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CLEVELAND
| Maturalists’ Field Club.
Record of Proceedings,
1ssoso.
Jonpison & Co., Lp., Printers, &c., Middlesbro’ & London,
CLEVELAND
tt
OFFICERS, 1889.
President : Dr. W. Y. VertcuH.
Vice-Presidents :
Mr. J. S. Catvert | Mr. A. MacpHerson
Rev. J. HawE.u | Mr. J. M. Merk Committee :
Mr. J. Burney Mr. W. T. Kwaces
,, Bb. Hupson 1. 2G. WANG
», G. TURNER ;, R. LorrHouse
Hon. Treasurer : Mr. T. F. Warp, Park Road, South, Middlesbrough.
Hon. Secretary : Mr. W. H. Tuomas, 10, West Terrace, North Ormesby.
Hon. Assist. Secretary: Mr. T. LorrHouss.
Past Presidents : 1881—Mr. W. Y. Verrcn, M.R.C.S. 1882— Do. 1883—Mr. J. S. Catvert. 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp.
1885— Do. 1886—Mr. Aneus Macruerson. 1887— Do.
1888—Mr. J. M, Mesxr,
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS, 1889.
HE SEASON of 1889 was one of the most successful which the Club has experienced. The membership was materially increased, reaching 65 at the close of the season. The excursions were all well attended, and generally an amount of useful work done, which could not fail to have benefited the members. The season wus particularly favourable for Botanical work, the vegeta- tion, especially in the Spring, being more luxuriant than for many years past. The following excursions were undertaken :—
May 25 ... Battersby to Kildale. June 8-10 ... Richmond.
June 22 ..- Ingleby Greenhow. July 6 -. Ayton.
July 13 ... Dinsdale.
August 3-5 ... Upper Teesdale. August 17... Eston Nab. September 7... Staithes to Runswick.
Barrerspy To Kinpate, May 25.—Thirteen members attended this excursion, which, considering the threatening state of the weather, was very satisfactory. During the afternoon about 70 different plants were found in flower, including Orchis mascula, Orchis maculata, Habenaria viridis, Pedicularis palustris, Geum rivale, &e. The geologists, ornithologists, and conchologists had also ample scope for their investigations.
Ricamonp, June 8-10,—This was one of the best-attended three days’ excursions which has been held in connection with the Club, nine members being present during the whole of the three days, The King’s Head Hotel was fixed upon as the headquarters. On Saturday afternoon the ruins of Easby Abbey were visited, the woods en route being investigated by the botanists and conchologists. In the evening Richmond Castle was inspected. The weather on Sunday being unfavourable, the members contented themselves with visiting the Museum and making short excursions between the showers. On Monday Marske was visited. About 130 plants in flower were discovered during the three days.
5
IneLEBy GREENHOW, JuNE 22.—There was a good attendance of members at this excursion, about twenty ladies and gentlemen being present. Time did not permit of a visit to the hills, so that the geologists of the party had a blank day. Nearly 90 plants were found in bloom.
Ayton, Juty 6.—This was an excursion arranged specially for inspecting the Cleveland Dyke, and hearing a paper read upon it by the President (Dr. Veitch), a copy of which is appended. After the paper had been read and shortly discussed, Roseberry and its environs were examined. The botanists succeeded in securing specimens, in bloom, of Drosera rotundifolia, Veronica scutellata, Listera cordata, and many other plants.
Dinspate, Jury 13.—The excursion to this favourite place was chiefly remarkable for the discovery of a specimen of Ovalis corniculata. This plant, so far as can be ascertained, has not previously been recorded in the district, and this specimen was probably an escape from a garden.
Urrer TEESDALE, AucusT 3-5.—This visit to Upper Teesdale was made to coincide with the visit of the Yorkshire Naturalists, to whose Union the Cleveland Field Club is affiliated. The excur- sion proved most enjoyable and successful. It being late in the season, the flora had for the most part passed the flowering stage. The Pcteniilla fruticosa, however, was in full bloom on the banks of the river. The Galium boreale, Parnassia palustris and Saxifraga aizotdes were also noticed.
Eston Nas, Aveust 17.—The Party took train to Nunthorpe, and, after proceeding along the Guisbrough road for a short distance, climbed the hillside and crossed the moor to the Nab, after which the walk was extended to Guisbrough.
SrairHes To Runswick, Sept. 7.—This proved to be one of the most interesting excursions of the season. The original intention of the party was to take the shore route from Staithes to Runswick Bay, but owing to the state of the tide, it was only possible to do part of the journey by the shore, the cliffs having to be resorted to for the remainder. A few of the bolder spirits of the Party, led by fisher-boys as guides, took the path along the ledges on the cliff side from Staithes, but the others chose firmer and _ higher ground.
Drepeinc Excursion, Ocroper 3.—Through the kindness of the Port Sanitary Authority, a few members of the Club were enabled to do a little dredging on the afternoon of Thursday, October 3, about the Tees Breakwater and off Redcar, and the
6
hanks of the Club are due to the above named authority for the loan of their Steam Launch. Three casts were made with a Bowerbank dredge, capturing the following fauna :
Zoorxyta—Thuiaria articulata, Cydippe infundibulum, a few common echinoderms.
CrustTacEa—Cirolana Cranchit, Podocerus pulchellus, Gam- marus locusti, G. pulew, Thysanopoda Couchii, Mysis chamaeleon, Paiaemon squilla, Crangon vulgaris, Paguius laevis ? and Pinnotheris pisum.
Potyzoa—Flustra papyracea, Tubulipora lobulata, and Bugula plumosa.
Tunicata—Leptoclinum maculosum.
ConcuirERA—Shell of Teredo Nowegica, together with num- bers of the commonest mollusca.
The weather being delightful, all present thoroughly enjoyed this interesting excursion.
GEOLOGICAL NOTES, By W. Y. Verrcx.
May 25.—On the way from Battersby to Kildale up the lovely dale were examined portions of the lower lias, traced Ammonites Capricornus beds up to the waterfall, known locally as Old Meggison, and then came upon the lower sandstone of the Marlstone series of Phillips—Ammonites Margaritatus zone,—which were followed up until the Ammonites Spinatus beds were made out, here and there along this footpath evidences of this rock were apparent. Close by
are abandoned workings of ironstone sinkings, the thickest seam here is—
Ironstone 2 feet 9 inches. 5 feet 4 inches Shale ys lanes Iranstone 1 2°96 5g:
From the railway a glimpse was obtained of the most interesting peat beds of the district, from the sandy beds underneath this peat horns have been obtained of Cervus elaphus and Cervus tarandus (Red-deer and Rein-deer).
June 10.—The visit to Richmond gave the Club an opportunity of observing the Yoredale Rocks of those parts, and of admiring the bold terraces of mountain limestone scenery clothed in every
7
ravine with rich woodland. The Castle is situated upon the top of the main limestone, 150 feet above the bed of the river Swale, which in its turn is 300 feet above sea level. It thus appears that the main limestone has sunk 1,250 feet from its height (1,700) at the nine Standards.
The Ingleby Greenhow trip, on June 22, being a very short one, no chance for Geological research happened.
Juty 6.—Ayton was visited; the outlying character of Rose- berry, the Gravel Beds of the neighbourhood, the carving out by glacial action ond the entrusive igneous rock were duly noticed. A paper on ‘‘ The Cleveland Dyke ’’ was read by the President of the Club, which elicited a most interesting discussion, Messrs. Burton, Meek, Charlton, Thomas, &c., taking part in it, the thanks of the meeting was given to the writer of the paper, and it was resolved to publish it and forward copies to the Members of the Club.
The 13th Jury Meeting was held at Dinsdale, only the new red sandstone and the fact that sulphurous water is pumped out of it at the Spa, probably from gypsous marl, interested the Geologists.
At a hurried trip from Staithes to Runswick on September 7 the coast section as far as Port Mulgrave was examined, and many specimens were obtained characteristic of the rocks, exposed and others thrown up by the sea. Among them were :—
Ammonites margaritatus
fe spinatus
%; annulatus ne communis », bifrons
Ms defossum
a capricornus Dentalium giganteum Pecten equivalvis Cardium truncatum Inoceramus dubius Chordophyllites cicatricosus Nulliporites sp.
8 ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER NOTES,
By R. Lorruouse.
May 25, Excursion rrom Bartrerssy to Kinpare.—The following birds were noticed :—Migrants : Chiffchaff, Sedge Warbler, Willow Wren, Wood Wren, Whitethroat, Cuckoo, all in song; Swift, Sand Martin, Swallow, House Martin, there were numbers of nests of the latter under the eaves of the railway station; Residents: Blackbird, Yellow Hammer, Chaffinch, Thrush, Wood Pigeon. On a former excursion to Kildale, the beautiful, and locally distributed, Pied Flycatcher was observed, and also on another occasion near Ingleby. I have no doubt it breeds here. Clarke and Roebuck, in their Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire, mention a Heronry as existing at Kildale, I never could find out when or where this Heronry was located. A Red- wing, a bird seldom known to nest in the British Isles, is recorded as having nested at Kildale in 1840. The animals noticed were numbers of Rabbits and a Squirrel, an animal by no means common in Cleveland.
June 8 to 10, Excursion to RicumMoyp anp NEIGHBOURHOOD.— The following birds were noticed :—Migrants : Whitethroat, Willow Wren (numerous), Chiff-chaff (nest found containing six eggs), Sedge Warbler (not very numerous), Landrail, Cuckoo, House Martin, Swallow, Sand Martin, Swift, very numerous, as might be expected, it is an ideal place for them, we watched them soaring high over the castle walls until late into the night when all the other birds had long since retired to rest. Wheatears and Pied Wagtails were met with on the stony ground at the foot of Whitcliffe. Residents: Jay (noticed in Whitcliffe Wood), Meadow Pipit, Chaffinch, Hedge Sparrow, Rook, young birds fully fledged.
June 29, Excursion to AyrscartH.—The following birds were observed :—Migrants: Swift, Sand Martin, Chiffchaff (nest with eggs found), Yellow Wagtail, Common Sandpipers (abundant). Residents : Dipper (several observed), Blackbird. In the River Yore here Crayfish are common, and fine Trout and Greyling are found; the Miller’s Thumb (cottus gobio) is also abundant and grows to a large size. The Yore is a favourite river for otters, and otter hunts often take place in the proper season.
Jury 13, Excursion to Dinspate Dam.—Dinsdale Dam appears to be from 6 to 8 feet high, and must be a pretty effectual barrier to fish getting up the river. There is, however a fish pass at one side. Small Salmon, or Salmon Trout, were trying to ascend while
$
we were there, but there was not much water, and we saw none succeed, although one came within about a foot of the top. The river contains, besides Salmon, Salmon Trout, Trout, Roach, Dace, Eels, Flounders (at Middleton), and Gudgeon, of which last we saw a goodly number that had been caught by some youthful followers of the gentle craft. The birds noticed, besides the commoner species, were the Kingfisher and Wheat-ear.
CONCHOLOGICAL AND OTHER NOTES.
By T. A. LortrHouse.
Excursion FRoM Barttersspy to Kiipante, 25TH May.—The following land shells were noted :—Zonites alliarius, Z. cellarius, Z. fulvus, Z. nitidulus, Helix nemoralis and var. libellula, H. arbustorum, H. sericea, H. hispida, H. fusca, H. caperata, H. rotundata, Clausilia 'rugosa, C. laminata and Bulimus obscurus. The most notable find was that of Helix fusca, a shell of rather uncommon occurrence. On a former excursion the fol- lowing were found in addition to the above :—Succinea putris, Vitrina pellucida, Zonites crystallinus and Zua lubrica.
In Lepidoptera a specimen of Scalloped Hazel (Odontopera bidentata) was caught, and the larve of Green Brindled Crescent. (Miselia Oxyacanthe) found.
At the excursion to the same district on the 25th of August, 1888, the following insects were noticed :—Green-veined White (Pieris napi), Meadow Brown (Satyrus janira), Small Heath (Chortobius pamphilus), and the larve of the Red Admiral (Vanessa atalunta) found, Yellow Shell (Camptogramma bilineata), Dark Marbled Carpet (Cidaria immanata), Barred Yellow (Cidaria fulvata), Barred Straw (C. pyraliata), and the Small Mallow (Eubolia mensuraria).
Excursion to Ricumonp anp District, June 8-10,—In rather damp weather, favourable for shell collecting, the following species were found :—Vitrina pellucida, Zonites cellarius, Z. radiatulus, Z. alliarius Z. nitidulus, Z. crystallinus, Helix aspersa (very fine on Castle banks), H. arbustorum, H. hortensis and var. lutea, Hi. sericea, H. fusca, H. hispida, H. rufescens, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, H. pulchella, Bulimus obscurus, Clausilia rugosa and var. dubia, Pupa umbilicata, Zua lubrica. The only freshwater shell found was Limnea truncatula.
The weather being damp and cold, made it very unfavourable for collecting insects in a district noted for its Lepidopterous fauna.
10
The only specimens seen were the Large White (Pieris brassicae), Small White (Pieris rape), Green-veined White (P. napi), Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines), Common Swift (Hepialus lupulinus), Silver-ground Carpet (Melanippe montanata). The caterpillars of the Winter Moth (Chimatobia brumata) and the July Highflyer (Ypsipetes elutata) were found.
Excursion To AyrsGarTH, JuNE 29,.—Notwithstanding the long continued drought of this month, everything being dried up, the following shells were found :—Succinea putris, Vitrina pellucida, Zonttes nitidulus, Z. alliarius, Helix arbustorum, H. sericea, H. caperata, H. lapicida, H. rufescens, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa and var. dubia, C. laminata, Zua lubrica. Pisidium fontinale, Neritina fluviatilis, Limncea peregra and Ancylus fluviatilis; all the water shells were found in the River Yore. A very curious specimen of Clausilia rugosa, var. dubia was found by my brother, it has two mouths, one each way, and was alive when found; I sent it to Mr, Roebuck of Leeds for his inspection, and he made the following remarks: “it is a very fine example of the double-mouthed monstrosity, the two mouths being well formed.” In more favourable weather the above list might be greatly augmented, as the district seems a perfect one for shells.
The following is a list of the Lepidoptera noted :---Ghost Swift (Hepialus humuli), Brimstone Moth (Rumia cratcegata), Willow Beauty (Boarmia rhomboidaria), Silver-ground Carpet (M. montanata), Magpie (Abrawas grossulariata), Dark Marbled Carpet (C. immanata), and the Yellow Shell (C. bilineata).
Excursion to Ayton, Juty 6.—The following insects were observed :—Smali Heath (C. pamphilus), Painted Lady (Vanessa Cardui), Common Blue (Lycena icarus), Gray Mountain Carpet (Larentia casiata), M. montanata, C. bilineata, The Belle (Hubolia palumbaria), Chimney Sweeper (Zanagra chwrophyllata), Yellow Underwing (Tryphwna pronuba), and the scarce Silver Y (Plusia interrogationis), the last-named being the most notable, as it is a moth of rather uncommon occurence.
Excursion to Dinspatx, Jury 13.—In Lepidoptera the following
species were noted:—S. ja.ira, C. pamphilus. Small Tortoise- ' shell (Vanessa urtice), L. icarus, Twin Spot Carpet (Larentia didymata), A. grossudariata, M. montanata, C. pyraliata, C. bilineata, Small Mallow (Eubvlia mensuraria), Green Oak Moth (Tortrix viridana), and 7’. pronuba.
The only species of Land Shells noted were :—Zonites alliarius, Helix aspersa, H, rotundata, and Claustlia laminata.
11
BOTANICAL NOTES.
The following Plants have been noted in flower during the
season,
A—Battersby to Kildale, 25 May, 1889. C—Richmond, 8/10 June, 1889.
Moor, August 17, 1889.
Ranunculus repens Ficaria acris bulbosus Flammula aquatilis arvensis hederaceus
Caltha palustris
Berberis vulgaris ...
Chelidonium majus
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Nasturtium officinale
Arabis hirsuta
Cardamine pratensis
amara ...
Sisymbrium thalianum
Alliaria officinalis
Brassica campestris
Capsella Bursa-pastoris
Reseda Luteola
lutea Helianthemum vulgare
Viola canina
tricolor
Drosera rotundifolia
Polygala vulgaris
Silene inflata
Lychnis diurna
vespertina Flos-cuculi Alsine verna ads Stellaria Holostea .. media graminea
Cerastium glomeratum
triviale ...
Spergula arvensis ...
Malva rotundifolia...
sylvestris...
Tilia Europea...
Hypericum pulchrum perforatum
Geranium robertianum
pheum ... molle pratense lucidum... columbinum
Oxalis Acetosella ...
Linum catharticum
Ulex europus
D—Ayton, 6 July, 1889. F—Dinsdale, 13 July, 1889.
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Genista tinctoria ... 506
Sarothamnus scoparius_...
Trifolium pratense... : procumbens... repens ... f arvense ... minus
Lotus corniculatus..
Anthyllis vulneraria
Vicia sepium
Cracca sativa : roe Lathyrus macrorrhizus_... pratensis 205 Spirea Ulmaria ... she
Poterium Sanguisorba Alchemilla vulgaris Potentilla Tormentilla anserina reptans ... Fragaria vesca sos Rubus fruticosus ... ar
Geum urbanum ... ve rivale an Rosa canina : aH
Crategus Oxyacantha Pyrus » Aucuparia ... Malus ane Epilobium palustre tetragonum parviflorum montanum .. Circea lutetiana ... Hippuris vuenrer Bh Sedum acre oa Ribes Grossularia ... oct Saxifraga tridactylites Chrysosplenium alternifolium ido a i Sanicula europea .. ABs Carum flexuosum Heracleum Sphondylium... Scandix Pecten-Veneris ... Chreophyllum temulum ... sylvestre ... Anthriscus Myrrhis odorata ... are Sambucus Ebulus .. Lonicera Perielymenum ave Sherardia arvensis.. : Asperula odorata .., on Galium cruciatum... age
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B-—Ingleby Greenhow, 22 June, 1889. E—Nunthorpe and Eston
Galium Aparine ... ae verum saxatile Valeriana dioica a officinalis xe
Valerianella Auricula Knautia arvensis Scabiosa succisa Petasites vulgaris ... § Eupatorium cannabinum ... Bellis perennis _... Achillea Millefolium Matricaria inodora... Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Senecio vulgaris Visvosus Jacobeea Arctium majus_... Carduus acanthoides Centaurea nigra ... Cyanus . Leontodon hispidum Tragopogon pratensis Hieracium Pilosella murorum Taraxacum officinale Sonchus oleraceus ... asper arvensis Campanula rotundifolia latifolia Calluna vulgaris Erica Tetralix cinerea 5a Symphytum officinale Echium vulgare Myosotis sylvatica... arvensis ... palustris... Verbascum Thapsus Digitalis purpurea ... Linaria Cymbalaria vulgaris Scrophularia nodosa Pedicularis palustris Rhinanthus Crista-galli Euphrasia officinalis Odontites rubra Veronica Chamedrys Beccabunga serpyllifolia agrestis hederifolia scutellata... Mentha viridis aquatica Salvia Verbenaca ... Thymus Serpyllum Prunella vulgaris ..
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12
Nepeta Glechoma ... Lamium purpureum album... Galeopsis Tetrahit ... Stachys sylvatica ... Betonica Ballota feetida Ajuga reptans Primula vulgaris veris
Lysimachia Nummularia ...
nemorum Anagallis arvensis ... Plantago lanceolata media major... :
Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus
album Rumex Acetosa Acetosella ... obtusifolius Polygonum Bistorta Euphorbia exigua ... Mercurialis perennis Parietaria diffusa .. Urtica dioica A Humulus Lupulus ... Salix a re Orchis mascula maculata Habenaria viridis ... Listera ovata cordata Alisma Plantago Allium ursinum Endymion nutans ... Luzula campestris ... sylvatica Arum maculatum .. Carex vulpina ee stricta (?) ... divulsa
Anthoxanthum odoratum — :
Alopecurus pratensis agrestis Agrostis alba Aira cespitosa Avena pubescens ... Poa annua = trivialis Briza media minor Ss Cynosurus cristatus Dactylis glomerata Bromus asper
Equisetum palustre Polypodium vulgare
Asplenium Ruta-muraria...
Blechnum boreale ...
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NOTES ON THE CLEVELAND DYKE,
BY Ww. Y. WEITCH,
President of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club.
The most interesting physiographical feature of this district is the Cleveland Whin dyke, and consequently it has attracted con- siderable attention. Having been carefully examined, several able papers have been written concerning it, and it is no doubt a well worn subject. My aim will be to gather together scattered facts, and the results of the latest investigations relating to the dyke.
Whinstone is a word loosely used in many parts of England; the porphyrite of the Cheviots is spoken of as whinstone ; the hard sandstone of the Lower Greensand of west Sussex is also so called, any hard sandstone seems to be known as white or grey whin.
The term whin is here applied to an igneous rock, pertaining in character to a basalt, which has come up through the intermediate stratification in a molten state, forming a wall traversing the country from Maybecks on Sneaton high moor, near Whitby, and about four miles from the sea, to Armathwaite in Cumberland.
On petrological grounds Mr. Teall says the Armathwaite dyke is a continuation of the Cleveland dyke, it points to the north west direction where great volcanic eruptions took place in tertiary times, generally ascribed to the miocene age. The earlier lava thrown out by those eruptions was acidic, and the composition of the dyke pertains more to acidic than basic, and is most probably the result of the western disturbances mentioned.
2
This wall breaks through the oolite and lias rocks at Mayhecks, crosses the Murk Esk near Grosmont, is also seen at Ainthorpe, Castleton, Commondale Kildale, Easby moor, Ryehill, Ayton, Nunthorpe, cutting through the rhoetics near Newby, and pierces the New red sandstone at Stainton, Preston, and at Coatham beck, near the village of Elton. Following it into Durham we find it no where in contact with the magnesian limestone. In the carboniferous rocks at Bolam, it is again found, but has deviated from the wall formation, and by lateral intrusion has formed a small whin sill, it may be traced through the carboniferous rocks to Cockfield fell and onwards. Mr. Teall followed it up to Woodland fell, a point one mile east of Middleton. Mr. Howell, superintendent of the geolo- gical survey in Scotland, points out other exposures, one 14 miles N. E. of High Force where the dyke crosses Bowles beck, another about one mile south of Tyne head. It is traced in the Eden valley, having passed through the Penine range and entered again into secondary rocks where it becomes the Armathwaite dyke.
This intrusive rock is fairly straight in its course with occasional slight deviations ; it varies in thickness from 20 to 80 feet. Here at Ayton, it is 80 feet thick at the base of Roseberry, whilst at the highest part of the intrusion it is only 20 feet. In some places in its course it appears to die out, not having penetrated through the superincumbent stratification.
To use Mr. Barrow’s words ‘‘ another interesting point is the unevenness of its upper surface, as it frequently disappears for a considerable distance, and then reappears. When first seen, in the western area it occurs in soft shales, and, in consequence, forms a strongly marked ridge, as is well seen about Langbaurgh and Cliff ridge. As far as the top of Cliff ridge the dyke reaches the surface, but does not appear on the east slope of the hill. The drift makes it doubtful whereabouts it again crops out, but there is a large quarry in it at Slack’s wood. Just beyond this it must again sink beneath the surface, reappearing only at one point in Howl road. The calcined ironstone and several trial holes show that it has just failed to burst through the solid rock here.”
This feature of the dyke is described as occurring in other parts of its course by the same observer. Mr. Teall also describes the same effect occurring in the coal measures at Cockfield, where ‘‘ the whinstone was seen to terminate upwards very abruptly in the form of a low and somewhat irregular dome, over which the coal
measure shales passed without any fracture and only with a slight upward arching.”
The effect upon rocks in contact has been comparatively slight ; heat has calcined them for a few feet distant, and coal is completely
3
coked. Its lateral pressure has altered the cleavage of stratified rocks from horizontal to the vertical for a few inches.
Another curious point noted by Mr. Barrow is the way in which, for a few yards, the beds dip into the dyke. It looks as though the intrusive rock had contracted on cooling and dragged down the adjacent rock with it. In no case is the dyke known to be in a line of fault.
In structure the dyke is an exceedingly compact hard crystalline rock, grey or rather bluish grey in colour, weathering to a deep brown. Being a most excellent material for macadamising, it is extensively quarried for that purpose.
The chemical composition as analysed by Mr. Stead, is as follows :—
Silica ape set ay 59°25 Alumina ... ig ete 16:75 Ferric oxide ig ide 4-00 Ferrous oxide Bc ao 4+82, Lime “ee an a 6:88 Magnesia ... ous ae 3°81 Potash ... ie wee 1:92
Soda ee PA ise 2°56 * Carbonic Acid a trace
This analysis and a lower specific gravity shows the rock to be acidic in character rather than basic or basaltic. The absence also of olivine tends to remove it further from a true basalt. Mr. J. J. H. Teall describes it as an augite andesite ; for exhaustive infor- mation upon the minute structure of the rock, I commend you to that gentleman’s work on British Petrography,.
We have the interesting fact that this dyké breaks through the whin sill, becoming probably connected with the volcanic disturbance which has left us the basalts of the north of Ireland and the Hebrides. At the time we assume that this dyke was formed, the west and north of Scotland was part of a chain of active volcanoes ; the Isle of Mull is the fragment of one which, according to Professor Judd, probably had a diameter at its base of nearly 30 miles, and a height of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. The highest point of what remains of this mountain does not attain more than 3,000 feet.
* From Teall on some of the North of England dykes.
4
From this centre of volcanic action a great number of dykes radiate, the one we are discussing even penetrating this district.
The isle of Skye is also a ruined volcano, estimated by Professor Judd to have reached a height of from 12,000 to 15,000 feet, and must have been comparable to Etna or the peak of Teneriffe.
Faroe isles and Iceland are part of the same system of plutonic action, and were most probably all in activity concurrently. The period of this eruptive action will now be discussed.
Because aqueous rocks of the carboniferous age, containing Lepidodendron and Calamites, have been detected in the Sound of Mull, near Ardtornish by Professor Judd, the volcanic rocks in that neighbourhood are said to be probably of carboniferous age; I have visited the Sound of Mull and examined the rocks about Ardtornish, and have found lias ammonites and Gryphea tncurva, and magnesian limestone’ covered over with vast sheets of lava. Close by at Loch Aline cretaceous rocks are also so covered over.
In fact, all the sedimentary rocks up to and including the cretaceous have been burst through. The dyke here (Cleveland) has penetrated into the oolite. The rock is therefore post-cretaceous.
Text books (e.g. Page) tell us that these mountains were thrown up in miocene times, and this statement has generally been accepted.
However, Mr. J. Starkie Gardner, in his monograph published by the Palwontographical Society, says ‘‘ there is no physical evidence against these voleanoes belonging to any part of that vast period which intervened between the British white chalk and the British eocenes, nor to any stage of the eocenes; but they do pre- sent evidence of such antiquity that we ought to hesitate to assign them to any later period, unless very good reasons for doing so were apparent.
The plant evidence upon which they were classed as miocene has always been of the weakest description ; and had geologists who have written about them troubled to look into it independently, the conclusion as to their age would never have been accepted.” P. 79.
Again “There is a total absence of evidence connecting them (plants) with miocene.” P. 80.
According to Professor Phillips, miocene strata are believed not to occur in the British Isles.
Such high mountains as the western range could not exist long without snow and rain forming channels and ultimately rivers coursing to the sea.
Water ways have been worn in course of time, lava and tufa have been pulverised by varying temperature and rain, the detritus having been carried down the mountain slopes. formed here and there rich soil upon which the flora of the period flourished, fragments of plants became embedded in mud and sand, wete over- whelmed with lava, and thus was sealed up the only evidence of the era. Denudation has revealed those beds. The plant beds are situated at Ardtun, in Mull, and were examined and reported upon by the Duke of Argyle many years ago.
Mr. Gardner has lately examined the beds and secured many specimens, most of which have found their way to the British Museum, he brings his botanical knowledge to bear upon the plant remains, and places them on the same horizon as the middle eocene beds at Bournmouth.
The plants determined from Ardtun are a fern and some conifers. The fern is named Onoclea Hebraidica.
The conifers are Cryptomeria Sternberyii, Podocarps Campbelli, Ginkgo adiantoides and Taxus Camplelli.
So we have a flora stretching from subtropics to Greenland. The fern is identical with O. sensibilis, a well-known fern to those who indulge in ferneries. It was once found wild in a lane near Moreby, North Yorkshire, (Bains), and is naturalised at a spot near War- rington (Babington).
Mr. Gardner gives the range of the nearest existing representa- tives of the fossil conifers as follows :—
C. Sternbergii, C. Japonica, China and J apan. Ginkgo adiantoides, G. biloba, do. do. Taxus Campbelli, T, adpressa, do. do, Podocarpus Campbelli, P. falcata, Cape.
From this flora, we might transfer our thoughts to Fusiama, and find in Japan a picture which would probably show us something like the woodlands which clothed the slopes of our western volcanic mountains.
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The southern eocene flora of England points more to Australian types, and it would appear that this first dawn (Eocene) of life advanced from north southward.
Turtles and Crocodiles ( Crocodiles Gavialis ) sported in the waters. Gigantic birds( Gastornis Parisiensis ), ostrich and albertros-like birds ran and flew about. Numerous quadrupeds, similar to out present fauna existed, together with herbiverous pachyderms and insectiver- ous bats, opossums and monkeys roamed the land, and it is probable that the Architherium, a three-toed quadruped of pony size, supposed to be the ancestor of the horse, was also abroad.
During this period, north Europe was one continent. South Europe, north Africa, Asia minor, Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus and Himalayas, were not, their place was occupied by the sea and the nummulitic limestone which now enters largely into their structure was being deposited.
Since then many vast changes have taken place, we have become insular, our western mountain range has been shorn down to its present modest dimensions.
The mighty mountains and continents just enumerated have been uplifted. A stupendous revolution has been enacted which is scarcely comprehensible! Out of the nummulitic limestone thus raised, the Sphynx has been carved and Pyramids built. Even since then, empires have passed away, and languages have become dead ! The valleys have been exalted and the mountains laid low!
fa: MOX
1S JUN 29 }
\4 eee
Jordison & Co., Ld., Printers, &c., Middlesbro’ and London.
CEEVELAND
NATURALISTS Fiecp CLUB,
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS,
. : }
1895
No.].
PRICE SIXPENCE.
MIDDLESBROUGH :
CLEVE RAW IO
NATURALISTS FIELD GLUB.
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS,
1895.
MIDDLESBROUGH :
OFFICERS, 1896.
President : Rey. J. Hawetn, M.A.
Vice=Presidents:
Mr. R. LorrHoust | Mr. J. M. MeEeExK A, MacpHERSON Dr. W. Y. VeErrcH
9
Committee :
Mr. F. Baxer, C.E. Mr, R. G. Ciayton Miss CALVERT » LT. H. Newson Mr. J. S. Catvert | » W. Sacuse
‘thon. Treasurer:
Mr, ‘T, EF. ‘Warp, Park Road, South, Middlesbrough.
‘bon. Secretary:
Mr. W. H. Tuomas, , Ryedale Terrace, Borough Road, Middlesbrough,
~j
‘tbon, Assist, Secretary:
My. T. A. LorrHovusse.
Past Presidents: 1881—Mr. W, Y. Vertcu, M.R.C.S, | 1889—Mr, W. Y. Verrcu, M.R.C.S,
1882— Do. 1890— Do.
1883—Mr, J. S. CALVERT 1891—Reyv. J. Hawett, M,A, 1884—Mr, T. F. Warp 1892—Mr, R. LorrHousE 1885— Do. 1893—Mr.. T. D. Ripitey 1886—Mr, Ancus MACPHERSON . 1894—Mr. ANcus MAcPHERSON 1887— Do, 1895—Rev. J. HAweE .t, M.A,
1888—Mr. J. M, Mrrex
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
[N all scientific work the first requisites are accuracy and dejin-
iteness. If, then, we propose toourselves to deal with the Natural History of Cleveland,it is necessary first accurately to define what we mean by the term Cleveland. This is the more necessary because the term hasbeen much used in aninaccurate and popular sense. This inaccurate usage of the word has been in some measure induced by the facts that neither the so- called Cleveland Group of Hills, nor the so-called Cleveland Iron Industry keep themselves strictly within the limits of Cleveland proper. What then zs Cleveland proper? The Rev. John Graves in his “ History of Cleveland” rightly says that the Wapentake of Langbargh ‘‘comprehends all that is properiy termed Cleveland,” and the subsequent historians take the same view. This, then, is the definite district with which we have to deal. It is comprised within the North Riding of Yorkshire, and measures about 40 miles in length by 18 miles in breadth. It includes the following 33 old Parishes :—Acklam (including the three Townships of Acklam, Linthorpe and Middlesbrough), Appleton, Arncliffe, Ayton, Carlton, Crathorne, Danby, Easington, Egton, Faceby, Guis- brough, Hilton, Hinderwell, Ingleby, Kildale, Kirby, Kirk- leatham, Kirklevington, Loftus, Lythe, Marske, Marton, Newton, Ormesby, Rudby, Seamer, Skelton, Stainton, Stokes- ley, Upleatham, Whorlton, Wilton, Yarm.
Part at least, then—and that an important part—of the work of the ‘‘ Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club” may well be to work out the Natural History of the above-defined district, and to record in some permanent form the observa- tions made regarding its Fauna and Flora. The Members of the Club will also be well employed in bringing together any records relating to the Natural History of the district that may have been printed at any previous time in Books, Maga- zines, or Newspapers; or which may be slumbering in Manuscript in the pages of Parish Registers or Account
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Books, or in the desk of the private individual. These old records will have great value, and in making a study of them we shall find that some organisms have become, in process of time, extinct within the district, and shall learn valuable lessons in our endeavour to trace the causes which have ministered to their extinction. We may also be able to note, as time goes on, the gradual extinction of other species, and the introduction and spread of new organisms. The interest attaching to the permanent record of observations by the Field Club will increase rather than diminish as years go on, and that record becomes more complete. It will then give peculiar pleasure to drop upon something which has not been recorded before, and many old or doubtful records will require confirmation.
A number of Sections has recently been formed in the Cleveland Field Club, each Section concerning itself specially with some one department of the Natural History of the district. There is also a Section dealing with Archeology. In the following pages is printed some portion of the first year’s records of these Sections. Some reports, e.g. those on Botany and Conchology, are held over until next year. It is feared that unless the membership of the Club largely increases we shall not be able to go to the expense of printing Reports every year, and it maybe well to caution those who contribute such Reports that it will be well for them to confine them- selves, as faras possible, in subsequent years, to records not previously made for the district, and to observations of special value or permanent interest. On the present occasion the editor has taken the liberty, which he trusts will be pardoned, of cutting down some of the Reports to some extent.
JOHN HAWELL, M.A.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE REMAINS OF NORMAN ARCHITECTURE IN CLEVELAND CHURCHES.
By R. LorrHousr, Diocesan SuRvEyor.
Norman Architecture was introduced into this country late in the reign of Edward the Confessor, and prevailed through the reigns of William the Conqueror, 1066-1087, William IT., 1087-1100, Henry I., 1100-1135, and Stephen, 1185-1154. There seems to have been a desire among the Architects who succeeded the Normans to preserve the Door- ways and Chancel Arches (generally the most decorative features) of their predecessors, even down to the time of the Perpendicular period. Hence in many small country Churches we meet with Norman Doorways and Chancel Arches, when all other features have been swept away. The Arch is semi- circularly moulded and often enriched with the chevron or zig-zag and other characteristic features; shafts are often used and there is commonly an impost moulding above them. The windows were generally very small and narrow, particu- larly at an early period in the style, and hence they have mostly been altered or replaced with larger windows at succeeding periods.
IncLeBy GrEENHOW (St. ANDREW),
In this Church is a fine Norman Arcade on the north side, with alternate round and octagonal pillars. There are four entire pillars and a half pillar at each end. The arches are of two orders, not moulded or chamfered. The caps are peculiar, taking the form of corbels under each order of the arch, the corners having been cut out, and in the recesses thus formed are carved a series of grotesque animals, heads, and conventional foliage. The carving is thus described by the Rev. J. Hawell (Ingleby Register). ‘‘ Commencing with the half pillar at the east cnd of the Nave, we have on it a representation of a wild Boar and a Wolf (animals probably not then uncommon in the district). The ornamentation of the first entire pillar would seem to consist of conventional Vegetable Forms, and that of the following one of Sea Monsters. The two and-a-half pillars to the west are occupied by grotesque human or semi- human heads and busts.”
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The Pillars are about 2 feet 4 inches in diameter and about 7 feet 9 inches apart. The total length of the Nave is about 50 feet.
The Rev. J. Hawell remarks that :—‘‘ The Norman Arch between the Nave and the Chancel also still survives, at least in its lower portions, but it is in a great measure covered up in last century plaster, and its character somewhat dis- figured. There is also a piece of Norman Moulding over the door of the Chancel. The existing Font is apparently of Norman origin, but has been to a considerable extent re-modelled.’’ It was a common custom to mould and carve Norman Members in the succeeding styles.
Iiinron (St. Perer).
The plan of this Church is probably very much the same as it was in Norman times. The Nave is about 30 feet long and 18 feet wide. The Chancel is about 14 feet wide, and about the same in length. There is a north and south Doorway near the west end, that on the south side being 3 feet 6 inches wide, and 6 feet 3 inches high to the top of the abacus. The Arch is decorated with the zig-zag mould. There has been a shaft in each jamb, but they are gone, the base and cap only remaining. The north Doorway is 3 feet wide, and 6 feet to the top of the abacus. There has been a shaft in the jambs, but, as in the other case, they are gone. There is a plain chamfered abacus in each case. The Arch of the north Doorway is enriched with the zig-zag mould, and with what appears to have been the rose ornament.
The Chancel Arch is moulded and enriched with the pellet ornament. There are two shafts, one semi-circular and the other a detached shaft. The caps are carved and vary in design. One has the under part of the bowl cut into round mouldings, which taper down to and finish on the top of the necking. (This is a common form and is called the scolloped cap). Another has scrolls. The abacus is ornamented with three V-shaped horizontal sinkings. The bases of the shafts are also carved, one with a scale-like ornament. This is an extremely interesting little Church, and, happily, has so far escaped restoration.
Great Ayton (Att Sarnts).
At the old Church is a Norman Doorway, with two shafts in the jambs. The arch is richly ornamented with the zig- zag moulding. There is also a Chancel Arch, with two
TA
shafts in the jambs, and with a plain chamfered abacus. One of the caps has the bowl cut into round mouldings, which taper down to, and stop on the necking. Another is carved with ascroll. Only the caps on one side of the arch had been cleaned of the white-wash at the time of our visit.
THornaBy (St. LUKE).
The plan of this Church is probably much the same as in Norman times, except that the Chancel is gone. The walls are about 8 feet 3 inches thick. The nave is 39 feet 4 inches long and 18 feet wide. The Chancel, as above stated, has dis- appeared, but the Norman Chancel Arch still remains. The caps and mouldings are thickly covered with white-wash. The windows have all been altered and enlarged. There are, however, the heads of two of the original Norman windows, built into the west gable. The opening to the Chancel was 6 feet 4 inches from shaft to shaft. There are two shafts to the jambs, a semi-circular, or half shaft, and a smaller angle shaft. The arch is of two orders, 10 and 9 inches deep respectively, and there is a chamfered hood mould. It is difficult to judge what the caps have been like, they are so much covered up with white-wash. The abacus consists of a square fillet and cavetto mould and is returned a few inches beyond the hood mould. The height from the floor of nave to the top of the abacus is 7 feet 7} inches, and the arch rises about 3 feet 9 inches. The jamb is chamfered on the side which was next to the Chancel.
The walls (particularly that on the north side) are very crooked.
Liverton (St. MicHagt).
Externally this Church has a very barn-like appearance. It is nearly all, comparatively speaking, modern—re-built, apparently, about 70 or 80 yearsago. The new building was, however, evidently built on the old foundations, and, indeed, parts of the old walls have been retained, the junction of the old and new work being distinctly discernible, even in a photograph. At the west end remain two of the old buttresses, at the north and south angles respectively. These are, however, later than Norman work. The lower part of the south wall of the porch also appears to be old work, and part of the north wall of the Chancel. The plan of the building (pro- bably much the same as in Norman times) consists of a porch about 5 feet square, a nave 30 feet long by 16 feet 6 inches wide, and a chancel 18 feet long by 14 feet wide. The walls
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are about 3 feet 6 inches thick, but the most interesting thing about the Church is the fine old Norman Chancel Arch. The opening is 7 feet 1 inch wide. The height from the present floor level to the top of the abacus is 6 feet 84 inches, but the bases of the shafts are buried about 2 feet 4 inches below the present floor level, and below that is a stone footing or foundation, 8 inches thick. The arch consists of three orders supported on shafts, with carved caps and abacus, and a cable neck mould. The upper order of the arch consists of 26 voussoirs carved with a variety of beak-head ornament,’ the two lower orders are enriched with the characteristic zig- zag moulding. The abacus is carved with a repeating con- ventional foliage pattern, and apparently extends across to the nave walls. The white-wash had, however, only been partially cleaned off at the time of my visit. The carving of the caps is of a vigorous description and is in fair preser- vation. The outer cap on the south side has a boar hunt, wherein several dogs are depicted savagely attacking a Wild Boar, while a man on the left is vigorously blowing a horn, nearly as large as himself. The centre cap has a mask with flowing foliage issuing from each side of the mouth. On the inner cap is sculptured the Tempation in the Garden, wherein are figures of Adam and Eve, the Angel, and the Serpent with an apple in its mouth. The caps on the north side are not so easy to make out. The outer one has two grotesque birds or animals. The middle cap is entirely covered with a reticulated or interwoven pattern, and the inner cap with winged animals and foliage. Altogether the Arch has an extremely rich effect. There are no Norman windows or doorways remaining. From the character of the work the arch is evidently of late date.
Urteatuam (St. ANDREW).
This Church is in a ruinous and neglected condition, and it is much to be deplored that greater care has not been taken to preserve it, even if it was found necessary to erect another in a more convenient situation. It is thus described by Canon Atkinson (History of Cleveland).—‘‘ This Church has been another fine specimen of Norman Architecture. Orgin- ally, there was a south Aisle, two of the Arches of which are still evident in that portion of the old Nave, which is uow employed as a Cemetery Chapel. The Chancel, too, had an Aisle to the south; but, without clearing away the top soil down to the foundations, it is not possible to give any adequate statement about it. * * * Some small remains of columns and windows remain in what was the Chancel.” On the north
9
side of the Church is a series of Norman Corbels, with grotesque heads, but with no Corbel table or parapet. The roof at the time of our visit was covered with pantiles, which slightly overhung the walls. There is also a mutilated gro- tesque animal on the Corbel or kneeler of the north-west gable coping, probably placed there when the Church was rebuilt or repaired in modern times.
The internal width of the Western portion of the Church is 18 feet 9 inches. The eastern portion of the Church has disappeared, nothing remaining but the foundations.
The most interesting relic of Norman times, however, is the fine old Norman Font, now very properly removed to the modern Church. It is formed out ofa solid block of hard stone, whose greatest dimensions are 2 feet 6 inches square, by 3 feet 8 inches high. It has a splayed plinth about 18 inches high, and at the angles above are three-quarter shafts, with base and cushion caps. Between the angle shafts are formed panels on each face, carved with a sunk star-like ornament, forming a diaper. The panel on the South side is formed of six of these star-like sunk ornaments, the upper pair having small bosses at the intersection of the lateral rays. The panel on the east side has three, the upper one being the full width of the panel, with small circular bosses at the intersection of all the rays. The north panel has the lower half perfectly plain ; the upper portion is formed into a star with a large circular plane centre. On the west face the sunk ornament is confined within a circle in the upper part, and all the face edges of the ornament are segments of circles, and there are bosses at the intersections of the rays. The lower part has an oblong star divided diagonally into four, forming a cross in the centre.
Easington (Aut Saryts).
A new Church was built here some years ago, and in clearing away the old structure considerable portions of a highly ornamental Norman Chancel Arch were found, and these have been built into the upper stage of the tower. There are three shafts with carved caps. The Arch is richly ornamented with the beak-head, double cone, and the pellet and other mouldings.
Hinperwewi (Sr. Hinpa).
In renovating this Church last year (1895), a Norman cap in a mutilated condition was found. It probably belonged to a Norman Chancel Arch or to a doorway. It is known that a Chancel Arch existed previous to the re-building,
10
Witton (Aut Saints).
There is a Norman doorway here, with the zig-zag mould in the Arch. There are also some corbels with grotesque heads.
MippiessroucH (Sr. Hiipa).
There is here a fine old Norman Font, said to have belonged to the ancient Church of St. Hilda, which was attached to the cell that existed there down to the time of the dissolution. It was very properly restored to the modern Church in 1889, being brought from Darlington, whither it was conveyed some fifty or sixty years ago, when the site of the cell, and, it is said, part of the Churchyard was laid out for building purposes. Several old parishioners lately living could remember having seen it before it was taken to Darlington. It is said to have stood in a field or garden and to have done duty as a flower-pot. It is rather dilapidated, but well worth preserving. In plan it is circular, and it is covered with rude shallow carvings, disposed verti- cally between incised lines. One is a herring-bone or rude zig-zag; another somewhat resembles a square alternate billet, placed vertically ; and there are other forms. There is also a St. Andrew’s Cross formed of incised lines, with the space between the arms also filled with incised lines.
In the walls of an old Brewery behind Hilda Place, to the north of the Church, at a height of 10 or 12 feet from the ground, are built in some other remains from the old Church, and among them are two voussoirs with the zig-zag ornament still plainly discernible upon them, and a cap with a faint indication of a carved Volute. These, no doubt, have belonged to a Norman Chancel Arch or doorway.
Marske (St. Germany).
Graves (History of Cleveland) remarks that: ‘‘This is an ancient edifice and consists of a middle and two side Aisles, divided by round pillars supporting circular arches. The Chancel is separated from the Nave by a pointed arch.” The Church since Graves’ time has been entirely re-built, and little or nothing of the Norman work ‘now remains.
A fine old Norman Font, which belonged to this Church, is now on the lawn in front of the Vicarage, doing duty as a flower pot. About half of it is buried in the ground. It is very similar in shape to that at Upleatham. It appears to have been cut out of a solid block of stone, and has shafts
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at the corners and panels between, similar to the Upleatham Font. One of the faces is carved with a kind of zig-zag or herring-bone ornament, and another with scrolls, but it is difficult to make out precisely what the ornament has been owing to its position and mutilated condition.
It is to be deplored that better care should not be taken of an object so interesting. Canon Atkinson (History of Cleve- land) writes in this connection : “It is a thousand pities that an object at once so characteristically beautiful and so interesting as this old Font, which has witnessed and aided in the dedication to God for twenty generations of Marske men and women, should not be more reverently treated, or at least more carefully saved from further ill usage and destructive defacement.”*
Marton (St. Curusert).
This Church has been restored, and it is not easy to make out what is old and what is new, as the whole of the old work retained has been re-faced, and consequently the Church is not now so interesting as it might have been.
Graves (History of Cleveland), writing before the restoration, remarks :—‘‘ This is a small but ancient edifice, consisting of a Nave, Chancel, and square Tower, but. contains nothing remarkable in its style of Architecture.” | While Ord, writing after the restoration, states that ‘‘ The restored Church is only part of the original structure, which consisted of Nave, north and south Aisles, with transepts and Chancel.” He further states that ‘‘ The greater part was re-built in 1843, including three of the Arches, the Chancel Arch and south Porch, the style of the old work being closely adhered to,” and in a footnote ‘‘The transepts were early Norman, the Nave of late Norman verging on transition to the next order (style). It was difficult to trace the style of the old Chancel, owing to the numerous alterations which had taken place.” These two descriptions, it will be noticed, differ very con- siderably. The plan at present consists of a Nave, north and south Aisles, north and south Transepts, and Chancel. The north Nave Arcade is apparently original work, but has been entirely re-faced, and some of it may have been re-built, It consists of four bays and a large rectangular pier adjoining the north transept. | There are three whole pillars and two half pillars, the first half pillar, beginning at the west end,
*The present Vicar, the Rev. F. Grant James, is about to have this very interesting Font removed into the Marske Church.—Zditor.
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is in plan a half quatrefoil, and appears to be new; the first whole pillar is octagonal, the second is in plan a quatrefoil, the third octagonal, and the fourth a half quatrefoil, being attached to the rectangular pier above mentioned. The transept arch and pillars (which are square with chamfered angles) also appear to be original. The Arches are of two orders, with a chamfered hood. The carving of the caps consists of grotesque animals and conventional foliage, but has been all re-faced and spoilt. The sculpture on the cap of the second whole pillar evidently represents the chase, having a wild boar and other animals carved on it. The south Arcade and Transept appear to be entirely new. The pillars are in plan round, octagonal, quatrefoil, and one has six small shafts, about 5 inches diameter, arranged round a centre pillar. This particular pillar, with its cap, has been copied from an old one, as the mutilated cap, with portions of the small shafts, may be seen on the north side of the Church, outside. ‘The carving consists of grotesque animals, and with roses round the upper part. As this is the only portion of old work which has not been re-faced it is a pity that better care is not taken of it. The most appropriate place for it would be inside the Church.
On the wall of the north Aisle are shallow buttresses, two feet wide and with 7 inches projection. These appear to be original work.
GEOLOGICAL NOTES OF AN EXCURSION MADE BY THE FIELD CLUB TO RUNSWICK BAY, ON JUNE Ist, 1895.
By W. Y. VEItcH.
On approaching Runswick Bay from the Railway Station (Hinderwell) we came upon a ravine to the left of the road, the surface indication of a fault which lowers the stratification towards the north. A view of the Bay, before making the descent, shows how the Bay has been formed. It is evidently an old waterway filled up with boulder clay, undergoing the process of being washed away. The Bay, from Kettleness point to where we are standing, has been cleaned out by the erosive action of the sea; even the boulder clay bank between the cliffs of oolite and lias is slipping gradually into the sea, forming a veritable “glacier” of clay with its miniature crevasses, leaving a “glacier foot” of boulders comprising Mountain Limestone, Granite, Permian Limestone, New Red
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Sandstone, Liassic Shale, some of the latter having embedded in it pieces of coniferous wood, maintaining its original structure, and to a large extent its woody fibre. The boulders generally showed distinct strie. One huge block of Shap Granite being sunk into the sand of the beach, and weighing about two tons, was especially noticed. Along the shoze many beautiful stones, agates, and other small debris of the boulder clay erosion were picked up.
A Jet Miner's drift on the south Cheek of the Bay was inspected, some of the more adventurous spirits of the party penetrating as far as the “ face” and conversing with the Miner. Others examined the spoil heap, recognising in the shale the characteristic Ammonite (A: serpentinus) Inocer- amus dubius and many fragments of fish remains. Leaving the jet rock behind and going towards the sea, the annulatus rock was come upon, bearing upon its surface the markings of many of its special Ammonite (A: annulatus) and numerous belemnites (B: cylindricus and elegans). The last (rock examined before climbing to Kettleness, was the A: spinatus Zone, where the ruddy character of the ironstone rock and markings of its well known Ammonite were carefully observed. The splitting up of the Cleveland ironstone bed was also made out and traced to Kettleness point, where the hardness of its several beds gives an irregular contour to that beautiful cliff,
On the way to Kettleness the Alum Shale section was passed through, and the Common Ammonite noticed, together with the nodular concretions with which the alum shale abounds,
The dogger bed overlying was also inspected and its richness in iron noticed. As the Section wasa surface one, only casts of its fauna could be seen. The few feet of oolite that remained before reaching the cliff top presented an unbroken surface of Sandstone only.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1895. By R. G. Crayton.
The beginning of the year was noteworthy amongst Ornith- ologists for the large number of Little Auks (Mergulus alle) which visited Great Britain, especially the North and North-East Coasts. In October, 1894, I received from Redcar a female specimen in very poor condition, and heard no more about the species until January, when large flocks Were at sea, inshore, along our immediate coast. Very many
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were. seen on land in the vicinity of Huntcliff, &e. Several followed the becks into the country, and I obtained one which was caught near Middlesbrough Goods Station. Also a flock of these birds alighted and stayed some time in Newport Board School play-ground.
In January a male Spotted Woodpecker (Picus major) was sent me from Brotton.
On the 20th April a male Tufted Duck (Fuligula cristata) was shot near Great Ayton. .
A female Hobby (Falco subbuteo) was shot near or on Danby Moors in June. This species is very rare now in our district.
On the 4th May the Club visited Battersby and Ingleby, when a Blackbird’s nest with four eggs was noted. * The Chaffinch and Hedge Sparrow were building. Several Warb- lers were about. The Pee-Wit was busy nesting. Pheasants and Partridges much in evidence.
On May 18th, at Kilton, a very wet cold day, the Dipper (Cinclus aquaticus) had its complement of eggs, and the Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus) was sitting. The Engine- house at Kilton Pit contained a Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) nesting. The woods contained numbers of small birds calling and flitting about. On the following Saturday, when the Club paid the visit they had projected for the previous week, most of the small birds had disappeared, which the Keeper attributed to the extremely cold weather that had prevailed during the week.
The exceptionally fine weather prevailing over the latter part of the year must have been favourable for both migration and food, as very few birds, comparatively speaking, were observed, and no rarities, that I could hear of, obtained.
Throughout the year there was a marked scarcity of birds. The very severe weather in the Spring caused heavy mortality amongst the small ordinary residents, and although April and part of May were fine, yet a sharp spell of cold weather set in about the end of the latter month, which decimated the migrants before they had got settled down or inured to the change of climate. The cold must have caused a diminution in the supply of insect life, as many individuals of the Swallow tribe were observed to fall to the ground apparently exhausted. A female Sand Martin sent from Stokesley, on the 20th May, had nothing whatever in its crop, and I was informed that many of this and kindred kinds had been found dead in the
fields.
15
Mr. R. Lofthouse kindly turnishes the following Bird Notes, 1895 : January 1. Wild Swan. Five seen at South Gare Breakwater,
near Tod Point. April 8. Chiff-Chaff. Observed at Park.
a 19. Willow Wren. Be ae x3 21. Swallow. Fi ne Sand Martin. u », and at Acklam. 3 26. Black Cap, 5 at Park. c 28. House Martin. i rf 3 29. Sedge Warbler. ,, 55 May 2. Tree Pipit. », near Guisbro’. Pe 3. Whitethroat. 43, at Park, 3 4. Cuckoo. », at Battersby. 6. Corncrake. near Guisbro’.
; a
28. Spotted Flycatcher. Observed at Park.
August 16. Curlew Sandpiper. Shot about this date near Coatham.
», 20. Richardson’s Skua. Do. do.
Sept. 7. Bar Tailed Godwit. Very large flock put in an appearance at Coatham on this date; along with them were some large flocks of Knots,
October 22. Swallow. Three noticed at Middlesbro’.
NOTES ON MAMMALIA, &c., OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND IN 1895. By R. G. Crayton.
A Badger was seen in the month of April, close to Great Ayton, on the high road. One was captured there in the Autumn of 1895.
Squirrels are fairly plentiful in Cleveland now. I handled some in November in most beautiful coats, they had been shot to furnish Sable tails (?). A female Stoat in almost pure white coat was sent me in January. It was minus the left fore leg, and no fracture or fragment of bone was discernible upon skinning.
Common Newts were lively in a small pond at Ingleby on 4th May.
Mr. R. Lorrsovusr’s Nores.
A Seal was caught in river Tees near Yarm on 28rd September.
16
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA NOTICED IN CLEVELAND DURING 1895. By T. Asuton Lorruouse.
The notes in connection with the above for the Middles- brough district of Cleveland are necessarily very limited, as most of my collecting during 1895 was done outside Cleve- land.
I have found this season a fairly average one, some species occuring very plentifully, others equally scarce, notably among the latter such common species as Noctua xanthographa and Pieris brassice, both usually only too common.
Larve did not seem to be anything like so plentiful as usual. The very heavy thunderstorms in July most probably destroying a great quantity in their earlier stages.
I am indebted to Mr. Sachse for assistance in the notes for the Middlesbrough district.
Maron,
Tortricodes hyemana, taken from tree trunks in Guisbro’ Park.
ApRIL.
Larentia multistrigata, taken on Moors near Hutton. Selenia lunaria, taken near Tollesby on the 28th.
May.
May 4th. At the Field Club Excursion to Battersby the following were taken :—
Diurnea fagella, common and very variable, mostly at rest, on tree trunks.
Micropteryx subpurpurella, several flying about in sun. Tephrosia biundularia noticed. Teniocampa stabilis, noticed two or three specimens.
May 25th. Excursion to Kilton Woods. These woods are very rich and variable. On the occasion of this visit, insects were scarce, no doubt owing to the long continuance of north and east winds and the absence of sun. Specimens were noticed of the following :—
Hadena thalassina, at rest on tree trunk. Rumia luteolata (crategata). Catoptrix ulicetana, common about gorse.
17
Other insects noticed during this month were :—
Odonestis potatoria larve, taken at Saltburn.
Euchloe cardamines.
Amphidasys betularia, hatched out from Larve taken in Guisbro’ Park last Autumn.
JUNE. June Ist, The following were noticed near Ayton :—
Acronycta rumicis, Bupalus piniaria, Ematurga atomaria (common, some dark forms), Larentia pectinitaria, Eupithecia castigata, E. nanata (common), Coremia ferrugata, Crambus pratellus, Pardia tripunctana, Nemophora schwarziella.
In addition to the above, the following were noticed during the month :—
Pieris brassice, rape and napi, Coenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phleas, (near Eston), Smerinthus populi, Spilosoma menthastri, Hepialus lupulinus, Cilix glaucata (spinula), Lophopteryx camelina, Notodonta ziezac, N. drome- darius. The last three were hatched out from larve taken at Guisbro’ Park last Autumn. Acronycta psi and rumicis, Hadena dentina, (Eston), Hadena oleracea, Plusia iota, Venusia cambrica, (Guisbro’ Park), Abraxas grossulariata larve, Emmelesia albulata, (common in meadows near Eston), Melanippe sociata, montanata and fluctuata, Cidaria immanata, C. corylata, (Guisbro’ Park), Tanagra atrata, (common), Hedya dealbana.
JULY.
The early part of this month was very hot, and after the first few days a series of very heavy thunderstorms occurred. Moths came freely to sugar on favourable evenings.
At sugar, the following Moths were noted during this month :—Leucania pallens, Xylophasia lithoxylea, X. mono- glypha (exceedingly common as usual, several very dark forms), Caradrina quadripunctata, Apamea didyma (oculea) ard varieties, Agrotis exclamationis, Noctua xanthographa, Triphena pronuba. The latter were abundant and very variable, the upper wings varying from very light buff to black. Mania typica.
In addition to the species already mentioned I took near Stokesley, in conjunction with Mr. Gribble, the following at sugar on July 13th :—Leucania comma, Leucania lithar- gyria, Apamea basilinea, A. gemina, Miana strigilis, variety zthiops, M. fasciuncula, M. literosa, Agrotis obscura (ravida). A fine, well marked, dark specimen of this
18
moth, apparently fresh out, was taken. Noctua augur, N. plecta, N. C-nigrum, N. triangulum, N. brunnea, N. festiva, N. rubi, N. baja, Mania maura, Hadena oleracea. At the same time were taken Larentia didymata, Hypena proboscidalis, and webs of larve of Eriogaster lanestris noticed.
Saturnia pavonia (carpini) larve (near Eston), Aciptilia pentadactyla (Middlesbrough Park), Vanessa urtice. From this month till the end of September this butterfly was unusually abundant in this district. | Notodonta dicta larvee (near Middlesbrough).
AuGusT.
I took at Redcar during this month Vanessa atalanta, Orgyia autiqua, Tapinostola elymi (at rest on Marram grass), Gortyna ochracea (flavago) pupe (in stem of thistles), Luperina testacea, Apamea didyma and a black variety, Miana literosa (ragwort flowers), Caradrina quadripunctata, Agrotis vesti- gialis (valligera), A. tritici (very common but not very variable), Noctua umbrosa, (ragwort), N. xanthographa, Triphena comes (orbona), T. pronuba, Acidalia virgularia (incanaria), A. aversata (ragwort).
On the 20th of this month there were taken or noticed near Ayton :—Polia chi, Calocampa solidaginis, Plusia gamma, Larentia cesiata, Hypsipetes sordidata (elutata), Melanippe sociata, Cidaria (russata) truncata, C. testata, C. populata and Amblyptilia acanthodactyla.
In the Middlesbro’ district Vanessa atalanta (very abundant), Polyommatus phlcas (near the Park), Crambus tristellus, C. culmellus, Pionea forficalis, Depressaria liturella.
SEPTEMBER.
This month, for the most part, was very fine and warm, but I did not find it particularly good for moths. On the few occasions on which I was out very few moths were taken or noticed. Sphinx convolvali (specimen taken at Saltburn), Bombyx rubi larve (very common at Ayton and also noticed at Runswick), Tapinostola fulva (a few specimens at Middlesbrough and Ayton), Anchocelis litura (at sugar), Phlogophora meticulosa, Amphipyra tragopogonis (at sugar and at rest on tree trunks), Oporabia dilutata (Ayton), Emmelesia albulata, (a specimen taken near Acklam, very late date for this moth, probably a second brood), Peronea variegana.
19
DECEMBER.
Cheimatobia brumata was noted abundantly at the begin- ning of this month.
The majority of the Lepidoptera mentioned in the fore- going notes are only species of very common occurrence, my excuse for including them in the notes on this occasion being to give an idea of all tbat has been noted in the district during the past year.
The species that have been taken, which call for special notice, both in these notes and the following ones by Mr. Gribble, are Sphinx convolvnli, Cerigo matura, Agrotis obscura (ravida), Noctua umbrosa, Tapinostola elymi, Cirrheedia xerampelina, Calocampa solidaginis, Eugonia alniaria (tiliaria) and Venusia cambrica.
In the nomenclature of the species I have followed the ** Entomologist” list of British Lepidoptera.
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN IN THE STOKESLEY DISTRICT OF CLEVELAND DURING 1895.
By W. C. Gripsie.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SEASON.
Sautows fairly good from the 6th April to 23rd, but cold easterly winds interfered.
Raspserry blossom very good for three or four nights from the 7th June.
June 5th moths swarmed on sugar.
July 15th, 16th, 17th, 18tb, 19th and 20th, moths swarmed on sugar. Counted over 100 on several trees each evening, mostly Pronuba and Polyodon.
Aveust 17th to 3lst sugared nearly every evening but did not take one. Weather all that could be desired.
Tried Licur on August 20th. Took about 40 moths. Continued for several nights, but nothing came. Weather good.
20
LIST OF BU!TERFLIES AND MOTHS.
Pieris brassicee scarc:. P. rape: and P. napi common,
Euchloe cardamines common,
Polyommatus phlews. . June and September.
Lycena icarus. June and September.
Vanessa urtice. Swarms,
V. atalanta. Plentiful, September.
Smerinthus populi.
Nemeophila plantaginis, Grass.
Spilosoma m«nthastri and S. fuligiaosa, grass blades,
Hepialus humuli,
Eriogas‘er lanestris. Larve on thorns.
Cilix glaucata (spinula), at light.
Dicranura vinula. Pupe.
Notodonta dicte. a. Pupe.
Bryophila perla. Wall.
Acronycta psi. Tree trunks. A. rumicis, sugar.
Leucania conigera. L. pallens. L. impura and L. comma, all at sugar.
HyJrecia nictitans. Light. H. micacea, Sugar.
Xylophasia rurea. Suyar.
X. monoglypha (polyodon), Swarms, All shades.
X, lithoxylea, Common at sugar.
Neuronia popularis. Light August 22nd and after.
Charis graminis, Light.
Cerigo matura (cytherea), 28rd and 25th July.
Luperina testacea. Sugar.
Manuestra brassice.
Apamea basilinea. A. didyma. All shades to black. Sugar.
Miana strigilis. M. fasciuncula. M. literosa. Sugar.
M. Arcuosa.
Caradrina quadripunctata (cubicularis).
Agrotis suffusa, A saucia, A. exclamationis. at sugar.
A. obscura (ravida). Sugar. July 22nd to 30th, and August 9th,
Noctua glareosa. N. augur. N. plecta, at sugar.
N.C.-nigrum. N. festiva. Plentiful and very variable, one very dark specimen taken.
N. rubi. N. umbrosa, N, baja, at sugar. N. Xanthographa, plentiful, some very black forms.
A. segetum.
Triphzna comes (orbona), at sugar.
T, pronuba., Sugar, all shades, swarms.
Amphipyra trag~pogonis. Sugar.
Mania typica. Sugar.
M. Maura. Sugar.
Teniocampa gothica. Sallows.
T. incerta (instabilis), Sallows.
Orthosia lota, O. macilenta, Sugar.
Anchocelis litura. Sugar.
Cerastis spadicea, Sugar.
Xanthia fulvago (cerago), bred from sallow catkins.
X. circellaris (ferruginea). Sugar.
Cirrhcedia xerampelina, Light.
Calymnia trapezina.
Polia chi, tree trnnks and walls. P. flavicineta, Sugar.
21
Miselia oxyacanthe and var. capucina. Sugar.
Phlogophora meticulosa, Sugar.
Hadena oleracea and H. dentina. Sugar.
Calocampa vetusta and C, exoleta. at sugar. Fine specimens, C. solidaginis. Sugar.
Cucullia umbtratica, At rest on telegraph post, 20th June, 1895. Gonoptera libatrix. Sugar.
Habrostola tripartita (urticz).
Plusia chrysitis, light. P. iota, light. P, gamma, flowers. Rumia luteolata (crategata).
Odontopera bidentata.
Crocallis elinguaria. Light and at rest on grass blades, Eugonia alniaria (tiliaria), Light.
Boarmia repandata. Tree trunks.
Geometra vernaria, Grass in hedges,
Venusia cambrica.
Strenia clathrata.
Abraxas grossulariata, Not by any means so common as usual. Anisopteryx escularia.
Cheimatobia brumata.
Oporabia dilutata.
Larentia didymata, LL. cesiata.
Hypsipetes sordidata (elutata), bred from sallow.
Melanippe montanata.
Cidaria truncata (russata), C. testata ; C. populata.
Eubolia plumbaria (palumbaria),
Tanagra atrata (cherophyllata),
REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND IN 1895. By M. L. Tuompson.
In this Report on the occurrence of Coleoptera in certain — parts of the Cleveland District subjected to some investiga- tion during the past year, 103 species are noted. Certain broad groups, into which this order of insects is sometimes divided, have been recognised as a basis for their enumera- tion. No consecutive form of classification with regard to the families and genera has been followed, as species occurring in the same locality are mentioned together to avoid the repetition of place names.
CoLEOPTERA.
Geodephaga.—Carabus catenulatus was found on Stang- how Moor in September, whilst at Redcar C. nemoralis occurred in May; where also Broscus cephalotes is common, and Amara familiaris. At Saltburn, in May, a specimen of Pterostichus vitreus (a moorland species), was picked up
22
in flood refuse on the Coast, having been probably carried down from the uplands by a stream. On the Coast also Bembidium bruxellense was common in September, where Bembidium anglicanum occurs in Spring. Other Saltburn species were Amara. aulica (spinipes), Bembidium manner- heimi, Trechus micros, and Pterostichus niger (in some numbers in August). So late as the beginning of November Badister sodalis was taken in Saltburn Wood.
Hydradephaga.—Seven species of Water Beetles were common on Stanghow Moor in May, Haliplus flavicollis, Haliplus fulvus, Hydroporus tristis, H. gyllenhalii, H. obscurus, Rhantus bistriatus, and Agabus chalcono- tus; where also Agabus (Platambus) maculatus was met with in a moorland stream. At Saltburn Hydroporus nigrita and the local H. incognitus were common in April, and H. memnonius and Acilius suleatus in May. Hydro- porus palustris, H. planus, Agabus bipustulatus, A. con- spersus, and A. paludosus were found at Eston Marsh in June, whilst Haliplus lineatocollis and Ilybius fuliginosus were common at Coatham Marsh in August.
Hydrophilidae.—The Hydrophilide are represented by Helophorus nubilus, Hydraena riparia (common in April), H. gracilis, Ozthebius pygmzus (common in May), Cereyon pygmeus and Cercyon nigriceps—all occurring at Saltburn.
Brachelytra.—Three species of Aleochara were met with— A. morion, A. obscurella, and A. algarum, the last two being on the Coast, where also Myrmecopora (Xenusa) sulcata and Xantholinus tricolor were taken; whilst on the Sea-banks occurred- Ocypus cupreus, Ocypus brunnipes, Xantholinus ochraceus, Othius melanocephalus, Homalium rufipes (florale), the local Proteinus ovalis, and Megarthrus depressus. Philonthus splendens, Stenus bupthalmus, and Lesteva longelytrata were met with at Hob Hill ; and in Salt- burn Wood, Gyrophena fasciata (congrua), Mycetoporus longulus, Megarthrus sinuatocollis. On Stanghow Moor, Bolitobius lunulatus (atricapillus), Othius myrmecophilus, and Stenus impressus (common) were found. On_ the Redear sandhills, Philonthus marginatus and the local Philonthus corvinus. At Eston Marsh, Ocypus ater (com- mon); and on Kston Nab, Philonthus ebeninus.
Clavicornia.—On Stanghow Moor, Coccinella _hiero- glyphica and a specimen of the rare Hydnobius punctatus were obtained by sweeping heath (September), whilst Mysia
23
(Coccinella) oblongoguttata abounded on fir trees. At Salt- burn Byrrhus pilula and Catops sericeus were found ; also Colon brunneum, Antherophagus pallens, Anatis (Coc- cinella) acellata, were met with on the sea-banks; Cychra- mus fungicola, Rhizophagus dispar, and Coxinomus_nodifer, in the Wood ; Mycetea hirta and Cryptophagus pilosus in a house; Elmis eneus and Limnius tuberculatus in the stream.
Lamellicornia,—Four species of Aphodius are recorded— A. inquinatus and <A. rufescens from the Redcar and Saltburn Sandhills, A. sordidus from Redcar, and A. foetidus from Stanghow Moor. A®%gialia arenaria was com- mon on the Redcar Sandhills in May, and Anomala frischii was just emerging there during the hot weather at the end of June.
Sternoxi.—One species of this group was met with— Dolopius marginatus occurring on Stanghow Moor.
Malacoderma.—tTelephorus lituratus was common at Eston Marsh and T. bicolor in Saltburn Wood. Necrobia ruficollis was found at Thornaby.
Teredilia.—Anobium domesticum, Niptus hololencus and Ernobius mollis, (the first two inhabiting a house) at Saltburn represent this group.
Longicornia.—One Longicorn, Pogonocherus bidentatug (hispidus), was picked up on the Saltburn sand-hills at the end of September.
Phytophaga.—A Phytophagous Beetle, Sermyla halensis, was common on the sea banks at Saltburn in August.
Heteromera.—Salpingus castaneus, in a fir plantation below Stanghow Moor, and Anthicus floralis, at Saltburn, are the two species in the Heteromera.
Rhynchophora.—Of Weevils Apion virens occurred at Salt- burp, in which locality Phyllobius pomone, P. viridicollig and Hypera nigrirostris were common in June, on the sea- banks. At Saltburn, also Hylobius abietis and Ceuthor- rhynchus contractus were taken. In the Fir Plantation Strophosomus coryli was very common in September, whilst Hylurgus (Myelophilus) piniperda haunted the fir trees on Stanghow Moor above. Onthe Redear Sand-hills Philopedon (Dactylorrhinus) geminatus was common in May.
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CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’
Prep CLUB:
nn
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS.
1896, 1897, 1898.
: ip - Vorl ‘Grae oe
PRIGE ONE: “SHILLING
MIDDLESBROUGH :
Jorpison & Co., Lp., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS,
1899,
CLEVELAND NATURALISTS:
Poa CELI.
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS.
1696, 1697. 1698.
chice-ONE SHECEING
MIDDLESBROUGH :
Jorpison & Co,, Lp., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS
1899.
(HOLY CROSS).
WHORLTON
SPPlCERS tao o:
President: Mr. W. H. Tuomas
Vice=Presidents:
Rev. J. Hawseiu Mr. J. M. Mrrx Mr. R. Lorruouss | Dr. W. Y. Verrcx
Committee :
Miss Catvert Mr. A. Ketny » R.G. Cayton |
Mr. J. A. Jonzs 5 3. WR Ponog » W. Sacuse
‘tbon, Treasurer ; Mr. T. F. Warp, Park Road South, Middlesbrough.
Sectional Secretaries: Archeology, . R. Lorruouse Botany—My. T. F. Warp Conchology—Rev. J. Hawetn Entomology—My. T. Lorrnouse Gevlogy—Dr. Vuircu Ornithology and Mammalogy—Mr. R. G. Crayton.
‘bon, Secretary; Mr. T. A. Lorrnouss, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
Past Presidents: 1881—Mr, W. Y. Vuitcu, M.R.0.S, 1891—Rev. J. Haweu, M.A,
1882— Do. 1892-—Mr. R. LoFTHOUSE 1883—Mr. J. S. CALVERT 1893—Mr T. D. Ripiry 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp 1894—Mr. Ancus MacrpHEerson 1885— Do. 1895—Rev. J. HaweEt, M.A, 1886—Mr. Ancus MaceHEerson 1896— Do.
1887— Do. 1897—Mr. J. M. Mrex 1888—Mr. J. M. Mrex 1898—Mr. W. H. Tuomas 1889—Mr, W. Y. Verrcu, M.R.C.S. 1899— Do.
1890— 4 & Do.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
A UtHOUGH it is three years since the Cleveland Field Club last printed its Proceedings, its members have continued to observe natural facts, and to record them in their note books. In the pages which follow will be found some evidence of this work, but there is more to come. The Botanical Section of the Club, in particular, has a list of Cleveland Plants in preparation, which it is hoped to print next year. Those who are compiling this list will be much pleased to receive help in the meanwhile from any persons interested in Botany, and, if any such persons have records of any of the rarer plants occurring within the area of the Cleveland District, we hope that they will communicate them to the Secretary of the Section. Any well-authenticated lists of Cleveland flora will be very welcome. The Secretaries of the other Sections will also be very glad to have lists of species, or finds of special interest, communicated to them. I shall be particularly glad to receive records of shells occurring on the Cleveland coast other than those noted in the list printed herewith, and I shall be still more pleased to receive specimens of the rarer shells for identification. We ought to be able to add a good many species during the present year, especially of the more minute molluscs. Any notes of interest on the habits, etc., of the mollusca on our coast will be most acceptable, and will find a place in our next issue of Proceed- ings. There is a prospect that in the course of a few years the bound volume of our Proceedings will form a most useful compendium of the Natural History of Cleveland.
JOHN HAWELL.
ere <I
PREHISTORIC MIDDLESBROUGH. By W. Y. Verrcs, L R.C.P., L.R.C.S. ©
The scenery of the site, now occupied by Middlesbrough, has presumably seen better days, and from being high undu- lating forest-land, sustaining life of a kind very different from its present denizens, it has evidently settled down to a condition little better than a rescued tidal swamp. There are physiographical evidences recording a series of ups and downs in the remote past that merit investigation, and no doubt
will be found sufficiently interesting to he worthy of some
kind of record. To best realise a picture of the early lands- cape of the district the mind must be carried back to pre-glacial times, when the present expanse of comparatively level country, bounded on the North by the high ground of Durham, and on the South by the Cleveland Hills, was a 100
‘feet higher than at present. The country sloping towards
the river formed, I am inclined to think, a valley somewhat similar to Kildale, but because of the greater volume of water flowing through it the channel was probably wider and very much deeper for reasons to be presently mentioned. A glacier coming down with irresistible force from the mountains of the West has shorn the district almost level, leaving here and there rocks scratched and grooved indicating the course it had pursued, as noticed on the ironstone at Hob Hill and on the limestone near Darlington, and more constantly farther West where the limestone is bared for quarrying. The ice stream carried all before it until the resistance of the Cleveland Hills deflected the current from South-East to East, and in doing so made Roseberry, Eston Nab, Hob Hill and Whorlton outliers, and other portions of the hills were left as promontories abutting into the neighbouring plain. This kind of denudation has nowhere reached higher than 800 feet in this part of the country, thus it will be easily imagined that Roseberry Topping, which is 1,054 feet high, would be an island in a sea of ice. The pre-glacial stream of this water-shed was at Saltholme, at least 99 feet above the present sea level, meandering in a valley about 1,154 feet deep. Col. C. L Bell kindly sent me specimens of fossil wood and hazel nuts taken from the boulder clay in boring the Salt Wells at Saltholme at a depth of 99 feet. As such frail organic matter could not be carried far in the grinding
6
force of glacial movement I conclude the ancient pre-glacial river was fringed with forest, and, being higher, that it travelled many miles farther to meet the sea than it does to-day. About this time a subsidence took place, and what remained of the ancient valleys became blocked with boulder clay, which had dropped from the floating ice above. It is probable that a period of rest ensued, and the land again rose, and, of course, the sea receded. | Numerous borings made in this district prove that, the river beds having been filled with boulder clay whilst submerged, the new streams coming down from the hills after the upheaval have carved fresh beds out of the solid rock rather than pursue their ancient course, The best example locally is Skelton Beck (see Geological Survey Memoirs) which was most likely a tributary to the existing Tees and joining it far away eastwards. The pre- glacial bed of the Tees has been proved to be over 100 feet deep at Tees Tilery near Eston Ironworks, the outlet of which into the sea is from under the boulder clay cliffs near Marske. The present junction of the river with the sea was barred by rocks which have been recently blasted away making a depth of 14 feet over an area of 1? acres (see T.C.C. Report).
