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RECENT INFORMATION

RESPECTING

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION

ELSEWHERE.

In order to ascertain the experience of other institutions whose
aims are kindred to those of the University of California, volumi-
nous collections have been made of their reports and catalogues,
and many letters have been interchanged with the most enlightened
leaders of education in this country. Attention is particularly
called to the experience of Cornell University, the University and
Agricultural College of Michigan, the Illinois Industrial Univer-
sity, the Universities of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and- Iowa, and the
Iowa Agricultural College ; as well as to the experience of the older
States, the Amherst Agricultural College, the Renssalaer Poly-
technic School, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the
Stevens Institute at Hoboken, the Bussey Institution of Harvard
College, and the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College.

Some interesting utterances on the subject of modern agriculural
education are contained in the following extracts from printed or
manuscript papers in the possession of the Regents.

These extracts are npt <jotbpiled for the purpose of exhibiting the
full activity of these institutions, but in order to show that some of
the difficulties which are experienced in California are encountered
elsewhere, and also to show that some of the best institutions in the
country are declaring that Agriculture is to be advanced by care-
ful investigations, and that' the scope of the National Colleges must
be liberal and comprehensive — not narrowed and partial.

FROM PROFESSOR E. C. BESSEY, OF THE IOWA AGRICULTURAL COL-
LEGE, JANUARY 17TH, 1874.

You refer to a problem which is somewhat difficult to solve ; i. e.,
What is the proper work to be done on an experimental farm and
garden ? As you say, you cannot expect to compete with the
shrewd and successful people about you, already engaged in farm-
ing and market gardening. It is difficult to determine, in an ex-
perimental garden, for example, how far it is profitable to illustrate
the commoner operations in gardening by their actual performance.
We hardly know yet when to begin or end our work, for there has
been comparatively little done in systematizing either horticulture or
agriculture.

The fact of an experimental station being connected with an in-
stitution of learning, adds somewhat to the complications of the
case ; for many things must be done in such case which otherwise
would be unnecessary : and yet, from an experience of eight
years as student and teacher, I am inclined to believe
that the greatest good can be done by making the Arbori-
culture, the Botanical and Experimental Gardens, rather
adjuncts to the natural sciences, than the reverse. That isy
I am pretty well assured that it will result in greater good, if the
natural and physical sciences are made the centers, so to speakr
from which to pass outward to the so-called practical sciences. I
should teach Horticulture very largely as Economic Botany, treat-
ing it from the standpoint of the latter science ; thus leaving most
of that which, relates to the details of planting, caring, and gather-
ing of crops, to be learned by the student elsewhere. The market
gardens to be found about any of our larger cities, and the many
well-conducted farms to be found in any county, will afford facilities
for learning much more easily all that pertains to the minutiae of
either, than any model garden or farm it is now possible to estab-
lish.

It is not altogether unlikely that, in the School of Agriculture
of the future, the student will be taught the natural and physical
sciences, and then be given a year or two in which to thoroughly
acquaint himself with the details, on some well-conducted farm.
Perhaps, in such case, the degree of Bachelor of Science may be

conferred upon the student at the end of his College course, (of
not less than four years) and another indicating proficiency in Ag-
riculture, upon completing his apprenticeship. Probably you catch
my idea. I am lod to think that we must move in this direction, if
we wish our industrial schools to do the greatest good. I am (juite
sure that, with the present limited amount of money at our com-
mand, it is useless to expect to turn out from our industrial colleges
and universities, finished farmers, gardeners, or mechanics. \V
can do this much, however — we can give our students a good
foundation of pure science, upon which to rear a superstructure of
applied science.

PROFESSOR AGASSIZ ON THE VALUE OF RECENT RESEARCHES IN

VEGETABLE LIFE, MADE IN THE AGRICULTURAL COLLK<.K

OF MASSACHUSETTS, AT AMHERST.

