiol. et de path, gen., vol. 4, pp. 837-844. 1 902 a De la greffe des capsules surrfinales (Planche II). J. de phy- siol., vol. 4, pp. 982-997. 1902 b Role preponderant de la substance mfidullaire des capsules surre"nales dans la fonction de ces glandes. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 54, pp. 710-711. 1902 c Histologie pathologique des greffes de capsules sun-finales. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 54, pp. 811-814. 1902 d De I'insuffisance fonctionelle des greffes de capsules surrenales. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 54, pp. 1124-1126. CUENOT, L. 1899 Sur la determination du sexe chez les animaux. Bull. sci. de la France et de la Belgique, vol. 32. CURRIE, DONALD H. 1910 Bacterial diseases of the rat other than plague. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 55-57. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. CUSTOR, J. 1873 Ueber die relative Grosse des Darmcanals und der haupt- sachlichsten Korpersysteme beim Menschen und bei Wirbelthieren. Diss. Berlin. CUVIER, G. 1805 Lecons d' Anatomic compare'e. Paris. T. iii, p. 383. In the rat family the stomach presents two divisions. CZERMAK, NICOLAY 1895 Emahrungswege einer epithelialen Zelle. Anat. Anz., vol. 11, pp. 547-550, 1 Abb. CZERNY, ADALBERT 1890 Ueber Riickbildungsvorgange an der Leber. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., vol. 35, pp. 87-103. Rat, p. 88 and 101. DARWIN, CHARLES 1883 Animals and plants under domestication. Vol. 2, p. 65. Varieties of cross-bred rats. DEAN, GEORGE 1903 A disease of the rat caused by an acid-fast bacillus. Cen- tralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., vol. 34, part 1, pp. 222-224. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 225 DEAN, GEORGE 1905 Further observations on a leprosy-like disease of the rat. J. Hyg., vol. 5, pp. 99-112. DEHNE, A. 1855 Mus decumanus, Pallas: Die Wanderratte u. ihre Varietaten. Allg. deutsche Naturhist. Zeit. n. f., vol. 1, pp. 169-174. DEMAISON, L. 1906 Sur les rois de rats. Feuille jeun. Natural (4) Ann. 37, p. 38. DEMJANENKO, K. 1909 Das Verhalten des Darmepithels bei verschiedenen funktionellen Zustanden. Ztschr. f. Biol., vol. 52, pp. 153-188. (Zweite Mitt, nebst Bemerkung von Leon Asher.) DIMOCK, JAMES F. See Giraldus Cambrensis. DISSELHORST, RUDOLF 1897 Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdriisen der Wir- beltiere. Eine vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchung. Arch. f. wissensch. u. prakt. Thierh., vol. 23. 1897 a Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdriisen der Wirbeltiere, mit be- sonderer Beri'icksichtigung des Menschen. viii, pp. 279, 16 pi. 8°. J. F. Bergmann, Wiesbaden. 1904 Ausfiihrapparat und Anhangsdriisen der Mannlichen Geschlechts- organe. In Oppel, A, "Lehrbuch der Vergleichenden Mikroskopi- schen Anatomic der Wirbeltiere.' Vierter Teil. Gustav Fischer. Jena. Rodentia — Mus decumanus, pp. 263-282. DOLLFUS, ADRIEN 1906 Les rois de rats. Feuille jeun. Natural (4) Ann. 36, pp. 174-175, 185-188. DONALDSON, H. H. 1900 The functional significance of the size and shape of the neurone. J. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., vol. 27, no. 10. DONALDSON, H. II. AND HOKE, G. W. 1905 On the areas of the axis cylinder and medullary sheath as seen in cross sections of the spinal nerves of vertebrates. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 15, pp. 1-16. DONALDSON, H. H. 1906 A comparison of the white rat with man in respect to the growth of the entire body. Boas Anniversary Volume, pp. 5-26. G. E. Stechert & Co., N. Y. 1908 A comparison of the albino rat with man in respect to the growth of the brain and of the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 18, pp. 345-392. 1909 On the relation of the body length to the body weight and to the weight of the brain and of the spinal cord in the albino rat (Mus nor- vegicus var. albus). J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 19, pp. 155-167. 1910 On the percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 20, pp. 119-144. 1911 On the influence of exercise on the weight of the central nervous system of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 21, pp. 129-137. 1911 a The effect of underfeeding on the percentage of water, on the ether-alcohol extract, and on medullation in the central nervous sys- tem of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 21, pp. 139-145. 1911 b An interpretation of some differences in the percentage of water found in the central nervous system of the albino rat and due to conditions other than age. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 21, pp. 161-176. 1911 c Studies on the growth of the mammalian nervous system. J. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., vol. 38, pp. 257-266. 226 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE DONALDSON, H. H. AND HATAI, S 1911 A comparison of the Norway rat with the albino rat in respect to body length, brain weight, spinal cord weight and the percentage of water in both the brain and the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neur. vol. 21, pp. 417-458. 1911 a Note on the influence of castration on the weight of the brain and spinal cord in the albino rat and on the percentage of water in them. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 21, pp. 155-160. DONALDSON, H. H. 1912 A comparison of the European Norway and albino rats (Mus norvegicus and Mus norvegicus albinus) with those of North America in respect to the weight of the central nervous system and to cranial capacity. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 22, pp. 71-97. 1912 a On the weight of the crania of Norway and albino rats from three stations in western Europe and one station in the United States. Anat. Record, vol. 6, pp 53-63. 1912 b The history and zoological position of the albino rat. J. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vol. 15, 2nd series, pp. 365-369. 1912 c An anatomical analysis of growth. Trans. 15th Internat. Cong. Hyg. and Demography, Wash., D. C., Sept. 23-28. DONCASTER, L. 1906 On the inheritance of coat color in rats. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., vol. 13, pp. 215-228. DONNDORFF, J. A. 1792 Zoologische Beitrage zur XIII Ausgabe des Linneschen Natursystem. 2 vols. Leipzig. Vol. 1, Die Saugethiere, p. 427. DOSTOIEWSKY, A. 1886 Ueber den Bau der Vorderlappen des Hirnanhanges. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 26, pp. 592-598. 1886 a Ein Beitrag zur mikroskopischen Anatomic der Nebennieren bei S'augethieren. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., vol. 27, pp. 272-296. Rat, p. 279 and 287. DBASCH, O. 1886 Zur Frage der Regeneration und der Aus — und Riickbildung der Epithelzellen. Sitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. math.-naturw. Cl. Wien. Vol. 93, Abt III, pp. 200-213, 1 pi. DUESBERG, J. 1907 Die Mitochondrial-Apparat in den Zellen der Wirbeltiere und Wirbellosen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 71, pp. 284-296. 1908 Les divisions des spermatocytes chez le rat (Mus decumanus Pall., vari6t6 albinos). Arch. f. Zellforsch., vol. 1. 1908 a La Spermatog£nese chez le rat (Mus decumanus Pall., Vari6t6 albinos) M6moire pr6sent6 pour 1'obtention du titre de docteur special en sciences anatomiques, University de Liege. Wilhelm En- gelmann. Leipzig. Also (b) Arch. f. Zellforsch., vol. 2, pp. 137-180. 1909 Note comp!6mentaire sur la spermatogenese du rat. Arch. f. Zellforsch., vol. 3, pp. 553-562. DUNN, ELIZABETH H. 1908 A study in the gain in weight for the light and heavy individuals of a single group of albino rats. Proc. Assoc. Am. Anat. in Anat. Record, vol. 2, pp. 109-110. 1912 The influence of age, sex, weight and relationship upon the number of medullated nerve fibers and on the size of the largest fibers in the ventral root of the second cervical nerve of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 22, pp. 131-157. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 227 DuPuY, W. A. AND BREWSTER, E. T. 1910 Our duel with the rat. McClure's Mag., vol. 35, pp. 69-79. DURHAM, FLORENCE M. 1904 On the presence of tyrosinases in the skins of some pigmented vertebrates. Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. 74, pp. 310-313. DUVAL, C. W. 1910 The cultivation of the leprosy bacillus and the experimental production of leprosy in the Japanese dancing mouse. J. Exper. M., vol. 12, pp. 649-665. 1911 Notes on the biology of B. leprae. N. Orl. M. and S. J. , vol. 63, pp. 549-559. DUVAL, C. W. AND GURD, F. B. 1911 Experimental immunity with reference to the bacillus of leprosy. Part 1. A study of the factors determining infection in animals. J. Exper. Med., vol. 14, pp. 181-195. 1911 a Studies on the biology of and immunity against the bacillus of leprosy : with a consideration of the possibility of specific treatment and prophylaxis. Arch. Int. Med., vol. 7, pp. 230-245. DUVAL, C. W. AND WELLMAN, CREIGHTON 1912 A new and efficient method of cultivating bacillus leprae from the tissues; with observations on the different strains of acid-fast bacilli found in leprous lesions. J. Am. M. Ass., vol. 58, p. 1427. DUVAL, C. W. AND HARRIS, W. H. 1913 Further studies upon the leprosy bacil- lus: its cultivation and differentiation from other acid-fast species. J. Med. Research, vol. 26 (n.s. 21), pp. 165-198. EBNER, V. VON 1873 Die acinosen Driisen der Zunge und ihre Beziehungen zu den Geschmacksorganen. Leuschner und Lubensky, Graz., 66 pp., 2 pi. 1888 Zur Spermatogenese bei den Saugethieren. Archiv f . mikr. Anat., vol. 31, pp. 236-292. Tafel XV, XVI, XVII (Rat). EDELMANN, RICHARD 1889 Vergleichend anatomische und physiologische Untersuchungen iiber eine besondere Region der Magenschleimhaut (Cardiadriisen-region) bei den Saugethieren. Deutsche Ztschr. f. Thiermed., vol. 15, pp. 165-214. EDINGTON, A 1901 Rattenpest. Centralbl. f. Bacter., vol. 29, p. 889. EDWARDS, A. MILNE 1871 Melanism in Mus decumanus. Ann. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 15, art. 7. 1872 Note sur la varie'te' me'lanienne du surmulot (Mus decumanus). Ann. des. Sc. Nat. Zool., 5th ser., vol. 15. EIMER, G. H. TH. 1869 Die Wege des Fettes in der Darmschleimhaut bei seiner Resorption. Arch. f. pathol. Anat., vol. 48, pp. 119-177, pi. 4 and 5. EISELSBERG, VON 1890 Ueber einen Fall von erfolgreicher Transplantation eines Fibrosarkoms bei Ratten. Wiener klin. Wochenschr., no. 48. ELLENBERGER, W. 1906 Zum Mechanismus der Magenverdauung. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 114, pp. 93-107. Critique of A. Scheunert, ibid., p. 64. ELLENBERGER, WILHELM AND GUENTHER, G. 1908 Grundriss der vergleichen- den Histologie der Haussaugetiere. Berl. Parey., 3rd ed. rev. and enlarged. ELLIOTT, T. R. AND BARCLAY-SMITH, E. 1904 Antiperistalsis and other muscu- lar activities of the colon. J. Physiol., vol. 31, pp. 272-304. Rat: pp. 283-287. Fig. 3. 228 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE ELLIOTT, T. R. AND TUCKETT, J. 1906 Cortex and medulla in the suprarenal glands. J. Physiol., vol. 34, pp. 332-369. ENGELMANN, TH. W. 1877 Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Muskel- und Nervenelektrizitat. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 15, pp. 116-148. ERDELY, A. 1905 Untersuchungen iiber die Eigenschaften und die Entstehung der Lymphe. Fiinfte Mitt. Uber die Beziehungen zwischen Bau und Funktion des lymphatischen Apparates des Darmes. Taf . III. Ztschr. f. Biol., vol. 46, pp. 119-152. Tabulation of numbers of lymphocytes. ERDHEIM, JAKOB 1906 Zur Anatomic der Kiemenderivate bei Ratte, Kaninchen undlgel. Anat. Anz., vol. 29, pp. 609-623. Rats, pp. 610-616, Fig., p. 621. 1906 a Tetania parathyreopriva. Mitt. a. d. Grenzgeb. d. Med. u. Chir., vol. 16, pp. 632-744. 1907 Tetania parathyreopriva. Med. Press and Circ., vol. 83, pp. 91-93. 1911 Ueber den Kalkgehalt des wachsenden Knochens und des Callus nach der Epithelkorperchenexstirpation. Frankfurt. Ztschr. f. Path., vol. 7, pp. 175-230. 1911 a Zur Kenntnis der parathyreopriven Dentinveranderung. Frankfurt Ztschr. f. Path., vol. 7, pp. 238-248. Figs. Rats. No tables. 1911 b Ueber die Dentinverkalkung im Nagezahn bei der Epithel- korperchentransplantation. Frankfurt. Ztschr. f. Path., vol. 7, pp. 295-342. ERXLEBEN, Jo. CHRIST P. 1777 Systema regni animalis. Classis I. Mam- malia. Lipsiae. p. 381. Mus norvegicus: original description. FALCONE, CESARE 1898 Contribution a 1'histogenese et a la structure des glandes salivaires. Monitore zool. ital., vol. 9, pp. 11-27. 1 plate. FALTA, W. AND NOEGGERATH, C. T. 1905 Fiitterungsversuche mit kunstlicher Nahrung. Beitrage z. chem. Physiol. u. Pathol., vol. 7, pp. 313-322. FANTHAM, H. B. 1906 Piroplasma muris Fant., from the blood of the white rat, with remarks on the genus Piroplasma. Quart. J. micr. Sc., vol. 50, pp. 493-516. FERRIER, DAVID 1886 The functions of the brain. 2nd ed. Smith, Elder & Co., London. Rat, pp. 261-262. FERRY, EDNA L. 1913 The rate of growth of the albino rat. Anat. Record, vol. 7, pp. 433-441. FIBIGER, J. 1913 Ueber eine durch Nematoden (Spiroptera sp.n.) hervorge- rufene papillomatose und carcinomatose Geschwulstbildung im Magen der Ratte. Berl. Klin. Wochenschr., L, pp. 289-298. 1913 a The nematode (Spiroptera sp. n.) and its capacity to develop papillomatous and carcinomatous tumors in the ventricle of the rat. Hosp.-Tid. Kobenh., 5 R., 6, 417; 449, 6 pi., 473. Discussion, pp. 441-448. 1913 b Untersuchung iiber eine Nematode (Spiroptera sp.n.) und deren Fahigkeit, papillomatose und carcinamatose Geschwulstbildungen im Magen der Ratte hervorzurufen. Zeitschr. f. Krebsforsch., Berl., vol. 13, pp. 217-2SO, 14 pi. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 229 FIBIGER, J. 1914 Further investigations on Spiroptera cancer in rats. Hosp.- Tid., Kobenh., 5 R., 7, 1049; 1081, 3 pi. FISCHEL, ALFRED 1914 Zur normalen Anatomic und Physiologic der weib- lichen Geschlechtsorgane von Mus decumanus sowie iiber die experi- mentelle Erzeugung von Hydro- und Pyosalpinx. Arch. f. Entwckl- ngsmechn. d. Organ., vol. 39, pp. 578-616. FISCHER, F. VON 1872 Calculation of possible progeny of one pair of rats in ten years. Zool. Garten, pp. 125-126. (48, 319, 698, 843, 030, 344, 720.) FISCHER, J. VON 1869 Die Saugethiere des St. Petersburg Governments. Zool. Garten, vol. 10. 1874 Beobachtungen iiber Kreuzungen verschiedener Farbenspiel- artan innerhalb einer Species. Zool. Garten, vol. 15. FLEXNER, SIMON AND NOGUCHI, H. 1906 The effect of eosin upon tetanus toxin and upon tetanus in rats and guinea-pigs. J. Exp. Med., vol. 8, pp. 1-7. FLEXNER, SIMON AND JOBLING, J. W. 1907 Metaplasia and metastasis of a rat tumor. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., vol. 5, pp. 52-53. FLOWER, W. H. 1872 Lectures on the comparative anatomy of the Mammalia. Med. Times and Gaz., vol. 1 and vol. 2. For rat, see vol. 2, p. 115. FOLIN, OTTO AND MORRIS, J. LUCIEN 1913 The normal protein metabolism of the rat. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 14, pp. 509-515. Metabolism like that of man. FORBES, E. B. AND KEITH, M. HELEN 1914 A review of the literature of phos- phorous compounds in animal metabolism. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta- tion, Technical series, bull. no. 5. See p. 332 and p. 506 — valuable bibliography with abstracts. FORTUYN, A. B. DROOGLEEVER 1914 Cortical cell-lamination of the hemi- spheres of some rodents. Arch. Neurol., Path. Lab. London County Asyl., vol. 6, pp. 221-354. Mus decumanus (Pall), p. 260, figures 18-22. FOSTER, N. K. 1909 The rat as a factor in disease (Abstr.) Am. J. Pub. Hyg., vol. 19, pp. 58-61. Fox, C. 1912 The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands. Pub. Health Rep. U. S. Mar. Hosp. Serv., Wash., xxvii, 907. For, F. A. 1913 Destruction of rats in the port of Rangoon. Brit.M. J., Lond., vol. 2, pp. 439-441. FRANK, FRANZ AND SCHITTENHEIM, A. 1912 Ueber die Brauchbarkeit tief abgebauter Eiweisspraparate fur die Ernahrung. Therap. Monatsh., vol. 26, pp. 112-117. FRANKENHAEUSER, CONSTANTIN 1879 Untersuchungen iiber den Bau der Tracheo-bronchialschleimhaut. Diss. von Dorpat, 120 pp., 1 plate. St. Petersburg. FRASER, A. 1883 On the inversion of the blastodermic layers in the rat and mouse. Proc. Roy. Soc., no. 223. FREDERIC, J. 1907 Beitrage zur Frage des Albinismus. Ztschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthrop., vol. 10, no. 2. FRENKEL, MOISE 1892 Du tissu conjontif dans le lobule hepatique de certains mammiferes. Compt. rend. soc. de biol. Annee 44 (ser. 9, v. 4), pp. 38-39. 230 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE FREUND, PAULA 1892 Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Zahnanlagen bei Nagethieren. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 39, pp. .525-556. 1911 tTber experimentelle Erzeugung teratoider Tumoren bei der weissen Ratte. Inaug.-Diss. Munchen. FUCHS-WOLFRING, SorHiE 1898 Ueber den feineren Bau der Driisen des Kehl- kopfes und der Luftrohre. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 52, pp. 735-762. Rat, pp. 755-756, 1 plate. FUSARI, R. AND PANASCI, A. 1891 Les tenninasions des nerfs dans la muqueuse et dans les glandes sereuses de la langue des mammiferes. Re'sume' originel des auteurs. Arch. ital. de biol., vol. 14, pp. 240-246, pi. 1. FUSARI, ROMEO 1894 Terminaisons nerveuses dans divers Epitheliums. (Note hie" a 1' Academic des sciences naturelles et me"dicales de Ferrare dans la stance du 28 Mai 1893). Arch. ital. de biol., vol. 20, pp. 279-287. Observations mainly on the white rat. GALLI-VALERIO, BRUNO 1902 The part played by the fleas of rats and mice in the transmission of bubonic plague. Journ. trop. Med., vol. 5, pp. 33-36. 