It would appear that a long period of quiet followed and forests again clothed the land traceable in and around Middlesbrough, Hartlepool, Stranton, Redcar, &c. Oak, Beech, and Hazel, and the nuts of the latter being easily recognisable, the remains of the former indicating trees of immense growth. The bole of one weighed 11 tons, this was, of course, very much water-logged and is now an example of feeble resistance to decay, and finds a resting place near the Middlesbrough Park main entrance. The most interesting part of the district relating to the sunk forests is that near the Blastfurnaces of Sir B. Samuelson and Co., at Newport, where, during the making of foundations, trees were found in situ, one at least having been felled. I addressed an enquiry upon the subject to my friend Rd. Howson, Esq., C.E., and I cannot do better than give his reply :—
“In reply to your inquiry about the underground remains “‘of a forest at Newport, I think I can remember perfectly “what took place, although it happened so far back as 1872. “The locality of excavation is where the Kiln Lift now “stands at the N.E. end of the works. After the surface soil “was removed (in the lower part of which there were many “hazel nuts), there came a thin bed of hard, blue clay, and “then a bed of peat. This would be from four to five feet “thick, and it gradually emerged into a lower bed of blue clay “which was comparatively soft.”
7
“The excavation would be altogether not less than 12 feet “deep, and in the lower clay were embedded a number of “tree stumps. While standing on the margin and looking “down, the remark was made: ‘I wonder how long ago it is “since those trees were growing?’ A voice came from below **not very long, sir, for this here stump has been cut down “with an axe. On going down to examine it, I certainly “saw distinct marks which could scarcely be produced by “anything except the strokes of an axe. The stump was “short, with a series of nearly horizontal cuts across the *orain ; all the others were long and splintered. What kind “of trees they were I could not say with certainty. I should “also add that a number of Deers’ Horns turned up in
“excavating, but I cannot remember at what depth they were “ found.”
An axe hammer head was dredged out of the River Tees a few yards away from the tree stumps just described and is now in our Museum. I forwarded Canon Greenwell a photograph of it. He kindly sent the following report and I take this opportunity of again thanking him for it.
“tis a very fine specimen, and an implement, or rather “weapon, of uncommon occurrence. Similar weapons have “now and then been found associated with burials, both of “unburnt and burnt bodies. They belong to the bronze “period, and when found with an interment have been “deposited in company with bronze weapons. for example, “daggers. I suppose your specimen has the hole bored “through with a tube, and not, as in perforated axes of the
‘stone period, from each side with a pointed piece of wood “or bone.”
The Canon’s supposition is correct, and further, the imple- ment is made of whinstone being of the same sp. gr. as the Cleveland Whindyke as ascertained by the displacement test. I therefore conclude that it is of our local augite-andesite rock.
Several antlers and bones of the red deer (Cervus elaphus ) have been taken from the same place and are now preserved in the Museum A skull of the “ Urus,” (Bus primiyentus ), was also recovered a little nearer Billingham landing.
Drainage excavations now in progress along Marsh Road reveal the following section :—
Made ground... cee Ef ine | 2htee Gime Solid blue clay without stones ... . 3ft. Oin. Peat containing bones of the ox eacheny
Urus), antlers of the red- deer, willow,
hazel and blackthorn .. a ... 2ft. Gin Solid blue clay without stones ... noe OLbe Ome
This peat is doubtless a continuation of the Newport bed.
Both red-deer and reindeer antlers were found in the Kildale peat beds (See Geological Survey Memoirs).
The Mammoth (Ele; has primigenius) is represented by its tusk, or a portion of a tusk, five inches round, which was found in the excavation of the West Hartlepool Docks, and which is, or was, preserved in the Atheneum at West Hartlepool. (T.N.F.C. vol. v., p III).
The Tees at Newport has also given up to the dredger an unusually large Dolichocephalie skull particulars of which were given by the late Dr. Young, of Yarm ; he being a Tees Conservancy Commissioner thus considerately obliged his col- leagues. Through the courtesy of Mr. Amos, I am enabled to add the information with slight corrections to this paper. The T.C.C. has kindly placed the relic in the charge of the Middlesbrough Museum.
Description oF A Human SKULL dredged from the bed of the Tees 27ft. 6in. below surface
level, on the 27th May, 1892.
From the point the frontal bone joins the sagittal
suture to the
frontal bone.
extremity of the
Parietal Diameter. the opposite one. to the opposite one. to frontal sinus.
mastoid process.
magunuin of occipital bone.
Curve of arch from occipital ‘protuberance to ossa nasi.
malar bone to the opposite one. Curve of arch from meatus of ear
Diameter from meatus of ear to Diameter from mastoid to mastoid.
From Lambdoidal Suture to foramen Circumference of arch from occiput
Long diameter from ocvipital protuberance to articulation of the ossa nasi with the Frontal diameter from the articulation and
- | Right side 72in. 781 | 5°50) 4-0 | 5-62] 4-32) 12-0] 14:0 5-15 21-50 Left side 74in.
This is an unusually large Dolichocephalic Male Skull, as proved by the above measurements. It has one pecuiiarity —hbeing one eighth of an inch larger on the right side—this peculiarity I have not found before. It is in extremely good preservation, arising in all probability from its early deposition after death preventing its being water-worn, the exclusion of air, the preservative action of the tannin, and carbonaceous matter in the peat having entered its cellular structure.
Tt is a well marked skull, its strength and substance being far above the average, and could only have belonged to an individual not under six feet in height, more probably some inches higher. The frontal bone is extremely well marked, having on each side deep sulci showing the course of the posterior branches of the tempcral arteries. The sagittal suture is fully ossified. so much so that it is with difficulty its direction can be traced ; all the other sutures are strongly put
10
together, showing great power of resistance to outside pres- sure. The glenoid fossae are very large, even for the present skull; the individual must have had a powerful lower jaw which is absent. Some years before death three left upper molars have been lost. :
From the extremely perfect ossification of the skull, I should estimate the age of the individual to be not less than fifty years.
The slightly water-worn appearance, the sharpness of the sand grains, and the pieces of the common sphagnum moss turned into peat, found in the alveoli of the upper jaw and foramen at the base of the skull, prove that the skull had not been carried any great distance, most probably deposited where found. This skull was found at a depth of 27ft. 6in. from the general surface, 12ft. 6in. below the surface of the stratum of peat in which it was embedded ; above the peat were alluvial deposits. In the peat were found oak trees in situ, and in some cases overlying peat.
From a careful examination of the skull, and the depth at which it was found, I believe it to be a prehistoric skull, belonging to a man of the Pleistocene Epoch I am fully aware of the scarcity and almost total absence of human remains belonging to this period, which I think increases the value of the discovery. Like other events in geological history, we have no means of assigning to it a definite date in years, or centuries ; we are only able to say that it belongs to that period in which the bone-breccias, the cave deposits, the lake dwellings, and the peats were formed.
Many years ago a dug-out canoe was found at a depth of 27ft. from the surface which contained a thigh bone of a man, and a portion of the skeleton of a dog.
During the making of a drain in Durham Street, a similar skull was unearthed a few years ago, and given into my care. The thinner bone and less pronunced muscle insertion markings, together with its smaller size, indicate a skull of the gentler sex
Dr. Knott, of North Ormesby, received from Mr. Lee, mining engineer, an ancient skull, which he has kindly handed to our Museum. It is a very fine example of the brachycephalic type of skull, whose owner ‘was probably a
ll
person who had reached man’s estate, as a wisdom tooth and two other molars remain in position. The sulci of the supra- orbital arteries are much deeper than obtain in skulls of the present time. Generally speaking, the form is like Canon Greenwell’s Weaverthorpe specimen, with even better de- veloped corrugator ridges, and it has, in addition, a remarkable peculiarity in the frontal bone being equally divided by a suture more easily separable than the others—in fact there are two frontal bones as in the foetus.
The uncommon occurrence of such finds in North Yorkshire is explained in Greenwell & Rolleston’s ‘“ British Barrows,” and perhaps will bear repeating, ‘‘ Examination of barrows in Cleveland has shown that, without exception, the interments have been after cremation, the bones having been placed in urns and cists.” Our finds are evidently due to accidents. This last example was taken out of the drift when some work- men were driving the slope drift out of the ironstone seam to the surface at the north end of Snail’s Griff, Guisbrough, and was covered with from 20 feet to 22 feet of clay.
Reverting to the accumulation of vegetable and other matter, one naturally enquires as to their naturalness. Are they the remains of an accumulation of matter brought down by river action, or are they part of an ancient forest? The following evidence will, I trust, be considered conclusive. The long splintered and short felled tree stumps at Newport are described as being in their original position. Similar evidence has been noted at Redcar so far as natural position of remains is concerned. This fact was observed by Mr, Charles Harrison whilst superintending the making of the Hartlepool Docks, only he noted that the mass of matter here
12
had increased to 40 feet in thickness. The reason for this thickness at this particular point is given in the Yorkshire Geological, &c., Society’s Transactions. (See Raised Beaches).
The presence of trees in the position in which they grew, the occurrence of skulls, axe-hammer, mammoth tusks, deers’ antlers and bones, and the absence of shells and other estuary debris in the so-called peat, satisfies me that the deposits are not estuarine accumulations carried from a higher level, but are remains of a forest in its original site.
Another submergence took place carrying the forest under water and causing the sea to encroach upon the boulder clay cliffs left by the last upheaval, making a new beach which is now some 85 feet higher than the present one. This is obvious at Saltburn (see Raised Beaches, Y.G.P.S.T.) The new beach rests upon glacial drift, and contains some of the same shells that are found on the present shore.
This indicates another upheaval. The district again rises out of the water, but the rise is not sufficient to restore the forest to its former altitude, consequently it now remains mostly submerged. The duration of this alteration of level has evidently been comparatively short, yet, nevertheless, sufficiently long to allow of deposits of very fine laminated estuarine clay of a character suitable for the finest pottery. A subsequent lowering of the ground allowed the present river to carve out some of the clay, and, in its irregular wash, deposit here and there sand and sometimes gravel. Sandpits are noticeable in many places in this neighbourhood. The mound upon which the Market Place and the Parish Church stand is most probably a result, and at times the mound would be in the middle of a marsh, possibly an island hill, and thus probably achieved its name of partly Saxon origin. It is evident that ages before this, neolithic man lived here, and, with consummate skill, fashioned his weapon from our hard- est stone, and it is still a thing of beauty. He felled trees, and had for his sport mammoth, reindeer, red deer and urus.
These we know for certain, but, no doubt, there was much more and nobler game.
13 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE REMAINS OF NORMAN ARCHITECTURE IN CLEVELAND CHURCHES
(Conrinvgp).
By R. Lorraouss, Drioczsan Surveyor.
Wuortton (Hoty Cross).
This is one of the most interesting Churches jin Cleveland. Unfortunately some years ago it was allowed to get into a ruinous condition, and the Nave is now without a roof, but the Chancel is still used as a Mortuary Chapel, and the present Vicar has had a roof put on the Tower, and has taken other measures to protect the buildings from the weather, for which he deserves the thanks of all lovers of our ancient, churches.
There is a fine Chancel Arch, but the Chancel itself has been re built in a later style. The original Chancel was probably not so long as the present one ; indeed the plinth of the Norman Chancel has been laid bare, and extends about half the length of the present Chancel.
The Church consisted of a Nave of three bays, with north and south Aisles, and another bay was added in the Early English period at the west end. The Arches are of two orders, and the capitals of the columns are elaborately ornamented, the centre one with grotesque animals, ete. The Arches in the south Arcade appear to have been lifted at a later period.
The Rev. J. C. Fowler, the present Vicar, in an article on the Church contributed to the “ Architect,” October 7 th, 1892, states that “The early Norman Font is now placed on its ancient foundation near the Tower. The Church was dismantled some sixteen years ago, when the new Church was built, the Chancel only being left in a state of repair for a Mortuary Chapel. In pulling down the Nave the Arcades were found, no one, is appears, having any idea that they existed, as they were walled up on either side, and windows inserted in the Arches, probably in the seventeenth century, when the north and south Aisles were pulled down.”
A similar state of affairs was found when the Church of Normanby, near Sinnington, was restored. This I had an
14
opportunity of examining when the restoration was in progress. The Nave Arcade, with columns, caps, etc., was enclosed in a substantial stone wall, leaving no outward trace of the Arcade. The Aisles of course had been taken down.
Newron (St. Oswarp).
There are some remains of Norman work in this Church. The Chancel Arch is Norman of two orders, but may have been altered. The opening is 6 ft. 4 in. wide. The wall is 2 ft. 9 in. thick.
There is a plain bevelled abacus at the spring of the Arch which returns to the Nave wall. It is probable there may be angle-shafts, but these and all details are so thickly covered up with white-wash that they cannot be seen.
There is also a Norman Font, ornamented with intersecting arches and a cable mould above. It is circular, 2 ft. 6 in. diameter and 2 ft. 3} in. high from top step There are two steps each 44 in. high, forming a circular base. The bowl is 1 ft. 10 in. diameter. The whole has apparently been re-faced, and the base is no doubt modern. There is also a modern wood cover. :
In the north wall of Nave is a semi-circular headed door- way now built up.
In plan this Church is probably much the same as in Norman times.
There are several interesting carved stones of great antiquity built into the walls of the Church, a floriated cross forming the lintel of the south entrance ; and near the south Porch is a rude carving of two grotesque animals. There are also two interesting gable crosses.
The windows in the Chancel are modern insertions.
Wuitsy (St. Mary).
Whitby is not strictly speaking in Cleveland. It is, how- ever, close to the borders, and is included by Canon Atkinson in his “ History of Cleveland,” and it is at any rate in the Archdeaconry of Cleveland.
Moreover the Church is an exceedingly interesting one, and we have decided to include it. The venerable fabric is a history of architecture in itself, and has been altered and
15
added to at all periods from the Norman down to the present time. Luckily it has so far escaped modern restoration. Let us hope that it may still continue to do so, but at the same time that it may be carefully watched over and kept in repair.
‘In Norman times the Church consisted of a Nave and Chancel only, the Tower and Transepts being added subse- quently.
There is a plan of the Norman Church published with a paper read before the Whitby Church of England Young Men’s Association, December 3rd, 1855.
The original round-headed doorway is said to have been destroyed in 1823, to make way for the present entrance. It had two shafts in each of the jambs.
A fine Norman window has been uncovered on the south side of the Nave, and there are traces of others which have been walled up; and some shallow Norman buttresses remain ; but the whole fabric has been much altered and large modern sash windows inserted. Originally no doubt a line of windows like the one opened out passed round the building. The height of the opening was four feet and the width twenty inches. Externally the windows had a hood mould, continued as a string course, and there was also a string under the sill. Internally they opened out with a deep splay, and had a shaft with base and cushion caps in the jambs, which carried an Arch decorated with the zig-zag ornament.
The old walls are three feet thick.
The Norman Chancel with slightly projecting buttresses still remains, with its corbel table or arcaded cornice, carrying a battlemented parapet, projecting over the wall below. On the south side is the priest’s door, apparently in its original position though altered, and there are indications of three Norman windows at the east end, and others at the sides.
There is a fine Norman Chancel Arch, with moulded members and shafts with carved capitals, one resembling a volute. This fine Arch is however a good deal covered up with later woodwork.
16
Great Ayron (Aur Saryts).
The following notes are additional to my previous descrip- tion of this Chureh, as I have since had an opportunity of examining it more carefully.
The Nave walls are very thick and evidently original Norman work, with Norman corbels of grotesque heads. ' under what is evidently a modern corbel table and parapet. The corbels occur on both the north and south sides of the Church.
The entrance doorway is Norman, and has had a Porch built over it at a later period.
The windows have all been enlarged except one on the north side of the chancel, which does not appear to have been re-built. This window opens into a modern Vestry on the north side of the Church, and cannot be seen from the outside. It is a typical Norman window. The daylight size is 2 ft. 10 in. high by 7 in. wide, but the masonry of the thick wall is bevelled out to a width of 14 in. externally and 3ft. 9in. internally. The masonry is now covered with plaster and white-wash on both sides, and the jointing cannot be seen.
KIRKLEVINGTON (St. Martin).
There are a few remains of Norman work here, as the south door, and also the Chancel Arch.
There are also a number of interesting pre-conquest sculptured stones.
CRATHORNE (ALL Salrnts).
This Church no doubt was founded in Norman times. There is a “hog back” grave cover, built in over the entrance. Date about 1100. The oldest parts of the Church are the north and south walls, the rest having been re-built.
Srarnton (S.S. Perer anp Paut).
While cutting holes in the south Nave wall of this Church in the Summer of 1898, for the purpose of inserting new windows, some moulded and carved stones were met with, and at my suggestion were preserved, and are now in the Church. They carry the history of this Church back to a
17
very remote period. One is evidently a Norman corbel, often used under a cornice and parapet. Another may have been the head of a window. It is a semi-circular arch cut out of a single stone, a thing often met with in Norman work On the same stone, over the top of the arch, is carved a rude kind of zig-zag.
There are also a number of interesting sculptured stones built into the walls of the Chancel, in rather a random fashion, and showing on the outside, the Chancel having been re-built within the last forty years.
Eeron (Sr. Hirpa).
The old Church ac Egton, described by Graves, Ord and Atkinson in their “ Histories of Cleveland,” was taken down twenty years ago, and a new Church was erected nearer the town. The present Vicar, the Rev. R G. Glennie, informs me that a good deal of the old Norman work was incorporated in the new Church, but the stones were nearly all re-faced. But the old style of the Norman Arches, on each side of Nave, resting on solid Norman pillars, of one large block of stone, still is seen in the new Church. He believes that the
greater part of the materials used was the actual stone from the old Church.
The ancient Church is thus described by Graves : — “ The Church or Chapel of Egton is an ancient and venerable structure, with a side Aisle on the south formed by round pillars supporting circular Arches. The Chancel is separated from the Nave by a pointed Arch of modern architecture. It is situated about half a mile to the west from the town, upon the summit of a gently rising eminence ”
The pillars of the Nave Arcade were six in number with capital and base, and the Arches were of two orders with square edges
Yarm (St. Mary Maaparenn).
This Church was re-built in 1730 in a pseudo-classic style. The west end however is old and very interesting. The lower part of the Tower is Norman. There are two narrow windows with semi-circular heads each cut out of a single stone, and there are three similar window heads built into the upper part of staircase turret on each side of the Tower. These were probably placed there when the Church was re-built. About
18
8 ft. from the ground a carved string course is carried round the Tower, very much weathered, but the pattern can still be made out in places. It consists of a repeating Saint Andrew’s Cross with triangular sinkings between the arms.
Faceny (St. Mary MaGpatene).
This Church was re-built, or rather a new Church was built, about 20 years ago. An interesting Norman Chancel Arch from the old Church has been built in over the entrance doorway in the interior, and the old Font has also been preserved. It is of a peculiar form, a kind of truncated cone.
Canon Atkinson in a note at page 77, vol. 2, of his “ History of Cleveland,” speaks as follows with respect to the above Chancel Arch :—‘‘It is painful to have to recognise, not so much the disregard of, as the entire insensibility to, the interest and beauty of the architecture and architectural objects of the old Cleveland Churches every- where evinced during the latter half of last century and too far down in this. Thus during the demolition of Faceby old Church I saw a large number of vyoussoirs and other stones connected with two Norman Arches of exceeding beauty, and one of them an elaborate Arch of three members, dug out of the foundations of the Church which were being removed to make way for a new one.”
West Rounton (St. Oswatp).
At West Rounton is a Norman Chancel Arch, and there is an angle shaft in each of the jambs, with caps and a moulded abacus over. The Arch is double ; there are eighteen voussoirs in the lower and twenty-three in the upper Arch ; both are decorated with the chevron or zig-zag ornament.
The entrance doorway is also Norman with a modern Porch built over it.
There is an interesting early Norman Font (said to be Saxon), with rude sculptures of foliage and figures, probably intended to represent some of the signs of the Zodiac.
The top only is old, it is circular in plan, 2 ft. 8 in. in diameter, the bowl being 2 ft. in diameter and 1 fc. deep. The upper or old part is 1 ft. 4% in. high. The base is modern.
19
LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF THE CLEVELAND DISTRICT.
By THe Rey. Jonn Hawett, M.A., F.G.S.
The following list makes no sort of-claim to be exhaustive. Its principal utility will be to form a foundation for future investigation, and to act as a stimulus thereto. Of a large proportion of my own observations I have kept no record, and I have scrupulously refrained from recording anything here from mere recollection. I have also omitted many records, whether made by myself or by others, which I considered to be doubt- ful. Of course I have made large use of D. Ferguson's “Natural History of Redcar and its Neighbourhood” (1860). I have gained some information for my purpose from Dixon and Watson’s ‘ Descriptive Manual of ‘British Land and Fresh Water Shells” (1858), and a little from Roberts’ “‘ Natural History of Lofthouse.” The pages of the “ Journal of Conchology,” “The Naturalist” and ‘“ Science Gossip ” have also been consulted with advantage. No use could, however, be made of some records in these and other publica- tions, which simply mentioned molluscs as existing within a certain distance of Middlesbrough, or on the Yorkshire Coast, without noting whether or not they occurred in Cleveland. Records made in the above-mentioned periodicals and elsewhere by the Rev. W. C. Hey and Mr. Baker Hudson have been made use of, as well as lists furnished by Messrs. T. A. Lofthouse, B. R. Lucas and M. L. Thompson.
Loligo Forbesi, Steenstrup. Off Staithes (W. Y. Veitch).
Limax maximus, L. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Kilton (B. Hudson).
var. pallido-dorsalis (Hudson). Wilton Wood (B. H.).
Limax cinereo-niger, Wolf. Easby Wood (J. H.), Mul grave Wood (W. D. Roebuck).
Limax marginatus, Miill. (L. arborum, B.Ch.). Kildale (B. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.).
Agriolimax agrestis, L. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kil- dale (B. H.), Middlesbrough (T. A. Lofthouse), Saltburn (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.). Very common.
Agriolimax levis, Miill. Saltburn (B. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.).
20 Amalia gagates, Drap. Middlesbrough (T. A. L.).
Amalia Sowerbyi, Fér. (L. marginatus, Jeff.). Middles- brough (T. A. L.). Dixon and Watson say ‘“ We have found specimens in the North of Yorkshire, though by no means common.”
Vitrina (Phenacolimax) pellicuda, Miill. Ingleby Green- how (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. Lucas), Marton (J. H.), Lealholm (G. Roberts), Middlesbrough (T. A. L.), Saltburn (B. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.), Wilton (B. R. L.).
Hyalinia (Polita) cellaria, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow(J.H.), Kildale (B. H ), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Middlesbrough (T. A. L.), Wilton (B. R. L.), Saltburn (B. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.), Mount Grace (B. R. L.).
Hyalinia (Polita) glabra, Studer. Wilton (B. R. L.).
Hyalinia (Polita) alliaria, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Lealholm (G. Roberts), Wilton (B. R. L.), Saltburn (B. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.).
Hyalinia (Polita) nitidula, Drap. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Middlesbrough (T. A. L.), Guisbrough (B. R. L.), Wilton (B. R. L.), Saltburn (B. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.).
var. Helmii, Alder. Near Marske (B. H.).
Hyalinia (Polita) radiatula, Alder. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Wilton (B. R. L.), Kirkleatham (B. R. L.), Saltburn (B. H), Staithes (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.).
Hyalinia (Polita) pura, Alder. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (B. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Ormesby (T. A. L.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.).
var. margaritacea, Jeff. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Kilton (B. H).
Hyalinia (Vitrea) erystallina, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Saye Arncliffe (J. H.), Ormesby (T. A. I..), Acklam (T. A. L.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.). Very
common.
21
Hyalinia (Conulus) fulva, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J.H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Ormesby (T. A. L.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Mulgrave (T. A. L.)
Hyalinia (Zonitoides) nitida, Miill. I collected three specimens at Ingleby Greenhow some years ago.
Hyalinia (Zonitoides) excavata, Bean. Two specimens occurred to me at Ingleby Greenhow, feeding on bramble leaves, in 1893, and one at Kildale in the same year.
Arion ater, L. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (B. -H.): Great Ayton (J. H.), Castleton (J. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.).
var. albo lateralis, Roebuck. Coatham Marshes (B. H.). Arion subfuseus, Drap. Ingleby Greenhow (W. D. R.).
Arion fasciatus, Nilsson (A. ctreumscriptus, J ohnst., A Bour- guignati, Mabille). Ingleby Greenhow (W.D.R.), Kildale (B. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (ibe eal by
Helix (Patula) rotundata, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Lealholm (G. Roberts), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (B. H ). Very common.
Helix (Acanthinula) lamellata, Jeff. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.) The Kildale specimens are much lighter than those at Ingleby, and the apex has often a reddish tint. Airey Holme Wood (Dixon and Watson), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Saltburn (B. H.), Mulgrave Mioods (i. Ay:
Helix (Acanthinula) aculeata, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (T. A. L.), Guis- brough (T. A. L.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kilton (BE) Saltburn (B. H.), Tocketts Wood (B. R. L.), Staithes (B. H.), Mulgrave (T. A. L.).
Helix (Punctum) pygmea, Drap. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Marton (B. R. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Mulgrave (T. A. Ey
Helix (Xerophila) virgata, Da Cos. Redear (HA Tey Coatham (B. R. L.), Saltburn (PACT):
var. albicans, Gratel, Saltburn (J. H.), Redcar (TASES)
monstros sinistrorsum, Taylor. Coatham (W. C. H.)
22
Helix (Xerophila) caperata, Mont. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Redcar (J. H.). Ferguson says that at Redcar it is “in some places so abundant as to give you the idea of their being sown.” Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.).
var. fulva, Mog. One specimen at Kildale (J. H.).
Helix (Xerophila) itala, L. (Z. ericetorwm, Mull). Coatham yA Ferguson says “Sand hills in front of Coatham, not so plentiful as formerly.” Redcar (B. R. L.).
Helix (Vallonia) pulchella, Miill. Saltburn (J. H.), Redcar (Tr. As 1):
var. costata, Mill. Saltburn (J. H.), Redcar (T A. L.).
Helix (Fruticicola) fusea, Mont. Kildale (J. H.), Airey Holme Wood (Dixon and Watson), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kilton (T. A. L.), Tocketts (B. H.), Mulgrave (T. A. L.).
Helix (Fruticicola) granulata, Alder (H. sericea, Jeff.). Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (B. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Hutton Rudby (B. R. L.), Wilton (B. R. L.), Kalton (B. H.), Saltburn (T. A. L.), Staithes (B. H.).
Helix (Fruticicola) hispida, L. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Ormesby (T. A. L.), Guisbrough (B. R. L.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kalton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (J. H.). Very
common.
var. subglobosa, Jeff. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H..).
var. hispidosa, Mousson, Kildale (J. H.).
var. depilata, Alder. Redcar (D. F.), (J. H.), Saltburn (By).
var. subrufa, Moq. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H ).
var. concinna, Jeff. Saltburn (B. H.).
Helix (Fruticicola) rufescens, Penn, Abouta mile from Mount Grace on the Middlesbrough side (B. R. L.).
Helix (Fruticicola) cantiana, Mog. A small colony on the railway ‘“ batter” at Ingleby Greenhow, introduced with ballast. Messrs. T. A. Lofthouse and B. R. Lucas record it from Great Ayton. Mr Lofthouse states that the specimens which he found occurred at a field’s distance from the railway, but he thinks the colony might have been introduced from there.
23
Helix (Arianta) arbustorum, L. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Mount Grace (B. R. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Kirkleatham (B. R. L.), Tocketts (B. R. L.), Saltburn (T. A. L.), Staithes (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.).
var. cincta, Taylor. Ingleby Greenhow (J. Hi). var. flavescens, Mog. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.).
Helix (Tachea) nemoralis, L. Ingleby Greenhow (J.H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (J. H.), Hutton Rudby (B. R. L), Redcar (D. F.), Coatham (B. R L.), Kilton (B. H.), Wilton (B. R. L.), Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.), Lythe (G. Roberts).
var. roseolabiata, Taylor. Great Ayton (J. H), Redcar (EA; Ex)
var. albolabiata, von Martens. Great Ayton (J. H.). var. bimarginata, Moq. Redcar (T. A. L.). var. rubella, Moq. Great Ayton (J. H.), Redcar (T. A. L.).
var. lihellula, Risso. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Redcar CES. Te):
var. hyalozonata-alboladiata, Taylor-von-Mart. Great Ayton
(J. Hi}, var. interrupta, Moq. Great Ayton (J. H.).
Helix (Tachea) hortensis, Mill. Ingleby Greenhow ‘J. H.), Yarm (T. A. L.), Mount Grace (B. R. L.), Skelton (B. H.), Tocketts Wood (B. R. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.).
7 var. ncarnata, Mog. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.). var. arenicola, Macgill. Near Yarm (T. A. L.)
Helix (Pomatia) aspersa, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.) Saltburn (B. H.), Redcar (B. H.), Coatham (B. R. L.) Staithes (B. H.), Lythe (G. Roberts).
var. minor, Mog. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.).
’
var. undulata, Moq. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.).
var. flammea, Picard. Ingleby Greenhow. I have obtained fine specimens of this variety and the last in my garden.
monstros. sinistrorsum, Taylor. Coatham (W. C. H.).
24
Buliminus (Ena) obscurus, Mill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Mount Grace (B. R. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B.H.), Staithes (B. H.), Mulgrave (AAS).
Pupa (Lauria) anglica, Fér. (P. ringens, Jeff.). Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Airey Holme Wood (Dixon and Watson), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Mulgrave (L.A. Tc).
Pupa (Lauria) cylindracea, Da Costa (P. wmbilicata, Drap.). Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Ingleby Arneliffe (J. H.), Acklam (T. A. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (J. H.), Staithes (B. H.).
var curta, Westl. Saltburn (J. H.).
Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum,. L. (P. marginata, Drap.). Redcar (D. F.), Saltburn (J. H.), Staithes (B. H.).
var. unidentata, C. Pfr. Saltburn (J. H.).
Vertigo (Alea) pygmeza, Drap. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Saltburn (J. H.).
Vertigo (Alcea) substriata, Jeff. Near Guisbrough (W. C. H.), Great Ayton Quarries (B R. L.).
Vertigo (Vertilla) pusilla, Miill. Near Guisbrough (W. ©. H.).
Vertigo (Sphcradium) edentula, Drap. Ingleby Green- how (J. H), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R.L), Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (B H.).
Balea perversa, L. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (T. A. L), Ingleby~ Arncliffe (J. H.), Wilton Woods (BAR L.):
var, viridula, Jeff. This variety was named from specimens collected by Humphreys near Cork. I do not know whether it had been obtained in Great Britain until four specimens occurred to me in this parish, on November 23rd, 1888. I have not since been able to find any more.
Clausilia (Marpessa) laminata, Mont. Ingleby Green- how (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Hutton Rudby (B. R. L.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H,), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.), Mulgrave (T. A. L.).
25
Clausilia (Pirostoma) perversa, Pult. ((. rugosa, Drap.). Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B.R.L.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H), Staithes (B. H.). Very common.
Cochlicopa lubrica, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Ingleby Arn- clitfe (J. H.), Middlesbrough (T. A. L.), Kilton (B. H.),
Wilton (T. A. L.), Saltburn (B. H.), Tocketts (B. R. L.), Staithes (B. H.).
Azeca tridens, Pult. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Kilton (B. H.), Salt- burn (T. A. L.), Tocketts Wood (B. R. L.), Staithes (B. H.)
Cecilioides acicula, Miill. Dixon and Watson say :— ** After a considerable flood we once found them in great abundance amongst the rejectment of the River Tees, near Middlesbrough, whither they had been brought from the banks of the stream higher up.” It is very curious indeed that the species should have been found ‘in great abundance ” under such circumstances.
Succinea putris, L. Kildale (J. H.), Great Ayton (T. A. L.).
Succinea elegans, Risso. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L), Stokesley (J. H.), Glaisdale (T. A. L.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.), Kirkleatham (B. R. L.).
Carychium minimum, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Ormesby (T. A. L.), Wilton (T. A. L.), Kilton (B. H.), Saltburn (B. H.). Very common.
Alexia myosotis, Drap. (A. denticulata, Mont.). Middles- brough (Dixon and Watson).
Leuconia bidentata, Mont. Tees Mouth (D. F.).
Otina otis, Turton. Redcar, “ occasionally found on West Scar” (D. F.).
Ancylus (Ancylastrum) fluviatilis, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Stokesley (T. A. L.), Guisbrough
(T. A. L.), -Acklam (T. A. L.), Tocketts (B. R. L.), Staithes (B. H.), Lealholm Bridge (B. R L.).
Ancylus (Velletia) lacustris, L. Trenholme Bar (J. H.), Great Ayton (T. A. L.), Stokesley (B. R. L.), Linthorpe (B. R. L.).
26
Limneza (Radix) peregra, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J H.), Trenholme Bar (J. H.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Beck between Thornaby and Middles- brough (A. Hann), Skelton (B. H.), Staithes (B. H.). Very common.
var. ovata, Drap. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.).
Limnza (Limnophysa) stagnalis, L. I have specimens from the collection of the late J. Watson, of Ingleby Greenhow, obtained about 1857, and labelled as having been found at Stokesley. Dixon and Watson say :— “We have found it abundantly in the South of Durham and North of Yorkshire.”
Limnza (Limnophysa) trunecatula, Miill. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.), Kildale (J. H.), Kirkby-in-Cleveland (J. H.), Easby (B.R.L.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Ormesby (T. A. L.), Coatham (T. A. L.), Mulgrave (W. D. R.).
Limnzea (Omphiscola) glabra, Miill. Kirkby-in-Cleve- land (J. H.), Great Broughton (B. R. L.).
Planorbis (Hippeutis) fontanus, Lightfoot (P. Nitidus, Jeff.). Potto (B. RK. L.), Acklam (B. R. L.).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) nautileus, L. Ingleby Green- how (J. H.), Trenholme Bar (J. H.), Marton (B. R. L.), Acklam (T.A L.), Coatham (T. A. L.), Wilton (B. R. L.).
var. crista. L. Trenholme Bar (J. H.).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) albus, Miill. Stokesley (B. R. L.), Trenholme Bar (J. H.), Acklam (B. R. L.).
Planorbis (Gyrorbis) spirorbis, Miill. Kirkby-in-Cleve- land (J. H.), Great Ayton (B. R. L.), Acklam (B. R. L.).
Planorbis (Gyrorbis) vortex, L Acklam (T. A. L.), Middlesbrough Park (T. A. L.), Coatham (T. A. L.).
Planorbis (Gyrorbis) umbilicatus, Mill. (P. complan- atus, Jeff.). Acklam (T. A. L.), Coatham Marshes (D. F.).
Planorbis (Bathyomphalus) contortus, L. Trenholme Bar (J. H.),
Bullinus hypnorum, L. Kirkby-in-Cleveland (J. H.), Ingleby Arncliffe (J. H.), Coatham Marshes (B. R. L.).
Physa fontinalis, L Marton (B. R. L.), Middlesbrough Park (T. A. L.), Beck between Thornaby and Middles- brough (A. Hann’, Acklam (B.R.L.), Coatham (T. A. L.), Coatham Marshes (D. F.).
27 Saeee (Archidoris) tuberculata, L. Saltburn (B. H.).
Acanthodoris pilosa, Miill. Staithes (Arnold T. Watson), Saltburn (M. L. Thompson).
Acanthodoris (Lamellidoris) bilamellata, L. Saltburn (Vie i. T.):
Ancula cristata, Alder. Redcar “Common at the east end of West Scar” (D. F.).
Tritonia (Candiella) plebeia, Johnst. Redear. “On old shells in fishing lines” (D. F.).
Dendronotus arborescens, Miill. Redcar. “On the far ledge of the West Scar, in the beautiful pools amongst zoophytes” (D. F.).
fEolis (Tergipes) despecta, Johnst. Off Redcar. “Often brought in by the boats from deep water on Laomedia gelatinosa” (D. F.). Ferguson says that various species of Molds are found in rock pools on all the Scars at Redcar, and under stones,
Doto fragilis, Turton. Redcar. “On Plumularia falcata, constantly brought in by the fishermen ” (D. F.).
Doto coronata, Gmel. Redcar. Occurring with the last COE),
Actzon tornatilis, L. Redcar.“ From deepish water, rather rare, we have only once found it alive” (ES EY) CW: C,H):
Aplysia punctata, Cuvier. Redcar. “Has been common on the West Scar for the last two years, feeding on sea- weeds” (D. F.)
Pleurobranchus (Berthella) plumula, Mont. Salt Scar, Redcar (D. F.).
Bela rufa, Mont. Redcar (J. H.).
Chrysodomus (Neptunea) antiqua, L. Off Redcar. “Common in the deep water region ; many very large specimens have come under our notice ” (D. F.), Redcar
(W. C. HL).
Chrysodomus (Volutopsis) norvegica, Chemn. Off Redcar (D. F.).
Chrysodomus (Jumala) Turtoni, Bean. Ferguson says that this and the last have been taken at Redcar by the fishermen in deep water.
28
Sipho gracilis, Da Cos. Saltburn (M. L. T.), Tees Mouth (ML. T.).
Sipho (Tritonofusus) islandicus, Chemn. Off Redcar, “One living and one dead shell have come into our possession from the deep water boats” (D. F.) (W. C. HL), Staithes, dead shells (J. H.).
Buccinum undatum, L. Redcar. ‘ With all its varieties it is very abundant here among the rocks at low water mark, whilst the thin variety is found at the eighth buoy in the Tees, on a muddy bottom” (D F.) (J. H), Saltburn (J. H.), Staithes (J. H.).
Nassa (Hima) incrassata, Mill. Redcar. ‘‘ Very abundant” (D. F.) (J. H.), Dredged in Tees Mouth (J. H.), Saltburn common (M. L. T.).
Ocinebra erinacea, L. Ferguson mentions that dead and worn shells have been found at Redcar, which were probably brought into the Tees with ballast.
Purpura (Polytropa) lapillus, L. Redcar. ‘‘ White and yellow varieties very common on all our rocks” (D. F.) (J. H.), Saltburn (J. H.), Staithes (J. H.).
Trivia europza, Mont. Redcar. ‘This shell is most abundantly thrown up on our sands, and is found alive among the little zoophyte-clad caverns at spring tides. We occasionally find Cyprea arctica” (D. F ) (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
Chenopus pes-pelicani, L. Redcar (W. C. H.), off Redcar “from the fishermen’s lines” (D. F.).
Bittium reticulatum, Da Cos. Ferguson says it has frequently been found on the beach at Redcar.
Turritella terebra, L. Off Redcar. ‘“ Brought in pretty plentifully by the fishermen” (D. F.), Redcar, dead (J. H.), Saltburn (M. L. T.).
Littorina littorea, L. Redcar. ‘“ Very common; a red variety is occasionally found in company with the black one” (D. F.) (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L T,.), Staithes (J. H.).
Littorina rudis, Maton. Huntcliffe (D. F), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.), Staithes (J. H.). var. saxatilis, Johnst. Staithes (J. H.). var. jugosa, Mont. Staithes (J. H.).
29
Littorina (Neritoides) obtusata, L. Huntcliffe (D. F.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.), Staithes (J. H.).
Var. neritiformis, Brown. Staithes (J. H.). Lacuna pallidula, Da. Cos. Redcar (J. H.). Lacuna divaricata, Fabr. Redcar (W. C. H.).
Skeneia planorbis, Fabr. Redear. “ On sea-weeds between tide marks” (D. F.).
Rissoia (Turbella) parva, Da Cos. Redcar (W. C. H.), Saltburn (J. H.).
var. interrupta, Ad. Saltburn (J. H.), Redcar (J. H.). Rissoia (Onoba) striata, Ad. Redcar (J.H.) (W. C. HL). Rissoia (Alvania) punctura, Mont. Redcar (J. H.).
Rissoia (Cingula) semistriata, Mont. Redcar (J. H.), Saltburn (J. H.).
Barleeia rubra, Mont. Redcar (J. H.).
Hydrobia (Peringia) stagnalis, Bast. (H. ulve, Penn). Tees Mouth (D. F.), a dead specimen dredged in Tees Mouth (J. H.).
Paludestrina Jenkinsi, Smith. Mr. A. Hann found this species in a beck between Thornaby and Middlesbrough in the early Spring of 1897, and later in the year he found it in the same stream in profusion on Elodea canadensis and Arundo phragmites. All the specimens he took were uncarinated forms He suggests that the colony may have been imported with Baltic timber.
Viviparus viviparus, L. Mr. T. A. Lofthouse obtained one dead shell from pond-cleanings at Acklam.
Acicula lineata, Drap. Airey Holme Wood (Dixon and Watson).
Capulus hungaricus, L. Dr. R. T. Manson, F.G.S., has kindly sent for my inspection a small specimen of this species which he found in 1898 on the sands between Marske and Saltburn. Though the animal was not contained in it when found it is a perfectly fresh shell, measuring three-eighths of an inch in its longest diameter.
Natica (Naticina) pulchella, Risso (N. Alderi, Forbes). Redcar (J H.), off Redcar (D. F_)
Natica (Naticina) catena, Da. Cos. Saltburn (M. L. T.)
30
Natica (Naticina) Montagui, Forbes. Off Redcar (D.F.). Ferguson says that this and N. pulchella are often met with in the fishing boats, and found in the stomachs of haddocks.
Sealaria Turtone, Turton. Redcar. “From deep water” (D. F.).
Sealaria trevelyana, Leach. Redcar (W. C. H.). Eulima bilineata, Alder. Saltburn (J. H.).
Odostomia unidentata, Mont. Redcar. ‘In sand; a variety is also found here” (D. F.).
Gibbula magus, L Redcar “Two or three specimens of this shell have been found on the sands, but it is a very doubtful native of the North-East Coast” (D. F.).
Gibbula (Steromphalus) cineraria, L. Redcar. “In pools among the rocks, very common” (D. F.) (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.), Staithes (J. H.).
Eumargarita helicina, Fabr. Redcar. ‘On sea-weeds and under stones” (D. F.).
Calliostoma zizyphinum, L. -Redcar. “ We have only found one living specimen of this interesting shell, and that occurred on Salt Scar” (D. F.) (W. C. HL).
Emarginula fissura, L. Redcar. ‘Occasionally found in sand” (D. F.), Saltburn, two specimens (M. L. T.).
Acmea virginea, Miill Redcar. ‘Under stones at extreme low water mark” (D.F.), Saltburn, one (iL TE).
Acmeza ( leer ear testudinalis, Miill.. Saltburn. Fine specimens (W. C. H.).
Patella vulgata, L. Redcar. “ Very common and ex- tensively used as a bait by the fishermen” (D. F.) (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.), Staithes (J. H.). var. athletica, Bean. ‘Tees Mouth, or in heaps of stones near the Red Light” (D. F.), Saltburn, common (Ai Ps Helcion (Patina) pellucidum, L. Dredged in Tees Mouth, (J. H.) Redear, ‘On the fronds of Laminaria” (D. F.) (J. H.) Saltburn, common (M. L, T.). var. /evis, Pennant, Redear. ‘“ At the roots of Laminaria” (D. F.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
Holochiton (Leptochiton) ruber, L. Redcar (W. C. H.).
31
Tomochiton (Trachydermon) marginatus, Penn. Redcar (W.C.H.),. Saltburn, common (M L. T.), Staithes (J. H.).
Anisochiton (Acanthochiton) fascicularis, L. Redcar (WoC... Hy.
Dentalium (Entalis) entalis, L. Saltburn, four (M. L. T.).
Anomia ephippium, L. Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
Anomia patelliformis, L. Redcar (D. F.). Alder says “The Ostrea striata of British Authors, first noticed by Lister, as common upon the sands at the Mouth of the Tees, we take to be this species.”
Pecten maximus, L Off Redcar. ‘ Deep water fishing, rare” (D. F.).
Pecten pusio, L. Redcar (W. C. H.), Saltburn (M. L. T.).
Chlamys varius, L. Redcar (W. C. H). ‘‘ Under stones on East and West Scars” (D. F.).
Chlamys (Aquipecten) opercularis. L. Redcar (W. C. H). Off Redear. ‘‘ Sometimes washed up on the Tees Sands after a heavy storm, and occasionally brought in by the fishermen ” (D. F.), Saltburn (M. L. T.).
Mytilus edulis, L. Staithes (J. H.), Redcar (D. F) (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
Modiola modiolus, L. Redcar (W. C H.), off Redcar (D. F.), Saltburn (M. L. T.).
Modiola barbata, L. Staithes (Arnold T. Watson).
Modiolaria discors, L. Redcar. ‘“ At the roots of sea- weeds between tide marks” (D. F.).
Modiolaria nigra, Gray, off Redcar (D. F ).
Dreissensia polymorpha, Pallas. Mr. T. A Lofthouse has seen specimens that had been taken on drift wood in the Tees at Newport.
Margaritana margaritfera, L. Lealholm (T. A. L), River Esk (Dixon and Watson).
Anodonta cygnea, L. I have full grown specimens from the collection of the late J. Watson, of Ingleby Greenhow, which were obtained from Stokesley Mill Dam about 1857. Mr. T. A. Lofthouse has obtained small specimens from streams near Great Ayton and Stokesley.
Astarte suleata, Da Cos. Off Redcar (D. F.).
32
Astarte compressa, Mont. Off Redcar (D. F.).
Turtonia minuta, Fabr. Redcar. ‘In the pretty rock-pools on the smaller alge” (D. F.).
Kellya suborbicularis, Mont. Redcar. ‘This species is very variable in form and size, and is found at the roots of Laminaria digitata, and in old shells. We generally find it on Salt Scar, though at dead low water mark on West Scar we meet with it” (D. F.). A dead specimen dredged in Tees Mouth (J. H.).
Lasza rubra, Mont. Redcar (J. H.).
Eucardium echinatum, L. Redcar (W. C. H.). Ferguson says that several varieties of this species are occasionally brought in with the fishing lines.
Eucarduim (Cerastoderma) edule, L. Tees Mouth (D. F.), Redcar (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.), Staithes (J. H.).
Cyprina islandica, L. Redcar (J. H.), off Redcar. “In deep water ; common, and after a storm washed up in large numbers on the Coatham Sands” (D. F.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
Dosinia exoleta, L. Off Redcar (D. F.), Redcar (W. C. H.), Saltburn (J. H..).
Dosinia lupinus, L. (D. lincta, Pult.} Redcar (W.C H.), Tees Mouth (M. L. T.).
Chione (Chainelza) gallina. L. Redcar, “ rather rare ” (D. F.), (J. H.). Dredged in Tees Mouth (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
Chione (Timoclea) ovata, Penn. Redcar, “ rather rare” (D. F.).
Lucinopsis undata, Penn. Off Redcar (D. F.), Redcar (Wi Osh Tapes Vee IneUs; L. Redcar, ‘‘rather rare” (D. F.) (W. C. H.). Tapes (amnvedaie) deeussatus, L. Redcar, “rather rare” (D. F.). Tapes (Pullastra) pullastra, Mont. Redcar, “rather rare” (D. F.) (J. H.) Saltburn, common (M. L. T.). var. perfurans, Mont. Redcar. “In every part of our rocks ; it does not appear to bore its own hole, but merely to occupy the holes bored by the Pholas” (Di E.):
33
Spherium corneum, L. Trenholme Bar (J. H.).
Spherium (Musculium), lacustre, Mull. Acklam, very fine (B. R. L.).
Pisidium amnicum, Miill. Tocketts Stream (B. R. L.). Pisidium fontinale, Drap. Ingleby Greenhow (J. H.).
Pisidium pusillum, Gmel. Near Ormesby (T. A. L.), Acklam (T. A. L.), Mulgrave (W. D. B.).
Pisidium roseum, Scholtz. Hutton Rudby (B. R. L.).
Donax vittatus, Da Cos. Redcar (D. F.) (J. H), Salt- burn, common (M, L. T.).
Psammobia ferroensis, Chemn. ‘ From deep water in a living state ; occasionally found on the sands” (D. F.)
(W. C. HL).
Solen (Ensis) siliyua, L. Ferguson says that this species, together with the two which follow, is “common on Coatham Sands, near Marsh House, where they live in the sand about low water mark, and are much sought after by the fishermen, as being a tempting bait for fish.” Redcar (J. H.), Saltburn (J. H.).
Solen (Ensis) ensis, L. Redcar (D. F.) (W. C. H.). Solen pellucidus, Penn. Redcar (D. F.).
Mactra solida, L. Redcar. ‘On the beach” (D. F.) (W.C. H.), Tees Mouth, one (M. L. T.).
var. truncata. Mont. Tees Mouth (M. L. T.).
var. elliptica, Brown. Off Redcar (D. F.), Tees Mouth CMT Le f).
Mactra stultorum, L. ‘Very common on the Coatham Sands, and often thrown up alive after a storm” (D. F.), Redcar (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L T.).
Mactra subtruneata, DaCos. Redcar. ‘On the beach ” (D. F.) (W. C. H.). Dredged in Tees Mouth (J. H.).
Lutraria elliptica, Lam. Redcar (J. H.). ‘So far back as anno 1678 Lister Anim Angl. 171, ad ostium fluminis Tees copiosissime reperiuntur, and it still occupies a considerable tract of land in its old habitat, the Tees Mouth” (D. F.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
a4 Mya truncata, L. Tees Mouth (D. F.), Saltburn (J. H.). Mya arenaria, L. Tees Mouth (D. F.) (W. C. H.). Corbula gibba, Olivi. Off Redcar (D. F.).
Saxicava norvegica, Speng. Redcar. ‘“ We have only met with two specimens of this rare species from deep water”
(D. F.).
Saxicava rugosa, L. Redcar (D. F.) (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.), Staithes (J. H.).
Holopholas (Barnea) candida, L. Tees Mouth, common (MD, Ty),
Holopholas (Zirfeea) crispata, L. Redcar. “In all our soft rocks” (D. F.) (W. C. H.), Saltburn, common (ML. Te):
Xylophaga dorsalis, Turton. ‘We once found it in an old piece of wood washed up near Huntcliffe ” (D. F.).
Teredo norvegica, Spengler. Dredged in Tees Mouth, 1889 (W. Y. Veitch).
Lucina borealis, L. Redcar (D. F.), Saltburn (M. L. T.).
Eutellina (Angulus) fabula, Gron. Redcar (D. F.) (W. C. H.), Saltburn (M. L. T.).
Tellina tenuis, Da Cos. Redcar (D. F.) (J. H.), Saltburn, common (M. L. T.).
Macoma balthica, L. Tees Mouth, common (J. H.), Redcar (D, F) Ge.
Scrobicularia piperata, Gmel. Tees Mouth (D. F.) (M. L. T.), Redcar (W. C. H.).
Syndesmya prismatica, Mont. Off Redcar. ‘ Frequent in deep water, and that excellent conchologist, the haddock, often contains in its stomach this interesting shell” (D. F.).
Syndesmya alba, Wood. Redcar (W. C. H.). Syndesmya tenuis, Mont. Redcar (W. C. H.).
35 LEPIDOPTERA NOTICED IN CLEVELAND DURING 1896.
By T. Asuron Lorruousse,
Very few insects were added to the list during the past season, the weather with the exception of June being of a most unfavourable character, the results from Sugar and Larvee beating being practically nil. The only exception was the abundance of Mania typica at sugar in almost any kind of weather.
Alucita hexadactyla was the first insect noticed during March. T also took larve of Bombyx rubi in the same month near Great Ayton. During the greater part of April I was from home and the only insect noticed by me was Teniocampa incerta. In May I bred Spilosoma mendica from local pupe. On the 22nd Saturnia pavonia from larve taken on Eston Hills last year. On the 25th I took this specimen to the moors and by its means attracted two or three males. On this date specimens of Bombyx rubi_ were very plentiful flying about rapidly in Lonsdale. Nemeophila plantaginis was noticed, and larve of Bombyx quercus in the vicinity of Hutton.
Mr. Sachse records for this month Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria bred from pupe taken in Kilton Woods, Another specimen of this variety was taken at Linthorpe during the early part of June Spilosoma fuliginosa (Kilton Wood). Noctua plecta, Miana strigilis var. “Ethiops, bred from dug pupe. Odontopera bidentata, 25th, Zygena fili- pendule larve and pupe at Yarm, 31st. Nisoniades tages noticed near the Park, Middlesbrough.
During June were taken on the 15th Hysipetes trifasciata {impluviata), Eupisteria heparata and Eubolia plumbaria, all near Great Ayton, 17th, Plusia iota at Dinsdale (W.S.). Notodonta ziezac, bred from larve taken at Linthorpe last Autumn, 20th, on the occasion of the Field Club’s excursion to Broughton and Battersby, Eriogaster lanestris, nest of larve on whitethorn. Tortrix corylana, Hyponomeuta evony- mellus. The larve of this moth were very abundant on bird cherry in Ingleby Greenhow Woods. The trees were simply covered with the webs and completely denuded of leaves Plusia chrysitis, Great Broughton (W.S.). 28th, near Great Ayton, Hepialus hectus, Boarmia repandata, Acidalia fumata,
36
Cabera pusaria, Macaria liturata, Lomaspilis marginata, Laren- tia viridaria, Venusia cambrica, Thera variata, Coremia ferru- gata, Melanippe tristata and Tortrix adjunctana. On July 3rd, at sugar, Miana fasciuncula, Apamea gemina and Leuc- ania impura, Caradrina morpheus. Caught Xylophasia rurea (W.S.).
4th. Uropteryx sambuearia (several noticed during the month).
Trochilium crabroniformis, (W.S.). 11th, at Great Ayton, Cidaria populata, Melanippe ocellata and Agrotis porphyrea. 12th. Tapinostola elymi noticed’ near Redcar, Triphcena comes. 26th. Cidaria fulvata. 28th. Macroglossa stella- tarum. <A specimen of Mamestra abjecta was taken near Saltburn during this month and recorded in the Naturalist by Mr. Dennis, of York. Acherontia atropos. I had a pupa sent of this hawk moth, got near Linthorpe. During August the weather was of a most unfavourable description, and very few insects were noticed or taken. Ist. Luperina testacea, very dark specimen taken near Redcar, Depressaria badiella common on the sandbanks. 3rd. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union excursion from Easington to Staithes, Hypsipetes sor- ditata, Eubolia limitata, Pyrausta purpuralis and Phoxopteryx unguicella, Larve of Phalera bucephala, Notodonta ziczae, Lophopteryx camelina and Smerinthus populi were taken this month, Miana literosa (W.S.). Melanippe sociata (W.S.). September 12th. Polia chi, Xanthia fulvago at Great Ayton. 27th. Nonagria fulva, a single specimen of Vanessa cardui was taken this month (W.S.). During October Hydreecia micacea and Cerastis spadicea were taken at sugar. Cheima- tobia brumata were exceedingly abundant about the end of November.
1897.
With the exception of one or two weeks in June this year has been only a moderate one, cold winds being much too prevalent to allow of satisfactory work being done in this section. We had very mild weather in February, and had to suffer for. this in the spring and summer months.
The first insect noticed this season was Tzniocampa stabilis at Acklam on April 11th, also taken at sugar at Linthorpe together with a specimen of T. gothica. On the 22nd, Teenio- campa cruda was taken at Great Ayton, and on the 28th, Anticlea badiata was caught at Linthorpe. May Ist, Cidaria corylata taken in fir plantation near Great Ayton. 8th. Found several larve near Swainby about full grown of De- pressaria assimilella. They were situate between the united
37
stems of broom. On the same date a specimen of Cidaria miata in good condition was caken by Mr. Sachse near Whorl- ton Church.
June 2nd. Took aspecimen of the Poplar kitten. Dicranuria bifida, freshly emerged at 5-30 p in., off Poplar (P. nigra) tree trunk at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 10th Eupithecia vulgata, several in garden. 12th. Eupithecia lariciata fairly common about firs at Great Ayton Acidalia fumata, two or three specimens, also specimens of Melanippe tristata and Macaria liturata, all at Great Ayton. 15th. Hadena thalassina, Nocttia plecta and Agrotis segetum at sugar in garden. 19th. Took larve of Zygena filipendule about full grown near Redear. 21st. Cilix glaueata caught and Apamea gemina at sugar at Middlesbrough 22nd = Coremia propugnata, Lomaspilis marginata, Hypsipetes trifasciata and Emmelesia alchemillata, all taken near Great Ayton. 25th. Noctua festiva at sugar in garden 26th. Melanippe ocellata, Great Ayton 27th. Amphidasys betularia var doubledayaria taken in garden, laid several ova. 28th. Trochilium crab- roniformis took one freshly emerged 9 aim. on Poplar Tree trunk, Middlesbrough (another specimen taken on July 19 at 8-45 a m.).
July 2nd. Apamea unanimis, Xylophasia lithoxylea at Sugar in garden. 4th. Lophopteryx camelina came to gas light at Linthorpe. 8th. Enupithecia tenuiata bred from sallows got near Great Ayton 9th. Noctua C-nigrum, Leu- cania comma, &c. at sugar. Miana arcuosa very common, flying about rough pasture field at Linthorpe 10th Hepialus velleda. 12th.- Ellopia prosapiaria bred from pup got at Great Ayton. 13th. Acidalia bisetata, several flying about at dusk near Acklam. 17th. Acidalia virgularia, Redcar. 24th. Tortrix adjunctana, Eupithecia nanata, Anarta myrtilli, near Great Ayton 25th. Xanthia fulvago. During the next two or three weeks bred a number of these including some very nicely marked ones, also the var. flavescens. 26th. Uropteryx sambucaria caught. 28th Xanthia flavago bred from larve got near Great Ayton. 80th. Tapinostola elymi, took several specimens at rest on grasses and flying about on banks near Redcar. Mamestra abjecta, one at sugar near Redcar. Cerigo matura, specimen came to light at Linthorpe.
August 5th. Noctua baja and Triphena comes at sugar. Melanthia bicolorata, several about alders near Great Ayton, also a single specimen of var. plumbata. 11th. Dianthecia capsincola, larve very plentiful in seed heads of Lychnis
38
dioica at Redcar. Pelurga comitata caught. 22nd. Calo- campa solidaginis, several on fir tree trunks near Great Ayton. This insect is rather difficult to detect on account of its likeness to a small piece of lichen-covered bark sticking out from the trunk. 26th. Halia vauaria. 28th. Oporabia dilutata near Great Ayton.
During this month Mr. Sachse took larve of Notodonta dicteea and dromedaruis at Grove Hill, Middlesbrough, and Saturnia pavonia, Brotton,
September. Anchocelis pistacina and litura at sugar during the month.
October. The following were taken at sugar :—Hydrecia micacea, Cerastis spadicea, Scopelosoma satellitia (1) and Miselia oxyacanthe.
November 13th. Single specimen of Calocampa exoleta at sugar, also Caradrina quadripunctata.
1898.
On the whole this has been a better season than usual, several additional species being added to the Cleveland list. The weather in the spring and early summer was very cold, and sugar was not of much use until about the end of August, when insects came very freely. During September, October, and the early part of November the autumn species occurred very freely at sugar, in fact much more commonly than I have ever noticed them before.
January 16th. Hybernia rupicapraria, Linthorpe.
March 13th. Hybernia marginaria noticed near Thornaby, also a dark variety of same taken at Linthorpe on the 20th.
April 8th. Brephos parthenias, several specimens seen by Mr. Sachse flying about birch in bright sunshine near Carlton- in-Cleveland. Visited locality on 16th, when a few were noticed but they did not seem to fly except when the sun was shining brightly, and then principally about the tops of the trees. Xylophasia hepatica single full grown larva taken on 16th near Stokesley. 21st. Selenia bilunaria took at light at Linthorpe.
May 28th. Selenia lunaria near Battersby.
June 6th. Nisoniades tages Battersby (Elgee).
June 11th. Field Club excursion to Kilton Woods added three species to Cleveland list, viz.:—Melanippe albicillata, single specimen taken by Mr. Sachse, (one or two larve taken in same locality during September), Numeria pulveraria, laid ova, and Abraxas sylvata, several resting on plants under Wych Elm. Some of the specimens were darker than usual and of
39
a bluish tinge. This insect occurred also on the occasion of two later visits, the last date being September 10th, on which date larve were also noticed in all stages of growth feeding on Wych Elm. Other insects taken on June 11th were Coremia propugnata, Cilix glaucata and Tephrosia biundu- laria. 18th. Kupithecia indigata taken near Great Ayton. 29th. Phalera bucephala, Acklam.
July 2nd. Asthena luteata and Phytometra viridaria near Great Ayton. ‘7th. Hadena dissimilis single specimen at sugar in garden. 16th. Asthena candidata, Kildale (Sachse), 21st. Plusia iota and Cucullia umbratica at flowers in garden. 23rd. Aplecta prasina, one near Great Ayton. July 30th— August Ist. Following taken in Kilton Woods—A plecta nebulosa, Hepialus hectus, Cidaria dotata, Larentia olivata, several rather worn. Emmelesia affinitata, Anaitis plagiata, Asthena blomeri, one good specimen, Zanclognatha grisealis and Calymnia trapesina.
August 6th. Euchelia Jacobee, larve plentiful on rag wort near Redcar, 11th. Nola cucullatella, single specimen taken out of garden hedge. 18th. Cidaria prunata (Sachse) Ingleby Greenhow. 16th. Eupithecia pulchellata, several larve taken on foxglove flowers near Great Ayton. 19th. Luperina testacea. Among the moths that came to sugar during the latter part of this month were Agrotis obscura, single speci- men also on September 16th (W.S.). Miana literosa, Triphena comes, &c., all in garden at Linthorpe.
September. New species taken in the Middlesbrough District were Agrotis nigricans, Orthosia lota, Xanthia cir. cellaris at sugar, at which the following occurred also very freely :—Hydrecia micacea, Anchocelis pistacina, very variable, and Phlogophora meticulosa. 3rd. N octua glareosa, Kildale, (Sachse) also at Kilton on the 10th. 5th. Gonoptera libatrix at sugar near Park (Sachse), also in garden on October 21st. September 8th. Epione apiciaria, specimen caught near Linthorpe (W.S.). 10th. Hypolepia sequella, one or two caught in Kilton Wood. Gortyna ochracea and Hydreecia nictitans taken at light at Linthorpe, the latter also taken off Sugar at Kilton. 16th. Agrotis sancia, Agrotis suffusa, Calocampa exoleta, (W.S.). The two latter occurred pretty plentifully until the end of October. Cidaria immanata. 17th. Aporophyla lutulenta, at sugar near Park (W.S.). 22nd. Polia flavicincta, two specimens at sugar near Park (W.S.).
ae 12th. Acherontia atropos, larve taken near Park (W-S.). One was also taken near Staithes during September.
40
REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND.
By M. L. THompson.
1896.
In this Report on Beetles met with in Cleveland during the year 1896 I have adopted the same form as that of last year as regards the order of arrangement of species.
COLEOPTERA.
Geodephaga—Loricera pilicornis, Dyschirius thoracicus, Bradycellus verbasci, Amara communis, A. trivialis, Ancho- menus angusticollis, A. parumpunctatus, Bembidium guttula, B. tibiale, B. quadriguttatum, B. affine, Aépus Robinii, and Dromius quadrimaculatus occur at Saltburn. Notiophilus aquaticus, Bradycellus cognatus, Pterostichus vitreus and Calathus melanocephalus are common on Stanghow Moor.
Hydradephaga..—Hydroporus pictus, H. rivalis, H. planus, and Dytiscus marginalis are common at Saltburn, and Hydroporus discretus, H. lituratus and H. obsoletus were washed up on the coast. Hydroporus morio and H_ pubescens are common on Stanghow Moor, where also Hydroporus melanarius and Colymbetes fuscus occurred.
Hydrophilidz.—Helophorus rugosus occurred at Salt- burn, whilst Laccobius bipunctatus and Ochthebius marinus are common in Coatham Marsh. Cercyon littoralis and C. unipunctatus are common at Saltburn.
Brachelytra.—-Aleochara fuscipes, A. grisea, Calodera umbrosa (rare), Homalota cauta (parva), Myrmecopora (Xenusa) uvida, Autalia rivularis, Gyrophena _lucidula, Hypocyptus longicornis, H. seminulum, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachinus subterraneus, Mycetoporus nanus, M. angularis, M. splendidus, M. clavicornis (var. forticornis), Quedius picipes, Q. cruentus, Q. semieneus, Philonthus, politus, P. trossulus (common), P. fimetarius (common), P. puella, P. decorus, Cafius xanthoina (on the coast), Xantholinus linearis, Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Stilicus affinis, Lithocaris ochracea, Stenus speculator, Bledius longulus, Oxytelus maritimus, Tro- gophleus pusillus, Deliphrum tectum, Homalium cesum, H. oxyacanthe, Megarthrus denticollis, were met with at Salt- burn ; and Homalota circellaris, Tachinus laticollis, Philonthus* proximus, and P. scutatus on Stanghow Moor.
~~ Sem e
41
Clavicornia.—Agathidium marginatum, Anisotoma dubia, A. calcarata, Hydnobius Perrisii, Colenis dentipes, Ptenidium nitidum (pusillum), Coccinella 7-punctata, Micropeplus porcatus, Cercus rufilabris, Monotoma picipes, Lathridius lardarius, Corticaria pubescens, C. serrata, Melanophthalma fuscula, Telmatophilus caricis, Cryptophagus scanicus, Atomaria pusilla, Ephistemus gyrinoides, Typhwa fumata, Byturus tomentosus, Simplocaria semistriata, and Elmis parallelopipedus were all found at Saltburn. Necrophorus humator, N. vespillo, Silpha rugosus and Choleva chrysomeloides occurred on Stanghow Moor ; whilst Rhizophagus bipustulatus was found below the Moor, and Halyzia 14-guttata at Glaisdale.
Lamellicornia.—Three species oceur at Saltburn—Apho- dius erraticus, A%gialia sabuleti, and Serica brunnea (common).
Sternoxi.—Agriotes lineatus, A. pallidulus, and Adrastus linbatus—all found at Saltburn.
Malacoderma.—Rhagonycha (Telephorus) limbata, R. pallida, R. fulva, and Dryophilus pusillus are common at Salt- burn, where Ochina hederz was also found (the last two insects belonging to the group Teredilia). Telephorus flavila- bris was found at Glaisdale.
Longicornia.— Leiopus nebulosus, taken at Saltburn, represents this group.
Phyptophaga.—Lochmea suturalis is common on Stang- how Moor, and Haltica pusilla, Apteropeda orbiculata, Mantura rustica, and Cassida viridis are common at Saltburn, where also Longitarsus atricillus and Aphthona atroceruiea (cyanella) occur. Psylliodes marcida was met with at Redcar.
Heteromera.—Lagria hirta, Notoxus monoceros, Rhino- simus ruficollis, Anaspis maculata (melanopa), and A. ruficollis are common at Saltburn, where Salpingus ater was also found.
Rhynchophora.—Of weevils, Apion unicolor (platalea), Liophleeus nubilus, Polydrusus cervinus common’, Barynotus obscurus (common), B. elevatus, Orchestes salicis, Dorytomus maculatus, Cionus pulchellus, Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis (common), C. litura (common), Ceuthorrhynchidius troglo- dytes, and Phlceophthorus rhododactylus all occur at Saltburn. Bagous tempestivus and Litodactylus leucogaster were met with in Coatham Marsh.
During his residence in Middlesbrough, Mr.
B. R. Lucas.
collected a number of beetles in a few localities in Cleveland. He has furnished the Club with a list of these insects, which The localities in which the species were taken are indicated by placing after each name a numeral to be interpreted as follows :—1l, Vicinity of
is here embodied in this Report.
Middlesbrough ; 2, 4, Eston ; 5, Wilton ;
Carabus violaceus ... Carabus nemoralis ... Notiophilus biguttatus Leistus fulvibarbis ... Leistus rufescens Nebria gyllenhalii
», brevicollis Bradycellus verbasci
HP cognatus % similis ... Harpalus zeneus a ruficornis ... Pterostichus strenuus Ac niger 4 madidus - vulgaris striola ...
Amara bifrons (livida) Calathus melanocephalus Ap mollis ie flavipes Pristonychus terricola Anchomenus dorsalis
es albipes 550 ie angusticollis ... fuliginosus Bembidium littorale oi rufescens a eneum ...
Trechus minutus
Dromius quadrimaculatus ...
Aa quadrinotatus Laccophilus obscurus Hyphydrus ovatus ... Hydroporus pubescens
of elettigs planus .. Agabus bipustulatus
», _ conspersus Platambus maculatus Ilybius fuliginosus ... Colymbetes fuscus Dytiscus marginalis Acilius sulcatus Gyrinus natator Hydrobius fuscipes ...
Spheridium scarabeoides ss
Helophorus brevipalpis
see
2
DH EE EEE SON ATH HOH NEN RE RNID NNN HEED NN NN RYE D
Tachyporus obtusus Creophilus maxillosus Staphylinus spear ie Ocypus morio Philonthus scutatus Othius fulvipennis ... Stenus brunnipes Oxytelus rugosus Olophrum piceum Lathrimeum unicolor Necrophorus vespillo Silpha atrata
Hister cadaverinus ... CoccinelJa-punctata ... Rhizophagus dispyr .. Cryptophagus scanicus
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus
Cytilus varius
Sinodendron cylindricum ae
Aphodius fossor
40 ater
a rafipes
ae obliteratus ~ depressus ... Me fimetarius
Geotrupes stercorarius Melolontha vulgaris Telephorus lividus ... a pellucidus bicolor ... Cis boleti Rhagium bifasciatum | Chrysomela polita ... ea staphylea Phedon tumidulus ... Hydrothassa marginella Sermyla halensis Phyllotreta undulata Crepidodera ferruginea Scaphidema metallicum Meloe proscarabzeus .. Otiorrhyochus picipes * sulcatus Strophosomus coryli Phyllobius argentatus Barynotus elevatus . Hylobius abictis Orchestes fagi
Great Ayton ; 3, Ingleby Greenhow ; 6, Guisbrough.
NFR WANNWNHNNWNHE
NWNRAHNARMENHEHNWNNAMENAAMWHH MH HEH INNNN
™i so
43
1897.
In this report on the beetles observed in 1897, I have not adopted the mode of arrangement followed in previous papers. The species are here grouped in the respective families to which they belong, this being more in accordance with modern ideas on the classification of these insects.
COLEOPTERA.
Carabidz —Carabus catenulatus, Notiophilus palustris, Nebria brevicollis, Bradycellus collaris (rare), were found on Glaisdale Moor, and Olisthopus rotundatus, Pembidium Mannerheimi, B. nitidulum (brunnipes), on Danby Moor. At Saltburn Bembidium assimile (on the coast). B. lunulatum (riparium), and Lebia chlorocephala were met with.
Haliplidz — Only one species, Haliplus obliquus, occurring in a pond at Saltburn. was added to the list
Dytiscidze.—Hydroporous morio (atriceps) is common on Danby Moor. Agabus biguttatus (nitidus) was found in a woodland watercourse at Saltburn
S aphylinidg —On the borders of the stream in Saltburn Wood, Myllena brevicornis. Homalota volans (common), H. elongatula, Stenus pusillus, Ancyrophorus omalinus, Trogophleus corticinus and Geodromicus nigriia (in flood refuse) were met with On the Saltburn coast were found Aleochara succicola. A. nitida (var. bilineata), Homalota sordida, H. halobrectha, H. aquatica (in a sandpit on the sea-banks), H. vestita (common), (uedius puncticollis, @. mesomelinus, Staphylinus — stercorarius (one specimen), Philonthus longicornis, P. corvinus (rare), P. umbratilis, P. puella, Oxytelus complanatus, Homalium leviusculum and H. Allardi. Other Saltburn species of this family are Homalota pagana, H. muscorum, Astilbus canalicu- latus, Homalota oblita, Stenus declaratus, Homalium pusillum (under fir bark), H excavatum. Anthobium minutum, Sipaha ruficollis, Bolitochara lucida and B. obliqua (the last three insects taken in a fungus on a tree). Homalota sericea, H. atramentaria, Philonthus longicornis, Bledius bicornis, Platystethus arenarius, Trogophleus bilineatus, occur on the shore of the Tees. In Arncliffe Wood. Glaisdale, Autalia impressa, Gyrophena minima, and Anthophagus testaceus were met with ; also Ocypus cupreus and Homalota circellaris on Glaisdale Moor. Ocypus cupreus was also found on Danby Moor, and Anthobium ophthalmicum in Kilton Wood
44
Silphidee.—Three species of Choleva—C. tristis, C. fusca and C. Watsoni—are common at Saltburn.
Micropeplidz.—One species—Micropeplus staphylinoides was found at Saltburn.
Nitidulidze.—Cercus pedicularius, C bipustulatus, Epuraa melina, Cychramus luteus occur in Kilton Wood. Nitidula bipustula and Omosita colon were met with in carrion on the shore of the Tees. Omosita discoidea is common at Saltburn, and a specimen of Meligethes obscurus was found on the sea- banks there.
Scydmenidz.—A single specimen of the rare Euconnus denticornis was found on the Saltburn sea-hbanks.
Lathridiidze. —Corticaria denticulata is common at Salt- burn.
Searabeidz.— Aphodius fetens was found at Saltburn, and Geotrupes typheus on Danby Moor.
Elateridz.— Cryptohypnus riparius occurs on Danby Moor, and Corymbites cupreus at Ayton.
Dascillidge.—Cyphon coaretatus from Kilton Wood repre- sent this family.
Malacodermidz# —The two species belonging to this family are Telephorus flavilabris taken at Eston Marsh, and Malthodes atomus taken at Saltburn.
Cerambycidee.—One _ species—Strangalia armata—was found at Saltburn.
Chrysomelide — Of this family Cryptocephalus labiatus and Chrysomela varians occur in Kilton Wood. Phedon armoracia in Arncliffe Wood, Glaisdale, and Longitarsus luridus at Saltburn were also noted.
Tenebrionidze.—Gnathocerus cornutus was common in flour at Thornaby.
Pythidz.—A specimen of Lissodema quadripustulata was taken by sweeping at Saltburn, and Rhinosimus viridipennis under bark there.
Curculionide.—The weevils met with were Apion pubescens, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Trachyphloeus alternans (a specimen found on the sea-banks), Brachysomus echinatus, Phillobius calearatus, Sitones crinitus, Barynotus Schénherri, and Grypidium equiseti, all at Saltburn.
45
1898.
The following Report on Beetles is from observations made during the year 1898,
COLEOPTERA.
Carabidze.—Two species belonging to this family have been added this year, —Pristonychus terricola, taken at Middles- brough, and Bembidium obtusum, at Saltburn.
Dytiscidz.—<A specimen of the rare Hydroporus ferrugin- eus (victor) was found on the sands at Saltburn, having been washed down the stream.
Aydrophilidz —Limnebius nitidus was found in Coatham Marshes, and a specimen of Ochthebius rufimarginatus at ? . to}
Saltburn, where Cryptopleurum atomarium also occurs.
Staphylinidz.—Homalota longicornis, Philonthus vent- ralis, Stenus ossium, Homalium striatum, Syntomium eneum, Coprophilus striatulus, Lathrimeum unicolor, L. atrocephalum, Megarthrus depressus (common), were all met with at Saltburn. In the bed of a dried-up pond at the same place Stenus bifoveolatus and Trogophlceus bilineatus were found; and under bark Ischnoglossa corticina and Leptusa fumida. At the foot of the Saltburn sea-banks single specimens of a few of the less common Staphylinide were met with—Lathrobium longulum, Acidota cruentata, Homalium regulipenne (on the shore; and Trogophlceus elongatulus. At Eston Marsh occur Gnypeta labilis and Cilea silphoides, and on the shore of the Tees—Howalota vestita. Philonthus splendens is found on Stanghow Moor; and Mr. Sachse picked up Staphylinus pubescens in Middlesbrough.
