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V

>

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

(pu8fiel}e& JRwflJortfg,

Volume III.

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1908

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Volume III.— No. I.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTR ICT OF
MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

BY

A. T. GAGE, Captain, I.M.S.,

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA.

for f$e (Booernmettf of Jnita af f$e (Boocrnmenf Cenfraf
(printing Office, 8, JEjaetingcf Jlfreeti £«fcuffa.

1904.

Issued on 23i d July 1904,

Price He, PS or Is,

List of Contributors,

■ ■+ — "

Page.

Candolle, C. de : — A revision of the Indo-Malayan species of

Cedrela * , , 356

Gage, A. T. :—*The Vegetation of the district of Minbu in Upper

Burma (with map) ........ 1 1

Prain, D. The Vegetation of the districts of Hughli-Howrah and

the 24-Pergunnahs (with map) ..... 141.

Radlkofer, L. : — Sapindaceae novae Indicae et Malaicae ex Her-

bario Calcuttensi ........ 34°

V

CONTENTS.

4

I. — The Vegetation of the district of Minbu in Upper Burma, by
A. T. Gage (issued, 23rd July 1904) .

II.— -The Vegetation of the districts of Hughli-Howrah and the
24-Pergunnahs, by D. Prain (issued, 21st February 1905) .

III. — Sapindaceae novae Indicae et Malaicaeex Herbario Calcuttensi,

auctore L. Radlkofer (issued, 15th June 1907) .

IV. — A revision of the Indo-Malayan species of Cedrela, by C. de

Candolle (issued, 7th January 1908) • • ,

Index to plants referred to .•••••

Page.
1 — 141

M2-339

340-355

356-376

377

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

*

Volume III— No. i.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF
MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

BY

A

A. T. GAGE, Captain, I.M.S.,

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA.

CALCUTTA:

OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1904.

Agents for the sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government

Printing , Indiat Calcutta.

In England.

E. A. Arnold, 37, Bedford Street,
Strand, London, W.C.

Constable 8r Co., 2, Whitehall Gardens,
London, S.W.

Bernard Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly,
L ondon, W.

P. S. King & Son, 2 & 4, Great Smith
Street, Westminster, London, S. W,
Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co.,
Charing Cross Road, London, W. C.
Deighton, Bell & Co., Cambridge.
Williams and Norgate, Oxford.

On the Continent.

Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig.

Ernest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris.

Marti nus Nijhoff, The Hague.

In India.

R. Friedlander & Sohn, 11, Carlstrasse,
Berlin, N.W.

Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig.

Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta and 1
Simla.

Newman & Co., Calcutta.

S. K. Lahiri & Co., Calcutta.

R. Cambray & Co., Calcutta.

Thacker & Co., Ld., Bombay.

A. J. Combridge & Co., Bombay.

D. B. TaraporevalaSons & Co., Bombay.

Higginbotham & Co., Madras.

V. Kalyanaram Iyer & Co., Madras.
G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras.
Superintendent, American Baptist
Mission Press, Rangoon.

Rai Sahib M. Gulab Singh & Sons,
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Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon, Bombay ,

B. Mathur, Superintendent, Nazair Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad.

CONTENTS.

- • ■ »■

Map of the District

Chapter I. Itinerary ......

„ II. Topography of the District

„ III. Sketch of the Vegetation ....

j, IV. Systematic census and Distribution of the plants
collected ......

„ V. Economic and Medicinal « ...

PAGE

I

4

7

19

13*

\

Captain Gage’s route shown thus . . . .

No. QS4, Dir.. Bot. Sur.-May 04.— 400.

Pkotozuicographed at the Surrey of India Offices^ CakuU'Z.

i y~OTu?sexJc

Scale 1 Inch = I/. Miles.

J Miles

MAP

To illustrate the vegetation of

MINBTJ DISTRICT

I!

• x p,

v

I, ■ . rf

■' / W-'

S /

•/. X /

■: /

•'•*X •••: v->, ■

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t

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M J-

■ ! v S v ' . v '■ -i>, . • .• XX !

. •; • . ' ■ ■ / ’ 4 ■■■•:’• -i>?

■ V • . y-i-

«

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF MINBU IN

UPPER BURMA.

— ♦—

By A, Gage .

1

CHAPTER I.— ITINERARY.

The writer having been deputed by Major Prain, I. M S., Director
of the Botanical' Survey of India and Superintendent of the Royal
Botanic Garden, Calcutta, to proceed to the district of Minbu in Upper
Burma to collect specimens and to study the vegetation of the district,
left Calcutta by steamer on the 27th February 1903 and arrived at
Rangoon on the 2nd March 1903. As the steamer reached Rangoon
just too late to allow the writer to proceed at once to Minbu, he utilised
the enforced stay in collecting in the neighbourhood of Rangoon
itself. While there the writer also called upon the Director of Land
Records and Agriculture and upon the Revenue Secretary, by both of
whom he was provided with letters of intoduction, by the former to
the Deputy Commissioner of Minbu, and to the Superintendent of
Land Records there, by the latter to the Deputy Conservator of
Forests. The writer left Rangoon on the 4th March by train for
Prome, whence the journey was continued by the Irawaddy Flotilla
Company’s steamers until Minbu was reached on the 7th March, where
the writer was received by his friend Captain Fenton, I.M.S., then
Civil Surgeon of Minbu. The same day the writer called on
Mr. Parry, the Deputy Commissioner, and explained to him the object
of the writer’s visit to Minbu. The following day the writer met
Mr. Aubert, the Superintendent of Land Records, and in company with
him visited the island in the Irawaddy opposite the town of Minbu,
and collected specimens of all the crops growing there, which were
then in flower or fruit. The following day, the 9th March, the writer
collected to the west of Minbu town and in consultation with
Mr. Aubert drew up a tour through the central part of the district,,
crossing it from East to West.

Mr. Aubert displayed keen interest in the object of the tour, and
volunteered to accompany the writer on his excursion. It is owing to
this fortunate circumstance that this account of the flora of Minbu.

B

2

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

more especially on its economic side is much less meagre than other-
wise it would have been, if the writer had been obliged to rely entirely
on himself. Mr. Aubert understanding the Burmese language well,
was most untiring in extracting information from villagers as to the uses
they made of plants, and only those who have tried it can appreciate
what a tax upon one’s patience the extraction of even the simplest facts
from a dull-brained Asiatic peasant is.

In the following itinerary of our excursion the reader is referred to
the map, whereon the route is shown in red and the halting places
indicated by a cross. Having laid in a stock of provisions we left
Minbu on the evening of the ioth March, travelling all night in
aggressively creaking bullock-carts. This, although a primitive and—
in the present stage of evolution of the Burmese cart and the Minbu
‘ roads ’ —a truly penitential mode of locomotion served our purpose
probably better than any more rapid way of travelling would have
done. Our route at first followed the right bank of the Irawaddy,
which we skirted all night until at dawn we reached Semon. There
we engaged a fresh relay of carts to convey our baggage to Khwe-the
by road, while we marched along the river bank collecting as we went,,
until we arrived at Khw6-th6 after noon. It now being exceedingly
hot we halted at Khwe-the for the remainder of the day, taking shelter
in a ‘Zayat’ or bamboo shed. In the evening we left Khwe-the and
travelling again all night in bullock carts arrived at Sinbok at dawn
on 1 2th March. That same morning we marched to Paunglin lake,
and after collecting there what we could, returned to Sinbok about
noon. We halted at Sinbok for the remainder of that day and the
following day collecting and changing and drying paper. On the
morning of 14th March we left Sinbok and struck North-Westwards
for Pyogingon, where we arrived the same day. We spent that day
and the following at Pyogingon, collecting in the neighbourhood, and
left on the evening of the 15th March for Salin, arriving at the latter
place early on the morning of the 16th March. Salin is the most
important town in the district as far as size and trade are concerned
being considerably larger than the town of Minbu from which it is
distant about forty miles by road. Near Salin is a fairly large lake — not
shown in the map — where we collected from a dug-out what acquatics
we could find. In the evening we left Salin for Gwingyin, a name not
shown in the map but the position of which is roughly indicated on
the route by the cross south of Kontha. We halted at Gwingyin on
the 1 7th and 18th March, collecting in the region around. On the
evening of the 18th March we left for Myaung-u, also not shown in the
map but indicated by the cross on the route a little to the east of

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

Chomo and just north of .the 20° 30' line of latitude. We arrived at
Myaung-u on the morning of the 19th March and we halted there for
that day and the following. Here for the time being we had to for-
sake our carts, as we had now arrived at the outermost ridges of the
Arracan Yomahsinto which at this point no cart road penetrated at the
time of our visit, although one was being made. Accordingly we
arranged with the headman of Myaung-u for coolies to carry our
baggage, and on the morning of the 20th March we started to march
the fourteen miles along and across the Nwamadaung hills to Sidok-
taya (Sedoktea) in the Mon valley, which we reached at nightfall.
The following day was spent at Sidoktaya, collecting and changing
paper. On the 22nd March we marched from Sidoktaya to the Chin
village of Kan, situated at about 3,000 feet elevation on the Eastern
flank of the Arracan Yomahs,

We halted at Kan village for the 23rd and 24th March, collecting
in the neighbourhood and marched down again to Sidoktaya on the
25th, halting there for that day. The following day we stowed our-
selves and servants and luggage into two lumbering dug-outs, and
proceeded down the Mon river, reaching Monmyin at nightfall.
Another day’s perfunctory tugging at the makeshift oar on the part
of our boatmen landed us at Okpho, where we forsook the river and
travelled by night in bullock carts to Legain. There we had an
hour or two’s rest and then pushed on to Sagu, where we obtained a
fresh relay of carts, which brought us into Minbu that same evening
the 28th of March. The writer then remained at Minbu for three
days, assorting the collections and packing them up. On this being
finished he left Minbu on 1st April, arrived at Rangoon on 3rd April,
left the latter place on 6th April and arrived in Calcutta on the 9th
April. The whole excursion occupied just six weeks, of which more
than a fortnight was spent in travelling from Calcutta to Minbu and
returning from Minbu to Calcutta. The itinerary succinctly shown is
as follows

27th February 1903

Left Calcutta.

28th „

1 st March

it

tt

j at sea.

2nd to 4th

n

tt

at Rangoon.

5th to 7th

tt

tt

Rangoon to Minbu.

7th to loth

tt

it

at Minbu.

nth

»

if

Minbu to Sinbok.

1 2th ho 13th

a

11

©

at Sinbok.

14th to 15th

tt

tt

at Pyogingon.

1 6th

tt

it

at Salin.

17th to 1 8th

a

11

at Gwingyin.

19th

a

11

at Myaung-u.

B 2

4

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

20th March 1903

2 1 st „ „

22nd ,, »,

23rd to 24th „ „

25^ J» J?

26th „ „

27th j, ,,

28th JJ ff

29th to 31st „

1st to 3rd April „

4th to 5th „ „

&h to 8th „ „

9th ,s sj

Myaung-u to Sidoktaya.
at Sidoktaya.

Sidoktaya to Kan.
at Kan.

Kan to Sidoktaya.
Sidoktaya to Monmyin.
Monmyin to Legain.
Legain to inbu.
at Minbu.

Minbu to Rangoon,
at Rangoon,
at sea,

arrived in Calcutta.

The writer is glad to end this brief account of his tour by express-
ing his obligations to Mr. Gaitskell, I.C.S., Director of Land Records
and Agriculture, Burma; to Mr. Parsons, LC.S., who kindly presented
the writer with a copy of the Settlement Report of the district of
Minbu, written by Mr. Parsons himself, wherein the writer found
information which otherwise he would not have obtained; to
Mr. Parry, the Deputy Commissioner of Minbu; to Captain
Fenton I. M. S., the writer’s host while in Minbu itself; and especially
to Mr. Aubert, the Superintendent of Land Records, who rendered
such excellent service on the tour itself.

CHAPTER II. — TOPOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT.

The district of Minbu is a rhomboidal shaped tract, bounded on
the east by the river Irawaddy, on the west by the mountain range
which separa'es the district from Arracan and is known as the Arracan
Yomahs. The north and south boundaries are not naturally defined,
but the district extends from about 19° 48' N. to about 21° N. measured
along the 940 30' E. line of longitude, which practically forms one
of the diagonals of the rhomboid, the other diagonal running from the
intersection of 20° N. latitude with 950 E. longitude to the intersec-
tion of 210 N. latitude with 940 E. longitude.

The length of the district due north and south is about 80 miles,
its greatest breadth 5° miles. The total area is over 3,000 square
miles. The district is divided naturally into three meridional zones
very distinct alike in their physical and vegetative characters.

These are : —

I.— A mountainous zone roughly forming the western third of the
district and comprising the eastern flanks of the Arracan Yomahs and
a very distinct narrow range of low hills running from north to south
of the district closely parallel with and a few miles to the east of the

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

5

main chain of the Yomahs, and referred to throughout this paper as the
Nwamadaung Hills. The Arracan Yomahs geologically belong — as
do all the Minbu rocks— to the tertiary period, and deposits of fossil
wood are not uncommonly met with. The chief summits of the range
in the district reach an altitude of over 6,000 feet and the range is
forest clad throughout The Nwamadaung hills are not named on the
map but are readily recognised thereon as a well defined narrow
range, single for the greater part of its length but showing a double
contour for some distance just north of 2o° N. latitude and again just
north of 20° 30' N. latitude. Part of the route traversed runs along
the crest of the ridge just south of 2o° 30' N. latitude. The
general altitude of the range appears roughly to be about 1,000
feet. It is clad entirely with deciduous forest. Between the main
chain of the Arracan Yomahs and the Nwamadaung hills lies a
narrow trough or valley,— -at Sidoktaya about four to six miles
wide— in which the waters of the Mon and Man rivers flow before
breaking through the Nwamadaung hills to make their way to the
Irawaddy.

II. — A narrow flat alluvial belt or strip about four to five miles
wide fringing the western bank of the Irawaddy from a little north
of Minbu town to the northern boundary of the district.

III. — A zone which for lack of a more precisely descriptive term
is described throughout this paper as the desert zone. This con*
stitutes the larger part of the district and extends from the Nwama-
daung hills to the alluvial belt, north of Minbu town and to the banks
of the Irawaddy south of Minbu town. The breadth of this zone
varies from twenty to thirty miles. Its surface is abrupt and broken
westwards, but becomes more undulating as one travels eastwards ‘
until it merges into the alluvial belt. South of Minbu town this
zone continues abrupt up to the Irawaddy.

The district is drained by three rivers, the Salin, Mon, and Man.
The Salin arises in the north-west corner of the district, at first
runs in a south-easterly direction and then sweeps round to the
north-east before debouching into the Irawaddy. The Mon river
drains the central portion of the district. It arises on the eastern
slopes of the Arracan Yomahs, and flows for some distance between
the Yomahs and the Nwamadaung hills until it emerges into the
desert zone, across which it meanders with many windings in a
north-easterly direction, finally turning to the south-east before
it falls into the Irawaddy. It is navigable for country boats as
far upas Sidoktaya. The Man river has its source in the south-
west corner of the district, the southern portion of which it drains.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

It flows mainly in a north-easterly direction, joining the Irawaddy
just north of Minbu town. These three rivers are bordered on each
side by a narrow alluvial belt, of course on a very much smaller
scale than the main one bordering the Irawaddy, but practically
westward prolongations of that belt traversing the desert zone*
These secondary alluvial belts are more evident along the Mon river
than along the other two rivers, as irrigation is or until recently was
not practised along the Mon river. The Salin and Man rivers by virtue
of their irrigation works cut out two cantles from the desert zone*
which, albeit they do not quite blossom like the rose, contrive to
support a moderate burden of crops and vegetables. The Salin
irrigated area is somewhat triangular in outline, the base of the
triangle extending roughly from the south end of the Paunglin
lake just south of 20° 30' N. latitude to just a little north of the
Salin river as it passes into the alluvial belt. The southern boun-
dary begins at Paunglin lake and skirts the low hills till it reaches
the Salin river about Leywa. The northern boundary follows the
Salin river, skirting the base of the low hills just north of the river.
The western angle of the triangle is really not closed, for the irri-
gated tract follows both banks of the Salin as a narrow strip on each
side for a long way. The Man irrigated tract is bounded on the
south by the Man river, on the east by the part of the Irawaddy
alluvial belt, between the Man and Mon rivers ; on the north partly
by the Mon river for a very short distanc e, but chiefly by the low hills
south of the Mon ; on the west by the low hills of the desert zone
which ultimately approach close to the north bank of the Man river.
Both those irrigated tracts are easily recognised on the map by being
devoid of hills and in being crowded with village names, Salin being
the chief town in the Salin area, and Legain in the Man area.

There are the ordinary three well marked seasons during the year,
the cool season lasting from the beginning of November to the end of
February, the hot season extending from March to May, and the rainy
season normally from May to October, though it may come on a
month earlier and cease a month earlier. During the cool season the
temperature may drop at night as low as 50° F. and during the hot
season may reach as high as 1150 F. During the latter period hot
winds blow, shrivelling up the face of the land and making their effects
not only felt by the European resident but also too visible to him
in the way in which the covers of his books curve backwards as if in
a desperate attempt to dehisce their contents. Still, existence during
the hot season is not unbearable as the heat is unaccompanied by
moisture, while life during the rainy season is quite tolerable and in

M1NBU IN UPPER BURMA.

7

the cool season pleasant. The annual rainfall on the Arracan Yomahs
may reach ioo inches, at Sidoktaya in the Mon valley it varies from
45 to 70 inches, at Minbu town from 20 to 40 inches, and at Salin
from 14 to 40 inches. During the hot season the Salin river practically
dries up, and only a little water remains in the Man river. The Mon
river, as already mentioned, remains navigable to country boats as
far up as Sidoktaya.

CHAPTER III — SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION.

The following is more an attempt to record the writer’s impres-
sions of what was at best but a hasty rush across the district, than
an endeavour to give a complete sketch of the vegetation thereof,
which would require a much longer stay,— extending over the three
seasons — than the writer was able to afford.

At the time of our tour the hot season had set well in, and the
conditions normal to it were prevailing, and it is more properly the
aspect of the vegetation during that period that is described below.

It is cause for regret that our excursion to the Arracan Yomahs
was so short, but official duties compelled our return to Minbu before
the close of the Government financial year on the last day of March.
This vexing lack of time explains to some extent the sadly deficient
account of the Yomah vegetation.

The Nwamadaung range where we traversed it is covered with
fairly open deciduous forest, which the writer, if following Kurz’s
classification set forth in his i( Preliminary Report on the Forests
and Vegetation generally of Pegu f would .describe as an upper
mixed forest. At the time of our visit almost all the trees were
leafless, and there was in consequence a total absence of shade
against the burning rays of an almost vertical sun, which rendered
our march across the range distinctly fatiguing. The trees compos-
ing the forest are of medium height and of many different species.
Amongst the more common and conspicuous are Shorea siamensis —
Ingen or Ingyn of the Burmese — , a species of Bombax with a fruit
of large diameter which Kurz appears to have considered — errone-
ously as it seems to the writer — Bombax insignis) Millettia pendula)
M . Brandisiana) Dalbergia cultrata , D. paniculata. , Pterocarpus
macrocarpus , Cassia renigera) Cassia timoriensis) Bauhinia poly-
carp a, B . variegata) Xylia dolabriformis , Terminalia tomentosa ,
Anogeissus acuminata var. lanceolata , Lagerstrcemia tomentosa ,
Gardenia erythroclada—voxy noticeable with its peculiar cinnamon
brown bark, — many Bignoniacex , such as Oroxylum indicum ,
Dolichandrone stipulatay D . Rheedii , Heterophragma sulfureumy

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

H. adenophyllum , Stereospermum chelonoides , Tectona grandis, T.
Hamiltoniana the latter very common, several species of Viiex and
Holoptelea integrij olia.

Climbers and twining plants are represented by such species as
Millettia cana , M. cinereci, M. auriculata , Canavalia ensijonnis ,
Mucuna prurienSi Spatholobus Roxburghii , Butea superb ay Pueraria
Wallichii , Atylosia scarabeeoides , Cylista scariosa , Derris scandens ,
Bauhinia diphylla , Comhretum chinense , extension , Hodgsonia

heteroclita) Alsomitra sarcophylla, Cryptolepis Buchanani , Lettso -
mi a setosa, Pharbitis Nil , Ipomcea Turpethum , Thunbergia laum -
folia , Symphorema involucratum , Congea tomentosa) and several
species of yams as Dioscorea ddemona) D . pentaphylla, Dt decipiens ,
Z). alata , etc.

The shrubby undergrowth at the time of our visit was very
scanty, and was constituted chiefly by species of Leguminosse ,
Compositse and Acanthacese , such as Crotalaria albida , C.
neriifolia , C. tetragoni} Indigofera W ightii) several species of
Desmodium , Rhynchosia, Flemingia fluminalis , Vernonia teres x
Inula Cappa} We deli a Wallichii , Dsedalacanthus macrophyllusy
D. tetragonus , ZT purpurascens , Hemigr aphis glaucescensy Barleria
strigosa , Neuracanthus tetragonostachysy Cystacanthus insignis , as
well as a few species belonging to other orders such as Blinkworthia
lycioidesy Baliospermum axillarey Sarcochlamys pulcherrima . The
common bamboo is Dendrocalamus strictus. The water courses
were almost entirely dry save for infrequent small, green and evil
smelling pools, and strewn with fossiliferous boulders, amongst which
Homonoia riparia appeared to flourish despite depressing circum-
stances.

The herbaceous vegetation when we were trudging through the
forest was practically non-existent, the soil baked and glaring with
heat. Nevertheless even on this unsympathetic stratum we picked
up a few struggling herbs, such as mysorensis, S. rhombifoliay

Vrena lobatay U, sinuatay Hibiscus pungensy Melochia corchorifoliay
Triumfetta annuay Elephantopus scabs rf Cyatliocline lyratay Blumea
glomeratay B.laciniatay B . membramceay Laggera flavay L. ptero^
doniay Vicoa auriculatay Emilia sonchifoliay Canscora dijfusay
N el sonia campestrisy Ocimum Basilicumy etc.

The above are the chief positive features of the Nwamadaung
hills vegetation. A marked negative feature is the absence of palms
and orchids.

The lower slopes of the Arracan Yomahs up to between 2,000
and 3,000 feet are covered with practically the same forest as clothes

MiNBU IN UPPER BURMA.

the Nwamadaung range, with minor differences. Bignoniaceae and
the species of Tectona are less prominent. Terminalia tomentosa
is very common, while Terminalia py'rifolia and T. Oliveri also
occur. Other trees met with on the ascent to Kan village in addi-
tion to those mentioned as occurring on the N vamadaung hills are
Sderculia color at a, Garuga pinnata) Sapindus Mukorossi , Bucha*
nania latifolia) Melanorrhcea usitata , Maesa indica , Schrebera
swietenioides . The shrubby v egetation is to all intents the same as
that of the Nwamadaung range, Composites and Acanthaceous
species predominating. Here and there along the steep hill track
occur clumps of tali grasses, chiefly such species as Thysanoleena
agrostis , Saccharu n spontaneum , Erianthus longisetosus , E.
Hooker i and Neyraudia madagascariensis. Dendrocalamus strictus
and another bamboo are common. The climbers and herbaceous
vegetation are represented by the same species as are found on the
Nwamadaung hills.