At the close of President Clark's remarks on the " Circulation
of Sap in Plants," before the Board of Agriculture, at Fitchburg,.
Dec. 2d, 1873, Prof. Agassiz volunteered the following telling com-
pliment to the College. He said : " May I request you to grant
me half a moment, before you call upon the gentleman who » to-
speak next? I need not praise what has been said by President
Clark, for the man that can make such investigations, and report
them in such a manner, has the reward of his works in himself, and
no eulogy from others can add to his gratification. But I would
not allow this opportunity to pass, without saying a word with' refer-
ence to the College. From this time forward, this institution has
its place among the scientific institutions, if it had not before ; for
only those institutions have a place in the scientific world which do
something, and this is something extraordinary. It is a revelation
to physiologists. Let me say to those who have not thought that
the Agricultural College was doing anything worthy of its expense,
that the production of this one paper has amply paid every dollar
which the State has bestowed upon the institution."

THE VIEWS OF PRESIDENT WHITE, OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
JANUARY, 1874.

President 'Andrew D. White, of Cornell University, in an ad-
dress delivered at Albany, January 21, 187.4, before the N. Y..

State Agricultural Society, has referred to the misapprehensions of
some who disparage the Agricultural Colleges of the country.
One objector, he says, was especially hilarious over the small
number of graduates from our Agricultural Colleges.

" Let us look at this. The number is at present very small, but I
presume that no thoughtful man expected that at so early a period
after their establishment the number would be very large ; nor, in-
deed, do I expect that for some years the number will greatly in-
crease. In a new country like ours, those professions which pre-
sent the most brilliant returns, will be sought for first. Hence we
find that when a farmer decides to educate his son, it is not gener-
ally with the idea of making him a farmer. ******

But while I allow freely that this is the case now, I can state
quite as confidently that this condition of things cannot continue
for many years. There are those now living among us who will
stand among a hundred millions of citizens within the boundaries of
our Republic. When that day comes — nay, long before — this
present condition of things must change. The present system of
routine cultivation — this present system of " skinning " lands and
then running away to soils more fruitful, in the intention of rob-
bing, and then running away from them in turn — cannot last.
Men must get a subsistence on less and less land ; and they can
only get it by bringing to bear upon it better and better cultiva-
tion. ****** * **

But grant that the number of students devoted to agriculture is
small : it is not these alone whose education tells upon agriculture.
Even a partial course in it has great value. It was the remark of
a very distinguished statesman of this Commonwealth — one who
occupied this desk as Speaker, yonder chamber as Governor, and
who received the suffrages of many of his countrymen for the high-
est office in their gift — that the main thing in agricultural educa-
tion is to do something to make agricultural pursuits attractive.

But suppose that no young men came forward to take agricul-
tural studies, the new education would still tell powerfully on agri-
culture. Think you, we can send out year after year — as we did,
last year — a hundred graduates from all our various departments,
whose powers of observation have been trained, and whose real
knowledge of subjects bearing on agriculture has been extended by

close study in Botany, Animal Physiology, Geology and Chemistry,
without its telling ultimately on the progress of agriculture ?

But suppose that not one student was even thus educated : I
maintain that the State and Nation would receive more than the
equivalent of its endowment.

Look at a few figures. The last census gives certain agricul-
tural statistics, whose magnitude is almost oppressive. The value
of farm productions in the United States, in the year 1870, was
considerably over two thousand millions of dollars.

The value of farm productions in the State of New York, the
same year, was over two hundred and fifty millions of dollars.

Does not common sense teach us that we can well afford to make
a little outlay to promote any sciences which may help such a vast
interest ? If, in the course of years, in all these laboratories and
experiments, some one useful idea shall be struck out, it would pay
our endowments a thousand fold.

Says Emerson : " The true poet is an inspired prophet." Did
you ever think what an inspiration lies in the poet's declaration that
*' the greatest benefactor of mankind is he who makes two blades
of grass grow where one grew before ?" If not, look at the census
returns showing the enormous value of the hay crop of these
Northern States.

Knowledge of nature, coming by research and observation in the
laboratory and the field — these are to give us finally our " two
blades of grass," and multitudes of other benefactions to our race,
not less precious.