Pselaphidze —Single specimens of Tychus niger, Pryaxis fossulata, and Euplectus signatus, were met with on herbage at Saltburn.
Silphide.—Clambus armadillo and Agathidium levigatum occur at Saltburn, whilst Anisotoma hadia, A. punctulata (litura), and A Junicollis—the last a rare insect—have been taken on the Saltburn sandhills.
Trichopterygidz,—A specimen of Ptilium Spencei was obtained on roadside herbage at Saltburn.
Coccinellidze.—-Halyzia 22-punctata is found at Saltburn.
Nitidulidge.— Meligethes lumbaris, and M. erythropus—- both from Saltburn—yrepresent this family.
46
Lathridiide.—Enicmus minutus was taken at Middles- brough, and Corticaria elongata at Saltburn.
Scarabeide.—Geotrupes spiniger is found at Saltburn, and Anomala frischii on the shore of the Tees.
Elateridz.—Athous niger, and Limonius minutus,—taken on herbage at Saltburn—are the two species in this family.
Malacodermidez.— At Saltburn Telephorus lituratus, and Malthodes flavoguttatus, were met with by sweeping.
Ptinidse.— Priobium castaneum occurs at Saltburn.
Cerambycidz —Clytus arietis—taken at Eston by Mr. Sachse—is the only addition.
Chrysomelidz.—tThree species of this family, viz.: Lema lichenis, Lamprosoma concolor and Longitarsus ater are re- corded from Saltburn.
Curculionids —-Rhynchites minutus (germanicus), Apion dichroum (flavipes), A vorax, A loti, A. marchicum Poly- drusus tereticollis (undatus), Orchestes fagi (on beech) and Exomias araneiformis (brunaipes) are the weevils met with at Saltburn during the year.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1896-7. By R. G. Crayton.
There is not much to record for the past year, which opened with fine weather, and continued thus until July. About that month rain and low temperatures generally pre- vailed, but no violent storms, consequently the migration and nesting of birds were not interfered with, or out of the ordinary. Owing to my being able to attend only two of the Club excursions, I regret that of observations at the meetings I noted practically none, those I made applying merely to the commonest species.
T have the following to mention :— 1896.
16rH January —Male Shag (Phalacrocorax cristatus) shot in Lonsdale. This species is rarely obtained on our immediate Coast, but four were seen several times during same month, as Mr. T. H. Nelson informed me.
47
271rH Frsruary.—edthroated Diver Colymbus septen- trionalis) was killed in Middlesbrough Dock, and a few days later a Razorbill Alcas torda in same place
47H SEPTEMBER.—An immature Male Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), one of four, was shot at Redcar ; and about same date a Spotted Redshank (Totanus fuscus) also at Redcar. I was informed a great Skua (Stercorarius catarrhactes) had been shot at Sea.
28TH OctTosER.—Five Gadwall (Chaulelasmus_streperus) were shot on the Tees, of which I acquired a male specimen, immature.
Other noticeable birds obtained in the Autumn were Sooty Tern (Sterna fuliginosa) and Long-tailed Drake (Harelda glacialis).
As the Shooting Season ends in February, and our Club- year closes shortly after, I have thought it advisable to bring these notes up to that time Therefore add :—
1897.
JANUARY.—Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus), Pied Blackbird (Turdus merula), both at Worsall
Frsruary.—Male Goldeneye |Clangula histrionica), Female Velvet Scoter (AZdemia nigra), Eared Grebe (Podiceps auritus), Sclavonian Grebe (Podiceps cornutus), Brent Goose (Berni- cla brenta), Little Auks (Mergulus alle) a number.
The above were obtained at the River Mouth or at Redcar.
About the end of the month three Whooper Swans (Cygnus musicus) were shot near Coatham.
By R. LorrnHovuse.
March. Coot. One of these birds frequented the Lake at the Middlesbrough Park for some weeks about this time.
,, 21. Pied Wagtail. Two noticed near Great Ayton.
», 22 Chiff-Chaff, Heard and seen at Middlesbrough Park. This is the earliest date I have record of the arrival of this migrant.
48 April 23. Willow Wren. Observed at Park.
», 25. Swallow. 3 An Sand Martin. 3 Fe », 30. Cuckoo. », at Great Ayton. May 3. Tree Pipit. - PA ne ‘A White Throat. 5 e * a 9. Corncrake. - os 43 7, 12. Swit: a ie a July 11. Squirrel. One noticed in Woods, near Great Ayton.
Norr.—With the exception of the Chiff-Chaff most of the Spring migrants were late in putting in an appearance, no doubt owing to the continucus cold weather we had during the month of April.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1897. By R. G. Ciayton.
Nothing of special interest came under my notice during 1897. The year opened fine, and not until early March was there any hard weather to cause birds to flock together in numbers. The Club excursions which I attended did not bring any rarities under observation, and the only birds which may be recorded as taken in our district were —
SepremBer —Dusky Grebe (Podiceps cornutus), Dotterel (Eudromias morinellus).
Novemper. —Goosander (Mergus merganser), Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), Long-tailed Duck (Harelda glacialis).
Owing to the high cultivation of land and close protection of game in the neighbourhood, there are very few oppor- tunities of ascertaining the occurrence of unusual or scarce species When such do happen they appear to be secured by the keepers and landowners, without it transpiring in the columns of any journal.
By R. Lorryovuse.
April 10, Wheatear. Observed near Great Ayton. ,, 10. Ring Ouzel. Noticed 55 it ‘Wheatear. 5 at Middlesbrough
49 April I4. Willow Wren. Observed, and in song, at Middles- brough. Chiff-Chaff. A i », 15. Sand Martin. " - », 20. Tree Pipit. a e », 21. Swallow. rp near Great Broughton, House Martin. 5 50 », 28. Cuckoo. a at Middlesbrough,
Corncrake, iD 3 9. Sedge Warbler. 3
3. Whin Chat. 7 at Sleights. fs 4, Lesser Whitethroat. Ff, at Middlesbrough.
5. Swift. . at Stokesley,
8. Grasshopper Warbler. - in hedge near own Garden at Linthorpe. Stayed all Summer. No doubt nested in neighbourhood. aug. 15. Greenshank. Immature bird shot near Redcar.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1898. By R G. Crayton.
No unusual movements of birds occurred except in the case of Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) which were plentiful in small flocks, apparently working the quiet woods along the hill bottoms, during January and February. At sea large numbers of ducks were observed, and again the Long-tailed Hareld (Harelda glacialis) was obtained.
The Autumn migratory season was unusually fine, conse- quently birds did not appear much in evidence along the shore or inland. A Mute Swan seemed to have been looking for fresh pastures, and was prematurely stopped by a gun on the river. A Reeve (Machetes pugnax) was shot. These birds still straggle every year to our vicinity, as odd immature specimens are not unusual.
Iam sorry to observe that the Ring Dotterel (gialitis hiaticula) is being gradually driven from its last breeding place on the south side of the Tees. The boys from the adjoining villages are constantly over the ground and clear off every egg. With it will disappear the last of the shore birds which bred here, and in such numbers during the time of some now living that in places the nests were so crowded together that it was impossible to walk without damaging their contents.
50
April 10. Wheat-ear. Observed at Linthorpe. 5, 16. Willow Wren. sf at Middlesbrough. Sr, Lute Chiff-Chaff. e at Tolle-by. 5, 19. Swallow. 5D at Acklam. 5, 21. Cuckoo. “i at Linthorpe. », 24, Ovrnerake. 5 ‘ Tree Pipit. a at Thornaby. ,, 30. House Martin. " at Middlesbrough. May 6. Sedge Warb'er. - aN », 7. Whitethroat. 5 ve » 11. Sand Martin. _ sts ,, 30. Spotted Flycatcher. a = Whinchat.
a9 bel
Oct. 15. Fieldfaresand Redwings. Noticed several, evidently just arrived, at Tod Point, near R: dear.
Golden-crested Wren. Very numerous, especially in a bank leading down to Redcar Jetty, when two or three came out of almost every clump of grass. », 22. Swallow. Several noticed.
Dec. 26. Shell Drake. A female shot near Tod Point, Redcar. I heard of a brood being taken near Tod Point during this last Summer.
Curlew Sandpiper. Two or three shot during the Autumn.
MAMMALIAN NOTES.
By R. G. Cuaron.
In January, 1896, a Male Otter (Lutra vulgaris) was caught near Glaisdale. The following particulars were given :— Length 43 inches, girth 16 inches, weight just 14 Ibs.
A Badger (Meles taxus) took up its residence in Kilton Woods in the Spring, and an immature specimen was taken near Carlton in Summer. From the latter place I received a Squirrel in November. These animals seem to be spreading in Cleveland. White Stoats were taken at Stainton and Kildale in February, 1897.
51
1898
In 1896 I recorded a Badger (Meles taxus) at Kailton Woods, but shortly afterwards it met with the usual violent end. I have since traced these animals almost continuously from the coast to Swainby Moor. They are rigorously exterminated by the keepers, although what harm they do beyond killing off a few of the ever plentiful rabbit it is difficult to understand.
Squirrels are still on the increase and seem general every- where in small woods.
Stoats assuming the white fur have been obtained in about usual’ numbers, notwithstanding that the last winters and springs have been remarkable for the absence of hard weather. Is it possible that the change has become so fixed and here- ditary that it continues after the necessity for it has ceased ?
Otters have been taken both last and this year in the valley of the Esk.
PISCES.
On November 15th, 1898, Dr. Veitch, the Honorary Curator of Middlesbrough Museum, reports the capture of a _ Shark in the Tees. He writes :—‘“‘ Early yesterday afternoon two river men ran to earth near the 9th buoy a blue shark (Sgnalur glaucus), 74 feet long, and weighing about 4 cwt. After many troubles with it, a landing at Middlesbrough was effected without damaging the specimen. Fishermen on the coast have a deadly hate against the creature because of its _ depredations among their nets whilst pursuing its food ; and it is very probable that its last foray was after salmon on their ay up the river. It is likely to find a peaceful repose in the N.H. collection of Middlesbrough. Sailors believe that the blue shark swallows its young in an emergency. Viperine snakes are credited with the same faculty. However, living young pristide have been found in the stomach of the parents ; the record of dead ones so found is nil.”
The stomach of the above specimen only contained a few remains of crabs.
at
Gk Shut Ralaslh” utd Undo
lmplinnk’ he
CLEVELAND” NATURAGIBS: a
FIELD CLUB.
_ RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS.
1899- 1900.
VOL. No Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A.,F.G.S._
-
PRICE TWO SHILLINGS
(FREE To MEMBERS)
MIDDLESBROUGH : ee ae JORDISON AND Co. Lp., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS.
.
1901.
PPS Ser s
Vi.
CONTENTS. ae
Pace
In Memortam: Canon Artginson, M.A., D.C.L. (Illustrated) Rev. John Hawell, M.A., F.G.S. 53-78
Do. Ricwarp Taytor Manson, F.G.S.— Rev. John Hawell, M.A., F.G.S. 79
EFFIGY FOUND AT Normanby (Illustrated)—T. M. Fallow, F.S.A. 80-81
SECTIONS OF BoRINGS FOR SALT NEAR MIDDLESBROUGH -— - 82-86
ON THE FORMER OCOURRENCE OF THE SEAL IN THE TEES
EsTuaRY AND ON THE ADJOINING Coast (Illustrated)— R. Lofthouse _ 87-99
Norrs on Mammatia—R. G, Clayton = - - 99 and 119 C. Milburn - - . 118
CoaTHAM MARSHES AND THE WiLD Duck Drcoy THAT FORMERLY EXISTED THERE (Illustrated)—R. Lofthouse - 100-105
ORNITHOLOGIOAL NorEs FROM CLEVELAND AND TEES Mouth —,
C. Milburn - 106-110, 114-118 Do. Do. R. G. Clayton - 111-112, 119
Do. Do. R. Lofthouse : 112-113
A rew Notes oN LEPIDOPTERA THAT HAVE BEEN RECORDED FOR THE CLEVELAND DISTRICT DURING PAST YEARS— T. Ashton Lofthouse 120-126
CLEVELAND LEpimpopTERA, 1899-1900—T. Ashton Lofthouse - 127-144 SourH DurHam LxpiporTerRA, 1899-1900—W. Sachse - = 144° A Nascent SpEoIES—W. Sachse - ee - 145-147
COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND, 1899-1900— 2 M. Lawson Thompson - 147-153
RaInFALL oF CLEvELAND—Rev. John Hawell, M.A.,F.G.S. Sura De
CLEVELAND NaTurAuists’ FirLp Cius. SecreTary’s REPORTS, 1899-1900 : 3 ° 2 = - a 155-167
ILLUSTRATIONS.—Frontispiece, Portrait of the late Canon Atkinson, M.A., D.C.L.; Effigy found at Normanby, 80; Sketch of Seal, 87; Teal Ducks, 100; Plan of
Coatham Wild Duck Decoy, 101; Sketch View — se
Coatham Duck Decoy as existing in 1887 - 105.
On LOE rs. KOO.
President : Mr. T. F. Warp Vice=Presidents : Rev. J. Hawent, M.A., F.G.S. Mr. H. Simpson Mr. R. LorrHouse » W.H. THomas » od M. Mesk, M.A. Dr. W. Y. Vertcu, F.G.S. Committee : Miss CaLvEer? j Mr. J. A. Jonzs, B.Sc. » YOUNG » J. W. R. Puncn Mr. R. G. Cuayton » W. SacHsz
‘hon, Treasurer: Mr. T. F. Warp, Park Road South, Middlesbrough. Sectional Secretaries: Archeology—Mr. R. LorrHousE Botany—Mr. T. F. Warp Conchology-—Rev. J. Hawett, M.A., F.G.S8. Entomology—Mr. T. A. LorrHousE Geology—Dr. Vuttcu, F.G.S. Ornithology and Mammalogy—Mr. R. G. Cuayton Microscopy—Mr. H. Simpson on, Secretary: Mr. T. A. Lorrnouss, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
ton. Assistant Secretary: Mr. Frank ELGEE.
Past Prestoents:
1881—Mr. W. x VeitcH, M.R.C.S. 1892—Mr. R. LorrHousE
1882— 1893—Mr. T. D. Ripiey 1883—Mr. J. 8. CALVERT 1894—Mr. ANGUS MAcPHERSON 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp 1895—Rev. J. Hawett, M.A. 1885— Do. 1896— Do. 1886—Mr. Ancus MAcPHERSON 1897—Mr. J. M. MEEK 1887— Do. 1898—Mr. W. H. THomas 1888—Mr. J. M. MreEk 1899— Do.
1889—Mr. W. Y. Verrcn, M.R.C.S. 1900—
Do. 1891—Rev. J. HaweEtt, M.A.
Do. 1901—Mr. T. F. Warp
CANON ATKINSON, M.A., D.C.L, Born May 9ru, 1814. Diep Marcu 31sz, 1900.
It seems desirable that some mention should be made in the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club of the life-work of one who wrote a “History of Cleveland,” who was a very able naturalist, and who was, moreover, an honorary member of the Cleveland Club.
Born in Essex, in 1814, John Christopher Atkinson proceeded in due course to St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1838. He was ordained deacon in 1841, and priest in 1842, by the Bishop of Hereford. From 1843 to 1846 he held a curacy at Scarborough, and became vicar of Danby in 1847. Here he laboured successfully as a parish priest for 53 years, and his tireless energy led him into avenues of labour and investigation quite apart from the work attaching to his cure, and his keen intellect ensured for what- ever he undertook a large measure of success.
He found, for example, that the people among whom he had come to dwell spoke a dialect which differed materially from standard English. The acuteness with which he observed, and the assiduity with which he collected, the words and expressions and pronunciations of the dwellers in Cleveland, resulted, in 1868, in the publication of that very notable volume, “A Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect,” which is, perhaps, at the same time, the best English local glossary that has ever been written, and that one of Canon Atkinson’s works on which his reputation will especially rest in the distant future. The numercus tumuli or houes scattered over the Cleveland Moors also strongly arrested his attention, and ultimately, in conjune- tion with Canon Greenwell, he investigated large numbers of these. In fact, nothing within the range of his eye and ear, whether it belonged to the domain of the antiquary or to the realm of the naturalist, escaped his intelligent appreciation. Whether the thing observed were an uncommon bird, or a dis- interred fragment of “Old Whitby,” he forthwith discerned its precise significance, and learnt from it for future use whatso- ever it had to teach.
54
It has occurred to me that I could, perhaps, best perform the task which I have in hand by drawing somewhat upon my personal recollections of Canon Atkinson, and by incorporating material contained in letters which at one time or another I received from him.
I first made his acquaintance in the spring or early summer of 1880, when I had recently come into Cleveland, and when, though living nine miles away, he walked across the moors to callon me. An upright, good-looking man, with intelligent eye, pleasant voice, and hair growing grey, he sat on the edge of a chair, as though not in the slightest degree tired, and dis- coursed very affably. In the following autumn I accepted his invitation to the Danby Harvest Home, where I saw him in the midst of a people who evidently thought much of their vicar. Perhaps the most interesting visit I ever paid to him at Danby was in April, 1884, when I took with me my friend the late Rev. R. E. Hooppell. LL.D., D.C.L., Rector of Byers Green. Atkinson was then about to be married for the third time, and the vicarage was in the hands of workpeople, so that it was with difficulty that the three of us could find sitting accommo- dation in the study in which the furniture properly belonging to sundry other rooms was piled up. Hooppell had a reputation as an antiquary, but the conversation turned principally on local antiquities, and Atkinson, being on:his.own ground, rather mercilessly snubbed Hooppell when he ventured to express an opinion different from his own, and turned his conversation to me as though I knew more of such matters than my companion. Still he was particularly kind to us both, and gave us luncheon, and afterwards walked to the station with us. His wide and accurate knowledge of local things gave to his conversation a peculiar zest in the estimation of one interested in the neigh- bourhood, and he was fond of telling strangers stories of the Cleveland he first knew, and the old legends of the locality. I think it was on the occasion of the visit I have just mentioned, when he had been telling us some of these old-world stories, that I asked him whether he had ever published any account of the matters of which he had been discoursing to us, and on receiving an answer in the negative, I suggested that he certainly ought to see that his knowledge of them was preserved in some permanent form. Later the influence of others led to this being done by the publication of that most popular of his books ‘Forty Years in a Moorland Parish.”
’ The last time I visited him was on the occasion of his “Jubilee” in 1897. He had then been fifty years Vicar of Danby,
55
and a special Service was held in the Church, at which the Bishop of Beverley preached. Atkinson was then getting very feeble, and there was many a watery eye in the Church, as, in a broken voice, he pronounced the Benediction at the close of the Service. From the Church we adjourned to the school room for tea, and afterwards a presentation was made to their venerable vicar by the parishioners.
As I have mentioned already, Atkinson wrote a “ History of Cleveland.” Most unfortunately, however, this work was never published in its entirety. It was to consist of two volumes, but only a little more than half has seen the light, though the whole was actually written. Histories of Cleveland had been published previously by Graves in 1808, and by Ord in 1846. To the late Mr H. W. F. Bolckow, M.P. for Middlesbrough, there occurred the idea that there ought to be a new History of Cleveland—or rather, the History of a New Cleveland—the Cleveland which, as a pioneer of the iron industry, he had been largely instru- mental in making. He accordingly summoned to his residence at Marton Hall, Joseph Richardson, printer, of Barrow-in-Fur- ness, who was then issuing a work entitled, ‘‘ Furness, Past and Present.” Richardson, however, expressed his unwillingness to undertake a work on “ Cleveland ” until his ‘‘ Furness’’ should be completed. Mr. Bolckow replied that he supposed it was merely a matter of money. Richardson confessed that that was so, and Mr. Bolckow thereupon undertook to supply whatever money was needed, and on that understanding Richardson took the matter in hand. Shortly afterwards Mr. Bolckow gave Richardson a cheque for £200, saying “If the work is well done you shall have sufficient to turn your hand in.” Atkinson under- took to supply the manuscript, but, tor some reason or other, he appears to have made a difficulty subsequently about doing this, On the advice of Mr. Bolckow, who undertook to pay the ccsts, Richardson brought an action against Atkinson to compel him to furnish the MSS. The case came on for trial at the Liverpool Assizes in 1872. On the advice of the Judge, however, a juror was withdrawn, and the case was settled in court. The reason for his giving this advice was that the case was one which could not be settled at Liverpool, but would have to be sent to London to be adjudicated upon, and that this would involve great ex- pense. The judge gave it as his private opinion that there was no agreement. It was arranged that each party should pay their own costs, and that Atkinson should receive £6 instead of £5 per part. The agreement drawn up in court, and approved by the counsel on either side, was a much more stringent one upon
56
Richardson than the one which Mr. T. T. Trevor, of Guisbrough, Atkinson’s solicitor, had previously been trying to get Richardson to sign. Mr. Boleckow paid Richardson’s costs, amounting to £259. Atkinson’s costs were less than one-fourth of that sum. In the ‘‘ Yorkshire Bibliographer,” edited by Mr. Horsfall Turner (vol. I., pp. 184-186), 1888, is an article, inspired by Richardson, giving some account of this matter. After speaking of the trial above-mentioned, the following passage occurs :—“ The work was then proceeded with, but the £200 Mr. R. had at the commence- ment was all the money he received for the bona fides of the work, with the exception of the £60 he paid Mr. Atkinson for the balance of the MSS., after 19 parts had been issued, at a cost of Mr. Richardson of about £3,500. When Mr. Bolckow was removed by death the MSS. for the completion of the work passed into the hands of his heir, Mr. Carl Bolekow, and are still in his possession, though Mr. Richardson has offered to complete the work at his own cost if the MSS. for the nine remaining parts are handed to him. This Mr. Carl Bolckow refuses to give up, unless Mr. Richardson will pay him the £60 the late Mr. Bolckow paid Mr. Atkinson.”
In 1892 I called Atkinson’s attention to this statement, and remarked that if the completion of his ‘t History of Cleveland” depended upon a sum of £60, the amount could, no doubt, easily be raised. He replied that he had never heard that Mr. Bolckow wanted £60 as a condition of giving up the MSS. He said, “The arrangement—articles of agreement between the late Mr. Bolekow and myself, drawn up by Mr. W. C. Trevor, are in my possession, as also Mr. Bolckow’s assent to them ; and Mr. Carl Bolekow might make such a reply to Mr. Richardson’s application (which I had reason to believe either would be or had been made), though I do not think it likely he would answer so, inasmuch as his uncle’s arrangement with me was that if the book was not completed within twelve months of the delivery of the MSS. to his keeping, the said MSS. was to be returned to me. Any way, under the existing written agreement or arrangement—for it was never made formal, or of legal force, inasmuch as it was never stamped, and otherwise publicly accredited—it would have been somewhat strange if any mention of £60, or any other sum, for the return of the MSS. had been made in the lengthened series of communications passing between Mr. C. Bolckow and my solicitor, or any one else acting on my behalf ; and as far as my knowledge, or even suspicion, extends, no hint of anything of the kind ever took place. It was by reason of Mr. Richardson’s inability to continue the publication
“4 of
of the work, and my taking legal steps to annul the agreement between Richardson and myself, which steps were only not com- pleted, that Mr. Bolekow intervened, a fact which, as well as Mr. Richardson’s bankruptcy (repeated, moreover), bas some little bearing on any ‘offer’ made by the latter to ‘complete the work at his own cost.’ It was in allusion to this ‘inability’ that Mr. Carl Bolckow, on the only occasion on which I had any personal communication with him, said to me in the presence and hearing of the late Dr. Gardner, of Skelton—we three having travelled together from York to Picton, and been talking a good deal about the completion of the book—‘ Well, if it can’t be done at Barrow, at all events it shall be done at Middlesbrough.’ As touching Mr. Bolckow’s assent to the arrangement, I give copy of it from letter dated 8th June, 1877, now open before me :— ‘T am favoured with your letter, and am prepared to carry out the arrangement which Mr. Trevor and I agreed upon when I had the pleasure of seeing him here. I do not think there is any hurry in sending me the last ten MSS. parts,’ which were sent, however, a few days after. The letter here acknowledged was my letter accompanying Mr. Trevor’s draft of agreement, slightly modified by me as requested, if I saw necessary.” Ina subsequent letter Mr. Atkinson says, “ I sent you copy of the opening sentences of Mr. Bolckow’s letter of 8th June, 1877. The closing ones run thus :—* He’ (Mr. Richardson), ‘says he is equally anxious to complete the book as soon as possible, as he has over £1,000 sunk in it.’ In R’s private letters to myself, all of which I have, the sum ‘sunk’ varies amusingly between £1,500 and £3, 000. In the ‘ Yorkshire Bibliographer’ it is £3, 500.” Writing the following day (March 9th), Mr. Atkinson said, ‘J tried very hard, and for a considerable period of time, first and last, to obtain the remaining MSS. from Mr. Bolckow, but even for the purpose of correction, emendation, addition, and so fcrth, he was not to be moved. He had recourse to the method of declining to acknowledge Mr. W. C. Trevor’s letters even, and I personally have never had a single response from ‘him. As far as I can remember, our last distinct effort was to propose a meeting between myself and Mr. Bolckow, each to bring his legal adviser, if Mr. Bolekow so elected, and so and then consider the whole matter, with my legal agreement with Richardson, and the written terms of agreement with his uncle, and the written assent of the latter to them before us. And the immediate occasion of this proposition was that Mr. Bolckow’s avowed locus standi in his demur to give up the MSS. was that he was not assured as to Richardson’s claim to the copyright not being a valid one. This was the ground he took, and, as you will
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see, it totally excludes any idea of a money consideration for the surrender. . . Looking back on the whole affair with toler- able coolness I cannot see what step additional to, or better than, those actually taken with a view to obtain the, even temporary, repossession of the MSS. could have been adopted. It would take me at least a year of very close work to bring the book up to the standard of my present knowledge and judgment; and for the last four or five years I confess that I have not hankered after such an addition to the work that has been upon me; and I am afraid that now if Mr. B. himself took the initiative, and said, ‘ Bring out a new edition totally at my cost,’ I should hesi- tate about committing myself to the labour.” It appears, there- fore, that Atkinson’s “History of Cleveland” will never be completed, and that students of local history will have to be content with Vol. I., issued in 1874, (with three numbers of the second and concluding volume) in which only a portion of the district is dealt with.
In sharp contrast with this aborted birth was the publica- tion of “ Forty Years in a Moorland Parish” in 1891. Apart from other considerations it could hardly be otherwise in the hands of a man like Mr. George Macmillan. The fate of the “ History ” had cost Atkinson many an angry word, but he was delighted with the reception accorded to “Forty Years.” I had been in correspondence with him touching some of the matters dealt with in the book, and particularly in Appendix E., and he had forwarded to me some of the “proof” before the book came out. When the volume was in the hands of the public the pleasure given him by its ready appreciation found expression in his letters. On April 26th, 1891, he wrote: “There is a perfectly spontaneous notice of my ‘Forty Years’ in yesterday’s ‘Times.’ Neither I nor Macmillan had looked for it, and he is proportionately gratified. It strikes the same note with Greenwell’s remark when he knew I had undertaken the writing, and with George Macmillan’s expressed anticipa- tion.” On May 16th he remarked ‘“ You may like to hear that ‘Forty Years’ is almost sold out, Macmillan & Co. tell me this morning. They have written to recall unsold copies here, and the second thousand is already in the printer’s hands.”
I had written pointing out the misprint of “ Flyingdales ” for “ Fylingdales,” on page 398 of ‘Forty Years,”’ and he replied under date May 20th, ‘‘I thank you for pointing out to me the Flyingdales erratum, and all the more that it is in time for alteration in the second edition now printing as fast as can be effected, the-first edition being quite sold out... .. My proofs
ae ial
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and revises were read and re-read by myself, by Mr. G. Macmillan, and by Mr. J. Dykes Campbell, not to mention my less experienced daughter, and yet this [error] and another of a date (p. 266—1164 for 1064) escaped us all.”* On May 25th, he forwarded to me the following extract from a letter from Mrs. J. R. Green :—“I have been quite delighted with your charming book, which I have read from end to end with unflagging pleasure and interest. The charm of the narrative, the grace of description, the variety of interest, the extra- ordinary minute and _ restless observation, the bigness and wonder of the world as seen in this little corner of a little island—I don’t know which of these things or a hundred others delighted me most. As a picture of what a clergyman’s life and work may be it is really illuminating and stimulating. What a vast world lies around him—or any of us—if we will but walk in at its open gates. For my own little private enjoyment I found much satisfaction in your Appendices—in A and D; andin B. I was intensely interested in that glimpse of what the ‘letting down’ of a town indicates ; and I greatly hope that your suggestion may lead to more work being done in this direction. It would be an invaluable addition to our under- standing of past changes in England. As to your account of the first settlement of the district, you seem to me to have conclusively proved your point. It is a most suggestive instance of the services local knowledge has to render to general history... Bees I don’t care how many more Appendices you add ; for all these historical hints are most useful. I don’t find, for instance, anything about the mark of which you told me. Perhaps it is to appear elsewhere? But why not in an Appendix also, even if in some other place too ?” Referring to this letter, Mr. Atkinson says “ That such an accomplished historian as she is should take so decided a view as to my theory touching the first settlement of the district (or rather, I should say, considerable portions of it), is to me very gratifying. It was there that I expected attack if anywhere.” A few days later he wrote, “In my preface to the second edition I have a few words on the commenness of Cleveland words and idioms with the words and idioms of other districts.” By the 22nd of June following he was able to report ‘“ More than one half of the second edition of ‘Forty Years’ has been already sold.” In fact the book was very well received, and was deserving of the reception accorded to it, though not without defects. For example, the
*Tt was his rule never to print anything without having the proofs read by two others besides himself—one for the mere printer’s errors, the other for the Archeology, ete.
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way in which he spoke of his predecessor in the cure of Danby was strongly resented by the surviving members of his family. His suggestion too, on page 177, that Ord’s ‘‘ British Dwellings ” on Rosebury Topping may be jet workings, though they occur in the zone of Ammonites margaritatus, and his peculiar ideas regarding the formation of the branch valleys in Eskdale, would have been better omitted. His supposition of a lake occupying Eskdale is, however, very shrewd, and the actual existence of a glacial lake there has been curiously ascertained by recent geological invest’gation. As he once observed to me, “there is latent history at almost every turn in this north-country district of ours,” and his readings of this history were usually very correct so far as the light of his time could make them so. As Griffith says of Cardinal Wolsey,.“‘he was a scholar and a ripe and good one.”
Writing on May 28th, 1891, Atkinson said:—‘ The Appendix E.—Domesday Difficulties—was written without any intention that it should come in asa section in my book. Indeed I hardly think the book was fully projected. The real occasion was the desire to try and clear up the apparent difficulty both as to Danby itself, and as to Camisedale as well, and I am now, after having sent off my paper to the editor of the Reliquary, taking up and rewriting the conclusion of Appendix GC, as it originally stood.” The Camisedale and Greenhow difficulty was a matter regarding which I had much correspondence with Atkinson. The paper just referred to was printed in the Reliquary Vol. vi., No. 2, April, 1892, pp. 70, ef seq.
In this he mentions how in the Domesday Recapitulatio Camisedale is placed between Engelbi and Broctun (that is Ingleby and Broughton). This is the actual position of Green- how, which is not mentioned in Domesday Book. But two centuries later, in Kirkby’s Inquest, we have mention of Kemes- dayll juxta Greneowe. According to the Domesday Record Engelbi had seven carucates all of which were ‘ King’s land.” In Camisedale there were five carucates which were ‘ King’s land,” three in the fee of the Earl of Mortain, and one held by Hugh Fitz Baldric—nine in all. In the preceding parts of the Domesday Record we find among the notices of ‘‘ King’s land” ‘“‘ M. in Camisedale Ulchel y. car ad geld. Terra ad ii carucas xs,” but in the account of the Earl of Mortain’s fee there is no mention of Camisedale, though the entry relating to Hugh Fitz Baldric’s carucate is there all right. Atkinson gives reason for supposing that the Earl of Mortain’s portion of Camisedale passed to the Meinill family. The Jnquwest states that an annual
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payment arising out of three carucates of land in “‘ Kemesdayll juxta Greneowe” had been, withheld from the king by the act of Robert de Mennell, grandfather to Nicholas de Mennell (the regnant baron) from the time of King John. Atkinson argues that “when we meet with the two names ‘ Engilby juxta Grenehowe’ and ‘Kemesdayll juxta Grenehowe,’ we are justified in assuming (at least in inferring), first, that Camise- dale has a like juxta-position to Greenhow that Ingleby has Senge ; and second, that the Greenhow named must have been conspicuous if an object, well known if a ‘vill.”’” <As Greenhow is not mentioned in Domesday it is clear that there was no vill of Greenhow, areal or territorial, or in the group of houses sense at that time, and in the Inquest list of ninety- seven vi/le in the Langbargh Wapentake ‘“Engilby juxta Greneowe is named, but Greneowe itself is only named as a place, or, more likely, an object.” But a century before the date of the Inquest there is mention of a “‘territorium de Grenehou.” In the time of King Edward III. we find the term “villa” applied to Greenhow. But it is evident that as late as 1285 there was a clear distinction between Kemesdayll and Grenehowe. Atkinson goes on to argue that the name *“Greenhow”” may probably not be derived from the ‘‘ How Hill” in the present township of Greenhow, which hill he belittles much more than is just, but rather from the feature made by the steep scarp of the moor bank in this locality—that in fact, the word was originally ‘“‘Greenhaugh.” But he acknowledges that he has no real evidence for his contention, although the name is so spelled at a somewhat late date in the Ingleby Register. He concludes, “ The inference seems to me to be not only natural, or even inevitable, but overwhelmingly convincing, that the name Greenhow may effectively be described as an interloping usurper, claiming and arrogating to itself by a series of successive encroachments the right of distinguishing the lands, the territorial area, that had been previously called by the name Camisedale, or the later Kemesdale,” and he continues, “Tn his introduction to the Ingleby Greenhow Registers, Mr. Hawell remarks, at page v., that Greenhow is not mentioned in Domesday, ‘but may be represented by Camisedale.’ As is seen by what I have written above, I am disposed to go a great deal further than that, and indeed to assert my view that Camisedale must be represented by Greenhow.” His general conclusion is that Greenhow was originally the name of an object rather than of a place. “ After a space, we see the name of the object beginning to be applied with an areal or territorial sense, and that the area or territory implied is identifiable with
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that part of what is now Greenhow which then comprised the district granted to Rievaulx, together with lands, already more or less cleared, lying to the north of the said district. One part, however, up to 1285, retains the name Kemesdayll-juxta- Greneowe, and the much more than merely probable synony- mousness of the names Camise and Botton—the former being, doubtless, an original camas or camus—most likely indicates the exact portion of the district last absorbed by the name now universally applied to the whole district in question.” If Atkinson be right, the three carucates in Kemesdayll, on which Robert de Mennell declined to pay the king’s dues, were situate in what is now Greenhow Botton, and as he suggests these were not improbably the same three carucates which were in the fee of the Earl of Mortain at the date of the Domesday Record. The Botton District is not very well defined at the present day,. but there would clearly be room for them there.
Atkinson’s conclusion that ‘‘ Camise”’ is ‘‘ doubtless an origi- nal camas or camus” is possibly rather lacking in caution. He puzzled long over the meaning of the name. Writing on May 22nd, 1891, he said, ‘‘ I cannot, so far, after years of thought as well as study and enquiry, arrive at anything like a satisfactory philological origin of Camisedale. There is no fixed element, either phonological or philological, to get a firm grasp of. It may have been Cameesdale in sound, or Camisdale. The loca- tion is comparatively simple.” He had written two days pre- viously to enquire as to the exact local application of the name May-beck (or Me-beck, as it is written in the Hexham “ Black Book”). At a later time he dropped upon the word Camus, for the meaning of which he referred me to Joyce’s Irish Place Names, or Sir Herbert Maxwell’s two books on Scottish Names, much of them due to Joyce (Joyce, second series, p. 397). On January 24th, 1896, he wrote, “I am disposed to think my iden- tification of Camisedale with Greenhow Botton holds good. I don’t know if you are acquainted with Crunkley Gill in this parish, near Lealholm Station. I have been snubbed by one or two of my really learned friends for suggesting that the crombe in the Domesday form of the old name was possibly Celtic. Here is the Celtic camas, and Celtic of the same family. They tell me that such cases are only cases of survival, as adoptions. My question is, ‘ Whence adopted ?’”
Dr. Atkinson consulted me as to the status of Greenhow as a constituent portion of the parish of Ingleby Greenhow now and in the past. I was able to inform him that in modern times it had the status of a township precisely like the other two
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townships of the parish, viz., Ingleby and Battersby. From 1764 downwards each of these townships had its separate over- seer, constable and churchwarden. But I was not able to trace the state of things back to an earlier time. Writing on May 28th, 1891, Atkinson says, ‘‘I am satisfied that Greenhow was neither an ‘ ancient manor’ nor an ‘ ancient township.’ :
I have seen nothing to lead me to think that the words ‘ manor,’ ‘manorial’ are in any other way applicable to Greenhow than in the way they are applicable to Lealholm in my own parish, if so much. Lelum was at least a special manorial dependency— Greenhow was not, at least under that name. Assuming that it was, in any sense, wnder another name, still it must have been of a non-descript kind, the dependency being not on one definite or capital manor, but it might even be (though I do not think so; the subject is too difficult and uncertain for my knowledge), on three. I do know that the Whorlton manor embraced certain sub-manors, though how many I do not know, each of which had true ancient manorial status and rights. And I infer that this was true of the Eure barony too, or at least may have been. 5 Many, if not most, of the maneria in Domesday were simply what I have, I remember, in one place styled ‘predial domiciles.” Meinell’s manerium in Greenhow was unquestion- ably neither more nor less. It could be watched as a dog watches a rabbit-hole.” The reference here is to the trial of Will. Laty- mer and others for forcible entry on the Free Chace of Nich. de Meynell at Greenhow and chasing, shooting and taking his deer [Yorksh. Assize Rolls, No. 1104, etc ] dated May 10, 1305. First they watch his residence (manerium) for a length of time with the intention of killing him if they can catch him, and, failing that, go away into his free chace, etc., as above. In a letter dated April 8th, 1891, Atkinson says, “‘ Nicholas de Mei- nill’s maneriwm in Greenhow appears to have been merely a temporary, or rather ‘occasional’ residence ; or it may be no more than the site of his predial interest there. . . And, as far as I have any evidence, there was no other manor in or apper- taining to Greenhow. I do not say that there was no manor of Greenhow ; but simply that I have no evidence of its existence, and that at present I do not believe it ever existed De Meinill’s manerium of 1305 was a place, and a place only, and was probably neither more nor Jess than Danby (more accurately Dawnay) Lodge is to Lord Downe now, viz., a sporting, occasional residence.” He quoted a letter of Sir Fr. Pollock, in which he said, ‘ man- ertum is constantly as much a physical thing as messuagium.” Writing on February 6th, 1890, while he was staying with Mr. George Macmillan in London, he said, ‘* The ancient manerium is
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a question I find of growing interest and importance in the minds of the workers dealing with it. Ihad a long talk with one of those writers last night, and I am in correspondence with the editor of perhaps the most important recent book on certain branches of the subject, and on all hands I am asked to continue my own local part of the enquiry. Mrs. J. R. Green last night was most emphatic on the subject, and I shall, I hope, be able to go on after my return to Danby next week. . . Camisedale comes in as subsidiary to other and clearer cases affecting the theory of the ancient manor.” Writing under date December 9th, 1889, Atkinson said, ‘‘The Camisedale enquiry is one that has occupied my mind for these twenty-five or thirty years, and I was in correspondence with Sir Henry James about the perplexing entries—or rather one of them—which involve the name among those under the heading of ‘ Terra Hugonis filii Baldrici’ as long ago as January, 1863. Why there should be two entries instead of one is a mystery ; and it is a great misfortune that the last of them cannot be exactly read by reason of what Sir Henry calls ‘a blotch of scattered ink.’ [ do not think the accepted reading is right, and the authority just quoted speaks of it as ‘doubtful by reason of the blotch.’ My impression very strong- ly is that the name which has been read Broctun is not perhaps meant for Broctun, but that it involves a mistaken entry of the Kemesdayll three carucates as to their being in Fitz Baldric’s fee ; and that consequent on this mistake arose the necessity for a second notice of the same lands, and, of course, a corrected one. On this theory I can make all things harmonise save only two bovates, and I can see where that discrepancy originates ; at least it appears so to me.” Two days later he writes, “ Touching Camisedale :—nine carucates have to be accounted for, and the Kemesdayll is juata not in Greneowe. . . Compare, too, the carucateage of Camisedale, Ingleby, Broctun, and Broctun alia or magna. Compare also the areas of Ingleby, Greenhow and Battersby inter se, and with Kirby and Broughton. The compo- sition of the relative fees of Meinill and Eure, and necessarily of Baliol, all have to be considered ; and the connection between Baliol and a—if not the—great predecessor in the tenancy of the fees afterwards held by Baliol and Eure, wants sadly to be cleared up. None of these old pedigrees hold water when examined. Most of them are sheer romance in perhaps the majority of the earlier generations, and I am sure that there is a great addition to be made to our information as to the earlier tenentes—or one of them—of the fees in Cleveland afterwards held by the Baliols. Ihave in my possession the seal of one such lord, Guido de Bovincourt, or, as the name is spelt on the seal, Bovencorh.
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The Henry de Percy de Battersby has never been cleared up yet. Graves’ statement that he belonged to the Kildale Percy family is, no doubt, right.* . . . . The study of the relative areas accounted for as cultivable in the Domesday returns, and its comparison with the inferential or ascertainable condition, agriculturally, in the case of our various manors, townships, etc., is a matter of most difficult investigation, but it is at least of equal interest and value. But very few think of it. Some of my conclusions, so far as I have gone, are rather start- ling. To the said investigation I am adding the results of an agricultural acquaintance with the nature of the soil, etc., in almost every field in my parish. Have you any idea, or made any calculations, as to what was—or what was not—cultivable or cultivated at the Domesday date, and of the reasons why in either case? It is a curious, but instructive, enquiry.”
Under date of April 20th, 1891, he writes “ The ‘Manor’ question, as it affects and is affected by the History of Whorlton and its barons (and mediately therefore Greenhow), is one of no ordinary difficulty, perplexity, and obscurity. 1 know a certain amount, and I infer a certain amount, and as I am singularly fortunate as regards the somewhat analogous case of Danby, by reason of certain absolute ‘landmarks’ to act as guides, my inferences may perhaps some day (if I am spared) be verified — if not they will be corrected. I refer of course to the ancient ‘manor.’ So called ‘ manors’ of comparatively recent creation are another matter. And then the fact that there was a Seneschal at Whorlton is one that needs more attention than it has yet met with.”
On January 38rd, 1890, he wrote, “There is more matter for curious and cautious speculation and research in the early or pre-medieval history of your parish than in the case of nine out of ten, perhaps nineteen out of twenty, of the parishes in Cleveland. I can see the way, possibly, up to a certain point ; but what is wanted is such a mass of statistics as would be given by either leases or conveyances of three centuries old. Earlier still Inquisitiones post mortem, and of both Meinills and Balliols, and the Eures as well, would quite certainly give up interesting details.”
On an earlier page I have quoted a letter from Mrs. J. R. Green in which she expresses her extreme interest in what
* The Kildale Percys held lands in Battersby long after this—until 1501 at least.
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Atkinson had told her about his investigations respecting the “mark.” Commenting on her words Atkinson says, “I was talking on this subject with Professor Earle and Sir Frederick Pollock when in London and Oxford early in the year, and their ‘interest was equal to Mrs. Green’s. Only I cannot quite gather all my clues together yet. Your ‘Esby marche’ is of interest, and I am not sure Aystangarth may not give up another ‘illustration. There was as much a meare-mot there as at a place near Scarborough, where in the 13th Century I know the name was written markemod, markmote, mearcmot, etc.’ In the following month (June 15th, 1891), he wrote, “When at Bolton Hall the week before last, while reading a variety of ancient documents with Mr. H. Powlett (to ensure the accuracy of the transcript), I came on a further illustration of the term marca, marka, marcha, as in the ‘Esby marche’ you quote, and of further terms of the same nature. You would see that Mrs. Green was interested in the questions involved, and I cannot but think it likely that some further illustration may have existed in your district, if it does not now.” He sent me a drawing of ‘an enclosure of land which lay in two different townships. “That enclosure had a marked name at the early date named [six centuries ago] and retains a survival of it still. “The name in question was marke mot, marke mod, etc. It ‘occurs in five separate deeds which I transcribed twenty “years ago or thereabouts. The meaning of the name, which is evidently identical. with Kemble’s alleged mearemot, is, in ‘that case, tolerably clear. Now your Aistangarthes is, I think; beyond dispute, an enclosure of the same nature, I mean part in one parish, part in another, and there ought to be, or has been, a mark or march there also. Have you ever met with any trace of it?.” I had before this come to the conclusion that the old name Aistangarthes is represented by the present day field-name ‘“ Hasty Garths.” The enclosure so called is situate just below the junction of May Beck with Ingleby. Beck, abutting on the Easby boundary, and only separated by one field from the boundary of Little Broughton. No doubt the name would be applied originally to a larger area. Writing on May 20th, 1891, Atkinson says “‘ As to Aystangarth I have little or no doubt as to its approximate position. There is one fact alone which settles it to within less than half-a-mile ; another, which, with the other, probably fixes it within much less than that.” On June 22nd he wrote, ‘‘Esby marche is a great fact, and I wish I could actualise the possibly greater one latent (perhaps) in Aystangarthes.” A year later, on June 22nd, 1892, he wrote “ Aystangarthes was not where you put it between
st] rerum
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Easby and Ingleby. but part in Ingleby and part in Broughton.” I replied that the o iginal Aystangarthes in all probability adjoined both Broughton and Easby By return of post he said, “The Broughton part of Aystangarthes was in Little Broughton, which, (unless I am mis-informed) does not extend to the Easby ‘marches ’.’’ To this I responded that the Broughton adjoining Easby was Little Broughton. Atkinson, however, rightly or wrongly, eventually gave up his opinion that in the name Aystangarthes there was probably latent a very interesting bit of old history, and came to the conclusion that it was simply due to a personal name. On January 27th, 1896, he wrote pointing out that the place-name Asenby, in the parish of Topcliffe, is in Domesday written Estanesbi, and later Aystenby, Estanby, Aystanby. The old Scandinavian personal name Eysteinn is common enough in old records, sagas, etc., and no less than a dozen men of this name are chronicled in the Landndmabok alone. It was no wonder if two or three persons of the name found their way into England, and gave their names to their lands. ‘Thus Aystandale, even with the (as we call it now- adays) ‘cockney’ h stuck on to it, is fully accounted for.”
In the early days of the year 1890, in the course of a correspondence regarding the meaning of local place names, I ealled Atkinson’s attention to the names ‘‘ Burrow Greens’’ and “Castle Hills ” occurring in the township of Easby. He replied, January 14th, 1890, ‘‘I have long been perplexed over the Castle Hills as well as Burrow Greens. There must have been (if no traces are extant) a considerable earthwork there—and likely analogous to Levington ‘Castle.’” A while afterwards, on making an excursion to the place, I discovered that an earthwork still existed there in a remarkably perfect state of preservation. This I described in the ‘‘ Yorkshire Weekly Post.” Atkinson was greatly interested and visited the spot at least three times in spite of his increasing infirmities. He also proceeded to make pilgrimages to other earthworks of like character of which he subsequently gave some account in the “ Weekly Post.”
Referring to the Easby earthwork he said, “It is of the same description, and approximately of the same date, as the so-called Castle from which Castle Levington takes its name ;” and in a communication to a member of the Cleveland Field Club, he says: ‘The day I was able to join the excursion party at Kildale, a few weeks ago, I succeeded in getting measurements of the Easby Castle Hill, which is a singularly interesting analogue of the Castle Levington ditto, for they are both on the verge of an exceedingly steep bankside, and have also had,
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if not have, an evident breastwork, with a deep ditch or trench on the land side.” Writing on December 8th, 1891, he said *‘ Burrow or burrows is but another alias or form of A. S. burh, Scand. borg, and in other parts of the North of England and in Scotland the more usual form is brough. One of the finest and most distinctive I am acquainted with in N. Yorkshire is in the parish of Aysgarth, where the inner mound, but slightly elevated above the general level, is surrounded by a perfect circular ditch or moat, and that again by a still nearly perfect vallum. There is another, but with the inner mound more considerably raised, in the Mulgrave Woods, very near the west end of them and the Foss Mill there. I was inspecting several works of the same kind in Galloway two or three weeks since—one very curious one on which the inner mound on the land side (it was girt by the sea on three-fifths of its circuit) was kept up by rude granite-block walling. But I doubted if this were really ancient as the mound was. One of our home finest specimens, however, is very near to Middleham Castle, for it shows distinctly the evidences of two out of the three phases a large number of these burhs have passed through. The very finest and most perfect of all I know is about two or three miles from Dalbeattie (the one by the sea side just named being about six miles from the same town but in the opposite direction). I think I know of 16 or 17 in Kirkcudbrightshire alone, the local name for them there being ‘ moat’ or ‘ moat-hill.’ The one three miles from Dalbeattie is ‘ moated’ in our English sense, but many of them are not, or not now traceably so. .. It is noteworthy that the Roman Road (on which the camp on Lease Rigg was placed, and which camp originated the High Burrows and Low Burrows Farms’ names), [near Danby], when last seen is aiming directly for Goldsborough, and that there is traditional mention of a large earthwork there. I look upon that as the site of the terminal Castra speculatoria to which the Roman Road led ”
On December 11th, 1889, he wrote urging me to make a systematic collection of the old field-names in the Parish of Ingleby. He said: ‘‘ Copy every field-name without exception, you can always eliminate afterwards. You will meet with dozens of ‘duplicates.’ No matter. The very redundancy of the same name may be instructive. It is absolutely true that, conversant with the history of my own parish as I was, I learned more from these counterparts of conveyances* than I had
* He had, during 1889, recovered about 1,500 field-names in the Parish of Danby (including Glaisdale) extant in 1656, and many of them still extant. He says, ‘No one knows what information of this kind yet exists, and but few know the actual value and interest of it.”
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supposed there was to know, and certainly got a livelier concep- tion ofmy own shortcomings than had ever been suggested before. And what I have learned has affected matters and conclusions of a much wider scope than merely the past of ene great parochial district. In fact, Iam obliged to modify conclusions which have been accepted as valid by Freeman, Green, Pitt Rivers, Earle, and others among my friends and correspondents. I am afraid I am too old to do what wants to be done, and which I could do now.”
Acknowledging a list of field-names occurring in the Parish of Ingleby, he said, December 28th, 1889, ‘‘ Although there are fewer—and by many—significant field-names in your list than I had supposed would be the case, even with so low a date as that given, still there are a few well worthy of note; and one among the chief of them is one I have some time since been inclined to claim as, perhaps, of great ethnological importance. I do not venture to say I am right. My theory will have to be tested by the scrutiny and criticism of the actual scholar. The word I refer tu is Wandales, spelt in your Jist ‘ Whandales,’ and occurring in Greenhow. As far as I can attain at present that term may, probably does, indicate no colonist-cultivating settlement in the place where it occurs earlier than a Scandinavian one. The word is essentially an agricultural term, and it is neither Engbish (Anglian), nor Saxon (Germanic, in that application). But it 2s old Danish, and exists in the same form and sense in my old friend Dean Rietz’ admirable Swedish Glossary. Bare scope disguises a good old Cleveland word, viz., ‘Scaup.’ Toft Hill, Tofts, Kirk Close, Kirk Bank, How Hill, Burton Hill, all pro- voke enquiry ; so also do Chapel Field, Chapel Garth—unless they clearly connect themselves with some Dissenting Chapel, which I hardly anticipate as likely. ‘Two Days’ Mowing,’ ‘Four Days’ Work,’ and all that class of names, are full of interest.”
The first list of Ingleby field names, which I submitted to Atkinson, was from a Field-book of the date of 1847. Sub- sequently the late Lord de L’Isle and Dudley very kindly lent me a Field-book of the date of 1764, and I was able to submit to Atkinson a few further names. Respecting one of these— Watelands—he remarks: ‘‘ There are two places in this Parish which were distinguished by that name from about the year 1200 (as I know—how much before I can’t say). One of them is still called Wedlands or Wetlands Head. Besides, I know of the occurrence of the same name in, I suppose, a dozen (may be twenty) other cases, all going back to from the thirteenth to the
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fifteenth century, and to be met with in almost as many Cleveland townships. It is one of the commonest open-field-system names, and it simply represents a modern form, ‘ wheatlands.’ The oldest form I have is hvedelandes, and the contained reference is to a long disused system of agriculture, which necessitated such names as wheatlands, linlands, beanlands, peselands, ryelands, haverlands, etc. This last name occurs in half-a-dozen different localities in Danby in my 1656 abstracts.”
In a field known as ‘Chapel Hill,” in Greenhow Botton, I discovered what appeared to be the foundations of an ancient capella, and Atkinson wrote, ‘The probability is that there were in medieval times chapels in every township. . . . There was a chapel even in Little Kildale, besides the parish church, srs There was a Capella B. Marie Virginis infra ecclesiam parochialem Omnium Sanctorum de Aton ; over and above the Chapels of Little Ayton, Newton and Nunthorp.”
From about 1150 downwards to the date of the Dissolution of Whitby Abbey, in the 16th century, the tithes, etc., belonging to the Ingleby benefice were in the hands of the Abbot and Monks of Whitby. How were the ‘‘duties” of the church taken during tbat interval? On January 28rd, 1891, Atkinson forwarded me the following scrap of information bearing on this enquiry : ‘‘There was an authentic ‘ Robertus Clericus,’ who paid to the Fifteenth, conceded to Edward I. in 1302, at Ingleby (Greenhow). I cannot undertake to say he was ‘ Clerk in Holy Orders.’ Probably he was, and, as paying in such case. resident.” Another scrap of local information received from Atkinson on April &th, 1891, was that ‘In 1806, the King’s highway from Broughton to Greenhow was called Scotstye.” And on the 25th of May following he expressed the very interesting opinion, “© You have the ‘letting-down’ of a town, as it strikes me, within your parochial district, though possibly your materials may not be ready to your hand.”
From a letter written by Dr. Atkinson to a member of the Field Club, on June 14th, 1893, I make the following extract : ‘‘ Hilton Church is one of the most interesting, remaining still in Cleveland. I have not seen it since it was ‘restored ’—for I think I heard of something of that sort a few years ago. There used to be most curious features in the chancel arch, which arch I had no doubt was a part of the original Norman Church, as well as the two doorways on the north and south (if L remember) sides of the Church. There were also unquestionable indications that the east end of the chancel had had an apsidal
71
form. . . . There are many banks or quasi-banks (as my memory serves me; it is 15 to 20 years since I was there with time to look about) at Hilton, which probably have a special interest of their own, and that in connection with considerations of medieval economy, which is not too usually thought of as. recognisable, much more interesting.”’
In 1889, I had printed the Ingleby Parish Register, into the introduction to which I had embodied extracts from certain documents contained in the Whitby Chartulary. On page IX. I had ventured to say, “‘ Dr. Atkinson draws the inference that’ this confirmation of Guy de Balliol took place before A.D. 1138, and the original grant, of course, still further back in time. But in so doing he is inconsistent, etc.” When my book ap- peared, he wrote to me endeavouring to maintain his own con- clusions, but re-examining the Baliol pedigree. On November 15th, 1889, he said, ‘The old existing pedigrees of Baliol are nearly worthless by reason of their being both notoriously im- perfect and incorrect as well. Plantagenet Harrison’s, which is at my side as I write, is as little to be depended upon as Dug- dale’s. By far the best Iam acquainted with is by Longstaffe, and certainly, compared with the others, is very good indeed. I am inclined to think that, so far as any part of my note [in the Whitby Chartalary] to Guido de Baliol’s confirmation depends on Dugdale’s genealogy of the family, it is not much better than waste paper. Thus, I know now that there was a Guy de Baliol, who, before 1120, gave three churches (Stokesley being one of them) to St Mary’s at York for the souls of his wife Dionisia and his nephew Bernard de Balliolo. I know, too, that there was an early Wimund de Baliolo who is said (in Dodsworth’s Collections) to have had issue Guy, Bernard, Joceline and Hawise, and who, beyond doubt, had a son Guy, and another son whose name does not transpire. This Guy, who was still living in 1112, and it 1s not (yet) known how much later, had issue a daughter Hawise, with whom we at Whitby or Ingleby have nothing to do. Guy’s unnamed brother had issue Bernard, Joceline and another son. This Bernard was still living in 1132, but was dead before 1158. By his wife Matilda he had a son Guy, who was acting as the head of the family in 1152; and, besides him, other two sons, viz., Ingelram and Bernard, who (the latter) married Agnes de Pincheneia, and made grants to Rievaulx sub- . sequently to 1161. This Bernard had a son Eustace, who in his turn gave being (among other children, I believe) to a Hugo de Baliol. The Guy first named, and his nephew Bernard whe suc- ceeded him in the Barony, and the Hugo named last of all, are. the three main Baliols concerned in the charters you have taken
72
from the Whitby Chartulary. Thereis, I believe, no more doubt about all this than about anything else that rests upon clear written evidence. Now, as Guy de Baliol, the first, was, it would appear to be certain, dead before 1132, you will see there is some reason for giving an early date to his eonfirmation of Adam FitzViel’s grant of the mill. The second Guy’s confirma- tion of his uncle’s and his father’s grants—about 1152—may be safely taken as dating his accession to the family estates, etc., and is too late for the Whitby deed. Who the clerical Hugo was does not appear. He may probably be accounted for on the same principal as that on which two Geoffreys de Percy existed, brothers (their names are both in one deed, if I remember), the explanation being that one was base-born, and took orders.” On December 9th following, he wrote, ‘ As to Guido de Baliol, I am unable to clear up all the difficulties, but I can see my way, I think. Iam clear as far as this—that he was the second baron of the name; that he was the son of the first Bernard, and brother—elder brother (as everything almost made me think when I wrote my note in the Whitby book, Dugdale & Co. to the contrary, notwithstanding) moreover—of the second Bernard. The elder Bernard was still living in, and it may be after, 1145. He gave a confirmation after this and before 1153. His son Guy, (elder brother of Bernard II, as aforesaid), confirmed his father’s gift to St. Mary, at York, ‘about 1152,’ as is concluded by Mr. Long-taffe—a man from whom I do not care to differ lightly in such matters. It is, however, possible that he may have become the head of the family before that, though not much before, and about the time of his brother’s succession we know nothing pre- cise. The grants to Rievaulx were made after, or (?) in, 1161; and he confirmed the grants of his father already, as previously, confirmed by his brother Guy, as late as between 1186 and 1189. If I can get a day at York before long I will examine the authority on which several of these statements are founded. But these facts are quite clear—that he (our Guy) was not the son, but the grandson of the Guy named by Dugdale; that he was the elder, not the younger brother of Bernard II. ; and that his con- firmation of Adam’s gift of Kirkby Church must date some- where between 1147 and (c.) 1152; also that he is not named by Dugdale at all. If all this is authentic, as I think it is, the Whitby deeds enable us to add two items to the genealogy— perhaps more, on enquiry. Your criticism as to the dates is mainly just.”
Discussing the date of the Cleveland Burial Mounds, Atkin- son writes, November 15th, 1889, “ Nearly twenty years ago, _and on the ground that, in the whole series of Cleveland inter-
73
ments I was then personally acquainted with (more than 100 in number), I had only found such and such indications of bronze, I tried to contend with Greenwell and others for an earlier date for some, at least, of these barrows. But I hadn't a Jeg to stand upon, and gave in az reasonable men do when they have proof that they are wrong, or even not right ; and every year's experi- ence has but served to prove more emphatically how absurd any other supposition is. . . Ihave been asked a hundred times, and a hundred times to that I dare say, what date I assigned as possible or probable to our Cleveland Barrows, and the answer I have given—and given to a score or two of enquirers within the last few weeks, in connection with the houe in Skutterskelf Park—has been, ‘ say 25 centuries ago,’ with the accompanying remark, usually, that all attempts to answer such a question must necessarily be vague. . . I remember once, when much pressed for a more definite answer, if it was possible to give one, giving such an answer. The enquirer was the late Bishop of Lincoln, who came here to pay mea visit. He had been inspect- ing, and was still busy with interest in, my somewhat consider- able as well as interesting and valuable series of urns and other matters derived from the Cleveland grave-mounds. He asked the usual question just noted, and I answered in my usual man- ner. He was barely content, and pressed me by repeated ques- tions, and at last I said I ventured, as my own view only, and as the result of speculation almost more than legitimate induction, to assign a possible age of 28 or 80 centuries, and I concluded with, ‘ But you know, my lord. this is only my private notion of what may ke possible.’ His reply was, ‘I had rather have your theories than most other men’s arguments. You have evidently given your mind as well as your interest to the personal enquiry, and I see you have a reason for everything you advance. You have told me just what I wanted to know, namely, your own personal impressions.’ But, observe, I would not advance any such surmise as a thing to be accepted whether or not. For there is no evidence to make it good. In my own thoughts it is possible, and that is the utmost I can say.”
Greenwell and Atkinson once made arrangements to open one or two barrows on the Ingleby Moor. Permission was obtained to do this, but something cccurred to prevent its being done. Dr. Atkinson thought one or two of the mounds might repay examination, but he was not very sanguine.
Atkinson had a very keen scent in antiquarian matters, and wherever he went he was sure to find something which kindled @ new interest or re-kindled an old one. On June 15th; 1891,
74
he wrote: ‘‘I was at Stone Raise, on the hill near Addle- borough, the week before last . . . You know the Cumberland Raises, I assume. Have you ever come across the ancient form of the name or term? Among Lord Bolton’s deeds the other day we came on that of the Raise I refer to, and it is such as to set me speculating.” Two days later he wrote: ‘I have been familiar with the word Raise and its application for more than 40 years, and it was but ten days ago I got what may prove to be a hint as to its origin or derivation. You know nothing, I take it, about the interior structure or fabric of the Raises, or even if there were any? A very great deal may turn upon this point, and I do not make the remark without reason on observa- tion and fact.”
During his visit to Bolton Hall he became also specially interested in the word “rein.” In his letter of June 15th, 1891, he writes: “I was also examining some, as I thought, very evident and correspondingly interesting traces of ancient terrace-cultivation, or linces. Mr. Seebohm le The English Village Community,’ p. 381] states that they occur in Bilsdale, Bransdale and Farndale, and that in Nidderdale they are called ‘reins.’ Do you know of these terraces in the Dales named, or in Ribblesdale, _ or Wharfedale, or of the word rezz ? With the word itself, and a varying application of it in this Cleveland District, 1 am familiarly acquainted, as well as with still another application and sense of it in Wensleydale, while in the old documents in the Muniment Room at Bolton Hall, it occurs in the forms rana, reina, very frequently. But it is more with the evidence of ancient terrace culture that I am at present interested.” Writing two days later he says, ‘‘The latinized form of the word was in continual use in the formal grants or convey- ances of five or six centuries ago ... Some learned man found the word rana in such documents as I have referred to, and looking in his Latin Dictionary found rana=‘a_ frog, a paddock,’ whence he translates rana in his old deed by ‘paddock = enclosure’ !”
He says ‘‘ You will see the local interest of the Reins or traces of ‘ Terrace cultivation’ from the following passage, by her brother, extracted from Miss Ashley’s translation alluded to in my letter :—‘ Mr. Gomme has hazarded the supposition that. our later rural organisation is in part derived from the Iberian race. He maintains that the traces of ‘terrace cultivation,’ which we come across here and there in England and Scotland, point to a primitive Iberian hill-folk, whose agricultural system ‘in some unexplained way ’ became incorporated with the agri- cultural system of the later Aryan ‘village community.’ His
75
argument turns chiefly on certain alleged Indian parallels. But even if his examples proved the point for India, which is har ily the case, there is in Britain certainly no evidence for Mr. Gomme’s contention. If the terrace-cultivation is to be assigned _ to a prehistoric people, the archxological data would apparently place it in the Bronze period—an age long subsequent to the Ceitic immigration.’ ”
Atkinson thoroughly enjoyed a laugh at the expense of the rash persons who guess at the derivation of place-names instead of working them out. He lamented the production of Canon Taylor’s ‘‘ Words and Places,” though he gave him credit for being a very able scholar Writing on February 3rd, 1897, he says: ‘*Mr. Henry Bradley says he only knows of two or three sane derivationists.” In a letter dated December 12th, 1889, he speaks of ‘‘ the learned gentleman, who one day gravely told me this was a most interesting country to travel in, from an ethno- logical point of view, for he had noted three stations between Grosmont and Picton (the latter included), which by their names testified to the former occupation of the district by the Danes, the English and the Picts!! I was like the Psalmist, ‘I held my tongue and spake nothing.’”
He greatly regretted that no sound work on the derivation of place names yet exists, and insisted that the significance of each name should be worked out on _ historical principles. Referring to Canon Taylor and the numerous tribe of guessers he says, “It would be a good ‘task’ for such transgressors to set them to write out so many articles from the new Great Dictionary for each offence.”
Dr. Atkinson himself was a most cautious and painstaking worker at derivations. In a communication of the date of November 23rd, 1889, he says, “I never work less than six hours a day at my desk, either in writing or study. - corrected a long proof yesterday of a paper touching the derivation of the place name of Seamer. This is in the forthcoming Somer- setshire and Dorsetshire Notes and Queries. Professor Earle entirely agrees with me in the line I have taken, and the con- clusion I have come to.”
About the same date I was in correspondence with him regarding the name Aireyholme at the foot of Rosebury Topping. He identified the name with the old Herguim, from which name he inferred that the horg or blot-stén—the sacrificial open air stone or stone structure used in the old worship of the Danes— stood at the foot of Rosebury, “ most likely not far from where
76
the farmstead nowis . . . . Such sites are apt to be very permanent.” In spite of the name I was inclined to suppose that those old worshippers must have sometimes delighted to pour their libations on the top of Odinsberg, their sacred mount, though the summit may have been a Holy of Holies to which only the priests might come On January 3rd, 1890, he sent me an article which he had written in a Magazine edited by Mr. Gomme on the subject of horgs, which had been replied to by Mr. Stevenson. He says “‘ More than one of my philological friends—Henry Bradley among them—thought that the ascer- tained and admitted Danish characteristics of the District in which these horgs occur were quite sufficient to establish the Danish, rather than the Anglian, origin of the word. Mr. Stevenson, however, is undoubtedly one of our most scientific, as well as soundest, scholars, and every one of his strictures on Canon Taylor's much quoted book is just as well founded ag accurate.”’ This shows how gracefully Atkinson could bow before the judgement of others. When his own further investigation proved that he had previously been wrong he was ever forward to acknowledge his error. Thus he writes in the same letter, “ My Butterwick breaks down, inasmuch as I ascertained, beyond question, last spring, that Butterwick was neither more nor less than Butterwhait, for Butterthwaite. And there is a curious piece of inferential history connecting itself with the fact. I have a longish paper nearly half finished dealing with the matter in, I hope, a practical sort of way.”
Atkinson was always ready to help other antiquarian workers. Writing of Canon Greenwell’s well-known work, he says: ‘Yes, I know Greenwell’s Barrows. I induced him to print it, and made a fair copy for the printer of more than half of his part of the book. I reviewed it also in ‘The Academy.’” On June 20th, 1891, he writes: “TI have a note from Baring Gould this morning touching on the question of surviving old ‘Songs and Ballads’ in Yorkshire. Have you ever come upon anything of the sort in your part of Cleveland? I heard of one last year, which it had been customary to sing on occasion of a wedding in the parish. This was in Glaisdale.” Again, in the following December, he writes: “At the request of Dr. Tylor, and the instance of two or three others of my friends, I am endeavouring to procure mementos of the old Cleve- land witchcraft matters and observances; among other things actual pieces of the ‘ witchwood’ as worn or carried by people within the last half century, or accurate descriptions of such pieces given by such as have seen them in the use (more or less habitual) or wearing of old folks; the same, and in both particulars, as to pieces of ‘ witchwood’ that had been in actual
77
use in the dwelling-house, stable, or other outbuildings attached ; especially as made capable of suspension either by twisting into a loose knot, or by the insertion of a ring into one end—also as to the existence in any old fashioned house of a ‘ witch-post’ (made of the rowan-tree wood, as all these portable or suspensory matters were. I am sending several matters of the kind (as well as churchyard pottery, etc.), by request, to Dr. Tylor for preservation, as well as illustrative purposes, in the new Oxford Museum, and I should be glad to make my selection as complete as I can. Have you come across anything pertinent to my enquiry—also of the use of the wood of the elder (as well as that of the rowan-tree) in a witch connection, whether as a spell or otherwise prophylactic ?”
Folk-lore specially interested him latterly, and he made it to some extent available in the production of his books of Fairy Tales. Referring to the former of these he says. in the course of a letter dated the 2nd of March, 1892, ‘Scholars are digging deeper than of yore into the fossiliferous strata of folk-lore, and some day we may hope to know more about the nature and the epoch of the conception we nickname a ‘giant.’” Again he writes, on the 22nd of the same month, “The ‘Old Ram’ recitation from Richmond proves to be, as I was sure it would be, one of the most interesting bits of old folk-lore I have come across. It appears now the skin of the ram is not stuffed, as I was told at first, but tenanted by a boy.” ;
The temptation to quote from Dr. Atkinson’s letters has been so strong that I fear I have gone beyond all fair limits. But I think that many of the extracts which I have given will be interesting and instructive to those intelligent persons who take part in the excursions of the Cleveland Field Club, and I am not without hope that some of them may offer suggestions for further investigation. And much as I have quoted, I might have quoted much more largely without exhausting the interesting passages occurring in letters with which he favoured me. Thus on March 9th, 1892, he writes, “I think it is ascertained that over and above the Whitby Thingwala there were two Thinghows in Cleveland, and that one of them is (most likely) localised. Possibly the other may be.” It may be beyond the powers of the members of the Cleveland Field Club to localise this Cleve- land Thinghow. But in another letter he suggests that all obtainable field-names in the parish of Kirkby-in-Cleveland should be collected, and specially notes the interest that might result from a comparison of these with the names occurring in the Hexham “Black Book.” The systematic collection of the field-names in the various parishes ought not to be beyond the powers of members of the Field Club.
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The old interests of the old man died hard. On January 24th, 1896, he writes, “ At the latter end of my 82nd year I am about to revise and re-edit my ‘ British Birds, Eggs and Nests.’ ”’ And on July 20th, 1897, he says, ‘‘ My attention has recently been called to what were ‘Olde Walles.’ when the Whitby Abbey was suppressed in 1535. In spite of infirmity I made an effort last week to see the same. They are most interesting.”
I think that what I have written in the above pages, though not claiming to be in any sense a “ Life” of Canon Atkinson, will give the reader a very excellent idea of the man and his work. For no less than about 53 years he went on working quietly at his desk and in his parish, and unearthing the buried History of the Cleveland moors and fields. Once or twice he made an effort to obtain a transfer to a more lucrative benefice as Whitby and Stokesley chanced to fall vacant. But at Danby he remained until the end, receiving honours from the world of science and letters, but from the Church no recognition of long service or merit, until in his extreme old age the present Arch- bishop conferred upon him the barren dignity of an honorary Canonry of York.
His writings were very numerous, and he did not, himself, remember them all. The following may be noted :—‘ Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect (1868); History of Cleveland, vol. I. | (1874) ; Handbook for Anc’ent Whitby and its Abbey (1882) ; ‘‘ Forty Years in a Moorland Parish (1891) ;” ‘ British Birds, Eggs and Nests”; ‘* Lonsdale Glossary”; ‘‘ Walks, Talks, Travels and Exploits of Two School-boys”; ‘‘ Play-hours. and Half-holidays”; ‘‘The last of the Giant Killers”; ‘‘ Scenes in Fairyland.” He edited for the Surtees Society ‘‘ The Whitby Chartulary,” ‘The Rievaulx Chartulary” and “The Furness Coucher Book.” He also edited several volumes for the ‘“‘ North Riding Record Society.” His contributions to magazines, etc., were very numerous. Among his less important writings may be mentioned a paper on Guisbrough Priory, which he con- tributed to the Handbook of Middlesbrough and District, compiled by the members of the Cleveland Field Club, and published in 1881, by Mr. W. H. Burnett.
I have to thank Mrs. Atkinson for the excellent photograph which forms the frontispiece to the present number of our Proceedings, and for some information regarding her late husband.
April 25th, 1901. JoHN HaweELL.
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RICHARD TAYLOR MANSON, F.G.S. Born Marce 171s, 1882. Dizep May 31st, 1900.
Dr. R. T. Manson was the son of Mr. Robert Yule Manson, of Liverpool, a native of Berwick-on-Tweed. He spent his boyhood in Liverpool, and later was occupied with scholastic work at Heighington. Afterwards he qualified as a doctor, and practised at Howden-le-Wear. Having purchased the practice of Dr. Arrowsmith he settled in Darlington. He became a member of the old Naturalists’ Society of Darlington, and some years later founded the present Naturalists’ Field Club which owed very much tohis enthusiasm. He was specially interested in Geology, and a few years ago was elected a fellow of the Geological Society. His book entitled “ Zig-zag Ramblings of a Naturalist ” (originally contributed to the ‘ Darlington and Stockton Times”) was published in 1884. A second edition was issued in 1898. In the Introduction to the first edition he said, ‘One object held steadily in view was to add, if possible, to the number of those who find a charm in the ever-speaking phenomena of Nature, whether observed in the quarry, the hedgerow, or the river. That to so many
‘The world in vain unbosometh her beauty’
is a matter for regret.” And in the Introduction to the second edition he says, “‘ Nature’s roofless cathedral is always open to
-her worshippers. In what I have written I have endeavoured,
without I trust posing as other than a student myself, to lead neophytes into the vestibule of the great God-built fane.” He wrote much to local newspapers—sometimes in verse. He published a book entitled ‘Old Darlington,’ and a romance called “ Cecilia Kirby.” Another publication of his was a History of the Synod of Streonshalh. He was a member of the Darlington Town Council. He was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London on November 9th, 1898. . I had the honour to propose him as a member of The Yorks. Geological and Polytechnic Society, and also of the Cleveland Field Club, and he more than once sent me for identification interesting shells found on the Saltburn beach. He was a painstaking,
reverent Naturalist, whom it was good to know.
JOHN HawELu. April 27th, 1901.
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EFFIGY FOUND AT NORMANBY.
A very notable discovery, already recorded, was made late in the autumn by Mr. Hughes’s workmen at the Normanby Brick Works. The sculpture which was found there formed the lower portion of a monumental effigy of a knight, clad in chain mail and with rowell spurs, the date being about 1310-1320. There is nothing remarkable about the sculpture itself, which is quite of the usual type, and two almost perfect and very similar effigies may be seen in this district in Ingleby Arncliffe Church, and a third at Crathorne.
What is remarkable is that the portions of the effigy should have been found where they were, and at some consider- able depth below the surface of the soil, and in the clay. It appears that other small portions were found not far off a few years ago, but they were, unfortunately, buried again under a rubbish heap, and are now lost. These consisted of the arms and hands, or portions of them. The portions recently unearthed show the feet and legs, with the lower folds of the surcoat and
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the poleyns of leather protecting the knees. When pieced to- gether the sculpture measures about 2ft. 6in. in length by about 22in. in width.
It is to be regretted that the heraldic shield (which would. certainly .form part of it when perfect) was not found, and so we are unable to say whom the effigy was intended to commem- orate. The theory that the lion (with a mythical beast in its jaws), on which the feet rest, is indicative of a member of the Brus family is untenable, The lion is purely ornamental, and is commonly found in English effigies of the period. We are, therefore, quite in the dark as to whose the effigy was, or how it came to be found where it was. From the unusual sharpness of the carving, the absence of any trace of mortar on the under side, and the fact that it was found by the side of an ancient road, it seems reasonable to thiak that the effigy was never fixed in its intended position in a church, but that it met with an accident on its way to its destination, and was thrown aside.
It should be noted that the moulded edge of the slab (with the four-leaf ornament so characteristic of the Decorated period of Gothic architecture) is not continued round the left side, which is broken and rugged. From this one may, perhaps, surmise that the monument was a double ene of the knight and his lady at his side. A broad slab carrying so much weight would be all the more liable to come to grief on a rough, hilly road, like that by the side of which the remains have been found. Perhaps, in this, we have an explanation of the presumed disaster.