Beyond and above the village of Kan — that is above 3,000 feet
elevation — the deciduous forest gives place to an evergreen forest.
The chief trees above this elevation so far as we had time to dis-
cover are Dipterocarpus tuberculatus (the Eng of the Burmese),
Duabangi sonneratioides , Quercus Bindley ana, Q. dealbata, and
Castanopsis tribuloides , all very common. Ocher characteristic but
less common trees are Taraktogenos Kurzii , Cedrela Toona, Seme -
carpus albescens , Pygeum acumin itum, Eriobotrya bengalensis ,
Tupidanthus calyptratus, Diplospora confusa> Cinnamomum Tamala ,
C. obtusifoliums Engelhardtia Colebrookiana , Ficus glomerata , Bac~
caurea sapida , etc. The climbers comprise such species as Clematis
greioiaejlora , Naravelia zeylanica, Vcntiligo calyculata, Entada
scandens, Derris scandens, etc. The undergrowth consists chiefly
of su:h shrubs as Vaccinium b incinum, Ardisia humilis , Ligustrum
robustum , many species of Acanthaceae , Premna latifolia , Cleroden -
dron infortun itum, Polygonu?n chinense . The herbaceous vegeta-
tion is represented by such species as P impinella Leschenaultii 9
Rubia angustissnna , many Composites and grasses , and some Scita -
mineas, and Ferns .

The flat alluvial belt along the Irawaddy is for the most part
under cultivation, the chief crops being rice, maize and a great
variety of pulses and cucurbitaceous plants. At the time of our tour
the rice-fields were bare but for tufts of stubble, and the soil caked
into polygonal blocks of stony hardness resembling the tops of
basalt columns, with a tuft of stubble for the nucleus of each block.

Where the alluvial belt is free from cultivation it is covered
with Savannah grass, the chief constituent species being Impet at a

10

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

arundinacea. Other quite common grasses are Imperata exaltata ,
Rragrostis cynosuroides, Saccharum fuscum) Andropogon serratus ,
A. squarrosus , A. annulatus, A . contortus , Cynodon dactylon.

Trees are evenly but thinly scattered all over the belt, almost
justifying its description as a very open Savannah forest.

Amongst those trees the more common species are Bombax malaba -
ricum , Butea frondosa , Parkinsonia aculeata , Streblus osper ,
while others not so frequent are Ceesalpinia Bonducella , Tama -
rindus indica) Adenanthera pavonina , Albizzia Lebbek , Teyminalia
Bell erica) Lagerstroemia parvi flora , Sarcocephalus cordatus.

Here and there swampy hollows occur, which are usually fringed
with a copse of such species as Xanthophyllum glaucum} Barring -
acutangula , Comb return trifoliatum , Butea frondosa ,
Arundo Donax} Phragmites Karkat while the hollows themselves
are often choked with a dense growth of Combretum trifoliatum ,
or Polygonum stagninum.

Villages and monasteries are thickly dotted along this fertile belt
and form centres of cultivation for Borassus flabellifer—\X\o. Toddy
Palm. This is very abundant, forming conspicuous clumps close to
the villages and radiating out from them in lines, which when the
villages are thickly aggregated cut the horizon in every direction, and
when the villages are more sparse indicate their presence from
afar. During the heat of the day the haze restricts the horizon so
much, that it is only in the early morning and at sunset that the Arra-
can Yomahs can be seen looming towards the west. Besides the
Toddy Palms there are almost always in the neighbourhood of
villages and monasteries, clumps of the Coco-nut Palm, the Banyan,

( Ficus bengalensis ,) the Peepul, ( Ficus religiosa ,) the Mango {Man-
gif era indica) and the Jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolid) .

The shrubby element in the alluvial belt vegetation although no^
very conspicuous, is of a varied character. It includes such species
as Tamar ix gallica} common along the river bank and on sandy spits?
several species of Hibiscus , Thespesia Pampas , Helicteres elongata)
Waltheria indica , Grewia hirsutay Glycosmis pentaphylla , several
species of Crotalaria} Tephrosia purpurea exceedingly common,
Sesbania segyptiaca, AEschynomene indica , Uraria picta , Cassia
Occident alis , C. Sophera , C. Tor a , C. alata , Rosa involucrata
common, Combretum trifoliatum very common, Solanum torvum f
S. indicum> Hygrophila spinosa common, Bridelia retusa , B. stipu~
laris , Phyllanthus reticulatus, P. simplex , Jatropha gossypifolia
common, Ricinus communis very common.

Climbing and twining plants are, as may be imagined from
the very open character of the vegetation, very few. Tiliacora

MiNBO IN UPPER BURMA.

i i

racemosa , Cissampelos Pareira , Abrus precatorius , several species
of Argyreia and Ipomcea are the chief. Azima sarmentosa is not
uncommon straggling over ruined pagodas.

Herbaceous species are comparatively speaking in great force in
the alluvial belt. During the hot season the level of the Irawaddy is
twenty feet or more below the top of its bank, leaving exposed a
steep broken surface of soil. To this there clings an assemblage
of humble plebeians like Ranunculus sceleralus , Nasturtium in di -
cum , Melilotus alba , Indigofera enneaphylla , /. trifoliata , Trian -
thema decandra) Mollugo Spergula , Grangea maderaspatana,
Sphdsranthus peguensis , S. africanus, S . indicus , Gnaphalium
indicum, G. pulvinatum, Xanthium Strumarium , Enhydra Jluc -
tuans, Eclipta alba, Spilanthes Acemella , Coldenia procumbens ,
Lippia nodiflora, Digera arvensis) several species of Amara?itus
Chenopodium album) Polygonum plebejum> P. glabrum, P . stagninumt
Rumex maritimus , /?. dentatusy several species of Euphorbia ,
Chrozophora plicata , Fimbristylis dipsacea , Scirpus Michelianus ,
Cyperus digitatus , etc. etc.

Away from the immediate margin of the river, the more noticeable
herbaceous species are Argemone mexicana , which is apparently
very much at home, Cleome viscosa , Polygala eriopteray Portulaca
oleracea, Sida veronicsefoliay S. acuta , Abutilon indicum , very
common, Urena lob at a common, Tribulus terrestris , C ardiosper-
mum H alicacabum , very common, Crotalaria medicaginea , C. quin -
quefolia 9 several species of Indigofera, Lourea obcordata , Alys-
icarpus monilifery A. rugosus, Desmodium triflorum, all quite
common, Mimosa pudica,Dentella repens, Vernonia cinerea, V.anthel -
mintica , Ageratum conyzoides, Heliotropium strigosum, H. indicum,
Solanum nigrum, Lindenbergia philippinensis , Vandellia Crus-
tacea, V. erectat Bonnaya brachiata, Striga lute a , S. euphrasioides ,
►S\ Masuria , Ruellia prostrata , Leucas mollissima, L. pilosa,
Bcerhaavia repens, AErua javanica, very common, Achyranthes
aspera , Alternanthera sessilis, Polygonum plebeium> P. lapathi -
folium, Euphorbia pilulifera , E. t hymifolia.

In the moist hollows already alluded to, Coldenia procumbens and
Gnaphalium pulvinatum are always to be remarked, the latter
especially noticeable from the never absent globules of water bedeck-
ing its woolly surface.

The vegetation of the irrigated areas is intermediate in character
between that of the alluvial belt and that of the desert zone. The
Savannah grass is practically absent, and the ground when it is
not under crops is covered with such weeds as Bergia amman -
moidesy Desmodium triflorum, Alysicarpus monilifery Tribulus

12

THE VEGETATION OF 1 HE DISTRICT OF

terrestris , I ndigofera enneaphylla, Gnaphalium, Coldenia procuni-
hens , Striga, Rue Ilia, Lip pi a, Achyranthes , Polygonum plebejum ,
Euphorbias , and various species of grasses. Very common shrubs are
Tephrosia purpurea, Flemingia limata and Calotropis proeera .
The trees belong to the same species as those found in the alluvial
belt.

The alluvial belt vegetation is prolonged along the banks of the
three rivers of the district, where the dry hills of the desert zone do
not approach the banks and cut it off. This secondary alluvial belt
vegetation is most distinct along the Mon river.

The desert zone where it borders on the irrigated areas and alluvial
belt shows an undulating surface, which gradually becomes more
rugged and hilly as one travels westwards until the rampart of the
Nwamadaung range is encountered. '[ he vegetation of this zone
is very characteristic, consisting of a comparatively small number of
mixed gregarious species which constitute in the true classical sense
of the adjective a horrid scrub. At Gwingyin the general impression
is of a wilderness of thick but not impenetrable jungle, consisting
chiefly of shrubs which are almost all armed with spines and prick-
les of diverse form and size but alike malignancy. One of the
chief constituents of this ill-fayoured flora, very common and con-
spicuous is Zizyphus Jujuba, the so-called ( wild p’um 1 of the district.
The whitish colour of the under-surface of the leaves of this plant
gives it at a distance when a breeze ruffles its foliage a pecu-
liarly deceptive appearance of being laden with white blossoms.
Gardenia turgida is another very common plant of this zone, of a
very characteristic aspect. Its almost leafless habit, its branch
spines like miniature bayonets and its silvery grey bark give it a
curiously spectal appearance. Euphorbia antiquorum is another
exceedingly common plant often attaining the dimensions of a fair
sized tree with a well developed trunk. Calotropis proeera is also
very abundant. The shrubby vegetation is represented by an abun-
dance of species of Capparis such as Capparis grandis, C. burmanica ,
C . horrida, C . Jlavicans, C. hastigera, C. polymorpha and by species of
other genera less conspicuous such as Corchorus fascicularis ,
C. acutangulus, Tephrosia purpurea, Flemingia lineata , Combre -
turn apetalum, Barleria Prionitis, etc. Apocynaceous and Asclep-
adaceous climbers are fairly common. These from their intimate
entanglement with their armed supports are themselves able to
dispense with spines and prickles, though even without the aid of
their involuntary allies the milky juice which most of them contain
would probably render them not very palatable to deer or cattle.
During the rainy season, Gloriosa superba is said to appear in great

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

13

profusion. No doubt its poisonous properties efficiently protect it.
The herbaceous vegetation is scanty in the extreme and is made up
mainly of such unattractive carpeting as Solarium xanthocarpum r
Tribulus terrestris , Martynia diandray Boerhaavia repandat JErua
javanica , Achyranthes asper a, Polygonum plebejum , etc. Trees are
very few. At Gwingyin isolated individuals of Acacia leucophloea
and Albizzia Lebbek stood out from the desert of dusty grey scrub,
the former conspicuous by its bright green foliage and the only thing
pleasant to look upon amidst the dreary vegetation and intolerable
glare, [the latter leafless and laden with dry pods which rattled
against each other in the breeze like pagoda bells. Indeed it does
not seem improbable that the rattling of these pods in the breeze
may have suggested the idea of the bells. The broken hilly ground
to the westwards and near Minbu itself supports the same kind of
vegetation as has just been described ^s prevailing at Gwingyin,
but much more sparsely, so that the hills have a general aspect of
utter sterility. On the soil cast out from the mud-vulcanoes near
Minbu town not a vestige of vegetation is to be seen. There is a
complete absence in the desert zone of the toddy and coco-nut palms,
as well as of the other trees commonly found about villages in the
alluvial belt and irrigated areas. The only palm found in the desert
zone was a variety of Phoenix humilis. The Tamarind is planted
near the few villages found in this zone and a species of Cereus is
grown as a hedge, reaching a height of fifteen feet or more. The
vegetation of the desert zone appears to resemble in general aspect,
if not in detail, the vegetation of Eastern Rajputana as described by
Sir George King. Most of the genera described by him as occurring
in Eastern Rajputana also occur in the Minbu desert zone. Many of
the species are identical for the two districts so wide apart, and where
the species are not identical they are representative of each other.

In the Mon valley between the Nwamadaung hills and the
Arracan Yomahs there is a mixed sort of vegetation partaking of
the characters of the desert zone and of the alluvial belt. A prickly
scrub with Zizyphus Jujuba for its chief constituent predominates,
but the herbaceous vegetation is more like that of the alluvial belt
and the toddy and coco-nut palms reappear in abundance.

Along the shores of the Sab'n and Paunglin lakes abound such
species as Jussiaea repens , J. suffruticosa, lpomcea aquatica , Her-
pestis Monnieray Polygonum stagninum. Fringing the margin are
found Cyperus radiatusy jf uncellus alopecuroides , Scirpus arti -
cuialusy Cyperus platystyluy Bootiia cordatay M onochoria hasteefolia
Typha elephantinay Limnojhyton obtusi folium. Within and mixed

14

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

up with the fringe of sedges Pistia Stratiotes occurs in great abun-
dance, as well as Nymphsea Lotus , N. stellala) Nelumbium specio~
sum> Limnanthemum indtcum , Utricularia flexuosa , U. exoletai
Ceratophyllum demersum) Hydrilla verticillata) V allisnema
spiralis , Lemna polyrhiza) Wolffia arrhiza) Potamogeton indicust
Azolla pinnata , Marsilea quadrifoliata} etc. In Salin lake miniature
floating islands composed chiefly of Cyperus platystylis and
Eleocheris capitata are common.

The exposed sand banks and sandy spits of the Irawaddy are
absolutely devoid of vegetation save for an occasional tamarisk.

The foregoing account makes it evident that there are well
marked and in the main very natural differences in the character of
the vegetation of the three zones. Those differences, however, are
probably not all of precisely equal value. There can be no question
that the difference between the flora of the Arracan-Nwamadaung
zone and that of the desert zone is entirely natural and dependent on
the difference of altitude of, and the different climatic conditions
prevailing in the two zones. The difference between the desert zone
and alluvial belt floras is also in essentials a natural one. but
less due to purely climatic causes, as the elevation and rainfall are
practically the same for both zones. The determining factor of the
difference in this case is the Irawaddy. Its waters permeate the
alluvial belt and allow many species, especially those of a herbaceous
habit, to flourish, which could not exist or at least would have a very
hard struggle for life beyond the zone of its beneficent influence.
Amongst such species may be mentioned Ranunculus sceleratus ,
Cardiospennum Halicacabum . Melilotus alba) Grangea maderas -
fatana) Xanthium Strumarium , Vandcllia , Rumex) Rosa tnvolu -
crata , Combretum trifoliatum , Xanthophyllum glaucumt and many
Cyperacese and Gramineae .

There is no doubt also that the influence of the Irawaddy acts in
the opposite direction in being unfavourable to the spread of
typically xerophilous plants such as Euphorbia antiquorum and the
various species of Capparis from the desert zone on to the alluvial
belt. One, however, must not lay too much stress on this aspect of
the Irawaddy’s influence, as another factor— human agency — inter-
feres here. It is probable that a good few species typical of the
desert zone would not find even under absolutely natural conditions
the alluvial belt by any means a congenial habitat and would probably
decline to grow there. On the other hand, there is no doubt that
some species have to put up with life in the desert zone not
necessarily because they prefer it, but because the human cultivators

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

15

of the alluvial belt strongly discourage any attempt of such species
to gain a footing thereon. The discouragement may be direct, by
rooting out such plants as Zizyphus Jujubay or such atrocious weeds
as Tribulus terrestris or Martynia diandra) or indirect by simply
occupying the ground with crops. As may be imagined, the demarca-
tion between the two zones is by no means a clear cut line, the two
floras mixing to a certain extent where the influence of the Irawaddy
fades away. The passage from the one vegetation to the other is of
course still more gradual where the irrigated areas intervene.

Excluding cultivated species, such as the various kinds of pulses
and cucurbitaceous plants and cereal crops, etc., the number of
Phanerogams collected is about 700 species, the number of Crypto-
gams collected being so few as to be practically a negligible
quantity. Nearly half the number of species were collected by
Mr. Aubert and the writer and the remainder by the garden collector
Shaik Mokim, who spent about five months in the district. On the
not unreasonable assumption that these 700 species afford a fair
representation of the vegetation of the district, an analysis of the
collection should elucidate to some extent the distributional affi-
nities of the flora of the district.

As the differences in the vegetation of the three zones of the
district roughly sketched above are sufficiently striking to impress
even the most casual non-botanical traveller, it is evident that to
consider the whole district as a unit and to analyse the collection in
that light would lead to very misleading results.

Accordingly the Arracan-Nwamadaung zone, the alluvial belt,
and the desert zone collection have been separately analysed, and the
results tabulated in percentages in the table given below. The fourth
column shows the erroneous inferences as to the affinities of the flora
of the district which might be drawn if the district were considered
as a homogeneous unit. Geographically the district of Minbu comes
within Major Prain’s Assam-Arracan sub-sub-area. Phyto-geographi-
cally however only the westernmost portion of the district comprised
by the Arracan-Nwamadaung zone can be considered as belonging
to that sub-sub-area. The inclusion of the desert zone and alluvial
belt plants would merely involve a purely fictitious additi on, in the
case of the former of Deccan and African species, and in the case of the
latter of African and cosmopolitan tropical species. The area and
sub-sub-areas mentioned in the table are in the main sufficiently indi-
cated by their names. It may not, however, be amiss to state more
precisely the boundaries of the Deccan, Indus plain and Gangetic plain
sub-sub-areas. They are the sub-sub-areas recognised by Sir Joseph

i6

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

Hooker in his recent sketch of the flora of British India written for
the Imperial Gazetteer, and they are defined by him as follows: —

I. - — The Indus plain includes “ the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana west
of the Aravalli range and Jumna river, Cutch and Gujarat.”

II. — The Gangetic plain extends “ from the Aravalli hills and
Jumna river to Bengal, the Sundarbans, the plain of Assam,
the low country of Orissa north of the Mahanadi river.”

III. — The Deccan includes “ the whole comparatively dry elevated
tableland of India east of Malabar and south of the Gangetic
and Indus plains, together with the Coromandel coast.” It is
practically what is meant by u Peninsular and Central India ”
in the list of species in this paper.

The respective proportions of the collection furnished by the
three zones of the district are approximately : —

Arracan-Nwamadaung plants . 4^6 per cent.

Desert zone plants . . . 8*4 „ „

Alluvial belt plants . . . 46*0 ,, ,,

This, however, in all probability does not represent accurately
the true percentage of the three zones. The writer, as already men-
tioned, had to be content with the merest glimpse of the Arracan
Yomahs, and as it is much easier to collect specimens on the plains
than to climb up very steep slopes in search of them, there is little
doubt that the native plant collector distributed his energies accord-
ingly. It is for instance incredible that seven species of orchids are
a fair representation of the prevalence of that order in the Arracan
Yomahs. It is therefore not inadmissible to assume that, if the Arracan-
Nwamadaung zone were as fully botanized as the other two zones
have probably been that the percentage of the former element
in the vegetation of the district would rise considerably and the per”
centages of the latter two correspondingly fall. Further it is exceed-
ingly probable that a considerable number of species collected in the
alluvial belt also occur in the desert zone, but were not re-collected
In the latter for the reason that they had been already collected in
the alluvial belt. Consequently it must not be forgotten that the
figures given are at best but a mere approximation to the true pro-
portions of the various elements in the flora of the district.

Considering the vegetation of the zones in more detail we find that
the Arracan-Nwamadaung zone shows a distinct endemic element —
amounting to about 5 per cent, of the species collected in that zone-
restricted to the Assam-Arracan sub-sub-area. Most of the species
comprising this endemic element are new or presumably new and are

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA*

1?

Vitis Aubertiana, Indigofer a minbuensis , Millettia cana, Desmodium
grande , D> teres , Derris pulchra , Terminalia Oliveri} Vernonia sp .
Diospyros sp. Lettsomia campanuliflorcij Ipomoea lancifolia , Justicia
kkasiana , Habenaria yomensis, Curcuma sessilis , C . parvula ,
Typhoniunipedatisectum . Purely Burmese— “including Tenasseri tri-
species form 20 33 per cent, in which a Shan hills contingent is pre-
dominant.

Next in importance come those species common to India and
Malaya 11*56 per cent, closely followed by species which are found
in China as well as in India and Malaya, 10*4 per cent. Indian species
come next with 9*4 per cent., then purely Malayan species with j
per cent. Purely Himalayan species are fairly well represented by
6*56 per cent, which also indicates the force of African to Australian
species. The percentage of Deccan species offers a remarkable con-
trast to the percentage of Deccan species in the desert zone.

The alluvial belt, as might be expected, has a great predominance
of general eastern tropical and cosmopolitan tropical species, which
are followed a long way behind by Indo- African species. The
endemic Upper Burma element is very small.

The desert zone shows a considerable percentage— 186— of
endemic Upper Burma species. The most striking feature, however*
in the vegetation of this zone is the preponderance of Deccan and
Indo-African species. This preponderance is no doubt exaggerated
in the table based on this collection only, but the two element8
together probably form at least about a fourth of the whole vege-
tation of the zone, contrasting strongly with the meagre show they
make in the other two zones. How to account for the presence of
such a comparatively large percentage of Sndo-African species is an
interesting problem. One knows that the presence of a considerable
African element in the Indian Peninsula is explained by the existence
of a land connection with Africa in pre-tertiary times. Whether one
can suppose the existence of a similar land connection between
Upper Burma and the Western Peninsula before the formation of the
Arracan Yomahs in tertiary times is a question for geologists to settle.

Mr. C. B. Clarke explains the presence of the Malayan or Eastern
element in the flora of India by a direct connection between the
Malay Peninsula and Ceylon and the South Malabar mountains. It is
conceivable that the Indo-African element in the Minbu desert zone
is but the remnant of a flora once common to both Peninsulas and
Africa, but driven northwards by the breaking up of land surfaces in
the Eastern Peninsula and the consequent change of climate from dry
to moist in the southern half of the Burma-Maiaya Peninsula.

C

I

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

s8

This, however, is mere speculation, but meanwhile the results of
the analysis of the collection would appear to justify the separation
of the upper Irawaddy valley between the Arracan Yomahs and the
Shan Plateau, as a distinct sub-sub-area of distribution,,

Arracan

Desert

Alluvial

Whole

iiwauia*

daung.

Zone.

rs

Belt.

district.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

P«r esnt.

Distribution areas.

Endemic

to Assam Arracan

5

«<«

0 « 0

2*28

Distributed to Ava and Pegu

5

18*60

124

4*43

»?

„ the Shan Hills , . .

0-25

3*93

0'62

3*43

99

„ Tenasserim

438

M«

o*93

2 43

n

„ the Shan Hills and Tenas-

serim ....

47

0 0 •

• 00

2°I4

0*

09 Malaya ....

7

• • •

s°86

4'QO

91

n China

09 0

672

*93

5*00

it

„ China and Malaya

• • •

OOO

1*00

o*43

99

„ Himalaya and Malaya

1-56

00 0

•41

o'86

„ Himalaya and China .