1908 Dangers et destruction des rats noirs (Mus rattus) et gris (Mus decumanus). Chronique Agric. Vaud Ann. 21, pp. 142-147. GAMGEE, ARTHUR 1898 Article "Haemoglobin" in E. A. Schafer s Textbook of Physiology, vol. I, pp. 193-194. Small haemoglobin content and rapid crystalization in rat's blood, p. 206. Oxyhaemoglobin in rat's blood highly insoluble. GARNIER, CHARLES 1897 Les filaments basaux des cellules glandulaires. Note pre"liminaire. Bibliog. Anat., vol. 5, pp. 278-289, 13 fig. GAUTHIER, J. C. AND RAYBAUD, A. 1903 Sur le role des parasites du rat dans la transmission de la peste. C. R. Soc. de Biol., vol. 54, p. 1497. GAY, F. P. 1909 A transmissible cancer of the rat considered from the stand- point of immunity. J. Med. Research, vol. 20, p. 175. GAYLORD, H. R. 1906 Endemisches Vorkommen von Sarkomen in Ratten. Zeitschr. f. Krebsforschung, vol. 4, p. 679. GEGENBAUR, CARL 1892 Die epiglottis. Vergleichend anatomische Studie- fol. 69 pp., 2 plates and 15 cuts in text. In Festschr. Albert von Koelliker. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. GEISENHEYMER, L. 1892 Zum Vorkommen der Hausratte, Mus rattus L. Natur- wiss. Wochenschr., vol. 7, pp. 96-97. GEMELLI, EDOARDO 1903 Nuove richerche sull'anatomia e sulFembriologia dell' ipofisi. Boll, della soc. medico-chir. di Pavia. Anno 1903, pp. 177-222, 5 pi. GEMELLI, EDOARDO after 1904 = GEMELLI, (FRA) AGOSTINO GEMELLI, AGOSTINO 1905 Nuovo contributo alia conoscenza della strut tura dell'ipofisi dei mammiferi. Rivista di Fisicae Matematica, vol. 12, pp. 136-145; pp. 235-247; pp. 338-346; pp. 419-431. 1906 Contributo alia fisiologia dell'ipofisi. Arch, di fisiol., vol. 3, pp. 108-112. 1906 a Ulteriori osservazioni sulla struttura dell'ipofisi. Anat. Anz., vol. 28, pp. 613-628, 14 figures. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 231 GBNTES, L. 1903 Note sur la structure du lobe nerveux de 1'hypophyse. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 55, pp. 1559-1561. Rat among other animals. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, ETIENNE 1812 Mus alexandrinus. Descr. Egypt. II, p. 733, 1812 (1829). Atlas, p. V, fig. 1, 1809. GESNER, C. VON 1551 Conradi Gesneri medici Tigurini Historiae Animalium Lib 1 de Quadrupedibus Viviparis. Tiduri Christ Froschoverum Anno 1551, p. 829. De majore domestico mure quern vulgo rattum vocant. GEVAERTS, JACQUES 1901 Diete sous phosphore. La Cellule, vol. 18, pp. 7-33. GiGLio-Tos, E. 1900 Un parasite intranucleaire dans les reins du rat des 6gouts. Arch. ital. de Biol., vol. 34, p. 36. GILLETTE 1872 Description et structure de la tunique musculaire de 1'oe- sophage chez 1'homme et chez les animaux. J. de 1'anat. et physiol., vol. 8, pp. 617-644. GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS (11467-1220) 1861-1891 Opera (8 vols.) Vol. 5, 1867, vol. 6, 1868, edited by James F. Dimmock, M.A. Published under the direction of the Master of the Rolls. Longmans, Green, London. GLAS, EMIL 1904 t)ber die Entwickelung und Morphologic der inneren Nase der Ratte. Anat. Hefte, vol. 25, pp. 275-341. GMELIN 1892 Zur Morphologie der Papilla vallata und foliata. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., vol. 40, pp. 1-28. GODMAN, JOHN D. 1826-1828 American natural history. 3 v., 8°. H. C. Carey and I. Lea, Phila. Pt. 1. Mastology. GOETSCH, EMIL AND GUSHING, HARVEY 1913 The pars anterior and its rela- tion to the reproductive glands. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 11, pp. 26-27. GOLDMANN, E. E. 1909 Die aussere und innere Secretion des gesunden und kranken Organismus im Lichte der vitalen Farbung. Beitr. z. klin. Chir., vol. 64, p. 192. 1912 Die aussere und innere Sekretion des gesunden und kranken Organismus im Lichte der vitalen Farbung. Beitr. z. klin. Chir., vol. 78, pp. 1-108. GOLDSTEIN, K. 1904 Zur vergleichenden Anatomic der Pyramidenbahn. Anat. Anz., vol. 24, p. 451. GOTO, SEITARO 1906 A laboratory guide of zoology (In Japanese). 2 vols. Kinkodo, Japan. See vol. 2, pp. 297-373 — white rat (Mus rattus, X Mus decumanus). GoTTSCHAtr, M. 1883 Structure und embryonale Entwickelung der Neben- nieren bei Saugethieren. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Anat. Abthlg., fig. 12. GOURLAY, C. A. 1907 Notes on the rats of Dacca, Eastern Bengal. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, vol. 1, pp. 263-266. Relative num- bers of Mus rattus and Nesokia bengalensis. Measurements on both good. GRAHAM, L. W. AND HUTCHISON, R. H. 1914 The influence of experimental trypanosomiasis upon the body temperature of white rats. Am. J. of Trop. Dis and Prev. Med., vol. 1, pp. 760-775. 232 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE GREENMAN, M. J. 1913 Studies on the regeneration of the peroneal nerve of the albino rat: number and sectional areas of fibers: area relation of axis to sheath. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 23, pp. 479-513. GEEGERSEN, J. P. 1911 Untersuchungen liber den Phosphorstoffwechsel. Zeit. physiol. Chem., vol. 71, pp. 49-99. GRUBBS, S. B. AND HOLSENDORF, B. E. 1913 Fumigation of vessels for the destruction of rats. Pub. Health Rep., Wash., vol. 28, pp. 1166-1274. GRUTZNER, P. 1875 Neue Untersuchungen iiber die Bildung u. Ausscheidung des Pepsins. Breslau. 1878 Ueber Bildung und Ausscheidung von Fermenten. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 16, pp. 105-123. 1894 Zur Physiologic der Darmbewegung. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., vol. 20, pp. 897-898. 1898 Ueber die Bewegung des Darminhaltes. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 71, pp. 492-522. 1905 Ein Beitrag zum Mechanismus der Magenverdauung. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 106, pp. 463-522. (13 text figures.) GUDERNATSCH, J. F. 1915 Feeding experiments on rats. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 78-80. In full in Am. J. Physiol., vol. 36, pp. 370-379. GUIEYSSE, A. 1898 Sur quelques points d'anatomie des muscles des appareil respiratoire. J.de 1'anat. et physiol., vol. 34, pp. 419-432. 5 figs. Rat p. 423. GULLIVER, GEORGE 1839 Observations on the muscular fibers of the oesophagus and heart in some of the Mammalia. Part 1. Proc. Zool. Soc., vol. 7, pp. 124-129. Mus decumanus, p. 126. 1842 Observations on the muscular fibers of the oesophagus and heart in some of the Mammalia. Part 2. Proc. Zool. Soc., vol. 10, pp. 63- 72. Mus decumanus, p. 70. 1875 Observations on the sizes and shapes of the red corpuscles of the blood of vertebrates, with drawings of them to a uniform scale, and extended and revised tables of measurements. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, pp. 474-494. HAACKE, V. W. 1895 Ueber Wesen, Ursachen, und Vererbung von Albinismus, etc. Biol. Centralbl., vol. 15. HAGEDOORN, A. L. 1911 The interrelation of genetic and non-genetic factors in development. Verb. d. naturf. Verein Brunn, vol. 49, pp. 1-18. 1914 Studies on variation and selection. Ztschr. f. indukt. Abstam- mungs u. Vererbungsl., vol. 11, pp. 145-183. HALLER, B. 1910 Zur Ontogenie der Grosshirnrinde der S.augetiere. Anat. Anz., vol. 37, pp. 282-293. 4 figures. Rat, p. 285. HALLIBURTON, W. D. 1888 On the haemoglobin crystals of rodents' blood. Quart. J. Microscop. Science, vol. 28, pp. 181-199. Rat, pp. 192, 193, 194. HAMILTON, ALICE 1901 The division of differentiated cells in the central nervous system of the white rat. J. Comp. Neur,, vol. 11, pp. 297-320. HAMY, E. T. 1906 Sur la variete" negre du Mus decumanus observee au Muse'um de Paris. Bull, du Mus. d'hist. nat., vol. 12, pp. 87-89. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 233 HANSEMANN, DAVID 1895 Ueber die Poren der normalen Lungenalveolen. Sitz. d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss., pp. 999-1001 1 plate. Also Math. u. naturw. Mitt. d. k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss., vol. 9, pp. 451-454. HANSEMANN, VON 1904 Ueber abnorme Rattenschadel. Arch. Anat. Physiol. physiol. Abt. HARLAN, RICHARD 1825 Fauna Americana. Being a description of the mam- miferous animals inhabiting North America — Philadelphia, p. 148 — — M. Rattus — description. HARLEY, GEORGE 1857 Report on meeting of the Pathological Society, Novem- ber 28, 1857, giving report of Dr. Harley on "Rats from which the supra- renal capsules had been removed." Med. Times and Gaz., N. S., vol. 15 (O. S., vol. 36), pp. 564-565. 1858 Living specimen of a rat from which both the suprarenal cap- sules and the spleen had been removed. Tr. Path. Soc. Lond., vol. 9, p. 401. 1858 a An experimental inquiry into the function of the suprarenal capsules, and their supposed connection with bronzed skin (in 2 parts). Brit, and For. M.-Chir. Rev., vol. 21, pp. 204-221; 498-510. 1858 b Diseased suprarenal capsule, removal by operation from an apparently healthy animal. Tr. Path. Soc., Lond., vol. 9, pp. 401-402. (This volume is a report of the season of 1857-58.) HART, E. B. AND McCoLLUM, E. V. 1913 The influence of restricted rations on growth. Proc. Soc. Biol. Chemists, vol. 3, pp. 38-39. HARTLEY, PERCIVAL 1907 On the nature of the fat contained in the liver, kid- ney and heart. J. of Physiol., vol. 36, pp. 17-26. HARZ, W. 1883 Beitrage zur Histologie des Ovariums der Svaugetiere. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 22, pp. 374-407. HATAI, S. 1901 The finer structure of the spinal ganglion cells in the white rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 11, pp. 1-24. 1901 a On the presence of the centrosome in certain nerve cells of the white rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 11, pp. 25-39. 1902 Number and size of the spinal ganglion cells and dorsal root fibers in the white rat at different ages. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 12, pp. 107-124. 1902 a Preliminary note on the presence of a new group of neurones in the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves of the white rat. Biol. Bull., vol. 3, pp. 140-142. 1902 b On the origin of neuroglia tissue from the mesoblast. J. Comp. Neur., voj. 12, pp. 291-296. 1903 The finer structure of the neurones in the nervous system of the white rat. Decennial Pub., Univ. of Chicago, vol. 10, pp. 3-14. 1903 a The effect of lecithin on the growth of the white rat. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 10, pp. 57-66. 1903 b On the increase in the number of medullated nerve fiberfi in the ventral roots of the spinal nerves of the growing white rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 13, pp. 177-183. 1903 c On the nature of the pericellular network of nerve cells. J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 13, pp. 139-147. 234 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE HATAI, S. 1903 d The neurokeratin in the medullary sheaths of the peripheral nerves of mammals. J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 13, pp. 149-156. 1904 A note on the significance of the form and contents of the nucleus in the spinal ganglion cells of the foetal rat. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 14, pp. 27-48. 1904 a The effect of partial starvation on the brain of the white rat. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 12, pp. 116-127. 1905 The excretion of nitrogen by the white rat as affected by age and body weight. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 14, pp. 120-132. 1907 On the zoological position of the albino rat. Biol. Bull., vol. 12, pp. 266-273. 1907 a Effect of partial starvation followed by a return to normal diet, on the growth of the body and central nervous system of albino rats. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 18, pp. 309-320. 1907 b A study of the diameters of the cells and nuclei in the second cervical spinal ganglion of the adult albino rat. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 17, pp. 469-491. 1907 c Studies on the variation and correlation of skull measurements in both sexes of mature albino rats (Mus norvegicus var. albus). Am. J. Anat., vol. 7, pp. 423-441. 1908 Preliminary note on the size and condition of the central nervous system in albino rats experimentally stunted. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 18, pp. 151-155. 1909 A comparison of the albino with the gray rats in respect to the weight of the brain and spinal cord. Proc. of Assoc. of Am. Anat. in Anat. Record, vol. 3, p. 245. 1909 a Note on the formulas used for calculating the weight of the brain in the albino rats. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 19, pp. 169-173. 1910 A mathematical treatment of some biological problems. Biol. Bull., vol. 18, pp. 126-130. 1910 a DeForest's formula for "An unsymmetrical probability curve." Anat. Record, vol. 4, pp. 281-290. 1911 An interpretation of growth curves from a dynamical standpoint. Anat. Record, vol. 5, pp. 373-382. 1911 a The Mendelian ratio and blended inheritance. Am. Natural- ist, vol. 45, pp. 99-106. 1912 On the appearance of albino mutants in litters of the common Norway rat, Mus norvegicus. Science, n.s. vol. 35, no. 909, pp. 875- 876, May 31. 1913 On the weights of the abdominal and the thoracic viscera, the sex glands, ductless glands and the eyeballs of the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) according to body weight. Am. J. Anat., vol. 15, pp. 87-119. 1913 a The effect of castration, spaying or semi-spaying on the weight of the central nervous system and of the hypophysis of the albino rat ; also the effect of semi-spaying on the remaining ovary. J. Exper. Zool., vol. 15, pp. 297-314. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 235 HATAI, S. 1914 On the weight of the thymus gland of the albino rat (Mus nor- vegicus albinus) according to age. Am. J. Anat., vol. 16, pp. 251-257. 1914 a On the weight of some of the ductless glands of the Norway and of the albino rat according to sex and variety. Anat. Record, vol. 8, pp. 511-523. 1915 The growth of organs in the albino rat as affected by gonadec- tomy. J. Exper. Zool., vol. 18, pp. 1-67. 1915 a Growth of the body and organs in albino rats fed with a lipoid- free ration. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 1-20. HEHN, VIKTOR 1911 Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Uebergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien sowie in das tibrige Europa. Achte auflage. Historisch-linguistische Skizzen, Berlin, Gebriider Borntraeger. HEISER, VICTOR G. 1910 Plague eradication in cities by sectional extermina- tion of rats and general rat proofing. Found in "The rat and its rela- tion to public health," pp. 205-206. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hosp. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. 1913 The rats of our cities ; what becomes of the carcasses of rats dying natural deaths? Pub. Health Rep., Wash., vol. 28, p. 1553. HENNEBERG, B. 1899 Die erste Entwickelung der Mammarorgane bei der Ratte. Anat. Hefte, Wiesb., vol. 13, pp. 1-68. 1900 Verhalten der Umbilicalarterien bei den Embryonen von Ratte und Maus. Anat. Anz., vol. 17, pp. 321-324. HERZOG, MAXIMILIAN 1905 Zur Frage der Pestverbreitung durch Insecten. Eine neue Species von Rattenfloh. Zeitschr. Hyg. Infektionskrankh., vol. -51, pp. 268-282. HEUSER, CHESTER H. 1914 The form of the stomach in mammalian embryos. Proc. Am. Assoc. of Anatomists in Anat. Record, vol. 8, no. 2. HEWER, EVELYN E. 1914 The effect of thymus feeding on the activity of the reproductive organs in the rat. J. Physiol., vol. 47, pp. 479-490. HEWETT, G. M. A. 1904 The rat. Adam and Charles Black. London. HEYMANN, FELIX 1904 Zur Einwirkung der Castration auf den Phosphorge- halt des weiblichen Organismus. Arch. Gynakol., vol. 73, pp. 366-405. Also Zeit. physiol. Chem., vol. 41, pp. 246-258. HILL, A. M. 1913 The effects of high external temperatures on the metabolism of rats. J. Physiol., vol. 46, pp. xxxi-xxxii. HILL, LEONARD AND MACLEOD, J. J. R. 1903 The influence of compressed air on the respiratory exchange. J. Physiol., vol. 29, pp. 492-510. HOBDY, WILLIAM C. 1910 The rat in relation to shipping. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 207-213. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Print- ing Office, Wash., D. C. HOBER, RUDOLF 1911 Physikalische Chemie der Zelle und der Gewebe. Wil- helm Engelmann. Leipzig. 3rd Ed., p. 254. Analysen der Plasma- hautstruktur bei den Blutkorperchen. HOHLBAUM, Jos. 1912 Beitrage zurKenntnis der Epithelkorperchenfunktionen. Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path., vol. 53, pp. 91-104. 236 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE HOHMEIER, F. 1901 Ueber Aenderungen der Fermentmengen im Mageninhalt. Inaug.-Diss. Tubingen. HOLLMANN, HARRY T. 1912 The cultivation of an acid-fast bacillus from a rat suffering with rat leprosy (a preliminary report) Pub. health rep. U. S. Mar. Hosp. Serv., vol. 27, part 1, pp. 69-70. HOME, SIR EVERED 1807 Observations on the structure of the stomach of dif- ferent animals. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., part 1, Plates V-XIII, p. 150. The common rat. HONIGSCHMIED, JOH. 1873 Beitrage zur mikroskopischen Anatomic iiber die Geschmacksorgane der Saugethiere. Zeitschr. f. wissen. Zool., vol. 23, pp. 414-434. HOPKINS, F. G. 1912 Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of acces- sory factors in normal dietaries. J. Physiol., vol. 44, pp. 425-460. HOPKINS, F. G. AND NEVILLE, ALLEN 1912 A note concerning the influence of diets upon growth. Biochem. J., vol. 7, pp. 97-99. HORTON, JESSIE M. 1905 The anthracidal substance in the serum of white rats. J. of Infect. Dis., vol. 3, pp. 110-115. HOSSACK, W. C. 1906 Preliminary note on the rats of Calcutta. Journ. Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, vol. 2, pp. 183-186. 1907 An account of the rats of Calcutta. Mem. Ind. Museum, vol. 1, no. 1. PI. I-VIII. Elaborate tables of measurements — very com- plete. Several colored plates. 1907 a Aids to the identification of rats connected with plague in India. Allahabad, Pioneer Press, 10 pp. 1907 b The original home of Mus decumanus. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, vol. 1, pp. 275-276. Discussion of wild coloration. HOTER, H. 1890 Ueber den Nachweis des Mucins in Geweben mittelst der Farbemethode. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 36, pp. 310-374. Rat in- cluded among mammals examined. HXJBBERT, HELEN B. 1914 Time versus distance in learning. J. Animal Be- havior, vol. 4, pp. 60-69. 1915 Elimination of errors in the maze. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 66-72. HTJBER, G. CARL 1915 The development of the albino rat from the end of the first to the tenth day after insemination. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 84-88. 1915 a The development of the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus). Part 1. From the pronuclear stage to the stage of mesoderm anlage; end of the first to the end of the ninth day. J. of Morphology, vol. 26, pp. 247-358. 1915 b The development of the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) . Part II. Abnormal ova. End of the first to the end of the ninth day. J. of Morphology, vol. 26, pp. 359-386. HUNT, REID, AND SEIDELL, A. 1909 Studies on thyroid. I. The relation of iodine to the physiological activity of thyroid preparations. Bull. no. 47 Hyg. Lab. U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Wash. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 237 HUNT, REID 1910 The effects of a restricted diet and of various diets upon the resistance of animals to certain poisons. Bull. no. 69, Hyg. Lab. U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Wash., pp. 3-93. HUNTER, A., GIVENS, M. H. AND GUION, C. M. 1914 Studies in the com- parative biochemistry of purine metabolism. I. The excretion of purine catabolites in the urine of marsupials, rodents and carnivora. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 18, p. 387. HUNTER, WALTER S. 1912 A note on the behavior of the white rat. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 2, pp. 137-141. 1913 The delayed reaction in animals and children. Behavior Mono- graphs, vol. 2, no. 1, serial number 6, pp. 1-86. 1914 The auditory sensitivity of the white rat. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 4, pp. 215-222. HURLER, K. 1912 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber den Bacillus paraty- phosus B, den Bacillus enteritidis Gartner und die Rattenbacillen : Ratinbacillus, Bacillus ratti Danysz, Bacillus ratti Dunbar und Bacil- lus ratti Issatschenko. Centralbl. f . Bakteriol., 1 Abt., Jena, vol. 63, pp. 341-372. HYRTL, JOSEPH 1845 Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen liber das innere Gehororgan des Menschen und der Saugethiere. Pp. 1-139, 9 plates. Friedrich Ehrlich. Prag. Diameters of the several semi-circular canals with their greatest distance from the vestibule for M. decu- manus. INDIA PLAGUE COMMISSION 1908 Etiology and epidemiology of plague, p. 9. Calcutta. ISELIN, HANS 1908 Wachstumshemmung infolge von Parathyreoidektomie bei Ratten: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Epithelkorperchen-Funktion bei jungen Ratten. Deutsche Ztschr. f. Chir., vol. 93, pp.' 494-500. L'ISLE, A. DE, 1865 De 1'existence d'une race negre chez le Rat ou de 1'identite spe"cifique du Mus rattus et du Mus alexandrinus. Ann. d. sc. nat. Zool., 5th series, vol. 4, pp. 173-222. JACKSON, C. M. AND LOWREY, L. G. 1912 On the relative growth of the compo- nent parts (head, trunk and extremities) and systems (skin, skeleton, musculature and viscera) of the albino rat. Anat. Record, vol. 6, pp. 449-474. JACKSON, C. M. 1912 On the recognition of sex through external characters in the young rat. Biol. Bull., vol. 23, pp. 171-174. 1913 Postnatal growth and variability of the body and of the various organs in the albino rat. Am. J. Anat., vol. 15, pp. 1-68. 1915 Effects of acute and chronic inanition upon the relative weights of the various organs and systems of adult albino rats. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 90-91. Full paper: Am. J. Anatomy, vol. 18, pp. 75-116. 1915 a Changes in young albino rats held at constant body weight by underfeeding for various periods. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 91-92. 1915 b Changes in the relative weights of the various parts, systems and organs of young albino rats held at constant body weight by under- feeding for various periods. J. Exper. Zool., vol. 19, pp. 99-156. 238 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE JACOB, LTJDWIG 1906 Fiitterungsversuche mit einer aus den einfachen Nah- rungsstoffen zusammengesetzten Nahrung an Tauben und Ratten. Zeit. Biol., vol. 48 (N. F. 30) pp. 19-62. JADASSOHN, J. 1913. Lepra. in (Kolle,Wilhelm und Wassermann, A. von, (eds.) Handbuch der pathogenen Mikroorganismen. vol. 5, part 2, pp. 791- 930) . Page 821 , Rattenleprabacillus . JENSEN, C. O. 1908 Uebertragbare Rattensarkome. Ztschr. f. Krebsfor- schung, vol. 7, p. 45. JENSEN, O. S. 1887 Untersuchungen iiber die Samenkorper der Saugethiere, Vogel und Amphibien. Arch, f . mikr. Anat., vol. 30. JOANNOVICS, GEORG 1912 Ueber das Verhalten transplantierter Karzinome in kiinstlich anamischen Mausen. Wiener Klin. Wochenschr., vol. 25, pp. 37-39. JOB, THESLE T. 1915 The adult anatomy of the lymphatic system in the com- mon rat (Epimys norvegicus). Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 447-458. JOLLY, J. ET STINI, J. 1905 Masse totale du sang chez le rat blanc. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 58, pp. 835-837. JOLYET ET CHAKER 1875 De 1'acte de ronger 6tudie chez les rats. C. R. et Mem. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ann. 1875, pp. 73-74. Lateral motion of in- ferior incisors. JUNGANO 1909 Sur la flore anaerobic du rat. Comp. rend. Soc. de biol., vol. 66, p. 112. JURGENS, G. 1903 Beitrag zur Biologic der Rattentrypanosomen. Arch. f. Hyg., vol. 42, p. 265. KANTHACK, A. A. AND HARDY, W. B. 1894 The morphology and distribution of the wandering cells of mammalia. J. Physiol., vol. 17, pp. 81-119. KATZENSTEIN, J. 1903 Ueber die elastischen Fasern im Kehlkopfe mit beson- derer Beriicksichtigung der funktionellen Struktur und der Function der wahren und falschen Stimmlippe. Arch. f. Laryngol. u. Rhinol., vol. 13, pp. 329-352, pi. XVIII-XIX. KELLER, OTTO 1909 Die Antike Tierwelt. I. Saugetiere. pp. 203-205. En- gelmann, Leipzig. KELLER-ZSCHOKKE, J. 1892 Mus rattus noch in der Schweiz. Zool. Garten, 33 Jhg.no. 2, p. 60. KERR, JOHN W. 1910 The rat in relation to international sanitation. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 227-254. Treas- ury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hospt. Service of the U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Wash., D. C. KING, HELEN D . 1910 The effects of various fixatives on the brain of the albino rat, with an account of a method of preparing this material for a study of the cells in the cortex. Anat. Record, vol. 4, pp. 214-244. 1911 The effects of pneumonia and of post-mortem changes on the per- centage of water in the brain of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 21, pp. 147-154. 1911 a The effects of semi-spaying and of semi-castration on the sex ratio of the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) . J. Exper. Zool., vol. 10, pp. 381-392. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 239 KING, HELEN D. 1911 b The sex ratio in hybrid rats. Biol. Bull., vol. 21, pp. 104-112. 1913 Some anomalies in the gestation of the albino rat (Mus nor- vegicus albinus). Biol. Bull., vol. 24, pp. 377-391. 1913 a The effects of formaldehyde on the brain of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 23, pp. 283-314. 1915 On the weight of the albino rat at birth and the factors that in- fluence it. Anatomical Record, vol. 9, pp. 213-231. KING, HELEN D. AND STOTSENBURG, J. M. 1915 On the normal sex ratio and the size of the litter in the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus). Ana- tomical Record, vol. 9, pp. 403-420. KING, JESSIE L. 1910 The cortico-spinal tract of the rat. Anat. Rec., vol. 4, pp. 245-252. KIKKHAM, WILLIAM B. 1910 Ovulation in mammals, with special reference to the mouse and rat. Biol. Bull., vol. 18, pp. 245-251. KIRKHAM, WILLIAM B. AND BURR, H. S. 1913 The breeding habits, maturation of eggs and ovulation of the albino rat. Am. J. Anat., vol. 15, pp. 291- 317. Six excellent plates illustrating the egg in various phases. KLEBS, E. 1891 Zur vergleichenden Anatomic der Placenta. Archiv. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 37, pp. 335-356. KLEIN, EDWARD UNO VERSON, E. 1871 Der Darmkanal. In Strieker's Hand- buch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Tiere. See "Magen,"p.395. KLEIN, E. 1875 The anatomy of the lymphatic system. II. The lung. Smith, Elder & Co., London, 88 pages, 6 plates. Observations mainly on guinea pig. Rat among other animals used. KLUNZINGER, C. B. 1908 Ueber unsere Ratten und Mause, deren Schaden und Bekampfung. Jahresh. Ver. vaterl. Naturk. Wurttemberg Jahrg., 64 p. xxxi-xxxviii. KNAPP, PAUL 1908 Experimenteller Beitrag zur Ernahrung von Ratten mit kiinstlicher Nahrung und zum Zusammenhang von Ernahrungs- storungen mit Erkrankungen der Conjunctiva. Zeit. exp. Path. u. Ther., vol. 5, pp. 147-169. KOCH, MATHILDE L. 1913 Contributions to the chemical differentiation of the central nervous system. I. A comparison of the brain of the albino rat at birth with that of the fetal pig. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 14, pp. 267-279. KOCH, W. AND MANN, S. A. 1909 A chemical study of the brain in healthy and diseased conditions, with especial reference to dementia praecox. Archives of Neurol. and Psychiatry (Mott), vol. 4, pp. 201-204. KOCH, WALDEMAR AND KOCH, MATHILDE L. 1913 Contributions to the chemical differentiation of the central nervous system. II. A comparison of two methods of preserving nerve tissue for subsequent chemical exam- ination. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 14, pp. 281-282. 1913 a Contributions to the chemical differentiation of the central nervous system. III. The chemical differentiation of the brain of the albino rat during growth. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 15, pp. 423-448. 240 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE KOEPEKT, OTTO 1904 Nochmals der Rattenkonig. Natur u. Haus., vol. 12, pp. 118-119. KOGANEI, J. 1885 Untersuchungen tiber den Bau der Iris des Menschen und derWirbelthiere. Archiv. f . mikr. Anat., vol. 25, pp. 1-48. Rat, p. 16 KOHLMEYER, O. 1906 Topographic des elastischen Gewebes in der Gaumen- schleimhaut der Wanderratte, Mus decumanus. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 81, pp. 145-190. KOLAZY, JOSEF 1871 Ueber die Lebensweise von Mus rattus, varietas, alba. Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, pp. 731-734. Unusually good account. KOLMER, J. A. AND Yui, C. V. AND TYAU, E. S. 1913 Concerning the activity and fixability of the complement in rat serum. J. Med. Research, vol. 28 (n.s. vol. 23), pp. 483-495. KOLSTER, RUD. 1901 Vergleichend anatomische Studien tiber den M. pro- nator teres der Saugetiere. Anat. Hefte, vol. 17, pp. 673-834. Mus. rattus, p. 714. KONSTANSOFP, S. V. 1910 Organized extermination of rats in general and on the territory of the port of Feodossiyz in particular. Vestnik obsh. hig., sudeb. i prakt. med., St. Petersb., vol. 46, pp. 777-783. KOROLKOW, P. 1892 Die Nervenendigungen in den Speicheldriisen. Rev. d. sc. nat. de St. Petersbourg, Ann. 3, pp. 109-112 (Russian). In German in Anat. Anz., vol. 7, pp. 580-582, 1 fig., white rat. KRAUSE, WILHELM 1870 Die Nervenendigung in der Zunge des Menschen, Gottinger Nachr., pp. 423-426. 1876 Allgemeine und mikroskopische Anatomic. Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie, Bd. 1. Hannover, 1876. (Vol. 1 of KRAUSE, CARL F. T. Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie, 3 Aufl.). KREIDL, A. UND NEUMANN, A. 1908 Zur Frage der Labgerinnung im Sauglings- magen. Zentralbl. f. Physiol., vol. 22, pp. 133-136. (See p. 136). KUNHARDT, J. C., TAYLOR, J. AND OTHERS 1915 Epidemiological observa- tions in Madras Presidency. VI. Rat and flea prevalence, p. 725. J. of Hyg., Plague Suppl. IV, 9th Report on Plague Investigations in India. KUPFFER, C. W. VON 1876 Ueber Sternzellen in der Leber. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 12, part 2, pp. 352-358. Results verified on rat. LAGARRIQUE, MAURICE 1911 La lutte contre le rat. Paris, Jouve & Cie. 102 pp. 8°. LAMBERT, R. A. 1910 A note on parabiosis between mice and rats. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 38th meeting, April 20. 1911 The influence of mouse-rat parabiosis on the growth in rats of a transplantable mouse sarcoma. J. Exp. Med., vol. 13, pp. 257-262. LANDOIS, H. 1886 tiber Bleirohre von Ratten zernagt. 15 Jahresber. West- fal. Prov.-Ver., pp. 12-13. LANE-CLAYPON, JANET E. 1909 Observations on the influence of heating upon the nutrient value of milk as an exclusive diet for young animals. J. Hyg., vol. 9, pp. 233-238. LANGLEY, J. N. 1879 On the structure of serous glands in rest and activity. Proc. Roy. Soc., London, vol. 29, pp. 377-382. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 241 LANGLEY, J. N. AND SEWALL, H. 1879 On the changes in pepsin-forming glands during secretion. J. Physiol., vol. 2, pp. 281-301; Proc. Roy. Soc., London, vol. 29, p. 383. LANGLEY, J. N. 1882 On the histology of the mammalian gastric glands, and the relation of pepsin to the granules of the chief cells. J. Physiol., vol. 3, pp. 269-291. LANGLOIS, J. P. AND LOIR, A. 1902 La resistance des rats et des insectes & 1'acide carbonique et a 1'acide sulfureux. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., vol.54, pp. 414-415. LANTZ, DAVID E. 1907 Methods of destroying rats. U. S. Dept. of Agr. Farmers' Bull . no . 297 . Government Printing Office, Washington, D . C. 1909 The brown rat in the United States. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Biol. survey, Bull. no. 33, Washington, D. C., pp. 12-13. 1910 Natural history of the rat. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 15-27. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hospt. Service of the U. S., Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office. 1910 a Natural enemies of the rat. Found in "The rat and its rela- tion to the public health," pp. 163-169. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D. C. 1910 b The rat as an economic factor. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 215-226. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. LAPICQTJE, Louis 1907 Difference sexuelle dans le poids de Pence"phale chez les animaux. Rat et moineau. C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 63, pp. 746-748. LAPICQTJE, Louis AND GIRARD, P. 1907 Sur le poids de Pence'phale chez les animaux domestiques. Societe" de Biol., vol., 62, p. 1015. LAPICQUE, Louis AND LEGENDRE, R. 1911 Sur les rats noirs du Jardin des Plantes. Bull, du Museum d'histoire naturelle, no. 6, pp. 1-5. LASHLEY, K. S. 1912 Visual discrimination of size and form in the albino rat. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 2, pp. 310-331. LAUBER, HANS 1901 Beitragezur Anatomic des vorderen Augenabschnittes der Wirbeltiere. Anat. Hefte, vol. 18, pp. 371-453. Mus rattus, p. 427. LAVERAN, A. AND MESNIL, F. 1900 Sur Pagglutination des trypanosomes du rat par divers scrums. C. R. Soc. de Biol., Nov. 10, p. 939. 1900 a De la longue conservation a la glaciere des trypanosomes du rat et de P agglomeration de ces parasites. C. R. Soc. de Biol., Oct. 6, p. 816. 1900 b Sur le mode de multiplication du trypanosome du rat. C. R. Soc. de Biol., Nov. 17, p. 976. LAVRINOVICH, M. O. 1910 Extermination of rats in St. Petersburg by cultures of Danich's bacilli. Vestnik. Obsh. vet., St. Petersb., vol. 22, p. 885. (Russian.) LEBOEUF, A. 1912 Existence de lepra murium (lepre des rats) en Nouvelle Calddonie. Bull. Soc. path, exot., vol. 5, pp. 463-465. 242 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE LEE, FREDERIC S. 1910 The nature of fatigue. Popular Science Monthly, Feb- ruary, pp. 182-195. See fig. 4. LEEUWENHOECK, ANT. 1693 On the testicles of a rat and the animalcules therein contained; with some observations of small animals found in oysters and in the sap of vines. Phil. Trans., vol. 17, pp. 593-594. LEFROY, SIR JOHN HENRY 1882 The Historye of the Bermudaes or Summer Islands, 1609— By Capt. John Smith (?) Pub. of theHakluyt Soc., London. LEISCHNER, H. 1907 Ueber Epithelkorperchen-Transplantationen und deren praktische Bedeutung in der Chirurgie. Arch. f. klin. Chir., vol. 84, pp. 208-222. LEISCHNER, H. AND KOHLER, R. 1911 Ueber homioplastische Epithelkorper- chen und Schilddriisenverpflanzung. Arch. f. klin. Chir., vol. 94, pp. 169-185. LENHOSSEK, M. VON 1889 Ueber die Pyramidenbahnen im Riickenmarke einiger Saugetiere. Anat. Anz., vol. 4, pp. 208-219. 1898 Untersuchungen liber Spermatogenese. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 51, pp. 215-318. LEOPOLD, JEROME S. AND REUSS, A. VON 1908 Ueber die Beziehungen der Epithelkorperchen zum Kalkebestand des Organismus. Wien klin. Wchnschr., pp. 1243-1246. LERSCH, B.M. 1871 Zur Geschichte der Rattophagie. Deutsche Klinik, Berl., vol. 23, p. 42. LEVIN, ISAAC 1908 The reactive power of the white rat to tissue implantation (Second communication.) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 5. pp. 41-43. 1910 Immunity to the growth of cancer induced in rats by treatment with mouse tissue. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 38th meeting, April 20. 1910 a Resistance to the growth of cancer induced in rats by injec- tion of autolyzed rat tissue. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., Feb- ruary 16. 1911 The relation of the reactive stroma formation to the transplant- ability of the cancers of the white rat. J. Exp. Med., vol. 13, pp. 604- 615. LEWIN, C. 1912 Ueber Immunisierung mit Blutserum von spontan geheilten Tumorratten. Zeitschr. f. Krebsforsch., vol. 11, p. 334. 1912 a Immunisierungs und Heilversuche mit Autolysaten bei Rat- tentumoren. Zeitschr. f. Krebsforsch., vol. 11, p. 317. LEWIS, FREDERIC T. 1915 The comparative embryology of the mammalian stomach. Proc. of Am. Assoc. of Anatomists in Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 102-103. LEWIS, W. BEVAN 1881 On the comparative structure of the brain in rodents. Phil. Trans., 1882, pp. 699-749. LEYDIG, F. 1850 Zur Anatomic der mannlichen Geschlechtsorgane und Anal- driisen der Saugetiere. Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. 2, pp. 1-57, Taf. I-IV. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 243 LEYDIG, F. 1854 Kleinere Mitteilungen zur tierischen Gewebelehre. Arch, f . Anat. u. Entwcklngsgesch., pp. 296-348, pi. XII and XIII. Mus de- cumanus, pp. 341-345. 1857 Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen und der Tiere. Frank- furt a.M. 551 pp. See p. 374. LIEBE, K. TH. 1891 Zu dem Vorkommen der Hausratte (Mus rattus) . Zoolog. Garten, 31 Jhg., pp. 156-157. LINDNER, FR. 1891 Notiz tiber das Vorkommen der Hausratte (Mus rattus). Zoolog. Garten 31 Jhg., pp. 155-156. LINNAEUS, C. 1746 Fauna Suecica. Stockholm. 1758 Systema naturae, etc. Tome 1, Editio 10. p. 61, M. rattus — 5 references. 1766 Systema naturae, etc. Tome 1, Editio 12 (Mus rattus only). LINSER, PAUL 1900 Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung des elastischen Ge- webes in der Lunge. Anat. Hefte, H. 42/43 (Bd. 13, H. 2/3) pp". 307- 335. LISTON, W. G. 1905 Plague, rats and fleas. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, p. 253. 1905 a The rats of India. Indian M. Gaz., Calcutta, vol. 40, pp. 130- 132. LIVINI, FERD. 1896 Intorno alia struttura della trachea. Monitore zool- ital. Anno 7. Mus decumanus, p. 103. LLOYD, R.E. 1908 Remarkable cases of variation, I. Records Indian Museum, vol. 2, p. 29. 1909 The races of Indian rats. Records of Indian Museum, vol. 3, pp. 1-100. 1909 a The relation between fertility and normality in rats. Rec- ords Indian Museum, vol. 3, pp. 261-265. 1910 Further observations on the races of Indian rats. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, vol. 5, pt. II, pp. 105-115. Peculiar large groups. 1911 The inheritance of fertility. Biometrika, vol. 8, pp. 244-247. 1912 The growth of groups in the animal kingdom. London. 1 colored plate of three color varieties of Mus rattus. LOEB, LEO 1901 On transplantation of tumors. J. Med. Research, vol. 6 (n.s. vol. 1 — continuation of the Journ. of the Boston Soc. of Med. Sciences, pp. 28-38. 1902 Further investigations in transplantations of tumors. J. Med. Research, n.s. vol. 3, pp. 44-73. 1902 a Ueber Transplantationen eines Sarcoms der Thyreoidea bei einer weissen Ratte. Arch. f. path. Anat., vol. 167, pp. 175-191. 1903 Mixed tumors of the thyroid gland. Am. J. Med. Sc., vol. 125, pp. 243-256. 1903 a Uber Transplantation von Tumoren. Arch, f . path. Anat., vol. 172, pp. 345-368. 1904 Ueber das endemische Vorkommen des Krebses beim Tiere Centralbl. f . Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., vol. 37, pp. 235-245. 244 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE LOEB, LEO. 1907 Observations on the inoculability of tumors and on the endemic occurrence of cancer. Internat. Clin., vol. 3, series 17, pp. 114-130. 1913 Venom of heloderma. Carnegie Inst., Wash., D. C. Pub. no. 177, pp. 250. LOEWENTHAL, N. 1894 Zur Kenntnis der Glandula infraorbitalis einiger Sau- getiere. Anat. Anz., vol. 10, pp. 123-130. 1894 a Zur Kenntnis der Glandula submaxillaris einiger Saugetiere. Anat. Anz., vol. 9, pp. 223-229. White rat, pp. 224-225. 1897 Note sur le structure fine des glandes de Cowper du rat blanc. Bibliogr. Anat., vol. 4, pp. 168-170. (1 text fig.) 1900 Driisenstudien. II. Die Gl. infraorbitalis und eine besondere der Parotis anliegende Druse bei der weissen Ratte. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 56, p. 535. 1908 Driisenstudien. III. Die Unterkieferdruse des Igels und der weissen Ratte. Arch. mikr. Anat., vol. 71, pp. 588-666. LOGHEM, J. J. VAN 1908 Some notes on the morphology of Spirochaeta dut- toni in the organs of rats. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., vol. 1, pp. 521- 525. LOGHEM, J. J. VAN AND SWELLENGREBEL, N. H. 1914 Kontinuierliche und metostatische Pest verbreitung. Ztschr. f . Hyg. u. Infectionskrankh., vol. 77, p. 460. LOIR, I. M. 1903 De"gats cause's par les rats. Caduce"e Par., vol. 3, p. 89. LONS,H. 1908 Mus rattus in Celle. Jahresber. nat. Ges., Hannover, pp. 41-42. LovlSN, C. 1868 Bidrag till kannedomen om tungans smakpapiller. Med. Arch. Stockholm, vol. 3, 1866-1867. Trans. Beitrage zur Kenntnis vom Bau der Geschmackswarzchen der Zunge. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 4, pp. 96-110. LOWREY, LAWSON G. 1913 The growth of the dry substance in the albino rat. Anat. Record, vol. 7, pp. 143-168. McCoLLUM, E. V. 1909 Nuclein synthesis in the animal body. Am. J.Physiol., vol. 25, pp. 120-141. Also in Research Bull. no. 8, Univ. of Wis. Agr. Exper. Station, May, 1910. McCoLLtiM, E. V. AND DAVIS, MARGUERITE 1913 The influence of the compo- sition and amount of the mineral content of the ration on growth. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 14, no. 2. 1913 a The necessity of certain lipins in the diet during growth. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 15, pp. 167-175. 1914 Further observations on the physiological properties of the lipins of the egg yolk. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 11, p. 101. McCoy, GEORGE W. 1908 Distribution of the leprosy-like disease of rats in San Francisco, Cal. Pub. Health Rep. U. S. Mar. Hosp. Serv., Wash., vol. 23, p .1601. 1909 The keeping and handling of rats for laboratory purposes. N. Y. Med. J., vol. 89, p. 275. 1910 Plague infection in rats. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 29-48. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 245 McCoY, GEORGE W. 1910 a Organic diseases of the rat, including tumors. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 59-68. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Service of the U. S., Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. McMuNN, CHARLES A. 1884 On myohaematin, an intrinsic muscle-pigment of vertebrates and invertebrates, on histohaematin and on the spectrum of the suprarenal bodies. Proc. of Physiol. Soc. in J. of Physiol., vol. 5, pp. xxiv-xxvi. MAcCuRDY, HANSFORD AND CASTLE, W. E. 1907 Selection and cross-breeding in relation to the inheritance of coat pigments and coat-patterns in rats and guinea-pigs. Carnegie Inst., Wash., Pub. no. 70. MACGILLAVRY, T. H. 1875 Les dents incisives du Mus decumanus. Arch. Ne'er!. Sc. exact, et nat., Haarlem., vol. 10, 1 pi. Same as paper in Dutch, 1876. 1876 De snitjanden von M. decumanus. Vers. en mededed. der Kon. Akad. v. Wetensch., II. R. 9. Amsterdam. 1 pi. MACLEOD, J. J. R. 1907 Observations on the excretion of carbon dioxide gas and the rectal temperature of rats kept in a warm atmosphere which was either very moist or very dry. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 18, pp. 1-13. MAJOR, C. J. FORSYTH Mus rattus remains at Molina di Anosa — near Pisa. Quoted at length by Baumgart, 1904, p. 8. MALLORY, F. B. AND ORDWAY, THOMAS 1909 Lesions produced in the rat by a typhoid-like organism — Danysz virus. J. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 52, p. 145. MANDOTJL, H. 1909 Rats et pe"trole. Arch, de parasitol., vol. 12, pp. 451-455. MANOTJVRIER, L. 1905 Un rapt de proge'niture entre femelles de rat blanc. Bull, de 1'Inst. ge"n. psychol., vol. 5, pp. 165-169. MARCHOUX, E. 1910 Les migrations du bacille de la lepre. Lepra, vol. 11, pp- 57-60. (II. Internationale wissenschaftliche Lepra-Konferenz abge- haltenvom 16 bis 19 August, 1909, in Bergen. III. Band. Leipzig.) 1911 Culture d'un bacille acido-re"sistant provenant du mucus nasal des le'preux. (Note preliminaire.) Bull. Soc. path, exot., vol. 4, pp. 89-91. 1911 and 1912 Human leprosy and rat leprosy; a discussion of their respective problems. Tr. Soc. Trop. M. and Hyg., vol. 5, pp. 184-189. 1912 Role des infections secondaires dans le deVeloppement de la lepre du rat. Bull. Soc. path, exot., vol. 5, pp. 466-468. MARCHOUX, E. AND SOREL, F. 1912 Lepra murium; infection et maladie ne sont pas synonymes. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 72, pp. 169-171. 1912 a Lepre des rats; comparaison avec la lepre humaine. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., vol. 72, pp. 214-217. 1912 b Lepre des rats; inoculation experimentale. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., vol. 72, pp. 269-272. 1912 c Recherches sur la lepre. ler memoire: La lepre des rats (lepra murium). Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur, vol. 26, pp. 675-700. MARK, E. L. AND LONG, J. A. 1912 Studies on early stages of development in rats and mice. No. 3. The living eggs of rats and mice with a de- scription of apparatus for obtaining and observing them. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., vol. 9, pp. 105-136. 246 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE MARSHALL, F. H. A. AND JOLLY, W. A. 1907 Results of removal and transplan- tation of ovaries. Tr. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. 45, pp. 589-597. 1908 On the results of heteroplastic ovarian transplantation as com- pared with those produced by transplantation in the same individual. Quart. J. Exper. Physiol., vol. 1, pp. 115-120. MARTIN, CHARLES J. 1895 On the physiological action of the venom of the Australian black snake (Pseudechis porphysiacus). J. and Proc. Roy. Soc. of New South Wales, Sydney, vol. 29, pp. 146-277. Rat among test animals. MARTIN, H. N. AND MOALE, W. A. 1884 Handbook of vertebrate dissection. Part III. How to dissect a rodent. Macmillan & Co., N. Y. Mus decumanus the rodent used. MARTINI, E. 1901 Ueber Inhalationspest der Ratten. Ztschr. f. Hyg., vol. 38, p. 332. MARTINOTTI, GIOVANNI 1889 Le reti nervose del fegato e della milza scoperte dal Prof. G. Rattone. Gior. d. r. Accad. di med. di Torino, Anno 52, vol. 37, pp. 15-30. MATTHES, M. AND MARQUARDSEN, E. 1898 Uber die Reaktion des Diinndar- minhaltes. Verhaldl. des Congresses fur innere Med. XVI. Wies- baden, pp. 358-365. MAVROJA.NNIS 1903 L'action cataleptique de la morphine chez les rats. Con- tribution a la the'orie toxique de la catalepsie. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 55, p. 1092. MAYER, F. J. C. 1843 Ueber die ZungealsGeschmacksorgan. Nov. Act.Acad. C. L.-C. nat. cur., vol. 20, pp. 721-748. 4 pi. Mentions Mus rattus among other forms. MAYER, S. 1894 Adenologische Mitteilungen. Anat. Anz., vol. 10, pp. 177- 191. Rat, p. 179. MAZZARELLI, G. F. 1890 Sulla structura dello stomaco del Mus decumanus Pall, var. alba, e del Mus musculus L. Internat. Monatsschr. Anat. Phys., vol. 7, pp. 91-96, T. 8 (1) pi. VIII, figs. 1, 3 and 4. M. decuma- nus var. alba. MEEK, ALEXANDER 1899 On the post-embryonal history of voluntary muscles in mammals. J. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 33, p. 601. MEEK, WALTER J. 1907 A study of the choroid plexus. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 286-306. MELISSINOS, KONST. 1907 Die Entwicklung des Eies der Mause (Mus musculus var. alba u. Mus rattus albus) von den ersten Furchungs-Phanomenen bis zur Festsetzung der Allantois an der Ectoplacentarplatte. Arch, f . mikr. Anat., vol. 70, pp. 577-628. MELLANBY, EDWARD 1908 Creatin and creatinin. J. Physiol., vol. 36, pp. 447-487. Rat, p. 472. MENDEL, L. B. AND DANIELS, AMY L. 1912 The behavior of fat-soluble dyes and stained fat in the animal organism. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 13, p. 71. MENDEL, L. B. 1913 The role of proteins in growth. Trans. XV Internat. Congress on Hyg. and Demography. MERESHKOWSKY, S. S. AND SARIN, E. 1909 Ueber das Ratin II. Centralbl. f . Bakteriol., 1 Abt., Jena, vol. 51, pp. 6-10. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 247 MERESHKOWSKY, S. S. 1912 Der Einfluss der Passagen durch graue Ratten (Mus decumanus) auf die Virulenz des Bacillus Danysz. Centralbl. f . Bakteriol., vol. 62, pp. 3-68. 1912 a Die Wirkung der 186.-515. in 10 proz.Htihnereiweissdekokt erwachsenen Generationen des Bacillus Danysz auf graue Ratten (Mus decumanus). Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., 1 Abt., vol. 65, pp. 482-488. MESSER 1889 Das Vorkommen der Hausratte, Mus rattus, in Bremen. Zoolog. Garten, 30 Jahrg., pp. 26-27. METSCHNIKOFF AND Roux 1891 Sur la propriety bacte"ricide du sang de rat. Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur, no. 8, p. 479. Also Centralbl. f. Bacteriol., vol. 10, p. 756. MEVES, F. 1898 Ueber das Verhalten der Centralkorper bei der Histogenese der Samenfaden von Mensch und Ratte. Verhandl.d.anat. Gesellsch. 12 Vers., pp. 91-98. Diss. p. 98-100. MEYER, NICHOLAUS 1800 Prodromus Anatomiae Murium. Inaug.-Diss. Jena, 40 pp., 2 pi. (50 figs.). Copper plates based on mouse — figures en- larged by 3. Gives teeth and ear bones. Dedicated to Goethe. MEYERHEIM, MARTIN 1898 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Entwicklung der Schnei- dezahne bei Mus decumanus. Inaug.-Diss. Universitat Leipzig, Pos- chel & Trepte, Leipzig. MIDDENDORFF, A. v. 1875 Reise in den aussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens. Bd.4UebersichtderNaturNordundOst-sibiriens. Teil2. St. Peters- burg, Kommission d. Akademie. MILLAIS, J. G. 1904 Mammals of Great Britain and Ireland. 4°. Pp. 203-232. Excellent colored plates for Mus norvegicus and Mus rattus. 1905 The true position of Mus rattus and its allies. 1 pi. ,2 figs. The Zoologist, ser. 4, vol. 9, pp. 201-207. Figures of Mus rattus ater. MILLER, GERRIT S. JR. 1910 The generic name of the house rat. Proc. Biol'. Soc. Wash., vol. 23, pp. 57-60. MILLER, NEWTON 1911 Reproduction in the brown rat (Mus norvegicus). Am. Naturalist, vol. 45, pp. 623-635. MILLER, W. S. 1893 The structure of the lung. J. Morphol., vol. 8, pp. 165- 188. 3 plates and other illustrations in text. Rat used with other mammals . MILLS, WESLEY 1897 The functional development of the cerebral cortex in different groups of animals. Trans. R. Soc. Canada, vol. 2, Sect. IV, pp. 3-18. MILNE-EDWARDS See EDWARDS, MILNE. MINOT, C. S. 1900 On a hitherto unrecognized form of blood circulation with- out capillaries in the organs of vertebrata. Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. 29, pp. 185-215. p. 207, Suprarenal capsule — rat. MITCHELL, O. W. H. 1912 Bacillus muris as the etiological agent of pneumoni- tis in white rats and its pathogenicity for laboratory animals. J. Infect. Dis., vol. 10, pp. 17-23. MITCHELL, P. C. 1911 Longevity. (Rat, 5-6 years.) Encyc. Britannica, llth ed., vol. 16, p. 976 (middle of first column). MOJSISOVICS, VON MojsvlR 1897 Das Tierleben der osterr.-ungar. Tiefebenen. Wien, Holder, 1897. 248 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE MONTANE, M. 1889 De la cytodierese dans le testicule du rat. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 1, 9th series. MORESCHI, C. 1909 Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrung und Tumorwachstum. Zeitschr. f. Immunitatsforschung, vol. 2, pp. 651-685. MORGAN, T. H. 1909 Breeding experiments with rats. Am. Naturalist, vol. 43, pp. 182-185. MORGULIS, SERGIUS 1911 Studies of inanition in its bearing upon the problem of growth. I. Arch. f. Ent. d. Organ., vol. 32, pp. 169-268. MORPURGO, B. 1898 Uber die postembryonale entwickelung der quergestreif- ten Muskeln von weissen ratten. Anat. Anz., vol. 15, pp. 200-206. 1899 Ueber die Verhaltnisse der Kernwucherung zum Langenwachstum an den quergestreiften Muskelfasern der weissen Ratten. Anat. Anz., vol. 16, pp. 88-91. 1899 a Ueber die Regeneration des quergestreiftenMuskelgewebes bei neugeborenen weissen Ratten. Anat. Anz., vol. 16, pp. 152-156. 1901 Ueber eine infectiose Form von Knochenerweichung bei weissen Ratten. Verhandl. d. Versamml. d. Gesellsch. f. Kinderh. deutsch. Naturf. u. Aerzte, vol. 72. 1902 Durch Infection hervorgerufene malacische und rachitische Skelet-veranderungen an jungen weissen Ratten. Centralbl. f. allg. Path. u. path. Anat., vol. 13, pp. 113-119. MORRELL, G. HERBERT 1872 Supplement to the anatomy of the mammalia, containing dissections of the sheep's heart and brain, rat, sheep's head and ox's eye. Longman & Co., London, pp. 153-269. Moss, SAMUEL 1836 Notes on the habits of a domesticated white rat and a terrier dog (Flora) that lived in harmony together. London Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9. MOURET, J. 1895 Contribution a l'6tude des cellules glandulaires (pancreas). J. de 1'anat. et physiol. Ann. 31, pp. 221-236, 1 pi. Mainly on frog and salamander. Rat among the mammals examined. MUDGE, G. P. 1908 On some features in the hereditary transmission of the self black and the Irish coat characters in rats. Proc. R. Soc. London, vol. SOB, pp. 97-121. 