The sculpture is most certainly a piece of English work, and my own idea (although it is only a guess) is that it was on its way from York to some church on the northern side of the hills. That it came from the same sculptor’s shop as the effigies at Ingleby Arncliffe seems almost certain from the marked similarity in treatment of the ornamental accessories.
Coatham, January, 1901. T. M. Fatuow.
We are indebted to Mr. Fallow for the use of the block, by which we are enabled to illustrate the above notice,
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SECTIONS OF BORINGS FOR SALT NEAR MIDDLESBROUGH,
The following Section is that of a boring made by the Owners of the Middlesbrough Estate, in June, 1887, near Ormesby Road Toll Bar, Middlesbrough. (This Section supplied by the Owners of the Middlesbrough Estate).
ro
Sooocs
Brown Clay te rie eh Brown Clay and Stones fis aoe Pay ook Hard Clay and Cobbles bo 500
Red and Grey Marl .
Rotten
Red Marl ... 530 “5 Red and Grey Marl . ies Red Marl with Gypsum Veins... oe Red and Grey Marl—very hard
Red Marl with Gypsum Veins..
Red Marl ...
Red and Grey Marl—very bard.
Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum Red and Grey Marl ...
Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum
Red and Grey Marl ...
Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum
Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum
Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum
Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum
= AOrMAGoroceaoe
ry
KH WR OOH OMWN DNR Be eH eH Oe De
i
Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum —100 ft. Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum : ht Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum ; sas ee Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum Peper | Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum ceils Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum Sone ay) Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum oC Se 5 Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum fer mee 4 Red and Grey Marl ... .. 25 .2—200 ft. Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum een, eel Hard Grey Marl A380 =e Oe 3 24
Rotten Red and Grey Marl : 3 Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum 2 Rotten Red and Grey Marl ... es 1 Red and Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum aoe 1 Red and Grey Marl . Sc 5 Blue Marl . nee A Red and Grey Marl with Veius of Gypsum So 2
SOSCSCMOTDTOABOCRBSCSOHFNOTCDOSPASSOAIAcSCOoRMoOooS
Red and Grey Mar) with Veius of Ee ee 2 Blue Marl with Veins of Gypsum 2 Gypsum ix a 1 Grey Marl with Veins of Gypsum oes ade ‘Dall Red Marl ... fine iow) LG Red and Grey Sandstone nr hae 4
83
Red Sandstone wee a Red Sandstone—broken Grey Sandstone
Red Sandstone
Grey Sandstone
Red Sandstone see Red Marly Sandstone Red Sandstone
Red Marl ...
Red Sandstone
Red Sandstone with Small Beds of Marl
Red Sandy Marl
Red Sandstone
Red Marl ...
Red Sandstone
Red Marl ...
Red Sandstone
Mar)
Red Sandstone
Red Marl ...
Red Sandstone
Red Mar] (Sandy)
Red Sandstone
Red Sandy Marl ae Red Marl ais oa Red Sandy Marl
Red Sandy Marl with Veins of f Gypsum
Red Sandy Marl
Red Marl ...
Red Marl with Veins of Gypsum White Stone
Red Marl (very broken)
Marl containing Salt
Rock Salt ... oan cs a
Anhydrite ... Rock Salt ... nr Anhydrous Gypsum ...
ft. in. 267 6—500 ft. 41 7150 2220 10 O go) 147. 0—700 ft. 2 0 131 10—800 ft. 7i) 10) 57 4—900 ft. 20 0 8 0 3&8 10—1,000 ft. i a LP ipeeet | Lo Ace Q) OF =9 (ie t) 1 36 4-0) 15 36 ee Se wel 8s 0 45 11—1,100 ft. a2) 10 3 20 3 140 2—1,300 ft. 8 6 1253.6 1S aes 79. O—1,400 ft. Gy 10 O 4 0 1440 0
The subjoined Section is that of a boring made for Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd., by Messrs. Mather and Platt,
at the Middlesbrough Iron Works.
The top of the hole is
5 ft. 6 in. above highest water mark. (This Section supplied by
Dr. W. Y. Veitch, F.G.S.)
Made Ground
Slime (dry) ..
Sand with Water
Hard Dry Clay pe
Red Saxahtonn, and Water Sand or Loam, with Water Hard Dry Clay
ft, 11 8 10 10 1 3 13
i
eR
84
ft.
Mixed Rock and Clay, with Water... oe elt Mixed Rock and Clay, Dry ... an ae 1 Mixed Rock and Gypsum, Dry eee a7 6 Shell of Mixed Rock, with Water cas wea Red and Blue Rock, with small veins of White
Gypsum, also Water ee we = White Gypsum Rock, Dry ... ea ern 6 Brown Shale, with Water wes we 1 Red Sandstone 4 Red Sandstone, with small veins of White
Gypsum ... cre epee #174 Blue Pot Stone and Water See es wee 3 Red Sandstone with Water ... “et =a) 9 Red Sandstone es Les eas ao Sf Marl te oe: Res 6 Sandstone and a little Marl ... =c0 Sah 3 Soft Red Sandstone .., eas ode Pe OO Hard Dark Red Sandstone .. ees 9 Hard Dark Red Sandstone, a little softer Red Marl ... he 3 Red Sandstone, with thin layers of Marl eae i Hard Dark Sandstone, with a little Mica vay 4128 Dark Red Sandstone, ‘with a little Mica os 9 Rough Red Sandstone noc res) Rough Red Sandstone, a little darker 5c 505 9 Fine Dark Red Sandstone ... “a5 nee 7 Rough Red Sandstone ve ete He Red Gandatoue with a little Marl eee coo etl Red Sandstone, with Kernels of Marl ... a6 8 Red Sandstone, a little harder is Sit P24 Hard Red Sandstone es ats aaG 8 Marl ee ase <a eid es Soft Red Sandstone Sas owe ies wee toe Red Marl ... a sa wee : 9 Soft Red Sandstone aad ee mene il Hard Red Sandstone ste iss als Soft Red Sandstone ... 486 vA Re 4 Red Marl ... nee) Soft Red Sandstone, with thin seams of Marl veces Hard Red Sandstone, with a little Mica Beira te) Hard Red Sandstone and Marl & eo 9 Marl oe ve see seeie ole Red Sandstone ae va 8 Hard Red Sandstone and Marl is 3) Red Marl ... er ia es taht) Red Sandstone and Marl wae BS wes 9 Soft Red Sandstone . oli 20 Soft Red Sandstone, with a little Marl aes 5 Hard Red Sandstone, with Marl penne Fe 6 Hard Red Sandstone and Marl wen 7 Soft Red Sandstone Me ote Ses 4 Red Marl ... ve cate LO) Hard Red Sandstone and Marl “56 ais 9 Red Marl ... Re no seer stall
Fine Dark Red Sandstone oe ea See, ZT
—100 ft.
—300 ft.
eh Hage oot Sokgis COOCOF
—400 ft.
c=]
AMwWwomtd w
—500 ft.
—600 ft.
—700 ft.
—800 ft.
eres eek | ee
85
- = “4
Hard Dark Sandstone, with Marl Par ey
Marl and a little Red Sandstone - Dark Red Sandstone ... - Marl, with Partings of Sandstone
Red Sandstone
Red Sandstone, with Marl Partings
Red Marl ... ‘
Hard Dark Red Sandstone ace
Hard Dark Red Sandstone and Marl
Hard Red Sandstone se
Red Marl
Red Sandstone, with veins of “Marl
Red Sandstone ss
Red Marl ... +e, Hard ey Sandstone, with thin layers of Marl ... Red M a 5 Hard Red Sandstone, ‘with Grey Spots
Hard penton: and. Red Marl -
Red M ia
Hard ned Sandstone and Marl
Red Marl ..
Hard Red Sandstone and Marl
Red Marl ... ae Red Marl, with thin Seams of. Red Sandstone ore Hard Red Marl, with a little Red Sandstone _.... 9 Hard Red Sandstone and Marl : dae 8 Very Hard Red Marl os cai 4 Hard Marl and Sandstone Mixed ee Poem! Hard Marl . Af reo Pomp Very Hard Marl and Sandstone Se ae LG Magnesian Limestone and Gypsum Rock ace 2 Magnesian Limestone and igh teas Rock, much
lighter
Magnesian Limestone
Band of Blue Rock .
Red and White Rock
Hard Gypsum and Lime
Red and White Rock, rather salt
Marl and Salt Rock
Hard Marl, with blue spots, rather salt
Marl and Dark Coloure Salt pis oA 1s Salt Rock ... a BAA Gs Hard Red Marl and Salt & : ‘Very hard blue Marl and Salt
Sale and a little Red Marl
Solid Grey Gypsum ...
Salt and Gypsum
Bed of Solid Gypsum
rT
i NWN OOM Ss ae ey See Ps
to
) VS WP ROWNOM ROR
_
—
tt ee oone
i) Oo
oono
_
WHONKFOANON FH = o Spee ey a ee ce
bot iS) Oo o
|
—900 ft.
—1,000 ft.
—1,100 ft.
1,200 ft.
86
The following Section is that of a boring made at South Bank Iron Works for Messrs. Bolekow, Vaughan and Co., Ld., by Messrs. Vivian and Co. The top of the “hole is ten inches below highest water mark. (This Section supplied by Dr.
W. Y. Veitch, F.G.S.)
Made Ground eee ae 6 0 Sand and Blue Clay .. oe cs 10 0 Dark Brown Clay... wae ase Thane Soft Red Marl che Be dite aot 2 0 Brown Pinnel a os ace a Ubi Ce Hard Brown Pinnel ... 15 0 Soft Red Marl ane a4 2c 58s 6 0 Red Marl ... cco 16 “10 Red and Blue Marl with veins of Gypsum cn ‘faa Red Marl with veins of Gypsum 3 (0 Red and Blue Marl with veins of Gypsum Planers} Red Marl with veins of Gypsum bc 46 8—100 ft. Red and Blue Marl with veins of Gypsum 15 3 Red and Blue Shale with veins of Gypsum 325 0—400 ft Blue Shaley Sandstone 2 Red Sandstone with thin beds of Gypsum and Shale... che 10 0 Sandstone with thin beds of Shale... 11 0—500 ft. Red Sandstone 415 8—900 ft. Red Sandstone with thin beds of Marl .. 39 «(0 Red Sandy Marl nee 8 6 Red Sandstone 29 O0—1J,000 ft. Red Sandy Marl A 2 Red ue with small beds of Marl 46 0 Red M - 5 8 6 Red een with beds of Marl 34. («6 Red Marl ... Wa 7s Red Sandstone with Veins of Marl 13) Red Sandstone with beds of Marl Roe 120 7—1,200 ft. Red Marl with beds of Red Sandstone ... PAW ala Red Sandstone with beds of Marl 14° 66 ‘Red Marl with Sandstone 4 6 Red Marl ... 43 O—1,3800 ft. Red Sandy Marl with veins of Gypsum a Red Sandy Marl with blue ae and veins of — Gypsum ... . 386 6 Red Sandy Marl with thin veins of Gypsum .. 78 O—1,400 fb. Red Sandy Marl with veins of Scan and blue spots sas 9 6 Red Sandy Marl with veins of Gypsum... 10. 0 Red Sandy Marl with veins of Gypsum ‘and blue spots... ay 60 6—1,500 ft. Hard White Stone ( Anhydrite) ae le 6 Red Sandy Marl with Salt... oe rote) DlevaeO Red Marl with Salt . ae a4 4 6 3 Rock Salt ... .. 81 O—1,600 ft, Hard White Stone with Salt . 5S lL 6 Hard White Stone ... Ay “oA ss 16 Hard Stone and a little Salt ... so > LOO Hard White Stone with a little Salt in it 4 9 1,676 6
87
ON THE FORMER OCCURRENCE OF THE SEAL IN THE TEES ESTUARY, AND ON THE ADJOINING COAST.
By R. Lorrsovuse.
Previous to the year 1830 large numbers of Seals ( Phoca vitulina) frequented the estuary of the River Tees, and the sea coasts, north and south of the mouth of the river. According to the late Mr. Fallows (see “The River Tees, and what has been done for it”) the estuary of the Tees comprised between seven and eight hundred acres, completely overflowed at high water, in some places only to the depth of a few inches.
Previous to this, however, the tide overflowed a much larger area of land, for in Bailey’s ‘General View of the Agriculture of the County of Durham,”’ published in 1810, we are told that about the year 1740 embankments were constructed, which remain in places to the present day, to secure the lands of Saltholme, near the Tees mouth, from being overflowed by the tide And in subsequent times a good deal of difficulty appears to have keen experienced in maintaining these embank- ments, breaches having, at different times, had to be made good. The whole length of the embankment is stated to have been about four miles. The quantity of land reclaimed was for
88
Saltholme, 600 acres ; Billingham, 300 acres ; and Cowpen, 500
acres. In the year 1800, Mr, Bamlet reclaimed above 60 acres,
at Haverton Hill, afterwards called “ Bamlet’s Flats.”
On both sides of the river were, and still are, extensive tracts of fine sand. That on the north side of the river was called Seal Sand, and appears from an old chart, dated 1762, to have had a channel all round it, the stream becoming divided at a point about opposite Cargo-Fleet, or a little higher at Samphire Point. The northern portion of the stream made a wide detour, and eventually effected a junction with Greatham Fleet to the east, and turning in a south-easterly direction, with the southern arm of the stream (which is now the navigable channel), at Seaton-Snook. Beyond, was a stretch of sand called ‘‘ The North Gare,” and opposite, on the south side of the river, “* Bran Sand,” or ‘South Gare,” adjoining Tod Point, from whence was, and still is (though in one or two places near the estuary rather spoilt by slag banks, run out from adjoining iron-works), a fine stretch of sand extending past Coatham, Redcar and Marske to Saltburn—a distance of eight or ten miles—covered at high tides, and fringed by grassy sand banks. From Saltburn to Sandsend is a succession of Liassic Cliffs capped with Oolite, and reaching its highest elevation at Rock-
_cliffe, where it is 660 feet high, and which is said to be the highest Cliff on the English coast. In places, the foreshore is rocky, alternating with level stretches of sand. No doubt in less populous times Seals lived and bred in suitable localities along this coast, and Seal Goit, marked on the ordnance map, derived its name from having been frequented by Seals.
Returning to the upper reaches of the river, from Sam- phire Point to Yarm, the course of the river was extremely tortuous, and it is recorded that at times it took a vessel a week to sail from the mouth of the river to Stockton. In modern times the course of the river has been straightened at one or two points by means of cuttings. In a map of the Acklam estate, dated 1716, and also in a chart of the river dated 1832, many islands or sand-banks are shown in the bed of the river between its mouth and Stockton ; notably one opposite Middles- brough seems to have been of considerable size.
From this description of the river, its estuary, and the adjoining sea coasts and surroundings, it will be seen that in less populous times, and when the river (comparatively speaking) was little used for shipping purposes, and with the fine stretch
of sand at the north side of the river, covered only at high.
See es
| eh alta
89
tides, but surrounded by a channel at all times of the tide, the locality was an extremely suitable one for the Seal, an animal which feeds on fish (which are always plentiful in a river estuary), and is partial to an isolated situation, and is fond of basking in the sun, conditions which, it will be seen, existed and could be indulged in here in an eminent degree.
Macgillivray, a reliable authority on British Quadrupeds, describes the Common Seal as frequenting “estuaries, sea-lochs, bays, and the channels between islands, where it may be seen occasionally protruding its head above the surface, sometimes following a boat or vessel at a distance, but generally keeping beyond reach of shot. It feeds exclusively on fishes, in pursuit of which it can remain several minutes immersed. At low water it often betakes itself to rocks or small islands, on which it reposes until the return of the tide; and I have seen droves of twenty or more individuals thus basking in the sun. In estuaries they sometimes repose on the sands, where they are liable to be surprised, if the water be distant, for their move- ments on Jand are extremely awkward, and their hurry in endeavouring to escape affords an amusing sight, as they seem to tumble about in a ludicrous manner, throwing themselves head- long into the water from the rocks. Where there are caverns on the coast, they find a more secure retreat in them, where, if attacked, they can escape by diving. They are frequently shot, either with ball or buck-shot ; but unless killed outright are liable to be lost, as they dive, and are seldom seen again ; or, altheugh killed, unless the boat is quickly at the spot, they sink to the bottom, young and lean individuals more rapidly than older and fatter. When attacked with sticks, while on shore, they have been known to seize the weapon in their jaws and carry it off; and they are more easily killed by a blow on the muzzle than on the upper part of the head.
Seals may sometimes be induced to come nearer a boat by whistling, and they are said to be attracted by music, even that of the bagpipe. In a state of confinement they are gentle, and, if obtained young, manifest considerable docility, and be- ome attached to their master. In their natural state they do not seem to exhibit the intelligence which they might be in- ferre.. to possess from the great size of their brain, and the pre- dominance of their cranial over their facial region ; but their mode of life renders opportunities of observing their habits rare. They, however, show the social propensity, for when their Jabours are over they repose in company, and vast multitudes are sometimes seen ashore on remote islands.”’
90
Their affection towards their young is also great, and they may be enticed within shot, or even brought on shore, by imitating the whining cry of the cub, especially if they have been deprived of it”
“‘The Common Seal varies in colour as well as in size. Macgillivray describes “the young as at first of a light bluish- gray above, clouded with darker yellowish-gray beneath, and the first coat of hair is longer and more bristled than the rest. When the pile is about to be shed it becomes of a uniform pale greyish-yellow or whitish tint. In young individuals the spots are darker and more numerous ; in very old ones, they are few, larger, and generally brown. The claws, at first flattened, or cylindrical, become deeper and more or less carinate, often triangular, in their transverse section.”
“The flesh is dark coloured and rank, but that of young individuals may be eaten ; the fat, which forms a layer beneath the skin, affords oil of an excellent quality ; the skins are used for covering trunks as well as being manufactured into leather.”
‘‘The female brings forth her young in a cavern, or among rocks, where it remains concealed for some days. According to the information which I have received from the country people, only one is produced at a birth, and generally in the middle of summer.”
In Bewick’s time Seals appear to have been much more abundant on the British Coasts generaliy than in later times. Writing in the early part of the last (19th) century. or late in the previous one, he states in his Natural History of Quadru- peds, that * Seals are found in great abundance on the coasts of Great Britain, particularly in the northern parts of the Island.”
In Messrs. Clarke & Roebuck’s ‘ Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire,” published in 1881 (page 8), the Common Seal, is said to be a ‘* casual visitant of uncommon occurrence along the coast and in the Humber. Jn the early years of the present century (z.e. 19th) Seals bred in great numbers at the
mouth of the Tees, and in 1802, as appears from a document,’
a copy of which Mr. T. H. Nelson has sent me, they interfered to such an extent with the salmon fishery that determined measures were proposed for their extirpation. There is no evidence to show that the extermination was so effected but it is hardly probable that they would long survive the rapid rise of the Cleveland iron trade and the shipping industries of Middlesbrough, and in all likelihood the decade 1830 to 1840
Se a,
AY
91
would be that of the final extinction of the Seal as a permanent resident in Yorkshire, though solitary individuals have been observed to within the last twenty years.” And in the appendix (page 135) they further state ‘respecting the date of extinction, information received from Mr. H. G. Faber, of Stockton-on- Tees, and Mr. H. T. Mennell, shows that this animal survived much later than is stated” above, ‘The latter has furnished a copy of his and Mr. Perkin’s list of the Mammalia of North- umberland and Durham, published in 1863, wherein is stated that between 1820 and 1830 about a thousand seals frequented the mouth of the Tees, of which as many as thirty might often be counted at one time; but that in 1862 the number was reduced to three individuals. The Seals exhibited great dread of the steamboats, which had greatly increased in number on the river during the preceding few years; and to this and the enormous increase of population in the neighbourhood, was attributed their rapid decrease.
“Mr. Faber remembers the Seal being numerous at the Tees mouth, and has seen them lying on the sands as many as a dozen together. He recollects disturbing one about twenty years ago, on Seaton Snook, which was very tame, swimming about within twenty yards, and could only be driven away by throwing stones at it. He adds that the last native Seal “ was killed about ten years ago, when it was shot from the Fifth Buoy Light. A small Seal got about a year ago was but a mere casual visitant. It will thus be seen that the animal survived a good deal later than the evidence available at the time of writing the list would lead one to suppose.”
So late as 1867, however, as I have been informed by a gentleman who was in the habit of shooting on the Tees, it was a common occurrence to see from twenty to thirty on the sand- banks at one time. They were, doubtless, then on the decrease, and had been for many years, asa large amount of shipping traffic was then developed in the Tees. It could hardly be expected that they would long survive the enormous develop- ment of the iron and shipping trades, and the reclamation works which have been for years going on in the river. My friend informs me that they are very wary, and when approached in a buat it was an amusing sight to see them tumble about, throwing up the sand in all directions, in their awkward and seemingly ludicrous efforts to regain the water. They were, however, very curious, and would follow the boat at a safe distance. When on the sands they generally kept within about twenty yards of the water; but he remembered assisting to
92
capture a young one that was asleep on the sands about 200 yards from the water, near Seaton Snook. It was cut off from the water, and being laid hold of, it made desperate efforts to escape, being almost a match for two strong men. It was, how- ever, at last secured, and was a beautifully spotted specimen, or, as my friend expressed it, marked like a leopard. About this time two seals used to visit regularly every day the stake- nets set for salmon at Seaton Snook, though repeatedly shot at. They are, undoubtedly, partial to salmon.
Seals always appear to have been more partial to the north side of the Estuary than the south, though I am informed that occasionally a few might be seen on Bran Sand. The north side is higher, lies better to the sun, and having a bend in the centre of what is called Seal Sand, commands the river both ways. As appears from the old chart before mentioned the river had two channels at this point; and at low water Seal Sand formed an island between them. The river attains its greatest width across the eastern portion of Seal Sand where it is about 34 miles wide between high-water marks at neap tides, and as the foreshore on the north side of the river is soft sticky mud from a foot to 18 inches in depth, it will be seen that Seals zould rest here pretty securely. Eleven stones was not an unusual weight for seals caught in the Tees.
Nearly all Seals captured and seen in the Tees during recent years have been young animals (three feet long or a little over), which would almost suggest that they still breed in limited numbers somewhere in the neighbourhood. It has been suggested to me that probably the Wash is the nearest locality in which they are for certain now known to breed.
Macgillivray states that the full grown animal sometimes attains to a length of five or six feet, but that the individual from which he took his description was 8 feet 103 inches long, and was from the Firth of Forth. It may not be out of place to mention here that a Dog Seal was shot in the river Aire at Rawcliffe, in March, 1888, which is said to have measured six feet from nostrils to tail.
Macgillivray’s general description of the animal is ‘‘ muzzle obtuse, outline of forehead concave, grinders four-lobed, obliquely placed in the jaws ; pile yellowish grey, mottled with dusky on the upper parts ; fore feet with the first toe longest.”
Of old records of Seals in the Tees and district I have not been able to meet with much except casual references.
rafepiie i
+4
id k - a :
93
Graves, in his History of Cleveland, in speaking of Skinnin- grove, states that Camden mentions the report of a sea-man being caught by the fishermen of that place, and from the description there is no doubt that this sea-man was a Seal. The same fabulous story is thus more particularly reported in the Cott MS. ‘Old men that would be loath to have their credyt erackt by a tale of a stale date, report confidently that sixty yeares since, or perhaps 80 or more, a sea-man was taken by the fishers of that place, which, duringe many weeks, they kepte in an oulde house, giving him rawe fishe to eate, for all other fare he refused ; insteade of voyce he skreaked, and shewed himself courteous to such as flocked farre and neare to visit him; fayre maydes were wellcomest guests to his harbour, whome he woulde beholde with a very earneste countenaynce, as if his phlegmaticke breaste had been touched with a sparke of love. One day, when the good demeanour of this newe gueste had made his hosts secure of his abode with them, he prively stoale out of doores, and ere he coulde be overtaken recovered the sea, whereinto he plounged himself; yet as one that would not unmannerly depart without taking of his leave, from the mydle upwardes he raysed his shoulders often above the waves, and makinge signs acknowledgeing his good enter- teinment to suchas beheld him on the shore, as they interpreted yt; after a pretty while he dived downe, and appeared no more” And in a note to the above the author remarks that — “many centuries have elapsed since authors first wrote about the Marmenill or Sea-Man. Torfeus, in his History of Norway, says that itis met with in Iceland; and Bishop Pontoppidan assures us, in his natural History of Norway, (vol. II., p. 302), that there are several species of it. M. Stroem, in his Sundmoes- chen, (p. 287) is very angry with those who will not believe in its existence ; and Childrey asserts it as a fact, that some fisher- men caught one on the coast of Suffolk, in the year 1187; and that another was taken in Yorkshire, in 1535, being that above mentioned.”
It is now pretty certain that all these mythical tales of sea- men and mermaids, written about by old authors, originated in the Seal It will be noted that the occurrence dated back to a time sixty or eighty years previous to the time of the chronicle of it, and doubtless the account gained colour as it was handed down.
Again, in speaking of Saltburn, Graves has the following quotation from the same source: ‘‘ Towards Huntscliffe and Bullfleet-Gate there are certain Rockes that at lowe water are
94
left discovered. whereupon Seales in greate Heardes like Swine use to sleepe and baske themselves against the Sunne ; for their better securitye they put in use a kind of military Discipline, warily preparing against a soddaine Surprize, for on the outermost Rocke one great Seale or more keepes Sentinell, which upon the first inklinge of any Danger, giveth the Allarme to the rest by throweing of Stones, or making a Noise in the water, when he tumbles down from the Rocke, the rest immediately doe the like, insomuch that yt is very hard to overtake them by Cunning : yf yt fortune that any unawares hath chosen his sleepinge forthe so far from the Sea, that he is in Hazard to becume a Praye to the pursuer, he then betaketh himselfe to his Armes, flynginge the Pebbles and Sand from his hinder Feete with suche a tempeste and force, that a man had neede be well advised before he approache too neere ; they flye the sight of Men as of those from whom they have received many shrewde Turnes ; where the poore Women that gather Cockles and Mussels on the Sandes, by often use, are in better Credyte with them. There- fore, whoe soe intends to kill any of them must craftely put on the Habyte of a woman, to gayne Grounde within the Reache of his peece. ;
“Tt was streange to me and hard to be believed, that you had a yonge Seale taken upon the Seye Sande, w for the Space of a Moneth was kepte in your parloure, feedinge him with Milke and Breade which yt sucked greedily, and that ina few Dayes he knew his Keeper soe well that he woulde crawle after him lowinge aloud, from the Parlour to the Kitchen ; when upon the Hearthe, after his Belly was well fyled, he used to turn up his Syde to the Greate of the Fyre. He dyed as yt was tolde me by the Mishappe of one that unawares treade on his Head. After that he had been a Weeke in the House, and felte the Refreshinge of the Fyre, he could never endure the Water, thoughe you threwe him often tymes into yt, and was willinge to let him escape, but he ever returned to the Lande, and with a mournful Crye, as it were bemoaning himself to the Companie, would creep to the next he sawe and nible about their Feet, not ceasing till some one had taken him up in their Armes to cairy him back again ; he was white, as having his Piggies hair yet on him, and not past three Quarters of a Yarde longe.”
In the ‘ Durham Household Book, or accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, from Pentecost, 1530, to Pentecost, 1534,” published by the Surtees Society, wherein is minutely detailed all the costs of provisioning that house, Seaylls and Seayll-Calves are frequently mentioned and in one
9 eee
95
place Tyse fish are specially mentioned (p. 122). It is probable that occasionally, at least, their Seals were procured from the Tees. The Conservancy of the Tees, together with the rivers Tyne and Wear, belonged to the Bishop of Durham, from a very early period, avd to him belonged the privileges and profits incident to such power, such as royal fishes, wrecks, duties, anchorage, fishings, weirs, etc.
In 1345, there was paid to the Bishop 22s. 11d. for fee farm rent for the “privilege of trading or towing of vessels in the Tees” (Bishop Hatfield’s Survey). And in the Cursitor’s Rolls, it is recorded that ‘ Bishop Bainbrig, A.D. 1507, granted to John Racket for his life the office of Conservator of all the Bishop’s rivers of Tese, Were, Tyne, &c., and for pre- serving salmon and fry fish. Sept. 28.” Not only were Seals much more plentiful formerly, but they appear to have been regarded as a favourite article of food. Ata great feast made by George Nevill, Chancellor of England, and Archbishop of York, at his inthronization (6th Ed. IV., 1486), ‘thirteen Porresses and Seals formed part of the provision” ; and again, at the inthronization of Archbishop Warham, in 1504, “seals et porposs were provided.’ The value of a Seal or Porpoise was 13s 4d. in the 17th year of Henry VIII.
In Brewster’s “ History of Stockton” is a quotation from a record in the Cursitor’s Rolls (1530), having reference to the regulation of the fisheries in the Tees, in which “ Sealles, Purpose, Sturgion, and other like fishes” are mentioned. It appears that some difference had arisen between fishers using “ drawing netts” and those using “ haling nets,” and is so inter- esting as illustrating the customs of these distant times that we quote it in full. ‘* Where variance heretofore hath been among the inh’tants of the town of Stockton, for taking of head fishes as sealles, purpose, sturgion, and other lyke fishes, betwixt the fishers with drawing netts on the one pt, and the fishers with haling netts on the other pt ; It is ordered, by consent and agreement of both the said p‘* for appeasing of all variance in time to come, in manner and form following, (that is to say): That if fishers of both sorts, some with drawing netts and some with haling netts go about to take any Seale, Purpose, or like fish within the river of Tease. If it fortune the said fish to lyght in the haling netts, then all those fishers with haling netts, assembled for that purpose, pursuing the said fish, to have him alone, and the fishers then assembled with drawing netts to have no part thereof with the haling netts ; and likewise if it fortune the said fish do lyght in the drawing
96
netts, then all those fishers with drawing netts, assembled for that purpose, pursuing the s‘ fish to have him alone, and the fishers then assembled with haling netts to have no p* there- of with ye drawing netts. And also, It is ordered, that evry man of both sorts of fishers, then assembled for that purpose, shall give unto 5 water room sufficient and none to come within another to hurt his neighbour gere upon pain of 6s. 8d. on him that shall offend them as oft as he shall so do, to be levyed of the said offender at the next court after, without further delay.”
In an account of the salmon fishery in the same history, it is mentioned that ‘large shoals of porpoises frequent the sand-banks, and are supposed to be very injurious to salmon and fishes of inferior size. A fishery for these has heen attempted, but it has not been attended with success.” I imagine that Seals are meant here, and that these two animals are often con- founded in old records. At page 102 of the same history, Brewster, quoting from the survey of the Manor of Stockton, states that the Bishop “has the royalties of the river of Tease, as whales, sturgion, porpoises (probably seals) or the like taken on that side of the river next the County of Durham within the Manor of Stockton.”
Still quoting from Brewster, in the list of fishes, published in his History of Stockton, 1829, it is stated that ‘salmon have much decreased of late years, owing chiefly to the method of hushing carried on in the lead mines of Teesdale, and pro- bably also to the increase of Seals at the mouth of the river.”
The Seal is given in the list of the Fauna of Cleveland, in Graves ‘History’ published in 1808, in Sharp’s History of Hartle- pool, published in 1816, (the tail-piece at the end of this list being a figure of a Seal), and in Brewster’s History of Stockton, as mentioned above.
Hutton, in his trip to Coatham, published in 1810, page 102, states that “one of our friends, while at. Coatham, shot a Seal, said to weigh seven stone, and to be worth two guineas. I thought it would well bear the name of sea-dog.” In Heavi- sides’ Stockton Almanack, for 1896, is a very interesting and amusing account by Mr. Hunter, a respected resident of the ancient borough, of the capture of two young Seals at the Tees mouth. This was about 50 years ago (that would be about the year 1846). A man of the name of Golightly, who frequented
rn Ns ell) tne
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the mouth of the Tees for the purpose of shooting wild fowl, when making his way to the Tees mouth in his boat, saw two young Seals on the sands. On nearing them he noticed the old Seal go to them and roll them over towards the water. Golightly secured them and took them to his house, at Stockton, where he kept them for some time in his garden, and fed them on milk, on which they throve and became quite tame. Golightly was in the habit of taking them to the quay-side, and turning them into the river, where they disported themselves to the great delight of the spectators.
Of recent occurrences of Seals in the Tees and district, I have the following records, noted myself, and previously I can remember many being exhibited at Middlesbrough, by fisher- men and others :—One shot in Billingham Creek, on Christmas Day, 1880; this Seal was 3 feet 4 inches long, and, of course, immature. In the same winter one was shot at Redcar, and another was seen on the rocks, at Redcar, previous to this, date not noted. On the 24th August, 1881, a local newspaper reported that a school of Seals were discovered in the cut at the ’ Middlesbrough Dock entrance. One of the animals made its way into the dock. Efforts were made to capture it, but with- out success. It is supposed they had chased a shoal of salmon up the river. I afterwards conversed with two persons who saw these Seals; they both put the number at two. It was in the afternoon of the day named when they where seen. They were pursued by boats, and dived whenever the boats came near them. They were eventually lost some distance down the river. At the beginning of the following November a large Seal was observed for several days to frequent the beach opposite the ironworks at Eston, a place noted for eels, to which Seals are said to be very partial. It was observed through a glass from Eston Jetty. About the 15th of January, 1883, one was seen in the Tees, and shot at several times. At the beginning of the following February one was captured in the Tees, opposite Eston Jetty, measuring 3 feet in length. On the 28th July, in the same year, one was exhibited alive in the Middles- brough Market, which had been taken in the river. In 1884, I have been informed, one was seen and shot at several times on the Parham side of the Tees mouth; this was in autumn, and on October 25th, 1885, a Seal was captured in the Tees near Eston Jetty. This was a young female; it was pursued for some distance, and was at last shot. This I examined, and made a coloured sketch of It was 38 ft. 10 ins. long, and beautifully mottled on the back with black and yellowish-
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white. It was reported there was another seen at the same time. . One was caught on the rocks, at Hartlepool, on January 4th, 1886. It was left in a pool by the tide, and attracted some men by its call. It was a young female, and about 3 ft. 3 ins. long. On the 20th of November, 1887, a Seal made its appearance in the Middlesbrough Docks, and was said to have followed a vessel in. It was there for several days, and was reported in the newspapers to have attracted many people to the Docks to witness its gambols. It was noticed to bring up fish, and on one occasion two large eels. It was subsequently joined by a second, and the two left the Docks when the gate was opened for a vessel to pass out. Several were reported to be seen in the river about the same time.
On January 8th, 1888, a dead seal was washed up near the Middlesbrough Ferry Landing. It was said to have been shot a few days previously near Billingham Landing. It was pro- nounced by Mr. Mussel, the taxidermist, to be the largest he had ever seen. It is possible this may have been a Grey Seal. On the 5th of March, 1890, a young Seal, about 3 ft. in length, was shot on Coatham Sands, and was afterwards exhibited in a tent at Redcar. In December, 1891, a Seal was captured alive on Seal Sand. An effort was made (according to the local papers), to procure this for the Middlesbrough Museum, but does not appear to have been successful, as up to the present time there is no specimen in that Institution. On the 7tn of December in the same year a Seal (said to be of the silver variety) was caught near Hartlepool Fish Quay, and was exhibited in the window of a fried fish establishment. On September 16th, 1894, a Seal was shot near Seaton Snook. On the 23rd September, 1895, a Seal was caught in the Tees near Yarm. In the autumn of 1899 a dead seal was washed up on the sands between the Tees mouth and Coatham. On the 28th of January, 1901, a Seal was shot in the Tees below Port Clarence. It was 3 ft. 9 ins. long and was said to weigh 8 stone. I examined this Seal. It was of a light silvery grey colour, with a few black spots on the back. This Seal struck me as being of a lighter colour than usual, and a local taxidermist, who has had longer experience, was of the same opinion, though he had seen individuals as light.
It is probable that the Grey Seal ( Phoca gryphus ), as wellas the Common Seal, occurred in limited numbers in the Tees. Graves, in his ‘ History of Cleveland,’ published in 1808, and before referred to, mentioned the great seal or sea calf (of Pennant’s Zoology, 36). I have seen a very large skull which
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was dredged from the Tees, and was probably referable to this animal. One is reported to have been found alive at Seaton Snook, in the year 1871, as mentioned in Clarke and Roebuck’s ‘Vertebrate Fauna,” and in the report on the Migration of Birds, for the year 1883 (page 58), reference is made to the occurrence of a large Seal, seen at the Tees mouth, on the 18th of November, 1833, probably also referable to the above species.
MAMMALIAN NOTES FOR 1899.
By R. G. Cuayton.
In April, I had*sent me a fine old male badger ( Meles taxus) from near Ingleby. The female also had been killed. I was glad to learn that this spirit of extermination* is not countenanced at Pinchingthorpe, where several ‘‘ earths” were pointed out to the members by Mr. A. E. Pease, when they were privileged to inspect his sporting trophies, and subsequently went over the bank to Hutton Hall.
An otter (Lutra vulgaris) was caught alive at Kildale, but Icould not get any definite account as to what became of it ultimately.
“cc
* This interesting animal is also, unfortunately, possessed by a ‘“‘ spirit _ of extermination,” and has of late years extended its range to several parts of Cleveland and the neighbouring district, including Bilsdale and Bransdale.— Ed.
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COATHAM MARSHES, AND THE WILD DUCK DECOY THAT FORMERLY EXISTED THERE.
Coatham Marshes, a large expanse of flat low lying land, lies to the west of the ancient Village of Coatham, which, according to Atkinson (History of Cleveland), was at one time a place of some importance.- He writes of it thus, ‘‘ From various items of information touching East Cotum presented in the documents connected with Gisburn Priory, and other religious houses, and with the Rrus inheritance and succession, and the like, it is easy to see that the Vill, in old times, certainly could not be described as ‘a mean, insignificant village,’ any more than, perhaps, as a ‘fallen Sidon mourning by the waters.’ There were ships trading to the port, paying groundage and other dues, salt-works, a mart.” It was “a fishing town of some importance, and, with Redcar, contributed towards the supply of different monastries with the necessary article of fish,” and it is said that in ancient times a Church or Chapel existed there.
The Marshes at the present day are about two miles long from east to west by about three-quarters of a mile broad in the widest part, and are bounded on the north by sand-banks (through which passes the railway to Saltburn and Whitby) of slight and varying elevation, and covered in places with long wiry grass, and in others with a close benty turf and an interest- ing flora and fauna, the ground in places being literally covered with various Helices, chiefly H. virgata, H. nemoralis, H. ericetorum, etc. Beyond the sand-banks the waves break on a fine broad stretch of level sand. On the south the Marsh is bordered by cultivated fields.
DO I a
“aM L ge
er ls
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The Marsh is intersected by open drains, or stells, as they are locally called, interesting to Conchologists from the variety of fresh water or brackish water Mollusca to be found in them,
The Marsh was formerly the habitat of many interesting birds, particularly of the Duck and Wader species, and. doubtless in quieter times many bred there, amongst them probably the Dunlin. The Redshank still nests there in limited numbers, and the Ring Dotterel on the shingle just over the sand-banks ; and in the Rabbit Warren where the village of Warrenby now stands, the Sheldrake nested in some numbers in the rabbit burrows. Mallard and Teal doubtless nested in the neigh bour- hood of the Decoy, for it is essential that there should be good breeding grounds near a decoy.
Commoner birds, such as the Waterhen, still nest by the rush-fringed pools, and large flocks of Plovers, green and golden, and smaller birds, such as Snow Buntings, Larks and Starlings, still frequent the Marsh in considerable flocks in the winter time.
COATHAM WILD Duci
The Wild-Duck Decoy is situated at about the centre of the marshes, and about half-a-mile from the new village of Warrenby, which, (as its name implies,) was built on the site of a rabbit warren. It is situate to the south-west of the village ; and at the end of the village next the Decoy isan old farm house and farm
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buildings of considerable size, called Marsh House, built of brick and roofed with pantiles. It isa typical Cleveland Farm House * of the better class, and doubtless at one time had a large extent of
land attached to it, but it is now in a dilapidated condition. In —
the middle of the last century the Cleveland Hounds were kennelled in part of the farm buildings.
I visited and took measurements of the Decoy at the end of January, 1887. The pipes and surroundings were then much more distinctly traceable than they are now, ‘The pipes were formed at the sides of an irregular oblong lake or sheet of water, marked on the ordnance map ‘The Fleet,” fed and emptied by a brook or stell, its longest diameter stretching east and west. The water appears to shallow out on the north side, and the greater portion of the sheet is now pretty well choked up with flags and aquatic plants of various kinds. The north side has been sheltered by a patch of shrubs and trees of moderate growth, as evidenced by a few gaunt looking stems and stumps which still remained, and which appeared to have been chiefly willows. About four or five hundred yards to the west of the Decoy was established an ironworks, and the date of their erection in 1870-72 sealed the fate of the Decoy, the working of which was discontinued about that time, and the smoke and fumes from the ironworks also compassed the destruc- tion of the shrubbery.
There were, at the time of my visit, four trenches (or pipes as they are called when complete with their net covered arches). One, however, had the mouth closed from the sheet of water, a narrow strip having been levelled with the ground at each side of the pipe, thus cutting it off from the lake. The other three, though partially choked up with weeds, still contained water, and by the side many short posts, to which presumably the rods were fixed which supported the nets. The trenches or pipes varied in depth below the general surface of the ground from about two to four feet. They are, however, a good deal choked up with vegetation and, doubtless, were deeper when in use. In size and shape they are very much alike, and their dimensions agree very closely with those at Fritton, in Norfolk, described by Mr. G. C. Davis. in his Norfolk Broads and Rivers. The width at the mouth between the posts was about 18 feet, and at the centre of the bend about 11 feet, from which they gradually taper to a point. The length of the chord of the bend from the mouth to the extreme end is about 130 feet, and the distance along the outside curve is about 220 feet.
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One is situated at the south-west end of the lake, another towards the south-west end, and running south, one a little west of the centre of the lake and running north, and the one which has the mouth levelled up is situated towards the west end and has a northerly direction. At the time of my visit the pipes situated at the south and north sides were in the best condition. No traces of the screens remained. The shrubbery on the north side would shelter the Decoy from the north winds, and would effectually screen the approach of the decoyman, which would presumably be from the direction of Coatham. Before the con- struction of the railway, (opened in 1846,) to the north, and the ironworks to the west, the situation must have been an admirable one for quietude, which is essential for the successful working of a Decoy. All Decoys have pipes made to suit the prevailing winds, as ducks, like other birds, like to swim or rise with the wind in their faces; therefore it is only possible to work those pipes which are to windward of the birds. A friend who remembers the Decoy when working informs me that the following ducks were taken in it: Sheldrake, Shoveller, Pintail, Mallard, Wigeon and Pochard, and the Scaup Duck, occasionally ; and a specimen of the very rare Ferruginous Duck was taken on the 17th March, 1850. To the above list may, no doubt, be added the Teal, and it is probable that some of the species mentioned were only seldom taken. So far as I can gather all the Decoys in this country were very much alike, and the following description of the fitting up and working of a Decoy is quoted from a paper on “ Wild Duck Decoys in Essex, by J. E. Harting.” “ Let us suppose that three, four or five pipes have been cut. ‘These are arched over at intervals with hoops of wood, or iron (if expense be no object), and over these is stretched a strong netting, which tapers gradually towards the far end of the pipe, and terminates in a sort of bag or purse in which the fowl are eventually taken. As it is absolutely necessary that the Decoyman should be conce'led from view of the ducks on the pool, a series of Screens made of reeds, and set one behind another, are fixed at intervals along the side of each ‘pipe.’ A few tame ducks, taught to come at a whistle to be fed, a few handfuls of grain, and a small fox-coloured dog, and the Decoyman is ready to begin operations. Selecting his ‘pipe’ according to the direction of the wind, he throws a handful of grain over a screen into the pipe, and whistles. The wind carries the grain towards the mouth of the pipe, the tame ducks come eagerly to feed, and the wild ones getting an occasional mouthful as the grain drifts
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by them or towards them, gradually discover that the nearer they swim towards the mouth of a pipe the more plentiful does food become. Unsuspectingly they enter the wide mouth, so wide as to convey no suggestion of a trap ; and then the Decoyman’s little dog comes into play. Taught to dodge in and out of the reed screens to fetch a piece of bread or biscuit, he shows himself momentarily to the ducks in the pipe, and disappears when returning to his master. Wild fowl are eminently curious, and their curiosity proves fatal to them. They behave towards the dog exactly as cattle would do—as long as he retreats from them they follow him. Perhaps from his colour they take him for a fox, their common enemy, and fancy they are driving him away. At any rate they follow him up the pipe until, having passed the first reed screen, they are virtually cut off from the rest of the flock. At this juncture the Decoyman shows himself to the ducks in the pipe, though not to those cn the pool. He makes no noise, but merely waves his arms, and. the frightened fowl, afraid to return past him to the open water, instantly rise on the wing and fly up the pipe, following its curve in the vain hope that it will lead to freedom. Instead of that, however, it leads to the bag net. The whole business is condueted so quietly that the wild fowl on the main water are never alarmed.”
The Decoyman carries a piece of burning turf to destroy the human scent.
Some distance to the south and west of the Decoy are a number of curious hills, or mounds, more or less approaching to a circular form, and rising abruptly from the general level of the marshes to a height of probably about 10 or 12 feet. These are marked on the ordnance map Marsh Hills, and one place on West Coatham Marsh is marked ‘‘Camps.” They were formerly supposed to be Roman Earthworks or Camps. There is no doubt, however, that they were saltworks, probably similar to others on the Durham side of the river; and Saltholme on that side of the river derived its name from these ancient salt- works, and not from the Saltworks which in recent years have been established there. It is probable that very considerable quantities of salt were manufactured there and supplied to the monasteries, some of which held interests in the works, as well as for consumption by the general population. The heat was supplied by coal washed up on the sea shore, as we learn from the Cott., MS., which, referring to the mouth of the Tees, states that ‘‘as the Tyde comes in, yt bringethe a small wash Sea-Cole, which is imployed to the makinge of Salte, and the Fuell of the
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poore fisher Townes adjoininge.” There can be no doubt that these hills are artificial, some of them were excavated a few years ago, and a cutting was driven right through one of them. I inspected these at the time, and I noticed in one place a piece of cinder or scoriz in the perpendicular side of the cutting, four’ or five feet below the surface, and some broken earthenware was found in them.
On the top of some that were excavated were found a series of trenches and a large quantity of scoriz and clinkers. The salt was made by evaporating sea water, but how the heat had been applied was not very clear.
What seemed the most puzzling thing about these salt-works was the quantity of scorie or clinker that was dug up, (it was evident that coals and not charcoal or wood had been used) and the question that presented itself was where this coal had been obtained. The reference in the Cott., MS, however, clears up this question, and coals are washed up on the Coatham Sands to this day, and are gathered by the poor people for fuel, as they were in those ancient times.
The tail piece is from a sketch made at the Decoy in January, 1887.
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ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM CLEVELAND AND TEES-MOUTH,* 1899.
By C. Muvpurn.
The following notes are, unless otherwise stated, the result of my Ornithological researches during 1899 in Cleveland and at the mouth of the River Tees. I have given what I think are the most interesting notes only, and have accordingly omitted the finding of the common birds’ nests. In all, I came across the nests of 65 species of birds in the above districts, and the dates and localities of finding the rarer birds will be found below :—
Redwing (Turdus iliacus) arrived at Linthorpe on October 15th.
Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) arrived at Tees-mouth on N ovem- ber 6th.
Ring Ousel (Turdus torquatus). A single bird frequented the slag wall at Tees-mouth from the last week in April until the middle of May.
Wheatear (Saxicola cnanthe) arrived at Tees-mouth on March 31st. A nest was taken by my friend C. Braithwaite, of Seaton Carew, at the mouth of Tees, which contained six wheatear and three meadow-pipit eggs! The nest was that of the latter bird, so that the wheatears must have taken possession after it had laid three eggs. This interesting nest and eggs are preserved in the above gentleman’s collection A nest found by the writer near the Acklam Ironworks contained five young and one egg on May 25th.
Whinchat (Pratincola rubetra) arrived on April 23rd. Found nest with six eggs on June 4th near Cleveland Asylum.
Redstart (Ruticilla phenicurus) arrived at Gunnergate on April 22nd. Found nest, six eggs, on May 24th. Scores of redstarts frequented the mouth of the Tees during the first week in October.
* The Tees-mouth records refer to both the Durham and Yorkshire side of the river.
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Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea) arrived at Albert Park on April 22nd.
Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca). One in song at Linthorpe on May 24th.
Blackeap Warbler (Sylvia atricapilla). Found nest with four eggs at Tollesby on June 22nd.
Garden Warbler (Sylvia hortensis). I saw and heard a bird of this species several times at Ingleby. It was, no doubt, breeding, although I did not find the nest. A few garden warblers were shot at Tees-mouth during the first week in October.
Gold Crest (Regulus cristatus). Found unfinished nest at Ingleby; birds deserted it afterwards. Very few migratory gold-crests were noted this Autumn.
Chiff Chaff (Pliylloscopus rufus) arrived on Ayril 16th.
Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) arrived at Albert Park on April 16th.
Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) arrived at Ormesby, May 11th.
_ Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus streperus). A pair, as usual, bred at Linthorpe.
Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis) arrived on April 29th.
Grassl.opper Warbler (Locustella neevia) arrived on May 3rd at Linthorpe fields.
Dipper (Cinclus aguaticus\. Found nest, five eggs, at Ingleby, on April 20th, and another with six young at same place on May 22nd.
White Wagtail (Motacilla alba). Saw a male bird of this species near Connal’s Wharf, Middlesbrough, on April 27th. It was evidently fatigued, as it allowed me to get within six yards of it, which made identification easy.
Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope). Found a nest with three eggs at Ingleby on June 3rd.
Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla raid) arrived at Tees-mouth on April 24th. Found nest with young on July 15th at above place.
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Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis) arrived at Ingleby on April 20th. }
Rock Pipit (Anthus obscurus). Saw a party of six on the North Gare Breakwater on November 19th. These may have been the Scandinavian form, as a large number of migrants were arriving on the above date.
Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola) arrived on April 9th.
Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla) arrived at Tees- mouth May 6th.
Swallow (Hirundo rustica) arrived on April 25th. Martin (Chelidon urbica) arrived on April 20th. Sand Martin (Cottle riparia) arrived on April 20th.
Tree Creeper (Certhia familiaris). Found nest, six eggs, at Ingleby on May 22nd.
Siskin (Chrysomitris spinus). One seen at Tees-mouth October 9th. (C. B.)
Lesser Redpole (Linota rufescens). During July, August and September an immense number of these birds were to be seen, either flying South, or frequenting the woods and plantations near Middlesbrough.
Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis). A mature female, in summer plumage, was shot at Tees-mouth on September 21st. (C. B.) No more of these birds were seen until the second week in October.
Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) arrived at Linthorpe on October Ist.
Rook (Corvus frugilegus). Nests with full clutches on March 18th.
Swift (Cypselus apus) arrived at Ormesby on’ May 6th.
Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). Found nest with one egg near Great Ayton on May 6th. There were no fish bones in this nest, the eggs being laid on the bare soil. A number of kingfishers appeared at Tees-mouth and in the streams near Middlesbrough after the nesting season, and were, as usual, relentlessly persecuted by the shooters.
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Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) arrived on April 24th.
Barn Owl (Strix flammea). Found nest with three eggs at Acklam on May 12th. This nesting hole had been previously occupied by a pair of stock doves, which reared four broods per season. ,
Tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco). Found nest, three eggs, at Ingleby on April 3rd, and another nest at Gunnergate with one young on May 7th.
' Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Nest at Gunnergate on April 29th ; birds shot off nest a few days later.
Merlin (Falco cesalon). As usual, a pair reared young on the moor above Ingleby.
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). One seen at Tees- mouth on December 12th. It struck a mallard which fell quite close to my informant, C. Braithwaite.
Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius). Found nest with five eggs in hole of tree at Easby on May 22nd.
Sheldrake (Tadorna cornuta). Took egg of this bird at Tees-mouth on May 14th. Four pairs reared young here this year to my knowledge. A nest found on the north side of the river was placed in the long marram grass, not in the sand. The numb-r of sheldrake breeding at. the mouth of the Tees varies in different seasons. Some years five or six pairs breed, and, in others, two or three only.
Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). Found two nests of this bird in June at a certain place near the mouth of the Tees; the young had been hatched from both nests. About a dozen pairs reared young here this season.
Pintail (Dajila acuta). Saw a male bird at Tees-mouth on April 2nd.
Tufted Duck (Fuligula cristata). A pair bred near the mouth of the Tees this year.
Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus). Flushed a brood of five from a reed bed at Tees-mouth on August 19th. The eggs of this bird have been taken at this particular spot.
Spotted Crake (Porzana maruetta). Saw a bird of this species at Tees-mouth on August 23rd. Mr. C. Braithwaite
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caught a female which was injured on May 25th, and, upon our skinning it, imagine our surprise in taking from the body a full-formed and well-marked egg This was also at the mouth of the river, where this bird breeds.
Corn Crake (Crex pratensis) arrived on April 29th.
Dotterel (Hudromias morinellus). A pair of immature birds obtained on September 16th at the mouth of the Tees.
Ringed Plover (A%gilitis hiaticola). Nests with full clutches at Tees-mouth on May 4th.
Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). One obtained on November 19th at Tees-mouth. It was exceedingly tame and allowed us to get within six yards of it before it was procured.
Snipe (Gallinago celistis). Found nest with two eggs at Tees-mouth on May 28th. About four pairs bred on the “‘slem” this season.
Dunlin (Tringa alpina). An example of the small form, was shot at Tees-mouth in January. It had the grey back of winter and black breast of summer plumage. A nest with four eggs was found by the writer and Mr. T. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U., at the above place on May 23rd.
Ruff (Machetes pugnax). An immature female shot on August 27th. (C.B.) Two shot out of a flock of eight on September 16th at Tees-mouth.
Green Sandpiper (Helodromas ochropus). One shot on. September 23rd at Tees-mouth.
Redshank (Totanus calidris). Nests with eggs on April 13th at Tees-mouth.
Greenshank -( Totanus canescens). A bird of this species was flying about with the breeding redshanks at above place on June 11th.
Little Auk (Mergulus alle). One was picked up exhausted in a field near Tees-mouth on December 15th. (C. B.)
Little Grebe (Tachybaptes fluviatilis). A pair reared young on a pond at Gunnergate this year. Found nest with one egg at Marton on May 10th.
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ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1899.
By R. G. Crayton.
At the Club excursions, which I attended, but. little bird-life was visible, except the ordinary inhabitants of our district. In- deed, there are few opportunities, nor is there much likelihood, of making interesting observations, unless the Ornithologist can get away from the highroads and footpaths into little frequented places, where our feathered friends may hope for quietude during the period of their housekeeping.
The ramble along the Tees bank from Yarm to Worsall revealed nothing but hedge sparrows, blue-tits, thrushes and the like, although the neighbourhood seemed a promising one. A herring-gull was flying over the river, which caused me to recollect that during the past few years gulls of several species seem to go further into the country than was formerly the case. My attention was called to this fact by several farmers, as well as other friends in various parts of Cleveland.
There seems to have been an increase in the number of carrion crows last Spring on the Moorlands. Several were killed, where they had not been noticed for a considerable period.
On August 26th a white bullfinch was shot at Saltburn. I examined this bird and found it was a pure albino with the characteristic pink eyes. The faint shadings discernible in the white plumage gave it a pretty effect.
On the 3rd November I purchased of one of the game dealers in the town a curiously plumaged grouse (male) Lagopus scoticus) which had come, with other game, from a local moor. The colour varied from cream to brown, but, principally, was of a. sort of rufous tint, almost devoid of the beautiful pencilling usual with the normal feathered bird. Variations of plumage amongst red grouse are somewhat exceptional, hence I mention this specimen.
* In the same month a grey phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) was shot at Redcar. These birds are becoming rarer in their visits now.
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In December, Mr. T. H. Nelson had the good fortune to secure a thick knee, or Norfelk plover, (Oedicnemus crepitans), and, as the incident is so uncommon for these parts, I give the account of it which appeared in the “ Field” of 10th March, 1900 :—
“On December 16th last, during stormy and wintry weather, a live example of the stone curlew was brought me by a man whose dog had caught it on the sand-hills, east of Redcar. I endeavoured to keep it alive, but it was very poor in condition and had evidently been shot at and slightly wounded. It only lived a few hours after capture. The appearance of stone curlew in Cleveland is, at any time, of rare occurrence, but to find one in mid December is so unusual as to be worthy of record.”
As a comment, I may say that I lately saw a communication in one of the journals that a pair of these birds had been observed two years in succession upon a Yorkshire moor, but I cannot find the note.
In February, 1900, a number of little auks put in an appear. —
ance on the Coast, no doubt as a result of the exceptionally severe weather and winter in the North of Europe.
BIRD NOTES, 1899.
By R. Lorrnovss.
Aprit 2nd.— Wheat-ear (Sawicola oenanthe) noticed in garden at Linthorpe.
Aprit 20th.— Willow Wren (Phylloscopus trochilus) appears. Apri 28rd.—Sand Martin (Cotile riparia) appears.
ApriL 29th.—Redstart (Ruticilla phcenicurus) appears. Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea) heard.
Aprit 30th.—Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) heard.
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May 2nd.—Corncrake (Crex pratensis) heard. Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus) noticed near Broughton. Tree pipit (Anthus trivialis) and Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella nevia) both heard near Broughton.
May 4th.—Spotted Fly-catcher (Muscicapa grisola) noticed at Saltburn.
May 7th.—Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis) sung. May 13th.—Swift (Cypselus apus) appears.
Notr.—Owing to the very cold and inclement weather prevailing during April, the Spring Migrants were nearly all noticed later than the average date.
SreptemBer.—Curlew Sandpiper (Tringa subarcuata). One shot near Redcar, also a Richardson’s Skua (Stercorarius crept- datus) in immature plumage.
NovemBer.—Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major). One found lying dead near Easby Hall, by Mr. Emerson’s gardener, on Sunday, November 12th. It had probably flown against: ‘he wires which convey electricity to Easby Hall. The Rev. J. Hawell, from whom I had this information, saw a speci- men at Ingleby a few months ago.
DECEMBER 10th.—Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope). One noticed near Acklam.
December 14th.—White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons). Mr. Mussel, Bird-stuffer, of Middlesbrough, had two (young birds) sent to stuff by Mr. Emerson, shot, I understand, near Swainby.
DecemBer 16th.—Wild Swans (Cygnus sp 1). About this date, the weather being very wintry, a herd of 21 wild swans were seen passing Redcar by Mr. T. H. Nelson. One or two were also seen at the Tees Estuary. About this date Mallard (Anas boschas) Wigeon (Mareca penelope) and Teal (Nettion evecca) occurred in some numbers.
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ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM CLEVELAND AND TEES-MOUTH, 1900. By C, Mitsurn.
Missel Thrush.—Found a nest at Acklam on April 11th, with the very unusual number of seven eggs. I am led to believe, from the large size of the nest and the one type of colour in the eggs, that it is one bird’s laying only.
Redwing.—First arrivals noted at Tees-mouth, September 28th.
Fieldfare.—Arrived at Tees-mouth, October 4th.
Ring Ousel.—Saw one feeding in Marton Hall grounds, on February 25th. As I had it under observation for over an hours there can be no question of correct identity. This species was breeding in good numbers on the moors between Swainby and Osmotherley on May 19th.
Wheat-ear.—Arrived on March 30th at Tees-mouth. A nest found at Port Clarence, on May 20th, had six eggs half incubated.
Whinchat.—Arrived on May 5th,
Stonechat.—Found a nest with young and one addled egg near Pinchingthorpe, on June 16th. This is the second nest of this very local and uncommon bird that I have found in this district.
Redstart.—Arrived on April 30th. Was very plentiful this year.
Whitethroat.—Arrived on May 2nd. Found a nest with six eggs at Ingleby on June 4th.
Gold Crest.—Found a nest with nine eggs at Marton on May 18th.
Chiff Chaff—Arrived on April 18th. Saw nest with six eggs on May 11th.
Willow Wren.—First seen on April 20th. Nests with full clutches on May 24th.
115 Wood Wren.—Arrived on May 5th. Sedge Warbler.—Arrived May 5th.
Grasshopper Warbler.—First heard “ reeling ” at Whinstone Dyke on May 6th. Found a nest near Thornaby, on July 17th, with five eggs.
White Wagtail—This bird seems to be a regular Spring migrant to this district. I saw it first on May 6th this year, and at intervals until July, at a place near Middlesbrough. I saw a fine male at Osmotherley, on May 19th. The eggs of the Osmotherley pair were taken in 1899 and were shown at the Exhibition (Y.N.U.).
Pied Wagtail.—Nest with five eggs at Tees-mouth on June 24th.
Grey Wagtail.—A pair at Ingleby, after several unsuccessful efforts to rear young in a wall, brought off a brood in an old thrush’s nest.
Yellow Wagtail.—Arrived on April 22nd.
* Blue Headed Wagtail.—Three seen in company with Yellow Wagtails at Tees-mouth, on May 6th.
Tree Pipit.—Arrived on April 21st.
Great Grey Shrike.—Saw a single bird at Tees-mouth, on November 17th.
* Red Backed Shrike.—A young friend of mine, named Telford, took a nest of this bird at Gunnergate, in June, 1898. It had two eggs, which were taken, and I can testify to the eggs being genuine. This is, I believe, the first record for Cleveland, and perhaps the most northerly record for England of late years,
Spotted Flycatcher,—First noticed at Ingleby on May 10th. Swallow.—Arrived at Middlesbrough on April 20th, Martin.—Arrived on April 28rd.
Sand Martin. —Noted on April 19th.
* Confirmation of these records would be acceptable.-—Ed,
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Tree Creeper.—Saw a nest with young at Kildale on June 4th. A few yards away a Viper was busy devouring a brood of Cole Tits, but a stone soon put an end to its marauding. Both the old Cole Tits and Creepers were perched on a branch, quivering their drooped wings as if paralysed.
Hawfinch.—I am pleased to be able to record the fact that about sixteen pairs of these birds nested at one place in Cleve- land during 1900. In all I saw over a score of nests, but, of course, this gave no clue as to the numbers about, as they deserted the nest if it was touched and built another one. Over eight pairs are known to have reared young successfully. As usual, when the habits of a bird are found out, I had no difficulty in finding four more places where the Hawfinch had reared young during 1900 in Cleveland. For very good reasons I will not disclose the localities. Hawfinches have one enemy already, and I will not help to make another.
Crossbill.—I heard and saw a single bird of this species in a wood near Great Ayton, on August 18th. It was in the red plumage.
Magpie.—Saw two nests with eggs at Gunnergate. Is very common in §.E. Durham.
Jay.—Is still fairly common in a few woods in Cleveland. Found a nest with the unusual number of seven eggs on May 18th, at Gunnergate.
Hooded Crow.—Arrived at Tees-mouth on October 9th.
Shore Lark.—Was fairly common at intervals between October and December at Tees-mouth. A few were shot.
Kingfisher.—Often seen behind the Albert Park between September and December. Very few near the Coast this year.
Long-eared Owl.—Two nests with young seen at Kildale on June 4th.
Short-eared Owl.—First noted on September 8th, at Tees- mouth.
Tawny Owl.—Nested in an old Magpie’s nest at Gunnergate.
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Barn Owl.—Saw first nest on April 18th with three eggs at Gunnergate. An old Magpie’s nest was utilised by the Owls. Is increasing.
Buzzard.—One was shot at Kildale on September 8th, which had been noticed for nearly a year before it was procured (Mussell). Another was shot at Tees-mouth N., on November Ist.
Kestrel.—One which was shot at Tees-mouth on October 13th has only one leg. The other had been shot off previously, but the wound had healed up wonderfully.
Merlin.—Nested near Kildale, and also near Swainby.
Sheldrake.—A pair nested in Bell’s slag-bank at Port Clarence. Three more pairs reared young at Tees-mouth.
Shoveller.—For some reason, probably the coldness of the Spring, which retarded the growth of the reeds, this bird was scarce, where in 1899 several pairs reared young. Two pairs, © howc< ver, nested and brought off young, and the rest bred inland, ~ as I often saw them flying over at dusk to the estuary.
Tufted Duck.—A number of these birds stay for a short time in May, along with the migrating Widgeon, Teal, &c., at Tees-mouth. A pair usually stay and breed at a preserve, but did not this year.
Water Rail.—Made several attempts to find the nest at Tees mouth, and although I located more than one pair and flushed them often I failed. It certainly breeds.
Spotted Crake.—Flushed a pair in June which I knew were breeding at Tees-mouth, one of which was carrying a young one in its feet.
Coot.—Nest with seven eggs on June 10th, at Cowpen.
Ringed Plover.-—Several nests with eggs on April 22nd. This bird is still holding its own at the part of Tees-mouth of which I write.
Woodcock.—A nest with four eggs near Swainby on April 15th. I believe this is the first recorded Cleveland nest of this bird.
Jack Snipe. —Arrived at Tees-mouth on November 10th,
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Dunlin.—Only saw a single bird at Tees-mouth, which was nesting.
Curlew Sandpiper.—Saw one in full summer plumage at Tees-mouth on June 24th. A few noticed in September.
Ruff.—One shot out of a flock of eight at Tees-mouth on September 10th.
Sandpiper.—Arrived at Linthorpe on April 19th. Found nest and young at Glaisdale on July 7th.
Redshank.—Is increasing at Tees-mouth. A bird allowed us to lift her off her nest and put her on again without making an effort to escape. ;
Leach’s Petrel.—One was picked up at Coatham on October 19th (Mussell).
Little Grebe.— Nested on several ponds near Middlesbrough. A pair which were systematically robbed of their eggs laid over forty eggs, and never laid in the same nest after being robbed twice before they gave it up, and built a new one.
Great Crested Grebe.—Saw a pair in full breeding plumage at Tees-mouth on April 8th.
MAMMALIAN NOTE,
By C. Mirsurn.
Pine Marten.—As the note in the ‘‘ Naturalist ” (which was extracted from my note in the “ Northern Weekly Gazette’’) did not give the date of capture, I take the opportunity of doing so here. Its presence was discovered by its footprints in the snow, and, being an “unknown” to the keepers, traps were set for it. It fell a victim to one of the traps on Friday, March 9th, 1900, and was at once sent to Mr. Mussell, the Taxidermist, who let me examine it in the flesh. It is now in the possession of Mr. Emerson, of Tollesby Hall, near Middlesbrough, on whose estate at Swainby it was obtained.
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NOTES, 1900.—By R. G. Ciayron, anp OTHERS.
From various causes I was unable to be present at more than three of the Club’s Excursions (those in the early part of the season), when nothing special in the Ornithological line was observed, and during the winter I have not had any opportunity whatever of getting out, nor have I received any specimens.
Mr. Milburn’s notes are very full, and may be taken as comprising all that could be noted for our district.
One feature I should like to mention is the increase of Hawfinches. I have been long aware of their visiting us, but not until now are such anumber recorded. This, I think, points to a gradual extension northwards of several species, which has been observed and commented upon in various journals.
Although the weather throughout the year was principally of an unpleasant nature, cold and rain predominating, there were no severe storms of duration long enough to disturb migration or the general seasonal movements of birds, hence unusual species have been absent.
‘ The capture of a Marten in Cleveland is very exceptional. It must be many years since such an animal occurred with us. An occasional specimen is seen or takeu in the Lake District and further North. Had this wandered down or across country to meet the usual melancholy end ?
A Seal was captured in February in the Tees.
Little Gull (Larus minutus) at Redcar.—I picked up an immature bird of this species on September 29th, 1900, washed in by tide (quite fresh), near Redcar Jetty, on the Yorkshire side of the Tees estuary. It was in length 12 inches. ‘Lhe upper parts were mottled with dark brown and white, and a band of sooty shade was at the tip of the tail. The tail was very slightly forked ; the primaries were black on both webs next the shafts, and white on the remainder of the inner webs. The under wing was white, the bill was blackish, and the feet were yellowish pink.—T. Asuton LorrHovusg, Linthorpe, Middles- brough.
Fulmar Petrel (Fulmarus glacialis)—One was washed up on the beach at Kettleness on September 2nd, 1899.—J. H. Witsoy, ** Naturalist,” Jan., 1901, p. 7.
Porbeagle or Beaumaris Shark (Lamna cornubica).—A large one was captured by Thos. Langlands in the herring nets off Huntcliff, on October 11th, 1898, and brought into Whitby Harbour. It measured between 7 feet and 8 feet in length.— “‘ Naturalist,” Jan., 1901., p. 9.
A FEW NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA THAT HAVE BEEN RECORDED FOR THE CLEVELAND DISTRICT DURING PAST YEARS.
By T. Asuron LorrHouss,
In looking up old records in connection with a list of Cleveland Lepidoptera which I am preparing, I have come across several species for which no recent records exist, so far as I am aware, and I thought it would lead to some work being done by Lepidopterist members of our Club and others if a list of these insects were published, with localities recorded, and a few notes appended as to likely habitats, and plants that each species is likely to affect, and by this means gain the assistance of our members to work up these particular species and see if they still exist in Cleveland.
It is probable that a good many, if not all, of them, may still be found by diligent working (excepting, of course, such speeies as Antiopa, Quadra, ete., which are distinctly migratory species as far as this locality is concerned), but in the very short time in the summer months at our disposal, and with the limited number of members who work at this branch, it is necessarily slow work hunting up these recorded species. But the work that has been done by our Lepidopterist members during the past season or two has resulted in several species being added to our Cleveland list; and I have great hope that by their assistance most, if not all, the species enumerated may be found.
In writing a few years since to a gentleman at Great Ayton for a list of Insects likely to be taken there (in connection with a Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union proposed excursion to the district), he, after naming a few species that he had taken in the district, said that ‘‘ several of the kinds have become scarce of late years, I think on account of the many artificial manures now used. It is only my idea, but I may be right.” How far this is true J am not prepared to say, but I have no doubt that the great alteration made in agricultural methods in recent years has had a good deal to do with the disappearance of some species. One example is the way hedges are being perpetually cut down, often right to the roots; and this of itself must account for a very large destruction of insects in the ova and larve stages.
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Another cause of disappearance of species, especially butter- flies, and also the tendency of certain insects to become much darker than the original type, is, I think, due to the changed meteorological conditions, but this is a matter that can be better worked out by meteorologists, it being only an assump- tion on my part that the years seem to be getting more of an equable temperature, instead of what our elders talk of as the old-fashioned cold winters and hot summers. The alteration of the weather in the way mentioned, 7.e. having cold and warm snaps of weather during the winter months, would, in the case of the warmer spells of weather, tend to bring insects out in the earlier stages before their time, and then a cold snap comes and there is an end to the venturesome species, perhaps a total eclipse for the district affected
Good ground for working is by railway embankments, where it is often more sheltered, and the vegetation is more in a wild state, not being troubled by agriculturists ; but these also have their drawbacks, such as the sparks from a passing engine occasionally setting the herbage on fire, and, of course, destroying
overything with it. And then there is also the difficulty of -working railway embankments without being liable to the
penalty of the law.
Before commencing the list of species, I should like to ask members and others who are working up the Lepidoptera of the district for their assistance in the preparation of a list of the species that occur in Cleveland, and it would be much more useful if they would at the same time let me have the earliest and latest dates on which the various species occur, together with any notes as to the variation, habits, local distribution, ete.
I should also be glad to receive from non-Lepidopterist members any insects, larve, etc., for the purpose of naming, and all assistance would be very acceptable, the work not being one that can be accomplished by one person.
I have included a few species in [ ] that have not been recorded for the Cleveland district, but are likely to occur, having occurred in adjacent districts.
Diurni. Colias edusa.—This insect is, of course, as far as this district is concerned, migratory, and thus of only very occasional appearance.
Stokesley—Reported some years since.
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This species having occurred recently in some numbers all over the country, I should be glad of all records with data as far as possible.
Frequents clover fields and railway banks and is fond of flowers.
Argynis selene. Argynis euphrosyne.—Some species of small fritillaries were taken in the Great Ayton district some years ago. It is probable that one or both of these species would be taken. Both species are recorded in the Durham and Northumberland list.—Robson.
The larve of both these species feed on dog and sweet violets. The imago flies in woods about June.
Argynis aglaia is given as fairly plentiful at Whitby (Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 8). Whitby is situated just outside the Cleveland boundary, but insects given for there may have been taken in Cleveland, seeing that the boundary extends to within about three miles of Whitby.
Larve feed on dog and sweet violets and wild hearts- ease, on hill-sides and sand hills. Imago fliesin June and July, affecting hill-sides, coast sand-hills, ete.
Argynis adippe.—Great Ayton (W.H.). Open spaces in woods, fond of flowers of Centaurea. July-August.
Larve feed on dog and sweet violets.
Argynis paphia.—Great Ayton (W.H.). Open spaces in woods. July-August.
Larve feed on dog and sweet violets.
Argynis paphia var. Valezina.— Recorded as having been taken at Whitby (B. Lockyer Young, Nat., Jan., 1887).
Vanessa C-album.—Great Ayton (B.H.) Also recorded common at Whitby (Yorks. list, Porritt, 9).
Imago, August-September.
This species should certainly occur in Cleveland as the principal food plant, elm, is common in most of our Cleve- land woods. It is, however, a butterfly that seems to have vanished from most of the Northern woods, for no other reason so far as I can see, but the altered climatic conditions.
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Vanessa antiopa.—This species being only a migratory one, it is not to be expected that it will occur except on excep- tional occasions. It has been recorded as having occurred at Middlesbrough, Saltburn, and Roxby Moor, the latter about 1875, by the late Captain Turton.
I should be glad to have particulars of any vecords of this species having occurred in the Cleveland district.
Imago will come to sugar during day-time.
Pararge megera.—Great Ayton (W.H.). Larve feed on grasses.
Imago frequent lanes, banks, walls. May and August.
(Satyrus semele).—This butterfly has not been recorded for Cleveland, but should occur on the sand-hills along the Coast, it occurring abundantly at Scarborough, and also in places along the Durham Coast.
Imago flies during August.
Larve feed on couch grass, etc., on sea-shore sand- hills, ete.
(Chortobius typhon | =davus].)—This butterfly should certainly occur in Cleveland on the great expanse of moorland that we have.
Imago frequent grasses in damp places, on moors during July. ’
Thecla quercus.—Given as taken at Whitby abundantly (Yorks. list. Porritt), I was present when one was taken by Mr. W. Hewett at Sandsend, on the occasion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visit in September, 1894. Seeing the great quantity of oak woods in the Cleveland district the insect should be taken all over. It flies over the tops of oak and ash in the sunshine, and rests on the leaves at night and in dull weather.
(Lyccena astrarche) (= agestis).—This insect occurs commonly * on the Durham Coast, and should occur at Saltburn, seeing that the food plant (Helianthemum) occurs there.
Imago flies June—July.
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(Lycena argiolus).—No record is given for this district, but this butterfly should be looked for wherever the holly grows plentifully, about the end of May.
Noeturni. Acherontia atropos.—This species has occurred in many places in this district, and is taken more or less abundantly at Middlesbrough almost every year. I should, however, like records from a3 many Cleveland localities as possible, with dates of appearance and if in larva, pupa, or imago stage. I specially want records of the occurrence of the insect in the spring or early summer.
Sphinz convolvuli has occasionally occurred, specimens having been taken at Saltburn, Redcar, Yarm, and Middlesbrough.
Comes to flowers at dusk, especially the flowers of the Tobacco plant.
Sphinz ligustri.Imago taken at Hutton Gate some years since.
Larva feeds on privet, ash, guelderose, &c.
Cherocampa celzrio.—Middlesbrough, single specimen, 1870. (Yorks, list, Porritt, p. 18).
Sesiide.—With the exception of Crabroniformis (bembeci- Jormis) none of this family of insects have been recorded for the Cleveland district. As there are eight species in addition to the one already mentioned recorded in the Yorkshire list, I consider that by specially working at the proper season some of these might be turned up in the Cleveland district. The best way would be to work for the larve in the spring in the various trees affected by these species.
Gnophria quadra.—One recorded taken at Redcar, in 1875. (Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 25). This species occurred all over the country about that period, and there must have been a partial migration.
Gnophria rubricolliz.—Guisborough (Stainton’s Manual, p. 140), An Ayton gentleman informed me he used to take a black footman fairly commonly in that district, which would probably be this species.
Imago flies in the sunshine in July over trees, &.