2‘5

• 00

•32

1*30

»» Himalaya, Malaya and China

I ’25

• CO

• ••

o*57

99

„ Himalaya only . •

6-56

oee

*3X

3*i4

ft

„ Deccan sub-sufo»area . •

2*86

i860

i*55

2*86

»t

„ Deccan, Indus and Gangetic

plains 0

47

; 0 © 0

3‘3°

4*3°

,, Deccan, Gangetic plains and

Malaya ....

4*38

0 0 0

2*58

314

99

, throughout India • .

94

8-64

4*66

7*5°

99

„ India and Malaya • .

1156

871

4*44

8’oq

9 9

„ India and Malaya and China

10*40

i*6o

4*66

7*20

39

from India to Australia

3*44

871

5*90

5*30

t)>

to Africa and India

I3’6o

776

4*70

99

from Africa to Malaya or

Australia ....

6*56

&g6

30*53

17*56

it

throughout the tropics

2*5

3*93

27*00

13*43

Totals

100

100

100

100

An analysis of the collection from the systematic standpoint
reveals the following results. The proportion of Monocotyledons to
Dicotyledons in the three zones and in the whole district is as
follows

2°ne9° Monocots. Dicoto.

Arracan-Nwamadaung zone 6

Desert zone . . 3o

Alluvial Belt ........ s 3

Whole district 1 a c

M1NBU IN UPPER BURMA.

«9

The ten most important orders in the three zones and in the dis-
trict as a whole are as follows, in their order of importance judged by
the number of species belonging to each order

Arracan-Nwamadaung.

Desert Zone,

Alluvial Belt.

Whole District.

Leguminosce

Cap par idea

Leguminosce

Leguminosce

Acanthacece

Asclepiadacea

Graminece

Graminece

Graminece

Leguminosce

Cypevacece

Composites

Convolvulacece

Euphorbiacece

Composites

Malvacece

Composite

Tiliacece

Euphorbiacecc

Acanthacece

Rubiaceai

Rhamnacece

Malvacece

Euphorbiacece

Cucurbitacees

Mali) ace a

Amarantacece

Convolvulacea

Verbenacece

Solanacece

Scrophularinece

Cyperacece

Euphorbiacece

Acanthacece

Acanthacece

Cucurbitacea

Labiates

Rubiacece

Solanacece

Rubiacece

Of the Arracan-Nwamadaung decad Verbenaceae and Labiata? are
unrepresented in the district decad. Of the Alluvial Belt decad
A marantacGsC) Scrophularineae and Solanaceae are absent from the
district decad. Of the desert zone decad only the 3rd, 4th, 7th, 9th
and 10th orders are present in the district decad. Of the collection
as a whole Legumtnosas is by far the largest order, having 49 genera
and 145 species. A long way after it comes Gramineas with 37
genera and 73 species, then Compositae with 25 genera and 37 species,
then Mctlvaceaa with only 8 genera but 31 species, followed by
Acanthaceas with only 30 species in no fewer than 20 genera ;
Euphorbiaceae with 16 genera and 28 species, Convolvulacese with 10
genera and 28 species, Cyperaceae with 9 genera and 21 species,
Cucurbitacex with 15 genera and 18 species, Rubiacex with 13
genera and 18 species.

Including cultivated species the whole collection comprises 101
Natural orders, 456 genera and 787 Phanerogamic species. 28 orders
are represented by one species each, 14 by two genera and two
species each, and the rest outside the first decad by genera and
species in varying proportions. It is worthy of note that Melas -
tomaceas is entirely unrepresented and Myrtaceas only by one wild
species.

CHAPTER IV.— SYSTEMATIC CENSUS.

The following list includes all the plants identified whether
collected by Mr. Aubert and the writer or by the garden collector,
and whether they are indigenous or introduced, wild or cultivated.
New species or species not mentioned in the Flora of British India,
and new localities or localities not mentioned in the Flora of British
India are distinguished by an * prefixed to them. Where the native
collectors' locality is unrecognisable, the term “ Minbu district ” is
given. For unfailing help in identifying troublesome species as well

C 2

20

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

as for other aid the writer is, as heretofore, under special obligation
to Major Prain. He is further indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke who
kindly compared at Kew or had compared by the Herbarium staff
there, the new or doubtful species.

THALAMIFLOR/Eo .

L— RANUNCULACEJE.

1.— Clematis Linn.

1. *Clematis grewiseflora DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— “N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalaya, Burma.

3. Naravelia DC.

3. ^Naravelia zeylanica DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— S. and W. India, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Ceylon,
Java.

3. Ranunculus Linn.

3. ^Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.

Burm. Tanga-ngayok . Common on moist spots along the

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— N.-W. Frontier, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
N.-W. Himalaya, Assam, Burma, China, Central Asia, Europe, N.
America.

IL— ANON ACE AL
4. Anona Linn.

4. Anona squamosa Linn.

Cultivated in the district.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout India and Burma, Native
to Tropical America.

5. Miliusa Leschenault.

5. Riliusa Roxburgliiana Hook. f. & Thomson.

Legain.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong and Burma, Malay
Peninsula.

IIL— MENISPERRACEAL
6. Tinospora Miers.

Tinospora cordifolia Miers.

Gwingyin.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

21

DISTRIBUTION.— Peninsular India, Central Provinces, Bengal,
Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Andaman Islands, Ceylon.

7. Tiliacora Colebrooke.

7. # Tiliacora racemosa Coleb.

Sidoktaya,

DISTRIBUTION.— Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, Java.

8. Cocculns DC.

8. Cocculus villosus DC.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— N.-W. Frontier, Peninsular and Central India,
Upper Gangetic Plain, Bengal, Burma, Tropical Africa.

9. Cissampelos Linn.

9. Cissampelos Pareira Linn.

Sinbok.

Burm. Kywet-nabaung .

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics*

IV.— NYMPIIdEACEdB.

10. Nympliaea Linn.

10. Nymphsea Lotus Linn.

Sal in lake.

Distribution.— Throughout the plains of India and Burma,
Africa, Java, Philippines, Australia.

11. Nymphaea Stella ta Willd.

Salin and Paunglin lakes.

Burm. Kya-u .

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma, Africa, Malay
Peninsula, Australia.

11. Nelumbium Juss.

18. Nelumbium speciosum Willd.

Salin lake.

Distribution. — • All over India and Burma, Persia, China, Japan,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia.

22

THE VEGETATION OF 1 HE DISTRICT OF

V0«~PAPAVERACE;E.

12. Argemone Linn.

13. Argemone mexicana Linn.

Very common except in the desert zone, where, however, it also
occurs.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, West Indies, N.
and S. America, Africa, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
Australia.

VI.— CRU CIFE RiE.

13. Nasturtium Br.

14. Nasturtium in di cum DC.

Pyogingon.

Distribution. - Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Philippines, China,

14. Brassica Linn.

15. Brassica juncea Hook. f. 8^ T.

Mon valley, cultivated.

Distribution.— -Cultivated throughout India and Burma, China,
and Western Asia, Africa.

15. Lepidium Linn.

10. Lepidium sativum Linn.

Cultivated in the alluvial belt.

Burm. Samon-hpwe .

Distribution.— “Cultivated throughout India and Burma, also in
Tropical Africa.

10, Raplianus Linn.

17. Raplianus sativus Linn.

Cultivated in the alluvial belt.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout India and Burma, warm,
temperate and Tropical Asia and Africa.

VII.— CAPPARIDACEiE.

17. Clcomc Linn.

18. Cleome viscosa Linn.

Sami valley.

Distribution *— Throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

n

18. Gynandropsis DC.

10. Gynandropsis pentapliylla DC.

Gwingyin.

DlSTRlBUTION.—Throughout the tropics.

19* Cratseva Linn.

£0. Crataeva religiosa Forst, var. Roxburghii.

Gwingyin.

Distribution. —Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Tropical Africa.

20. #Boscia Lamk.

21. *Boscia variabilis Coll. & Hems.

Desert zone.

Distribution.- — Upper Burma.

22. *Boscia prunoides n. sp.

Flowers unknown. A shrub with softly pubescent branches and in-
frequent small recurved spines often scarcely perceptible. Leaves
petiolate, petiole about 7 mm. long, pubescent, lamina r8-2*5 cm.
long, 1 *2- 1 ‘8 cm. broad, ovate or obovate, margin entire, apex retuses
glabrous on both surfaces or with scattered adpressed minute hairs$
very finely dotted, nerves obscure or 5-7 running forward at an acute
angle with the midrib. Ripe fruit about 1 *8-2*5 cm* m diameter,
dark brown, smooth almost polished, supported on a glabrous brown
stalk about 1*3 cm. long.

Salin, Shaik Mokim !

Distribution.— Upper Burma.

This same species was also collected in the Shan hills in 1891 by
King’s collector, unfortunately also only in fruit.

21. Capparis Linn.

23. *Capparis grandis Linn.

Minbu.

Distribution.— Rajputana, Peninsular India, Burma, Ceylon.

24. *Capparis bunnanica Coll. & Hems. (Journ. Linn. Soc.

Gwingyin. Voh XXVIII.)

Burm. Kaukkweza .

DISTRIBUTION.—Upper Burma.

25. *Capparis orbiculata Wall.

Minbu, Aubert & Gage ? Common on dry hillocks near the towu
of Minbua

Distribution,— Upper Burma.

24

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

£0, Capparis liorrida Linn. f.

MinbUo

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Upper Gangetic
Plain, Bengal, Assam, Chittagong and Burma, . Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Philippines*

H7, Capparis flavicans Wall
Gwingyin.

Distribution,— Upper Burma and Cochin China6
£8. ^Capparis hastigera Hance (Journ. Bot , 1868, p. 269 and 1879, p, 8).
Gwingyin.

Burm . Namanee~thanyet=gyi>

Distribution.— -Upper Burma and South China.

SO, ^Capparis polymorpha Kurz (Journ. Asiat. Soc,, Bengal, XLII
(1873), u 227).

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Upper Burma.

VIIL— BIXIWEiE.

33 « #TaraLtogenos Hassk,

SO, Taraktogenos Knrzii King.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Burm. Kalaw°bin>

Distribu ITON,— Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

IX.— POLYGALACEiE.

S3. Pojygala Linn.

31. Polygala erioptera DC,

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Punjab, Scinde, Peninsular India, Upper Gangetic
Plain, Bengal, Upper Burma, Laccadives, Arabia, Africa,

34. Xantliopliyllum Roxb.

33. Xanthopliyllum glaucum Walk

Along the bank of the Irawaddy, fringing moist hollows.
Distribution.— Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

25

X.-CARYBPIIYLLACE AS.

25. Polycarpsea Lamk.

33, Polycarpaea corymbosa Lamk.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Scinde, Upper Gangetic Plain,
North-Western Himalaya, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, China, Africa,
Western Asia.

XI.-PORTULACEdE.

26. Portulaca Linn.

34. Portulaca oleracea Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

XII.— T A M A RISCINE /E.

27. Tamarix Linn.

35, Tamarix tallica Linn.

Banks and sandy spits of the Irawaddy and its tributaries.
Distribution. — Throughout India and Southern Asia, South and
West Europe and North and Tropical Africa.

XIII. — ELATIXE^E.

28. Bergia Linn.

36, Bergia aminaiiioides Roxb.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— ' Throughout Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.

XIV. OETTIFERiE.

29. Calopliyllum Linn.

37. Calopliyllum inopUyllum Linn.

Sal in.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Burma, Andaman Islands,
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, East African Islands, Australasia.

30. Mesua Linn.

%

38. Mesua ferrea Linn.

Pyogingon.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Bengal, Assam, Chittagong,
Burma, Andaman Islands, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula®

26

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

XV.— DIPTEROC A RPEiE,

31. Dipterocarpus Gaertn.

39. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs above Kan, very common.

Bunn. Eng.

Distribution. — Chittagong, Burma, Siam

32. Pentacme A. DC.

40. Pentacme suavis A. DC. Shorea siamensis Miq .

Nwamadaung hills, common.

Burm. In-gyin or Ingen.

DiSTRiBUTiON.—Burma and Siam.

XVI.— JIALVACEiE.

33. Sida Linn.

41. Sida Ycronicttfolia Lamk. S. humilis H/illd.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— -Throughout the plains of India and Burma.
Malay Archipelago, Ceylon, Tropical Africa and Tropical America.

42. Sida mysorensis We & A.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Bengal, Assam,
Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

43. Sida acuta Burm. Sida carpinifolia Linn .

Sidoktaya, Nwamadaung Hills.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

44. Sida rliombifolia Linn.

Nwamadaung Hills.

Distribution. Throughout the tropics.

Var. rhomboidea.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION. -N.-W. Himalaya, Sikkim, Bhutan, Upper

Gangetic plain, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Yunnan.

45. Sida cordifolia Linn.

Salin.

DiSTRlBUTlON.-^Throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

27

34. Abutilon Gaertn.

40. Abutilon polyandru 111 G. Don. •

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION.— Peninsular and Central India, Upper Gangetie
Plain, Chota Nagpur, Java, Tropical Africa.

47. Abutilon indicum G. Don*

Throughout the district.

Distribution. — -Throughout the tropics.

48. * Abutilon graveolens W9 & A.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Peninsular and Central India, Upper Gangetie
Plain, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, Java, Tropical Africa. '

35. Urena Linn.

40. Urena lobata Linn.

Nwamadaung hills and banks of Mon riv* r.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

50. Urena siuuata Linn.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

30. Pavonia Cav.

51. Pavonia glechomifolia A. Rich.

Sal in-.

DISTRIBUTION.— North-West Frontier, Peninsular India, Burma,
Ceylon, Arabia, Tropical Africa.

53. Pavonia odorata Willd.

Gwingyin.

DISTRIBUTION. — North-West Frontier, Peninsular and Central
India, Upper Gangetie Plain, Chota Nagpur, Burma, Ceylon, Tro°
pical Africa.

37. Hibiscus Medik.

53. Hibiscus surat tens is Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics of Asia, Africa and
Australia. ■

54. Hibiscus radiatus Willd.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Bengal cultivated, Assam, Chit-
agong, Burma.

28

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

55. Hibiscus micrantlius Linn.

Salin. #

Distribution. —Throughout the plains of India and Burma
Tropical Africa, Arabia.

56. Hibiscus Solan dr a L’Her.

Minbu district.

Distribution.—' Throughout the plains of India and Burma, Cey-
lon, Eastern Tropical Africa.

57. Hibiscus lunariifolius Willd.

Salin.

Distribution.— Peninsular India and Burma. Ceylon and
Tropical Africa.

58. Hibiscus pandurrcformis Burm.

Minbu district.

DiSTRiBUriON.-^Throughout the plains of India and Burma,
Ceylon, Tropical Africa and Tropical Australia.

59. * Hibiscus vitifolius Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— As the last species.

60. * Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.

Arracan Yomahs, on deserted village site.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

61. * Hibiscus ficulneus Linn.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Throughout the plains of India and Burma, also
in Ceylon.

63.* Hibiscus pungens Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills, below 2,000 ft.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Bengal,
Assam, Burma.

63. Hibiscus sagittifolius Kurz. H. Abelmoschus Z. VAR. multifor-
mis of F. B. L

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Manipur, Burma, Malay Archipelago.

This is a quite good species.

64. Hibiscus esculentus Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

29

65. Hibiscus schizopetalus Hooker f.(Bot. Mag, pi. 6524)

Sinbok, cultivated.

Distribution. — Native of Tropical East Africa. Cultivated
generally throughout India and Burma,

38. Tliespesia Corr,

€6. Tliespesia Lampas Dalz. & Gibs.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — North-West Frontier, Peninsular and Central
India, N.-W. Himalaya, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Ceylon, Java, East
Tropical Africa.

$7. Tliespesia populnea Corr.

Pyogingon. A single tree in the village, considered a marvel by
the villagers on account of the diurnal changing tints of the corolla.

DISTRIBUTION.— Shores of Bengal and Peninsular India, Anda-
man islands, also planted in Rajputana, Central India and Burma,
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Africa, Pacific islands.

39, Gossypium Linn.

68. Gossypium herbaceum Linn.

Arracan Yomahs.

69. Gossypium barbadense Linn. VAR. acuminata.

Nwamadaung hills. Cultivated by the Chins. The above

identifications of cotton are provisionally given according to the
names in the Calcutta Herbarium.

40. Bombax Linn.

70. Bombax malabaricum DC.

Common along the river valleys.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout the plains and low hills of India aud
Burma and Andaman Islands, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

71. * Bombax sp. Fruits only seen. Burm. Didok-bin .
Nwamadaung hills.

This is certainly not B . malabaricum , and the writer is of
opinion that it cannot very well be B. insigne Wall. The fruit of
B. insigne Wall, is described as “ 10 inches by 1 inch, elongated,
curved at the apex, glabrous.” The fully developed fruit of
the Nwamadaung hills plant is 5 inches long, with 5 stout
rounded ridges, its diameter from one ridge to the opposite one
about 2| inches. Its fruit resembles the fruit of a specimen in the
Calcutta Herbarium which Kurz had collected in Pegu, and had
named first B . malabaricum DC. and then Bo insigne Walk The

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

3°

writer agrees with the remark of Sir George King in his “ Materials
for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula ” (Journ. Asiat. Soc.? Vol. LIX,
1890) wherein he writes, “I have a strong suspicion that what Kurz
regarded as B, insigne is really an undescribed species.” As the
seeds brought by the writer to the Calcutta Garden have germinated,
it is to be hoped that the elucidation of the identity of this plant is
merely a matter of time.

XVII.— STERCULIACE/E.

41. Sterculia Linn.

73. Sterculia versicolor Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Upper Burma.

73. Sterculia colorata Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs, lower slopes.

Distribution.— Rajputana, Peninsular and Central India,
Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andaman Islands, Cocos Islands,
Ceylon.

43. Helic teres Linn.

74. Ilelicteres elougata Wall.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Burma, Yunnan.

43. Melhauia Forsk.

75. Hfelliania Hamiltoniana Wall.

Salin.

Distribution. — Peninsular India and Burma.

44. Melochia Linn.

76. Melochia corcliorifolia Linn.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics

45. Waltlieria Linn.

77. Waltlieria indica Linn.

Sagu. Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

31

XVIII.— TILIACEiE.

46. Grewia Linn.

78 * Grewia abutilifolia Juss.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Burma, Java.

79.* Grewia Iiirsuta Vah!.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Upper Gangetic
Plain, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon.

47, Triumfetta Linn.

80. Triumfetta rhomboidca Jacq.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout Tropical Asia and Africa.

81. Triumfetta rotundifolia Lamk.

Salin.

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Bengal, Burma.

82. Triumfetta annua Linn.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — N -W. Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim, Bengal, Assam,
Burma, Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
Tropical Africa.

48. Corchorus Linn,

83. Corchorus olitorius Linn.

Gwingyin.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics-

84. Corchorus fascicularis Lamk.

Gwingyin.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout the plains of India and Burma,
Ceylon, Tropical Africa and Australia.

85. Corchorus acutangulus Lamk.

Gwingyin and Myaung-u.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

3^

The vegetation of the district of

DISCIFLORiE.

XIX, — MALPHIGIACE/E.

49. Hiptage Gsertna

86. Hip t age camlicans Hook. f.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Burma* Manipur.

XX. — ZYGOPHYLLACETL

50. Tribulus Linn.

87. Tribulus tcrrestris Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

XXL— GERANIACEvE

51. Biophytum DC.

88. Biophytum sciisitivum DC.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

53. Impaticns Linn.

89. Impatiens Balsamina Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— In Jia, Burma, Ceylon, Malaya, China.

XXII.—lUJTACEiE.

53. Glycosmis Corr.

90. Glycosmis pcntapliylla Corr.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippine Islands, Australia.

54. Micromclum Bl.

91. Micromelum li irsutum Oliver.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

MfNBU m UPPER BURMA, 33;

55. Limonia Linn,

92. * Limonia acidissinra Linn.

Gwingyin.

Burm. Thanakha .

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Bengal, N.-W. Himalaya^
Assam, Burma, Yunnan.

56* Atalantia Corr,

93, Atalantia monopliylla Corr,

Salin.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Bengal,- Assam, Burma, Malay
Peninsula, and Archipelago, Ceylon,

57. Citrus Linn,

94. Citrus medica Linn.

Nwamadaung hills, cultivated.

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, N.-W., Central*
and Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andamans.

58. dEg’Ie Corr,

r - > f * " - *

95, JEgle Marnielos Corr.

. Minbu. . ...

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout India and Burma.

XXIII.— SIMARUBACE^E.

59. Harrisonia Brown, r.

96. Harrisonia Bennetii Hook. f.

Minbu district*

D ISTRIBUTION. — Burma, Siam, Malay Archipelago, Philippines^
China.

60, Balanites Del.

97, Balanites Roxburghii Planch,

Ngape.

Distribution.— N.”W. Frontier, Upper Gangetic Plain, Penin-
sular and Central India, Burma,

D

34

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

XXIV. — lUJRSERACEE.

61. Garuga Roxb.

68, Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs near Kau,

Distribution.*— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archipe-
lago, Philippine Islands.

XXV. — IIELIACEP

63. Melia Linn.

96. Melia Azadirackta Linn.

Pyogingon and Nwamadaung hills.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Ceylon, often planted,

63. Walsura Roxb.

100. Walsura villosa Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma and Siam.

64. Ckickrassia Adr. Juss.

101, * Ckickrassia takularis Air, Juss. var. velutina.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Peninsular and Central India, Assam, Burma,
Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula, Ceylon.

65. Cedrela Linn.

103. Cedrela Toona Roxb.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Tropical Himalaya, Peninsular and Central
India, Burma, Java, Australia.

XXVI. -0LACINEJ2.

66. Olax Linn.

103. Olax seandens Roxb.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Upper Gangetie
Plain, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, Java,

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA,,

35

104. *01ax nana Wall
Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Punjab, Bengal, Assam.
Burma.

67. Cansjera Juss.

105. Cansjera Rlieedii Kurz,

Gwingyin.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Gangetic Plain, Burma, Malaya.
Australia.

XXVII.— CELASTRINEyE.

68. Lophopetalum Wight.

106. Lophopetalum Wallicliii Kurz.

Ngape.

Distr IBUTION .—Burma.

XXVIII.— RHAMNACE/E.

69. Ventilago Gaertn.

107. Ventilago calyculata Tul.

Burm. Thwedet.

DISTRIBUTION. Throughout India and Burma, Java.

70. Zizyphus Juss.

108. Zizyphus Jujuba Lamk.

Exceedingly common all over the dry zone, cultivated in the
irrigated tracts.

Burm. Zi-bin} * wild plum * of the English residents.
DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout Afghanistan, India and Burma,
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China, Australia. Tro~
pical Africa,

109. Zizyphus (Enoplia Mill.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Tropical Asia and Australia.

HO. Zizyphus glabra Roxb.