The Sheffield Scientific School, at Yale College, has not a single
student in agriculture ; but Professors Brewer and Johnson, by their
experiments on fertilizers and kindred subjects, have returned the
value of their endowment to the nation a hundred fold already.

Take another item. The dairy products of New York, in 1870,
were over one hundred million pounds of butter, and over twenty
million pounds of cheese. Now, there has been quietly at work in
our laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, at Cornell University,
a young professor, Mr. George C. Caldwell. He has made little
noise in the*vorld, but has worked quietly on upon the chemistry
of the dairy. Said Mr. L. B. Arnold, an authority you all rec-
ognize : " Professor CaldweJFs researches on the chemistry of the

6

dairy are worth more to the State than your whole endowment. He
has taught us to do such things in dairy matters, and to increase
dairy products, as we never dreamed of doing." And to this, sub-
stantially, Mr. Arnold has lately sworn before the Commission -of
Investigation.

Take a few figures more from the same census. In 1 870, the
market-garden and orchard products of the State of New York
amounted in value to close upon twelve millions of dollars.

Can any one, then, gainsay the wisdom of our employing, as we do.
a young naturalist of genius to devote his whole time to investiga-
tion, and to giving lectures based upon these researches ?

Take still other figures. The same census shows the value of
farm implements in the State of New York to be over forty-five
millions of dollars. In view of this, we have investigations and
lectures upon mechanics related to agriculture, and have obtained
rrodels and implements at home and abroad, to illustrate this sub-
ject. Is not the mere pittance this requires, well laid out?

Take another branch of the subject. We have' been fitting up
an establishment for experiments in the best rotation of crops, and
in the feeding of cattle. A careful resident Professor has been
called to carry on these, and I trust that Mr. E. W. Stewart may
be called to superintend them.

Some time since, in view of this matter, I visited certain cattle-
feeding establishments with a gentleman whose sound sense on such
matters you all recognize, Hon. George Geddes. Said he : " This
experiment fairly tried will be worth to the State of New York
more than your whole endowment ; no matter which way it turns
out ; no matter whether ' soiling ' is found profitable or unprofita-'
ble ; to try this matter fully and fairly and scientifically, will be
worth more than your endowment."

PROFESSOR S. W. JOHNSON, AUTHOR OF " HOW CROPS FEED," ON

THE BUSSEY INSTITUTE, IN MASSACHUSETTS.

[Results of Glass-house Research.]

Dr. Storer's laborious study of the plant-feeding capacity of
these materials, while sufficiently interesting in itself, doubtless in-
volved other collateral questions. One important object but hinted

at in the report, we conceive to have been, acquiring for himself
and assistants a mastery of all the minute details of glaw-k
culture, as applied to investigating the conditions of plant </rou'th.
The grand results of this mode of research, as recently developed
by French and German scientists, have so transformed vegetable
physiology within the last twenty-five years, that we here record
our thanks to the Bussey Institution for the promise which we see,
in these toilsome experiments, of new scientific harvests from a
prolific field as yet almost uncultivated on this side of the Ar-
lantic.

The small number of students in attendance is regarded, in some
quarters, as evidence that the Bussey Institution is not a succ
There are various reasons why it probably may not, for years to
come, be successful as a school, judged by the length of the roll-call
merely. It cannot, however, fail to exert a widely-useful educational
influence on public sentiment, if its Faculty simply labor to demon-
strate how potent a lever the method of scientific investigation H
for the elevation of agriculture. So soon as science can find among
our agriculturists a constituency which is equal to the intellectual
appreciation in detail of her spirit and her method, so soon we shall
have good agricultural schools, amply supported and frequented.

May we not hope for the speedy coming of a time, when the re-
sults of the scientific study of the soil-depths and the plant-depths
shall excite the popular interest as it is now stirred by the revela-
tions that now reach us from the star-depths ? Chemistry is to these
mysteries, that invite all our studies of the summer days, as astron-
omy has been to the arcana which most keenly challenge our in-
quiry in the winter nights. — New York Tribune, January, 1874.