Larvz feed on lichens, on larch, &c,
+> 6, SSeS” —_
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Emydia cribrum.—The ‘speckled footman” was given to me
in a list for the Great Ayton district as being pretty common, but I am afraid this must be a mistake for some other species. The larvee feed on heath, but I do not know of its having occurred anywhere in the North. It is certainly not mentioned in the Yorkshire list.
Cossus Ligniperda.—Great Ayton, rare (W.H.). I am under
the impression that I have seen one or two larve that have been taken in the Middlesbrough district during past years.
The larve feed in the trunks of large trees of ash, willow, elm, &c., feeding on the wood seldom 5 feet from the ground,
Trichiura crategi.—Between Ayton and Stokesley (T. Mel-
drum). Larvae feed on hawthorn, elm, sallow, &ec., in May, and are often to be found on dense and closely cropped hawthorn hedges bordering roads.
Dicranura bicuspis.—Guisborough, several (W. Jeffrey, Ent.
W. Int., Sep 11, 1858). Middlesbrough (Zool., 1857, xv., 5825). Yarm, empty cocoons (W. Lister, Entom., 1869, iv., 231); between Ayton and Stokesley (T. Meldrum),
This insect should certainly be turned up again in this district (it is taken, I believe, every year in the Scar- borough district), seeing that its main food plant, alder, is one of the commonest trees in Cleveland, occurring every- where.
Imago appears in May —June. Larve on alder, July—September.
Pup, October—April, spun up on alder trunks, rarely above 2 ft. from the ground. Resemble a Brazil nut.
Noetuze. Acronycta alni.—Guisborough (W. Jeffrey, Ent. W.
Int. iv. 188). This species occurs frequently in the Scarborough district, and I think it is only a question of searching well for it to be turned up again in Cleveland.
The larve feed on a number of trees including alder, willow, oak, sallow, birch, &c.
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Axylia putris.—Redcar (J.Sang, Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 73). It would be interesting to know if this species still occurs at Redcar.
Imago appears in June, and would probably come to sugar.
Tryphena interjecta.—Redcar (J. Sang), Saltburn (G. T. Porritt).
Taken at Saltburn in August at tansy flowers, &c. Tryphena orbona (=subsequa).—Redcar, July, 1875 (Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 81). Dianthecia carpophaga.—Redcar (J. Sang). Larvee feed on seed capsules of Silene inflata. Chariclea umbra (Heliothis marginata).—Redecar (J. Sang). This insect occurs commonly in the Hartlepool district, and should be turned up on our coast wherever the rest
harrow (Ononis arvensis) occurs on the sand-hills, on which plant the larve feed in August very freely.
Geometrez. Cleora lichenaria.—Between Ayton and Stokesley (T. Meldrum).
Imago appears in July, and may be taken on lichen- covered oak trunks, &e.
Larve feed on lichens, and should be taken in May.
Acidalia dimidiata (scutulata)—Redcar (J.S., Yorks. list, Porritt).
Acidalia imitaria.—Redear (J. Sang). Imago, August.
Larve feed on bedstraw (Galiwm). May and June.
Most of the records have been taken from the Yorkshire list, by Geo. T. Porritt, F.L.S., published in 1888 by the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
The information as regards time of appearance, food plant, &c , has been mostly taken from the excellent Lepidopterists’ Calendar compiled by Joseph Merrin.
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CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1899.
By T. Asuton LorrnHouss,
* Denotes Species recorded in our Proceedings for first time.
The notes following on Cleveland Lepidoptera include those received from Messrs. W. Sachse and Frank Elgee, which, to prevent repetition and also to curtail space, I have thought well to incorporate in one list, along with my own notes.
With reference to the season, Mr. Sachse states that it has not been a particularly good one for him, as far as species new to the district are concerned. Some of the insects recorded by him were got out at an early date by forcing. He, therefore, had the insects coming out at a time when there is very little outside work possible. He considers this an excellent plan to get a good series of a common insect which emerges naturally at a time when the collector rarely has room for it on his setting boards.
The season, according to Mr. Frank Elgee’s experience, was a fairly good one. He noted 117 species, two or three of which have not been hitherto recorded in our Proceedings. He states that the weather was unfavourable in May and in the autumn, but the summer was very fine indeed and insects were exceedingly numerous, especially during July, when sugaring was exceedingly productive, the moths in this month simply appearing by the hundred every night. On the evening of July 17th, at a small stretch of sugared palings at Ingleby Greenhow, there were no less than 500 moths. The Large Yellow Underwing (7. pronuba) was represented by 273 in- dividuals in fine condition.
Several common species are only noted in the following list, on account of occurrence in localities in which they have not hitherto been recorded in our Proceedings.
Diurni. Pieris brassice.—Ingleby Greenhow, May 9th and August 12th (F. Elgee).
Pieris rape.—Ingleby Greenhow, April 21st, October 17th (F. Elgee),.
Pieris napt.—Ingleby Greenhow, May 5th (F. Elgee).
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Euchloe cardamines.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th and 8th. Late dates for this butterfly (F. Elgee).
Vanessa urtice.—Ingleby Greenhow, May 6th. (F. Elgee).
, atalanta.—Ingleby Greenhow, July llth. (F. Elgee.) This butterfly was common in the district during the autumn, several occurring in the garden at Linthorpe.
Epinephele janira.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 8th (F. Elgee).
*Epinephele hyperanthus.—Kilton Woods, several on July 15th (W. Sachse).
Ceenonympha pamphiius.—Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee). Polyommatus phloeas.—Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee). Lycena icarus.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th (Elgee). Nisoniades tages.—Hilton, June 10th (Sachse).
Nocturni. Acherontia atropos.—A full-grown larva was brought to me that had been taken off potatoes in a garden near Thornaby on August 25th. It pupated on August 27th, and the imago appeared on November 19th, the pupa having been kept in a warm place and frequently damped. The moth when touched gave off a clear clicking sound.
Smerinthus populi.—Ingleby Greenhow. Bred May 20th (F. Elgee).
Macroglossa stellatarum.—This species occurred abundantly all over the country during the summer of this year. My noies of its occurrence in this district are—June 4th, Thornaby, single specimen; June 10th, three or four on moors near Great Ayton ; July 21st, August 23rd and September 1st, single specimens hovering over flowers in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Mr. J. M. Meek informed me that two or three had been noticed at Redcar.
Arctia caia.—Larve at Ingleby Greenhow, May 28th. Spilosoma lubricipeda.—Middlesbrough, bred (W. Sachse).
Spilosoma menthastri.—Middlesbrough, bred (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, May 11th (F. Elgee).
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Hepialus humuli.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 5th (F. Elgee).
* Hepialus sylvanus.—Several taken in garden at Linthorpe, resting on netting at end of tennis lawn, after dusk, during the month of August.
Hepialus velleda.—Took two females in Kilton Woods on July Ist. One laid a number of ova which were white when laid, but turned quite black within twenty-four hours. Ingleby Greenhow, July 7th (F. Elgee).
Hepialus hectus. —Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse).
Orgyia antiqua.—Numbers of larve near Eston Grange, August 16tb. First bred September 2nd (F. Elgee).
* Pecilocampa popult.—Specimen (female) bred from cocoon found in Kilton Woods (W. Sachse).
Eriogaster lanestris—At Ingleby Greenhow, on July 4th, twelve nests of larve were found on hawthorn and sloe (F. Elgee).
Bombyx quercus.—Ingleby Greenhow. Bred June 15th « (F. Elgee).
Saturnia pavonia.—Ingleby Greenhow. Bred May 25th. Larve noticed on moors on July 11th (F. Elgee).
* Dicranura furcula.—Larva in Middlesbrough Park, on August 16th (F. Elgee).
Dicranura vinula.—May 21st. Bred from 1897 larve. Larve noticed at Ingleby Greenhow on July 18th (F. Elgee).
Lophopteryx camelina.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
* Notodonta dictceoides.—A pair taken at Ingleby Greenhow on May 22nd ; female laid about 100 eggs, which hatched on June 4th (F. Elgee).
Phalera bucephala.—Kilton Woods, bred March (W. Sachse).
Noctuze.—* Thyatira derasa.—Two specimens taken at sugar in Kilton Woods on July 1st (W. Sachse).
* Cymatophora duplaris—A good specimen beaten out of woods near Great Ayton, on July 14th.
Bryophila perla.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
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Acronycta psi.—Ingleby Greenhow, June 19th and July 8th (F. Elgee).
Acronycta rumicis.—dune 20th, July 10th (F. Elgee).
Leucanéa conigera.—Ingleby Greenhow, at sugar, July 24th (F. Elgee). Leucania lithargyria.—Middlesbrough, July 13th. (W. Sachse)
Leucania comma.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 1st (I. Elgee). Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse).
Leucania pallens.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse).
Ingleby Greenhow, July 11th, at sugar, both the type and a reddish variety (F. Elgee).
Xylophasia rurea.—Middlesbrough, June 16th, Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Xylophasia monoglypha.—Type and variety infuscata, at sugar, Ingleby Greenhow, July 8rd (F. Elgee). Kilton Woods (W. Sachse).
Xylophasia lithoxylea.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Xylophasia hepatica.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Cerigo matura.—Specimens of this moth occurred at sugar (mostly in moderate condition) in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on July 25th, 28th and August Ist, 2nd, 4th and 9th.
Mamestra abjecta.—Single specimens of this rare moth taken at sugar, in garden at Linthorpe, on July 28th and August 8th.
* Mamestra sordida.—Single specimens on sugar in garden at Linthorpe, on June 21st and July 138th.
Mamestra brassice.—Kilton Woods (Sachse). Ingleby Green-— how (F. Elgee).
Apamea basilinea.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 16th (Elgee).
Apamea gemina.—Kilton Woods, at sugar, July 1st(W. Sachse) Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee).
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Apamea unanimis.—Kilton Woods, at sugar, July lst (W. Sachse).
Apamea didyma.—Ingleby Greenhow, at sugar, July 26th (F. Elgee).
Miana strigilis—Middlesbrough, June 20th (F. Elgee). var. Aithiops at Kilton Woods, July Ist (W. Sachse). I find the commonest form in this district to be blackish brown, more black than brown, but not intense black. This I take to be the type form. The completely black form var. Asthiops is also taken sparingly, whilst the light form var. preeduncula (broadly white at hind margin) is rare. I took two specimens at sugar this year in garden, Middles- brough, on June 27th, and I also have eae taken some years since at Middlesbrough.
Miana fasciuncula.—Kilton Woods, July 1st. (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 19th (Elgee).
Miana arcuosa.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
*Grammesia trigrammica.—Single specimen, at sugar in garden, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on June 27th.
Caradrina morpheus.—At sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on July 3rd and August 3rd.
Caradrina quadripunctata.—Kilton Woods, July Ist. (W. Sachse) Middlesbrough, June 16th, and Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Rusina tenebrosa.—At sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on June 26th and July 10th. Kilton Woods, July Ist. (W. Sachse).
Agrotis segetum.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (very dark forms) (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 5th. Ingleby Green- how (F. Elgee).
Agrotis exclamationis.—-Kilton Woods, July 1st (some nearly black) (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 15th. Ingleby Greenhow, July 1st (Elgee).
Agrotis strigula.—Kilton Woods, July Ist, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, on heaths (F. Elgee).
Noctu augur.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
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Noctua plecta.—Kilton Woods, July 1st, at sugar (W. Sachse), Middlesbrough, June 17th, Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd, at sugar (F. Elgee).
*Noctua stigmatica (Rhombotdea).—Ingleby Greenhow, July 30th, at sugar (F. Elgee).
This record is interesting seeing that the insect is not
included in the Durham and Northumberland list, and
that there are only two localities given for it in Porritt’s Yorkshire List.
Noctua brunnea.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Noctua jestiva.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (very striking forms) at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Noctua umbrosa.—Occurred at sugar in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on August 2nd, and throughout the month in good numbers. I never noticed it commonly here before.
Noctua baja.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Noctua xanthographa.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Triphena comes.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Triphena pronuba.—Kilton Woods, July Ist (very dark forms) (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Mania typica.—At sugar, Ingleby Greenhow, July 10th (F. Elgee).
Mania maura—At sugar, Ingleby Greenhow, July 10th (F. Elgee).
Teniocampa gothica.—Middlesbrough, bred February (W Sachse), Ingleby Greenhow, April 20th (F. Elgee).
Taniocamp1 incerta.—Middlesbrough, bred February (W. Sachse).
Teniocampa satbifis—Ingleby Greenhow, March 18th (F.
Scopelosoma satellitia.—A female taken at sugar in garden at Linthorpe, on April 24th, laid a quantity of ova on April 27-8, which hatched out on May 19th, and first specimens were bred from same on August 31st.
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Xanthia circellaris.—Middlesbrough, bred March (Sachse). Larve at Linthorpe, June 7th; first bred from same August 10th (F. Elgee).
Polia chi.—Occurred at sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on August 18th, etc.
Polia chi, var. olivacea.—Two specimens of this variety taken at sugar, at Linthorpe, on August 25th.
Aporophyla lutulenta.—This insect was recorded for the first time for this district by Mr. Sachse in the 1898 Proceedings, but seeing that only one locality is given for it in Mr. Porritt’s Yorkshire list, I think it is worth while to record tie specimens taken this season. The first specimen occurred at sugar in garden, at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on August 28th; further ones occurred on August 81st, September Ist, female, 4th, 5th (2), and 13th, September 4th, one (Sachse).
*Euplexia lucipara.—Ingleby Greenhow, at rest on wall, on July 3rd, also at sugar, on July 4th (F. Elgee).
Phlogophora meticulosa.—Kilton Woods, July 1st, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, July 8rd (F. Elgee).
Aplecta prasina.—Kilton Woods, July 15th. A female taken which laid ova. These hatched out in due course, and I reared the larvee indoors, and forced them on as much as possible with the intention of preventing their going into hybernation. When food became scarce in December I fed them on slices of apple, with the result that they all had pupated by the end of the year (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, dark form, July 3rd (I. Elgee).
Aplecta nebulosa —Kilton Woods, July 15th. A female taken which laid ova, which, when hatched out, were treated same as previous species, but they took less kindly to the process, fed up much slower, and I only obtained six pupe (W. Sachse).
*Hadena glauca,—Occurred at Eston Hills on May 30th and June 6th, and also at Great Ayton on June 3rd and 10th. Females, taken on the 3rd and 6th, laid large quantity of ova. Ova laid on the 8th hatched out on the 17th June. The larve from these and other batches, amounting to 200 or 300 in all, fed up very rapidly, but when full fed they seemed to take some disease, and all
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died off but two or three. I tried changing their quarters, food, etc., but all to no purpose. I may say that the weather about the time was very hot, and that may have had something to do with it.
Two batches of ova were found laid on sprigs of heather, on Eston Hills on June 6th.
Hadena dentina.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Linthorpe, at sugar, on June 21st.
Hadena oleracea.—Kilton Woods, July Ist, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Hadena pisi,—Middlesbrough, bred (W. Sachse).
Hadena thalassina.—Kilton Woods, July Ist, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Calocampa vetusta.—Hybernated female taken at Middlesbro’ on June 11th, which laid about 100 ova, which towards the end of August produced about 40 splendid insects (W. Sachse).
Calocampa exoleta.—Middlesbrough, at sugar, April 27th (F. Elgee).
Gonoptera libutrix —Single specimens, in good condition, taken at sugar in garden at Linthorpe on June 12th and 20th. Noted on account of date. This moth was again taken on September 12th.
Habrostola tripartita.—Taken at Valerian flowers in garden, Middlesbrough, on July 19th.
Plusia gamma.—Iugleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
*Plusia interrogationis.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Took two specimens off walls on moors near Great Ayton on July 22nd. Although this moth has not been previously recorded in our Proceedings, I have taken odd specimens. of it in previous years at Great Ayton and Eston Hills.
Anarta myrtilli._-Ingleby Greenhow, July 10th (IF. Elgee).
Phytometra viridaria.—Occurred commonly near heaths at Great Ayton on June 3rd, 10th and 17th, dashing about in the sun.
Zanclognatha grisealis—Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse),
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Hypena proboscidalis.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 13th (F. Elgee).
Geometre. Uropteryx sambucaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Rumia luteolata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Metrocampa margaritaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
“Eurymene dolobraria.—Single specimen taken off fir tree trunk near Kildale in June.
Odontopera bidentata.—Ingleby Greenhow, bred May 15th (F. Elgee).
Crocalis elinguaria.—Ingleby Greenhow, larve, May 6th (F. Elgee).
Amphidasys betularia—Type specimen bred from Doubée- dayaria female, taken at Kilton last year. Took a Doubledayaria variety on June 17th, near Great Ayton (male), just emerging, at 2 p m., from chrysalis at foot of oak tree. As far as I remember this is the only Black var. I have taken in this neighbourhood (Ayton), although I have occasionally taken the type.
Boarmia repandata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). *Asthena sylvata.— Taken in Kilton Woods on July Ist.
Asthena blomert.—Taken in Kilton Woods on July Ist (W. Sachse).
Acidalia fumata.—Taken in Kilton Woods on July Ist (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Acidalia aversata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Cabera pusaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Halia vauaria.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 23rd (F. Elgee). Strenia clathrata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 2nd (F. Elgee).
*Panagra petraria.—Occurred commonly among bracken fern near Great Ayton, on June 8rd and 10th ; also noticed on Eston Hills on May 26th, and June 6th, and at Battersby on June 17th.
*Scodiona belgiaria.—Great Ayton, July.
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Ematurga atomaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee) ; bred in January by forcing, from Great Ayton ova (W. Sachse).
Abraxas grossulariata.—Ingleby Greenhow ; larve on May 6th (Elgee).
Abraxas sylvata.—Hilton on June 10th (W. Sachse).
Lomaspilis marginata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 18th (F. Elgee).
Hybernia marginaria.— Near Middlesbrough Park, April 22nd (F. Elgee).
Cheimatobia brumata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F Elgee). Larentia didymata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Larentia cesiata.—Ingleby Greenhow, among bracken, July 3rd (F. Elgee).
*Larentia salicata.—Taken near Battersby on June 24th. Larentia viridaria.— Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th (F. Elgee).
Emmelesia alchemillata.—Bred on July 1st from pupe got at Kilton.
Emmelesia albulata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
*Emmelesia decolorata.—Taken at Acklam on June 19th, and in garden at Linthorpe on June 20th.
Eupithecia castigata.—A few specimens noticed near Easby- in-Cleveland.
*Eupithecia minutata.—Taken in fir wood near Great Ayton on July 22nd.
Melanthia bicolorata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Melanthia ocellata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd (F. Elgee), Melanippe scciata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd (F. Elgee). Me/lanippe montanata,—Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd (F. Elgee).
Camptogramma bilineata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th (F. Elgee).
Cidaria miata.—Eston Hills, April 3rd (F. Elgee). Cidaria truncata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
137 Cidaria prunata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 24th (F. Elgee). Cidaria fulvata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 21st (F. Elgee) Eubolia limitata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Tanagra atrata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 2nd (F. Elgee).
*Scoparia angustea.—Taken at sugar in garden at Linthorpe on September 12th.
*“Phycis fusca.—Several specimens noticed on moors near Great Ayton on June 16th and July 22nd.
*Grapholitha penkleriana.—Taken near Ingleby on occasion of Yorkshire Naturalists’ visit on August 7th.
*Grapholitha geminana.— Taken at Ingleby on occasion of Yorkshire Naturalists’ visit on August 7th.
*Semasia rufillana.—Taken near Carlton-in-Cleveland, on on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th.
“Cerostoma costella.—Taken near Carlton in-Cleveland, on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th.
“Argyresthia curvellaa—Taken near Carlton-in-Cleveland, on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th.
“Areyresthia gedartella.—Taken near Carlton-in-Cleveland, on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th.
1900.
Into the following notes on Lepidoptera noticed in Cleveland during 1900, lists supplied by Messrs. W. Sachse and Frank Elgee have been incorporated.
Mr. Sachse appends note as follows :—‘‘ The extremely bad weather prevented me from doing more than a very little out- side work in the late autumn.” Mr. Frank Elgee reports that he took, during the season, 199 species, many new to our list, and some rather uncommon, the principal of which are noted below.
Diurni *Colias edusa.—The Clouded Yellow. “ This uncommon butterfly was caught by Mr. A. G. Withing- ton, of Great Ayton, between that place and Guisborough.
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on August 16th. It was a male in perfect condition. Mr. C. Milburn, of our Ornithological section, states that he saw one on September 11th, in Grange Road, but failed to secure it. The same happened when I also saw one in a clover field, at Linthorpe, on the 12th. Another was obtained at Redcar, about the same time, by a collector residing there.” (IF. Elgee).
* Argynnis selene.—Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary.
A single worn specimen taken near Ingleby Greenhow, on July 25th (F. Elgee).
*Thecla W-album.—White letter Hair-streak.
I took a very battered specimen of this butterfly, in Kilton Woods, on August 11th. Mr. Frank Atkinson obtained a specimen in Friarage Woods, at Yarm, some years since (1890 ? )
*Thecla rubi—Green Hairstreak. Single specimen near Battersby.
Nocturni. Acherontia atropos.—Larva, Grangetown. 25th August (F. Elgee). Two larve, 21st September, at Kildale, and pupa, 13th October, Redcar (W. Sachse). Dr. Veitch also had several larve sent from Marton, South Bank and Middlesbrough.
*Sphinw ligustrii—Larva, 29th September, at Ingleby Green- how, found feeding on privet (F. Elgee).
Macroglossa stellatarum.—Two at valerian flowers in Ingleby Station on August Ist (F. Elgee). Kildale, June 16th, also heard of several specimens being noticed at Glaisdale.
Trochilium crabroniformis.—Took several on* poplar trunks, early in the morning, July 10tb, Middlesbrough (F. Elgee).
"Ino statices.—Occurred commonly in June, near Great Ayton, flying in the sun similar to the Burnets. I also have a specimen taken near Cross Keys, Nunthorpe, some years since.
*Hylophila prasinana.—-Great Ayton, June 9th (W. Sachse).
Pecilocampa populi.—Larva, Thornaby, 15th June (F. Elgee), Several noticed at gas lamps at Yarm-on-Tees, on Novem- ber 23rd, and two caught (F. Atkinson).
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Eriogaster lanestris.—Bred 31st March. Only one emerged out of thirty pupx, the rest remaining over until 1901. Several fine and healthy looking ichneumon flies were also obtained from the same species in June and July (F. Elgee).
Pseudo-bombyces.—Dicranura bifida.—Took two larve off a small poplar tree in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, at end of July.
Dicranura vinula.—Female specimen taken at Redcar on May lst. This is an early date for this district. A pair were taken in garden at Linthorpe, on June 17th, and several larve were ncticed on poplars and sallows in garden during July.
* Pterostoma palpina,— Larve on tree trunk at Kildale, Ist September (W. Sachse).
Notodonta dictwoides.—Bred July 2nd, 17th and 19th, Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
Notodonta dromedarius.— Larve on alder. Eston Nab, Sept. 22nd (W. Sachse).
Notodonta xiczac.—Took a specimen off a gate pier at Linthorpe, on the 26th August, in good condition.
Phulera bucephala.— Glaisdale, July 7th (W. Sachse).
Noctusze. *Acronycta ligustri,—Single specimens taken off sugaring, near Kildale.
Leucania conigera.—At sugar, in garden, Linthorpe, Aug. 24th.
Nonagria fulva.—On grass stems at night, September 17th Linthorpe (F. Elgee).
Neuronia popularis.—One taken at light, .Linthorpe, August 28th ; also occurred at light, Glaisdale, about same time.
Chareas graminis.— August 20th, bred (F. Elgee). *Stilbia anomala.—Caught near Ingleby Greenhow, on July 29th and 31st. This moth is scarce in Yorkshire, only one
or two records being given in Porritt’s list (F. Elgee).
Agrotis vestigialis.—Redear, July 28th,
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Agrotis saucia.—Middlesbrough, October 8th and November Ist (F. Elgee).
Agrotis tritict,—Redcar, August 11th (F. Elgee) Middlesbro’.
“Agrotis agathina.—Larve on heather, near Battersby, on May 26th. Two of them fed up, and emerged from pupx on August 17th and 18th. Larve also taken in same locality by F. Elgee.
Noctua glareosa.—At sugar, in garden, 'Linthorpe, August 24th. Kensington Road, Middlesbrough, August 24th (F. Elgee).
Noctua C-nigrum.—At sugar, Oct. 8th, Middlesbrough, (F. Elgee), probably second brood.
Triphena janthina.—Female, taken in Kilton Woods, Sept. 15th, laid ova ; larve now feeding up (end of December), on ivy (W. Sachse) Middlesbrough.
*Triphana fimbria.—Ingleby Greenhow Church, July 29th (F. Elgee).
Mama maura.—Very abundant at sugar, Glaisdale (F. Atkin- son). July 16th, bred, Middlesbrough Park (¥. Elgee), August 22nd. Sugar, Middlesbrough September 27th, ova (from Glaisdale), hatched and larve now (end of Dec.) feeding upon ivy (W. Sachse).
“Panolis piniperda.—A single specimen taken off fir trunk on Eston Hills.
*Pachnobia rubricosa.—Common on sallows at Saltburn, April 17th, also occurred at Linthorpe during April.
Teniocampa incerta,—A good and variable set emerged during February by forcing (W. Sachse).
* Teniocampa gracilis.— Single specimen at sallows at Saltburn, on April 17th.
Teniocampa pulvurentula.—At sallows in garden, Linthorpe ; also at Saltburn during April.
* Anchocelis lunosa,—At sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on September 4th.
“Cerastis vaccinii,—-Two on ivy bloom at Ingleby Greenhow, October 12th (F. Elgee).
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Scopelosoma satellitia.—Plentiful at Yarm, and a very variable set caught by Mr. Frank Atkinson, at sugar, Middlesbrough, (F. Elgee). Linthorpe, several.
* Xanthia citrago.—On lime tree trunk near Ingleby Manor (W. Sachse).
Xanthia fulvago.—Bred, Acklam (W. Sachse). Glaisdale.
Xanthia fulvago var flavescens.—Bred from catkins, Acklam, Middlesbrough. At sugar (W. Sachse). Glaisdale as common as type (F. Atkinson).
Cirrhadia xerampelina.—Took a worn specimen at Acklam during the latter part of August. I also took a specimen some years since at Linthorpe. No doubt it would be taken freely if well looked for, seeing that the ash on which it feeds is such a common tree in the district. Mr. Frank Atkinson took two specimens at Glaisdale.
Calymnia trapesina.—Ingleby Greenhow, July (F. Elgee).
Polia flavicincta.— Middlesbrough, September 17th (F. Elgee). Linthorpe, September 27th.
Aporophyla lutulenta.—At sugar, Kensington Road, Middles- brough, on September 8rd, 8th and 12th. Gunnergate, September 6th (F. Elgee). Took twelve specimens at sugar in garden at Lintborpe, Middlesbrough, during August and September, all males but two.
*Cleoceris viminalis.—Larve on sallow, near Great Ayton, on June 4th, which gave both the type and var. obscura, about the middle of July (W. Sachse). Kildale.
*Agriopis aprilina.—Taken off oak tree trunk at Ingleby Greenhow, on September 29th (F. Elgee).
Aplecta prasina.—During January, a splendid set were bred, reared from ova laid by a female caught in Kilton Woods. By keeping the young larve warm, they fed right on and took very kindly to slices of apple (W. Sachse).
*Aplecta occulta.—A few specimens of this fine Noctua occurred in the Cleveland district during this summer. The first specimen taken by me occurred at sugar in the garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on August 28th. I also took a worn female at sugar on the 31st. This laid a quantity of ova, which, unfortunately, proved infertile.
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Mr. Sachse took a specimen on the 30th of August, also at Middlesbrough. Two specimens were taken off sugar, at Glaisdale, about this time, and other three or four were seen by Mr. Frank Atkinson.
Aplecta nebulosa.—Larve of this insect treated same as prasina, but out of about twenty I only obtained four specimens, emerging between end of March and early May. They fed - up much slower than prasina, and in this case did not appear to adapt themselves so well to forcing.
*Hadena adusta.—Taken at sugar in June, near Kildale.
* Hadena protea.—On oak trunk, near Eston, September 13th, also at Ingleby and Gunnergate during the month (F. Elgee). Mr. Frank Atkinson took an exceedingly dark specimen at Glaisdale during August. I have taken the type at Great Ayton in previous years.
*Xylocampa areola.—Larve on honeysuckle in Kilton Woods, June 2nd (W. Sachse).
Flabrostola tripartita.—Several larve on nettle, August 4th, Ingleby Greenhow. (F. Elgee).
*Plusia festuce.—Specimen taken off valerian flowers, Lin- thorpe, Middlesbrough, at early dusk, on July 20th.
Plusia interrogationis—July 24th, several on moors, Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee).
*“Euclidia mi.—Near Great Ayton, flying in sun over grass fields, on June 4th (F. Elgee).
Geometre. Lpione apicaria.—This pretty geometer was taken freely by Mr. F. Atkinson, at Glaisdale, at end of August and early in September; Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, September 17th (F. Elgee).
*Venilia macularia.—Plentiful at Great Ayton on June ith (W. Sachse).
LEliopia prosapiaria.—Eston Nab, July 28th; a female laid ova which hatched, but the Jarvee would not feed on the fir supplied, and died (W. Sachse).
Tephrosia biundularia.—A very good set taken at Great Ayton, on May 24th, including some finely marked ones (F. Elgee). Kilton Woods, June 2nd, light form (Sachse).
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*Jodis lactearia.—Kilton Woods, June 23rd and 30th (W. Sachse and F. Elgee).
Asthena luteata.—Kilton, June 23rd; Glaisdale, July 7th (W. Sachse).
Asthena candidata—Kilton, June 23rd (W. Sachse). A single specimen at Great Ayton, on June 9th; also occurred commonly near Kildale during June.
Lupisteria obliterata.—Kilton Woods (W. Sachse). *Cabera exanthemata.—Kildale and Middlesbrough.
Strenia clathrata.—Occurred near Kildale in June, and near Nunthorpe about 12th July.
Abraxas sylvata.—Linthorpe, Middlesbrough and Glaisdale (W. Sachse). Kildale.
*Hybernia defoliaria.—Near Park, Middlesbrough, September 12th (F. Elgee). Bred, Kilton Woods, November 8th (W. Sachse). Yarm.
Anisopteryx cescularia.—Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, March 20th (F. Elgee).
Oporabia dilutata.— Abundant on ivy bloom at Ingleby Green- how, during October (F. Elgee). Pinchingthorpe (W. Sachse).
Larentia salicata.—Near Great Ayton. May 20th (F. Elgee).
*Eupithecia exiguata.—Great Ayton, June 4th, (F. Elgee) Kildale.
*Eupithecia rectangulata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 28th, (F. Elgee).
*Thera juniperata.—Worn specimen taken on tree trunk, at Acklam, near Middlesbrough, October 8th, (F. Elgee).
Melanthia ocellata,—Common, Eston, July, (W. Sachse).
Melanthia albicitlata.—Plentiful in Kilton Woods, June 28rd, - (W. Sachse).
* Anticlea nigrofasciaria.—Great Ayton.
*Cidaria silaceata.—Kilton, June 30th (W. Sachse). Glais- dale, July 7th.
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Cidaria dotata.—Eston Hills (W. Sachse).
*“Eubola cervinata.—A very fine specimen of this moth taken at gas lamp, in Yarm Station, about end of September (F. Atkinson).
*Chesias spartiata—Numerous among broom bushes near Eston, on October 12th (F. Elgee).
*Pyralis farinatis.—Middlesbrough (F. Elgee).
*Scopula ferrugalis—A finely marked specimen taken off sugar in garden at Linthorpe, on August 29th.
*Tortrix heparana.—Bred July 11th, from larve taken in garden at Linthorpe.
*Tortrix costana.—Bred June 28th, from larve taken in garden at Linthorpe.
*Tortrix ministrana.—Taken at Kildale on June 9th. *Penthina betuletana.—Taken at Glaisdale on July 7th.
Pedisca profundana.—Noticed on heaths, Eston Hills, on August 6th.
*Tinea tapetzella,—Taken at Middlesbrough during July.
* Adela degeerella.—F¥ lying in sun at Kildale, during June.
LEPIDOPTERA NOTICED IN SOUTH DURHAM DURING 1900. ;
By W. Sacuse. Lycena astrarche and var, artaxerxes.—Taken near Hart.
Larve found near Hartburn, Stockton.
Odonestis potatoria.
Dicranura bifida.—F¥reshly emerged on poplar trunk at Dins- dale, on June 16th.
Ino geryon.—Near Hart
Lugonia alniaria (tiliaria).—At street lamp, Darlington, on September 1] th.
Anticlea nigrofasciaria.—Near Dinsdale.
Cidaria corylata.—Near Dinsdale.
Cidaria immanata.—At Stockton and Norton.
a i i
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A NASCENT SPECIES.
By W. Sacusz,
From the enormous powers of increase possessed by all organisms, and the consequent struggle for existence among them ; further, from the occurrence of great individual variation, combined with the hereditary transmission of such variations, necessarily arises, as Darwin termed it, “ the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.” The ever-changing conditions of life will either be favourable or unfavourable to the existence of living beings, and it is evident that those organic forms whose variations are such as to benefit them more than other forms, will have a much better chance of maintaining themselves. Again, by preserving and accumulating those variations they will become more and more improved, so that their constant improvement must lead to their gradual advance- ment in organisation, and their rapid reproduction. This again must be the cause of displacing individuals, which have not varied to the same extent, by step by step diminishing their numbers and finally exterminating them altogether. For, taking into account the enormous destruction of life, only such organisms will be able to survive as can produce their kind in _ proportionate numbers. Thus large groups of organisms will be formed as long as their modifications tend to bring them into harmony with the conditions of their existence, The continuous action of the struggle for existence, under the ever-changing conditions of the universe, must lead to the development of new species and the extinction of some of the old. Thus the fittest will survive.
An illustrative instance of this, although only due to protec- tive colouring, seems to take place at present in the case of the so-called ‘‘ Peppered Moth,” Amphidasys betularia, or rather of its variety Doubledayaria. The type is of a mottled grey, whereas the variety is almost black, whereby it perhaps better escapes its enemies. This black variety appears to be of com- paratively recent origin, since it was first recorded by the late Mr. Doubleday, after whom it is named. Not so very long ago it used to be considered rare, and only few collectors could boast of a specimen, while now it almost appears to be more common than the type. England was formerly the only country where it occurred, but in recent years it has turned up on the Rhine and elsewhere, and bids fair to supersede the type altogether.
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My first specimen of this interesting variety emerged from a pupa I found some years ago in Kilton Woods, near Loftus, It was an intermediate form of striking appearance, the fore wings being black with a few:white dots near the outer margin, while the hind wings are beautifully washed with silvery white near the costa, the white part having a narrow black band, which is continued in white on the black part. It is a male, and although I have bred many others since, I have not succeeded in getting anything like it, either by the application of heat or by crossings. Some three years ago I again visited Kilton Woods in company with Mr. T. Ashton Lofthouse, of Middlesbrough, who then took a black crippled female sitting on a tree trunk, which afterwards laid a large quantity of fertile ova, half of which Mr. Lofthouse kindly gave to me. These duly hatched and produced splendid larve in all tints of protective colouring, from green to brown, according to the plants I fed them on, and I had thus an oppor- tunity of verifying Mr. Poulton’s experiments upon these larve. They all fed up and pupated in the autumn. The next spring I forced the pupa out by heat slightly before their time, and they gave a good assortment of black and mottled grey imagines, the black, however, preponderating considerably, but, with the excep- tion of one or two, there were no intermediate forms as described above. I allowed the bulk of them to copulate as they emerged, which the black forms did immediately, and I thus conclude that this variety is the most vital. The grey males were the most sluggish, and from their pairings I only obtained very few fertile eggs ; in fact to induce copulation at all I had to put several males to a female, and a great many grey males declined the invitation altogether. It is, however, possible that the fact of their being forced out before their time may have been the cause of this, as the development of the genital apparatus in that case does not appear to keep pace with the rest of the body, although this should have equally applied to the black varieties.
However, I was fortunate enough to obtain all possible combinations, viz. :—
Black in copulation with black. Black in copulation with grey, Grey in copulation with black. Grey in copulation with Grey.
The black females laid the greatest number of ova. All eggs, however, hatched, and I kept all kinds separate with a view to ascertain the result of these crossings, but unfortunately the small number of larve from the grey varieties, and their
ee ee
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evidently impaired vitality, proved a serious obstacle, and I only got the black varieties as far as the pupal state. I hope, however, to continue my experiments at some future time with more success.
I have observed that the progeny of black males and black females still have an atavistic tendency, but that the atavistic forms do not seem to possess an equally high degree of vitality, in fact they frequently refuse to reproduce their kind. The grey forms are therefore liable to be exterminated in course of time, and the great increase of black forms, within a com- paratively short period, seems to indicate the way in which new species are formed. A similar example appears to be afforded by another moth, MJcana strigilis, with variety Acthiops, the latter being almost black, and which at least in this district comes to sugar in shoals, while the type is only seen in single specimens and is almost rare.
REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND.
By M. Lawson THompson.
1899.
In this Report it will be found that a number of additions have been made in 1899 to the list of Beetles at present known to inhabit Cleveland. Notes on the range of other and better known species are included, making up the full record of work during the year in this order of insects,*
CoLEOPTERA.
Carabus catenulatus, Scop.—On Castleton Moors in September.
Carabus nitens, L.—On Stanghow Moor in May.
Bradycellus cognatus, Gyll.—Common on the Moors at Castleton in September.
Calathus flavipes. Foure.—On the Moors at Castleton in September.
* I have followed the arrangement and nomenclature contained in Sharp and Fowler’s Catalogue of British Coleoptera (1893).
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Bembidium rufescens, Grier.—By the stream in Salt- burn Wood.
Bembidium femoratum, Sturm.—On the coast at Saltburn in May.
Dromius meridionalis, Dej.—At Middlesbrough in March.
Cercyon quisquilius, L.—On the sea banks at Saltburn, by sweeping.
Oxypoda nigrina, Wat.—At the foot of the sea banks in April.
Tachyporus brunneus, F.—Saltburn Wood in July. Megacronus analis, F.—Saltburn in April.
Philorhinum sordidum, Strph.—On whin near Saltburn in June.
Tychus niger, Payk.—Common at Saltburn by evening sweeping in June.
Bryaxis fossulata, Reich.—Common at Saltburn by evening sweeping in June.
Neuraphes elongatulus, Miill.—One specimen at Salt- burn by evening sweeping in July.
Neuraphes angulatus, Miill—On the sea banks at Saltburn. One specimen by sweeping in July.
Necrophorus mortuorum, F.—Saltburn Wood, in a dead rat (June).
Necrophorus vespillo, L.—Saltburn, in dead fish (June).
Necrodes littoralis, L._—On Stanghow Moor in a dead sheep (June).
Hister succicola, Thoms.—Saltburn, in decaying fish (June).
Saprinus nitidvlus, Payn—On Stanghow Moor in dead sheep, and at Saltburn in dead fish (June).
Coccidula rufa, Herbst.—At Castleton in September. Epurea deleta, Er.—Saltburn, by sweeping in July.
eee
eee
= 2.
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Rhizophagus perforatus, Er —In Saltburn Wood by sweeping. One specimen, in July.
Corticaria fulva, Com.—Common, in a house at Middles- brough (April).
Cryptophagus cellaris, Scop.—In a house at Middles- brough (March).
Byrrhus fasciatus. —On Stanghow Moor, under a stone. One specimen in May.
Aphodius contaminatus, Herbst.—Common, in dung on Castleton Moors in September.
Geotrupes stercorarius, L.—On Stanghow Moor in dead sheep (June).
Dascillus cervinus, L.—Saltburn, on herbage in July.
Microcara livida, F.—Saltburn, on herbage in damp places (July)
Rhagium bifasciatum, F.—In Kilton Wood, in June (W. Sachse).
Strangalia armata, Herbst.—In Kilton Wood in July (W. Sachse).
Hedobia imperialis, L.—Saltburn (in July). Sermyla halensis. L.—Castleton in September.
Longitarsus pusillus, Gyll.—At Castleton, on the edge of the Moor (September).
Haltica ericeti, All.—On the Moors at Castleton in September.
Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh.—At Castleton in Sep- tember.
Psylliodes marcida, I1l.—On the coast at Saltburn, on Cakile maritiwa in July.
Rhinosimus ruficollis, L.—At Middlesbrough in March, Apion nigritarse, Kirby.—Saltburn in June. Apion onopordi, Kirby.—Castleton in September.
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Strophosomus lateralis, Payk.—On the Moors at Castleton in September.
Strophosomus retusus, Marsh.—Castleton, on the edge of the Moor, by evening sweeping (September).
Sitones lineatus, L.—Middlesbrough (March).
P Uae flavicornis, Clairv.—Saltburn, by sweeping uly).
Anoplus plantaris, Naz.—On young birches near Salt- burn in June.
Gymnetron labilis, Herbst.—At Saltburn in June.
Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L.—A pair were taken at Hilton in June (W. Sachse).
Czliodes quadrimaculatus, L.—Castleton in September. Scolytus destructor, O01.—At Middlesbrough.
The Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., possesses a small collection of beetles, taken on various occasions, at Ingleby Greenhow, and in the immediate neighbourhood. He has kindly allowed me to examine these insects and draw up the following list of them
for this report.
Cychrus rostratus, L. Carabus catenulatus, Scop. Notiophilus palustris, Dupt.
aS biguttatus, F. Nebria brevicollis, F.
5, Gyllenhali, Sep. Loricera pilicornis, F. Clivina fossor, L. Pterostichus madidus, F. Pterostichus vulgaris, L. Pterostichus niger, Sch. Pterostichus striola, F. Calathus melanocephalus, L. Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. Bembidium littorale, Ob.
“ nitidulum, Marsh Haliplus flavicollis, St. Platambus maculatus, L. Quedius molochinus, Grav. Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. Staphylinus erythropterus, L. Necrophorus mortuorum, F. Silpha nigrita, Cr.
Coccinella 10-punctata, L.
Halyzia 14-guttata, L.
Adalia bipunctata, L.
Triplex znea, Sch.
Byturus tomentosus, F. Attagenus pellio L.
Elmis volkmari, Pan. Aphodius fossor, L. Aphodius fimetarius, L. Geotrupes stercorarius, L. Hedobia imperialis, L. Anobium domesticum, Fou. Rhagium bifasciatum, F. Chrysomela staphylea, L. Chrysomela polita, L. Hydrothassa marginella, L. Rhinosimus ruficollis, L. Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. Otiorrhynchus picipes, F. Otiorrhynchus rugifrons, Gyll. Strophosomus lateralis, Payk. Phyllobius urtice, De G. Barynotus elevatus, Mar. Hylobius abietis, L.
Cionus scrophularie, L.
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On the occasion of the Excursion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to the Cleveland District early in August for the investi- gation of Carlton-in-Cleveland, I met with a large number of Coleoptera, considering the time of year. In the list of these beetles, given below, 77zchopteryx grandicollis is the most interest- ing insect. Two specimens were taken in the dung of sheep, on Carlton Bank.
Helophorus brevipalpis, Bedel. Byturus tomentosus, F. Cercyon hemorrhoidalis, H. Dolopius marginatus, L. Homalota sordida, Marsh. Helodes minuta, L. Tachyporus obtusus, L. Malthodes marginatus, Latr. Tachinus rufipes, L. Cis boleti, Scop.
5 marginellus, F. Longitarsus luridus, Scop. Bolitobius trinotatus, Er. Crepidodera transversa, M. Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. 38 ferruginea, Scop. Stenus similis, Herbst. Plectroscelis concinna, M.
»» nitidiusculus, Steph. Deporaiis betula, L. Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. Apion apricans, Herbst.
- sculpturatus, Grav. dichroum, Bedel.
- tetracarinatus, Block, », nigritarse, Kirby. Anthophagus testaceus, Grav. 5, violaceum, Kirby. Adalia obliterata, L. s» humile, Germ.
Anatis ocellata, L. » ervi, Kirby. Coccinella 7-punctata, L. 5, virens, Herbst.
+ 10-punctata, L. Polydrusus pterygomalis, Boh. Halyzia 14-guttata, L. Phyllobius calcaratus, F.
ce 22-punctata, L. ao argentatus, L. Trichopteryx grandicollis, Mann. 5 viridieris, Laich. Brachypterus pubescens, Er. Sitones puncticollis, St.
or urtice, F. Orchestes rusci, Her. Meligethes zneus, F. Anoplus plantaris, N. Enicmus minutus, L. Coeliodes 4-maculatus, L. 1900.
The following Report on Beetles is, with slight exception, from observations made during 1900.
COLEOPTERA.
Oxypoda lentula, Er.—Saltburn, at the edge of a pond, (July, 1898).
Gyrophena affinis, Mann.—In a bunch of small fungi on a post at Saltburn (July).
Agaricochara levicollis, Er.—In boleti at Saltburn. One specimen in 1898.
Homalium concinnum, Marsh.—In a dead bird on the shore at Saltburn (September’.
_ Bythinus curtisi, Denny.—By evening sweeping in a valley at Saltburn (June).
152 Anisotoma parvula, Sahlb.—By sweeping in Saltburn Wood. One specimen in July. Choleva longula, Kell.—Saltburn Wood, in a large fungus cast on a path (August).
Chilocorus bipustulatus, IJl.—By sweeping in a valley at Saltburn (June).
Meligethes brunnicornis, Sturm.—By sweeping at Saltburn.
Cryptophagus affinis, Sturm.—By sweeping at Saltburn.
Melolontha vulgaris, F.—Kildale in June (W. Sachse), also occurs at Saltburn.
Throscus dermestoides, L.—Common, in Saltburn Wood, by sweeping herbage.
Lampyris noctiluca, L.—This species, the Glow-worm, was found at Danby, Battersby and Great Ayton.
Clytus arietis, L.—At Saltburn in June.
Grammoptera ruficornis, F.— On whitethorn in Saltburn Wood (Common).
Bruchus rufimanus, Boh.—At Thornaby-on-Tees, in beans from Egypt, common.
Hydrothassa marginella, L.—By sweeping in marshy places at Saltburn.
Crepidodera rufipes, L —Runswick (Cleveland Natura- lists’ Field Club Excursion in May).
Crepidodera aurata, Marsh.—At Saltburn, on sallows (June).
Salpingus castaneus, Panz.—By sweeping under fir trees at Saltburn (July).
Nacerdes melanura, Schmidt.—On the wharf at Thornaby-on-Tees (July).
Meloe proscarabzeus, L—Common, in a meadow at Saltburn in April, also at Kildale (W. Sachse).
Sitones suturalis, Steph —By sweeping at Saltburn.
Cionus scrophulariz, L.—Common, on Scrophularia at Saltburn.
Acalles roboris, Curt.—By beating oak in Saltburn Wood. One specimen at the end of August.
Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma, M. (sulcicollis, Gyll). Common, on Crucifere at Saltburn.
we ia elie —
one
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Rhinoneus pericarpius, L.—On Polygonum in Saltburn Wood.
Phytobius quadrituberculatus, F.—Saltburn Wood, by sweeping on the border of the stream. One specimen in July.
When the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visited the district for the investigation of Mulgrave Woods, near Whitby, on September 15th, 1900, I met with the following beetles in that locality :—
Leistus rufescens, F Enicmus minutus, L
Leistus fulvibarbis, Dej Cryptophagus affinis, Sturm Dromius linearis, Ol Atomaria fuscipes, Gyll Homalota depressa, Gyll Atomaria atricapilla Steyh Conosoma lividum, Er Chrysomela polita, L ; Bolitobius exoletus, Er Chrysomela didymata, Scriba Tachyporus pusillus, Grav Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh Xantholinus linearis, Ol Rhinosimus planirostris, F Stenus impressus, Germ Apion loti, Kirby
Stenus similis, Her Apion pallipes, Kirby Oxytelus tetracarinatu, Block Otiorrhynchus picipes, F Proteinus brachypterus, F Sciaphilus muricatus, F Megarthrus denticollis, Beck Sitones lineatus, L Coccinella 10-punctata, L Sitones hispidulus, F Rhizobius litura, F Hypera nigrirostris, F Micropeplus staphylinoides, Mar §Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv Coninomus nodifer, Westw Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk
Mr. O. C. Hudson, of Middlesbrough, has collected beetles in various parts of Cleveland, and kindly furnished me with
the following list of species (with the locality) met with during this year :—
Notiophilus aquaticus, L es Ee Eston
Leistus rufescens, F ae Middlesbrough Clivina fossor, L ae a8 a Stainton Stomis pumicatus, Panz... a ae Stainton Pterostichus vulgaris, L wes 490 Middlesbrough Pterostichus vitreus, Dej Ee ste Ingleby Greenhow Amara bifrons, Gyll__... ay se Middlesbrough Agabus nebulosus, Forst fee ae Middlesbrough Leistotrophus nebulosus, F as Middlesbrough Silpha thoracica, L a7 es md Kildale
Silpha rugosa, L Se ae ce Kildale Anatis ocellata, L _ Ae Ao Kaldale Mycetophagus quadri pustulatus, L oe Middlesbrough Byrrhus pilula, L we x6 we Middlesbrough Geotrupes sylvaticus, Panz a ay Kildale Melanotus rufipes, Her ... ae a Eston Corymbites pectinicornis, L ah ia Carlton Corymbites cupreus, F - ae Carlton Corymbites holosericeus, F os sor Carlton Cassida viridis, F ae oe = Stainton Lagria hirta, L ... = ach oe Redcar Polydrusus micans, F_... a se Ingleby Greenhow Barynotus elevatus, Marsh ss re Middlesbrough
Hypera punctata, F_... oe 2 Eston
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THE RAINFALL OF CLEVELAND.
By Rev. Joun Hawett, M.A., F.G.S.
Since the beginning of 1884 I have kept a daily record of the Rainfall in the Vicarage Garden at Ingleby, and I herewith give the totals for the various years, and for comparison the amounts registered in the Albert Park, Middlesbrough, as kindly furnished by Mr. Amos Hinton.
InqLEeBy GREENHOW. MIDDLESBROUGH. DIFFERENCE.
1884 26:95 inches 17°16 inches 9:79 inches
1885 33°54 ,, D129. 1235. 1886 39°64 _,, 24:44 ,, 15°20 ,, 18sTr 29°74 ;; 20°74; 9°03. §;, 1888 28°55 ,, 21:00. CBB 1889 30°55 ,, 23°06 ,, 40058 1890 30°61 ,, 25°42 ,, 5 here 189-3518 —; 24°32 ,, S56. 2 1892 30-48 ,, 28:97 ,, Dah 1898 27°38 ,, 19:29) 3 8:09) a, 1894 28°61 ,, 24°66 ,, JIS 5 1895 32°64 ,, PA Ae ie S20) ,, 1896 32-95 ,, 2415 ,, 8-78, 1897 28°82 ;, 25°26 ,, SSHG ay 1898 27:31 ,, I9-Sh-~,, TBO ts, 1899 "S108 -,, 28°40 ,, 2°68. 1900 38-02 _,, 33°33 __s,, 4:69 .,, Totals 530:03 ,, A101 11932: Averages 31:18 ,, 24:16 ,, TOR
It would be interesting in a future number of our Proceedings to discuss more at Jength the Rainfall of Cleveland as a whole, bringing together all available observations from every part of the District. The fall at Ingleby Manor, half a mile nearer to the hills than the Vicarage, is regularly Jess than the amount registered at the Vicarage, while the fall at Easby Hall is less. At the time of his lamented death I was in correspondence with the late Mr. G. J. Symons with a view to the establishment of a gauge in the vicinity of Botton Head—the highest point of Eastern Yorkshire.
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CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
SECRETARY’S REPORT, 1899-1900.
It is with pleasure that I have to report that the past season has been one of uninterrupted progress, and its work in every way has exceeded what has been done in previous years as far as I am aware.
The membership of the Club has been greatly added to since the last Annual Meeting, when it stood at 62. During the past season 28 new members have been elected, the total membership now standing at 87, after deducting three withdrawals, the nett increase being 26. This is a very satisfactory result on the year’s working, and one for which I think we are in some measure indebted to the interest awakened in Natural History subjects by the excellent course of lectures delivered by Mr. F. W. Keeble in this town. :
While congratulating the Club on the large increase of members during the past season, I think the membership is scarcely what it should be in the district which our Society represents. JI think that all persons interested in any depart- ment of Natural History or Archeology throughout Cleveland should join our Society, and if not able to take an active part, they would still get the transactions for their very nominal outlay ; and I am of opinion that there are a good many gentlemen in Middlesbrough and the Cleveland District wh» could very materially assist us by contributing notes of interest that should be recorded in our transactions.
The number of excursions on the programme for 1899, exclusive of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, was seven, and on the whole they were much better attended than last season.
The first excursion was held on May 8th at Yarm and Worsall, the day being fine but cold, and was attended by some 29 members. The members interested in Archxology visited Yarm Church, where the party were met by the Rev. V. G. Daltry, a member of our Club, who kindly conducted them and explained what there was of interest to be seen in the Church. Owing to the lateness of the season very little of interest was
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noted in any of the branches of Natural History dependent on the weather for revealing themselves, vegetation generally being in a very backward state.
Seven members attended the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union excursion to Dentdale at Whitsuntide, but the weather, on the whole, was very unfavourable, there being snow on the hills on Whit Monday. The visit will be specially remembered by two of the party who walked from Hawes to Dent, a distance of about fourteen miles, and were accompanied by a drenching rain, which came on just after starting and continued without ceasing until the end. The district visited proved to be very interesting, especially to Geologists.
On May 28r7u, the members to the number of 28 visited Pinchingthorpe, where they were met by Mr. A. E. Pease, M.P., who kindly showed the party his excellent collection of African game trophies, etc., and also what, to some of the members, was more of local interest, a young Badger. Later in the afternoon, when accompanying the party towards Hutton, he pointed out some badger earths in the hills opposite his residence [I consider it would be very interesting and very valuable for future Naturalists if we could prevail upon Mr. Pease to contribute a paper to our Proceedings on the introduction and distribution of the Badger in Cleveland, stating whether he considers the Badger to be indigenous or whether it has been wholly introduced into Cleveland during the past few years]. The party, after leaving Mr. Alfred Pease, visited the grounds of Sir Joseph Pease, by permission, and some little work was done by the Geologists.
On June 10ru, Hilton and Weary Bank Woods were visited. The party attending this Excursion, which was by brake, numbered 34, including friends. The Club was indebted for permission to visit the above Woods to the Owner of the Estate, who kindly granted permission, through his Agent, Mr. T. G. Fawcett. The ground proved to be very interesting, and I believe some good Botanical work was done.
June 247H.—The Excursion was to Staithes, via Grinkle Woods, and was attended by 16 or 17 members.
Juty 8ra.—Danby and Fryup Dale were visited, when upwards of 20 members were present. It was a very fine day, but very little work was done of any importance. I know that, as far as the Lepidopterists were concerned, in spite of the very fine day, it proved a perfect blank.
whi hh ET
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Juty 22np.—Excursion from Newport to Billingham, cover- ing ground which will very probably be much altered in the near future, and ground it is important a Society of this kind should work up to get records of species of plants, etc., which, through the introduction of slag, etc., may soon be exterminated.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visited Carlton, Stokesley and Ingleby Greenhow district from August 5th to 7th, when several of our members acted as guides. We were represented on the Saturday by seven or eight members, and by about fourteen on the Monday. The Geologists seemed to have the best time, under the guidance of the Rev. J. Hawell, who showed them almost everything of Geological interest in this part of Cleveland. By the Entomological Section, of which there were three to four workers present, very little was done, although the weather was fine. The district is one which has proved disappointing as a collecting ground at this time of the year, appearances not being realised, but one is not able to form a correct opinion of the worth of a district by what may be practically called a flying visit.
Aveust 19TH.—This was the most unfavourable day of the season (the past season having been very good on the whole), and the Excursion to Loftus for Hummersea was only attended by four members. This was very unfortunate, as Dr. Veitch had kindly consented to lead a Geological party. It is to be hoped, however, that the members may have the pleasure of his guidance at one of the meetings to be held during the coming summer, when I trust we may be favoured with better weather.
Winter Meetines.—During the Winter season a series of meetings were held, as suggested at the last Annual Meeting, and which, I think, have proved to be entirely satisfactory. Four meetings were held in all, the first being on October 21st, when members were invited to bring microscopes and slides, also any objects of interest to Naturalists. Miss Young and Messrs. T. F. Ward, J. W. R. Punch and Hy. Simpson lent microscopes and slides. The following exhibited Natural History objects :—Mr. R. G. Clayton, a Badger taken in the Cleveland District ; F. Elgee, a case of Lepidoptera, collected in the Cleve- land District, including some very interesting specimens; C. Milburn, case of Eggs, principally taken in the Cleveland and South Durham District by himself, including some specially good examples; J. W. R. Punch, a selection of Fossils; and H. Simpson some very interesting living examples of Sea
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Anemones, etc. The meeting was attended by about 20 members, and the Club is indebted to the above members for kindly providing material for a very interesting Exhibition. It is to be hoped that in future we may have assistance from a good many more of the members at meetings of this description, when members may bring specimens of interest, or that they want identifying, and the members may be of mutual advantage to one another.
The second meeting was held on November 18th, when T. H. Nelson, Esq., M.B.O U., of Redcar, delivered an exceed- ingly interesting lecture on the ‘‘ Migration of Birds” illustrated by means of Lantern Views. The Lecture was attended by about thirty members, in spite of the weather being very unpropitious. We were indebted to the Camera Club for the loan of the lantern at this and the subsequent meeting, at both of which Mr. West kindly manipulated it for us.
On December 1818, a night of a very wintry character, an interesting paper was given by the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S., one of our Vice-Presidents, entitled ‘‘the Collection and Study of Fossils,” of which Mr. Hawell exhibited a few specimens as types. This meeting was attended by upwards of 20 members.
The fourth and last meeting, held during the winter season, was on February 3rd, when a lecture was delivered in the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Hall, by Mr. F. W. Keeble, M.A., entitled Some MVatural History Studies, illustrated by means of Lantern Views. This meeting, being open to friends, was attended by upwards of 100 members and friends, and in point of numbers proved to be the most successful meeting of the winter session. Mr. Keeble described some of the investiga- tions he had recently made into the life history and habits of the shrimp and other marine creatures, illustrating very clearly the thorough nature of his researches.
The whole of the lectures held during the last Winter Session were given voluntarily, and no expense has been incurred out- side the sending out of notices for these, except for gas for lantern, the lantern being very kindly provided by the Cleveland Camera Club, to whom the thanks of the Club are due. Our thanks are also specially due to Mr. Nelson, Rev. J. Hawell, and Mr. F. W. Keeble (who came over from Neweastle purposely, at his own expense), for their great kindness in giving us papers during the past Winter season, and I trust we may have the pleasure of their assistance again at some future day.
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Our thanks are also due to the Lit. and Phil. Council for the loan of the Room, both for these meetings, and for the Committee Meetings and Classes.
PRocEEDINGS.—During the past season, a volume of our Proceedings was published, and sent out to the members, which, as far as I know, was a great improvement on anything we have hitherto published, and contained some valuable records of Natural History, and other notes relating to the Cleveland district. Among the principal contributions were Dr. Veitch’s paper entitled ‘ Prehistoric Middlesbrough” and a List of Mollusea contributed by the Rev. J. Hawell. The volume was very favourably reviewed by the Vaturalist. I may say that the photograph which forms the frontispiece was taken by my brother, Mr. A. W. Lofthouse, and that our President (Mr. W. H. Thomas) kindly provided the block free of charge. Our thanks are due to Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., for kindly editing the publication.
I have not received any papers for the next Proceedings as yet, but know that there are some in hand, and I have no doubt that with the assistance of the members, and if the expense of publication is not a bar, we may get material together for a volume for this season equal to, if not surpassing, our last effort. This part of the work of the Society is, I consider, one of the most valuable, and I think that we should have much more assistance from the members, (even contributions of small notes being acceptable). This part of the work should not fall altogether on to the Sectional Officers.
There are also a good many outside the Society who, if they could be prevailed on to join, could give us great assistance in this branch of our work.
- Cuasses.—A suggestion made at the last Annual Meeting was also carried out partly ; that was the forming of Classes in different Natural History subjects. Reply Post Cards were sent out to the whole of the members, and, as a result, it was decided to form classes in Botany and Geology.
The Botany Class, which upwards of 30 members joined, was kindly taken by Miss Young, and was very well attended throughout, and proved of use to a good number of the members. Ido not know whether it is the intention of this Section to continue these Classes in the coming Spring.
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With reference to the Geology class, only two or three meetings, I think, were held, and they were not so well attended as the above.
As a result of a discussion at the last Annual Meeting, re the Park Committee being asked to set a portion of the Park apart for cultivating British wild flowers (and labelling them), the Botanical Sectional Committee were appointed a deputation to see the Park Curator and Chairman of the Park Committee, but as far as I know nothing definite resulted.
On the recommendation of the members at our Annual Meeting, the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union were invited to hold their Annual Meeting at Middlesbrough, in 1900. This invita- tion I forwarded to Mr Roebuck, the Secretary, and at the Annual Meeting, held at Harrogate, the invitation was accepted. Therefore the next Annual Meeting of the Y N.U. will be held at Middlesbrough, probably during the first week in November next. Arrangements will have to be made for rooms for the Meetings, also an Exhibition, &c.
I have received during the past season a copy of the Tran- sactions of the Hull Naturalists’ Field Club. Mr. Keeble also gave us some copies of publications of his, which I believe are in the hands of the President. It is a question what should be done with these contributions, so that they may be available to the members.
Another matter is with reference to the Museum. I think, as a Society, we should be in some way connected with this, and be doing something to further the existence of this Insti- tution in Middlesbrough. By working together for the improve- ment of the collection, which in its present position may not be very satisfactory, we may, through our members and the influence of them, cause greater interest to be taken in this Museum, which, in the not far distant future, may lead to a speci+l building being erected for this purpose.
1900-1901.
In placing my Report before you for the season just ended, I may say that while a good deal of work has been done by a few of the members, I regret that the advance in the position of the Society has not been such as I anticipated from our previous season’s working. Of course, during the past year,
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various causes have been in operation which no doubt have somewhat interfered with our work, especially in the Winter session.
Summer Meetines.—During the summer months nine Meet- ings were held, these including three which were held in conjunction with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. The attend- ance at cur various excursions was a little below the average attained last year, the threatening weather on four occasions at least, interfering materially with the attendance.
The opening excursion of the year was held at Kettleness, on May 5th, in perfect weather, when upwards of 20 members attended. The party walked from Kettleness to Runswick, the Geologists especially having a very good day under the able guidance of one of our Vice-Presidents, Dr. W. Y. Veitch, who will, I trust, be able and willing to act as guide at some of our meetings in the coming season. Work was done in other branches, but nothing of special interest was noticed unless it was that vegetation was very backward owing to the continued prevalence of cold weather. The cuckoo, sedgewarbler, white- throat, and other migrants were noticed by the Ornithologists.
A notable feature of interest to many of our members were the unfortunate effects of the landslips that had taken place during the previous winter, the results of which have been to place several of the buildings at Runswick in a very precarious condition.
The second meeting, held at Battersby, on May 26th, the weather again being fine, resulted in the best attendance of the season, there being some 30 members present. The district proved interesting, and the members of the various sections did some little work. A notable find by the Botanists was the Green Hellebore, which was in flower at Ingleby. The Geologists did a little hammering near Bilsdale Head, but were hampered owing to lack of time. The Lepidopterists of the party worked round by Gilsey Wood and Turkey Nab, but the afternoon coming in both dull and cold, very little was noticed, the prin- cipal find being a pretty Noctua larva (Noctua agathina) taken on the heather.
The next meeting was in connection with the Yorkshire _N.U., at Askham Bog, on Whit-Monday, June 6th, when four or five of our members attended. These meetings are both interesting and useful in that they bring persons together from
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different parts of the country working in the same subjects, to the mutual benefit of all concerned.
The fourth meeting was held on June 9th, at Sexhow, when the party, which, owing to the threatening state of the weather only consisted of seven or eight members, walked from there to Stokesley.
The fifth excursion, held on June 23rd, was from Guisborough to Saltburn by the valley. The attendance again suffered, owing to the threatening state of the weather, but the members who took part in this excursion were fortunate in having fair weather until after they reached Saltburn, although it rained in Middles- brough and most other parts of the district during the afternoon. The valley travelled between Guisborough and Saltburn is a very fine one, and proved very interesting, especially to the Botanists present, and would, no doubt, do so to other sections if worked.
The Club were indebted to the Earl of Zetland’s Agent, Mr. W. J. Moscrop, for permission to go through the Earl of Zetland’s grounds ez route to Saltburn.
On July 7th, the 6th excursion of the season took place from Glaisdale to Egton, when, the day being fine, although cold for the time of the year, some 17 members turned out. The district proved interesting, and would be well worth visiting again, when, the weather being favourable, some good work should be done in a part of Cleveland very little worked by our members. On this occasion a moth was taken that had not hitherto been recorded in our Proceedings.
At the Y. N. U. Meeting, held in Arkengarthdale on Bank Holiday, I only heard of two members being present, and this is not to be wondered at, seeing the wretched weather that pre- vailed in the district about that time.
On August 25th, the eighth meeting was held, when a party of eight walked from Newport Ferry to Billingham, in spite of the cold and wet weather that prevailed. It was noticed that the new railway and road from Stockton to Haverton Hill were already making great alterations in the locality. A few plants of an interesting character were noticed, and also three or four of the commoner species of Lepidoptera, which can stand anything in the way of weather.
It would be well if some of the members, individually or collectively, would work this ground during the Summer months for aquatic and other plants, and also insects and shells (the
OL
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ground being easily accessible from Newport Ferry), and con- tribute the results of their working to our Proceedings.
The last excursion was to Sandsend and Mulgrave Woods, in connection with the Y. N. U., when upwards of 12 of our members attended.
Winter Meerincs.—Up to date, only two Meetings have been held during the Winter Session, owing to my not being able for various reasons to get the papers from members whom we expected to contribute. Iam sorry that we have not been able to hold more Winter meetings, but it rests entirely with the members as to whether we can continue these or not. There should be no difficulty in arranging for papers from our members, or scientific gentlemen in the district, to carry us through from four to six meetings in the Winter months, and I should be glad to hear from members who would assist.
A similar Society at Hull holds 12 meetings in the Winter, at which the papers are contributed almost entirely by members.
Of course, Lecturers could be engaged, but to do this would involve raising the present subscriptions very considerably, as at present they are barely sufficient to cover the season’s expenses.
The first meeting was held on October 26th, when, at our invitation, the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union held their Annual Meeting in the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Hall (kindly lent for the occasion by the Council of that Society). In honour of their visit we held a Conversazione and Exhib tion in the evening, when the President of the Y N.U. (Mr. G. T. Porritt) delivered his Presidential Address, the chair being occupied by Colonel Sadler, M.P., who kindly undertook the duty at the invitation of our Society. The attendance, although pretty good, would have been much better if the evening had not turned out to be one of the worst experienced during the year We were indebted for exhibits to the following members, most of whom assisted in the arrangement of them on the evening, Mr. Clayton in particular spending a great deal of time :—Dr. Veitch, Messrs. Milburn (who exhibited a remarkably good selection of local birds’ eggs), R. G Clayton, Frank Elgee, R. Archer, W. Sachse, F. Atkinson, R. Lofthouse, and T. A. Loft- house. One or two non-members of the Society also kindly lent exhibits, among them being Mr. C. Waterfall, of Hull, who exhibited some excellent sheets of Plants, Mr. T. H. Nelson and Dr. Sorby, F.R.S., who lent some very fine photos of marine objects, and the Geological Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, who lent six vols. of photos.
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A feature of the evening, also, was the display of microscopes and objects, the arranging of which was kindly looked after by Miss Young, and Messrs. Simpson and Jones, who lent micro- scopes, as also did Messrs, J. E. Stead, D. Thomas, T. Brown, J. J. Burton, Dr. Veitch, — Stevens, and others, the Society being specially thankful to many non-members for loan of instru- ments and objects. Mr. Barnes, of Harrogate, also came over specially with a microscope and his very interesting series of slides.
Our Society is also very much indebted to one of our members, Mr. 8. Lithgow, who undertook to decorate the Hall, and furnish tables for exhibits, etc., free of cost, and we must congratulate him on the generous and excellent way in which he carried this out.
Our Society also arranged for Special Excursions on the Saturday in connection with the Y. N. U. visit, but these were also very much interfered with by the weather. Seven or eight visited Guisborough, where permission had been granted by Sir Bernard Samuelson & Co. to visit the Spawood Ironstone Mines. We were indebted to Mr. Charlton for drawing up the programme for the above, and he also kindly met and conducted the party on arrival.
Another party journeyed to Redcar, from whence it was proposed to visit the Tees mouth, but, owing to the state of the weather, this was impossible, and the time was spent in inspecting Mr. T. H. Nelson’s Collection of Birds and Eggs,
The only other meeting held during the Winter took place on March 2nd, when an interesting paper was delivered by Mr. W. Sachse, entitled “‘The Care of Insects for the Preservation of their Species,” illustrated by lantern views. The lecture was attended by upwards of twenty members and friends.
MempersHip.—The membership of the Club now stands at 80, which includes one Honorary Member—a decrease of seven members as compared with last year. During the year 11 new members have been elected. This is considerably below the number elected in the previous year, which was 28. On the other hand, four members have died and eight resigned, some of them having left the district, and six have been struck off the rolls for non-payment of arrears of subscription.
The Death Roll included some very prominent members, among whom were the Rev. Canon Atkinson, well known to all of us as an Author, Archeologist and Naturalist of repute,
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He was elected an Honorary Member of our Society some years ago in acknowledgment of his service rendered to Natural History, Archeology, etc., by his many publications, and especially so with reference to the Cleveland District. The Club, in its early years, was also, I believe, indebted to him for reading papers and acting as guide at one or two excursions, one of which, I believe, was at Guisborough Abbey. The last occasion on which he was with the Club was on its visit to Kildale in the ‘Spring of 1893, on which occasion the Keeper wished to turn him out of the Woods.
Another prominent gentleman and member, Mr. J. G. Swan, J.P., of Upsall Hall, passed away in December of last year. He was greatly interested in Ornithology, and at one time, I believe, made a very good collection of Birds. He was a member of the Free Library Committee, and took a great deal of interest in the formation of the Museum.
Dr. R. T. Manson, also deceased, was only a recent addition to our membership, but he was well known in the district as a Geologist of some note, and also as author of “ Zig-Zag Ramblings” in the vicinity of Darlington. He attended our excursions on one or two occasions.
The other member who died during the past season was the Rev. V. G. Daltry, Rector of Yarm, a member of four or five years’ standing, although I only remember him being at one meeting. That was at Yarm two years ago, when he kindly conducted our members over the Church.
Procrgepines.—No Proceedings have heen published during the past year. Owing to the 1899 papers only being got together late in 1900, it was decided to publish the 1900 papers along with them, and [ ai pleased to say that ample material has been got together to form a volume equal to, if not superior to any we have hitherto published. It is in the hands of our Honorary Editor, the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., and will, I hope, be published before the commencement of the Summer season. I consider that this section of our work is not nearly as well supported by the general body of members as should be the case. It should: not be left to the few to provide material for our publications. Iam quite sure there are a good number of our members who could, if they chose, contribute very much to this portion of the work of our Society.
The Cleveland District is a very extensive one, and in it there is room for any number of workers. Contributions need
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not necessarily be long, as it is always useful to have short notes on anything of interest in Archeology or Natural History. I have only to point to the Transactions issued for some years by such Societies as the Tyneside, the Norfolk and Norwich, &c., to show the value of this work, the back Transactions of these Societies being much valued by Naturalists, especially those interested in the country distribution of species, &e.
There are a good many gentlemen who could assist us in this work outside our membership, and it would be well if we could enlist the support and assistance of as many of them as possible. I have no doubt a good many might be enrolled as members of our Society by the influence of those of our members who are personally acquainted with them.
Lisrary.—The following Publications have been sent to the Club during the past year:—Parts 22, 23 and 26 of the ‘‘ Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Trans.”, ‘‘ The Naturalist,” Vol. I., No. 1 of the ‘ Weardale Natural History Soc. Trans.”, and Vol. Il, No. III, of the ‘ Hull Naturalists’ Field Club’s Proceedings,” the latter a very excellent number indeed Also a reprint of a Paper contributed to the Yorks. Geological Soc’s Trans by the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., presented by the Author.
There is a question as to whatit would be best to do with Publications sent to the Club from time to time, so that they may be accessible and of use to our members, and I think this should have consideration. An idea of mine is that an application be made to the Free Library Committee for permission to place them (on loan) in the Reference Department of the Free Library, and, if permission be obtained, that arrangements be made with Mr. Baker Hudson to let them out to our members, and also, in return for housing, to others who might apply for them.
CommitTEE Merrtines.—During the year, eight Committee Meetings were held, with an average attendance of five. The Club are very much indebted to the Council of the Lit. and Phil. Society for p rmission to use rooms for Winter Meetings and Committee.
Museum.—At our last Annual Meeting some discussion took place with reference to this, mainly-as to whether the Club could be of any use in furthering the development of this Institution, but it has not yet been found practicable to take any further steps.
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If the Museum was well housed, I am quite sure that a number of our members would be very willing to make the collection in many of its branches very much better than it is. I only trust that the Memorial, which is proposed to be raised, will take the form of a Museum and Art Gallery, a very suitable site for which, in my opinion, is the vacant land at the Linthorpe Road entrance to the Albert Park. English towns are very much behind many of the Continental towns, especially those in Germany, often much smaller than Middlesbrough, where they have perfectly equipped Museums, and these take a very important part in the educational development of the district. During the past year, one of our Members, Mr. R. G. Clayton, has been added to the Free Library Committee.
In conclusion, I should be glad if our members would do all in their power to extend the scope and usefulness of our Club, especially in the way of making our Publication a Record which will be looked back to in the future years as one of some considerable value. I also hope that they will assist to bring the membership up to a number commensurate with the popu- lation of the district. Members, by contributing papers to Winter Meetings, might, and probably would, be the means of starting others to make investigations in paths in which there is plenty of scope for earnest workers.
Before bringing my Report to a close, I have one other suggestion to make, and that is that the members of our Club interested in Microscopy (of which there are a good number), form themselves into a section, and that they hold Meetings in the Winter for Microscopic work. A section of this kind would be of great use. both to Microscopists, and also to workers in other sections who wished for their aid ; it would also probably be the means of adding both to the membership and the usefulness of the Club.
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Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club a be obtained of ‘the Hon. Secretary, Mr. T. A. Lofthouse, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough. .
Vol. 1, part 1 - Sixpence.
» Ty 5, 2 = One Shilling.
MEMBERSHIP.
It is desirable that the Club should have a much larger membership, to ensure the continuance of the Publication of our Proceedings Any personsat all interested in the work of our Society are invited to become Members,
even if they are not able to be active Members. Their
support would be valuable and would also show that the
work of the Society was not altogether unappreciated.
The Entrance Fee for New Members is 2/6 and - the Annual Subscription 2/6. Further particulars would
be supplied by the Hon. Secretary.
CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.
”
1901.
VOE. A. No. IV.
Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S.
PRICE TWO SHILLINGS
(FREE TO MEMBERS).
MIDDLESBROUGH :
JORDISON AND Co,, Lp., Printers AND PUBLISHERS,
1903.
CONTENTS.
; PAGe
A Nestin@ SrrE OF THE HerrinG GunL ON THE NorrH YORKSHIRE Coast (Illustrated)—By the late R. Lofthouse - - 169-170 Tur SNow Buntrinc—By the late R. Lofthouse : - 171-173
Norman Font av Marske-By-tHE-SEA (Illustrated)—
T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A. - - - 173-174 Earty Cross av MARSKE-BY-THE-SEA (LIllustrated)— T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A. : - - 175
* THE EvyoLurion oF CLEyELAND. ScENERY (with Map)— RrEv. Joon HAwett, M.A.,, F.G.S. - 176-195 . ~
Tue Srupy or Naruns—J. Archyll Jones, B. Sc. - - 196-205 CLEVELAND LEprIporTERA in 1901—T. Ashton Lofthouse, F.E.S. - 205-209
COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND — M. Lawson Thompson, F.E.S. : 210-212
MAMMALIA Norns for 1901—T, Ashton Lofthouse - : “213
ORNITHOLOGICAL Nores FROM CLEVELAND AND Sourn DURHAM in 1901—C, Milburn 2 - 3 = = 213-217
EXTRACTS FROM ORNITHOLOGICAL Nores MADE IN REDCAR
DIstRIcT DURING 1901 —Stanley Duncan - : . 218 RAINFALL in 1901 - - - . : re 218 [x MemoriaAm—Roger Lofthouse, F.S.1. - - . 219 CLEVELAND Narurauists’ Frenp Club, Seckerary’s Rerorr - 220-228
ILLUSTRATIONS.—Frontispiece, Herring Gull’s Nest ; Norman Font Marske-by-the-Sea, 2 views, 174; Early Cross found at Marske-by-the-Sea, 175; General Map of the Glaciers and Glacier-Lakes of the Cleveland Area, 181.