A climbing shrub. Branches about as thick as a crowquill, glabrous,
smooth, pale, armed with infrequent solitary short recurved brown
polished prickles. Leaves petiolate, glabrous on both surfaces

D 2

36

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

drying green, oval, oblique at the base, apex blunt, margin crenulate
or crenulate-serrate, main lateral nerve about 9 mm. from the
midrib on each side, secondary lateral nerves 7-9 arching forwards
to the margin. Length of lamina 3*8-5 cm., breadth 3-4 cm., length
of petiole about 1 cm. Infloresence of short pedunculate axillary
cymes i'2— 1*8 cm. long, 5- io-flowered, peduncles about 7 cm. long.
Flowers shortly pedicellate, glabrous or with a very sparse pubes-
cence. Calyx obconical five lobed, lobes about equal to depth of
calyx cup, keeled internally, acute. Petals minute, eucullate. Disc
flat, obscurely io-lobed, glabrous. Stamens 5, filaments about as
long as the calyx lobes, anthers short. Ovary 3-celled, styles 3,
united almost to the top, stigmas sub-capitate, Fruit glabrous
brown, oval, r8 cm. by 1*3 cm., 2-celled and 2-seeded.

Legain, Shaik Mokim !

Distribution.— -Chittagong, Burma, Andaman Islands.

XXIX.— AMPELIDEdE.

71. Vitis Linn.

111. Vitis discolor Dalz.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Burma*
Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Cochin-China.

112. * Vitis assamica Laws. ' • - •

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma.

118, * Vitis Aubertiana n. sp.

Branches cylindrical, ridged and furrowed when dry, glabrous.
Leaves petiolate, simple, glabrous on both surfaces,, drying green,
petiole about 4*5 cm. long, lamina 1 1 to 25 cm. from petiole, to apex
and about the same transversely, palmatifid into . 3-6 long narrow
dictations, 10-25 cm. long, 1*3-3 cm» broad, distantly or obscurely
serrate or irregular in outline, each with a median nerve prominent
below and giving off horizontal secondary nerves to interarch near
the margin. Infloresence of axillary cymes 4*5 — 8:5 cm. long,
glabrous or scurfily, pubescent, especially on the pedicels. Flowers
minute, on pedicels about 5 mm. long, calyx entire, petals 4, coherent
in the bud, stamens 4, style very short, truncate.

Sidoktaya, Shaik Mokim !

The extraordinary leaves of this species distinguish it readily
from all other Indian species. -

37

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

73, Leea Linn.

114. Leea compactiflora Kurz.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Distribution.— Burma.

Mr. C. B. Clarke considers this a distinct species in this Revision
of Leea in Journ. Bot., Vol. X, 1 88 1 .

, XXX. — SAPIXDACE/E.

73. Gardiospermum Linn,

115. Gardiospermum Halieacabum Linn.

Common in the district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

74. Sapi ndus Plum.

a *

116. * Sapindus Mukorossi Gaertn.

Arracan Yomahs. Undoubtedly wild.

Distribution. — *N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic Plain (cultr),
Bengal (cult.), Burma, China, Japan.

XXXI.— ANACARDIACEjE.

75. Rhus Linn.

117. Rhus paniculata Wall.

Ngape.

Distribution.— Bhutan and Burma, China.

76. Mangifera Linn.

118. Mangifera indica Linn.

Cultivated in the alluvial belts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Cultivated generally in the tropics.

77. Buchaiiania Roxb.

119. Buchauania latifolia Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma,

130. Buchauania glabra Wall ?

Gwingyin.

Burm. Lun-bin.

There is unfortunately not an example of B, glabra in Calcutta
Herbarium, so that the identification is not assured. The Gwingyin

3B

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF,

plant, however, agrees fairly well with the description in the Flora of
British India, It is certainly near to but not B. angustifolia Roxb .

78. Melanorrhoea Wall.

181. Melanorrhoea usitata Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Assam, Burma.

79. Odina Roxb.

188. Odina Wodier Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India, Burma, Andaman Islands,
Ceylon.

80. Semecarpus Linn. f.

183. Semecarpus albescens Kurz.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Burm. Chi-thee .

Distribution.— Burma. 1

81. Spondias Linn,

184. Spondias mangifera Willd.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

Burm. Gwe-bin .

Distribution.— Throughout Tropical Asia,

XXXII— MORINGE M.

88. Moringa Lamk.

185. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.

Pyogingon and elsewhere in the district.

Burm. Dandalon-bin .

Distribution.— Wild or cultivated throughout the tropics,

CALYCIFLOR/E.

XXXIII.— LEGUMINOSiE,

83. Crotalaria Linn.

186. Crotalaria albida Heyne.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, China, Philippine Islands,

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

39

137. Crotalaria nana Burm. var. patula.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — For the species—Peninsular India and Ceylon,
For the variety — Burma.

138. Crotalaria linifolia Linn. f.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Peninsular and Central India, Bengal, Burma,
Java, Ceylon, China, Philippine Islands, Australia.

139. Crotalaria sessiliflora Linn.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Burma,
Upper Gangetic Plain, Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China, Philippine Islands, Japan.

130. Crotalaria neriifolia Wall.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

131. Crotalaria retusa Linn.

Sinbok and Pyogingon. Cultivated in patches all over the
alluvial belt. Burm. Paik-san bin .

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

133. Crotalaria verrucosa Linn.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

133. Crotalaria tetragona Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, N.-W. Himalaya, Sikkim,
Bhutan, Assam, Burma, Java.

134. Crotalaria juncea Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Australia.

135. Crotalaria medicaginca Lamk.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Afghanistan,
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Australia.

136. Crotalaria quinquefolia Linn.

Legain.

DISTRIBUTION. — Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma, Siam, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippine Islands.

4©

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

84, Melilotus J.uss,

137. * Melilotus alba Lamk.

On moist sand, bank of irawaddy near Semon.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gan-
getic Plain, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Northern and Western
Asia, Europe.

85* Indigofera Linn.

138. # Indigofera minbuensis n. sp.

A shrub with virgate branches, ridged and furrowed, covered
with minute adpressed almost scabrid hairs. Leaves pale-green, alter-
nate, simple, subsessile, linear, acute, mucronulate, 3*8-6 cm. long
and about 3 mm. broad, with entire margins and covered on both sur-
faces with minute triangular adpressed scabrid hairs exposing minute
oblique pits when rubbed off, midrib prominent beneath, white.
Infloresence of short axillary cymes about i*2-i*8 cm. long. Flowers
small, calyx covered with minute close adpressed white hairs, 5-
toothed, 4 posterior minute, setaceous, 1 anterior much larger, lan-
ceolate, corolla small, seen only in a withered state. Pods deflexedly
linear cylindrical, mucronulate, about 1*5 cm. long, covered with
minute adpressed hairs. Seeds about 6.

Arracan Yomahs 4,000 ft. Shaik Mokim !

This species is exceedingly distinct from all other Indian species.
It appears to come nearest to the African /. simplici/olia Lamk.,
from which it differs in having considerably larger leaves, and shorter,
stouter and deflexed pods.

139. Indigofera linifolia Retz.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, in Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Afghanistan, Africa, Australia.

140. Indigofera enneapliylla Linn.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.*— Throughout India and Burma, in Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Australia, Africa.

141. Indigofera pentaphylla Linn.

Sagu.

Distribution.— -Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Tropical
Africa.

143. Indigofera viscosa Lamk.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Throughout the plains of India and Burma
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Australia, Afghanistan, Africa.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

41

143. Indigofera trifoliata Linn.

Sidoktaya.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, in Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Australia, China.

144. Indigofera trita Linn. f.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, in Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Australia, Tropical Africa.

145. Indigofera liirsuta Linn.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, in Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula, Archipelago, Australia, Philippine Islands, tropical Africa
and America.

140. Indigofera sumatrana Gaertn.

Mon valley, cultivated by Burmese and Chins.

DISTRIBUTION. — Cultivated in Peninsular India, Scinde, Upper
Gangetic Plain, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archi~
pelago.

147. * Indigofera Wiglitii Grab.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Burma, Ceylon.

148. Indigofera arborea Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma.

149. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. I. Anil Linn .

Sinbok, cultivated.

Burm. Me -bin.

Distribution.— Bengal, Burma, Andaman Islands, Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago, Philippine Islands, Pacific Islands, Tropica!
Africa and America.

80, Psoralea Linn.

150. * Psoralea corylifoiia Linn.

Pyogingon.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon,

87. Millet tia W. & A,

151. Millettia pendula Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma, Siam.

42

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

153. Millettia cana Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma.

153. Millettia tetraptera Kurz.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Burma.

154. Millettia cinerea Benth.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

DISTRIBUTION.— Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma.

155. Millettia ovalifolia Kurz.

Gwingyin and Ngape.

Distribution. — Burma and Siam.

156. Millettia Brandisiana Kurz.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Burma and Siam.

157. Millettia auricula ta Baker.

Arracan Yomahs near Kau.

Distribution.— Central India, N.-W., Central and Eastern
Himalayas, Upper Gangetic Plain, B&ngal, Assam, Burma.

88. Teplirosia Pers.

158. Teplirosia purpurea Pers.

Exceedingly common all over the district.

Burm. Mbyaing (t wild indigo.”

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

159. Teplirosia villosa Pers.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the plains of India and Burma,
Ceylon, Tropical Africa.

160. Teplirosia Grahami Wall.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Burma.

89. Sesbania Pers.

161. Sesbania segyptiaca Pers.

Sinbok and Pyogingon.

Burm. Ye-tha-gyi .

Distribution.-*— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

43

163, Sesbania aculeata Pars.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics,

163. Sesbania grandiflora Pers.

Sinbok and Pyogingon. Sinbok plant with a large pale-yellow
corolla, Pyogingon plant with a smaller violet corolla.

Burm. Pauk-pan-bya-bin .

DISTRIBUTION.— Peninsular and Central India, Bengal, Assam,
Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia, East African
Islands.

90. Zornia Gml.

164. Zornia diphylla Pers.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution,— Throughout the tropics.

91. iEschynomcne Linn.

165. iEschynomene indica Linn.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

93. Lonrea Neck.

166. Lonrea obcordata Desv.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma, Malay Archipelago, Australia, Philippine
Islands, China.

167. Lonrea eampanulata Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma.

93. IJr aria Desv.

168. Ilraria picta Desv,

Pyogingon.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Nicobar and Phillippine Islands, Tropical
Africa.

169. Uraria hamosa Wall.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archipelago.

170. Uraria cordifolia Wall.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Burma.

44

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

94. Alysicarpus Neck.

171. Alysicarpus monilifer DC.

Pyogingoru

Distribution.— -Peninsular and Central India, llpper Gangetic
Plain, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, Java, Tropical Africa.

172. Alysicarpus vaginalis DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Throughout the Eastern tropics.

173. Alysicarpus bupleurifolius DC.

Sidoktaya.

DISTRIBUTION.— -Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Polynesia, East African Islands, Philippine Islands,
China.

174. Alysicarpus rugosus DC. var. styraci folia.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION, of the species. — Eastern tropics, Southern Africa,
West Indies; of the variety, India and Burma.

95. Desmodium Desv.

175. * Desmodium Wallicliii Praia. (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,,

Vol. LXVI, II, 1897.)

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma.

170. Desmodium Ceplialotes Wall. VAR. * congesta, Prain. (Journ.

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol LXVI, II, 1897.)

Sidoktaya.

Distribution, of variety. — Peninsular India, Chittagong. Burma,
Ceylon.

177. Desmodium pulcliellum Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippine Islands, China.

178. Desmodium grande Kurz.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Burma.

179. Desmodium teres Wall.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Upper Burma.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA. 45

18% Desmodium oblonguni Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Upper Burma.

181. * Desmodium Kingianum Pcain. (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

: Vol. LXVI. II, 1897.)

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Upper Burma.

$ * ( - - C C ’ - « . *

183. Desmodium diffusum DC.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION. —Peninsular and Central India, Bengal, Burma,
China.

183. Desmodium triflorum DC.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

181. Desmodium gyrans DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago, Philippine Islands*

r ' ^ ^

96. Abrus Linn,

185. Abrus precatorius Linn.

Common in the district.

Burm. Y we- gale.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

97. Cicer Linn.

186. Cicer arietinum Linn.

Alluvial belt, cultivated.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

98. Teranmus Sw.

187. Teranmus labialis Spreng.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

• < '* • o- /

99. Mucuna Ad a ns.

188. Mucuna puriens DC.

, Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics

46

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

100, Erytlirina Linn.

180, Erytlirina suberosa Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma.

Va r. glabrescens Prain . (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VoL

LXVI, II, 1897.)

Minbu.

DISTRIBUTION. — N.-W. Himalaya, Sikkim, Burma.

101. Galactia P. Br,

100. Galactia tenuiflora W. & A. var. *villosa.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Central and Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma.

102. Spatliolobus Hassk.

101. Spatliolobus Roxburghii Benth.

Ngape.

DISTRIBUTION.—' Throughout India and Burma,

103. Butea Roxb.

102. Butea frondosa Roxb.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon.

103. Butea superba Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Rajputana, Upper Gangetic
Plain, Bengal, Burma.

104. Canavalia DC.

104. Canavalia ensiformis DC.

Nwamadaung hills, wild. Cultivated in the alluvial tract.
Distribution.#— Throughout the tropics.

105. Pueraria DC.

105. Pueraria Candollci Grah.

Mon valley.

Distribution. — Chittagong, Burma, Cocos Islands.

Var. eriocarpa. Pods as hairy as those of P . tuber osa ,

Minbu district.

106. Pueraria Wallichii DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

107. Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam^
Burma.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

47

198. Pueraria stricta Kurz.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Burma.

106. Phaseolus Linn.

199. Phaseolus lunatus Linn.

Sinbok and Salin, “ Chinese pea/’ cultivated.

Burm. Pe-talok .

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

200. Phaseolus adenanthus G. F. Meyer.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

201. Phaseolus trilobus Ait.

Minbu district.

Distribution. Throughout India and Burma, Andaman islands,
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Afghanistan, Northern Africa.

202. Phaseolus Mungo Linn.

Sinbok, cultivated.

Burm. Pe-nauk .

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

203. Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb.

Minbu, cultivated.

Burm. P e-yin.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

107, Clitoria Linn.

204. Clitoria Ternatea Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

108. Dolichos Linn.

205. Dolichos Lablab Linn.

Cultivated throughout the alluvial belt.

Burm. Pe-bya , Pe-bazon, Pe*gyi\ Pe-lun .

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

206. Dolichos biflorus Linn.

Sinbok.

Burm. Pe-ngapi.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

48

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

207. Doliclios falcatus Klein.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Ceylon,
Malay Archipelago.

208. Dolichos subcarnosus W. & A.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Western India, Assam, Chittagong, Burma,

109. Atylosia W. & A.

209. Atylosia ilivea Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Burma.

210. Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth,

Nvvamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay-
Peninsula, China, Mascarene islands.

110. Cajanus DC.

211. Cajanus indicus Spreng.

Sinbok,

Burm. Pe-slngon.

Distribution.— .Throughout the tropics.

111. * Cylista Ait.

212. Cylista scariosa Ait.

Nvvamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Burma.

112, Rliynchosia Lour.

313* Rliynchosia suaveolens DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Burma, Ceylon.

214. Rliynchosia minima DC. and var. laxiflora.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics, S. Africa and North
America.

215. Rliynchosia bracteata Benth.

Nvvamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Peninsular and Central India, N.-W. Himalaya*
Upper Gangetic Plain, Bengal, Burma.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

49

113. Flemingia Roxb.

216. Flemingia strobilifera R.Br. var. fluminalis,

F. fluminalis C . B. Clarke .

N warn ad au ng hills.

Distribution of variety.— Chittagong and Burma,

217. Flemingia lineata Roxb.

Common in the district.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Siam,
Malay Archipelago, N. Australia.

218. * Flemingia liana Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Upper Gangetic
plain, Bengal, Burma.

114. Dalbergia Linn. f.

219. Dalbcrgia obtusifolia Prain. D. ovata Grah, var. obtusifolia

Baker of F. B. I.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma.

220. Dalbergia eultrata Grah.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma and Siam..

221. * Dalbergia paniculata Roxb.

Salin.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Burma.

222. * Dalbergia Kurzii Praia. (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LXVL
II. 1897).

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Burma.

* <■ I

i

115. Pterocarpus Linn.

223. Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz.

Nwamadaung hills.

Burm. Padauk.

Distribution. — Burma.

116, Derris Lour.

224. * Derris pulchra n. sp.

Branches glabrous, cinereous, abundantly lenticellate. Leaves
3-5 foliolate, 11*5-14*5 cm. from base of common petiole to apex

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

of terminal leaflet. Leaflets of 3-foliolate leaves broadly elliptical
or oval, glabrous on both surfaces, smooth above, finely reticulate
beneath and midrib prominent, lateral leaflets about &2 cm. long
including petiolule and about 3*5 cm. broad, lateral nerves 5-6, ter-
minal leaflet about 9 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, lateral nerves 6-8.
Leaflets of 5-foliolate leaves oval or obovate, rather smaller than those
of the 3-foliolate leaves. Inflorescence of axillary panicles, as long as
the leaves. Flowers not seen. Pedicels in fruit about 1 *2 cm. long.
Pod 1-3 seeded, glabrous, smooth, reticulated, elliptical mucronate
5’3"6'8 cm. long ie5-2’5 cm. broad, winged along both sutures, upper
wing 4*6 mm. broad, lower wing about 2*3 mm.

Arracan Yomahs, Shaik Mokim !

235. Derris scandens Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Bengal, Eastern Himalayas,
Chittagong, Burma, Andaman islands, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, N. Australia, Siam, China.

117 . Caesalpinia Linn.

226. Csesalpinia Bonducella Fleming.

Sinbok.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

227. Caesalpinia Sappan Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma, Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago.

228. Caesalpinia digyna Rottl.

Gwingyin, and Nwamadaung hills.

Burm, Sun-lethet-thee .

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Bengal, Chittagong,
Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Ceylon.

118. Mezoneurum Desf.

329. Mezoneurum hymenocarpum W. & A. M. pubescens of Baker

not of Desfontaines .

Gwingyin and Nwamadaung hills.

DISTRIBUTION. — Ceylon, Andaman islands, Burma.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA

5*

119. Parkinsonia, Linn.

330. Parkinsonia aculeata Linn.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Burm. Kwunya-zi-bin .

Distribution.— Throughoutjthe tropics cultivated and naturalized.

130. Cassia Linn.

331. Cassia renigera Wall.

Sagu.

Distribution.— Burma.

333. Cassia occidentalis Linn.

Sinbok.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

333. Cassia Sopliera Linn.

Pyogingon, Salin.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

334. Cassia Tora Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

335. Cassia auriculata Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Rajputana, Peninsular and Central India, Chitta-
gong, Burma, Ceylon.

330. Cassia alata Linn.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

337. * Cassia siamea, Lamk.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Peninsular and Central India, Bengal, Chitta-
gong, Burma, Andaman islands, Malay Peninsula, Ceylon, Siam.

338. Cassia timoriensis DC.

Myaung-u.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Chittagong, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Ceylon, Philippine islands, China, N.
Australia.

339. Cassia glauca Lamk.

Minbu district. *

Var. suffruticosa.

52

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

Sinbok and Pyogingon.

Burm. Pyi-ban-nyo.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, China, Pacific islands, N. Australia.

340. Cassia mimosoides Linn. var. dimidiata.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics,

131. Tamar Indus Linn.

341. Tamarindus indica Linn.

Throughout the district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics,

133. Bauliinia Linn.

♦

343.* Bauliinia tomcntosa Linn.

Pyogingon.

DISTRIBUTION. — Rajputana, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Penin-
sular India, Burma, Malay Archipelago, Andaman islands, Ceylon,
Siam.

343. Bauliinia polycarpa Wall.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Distribution.— Arracan and Pegu Yomahs, Shan hills, Martaban,
Tennasserim.

344. Bauliinia racemosa Lamk.

Gwingyin.

DISTRIBUTION.— N. -W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Burma, Punjab, Rajputana, Scinde, Central and Peninsular India,
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China.

What appears to be a distinct variety of this species was found in
the Nwamadaung hills in fruit only, the pods being much fuller than
those of the type— almost cylindrical.

345. Bauliinia malabarica Roxb.

Salin. ■ 5

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago.

346. Bauliinia dipliylla Ham.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Burma,

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA,

52

250. Bauliinia purpurea Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughont India and Burma, China.

251. Bauliinia variegata Linn.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, China.

123, Neptunia Lour.

252. Neptunia oleracea Lour.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics,

124. Xylia Benth. -

253. Xylia dolabriformis Benth.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Bengal (Orissa), Peninsular India, Burma, Malay
Peninsula, Siam, Philippine islands.

125, Entada Adans.

254. Entada scandens Benth.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

126. Adenantliera Linn,

255. * Adenantliera pavonina Linn.

Pyogingon.

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Assam, Chitta-
gong, Burma, Andaman islands, Peninsular India, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippine islands, China, Mascarene
islands, N. Australia.

127. Diclirostachys DC.

256. * Diclirostachys cinerea* W. & A.

Salin.

Distribution. — Rajputana, Peninsular and Central India, Bengal
Orissa), Burma, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, N. Australia.

54

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

138. Leucsena Benth.

357. Leucaena glauca Benth.

Sinbok.

Burm. A set k-hpye- b in .

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

130. Mimosa Linn.

358. Mimosa pudica Linn. Common in the alluvial belt.

Distribution.— Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon, tropical
America.

130. Acacia Willd,

359. Acacia Farncsiana Willd.

Sinbok.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics,

300,* Acacia Arabica Willd.

Common, planted throughout the district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Punjab. Rajputana, jScinde. Peninsular and
Central India, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, Arabia, Africa.

361. Acacia Kingii Prain. (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LXVI,
2. 506, 1897.)

Salin.

Distribution.— Upper Burma.

363. Acacia leucoplilcea Willd,

Gwingyin.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago.

363. Acacia catechuoides Benth.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

Burni. Ska-bin,

DiSTRiBUtlON.-^Bengal, Assam, Burma.

364. Acacia concinna DC. var. rugata.

Minbu district.

Distribution of variety.— Nepal, Sikkim, Bengal, Assam,
Burma, Andamans, Central India.

305. Acacia pennata Willd.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Africa.

55

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

VAR. arrophula.

Ngape.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma.

266. Acacia canescens Grab.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Burma.

Var. macrocarpa.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma.

131. Albizzia Darazz.

267. Albizzia Lebbek Benth.

Common throughout the district in the plains.

Distribution. — Throughout the Eastern tropics.

268. Albizzia lebbekoides Benth. (Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot., Ill, 89.
Ngape.

Distribution. — Burma, Siam, Java.

269. Albizzia procera Benth.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-VV. and Eastern Himalaya, Bengal, Central
and Peninsular India, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andaman islands,
Malay Archipelago, Philippine islands.

270. Albizzia lucida Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic plain (cult.), Nepal, Sikkim,
Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

132. Pitliecolobium Mart.

271. Pithecolobium dulce Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Planted throughout India and Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula, Philippine islands. Indigenous to South America.