PROFESSOR ATHERTON, LATE OF THE ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNI-
VERSITY, AND NOW OF THE RODGERS SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, OX
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Professor Atherton, commenting on a journal which had spoken
of " Agricultural Colleges " as failures, meaning by " agricultural
colleges" those which received, like the University of California,
.the National Grant of 1862, speaks as follows :

The assertion just mentioned is both fallacious and absurdly
inaccurate. It is fallacious, because the institutions were never

8

designed by Congress to be " agricultural " merely. * * *

This language certainly does not contemplate the teaching of " ag-
riculture " alone, but of all the natural sciences which underlie its
laws arid processes ; all the mathematical and physical sciences
which are the basis of the mechanic arts, and whatever else is
adapted to promote " the liberal and practical education of the
industrial classes," not even excluding classical studies. It is, in
short, the statement of a comprehensive scheme for promoting the
higher education of the people — a thing which the Government has
been doing ever since it first had public lands to dispose of. The
institutions thus founded have come to be generally spoken of as
" agricultural colleges " simply for want of a more convenient des-
ignation, and probably, also, because " agriculture " happens to be
the first important word in that part of the law just quoted. In
case, however, of a large majority of the institutions, " agricul-
ture " or " agricultural'" forms only a part of the legal name ; and
in case of two, neither word appears. It may be freely admitted,
therefore, that the number of students of " agriculture " is small,
without for a moment implying that the agricultural colleges, so-
called and mis-called, have few students. Indeed, it is strictly
within the truth to say that the fact of there not being one student
of " agriculture " among the whole number of institutions would
not necessarily have the slightest bearing upon the question whether
they are fulfilling the end for which they were established. The
sole question is : Are the institutions established by. the Act of
1862 doing the work prescribed for them by that act ? There is
ample proof that they are ; and it is the weakest kind of fallacy to
apply an incorrect name to them, and then declare them a failure
if they do not meet with the requirements of that name. If the
law of 1862, instead of using the word " College," had simply said
that the fund thereby appropriated should be for the support in
each State of one " Scientific School," or one " School of Science
where the leading object should be," etc., precisely what is now
stated in the clauses above quoted, the institutions would without
doubt have come to be called " Scientific Schools," or, perhaps,
" National Schools of Science," or some similar name. Quite cer-
tainly they would not have been called " Agricultural Colleges,"
and that would have precluded a vast amount of honest misconcep-

tion respecting them, and would have rendered impossible some
conspicuous attempts to befog the public mind.

NOTE ON PROFESSOR ATHERTON'S PAl'Kli.

The name " Agricultural," when applied to the College estab-
lished by the National grant and the State donations added thereto,
is by itself misleading. As is abundantly shown by Professor
Atherton, while agriculture was first named, mechanical and other
scientific instruction was to be coupled with instruction in agri-
culture. The title " Agricultural Colleges " expresses but a part,
however important a part, of the original object of the National
Grant. The name " National Colleges," has been suggested as a
much more comprehensive and accurate title ; and this is the des-
ignation employed by the Hon. Mr. Morrill, (author of the bill
making the original grant) in his speech on the latest phase of the
question.

Whatever name be thought best, the full scope of these institu-
tions should always be born, in mind.

Advantage has been taken of the restricted title " Agricultural,"
by those who are unfriendly to the modem scientific methods.
These national schools of science are held up to reproach, because
they have so few distinctively agricultural students. It is a false
reproach. The whole number of students in all the scientific
courses, which are so closely affiliated, is to be taken into the ac-
count. With these, the National Schools, fostered by the so-called
" Agricultural Grant," everywhere make an excellent showing.
None of them could make a good showing, if it were put on the
narrow footing of a strictly agricultural curriculum.

ON AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

[BY PROFESSOR 8. W. JOHNSON OF TI1K SHFHKI.It SCIKXTIKIC SCHOOL.]