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CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’
BIELD Gham
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS, 1901.
VOL. I. No. IV. Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.5;
PRICE TWO SHILLINGS (FREE TO Mempers),
——————————— ee
MIppiessrovucy ;
JORDISON AND Co., Lv., PRINTERS axp PUBLISHERS,
1903,
OFTIGCERS,- 1902:
——o——_.
President : Tuos. F. Warp.
Vice=Presioents :
T. M. Fatnow, M.A., F.S.A, H. Simpson. Rey. J. Hawes, M.A., F.G.S. W. H. Tromas J. M. Mrex, M A. W. Y. Verrcu, L R.C.P
L.R C.S., F.G.S.
Committee :
Mrs. C. Hoon. R. G. Ciayron, T. C. Eee.
J. A. Jonzs, B.Sc.
Ji) Winget
PuncnH.
W. Sacuse.
on, Treasurer ; T. F. Warp, Park Road South, Middlesbrough, Sectional Secretaries : Archeeoloyy—
Botany—T. F. Warp, Conchology—Rry. J. HAwe.t, M.A., F.G.S. Entomology—T. A, Lorruouse, F.E.S. Geology—W. Y. Vuircn, L.E.C.P;, TRS. Pies Ornithology and Mammalogy—-R. G CLAYTON, Microscopy—H. Simpson.
‘bon. Secretary : T. A. LorrHovuss, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough. Ibon, Assistant Secretary :
FRANK ELGEE.
hon, Librarian: Baker Hupson.
Past Presidents :
1881_Mr. W. Y. Vurrcu, M.R.C.S. 1892—Mr. R. Lorrnousr
1882— Do. 1893—Mr. T. D. Riptey 1883—Mr. J. S. Catverr 1894— Mr. Ancus MAcPHERSON 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp 1895—Rev. J. HaweEn, M A. 1885— Do. 1896— Do.
1886—Mr. Ancus MacrHErson 1897—Mr. J. M. Meek 1887— Do. 1898—Mr. W. H. THomas 1888—Mr. J. M. Mrrx 1899— Do.
1889—Mr. W. Y. Verrcu, M R.C.S. 1900— Do.
1890.-- Do. 1901—Mr. T. F Warp
1891—Rry. J. Hawet., M A. 1902— Do
A NESTING SITE OF THE HERRING GULL (Larus _arGentatus) ON THE NORTH YORKSHIRE COAST.
By tHe Late R. Lorryouse.
The Colony of Herring trulls of which I write is located in a range of Cliffs of Liassic formation not many miles from Whithy, in a little frequented locality, although there is a railway not far distant. The cliffs in places are perpendicular, or even hanging over, and are of a rather soft and crumbling nature. They average from four to five hundred feet in height, the sea washing their base with tremendous force in stormy weather r; hence their aspect is for ever changing, for the sea appears to be gradually gaining on the land, so that land slips are of frequent occurrence, the land sliding down into the sea and being then gradually washed away. And where the fields are divided by hedges. running up to the cliffs at right angles isolated thorn bushes may he noticed in places on ledges far Aen the cliff still growing away vigorously after their descent of many feet. In other places, where the cliffs have gradually dwindled in height, as they do to the south-east, the high road has had to be removed back, having been, together with houses abutting on it, swept away. Probably no_ better place for the study of Coast Erosion could be found than here.
Not very far from the cliffs frequented by the Gulls the railway line was originally laid close along the edge of the cliff, and a portion, about 500 yards in length I should say, slipped over into the sea, luckily hefore the line was opened. It now runs through a tunnel, further inland. Owing to the foundations of the clitis being washed out as we have noticed, in course of time the overhanging mass topples over, carrying away the ground for some distance hack and forming gaps in the cliffs, and sloping rocky terrace-like platforms half way down the face of the cliffs with many little sheltered terraces and corners. Here grow luxuriantly many sea-side loving plants, curiously enough inter- mixed with ferns, and masses of red campion and blue hyacinths.
One of these terrace-like platforms, of considerable size, is a favourite nesting place of the Herring Gulls. Looking down from
170
the edge of the cliffs one could hardly realize that it was possible to get down on to it; but scrambling down a little grassy ravine some thirty or forty feet there is a small perpendicular shaft in the rock open only on one side, and just large enough to admit of the body of aman. It is called “The Chimney.” By careful maneeuvring it is possilile to get down here by taking advantage with the hands and feet of small projecting ledges at the sides. It is safer to be assisted by a rope, a man holding the rope at the top. The Chimney will be about twenty feet high. The descent then on to the plateau is comparatively easy. Large numbers of Gulls nest here, every little depression in the ground being taken advantage of for a nest. Some are formed of dead grasses, and are of various degrees of finish ; in other cases the eggs are simply laid in the depression. Some are quite exposed, whilst others are placed under sheltering ferns and grasses. Immense numbers also nest on all the little ledges in the perpendicular cliff, and if we look along the edges of the cliffs the snowy white birds may be observed sitting on their nests in all directions, and unoccupied nests with two but usually with the full complement of three eggs, in some cases two or three nests being seen on one small ledge. The nests as mentioned above are made of dried grasses, some with a few feathers intermixed, and vary considerably in bulk, some being mere apologies for nests. I noticed one nest with a single ege on a flat, jutting rock right on the top of the cliff. The pale bluish-grey wind-swept grass on the top of the cliffs is thickly studded with the snowy white feathers of the Gulls, and leans over in the direction contrary to the prevailing winds.
The usual number of eggs is three, and these vary very greatly both in size and colour, and also in number, position, shape and size of markings. The colours vary from warm stone colour through shades of brown and olive green. The spots are various shades of brown and neutral tint of varying intensity, some having a softened dusty look. Morris says:—‘ The male bird keeps watch about the female when sitting, and comes to her assistance and defends if occasion requires.” This may be correct; at all events numbers of birds stand about on the rocks, close to the sitting birds ; and if a stone be thrown over the cliffs, clouds of birds immediately fly out, with loud piercing screams, which, when large numbers are congregated, is simply deafening, and the numbers have the effect of obscuring the light. Far down on the placid surface of the water (for it is a bright hot summer's day, without a breath of wind) may be observed thousands of tiny white specks, reposing on the glassy surface. These are Gulls.
Wal
THE SNOW BUNTING (PLecrROPHANES NIVALIS).
By THE LATE R. LorrHouse.
This handsome bird, which spends its summer in the Arctic regions, from the middle or end of April to the end of September, is a winter visitant to this country. It is of local distribution, and is, therefore, not generally known. It is usually met with near the sea shore and in the estuaries of rivers, and becomes gradually scarcer as we travel southwards.
Many years ago I remember reading an exciting account of a chase after one in the snow, in, if I remember rightly, one of the southern counties, and which ended at last in the shooting of the bird, which was considered a great prize. The name of the book I do not remember. I had then myself never seen a Snow Bunting in the flesh, having been brought up in an inland part
of Yorkshire. Shortly afterwards, however, I made acquaintance
with them on the East Coast, at the estuary of the Tees, where they are resident during the winter months, and where in stormy weather I have seen them in vast flocks streaming in from over the sea, and dropping as it were out of the snow storm, which was raging at the time, the air resounding with their soft call note. One such day I remember in the beginning of November, at Tod Point, at the Tees Estuary. The birds appeared to be somewhat exhausted, but moving forward in great numbers they apparently did not wait long to rest.
The earliest note I have of their arrival here is the 27th October, and the same day I noticed two swallows. The day was fine and mild. Later on in the same year immense numbers put in an appearance. They seem to arrive in irregular scattered flocks, and on striking the coast to drop from a considerable height, and may sometimes be heard passing over when they cannot be seen, or if seen only as mere specks.
They seem to divide their attention between the tide-washed flats and the adjoining arable and grass land, often in company with larks and starlings. They do not, at any rate in this district, go far inland. I have never seen them more than a mile or so from the river.
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They feed in flocks, and always seem to be moving forward, those in the rear constantly flying forward to the front, and exhibiting as they do so the white marking on their wings.
Their flight is strong and undulating, but when feeding the bird has a gentle hovering sort of flight, while contending for the foremost place as a flock is observed to feed across a field, and its note is very piercing and musical.
The majority of those that visit us are of a brown colour, with more or less white on the wings, and are probably birds of the year, but they vary a good deal in colour, and there is a sprinkling of tawny and lighter individuals, and some almost white.
They arrive here, as above stated, about the beginning of October, and leave in the early spring, their stay being prolonged or otherwise according to the mildness or severity of the weather. They feed on grain and seeds of grasses. The crop of one I dissected contained eight grains of wheat and some other seeds. These seeds seemed quite perfect, and when I placed them in soil, in a flower pot, several germinated, and in three weeks the plants were from two to three inches high. The smaller seeds turned out to be grasses.
I have shot Snow Buntings at all times of their stay here, and always found them in good condition, and more often than not excessively fat. When the fields are covered with snow and they are frozen out, they repair to the tide-washed margin of the river, and there, no doubt, find abundance of food in the shape of seeds washed down from the upper reaches of the river.
The plumage of the Snow Bunting varies so much in colour that formerly it was considered there were three distinct species, the Mountain, the Tawny, and the Snow Bunting. I have a very beautiful specimen, which answers nearest to the Tawny state as described by Yarrell. It was given to me by a friend, who assured me that he shot it in August at the Tees Estuary. I have myself never seen them so early as that, but there is a notice of one in Yarrell’s “ Birds,” in the white summer plumage, said to have been killed at Royston, in Hertfordshire, on the 22nd May, 1840.
The winter of 1880-81 was noted for the large numbers which visited this district, and large numbers were taken with limed twigs by bird fanciers. One of these came into my hands,
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and I kept it in a cage for three years. and then gave it away. It proved to be a good singer It was in the brown plunage when IT got it, and therefore a young bird It was fed on hemp and canary seed. The first year it began to sing in July, always very early in the morning. Its song was a sweet warble, something like the song of the Brown Linnet, but with some louder notes. The next year it began to sing as early as March 12th, and was in full song
in April.
Sir Herbert Maxwell, in his “Memories of the M onths,” page 45, states that the Snow Bunting cannot be kept alive in captivity, and further states that Bechstein, most skilful of bird keepers, found it impossible to keep it in captivity for more than a few weeks, so impatient is it of a close or warm atmosphere The author must have had some other bird in his mind, for in my copy of Bechstein, which is a translation, dated 1837, it is stated that he kept a pair in his room, without a cage, for six years, and he further states that they were satisfied with the food common for other birds ; and he goes on to say that if kept in a cage they must be fed on hemp, oats, rape, millet, and poppy seed, that they appeared delighted whilst bathing, and that heat is so contrary to their nature that they cannot be preserved unless carefully guarded from it.
Mine was kept in a small room with an eastern aspect, and Which was overshadowed by higher buildings, and was therefore always a cool place even in summer.
T am acquainted with a bird fancier who also informs me that he has frequently kept them in confinement without much difficulty.
NORMAN FONT AT MARSKE-BY-THE-SEA.
By T. M. Fatuow, M.A., F.S.A.
The Font was discarded when the ancient Church of St. Germain at Marske was pulled down, between seventy and eighty years ago, and the present structure erected from the designs of the house steward at Marske Hall. The Font isa fine piece of late Norman work, and, though unusual in character, is not unlike that in Upleatham Church. It has been badly used, and served
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at one time as a trough at a farm, and has had line “boiled” im it, which has damaged it badly. Ata later period it did duty as
a flower pot in the Vicarage Garden at Marske, and as such it is figured by the late Canon Atkinson in his unfinished work, ‘Cleveland, Ancient and Modern”, Vol. IL, p. 76. Fortunately, although the worse for the rough treatment it has had, it is not so much out of repair as to be past use. It has been placed in St. Mark’s Church at the Marchioness of Zetland’s expense, and was formally re-dedicated to its sacred use on November 17th, 1901, by the Archdeacon of Cleveland.
_
175 EARLY CROSS AT MARSKE-BY-THE-SEA
By T. M. Fatitow, M A., F.S.A.
On January 24th, 1901, the Coastguard, stationed at Marske, finding that the door of the observation hut, which had been moved to a new position on the cliff, would not open properly, proceeded to examine the spot. He then discovered that the obstruction was caused by a large stone underground, which he endeavoured to dig out, but unfortunately broke it in two in the
process. When extricated, it was seen that the stone formed the upper part of the shaft and the head of an elaborately-designed cross. The base with the lower part of the shaft had stood close by from time immemorial till about a year before, when some thoughtless lads displaced and hurled it down to the sands below. The base, shaft, and head have since been pieced together again, and the cross thus restored has been placed for preservation inside St. Mark’s Church. This has been done at the cost of the Marquis of Zetland. Canon Greenwell, to whom a photograph of the head of the cross was sent at the time of its discovery, points out that not merely is the design a very fine one, but that it is also unusual, and he says that he does not remember secing anything like it elsewhere. The head of the ross measures 25 inches across each way, and the total height is 7 feet 64 inches. The date cannot be later than circa 1230.
(The Society is indebted to the Rev. F. Grant James for loan of the Illustrations of the Font and the Cross.)
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THE EVOLUTION OF CLEVELAND SCENERY.
By Rev. Jonn Hawenn, M.A., F.G.S.
Our appreciation of the beauty of scenery to a great extent depends upon the range of our knowledge. For the untutored savage, or the child of tender years, the beauties and glories of natural scenes have comparatively little charm, and they are in large measure lost upon many an agricultural labourer and other out of doors worker in England, who has had the advantage of going through the curriculum of an elementary school. Just at present there is a current running in favour of the introduction of “Nature study” into these schools, and accordingly there is ground for hope that the next generation of our countrymen will grow up with a more intelligent understanding of and interest in what has been called the ‘“ Vesture of the Great Unseen.”
To understand the general processes by which Nature operates, and to be able to read with some approach to truth and accuracy the history of the various stages of evolution through which any natural scene has grown into its present condition, ministers very greatly to our pleasure in contemplating it.
Taking, therefore, the very limited district with which the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club specially concerns itself, I would attempt briefly to indicate some of the steps by which it has grown to be the ‘ Beautiful Cleveland” which we know and love. It would be a long story to tell ab initio and in extenso, so that I cannot here enter into many details, except as regards some of the later phases. As to the earlier, I can only briefly indicate them, as the ontogeny of a vertebrate summarises its phylogeny, leaving out many of the earlier stages entirely, but revealing others always in their correct order.
The initial difficulty, as so often happens, is to know where to begin. Our view into the earliest past is completely closed. In order to produce scenery we must first obtain the materials of which to compose it. I am no materialist, and the origin of matter apart from a Creator is to me unthinkable, though we may imagine, even where we cannot pretend to ascertain by investigation, some of the processes through which the things we see around us came to be such as we know them. We may,
a7
with Sir William Crookes,” picture to ourselves a time when the matter from which our solar system has been evolved existed as a vast sea of incandescent mist, which he calls ‘ protyle,” in which atoms had not yet been formed. Then came the formation of atoms and the genesis of the elements. The earth and the other planets of our system were in course of time thrown off as gaseous rings during successive stages in the cooling process. By and by our earth acquired a molten nucleus, and after long ages a solid crust was formed.
Of course at first the earth’s solid exterior would be intensely hot, and no water could rest in liquid form upon it. It is, however, supposed by some competent physicists that it would not be long before the crust—bheing a good non-conductor of heat—would have so far cooled as to allow of the resting upon it of water, which would of course at first have a temperature near the boiling point.
It may be a matter of opinion, but I think it is probable that the exterior surface of the earth was dimpled and embossed from the first, owing partly at least to the unequal distribution of the enormous pressure of the atmosphere of the time—about 5,000 Ibs. to the square inch—and by the time the water was able to collect upon it, it had become, from differential contraction, so irregular that portions of it stood above the primitive sea-level. In this case rain and rivers, as well as the action of waves and tides, would set to work at once upon the portions projecting above the level of the water, and would tend to reduce them to that level, while the denuded material would be spread out under the water, and would become assorted more or less into coarser and finer. And so we get the beginning of that series of stratified deposits, each entombing the organisms of its own particular epoch, which has been forming unceasingly since, and which will continue to form ‘while the earth remaineth.”
The date at which the earth’s crust was formed, and the earliest strata laid down, is, of course, most difficult to determine. But various attempts have been made to solve the problem. Lord Kelvin, basing his arguments on the rate of increase in the temperature of the crust as we go downwards, on the retardation
of the earth’s angular velocity by tidal friction, and on the
limitation of the age of the sun, came to the conclusion that ‘the existing state of things on the earth, life on the earth—all geological history showing continuity of lfe—must be limited
(1) See his address to Section B of the British Association in 1886,
178 within some such period as 100,000,000 years.” Later he asserted that the allowance of time which he was prepared to grant for the evolution of geological history was ‘more than twenty and less than forty million years, and probably much nearer twenty than forty.””
Professor G. H. Darwin, in what has been called “ one of the most beautiful contributions ever made by astronomy to geology,’ has estimated that the time which has elapsed since the moon oceupied a position nine terrestrial radii distant from the earth is at least fifty-six or fifty-seven millions of years, but may be much more. This period probably corresponded pretty nearly with the time at which the earth’s crust was formed, for the moon appears to have been thrown off while the earth was a rapidly rotating molten ball, and it is thought not so long before the solidification of its surface.
In 1899, Professor Joly contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society a remarkable and elaborate paper,” in which he endeavoured to estimate from the rate at which salt is being carried down by the rivers into the ocean, and the amount of salt in the ocean at the present time, the date of the formation of the earliest oceans. His conclusion was that the oceans had existed for from 9 to 100 millions of years. But he only allowed for 10 per cent. of the salt carried down by the rivers being “cyclic salt,” that is salt carried by winds from the sea to the land. My friend, Mr Ackroyd, of Halifax, has, however, shown pretty conclusively, I think, in various papers communicated to the ‘Chemical News” and the ‘Geological Magazine,” that at least 99 per cent. of the sea-borne salt is cyclic salt. The conclusions of Professor Joly are therefore, in my opinion, entirely invalidated.
Sir Archibald Geikie, reasoning from the observed rate of denudation, comes to a conclusion comparable with those of Kelvin, Darwin and Joly, and, accordingly, we may take it as a rough estimate according to our present knowledge that from 50
to 100 millions of years have elapsed since the oceans were -
formed, and stratified rocks began to be deposited. The maximum thickness of these stratified rocks is apparently about 50 miles. The following Table, which I take from a Paper
(1) Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1886, p. 517. (2) ‘The Age of Earth,” Presidential Address to the Victoria Institute
for 1897, p. 10. See also Phil. Mag., Jan., 1899. (3) Prof. Sollas. See Geo. Mag., Oct., 1900, p. 451. (4) ‘Trans. Roy. Dub. Soc., ser. ii., vol. vii.
a
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contributed by Prof. Sollas to Section C. of the British Association in 1900, shows how this thickness is made up by the various formations :— Feet. Recent and Pleistocene ase eee 4,000 Pliocene ae nee male oce 5,000 Miocene ae See oi we 9,000 Oligocene... S “ee : 12,000
Eocene SC wes ees com 2000 Cretaceous ... a2 Sas ux 14,000 Jurassic ne one Pe ar 8,000 Trias... oe nae nod .. 13,000 Permian Be ea sae <2 12,000 Carboniferous iat ae .- 24,000 Devonian ... one we -.- 22,000 Silurian owe aa Po ae 5000
Ordovician ... fe asi ec) 7,000 Cambrian ... aoc ts ... 16,000 Keweenawan ac Abc ... 50,000 Penokee was ide ae e265) 4000 Huronian ... are S06 .- 18,000
In our district we are not concerned with the older formations. At Middlesbrough we bore down to the Trias for salt, and this formation is found in other places at the surface, but as to what is below it we can only speculate, though in all probability the Permian and Carboniferous would be found if we could put down borings deep enough.
We look across to the Pennines, and find the axis to be composed of Carboniferous rocks, consisting of the Carboniferous Limestone and Yoredale Beds overlaid by the Millstone Grit. Probably the Coal Measures were originally more or less continuous over these, but, being on the whole easily denuded, they have disappeared, while the hard Millstone Grit has survived the wear and tear of Nature’s disintegrating forces, and protectively caps most of the higher ground. Lying unconformably on the flanks of the Carboniferous strata, the rocks of the Permian formation extend north and south in a band about five miles wide with a dip. to the E.S.E.
The valley between the Cleveland Hills and this Permian band is mainly occupied by the soft sandstones and marls of the Trias, though, owing to the thick deposit of Glacial Drift, they are seldom to be seen ‘They dip to the east, passing under the rocks of the Jurassic system.
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It is this system with which we are chiefly concerned in Cleveland. It is out of these rocks that the fair scenery of the district has been so deftly carved. To them, therefore, it is necessary to give special attention. They consist of the Lias below and the Oolite above. The Lias is divided into lower, middle and upper. The Lower Lias, which is about 750 feet in thickness, is chiefly composed of easily denuded shales. The best exposure in our area is on the shore at Redcar, but we often get a peep at it in the beds of streams, as about Easby and Great Ayton. The Middle Lias is composed to a large extent of harder beds, beginning with hard shales, continuing upwards into sandstone, and concluding above with the ironstone, which forms the most important mineral product of Cleveland. The entire thickness of the Middle Lias is about 450 feet. The Upper Lias, from 50 to 200 feet in thickness, consists of the soft beds of Jet and Alum Shales.
Superposed upon the Upper Lias are the hard estuarine sandstones of the Inferior Oolite. These are massive and moderately resistent to disintegration, and consequently stand out all round the edge of our Cleveland Moors as a prominent escarpment—an often perpendicular wall—capping a steep face of Upper Liassic shales. This light sandstone wall, surmounting here a dark blue scarp of bare shale and there a gentler slope of green grass-clothed moor bank, gives to our district one of its most characteristic features.
In the sea-clitfs of the Yorkshire Coast the lower Oolites up to the Cornbrash have a thickness of nearly 700 feet, but they thin out westwards and southwards. They are full of plant remains, and thin seams of coal also occur. <A hard bed, which by reason of its hardness often stands out and forms a prominent feature, is known as the Moor Grit.
Capping the Inferior Oolite comes the Cornbrash, which is a softish limestone, not averaging more than ten feet in thickness in North Yorkshire.
The highest of the Jurassic rocks occurring in Cleveland is the Kellaways Rock, which occurs at the base of the middle Oolites, and is a sandstone variable in its character. This we find preserved in a syncline in the neighbourhood of Freeborough Hill. The rest of the middle Oolites—the Oxford Clay, the Corallian Series, the Kimeridge Clay and the Portland Beds— are wanting in our area. Probably they most or all of them once extended over it, and it is not easy to resist the conclusion that
Pipa Briss, ee eee b ed
S ieted , ee
Her oe eal at a Geaington, Mocigty,. eS oe er Sr ede Raed by vimhgiewl ehpdrog : wall thee are: tage eet of the Deed. Vike hge af. thy
) Spee che ert and want, oe tbe wargios
ar thin, out westwards and” southwarda, They are
= by reason of ite harducss often ands ont and oe
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tk is acs eystein with which we aré thiefly . Cleveland. It is out of these rocks that the fair scenery de district bas bean so deftly carved. To them, thereforaeges necessary to give special, attention, They consist of the below and the Oolite above. The Lias is divided into I middie and npper. The Lower Lias, which is about 750: in thickness, is chiefly composed of easily denuded shales, best exposure in onr area 7s on the shore. at Redear, bab often get @ peep ab it in the beds of streams;-as about and Great Ayton. "The Middle Lins is composed, to a= extent of harder beds, beginning with hard shales, « ; upwards into gandsténe, and concluding above with the priser’ which forms the most important mineral product of -Cleyi The entive thickness of the Middle Lias ia ahout-400 feb Upper Lias, from 50°to 200 feet. in thickness; consists of Be beds of Jet and Alum Shales
Superposed upon ‘the Upper Lias are the hal ¢ sandstones of the seer Oolite. BS are f moderately resistent to disintegration, a conseqiently all round the edge of our Cleveland, Moors as a p escarpnent—an often perpendicalar wall *. trep t
Upper Liassic stmles. This light sandstone
~ here a dark bine scarp of bare Meats cad HOR we . Breen. grass-clothed moor bank, sepbior: ati one “charaeteristic features. e f
Tn the bba-cliith ‘ok the: Yorkehine Coleen: wer lites to the Cornbrash have a thickness of nearly 760 £
remains, and thin seains of coal also oceur, pee
feature, is known as the Moor Grit.
the Inferior Oolite comes’ the Com peisiah estone, not: averaging more os ten feet in Novth Yorkshire,.-
The highest of the Jurassic ‘Foeks. occurring in Cle the Keliaways Rock, which occurs at the base of the 4 Outites and is 6 Sraaae an the wei in_ its ;
CLEVELAND AREA. BY PERCY F. KENDALL FGS. SCARBOROUGH
THE GLACIERS »ND GLACIER LAKES
PICKERING
Daina
f +8
} Miopcespowoven STOKESLEVe
5 bei t-}
GENERAL MAP OF THE GLACIERS AND GLACIFR-LAKES OF THE CLEVELND AREA, AT THE PERIOD OF MAXIMUM EXTENSION OF THE ICE,
Reduced, by kind permission, from Map published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. The Block kindly lent by the Editor of *‘ The Friend.”
The area covered by ice is left unshaded ; the lakes are indicated by marginal shading ; and the area occupied neither by ice nor by lakes is crossed-hatched, to show the relief of the land. ‘The edge of the ice is indicated by a heavy black line. Broken lines are used upon the south and west, as the marginal phenomena have not yet been studied.
1§2
the district must have been under the surface of the Chalk Sea, in which were deposited the beds of chalk which we now find in the Yorkshire Wolds, and which could not well have had its shore very far short of the crest of the Pennines. But whatever came above the Kellaways Rock, Oolites, Chalk, or what not, has been stripped off to make sediment for newer formations.
Out of the Triassic and Jurassic rocks, then, have the main physical features of Cleveland been carved. The beds were first deposited, and then, after long ages, moulded into their present form.
The stunted fauna of the Permian bespeaks deposition in land-locked inland seas. At the time of the formation of the Trias, these seas were becoming shallowed and dried up. Then, during the whole of the Rhetic and Liassic periods, the land was slowly sinking, and muds brought by large and gently flowing rivers, having a south-eastern course, were being deposited in the Cleveland area. There were many fluctuations it is true from deeper to shallower and back to deeper again, and apparently the minimum amount of depression occurred during part of the period of the Middle Lias. Beds of oysters and cockles flourished until they were overtaken by the drift of a current, or an accumulation of sediment. Right at the top of the series we get, near Ravenscar, in a particular bed. an abundance of Lingula, a lamp-shell or brachiopod, which is at the present day, I believe, a somewhat deep water form. But its presence does not necessarily imply deep water, as it is a survival in practically unaltered form of a very primitive type, and may have been driven into deep water by the. greater competition for existence in the shallower seas The large rivers brought down a good deal of timber, and fossil wood is common in all the local beds of Lias. In the jet rock this has often formed the basis. of jet.
The lower beds of the Oolite are fuller still of drift wood, and seem to have been deposited in the estuary of one or more large rivers flowing from the north-west, ‘‘or possibly in a series of channels or straits between the neighbouring islands.””) But there was apparently at this period a good deal of instability, and the sea-bed of the locality sank and rose by turns. The “ Dogger” at the base of the Inferior Oolite contains a great many fragments of fossils and rolled pebbles derived from Liassie beds, even down to
(1) C, Fox-Strangways. ‘‘The Jurassic Rocks of Great Britain” (Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. I., 1892.)
a | a,
183
the horizon of the Lower Lias."’ Another thin, but very persistent, marine bed, occurring a little higher in the series, is the well-known Ellerbeck Bed. But, on the other hand, there are also thin coal seams, such as that from which the Castleton Coal was obtained. Some of these thin seams may have owed their origin to deposition along shore in sheltered shallow creeks into which much vegetable matter was carried by wind and stream and tide. Others may have been formed in marshes and lagoons. In these estuarine beds it is common to find the large Horsetail, Hquitsetites columnaris, in an upright position as when growing. Mr. A. C. Seward says “the vertical position of such stems naturally suggests their preservation im situ, but in this, as in many other cases, the erect manner of occurrence is due to the settling down of the drifted plants in this particular position.”” If Mr. Seward were as familiar as I am with the very constant occurrence of these stems in a vertical position, and seldom in contact, in Cleveland escarpments, I venture to predict that he would alter his opinion.
From the Upleatham Hill, near Marske-by-the-Sea, I have recently obtained specimens of a thin stratum occurring in the horizon ot the Lower Oolite Estuarine Beds, which is simply tangled mass of plants such as Tentopteris, Otozamites and Williamsonia. My attention was called to this bed by my friend Mr. J. M. Meek, who discovered it some years ago. I am preparing a Paper on this bed, which I propose to communicate to the Geological Society of London.
The succeeding beds of Oolite were mostly formed in somewhat deeper, though not deep, water, and the sea-bottom in the district continued to sink until in all probability the sea of the Kimeridge Clay period, and later the Chalk Sea, covered it, and some deposits of clay and chalk and other rocks were spread over it. It is not unlikely that the crests of the Pennines, which have indeed in all probability been elevated, but which have certainly also been greatly denuded since then, were submerged by the sea of the Upper Chalk Period ; and it is by no means improbable that this chalk, as we now find it in the Yorkshire W old District, was formed on a sea-floor four or five hundred fathoms below the surface.
At the close of this period of great submergence our area began to rise, the main axis of uplift being in the line of the Pennines, and since it appeared above sea-lev el it has, so far as we
(1) See ‘‘ Naturalist,” July, 1902, p. 216. (2) ‘‘ Fossil Plants,” vol. 1., p. 72.
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ean ascertain, never as a whole been depressed below that level again. I do not think, however, that in this post-cretaceous uplift the elevation of the various beds was to anything like their present altitude, though the land surface of that period may have stood out above the sea to an even greater height. There has, of course, been an enormous amount of denudation since that
time.
When this denudation had gone on during the whole of Eocene and Oligocene time, the district had apparently been veduced almost to the base level of erosion. A more or less flat surface had been formed—what it is the fashion of the day to call a ‘“peneplain,”—and though the word is an objectionable one it is very convenient.
Then came what has been called the ‘Great Miocene Upheaval,” which affected the whole of Western Europe. It is not certain, however, that this upheaval tovk place during Miocene time. This uplift raised the district as a whole, but in particular ridged up the ‘“peneplain” locally by a previously existing axis of uplift running from Ingleby Greenhow to Robin Hood’s Bay, and so gave us what has been termed the ‘ Moorland Anticlinal.” During the latter part of the Pliocene period there was a movement of subsidence. Immediately before the Ive Age, the land must have stood at least 170 feet higher than at present, but Mr. Kendall finds no evidence in the district of an interglacial submergence—indeed he finds no evidence of interglacial periods
at all.
It appears probable that there was at least a local depression to the extent of 30 feet after the ice had retreated, for my friend, Dr. Veitch, has called attention to a raised beach at Saltburn, which must be post-glacial. The land has risen since sufficiently to reveal this beach, and there is some indication of minor subsequent oscillations.
When the post-cretaceous uplift took place, the axis of uplift being, as I have said, in the line of the Pennines, there would be a gradual slope of the surface from the flanks of the Pennine Chain eastward, or rather south-eastward, and upon it a series of rivers would be initiated, which would flow with a more or less sinuous but persistent course from the watershed to the coast. Such primary rivers, establishing themselves upon an uplifted area, have been termed by Mr. W. M. Davis “consequent ” rivers. These rivers follow the “dip” of the beds, and cut their way through hard and soft strata alike, the
i i |)
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harder bands in the river-beds necessarily checking the rate of erosion of the softer.
But when these “consequent” rivers have begun to deepen their beds, tributaries will begin to flow into them along the “strike” of the strata. These are in a more favoured condition for erosion, inasmuch as they can select the rocks they will work in, and choose a soft stratum for their operations, while the “consequent” rivers have to take hard and soft as they come. The softer the stratum which the tributary stream is eroding the faster will its work of erosion be done, the larger will it grow, extending its valley headward and on either bank, and the more it enlarges itself the faster will it tend to grow since the increasing volume of water will all the while be adding to its erosive power.
Such a stream is termed a “subsequent” stream, and its actual course will not usually be directly at right angles to its “consequent,” but will to some extent depend upon the original slope of the ground, and accordingly will as a rule join the “consequent” stream, making a more or less acute angle with its head waters.
The larger “ consequent ” rivers will, cwteris paribus, deepen their beds faster than the smaller. Therefore their ‘‘ subsequents,” having a steeper slope, will work faster than the ‘ subsequents ” of the other. Working in this way the strongest and most rapidly growing ‘ subsequent” may in time invade the valley of one of the weaker ‘consequents” and abstract its head waters, carrying them into the strong “consequent” of which it is a tributary. In such a case between “the elbow of capture,” and the head of the “beheaded” stream, which will tend to retreat gradually, an anti-dip stream will be found draining back into the strike valley along the deserted course of the beheaded consequent, of course in a reversed direction. Such a.stream is termed by Mr. Davis an “ obsequent ” stream.
Now, anyone looking at a map of Yorkshire will observe that there are several rivers originating in the Pennines, and flowing eastward or south-eastward. Such are the Aire, the Wharfe, the Nidd, the Ure, the Swale, and the Tees. It is supposed by the geologists of to-day that these represent original consequent streams, which at first flowed straight on to the coast, or in some cases probably to a junction with one another far to the east, but have been successively captured by the Ouse, a powerful “subsequent ” of the Aire-Humber, working along the strike of the soft Triassic rocks, with the exception of the Tees, which has
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been captured by a “ subsequent” working in the same readily eroded strata from the north, which before the Ice Age had captured the Swale also.
Thus Mr. F. R. Cowper Reed, to whose essay on ‘ The Geological History of the Rivers of East Yorkshire” I am much indebted, supposes that the Ure passed through the Gilling Gap, and entered the sea at Filey, while the Swale may have gone out at Scalby. The Tees, he thinks, went down the Esk valley, and out to sea beyond Sandsend, for the coast was then further eastward.
This last is the case with which we are at present most concerned. and the view of Mr. Reed is not only highly interesting, but in all probability correct. The course which the Esk pursues in relation to the dip of the beds is on any other hypothesis difficult to explain, and the existence of the large Kaldale Gap unaccountable
When the Tees had been captured, the Leven began to work back as an “obsequent” stream in the bed of the old head-stream of the Esk—part of the original bed of the Tees—and apparently captured its tributary Warren Beck before the Ice Age. I assisted my friend, Mr. P. F. Kendall, to put down a series of borings in order to ascertain, if possible, whether the capture of Warren Beck had really been effected before the Ice Age or not ; and with the assistance of my friends, the Rev. J. C. Fowler, F.G.S., and Mr P. Huntington, I have since put down a number of additional borings. Although the problem has not been quite conclusively solved, evidence was obtained rendering it almost certain that there was a pre-glacial capture. The alternative was that Warren Beck might have been deflected by glacial agencies.
Of course, when the so-called ‘‘ Miocene upheaval ” took place, the courses of the streams would in most cases become steeper, the possible exception being where there was folding of the strata. Consequently they would receive new energy, and would denude at a greatly increased rate, for the transporting power is in proportion to the sixth power of the velocity.
What I have advanced so far will, I think, have shown roughly how the materials were accumulated, and how, out of the accumulation, the larger features of Cleveland scenery were fashioned The amount of sea-erosion during the post-cretaceous uplift is not easy to appraise correctly, but the evidence in favour of the existence of rivers running from the Pennines to the coast tends to show that the central valley between the mountains of
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western Yorkshire and the eastern moorlands had not begun to exist when the uplift had been completed. But ever since our district emerged from the waters, the wild waves have beaten upon its shores, wearing them back step by step, and though sometimes foiled by a slight rise of the coast-line, forcing them back and still backward until imposing coast-cliffs, 600 feet in height, have been formed, which, though for the time they look down upon the furious waters when they rage and swell with proud aloofness, will yet one day soon be compelled to drop a humble curtsey to Father Neptune, as with a mighty thud and splash they pay to the sea their tribute of rock. Meanwhile, upon the inland area the rains have beaten; the frosts have eracked and crumbled the exposed portions; the rivers have eroded their beds and deepened and widened their valleys, and daily carried to the coast their burden of disintegrated rock. Our flat moorland elevations tell of the former existence of a peneplain determined in large measure by the massive and resistent nature of the rock exposed at the surface. Our moor-banks show how the soft Liassic shales have given way under the attack of the denuding forces, while the more tenacious rock above has resisted those forces until it has been undermined by the disintegration of the subjacent shales, when it has fallen in huge tabular masses, littering with sprinkled cubes aud rhombs the slope and the base of the declivity, while the hard bands of the Middle Lias form a distinctive feature in the shape of horizontal ledges or foot-hills, on which, indeed, the blocks detached from the Oolitic mass above have often found a lodgment.
Looking from the west at the escarpment extending from Kildale to Swainby, and realising that in the main only the forces which are acting to-day having acted in the past, we are impressed with a sense of the potency of Nature’s graving tools, and would do well to learn the lesson that is here written for our learning, how quiet, unceasing, persistent work can remove mountains, or rather carve mountains and valleys and fairest scenes out of a few layers of rock, which but a little while ago existed in the form of disintegrated sand and shiny mud beneath the waters of the sea.
There is much more that I might say regarding the transformations which have taken place as Cley eland has grown to be what we see it now. I might speak of foldings and faultings with their effects and teachings, but for considerations of space I will refrain. And of the “Cleveland Dyke” I will only say a word, though it is a physical feature which I cannoy
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altogether leave unnoticed. It is composed of a basaltie rock termed an augite-andesite, which in Tertiary time welled up into a crack in the earth’s crust. It did not reach the surface in our area, but as denudation has gone on it has become exposed in many parts, and has often protected adjoining rock from the denudation which it would otherwise have undergone. The element of picturesqueness which it must once have imparted to Cleveland scenery has been to a large extent destroyed by the mining of the rock.
Leaving the Dyke, however, I must perforce reserve myself space in which to say something of one of the later stages in the evolution of Cleveland scenery—one which did not largely affect its main features—and yet one which left its mark permanently and indelibly on all Cleveland, except its higher moorlands—and in a minor degree even there also. I mean The Great Ice Age.
Speaking in terms of Geological time the date of the Ice Age was but as yesterday. If we put the period of the formation of the earth’s crust at from 50 to 100 millions of years ago, we may place that of the Ice Age at from 50 to 100 thousand years back. Indeed, some of those who are most competent to form an opinion on this subject are disposed to think that the close of it may possibly have been within the last 20 thousand years; and, impressed as I have been with the evidence everywhere observable in those parts of Northern Britain which I have had the opportunity to study, my present inclination is to agree with such an estimate.
With regard to the Ice Age as it affected Cleveland I write at a very favourable moment, since Mr. P. F. Kendall, F.G.S., Lecturer in Geology at the Yorkshire College, has recently done a very fine piece of investigation of glacial ice-work in the area. He laid the results of this investigation before the Geological Society of London on January Sth, 1902. and the Paper then read is published in Vol. LVIII. of the Journal of the Society, pp. 471-571, August, 1902. The Paper is entitled ‘A System of Glacier Lakes in the Cleveland Hills.”
On November 11th, 1898, my friend Mr. Kendall wrote to me that he had found very clear evidences that Eskdale was a lake in glacial times, held up by ice blocks at each end. ‘Overflow took place by a narrow channel cut through the spur into a lower lake about Goathland, and thence by Newtondale to Pickering, where there is a fine delta. Other lakelets occurred both south and north of Eskdale, and their outlets are clearly traceable.”
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These results he had obtained principally by a detailed study of the drift maps of the area. He added, ‘‘ I am trying to arrange to spend my Christmas vacation at some convenient central position in Eskdale, probably at Grosmont, and I hope I may have the pleasure and profit of your company on some of my excursions.”
The first day he came down to make his special study of the glaciation of the district, December 23rd, 1898, I met Mr. Kendall by appointment at Goathland Station, and we made a traverse from there to Egton Bridge. I had the pleasure of accompanying him on very many of his tours of investigation, and I was present at Burlington House when the Paper was read And I deem it no small honour to have been so intimately associated from first to last with the brilliant piece of work, the results of which are embodied in this classical Paper.
Of course, before Mr Kendall came down to commence his: special work, the general facts regarding the glaciation of the district were well-known. The drift clays and gravels had been mapped by the Officers of the Geological Survey. I had myself, at the suggestion of my dear old master and friend, Sir Joseph Prestwich, reported to the Boulder Committee of the British Association on a series of 365 glacial blocks which I had examined and made notes of in the Parish of Ingleby Greenhow,” several of my specimens having been inspected by Professor Bonney and Mr. C. T. Clough, of the Geological Survey. But yet Mr. Kendall’s work has shed a flood of light on questions whith were shrouded in gloom when it was commenced, and the solutions relate not merely to our locality, but are of wide application, in many cases at least. Cleveland will in the future be regarded as the typical district in Britain of glacier-lakes and the connected phenomena.
This work of Mr. Kendall has enabled him to tell us exactly where the ice-face stood during the period of maximum extension of the ice ; for not only has it left the marks of its former presence in the shape of morainic debris, but deep and striking channels eut by water flowing along the edge of the ice-face are “there unto this day, which, though often filled up to some extent by a growth of peat, are almost as well defined as when they were made, and form scenic features of no small interest.
During the glacial epoch, the ice-cap, such as we find it now in Greenland, crept southward in one mighty forward-sweeping
(1) See 15th and 16th Reports of the Committee, 1887 and 1888.
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stream until a large portion of our island was buried under it, while on the Continent it extended to the central German ranges. It brought, embedded within the ice-mass, fragments of rock derived from every tract across which it had ploughed, and, when it reached the greatest southern extension permitted to it for the time, dumped them down in a muddled mass to serve as a puzzle to the unlearned generations, but to act as eloquent recounters of glacial history to twentieth century scientists.
Of the glacial rocks occurring at Ingleby, on which I reported in 1887 and 1888, a considerable number were traceable to the Cheviot Hills, and others to the Lake District and Teesdale. Rocks which have travelled from Scandinavia are frequently found in the glacial drift on the Yorkshire Coast, especially south of Whitby, and one day when I was on the hills above Lockwood (Stanghow Moor), with some members of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, my friend, Mr. J. W. Stather, of Hull, found a specimen of Scandinavian rhomb-porphyry in boulder clay at an altitude of 810 feet above sea-level.
Mr. Kendall recognises in the area three groups of erratics, coming respectively from the west, the north and the east. The basin of the Irish Sea being full of ice, there was a pressure eastwards up the Solway Firth, and the ice pressing in here was joined by a stream from the southern Uplands of Scotland, and another from the Lake District, so that it filled the Vale of Eden umtil it overflowed in two streams—one over the Tyne watershed into Northumberland, and another over Stainmore into Teesdale. This latter, charged with Shap Granite and other Lake Country rocks, reached the mouth of the Tees, and possibly left its terminal moraine on what is known as the ‘ Rough Ground,” a few miles out to sea from Tees-mouth.
In his memoir on North Cleveland, Mr. Geo. Barrow stated that at Hob Hill, near Saltburn, when the lower boulder clay was cleared away, ‘“ the Ironstone was found to be deeply grooved, the direction of these hollows running roughly N.W. and 8.E,”" and that, ‘fas a rule, when the clay is thin it is so largely made up of the underlying rock, or the rocks a little to the west, that their nature can be at once inferred.”® These two observations of Mr. Barrow, taken in conjunction with the fact that Shap Granite has been found zz situ in the lower boulder clay at Whitby and
tobin Hood’s Bay, led Mr. Kendall to the conclusion that the
(1) Mem. on ‘‘ The Geology of North Cleveland,” p. 66. Sy 1 (2), Op. cit. 65.
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Teesdale ice-stream was first on the ground in Cleveland. He thinks that the congestion of ice in the Irish Sea was caused specially by “a great influx of ice from the Clyde” for which there is evidence in the shape of glacial strie, shell fragments and boulders. It was the westward pressure of the Seandinavian ice-sheet which caused the Clyde ice to attain such large proportions.
The Firth of Forth is only about 100 miles north of the mouth of the Tees, and it is consequently rather curious that the ice radiating from the head of the Baltic should have exerted such pressure for a long period up the Forth Valley as to have caused the Eden Valley ice to flow out at Tees-mouth. And that it did thus flow for a lengthened period is evidenced by the large number of blocks of Shap Granite strewed along the Yorkshire Coast. Still, as Mr. Kendall says, the impact of the Scandinavian ice would proceed from north to south, and it might take it a very long time to advance from the Forth to the Tees. r
But in time it did reach the Tees-mouth area, and forced back the Teesdale ice into the Vale of York. It is not, however, certain that the Scandinavian ice ever actually reached the Yorkshire Coast-line. It might turn back the western ice without doing this, and the Scandinavian rocks found within that line may conceivably have been floated towards the coast in bergs breaking from the Scandinavian ice-face in the earlier stages of its advance,
dropped upon the sea floor far to the west, and later picked up by
the glacier moving on from southern Scotland.
Thirdly and lastly, according to Mr. Kendall, there came into our district a stream of ice from the Cheviot Hills, and probably from Tweeddale. This stream came in between the other two, and apparently to some extent overrode them, bringing with it those blocks and pebbles of porphyrite, which are so conspicuous in the glacial drift about Ingleby Greenhow and Swainby. Some weeks ago I accompanied Mr. Kendall and other friends in an
excursion into Tweeddale for the purpose of collecting rocks
which might have given origin to boulders: and the rocks which I collected there I shall endeavour to match with specimens obtained from our local drift.
(1) See Mr. Kendall’s Paper, p. 563.
(2) My. Kendall writes, December 21st, 1902, ‘‘ We had a fine time at Kelsey Hill the other day, and I found a number of specimens of the Scottish Trachytes like those about Melrose.”
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In support of his contention that the Tweeddale-Cheviot
stream was the last on the ground, Mr. Kendall says, “The
uppermost fringe of the drift contains a quite exceptional proportion of Cheviot rocks. I have previously pointed out that, in the high-level deposits, Magnesian limestone of the type found on the coast of Durham is also exceptionally abundant, while Carboniferous rocks are proportionately rare. These facts are consistent with the view that the Cheviot ice passed over the comparatively small outcrop of Carboniferous rocks in Northumberland, and out to sea; then, describing a great curve, re-invaded the land somewhere between the Tyne and the Tees, bringing in stones such as flints from the bed of the North Sea, and marine shells in a more or less smashed condition from the same source.” He continues, ‘Indeed, the extension of the Cheviot ice was, in my opinion, coincident with the limit of maximum glaciation from the Wykeham moraine right round to Scarth Nick.”
During this maximum extension of the ice our higher moors. stood out above it. Rosedale, Farndale and Bransdale were unaffected, and Bilsdale was only affected to the extent of having sent into it an overflow of water impounded by the ice-front near Ingleby Greenhow. The whole of Eskdale formed a lake from near Kildale Church to Lealholm, with ramifications into Westerdale, Danby and the Fryups. Similar lakes were impounded in Glaisdale, Wheeldale, Iburndale, Harwood Dale, and the Hackness valley. There was a glacier-lake in Scugdale, and another in Greenhow Botton, while the whole of the Pickering valley was occupied by a large lake. There was a series held up against the moor banks south of Guisborough and Moorsholm. These drained from one into another in aligned sequence and then into Lake Eskdale, first by Ewe Crag Slack towards Danby, and then by Stonegate to Glaisdale.
The outflow from Lake Eskdale was in the direction of Goathland. The channel cut by the outflowing waters at the
time of the maximum extension of the ice is to be seen curving
round the edge of Murk Mire Moor to Hazel Head and the Hollins, for the first mile and a half as a typical moss-filled V-shaped overflow-trench, and afterwards as a mere shelf without retaining wall, save here and there a mass of gravel. The
original retaining wall was, of course, the ice. The intake of
this overflow was at first about 725 feet above sea-level, and is cut down to about 714 feet O.D. At the termination of the channel
(1) Journ, Geol. Soc., Le., p. 565.
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there is, as one usually finds in similar cases, a mass of eravel which had been carried through the channel or eroded from it, This has obstructed the valley of West Beck, and caused the formation of Nelly Hay Force. Between the West Beck valley and the valley of the Eller Beck there is an overflow channel across Two Howes Rigg, which is known as Moss Slack. This has an altitude of about 675 feet
At the time of the greatest extension of the ice, therefore Lake Eskdale, which had a length of at least 11 miles, and more probably about 14, and a depth of at least 400 feet, drained at an elevation of 725 feet into Lake Wheeldale, which was three miles long, with a surface 675 above present sea-level. Lake Wheeldale overflowed by the Moss Slack channel into a small lake, which Mr. Kendall has named the Vestibule or Ellerbeck Lake.
The Hollins channel did not, however, persist very long. As the ice retreated the overflow from the Eskdale Lake cut successive channels across the moor edge, at lower levels, first by Lady Bridge Slack and Purse Dyke Slack, and then by Moss | Swang and the very striking Randay-Mere Valley. The Wheeldale and Ellerbeck lakes also became united when the ice vetreated from the end of Two Howes Rigg.
The water which we have thus traced into the Goathland neighbourhood overflowed the Cleveland anticline at Fen Bogs at an altitude of about 650 feet. The passage of glacial water through this channel persisted for a long while, and the descent into the Pickering valley being steep, the very remarkable valley of Newtondale—the most noteworthy of all the British overflow channels—was formed.
The Pickering valley was occupied by a large glacial lake (see Map), and when the turbulent waters discharging down Newtondale reached its quiet shore they deposited their burden of rock fragments, gravel and sand in the form of a large delta extending over at least two or three square miles. The lake itself occupied a very large area, and being dammed in by the ice-front on the east, and the Gilling Gap being also blocked by ice, overflowed into the Plain of York near Kirkham Abbey, cutting the fine gorge existing at that point, and giving to the river Derwent its erratic inland course. Ultimately, the North Sea being blocked with ice to the northward, the water which had flowed through Lake Eskdale and Lake Pickering found its way into the ocean through the Straits of Dover, which it in all probability assisted to cut, since these Straits did not exist before the Great Ice Age.
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Besides the glacial water which found its way into the Lake Eskdale system of drainage there was an escape through Scarth Nick, and, as I have already indicated, also one from the Ingleby Greenhow neighbourhood into Bilsdale. Of similar escapes in the Robin Hood’s Bay area I cannot now speak, as the locality is outside Cleveland proper.
Much might be said regarding deltaic and _ limneal accumulations, shore scarps and benches, and the varied phenomena of glacial erosion and deposition. But for further information regarding these matters, and for the detailed evidence on which the various conclusions are based, I must refer my reader to Mr. Kendall’s most valuable and illuminating Paper. It only remains for me to point out the scenic influence exercised by the visit of the glacial conditions.
As the glacial deposits do not usually reach a greater altitude than 700 or 800 feet, the higher moorlands were little affected. But we must bear in mind that the time would be one of scanty vegetation, and the moor-tops would be subject to the influence of keen frosts, which would disintegrate the exposed rock, and that much snow would accumulate and remain during the greater part. of the year, and when it melted there would he floods which would actively denude.
On the lower grounds the visit of the ice effected a very remarkable change. The old stream valleys were filled in with moraine stuff; mounds of sand and gravel were piled up ; channels were cut across spurs and through watersheds ; moor-banks were undermined by the swirl of waters, and huge slips occurred such as we should not expect to find if the process of denudation had been normal.
When the ice finally retreated, though the process was. doubtless a very gradual one, there would be a scene of comparative desolation. Numerous pools would be left dotted over the face of the lower grounds. These Nature would presently set herself to get rid of. This she would do in two ways—by drainage and by in-filling. An overflowing pool would cut a channel at the point of overflow which would tend to deepen, and which might soon become sufficiently deep to drain off the pool. If the pool or lakelet were in the course of a streain, a deep gorge might be formed by the flow of water, such as we get in the course of the Leven at Kildale, and if it cut down to hard bands of rock, waterfalls might be formed such as that which exists in the Kildale gorge, and which are usually a mark of comparatively new
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streams which have not yet come near to their base line ot erosion. Gorges through moraine stuff, often accompanied by waterfalls where, by the blocking of pre-glacial valleys, streams have been forced into new channels and haye cut into the solid rock, are common in North-East Yorkshire.
On the other hand mud and sand and other materials would wash into these glacial pools, and help to fill them up. Life would come to them in the form of animals and plants, both of which would tend to obliterate them. I have bored some thirty feet through fresh water shells in a filled-up pool in the Kildale moraine ; while at Stanley Grange, near Great Ayton, Mr. E. H. Wynne-Finch pointed out to me a locality where a shallow pool of considerable size had been filled in principally by iron-pan, which is dependent for its formation upon the existence of vegetation. Some, again, are filled in by peat, and the overflow- channels of the glacier-lakes, especially near their watersheds where stream action could not operate to cleanse them, are usually filled up to a considerable extent by vegetable matter, as for example at Randay-Mere, and at West Bank near Kildale.
And so we come to Cleveland as it exists to-day—our soils enriched by burdens of earth, brought hitherward packed in ice, as we now bring New Zealand mutton—our fields seeming to grow pebbles, which really grew in the distant past in the far away Cheviots or on the hills round Derwentwater.
As we stand on the moor-edge, and look down upon “Cleveland in the clay” in the time of harvest, and survey the flattened and yet undulated expanse with its chequered pattern of green and yellow and red-brown fields marked off by leafy hedgerows, and see in the dusky distance the foam-crested waves lashing themselves upon the shore, and beyond that again the green-grey sea melting on the horizon into the sky of ethereal blue, the scene is indeed a fair one; but how much fuller of interest and of highest teaching is it for us when we can, though it be but dimly and uncertainly as yet, read into the vision of peaceful heauty which les before us the history of all its past, and speculate on sound intelligent principles as to its future.
If any reader of this Paper shall be helped by it to look upon Cleveland with greater interest and fuller appreciation than before it will not have been written in vain
* THE STUDY OF NATURE.
By J. Arcuyiu Jongs, B.Sc,
On being asked to lecture here this evening on some subject likely to be of interest to members of our Field Club, I was somewhat puzzled what form that lecture should take in order to be of interest and perchance of service to the various sections. Besides which it is somewhat difficult for anyone in my position to divest himself entirely of that didactic method which has grown up upon him, and to present ideas in such a manner as to show that they are not necessarily facts but conclusions drawn from one’s own experiences. ‘‘ You are always so positive,” has been remarked, ‘‘ you speak as if your statements must be true, must earry conviction, and must be accepted.” Perhaps a good deal of this is a mere mannerism, but at any rate [ must ask you here to take the remarks I am about to make as the result of an experience peculiarly my own, and therefore not necessarily true for others. Yet I fancy you will find, on analysis, that they are by no means peculiarly my own, but such as may result from the study of such experiences by any thinking individual.
I have chosen as the subject for my remarks “The Study of Nature,” and I propose to deal with it—
(1) As a means of Education, (2 inti “ Culture. (3) ,, Recreation.
Taking then the first of these—The Study of Nature as a means of Education. Right here—as our American Cousins say— I must point out that I do not agree with the ordinarily accepted notion of what Education is. The general function of a teacher in a subject is considered usually to be, to give all the facts of the subject, to present these facts in such a manner that they can be easily remembered, and briefly to be a convenient encyclopedia of that subject. This is not my ideal teacher at all: far from 1. The ideal teacher is the teacher who can always show us how to learn for ourselves. The ideal Education is that that enables us to learn for ourselves. I am destined, it seems, to be always arguing this point. It crops up in what subjects should a boy
* Paper read before the Society on November 9th, 1901.
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take at school, what subjects should he take up on choosing a profession, what subjects shall he study afterwards, and so on. I shall perhaps make clearer my attitude on the subject if I state that the subjects chosen for study in school life should he those which best serve for the development of the reasoning faculty. The educational results which are aimed at in a rational course are—the development of the spirit of enquiry; the power of accurately observing facts, and the critical comparison of, and reasoning from them; the cultivation of precision of statement and dependence on one’s own judgment ; the fostering of habits of neatness and accuracy. These, I say, should be the results aimed at, not the mere assimilation of knowledge, the knowing how to get to know rather than the knowing. We have all our lives in which to learn—“‘‘all the time there is,”—and if we wish to make the best use of it, we must as early as possible get to know how to learn. This may be drudgery, but it is “ blessed drudgery,” ** blessing him who gives as well as him who receives.”
Now the study of the Natural Sciences affords, I maintain, the best—shall I say the only?—means to this end. The systematic study of botany, zoology, geology, chemistry or physics are excellent training grounds if used aright. And what is this right use? Let us for simplicity take a concrete example. The eager student would take up botany, let us say, as a subject. The usual method of beginning is to find some class or private teacher in the subject. The next step is to buy a text-book—usually one written to enable the student to pass a particular examination in the subject. The
class and the book are generally arranged with this definite aim,
and so the student generally finds himself set to learn, and assimilate, if possible, masses of disconnected facts concerning the physiology or morphology of plants, many of which he has never seen, and all of which he cannot recognise. If he has a good memory, he perhaps remembers for a time a lot of this, and may succeed in passing that examination, and be labelled as a botanist. But in nine cases out of ten, where the student is not compelled to pursue the study as a profession, or for some such reason, he
gives it up in disgust, and we hear him afterwards say, “Oh! yes,
I took up botany for a time, but it was so dry, and full of such beastly hard words, that I gave it up in disgust.”
_ But you will say, then, how should it be studied? Answer yourselves. What is it you want to know? Something about plants, what they are, how, when, and where they grow, and so on. Then why not go to the plants; see where, when, and how they grow ; examine them yourselves. But you answer, “I don’t know how.” My reply is that if you had been properly educated
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you would know how, how to examine anything that was brought before you, how to reason about it. If this has not been so, then we may use the study of botany as a means to that end You can begin by taking a plant—any plant will do, from a daisy toa lily—and examining it. Look at it, observe its outside characteristics—its form, colour, &c. Examine it more closely take it to pieces, examine the parts, classify them, draw them, write out your analysis, and you have carried out your first exercise. Now take another plant. Examine it carefully as before, and record your observations Now compare and contrast the two specimens. See in what they resemble and in what they differ, and see if you can find any reason for the differences One perhaps has a soft pulpy stem, while the stem of the other is stiff and woody ; the former may be observed to grow rapidly, and at the end of the season to wither and disappear ; the latter to grow more slowly, and to persist. Try and formulate some theory, some reason for the differences you observe. Never mind if you arrive at a wrong conclusion, ten wrong conclusions are sometimes better educationally than one right one. It is astonishing how reluctant most people are to draw conclusions of their own ; they usually much prefer to hear the opinion of Professor X., or the result of the observations of Mr. Y. And yet, I think, this is the true test of whether an education has been successful or
not—this power of reasoning-—of suggesting from observed facts.
the probable cause. I recall, as an instance of the opposite condition, an old illiterate Welshman, whom I knew in my boyhood, who had theories most extraordinary on every conceivable point. I remember his being greatly exercised as to whether the wind caused the waves or the waves the wind. At
first he was much inclined to the idea that the waves were the
cause of the wind, as great waves could be caused by the internal motion of the earth,—some of the greatest waves are—the great tidal waves caused by voleanic eruptions. Afterwards, I remember, he altered his opinion, because, as he agreed, when the wind dropped the waves gradually dropped, when the wind rose the waves followed, and the effect could not precede the cause. Many would have considered this old farmer as an uneducated man. He certainly could not write English, and only read and understood it imperfectly, so was heavily handicapped in the struggle after knowledge, but he managed to attain to what in my mind, then and now, was a by no means despicable stage of learning.
By studying botany in this way, we get to know intimately
the various plants we have examined, and soon it becomes.
interesting to compare our knowledge with that of others. And, here, the first great difficulty comes in. As long as we are
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content with our own knowledge, with our own studies, there is no difficulty as regards names ; we can call the parts of a plant, of a flower, or the plant and flower itself, by whatever name we choose, and the English language is certainly rich enough to supply our every want. But when we wish to speak to others about them, or to understand what they say or write, it becomes necessary to use the same terms for the interchange of ideas, and we must learn their names or they ours. We may speak of the root-leaf, the stem-leaf, or the flower-leaf, while another may say the cotyledon, leaf, or petal; one word is as good as another, except for purposes of interchange of ideas, and there we must adopt some uniformly recognised system of nomenclature. You can become an excellent botanist without knowing the scientific name of any one flower or part of a flower, but your knowledge will be only of use to yourself. Always get into the habit of naming everything, but don’t call it by its scientific name unless you are sure of its identity. I don’t like the question so often put, ‘‘ What is the scientific name of this plant?” as if that were the aim and object of all our botanical study. Call it what you like, but get to know it. Ina delightful book called the ‘‘ Seven Dreamers” a story is told of a lady who had lost her only child, the last of her family, and it pathetically paints her blank, desolate life when this the last object of her love and care was taken from her. One day she was attracted by the movements of a caterpillar, and on examining it closer she seemed to see some resemblance, singularly enough, to the head of the lost child. This caused her to watch it and care for it, bringing it fresh leaves for food, and somehow it seemed to console her a little. In course of time she noticed that it seemed to get uneasy and dissatisfied, and at last began to burrow in the soil of the flower-pot on which she had placed it. She dug it out, but again and again it buried itself, until at last she had to leave it, as with sad heart she recognised that another of those she cared for had gone. She seemed now almost resigned to her sad and lonely life, and had now one more grave to attend to. One bright morning some time after she thought she noticed a movement of the earth in the pot, and on closely watching, observed a brownish shell emerge, from which there burst a glorious moth, which, after drying itself, fluttered round her. She seemed to see in this the living representation of the fact that her own loved ones should rise transformed to a glorious life, and found once more consolation and comfort. She became an ardent student, and the writer describes visiting her and enquiring after the various specimens that she had reared. ‘What is that butterfly I see flying ahout there?” asked the enquirer. ‘‘ Well, that’s Mary Ann Tough.
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I call ’em Toughs because they stand the cold so well: it’s a sort of family name I give them ; and that’s Mary Ann, and I can see Nicodemus and Arthur out there near the gate.” ‘Shade of Linneus,” reiarks the writer, “ Vanessa atalanta vulgarised into Mary Ann Tough.” Vulgarised perhaps, hut just think of what this name indicated, it was not only a Tough, but a Mary Ann Tough ; nay, further, was the individual Mary Ann Tough. This is the kind of study that educates and brings real knowledge, when you know your plant, your butterfly, or your fossil, when you greet it as an old friend, whose ways and habits you are conversant with, whose needs and requirements you know, and can help to provide for if necessary.
But the difficulty of names still remains, and must be met. It is a serious difficulty, but attack it gradually and it will be found not so serious after all. be content at first with the surnames, so to speak, the class-names. Call all your different buttereups Ranunculus, your forget-me-nots Myosotis, and so on, and you will find that the difficulty gradually fades away. The Christian names will follow, and you begin to recognise your early spring buttercup as Ranunculus ficarza, and the curly variegated forget-me-not as Myosotis versicolor, Be careful, however,” to. remember that it is but a means to an end, that this knowledge of words is but to enable you to learn botany, and that what is required is an intelligent knowledge of scientific method, rather than an imperfect and superficial acquaintance with a large number of facts. Botany offers much scope in its jargon of technical terns for mere memory work, or, as Sully calls it, “pretence of knowledge getting,” and we must ‘guard against accepting these as evidence of our knowledge.
One great advantage which results from the scientific study of botany must here be referred to. Other sciences give it in minor degree, but botany—thanks to the labours of men like Linneus and De Candolle—exhibits in a wonderfully perfect manner this important principle. I mean the principle of classification. When a mass of facts is presented to our notice and we wish to study them, it becomes necessary for lucidity to arrange these facts in more or less natural classes, these classes in sub-classes, and so on. The principle adopted is a very simple one, but from its very simplicity very difficult to adopt completely. It can be best illustrated thus. Most of you will no doubt have joined in a game about Christmas time where the object is for one individual to guess at the name of a person selected by the others in his absence, the only aid given being the answering Yes or No to any questions he may ask. It, at first sight, would
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appear impossible to arrive in a short time at the name of such a person as Julius Cesar, Caxton, or Li Hung Chang; but it is really wonderful to observe how quickly it may be done if the questioner is adroit with his questions. The first great point is— that there shall be clear delimitation ,between the two sections into which the question divides the subject, that there shall be no doubt into which class the subject will fall. You will notice, of course, that the subject is necessarily divided hy the form of the answer into two and only two, classes. This is the second important point The third is—the two classes shall be as nearly as possible equal in size, for otherwise, if the object falls in the larger division, we are very little the better for our question. The first question usually asked in the game as I have mentioned it is, “Is the person thought of alive?” This you will see fills excellently the first condition—that of clear delimitation, the second, and the third. Having now ascertained to which class we are to direct our attention. we proceed to put a second question on exactly the same lines. Half our work is already done, and a second judicious question reduces it to one-fourth The caution to the beginner is—don’t make shots at random atthe solution ; proceed steadily along the orthodox way, and you will eventually save time. Vor exainple, in botany we commence by deciding that all plants shall be divided into two great classes, viz.: Plants with more or less . visible flowers, and plants without true flowers, or Phanerogams and Cryptogams, as they are usually called. We ask the question, has the plant a flower as is usually understood? This question gives the two great classes. The Phanerogams are then divided into two sub-classes—those having two seed-leaves, and those having but one—the Dicotyledons and the Monocotyledons. The Cryptogams are then also divided into two sub-classes— the Acrogens, or summit growers, and the Thallogens, or those having a thallus only—7e., no distinction between stem and leaf. This process is repeated and repeated until at last we arrive at the actual individual’ flower. But you will say the botanist never goes to this trouble to say what a plant actually is, he recognises it at once. Well and good, if he can, but if he cannot then he goes through every step carefully and steadily until he arrives at the result, and the great advantage of a system of this kind is that if the botanist does not know, he can get to know. By and hy, of course, the preliminary questions are so rapidly run through that the hotanist is scarcely conscious of having asked them, but he really has done so, or is using the experience of former questionings. This natural system of classification, then, is excellently exemplified in botany, and a study of it and of its prince iples will amply repay any student for the time he devotes to it. It i is, however, far from
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perfect, as it often fails to satisfy a fourth and most important law, viz. :—that the characteristics selected should be natural, fixed, and important characteristics, not accidental or trivial ones. I select from my botany an instance—(a) Stem woolly, (+) stem hairy. Now, it is possible to find specimens of varying degrees of woolliness, and I have observed the same plant under different conditions of age, soil, and aspect exhibit the greatest extremes in these conditions. The characteristics chosen should be, as far as possible, such as are most persistent and determinative. A great deal of work remains to be done in botany for the perfection of the system, and in some of the other branches of Natural Science the classification has scarcely been commenced, the method used being merely arbitrary. Here, then, is an open field for your labours ; you may assist in bringing the great masses of accumulated facts into scientific order, in making a subject which is only open to a few, because of its intricacy and indeterminate nature, open to the general study of all, and attractive because of its orderly and systematic arrangement. The work of the field naturalist is apt to become that of a mere collector, providing the material for other minds to study ; but you may at the same time learn the connection between the host of apparently disconnected species and individuals, you may study the evolution of the type, the adapting of itself to its special environment, the modification of shape, colour, or method of reproduction to the conditions which best assist its development.
This, I claim, should be the object of the naturalist, to unite in one grand whole the heterogeneous collection of characteristics which the various stages show.
There is an attitude of mind I have often noticed and always failed to understand. There are some people who like to regard everything from the point of view of the mysterious, or the miraculous, or the inexplicable. As long as we do so they are interested, but as soon as we begin to find or to show that all is the result of very definite and fixed laws, they seem to lose all interest. ‘Is that all?’ they said. You perhaps are watching an expert conjurer, who perhaps causes a handkerchief he held in his hand to disappear, “to vanish.” They perhaps make the discovery that he had it in his hand all the time, and then they are disappointed. Or he produces a marvellous assortment of articles apparently fro nowhere, flowers out of a hat, and, to give an example, they are disappointed because, say they, ‘I saw him buy those very flowers at Strike’s.” I was once in company with an old and experienced field botanist, and another gentleman who was no student of Natural Science. The botanist remarked on
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passing a particular spot that such and such a plant would most likely be found there, and on searching we found it. This impressed the other very much, and he eventually asked how anyone could possibly say that a particular and by no means common plant would be found in any special place. The botanist carefully explained—the plant liked moisture, a peaty soil, &., &e. “Oh!” said the other, and his interest was killed. There was nothing miraculous in it at all, and so he failed to appreciate the reasoning faculty which had led our friend to his conclusions. Nature does nothing miraculously, the reasons are always there, and the patient and careful observer, by critical comparison and reasoning, can often readily enough explain these apparent miracles,
In this utilitarian age we are continually faced with the question ‘‘ Cut bono.” What good is it? When the botanist is not classified as a lunatic he is generally accredited as a “‘herb-gatherer,” and I was recently assured that a certain entomologist made ‘‘a lot of money out of it.” If you shoulder a geologist’s bag and hammer, you are always prospecting for gold, or coal, or ganister. But apart from the use which the study of the sciences has in mental development, I should like to point out to the utilitarian another side which this “ heuristic method” of study develops—that of the discoverer. By this method of study all your knowledge is that of discovery, and it is part of the method that you shall first of all tabulate your own observations or discoveries before comparing them with those of other workers. This attitude is a most valuable one to cultivate, and needs cultivation in this country especially, as England seems to be getting behindhand in the various sciences in the matter of original research. In a Paper recently read by Professor Frankland before the British Association at Glasgow, he compares the number of original Papers sent in in Chemistry to the Chemical Societies of London and Berlin respectively. They varied in London from 47 in 1868 to 127 in 1900, in Berlin from 97 in 1868 to 636 in 1900. The reason is not difficult to find. In this country too much importance has been attached to the attainment of knowledge for examination purposes, and when the school period of examinations is over the student is rarely encouraged to pursue his studies; he is assumed to have obtained all the information that can be got, and is now a master of his subject. In Germany so-called post-graduate study is encouraged, and, indeed, it ig assumed that only after a good preliminary training in method can anyone begin seriously upon the higher problems. The Englishman seems to ask, ‘ What can I learn on this subject that others alrealy know?” The German, on the
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other hand, “ What can I learn that others do not know?” This: seems to me to be the key-note of the whole, and it is a matter that deserves our most serious attention, as we are being continually brought face to face with it, in the various industries dependent on research. The study of Natural Science offers exceptional opportunity for training ourselves in these methods of research, in this evolution of independent thought, and I would say to all—study some branch of natural science, become an earnest student, make discoveries. Never mind if your discoveries are old, they are discoveries, and they will help to encourage you and help you to appreciate the discoveries of others.
And now, turning for a while to the second head—the Study of Nature asa means of Culture. Speaking, as I am, to many old and enthusiastic students of Nature, it should require but few words of mine ‘to carry conviction on this head. In the study of Nature’s methods and Nature’s works, we are brought face to face with Nature itself, and are led to admire the regularity of its laws, the perfection of its methods, the beauty of its details. The eye is trained to appreciate the various and varying shades and colours presented by mountain and moorland, woodland and stream; the ear learns to love its sounds—the twitter of the birds, the rustle of the brook, the moan of the wind ; the mind is lifted from the sordid details of every-day life, the world’s unkindness, the toilsome struggle ; it is soothed by the placidity and beauty of Nature’s presentation ; and the man must be mean indeed who does not fee] himself better for his intercourse with Nature, more restful, and better fitted to take up again the worldly struggle. The study of Nature seems also to encourage and cultivate the habit of accuracy of description and truthfulness. Man does not enter into competition with Nature, so it is not for him to boast of his skill or accomplishments. His “bag” is not therefore exaggerated, nor are his specimens extolled as the finest ever seen. Did you ever hear of a botanist or zoologist coming back disgusted from his day’s excursion because he has found but few specimens? I think not. No, the influence of Mother Nature is wholly for good, it refines, it softens, it tones down our asperities, it encourages and strengthens our patience, and altogether tends to develop that higher and better side in man.
And asa Recreation. Surely from whatever side we regard it here, we cannot fail being struck with its efficacy. There is a tendency now-a-days to seek for novelty and elaborateness in our recreations, the older simpler forms are becoming insuflicient, and as this advances, and the ordinary individual finds that he cannot.
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attain the highest pitch of perfection, he becomes content to seck ais recreation and enjoyment secondhand as he does his knowledge. It is an attitude I cannot understand ; for my part, I would rather play football at a street corner ten minutes than watch the best football match ever played. That is to Say aS a recreation. Asa study, it may be sometimes advantageous to observe the methods of other and better players than ourselves 3 as a study merely, that is, as a means of learning how we may improve our own methods, but the real amusement is in the part we play ourselves. Soin the Recreation of Science, five minutes ourselves with the microscope or with the net is worth hours of watching other people, he they ever so skilful.
The simple pleasures afforded by Nature are within reach of all, in no case is any elaborate equipment necessary, the best work bemg often done with the most meagre equipment. Try it for yourselves and see.
Now, ladies and gentlemen, if the remarks I have made this evening tend to set one more enquirer on the track of Science my object will have been served, for every worker, however feeble, is bound to add to the true knowledge of the subject, and the perfection of that knowledge, as far as earthly power can attain, is, or ought to be, the aim of every true scientist. In conclusion, then, let me urge, as I have endeavoured to do in my Paper, study, think, discover.
CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1901.
By T. Asnron Lorruouse, F.E.S.
* Denotes Species recorded in our Proceedings for first time.
The weather conditions during this year were not very favourable for insect life. Early spring was very cold and wintry. May was cold but dry, and insects were out well to time. June was fairly fine, and during July and August some very hot weather occurred, which tended to bring insects out very much before their usual time. ‘The year was more noteworthy for the number of new species added to our list than for any general abundance, the new species noted almost invariably being only odd specimens. Another result of the dry and hot weather in July and August was the number of insects that turned up in the autumn as a partial second brood, among those noticed being
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Leucania comma, L. pallens, L.impura, Agrotis suffusa, A. segetum, Noctua c-nigrum, &c.
Mr. Frank Elgee reports with reference to his experiences of the season that ‘‘he found moths to be very scarce, especially during August. Sugar was of very little good until the autumn, and then mostly common things appeared thereat. He attributes the scarcity of the July and August species to the terribly cold weather in March. The first week was fine and warm, which would bring out the hibernating larve, which in the ensuing wintry weeks would perish. Pup are not so much affected by cold as larve, for just a week after the great snowstorm and cold of March 29th the Pine Beauty (Panolis piniperda) and the Brindled Beauty (Phigalia pedaria) were out in the plantations.”
Lists were supplied by Messrs, Frank Elgee (F. E ) and Frank Atkinson (F. A.), the principal species from which are included in my notes. I am also indebted to one or two others of our members for assistance.
Diurni. * Argynnis euphrosyne.—Near Battersby, June.
* Argynnis aglaia.—A specimen sent to me by the Rev. J. Hawel!l that had been taken at Ingleby Greenhow during July. A large Fritillary seen near Great Ayton on July 27th may possibly have been of this species (F.A.)
* Cenonympha typhon.-- Taken near Glaisdale in July (F.A.)
Thecla ruli.—This species, recorded for the first time last year, occurred very commonly in Glaisdale in May, and was also noticed in Basedale and Lonsdale.
Noeturni. ~*~ Cherocampa elpenor.—Taken at honeysuckle flowers near Glaisdale on July 14th (F. A.)
Smerinthus populi—Very pale buffish tinted female from Kilton, May 18th (F. E.)
* Sesia tipuliformis.—Larve taken in twigs of currant bushes at Yarm (F. A.), also at Middlesbrough, where zmagines also occurred.
* Nola cucullatella.—Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
* Nudaria mundana.—Occurred freely at light in July at Glaisdale (F. A.)
“ Porthesia similis,—Glaisdale (F. A.)