XXXIV.-ROSACE/E.

133. Pygeuni Gaertn.

272. * Pygeum acuminatum Coleb.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andaman
islands.

56 THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

134* Rosa Linn.

873. Rosa involucrata Roxb.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Burm. Myit-king.

DISTRIBUTION. — Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Assim, Burma,
Circars.

135. Eriobotrya Lindl.

874. Eriobotrya ben^alensis Hook. f.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

XX X V.—C R ASSULACE E.

136. Kalanchoe Adans.

875. Kalanchoe spat hula ta DC.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— N.-W. and Eastern Himalayas, Rengal, Assam >
Burma, Malay Archipelago, China.

876. Kalanchoe laciniata DC.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago, China, Tropical Africa.

XXXVI.— CORBRET ACE iE.

137. Terminalia Linn.

877. Terminalia Catappa Linn.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Planted throughout the tropics.

878. Terminalia Bellerica Roxb.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India— except the West— and

Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

879. Terminalia tomentosa Bedd.

Arracan Yomahs, common.

Distribution. — Peninsular and Central India, Upper Gangetic
plain, Bengal, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Burma.

VAR. crenulata.

VAR. macrocarpa.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

57

The writer is of opinion that there are really two distinct varieties.
There are several gatherings of the former collected at Sidoktaya,
Ngape and elsewhere all agreeing with each other and differing
from the latter in having considerably smaller leaves and fruit. The
leaf of VAR, crenulata averages \\ inches long, that of VAR. macro -
carpa about 8 inches. The fruit of VAR. crenulata is about 2 inches
long and 3-3 i inches in circumference, that of VAR. macrocarpa 2
inches and 6-6| inches in circumference.

280. Terminalia pyrifolia Kurz.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Burma.

281. Terminalia Oliveri Brandis. (Hooker’s leones Plantarum, PI.
2202.)

• Minbu district.

Distribution. — Burma.

138. Calycopteris Lamk.

282. Calycopteris floribunda Lamk.

Myaung-u, Nwamadaung hills.

DISTRIBUTION.— Orissa, Peninsular India, Assam, Burma, Malay
Peninsula.

139. Anogeissus Wall.

283. Anogeissus acuminata Wall. var. lanceoiata.

Arracan Yomahs, lower slopes.

Distribution of variety.— Chittagong, Burma,

140. Combretum Linn.

284. Combretum apetalum Wall.

Common all over the district.

Distribution.— Burma.

285. Combretum pyrifojium Kurz.

Minbu district.

DlS i RIBUTION. — Burma.

280. Combretum trifoliatum Vent.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Burm. Hsauk-bin .

Distribution. — Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

287. Combretum chinense Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs, lower slopes.

Distribution. Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andaman islands,
Malay Peninsula.

58

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

388. Combretum extensum Roxb,

Arracan Yomahs, lower slopes.

DISTRIBUTION. '—Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andaman islands,
Peninsular India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

141. Quisqualis Linn.

389, Quisqualis indica Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics, cultivated,

XXXVII.— HYRTACEJS.

143. Psidium Linn,

390, Psidium Guyava Linn .

Cultivated in the alluvial belt.

Burm. Manlcala-bin .

Distribution, — Cultivated throughout the tropics.

143. Barringtonia Forst.

391. Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— -Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, (?) Malay
Peninsula.

XXXVIII.— LYTHRACEdE.

144. Ammannia Linn.

393, Ammannia peploides Spreng.

Minbu district

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

393. Ammannia baccifera Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution. —Throughout the Eastern tropics.

394. * Ammannia salicifolia Monti,

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Tropical Africa,

145. Lawsonia Linn.

395. Lawsonia alba Lamk.

Salin.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

59

146. Lagerstroemia Linn.

396. Lagerstreemia parviflora Roxb.

DISTRIBUTION.— N.-W. and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal, Central
and Peninsular India, Assam, Burma.

397. Lagerstroemia macrocarpa Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Chittagong and Burma.

Fruits very large, 5 inches in circumference.

398. Lagerstroemia villosa Wall.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution,— Burma.

399. Lagers troemia tomentosa Presl.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

147. Duabanga Ham.

300. Duabanga sonneratioides Ham.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andaman
islands, Malay Peninsula.

148, Punica Linn.

301. Punica Granatum Linn.

Sinbok, cultivated.

Burm. Tale-bin .

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

XXXIX,— OXAGRACEdE.

149. Jussieua Linn.

303. Jussieua repens Linn.

Paunglin and Salin lakes.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

303. Jussieua suffruticosa Linn.

Paunglin lake.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

6o

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

XL. — PASSIFLORACEJS.

150. Passiflora Linn.

304. Passiflora foetida Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Assam, Burma,
M day Peninsula, naturalised, as in most tropical countries. Wild
in tropical America.

XLI.-CUCERBITACEJS.

151. Ilodgsonia Hook. f. & T.

305. Ilodgsonia lieteroclita Hook. f. & T.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

153. Tricliosanthes Linn.

306. Tricliosanthes palmata Roxb.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the Eastern tropics and N, Australia.

307. Tricliosanthes cucumerina Linn.

Minbu district. „ |

Distribution. — -Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay

Peninsula and Archipelago.

153, Gymnopetalum Am.

308. Gymnopetalum cocliinchinense Kurz.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, China.

154. Lagenaria Seringe.

309. Lagenaria vulgaris Seringe.

Cultivated in alluvial and irrigated tracts.

Burm. Bu-thee*

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

155. Lufifa Cav.

310. Luffa segyptiaca Mill.

Minbu district, generally cultivated.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

6 1

311. Luffa acutangula Roxb.

Minbu district, generally cultivated.

DISTRIBUTION. — Rajputana, Upper Gangetic plain, Central India,
Bengal, Assam, Burma, Laccadive islands, Ceylon.

156. Benincasa Savi.

312. Benincasa cerifera Savi.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Cultivated throughout the Eastern tropics.

157. Momordica Linn.

313. Momordica Cliarantia Linn.

Alluvial belt and irrigated tracts cultivated.

Burm. Kyet-hinga .

DISTRIBUTION. — Cultivated throughout the Eastern tropics.

314. Momordica macrophylla n. sp.

Branches angled and grooved, sparsely scurfily hairy in the
grooves. Leaves petiolate, cordate, mucronate, with base cuneate at
the insertion of the petiole, membranous glabrous or with a few scurfy
hairs on the nerves, margin entire, basal nerves 3 including the midrib,
the lateral ones almost at once dividing into two branches. Petiole
6 cm. long, with one or more warty glands, lamina of fully developed
leaf 13*8-16 cm. long, 11- 14 cm. broad at its widest part. Tendrils
unbranched. Male flowers usually solitary on unbranched peduncles}
sometimes three or four on as many pedicels, branching from a main
peduncle. Peduncles shorter even than the petioles. Bract broadly
reniform entire, about 3 cm. from base to apex, about 3*8 cm. in trans-
verse diameter, at the top of the peduncle completely enclosing the
male flower. Flower unexpanded about 2*2 cm. long. Sepals oblong
acute, thick and rather fleshy in the bud, twisted, pubescent. Petals
not seen expanded but apparently yellowish without a black base*
Stamens three, two 2-anthered, one i-anthered, filaments black.
Female flowers not seen. Fruit covered with coarse soft spines about
3 mm. long.

Taepo, Tenasserim, 5,000 ft. Gallatly ! Minbu district, Shaik
Mokim !

This was first collected by Gallatly in 1877 in fruit. There is
an immature fruit on the single sheet of his gathering in Calcutta
Herbarium, and a note stating “ the only plant of this met with.
A large fruit is in spirit”. Unfortunately the large fruit appears to
have departed to that limbo where all such things go when there is

62

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

no proper museum wherein to preserve them.* Since Gallatly col-
lected this in 1877, the species appears never again to have been
collected until brought from Minbu district in 1903,

Its nearest affinities appear to be with Momordica dioica) from
which it differs markedly in having much larger leaves, glandular
petioles, considerably shorter peduncles, and coarser fruit spines.

158, Cucumis Linn.

815, Cucumis Melo Linn.

Cultivated in the alluvial belt,

Burm. Tha-khwa-thee.

Distribution— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

159, Citrullus Schrader.

810. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.

Cultivated in the alluvial belt.

Burm. PayS-thee.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

160. Cephalandra Schrader.

317. Cephalandra indica Naud.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Malaya, Tropical
Africa*

161. Cucurbita Linn.

318. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne.

Cultivated in the alluvial belt and irrigated tracts.

Burm. Pay on thee.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

168. Mukia Arn.

319. Mukia scabrella Arn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

163. Zehneria Endl.

380, Zehneria umbellata Thw.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution —Throughout Tropical Asia and N. Australia.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

63

164, Tliladiantha Bunge.

321. Tliladiantha calcarata C.B. Clarke (T. dubia of F. B. I. not of

Bunge).

Arracan Yomahs, near Kan.

Distribution. —Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Burma.

165. Alsomitra Bth. & Hook. t.

322. Alsomitra sarcophylla Hook. f.

Myaung-u, Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Burma, Siam.

*

XLII.-CACTACEJS.

100. Cereus Haw.

323. Cereus species.

Gwingyin. Used as a hedge, and grows to a height of i6 feet.
Burm. Tazaung-pyathat.

107. Opuntia Mill.

324. Opuntia monacantha Haw.

Sidoktaya. Growing in the police compound. A native of South
America, introduced into India and Australia.

XLIII. -FICOIDEdE.

108. Trianthema Linn.

325. Triantliema crystallina Vahl.

Legain,

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic plain, Punjab, Central and
Peninsular India, Burma, Ceylon, Africa.

320. * Triantliema decandra Linn.

Bank of the Irawaddy.

DISTRIBUTION. — Peninsular India, Burma.

109, Mollugo Linn.

327. Mollugo hirta Thunb.

Minbu distrii t.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

328. Mollugo Spergula Linn.

Monmyin, Mon riverside.

Distribution.— Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Central and Penin-
sular India, Burma, Ceylon, Tropical Africa and Australia.

64

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

170. Gisekia Linn.

329. Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic plain, Punjab, Scinde, Central
and Peninsular India, Burma, Ceylon, Afghanistan, Africa.

XLIV.— UMBELLIFER/E.

171. Pimpinella Linn.

330. * Pimpinella. Lesclienaultii DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Burma, Ceylon,

172. Foeniculum Adans.

331. Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn.

Cultivated in the alluvial belt and irrigated tracts.

Burm. Sa-meit.

DISTRIBUTION. — Cultivated throughout India and Burma and adja-
cent countries.

173. Coriandrum Linn.

332. Coriandrum sativum Linn.

Cultivated in the alluvial belt and irrigated tracts.

Burm. Nan-nan-bin .

Distribution. — Cultivated throughout the tropics generally.

XLY. — ARALI ACE/E.

174. Tupidanthus Hook. f. & T.

833. * Tupidanthus calyptratus Hook. f. & T.

Arracan Yomahs, near Kan.

DISTRIBUTION. — Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

CO ROLLIFLOR^E.

XLVI.-RCRIACEdE.

175. Sarcoceplialus Afzel.

334, Sarcoceplialus cordatus Miq.

Mon valley, near Sidoktaya.

DlS i RIBUTION.— Burma, Ceylen, Cochin-China, Malay Archi-
pelago, N. Australia.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

65

176. Adina Salisb,

/

835. Adina cordifolia Hook. f.

Gwingyin.

Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Upper
Gangetic plain, Bengal, Peninsular India, Burma, Ceylon, China*

177. Mitragyna Korth,

336. Mitragyna parvifolia Korth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.*— N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Central and Peninsular India, Burma, Ceylon.

178. Hymenodictyon Wall.

337. Hymenodictyon excelsum Wall.

Ngape.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Assam, Burma, Central and Peninsular India, Malay Archipelago.

179. Dentella Forst.

338. Dentella repens Forst.

Mon valley.

DISTRIBUTION — Bengal, Assam, Burma, Central and Peninsular
India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, N. Australia.

180. Oldenlandia Linn.

339. Oldenlandia umbellata Linn.

Pyogingon.

DISTRIBUTION. — Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma.

340. * Oldenlandia alata Keen.

Sidoktaya.

DISTRIBUTION. — Peninsular India, Burma, Malay Archipelago.

341. Oldenlandia nudicaulis Roxb.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Upper Gangetic plain,
Bengal, Peninsular India, Malay Archipelago.

181. Randia Linn.

»_ . / .

343. Randia dumetorum Lamk.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Throughout the Eastern tropics. f

66

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

183. Gardenia Linn.

343. Gardenia obtusifolla Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution, —Burma.

344. Gardenia turgida Roxb.

Desert zone, very common.

Burm. Thamin-sa-hpya-thee, name of the fruit.

DISTRIBUTION.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Upper
Gangetic plain, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Peninsular India.

345. Gardenia erytliroclada Kurz.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Burma.

183* Dlplospora DC.

346. Diplospora confusa Hooker f.

Arracan Yomahs, near Kan.

Distribution.— Burma.

184. Knoxia Linn.

847. Knoxia plantaginea Wall. var. glabrescens.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Burma.

This is the only gathering of this species received in Calcutta
Herbarium since Wallich collected it in 1826 and Kurz more than
40 years later. The Minbu specimens resemble Kurz's solitary
sheet No, 1433, in being almost glabrous, Wallich’s specimens being
hirsute.

185. Pavetta Linn.

348. Pavetta indica Linn. var. tomentosa.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, China,
Malaya and N. Australia.

186. Morinda Linn.

349. Horinda tinctoria Roxb.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

6 7

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

• 4i... i. ' C ) ! „ f

350, Eorinda persiceefolia Ham.

Sidoktaya,

Distribution.— Chittagong, Burma, Siam, Malays Peninsula and
Archipelago.

187, Eubia Linn.

351. Eubia angustissima Wall.

Arracan Yomahs, near Kan.

Distribution.— Nepal, Sikkim, Burma.

XLVII. — COMPOSITE,

188, Vernonia Schreb.

353. Vernonia teres Wall.

Arracan Yomahs. —

Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Central India, Assam, Burma.

353, Vernonia sp. ? nov.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Upper Burma.

354, Vernonia cinerea Less.

Pyogingon and Salin.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

355, Vernonia anthelmintica Willd.

Sagu.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula,
Ceylon.

350, Vernonia gymnoclada Collet & Hemsley (Journ, Linn. Soc,
Botany, Vol. XXVIII.)

Pyogingon.

Distribution. — Upper Burma.

189, Elephantopns Linn.

357, Elephantopus scaber Linn.

Nwamadaung hills. -

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

190, Ageratum Linn.

358. Ageratum conyzoides Linn.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

F 2

68

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

191. Cyathocline Cass.

359. Cyathocline lyrata Cass.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma.

193. Grangea Forsk.

360. Grangea maderaspatana Poir.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

193. Conyza Less.

301. Conyza semi-pinnatifida Wall.

Pyogingon.

Distribution. — Bengal, Assam, Burma.

194. Blumea DC.

303. Blumea glomerata DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago, Philippine islands, China.

303. Blumea laciniata DC.

Nwamadaung hills.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, Philippine islands, China.

304. Blumea membranacea DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archipelago.

305. Blumea balsamifera DC.

Mon valley, near Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

195. Laggera Sch. Bip.

300. Laggera flava Benth.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula.

307. Laggera pterodonta Benth.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam,
Burma, Peninsular India, Africa.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA,

69

368. Laggera aurita Sch-Bip.

Mon river bank at Monmyin.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Africa.

196. Spliaerantltus Linn,

309. Sphserantlms pcguensis Kurz.

Alluvial belt.

Burm. Rodu-bin.

Distribution.— Burma.

370. Sphserantlms africanus Linn,

Alluvial belt and irrigated tracts.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

371. Sphaeranthus imlicns Linn.

Alluvial belt and irrigated tracts.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, Africa, Australia.

197. Ptcrocaulon Elliott.

373. Pterocaulon cylindrostacliyum Clarke.

Alluvial belt and irrigated tracts.

Distribution.— Burma, Malay Peninsula, Philippine islands,
Australia.

198. Gnaphalium Linn.

373. Gnaphalium indicum Linn.

Mon river bank at Monmyin.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics,

374. Gnaplialium pulvinatum Delile.

Alluvial belt and irrigated tract.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Africa.

199. Inula Linn.

375. Inula Cappa DC.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam,
Burma, Malay Archipelago, China.

200. Vicoa Cass.

370. Vicoa auriculata Cass.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon.

70

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

SOI, Xanthium Linn.

377. Xanthium Strumarium Linn.

Irawaddy banks.

Distribution.'— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon,

80S.* Enhydra Lour.

378. ^Enhydra Huctuans Lour. *

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Siam, Malay
Archipelago, China.

203, Eclipta Linn.

379. Eclipta alba Hassk.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

204. Wedelia Jacq.

380. Wedelia Wallichii Less.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Sikkim, Bengal, Assam,
Burma, Malay Archipelago.

. wv •.« -i : .• ,• y .. . •'

205. Spilanthes Linn.

381. Spilanthes Acmella Linn.

Minbu district. ,

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

200, Cosmos Cav.

382. Cosmos sulphurous Cav.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Cultivated in Bengal, Assam, Burma.

207. Bidens Linn.

383. Bidens pilosa Linn.

Minbu district.

DlSTRiBUTlON.—Throughout the tropics.

208. Artemisia Linn.

384. * Artemisia pallens Wall.

Minbu district, cultivated for its perfume.

Distribution.— Peninsular India and Burma.

Placed amongst doubtful species in the Flora of British India,
but described fully by Stapf, in Hooker’s leones Plantarum, PL 2597*

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA,

Jl

209. Emilia Cass.

385, Emilia soncliifolia DC.

Nvvamadaung hills.

Distribution.— ‘Throughout the tropics.

210. * Goniocaulon Cass,

380. # Goniocaulon glabrum Cass.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Bengal, Central and Feninsular India, Burma.

211. Carthamus Linn,

387. Carthamus tinctorius Linn.

Minbu district, cultivated.

Burm. Su-pan ,

DISTRIBUTION.— Cultivated throughout India and Burma.

212. Launea Cass.

388. Launea aspleniifolia DC.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma.

XLVIII.— CAMPANULACEiE.

213. Sphenoclea Gaertn.

389. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

XLIX.— V ACCINI ACEiE.

214. Vaccinium Linn.

390. Vaccinium bancanum Miq.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Distribution.— Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

l.— plumbagixacea:.

215. Plumbago.

391. Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

Legain.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

7^

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

LL — MYRSINACEJ5,

210, Maesa Forsk.

302. Maesa indica Wall

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

**!•••

217. Ardisia Swartz.

393. Ardisia liumilis Vahl.

Arracan Yomahs near Kan.

Distribution. — Throughout India— exclusive of the western
frontier regions— and Burma, Malay Archipelago, China.

LIL— SAPOTACE;®.

218. Mimusops Linn.

394. Mimusops Eleiigi Linn.

Salin.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics,

LIII.-EBEMCEtE.

219. Diospyros Linn.

395. Diospyros montana Roxb.

Minbu district.

Distribution.*— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago, tropical Australia.

390. Diospyros burmanica Kurz.

Gwingyin and Myaung-u.

Burm. T e-bin.

D iSTRiBUTiON.-»Burma.

397. Diospyros sp.

Arracan Yomahs.

A quite distinct species not represented in Calcutta Herbarium
and most probably an undescribed species. Unfortunately it is only
in fruit.

LIV.— OLEACEE.

220. Jasminum Linn.

398. Jasminum $ambac Ait.

Sinhok, cultivated.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics, cultivated.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

73

231. Schrebera Roxb.

399. Schrebera swietenioides Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Burma.

222. Ligustrum Linn.

400. Ligustrum robustum Bl.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay
Archipelago.

LV— SALVADORACEjE.

223. Azima Lamk.

401. Azima sarmentosa Bth.

On walls of old pagodas along the Irawaddy bank.

DISTRIBUTION. — Burma, Malay Archipelago, Philippine islands.

LVL APOCYNACEdB.

224. Carissa Linn.

402. Carissa Carandas Linn.

Gwingyin.

Distribution.— Throughout the plains of India and Burma,
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

225. Vinca Linn.

403. Vinca rosea Linn.

Pyogingon, cultivated.

Distribution. — Widely cultivated in India and Burma. Indi-
genous to the West Indies.

226. Holarrhena Br.

404. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula,

227. Vallaris Burm.

405. Vallaris Heynei Spreng.

Common in the desert zone.

Distribution. — N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Peninsular India, Assam, Burma, Ceylon.

74

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OW

228. Wriglitia Br.

400. Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schultes,

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula.

220. Thevetia Linn.

407. Thevetia neriifolia Juss.

Sinbok, cultivated.

• -h- . ,

Distribution.— Cultivated generally throughout India and
Burma.

230, Ichnocarpus Br.

408. Ichnocarpus frutescens Br.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Central and Peninsular India, Ceylon,
Malay Archipelago, Australia.

LVII. — ASCLEPIADACEJ3.

231. Cryptolepis Br.

400. Cryptolepis Buchanani Roem. & Schultes.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon.

232. Atherolepis Hook. f.

410. Atherolepis Wallichii Hook. f.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Burma.

233. Streptocaulon W. & A.

411. Streptocaulon tomentosum W. & A.

Common in the desert zone.

Distribution.— Burma, China.

234. Myriopteron Griff*

412. Myriopteron paniculatum Griff.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

Distribution,— Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay Archipelago.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

75

235. Oxystelma Br.

413. Oxystelma esculentum Br.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— -Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archi"
pelago.

236. Calotropis Br.

414. Calotropis procera Br.

Common throughout the district.

Distribution.— Throughout the plains of India and Burma,
Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Persia, tropical Africa.

* ■- 11

237. Raphistemma Wall.

415. Raphistemma pnlchellum Wall.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Assam, Burma.

238. Holostemma Br.

416. Holostemma Rheedil Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Western
and Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma.

239. Sarcostemma Br.

417. * Sarcostemma Brunonianum W. & A.

Road to Sal in.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma.

, , '.Tv ./

240. Gymnema Br.

418. Gymnema tingeni W. & A.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam,
Burma, Bengal, Peninsular India, China.

241. Marsdenia Br.

419. Harsdenia tenacissima W. & A. ;1

Minbu district.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Sikkim, Upper Gangetic plain,
Bengal,

76

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

243. Pergularia Linn.

430. Pergularia pallida W. & A.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma*

343. Lygisitia Hook. f.

431. Lygisma angustifolia Hook. f.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma.

244, Tylopliora Br.

433,* Tylophora tenerrima Wight.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Burma.

423. Tylophora asthmatica W. & A.

Minbu district, . .

Distribution.— Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Peninsular
India, Ceylon, Siam, Malay Archipelago.

245. Leptadenia Br.

424. Leptadenia reticulata W. & A.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Punjab, Central India and Peninsular India,
Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

246. Boucerosia W. & A.

425. Boucerosia umbellata W. & A.

Legain.

Distribution.— Burma, Peninsular India, Ceylon.