1908 a On some features in the hereditary transmission of the albino character and the black piebald coat in rats. Proc. R. Soc. London, vol. 80 B, pp. 388-393. 1909 Note on the chemical nature of albinism. J. Physiol., vol. 38, p. Ixvii. 1910 Article "Albino." Encyc. Brit., vol 1, p. 510 at the bottom, llth ed. Recognizes 13 gametic types of the albino rat. MUELLER, GLAUS 1902 Uber die Tyson'schen Driisen beim Menschen und eini- gen Saugetieren. Inaug.-Diss. Friedrichs-Universitat,Halle-Witten- berg. MULLER, JOHANNES 1830 De glandularum secernentium structura penitiori earumque prima formatione in homine atque animalibus. Leipzig, 131 pp., 17 pi. MtiarcH, FRANCIS 1896 Die Topographic der Papillen der Zunge des Menschen und der Saugethiere. Morphol. Arb., vol. 6, pp. 605-690, 2 pi., 53 text figs. Rat, pp. 615, 616. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 249 MTJNSON, T. M. 1910 An efficient rat killing device for use on board ship. U. S. Nav. M. Bull., Wash., vol. 4, p. 514. MURPHY, JAMES B. 1914 Heteroplastic tissue grafting effected through Roent- gen-ray lymphoid destruction. Journ. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 62, p. 1459. MURRAY, ANDREW 1866 Geographical distribution of mammals. London, Day and Son. 4°. NERKING, JOSEPH 1909 Narkose und Lezithin. Munch, med. Wochenschr. 56, II, pp. 1475-1478. NEUMARK, E. 1913 Ueber die Bedeutung von Bakterienpraparaten als Rat- ten vertilgungsmittel. Gesundh.-Ingenieur, Munchen, vol.36, pp.589 -591. NICOLAS, A. 1890 Sur les cellules a grains du fond des glandes de Lieberkuhn. Bull, des seances de la Soc. des Sciences de Nancy, An. 2, pp. 45-49. OHLMACHER, A. P. 1897 A modified fixing fluid for general histological and. neuro-histological purposes. J. Exper. Med., vol. 11. OLDS, W. H. 1910 The effects of thyroidectomy on the resistance of rats to morphine poisoning. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 26, pp. 354-360. OPHULS, W. 1911 Spontaneous nephritis in wild rats. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 42nd meeting, February 15. ORDWAY, THOMAS AND MORRIS, J. LUCIEN 1913 The protein metabolism in certain tumor-bearing rats. J. Med. Research, vol. 28, (N. S. vol. 23), pp. 301-308. ORI, A. 1912 Pseudotubercolosi nei topi (M. decumanus) catturati nel porto di Venezia. Igiene mod., Genova, v. pp. 233-242. OSBORNE, T. B. AND MENDEL, L. B. 1911 Feeding experiments with mixtures of isolated food substances. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 27, p. xxvi. 1911 a Feeding experiments with isolated food substances. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. 156, parts I and II. 1911 b The role of different proteins in nutrition and growth. Science vol. 34, pp. 722-732. 1912 The role of proteins in growth. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 11, p. xxii. 1912 a Maintenance and growth. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chem., J. Biol. Chem., vol. 11, p. xxxvii. 1912 b Feeding experiments with fat-free food mixtures. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 9, p. 73. Also J. Biol. Chem., vol. 12, pp. 81-89. 1912 c Growth and maintenance on purely artificial diets. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 9, p. 72. 1912 d Ein Stoffwechselkafig und Fiitterungsvorrichtungen fur Rat- ten. Ztschr. biol. Techn. u. Methodik, vol. 2, pp. 313-318. 1912 e Beobachtungen iiber Wachstum bei Fiitterungsversuchen mit isolierten Nahrungs-substanzen. Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem., vol. 80, pp. 307-370. 1912 f The role of gliadin in nutrition. J. Biol Chem., vol. 12, pp. 473-510. 1912 g Maintenance experiments with isolated proteins. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 13, pp. 233-276. 250 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE OSBORNE, T. B. 1913 The nutritive value of the proteins of maize. Science, N. S., vol. 37, pp. 185-191. OSBORNE, T. B. AND MENDEL, L. B. 1913 Feeding experiments relating to the nutritive value of the proteins of maize. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. in J. Biol. Chem., vol. 14, p. xxxi. 1913 a The relation of growth to the chemical constituents of the diet. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 15, pp. 311-326. 1913 b The influence of butter-fat on growth. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 16, pp. 423-437. Also in Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 11, pp. 14-15. 1914 Some problems of growth. Am. J. Physiol. vol. 33, p. xxviii. 1914 a Amino acids in nutrition and growth. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 17, p. 325. 1914 b Influence of cod liver oil and some other fats on growth. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 17, p. 401. 1914 c Nutritive properties of proteins of the maize kernel. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 18, pp. 1-16. 1914 d The suppression of growth and the capacity to grow. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 18, pp. 95-106. 1914 e The contribution of bacteria to the feces after feeding diets free from indigestible components. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 18, pp. 177- 182. 1915 The influence of beef-fat on growth. Given at Soc. for Exper. Biol. and Med., 64th Meeting, Jan. 20, 1915. OUDEMANS, J. TH. 1892 Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdriisen der Saugetiere. Haarlem, 96 pp. 16 pi. 4°. OVALLE, ALONSO DE 1646 An historical relation of the Kingdom of Chili, 1646. Translated from Spanish into English, London, 1703, in A. & J. Church- ill's "A collection of voyages and travels." vol. 3, London, 1704. p. 44 rat or pericote. OWEN, RICHARD 1840-1845 Odontography; or a treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth; their physiological relations, mode of develop- ment, and microscopic structure in the vertebrate animals. 2 v., xix, 74, 655 pp; atlas, 37pp. 150 pi. roy. 8°. London, H. Bailliere. 1868 On the anatomy of vertebrates. London, 1866-1868. Vol. 3, Mammals, 1868. Musdecumanus, alimentary canal, p. 421 and fig. 317; No gall bladder, p. 485; Low type of pancreas, p. 493 and fig. 380 (Hyde Salter). PALLAS, PIETRO 1778 Novae species Quadrupedum e Glirium mordine. Erlangen. 1831 Zoographica Rosso-Asiatica. Sistens omnium ani- malium in extenso imperio rossico et adjacentibus maribus observa- torium recensionem domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli, vol. 1, p. 164. PANETH, J. 1888 Ueber die secernierenden Zellen des Diinndarm-Epithels. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 31, pp. 113-191., 3 pi. Mainly Triton and mouse. Rat: see figs. 30, 31, pi. X. 1888 a Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Lieberkiihn'schen Krypten. Centralbl. f. Physiol., vol. 1, pp. 255-256. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 251 PAUL, C. B. 1906 On the influence of an excessive meat diet on the male repro- ductive organs. J. Physiol, vol. 34, pp. xiv-xv. PEARSON, KARL 1910 Darwinism, biometry and some recent Biology I. Bio- metrika, vol. 7, part 3, pp. 368-385. 1911 Remarks on Professor Lloyd's note on inheritance of fertility. Biometrika, vol. 8, pp. 247-249. PEMBREY, M. S. 1895 The effect of variations in external temperature upon the output of carbonic acid and the temperature of young animals. J. Physiol., vol. 18. pp. 363-379. PEMBREY, M. S. AND SPRIGGS, E. I. 1904 The influence of fasting and feeding upon the respiratory and nitrogenous exchange. J. Physiol., vol. 31, pp. 320-345. PENNANT, THOS. 1781 History of quadrupeds. 2 vols. London. Vol. II. Rats. M. rattus introduced into South America in 1544 — time of Vice- roy Blasco Mine/. (Minez — a misprint for Nunez.) PETERS, Albert 1890 Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Harder'schen Druse. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 36, pp. 192-203. PETRIE, G. F. 1910 Rats and plague. Nature, vol. 85, pp. 15-16. Historical: Late association circa 1800 of rat with plague. PITTS 1898 Article "Animal heat" in Schafer's Text Book of Physiol., vol. 1, p. 790. PLIMMER, H. G. AND THOMSON, J. D. 1908 Further results of the experimental treatment of trypanosomiasis in rats; being a progress report of a Com- mittee of the Royal Society. Proc. R. Soc. London, vol. 80 B, pp. 1-12. PLOSCHKO, ADAM AND v. ARNSTEIN 1897 Die Nervenendigungen und Ganglien der Respirationsorgane. Anat. Anz., vol. 13, pp. 12-22. 1 fig. Rat. PODWISOTZKY, VALERIAN 1878 AnatomischeUntersuchungen iiber die Zungen- driisen des Menschen und der Saugethiere (bothM.decumanus and M. rattus). Inaug.-Diss. Dorpat., 144 pp., 2 pi. PODWYSSOTZKI, W. 1882 Beitrage zur Kenntnis des feineren Baues der Bauch- speicheldrlise. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 21, pp. 765-768. Rat exam- ined. Results apply especially to the dog. POLJAKOFF, P. 1888 Ueber eine neue Art von fettbildenden Organen im lockern Bindegewebe. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 32, pp. 123-182. POLL, HEINRICH 1898 Ueber das Schicksal der verpflanztenNebenniere. Cen- tralbl. f. Physiol., yol. 12, pp. 321-326. 1899 Veranderungen der Nebenniere bei Transplantation. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 54, pp. 440-481. PONTIER AND GERARD, G. 1900 De 1'entre-croisement des pyramides chez le rat. Leur passage dans le faisceau de Burdach (note preUiminaire) . Bibliogr. anat. Nancy, vol. 8, pp. 186-190, Ten figures — sections of the bulb. POPPE, K. 1913 Pseudotuberkulose. in (KOLLE, WILHELM ANDWASSERMANN, A. v (eds). Handbuch der pathogenen Mikro-organismen, 2nded.enl. vol. 5, part 2, pp. 779-781. POTTEVIN, H. 1910 La deratisation rapport sur I'e'tat actuel des me'thodes ap- plicables a la destruction des rongeurs et de leurs parasites. Bull. de POffice internat. d'hyg. pub. Par., vol. 2, pp. 542-613. 252 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE POUND, C. J. 1905 On trypanosoma and their presence in the blood of Brisbane rats. Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, vol. 19, pp. 33-38. PREYER, W. 1866 Quantitative Bestimmung des Farbstoffs im Blute durch das Spectrum. Annalen der Chemie u. Pharmacie, vol. 140, pp. 187- 200. Rat, p. 198. 1871 Die Blutkrystalle. Mauke's Verlag, Jena. Rat: pp. 3, 13, 16, 38, 127. PRODROMUS, THEODORUS See KELLER, OTTO '09. PRZIBRAM, HANS 1907 Demonstrationen iiber Vererbung bei Saugetieren. Zentralbl. f. Physiol., vol. 21, p. 257. 1910 UebertragungenerworbenerEigenschaf ten bei Saugetieren. Ver- suche mit Hitze-Ratten. Verh. Ges. deutsch. Nat. Aertze Vers. 81, Tl, 2, Halfte 1, pp. 179-180. 1911 Albinismus bei Inzucht. Verhandl. d. naturf . Ver. in Briinn, vol. 49 (Festband fur Mendel). 1912 Ueber das Vorkommen der Hausratte (Mus rattus L.) in Oester- reich. Wochenschr. Das osterreichische Sanitatswesen, no. 16, pp. 297-299. QUINQUATJD 1873 Sur les variations de l'hemoglobine dans la serie zoologique. Compt. rend, de 1'Acad. de Science, Paris, vol. 77, pp. 487-489. RABINOWITSCH, L. AND KEMPNER, W. 1899 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Blut- parasiten, speciell der Ratten-trypanosomen. Zeitschr. f. Hyg., vol. 30, p. 251. RAMACHANDRIER, P. S. 1908 Rat destruction in India (Abstr.). Med. Times, Lond.,vol.36, p.319. RAM^N Y CAJAL, S. SeeCAJAL, S. RAM6N. RAMSTROM, M. 1905 Untersuchungen und Studien iiber die Innervation des Peritoneum der vorderen Bauchwand. Anat. Hefte, vol. 29, pp. 351- 443. Mus decumanus, p. 372. RANSON, S. W. 1903 On the medullated fibers crossing the site of lesions in the brain of the white rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 13, pp. 185-207. 1904 Retrograde degeneration in the corpus callosum of the white rat. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 14, pp. 381-389. 1906 Retrograde degeneration in the spinal nerves. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 16, pp. 3-31. 1913 The fasciculus cerebrospinalis in the albino rat. Am. J. Anat., vol. 14, p. 411. 1914 A note on the degeneration of the fasciculus cerebro-spinalis in the albino rat. J. Comp. Neur., vol. 24, pp. 503-507. 1914 a The tract of Lissauer and the substantia gelatinosa rolandi. Am. J. Anat., vol. 16, pp. 97-126. RANVIER, L. A. 1883 De 1'existence et de la distribution de Pe'leidine dans la muquese bucco-oesophagienne des Mammiferes. C. R. de 1'Acad. des Sc. Paris, vol. 97, pp. 1377-1379. 1884 Les membranes muqueuses et le systeme glandulaire. J. de microg., vol. 8, pp. 29-38; 77-86; 142-150; 194-200; 310-317; 419-422. 1885 Les membranes muqueuses et le systeme glandulaire. Le foie (Rat). J. de microg., vol. 9, pp. 6-14; 55-63 ;1 03-109; 155-163; 194-201; 240-247; 287-295; 334-343; 389-396; 438-445; 480-482. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 253 RANVIER, L. A. 1886 Les membranes muqueuses et le systeme glandulaire. Le foie. J. demicrog., vol. 10, pp. 5-10; 55-58; 160-166; 211-214; 355-362; 443-447. 1886 a Etude anatomique des glandes connues sous les noms de sous- maxillaire et sublinguale, chez, les mammiferes. Arch, de physiol. norm. etpath.,ser.3, vol.8, pp. 223-256. M. decumanus, p. 224, fig.l. 1887 Le me'canisme de la secretion. M. decumanus, see p. 530. J. de microg., vol. 11, pp. 527-534. 1888 Le me'canisme de la se'cre'tion. J. de microg., vol.12, pp. 3-11; 33 -41; 65-73; 104-111; 165-173; 212-218; 243-250; 298-303; 329-335; 364- 368; 389-393. 1894 Des chyliferes du rat et de 1'absorption intestinale. Compt. rend. acad. d. sc. Paris, vol. 118, pp. 621-626. RAPP, W.v. 1839 Ueber dieTonsillen. Arch. f. Anat., Physiol., u. wiss. Med., pp. 189-199. PI. VII and VIII. Absence of tonsils. RATTONE, G. AND MONDINO, C. 1888 Sulla circolazione del sangue nel fegato. Giorn. di sc. nat. ed econ., vol. 19, pp. 125-136., 2 pi. 1888 a Sur la circulation du sang dans le foie. Arch. ital. de biol., vol. 9, fasc. 1, pp. 13-15. 1889 Sur la circulation du sang dans le foie. Arch. ital. de biol., vol. 12, pp. 156-177, 2 pi. (Abre'ge' d'un travail duquel la 1° partie a 6te publiee a Palerme, la 2° dans PArch. per le sc. med., Torino, vol. 13, no. 3.) Rat among animals used. 1889 a Sulla circolazione del sangue nel fegato, pt. 2. Arch, per le sc. med., vol. 13, pp. 45-72, 1 pi. RAUTHER, MAX 1903 Ueber den Genitalapparat einiger Nager u. Insektivoren, insbesondere die accessorischen Genitaldriisen derselben. Jenaische Ztschr. f. Naturw., vol. 38, pp. 377-472. 3 pi. REANEY, M. F. AND MALCOLMSON, G. E. 1908 Rat destruction in Kamptree. Indian M. Gaz., Calcutta, vol. 43, p. 338. REGATJD, CL. 1900 Note sur le tissu conjonctif du testicule chez le rat. Compt. rend Soc. de Biol., vol. 52, pp. 26-27. 1900 a De'gen^rescence des cellules seminales chez les mammiferes en 1'absence de tout etat pathologique. Compt. rend. Soc. deBiol., Paris, vol. 52, pp. 268-270. 1900 b Note sur certaines differenciations chromatique observers dans le noyau des spermatocytes du rat. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 52, pp. 698-700. 1900 c La se'cre'tion liquide de P epithelium seminal; son processus his- tologique. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 52, pp. 912-914. 1900 d Les phases et les stades de Ponde spermatog^netique chez les mammiferes (rat) . Classification rationnelle des figures de la sperma- togenese. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 52, pp. 1039-1042. 1900 e Direction helicoidale du mouvement spermatog^ne'tique dans les tubes s^miniferes du rat. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 52, pp. 1042-1044. 1900 f Les ph^nomenes s6cr6toires du testicule et la nutrition de Pepi- thelium seminal. Compt. rend. Soc. de viol., Paris, vol. 52, pp. 1102- 1104. 254 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE REGAUD, CL. 1901 Plurality des karyokineses des spermatogonies chez les mammiferes (rat). Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 53, pp. 56-58. 1901 a Division directe ou bourgeonnement du noyau des spermato- gonies, chez le rat. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 53, pp. 74-76. 1901 b Variations de la chromatine nucle'aire au cours de la spermato- genese. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 53, pp. 224-226. 1901 c Sur le mode de formation des chromosomes pendant les karyo- kineses des spermatogonies, chez le rat. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 53, pp. 406-407. 1901 d Note sur les cellules glandulairesdel'^pididymedu rat. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 53, pp. 616-618. 1902 Sur 1'existence de cellules s^minales dans le tissu conjonctif du testicule, et sur la signification de ce fait. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 54, pp. 745-747. 1902 a Note histologique sur la secretion seminale du moineau do- mestique. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 54, pp. 583-585. 1903 Quelques faits nouveaux relatifs aux phenomenes de secretion de Pepithe'lium se'minal du rat. Compt. rend, de 1'Ass. d. anat. Nancy, vol. 5, pp. 179-186. Bibliographic anatomique Suppl. 1903. 1904 Variations histochimiques du filament axile pendant le d6 veloppe- ment des spermies, chez le rat. C. R. Ass. Anat. Sess. 6, p. 202. REHN, JAMES A. G. 1900 An older name for the Norway rat. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 13, p. 167. Mus decumanus (Pall) to Mus (Epimys) nor- vegicus (Erxleben). Merely a three line note. REICHARDT, MARTIN 1906 Ueber die Untersuchung des gesunden und kranken Gehirnes mittels der Wage. Arb. a. d. psychiat. Klin, zu Wiirzburg, part 1 . REICHERT, E. T. AND BROWN, A. P. 1909 The differentiation and specificity of corresponding proteins and other vital substances in relation to bio- logical classification and organic evolution: The crystallography of hemoglobins. Carnegie Inst. of Wash., Wash., D. C., pp. 229-237. The blood of the rat. REMLINGER, P. 1904 Rage experimentale de la souris et du rat. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., vol. 56, p. 42. RENAUT, J. 1904 Les cellules fixes des tendons de la queue du jeune rat sont toutes des cellules connectives rhagiocrines. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, vol. 56, pp. 1067-1069. RENSON, GEO. 1882 De la spermatogenese chez les mammiferes. Arch, de biol., vol. 3, pp. 291-334. REPORTS ON PLAGUE INVESTIGATIONS IN INDIA 1906 Issued by the Advisory Committee appointed by the Secretary of State for India, the Royal Society and the Lister Institute. J. Hyg., vol. 6, pp. 421-536; vol. 7, pp. 324-476; pp. 694-986. RETTERER, ED. 1905 Des menisques interarticulaires du genou du Cobaye et du Rat. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, vol. 58, pp. 44-47. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 255 RETZIUS,A. 1841 Ueber den Bau des Magens bei den in Schweden vorkommen- den Wuhlmausen (Lemmus Nilss., Hypudaeus Jllig.) (A. d.Schwed. von F. C. H. Creplin.) Taf. XIV. fig. 2-9. Archiv. fur Anat. u. Physiol., pp. 403-420. Comparisons with Mus decumanus. RETZITJS, GUSTAF 1893 Biologische Untersuchungen, Neue Folge V. 2. Stud- ien iiber Ependym und Neuroglia, pp. 9-15. Samson &Wallin. Stock- holm. 1894 Biologische Untersuchungen. Neue Folge VI, 1. Die Neuro- glia der Neurohypophyse der Saugetiere, pp. 1-28. Samson & Wallin, Stockholm. 1909 Biologische Untersuchungen, 14. Die Spermien der Nagetiere. Taf. XL-XLVIII, Taf. XLIX, fig. 13-20, pp. 133-162. p. 160, Mus norvegicus Erxl. (Mus decumanus Pall) Neue Folge, XIV. Gustav Fischer, Jena. RICHARDSON, FLORENCE 1909 A study of sensory control in the rat. Psych. Monographs, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-124. RINGELING, H. G. 1912 Naar aanleiding van een opvallende sterfte onder de ratten aan boord van een stoomschips te Amsterdam. Tijdschr. v. sociale hyg. Zwolle, xiv, 29-53. RITZEMA-BOS, J. 1894 Untersuchungen iiber die Folgen der Zucht in engster Blutverwandtschaft. Biol. Centralbl., vol. 14, pp. 75-81. ROBERTSON, T. B. 1908 On the normal rate of growth of an individual and its biochemical significance. Arch. f. Entwcklngs-mechn. d. Organ., vol. 25, pp. 571-614. 1912 Studies in the blood relationship of animals as displayed in the composition of the serum proteins. I. A comparison of the serum of the horse, rabbit, rat and ox with respect to their content of various proteins in the normal and in the fasting condition. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 13, p. 325. ROBERTSON, T.B. AND BURNETT, T.C. 1913 The influence of lecithin and chol- esterin upon the growth of tumors. J. exper. Med., vol. 17, pp. 344- 352. ROBINSON, ARTHUR 1889 Observations on the early stages in the development of the lungs of rats and mice. J. of Anat. u Physiol., vol. 23, pp. 224- 241. 1892 Some points in the early development of Mus musculus and Mus decumanus; the relation of the yolk-sac to the decidua and the placenta. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc., 61st Meeting, Cardiff, pp. 690- 691. 1892 a Observations upon the development of the spinal cord in Mus musculus and Mus decumanus. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc., 61st meet- ing, Cardiff, pp. 691-692. 1896 On the formation and structure of the optic nerve, and its rela- tion to the optic stalk. J. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 30, pp. 319-333. 1904 Lectures on the early stages in the development of mammalian ova and on the differentiation of the placenta in different groups of mam- mals. J. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 38, pp. 186-204. 256 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE ROBINSON, G. H. 1913 The rats of Providence and their parasites. Am. J. Pub. Health, vol. 3, pp. 773-776. RODWELL, JAMES 1858 The rat: Its history and destructive character. G. Routledge & Co., London. ROHD£, ALICE AND JONES, WALTER 1909 The purine ferments of the rat. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 7, p. 237. ROMER, F. 1896 Studien liber das Integument der Saugethiere. I. Entwickel. d. Schuppen u. Haare am Schwanze u. an d. Fiissen v.Mus decumanus und einigen anderen Muriden. Jenaische Zeitschr. f . naturw., vol. 30, pp. 603-622. Two plates mainly from M. n. albinus. ROSENAU, M. J. 1901 An investigation of a pathogenic microbe (B. typhi murium Danyz) applied to the destruction of rats. Bull. no. 5, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Mar. Hosp. Serv. Wash. 1910 The inefficiency of bacterial viruses in the extermination of rats. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 179-204. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. ROSENFELD, CARL 1899 Zur vergleichenden Anatomic des Musculus tibialis posticus. Anat. Hefte, vol. 11, pp. 361-388. Mus rattus, p. 364. ROTH, A. H. 1905 The relation between the occurrence of white rami fibers and the spinal accessory nerve. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 15, pp. 482-493. Rous, PEYTON 1911 The rate of tumor growth in underfed hosts. Proc. of Soc. for Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 8, pp. 128-130. 1914 The influence of diet on transplantable and spontaneous mouse tumors. J. Exp. Med., vol. 20, p. 433. ROWLAND, SYDNEY 1911 Preliminary observations on the protective and cura- tive value for rats of the serum of a horse immunised with a toxic nu- cleo-protein extracted from the plague bacillus. J. of Hyg., Plague Suppl. 1, 6th Report of Plague Investigations in India, pp. 11-19. RUBELI, O. 1890 Ueber den Oesophagus des Menschen und der Hausthiere. Ztschr. f. wissensch. Mikr., vol. 7, pp. 224-225. RUCKER, WILLIAM C. 1910 Rodent extermination. Found in "The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 153-162. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1912 How to poison rats. Pub. Health Rep., U. S. Mar. Hosp. Serv., Wash., vol. 27, p. 1267. 1913 Deratization of rat-proof buildings. Pub. Health Rep. Wash., vol. 28, p. 254. RYDER, J A. 1888 A theory of the origin of placental types, and on certain ves- tigiary structures in the placentae of the mouse, rat and field mouse. Am. Naturalist, vol. 21, pp. 780-784. RYWOSCH, D. 1907 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber die Resistenz der Ery- throcyten einiger Saugethiere gegen hamolytische Agentien. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 116, pp. 229-251. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 257 SABRAZES, J. AND MuRATET 1905 Frequence des Trypanosomes chex Mus rat- tus. Rarete chez Mus decumanus et chez Mus musculus. Resistance du decumanus et du rat blanc a 1'infestation naturelle. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, vol. 59, pp. 441-443. SALTER, H. H. 1859 Pancreas. (Article in R. B. Todd's "The Cyclopaedia of anatomy and physiology.") 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Physiol., vol. 5, pp. 203-228. SCHAFF, E. 1891 Schwarzliche Varietat von Mus decumanus. Sitzgsber. Ges- Naturf. fr. Berlin, no. 4, p. 61. SCHERN, K. 1909 Ueber eine durch den Bazillus enteritidis Gartner hervorge- rufene Rattenseuche. Arb. a. d. k. Gsndhtsamte, Berl., vol. 30, pp. pp. 575-583. 1912 Ueber das Rattenvertilgungsmittel Virus sanitar A. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., 1 Abt., vol. 62, pp. 468-471. SCHIFF, J. MORITZ 1859 Untersuchungen uber die Zuckerbildung in der Leber und den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf die Erzeugung des Diabetes. Wiirzburg. 1884 Bericht liber eine Versuchsreihe betreffend die Wirkungen der Exstirpation der Schilddruse. Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol., vol. 18, pp. 25-34. 1884 a Resum6 d'une s4rie d'explriences sur les effets de 1'ablation des corps thyroldes. Rev. m6d. de la Suisse-Rom., vol. 4, pp. 65-75. SCHMIDT, F. TH. 1863 Das folliculare Driisengewebe der Schleimhaut der Mundhohle und des Schlundes bei dem Menschen und den Saugetieren. 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SEVERIN, FRIEDRICH 1885 Untersuchungen liber das Mundepithel bei Sauge- tieren mit Bezug auf Verhornung, Regeneration und Art der Nervenen- digung. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 26, pp. 81-88, 1 pi. Rat included among mammals examined. SHERBORN, C. DAVIES 1897 On the dates of the natural history portion of Sa- vigny's "Description de PEgypte." Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1897, pp. 285-288. SHERRINGTON, C. S. AND COPEMAN, S. M. 1893 Variations experimentally pro- duced in the specific gravity of the blood. J. Physiol., vol. 14, p. 54. SHIPLEY, A. E. 1908 Rats and their animal parasites. J. Economic Biol., vol. 3, pp. 61-83. SIMPSON, F. 1913 Rat proofing; its practical application in the construction or repair of dwellings or other buildings. Pub. Health Rep., Wash., vol. 28, pp. 679-687, 10 pi. SITTENFIELD, M. J. 1912 Influence of anemia and hyperemia on the growth of sarcoma in the white rat. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 9, pp. 56-57. SLONAKER, J. 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Physiol., vol. 56, pp. 304-338. 1910 Geschlechsttrieb und echt sekundare Geschlechtsmerkmale als Folge der innersekretorischen Funktion der Keimdriisen. I. Praexistente und echt sekundare Geschlechtsmerkmale. II. tiber die Entstehung des Umklammerungsreflexes bei Froschen. III. Entwicklung der vollen Mannlichkeit in funktioneller und soma- tischer Beziehung bei Saugern als Sonderwirkung des inneren Hoden- sekretes. Zentralbl. f. Physiol., vol. 24, pp. 551-566. 1911 Umstimmung des Geschlechtscharakter bei Saugetieren durch Austausch der Pubertatsdriisen. Zentralbl. f. Physiol., vol. 25, pp. 723-725. 1912 Willkiirliche Umwandlung von Saugetier-Mannchen in Tiere mit ausgepragt weiblichen Geschlechtscharakteren und weiblicher Psyche. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 144, pp. 71-108. 1913 Feminierung von Mannchen und Maskulierung von Weibchen. Zentralbl. f. Physiol., vol. 27, pp. 717-723. STENDELL, W. 1913 Zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Histologie der Hypo- physis cerebri. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 82, pp. 289-332. STERZI, GIUSEPPE 1904 Die Blutgefasse des Riickenmarks. Anat. Hefte, vol. 24, pp. 5-364. Mus decumanus, p. 169. STEWART, COLIN C. 1898 Variations in daily activity produced by alcohol and by changes in barometric pressure and diet, with a description of re- cording methods. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 1, pp. 40-56. STIEDA, L. 1869 Studien iiber das centrale Nervensystem der Vogel und Sauge- theire. Ztschr. f . wissensch. Zool., vol. 19, p. 68. STILES, CH. W. AND CRANE, C. G. 1910 The internal parasites of rats and mice in their relation to diseases of man. Found in "The rat and its rela- tion to the public health," pp. 87-110. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. STILES, CH. W. AND HASSALL, ALBERT 1910 Compendium of animal parasites reported for rats and mice (Genus Mus). Found in 'The rat and its relation to the public health," pp. 111-122. Treasury Dept. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hospt. Service of the U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D. C. STIRLING, W. 1883 A simple method of demonstrating the nerves of the epi- glottis. J. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 17, p. 203. Rats included in mam- mals observed. 260 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE STIRLING, W. 1883 a The trachealis muscle of man and animals. J. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 17, pp. 204-206. STOTSENBURG, J. M. 1909 On the growth of the albino rat (Mus norvegicus var. albus) after castration. Proc. Assoc. Am. Anat. in Anat. Record, vol. 3, pp. 233-244. 1913 The effect of spaying and semi-spaying young albino rats (Mus norvegicus albinus) on the growth in body weight and body length. Anat. Record, vol. 7, pp. 183-194. STREHL, HANS AND WEISS, OTTO 1901 Beitrage zur Physiologic der Neben- niere. Archiv f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 86, pp. 107-121. STTJTZMANN, J. 1898 Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdriisen von Mus decumanus und ihre Entwicklung. Diss. Leipzig. SUFFOLK 1910 The epizootic of rat plague. Lancet, Lond., vol. 2, p. 1497. SWEET, J.E., CORSON-WHITE, E. P. AND SAXON, G. J. 1913 The relation of diets and of castration to the transmissible tumors of rats and mice. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 15, p. 181. SYMPOSIUM 1911 Ueber die Vertilgung der Ratten. Im Sinne einer Abwehr- massregel gegen die Pest. Das 6'sterreichische Sanitatswesen, no. 17 and 18, 1911. SZYMANSKI, J. S. 1914 Lernversuche bei weissen Ratten. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 185, pp. 386-418. TAFANI, A. 1889 La f6condation et la segmentation. Etudiees dans les oeufs des rats. Arch. Ital. de Biol., vol. 11. 1889 a I primi momenti dello sviluppo dei mammiferi. Studi di morfologia normaleefpatologica eseguiti sulle uova dei topi. Atti d. T. Accad. d. Lincei, Roma. Ser. 4, Rendiconti, vol. 5, semestre 1, pp. 119-125. TAILBY, T. M. J. 1911 A plea for the owl (the best of all rat killers). J. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health, Lond., pp. 108-113. TANDLER, J. 1899 Zur vergl. Anat. der Kopfarterien bei den Mammalia. (1898.) Denkschr. der kais. Akad. der Wissensch. in Wien, vol. 67, p. 729; Mus rattus — albino among those examined. 1902 Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Kopfarterien bei den Mam- malia. Morphol. Jahrb., vol. 30, pp. 275-373. TAYLOR, KENNETH 1915 Observations upon a rat sarcoma treated with emul- sions of embryonic tissues. Proc. of Soc. for Exper. Biol. and Med., vol. 12, pp. 216-218. TELLO, FRANCISCO 1906 Terminaciones sensitivas en los pelosy otrosorganos. Rev. trimestr. Microgr., vol. 9, pp. 49-77, fig. 1. TERRA, PAUL DE 1911 Vergleichende Anatomie des menschlichen Gebisses und der Zahne der Vertebraten. Jena. Fischer, p. 301, fig. 125. Teeth of M. norvegicus. TERRY, BENJAMIN T. 1905 An epidemic of trypanosmiasis among white rats. Trans. Chicago Path. Soc., pp. 1-4. THOMPSON, J. A. 1906 On the epidemiology of plague. J. Hyg., vol. 6, pp. 537-569. TIDSWELL, F. AND CLELAND, J. B. 1912 Leprosy-like disease in rats. Rep. Gov. Bur. Microbiol., Syndey, vol. 2, pp. 49-51. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 261 TILNEY, FREDERICK 1911 Contribution to the study of the hypophysis cerebri with especial reference to its comparative histology. Memoirs of The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, no. 2, p. 47. Mus decu- manus (figs. 34 and 35). 1913 An analysis of the juxta-neural epithelial portion of the hypo- physis cerebri, with an embryological and histological account of a hitherto undescribed part of the organ. Internat. Monatschr. f . Anat. u. Physiol., vol. 30, pp. 258-293, PI. V-XIX and 3 fig. Rat among other animals studied. TIRABOSCHI, CARLO 1902 Gli animali propagatori della peste bubbonica. 3 Nota. Caratteri distintivi del Mus decumanus Pall, e Mus rattus L. Diffusione del Mus rattus in Italia. Boll. Soc. zool. ital. Ann. 11, pp. 173-177. 1904 Gli animali propagatori della peste bubbonica. 4a Nota. I ratti e i loro ectoparassiti. Boll. Soc. zool. ital. Ann. 13, pp. 88-97. 1904 a Les rats, les souris et leurs parasites cutane"s dans leurs rap- ports avec la propagation de la peste bubonique. Arch. Parasitol., vol. 8, pp. 161-349. TOEPFER, KARL AND FLEISCHMANN, A. 1891 Die Morphologic des Magens der Rodentia. Morphol. Jahrb., vol. 17, pp. 380-416. TOPSELL, EDWARD 1658 History of four-footed beasts. No place. No pub- lisher. Rat, p. 403. TOURNADE, A. 1913 Sur les d<§lais de regeneration du vague chez le rat blanc. C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 74, pp. 956-957. TOYOFUKU, TAMAKI 1911 Ueber die parathyreoprive Veranderung des Rat- tenzahnes. Frankfurt. Ztschr. f. Path., vol. 7, pp. 249-294. TRAUTMANN, A. 1912 Ueber Massenausstreuung von Bacillus enteritidis Gartner. Arch, f . Hyg., vol. 76, pp. 206-209. TRAUTMANN, H. 1912 Zuriickweisung der Versuche Mereschowsky's: Ueber die Anwendung des Trautmannschen Verfahrens zur Virulenzsteiger- ung des Bacillus Danysz. Centralbl. f . Bakteriol., 1 Abt., vol. 65, pp. 58-60. TROMMSDORF, R. 1909 Ueber biologische Eiweissdifferenzierung bei Ratten und Mausen. Arb. a. d. k. Gsndhtsamte, Berl., vol. 32, pp. 560- 567. TROUESSART, E. L. 1881 Epimys — subgenus — including Rattus and Norvegi- cus. Bull. Soc. d'Etudes Sci. d'Angers, vol. 10, p. 117. 1897 Catalogus mammalium tarn viventium quam fossillum. Nova Editio (Prima completa) Berolini. See Fasciculus III. Rodentia II, p. 471 et seq. 1910 Faune des mammiferes d'Europe. Berlin. Friedlander. TUCKERMAN, FREDERICK 1892 Further observations on the gustatory organs of the Mammalia. J. Morphol., vol. 7, pp. 69-94. Mus decumanus, pp. 73-75. TULLBERG, TYCHO 1900 Ueber das System der Nagethiere. Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsaliensis Ser. 3, vol. 18, pp. 1-514. Mus decumanus, pp. 254-257. 