Professor Johnson, when called upon to inform the committee as
to the matter in hand, said that the same sort of investigation
which has been of such assistance in all other branches of human
industry, must be of service when applied to agriculture. The
farmers in Leipsic, Germany, long ago, found out that many ques-

10

ions arose in individual experience in farming, that could not be
harmonized and fairly understood without the help of scientific ex-
perts. So they learned shortly to establish chemists' laboratories,
with means for testing and answering the various queries that arise
in a studious farmer's mind in his usual avocations ; questions of
feeding cattle, manuring land, and of the qualities and constituents
of farm produce. There are now some seventy such stations
established in the German States. The stations have been at work
industriously, disseminating the results of their experiments through
the press. Their publications have become voluminous and valu-
able, producing a new literature for the farmer, so important in the
eyes of the most intelligent European farmers as to have produced
a revolution in practical agriculture. In the matter of feeding
cattle especially, much benefit has been derived from exact knowl-
edge of the nutritive qualities of fodder. The ability to make
more profitable combinations of the food of animals, so as to prevent
waste, has alone, in the opinion of the average German farmers,
repaid by many times all the expenses of these stations. These
farmers have also learned to feed their crops, finding their account
in doing this accurately according to the peculiar needs of each.
They would no more throw down food to their plants thoughtlessly
by the ton, than before their animals. These stations are not forced
upon the people by the government, but grow out of organized
private enterprises with government help, and are largely supported
by farmers themselves. The secret of their growth, thrift, and
usefulness in Europe, lies in the fact that farmers have called for
them.

It is found by German professors that, in making experiments
upon soils and plants, not a great deal of land is needed. A box
or barrel of soil — protected by glass, if necessary — can be much
more conveniently forced to yield its secrets, at the first trial, than
when exposed broadcast upon a farm. If we wish, for instance, to
know what changes take place in putrescent stable manure, these
can be determined for general application better without the use of
a farm ; a load or two of manure is sufficient. Field experiments
will prove very expensive, and at the end the results must be of a
sort that would vary by a change of location. The weather plays
the mischief sometimes with experiments out of doors. The prin-

11

cij>lcs sought for are more readily and certainly grasped by trials
in a small way, where the conditions are under control. — Hartford
Courant, Jan. loth, 1874.

FROM '• ACRICULTl'RAL SCHOOLS IN EUROPE," IN A REPORT OF
THE SECRETARY OF MASS. BOARD OF AGRICl LTl'HE.

I.

" It would be unfair to assert that the advocates of University
teaching, in Germany, undervalue practice. Their position is that
the union of the highest education in the sciences and the practice
is incompatible at the same time and at the same school, and they
advise the pupil to begin at the fountain head, and become well
grounded in the scientific principles, and then to go on a farm un-
der a competent, practical man, and learn the details of farm
management. * l * Liebig has taken the ground very strenuously
in favor of a connection with the universities, and a great majority
of the agriculturists adopt that view ; or take a middle ground, that
the location should be in the immediate vicinity of some established
university, partly as a means of bringing the students under uni-
versity laws, and partly to give the professors a higher position in
the estimation of their pupils, and to avail themselves of the ad-
vantages of the collections, libraries, etc., which a university can
offer, as well as the talent of university professors."

II.

" Nor do I think that any impartial observer can fail to see that,
had the Agricultural College of Circencester been connected with
one of the universities, Cambridge or Oxford, it would be more
likely to accomplish the ends which it now proposes to itself, would
possess greater vitality, and receive a far more liberal patronage
from the class of people it now aims to educate, than it does, or is
likely to, in any time to come. It would have been able to secure
and retain the highest scientific talents ; while the farm which is
now used simply as a model for illustration, on which the students
do not work. 'would have been equally valuable and imjwrtant on
the downs of Oxfordshire, or on the fens of Cambridge."

12

III.