In addition to the plants above enumerated belonging to this
order, about half a dozen other species were collected, all in fruit,
which have not been matched in the Calcutta Herbarium, and are too
incomplete accordingly to describe.

LVIII.— L0GANIACE4E.

247. Buddie ia Linn.

426. Buddlcia asiatica Lour.

Common throughout the district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, China.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

77

348. Fagreea Thunb.

437. Fagrsea obovata Wall.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Ceylon, Bhutan, Assam, Chitta=
gong, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

LIX.— GENTIAN ACE JS*

349. Canscora Lamk.

438. Canscora diffusa Br.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

350. Llmnanthemum S. P. Gmel.

439. Limnanthemum indicum Thw.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

The plants in Salin lake showed distinct dimorphism in the styles
which were either quite short or absent or long.

LX.-BORAGINACEJS.

351. Cordia Linn.

430. Cordia Myxa Linn. VAR, brunnea.

Irawaddy bank, near Semon.

Burm, Thanat-bin.

Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

353. Coldenia Linn.

431. Coldenia procumbens Linn.

Throughout the district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

353. Heliotropium Linn.

433. * Heliotropium supinum Linn. VAR. malabarica.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Punjab, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Central

and Peninsular India, Western Asia, Southern Europe, tropical
Africa.

433, * Heliotropium ovalifolium Forsk.

Sandy bed of Mon river at Monmyin.

Distribution.— Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Burma,
tropical Africa and Australia.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

434. Heliotroplum strigosum Willd. VAR. brevifolia.

Minbu district.

Distribution, of the variety. — Throughout India and Burma.

435. Heliotropium indicum Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

DrSTRlBUTlON.— Throughout the tropics.

354. Trichodesma Br.

436. Trichodesma indicum! Br.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India— including the Bengal plain — »
and Burma, Western Asia, East African islands.

LXI. CONVOLVULACE;®.

255. Argyreia Lour.

437. Argyreia Burneyi n. sp.

A scandent shrub, branches terete, as thick as a goose quill or
pencil, covered with a dense soft silky grey tomentum, Leaves
petiolate, cordate, entire, apex blunt and basal sinus large, upper
surface of lamina sparsely tomentose, lower surface and petiole
covered, like the branches, with a dense soft silky grey tomentum.

Lateral nerves prominent on lower surface io-ii pairs. Petiole
about 5*6 cm. long, lamina about 13*8—15 cm. from insertion of
petiole to apex, and about 30-23*8 cm. broad at its widest part.

Flowers in terminal corymbose peduncled cymes, densely tomentose,
peduncles 3-flowered. Outer bracts large, petioled, leaf-like, cordate,
acute, with base ob tuse, exceeding the cymes, inner bracts small,
sessile, densely tomentose. Sepals tomentose without and within, 3
outer broadly oval 1 *8 cm. long, 1*4 cm. broad, 2 inner smaller
1*2 cm. long and 9 mm. broad, cordate-acuminate with base obtuse.

Corolla funnel-shaped 6 5 cm, long, softly hairy externally. Fruit
not seen.

Ava, Mrs . Burnty ! Minbu district, Shaik Mokim !

This species comes nearest to Argyreia Roxburghti Choisy, from
which it is, however, easily enough distinguished by the large size of
its leaves, its closer denser tomentum all over, its considerably fewer
flowered cymes, and its large calyx. The species was first collected
by Mrs. Burney, wife of Colonel Henry Burney, resident at the court
of Ava from 1830 to 1837, and her specimen was the only one in the
Calcutta Herbarium until the present specimens were collected in
Minbu in 1903.

>

4 < )

■

,

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

79

438. Argyreia Hooke C. B. Clarke.

Paunglin.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Assam, Burma.

256. Lettsomia Roxb.

439. Lettsomia campanulillora n. sp.

A scandent shrub, branches slender terete, as thick as a crow-
quill, sparsely adpressedly strigose, internodes from about 3*8 to
6 cm. long. Leaves petiolate, entire, ovate, mucronulate, petiole
and both surfaces of lamina adpressedly strigose, the upper finely
and sparsely. Petiole about i *8 cm. long, lamina 6*8 cm. long and
4 cm. broad. Flowers axillary, solitary or sometimes in pairs.
Peduncle short about i cm. long, strigose with three or four small
scantily hairy bracts less than half the size of the sepals su rrounding
the base of the calyx. Sepals glabrous, broadly ovate, outer 1*8 cm.
long and I cm. broad, inner somewhat narrower and shorter, corolla
glabrous, campanulate 2*5 cm. long, i*8 cm. in diameter. Stamens 5,
included. Ovary imbedded in a prominent annular disc, bi-locular,
4-ovuled. Fruit a dry berry the size of a large pea, included in the
calyx. . . r,

Sidoktaya, base of the Arracan Yomahs, Minbu district, Upper
Burma, October 1902, Shaik Mokim !

This is quite different from any species of Lettsomia in the
Calcutta Herbarium. It would appear to come nearest to L . confusa
Prain.

440. Lettsomia setosa Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon.

441. * Lettsomia pallida Prain (Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Vol.
LXIII, II, 1894.

Minbu district. : -

Distribution. — Burma.

257. Blinkworthia Choisy.

442. Blinkworthia lycioides Choisy.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Burma.

258. Calonyction Choisy.

443. Calonyction muricatum Don.

Salin.

Distribution.*— Cultivated generally throughout India and
Burma, and distributed throughout the tropics.

8o

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

359. Quamoclit Moench.

444. Quamoclit pliceilicea Choisy. Ipomcea coccinea Linn, of F.B.I.
Gwingyin.

Distribution. — Cultivated throughout India and Burma; native
to tropical America.

445. Quamoclit pinnata Bo}. Ipomoea Quamoclit Linn, of F.B.L
Minbu district.

Distribution.— Like the last.

% ill - ' ’ ■ •' . ■ : : 1 ’ ■ “

260. Pharbitis Choisy.

446. Pharbiti sMl Choisy. lpomosa hederacea Jacq. of F.B.L

Arracan Yomabs.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

261. Aniseia Choisy.

447. * Aniseia calycina Choisy. lpomosa calycina Benth. of F.B.L
Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Burma*

263. Ipomcea Linn.

448. Ipomcea Batatas Lamk.

Cultivated in the Mon valley and at Sal in.

Burm. Kazun-u.

DISTRIBUTION.— Cultivated in places throughout India, Burma
and the Malay Peninsula. Native to tropical America.

449. Ipomcea Pes-tigridis Linn.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION. -“Throughout the Eastern tropics.

450. Ipomcea tridentata Roth.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Bengal, Central, West and Peninsular Indian
Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

451. Ipomcea chryseides Ker.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

453. * Ipomcea reniformis Choisy,

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Central and
Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Archipelago, tropical Africa.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

8 I

453. Ipomoea ofoscura Ker.

Pyogmg°n.

Distribution. — Throughout the Eastern tropics.

454. Ipomoea sepiaria Keen.

Salin.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

455. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.

Paunglin Lake,

Distribution. — Throughout the Eastern tropics.

456. Ipomoea campanulata Linn.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago.

457. Ipomoea petaloidea Choisy. Var. linearifolia Kurz .

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution, of the variety. — N.-W. Himalaya, Burma.

458. Ipomoea Turpethum Br.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Throughout the Eastern tropics.

459. Ipomooe Edith® n. sp.

Stems terete, twining, slender, puberulous. Leaves petioled,
entire, narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, slightly puberulous
or glabrous above, tomentose beneath, midrib prominent beneath,
lateral nerves obscure, petiole about i cm. long, lamina 5*6 — 7*5 cm.
long, i*5 — 2*5 cm. broad. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs,
seldom in threes on a common peduncle. Peduncle as long as the
petiole, sparsely puberulous or glabrescent, with two or more minute
subulate bracts surrounding the base of the pedicel. Pedicels as long
as the peduncle, puberulous. Calyx r8 cm. long, sepals equal,
lanceolate-acute, slightly puberulous or glabrous. Corolla funnel-
shaped, 8 cm. long, hairy externally. Stamens well-included.
Ovary bi-locular, style filiform, longer than the stamens, dividing
above into two short arms ending in capitate stigmas. Capsule
ovoid, with a hairy apex, otherwise glabrous, 1*4 cm. in diameter,
2-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds glabrous.

Sidoktaya and Arracan Yomahs, Shaik Mo him !

This species is very distinct, but would appear to come after
/. Turpethum , from which it is easily distinguished by its leaves, the
greater regularity of its cymes, and its considerably smaller and
ovoid capsule.

G

82

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

460. Ipomcea vitifolia Sweet.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Andaman
islands, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

461. * Ipomcea pulcliella Roth. /. palmata of F.B.I., not of Forsk.
Minbu district.

Distribution. — Peninsular India and Burma.

463. * Ipomoea gracillima Prain (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
Vol. LX1II, II 1894).

Minbu district.

Distribution. —Burma.

363, Jacquemontia Choisy.

463. Jacquemontia pam’culata Hallier (Bulletin de L*Herbier Boissier
Vol. V, 1897) Convolvulus parviflorous Vahl. of F.B.I.
Distribution.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

364, CuScuta Linn.

464. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Sinbok.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

LXII. SOLAXACEE.

365. Solanum Linn.

465. Solanum nigrum Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Cosmopolitan.

466. Solanum verfoascifolium Linn.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Throughout Tropical Asia, Australia and Ame-
rica.

467. Solanum torvum Sw.

Mon valley, near Sidoktaya.

Burm. Khayan-kasaw .

Distribution. — Tropical Asia and America.

468. Solanum indicum Linn.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Distribution. — Tropical Asia.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

S3

469. Solanum Melongena Linn.

Minbu, cultivated.

Bunn. Khayan-thee.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

470. Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl.

Common in the desert zone.

Distribution.—' Tropical Asia and Australia,

266. Lycopersicum Miller.

471. Lycopersicum esculentum Miller.

Cultivated throughout the district, berries quite small.
Distribution.— Cultivated throughout India and Burma, native
of tropical America.

267* Capsicum Linn.

472. Capsicum frutescens Linn. C. minimum of F.B.I.

Salin.

Distribution. — Cultivated throughout India and Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

268. Witliania Jacq.

473. Witliania somnifera Dunal.

Pyogingon and Legain.

Distribution. — Throughout the drier parts of India and Western
Asia, Southern Europe and South Africa.

269. Datura Linn.

474. Datura fastuosa Linn. var. alba.

Alluvial belt, common.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

270, Nicotiana Linn.

475. Nicotiana Tabacum Linn.

Cultivated throughout the district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Cultivated throughout the tropics,

LXIIL— SCU0PI1 UL Alt I AC E /E.

271. Celsia Linn.

476. Celsia coromandeliana Vahl.

Alluvial belt.

Distribution.— Throughout Afghanistan, India and Bui mi,
Ceylon, China.

G 2

84

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

373. Linaria Juss.

477. Linaria ramosissima Wall.

Salin, growing on old walls.

Distribution. — From Afghanistan to Burma, and from the
Punjab to Ceylon.

373. Lindenbergia Lehm.

478. Lindenbergia pliilippensis Benth.

Irawaddy bank and Gwingyin.

Distribution. — -Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Siam, China, Phili-
pine islands.

479. Lindenbergia urticaefolia Lehm.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Afghanistan .

374. Herpestis Gaertn.

480. Herpestis Monniera H.B.K.

Salin lake margin and at Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

375. Dopatl'ium Hamilt.

481. Dopatrium junceum Ham.

Minbu district.

Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Aus-
tralia, China, Philippine islands, Japan.

370. Torenia Linn.

483. Torenia cordifolia Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— N.W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Peninsular India, Burma, China, Malay Archipelago.

377, Vandellia Linn.

483. Vandellia Crustacea Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

484, Vandellia erecta Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— From Central Europe to China, Japan, and Poly-
nesia.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

^5

278. Boimaya Link & Otto.

485. Boimaya brachiata Link & Otto.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, China, Philippine islands.

279. Alectra Thunb.

486. Alectra indica Benth.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Assam, Burma, Mauritius.

280. Buchnera Linn.

487. Buchnera cruciata Ham.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Nepal, Assam, Burma, Malay Archipelago,
China.

281. Stl’iga Lour.

488. Striga lutea Lour.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

489. Striga euphrasioides Benth.

Sagu.

Distribution.— Throughout India (including Bengal) and Burma*
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

490. Striga Masuria Benth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Nepal, Burma, Peninsular India, China, Philip-
pine islands.

LXIV. — OROBANCHACEiE

282. iEginetia Linn.

491. iEginetia indica Roxb.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Throughout Eastern Asia.

LXY— LEXTIBULAR1 ACE AS.

283. Utricularia Linn.

492. IJtricularia flexuosa Vahl.

Salin fake.

Distribution. — Tropical Asia and Australia.

86

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

493. Utricular ia exoleta Br.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— As the last species.

r ' . ? , . ..... r A . ... >_ v- ■ ,

LXVI.-BIGNOXI ACE M.

384. Millingtonia Linn. f.

494. Millingtonia hortensis Linn. f,

Sagu.

Distribution.— Burma. Planted generally in the tropics,

385. Oroxylum Vent.

495. Oroxylum indicum Vent.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Cochin-China,
Malay Archipelago.

386. Tecoma Juss.

496. Tecoma stans Juss,

Minbu district, planted.

Distribution. — Cultivated in places throughout India and
Burma. Native of tropical America.

387, Dolichandrone Seem,

497. Dolichandrone stipulata Benth.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Burma.

498. Dolichandrone Rheedii Seem.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Andaman
islands, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

388. Heteropliragma DC.

* f • * .r ' V -V r\ i*- < * v • * ■

499. Heterophragma sulfureum Kurz.

Nwamadaung hills,

Distribution. — Burma.

600. Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem.

Arracan Yomahs. *

Distribution.— Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Andaman islands.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

87

289. Stereospermuni Cham.

501. Stereospermum clielonoides DC.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma.

LXVII.— PEDALIXE E.

290. Sesamum Linn.

502. Sesamum indicum DC.

Cultivated in the desert zone.

Distribution.— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

291. Martynia Linn.

503. Martynia diandra Glox.

Gwingyin.

Distribution. — -Common throughout India and Burma; intro-
duced from tropical America.

LXVIII.— ACAXTHiCB^E,

292. Tlmnbergia Linn. f.

504. Thunbcrgia laurifolia Lindl.

Mon valley, Arrakan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma, Malay Peninsula, Andamans,

293. Xelsonia Br.

505. Xelsonia campestris Br.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

294. Hygrophila Br.

506. Hygropliila spinosa T. Anders.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon.

295. Xoniaphila Blume.

507. Xoniaphila Parishii T. Anders.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma, Malay Archipelago.

88

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

396. Ruellia Linn.

508. # Ruellia prostrata Lamk.

Salin.

Distribution.— Bengal, Centra! and Peninsular India, Burma.

397. Dsedalacanthus T. Anders.

509. Daedalacantlms macrophyllus T. Anders.

Arraean Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

510. Daedalacanthes tetragonus T. Anders.

Arraean Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

511. * Daedalacanthus purpurascens T. Anders.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Assam,
Burma.

398. Hemi graphi s Nees.

513. Hemigraphis elegans Nees.

Arraean Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

513. Hemigraphis glauceseens C. B. Clarke.

Arraean Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

399. Strobilanthes Blume.

514. Strobilanthes scaber Nees.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Bengal, Assam, Burma.

515. Strobilanthes phyllostachyus Kurz.

Arraean Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

300. Blepharis Juss.

516. Blepharis hoerhaavisefolia Pers.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— -Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Ceylon,
Burma, tropical Afnca.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

89

301. Barleria Linn.

517. Barleria Prionitis Linn.

Gwingyin. Common in the desert zone.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

518. Barleria cristata Linn.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Malaya and China.

519. Barleria strigosa Willd.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malaya , gen-
erally cultivated.

303. Neuracanthus Nees.

530. Neuracanthus tetragonostachyus Nees.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Burma.

303. Eranthemum Linn.

531. Eranthemum album Nees.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Andaman
islands.

304. Andrographis Wall.

533. Andrographis echioides Nees.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the dry regions of India and Burma,
Ceylon.

305. Cystacanthus T. Anders.

533. Cystacanthus insignis C. B. Clarke.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

306. Lepidagathis Willd.

534. Lepidagathis dulcis Nees.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Burma.

535. Lepidagathis hyalina Nees.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic pTain, Bengal,
Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malaya, Ceylon, China.

go

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

307. Justicia Linn.

536. Justicia Betonica Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution, — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malaya?
tropical Africa.

537. Justicia decussata Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

538. * Justicia khasiana C. B. Clarke.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Assam, Burma.

539. Justicia simplex Don.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.-® Eastern tropics.

308. Adliatoda Nees.

530. Adliatoda vasica Nees.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Tropical Asia.

309. Rliinacantlius Nees.

531. Rhinacanthus communis Nees.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Cultivated generally in the Eastern tropics.

310. Dicliptera Juss.

533. Dicliptera riparia Nees.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Burma.

311. Peristroplie Nees.

533. Peristroplie bicalyculata Nees.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, tropical Africa.

LXIX. — VERBMACEdE.

313, Lippia Linn.

534. Lippia nodiflora Rich.

Common on river shores and alluvial meadows.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics and warm temperate zone.

91

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

313. Stacliytarplieta Vahl.

535. Stachytarpheta indica Vahl.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Tropical Asia and America.

314. Priva Adans.

530. * Priva leptostacliya Juss.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Burma, tropical Africa.

315. Tectona Linn. f.

537. Tectona grandis Linn. f.

Nvvamadaung hills, common.

Distribution.*— Orissa, Central and Peninsular India, Burma,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

538. Tectona Hamiltoniana Wall.

Nvvamadaung hills, common.

Burm. Dahat-pin .

Distribution.— Burma.

316. Premna Linn.

539. * Premna latifolia Roxb.

Gwingyin, and base of Arracan Yomahs.

Burm. Seiknan-gyi.

Distribution.— Bengal, Peninsular India, Burma.

317. Gmelina Linn.

540. Gmelina arborea Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— General throughout India, Chittagong, Burma,
Malay Archipelago, Philippine islands.

' 318, Vitex Linn.

541. Vitex limonifolia Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Burma.

543. Vitex canescens Kurz.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Assam, Burma,

92

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

543. Vitex peduncularis Wall. Var. Roxburghiana.
Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Bengal, Assam, Burma.

319. Cleroaendron Linn.

544. Clerodendron iufor tuna turn Gaertn.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Malaya.

545. Clerodendron Siphonanthus Br.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Cultivated generally throughout the tropics.

339. Hymenopyramis Wall.

546. Hymenopyramis brachiata Wall.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma, cultivated generally in India.

331. Symphorema Roxb.

547. * Symphorema involucratum Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Bengal, Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma.

333. Congea Roxb.

548. Congea tomentosa Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Siam.

LXX.—LABIAT7E.

333. Ocimurn Linn.

549. Ocimurn canum Sims.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Burm. Pin-zein,

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

550. Ocimurn Basilicum Linn.

Nwamadaung hills and Mon valley.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

334. Moscliosma Reichb.

551. Moschosma polystachyum Benth.

Pyogingon.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics and Australia.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

93

335, Orthosiphon Be nth.

553, Orthosiphon rubicundus Benth.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— N.-W. Himalaya, Nepal, Bengal, Peninsular
India, Burma.

553. * Orthosiphon Parishii Prain. (Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Vol.
LIX, II, 1890.)

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Burma.

336. Plectranthus L’Herit

554. * Plectranthus hispidus Benth.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Assam, Burma.

337, Anisochilus Wall.

555. Anisochilus carnosus Wall. Var. purpurascens Benth .
Distribution, of the variety.— Burma.

338. Anisomeles Br.

556. Anisomeles candicans Benth.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

339. Colquhounia Wall.

557. Colquhounia elegans Wall.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

330. Leucas Br.

558. * Leucas mollissima Wall.

Salin.

Distribution, — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, China.

559. Leucas pilosa Benth.

Salin.

Distribution.— Burma.

560. Leucas nutans Spreng.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma.

94

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

501. Leucas involucrata Benth. L. zeylanica of F. B. I.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, Ceylon, China.

331, Gompliostemma Wall.

563, Gompliostemma stroMlinum Wall.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Burma.

INCOMPLETE.

IJLXI.-NYCTAGIXE/E.

333, Boerhaavia Linn.

563. Boerhaavia repens Linn.

Common throughout the district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

564. Boerhaavia repanda Willd.

Gwingyin, common.

Distribution.— -Western frontiers, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Peninsular India, Burma,

LXXII, — AMARANTACE/E,

333. Deeringia Br.

565. Deeringia celosioides Br.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archipelago,
China, Australia.

334. Celosia Linn.

566. Celosia argentea Linn.

Minbu district, cultivated.

Distribution — Throughout the tropics.

567. Celosia cristata Linn.

Minbu district, cultivated.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

335. Digera Forsk.

568. Digera arvensis Forsk.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

95

836. Amarantus Linn.

569. Amarantus spinosus Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

570. Amarantus paniculatus Linn.

Minbu district, cultivated.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics, cultivated or as an escape.

571. Amarantus gangeticus Linn.

Minbu district, cultivated.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics, cultivated.

573. Amarantus viridis Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

573. Amarantus Blitum Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.

337. Pupalia Juss.

574. Pupalia lappacea Moq. Var. velutina.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

338. Aothosflerua Wight.

575. ftothosserua brachiata Wight.

Salin.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, tropical
Africa.

339. iErua Forsk.

576. iErua javanica Juss.

Sinbok and Minbu.

Burm. On-bwe .

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

577. iErua scandens Wall.

Myaung-u.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

578. iErua Monsonia Moq.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— <Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Burma.

96

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

340. Acliyrantlies Linn.

579. Achyranthes aspera Linn.

Throughout the district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

341. Alternanthera Forsk.

580. Alternanthera sessilis Br.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

342. Gomphrena Linn.

581. Gomphrena globosa Linn.

Arracan Yomahs, cultivated by the Chins.

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.

LXXIII. — CHEN OPODI ACE4E.

343. Clienopodium Linn.

582. Clienopodium album Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

Burm. Myu.

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.

LXXIV,— POLYGON ACE/E.

344. Polygonum Linn.

583. Polygonum plebejum Br.

Common throughout the district.

Distribution. — -Eastern tropics.

584. Polygonum tomentosum Willd.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION. — Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Assam,
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Andaman islands, tropical Africa.

585. Polygonum limbatum Meisn.

Paunglin lake shore.

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic Plain, Bengal, Central and
Peninsular India, Burma, tropical Africa.

586. Polygonum glabrum Willd.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

587. Polygonum lapatliifolium Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Cosmopolitan.

588. Polygonum stagninum Ham. .. .... . .

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, China.

689. Polygonum barbatum Linn.

Mon valley.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, China, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia, Africa.

690. Polygonum chinense Linn. VAR. ovalifolia.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula.

345. Rumex Linn.

591. Rumex maritimus Linn. ^

Irawaddy bank, common. ...... ...

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.