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£riogaster lanestris.—'‘ Bred scores from March 10—April 19, all of which had passed two winters in the pupal state. Nests of Jarvw were very numerous in the summer, and it seems to me that this species has an era of abundance every two years. Thus nests were found in 1897, none in 1898, abundant 1899, none in 1900, and common again 1901”
* Drepana falcataria.—Great Ayton, June 23rd (R. Archer).
* Notodonta chaonia.—Specimen taken off fir tree trunk near Guisborough in May (T. Belk).
INoctuze. ~* Thyatira batis.—Taken at sugar, near Thornaby
(Proud).
* Asphalia diluta.—Great Ayton, at sugar, on September 12th (F. A.)
Bryophila perla.—Noted at Staithes, Glaisdale, Danby, and Middlesbrough.
* Acronycta megacephala.—Single specimen taken off poplar tree trunk, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on June Sth.
* Acronyeta menyanthidis.—Imagines taken at Glaisdale in mid May. JLarve were also found on the moors at Danby in August.
* Diloba ceruleocephala.—Larve common at Great Ayton (F.A.)
* Nonagria arundinis (typhe). Stokesley (W. Sachse).
* Calamia lutosa.—Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, in September.
Bred from pupe taken at
Neuronia popularis.—Ingleby Greenhow, August (F. E.) At light, Great Ayton (F. A.)
* Mamestra albicolon.—Specimen taken at sugar in garden, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough ; also “poked” out of bents near Redcar.
Agrotis saucia.—Great Ayton, September (F. A.)
Agrotis obscura.—Three specimens taken at Linthorpe, Middles- brough, one at sugar, the others in out-houses.
Panolis piniperda.—KEston Nab, April 5th. Larvae were exceedingly numerous in the beginning of July on Scotch fir in the same locality (IF. E.)
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* Pachnobia leucographa.—First taken at Saltburn on sallows in April, 1900. Again taken during April, 1901.
* Teniocampa populeti.—Kildale, at sallows, in April. * Orthosia suspecta.—Bred Glaisdale.
“ Orthosia macilenta.—Several bred from Jarve taken at Kildale,
* Anchocelis rufina.—At sugar, Great Ayton in September.
Cirrhedia xerampelina.—Larve found fairly plentifully near Glaisdale in May, also at Great Ayton, and a single one at Guisbrough. Jmagines taken at Ormesby and Hutton during August. This insect is apparently established all over the Cleveland district in which its food tree, the ash, abounds.
*Calymnia afinis.—Bred from larve taken at Hilton-in- Cleveland (Sachse).
* Dianthecia cucubali.—Taken at Lychnis flos-cuculi flowers in June, near Kildale.
Polia flavicincta.—Occurred freely at sugar at Great Ayton in September. The form taken here is darker than the type (F. A.)
Miselia oxyacanthae v. capucina.—Taken at Great Ayton on September 29th (F. A.)
Aplecta occulta.—Taken near Redcar in July (T. Belk). Hadena glauca.—Ingleby Greenhow, June lst (F. E.)
Xylocampa areola.—Larve at Carlton-in-Cleveland, June 29th (F. E.) Plusia interrogationis.—Imagines occurred freely at Glaisdale in July (F. A.) * Heliaca tenebrata.—Great Ayton, June 10th (F. A.) Geometre. Lugonia alniaria (tiliaria).—Ingleby Greenhow,
August 25th. Kildale, September 5th (F. E.) Great Ayton.
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* Himera pennaria.—Attracted by light in Kilton Woceds (Proud).
* Phigalia pedaria.—Two males on larch trunks, Eston Nab, April 5th and 8th (F. E.) Several near Great Ayton in March, including two almost black varieties and one dark brown mottled. This insect has also been taken at Middles- brough and Guisbrough.
Boarmia repandata.—Very dark form, Albert Park, Middles- brough, July 6th (F. E.)
* Geometra paptlionaria.—Glaisdale (F. A.) * Acidalia dimidiata (scutulata ).—Linthorpe, Middlesbrough .
* Hybernia leucophearia.—Common at Great Ayton during March.
* Hybernia aurantiaria.—Bred November 4th and 22nd from
Ingleby Greenhow larve (F. E.)
Larentia olivata.—Ingleby Greenhow and Baisdale in August (F. E)
Eubolia cervinata —Larve fairly common on mallow at Staithes on the occasion of the Field Club meeting held there on July 6th.
Chesias spartiata.—Ingleby Greenhow, October (F. E.)
* Leptogramma literana.—Kildale.
* Carpocapsa pomonella.—Very destructive to apples at Ingleby Greenhow, destroying in one garden about 75 per cent. of
the crop (F. E.)
* Depressaria heracleana.—Bred, Middlesbrough.
* Dasycera sulphurella.—Bred from rotton wood, Tollesby, also
imago taken at Middlesbrough.
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REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND.
By M. Lawson Tuompson, F.E.S.
A few very interesting Beetles have been met with in Cleveland during 1901, as will be seen by the following list of species taken from observations made in that year. Messrs N. L. Gillespie and O. C. Hudson have kindly furnished me with some information on local species. The remaining records are from my own notebook. { am much indebted to Mr. E. A. Newbery, of London, for his kindness n examining a few of the more critical specimens. Looking over the material at my disposal for this Report, I find that four uf the insects in the list do not appear to have been previously recorded for Yorkshire. These are Homalota fragilis, Malthodes misellus, Anaspis Garneyst and Sitones griseus.
CoLEOPTERA. Carabus arvensis, F.—On Eston Moor (0. C. Hudson). Leistus rufescens, F.—Kilton Wood. Anchomenus marginatus, L.—At Eston (0. C. Hudson).
Bembidium guttula, F.—Near Lythe (N. L. Gillespie), Stokesley (0. C. Hudson).
Bembidium decorum, Panz.—Common by the stream in Saltburn Wood.
Bembidium stomoides, Dej.—By the stream in Saltburn Wood ; one specimen in August.
Dromius meridionalis, Dej.—At Saltburn. Dromius quadrinotatus, Panz.—At Eston.
Philydrus maritimus, Thoms,—Eston Marsh in brackish: water, near the sea.
Chilopora longitarsis, Steph.—Eston Marsh.
Homalota fragilis, Kr.—Saltburn, on the margin of a stream ; one specimen in July.
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Homalota circellaris, Grav.—In Saltburn Wood.
Tachyusa flavitarsis, Sahl.—Saltburn, on the margin of a stream.
Gymnusa brevicollis, Payk.—Near Staithes, in June (N. L. Gillespie).
Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh.—Var. j/ageti, Thoms.— Eston, on the coast, in September.
Staphylinus pubescens, De G.—Eston (0. C. Hudson).
Ocypus fuscatus, Grav.—Eston Marsh, near the sea; one specimen under a stone in September.
Philonthus politus, F.—Eston.
Philonthus ebeninus, Grav.—On the coast at Eston and Redcar.
Philonthus varians, Payk.—Eston.
Stenus similis, Herbst.—Near Staithes (N. L. Gillespie) ; also at Saltburn.
Oxytelus sculpturatus, Grav.—On the coast at Eston.
Ancyrophorus omalinus, Er.—Staithes in June (N. L. Gillespie).
Ancyrophorus aureus, Fauv.(longipennis, Wat).—Staithes in June (N. L. Gillespie).
Homalium conecinnum, Marsh.—At Middlesbrough.
Silpha atrata, L.—In Easby Wood (O. C. Hudson).
Trichopteryx lata, Mots.—Common at Saltburn.
Atomaria fuscata, Schén.—Saltburn, on roadside herbage in June.
Atomaria nigriventris, Steph. (nana, Er.)—Saltburn, by sweeping in May.
Aphodius putridus, Sturm.—On the moor at Great Ayton.
Geotrupes typhceus, L.—Lonsdale near Kildale (0. C. Hudson).
Geotrupes spiniger, Marsh.—On the Redcar sandhills in. September.
Agriotes sputator, L.—Saltburn, on roadside herbage.
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Campylus linearis, L.—Saltburn Wood in July (a dark form) ; Eston Moor (0. C. Hudson) ; Staithes (N. L. Gillespie).
Telephorus lividus, L.—Carlton-in-Cleveland (O. C. Hudson).
Rhagomycha unicolor, Curt. (translucidus, Brit. Cat.)— Saltburn Wood in July.
Malthodes mysticus, Kies.—At Saltburn in June
Malthodes misellus, Kies.—In Saltburn Wood by sweep- ing; one specimen in June.
Dasytes zerosus, Kies (plumbeo-niger, Goeze).—Saltburn, by sweeping in June ; near Staithes (N. L. Gillespie).
Chrysomela hyperici, Forst.—At Eston (0. C. Hudson).
Hydrothassa aucta, F.—In the Rev. J. Hawell’s collection, taken in the neighbourhood of Ingleby Greenhow.
Longitarsus luridus, Scop.—Common at Saltburn.
Longitarsus suturellus, Duft.—Common at Saltburn.
Anaspis Garneysi, Fowler.—In Saltburn Wood on whitethorn ; one specimen in June.
Apion nigritarse, Kirby.—In Kilton Wood.
Apion ervi, Kirby.—In Kilton Wood.
Apion violaceum, Kirby.—Staithes (N. L. Gillespie), Middlesbrough.
Apion ethiops, Herbst.—Saltburn Wood, in June.
Sitones griseus, F.—On the Redcar sandhills, in September.
Polydrusus confluens, Steph—Near Staithes, in June (N. L. Gillespie).
Hypera variabilis, Herbst—Near Runswick Bay (N. L. Gillespie) ; also occurs at Saltburn.
Erirrhinus acridulus, L.—In Kilton Wood ; also occurs at Saltburn.
Anthonomus pedicularius, L.—Common at Saltburn on whitethorn in May and June.
Ceuthorrhynchus erysimi, F.—At Saltburn in June.
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MAMMALIA NOTES FOR 1901.
By T. Asuton LorrHouss,
Marcu.—Badger /Meles taxus)—During this month a mature specimen and three young ones were destroyed in Kildale Woods.
Aprit.—Mole ( Talpes ewropea).—A cream coloured one was taken by a mole catcher at Easby-in-Cleveland.
June.—Hedge Hog (LHrinaceus europeus).—When going one of my rounds examining “sugar” patches for moths, a hedge hog was attracted by the Acetylene light, and came running towards it at Kildale.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM CLEVELAND AND SOUTH DURHAM IN 1901.
By C. Mirpurn.
Unless otherwise stated, the following were noted on my rambles in search of birds in Cleveland and South Durham during 1901.
Stonechat (Pratincola rubicola).—The pair, which in 1900 reared young near Pinchingthorpe, did not return to the breeding place in 1901, although I visited the place frequently during the nesting season. An immature bird was picked up in Woodland Street, Stockton, on September 9th, which had struck the wires during its migration, as my friend Mr. Lindsay informs me. An immigrant was obtained at Tees-mouth on October 18th.
Hedge Sparrow (Accentor modularis).—The small colony of hedge sparrows, which frequent the slag banks and piled-up stacks of pig iron at Connal’s Wharf, nested successfully, and in June I saw several young hopping about the slags. Two nests found were placed in crevices between the “pigs,” and another was situated in a hole of the slag.
Nuthatch (S¢tta cesia).—Although occurring rarely in
Cleveland, the nuthatch is supposed to be unknown as a S.E,
Durham bird of late years, but a pair, if not two, of this species breed in the neighbourhood of Wynyard.
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White Wagtail (Motacilla alva).—A fine male at Tees-mouth on April 9th, according to Mr. C. Braithwaite, of Seaton Carew.
Blue Headed Wagtail (Motacilla flava).—With regard to an editorial wish for confirmation of my 1900 record, in which I mentioned that on May 6th, 1900, I saw three blue headed’ wagtails in company with newly-arrived yellow wagtails at Tees-mouth, I may be allowed to state that I am positive that
the birds I saw were the blue headed wagtail, and not the-
common yellow wagtail, and, in my opinion, few ornithologists could confuse the two species when seen just as these birds were, in the full summer dress, as the bluish-grey head and: olive mantle, and other distinctions, are easily recognisable when compared with the general yellow hue of the common yellow wagtail. d
Rock Pipit (Anthus obscurus).—Arrived at Tees-mouth on, September 10th, and up to the end of October the light coloured form, vwfestris, were equally as common along the sea walls, etc, as the dark, spotted, resident race, obscurus,. after which, up to the time of the rock pipits’ departure, only dark birds were noticed. It is, perhaps, not generally known that the “Scandinavian Rock Pipit,” as the light race is called by some authors, is a regular autumn immigrant to the Tees-mouth in September and October, when the birds are in winter dress.
Great Grey Shrike (Zanius excubitor).—A splendid example:
shot near the ‘‘Erimus” houses, between Newport and Thornaby, on October 31st (G. Mussell). A pair were observed for over half an hour by Mr. F. Elgee and the writer on December 10th near Acklam, as they flew in and out of a hawthorn hedge.
Red Backed Shrike (Lanius collurio).—With regard to the editorial comment under the heading of this bird in the ‘99-1900 Transactions (p. 115), I may state that, although I did not see the birds personally, I came across several beetles, etc., impaled upon the spikes of barbed wire not far from where the nest I recorded was found, which gave me the impression that the impaled insects were the result of a shrike’s work. Consequently when I was informed where the egg (of which the owner was ignorant as to- the species to which it belonged) was taken, I was quite satisfied as to the authenticity of the shrikes’ breeding.
Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus),—About a dozen of these birds were shot between October (1901) and the following February (1902), examples being obtained at Tees-mouth (3), Stockton, Eston, Greatham, and Lazeuby, while a few were seen and not obtained.
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, Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla).—Male seen at Gunnergate on April 30th.
Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris).—Still on the increase. Odd pairs breed in almost every suitable locality in Cleveland, but thanks to their shy habits when nesting, the exact breeding place is not located, although the family parties in July and onwards advertise their presence by a vigorous attack on the garden peas near their breeding place.
Goldfinch (Carduelis elegans).—Saw a flock of about fifty on thistles at Tees-mouth on November 4th, which were probably immigrants.
Siskin (Chrysomitris spinus).—Great arrival of siskins at Tees-mouth on September 23rd, the slag walls and sandhills being swarming in places with these little over-sea wanderers.
Shore Lark (Ofocorys alpestris).—Could be met with almost any time between November and the following February, 1902, near the Breakwaters at Tees-mouth. This bird is far from rare here. A flock of about 200 birds stayed from November, 1900, until February, 1901, without attracting the unwelcome attentions of the shooters at the North side.
Nightjar (Caprimulgus ewropeus).—Saw nest with two eggs on June 22nd, 1901, near Wynyard. One noticed near Kildale. (T. A. Lofthouse.)
Green Woodpecker (Gecinus viridis).—Took eggs of this bird at Gunnergate on June 5th, 1901. Nesting hole was in a tree which overhangs the high road.
Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major).—Had a fine male brought to me which had been trapped behind the Albert Park on December 27th.
Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus)—When with C. B. at the North side of the river-mouth on April 28th we got a fine view of a female hen harrier beating over the Marshes with the peculiar flight which seems a kind of half owl half kestrel evolution. On May 24th, when with my friend Mr. T. H. Nelson, M.B.0.U. of Redcar, we saw a fine light coloured male, which on flying up caused a great commotion among the rooks, lapwings, and golden plovers. When last we saw it three or four “peewits” were endeavouring to buffet it.
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus).—One seen on August 11th at Tees-mouth N. (C. B.)
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Brent Goose (Bernicla brenta).—On June 3rd I saw a party of nine of these birds swimming about on an inland reservoir mear Wynyard. They were not excessively wild, as the keeper and I eould get within a hundred yards of them before they made away. Only one bird was seen on the 4th, and it also departed during the night.
Sheld Duck (Tadorna cornuta).—About half a dozen pairs of these conspicuous birds bred between Marske and Seaton Carew this year.
Shoveller (Spatula clypeata).—Three or four pairs of shoveller bred in the vicinity of the Tees-mouth. Several young birds were shot in September. ;
Pintail (Dajfila acuta).—A fine drake flew overhead, just out of shot, when on the South Gare Breakwater on February 16th.
Coot (Fulica atra).—Although rare in Cleveland as a breeder, perhaps owing to lack of suitable lakes and ponds, the coot is a fairly common, though local, breeder in S. E. Durham. I saw a nest containing 13 eggs on May 28th near Trimdon, which the keeper assured me were the Jaying of one pair only.
Lapwing (Vanellus vulgaris).—An immense arrival on October 27th. From 10 a.m. until 3 p.m. flocks from twenty to a hundred in number were pouring in continually. In the morning thousands of birds could be seen coming in in the space of half an hour.
Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius).—Two obtained just after the great storm of November 13th between Marske and the river mouth.
Red Necked Phalarope (Phalaropus hyperboreus) —An immature bird shot on a pond near the Golf House, Seaton Carew, by Mr. L. Burton, on September 6th. As usual the bird was ridiculously tame.
Great Snipe (Gallinago major).—I recognised a bird of this species in the window of M. Chambers, Marton Road, and could get no better information on enquiry than that the bird had been shot on September Ist, or thereabouts, somewhere near the river mouth.
Jack Snipe (Gallinago gallinula).—One shot at Tees-mouth as early as September 14th.
Ruff and Reeve (Machetes pugnax).—An immature ruff was obtained on August 26th at Tees-mouth, and two immature reeves in early September at the Yorkshire side,
Spotted Redshank (Totanus fuscus).—One shot on August 22nd at the mouth, which is in young dress.
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Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra).—On September 21st I saw a pair of immature birds flying about in the river mouth, which were shot, it seems, On the same date, as Mr. Mussell received a pair for preservation just after.
Little Gull (Larus minutus).—Saw a little gull on the Fourth Buoy sands, which had evidently been shot when consorting, as usual, with the terns, and had washed up dead on October 4th. It Was in immature plumage, and was too far gone for preservation.
Little Auk (Mergulus alle).—Saw several which had perished owing to the storms about November 13th, and had washed up on the beach.
Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis).— Two picked up near Redear after the storm above mentioned. : Leach’s Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorrhoa).—One picked up
which had struck the telegraph wires on November 13th near Redcar. (Mussell.)
ARRIVAL OF MIGRANTS.
SPRING. Wheatear ... --- April 4... Tees-mouth. House Martin mee » 4. ... Marton. Ring Ousel os » 8 ... Osmotherley. Chiff Chaff ae » 9 ... Ormesby. Willow Wren == » 15 ... Gunnergate. Swallow... ef » 19 ... Marton. Yellow Wagtail » 19 ... Marton. Whinchat ae » 20 ... Grove Hill. Tree Pipit ... Be » 20 ... Great Ayton. Whitethroat a » 20 ... Broughton. Sand Martin aa » 20... Broughton. Land Rail Bae »» 22 ... Near Marton. Garden Warbler... » 26 ... Guisborough (Mussell). Redstart... Me 5 2d Billingham. Spotted Flycatcher ... May 2 ... Marton. Wood Wren =e » 6 3. Gunnergate. Swift Bs oe Aa vi | Redcar (S. D.)
AUTUMN, Redwing --- Sept. 23 ... Tees-mouth. Hooded Crow -« Oct. 16 as Brambling .. ¢ 2 »
Fieldfare... mis aye iM Snow Bunting =v ym 2G
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EXTRACTS FROM ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES MADE IN THE REDCAR DISTRICT DURING 1901.
By Sranutey Duncan,
JAN. 10TH.—Stone Curlew (Cdienemus crepitans).—On this date I had brought me an adult female of this bird. It had been shot on the beach near Coatham.
Jan. 127rH.—Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus).—I procured whilst punting on the River Tees a fine mature female.
Aue. 30TH.—Swift (Cypselus apus).—Hundreds noticed near Coatham Hotel.
Sept. 71H.— Nightjar (Caprimulgus ewropeus).—An immature female shot on Coatham Links.
Oct. 127TH.—Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix).—First noticed.
Ocr. 127Ts.—Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis).—First noticed.
Nov. 137rH.—Black Guillemot (Uria grylle).—An immature female shot near Redcar.
Noy. 15rH.—Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius).—An immature female was brought to me for inspection. The bird had been shot on the Coatham Beach.
Dec. 20TH.—Pink-footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus).—One shot on Coatham Sands.
RAINFALL IN 1901.
Tue ALBERT Park, THE VICARAGE,
MrippiessroucH. INGLEBY GREENHOW. January ... 1°18 inches. 1°78 inches. February So lcOo Nas MA) ea. March ee Mahe tan oe Da bas April ... IcO2N wake} dG fv nae May PDA ge. 1:55 _ June ... Ms (ee 2:06)- 23; July AZNG er: oS a August 1:45 S 1:36 x September OGG mares Oe 5, October Gin ess 00 eee November S998 Pass 484° ,, December Sa) ane ASO eee
24:04 re 31°18
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ROGER LOFTHOUSE, F.8.I. Born Duc. 28rp, 1845; Diep Jury 14rx, 1901.
Roger Lofthouse was born at Horsehouse, Coverdale, Yorkshire dn 1845, and having been educated at Middlesbrough, to which town he came in carly life, he received his professional training in -a local architect’s office, and in 1875 commenced practice on his
-own account as an architect and surveyor at Middlesbrough.
He was one of the Ecclesiastical Surveyors for the Diocese of York, a Fellow of the Surveyors’ Institution, and a Member of the Ecclesiastical Surveyors’ Association.
He was connected with various local societies, including the
‘Cleveland Institution of Engineers, the Yorkshire Archeological
Society, the Yorkshire Parish Register Society, the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical Society, of which for some time he was a member of the Council, and the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field
Club, of which he was a member from the formation, and in the
work of which for some years he took a very active part. During the whole period of the Club’s existence he held the position of member of the Committee and Vice-President, and for the year 1892 he acted as President. At the time of his decease he was a Vice-President, and Secretary of the Archeology Sectional
‘Committee. He was a regular contributor to the Proceedings,
one of the principal papers contributed by him being an ** Account of the Remains of Norman Architecture in Cleveland
Churches.”
During the whole of his life he was an ardent student of Nature, taking an interest in all sections of nature study, and for a number of years keeping a diary of notable features of interest, as to habits, distribution, unusual occurrences, &c., more especially with reference to birds and bird life, of which he was always a keen observer, frequently sending notes thereon to “The Field,” “Naturalist,” and other papers, one of his more noteworthy papers being on “ The River Tees, its Marshes and their Fauna,” published in the “ Naturalist ’’ in 1887.
He also took a deep interest in certain forms of art, having ‘painted a good deal both in oil and water colour. Some years ago he made a series of drawings for Canon Atkinson’s History of
“Cleveland, many of which are engraved in the volume published.
He also did a considerable amount of etching on copper and lithographic work. He was one of the founders of the Cleveland Sketching Club and a frequent exhibitor at its meetings in the early part of its existence.
SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR SEASON 1901-2,
It is my pleasing duty to report that, on the whole, the past season has been the most successful one that we have had in the annals of our Club, more interest being taken in the work of the Club, and a special feature is the support I have had from. members with regard to the Winter Meetings and in Papers contributed to our Proceedings ; but the general support is still far short of what it should be for a Club of this description, covering such a fine field for Natural History investigation as Cleveland.
Summer Mzerines.—The programme for the Summer months provided for six meetings, exclusive of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Meetings, none of which were held in our district during the past year. The attendance at the meetings, with the exception of the two last, was good.
The opening meeting was held on May 4th at Guisbrough, when, the day being fine, a party of about 20 attended. On arriving at Guisbrough, the attention of members was first directed to the interesting sculptural remains which formed the De Brus tomb, and which are now placed in the Entrance Porch of Guisbrough Church. The Guisbrough Abbey remains were viewed, but the excursion being planned for Upleatham and Marske, no time was spent there. Nothing very special was noticed by any of the Sections during the afternoon ; both botanically and in other respects the season seemed to be backward.
The valley traversed en route for Upleatham seemed to be very richly vegetated, and would probably be well worth re-visiting at a somewhat later period of the year. It would probably be well worth the attention of any of our members who care to work individually, especially those interested in Botany or Entomology.
It was with regret that the party noticed the great change that is taking place at Upleatham, both in the Hall and Grounds and the Village, the Hall being completely dismantled and taken down, as are also most of the houses which constituted the Village, owing to the ironstone mining which is taking place underneath ; the result of taking this stone out (to a depth of 13 ft., I understand) being that all the buildings coming over the
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portion named have collapsed. The contour of the ground also is very visibly altered through subsidences that have occurred. The Club was indebted to Mr. W. J. Moscrop for permission to visit the Earl of Zetland’s Grounds at Upleatham.
The second meeting was held at Kilton, on the 18th May, when the largest party of the season turned out, there being about 30 members present, most of whom went by the early train to Carlin How. On arrival, the party were met by Mr. Garbutt (a local member of our Club), who conducted most of them through the Woods to the Castle. On arrival at the Castle, a short description .of the remains was given by Mr. J. 8. Calvert. The botanists found the ground very interesting, and some 67 plants were noticed in flower. Not much was noticed by the entomologists, the afternoon apparently not being favourable. Lord Downe and W. H. A. Wharton, Esq., granted permission.‘ to visit the Woods.
The third meeting was held at Azlton, on June 8th, when about 20 attended. I have no report as to the result of this excursion. I believe the party found the day too hot to do much investigating.
The next excursion, being a coast one to Staithes, took place on July 6th, being postponed from June 29th on account of the tide not being suitable. A fair number of members attended. The geologists of the party had a very good time, working along the shore from Staithes to Runswick, under the able guidance of our Vice-President, Dr. Veitch, F.G.S. The botanists went over to Runswick by the Cliffs, and the entomologists of the party worked round about the vicinity of Staithes, the principal and practically only find being the caterpillars of the mallow moth, Eubolia cervinata, which occurred fairly plentifully on mallow plants near the station. A good deal of apparently favourable ground in the neighbouring woods was worked pretty well during the afternoon, but proved to be very barren, nothing of any note in the insect line being turned up.
The fifth meeting, postponed from July 13th to July 20th, was down to be held at Yarm for the purpose of working the banks of the Tees. From some unaccountable reason the excursion proved a blank. I heard of 4 or 5 members turning up, but they all seem to have missed each other, and in consequence there seems to have been very little done. The day was fine, but extremely hot, and this may have somewhat affected our members on this occasion.
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On August 17th, the Jast of our Summer meetings, down to be held at Grosmont, was, owing to the very moderate weather, altered to Danby at the last moment. Six enthusiasts attended ; these, being principally entomologists, worked the moors for caterpillars, and proved fairly successful in spite of the weather.
One or two of our members attended the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union excursion at Wykeham, near Scarborough, in June, and at Wetherby in July. On the occasion of the Masham meeting on August Bank Holiday, five of our members spent the week-end there. They had a very profitable time, the district proving to be extremely rich, especially botanically, and they were well provided for in the way of local guides.
Winter Meetines.—Up to this date five meetings have been held during the Winter months, and one has been postponed owing to the serious illness of the lecturer, Dr. Sorby, F.R.S. On the whole, the attendances have been fairly satisfactory, and the Papers have, I consider, all been well worth listening to. With the exception of the Rev. Maule Cole’s lecture, the Papers have been given by our own members.
The first meeting was held on November 9th, when Mr, J. A. Jones, B.Se., delivered a Paper entitled the “Study of Nature.” There was an attendance of about 30. The Paper was a very able and interesting one. Mr. Jones stated clearly the lineson which he would recommend those interested in Natural History studies to proceed. He pointed out that it was imperative that students should study things out for themselves, and not depend altogether on others for their information. I consider this Paper would be well worth printing in our Proceedings.
The second meeting was held on November 27th in the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Hall, when by arrangement with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union a lecture was delivered by the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S., on the ‘ Coast Erosion of Yorkshire.” Members of the Lit. and Phil. attended the lecture on our invitation. There was a fairly good attendance, and the lecturer gave a most able exposition on the Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast. The slides illustrating the lecture were very clear, and illustrated excellently the geological formation of the different parts of the Yorkshire Coast.
One of the objects of the lecture was to lay before members of our Society, and all interested in scientific work, the advisability of supporting the work and aims of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. It is hoped that our members, who are interested in their
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work, will support them by becoming members as far as possible, and thus aid them in the work of publishing valuable observations on the Flora and Fauna of the county.
On December 14th a Microscopical and Exhibition Meeting was held, when, although the weather conditions were anything but favourable, there was an attendance of between 20 and 30. ‘The Club were very much indebted to Mr. Simpson for getting together a number of microscopes, and also arranging them and lending slides, &c. Microscopes were lent by Messrs. T, F. Ward, ‘Thos. Brown, Hy. Simpson, Stevens, J. E. Stead, Dr. Veitch, and J. W. R. Punch, and the Club are very much indebted to these gentlemen for kindly lending the same.
The following members exhibited Natural History objects :— J. W. R. Punch—Butterfly and caddis case, illustrative of protective resemblance to surroundings. W. Milburn—A case of birds’ eggs that had been taken in the district during 1901, including nightjar, black - headed gull, green woodpecker, hawfinch, gold crest, &&. Frank Elgee—Two cases of British Lepidoptera. M. ZL. Thompson—A collection of Cleveland Coleoptera; and T. A. Lojfthouse—British land and fresh water shells.
We should be able to get together sufficient material for two good exhibition meetings during the Winter, if we were properly supported by the general body of the members.
The fourth meeting was held on Saturday, January 18th, when Mr. Frank Elgee delivered a Paper, entitled ‘‘ The Colour of Insects.” The attendance at this meeting was somewhat disappointing, there only being an attendance of about 14. It is not satisfactory to the Lecturer, who had been at very great trouble, and prepared a Paper which covered a great deal of interesting ground relative to the colour of insects, and exhibited -a case of insects illustrative of the various points raised, one of these being protective colouration, 7.¢., nese nae to surroundings among which they occur.
An interesting discussion followed, which was taken part in by Messrs. Sachse, Clayton, Milburn, Lofthouse, aud others, the ‘principal point discussed being with reference to the increase of melanism in certain moths (especially the Pepper Moth, A. -betularia) in this district during the past few years.
On the 13th March, Mr. Angus Macpherson delivered a lecture on Venice (which Lit. and Phil. members were invited to
attend). There was a good attendance, and the lecture proved to be an extremely good one, and was illustrated by means of a
vemarkably fine series of slides.
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It is probable that we may have another meeting on the 10th of April, when the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S., will deliver a Paper, entitled ‘ The Evolution of Cleveland Scenery,” illustrated by means of Lantern Views. This lecture should be specially interesting to our members, especially so, as, with your approval, it is proposed to have two excurs‘ons over a portion of the ground during the next Summer, when it is hoped that our friend, Mr. Hawell, will be able to act as guide.
The Club are very much indebted t»> those members who have kindly come forward and given us Papers during the past Winter. I consider this portion of the work of the Club is a very important one, and I may say that it is some satisfaction to me to- have s> much support
I have had the offer of a Paper from Mr. Howcroft, which we have not been able to avail ourselves of as yet, and Dr. Veitch has already promised a Paper for next Session on some ‘ Raised Beaches noticed in Norway.” This should be interesting, seeing that it will be a comparison with similar raised beaches which we have in this neighbourhood. Mr. Simpson a'so hopes to let us have a Paper. I should be glad to hear from any other members willing to contribute Papers for the next Winter Session.
It is worthy of note that the whole of the lectures were given voluntarily, the only expense incurred being for notices, postages, and lantern, and the out-of pocket expenses of the Y.N.U. Lecture by the Rev. E. Maule Cole, the latter expense being kindly defrayed by our President, Mr. T. F. Ward.
Committee Mertines.—During the year eight Committee
Meetings were held, with an average attendance of seven.
The Club are again very much indebted to the Council of the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical Society for permission to use their rooms both for Winter Meetings and Committees.
Mempersuip.—The membership of the Club now stands at 105, being an increase over last year of 25. During the year 35 new members have been elected, including one honorary member. This is the largest number of new members elected in any one year since my connection with the Society. On the other hand, one member has died, 8 have resigned or left the district, and one has been struck off for arrears of subscription.
The death of my father, R. Lofthouse, which took place
during the year, severed the connection of one who had been a member from the formation of the Club, and who at the time was
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one of your Vice-Presidents. He always took a great deal of interest in the work done by the Club, the last occasion on which he was present being at our Annual Meeting last year. As you all know, he contributed a good deal of matter to our Proceedings, and at one time was a frequent attender at the Summer excursions, although he had not attended much during the last two or three years.
Procerpines.—During the year the Proceedings for the years 1899 and 1900 (Part III. Vol. 1) were published, and proved to be the largest, and I believe the most valuable, of any work we have hitherto printed. Seeing that copies were sent to all our members, it is not necessary for me to enumerate the various Papers contained therein, but I may mention that the part
contained 114 pages, one full-size plate and five illustrations in
the text. We are indebted to Mrs. Atkinson for the loan of the portrait of the late Canon Atkinson, to Mr. T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A., for permission to publish the note on the Effigy found at Normanby, and for use of block, and to the late R. Lofthouse for three of the blocks illustrating his Papers.
We are again extremely indebted to the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.8., not only for his valuable Paper on the late Canon Atkinson contributed to the Proceedings, but also for so kindly editing our Publication, no small matter, as I know from the various proofs which passed through my hands. I have no doubt that all the members of the Club will agree with me that the work was extremely well done, and that our best thanks are due to him for the same.
I have some Papers in hand for further Proceedings, and have no doubt that other valuable material would be forthcoming if our Society can see their way clear to publish another number during the current year. To do so it will be necessary that some means should be taken to augment the present subscription. I think it is important that we should continue to publish so long as we have suitable material, as it is by this means that the membership will be increased and retained, a good many of our members not being able to devote the time to take part in the other work of the Club.
I may point out that our Society bears the cost of publishing only, and that all the communications are supplied by members or others without fee or reward.
We have a very great area to cover in the Cleveland district, and there is sufficient ground for material to keep our Proceedings going for many years to come, and these Publications in time will become valuable.
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I am sorry to say that no work has been contributed to the Proceedings on the Flora of Cleveland, or any district in it. I had hoped that some of the members would have taken up the Flora of the district along the North bank of the Tees, between Greatham and Billingham, ground which will most probably be very materially altered at no very distant date.
Lrsrary.—Since our last Annual Meeting a suggestion which was made at it has been acted upon, and our small Library has- been placed (on loan) ina special case in the Reference Department of the Middlesbrough Free Library (by kind permission of the Free Library Committee). The Publications are now accessible to such of our members as wish to consult them. The Librarian, Mr. Baker Hudson, kindly published a list of the works in the February number of the Middlesbrough Free Library Magazine.
During the year I have received Vol. I., Part IV. of the ‘‘ Hull Naturalists’ Trans.,” “The Naturalist,’’ “ The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Trans.,” ‘Historic Places in the Derwent Valley,” by J. W. Fawcett, ‘‘ Birds Collected in Somaliland, &c.,’” by A. E. Pease, M.P.
Now that we have made suitable arrangements for housing our Library, the Society would be glad to have any works bearing on Natural History, Archeology, &c., which any of our members or others may see their way to present to us.
Musrum.—I have usually made a few remarks at our Annual Meetings latterly with reference to the provision of accommodation for Museum purposes being provided suitable for the town, and it is very satisfactory to be able to say that through the munificence of one of our principal citizens, Mr. A. J. Dorman, this is now being provided (on a site which I pointed out as being a most suitable one in my last Annual Report).
Mr. A. E. Pease, M.P., is giving to the Museum a very valuable collection of Natural History objects, obtained by him during his expedition to Somaliland, &c. Both these gentlemen, Iam pleased to say, are members of our Club, and I may state that Mr. Pease has promised to give us a Paper on the result of his last expedition in Africa from a Natural History point of view.
If the Club is deemed worthy of being consulted with reference to the arrangement of the Museum, I have no doubt that many of our members would be willing to assist, and also to contribute specimens of various kinds, which would go a good way towards forming the nucleus of a local collection, which I consider is of the first importance in the arrangement of a local
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Museum. It should be a place where anyone coming into the~ district could see without mucn trouble exactly what the Fauna and Flora of the district was.
I do not think it would be out of place to mention here how very much the town is indebted to our valued member, Dr. Veitch, for the interest he has taken, and the great amount of time he has spent during many years p3st in connection with the Middlesbrough Museum, and I am quite sure it will be a pleasure and satisfaction to him to see that at last his hopes are being rewarded by a- suitable building being provided.
Park.—A matter I have referred to before is with reference to a portion of the Park being set apart for native flowers and’ shrubs. I think it would be of service, not only to students, but also to the community at large, if in all public parks were placed near some of the most frequented paths special beds containing collections of British plants duly labelled with their familiar names, as well as their botanical titles. Against a background of British flowering shrubs, no mean display of beauty could be- maintained.
To carry the matter still further, separate collections of British ferns, aquatic and bog plants, and products of moor, mountain, woodland and meadow, might be provided. Such an arrangement of beds would provide the public with a delightful country walk, if properly carried out, in the midst of town surroundings, and would also at the same time have the additional advantage of | conveying information concerning every plant observed.
GENERAL.—Before concluding, I beg to draw the attention of our members to the one unsatisfactory result of the year’s working, and that is with reference to the debt which has been incurred, owing to the amount for publishing our Proceedings
‘being larger than anticipated, and also owing to the number of
our meetings being larger than usual. To provide against loss in the future, I consider it will be necessary to raise the subscription to say 5s. per annum, aud this would only be barely sufficient to carry on our work properly.
In the event of it not being deemed advisable to raise the subscription, the only alternative will be to revert to the old position and only hold three or four meetings in the Summer months, abandoning the Winter meetings and Publications, and it is my opinion that more members would be lost to the Society by this means than by our raising the subscription, which would still be almost the minimum for a society of this description. I
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only know of one society doing similar work where the subscription is less than 5s., and that is Hwll, which is 4s., and in this case they make a charge to the members for Proceedings, and do not issue regular notices for the meetings. Many similar societies have a subscription of 10s. 6d.
Although we have had a good influx of new members during - the past season, it is still felt that the number of members is not nearly so large as it should be, having regard to the size and importance of the Cleveland District ; and there must be many persons who would gladly join the Society if their attention was called to the work being done.
It may be pointed out that for the subscription they get the Proceedings, post free, Notices for all Summer and Winter Meetings, Associate’s Card of Membership of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, have access to the Society’s small Library, also the advantage granted the Club by the North-Eastern Railway for travelling at cheaper rates, and the permission that is occasionally granted to visit the Estates of Gentlemen in the district, many of whom are members of our Society.
The Microscopy Section, formed at the last Annual Meeting, have not held any meetings as yet, but if members who are interested (and there must be a good number) would only come together, I have no doubt that such a section would be able to do very good work, and work that would be of very material assistance to many of the workers who have not the advantage of having microscopes of their own. I am quite sure that the Secretary of the Section, Mr. Simpson, would be glad to hear from any of the members interested, and would do all he could to arrange for some work being done by the Section.
In conclusion, I beg to thank, on behalf of the Club, the members of the Press for the notices they have given of our Meetings during the past year, and especially the North-Eastern Gazette, which also gave a very good review of the Proceedings which we published ; and the North-Kastern Railway Company for special privileges granted by them; and also the various gentlemen in the district who have kindly granted the members of the Club permission to visit their estates.
Personally, I have to thank my co-Secretary, Mr. Frank Elgee, for the very great assistance he has given me, without which it would have been impossible for me to have carried out the duties appertaining to the office. My thanks are also due to our President, Mr. Ward, for his assistance on various occasions, and also to the members who have supported me in the carrying out of the work.
Se ee Mae eT ee TT
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) Me Set = ‘ CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’
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~ RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS. = eee eas
VOL. I. 'No..V. _ Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S.
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1904,
CONTENTS:
; Pace Basocian PLanr BEeps oF YORKSHIRE (Illustrated)— Rev. JouHn HaweE Lt, M.A., F.G.S, - 229-234
WHORLTON-IN-CLEVELAND (Illustrated)—
Rey. J. CowLEy-Fow1er, B.A., F.G.8.- - - 234-249 Discoveries AT Liverton Caurcu (Illustrated)— T. M, Fattow, M.A., F.S.A. - - 249-254 Birp Ness iN SrRANGE Paces Some Nores oN THE Foop oF THE HEDGEHOG 255-258
THE GRASSHOPPER WARBLER AT MIDDLESBROUGH EARLY APPEARANCE OF THE REDWING— By the late R. LorrHouse.
Tue Litrte Buntine at Tees MovrH—C. E. Mingurn - 258-259 ‘Print Jack,” His Lire History (Illustrated)—
W.G. CLARKE - = « 259-265 CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA—1. AsHTON LorrHousE, F.E.S, - 266-269
Some Nores on Locat LEPIDOPTERA— By the late R. G. Cuayron” - - 270
COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND —
M, Lawson Toompson, F.E.S. = =. 271-273 SUBMERGED ForEst AND PEAT Beps at REDCAR—- Henry Simpson : + 274-275 RAINFAE IN 1902) #5 => S5e588 Soh ce eS a a's 276 OLEVELAND NATURALIsts’ Firtp CLtus—Secretary’s Report - 277-288
ILLUSTRATIONS,—Frontispiece, Dictyozamites Hawelli; Whorltou Castle, 239; Whorlton Church, 243; Meynell Tomb, Whorlton, 246; Liverton Church, 8 views, 249, 250-1-2-3 ; Fitzconan Grave Slab, Liverton, 253; Liverton Old Parsonage, 254 ; ‘« Flint Jack,” 260 ; Spurious Flint [ustruments, 263 265,
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CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’
PLL Deis.
RKECORD OF PROCEEDINGS. 1902.
VOL. I. No. V. Edited} by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S.
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DICTYOZAMITES HAWELLI, SEWARD.
(Pinne quarter-in. longer than actual size).
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BAJOCIAN PLANT BEDS OF YORKSHIRE.
By Rev. Jonn Hawett, M.A., F.G.S.
Were it not for the testimony of the Yorkshire Rocks very little would be known of the vegetation of the Bajocian or Lower Oolite period, at all events in the European area. Since the time of Young and Bird and John Phillips, Yorkshire has been the classical locality for Bajocian plants. In the Yorkshire area the complete series of the Bajocian strata is as follows :—
Upper Estuarine Beds.
Grey or Scarborough Limestone.
Middle Estuarine Beds.
Millepore Bed.
Lower Estuarine Beds with Ellerbeck Bed or
Hydraulic Limestone.
Dogger. ; But these beds are not usually all present in any one locality. The plants are found in each of the three series of Estuarine Beds. The Lower Estuarines are the most arenaceous, and contain thick sandstones, which can often be traced for considerable distances, These beds have near their centre a marine band known as the Ellerbeck Bed. According to the list given by Mr. Fox-Strangways in his “ Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire,” fifty species of plants have been obtained from these beds. He acknowledges, however, that some of these inay possibly have come from a higher horizon. Only 13 of the number, however, pass up into the Middle Estuarines, which fact appears to show that, though the deposit was being made more or less continuously, a very considerable period must have elapsed while the deposition was going on. ‘The localities from which fossil plants have been obtained in this series are Hayburn Wyke, Saltwick, Whithy, Staintondale and Egton Moors.
On the Coast and in the Howardian Hills the Lower Estuarine series are divided from the Middle Estuarines by the Millepore Bed. But in the northern moorland area the Millepore Bed has died out, and consequently it is impossible, apparently, to separate the Lower from the Middle Estuarines, But where the separation can be made, at Gristhorpe and Cloughton, the latter beds have yielded 56 species of plants. Several of the plants recorded from Clough- ton may really be from the Lower Estuarines, but of the 56 species referred to 54 have been obtained from Gristhorpe. It is the Middle Estuarine Beds, though their thickness is less than either of
230
the other series above and below, which have yielded the largest number and the most perfect specimens of Bajocian Plants. Fossil plants are, however, difficult to determine, and it is probable that some so-called species are merely variant forms of one and the same species. Two species of marine fucoids have been recorded from these beds.
The Upper Estuarine series is more shaly than either of the other series. It includes, however, a few irregular bands of sand- stone, and one.or more beds of granular ironstone, and rests upon a massive bed of sandstone known as the ‘ Moor Grit.” From the sandstones in the lower portion of the series 11 species of plants have been obtained at White Nab, Red Cliff, Scalby and North Bay, Scarborough. About half of these are common to the Middle Estuarines. There are, however, in regard to these Yorkshire Bajocian Plants, so many doubtful identifications, and at the same time so much lack of certainty as to the precise horizon from which certain specimens were obtained, that the whole question needs careful re-investigation in the light of present day knowledge.
Some years ago my friend, Mr. J. M. Meek, of Redcar, brought for my inspection some specimens of Tveniopteris, Williamsonia, and other plants which he had obtained from the Old Marske quarry. Early in 1902 he very kindly took me to the place from which he had obtained his specimens. Since that date T have repeatedly visited the place, having obtained the sanction of Lord Zetland’s Agent to investigate there, and with the valuable assistance of Mr. P. Huntington, Master of Ingleby Greenhow School, I have obtained hundreds of specimens. Many of these are in a fine state of preservation, and occur in a fissile ironstone, of which I have obtained the following analysis through the kindness of Mr. J. J. Burton :—
Total Iron (Fe) 42°90 per cent.
Peroxide of Iron (Fe, O;) ne OES 3 Ferric Oxide (FeO)... ye ee. Nal
Silica (Si O,) ... Pa a? ..- 15°30 ¥ Manganous Oxide (MnO)... <5 65 4 Alumina (Al, O;) Pay: ale a» 4:88 ; Lime (Ca QO) ... Zag “ tee eke 2 Magnesia (Mg O) tf a ie ES) a Phosphoric Acid (P. O; se Bc EO 5 Sulphur Trioxide (S O,) eo. gL Sa
Combined Water and Organic “Matter... 12°20 i
100-10
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The quarry in question, which has not, I think, been worked for at least twenty years, is on the northern face of the Upleatham outlier, about one mile south of Marske and 500 feet above sea level The cause of the discontinuance of the working of the quarry will be evident to any one inspecting it, for the massive sandstones are false-bedded and very irregular, and blotched with ferruginous concretions, some of which are solid little balls of iron peroxide, and others hollow box-stones. The sandstone is over-laid also in parts by glacial drift, and to a more harmful extent by profitless shales and ironstones. Plants occur throughout the whole extent of the quarry where the matrix is suitable for their preservation, but I have obtained my finest specimens from the refuse thrown aside by the workmen in the process of exploiting the sandstone.
Most of the specimens which 1 obtained on my earlier visits I was able to identify without much difficulty, but one form was clearly distinct from any plavt mentioned by Mr. A. C. Seward in his “ Jurassic Flora of Yorkshire,” or figured and described in any work which I was able to consult. I therefore asked Mr. Seward if he would look at this plant for me, a request to which he very readily assented. On my sending the plant to him, he pronounced it to be a new species of Dictyozamites, a genus which had only been recorded previously from India, Japan and Bornholm. Mr. Seward was much delighted with this very interesting addition to the Bajocian Flora of Great Britain, and proposed that he and I should prepare a joint paper for the Geological Society of London on the new plant and the Marske Plant Bed generally. Ultimately, however, it was arranged that he should first describe the new plant, leaving me tc deal with the more general subject in a subsequent paper. Accordingly Mr. Seward, on February 25th, 1903, read to the Geological Society a paper ‘‘ On the Occurrence of Dietyozamites in England,” in which he named the new species Dictyozamites Hawelli This paper is printed in the Quarterly Journal of the Society issued on May 22nd, 1903, pp. 217 to 233.
The fo!lowing is a list of the species which I have up to the present time obtained from Marske :—
Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Cladophlebis denticulata, Brongn. Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. 4 major, Lind. and Hutt. Sagenopteris Phillipsi, Brongn. var. major, Seward.
232
Otozamites parallelus, Phill. és Feistmanteli, Zigno. ; % sp. Williamsonia gigas, Lind. and Hutt. 5 pecten, Phill. Dictyozamites Hawelli, Seward. Nilssonia compta, Phill. mediana, Leckenby. fi tenuinervis, Nathorst. Strobilus ? Gingko digitata, Brongn. Gymnosperm Seed (Beania ?)
”
So far, then, we have seventeen species, fourteen of which we may regard as having been identified with certainty. Since the Millepore Bed is not present in the Marske area, and the Lower and Middle Estuarines consequently must apparently be regarded as forming a continuous deposit, it becomes interesting to enquire whether the plants found here have the facies of the distinctive flora of either of these divisions of the Yorkshire Bajocian. Of the fourteen plants Dictyozamites Hawelli is new, and Otozamites Feistmanteli does not appear in the published lists, while Equisetites columnaris, Teniopteris vittata and Williamsonia pecten are plants occurring in both the Lower and Middle series of Estuarine deposits. Of the remainder there are only two which are recorded from the Upper Beds alone, viz., Wil/iamsonia gigas and Otozamites parallelus, the only locality for both of which is Whitby. On the other hand there are seven which are recorded from the Middle Estuarines alone, viz., Cladophlebis denticulata (Gristhorpe), Tani opteris major (Gristhorpe), Sagenopteris Phillipsi, (Gristhorpe), (I am not sure where the var. major came from which alone appears to be present at Marske), Ni/ssonia compta (Gristhorpe and Cloughton), Nilssonia mediana (Gristhorpe and Cloughton), Wils- sonia tenuinervis (Cloughton), and Gingko digitata (Gristhorpe). Tt will thus be seen that the Marske flora has on the whole a Middle Estuarine facies, some plants, such as Wilssonia tenuinervis which have never been recorded from the Lower Es‘uarines being extremely abundant.
T have stated that most of my plants have been obtained from a spoil heap, but on the same slab several species are often con- fusedly intermixed, and I do not think it will be possible in the Marske quarry to trace any zonal succession of forms. Still I shall attempt to do this, and at the same time to trace and work out the plant beds in other parts of the Cleveland district. Hquisetites
—_— err
233
columnaris I have noticed in various parts of Cleveland as near Staithes, and particularly at Rudd Scar, Ingleby Greenhow, where fine stems from one to two feet or more in length used to be visible still in the upright position in which they grew. Wlliamsonia pecten I have obtained from the Upleatham quarry, from Blue Mells, Ingleby Greenhow, and from Ewe Crag Slack, Danby. The last mentioned specimen was in glacially transported material, but was pretty certainly local. I have a specimen of Will/amsonia gigas which was given to me on his death-bed by my old friend the late John Watson, Parish Clerk at Ingleby for some fifty years. It doubtless came from the immediate neighbourhood of Ingleby. A specimen of Z’eniopteris from the Kildale quarry occurs on a stone built into a wall in the village of Kildale. There are many fossil plants including portions of trees more than a foot in diameter in the Lower Oolitic shales and sandstones on Carlton Bank.
Before bringing this paper to a conclusion it may be well to summarise the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Seward in his paper “on the Occurrence of Dictyozamites in England, with Remarks on European and Eastern Mesozoic Floras.” Three species of Dictyozamites are now. known, all of which occur in Jurassic rocks, viz., D. falcatus from the Rajmahal Series of India, two varieties of this (var. distans and var. grossinervis) from Central Japan, D. Johnstrupi from Bornholm, and D. Hawelli from Marske. The genus has in the past sometimes been classed with the ferns, and sometimes with the eycads. In the absence of reproductive organs it is impossible to be certain of its affinities. As the reproductive organs of William- sonia are now known we are certain that it was acyead. Dicty- ozamites is one of several genera the pinnate fronds of which have a general resemblance to those of W7///amsonia, and which we may, pending the discovery of their reproductive organs, class as Cycado-
phytes.
Mr. Seward goes on to discuss the striking similarity between the Floras of the East and West during the Jurassic times. He shows that several genera and species which are entirely or almost identical have received names entirely different in different areas, and that consequently the general resemblance between widely separated Floras has been in large measure obscured. He reaches the conclusion that “the character of the vegetation of the world from the Upper Triassic Period to the Wealden seems to have been remarkably uniform and constant in its main features,” and observes that “the marked contrast exhibited by the Paleozoic vegetation on the one hand, and the Tertiary vegetation (including that of
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the greater part of the Cretaceous era) on the other, to that which flourished through the whole Jurassic era is a striking fact, well worthy of more critical and extensive consideration than it has so far received.” In the discussioa on Mr. Seward’s paper at the Geological Society, Dr. Blanford suggested that the Mesozoic Flora may have originated froin the Glossopteris flora which prevailed in the southern hemisphere in Paleozoic times, and is very distinct from the Permo-Carboniferous flora of the northern hemisphere. Since Mr. Seward’s paper was read, he has delivered to the Botanical Section of the British Association, at its Southport Meeting, a Presidential Address on ‘“ Floras of the Past: their Composition and Distribution.” To this address, printed in the Geological Magazine, Vol. X., Nos. 11 and 12, I would refer my readers, who will find it of the greatest interest.
—<—<—$—___ > ——
WHORLTON-IN-CLEVELAND.
By Rev. J. Cownry Fowrer, B.A., F.G.S.
There is evidence tending to show that our parochial area was inhabited as far back as Roman times. We are told that in 1810a large silver vase was turned up by the plough near the old church. The vase, which was broken, contained a number of Roman coins of silver, and square wedges of the same metal. According to Mr. Ord, the coins represent Valens, Gratian, Theodosius, Huonorius, and Arcadius, which seems to indicate that they had been deposited towards the decline of the Roman power in Britain.
In what way these coins were placed there we shall never know, or by whom, Roman or Saxon ; there is nothing else to connect the place with Roman times except, as some think, there was a Roman road from York, by Stillington, Yearsley (Camp), Oldstead and the Hambleton Hills, to Whorlton (Castle) and Cleveland—perhaps to Eston Nab or Barnaby Moor (Camp). [Phillip’s Rivers and Mountains of Yorkshire, p. 241].
The first historic information is found in “The Domesday Book for Yorkshire,” in the ‘ Terra Comitis Moritoniencis.” It is named as being in soke to Hotun (Hutton Rudby), and is spelt Wirueltune, together with Codreschef (Scutterskelf), Blatun (Blaten Carr, near Great Busby), Goutun (Goulton, still in the Parish of Whorlton), and Gratorne (Crathorne). In all, twenty carucates for
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geld, and 12 ploughs, may be [there]: All are stated to be waste, except Wirueltune, in which there are 20 villanes with 8 ploughs. It was, therefore, a cultivated settlement at the time of the conquest, when it was bestowed by the Conqueror with a large breadth of territory upon the Count of Mortain in the Avranches, France—a younger son of Herleva, mother of the Conqueror—who fought at the Battle of Hastings, [Note R. H. Scaife on Domesday]. The old Saxon Parish thus changed hands in a very forcible manner. The name Whorlton is evidently derived from ‘ Whorl,” which Skeat says is the same word as “ Wharl,” the name for a piece of wood or bone placed on a spindle to twist it by ; the particular form “Whorl” may have been borrowed, he says, from O. Du, and introduced by the Flemish weavers. On this, the late Canon Atkinson said that Skeat would have modified his statement had he known of our Cleveland “ Worvel” or “ Wirvel,” so much anterior in date to '‘the Flemish weavers.” The “ton” at the end of Whaorlton is the Saxon for a settlement or place fenced in, equiva- lent to the Danish “by.” Whorl Hill is a striking natural object, and therefore the settlement under the round hill would easily suggest the name. Scandinavian influence was very great here as portrayed in the nomenclature of persons, places and fields, ete., and of the townships or sub-districts of the Parish—Swainby, Huthwaite, Potto, Scarth, Trenholm and Scugdale. In fact, the Danes and their allies thoroughly colonised this part of the country and reduced its inhabitants to slavery, in a very different manner from the way in which the Northmen invaded, and held Normandy, simply by military tenure, as there is little evidence there of Northern blood or occupation, except in Bayeux and places in the vicinity of it.
The Meinells soon appear upon the scene as lords here. Stephen, Son of Robert de Meinill, founded a religious house at Scarthe at the West end of the Parish—the site is known, but there are no remains ; a stone coffin can still be seen in a field near.
In the second year of Henry JII. the custody of his whole barony within the County of York was given to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Nicholas de Meinill was summoned to Parliament among the Barons from the 9th to the 16th Edw. III. He “held the Manor of Whorlton, of the Archbishop of Canterbury, by the tenure of serving the said Archbishop with the cup, in which he should drink, on the day of his Consecration.”
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He left issue a daughter Elizabeth, who was first married to John Lord D’Arcy.
The D’Arcy family held the Manor for several generations, “till Philip, Lord D’Arcy and Meinill, who married Eleanor, daughter of Henry Fitz-Hugh, died without male issue (6 Hen. V), leaving two infant daughters his co-heirs, viz. Elizabeth and Margaret—Elizabeth married James Strangways Knight, and had Whorlton and other lands for her share, upon the division.” Leland says “ Whorlton in Cleveland was the principal house of the Lord Menell; which sense came to Master Strangwayes in particion.”
It is uncertain on whom the Manor devolved after the Strang- ways in the reign of Henry VIIL., but it was found that Henry, Earl of Northumberland, was in possession [Inquisition at Topcliffe, 27 Eliz.| of the Castle and Manor, ete , which had been granted to Matthew, Earl of Lennox, who married the King’s niece. It then in some way reverted to the Percy family ; then once more to the Crown, and finally to Edward Bruce, of Kinlos, descended from the Norman Brus, whose son, Thomas, was advanced by Charles I. to be Lord Bruce of Whorlton. His son, Robert, was created Earl of Aylesbury by King Charles II., and it continued in that family until it was purchased by the late James Emerson, Esquire, of Easby Hall. Most of this information I have taken from Graves as the chief quarry from which we extract the history of Cleveland. There ure other sources from which I have made notes, but space does not permit me to print them. However, it is worth noting that the above Earl of Lennox married Margaret, daughter of Archi- bald, the 6th Earl of Angus, by Margaret, daughter of King Henry VII. (Sister of Henry VIL) and Mother to James V. , King of Scotland.
Camden says, “‘ the issue of this happy match were Henry and Charles ; the former of whom by Mary, Queen of Scots, had James VI., Monarch of Great Britain, etc.” To have Mary Queen of Scots associated with the Manor is indeed to be linked with a great and never dying romance, and there is no wonder that there should be a tradition that “the fateful lines that bound her to Darnley, were signed at Whorlton.” With reference to this, I have a most interesting letter from Major Martin Hume, who has just published “‘ the love affairs of Mary, Queen of Scots,” from a study of State papers in the Record Office. He says, “it is quite certain that the local tradition to which you refer is unfounded, (Jueen Mary never entered England until after Darnley’s death,
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and positively never met him at Whorlton, if she herself ever went there, of which I can find no record. The only possible basis that occurs to me for the tradition is that the letters written in Septem- ber and October, 1561, by the Countess of Lennox to Mary, proposing the Darnley match, may have heen addressed from Whorlton. Indeed, I am under the impression that I have seen ‘ Northallerton’ on one of these letters.
“The Castle and Manor were granted to the Lennoxes on the 12th July, 1544, the keepership and custody having been given by the King to Hugh Askew in the previous year on the death of the owner, SirJ. Strangways. Ido not find the Meynells in connection with the place until long after, and I believe that Whorlton was one of the actual residences of the Lennoxes until their disgrace and attainder. It is likely, therefore, that Darnley and his father may have halted at the house on their respective journeys to Scotland, and may have corresponded with Mary from there. It is possible also that some confusion may have arisen from the fact that Mary actually did pass a night at Walton Hall, near Chesterfield, on her way South, 1568. You can however most confidently contradict the assertion that ‘the fateful lines that bound. Mary to Darnley,’ were signed in one of the Chambers of Whorlton Castle. They were signed at Stirling.”
_ Graves says, quoting from Kirkby’s Inquest (1285), ‘all lands belonging to the Meinills were exempt from the payment of Danegeld, and that Nicholas de Meinill, in the reign of Edward L., obtained a Charter for keeping a fair here, and also had a grant of free-warren, free chace, and divers other privileges within the Manor.”
An Inquisition ‘ Post-mortem” was taken, 30 Edw. III., on the death of John Lord D’Arcy, and showed that the Castle and Manor of Whorlton, with other lands, had come to him by marriage with the sole daughter and heiress of Nicholas de Meinell, and had been granted to Thomas Swinford and John Charteray in trust, ete.
A second Inquest was taken at Yarm (42 Edw. IIL) ‘by which it was found that Elizabeth, the daughter and heiress of Nicholas de Meynell, held at time of her death the Castle and Manor of Whorlton in demesne, as of fee together with the villages of Whorlton and Swainby, etc., and that the Castle at the time was of no annual value, ‘ ultra reprisas,’ etc.”
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It is remarkable that a coin of the time of Edward III, a counter made in imitation of the coins of France of the time, should have been found in the moat of the Castle a few years since. On the obverse it has a shield charged with three keys on a bend surrounded with crowns and lions, and round it EDWARDUS REX REGNAT. On the reverse an arrangement of “ Fleurs-de-lis ” at the ends of a cross-with equal arms, in a kind of square with the words around GARDE ROBE REGIS. These counters were not the current coin of the realm, but were used by the King’s Chamberlains for counting the expenses of his privy purse. Hereby possibly hangs a tale!
Tue Castle.
The moated mound on which the Castle is built has no doubt been a stronghold from very early times, just such a mound as any people in bygone times would have fortified; with a deep impassable morass on the North, forests all round, and the land falling away from it on all sides, it was naturally a strong position. Its history is buried in oblivion in the remote past; at present it has to the East very considerable earthworks and trenches extending over certainly 50 acres or more. and the difficulty is to assign any date to them or to be certain that they all belong to one period. We know the Normans built on moated mounds of this description in Normandy where the mounds are still to be seen (known as Mottes in Norman French), as the sites for wooden or stone castles having courts outside surrounded with earthworks. Three such courts can be traced to the E. and S.E. of Whorlton Castle and there is also an outer moat quite straight going North and South about 100 yards from the inner moat. This appears to have been the Anglo-Norman type as well, and it was by a system of small fortified forts or castles—really on the block-house system of Lord Kitchener—extended all over the country, that the Normans over- awed and held the land. We should perhaps not be far from the truth if we took it for granted that a Norman castle of the usual type | was built here shortly after the Conquest, possibly on a Danish moated mound, very likely by the Count of Mortain, or by the Meinells. The Norman Conqueror laid it upon his more fortunate followers as their first duty to secure their Jands by building castles which should dominate the surrounding country. Be this as it may, we have seen there was a castle here in Edwardian times. Are we to imagine that Edward III. was actually here, from the finding of the coin I have already mentioned? Did one of the King’s Chamber- lains actually drop this particular counter into the moat on one of the King’s visits? It must not be forgotten that monarchs in those
239
days travelled about a good deal, and held their courts in many parts of the country, and administered justice, etc., and this is one of the chief of the petty castles at the west end of the valley leading from the Vale of York to Mulgrave Castle, along a line of Baronial Castles. The large crescent shaped earthwork North of the Church is a puzzle, and may not have been connected with the Norman fortress at all, but a Saxon one, as they were of large area to protect numbers of people; the Burghs built by the Saxons seem never to have had moats, and to have been simply enclosures, differing from the moated mounds of the 9th and 10th centuries,
The present remains of the Castle consist of a very fine Gateway-tower, with the Arms of Meinell, b’Arcy and Gray, and Graves thinks the Castle was erected or repaired about the latter part of Richard II. ; this was probably the case, and the architecture is 14th century.
‘The walls are enormously thick and have within them stone stairs and passages—there was a double portcullis and a beautifully groined passage between them 10 feet wide, and a guard room on either side, with rooms over them containing fire places; this groining was pulled down some years ago,—a great piece of vandalism—there was a draw bridge over the moat and the mound was walled all round, some of the foundations remaining. When the new Church was built a quarter of a century ago, the foundation of the buildings inside the base-court were dug up for the
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foundations of the Church, and no plan appears to have been made of them—this is much to be regretted, as it might have settled the question of the Castle Chapel. The vaults which still remain are of very rude construction and are probably parts of the first castle. It is not known when the Castle was dismantled, but in Camden’s time it was stated to be “old and ruinous.” Local tradition says that Cromwell bombarded the Castle, which was held by the Royalists. The Roundheads attacked it first on the East side from Whorl Hill, but found their shot went over the Castle ; they then moved West to a field on the Ingleby road and planted their cannons on the rising ground in the middle of it, and ruined the old feudal pile; the Protector himself being ill at Northallerton. There is certainly a mark on one of the stones on the East side of the gateway which could only have been made by such an instrument as a cannon ball, the stone being crushed by the blow. There is the usual well, and the Castle or moats was supplied with water from Whorl Hill ; the wooden pipes have been seen in digging;
The inhabitants clustered round the Castle fur safety, and lived in miserable hovels of wattle and dab. There is a local tradition of a hall having stood in one..of the fields on the low road going from the'old Church to Faceby, said to have been pulled down in the early part of the last century; this is the only trace of a large house apart from the Castle which I have been able to discover. It was not until a comparatively late period that farm houses were built in this part of Yorkshire away in the fields from the village, owing to the country not being sufficiently settled and safe. In Belgium “the battle ground of Europe,” large farm- steads are found almost everywhere, built in a quadrangle and fortified all round; often, with a watch tower; Hougomont on the Field of Waterloo being a good example.
The Peel Towers, celebrated in Marshman’s Warfare or Border Minstrelsy, the strongholds of men who lived by “snaffle, spur and spear,” and drove in their cattle when the Scotch made a raid, can scarcely be called fortified farm houses.
The Castle in the Middle Ages was surrounded with an extensive park.
“ Time bas moulder’d into beauty many a tower, which when it frownd with all its battlements, was only terrible.” . . (Mason. )
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Sir James D. Mackenzie, when he published his fine work ‘The Castles of England” in 1896, regretted that he could not find room to say much about Whorlton and the other Cleveland Castles. In one of his letters he remarks, “ Why I wonder should they have sought to protect a region bleak and high as Cleveland, with such a line of fortresses? It lay, too, out of the line of traffic.”
It must, indeed, have been a wild inhospitable district of hill and dale, forest and morass, with practically no roads and the haunt of packs of wolves and wild animals, but the new possessors, the Norman adventurers, were obliged to fortify their possessions, and with the full consent and wish of the Conqueror, as so many outposts and garrisons.
In the Church at Dives, in N. ormandy—where the Conqueror had his boats built, and from whence he sailed for England—the names of his companions are painted on the West end—many hundreds—names well-known amongst us now, such as Harcourt, Beaumont, Lacy, ete. Certainly a most interesting memorial of the event !
The Curé is naturally anxious to preserve the fine old Norman Church (as it is in part) and he makes an appeal to the inhabitants of Dives as the descendants ‘de Guillaume le Conquérant’ to assist him! As we read this some years ago, my friend remarked with a laugh, “TI think it is much more likely that we are the descendants “de Guillaume le Conquérant,’ than the present inhabitants of poor little Dives!’ Certainly these companions of the Conqueror never went back to Dives, and were content to settle down and enjoy the wild life of England and their newly acquired lands,
Since writing the above I have met with the following information relating to the Castle in “ Clarke’s Medieval Military Architecture,” a standard work :—In describing the English Rebellion in the reign of Henry II., and mentioning the rebels, he remarks: “Jt included Unmfraville of Prudhoe, De Vesci of Alnwick, Ros of Hamlake, Bruce of Whorlton and Skelton, and in the South almost all the great Barons ;” and again further on “Killarby, Albruck-on-Tees, and Cardwell were early Castles, as were Armanthwaite, Bowes, Hatlesey [Harlsey 2], Sigston and Whorlton.” This proves that my conjecture that there was a Castle here in the early Norman times is correct.
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*THEe CHURCH.
In all probability a Saxon Church stood on the site of the Norman Church. Saxon Churches are known to have existed at Ingleby Arncliffe, Crathorne, Kirklevington and many other parishes in the neighbourhood, where Saxon remains have been found. So far as | know, however, no Saxon remains have been found at Whorlton ; the Church might have been of wood or stone.
The Architectural history of the present Church appears to be as follows :—First a Nave and Chancel were built in the early part of the 12th century, then a North Aisle was thrown out and an Arcade built of three arches-with cushion capitals, the centre one having dragons sculptured round it. The North Aisle was usually built first in case of enlargement; the North side in the ideas of those days was given up to evil spirits, and no one would be buried there, neither will people in the present day in some parishes ; thus it was not a question of disturbing the dead.
In the 13th century the South Aisle was built, the Arcade being Early English, the bases of the columns—which are round— showing the water moulding ; the arches are round, corresponding with those in the North Arcade. The Norman Chancel, the plinth of which remains for half the length of the present Chancel, probably ended in a round apse like the neighbouring Norman Church of Hilton ; part of the Norman wall remains on the North side, and has a round-headed window in it now blocked up. There appears to have been an altar on either side the Chancel arch, making three in all, after the English use. In the Greek Church the rule is one Church one altar.
The Chancel was rebuilt in the 14th century with a square end; in the North wall is a large arch under which is the 14th eentury Meynell tomb, which pierced this wall, communicating with the Chantry Chapel on the North side, now pulled down, the windows being inserted in the Chancel of the new Church, half a mile away, at Swainby ; at the East end of this arch and tomb is a single lancet window with one cusp. The South wall was originally pierced with three two-light windows and a priest’s door, now blocked up ; the western half of the South wall was rebuilt or refaced probably in the Elizabethan period, when the square-headed window was inserted, having over it the Bate arms—viz., Sable, a bar engrailed, arg. between three dexter hands, or; and on a shield adjoining is the following inscription: ORA TE PNO BIS A.D.
* For previous Note on Whorlton Church with illustration refer to page 13 of present Proceedings.
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NOLTUOHM
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1621 (“Orate pro nobis”); this inscription, with the sculptured hands, is also on the inside wall of the Chancel. Graves thinks it is in memory of William Bate, of Eston, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Marmaduke Harperly, of Whorlton, and died 13th October, 1621. The South wall had evidently become unsafe and was rebuilt, and in the middle of it a handsome buttress was built in the 15th century to strengthen it ; the priest’s door label is not Gothic. There is here a low sided window, commonly called a Leper Window ; these windows are very common in most parts of the country, and much has been written about them. The late Mr. Matthew Bloxam told me some years ago that he thought they were confessional windows, used by the Regulars (Dominicans and Franciscans, etc.), who interfered greatly with the Seculars (7.e. the Parochial Clergy), and heard confessions through them. Mr. Bloxam found a document of the Reformation period thus describing them, and ordering them to be blocked up. A most exhaustive and scholarly paper has recently been written on these interesting windows by the Rev. Canon Hodgson.* He clearly demonstrates that they were for the exhibition of lights wherewith to dispel evil spirits. Lights were also burnt in churchyards and in niches on crosses both in England and on the Continent, known as Fanaux, Lanternes des morts or colonnes creuses des cemetieres, ete. The present East window is late perpendicular, and contains some of the original painted glass. The Piscina remains, with the drain cavity fluted: there is a hollow moulding in the underside of the arch, the same section as in the large arch over the Meynell tomb ; there is an aumbry on the North side.
In front of the Chancel arch there was a Rood-loft, the doorways to which still remain in the walls—from this the Gospel and Epistle were read, and sometimes the Sermon preached, and important documents read to the faithful. Rood-lofts became common in England in the 14th century ; many fine examples may be found particularly in Devonshire and Cornwall, as well as in Wales, with exquisite carving. They are also found in Brittany, and some may be seen in Normandy. The Altar Table is perhaps a copy of a previous one of the Elizabethan or “ Restoration period.” The Church has been rich in stone brackets or corbels ; two are -placed one on either side of the altar, coarse and heavy in design, and no doubt they supported statues. There are also two stone corbels at the base of the mullions in the East window, inside, carrying the heads of a King and a Bishop; they are artistic in design, almost unique, and carried, no doubt, images or candles.
* « Archeologia Aliana,” Vol. xxiii.
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It must be remembered that in the middle ages every village had its Guilds: everyone belonged to some Guild, which was always connected with religion, and had part of the Village Church assigned to it. ‘Men, women and children had each their own Guild, and before the image of the Patron Saint of the Guild a light was kept continually burning to drive away evil spirits, and to invoke the aid of Almighty God and his Saints in protecting his servants from the snares and frauds of the Devil. Wax for the Candles was provided by the members of the Guild, and fines for a breach of the rules were often levied in wax. Sometimes members left money in their wills to support the lights.”*
The Village Guilds were of great benefit religiously and socially, and amongst other things they often undertook the repair of the Church, and the renovation of vestments, books, and other things belonging to the Church. No doubt the brackets in Whorlton Church were used in connection with the Village Guilds ; other brackets also were, I believe, in the Chantry Chapel on the North side, which was unfortunately pulled down a quarter of a century ago: it appears to have been about the size of the Chancel, and had a squint into the Chancel for seeing the Elevation of the Host. Graves gives a list of Cantarists—it was known as.the D’Arcy Chauntry. The gable over the Chancel arch bears a beautiful 14th century Sanctus Bell-cot.
The celebrated oak effigy in the Meynell tomb, Mr. W. H. St. John Hope gives as early 14th century on account of the habit, and especially the knee caps—the feet are in leather socks: the supporters on the tomb are two Bishops in the act of bhlessing—the amice can be seen round the neck. This is supposed to be the monument of Sir Nicholas de Meynell, and the effigy is cross-legged with hands in prayer, and a dog at his feet—there are eight shields on each side of the altar tomb on which the effigy rests, charged with the arms of the families with whom the Meynell family were connected, as Graves concludes, viz. : those of Roos, Latimer, D’Arcy, Gray, Neville, and Fitz-hugh ; the opposite side of the tomb bears an equal number of shields, in some cases with the same arms. Torr gives two Testamentary burials, 9th July, 1529, Hen. Conyers of W. Lathes, in Clyveland, Esq., to be buried in the Chapel of Whorlton before the Crucifix. 30th January, 1577, Joh. Strangwayes, of Strathonbarge, gent., to be buried in the Parish Church of Whorleton ‘There is a farm close to Swainby known as West Lees. The font is Norman of a severe type.
* Ditchtield, The Antiquary, Vol. V.
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The tower, built about the year 1400, is very similar to the tower at Danby Church ; it is square, without buttresses, it is of the usual type; in the upper storey the four sides are pierced each with a two-light window and transom—here were the bells—the tower was finished with an embattled parapet, the original roof having decayed long since The North side was built over the
Western arch of the South Arcade ; the foundation has given way on the South side, and the tower now leans 22 inches towards the South. Several 13th and 14th century grave stones are built into the tower, and there is what appears to be a Holy Water Stoup on the inner wall in the nave. At this time the aisle walls appear to have been pulled down and the arcades walled up with square-headed
—_—— -—
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windows in the arches. The tower still contains one of the
Medizval bells, bearing the inscription, “Sancta Maria ora pro nobis.” There is a “cross” stop between every two letters; the S of nobis is on its side, and there is a founder’s stamp on the rim, very difficult to make out ; the height of the bell to the crown is 1 ft. 8 ins., and the diameter at the mouth 1 ft. 114 ins. By his will of 7th July, 1528, ‘“ William Swanne, of Swanneby, in
-Whorlton parish,” desires “ to be beried in the kirke of the Holie
Roode in Whorleton,” to which he gives 10 li. “to by a bell, the
which xli. is in Master William Grene hand, and this bell to be
hallowed, and carried, and hongyn of my propre costes.” [Test. Ebor. v. 249.] This may refer to the bell we still have in the tower, as the lettering is of the same period, or to one of the lost ones. The Church and Castle are rich in mason’s marks, and the Church has many markings on its walls said to he made by sharpening spears and arrow-heads when men went about armed with spear and cross-bow: these markings are found all over the country more or less, and are common in Wales. Many of them have the appearance of having been made by sharpening weaver’s shuttles. They are numerous in the old weaving districts ; many of these markings, moreover, exist where an arrow shaft could not be wielded. The Parish Registers commence in 1689.
The connection of the old Norman Church with the Castle is interesting, but perplexing. On the West side of the Churchyard there is an earthwork, and traces of another one on the East near the lane—there can be little doubt that the Church was within the earthworks, and there are known instances where a Norman Church and Castle are within the same inclosure. Dr. Atkinson says, in one of his letters, he does not think the Church was ever the Chapel of the Castle, and that the distinction between the Parish Church and the Castle Chapel was a marked one, as the Castle Chapel was essentially a private Chapel. He remarks further :— “That Whorlton Church may have been, as well as have been called, a Capella or Chapel, I do not in the least doubt, for I think there is reason to infer, if not to conclude, that that was precisely its status at one period of its history—that that history or rather the history of the entire Parish of Whorlton is very obscure My impression is that in 1529 Whorlton Church was, as to
absolute status, a ‘Capella’ merely, quite possibly a ‘Capella
Parochialis,’ but still, such in contradistinetion to an ‘ Ecclesia Parochialis.’ Iam not at all certain as to the precise intention of your first extract from Torr. I do not think it likely that ‘the Free Chapell within the Castle of Whorlton’ means the assumed (and I think necessarily assumed) Castle Chapel, or that it was
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within the unused precincts of the Castle. It was within the precincts of the Castle [and honor] of Whorlton (it may have been within the precincts of the Castle if, as I think possible, the precincts included a very much extended area), aud neither more or less than that is probably what was intended.” This is a point which, we fear, will have to remain unsettled. The foundations of the Castle were dug up in the quadrangle as we have seen. It is worth noting, however, that the two arches at the West end of the Church were built on to the Norman Nave, about the time of Richard IL., when the present Castle was re-built ; this points to an increase in the population.