" In Germany, where the experience has been longer than in any
other part of Europe, the question of connecting agricultural in-
stitutes with others, or of having isolated and independent establish-
ments, has long been agitated, and is now more warmly discussed
than ever before ; one party — and it is possibly by far the larger
— taking the ground for, and the other against, such union ; each
governed, in a measure, no doubt, by personal experience in the
one or the other system.

So far as I was able to inform myself, the ground taken by the
advocates of a union with the universities is, that it is better for a
young man, setting out to procure a liberal education in agri-
culture, to lay the foundation in a thorough knowledge of general
principles embodied in the wide range of sciences which bear more
or less upon agriculture, and then to devote himself to the applica-
tion of those principles by practical labor on a suitable farm or
farms for one or more years, or till he becomes efficient in the
manipulations.

This course will be seen, on reflection, to be closely analogous to
our present most approved modes of acquiring a thorough knowl-
edge of law, medicine, and divinity."

THE " AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE IN PENNSYLVANIA " ABANDONS THE
NAME, FOR THAT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. — Upon application by the
trustees of the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, the court of
Centre County has changed the name of that institution to the one
given above. The change was desired, because the old name
misled many persons as to the character of the college, and failed
to express the breadth of purpose contemplated by the law of
Congress under which it received its endowment. The law dis-
tinctly stated that the institutions organized under it, " shall have
as their leading object, without excluding other scientific and
classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such
branches of learning as are related to Agriculture and the
Mechanic Arts."

13

From this it will be seen that no strictly agricultural college
could do the work required. The effort of the authorities of the
State College to give instructions in the various branches required
by Congress, was denounced by many persons as a departure from
the purpose of the institution as indicated by its name ; and the
fact that some of its graduates engaged in other pursuits than
agriculture was proclaimed as proof of failure or fraud on the part
of the Faculty. In many instances, students were prevented from
entering, under the impression that the college was designed for
only those who intended to be farmers. — Courant, Feb. 14th,
1874.

EXPERIENCE OF THE SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL.

The reproach has sometimes been brought against this institution,
which received the Congressional Grant of 1862, that it was not
training agriculturists. Twice, at least, the investigations made
by the Professor of Agriculture in the Chemical Laboratory, re-
vealed the fraudulent character of certain popular fertilizers sold to
the farmers of the State, and thus saved the State hundreds of
thousands of dollars. — far more than the institution received from
the National Grant.

In that same institution, two books have been prepared, by
original scientific work, which are now the manuals of instruction in
this and other countries. The value of such research is seen by
the following statement :

The success of the two books on agricultural chemistry, " How
Crops Grow," and " How Crops Feed," by Prof. Samuel \V.
Johnson, of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, is
somewhat remarkable, if we may judge from the favor which they
have met with from scientific men. The first of these two works is
now extant in three different languages — English, German, and
Russian; and the second in two— English and German. "How
Crops Grow" appeared in 1868, from the well known agricultural
publishing house of Orange Judd & Co., and has had a steady if
not extensive sale. The companion volume, " How Crops Feed,"
appeared in 1870. The first volume, " How Crops Grow," was
reprinted in England in 180i>, by Macmillan & Co., from advance
sheets, under the joint editorship of Prof. A. H. Church, professor
of Chemistry in the Royal Agricultural College at Circencester,

14

and Prof. W. T. Thistleton Dyer, professor of Natural History in
the same institution. In 1871, this same book appeared in German,
having been translated at Baron Justus Liebig's request, by his son,
Herman, the present Baron von Liebig. The companion volume,
" How Crops Feed," appeared under the same auspices the follow-
ing year. And finally, during the past year, a Russian edition of
" How Crops Grow " has appeared in St. Petersburg. This edi-
tion comes out under the following title : " The Life of Agricultu-
ral Plants. Hand-book for Agricultural Schools and for Self In-
struction. By Samuel W. Johnson, Professor of Agriculture and
Agricultural Chemistry at Yale College, in New Haven. Trans-
lated from the German by N. K. Dimasheff, St. Petersburg :
1871." This volume is numbered Tome I, so that it is presumed
to be the intention of the translator to bring out the companion
volume.

.CM