262 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE TURNER, JOHN 1904 On the primary staining of the rat's brain by methylene blue. Brain, vol. 27, pp. 64-83. UHLENHTJTH, PAUL AND WEIDANZ, O. 1909 Mitteilungen iiber einige experi- mentelle Krebsforschungen. Arb. a. d. k. Gsndhtsamte, vol. 30, pp. 434-444. ULRICH, JOHN L. 1913 The number and distribution of trials in learning in the white rat. Behavior Monographs, vol. 2, no. 5, serial number 10, pp. 1-51. USKOW, N. 1883 Ueber die Entwickelung des Zwerchfells, des Pericardiums und des Coeloms. Archiv. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 22, pp. 143-219. Rat, pp. 191 and 192. VAN ALSTYNE, ELEANOR AND BEEBE, S. P. 1913 Diet studies in transplantable tumors. I. The effect of non-carbohydrate diet upon the growth of transplantable sarcoma in rats. J. Med. Research, vol. 29 (n.s. vol. 24), pp. 217-232. White rats, 10 tables. VAN DER VLOET 1906 Ueber den Verlauf der Pyramidenbahn bei niederen Saugetieren. Anat. Anz., vol. 29, p. 113. VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1535-1616) 1688 The royal commentaries of Peru, 1609-1617. Rendered into English by Sir Paul Rycaut. Portrait of Rycaut and 10 plates. London. VINCENT, S. B. 1912 The function of the vibrissae in the behavior of the white rat. Behavior Monographs, vol. 1, no. 5, Johns Hopkins University. VINCENT, S. B. 1913 The tactile hair of the white rat. J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 23, pp. 1-27. 1915 The white rat and the maze problem. I. The introduction of a visual control. J. of Animal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 1-24. 1915 a The white rat and the maze problem. II. The introduction of an olfactory control. J. of Animal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 140-157. 1915 b The white rat and the maze problem. III. The introduction of a tactual control. J. of Animal Behavior, vol 5, pp. 175-184. VINCENT, SWALE 1897 The effects of subcutaneous injections of extracts of suprarenal capsules. J. Physiol., vol. 21, Proc. of Physiol. Soc., p. xxv. 1897 a On the general physiological effects of extracts of the supra- renal capsules. J. Physiol., vol. 22, pp. 111-120. VINCENT, SWALE AND JOLLY, W. A. 1905 Some observations upon the function of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. J. Physiol., vol. 32, pp. 65-86. 1906 Further observations upon the functions of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. J. Physiol., vol. 34, pp. 295-305. VINCENT, SWALE 1910 The chromaphil tissues and the adrenal medulla. Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond., S. B., vol. 82, pp. 502-515. 1912 Internal secretion and the ductless glands. Edward Arnold, London. WAGNER, RUDOLPH 1841 Icones zootomicae. Handatlas zur vergleichenden Anatomie nach fremden und eigenen Untersuchungen, xvi,44pp., 35 pi., fol. L. Voss, Leipzig. Achte Tafel, p. 9, fig. -XI. Brain of M. decumanus. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 263 WALLER, R. 1693 Some observations in the dissection of a rat (with illustra- tions). Phil. Trans., vol. 17, pp. 594-596. WARD, HENRY L. 1906 Observation on a pied rat. Bull. Wis.Nat. Hist. Soc., n.s. vol.4, pp. 37-38. WASIELEWSKI, v. AND SENN, G. 1900 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flagellaten des Rattenblutes. Zeitschr. f . Hyg., vol. 33, p. 444. WATNEY, H. 1874 Note on the minute anatomy of the alimentary canal. Proc. Royal Soc., London, vol. 22, pp. 293-294. Rat included among animals studied. WATSON, B. P. 1907 The effect of a meat diet on fertility and lactation. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. 27, part 1, pp. 6-10. WATSON, CHALMERS 1904 Stimulation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands by a proteid dietary (raw meat). J. Physiol., vol. 31, Proc. of the Physiol. Soc., p. v. 1906 The influence of a meat diet on the thyroid gland in the second generation of meat fed rats. J. Physiol., vol. 34, Proc. of the Physiol. Soc., p. xxix. 1906 a The influence of diet on growth and nutrition. J. Physiol., vol. 34, pp. 111-132. 1906 b Preliminary note regarding an experimental investigation into the effects of varying diets upon growth and nutrition. Proc. Roy. Soc., Edinb., vol. 26, part 1, pp. 87-94. WATSON, CHALMERS, AND CAMPBELL, M. 1906 The minute structure of the uterus of the rat with a note on the influence of a meat diet on it. J. Physiol., vol. 34, Proc. of Physiol. Soc., p. xvi. WATSON, CHALMERS, AND LYON, G. 1906 A preliminary note on the influence of a meat diet on the kidneys. J. Physiol., vol. 34, Proc. of the Physiol. Soc., p. xix-xxi. WATSON, CHALMERS 1907 . A note on the adrenal gland in the rat. J. Physiol., vol. 35, pp. 230-232. 1907 a The influence of a meat diet on the kidneys. Internat. Mon- atschr. f. Anat. u. Physiol., vol. 24, pp. 197-208. 1907 b The effects of captivity on the adrenal glands in wild rats. J. Physiol., vol. 35, Proc. of Physiol. Soc., pp. xlix-1. 1907 c The influence of an excessive meat diet on the osseous system. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. 27, part 1 (no. 1). 1907 d The influence of diet on the liver. Lancet, October 12. Weight of liver in Norway rat reduced by diet poor in nitrogen. 1909 A note on the minute structures of the thyroid gland in the rat. Quart. J. Exper. Physiol., vol. 2, pp. 383-387. 1910 The influence of diet on the structure of the tissues. Reprint of the Appendix from the new work on "Food and Feeding in Health and Disease" (Chalmers Watson, November, 1910). Oliver and Boyd, London. 1912 The influence of diet on the thyroid gland. Quart. J. Exper. Physiol., vol. 5, pp. 229-232. WATSON, G. W. AND GIBBS, J. H. 1906 The influence of an excessive meat diet on the development and structure of the teeth. J. Physiol., vol. 34, Proc. of Physiol. Soc., pp. xvii-xviii. 264 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE WATSON, JOHN B. 1903 Animal education. Con. from the Psychol. Lab. Univ. of Chicago, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 5-122. Plates showing medullation of the nervous system at various ages. 1905 The effect of the bearing of young upon the body weight and the weight of the central nervous system of the female white rat. J. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 15, pp. 514-524. 1907 Kinaesthetic and organic sensations; their role in the reactions of the white rat to the maze. Monograph Suppl., Psychol. Review, vol. 8, pp. 1-100. WATSON, JOHN B. AND WATSON, MARY I. 1913 A study of the responses of ro- dents to monochromatic light. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 3, pp. 1-14. WATSON, JOHN B. 1914 Behavior. An introduction to comparative psychol- ogy. Henry Holt & Co., N. Y. Rat, pp. 129-131, 198, 210-219, 235, 237-238, 292, 348, 384-385, 423-425. WEBBL, H. VON 1914 A bacteriological study of a rat epidemic. Proc. N. Y. Pathol. Soc., vol. 13, pp. 97-103. WEBSTEH, J. G. 1892 Melanic variety of the rat (Mus decumanus, Pallas). Ann. of Scott. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 134. WEIL, RICHARD 1913 The intravascular implantation of rat tumors. J. Med. Research, vol. 28 (n.s. vol. 23), pp. 497-508. 2 plates. WEISBACH, A. 1868 Der Wassergehalt des Gehirns nach Alter, Geschlecht und Krankheiten. Med. Jahrbiicher, vol. 16, nos. 4 and 5, pp. 1-76. WEISS, ARMIN 1900 Ein postoccipitaler Wirbelkorper bei Ratten embryonen. Centralbl. f . Physiol., vol. 14, pp. 93-96. 1901 Die Entwicklung der Wirbelsaule der weissen Ratte, besonders der vordersten Halswirbel. Ztschr. f. wissensch. Zool., vol.69, pp. 492-532. WHERRY, W. B. 1908 Further notes on rat leprosy and on the fate of human and rat lepra bacilli in flies. J. Infec. Dis., Chicago, vol. 5, pp. 507-518. WHITE, MOSES C. 1901 Article "Blood stains" in reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. Wm. Wood & Co., N. Y., vol. 2, pp. 84 and 86. WIDAKOWICH, VICTOR 1909 Ueber die erste Bildung der Korperform bei Entypie desKeimes. Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ratte. Ztschr. f . wissensch. Zool., vol. 94, pp. 240-298. WIEDERSHEIM, R. 1903 Ueber ein abnormes Rattengebiss. Anat. Anz., vol. 22, pp. 569-573. WIEDERSPERG, GusTAV VON 1885 Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Samenkorper. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., vol. 25, pp. 113-136. Rat, pp. 117, 118, 119. WIENER, E. 1902 Ueber den Bazillus Danyz. Miinchen. med. Wchnschr., vol. 49, pp. 401-402. 1903 Weitere Bemerkungen zur Enstehung von Rattenepizootieen. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., vol. 34, part 1, pp. 406-411. WIESEL, JOSEF 1899 Ueber accessorische Nebennieren am Nebenhoden beim Menschen und tiber Kompensations-hypertrophie dieser Organe bei der Ratte. Sitz.-Ber. d. Akad. d. Wissen. in Wien. Math.-naturw. Kl., Bd. 108, Abt. 3, pp. 257-280. 1 plate. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 265 WIESEL. JOSEF 1899 a Ueber Compensations-Hypertrophie der accessorischen Nebennieren bei der Ratte. Centrabl. f . Physiol., vol. 12, pp. 780-783. WILLACH, PAUL 1888 Beitrage zur Entwicklung der Lunge bei Saugethieren. 23 pp, 8°. Osterwieck, Harz; A. W. Zickfeldt. WILLIAMS, J. LEON 1896 On the formation and structure of dental enamel. The Dental Cosmos, vol. 38, pp. 101-127. WOLBACH, S. B. AND HoNEU, JAMES A. 1914 A critical review of the bacteri- ology of human and rat leprosy. J. Med. Research, vol. 29 (n.s. vol. 24), pp. 367-423. WOLDRICH, JOB. 1880-1884 Diluviale Fauna von Zudslawitz bei Winterberg in Bohmerwalde. Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. 3 parts, 1880-1881- 1884. WORMLEY, T. G. 1888 Microchemistry of poisons. 2ded. Phila. WYSS, HANS VON 1870 Die becherformigen Organe der Zunge. Arch, f . mikr. Anat., vol. 6, pp. 237-260. Rat, pp. 255-256. YERKES, ROBERT M. 1913 The heredity of savageness and wildness in rats. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 3, pp. 286-296. ZAWARYKIN, TH. 1883 Ueber die Fettresorption im Dunndarm. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 31, pp. 231-240. ZILLINBERG-PAUL, OTTILIE 1909 Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen iiber das Ver- halten des Darmepithels. III. Mitteil. (Rat.) Ztschr. f. Biol., vol. 52, pp. 327-354, pi. VI. ZINSSER, HANS AND CAREY, EDWARD G. 1912 A contribution to the study of rat leprosy. J. Am. M. Ass., vol. 58, pp. 692-695. ZUCKERKANDL, E. 1903 Die Entwickelung der Schilddriise und der Thymus bei der Ratte. Anat. Hefte, vol. 21, pp. 3-28. ZtJMSTEiN, J. J. 1890 Ueber den Bronchialbaum des Menschen und einiger Saugetiere. Sitzungsb. d. Gesellsch. z. Beford. d. ges. Natur. zu Marburg. Jahrg., 1889, pp. 25-29. (Sitz. vom 26 Marz, 1889.) Rat among mammals used. 1891 Ueber die Unterkieferdriise einiger Sauger. 1 Anat. Teil. Habilitationsschrift, Marburg, 32 pp. ZUSCHLAG, EMIL 1903 Le rat migratoire et sa destruction rationnelle. Copen- hagen. ADDENDA Titles of papers which appeared while this volume was in press or which had been overlooked. BARBER, ALDA GRACE 1915 The localization of sound in the white rat. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 292-311. BRUMPT, E. 1907 Phe'nomenes de la parturition chez le rat blanc. Bull. Soc. Zool., France, vol. 32, pp. 50-52. CONROW, SARA B. 1915 Taillessness in the rat. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 777- 783. 266 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE — ADDENDA DAELS, F. 1908 On the relations between the ovaries and the uterus. Surg. Gynec. and Obst-., vol. 6, pp. 153-159. HATAI, S. 1915 b On the influence of exercise on the growth of organs in the albino rat. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 647-665. HEAPE, WALTER 1900 The "sexual season" of mammals and the relation of the "pro-oestrum" to menstruation. Quart. J. Micr. Science, vol. 44, pp. 1-70. HENNEBERG, B. 1905 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der lateralen Schilddriisenanlage. Anat. Hefte, vol. 28, pp. 287-302. 1909 Uber die Bedeutungder Ohrmuschel. Anat. Hefte, vol. 40, pp. 95-147. 1914 Beitrag zur Entwickelung der ausseren genitalorgane beim Sauger. Erster Teil. Anat. Hefte, vol. 50, pp. 425-498. HUNTER, WALTER S. 1915 The auditory sensitivity of the white rat. J. Ani- mal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 312-329. IVANOFF, ELIE 1900 La fonction des vesicules se"minales et de la glande pros- tatique dans 1'acte de la f£condation. J. de Phys. et de Path, gen., vol. 2, pp. 95-100. 1907 De la fe"condation artificielle chez lesmammiferes. Arch, des Sc. Biol., vol. 12, pp. 377-511. KING, HELEN D. 1915 a Growth and variability in the body weight of the rat. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 751-776. KOCH, R. 1898 Reise-Berichte tiber Rinderpest, Bubonenpest in Indien und Afrika, Tsetse oder Surrakrankheit Texasfieber, tropische malaria u. Schwarzwasserfieber. J. Springer. Berlin. 136 pp. 8°. Trypano- somes — rat. KONIGSTEIN, H. 1907 Die Veranderungen der Genitalschleimhaut wahrend der Graviditat und Brunst bei einigen Nagern. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 119, pp. 553-570. LANE-CLAYPON, JANET E. 1907 On ovogenesis and the formation of the inter- stitial cells of the ovary. J. Obst. and Gynaec., vol. 11, pp. 205-214. LAVERAN, A., and MESNIL, F. 1901 Recherches morphologique et expe"rimen- tales sur le trypanosome des rats. Ann. de 1'Institut Pasteur, vol. 15, pp. 673-713. MEINARDUS, OTTO 1882 Der historische Kern der Hameler Rattenfangersage. Separat Abdruck aus der Ztschr. des Historischen Vereins fur Nie- dersachsen, Jahrg. 1882, Hannover. Hahn'sche Buchhandlung. OSBORNE, THOMAS B. AND MENDEL, L. B. 1915 a The comparative nutritive value of certain proteins in growth, and the problem of the protein minimum. J. Biol. Chemistry, vol. 20, pp. 351-378. 1915 b Further observations of the influence of natural fats upon growth. J. Biol. Chemistry, vol. 20, pp. 379-390. 1915 c Protein minima for maintenance. J. Biol. Chemistry, vol. 22, pp. 241-258. OSBORNE, THOMAS B. AND WAKEMAN, ALFRED J. 1915 Does butter-fat contain nitrogen and phosphorus? J. Biol. Chemistry, vol. 21, pp. 91-94. ROBINSON, ARTHUR 1892 b The nutritive importance of the yolk-sac. J. of Anat. and Phys., vol. 26, pp. 308-323. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE — ADDENDA 267 STOTSENBURG, J. M. 1915 The growth of the fetus of the albino rat from the thirteenth to the twenty-second day of gestation. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 667-682. VINCENT, STELLA B. 1915 e The white rat and the maze problem. IV. The number and distribution of errors — a comparative study. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 367-374. WARREN, JOHN 1915 On th eearly development of the inguinal region in mam- malia. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 131-133. WIEDERSHEIM, ROBERT 1897 Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Parker's translation, 2d ed., London. INDEX Page numbers preceded by N refer to the Norway rat. Blood (continued) Oxygen capacity, 84. Activity Miles run, 20. Age Characters which are functions of, 3. of opening eyes, 19, N 191. of independence, 19. of sexual maturity, 21, N 191. Span of life, 6, 20, 21, N 190. Body weight on, 31-33, 63-72, 105-113. Thymus on, 102. Percentage of water on, 114. Albino Rat (See Rat) Anatomy, 30-57. General, 30. Embryology, 30. Bones, joints and connective tissues, 33. Muscles, 38. Vessels and lymphatics, 39. Nervous system, 41. Sense organs, 55. Integument, 55. Gastro-pulmonary systems, 55. Uro-genital, 56. Endocrine, 56. Axis — of Nerve Fiber (See Nerves) Behavior under natural conditions, 28. under experimental conditions, 28. Biology, 19-28, N 189-194. Blood Cell elements (number), 40-41. Erythrocytes (diameter), 39. Growth of, 83. Hemoglobin, percentage of, 84. Percentage of water in, 40, N 211. Specific gravity, 39, 83. Volume, 83. Wandering cells in, 41. Weight of, 83. Body Weight (See Growth) on age, 31-33, 63-72, 105-113. on body length, 88, N 198. at maturity — according to sex, 27. Modified by external conditions, 69. 71. Net, 74. Variations in weight at birth, 103. Bones (See Skeleton) Brain (See Organs) Composition, chemical, 180-184. Growth, 90, N 200-201. Methods for fixation, 49-55. Water— percentage of, 6, 176-179, N 211-213. Mitoses in, 41. 42. Specific gravity, 41. Cell Division (See Mitosis) Cells Erythrocytes (diameter), 39. Erythrocytes (number), 40. Leucocytes, 40. Wandering cells, 41. of peritoneal fluid, 41. of liver (diameters), 56. of pancreas (diameters), 56. of nervous sytem: Purkinje cells (diameters), 43. in ganglia (numbers and diameters), 44, 45,46. 