The Church is dedicated to God in the name of the Holy Cross—in allusion to the legend of the finding of the Holy Cross by St. Helen. One hundred and six Churches in England are named “in honour of this festival, some under the name of the Holy Rood and several under the corruption of St. Cross.”
One other thing is connected with the Church, the old grant of a fair. ‘‘ Nicholas de Meinell claims to have a market in Weolton (an error in the MS. for Whorlton) by a charter of my Lord Edward the King, and warren park and game.” What these particular privileges of market were we do not know.
The site of the old market cross is pointed out by local tradition as being about 100 yards or so S.E of the Churchyard, where there is a dip in the field by the lane
In those days markets were commonly held in or near to Churehyards ; the Church and Churchyard were the only places of resort in most parishes The market cross was set up here for the sake of reverence, and the influence of religion in making people honest ia their transactions. When markets were removed to towns the fairs were opened by the Parish Priest, thus giving the proceedings the sanction of religion. ‘Every town had its cross at which engagements, whether of a religious or worldly interest, were entered into.’’®)
(1) Parker’s Calendar of the Prayer Book. ;
(2) Kirkby’s Inquest, Vol. 39, Surtees Society. Note, on July 16th, 63 Henry III. the King granted a charter of free warren, market, ete., in Welverton (Whorlton) to Nicholas de Meinell, which was contirmed by Ed. I. Noy. 24th, 1281, on the authority of Ord.
(3) Brady’s Calendaria.
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We must add that the tower of the Church had a new roof
put on it in 1891 ; the gable over the Chancel arch was rebuilt, a buttress built on the North side of the arch to take the thrust, and other repairs were executed at a cost of £127. The former roof bore the date T.E. 1722, and the top of the tower had actually been repaired with the stonework from the North gable of the Meynell tomb.
Had the pages been wider,
My tale had been longer.
“DISCOVERIES AT LIVERTON CHURCH.
By T. M. Fattow, M.A., F.S.A. As most of the members know, the ancient Church of Liverton has been undergoing the process of restoration during the last few months. Discoveries of some interest have been
* For a lrief description of Liverton Chureh refer to page 7A, of present Vol. of Proceedings.
EXTERIOR FROM 8S W. (BEFORE RESTORATION).
- 3 a ‘ i F EXTERIOR FROM S8.E. (BEFORE RESTORATION). ¥
EXTERIOR N.W. (BEFORE RESTORATION),
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made. The two bells on being removed from the bell turret were both found to be of medizval date. One is quite plain, but round
INTERIOR LOOKING EAST (BEFORE RESTORATION). the other is an inscription in Lombardic characters, somewhat worn— + VOCOR MARIA DMA
ae. “Tam called the Lady Mary.” Tlre R’s are reversed and the contraction I)MA for Domina should be DNA, but such errors
ee ew ee
NVYNOO
ZILA
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are common on ancient bells. I had some difficulty in reading the inscription, but I sent a rubbing to Canon Fowler, of Durham, who agreed with my reading as far as it went, and solved the DMA, which I had failed to make out. Canon Fowler calls attention, in reference to the legend on this bell, to the Lady Bells of Lincoln Minster, Both the Liverton bells are of considerable interest, and although sent away to be re-cast, it has since been decided to preserve them in the restored Church,
Another discovery made is that of a fine grave slab with a floriated cross and a sword incised on it. In the middle of the stem of the cross is a shield of arms charged with a cross engrailed, which were the arms of the Fitz Conans, who owned Liverton prior to 1316-7, when the property passed into the hands of William le Latimer. It seems probable that the grave over which this slab was laid, and in which a skeleton was found, was the grave of Sir Henry Fitz Conan, who was alive in 1302-3, and died soon after.
The Church was largely rebuilt about (as it would seem) a hundred years or so ago, but as the photographs show, some of the lower parts of the ancient walls were untouched. When the plaster was stripped off inside, it was found that a plain Norman door had existed in the north wall near the west end of the Church. There are very similar doors (all built up) at Ayton, Newton, and Wilton Churches, buildings of much the same date as Liverton, and the walling up of these doors seems, in each case, to be of
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early date. Traces of the door at Liverton can be detected in the; external masonry, but its entire form inside (as shown in the: photograph) was revealed when the plaster was removed. It has now been obscured by new plaster.
Near the Church stood the old Parsonage House. It may very well be the last of the old Cleveland parsonages with thatched roof, and all the rooms on the ground floor. Since the photograph’
was taken two years ago, the roof has fallen in, and the building has become a complete wreck. It seems, therefore, worth while to preserve a picture of it as a record of what it was like, and for ~ a similar reason general views are also given of the Church before and during restoration. “4
a =e =
SE
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NOTES BY THE LATE R. LOFTHOUSE.
The following notes are from notes of the late R. Lofthouse left in diaries or published in papers not likely to have been seen by many, if any, of our members, and it is proposed to publish them from time to time in the Proceedings, as long as they are in the opinion of the Editor of sufficient interest. I may say that he left notes on a variety of subjects—Natural History, Topography, and Archeology, with special reference to the Cleveland district. de A Ee
BIRD NESTS IN STRANGE PLACES.
Birds sometimes choose very curious and odd places for their nesting sites, even in localities where there would seem to be endless choice of suitable resorts. I have seen a chaffinch’s nest placed high up in a lofty tree, and although they are usually found at a height of six, seven, or eight feet, I have got one within a foot of the ground, containing two eggs.
Robins usually build in a hole or depression, or in what in some parts of Yorkshire is called the “‘Cam” side of a hedge. I have seen one, however, placed on the shelf of a gardener’s tool- house between two flower pots. The bird’s means of ingress and egress to and from the house was by a small hole in a broken pane of the window. Here it hatched and reared its young successfully, the gardener, to his credit be it recorded, being careful not to disturb it.
Blackbirds most frequently build their nests in hedges or shrubs. One, however, built its nest in the open portico of a villa. There was a column at one side, and on the opposite side the column rested on a large carved boss, three or four feet from the ground, built into a projecting part of the building. At the back
_ of the boss, between the column and the wall, the blackbird had
placed its nest, and although people were frequently passing in
-and out of the building, the bird was sitting at the time I saw it,
and as the proprietor seemed very proud of its presence, I have no doubt it carried off its young in due time.
The yellow-hammer is perhaps one of the most timid and shy of our birds. Its nest is generally placed in a low bush of thorn, wild rose, gorse, or in long tangled weeds. I once saw one placed in a depression on the side of a small heap of road scrapings, by the side of a much frequented high road. It was covered with a little overhanging grass, and was not two feet distant from the track of the wheel of every cart that passed ; it contained two eggs. On visiting it subsequently I found that it had been forsaken. I have
ho
56
also found a white-throat’s nest in a similar position, but nearer, if anything, to the cart track, though in this case the road was a private road, and perhaps not quite so much used.
The wren builds a nest which is hard to find, not so much on account of its being hidden away in out- of- the-way places, as from its exact resemblance to the substance on which it builds. The nest is often placed in a hollow on a moss-grown thorn stump, so exactly resembling the surroundings as to be exceedingly difficult to find. It is also sometimes built in a hole in a piece of old masonry, just like an accumulation of old dried leaves, such as one might have expected to lodge there. One was found in a dead, bushy branch blown from a tree. Close to where the branch had been broken off another branch had grown, which had likewise been broken off, forming a hook. This, in its descent, had hooked on to a branch a few feet from the ground, and amongst the dried twigs thus suspended the nest was formed. It could have been unhooked and carried away complete.
Blue tits have been known to nest in all kinds of odd places» usually, however, in holes in trees, sometimes in bottles, etc. One built in an old disused pump. <A few seasons ago two nested in two different cast iron gate posts of an iron fence by the side of a much-used carriage drive Each of the gate posts had a small, square hole about three feet from the ground: here the birds entered. The posts being hollow, the nests probably were placed
at the bottom. I believe “they both carried off their young.
Water hens and even wild ducks have been known to nest in trees. The sheldrake usually has its nest in a rabbit burrow or other hole. One built some time ago in a cast iron pipe that passed through a slag bank ; another “built more than once in a hole on the. top of a straw stack ten feet high. The sedge warbler’s nest is usually placed not far from the ground, but I have found one on the ground amongst tall grass. I have also found one placed in a hedge three or four feet from the ground.
The chaffinch is one of our most skilful builders of a nest, It is formed outside of moss and lichens from the trunks of trees, and lined with hair and feathers. It is about two and a half inches internal diameter, and altogether a most beautiful and compact structure. I found one built on a birch sapling, so exactly resembling the bark of the tree that it was impossible to detect it at a few yards distance, and the resemblance to the white bark of the tree was got in this instance with a liberal use of old newspaper woven in with the moss.
* The above notes all refer to nests that have been found in the Middlesbrough district.—T. A. L.
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SOME NOTES ON THE FOOD OF THE HEDGEHOG (ERINACEUS EUROPAUS.)
On July 9th, 1900, I found a hedgehog entangled in stop netting at end of Tennis Lawn in my garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. It appeared to have fed a good deal on beetles, there being numerous wing cases in the excrement, some of metallic green colour.
The hedgehog was kept in the stable yard, where it soon found a retreat under a wood building; it came out from its hiding place in the evening just at dusk. The jirst night I gave it some milk with bread soaked in it. In the morning the milk was all gone, but the bread was left. The second night I gave it a young blackbird about full grown, some milk with bread as before, and some moths. The blackbird disappeared all but the wings and feet, also the milk and the moths. The ¢hird night I gave it a young thrush, also about full grown, a saucer with water, and also a large number of moths. The thrush, the water, and the moths were all gone. On the fourth night I gave it a number of moths, a hen’s egg, and some cooked tongue and water. The moths, the tongue, and the water were gone, but the egg remained. On the jifth night it had a lark, some moths and water. The lark disappeared with the exception of a few feathers, and also the moths. On the sixth night it had moths and snails, which were gone in the morning; and on the seventh night I gave it a bantam’s egg, a few moths, and some cooked meat. The moths were gone, and probably a little of the cooked meat, but not much, the egg remained. It had been moved, however, and was slightly eracked. It was found on the grate of a gully, the yard being sloped down to the gully. It had probably rolled there on being disturbed, and that might have caused it to be cracked. The night on which I gave it the hen’s egg, I watched it for some time ; it rolled the egg over once or twice, and then left it.
Every Natural History states that the hedgehog eats eggs (game eggs, I suppose). The bantam’s egg could be no larger than a pheasant’s egg. One of the nights a cooked potato was also given to it, but that was also left and not eaten or touched that I could notice. I tried the hedgehog again with a bantam’s ege, but it did not eat it. JL also tried it with cheese, cooked meat, strawberries, lettuce, cabbage, etc., but it did not eat them. Its chief food appears to be beetles, moths, snails and grubs, and probably small animals and birds when it can catch them. I tried it with snails, and it seemed to eat them greedily, but moths seemed to be its favourite diet.
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NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GRASSHOPPER WARBLER (LOCUSTELLA NA:VIA) AT LINTHORPE, MIDDLESBROUGH, IN 1897.
May 12.—Grasshopper Warbler. One been here some days. It sings most in the mornings and evenings, but also through the day and night, and I have heard it as early as three o’clock in the morning. It has been intensely cold weather for a day or two, still it sings. The song at times is very shrill and distinct, at others very faint, as if a long distance away Sings most on warm evenings. Generally does not begin to sing until late in the evening, about eight o’clock. Sung up to beginning of July, but gradually less often and less distinctly.
Juty 26.—In full song before dusk, not quite so loud as earlier on, May and June.
SS oe
EARLY APPEARANCE OF THE REDWING (TURDUS ILIACUS) IN 1900.
Avueust 24.—Large flocks of redwings have invaded the garden (at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough) lately. The weather has been wild and stormy. There were also a good few blackbirds and thrushes. This seems an early date, and it is probably owing to the stormy and cold weather.
THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LITTLE BUNTING (EMBERIZA PUSILLA)
AT TEES MOUTH (CO. DURHAM). AN ADDITION TO THE NORTH COUNTRY AVI-FAUNA.
By C. E. Minsory. On October 11th, 1902, my companion (Mr. C. Braithwaite)
and I were “working” the sea walls at Tees mouth—as is our) —
custom at this time of the year—for small migrants, and when near the Snook, near Seaton Carew, a small bunting flew out of the long grass at our feet and settled upon a piece of slag at the foot of the wall. ‘The first glimpse of it made us both remark that the bird was a stranger to us, and on obtainiog a good view of it as the bird watched us from its perch, it was decided to
—-
259
obtain it. The bird presently flew into some long grass and then over the inner wall, uttering a “ tick, tick, tick” call, when my friend shot it. Mr. Harwood, our Club member, and Mr Swales, of Sleights, were with us on the following day, and the former friend skinned and set the bird up and forwarded it to the South Kensington Museum, where it was identified by Mr. Ogilvie Grant as being the Little Bunting (Hmberiza pusilla), which is only the second example for the British Isles. The first was obtained near Brighton, about November 2nd, 1864.
Our specimen was exhibited at a meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Club on October 22nd, 1902, and is by dissection a female.
“FLINT JACK,” HIS LIFE-HISTORY.«
By W. G. CbaARKE.
“The very Prince of fabricators of antiques,” was the description of “Flint Jack” given by Mr. Llewellyg Jewitt, F.S.A., in an article in the “ Reliquary” for October, 1867. It is improbable that ‘ Flint Jack ” surpassed some of the Brandon knappers of the present day in the production of spurious flint implements, but none of these can claim his wonderful versatility. Prior to his death, and when his fame was at its highest, there appeared various articles in the magazines dealing with this wonderful impostor. The details of his life have chiefly been culled from these, although various correspondents have rendered material assistance. In addition to the article already mentioned,
others were published in the “ Malton Messenger,” ‘ All the Year
Round,” the ‘‘ People’s Magazine,” and the “Catalogue of the
Salisbury Society.”
So far as can be ascertained, “ Flint Jack’s” correct name was Edward Simpson, and he was born in the village of Sleights, near Whitby, in the year 1815. He was, in later years, equally well known as John Wilson of Burlington, and Edward Jackson ; while his other aliases included ‘ Fossil Willy” (on the Yorkshire coast) ; “Bones” (at Whitby); ‘‘ Shirtless” (in the Eastern Counties) ; “The Old Antiquarian” (Wilts and Dorset); ‘Snake Billy,” “Cockney Bill,” and ‘‘ Flint Jack” universally.
* Reprinted by permission from the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society, Vol. vi.
260
His father was a sailor ; and at the age of fourteen Edward Simpson entered the service of Dr. Young, the historian of Whitby, from whom he acquired his knowledge of geology and archeology, frequently accompanying his master on fossil-hunting expeditions. He left Dr. Young to serve Dr. Ripley, with whom he remained until the doctor’s death in 1840. At that time he was described as an “active and more than ordinarily intelligent young fellow.”
Upon his master’s decease, Edward Simpson took to a roving life around Whitby and Scarborough, gathering and cleaning genuine fossils. During this period he appeared before the Scarborough magistrates for some offence, but escaped on the plea of being a geologist. In 1843 he was shown a barbed flint arrowhead by a dealer at Whitby, who asked if he could make one like it. At first he had many failures, and was musing one morning, when he took off the hasp of a gate, and with the curved part absent-
mindedly struck a piece of flint. <A flake flew off, and he tried again, soon acquiring the knack of chipping however he wished. At that time he could make and sell fifty flint arrowheads per day. Thenceforth dates the extraordinary supply, and the life of imposture which he led for so many years.
The distinctive signs of prehistoric flint implements were then not so well understood as they are at the present day ; and although no fault could be found with the shape of the spurious implements made by ‘“ Flint Jack,” the chipping was of the crudest description. The spurious implements made by Brandon knappers nowadays are distinctly superior. He studied various antiquities in museunis, and set himself to the fabrication of all kinds of antiques, for which purpose he spent years in comparative seclusion. In the beginning of 1844 Edward Simpson was at Bridlington, and by judiciously leavening his spurious with genuine implements, made a collection of six hundred “genuine” fora local antiquary. He ordinarily walked thirty or forty miles a day, vending his wares and collecting materials. Towards the end of the year he started making British and Roman urns, first near Bridlington, and then near Ravenscar. After a ‘“ baking-day” he would proceed either to Whitby or Scarborough, and there dispose of his “collections,” which he solemnly declared were taken from tumuli (pronounced toomoolo by him) on the moors. These urns were too thick in the walls, of wrong material, ornament, shape, and burning, but the knowledge of British antiquities was then but small, and there was little risk of detection. ‘ Flint Jack” was asked his opinion of a set of genuine implements, and, in a moment of weakness, confessed that he made them. At Malton, he sold a local antiquary a spurious hatchet of ironstone for one shilling. Out of an old tea-tray, at Pickering, he fashioned a Roman breastplate, which he sold without difficulty. A Roman milestone having then recently been found, “Jack” fashioned one out of a slab, lettering, grinding, chipping, and then burying the stone for subsequent exhumation This was sold to a medical gentleman for £5. He made other inscribed stones, one of which was for long a puzzle to antiquaries.
In 1846 Edward Simpson took to immoderate drinking, and remained in poverty to the end of his life. He made a flint comb, which the antiquaries of that day thought might have been used for tattooing. The same year (1846) he started on his first tour, At Hull, he sold a spurious axe to the Mechanics’ Institute; at Lincoln, spurious implements to the museum ; at Newark, he first began making fossils; and at Cambridge, he deceived the curator
262
of the Geological Museum and a local optician with fossils supposed to have come from the chalk and greensand. He also visited, on this tour, Newmarket, Brandon, Thetford, Norwich, Yarmouth, Ipswich, and Colchester. In the neighbourhood of Yarmouth, he made the acquaintance of an “archeological parson, easy to do,” who gave an unlimited order for British or Roman antiquities. Jack” soon produced a valuable assortment, with forms quite unique, the invention of his own fertile brain. At Colchester, he fell in with a travelling Jew, whom “Flint Jack” duped wholesale. From thence he went to London, and made the acquaintance of Mr. Tennant of the Strand, to whom he sold spurious fossils, flints, and antiquities. On his own confession, he also deceived the British Museum folk. He remained in London a year, and at length feared the museums might become over- charged with his implements. He also made spurious fibula, coins, seals, rings, leaden antiques, and jet seals and necklaces from Cannel coal.
Upon returning to Yorkshire he, for twelve months, collected genuine chalk fossils for the York Museum. At length, one day, at North Shields, he found flint among the shingle, and started on-his old life again, doing good trade at Durham. The following year he went to Ireland, and in 1852 again set out for London. At Bottesford he found an open quarry of lias, and stopped there some time collecting fossils. He sent his first basketful to a clergyman at Peterborough, who had befriended him—gratitude being a redeeming trait in “ Flint Jack’s” character. At St. Albans he found a good customer, and sold him spurious flint knives and arrowheads. He also made an ancient silver coin to order, out of the handle of a German silver tea-spoon. In after life, “ Flint Jack” related with evident glee how a Roman urn (calcined bones, earth, and all), which a canny sceptic: had refused to accept for five shillings, was afterwards bought up for £3.
In 1854 Wiltshire was the scene of his operations, and at Devizes (where he sold both forged fossils and implements to the Museum) he sat for his first portrait, which sold freely as a photograph of “The Old Antiquarian.” The same year he thoroughly worked the West of England, and during the next three years he also visited Scotland and most of the English counties, doing a flourishing trade. Many and many a time did he chuckle at having deceived the very elect of antiquaries. After further wanderings, Edward Simpson again came to the Eastern Counties by way of Boston, Spalding, and Lynn, visiting Norwich, Brandon, Yarmouth, and Ipswich. This was in 1860. Concerning
263
this visit, Major Fitch has kindly informed me that “ Flint Jack
lodged at the ‘‘ Half Moon,” a public-house which then stood in Norwich Market Place. He made implements with a sort of tool that kept old-fashioned windows open, and carried with him a plan, about twelve inches square, of specimens of Paleolithic and Neolithic implements, which he imitated with great success. Dr. C. B. Plowright was informed by the keeper of the Blackmore
Spurious Axes, made in Suffolk in 1898. Chipped ones of Flint ; unchipped of Plaster, $ size of originals.
Museum at Salisbury, that “Flint Jack” could make obsidian arrowheads out of the bottom of a black glass wine bottle. He also told this lady that he used a round pebble for working flints ; but, at another time, he told an uncle of Dr. Plowright that he used the hasp of a gate for this purpose. It is furthermore recorded that he used a small round-faced hammer of soft iron, so that his tools were very varied. Perhaps this was one of the two old flaking hammers that Mr. Fred Snare of Brandon tells
264
me “Flint Jack” begged of his father, Mr. W. E. Snare. Previous to this visit, “Flint Jack” had been charged by Mr. Tennant of London with making spurious implements, and had confessed the imposture. From that time his trade became very precarious, and he gave way more and more to dissipated habits. On January 6th, 1862, there was a meeting of the Geologists’ Association, in their rooms in Cavendish Square, when a paper was read by the Rev. T Wiltshire, on ‘“‘The Ancient Flint Implements of Yorkshire and the modern fabrication of similar specimens.” ‘‘ Flint Jack ” was present, and demonstrated his simple method of manufacture.
“Flint Jack” again visited Salisbury in 1863, when his photograph was taken by Mr. Treble A full-page engraving from this appeared in the “ People’s Magazine” and the ‘ Reliquary.” Lower and lower did he sink in vice and misery, until at length, in April, 1867, he stole some goods at Bedford, while in an intoxicated and half-starved condition. He was sentenced to twelve inonths’ imprisonment, and was contined in Bedford Gaol, where John Bunyan had preceded him in durance vile. It was, however, stated in January of that year that “among antiquarians he could generally raise a trifle for pressing needs-—a proof of their placable disposition, but when possessed of a little cash he drank without ceasing until it was gone.” At that time many archeologists had hanging in their residences a portrait of ‘ Flint Jack” framed in spurious flint implements of his making. In the “ Reliquary” for October, 1867, the editor appeals for help to assist ‘ Flint Jack” when he came out of prison, and says: ‘‘ The man possesses more real practical antiquarian knowledge than many of the leading antiquarian writers of the day; and he is a good geologist and paleontologist” The pity is that his talents were not put to better use. The ‘“ Neweastle Daily Journal” of May 14th, 1868, says: “The celebrated ‘Flint Jack’ has been released from prison, and is engaged in his old trade of fabricating flint arrowheads.” * A few years later he appeared in Stamford, and remained there for some time.
Mr. A. C. Elliott, of Newark-on-Trent, writes :—'‘ He frequented Savage’s lodging-house in St. Martin’s, Stamford, and used a passage or cellar of the monastery, a fine old groined ceiling and arches away from everybody. I visited him there, a dreadful hole, but I was always well received. ‘Flint Jack’ was not the poor miserable imbecile some state. He was well spoken, well behaved, badly dressed, a fair scholar, a clever craftsman, and
* The concluding paragraphs of this article have been added by the author, and did not appear in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Society.
265
undoubtedly a clever impostor. The collecting clergy were his mark, but how some could be taken in, show ed they had more money than brains. His pottery was rough in the extreme. His tools were good and rather numerous.” As to his methods of manufacturing stone axes, Mr. Elliott states that he first chiselled the stone to a wedge-shape, then rubbed it smooth with “ grit stone,” and finished it off with raw cow-hide. These “celts” sold at about 10s. each. His rings were drilled, and then reduced by a file. When finished they looked
Spurious Flint Arrowheads and Spearheads ; made in Suffolk in 1890, 2 size of originals.
like jet that had been buried. His photograph was taken at Stamford, and as many as 40 a day were sold at 1s. each—the profits being equally divided between Mr. A. C. Elliott, the photographer, and “ Flint Jack.” The last-named seems to have disappeared about 1873, and is said to have died in a workhouse, probably Pocklington, or one of the others in East Yorkshire. Anything more definite I have been unable to find.
266
CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1902.
By T. Asnton Lorrnouss, F.E.S.
* Denotes Species recorded in our Proceedings for first time.
The weather conditions prevailing this year were not at all favourable to insect life. Early spring insects were out fairly well to time and fairly numerous, the weather being a little more favourable then than later; May, which is generally cold and wet, was much colder and wetter even than usual, and in the whole of the month there was scarcely one fine day. The summer and autumn months, with the exception of a fortnight in June, were extremely cold and sunless throughout, with the result that moths generally were very scarce, and practically nothing occurred at sugar at any time. Many species put in a notably late appearance, and then only sparingly. Other species, generally taken, were not even noticed at all.
Mr. Sachse sent a list from which the principal species are noted below. With reference to the season, he says that “it was a most unpropitious one, the weather being either wet or cold.” Between August 12th and September 10th he was on the Continent, and therefore did not do any collecting in England during that period.
As an example of the late occurrence of many species, I may mention the following :—Zygena filipendule: fairly fresh on August 10th at Acklam ; Bryophila perla, fresh out at Danby on August 9th; Cerigo matura at sugar on August 22nd; Tapinostola elymi bred August 26th; Rumia luteolata fresh, and Venusia cambricaria at Kildale on August 30th; Hepialus sylvinus on August 3lst, and many other late occurrences could be instanced, but the above will give a better idea to those who are acquainted with the usual time of appearance of the species named, as to the extraordinary character of the season.
Diurni. Theela ruli.—Noticed at Eston on May 24th. Nocturni. Acherontia atropos—A specimen emerged in Mr. Clayton’s greenhouse on March 16th, from /arvw found at
Kildale (W. Sachse).
Nola cucullatella.—Several bred from /arve beaten off white- thorn at Eston (T. Belk).
267
Noctuz. * Cymatophora flavicornis.—A male specimen taken
at foot of birch trees at Carlton-in-Cleveland on April Ist.
Acronycta rumicis.—Specimen taken off a tree trunk at Acklam on May 14th, noticeable on account of early appearance in a season when almost every other species was late.
Xylophasia hepatica.—This moth appears to be fairly plentiful in favourable seasons at Thornaby, several being taken at sugar this year.
* Teniocampa munda.—Bred from Cleveland /arve (T. Belk),
also bred from Kilton (Proud), and caught at Great Ayton (F. R. Atkinson).
Cerastis vaccintii—Great Ayton, January Ist (F. R. A.) ; on sallows, at Kildale, in April.
Aanthia fulvago var. flavescens.—Bred a few from sallow catkins from Kildale, also caught a specimen at Kildale in August.
Cirrhadia xerampelina, — Lave plentiful at Great Ayton in the spring, also taken at Acklam and Tollesby.
Cirrhedia wxerampelina var. unicolor.—From a large number of specimens bred by Mr. Atkinson, he was fortunate to breed four specimens of this beautiful variety.
Agriopis aprilina.—On oak tree trunks at Ingleby in September. Xylocampa aveola.—This insect occurred at East Harlsey on March 31st, at Carlton on April Ist, and at Great Ayton
on April 5th, and subsequently several on sallows.
* Cucullia chamomillw.— A specimen taken off railings at Great Ayton on May 31st.
Habrostola tripartita.—Castleton, 5th July. Heliaca tenebrata.—Plentiful flying in the sun at Picton on
June 21st, on the occasion of the Field Club meeting in that locality (W. Sachse).
Geometrz. Acidalia virgulavia.—At Grosmont on July 7th,
also several at Redear in July and August.
268
Scodiona belgiaria.—Taken at Commondale on July 5th, on occasion of Field Club meeting in that district.
* Aspilates strigillarian—Two or three specimens taken and several noticed near Danby on July 5th (W. Sachse and F. Elgee).
Hybernia aurantiaria.— Specimens (both male and female) taken among birch at Kildale in November.
* Cheimatobia boreata—Occurred commonly among birch at Kildale in November.
* Oporabia jiligrammaria.—Bred in September from Jlarve swept on moors near Guisborough.
Eupithecia minutata.—Bred from Danby larve.
* Hypsipetes ruberata.—Bred in April from Jarve found at Great Ayton in September.
Cidaria suffumata var. piceata.—Eston, May 24th (W. Sachse), Thornaby (Proud).
Pelurga comitata.—Linthorpe (W. Sachse). Tortrices. * Dictyopteryx bergmanniana.—Kildale, August 30th.
* Grapholitha vamella.—Among birch on Eston Hills. * Grapholitha subocellana.—Guisborough, in May.
* Grapholitha tiimaculana.—Kildale, September.
* Stigmonota dorsana.—Took two or three specimens ; flying in sun on railway embankment near Great Ayton on June 24th. One of the specimens is interesting, it having dark lines in the white blotches on the upper wings.
Tinez. * Cerostoma radiatella—Park wood, Guisborough, in August. * Teleia proximella.—Kildale, in August. Gracilaria elongella.—Kildale, in November.
* Elachista argentella.—Swainby, in May.
269
LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN IN 1900 AND 1901.
(OmiTTED From Lists PUBLISHED FOR THOSE YEARS.)
* Sphinx pinastii.l examined a specimen some little time since that had been taken in the autumn of 1900, in a garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. The insect was not in very good condition, the edge of the wings being damaged and the colouring faded. It would probably either be an immigrant or have come into port with some ship, the garden in which it was taken only being some two or three miles from the Middlesbrough Docks.
* Acronycta leporina.—One in Mr. Sachse’s collection, taken at Great Ayton on June 10th, 1900.
* Coccyx splendidulana.—Park wood, Guisborough, May, 1901. Coccyx argyrana.—Park wood, Guisborough, May, 1901.
Prays curticellus—Bred from ash buds, Park wood, Guis- borough, May, 190).
* Cerostoma vitella.—Eston, 1900. * Depressaria ciliella.—Middlesbrough, 1901.
Lithocolletis quercifoliella.—Park wood, Guisborough, May, 1901.
270 SOME NOTES ON LOCAL LEPIDOPTERA BY THE LATE R. G. CLAYTON.*
Vanessa antiopa and V. io at Middlesbrough.—Many years ago I took a perfect specimen of the Camberwell Beauty ( Vanessa antiopa) off the Pottery wall, which is about 500 or 600 yards away in a direct line from St. Hilda’s Church ; and often captured specimens of the Peacock (Vanessa 10) upon the Dock Hill, but have not seen any since the enlargement of the Dock water area took place.
[I remember myself some years ago seeing single specimens of Vanessa io taken near the Albert Park and also at the Docks, but I have not seen or heard of it being taken in this district for some years now.—T. A. L.]
Hibernation of Vanessa urtice at Middlesbrough.—On 17th March, 1895, I took a living specimen of a common Tortoise-shell Butterfly ( Vanessa wrticw) from off the window next to the Vestry in St. Hilda’s Church, Middlesbrough, and, excepting one winter since then, there has always been one of these insects in the same place. In November last I noticed, suspended from the stone- work, an apparently defunct fully-developed imago, but, on the 23rd instant, during service, it descended to the bottom of the window and was very lively.
Of course, records of the appearance of a Tortoise-shell Butterfly during winter are extremely numerous, but what is most peculiar in the present instance is that only upon one window, and that one of those most exposed in the Church, should there have been a succession of the insects over so many years. The Church stands in the Market Place, in the middle of the town, and is in the midst of a very smoky district, and the side which the insects have affected is due north. There is a small hole for the drainage of moisture at the bottom of the window, and they have probably made an entrance there.— R. G. Clayton, 67, Douglas Terrace, Borough Road, Middlesbrough, 25th February, 1902.
* Reprinted from the ‘‘ Naturalist.”
eo
271 REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND.
By M. Lawson Tuompson, F.E.S.
The year 1902 was not a good one for Beetles, the prevailing absence of warm and sunny weather being very unfavourable for eollecting during most of the time. A few very interesting species, however, were met with in September, and the following notes refer chiefly to the work done during that month. Six of the insects then taken appear to be new to Yorkshire. These are Aepus marinus, Homalota occulta, Tachinus pallipes, Proteinus atomarius, Scaphisoma boleti, and Pocadius ferrugineus. I am again much indebted to Mr. E A. Newbery, of London, for his kindness in examining a few of the more critical specimens.
COoLKOPTERA. Carabus granulatus, L.—At Middlesbrough, 1901 (0. C. Hudson). eae
Clivina collaris, Herbst.—Saltburn Wood, among gravel at the edge of the stream (July).
Bembidium nigricorne, Gyll.—On Stanghow Moor in June.
Bembidium quadriguttatum, F.—At Saltburn in July.
Aepus marinus, Strém.—Saltburn, on the coast, under large stones embedded io shingle at high water mark, near Huntcliffe (June). I have not yet found A. robini?.
Hydroporus' melanarius, Sturm.—-Stanghow Moor; common in a mossy pool in June.
Aleochara ruficornis, Grav.— Saltburn, at the foot of the sea banks ; one specimen (September).
Homalota occulta, Er.—Saltburn, on the coast, in a dead gull (September).
Homalota xanthoptera, Steph.—Saltburn Wood; common in decaying fungi.
272
Homalota nigra, Kr.—Common at Saltburn.
Phytosus spinifer, Curt.—Saltburn ; common on _ the
coast in dead gulls (September).
Tachinus pallipes, Grav.—Saltburn Wood, in decaying fungi (September).
Philonthus corvinus, Er.—Saltburn, on the coast; one specimen in July.
Lathrobium elongatum, L.—At Saltburn. Stenus juno, F.—Saltburn, at the edge of a pond (May).
Proteinus atomarius, Er.—Saltburn Wood, in decaying fungi (September).
Scaphisoma boleti, Panz.—Saltburn Wood, in decaying fungi (September).
Omosita depressa, L.—Saltburn Wood, in decaying fungi (September).
Pocadius ferrugineus, F.—Saltburn Wood, in decaying fungi (September).
Sericosomus brunneus, L. (fungax, F.)—On Eston Moor, in June, 1901 (O. C. Hudson).
Corymbites cupreus, F.—At Middlesbrough in June.
Anaspis Garneysi, Fowler.—Saltburn, on whitethorn ; one specimen in June.
Limnobaris T-album, L.—On Stanghow Moor, in a marshy place (June).
Since I last examined the Rev. J. Hawell’s collection of Beetles taken in the neighbourhood of Ingleby Greenhow, he has been making a few additions to it. I will conclude the Report with a list of these insects.
273
Cicindela campestris, L. Carabus nitens, L. Harpalus ruficornis, F. Harpalus zneus, F.
Anchomenus dorsalis, Mill.
Agabus bipustulatus, L. Anaceena globulus, Payk.
Spheridium scarabzoi- des, F.
Epurza ezstiva, L. [eligethes zneus, F. Aphodius ater, De G.
As rufescens, F.
oa conspurcatus, L.
Aphodius lapponum, Gyll.
” ' punctato-sul- catus, Stm.
ey depressus, Kne. Melolontha vulgaris. F. Agriotes obscurus, L.
Rhagonycha limbata, Thoms.
Crepidodera ferruginea, Scop.
Sphzroderma cardui, Gyll. Lagria hirta, L. Sciaphilus muricatus, F. Barynotus obscurus, F.
Ceuthorrhynchus con= tractus, Marsh.
274 NOTE ON THE SUBMERGED FOREST & PEAT BEDS AT REDCAR,
By Mr. Henry Simpson.
Those members of the Field Club who are interested in geology will not need to be told that the general opinion has long been that in times not very remote, from a geological point of view, what is now covered by the North Sea was a verdant well- wooded plain with a large river—a continuation of the present Rhine—running down the middle of it to the North, and debouching into the Atlantic Ocean somewhere between the North of Scotland and the South-west of Norway. Of this great river the Thames, Ouse, Tees, and other east coast rivers would probably be tributaries. Between the North of Scotland and the West Coast of Norway there exists a bank now submerged through which it is supposed the waters of the ocean burst, and formed the North Sea, and doubtless also the Baltic. That was, it is believed, before the Straits of Dover existed. The North Sea is very shallow, being nowhere more than 400 feet deep, and what is now known as the Dogger Bank, which is opposite the Coast of Yorkshire and Durham, must have been one of the highlands of this extensive plain. On that bank the depth of the water is so small that in a storm the sand from the bottom is often carried on to the decks of vessels sailing over it. | When the North Sea was dry land Huntcliff, Rockcliffe, Flamborough Head, &c., would slope gently into the plain in the same way as Eston Hills, High- cliffe, Roseberry, &c., do in these days.
Evidence of the change trom land to sea is afforded by the fact that tree trunks and branches have been brought up from the bottom of the ocean by trawlers and others, and at consider- able distances from the present shore line, while close to the coast in various parts of the East of England are to be found remains of ancient forests. More particularly is this the case in the neighbourhood of Redcar, and between Seaton Carew and Hartlepool on the opposite side of the Tees Mouth. The remains at Redcar are the more extensive and are embedded in deposits of peat, which deposits are covered by sand of considerable thickness. At rare intervals after unusually heavy storms this sand is swept away, and the beds of peat are exposed near low water mark, but it is only for a few tides that they remain uncovered. Doubtless, it is due to the fact that these beds are protected by the rocks
275
further to seaward and are covered by the sand that they are still preserved, for to the North and South the sand, the peat, and the remains of forests have largely disappeared. Further South also the strong current which flows down the East Coast of Scotland and England has a great denuding influence, whereas Hartlepool Heugh and Redcar Rocks deflect the current to the eastward, and Redear and Seaton beaches are comparatively unaffected by this cause. While, however, there are no deposits of peat to the East of Redcar, occasionally there may be found branches of trees, &c., in the stiff clay, which, covered by a thin layer of sand, forms the floor of the beach between high and low water marks between Redcar and Saltburn. Similar remains have also been seen between Coatham and the South Gare Breakwater, though less frequently, as the covering of sand on the beach is much thicker on the West than it is to the East of Redcar.
Within comparatively recent years beds of peat have been exposed close to the east end of West Scar Rocks, immediately in a line with West Terrace, and also not far from the West end of the same rocks, almost opposite to the Convalescent Home. The beds, however, remain ‘“‘on view” for a very short time, but some thirty years ago that opposite West Terrace was exposed for some weeks, and during that time large quantities were dug out when the tide was low and carted away by the inhabitants, who dried it and found it as excellent a fuel as the present day peat; or the sea coal which is so largely consumed by the fishermen and others at Redcar. The period during which the bed was left bare by each tide was only short, not more than two or three hours, but those who were securing supplies of the deposit, in some cases, got to considerable depths. | When first dug out this peat was black and somewhat evil smelling, but the odour quickly disappeared when it was dried. Embedded in the peat were large portions of trees, chiefly oaks and firs, and they included trunks as well as branches, but seldom roots. Hazel nuts, acorns and decayed leaves were plentiful, apparently well preserved by the astringent qualities of the peat. Antlers of the red deer and tusks of the wild boar were found, and I believe some of the antlers were presented to the Museum, at York. At Seaton Carew, I am informed the sub- marine peat beds have yielded antlers of the Ivish elk and a tusk of the mammoth, but from what I can learn these have not been met with at Redcar.
RAINFALL IN
no bent f for}
CLEVELAND IN
1902.
The following Records are taken from “‘ British Rainfall,” published
by Mr. H. Sowe
STATIONS
Ingleby Manor ...
Ingleby Greenhow, .
‘Vicarage Easby Hail
Whitby (Royal Crescent)
Mulgrave Castle Hutton Hall
Lockwood Beck Reservoir
RAIN GUAGE | = AUTHORITIES. Height | Height § above above | 8 Ground Sea | Q Level INS, )} fee Wise} tb. Right Hon. Lord Debisle,..4) 5") (0 Ta 440 . Rey. J. Hawell bel Sty 56 448 Ne eae Emmerson, Bsq.| 5] 1 © 355 .| T. Newbitt, Esq.) 8 | 1 6 145 | Mr. J. Corbett... 5 | 1 0 | 410 .. Mr. J. MeIndoe EiyP heel Se ots! 400 | Mr. PAnson,©.G) 8} 1 0 632
9
(Monthly) Ormesby
Albert Park, Middlesbrough
eee] ” }
. Mr.W.Sanderson| 5| 1 0 1
rby Wallis and Dr. H. R. Mill.
9 8
J. M. Parnaby, Hsqays Beet 0s]
00
30
inches
27°29
Days on which ‘01 or more Rain fell
198
174
i
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t CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
SECRETARY’S REPORT, 1902-3.
I have pleasure in submitting my Report on the operations of the Club during the past year, and before entering into details I may be allowed to state that on the whole the year has been a satisfactory one, the work accomplished by the Society being well up to the average ; Summer and Winter Meetings being held with a fair amount of success, and a further part of our Proceedings being published during the year.
Summer Meretines.—Seven meetings were arranged to take
| e) ° T
place during the Summer months, exclusive of the Y. N. U.
Meetings, none of which were held in our district during the past
year. The attendance at these meetings (except when the weather was very unfavourable) was very good.
The opening excursion was held at Potto on May 3rd, when, although the day was a little threatening and cold, there was an attendance of about 30, including members from Middlesbrough, Stockton, Redcar, Ingleby Greenhow, Guisborough, and Whorlton. Six or seven members cycled over.
The party arriving by train at Potto, walked by way of the old mineral line (along the banks of which some interesting finds were made by the botanists) to Whorlton Castle, where they were met by the Rev. J. C. Fowler, B.A, F.G.S., the Vicar of Whorlton, who described the various features of interest about the Castle remains. He showed an interesting drawing of the Castle as it existed many years ago, copied from a drawing in the Warburton Collection at the British Museum. He also exhibited a coin that had been dug up in the neighbourhood of the time of Edward II. (?) ' After inspecting the Castle the party walked over to the old Church, where Mr. Fowler also acted as
guide, describing the various features of interest in what is one of
the most interesting Churches in Cleveland—a Church which has examples of all periods of work from Early Norman to Late Perpendicular. In the interior of the chancel (now used as a Cemetery Chapel) is a very fine recumbent figure (in oak) of a Knight, Sir Nicholas de Meynell. There are .also a number of interesting sculptured heads, and early grave covers built into the walls in various portions of the Church. Two or three of the
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more venturesome of the party climbed up into the belfry in the tower to inspect an interesting pre-Reformation bell.
After leaving the Church, a walk was taken through the fields up towards Seugdale a little way, and then back into Swainby.
The botanists and geologists of the party did a little investigating, but time being limited not much of interest was. turned up. With regard to Lepidoptera, the day being cold and the season very backward, very little was noticed.
The thanks of the Club are specially due to the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., for kindly conducting the party over the Castle, Old Church, &c., and thus being the means of a most instructive and enjoyable afternoon being spent.
On May 24th the second meeting was held at Eston. The day being exceptionally fine, after a very long spell of cold sunless days, resulted in the attendance at the excursion being very satisfactory, especially so as the time of departure, 1-10 p.m., was rather early, and would no doubt prevent some of our members from attending. A party of 22 were set down at Eston Station, and other 4 members being noticed on the ground during the afternoon, brought the attendance up to 26.
From Eston Station the party made tracks immediately for the top of the hills. The geologists, whu were more in evidence than usual, were under the able guidance of one of our Vice- Presidents, Dr. W. Y. Veitch, F.G.S., and went across Eston Moors by the mines, and through Park Wood to Guisborough,. noting the particular geological features en route.
A portion of the members spent some little time in investigating the remains of an “ Ancient Encampment,” conjectured to be of Saxon origin, and situate close to the Beacon. It is very distinct, and is rather unusual in form, being only a portion of a circle, the escarpment forming the boundary along the diagonal. Two “tymuli? were also viewed from here; these have both been examined some years since by Canon Atkinson and others,
The party, after leaving the encampment, walked through some pine woods, across Wilton and Barnaby Moors to Park Wood, where the botanists found their best ground, and fron thence into Guisborough.
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Entomologist members were in strong force, there being six on the moors during the afternoon. Several Emperor Moths were noticed dashing about the moors, and provided much exercise with very little result to some of our members. Three or four species of butterflies were noticed, the most noteworthy being a specimen of the Geen Hairstreak, the first that has been noted on Eston Moors that I am aware of. A number of other species of both butterflies and moths were noticed, but they, being only common species, do not call for special mention, with one exception, that being 7. biwndularia, specially noticeable on account of some very finely marked and dark specimens that occurred on fir and Jarch trunks.
Among the birds noticed during the afternoon the Cuckoo seemed to be very plentiful. A Grasshopper Warbler was heard. It was noticed that the warblers seemed to be very backward in their nesting operations.
On reaching Guisborough some of the members spent some time in looking over the objects of archeological interest in the Church, including the fine De Brus Cenotaph.
The next meeting was fixed for June 7th, on which day it was proposed to walk from Ayton Station to Kildale v/a Little Ayton and Easby ; owing, however, to it raining very heavily all day, this meeting had to be abandoned.
The fourth meeting took place on June 21st, when a party of about 15 journeyed to Picton and walked from thence to Yarm, the day being very fine; but owing to an expected guide not turning up, and the party being unable to get any local information as to a path through the fields, the journey had to be made by the road, which I am informed did not prove very interesting, although a few specimens of a fairly good moth, H. arbuti (one of the smaller yellow underwings), were taken by an entomologist of the party; and the Tway Blade Orchis was noticed as being very abundant in one or two places en route.
The next excursion was one arranged as the result of the Rey. J. Hawell’s lecture on the Evolution of Cleveland Scenery (which he gave to the Society in April last). The party of upwards of 20, on arrival at Commondale Station on Saturday, July 5th, were taken charge of by the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., who kindly acted as guide, the route being from *‘ Commondale Station through
280
the village and over the moors to Stoney Ruck, and from thence by way of Eve Crag Slack to Danby Station.”
The day being fine a very profitable afternoon was spent, especially so by those interested in Geology, who had the various features of geological interest pointed out to them en route by Mr. Hawell.: The entomologists of the party did a little work and turned up one or two very interesting species, the most notable being A. strigillaria (a species taken for the first time in Cleveland to my knowledge), F. belgiavia and Acidalia fumata.
Owing to the tide not being favourable, the next excursion, which was intended partly as a coast excursion, Loftus being the rendezvous, was postponed from Saturday, J uly 19th, to the ‘26th. The postponement was (as often is the case) unfortunate, as the weather conditions were anything but pleasant. However, in spite of the weather, 5 members attended, but although Dr. Veitch kindly attended, he having consented to act as guide to the geologists, the coast part of the excursion was not persisted in.
Four of the members on arrival at Loftus walked direct to Kilton Castle, but the weather getting worse instead of better, two of the party left and caught an early train back. The two who remained did a little entomological work under very disagreeable circumstances and with very little success.
The other member (a local gentleman) went direct to Liverton Church, and he reported that the Church was in course of restoration. He found that the Norman arch had been bottomed and the floor lowered, and that a fine sculptured stone memorial slab in excellent preservation had been found.
The /ast excursion of the Summer season down on the card to be held at Boosbeck was altered, and instead was held at Loftus on August 30th, when a portion of the programme for the last excursion was carried out, if being considered that as the restoration work was being carried out. at Liverton Church, it was a very opportune time to inspect it and also to see a fine sculptured memorial slab which had been unearthed during the carrying out of the work.
Fourteen members attended the meeting, twelve of whom had a very enjoyable time under the able guidance of a local member, Mr. Garbutt. Unfortunately, owing to the members getting out at Carlin How Station instead of Loftus, as intended by the circular, two of our members missed the party altogether.
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A fine fossil (supposed remains of Pleseosaurus) was examined by the geologist members on the pit landing stage at Carlin How Station. I should be glad if some member would give a description
of this for the Proceedings.
None of the Yorks. Naturalists’ Union Meetings being held in the Cleveland district during the year, no special circulars were sent out. Some of our members attended the meetings at Coxwold, Sedbergh, and Brimham Rocks.
The Yorkshire Archeological Society kindly invited members of our Society to join them in an excursion they were holding at Guisborough on June 13th, when the route taken was from thence to Marske via Kirkleatham. Some of our members availed themselves of the kind invitation.
We were indebted during the season to Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan and Co., Limited, for permission to view Eston mines workings, and also to Lord Downe, W. H. A. Wharton, Esq., and J. Swan, Esq., for permission to visit Kilton Woods.
Winter Moberines.—Since the last Annual Meeting, six Winter meetings have Leen held out of a programme of eight, two of the meetings being postponed—one, the Lecture by the Rev. W. Lower Carter, M.A. (“On Tracking a Yorks. River Under-
ground”), owing to the illness of the Lecturer ; and the second, a
Paper promised by Mr. Frank Elgee “ On the Study of Insects,” which he was unable to get ready in time.
The Winter meetings were all arranged and the Papers given by our own members, with one exception, that being the Yorks. Naturalists’ Union Lecture delivered by Kenneth McLean. The Club are very much indebted to those members who kindly rendered assistance in this way, and I am quite sure there are more of our members who could assist if they would, and I should be glad to hear from any who are willing to assist us next session.
On April 10th the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S., delivered
a Lecture entitled ‘“ Evolution of Cleveland Scenery.” There was a very good attendance of members at this Lecture, who had the
pleasure of listening to a very able and instructive Paper, the result of recent research made in the district by the Lecturer, Percy F. Kendail, F.G.S., F. R. Cowper Reed, M.A., F.G.S., and others. The Lecture was well illustrated by slide diagrams and
also views of scenery in different portions of the district; there
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were also a number of slides of Swiss scenery, illustrating the glaciers, etc.
A vote of thanks was proposed by Alderman J. F. Wilson, seconded by J. M. Meek, M.A., and carried unanimously.
The first meeting in the Autumn, which took place on Thursday, Noy. 6th, took the form of an Exhibition Meeting, when a number of microscopes with objects were arranged by Mr. Henry Simpson, to whom the Society are specially indebted for the trouble he took to make the evening a successful one. He was also assisted by Mrs. Hood and one or two others of our members.
Although the evening was fine, and there was no other counter-attraction of any importance that I am aware of, the attendance, which numbered not more than 20, was not altogether satisfactory.
Microscopes were kindly lent by H. Simpson, Mrs. C. Hood, J. E. Stead, T. F. Ward, and Angus Macpherson, and living objects and slides by Mr. Simpson, and slides by Mrs. C. Hood.
A number of botanical specimens, mostly local, were exhibited by Mr. Charlton, of Stockton, and one or two specimens of the Stag Beetle and Hornet, taken in the New Forest last summer, by T. A. Lofthouse.
On Thursday, Nov. 20th, a Lecture was delivered in the Lit. and Phil. Hall by Kenneth McLean, on “ Birds that are Misunderstood.” ‘The Lecture was given by arrangement with the Yorks. Naturalists’ Union, and Lit. and Phil. members attended at the Club’s invitation. There was a fairly large audience, our members being very well represented. Those present had the pleasure of listening to a very instructive and well illustrated Paper on the habits of many birds, such as the Owls, Night Jar, Cuckoo, Kestro, Kingfisher, Heron, ete , which, owing to mistaken ideas more often than not, are very much and unjustly persecuted.
At the conclusion of the Paper a vote of thanks to the Lecturer was proposed by Alderman Amos Hinton, J.P., President of the Literary and Philosophical Society, and seconded by J. M. Meek, M.A., and put by the President, Thos. F. Ward, and carried.
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The next Lecture was delivered on Thursday, December 11th, by Mr. Angus Macpherson, on “Rome.” It was fairly well attended, the subject being an attractive one to all interested in archeological and architectural subjects. The very fine slides by which the Lecture was illustrated would be specially appreciated by all those who had the pleasure of being present.
The first Paper in the New Year was given by Mr. T. C. Elgee, on Thursday, January 15th, whose subject was entitled “Land Mollusca of Cleveland.”
The Paper was a very able one, and one that showed that great care had been exercised in its preparation, and was the result of some years’ practical observation in the district by the Lecturer. The attendance at the Lecture was extremely disappointing (some 7 or 8 inall). No doubt the severe wintry weather deterred many from turning out, but this even should not have affected it to the extent that only some seven members attended out of a membership of about 120.
The Lecturer, after giving a brief description of the characteristics of Mollusca habits, ete, gave a more detailed description of some of the species that occur in the Cleveland district.
The Paper was illustrated by means of specimens of shells locally collected.
A vote of thanks was proposed to the Lecturer by T. Y. Howeroft, seconded by M. Wolstenholme, and supported by the President, T. F. Ward.
The Lecture down for February 12th, to be given by the Rev: W. Lower Carter, M.A., F.G.S., and for which circulars were sent out, was unavoidably postponed owing to the serious illness of the Lecturer.
On March 18th an Exhibition Meeting was held, when a very interesting series of exhibits were made by Dr. W. Y. Veitch, F.G.S., and others.
Dr. Veitch exhibited among other things the following :— A collection of shells (named) from Raised Beach near Odde, Norway, especially interesting in so far as they are similar in
almost all respects to what would be taken in raised beaches that
284
cecur in the Cleveland district ; a Lump Sucker, a species of fish taken in the River Tees recently ; a very fine Modiola, or Horse Mussel, taken from the Tees; a supposed Paleolithic Hammer Head, found in connection with the Dock extension, among ballast supposed to have come from the Tyne. This had been forwarded to Canon Greenwell, and he said if it was a hammer, it was more probably Neolithic than Paleolithic ; some very fine selenite crystals obtained in the red sandstone formation during the Dock extension works, etc.
Mr. C. Milburn exhibited a case of Dofterel obtained in the Tees district, and also a case of the common Dunlin, noticeable in so far as it included the two forms, the large and small, that occur at the Tees mouth, and which by many ornithologists are considered to be separate species.
Mr. T. A. Lofthouse exhibited a case of insects, showing the life history as far as circumstances permitted—7.e. from the ovum to the imago stage, including larve and pupe.
The thanks of the Club are due to those members who have kindiy come forward and given Papers and other assistance at our meetings held during the Winter months. These have, as heretofore, been given voluntarily, the only expense incurred being for postage, printing, lantern, and the travelling expenses of the Yorks. Naturalists’ Union Lecturer, the latter of whom was kindly put up for the night by our President, Mr. T. F. Ward.
The attendance at some of our Winter Meetings has been very disappointing ; in fact, more so even than last Winter, and it is a question for the Club whether it is advisable to continue the expenditure involved in carrying these out when they are so little appreciated. Of course, the night and time of holding the meetings may not have been convenient ; but if this is so, or there is any other reason, I am quite sure your Committee will give any suggestion members may make as to the carrying out of these meetings every consideration. For my own part, I think the Lectures and Exhibition meetings do good if they only bring half a dozen members together who are interested, but this perhaps is not very satisfactory to those who have been at considerable trouble in preparing papers and exbibits.
Committee Meertincs.—During the year five Committee meetings were held, with an average ‘attendance of five.
——-c—_- -—
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The thanks of the Club are due to the Council of the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical Society for permission to use their rooms for Winter Meetings and Committees.
Mempersuie.—The membership of the Club now stands at 111, including two honorary members, being an increase over last year of 6 (and being the largest number of members the Club has had at one time since it was formed). During the year 16 new members have been elected. This is considerably below the number added last year, which was 35. On the other hand, 9 have resigned, some of these having left the district, and one has been struck off for non-payment of arrears of subscription.
Proceepines.—During the past year Proceedings for the year 1901 (Part IV. Vol. 1) have been published, and these have been issued to members during the past week. The number is, I consider, well up to the average both as regards size (it containing upwards of 60 pages, with five illustrations) and the value of the Papers contributed.
Seeing that the number has only been sent out during the past week, it is not necessary for me to enumerate the Papers that are contained therein ; but I am sure that members will agree with me in saying that the best thanks of the Society are due to the members who contributed Papers, among them being J. Archyll Jones, B.Sc., T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A., C. Milburn, and our valued contributor and indefatigable Editor, the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.Sc., to whom we are again indebted not only for his valuable Paper on the ‘“ Evolution of Cleveland Scenery,” but also for the able and very careful manner in which he has kindly edited our Jatest publication.
All the Papers have been contributed to the Society volun- tarily, and also the whole of the blocks have been lent by members and others, the Society being indebted to the Rev. Grant James, and Mr. T. M. Fallow for the loan of the blocks of Marske Font and Cross, and to the ‘Editor of the Friend” for the Map illustrating the Rev. J. Hawell’s paper.
I have already some Papers received and promised for the 1902 Proceedings, and hope we may be able to put these in hand during the year. This, however, will depend somewhat on funds, these being at present exhausted, or at all events they will be shortly, owing to our last publication, but if members would pay up the arrears of subscription which amounted, a few days ago, to
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about £14, we should be about clear and in a position to go on with further work of publication.
There are a good many other members who could assist us by contributing Papers of local interest, and I hope that more of these will lend us their aid in the future.
Borany Srection.—The attention of the Botany Sectional Committee is directed to an ¢mportant paper in the “ Naturalist” for January last on Botanical Survey for Local Naturalist Societies, in which workers are asked to undertake Botanical Survey work on the lines laid down by the paper, in the North Riding and other parts of Yorkshire. As Cleveland forms an important part of the North Riding it seems to be desirable that the botanical members of our Society should take up this work and. publish the result of their labours in future numbers of our Proceedings. This work, I may say, is being taken up by local societies in other parts of the Country, and a Yorkshire Botanical Survey Committee has been formed by the Yorkshire Nat. Union for the furtherance of this valuable work.
Liprary.—The only addition that has been made to the Library this year is the volume of the Naturalist, for 1902. I have also received two numbers of a new quarterly magazine being published on Natural History Subjects.
The Club would be glad to receive any works bearing on Natural History, Archeology, &c., especially those bearing on the Cleveland district, which any of our members or others may see their way to present to us.
Museum —The building which is being erected by the muni- ficence of Mr. A. J. Dorman for this purpose has now made material progress and it is possible that before our next Annual Meeting that the building, with its collections, may be opened to the public.
T do not know how it is proposed to manage and work the Museum, but I should say that it is not probable that paid curators wil] be engaged for all the different sections of the exhibits, and this being so I should say that it would be of advantage if honorary curators for the different sections were appointed from our society, of course, to work along with the curator and under the Museum Committee. This is usual in many local museums all over the country. It would also be well if our Club were to make
en ee ee a ee OO
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its headquarters at the Museum (of course, with the permission of the authorities) and to hold its meetings there, seeing that the chief object of our Society is the study of Natural History and Archeology, especially with regard to the Cleveland district, and the first aim of the Museum should be to illustrate this in all its sections as fully as possible, the local part of the collection being of the utmost importance.
GENERALLY.—During the past year two of our members have been appointed divisional Hon. Seeretaries of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union, for the purpose of arranging and carrying oat the excursion meetings in their division, the members being the
Rev. J. Hawell, M.A. and Mr. J. J. Burton, and by virtue of this
office they become members of the Executive of the Union.
By the kind assistance of some of our members, viz. :— Messrs. T. F. Ward, Sachse, Punch and Frank Elgee, some considerable saving has been effected in postage by the deliv ery of notices for the meetings during the winter months. As it is essential that we should work as economically as possible I should be obliged if other of our members would kindly assist in the distribution of circulars during the year; it is hardly fair that this should be done by only two or three members when it is for the benefit of the whole Society.
It has occurred to me that it would be worth the considera- tion of the Society whether it would not be a good thing to divide the Cleveland district into four or five divisions and during the summer months hold a meeting in each division. It would also be of assistance to the Secretaries if members would take one of the divisions and make all necessary arrangements as to programme, route and guides and personally attend the meeting. This, at the same time, would enable more members to take an active part in the work of the Society.
If it were not for the expenses involved in multiplying the number of meetings, I sometimes think it would be well to have one or two outdoor meetings in the late autumn or early spring months to visit local churches of architectural and archeological interest such as Dillingham, Norton, Eaglescliffe, Hartlepool, or local Museums such as Whitby, which have many things of local interest, especially geologically.
I hope inembers will do their utmost to increase the member- ship (which for the Cleveland district should certainly not be less
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than 200) during the coming season, there should be no difficulty in doing this if members would point out the amount of work the Society is doing and what return the members get for the nominal subscription of 5/-. By increasing the number we should not only put the Club on to a sounder footing, but we should ensure the publication of Proceedings more regularly and of larger size, material for which I am quite sure would be forthcoming for many years to come.
The thanks of the Society are again due to the members of the press for kindly printing notices of our various meetings, and also to the North-Eastern Railway for the special privileges granted to the members by them.
Great assistance has again been rendered me by my co- secretary, Mr. Frank Elgee, assistance which has been the means of materially lightening my labours on behalf of the Club, which tend to grow considerably. I have also to. thank our esteemed President, Mr. Ward, and other members, for assistance in carry- ing out the work appertaining to my office.
Tl KS D\
(15 JUN2
PROCEEDINGS CLEVELAND NATURALISTS.
BEIELD Cie
MO |
foo Sto 0 2s
Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S.
MIDDLESBROUGH !
Jorprson AND Co., Lp., PRiInrers AND PUBLISHERS,
1904.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Dolichocephalic Skull Brachycephalic Skull ; Whorlton [Holy Cross] (to face) Canon Atkinson (to face)
Effigy found at Normanby
Seal
Teal Ducks
Plan of Coatham Wild Duck tang
Sketch View of Coatham Duck Decoy as existing in 1887
Herring Gull’s Nest (to face) Norman Font, Marske (2 views) Early Cross found at Marske
General Map of the Glaciers and Glacier- ee of the Cleveland area Bes Ban
Dictyozamites Hawelli (to face)...
Whorlton Castle
Whorlton Church ...
Meynell Tomb Nr Se Doorway in North Wall. Liverton Chureh
Exterior from 8. W. Do. Do. S.E. Do. Do. N.W. Do. Do. W. Do. Interior looking E. Do. Do. W. Do.
Fitzconan Grave Slab (to face) ... Interior looking FE. Liverton Church
Liverton Old Parsonage er re Re
“Flint Jack” Spurious Flint Implements
ERRATA.
Page 214.—Geometra vernaria—delete.
~ Page 139.—Pterostoma palpina—delete.
Page 241.—Instead of “much more likely that we are the ‘ descendants ‘de Guillaume le Conquerant,’” read “much more likely that we are the descendants of the companions ‘de Guillaume le Conquérant,’” —
INDEX, OF -SuUmscC TS,
Note.—Pait I and II of the Proceedings both commencing with page 1, the pages of part I (1895) should for the purpose
of Indexing be numbered La, 2a, ete.
ARCHAEOLOGY. Fallow, T. M. ; Discoveries at Liverton Church = : 249 Fallow, T. M. ; Early Cross at Marske-by-the-Sea — - - 175 Fallow, T. M.; Effigy found at Normanby — - - = 80 Fallow, T. M. ; Norman Font at Marske-by-the-Sea - 173 Fowler, Rev. J. C.; Whorlton-in-Cleveland — - : = 234 Lofthouse R. ; Some Account of the Remains of Norman Architecture in Cleveland Churches - 5a, 13 CONCHOLOGY. Hawell, Rev. J.; List of the Mollusca of the Cleveland District : - 2 : : 19 ENTOMOLOGY. AnnuaL Nores— Conroprera, 1895-1902— Thompson, M. L. : - 21a, 40, 147, 211, 271 Lepiporrera, 1895-1902— Gribble, W. C. : - - - - 19a Lofthouse, T. A. - 16a, 35, 127, 137, 305, 266 Sachse, W. - : - : - - 144
ARTICLES— Clayton, R. G. ; Some Notes on Local Lepidoptera 270 Lofthouse, T. A. ; A few Notes on Lepidoptera that have been recorded for the Cleveland
District during past years - < 2 120 Sachse, W.; A Nascent Species - = Z 145
Vi.
GEOLOGY. Anon. Sections of Borings for Salt near Middlesbrough- 82 Hawell, Rev. J. ; Bajocian Plant Beds of Yorkshire : 229 Hawell, Rev. J.; The Evolution of Cleveland Scenery - 176 Simpson, H. ; Note on the Submerged Forest and Peat Beds at Redcar - - - - - - 274 Veitch, W. Y. ; Geological Notes of an Excursion made by the Field Club to Runswick Bay, on June Ist, 1895 - 12a Veitch, W. Y.; Prehistoric Middlesbrough — - - - 5 MAMMALOGY. Axnuat Norss, 1896-1901— Clayton, R. G. - - - - - -]5a, 51; 99, TES Lofthouse, 2. - - - - : : - 15a Lofthouse, T. A. - : - - - - - 213 Milburn, C. - : : - - : - : 118
ARTICLES —
Lofthouse, R. ; On the Former Occurrence of the Seal in the Tees Estuary and on the
adjoining Coast — - - - - 87 Lofthouse, R.; Some Notes on the Food of the Hedgehog - - - : - 257 METEOROLOGY.
Rainfall Reports — - : - - - - 154, 176, 218
MISCELLANEA. Clarke, W. G. ; “Flint Jack”, his Life History : : 259 Clayton, R. G. ; Note on Shark, 1898 — - - = - 51 Jones, J. A. ; The Study of Nature - - : - : 196 Secretary’s Reports, 1899-1900 — - : - ; - 155 1900-1901 - “ - * . 160 1901-1902 - - - - - 220
1902-1903 - - - - - 277
-
vu. NECROLOGY.
Atkinson, Rey. Canon ; by Rev J. Hawell Lofthouse, Roger - = - - Manson, R. T. ; by the Rev. J. Hawell -
ORNITHOLOGY.
AnnuaL Nores, 1896-1901— Clayton, R. G. - y Duncan, §.
Lofthouse, R. - : a Milburn, C. -
ARTICLES—
Lofthouse, R, ; Bird’s Nests in Strange Places Lofthouse, R. ; Coatham Marshes and the Wild Duck
Decoy that formerly existed there
Lofthouse, R. ; Early appeamnde of the Redwing
in 1900 E = =
Lofthouse, R.; Nesting Site of the Herring Gull on the
North eehire Coast = z
Lofthouse, R. ; Notes on the Occurrence of the Grass- hopper Warbler at eee :
Lofthouse, R. ; Snow Bunting, The -
Milburn, C. E. ; The Occurrence of the Little Buntin;
at Tees Mouth
13a, 46, 18, 49, 111,
List of Officers and Members, Statement of Accounts,
219
49
and
Cataloyue of Publications received, to be bound at end of Volume.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Addison, H., Woodlands Road, Middlesbrough.
Allott, Miss M., c/o. Mr. Drust, The Avenue, Linthorpe. Archer, Ronald H., Yarm-on-Tees.
Atkinson, Frank R., The Tile Sheds, Great Ayton, R.S.O.
Baines, Charles, 31, Crescent Road, M iddlesbrough. Baker, Frank, C.E., F.G.S., The Crescent, Linthorpe. Barnley, George, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
Bell, T. Hugh, D.L, J P., Coatham, Redcar.
Bell, Chas. Lowthian, J.P., Linthorpe.
Bell, J. Hyslop, J.P., Stockton-on-Tees.
Belk, Thos., White House, Normanby, R.S.O. Brown, Thos , Royal Exchange, Middlesbrough. Burton, J. J., Rosecrott, Nunthorpe, R 8.0.
Burton, Lawrence, Nunthorpe, R.S.O.
Butler, J. Theobald, Ayton Hall, Great Ayton, R.S8.0.
Calver, Miss, 17, Crescent Road, Middlesbrough.
Calvert, Mrs. Joseph, Grove Hill, Middlesbrough. Calvert, Miss E., The Avenue, Linthorpe.
Calvert, J. S, The Avenue, Linthorpe.
Clarke, W., 153, High Street, Stockton-on-Tees. Charlton, I. b., Victoria Buildings, Stockton-on-Tees. Clive, Robert, A.M.I.M.E., Carlin How, R.S.O. Constantine, Herbert, Hazeldene, Linthorpe.
Cozens, T. J., Preston Grammar School, Stokesley, R.S.O,
ie Derwent, E., Cliff Ridge House, Great Ayton, R.8.0.
s e Dixon, Waynmnan, J.P., Ayton House, Great Ayton, R.S.O. Dorman, A. J., J.P., Grey Towers, Nunthorpe, R.S.0.
Edgar, W., Hugh Bell Schools, Middlesbrough.
Elgee, T. C., 23, Kensington Road, Middlesbrough. s Elgee, Frank, 23, Kensington Road, Middlesbrough. Ellerton, John, M.D., J.P., Grove Hill, Middlesbrough. Emerson, J.J., J.P., LL.D., Easby Hall, Great Ayton, R.S8.O.
Fallow, T. McAll, M.A., FS.A., Coatham House, Coatham, Redear.
Fidler, Geo., The Poplars, Coatham, Redcar. Forster, F. J., Albert Chambers, Middlesbrough.
Fowler, Rev. J. Cowley, B.A., F.G.S., Whorlton Vicarage, Northallerton.
Fry, John P., M.A, D.L., Cleveland Lodge, Great Ayton, R.S.0.
Garbutt, John, Kilton Mill, Carlin How, R.S.O. Gjers, Lawrence F., J.P., Busby Hall, Northallerton.
Hall, Hy. W., Inland Revenue Office, Middlesbrough.
Hallimond, H. T., 3, Lime Street, Saltburn-by-the-Sea,
Hart, John, Imeson Terrace, Middlesbrough.
Harwood, L.C., 56, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., F.G.S., Ingleby Greenhow, Middles- brough,
Hawley, Miss B., 8, Park Road S., Middlesbrough.
Hinton, Miss F., Hilda House, Middlesbrough.
Hinton, Amos, J.P., Hilda House, Middlesbrough.
. Hodges, J. Percy, 79, Victoria Road, Grangetown,
Holloway, Rev. A. J., M.A., St. John’s Vicarage, Middles- — brough. ‘S Hood, Miss, 2 2, Ayresome Terrace, Middlesbrough.
ili.
Hood, Miss Nellie, 16, Southfield Road, Middlesbrough, Tlood, Mrs. C., Heath Ilouse, North Ormesby.
Hood, Christopher, Heath House, North Ormesby.
Hood, A. Gordon, 2, Ayresome Terrace, Middlesbrough. Hooton, W. M., B.A.,, High School, Middlesbrough. Howeroft, T. Y., 62, Grange Road, Middlesbrough.
TTowson, R., Southfield Terrace, Middlesbrough.
Hudson, Baker (Hon Member), Free Library, Middlesbrough.
Ingham, W. Porritt, Blenheim Terrace, Coatham, Redeayr. Inglis, Alex., 25, Tlartington Road, Stockton-on-Tees,
Jackson, E. W., c/o. Messrs, Pattinson. and Stead, Queen’s Square, Middlesbrough. James, Rev. F. Grant, The Vicarage, Marske-by-the-Sea.
Jones, J. A, B.Sc, GS: Stanhope Avenue, West . Hartlepool.
Kedward, Thos. .J., King’s Road, North Ormesby.
Kirby, Miss LB. J., 9, Imeson Terrace, Middlesbrough. Kirkpatrick, Miss A., 10, Park Street, Middlesbrough. : S- Kitching, A. E, D.L., .P. Ayton Firs, Great Ayton, R.S.O, Knaggs, Mrs. Kate, 129, Grange Road E., M iddlesLrough. Knaggs, W. T., Grove Hill, Middlesbrough.
Lawrence, Ernest, Britannia Works, Middlesbrough.
Lewis, Thos., Park Road, Middlesbrough.
Linton, Henry, Cambridge Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Lithgow, Samuel, F A.T., Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Lofthouse, A. W., F.S.1, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbro’. Lofthouse, T. A., A.R.I.B.A., F.E.S, The Croft, Linthorpe —
Macdonald, Miss Grace, The Avenue, Linthorpe, Middlesbro’ Makepeace, W. Ridley, Stockton-on-Tees,
lv,
Marshall, F. Herbert, Grove Hill, Middlesbrough. Meek, J. M., M.A., Coatham, Redear. Milburn, Chas., 105, Grange Road, Middlesbrough.
Naughton, John, Great Ayton, R.S.O.
Pease, Sir Alfred E., Bart., M.A., Pinchingthorpe
Pease, John H., J.P., Woodside, Darlington.
Pennyman, J. W., D.L., J.P., Ormeshy Hall, Middlesbrough. Punch, Mrs. J. W. R., Hastoe House, Middlesbrough. Punch, J. W. R., Hastoe House, Middlesbrough.
Ridley, Thos., Coatham, Redear,
Ridsdale, F. D., North of England School Furnishing Co., Linthorpe Road, Middlesbrough.
Roebuck, W. Denison, F.L.S., (Hon. Member) 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
Robson, Miss J., 9, Imeson Terrace, Middlesbrough. Robinson, A. 8, B.A., M.B., Dundas Villa, Coatham, Redear. Robinson, M., Harthurn, Stockton-on-Tees.
Sachse, Walderman, The Avenue, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Sadler, Col. S. A., M.P., J.P., Preston-on-Tees.
Sanderson, Mrs., Cumberland Villas, Borough Road, Middles- brough.
Senior, Miss F., 9, St. John’s Terrace, Middlesbrough. Shaw, Fred., Grove Hill, Middlesbrough.
Simpson, Henry, Coatham, Redear.
Stephens, Geo. W., 7, Cleveland Terrace, Coatham, Redear, Stuart, Chas, M.B, L.R.C.P., Great Ayton, R.S.O.
Tidman, Chas., Fernleigh, Eaglescliffe Junction. Thomas, Rev. C. N., M.A., The Rectory, Guisborough. Thomas, W. H., 7, Ryedale Terrace, Middlesbrough,
Vv. Thomas, E. Herbert, Hich Street, Boosbeck, R.8,0, Thompson, M. L,, F.E.S., 2, Thornelifte Villas, Saltburn-by-
the-Sea,
Veitch, W. Y., L.R.C. | Ae ie ce ONS F.G.S., Linthorpe Road, Middlesbr ‘ough.
Walton, Joseph, M. P., D.L., J.P., Saltburn.
Ward, Thos. F., Park Road, S., Middlesbrough,
Ward, A. E., Highfield, Eaglescliffe Junction, R.S.O,
West, Miss, 116, Grange Road W., Middlesbrough.
Wilkins, Miss E., 8, Park Road N., Middlesbrough.
Williams, Rey. F Jeb. A.,: The Baciane Guisborough,
Williams, W. J., M. D,, isigd Road W., Middlesbrough.
Wilson, T. Russell, Tee tek Street, Suita: -on-Tees.
Wood, E. W., Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
Woolston, Miss F.M., 22, Wilson Street, Middlesbrough,
Woolston, T., 22, Wilson Street, Middleshrough,
Worstenhcolne, L., Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
Wright, J. W. B., Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
Pepe: U. H., B.A., J.P., The Manor House, Stokesley, RS
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS received by the Society as Donations or Exchanges, and which are deposited at the Free Library, Middlesbrough, and may be seen on application to Mr. Baker Hudson, Hon. Librarian to the Club.
“The Naturalist,” 1886-1903.
Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, ‘ Record of Proceedings,” 1889, 1895, 1896-8, 1899-1900, 1901.
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Transactions, pts. 15, 16, 17, 19; 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29.
Weardale Naturalists’ Field Club Transactions, pt. 1., vol. 1.
Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club Transactions, Vol J. Vol. II. -Vol: IIL, part-1.
Faweett’s “ Historic Places in the Derwent Valley.”
Salt’s “List of Plants collected chiefly in the neighbourhood of Sheffield.”
Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, vol. 14, pt 1 :—Hawell’s “Peat Deposit at Stokesley.”
Keeble and Gamble’s “The Colowr-Physiology of Hippolyte varians.”
Keeble’s “ Observations on the Loranthacee of Ceylon.” Keeble’s “ The Hanging Foliage of certain Tropical Trees.” Gurmey’s ‘Diurnal Birds of Prey.”
Smith’s ‘‘ Botanical Survey for Local Naturalists’ Societies.” Grant’s ‘ List of Pease’s Somaliland Collection of Birds.”
Vale of Derwent Field Club Proceedings, vol. II, IV.
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Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club can be obtained of the Hon. Secretary, Mr. T. A. Lofthouse, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
Vol. 1, part 1 = Sixpence. ” I, 9 2 = One Shilling. Vee Pemtker pe = Two Shillings, PRES (acter panee - Two Shillings.
MEMBERSHIP.
Any persons at all interested in the work of our Society are invited to become Members, even if they are not able to be active Members. Their support would be valuable and would also show that the work of the Society was not altogether unappreciated.
The Annual Subscription is 5/-. Further particulars would be supplied by the Hon. Secretary.
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