693. Rumex dentatus Linn. •

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma.

LXXV. — ARISTOLOCHIACEiE.

346. Aristolochia Linn.

593. Aristolochia indica Linn.

Sinbok. ‘ •

Burm. Eikthaya-moolee .

Distribution. — Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon.

594. Aristolochia Tagala Cham, & Schlecht. A. Roxburghiana of F.B.I.
Minbu district.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma,
Central and Peninsular India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

LXXVI,— PIPERACEiE.

347. Piper Linn.

595. Piper Betle Linn.

Mon valley, cultivated.

Distribution.— Cultivated in the hotter regions of India, Burma,
Ceylon, and Malay Archipelago.

H

98 THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

LXXVII. — LAURINEJ2,

348. Cinnamomum B).

590. * Cinnamomum Tamala Nees.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Assam, Burma.

597. Cinnamomum obtusifolium Nees.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.-— Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Chitta-
gong, Burma, Andaman islands.

LXXVIIL— LORAXTHACE/E.

cl 3 nil sui Li pdMpp

349. Loranthus Linn.

598. Loranthus pentapetalus Roxb,

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Chitta-
gong, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China,

599. Loranthus Scurrula Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula.

000, Loranthus pulverulentus Wall .

Gwingyin. Parasitic upon Holoptelea integrifolia Planch.
Distribution.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Assam, Burma, Central and Peninsular India.

1 .X . 1 I.-.' '...if... / i

350, Viscum Linn.

001. Viscum orientate Willd.

Gwingyin. Parasitic upon Acacia leucophloea .

Burm, Kyibaung .

Distribution. — Bengal, Chittagong, Burma, Central and Penin-
sular India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia,
China.

003. Viscum articulatum Burm.

Arracan Yomahs.

.. . * .. * * * > ..... ...

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay

Peninsula and Archipelago.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA. 99

LXX1X, — EUPIIORBIACEiE.

351* Euphorbia Linn.

603. Euphorbia cristata Heyne.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Burma,
Ceylon.

604. Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn.

Pyogingon.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

605. Euphorbia pilulifera Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

606. Euphorbia thymifolia Burm.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

607. • Euphorbia granulata Forsk.

Sidoktaya and Legain.

DISTRIBUTION.— Western Asia, Afghanistan, Western Frontier,

Punjab, Upper Burma, N. Africa.

60S. Euphorbia antiquorum Linn.

Common in the desert zone.

Burm. Teinzaneik-tayaung .

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon in the
hotter parts.

353. Bridelia Willd.

600, Bridclia retusa Spreng.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula.

610. Bridelia burmanica Hook. f.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

611. Bridelia stipularis Bl.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

- 4 5 ! 1 » X ' ’ ' ~

353. Phyllantlius 'Linn;

613. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— ^Eastern tropics.

H 2

200

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

$13. Phyllantlius albizzioides Hook, f.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Burma.

614:, Phyllantlius columnaris Muell.-Arg.

Arracan Yomahs. f f

Distribution. — Burma.

615. Phyllantlius simplex Retz. r
Alluvial belt and irrigated areas.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics. T :

616. Phyllanthus distichus Muell.-Arg.

Sinbok.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma;' Malay Archipelago,
Madagascar.

354. Flueggia Willd.

617. Flueggia microcarpa Bl. c

Minbu distric .

Distribution. — Eastern tropics. .

355. Putranjiva Wall.

618. Putranjiva Roxburgbii Wall. / .

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution —Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon-

356. Aporosa Bl.

619. Aporosa oblonga Muell.-Arg.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma. ! * ;

357. Antidesma Linn,

626. Antidesma diandrum Roth.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon.

358. Baccaurea Lour.

21. Baccaurea sapida Muell.-Arg.

Arracan Yomahs. * ■ ‘ $

Distribution. — Eastern Himalaya, Bengal, -Assam, Burma,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Andaman islands. ~ - - -- *

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

*-■ j

«0I

359. Jatropha Linn

633. Jatropha gossypifolia Linn.

Common throughout the district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Penin^
sular India. Indigenous to Brazil.

633. Jatropha Curcas Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

360. Croton Linn.

634. Croton oblongifolius Roxb. .

> Alluvial belt and irrigated areas.

Burm. Thetyin-gyi •

Distribution.— Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Assam,
Burma, Ceylon.

361. Chrozophora Neck,

635. Chrozophora plica ta A. Juss.

Common in the alluvial belt. ...

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Westers

Asia, S. Europe, N. Africa. / /

363. Coelodiscus Baill.

636. Coelodiscus lappaceus Rur*.

Salin. J

Distribution. — Burma.

363. Mallotus Lour.

637. Mallotus philippinensis Muell.-Arg.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma, China*
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia.

364. Hontonoia Lour.

638. Homonoia riparia Lour.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Eastern Himalaya, Bengal,. Central and Penin*
sular India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Andaman islands.

365. Ricinus Linn.- j

639. Ricinus communis Linn. - ’

Minbu district. . . . . . ...

Distribution*— Throughout the tropins* • * 3

1 02

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

366, Baliospermum 81.

630. Baliospermum axillare Bl.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal
Central and Peninsular India, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

367, Sebastiana Spreng,

631. Sebastiana Cliamflelea Muell.-Arg.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Ceylon,
Burma, China, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia, Africa.

■ . ' ; . . : . . . . • . . .

LXXX. — URTICACE/E,

368. Holoptelea Planch. , , r

632. Holoptelea integrifolia Planch.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — N.-W. Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal,
Central and Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Cochin China.

369^ streblus Lour.

- • ■ • 7

633. Streblus asper Lour.

Pyogingon.

Burm. On-hne-bin.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and A-chipelago, Siam, China.

370. Ficus Linn.

634. Ficus bengalensis Linn.

Commonly planted in the alluvial belt.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma.

635. Ficus Rumpkii Bl.

Salin.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.

636. Ficus religiosa Linn.

Commonly planted in the alluvial belt.

Distribution,— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon ; planted
mostly.

MtNBtJ IN UPPER BL'ftMAh to 3

83?. Ficus Cunia Ham.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal*
Central India, Assam, Chittagong, Burma.

638. Ficus glomerata Roxh
Arracan Yomahs.

Burm. Thapan-ihee.

Distribution. — Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon*

371. Artocarpus Forst,

639. Artocarpus integrifolia.

Commonly cultivated in the alluvial belt.

DISTRIBUTION. — Planted generally in Eastern Asia.

373. Bcelimeria Jacq.

640. Bcelimeria malabarica Wedd.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Peninsular
India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

373. Pouzolzia Gaud.

641. Pouzolzia indica Gaud. VAR. angustifolia.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, China.

374. Sarcoclilamys Gaud.

643. Sarcoclilamys pulclierrima Gaud.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malay Archipelago,

LXXXI .-JLGLAXDACE/i;

375. Engelliardtia Leschen.

643. Engclliardtia Colebrookiana Lindl.

Arracan Yomahs

Distribution. — Western and Central Himalayas, A9sam; Burma
China,

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

104

LXXXII*— CUPULIFER

r '

i i

376. ftuercus Linn.

644* Quercus Lindleyana Wall
Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma.

645. * Ruercus dealbata Hook. f. & Thoms.

Arracan Yomahs. :'j 1 - : : / -

Distribution.— Bhutan, Assam, Burma.

) - ... .

377. Castanopsis Spach.

646. Castanopsis tribnloides A. DC. var. ferox.

Arracan Yomahs. •• •• -

DISTRIBUTION.— Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Chittagong, Burma.

• \ " ' . •'i •

•fc *

LXXXIII.— CERATOPJIYLLEiE.

378. Ceratophyllum Linn.

647. Ceratophyllum demersum Linn.

Salin lake. : j . *.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout temperate and tropical countries.

• ! ' t . . t ' ' * * . > • . ■ T , •

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

EXXXIV.— HYBROCHARIBACEdB.

379. Hydrilla Richard.

648. Hydrilla verticillata Casp.

Paunglin lake.

DISTRIBUTION — Central Europe and Eastern tropics.

380. Vallisneria Linn.

649. Vallisneria spiralis Linn.

Paunglin lake.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

381. Boottia Wall.

650. Boottia cordata Wall.

Paunglin lake.

Distribution.— Burma.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA. ■ io$

LXXXV — ORCHID ACE E.

383. Dendrobium Swartz.

051. Dendrobium eiliatiim Parish.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

* • . - • i ■

053. Dendrobium clirysotoxum Lindl.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

383. Pholidota Lindl.

053. * Pholidota articulata Lindl. , ,

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION.— N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam/
Burma.

384. Calantke Br.

654. # Calanthe puberula Lindl.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— N.«W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assamr
Burma.

385. Zeuxine Lindl.

655. Zeuxine sulcata Lindl.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

386. Habenaria Willd.

650. Habenaria yomensis n. sp.

Plant about 30 cm. high, leaves three, radical, subsessile, mem-
branous, glabrous, broadly ovate, acute, about 9*5 cm. long and about
6*8 cm. broad. Scape slender, with somewhat distant, adpressed,
narrowly lanceolate bracts about 1*5 cm. long. Raceme about 11 cm.
long, io-12-flowered. Ovary about i*8 cm. long, twice as long as
its bract, dorsal sepal cucullate, 5-nerved, acute, 6 mm. long, lateral
sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, 7 mm. long and 3 mm. broad.
Petals linear, longer than the lateral sepals, 1 -nerved. Lip trifid,
central segment linear, 1*2 cm. long, lateral segments falcate,
4-nerved, broader and about twice as long as the central segment.
Spur curved, twice as long as the ovary. Tubes of anther cells
short.

I06 THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

O • *

ktaya, Arracan Yomah'?, Shaik Mo him 1
This species appears to come nearest Habenaria diphylla
Dalz., of the section Trimeroglossa . It is readily distinguished from
the latter, however, by its much larger size and looser inflorescence
and by the spur being much larger than the ovary.

657. Habenaria constricta Hook. f.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution,— Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Burma.

LXXXVL— SCITAlUMEdEi

887. Curcuma Linn.

658. Curcuma sessilis n. sp.

Root-stock large, tubers vertical, ovoid, brown externally, white
internally, 5-7*5 cm. long, and about 2*5 cm. thick, rootlets white
as thick as a goose-quill. Leafy tuft few-leaved, less than 60 cm,
high, basal leaf-sheaths purple, petiole and sheath together about
15.17*5 cm. long, lamina green, narrowly lanceolate, 17*5-20 cm.
long, 2*8-3*8 cm. broad, pubescent on both surfaces. Spike sestival,
appearing in June, developed just before the leaves, subsessile,
about 1 r8 cm. long, lower bracts green, those of the coma purple.
Flowers smaller than the bracts, calyx very short, obscurely toothed,
corolla tube about 2*5 cm. long, white, segments sub-equal, ovate,
acute, with margins incurved towards the apex, posterior segment
tipped with red. Lateral staminodes oblong, apex incurved, faintly
yellow, lip i*2 cm. broad, oblong, lateral lobes large, faintly yellow,
central lobe projecting, retuse or bifid, bright yellow.

Minbu district, Shaik Mokim !

The writer would incline to place this species near Curcuma cassia
or C. ssruginosay from either of which it is distinguished by its much
smaller size and practically sessile spike.

659. Curcuma plicata Wall.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Burma.

This plant in the living state is very like the drawings of Curcuma
plicata in the Calcutta Herbarium, but differs from Wallich’s speci-
mens in having glabrous instead of pubescent bracts.

660. Curcuma parvula n. sp.

Rootstock small, ovoid, with a few thick white downward directed
branches ending in small oval tubers about 2 cm. long and 1*2 cm.
thick. Plant dwarf, not much over 20 cm. high. Leaves 5-8 in a

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

I07

tuft, leaf-sheaths 2*5-4*5 cm* long, equitant, petiole i?2-i*8 em, long,
lamina narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, tapering gradually into the
petiole, glabrous on both surfaces, dark green above, lighter below*
6*5-16*5 cm. long, 1 *2-1*8 cm. broad. Spike appearing between the
leaves, very shortly peduncled, few-flowered, bracts green, about
i*8 cm. long, those of the coma tinged with pink. Flower 2*8 cm.
long, corolla-tube 18 cm. long. Calyx white, pubescent, reaching
half way up the corolla tube, with 3 small rounded teeth. Lateral
corolla segments sub-equal, white translucent, broadly ovate*
posterior segment larger and hooded. Lateral staminodes oblong
yellow, lip yellow, broadly oblong, obscurely three-lobed, lateral
lobes feebly developed, central lobe projecting, retuse, anther oblong
with inferior incurved horns, stigma spatulate. Flowered in Royal
Botanical Garden, Calcutta, in July 1903.

Minbu district, Shaik Mokim !

This species would appear to come after C. plicata%

888. Zingiber Adans.

661, Zingiber Casumunar Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Tropical Asia.

889. Phrynium Willd.

663. * Phrynium parviflorum Roxb,

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Burma, Andaman
islands, Peninsular India, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

LXXXVII,— HiEMODORACEiE.

390. Sansevieria Thunb.

663. Sansevieria Roxburghiana Schult. f.

Pyogingon.

Distributio —Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma.

LXXXVIIL— DIOSCOREACEtE,

391. Bioscorea Linn.

664. I ioscorea diemona Roxb.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, China,

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

605. Dioscorea pentaphylla Linn.

Nvvamadaung hills. ,

Distribution. —Eastern tropics.

698. Dioscorea decipiens Hook. f.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Burma.

i , ■ ; ■ : , .i / "• .! ■ : . •. > j. . ■

667. Dioscorea glabra Roxb. ?

Minbu district.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Peninsular India, Burma. r

66S, Dioscorea sativa Linn* j

“ • Minbu district
Distribution.

609. Dioscorea alata Linn.

.... s ‘ J j , ■ • . . ... ■ / J- • ‘ ; . 1 *

Arracan Yomahs and Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Tropical India and Burma.

670, Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. , >

Minbu district.

Distribution,

LXXXIX— ROXBUROHIACE^,

393. Stemoua Lour.

671. Stemona Griffithiana Kurz.

Distribution. — Burma.

XC. -LILIACEii.

393. Chloropliytum Kef.

673. * Chloropliytum orchidastrum Lindl.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Burma, China, tropical Africa,

673. * Chloropliytum laxum Br.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Malay
Archipelago, Australia, tropical Africa,

5 ' - ; * . • . < • . r * •

394, Gloriosa Linn,

674. Gloriosa superba Linn. . :

Comfuon in the desert zone. i

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA. v (:I©9

XCI.— POXTEDERIACE JE.

895. Monochoria Presl.

675. Monochoria liastaefolia Presl.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, China.

XCII.— COMELINACEdB.

396. Commelina Linn.

676. * Commelina salicifolia Roxb.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Bengal, Peninsular India, Assam, Burma, Malay
Archipelago, Hong Kong.

397. Cyanotis Don.

677. # Cyanotis papilionacea Schultes f.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Burma.

678. Cyanotis cristata Schultes f.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, tropical Africa.

XCIII.— PALMACEiE

398. Phoenix Linn.

679. Phoenix liumilis Royle. var. Loureiri Becc.

Gwingyin.

Distribution, of the variety.— Assam, Burma, Cochin-China.

399. Corypha Linn,

680. Corypha (? umbraculifera Linn.)

A young tree planted near a pagoda at Pyogingon.
Distribution.— Peninsular India and Ceylon.

400. Borassus Linn.

681. Borassus flabellifer Linn.

Common in the alluvial belt.

pis^R1BUT|ON- Cultivated throughout India, Burma and
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, tropical Africa.

Ceylon,

1 10

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

401. Cocos Linn.

683. Cocos nucifera Linn.

Common in the alluvial belt.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics, cultivated.

XCIV.-PANDANACEJ3.

■ . . ■ ....... .

403. Pandanus Linn. f.

■ '.-J ' '•* O / n in) j. o x c J* rv o tiffl

683. Pandanus fascicularis Lamk.

balm.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago, Polynesia, Mauritius, China.

XC V. — TPH ACEJE.

• -i, , • t, *.r , T-./> rj*. \ ;/v ' • ' \ ' ' ty ’■ ‘ j '.\ •

403. Typha Linn.

684. Typha elephantina Roxb.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, N. Africa*

XCVI. — All ACE /E.

-J f; .;. ms : '

404. Pistia Linn.

685. Pistia Stratiotes Linn.

Paunglin and Salin lakes.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

405, Typhonium Schott.

686. Typhonium trilobatum Schott.

Mon valley.

Distribution. — Bengal, Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Siam.

687. Typhonium pedatisectum n. sp.

Plant about 42 cm. high or less. Petiole 2i-32#5 cm. long, bright
green, lamina bright green, palmate in outline, pedatisect almost to
the petiole into 7-11 linear segments, the central one 11-18 cm. long
and about 1-2 cm. broad, the lateral successively shorter and
narrower to the most posterior segment about 3 8 cm. long and
•5 cm. broad, segments at first spreading straight, at length curving
backwards. Peduncle 6 cm. long or shorter or spathe sessile.
Spithe 18-20 cm. long, and 4-5 cm. broad, limb broadly ovate open,
narrowed into a long at length twisted point, bright green externally,

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

;l .3 1

tinged with purple at the base, at first dark olive-green internally, a
length a veined or uniform purple. Spadix reaching to about the
base of the twisted point, neuters numerous about as many as the
female flowers, about 6 mm. long, faintly yellow, subulate recurved
sparsely setulosely hairy, spadix between the neuter and male
flowers pink or red and 15-2 cm. long, male portion of spadix a
little shorter. Appendix shortly stalked, slender, dark purple almost
black, base lobulated, about io*6 cm. long.

Minbu district, Shaik Mokim !

A singular looking plant apparently resembling 7\ pedatum in
foliage, but differing in spathe and spadix, according to the des-
cription of T . pedatum which is all the writer has to guide him, there
being no specimen of T. pedatum in the Calcutta Herbarium.

406. Alocasia Schott.

688. Alocasia decipiens Schott.

Arracan Yornahs.

Distribution. — Burma.

XCVIt. — LEMNACEiE.

407. Lenina Linn.

689. Lemna polyrliiza Linn.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— Temperate zones and tropics.

408. Wolffia Horkel.

600. Wolffia arrliiza Wimm.

Salin lake.

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.

XCVIII.— ALISMACE/E.

409. * Limnopliyton Miq.

691. * Limnopliyton obtusifolium Miq.

Salin lake..

Distribution— Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, tropical
Africa.

XCIX. — NAIAD ACEJE.

410. Potamogeton Linn.

693. Potamogcton indicus Roxb.

Paunglin lake.

Distribution.— Throughout India, Ceylon and Burma, Malay
Archipelago.

1 12

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

693. Potamogeton crispus Linn.

Irawaddy river.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout the temperate and sub-tropical
zones. ' • -

C.— CYPERACEiE.

y • )- ’ » V • . f . ; * • ’ j .

All# Pycreus Beauv.

694. Pycreus nitens Nees,

. • > r ; ; . ,

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

- * ' ' ’ ' * * . . 1 V • • » , • •

413. Juncellus Kunth.

695. Juncellus alopecuroides C. B. Clarke.

Salin lake margin. .

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

696. Juncellus pygmaeus C. B. Clarke.

Irawaddy bank. ,

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

413. Cyperus Linn.

697. Cyperus platystylis R. Br.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— Bengal, Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia.

698. Cyperus difformis Linn.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

699. Cyperus Iria Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

700. Cyperus articulatus Linn.

Mon valley.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

701. Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.

Legain.

Distribution. — Tropics generally.

703. Cyperus rotundus Linn.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

1 13

703. Cyperus radiatus Vahl.

Salin lake.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics,,

701. Cyperus digitatus Roxb.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics,

111, Mariscus Vahl.

705. Mari sens microcephalus Presl.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, China,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Mauritius,

11 5* Eleoekaris R. Br.

706. Eleocharis capita ta Br.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— »Tropics generally.

416. Fimbristylis VahL

707. Fimbristylis dipsacea Benth.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution — Eastern tropics.

708. Fimbristylis dicliotoma Vahl.

Mon valley.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

709. Fimbristytis quinqueangularis Kunth.

Mon valley near Sidoktaya.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon, China, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia, Mauritius.

710. Fimbristylis miliacea Vahl.

Minbu district.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout the tropics.

417, Bulbostylis Kunth.

711. Bulbostylis barbata Kunth.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics,

3'

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

i M

418. Scirpus Linn.

712. Scirpus articulatus Linn.

Paunglin lake shore.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

713. Scirpus Michelianus Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics and warm temperate zone.

419. Cal’ex Linn.

714. * Carex baccans Nees.

Arracan Yomahs.

DISTRIBUTION.— Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Burma, Peninsular
India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China, Philippine islands.

CI.~ GRAMINEiE.

420. Paspalum Linn.

715. Paspalum sanguinale Lamk. var. extensa.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

710. Paspalum longiflorum Retz.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics and subtropics.

717. Paspalum pedicellare Trin.

Sagu.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout upper India and Burma, Nilgiris.

421. Panicum Linn.

718. Panicum flavidum Retz.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

719. Panicum Crus-galli Linn.

Salin.

Distribution.— Thoughout the tropics.

720. Panicum colonum Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

721. Panicum prostratum Lamk.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

11 5

722. * Panicum setigerum Retz.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Bengal, Peninsular India, Ceylon. Burma,

723. Panicum miliaceum Linn.

Irawaddy bank, cultivated.

Burm. Lu .

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout the tropics, naturalised or culti-
vated.

724. Paiiicum miliare Lamk.

Saga.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics, cultivated.

725. Panicum repens Linn.

Salin lake.

Distribution.— Tropics and subtropics,

720. Panicum proliferum Lamk.

Alluvial belt, cultivated.

Distribution.— Generally throughout the tropics.

727. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and A:chipelago, China.

422. Thysanolsena Nees.

728. Tltysanolaena Agrostis Nees.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-VV., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Central India, Assam, Burma, Nicobar islands, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

423, Axonopus Beauv.

-■ ' • . • . \\

729. Axonopus cimicinus Beauv.

Minbu district.

Distribution.- Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, China.

424. Arundinella Raddi.

730. * Arundinella setosa Trin.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— N.-W. and Central Himalayas, Bengal, Assam,
Burma, Central and Peninsular India, Ceylon, China, Philippine
islands.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

1 16

i

435. Setaria Beauv.

731. Setaria italica Beauv.

Gwrngyin, cultivated.

Bunn. Sat,

DISTRIBUTION. —Throughout temperate and tropical countries.

733. Setaria verticillata Beauv.

Paunglin.

DISTRIBUTION,— Throughout the tropics and in the temperate
zone.

430. Pennisetum Pers.

733. Pennisetum typlioideum Rich .

Miobu district.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, Africa and
Southern Europe. ^

437. Oryza Linn.

734. Oryza sativa Linn.

Minbu district, cultivated.

Distribution,— Cultivated throughout the tropics.

438, Tragus Hooker.