269 270 INDEX Charts 1-31 1 . The growth of the fetus from the 13th to the 22d day of gestation 64 2. Growth in body weight on age — males. To 365 days 66 3. Growth in body weight on age — females. To 365 days 67 4. Growth in body weight on age — males and females. To 485 days 69 5. Percentage weights of systems on age. Muscalature, ligamentous skeleton, viscera and integument 77 6. Body length on body weight — males and females 88 7. Body weight on body length — males and females 89 8. Tail length on body length — males and females 89 9. Brain weight on body weight — males only. Spinal cord weight on body weight — males only 91 10. Weight of both eyeballs on body weight — males 92 11. Weight of heart on body weight — males 93 12. Weight of both kidneys on body weight — males 93 13. Weight of liver on body weight — males 94 14. Weight of spleen on body weight — males 95 15. Weight of both lungs on body weight — males 96 16. Weight of blood on body weight — males and females 96 17. Weight of alimentary tract on body weight — males 97 18. Weight of thyroid on body weight — males and females 98 19. Weight of hypophysis on body weight — males and females 99 20. Weight of both suprarenals on body weight — males and females 100 21. Weight of both ovaries on body weight 101 22. Weight of both testes on body weight 101 23. Weight of thymus on age — to 400 days 102 24. Percentage of dry substance in the body as a whole and in the several systems — liga- mentous skeleton, integument, viscera and musculature — on age 178 25. In terms of the dry substance of the entire body the percentage weight of the dry substance of the integument, viscera, ligamentous skeleton and musculature — on age 178 26. Percentage of water in brain — on age — males. Percentage of water in spinal cord — on age — males 179 27. Absolute weight of the more important chemical constituents of the brain — on age 184 28. Norway rat Body length on body weight — males. (Graph for the Albino inserted for comparison) 199 29. Norway rat Body weight on body length. Males and females 199 30. Norway rat Tail length on body length. Males and females 200 31. Norway rat Brain weight on body weight — males. (Graph for Albino inserted for comparison) Spinal cord weight on body weight — males. (Graph for Albino inserted for com- parison) 201 Chromosomes, Number of, 31. of bones, 181. Classification and Nomenclature, 7-10. of brain, 181-182. Composition, Chemical (See Water, per- of spinal cord, 182. centage of) Correlation, Coefficients of, 103. of entire body, 180-181. INDEX 271 Distribution (See Early Records and Migra- tions), 10-15. Dry Substance (See Water, percentage of) Early Records and Migrations, 10-15. Embryology, 30-33. Early stages, 31-33. Later stages, 33. Volumes of ova and embryos, 32. Eyes Age of opening, 19, N 191. Fat Fatty acids, 84. according to size, 85. according to sex, 85. Total fat, 83. Feces Weight of, 59. Fecundity, 22. Influence of weight of mother, 23. Influence of food conditions, 23. Fetus Crown-rump length, 64-65. Weight from 13th day of gestation, 64-65. Fibers — Nerve Number, 44-49. Diameter and area, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49. Formulas Catalogue of, 158-159. Use of, 3. Fossil Remains Mus rattus, 10. Functions (See Physiology) Circulation, 61. Digestion, 61. Endocrine glands, 61, 62. Muscle, nerve, 61. Nervous system, 61. Nutrition, 58, 59, 60. Functions (continued) Body temperature, 60, 61. Reproduction, 61. Respiration, 61. Secretion, 61. Special senses, 61. Ganglia (See Cells) Gestation Period of, 21, N 190. Lengthening of, 22. Growth of entire body in weight on length : Birth to maturity, 65-69, N 198. Weight-length ratio, 72, N 202. Body length on body weight, 87, N 198. Body weight (Norway) on body weight (Albino), N 200. of entire body in weight on age : before birth, 31-33, 63-64. Birth to maturity, 65-72. Body weight, net, 74. under various external conditions, 63, 69. of parts on body weight : Head, trunk, limbs, 73-75, N 195. Method of dissection, 73-74. Tail length on body length, 88, N 200. of systems on body weight : Integument, 75, 76, N 196. Musculature, 75, 76, N 196. Skeleton (ligamentous), 75, 76, N 196. Skeleton (cartilaginous), 78. Viscera, 75, 76, N 196. Teeth, 37-39. of organs on body length and weight : Methods of examination and graphs, 87- 102. Alimentary tract, 97. Blood (weight), 96. Brain, 90, N. 200-201. Eyeballs, 91-92. Heart, 92-93. Hypophysis, 98-99. Kidneys. 92-93. Liver, 94. 272 INDEX Growth — Continued Lungs, 95-96. Ovaries, 100-101. Spinal cord, 90-91, N 202. Spleen, 95. Suprarenals, 99-100. Testes, 101-102. Thymus (on age), 102. Thymus (on body weight), 114. Thyroid, 97-98. Viscera combined, 114. Variations in organ weight, 103-104. Heredity in general, 29. Coat color, 29. Independence Attainment of, 19. Impregnation Time of, 21. Length of body, 87, N 198. of limb bones, 81-82. of tail, 88-89, N 200. Life History, 19, N 189-191. Litter Average number in, 26, N 190. Second the best, 26. Unit for experimental work, 3. Litters Usual number of, 26, N 190. Liver Cells and nuclei — diameters, 55-56. Menopause, 21. Metabolism Protein, 58-60. Methods Statistical, 2. for fixation of brain Various figuratives, 49-51. Formaldehyde, 51-55. Migrations, 11-13. Mitosis in brain, 41, 42. in spinal cord, 41-43. Modification of Body Growth Experimental, 69, 71. Method of measuring, 5. Muscles Number of fibers and nuclei, 39. Myeline Sheath (See Nerves) Nerve Fibers (See Nerves) Nerves Cerebral Number of fibers : N. cochlearis, 43. N. oculomotorius, 44. Spinal nerves and ganglia: Number and size of fibers, 45-47. Number of ganglion cells, 43-49. Diameter of ganglion cells, 44, 48 Peripheral, 48, 49. Number of fibers N. peronealis, 48. Autonomic Fibers less than 4ju, 49. Nervous System, 41-49. Fixation methods, 49-55. Physiology of, 61. Nitrogen Weight of, excreted, 58, 60. Norway Rat (See Rat) Number of mitoses (nervous system), 41, 42. of erythrocytes, 40. of leucocytes, 40. of nerve cells, 41-49. of nerve fibers, 41-49. of muscle fibers and nuclei, 39. Nutrition (See Functions) INDEX 273 Organs (See Growth of) Alimentary tract, 97. Blood (weight and volume), 96. Brain, 90, N 200-201. Eyeballs, 91-92. Heart, 92-93. Hypophysis, 98-99. Kidneys, 92-93. Liver, 94. Lungs, 95-96. Ovaries, 100-101. Pancreas, 56. Sense organs, 55. Spinal cord, 90-91, N 202. Spleen, 95. Suprarenals, 99-100. Testes, 101-102. Thymus, 102, 114. Thyroid, 97-98. Ovulation, 21, 31. Ova — distance from fimbria, 31. Ova — diameter, 31. Ova — volume, 32. Ovum (See Ovulation) Pancreas Size of cells and nuclei, 56. Parts (Larger Divisions of Body) Fore-limbs, hind-limbs, head and trunk 73- 75, N 195. Peritoneal Fluid Cells of, 41. Physiology (See Functions) 58-62. Puberty, 21. Rat Norway, 1. = Mus norvegicus, 1, 7, 8. = Mus decumanus, 7, 8. = Epimys norvegicus, 7. gray, brown, or sewer rat — Wanderratte (G.). Surmulot, rat d'e"gout, (Fr.). compared with Albino, N 191-193. similar to European form, N 193, 194. melanic variety, 14. Rat (continued) Norway — Albino = white rat = Mus norvegicus albinus, 14. = Mus norvegicus albino, 7. = Mus norvegicus var. albino, 7. = Mus norvegicus var. albus, 7. coat color, 9, 29. compared with Norway, N 191-193. extracted, 9. Gametic purity, 9, 10. Inbred, 9. Laboratory animal, 1. Observations mainly for the first year, 2. Origin of variety, 14. similar to European form, 14. strains — local, 3. House rat — black Mus rattus rattus (old English black rat), 7, 8. Ship rat (gray) Mus rattus alexandrinus, 8. Albino of M. rattus, 8, 9. M. n. albinus wrongly identified with Albino of M. rattus, 14. Mus rattus X Mus norvegicus mutually in- fertile, 14. Rattenkonig, 15. Records, Early, and Migrations, 10-15. Mus norvegicus, 12, 13. Mus rattus, 11. Reference Tables, 2, 3. References to Literature — By Subject Classification, 10. Fossil remains, 10. Melanic variety, 14. Early records and migrations, 15. Rattenkonig, 15. Albino : Biology, 28. Heredity, 29. Anatomy, 56-57. Physiology, 61-62. Growth : in total body weight, 72. of parts and systems, 85. 274 INDEX References to Literature — By Subject — Continued of parts and organs, 175. in terms of water and solids, 179. of chemical constituents, 184. Pathology, 185-186. Norway: Life history and characters, N 194. Growth : of parts and systems, N 197. of organs, N 202. in terms of water and solids, N 213. References to Literature — By Authors Introduction to literature cited, 214. Titles by authors, 215-265. Addenda, 265-267. Sense Organs Cochlea, 55. Sex Body weight according to, 27. Sexual maturity, 21, N 191. Proportion of sexes, N 190-191. Sex ratio, 26-27. in first litters, 27. according to season, 27. Recognition of, in young, 26-27. Ano-genital distance, 27. Skeleton List of bones, 34. Cartilaginous skeleton, 76-78. Weight of moist skeleton, 79. Weight of dry skeleton, 79-80. Ligamentous skeleton, 76-78. Growth of skeleton, 33, 76-81. Tables Skeleton (continued) Phosphorus content, skeleton, 181. Ash, 181. Percentage of water, 79. Transformation of weights, 77. Cranium (skull), 82. definition of, 82-83. Measurements of, 33-36. Weight of, 83, N 196. Long bones lengths, absolute and relative, 81-82. shrinkage on drying, 82. Skull (See Skeleton; Cranium) Span of Life, 6, 20-21, N 190. Specific Gravity Blood, 39, 83. Brain, 41. Spermatogenesis, 30, 31. Spinal Cord Composition, chemical, 182. Growth, 90-91, N 202. Water, percentage of, 176-179, N 211-213. Mitosis in, 41-43. Superfecundation, 22. Superfetation, 22. Systems (weighed) (See Anatomy) Integumentary, muscular, skeletal, visceral, 75, 76. Weight — absolute, 76. Weight — proportional, 75. Adult proportions, 78. Revision of 2 Reference tables, use of 2, 3, 5 List of tables 1-89 in serial order. 1. Percentage of water in encephalon of rat compared with that in man at correspond- ing ages 6 2. Total number of miles run 20 3. Influence of age of mother on birth weight 24 4. Influence of weight of mother on birth weight 24 INDEX 275 Tables— Continued 5. Influence of size of litter on the individual birth weight 25 6. Individual birth weight in relation to body weight of mother 25 7. Sex ratios and average number for litter 26 8. Ano-genital distance in young albino rats 27 9. Maximum body weights 28 10. Distance of ova from fimbria at various ages 31 11. Volumes of ova and embryos 32 12. Measurements of cranium 35 13. Range and rate of increase in cranial characters 36 14. Length of incisors 38 15. Measurements of enamel 38 16. Growth of incisors and of cranium 38 17. Number of fibers and of nuclei in Muse, radialis 39 18. Percentage of water in blood 40 19. Number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, etc., in blood 40 20. Wandering cells in blood 41 21. Wandering cells in peritoneal fluid 41 22. Mitoses in brain and cord. Hamilton ('01) 42 23. Mitoses in brain and cord — special observations on cerebellum . . 42 24. Diameters of Purkinje cells and their nuclei 43 25. Number of myelinated fibers in the oculomotor nerve 44 26. Range of diameter in cells of cervical ganglion * 44 27. Number of spinal ganglion cells and number and size of myelinated root fibers of spinal nerves from three levels and at five ages (body weights) 45 28. Number of ganglion cells and of root fibers in the second cervical nerve 46 29. Number of myelinated fibers in the ventral and dorsal roots of the second cervical nerve — together with the distal excess of fibers in the nerve 46 30. Number of ventral root fibers in the second cervical nerve at different ages — together with the areas of the fibers and of their axes 47 31. Diameters of cell body and of nucleus in second cervical spinal ganglion together with standard deviation and coefficient of variation 48 32. Number of myelinated fibers in the peroneal nerve 48 33. Sectional areas of largest fibers and of their axes — in peroneal nerve 49 34. Myelinated fibers less than 4/t in diameter in the ventral roots of the second to the fifth cervical nerves 49 35. Effects of various fixing solutions on the weight of the brain 50-51 36. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a neutralized 4 per cent formaldehyde solu- tion, made five months before using 53 37. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a neutralized 4 per cent formaldehyde solu- tion made at the time of using 53 38. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a neutralized 4 per cent formaldehyde solution — freshly made for each lot of animals 54 39. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a non-neutralized solution of 4 per cent for- maldehyde freshly made for each lot of animals : 54 40. Percentage of solids in rats' brains after fixation in various 4 per cent formaldehyde solutions... 55 276 INDEX Tables — Continued 41. Volumes of cell body and of nucleus: liver cells; volumes of cell body and of nucleus: pancreas cells 56 42. Excretion of urine, feces and nitrogen 59 43. Protein metabolism — nitrogen distribution — female 60 44. Protein metabolism — nitrogen distribution — male 60 45. Body temperature under different external temperatures 61 46. Mean weights of fetuses at daily intervals from the 13th day of gestation 65 47. Crown-rump lengths of fetuses at daily intervals from the 14th day of gestation 65 48. Ratios obtained by dividing the body weight in grams by the body length in milli- meters— for both males and females 70-71 49. Percentages of the entire body weight represented by the weights of head, trunk, fore-limbs and hind limbs 74 50. Percentages of the entire body weight represented by the weights of the integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera 75 51. Absolute weights of integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera in seven groups, of increasing body weight 76 52. The percentage values for the weight of the cartilaginous skeleton — and by differ- ence the percentage values for the periosteum, ligaments, etc., combined 78 53. Cartilaginous skeleton — moist weight and percentage value — also percentage value of dry skeleton 79-80 54. Lengths of long bones — femur, tibia, humerus and ulna — absolute and relative 81-82 55. Weights of crania— in series from London, Paris, Philadelphia and Vienna 83 56. Growth of blood in volume and oxygen capacity with increasing age (body weight) ... 84 57. Proportion of fat with increasing age (body weight) 85 58. Coefficients of variation in body weights 103 59. Coefficients of variation in organ weights 104 60. Coefficients of correlation of organ weights with body weight 104 61. Mean weights of fetuses at daily intervals from the 13th day of gestation and also at birth. (Duplicates in full table 46) 105 62. Growth in body weight on age — based on the records of Donaldson, Dunn and Watson 006) 106-107 63. Growth in body weight on age — males. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06) 108 64. Growth in body weight on age — females. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06) 110 65. Growth in body weight on age. New Haven Colony — Ferry ('13) 112 66. The numbers of animals used in computing the values in the growth table 65 113 67. Growth in body weight on age — King (MS '15). Mean of two series, with coefficients of variation 113 68. Increase in the length of the tail, and in the weights of the body, brain, spinal cord and both eyeballs, on body length 115-120 69. Increase in the weights of the body and of the heart, both kidneys, liver and spleen on body length 121-126 70. Increase in the weights of the body and of the lungs, blood, alimentary tract, testes and ovaries, on body length 127-132 71. Increase in the weights of the body and of the hypophysis, suprarenals and thyroid on body length 133-138 INDEX 277 Tabl es — Continued 72. Weight of the thymus on age in days 139-141 73. Increase in the weight of all the viscera — including the thymus — which is entered separately — on body length 142-147 74. Percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord — with increasing age — up to 365 days 148-157 75. Percentage of dry substances in the entire body, in the several systems and in some organs. Observations at seven ages 177 76. Giving in terms of the dry substance of the entire body the percentage represented by the weights of the dry substance of the skin, ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera — seven age groups 179 77. Chemical composition of the entire rat, Hatai (MS '15) 180 78. Chemical composition of the entire rat McCollum ('09) 181 79. The phosphorus compounds of the rat as affected by ovariotomy 181 80. Chemical composition of the brain at different ages 182 81. Absolute weights of constituents of one brain at different ages 183 82. Norway rat Percentages of the entire body weight represented by the weights of head, trunk, fore-limbs and hind-limbs 195 83. Norway rat Percentage of the entire body weight represented by the weights of the integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera 196 84. Norway rat Weights of crania in series from London, Paris, Philadelphia and Vienna 196 85. Norway rat Increase in the length of the tail and in the weights of the body, brain and spinal cord, on body length 203-208 86. Norway rat Giving the ratios obtained by dividing the body weight in grams, by the body length in millimeters 209-210 87. Norway rat The percentage of water in the blood 211 88. Norway rat Percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord. Ages known 212 89. Norway rat Percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord of rats of increasing body weights. Ages not known 213 Technic Ovaries, weight, 100. Body, length, 87. Testes, weight, 102. Body, weight, 88. Thymus, weight, 102. Tail, length, 87. Teeth Brain, weight, 90. Spinal cord, weight, 90. Eruption of, 37. Eyeballs, weight, 91. Formula for, 37. Heart, weight, 92. Incisors Kidneys, weight, 92. Development— time relations, 37. Liver, weight, 94. Growth of, 37-39, 83. Spleen, weight, 95. . Measurement in skull, 38. Lungs, weight, 95. Enamel, 38. Blood weight 96. Rate of growth before attrition, 38. Alimentary tract, weight, 97. Rate of growth after attrition, 38. Thyroid, weight, 97. Temperature of Body, 60, 61. Hypophysis, weight, 98. Suprarenals, weight, 99. Testes, descent of, 27. 278 INDEX Urine Volume, 59. Weight of nitrogen in, 59, 60. similar to that of man 60. Variations — Coefficients of in body weight 103, 113. Cranial measurements, 33-35. Water, Percentage of in entire body (dry substance), *1 76-179, 180. in systems, 177, 179. in organs, 176, 177. in blood, 40, N 211. in brain of rat and of man, 6. in brain and spinal cord, 176, 179, N 211-213. in skeleton, 78-81. Weight at Birth, 22, 24-26. According to size of litter, 25. According to characters of mothers : Age, 24. Weight, 24, 25. Undergrowth, 26. Disease, 26. Weight-length Ratio, 72, N 202. FINIS