735. Tragus racemosus Scop.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

439. Perotis Ait.

736. Perotis latifolia Ait.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Eastern tropics.

430. Polytoca Br.

737. Polytoca bractcata Br.

Paunglin.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Tonkin.

738. Polytoca Walliehiana Benth.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution. — Burma,

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA

1 1;

4:31, Zea Linn,

£39, Zea Mays Linn.

Alluvial belt, cultivated.

DISTRIBUTION.— Cultivated generally in the tropics,

433. Imperata Cyrill.

740, Imperata arundinacea Cyrill.

Alluvial belt, the common savannah grass.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

741. Imperata exaltata Brongn.

Irawaddy bank.

DISTRIBUTION. — Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
tropical America.

433. PolSinia Trim

743. Pollinia quadrinervis Hack.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central arid Eastern Himalayas, Assam,
Burma, China.

743. Pollinia eucncmis Nees.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Burma, Malay Archipelago.

744. * Pollinia grata Hack.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Sikkim, Assam, Burma, China, Malay Archi-
pelago,

434. Saccliarum Linn.

745. Saccliarum spontaneum Linn.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Southern Europe, Eastern tropics and Australia.

r , ' f

746. Saccliarum fuscum Roxb.

Sinbok.

DISTRIBUTION. — Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Peninsular India,
Assam, Burma.

435. Erianthus Michx.

* ■* ** •* ' A - \

747. * Erianthus longisetosus Anderss.

_ a * T . . ’ r" * ' ... . t

Arracan Yomahs. •

Distribution. — Central and Eastern Himtlayas, Assam, Chitta-
gong, Burma. ' - - .1 - - A .

1 18

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

748. Eli ail thus Hookeri Hack.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Sikkim, Burma, Yunnan.

436. IschdBiuum Linn.

749. Ischsemum rugosum Salisb.

Sagu.

Distribution. — Throughout India, and Ceylon, Burma, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Andaman islands, China.

750. Isclunmum laxum Br.

Sidoktaya.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

437. Eremocliloa Buse.

751. * Eremochloa muricata Hack.

Legain.

Distribution.— Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Australia.

438. Pogonatherum Beauv.

752. Pogonatherum crinitum Trin.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Afghanistan, India and Burma, China, Malay

Peninsula and Archipelago, Polynesia.

%

439. Al’tliraxon Beauv.

753. Arthraxon ciliaris Beauv.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Throughout the hilly region of India, Burma and
Ceylon.

440. Rottboellia Linn. f.

754. Rottboellia exaltata Linn. f.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics.

441. Ranisuris Sw.

755. Ranisuris granularis Linn. f.

Sidokktaya.

Distribution.— Generally throughout the tropics.

1

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

Iig

442. Andropogon Linn,

756. Andropogon brevifolius Sw.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Generally throughout the tropics.

757. * Andropogon foveolatus Del.

Minbu district.

Distribution. — Upper Gangetic plain, Bengal, Central and
Peninsular India, Burma, Western Asia.

758. Andropogon fascicularis Roxb.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Bengal,
Central India, Assam, Burma, Tonkin.

759. Andropogon assimilis Steud.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Raj-
putana, Bengal, Central and Peninsular India, Assam, Burma, Malay
Archipelago, China, Japan.

760. Andropogon halepensis Brot.

p • . ^

Urvvingyin.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

761. Andropogon Sorghum Brot.

Salin and Gwingyin.

Distribution. — Cultivated throughout the tropics.

763. Andropogon serratus Thunb.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Tropics of Asia and Australia.

763. Andropogon squarrosus Linn. f.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago, Tropical Africa.

764. Andropogon caricosus Linn.

Sagu.

Distribution. — Scinde, Central and Peninsular India, Bengal,
Burma, Andaman islands, Ceylon, China, Mauritius.

765. Andropogon annulatus Forsk.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Throughout India and Burma, China, tropical
Africa and Australia.

120

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT GF

760. Audropogou contortus Li i n.

Minbu district.

DlSTRIBUTION^—Throughout the tropics.

767, Andropogon Sch cenau thus Linn,

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Western
Asia, tropical Africa, -
Var. clandes tina.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma.

443. Anthistiria Linn.

Anthistiria imberbis Retz.

Sagu and Sidoktaya.

Distribution.* — Eastern tropics.

444. Iseilema Hack.

769. * Iseilema laxum Hack.

Legain.

DISTRIBUTION.— Bengal, Peninsular India, Burma.

445. Aristida Linn.

770. Aristida Adscenscionis Linn.

Gwingyin.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

771. # Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Burma, Bengal, Peninsular and Western India.,
Western Asia to tropical Africa.

446. Sporobolus Br,

772. Sporobolus tremulus Kunth.

Paunglin lake.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Tonkin.

773. Sporobolus coromandelianus Kunth.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, Afghan*
istan, tropical Africa.

M1NBU IN UPPER BURMA.

5 21

447. Cynodon Pers.

774. Cynodon dactylon Pers.

(rawaddy bank.

Distribution. — Throughout the tropics.

448. Chi oris Sw.

775. Chloris harbata Sw.

Minbu district.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics.

449. Eleusine Gaertn.

776. Eleusine indica Gaertn.

Mon valley.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics, introduced into the Western
tropics.

777. Eleusine segyptiaca Desf.

Gwingyin.

Burm. Legwa.

Distribution. — As the last species.

450. Leptocliloa Beauv.

778. Leptocliloa cliinensis Nees.

Paunglin lake shore.

Distribution. — -Throughout India, Burma, and . Ceylon, China,
Japan, Malaya, Australia.

451. Aruildo Linn.

779. Arundo Donax Linn.

Irawaddy bank.

DISTRIBUTION. — Throughout India and Burma, Western Asia and
Northern Asia to Africa and Europe.

453. Pliragmites Trim

780. Phragmites Iiarka Trim
Irawaddy bank.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout the Eastern tropics.

453. Neyraudia Hook. f.

781. Neyraudia madagaseariensis Hook. f.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — N.-W., Central and Eastern Himalayas, Assam*
Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, tropical Africa.

122

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

454, Eragrostis Beauv.

783, Eragrostis tenella Roem. & Schult.

Var. plumosa.

Gwingyin,

Distribution.— Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon.

* Var. riparia.

Minbu district.

Distribution,— Orissa, Peninsular India, Laccadives, Burma.

783. Eragrostis interrupta Beauv. var. Kcenigii.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Eastern tropics,

784. Eragrostis major Host.

Irawaddy bank.

Distribution.— Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, tropical
Asia, and Southern Europe.

785. Eragrostis cynosuroides Beauv.

Alluvial belt.

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout India and Burma, and Western Asia
to N* Africa.

455. Triticum Linn.

780. Triticum vulgare Vill.

Alluvial belt, sparing cultivated.

Distribution.— Generally in warm and temperate regions.

450. Dendrocalamus Nees.

787. Dendrocalamus strictus Nees.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Malay Archi-
pelago.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

CII. — FILICES.

457, Pteris Linn.

788, Pteris longifolia Linn.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Throughout the tropics and warm temperate
regions.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

123

789. Pteris cretica Linn.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution. — Southern Europe, Africa, Western Asia, Hima-
layas, Peninsular India, Burma, Philippine islands, Polynesia, tropi-
cal America.

458. Polypodium Linn.

790. Polypodium multilineatum Wall.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Northern India and Burma.

459. Lygodium Sw.

791. Lygodium flexuosum Sw.

Mon valley.

Distribution.— Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago, Andaman islands, Ceylon, Philippine islands, China.

793. Lygodium microphyllum R. Br.

Nwamadaung hills.

Distribution. — Sikkim, Bengal, Peninsular India, Assam, Burma?
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Andaman islands, Ceylon, China,
Africa.

CIII.— SELAGIlVELLACEdB.

460. Selaginella Spring.

793. Selaginella proniflora Baker.

Arracan Yomahs.

Distribution.— Throughout India and Burma, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, N. Australia.

CIV,— RHIZOCARPEJS,

461. Azolla Lam.

■ i I •

794. Azolla pinna ta R. Br.

Paunglin lake.

Distribution.— Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.

463. Marsilea Linn.

795. Marsilea quadrifoliata Linn.

Paunglin lake.

Distribution.— From Central Europe to Japan.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

1 24

DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSPECTUS.

I. — ARRACAN-NWAMADAIJNG PLANTS.

(1) Endemic to the Assam-Arracan sub-sub-area.

Vitis Aubertiana, Indigofera minbuensis, Millettia cana, Desmo-
dium grande D. teres, Derris pulchra, Vernonia sp. Diospyros sp„
Lettsomia campanuliflora, Ipomoea Edithae, Justicia khasiana, Hab-
enaria yomensis, Curcuma sessilis, C. parvula, Typhonium pedati-
sectum.

(2) Distributed to Pegu and Ava,

Bombax (?) insignis, Atylosia nivea, Flemingia fluminalis, Lager-
stroemia macrocarpa, Knoxia plantaginea, Argyreia Burneyi, Lettsomia
pallida, Neuracanthus tetragonostachyus, Lepidagathis dulcis, Tec-
tona Hamiltoniana, Vitex canescens, Bridelia burmanica, Phyllanthus
albizzioides, Dioscorea dicipiens, Alocasia decipiens, Curcuma plicata.

(3) Distributed to the Shan Hills.

Desmodium oblongum, D. Kingianum, Terminalia Oliveri, Combre-
tum pyrifolium, Ipomoea gracillima, Plectranthus hispidus, Anisochilus
carnosus VAR. purpurascens, Quercus Lindleyana.

(4) Distributed to Martaban and Tenas scrim.

Leea compactiflora, Momordica macrophylla, Diplospora confusa,
Dendrobium ciliatum, D. chrysotoxum.

(5) Distributed to Pegu, Ava, and the Shan Hills.

Hiptage candicans, Millettia tetraptera, Desmodium Wallichn,
Dalbergia obtusifolia, D. Kurzii, Cassia renigera, Lagerstroemia
viliosa, Blinkworthia lycioides, Dolichandrone stipulata, Daedalacan-
thus macrophyllus, Cystacanthus insignis, Hymenopyramis brachiata,
Anisomeles candicans, Colquhounia elegans.

(6) Distributed to Pegu and Tenasserim.

Semecarpus albescens, Pueraria stricta, Terminalia pyrifolia, Gar-
denia obtusifolia, Strobilanthes phyllostachyus, Gomphostemma strobi-
linum, Phyllanthus columnaris, Aporosa oblonga, Stemona Griffi-
th i ana.

(7) Distributed to the Slian Hills and to Tenasserim.

Lophopetalum Wallichii, Melanorrhoei usitata, Crotalaria nerii-

folia, Pueraria Candollei, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Bauhinia poly-
carpa, Anogeissus acuminata VAR.lanceolata, Lagerstroemia tomentosa,
Gardenia erythroclada, Heterophragma sulfureu n, H. adenophyllum,
Da?dalacanthus tetragonus, Hemigraphis glaucescens, Justicia decus-
sata, Orthosiphon Parishii, ; , ]

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

125

(8j Species distributed to the Malay Peninsula or Archipelago or
Siam.

w - tt ? " ,

(a) To Peninsula or Archipelago.

Taraktogenos Kurzii, Hibiscus sagittifolius, Micromelum
hirsutum, Albizzia lebbekoides, Combretum cbinense,
Tupidanthus calyptratus, Morinda persicaefolia, Vacci-
nium bancanum, Thunbergia laurifolia, Nomaphila
Parishii, Eranthemum album, Pollinia eucnemis.

(b) To Siam.

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Shorea siamensis, Walsura
v villosa, Millettia pendula, M. ovalifolia, M. Brandisiana,

Dalbergia cultrata, Alsomitra sarcophylla, Congea tomen-
tosa, Vitex limonifolia.

(9) Species distributed to the Himalayas.

Clematis grewiaeflora, Hibiscus pungens, Vitis assamica, Crotalaria
tetragona, Millettia cinerea, Pueraria Wallichii, Albizzia lucida,
Pygeum acuminatum, Thladiantha calcarata, Rubia angustissima,
Raphistemma pulchellum, Tylophora tenerrima, Ipomcea petaloidea
VAR. linearifolia, Vitex peduncularis, Cinnamomum obtusifolium,
Quercus dealbata, Castanopsis tribuloides VAR. ferox, Pholidota arti-
Culata, Calanthe puberula, Habenaria constricta, Erianthus longi-
setosus.

(10) Cliina-Himalayan species.

Helicteres elongata, Sapindus Mukorossi, Rhus paniculata, Gym-
nema tingens, Engelhardtia Colebrookiana, Polytoca bracteata,
Pollinia quadrinervis, Erianthus Hookeri.

(n) Himalayan-Malayan species.

Eriobotrya bengalensis, Duabanga sonneratioides, Hodgsonia
heteroclita, Blumea balsamifera, Wedelia Wallichii.

(12) Species common to the Himalayas, China and Malaya.

Inula Cappa, Buchnera cruciata, Loranthus pentapetalus, Pollinia
grata.

(13) Species distributed to Central and Peninsular [India, the

Deccan sub-sub-area.

Crotalaria nana, Indigofera Wightii, Desmodium Cephalotes
VAR. congesta, Rhynchosia suaveolens, Dalbergia paniculata, Bauhinia
diphylla, Acacia canescens, Pimpinella Leschenaultii, Ipomcea
pulchella, '

/

126

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

(14) Species distributed to the Deccan, Indus plain, and Western

dry half of Gangetic plain.

Naravelia zeylanica, Sterculia colorata, Balanites Roxburghii,
Buchanania latifolia, Butea superba, Cylista scariosa, Flemingia
oana, Goniocaulon glabrum, Schrebera swietenioides, Aaiseia caly-
cina, Daeialacanthus purpurascens, Strobilanthes scaber, Sympho-
rema involucratum, Aerm Monsonia, Panicum setigerum.

(15) Deccan and Malayan species.

Sida mysorensis, Chickrassia tabularis, Caesalpmia Sappan, C. di-
gyna, Xylia dolabriformis, Calycopteris floribunda, Combretum exten-
sum, Oldenlandia alata, Ligustrum robustum, Tylophora asthmatica,
Ipomoea campanulata, Dodchandrone Rheedii, Tectona grandis,
Typhonium trilobatum.

(16) Distributed throughout India and Malaya.

Hibiscus radiatus, G.iruga pinnata, Media Az>.dirachta, Olax
scandens, Ventilago calyciulata, Crotalaria sessiliflora, Urafia hamosay
Desmodium pulchellurn, D. gyran*, Albizzia procera, Trichosanthes
cucumerina, Hymenodictyon excelsum, Oldenlandia nudicaulis,
Blumea membranacea, La|gefa flava, Holarrhena antidysenterica,
Wrightia tomentosa, Fagrsea obovata, Ipomoea vitifolia, Barleria
strigosa, Clerodendron infortunatum, Gmelina arborea, Polygonum
chinense VAR. ovalifolia, Aristolochia Tagala, Loranthus Scurrula
Viscura articulatum, Baccaurea sapida, Baliospermum axillare, Bceh-
meria malabarica, Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, Phrynium parvi-
fiorum, Carex baccans, Thysanolaena Agrostis, Arthraxon ciliaris,
Dendrocalamus strictus.

(17) Distributed to India.

Olax nana, Odina Woiier, Indigofera pulchella, Millettia auri-
culata, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Erythrina suberosa, Spatholobus
Roxbarghii, Rhynchosia bracteata, Terminalia tomentosa, Lager-
stroemia parviflora, Mitragyna parviflora, Vernonia teres, Cyathocline
lyrata, Vicoa auriculata, Cryptolepis Buchanani, Holostemma Rheedii,
Marsdenia tenacissima, Lettsomia setosa, Stereospermum chelonoi-
des, Orthosiphon rubicundus, Leucas nutans, Cinnamomum Tamala,
Putranjiva Roxburghii, Antidesma diandrum, Homonoia riparia,
Ficus Cunia, Ficus glomerata, F. religiosa, F. bengalensis, Dioscorea
glabra, D. alata.

(18) Distributed over S.-E. Asia.

Impatiens Balsamina, Spondias mangifera, Crotalaria albida,
Mucuna pruriens, Vitis discolor, Canavalia ensiformis, Bauhinia
purpurea, B. variegata, Entada scandens, Kalanchoe spaihulata,

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

127

Gymnopetalum cochin-chinense, Randia dumetorum, Rlumea glomer-
ata, B. laciniata, Ardisia humilis, Canscora diffusa, Pharbitis Nil,
Torenia cordifolia, iEginetia indica, Oroxylum indicum, Barleria
cristata, Lepidagathis hyalina, Justicia simplex, Adhatoda vasica,
Leucas involucrata, Holoptelea integrifolia, Zingiber Casumunar,
Dioscorea daemona, Panicum sarmentosum, Arundinella setosa,
Pogonatherum crinitum, Andropogon fascicularis, Andropogon assi-
milis.

(19) Distributed from Africa to Malaya.

Abutilon polyandrum, A. graveolens, Triumfetta annua, Alysi-
carpus bupleurifolius, Atylosia scaraboeoides, Acacia pennata,
Kalanchoe laciniata, Cephalandra indica, Mukia scabrella, Emilia
sonchifolia, Maesa indica, Ipomcea Pes-tigridis, I. Turpethum, Jacque-
montia paniculata, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Chlorophytum laxum,
Andropogon brevifolius, Neyraudia madagascariensis.

(20) Distributed from Africa to India.

Laggera pterodonta, Alectra indica, Chlorophytum orchidastrum.

(21.) Distributed from India to Australia*

Cedrela Toona, Crotalaria linifolia, C. medicaginea, Derris scan-
dens, Trichosanthes palmata, Zehneria umbellata, Sarcocephalus
cordatus, Pavetta indica, Diospyros montana, Ichnocarpus frutescens,
Saccharum spontaneum.

(22) Distributed throughout the tropics.

Sida acuta, S. rhombifolia, Urena lobata, U. sinuata, Melochia
corchorifolia, Elephantopus scaber, Solanum verbascifolium, Nelsonia
campestris.

II.— ALLUVIAL BELT.

(1) Distributed to Pegu and Ava.

Sterculia versicolor, Uraria cordifolia, Leucas pilosa, Boottia
cordata.

(2) Distributed to Pegu, Ava and the Shan Hills.

Lourea campanulata, Sphaeranthus peguensis.

(3) Distributed to Pegu and Tenasserint.

Millingtonia hortensis, Dicliptera riparia, Polytoca Wallichiana,

(4) Distributed to Malaya.

Xanthophyllum glaucum, Terminalia Catappa, Combretum trifolia-
tum, Azima sarraentosa, Myriopteron paniculatum, Imperata exaltata.

(5) Distributed to China*

Lindenbergia philippensis, Desmodium diffusum, Celsia coroman-
deliana.

■128

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

(■ 6 ) Distributed to the Himalayas.

Argyreia Hookeri.

(7) Distributed to China and the Himalayas.

Helicteres elongata.

(8) Distributed to Malaya and the Himalaya.

Miliusa Roxburghiana.

(9) Distributed to China and Malaya,

Harrisonia Bennettii, Lourea obcordata, Enhydra fluctuans.

(10) Distributed to the Deccan and Indus and Gangetic plains.
Galactia tenuiflora, Cassia auriculata, Rosa involucrata, Trian-

thema decandra, Oldenlandia umbellata, Ruellia prostrata, Euphor»
bia cristata, Croton oblongifolius, Sansevieria Roxburghiana, Cyanotis
papilionacea, Paspalum pedicellare, Saccharum fuscum, Andropogon
foveolatus, Iseilema laxum, Eragrostis tenella VAR. riparia.

(11) Distributed to the Deccan and Malaya.

Tiliacora racemosa, Mesua ferrea, Atalantia monophylla, Crota-
laria quinquefolia, Cassia siamea, Bauhinia tomentosa, Ipamcea tri-
dentata, Commelina salicifolia.

{12) Species distributed to India and Malaya.

Bombax malabaricum, Bauhinia malabarica, Terminalia Bellerica,
Barringtonia acutangula, Morinda tinctoria, Vernonia anthelmintica,
Oxystelma esculentum, Ipomcea sepiaria, Cuscuta reflexa, Capsicum
frutescens, Striga euphrasioides, Bridelia retusa, Ficus Rumphii,
Potamogeton indicus,

(13) Species distributed to India, Malaya and China.

Nasturtium indicum, Butea frondosa, Clitoria Ternatea, Cassia
timoriensis, Buddleia asiatica, Solatium indicum, Datura fastuosa,
Bonnaya brachiata, Striga Masuria (not to Malaya), Streblus asper,
Polygonum stagninum, Pouzolzia indica, Monochoria hastaefolia,
Axonopus cimicinus, ischaemum rugosum, Sporobolus tremulus (not
to Malaya), Eragrostis major.

(14) Species dis ributed from India to Australia.

Nympbaea Lotus, Nelumbium speciosum (also to China), Glycos-
mis pentaphylla, Crotalaria juncea, Indigofera trifoliata (also to China),
Flemingia lineata, Cassia glauca (also in China), Dentella repens,
Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Dopatrium
junceum, Utr'cularia flexuosa, U. exoleta, (all these also to China),
Deeringia celosioides (also to China)/ Mallotus philippinensis (also to
China), Cyperus platystylis, Leptochloa chinensis (also to China)5
Eremocbloa muricata, Andropogon serratus.

MtNBU IN UPPER BURMA.

i2g

(15) Species distributed from Africa to Malaya or Australia*

Cissampelos Pareira, Nymphaea stellata, Cleome viscosa, Gynan-

dropsis pentaphylla, Portulaca oleracea, Tamarix gallica, Bergia
ammanioides Calophyllum inophyllum, Sida cordifolia, Abutilon indl-
cum, A. graveoHns, Hibiscus surattensis, H„ pandurseformis, H. viti-
folius, Thespesia Lampas, Waltheria indica, Triumfetta rhomboidea,
Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Moringa pterygosperma, Crotalaria
retusa, C. verrucosa, Indigofera linifolia, I. enneaphylla, I. viscosa,
1. trita, Sesbania aegyptiaca, S. grandiflora, iEschynomene indica,
Uraria picta, Alysicarpus monilifer, Desmodium triflorum, Caesal-
pinia Bonducella, Adenanthera pavonina, Albizzia Lebbek, Amman-
nia peploides, A. baccifera, A. salicifolia, Mollugo Spergula, Vernonia
cinerea, Grangea maderaspatana, Spbaeranthus africanus, S. indicus,
Gnaphalium indicum, Plumbago zeylanica, Limnanthemum indicum,
Cordia myxa, Heliotropium ovalifolium,. Ipomoea chryseides, I. reni-
formis, 1. obscura, Vandellia Crustacea, Strig-i lutea, Justicia Beto-
nica, Rhinacanthus communis, Ocimum canum, O. Basilicum, Mos-
chosma polystachyum, Digera arvensis, Amarantus panicuiatus, Pupa-
lia lappacea, Aerua javanica, A. scandens, Polygonum plebejum,
P. tomentosum, P. barbatum, Bridelia stipularis, Phyllanthus reti-
culatus, P. simplex, P. distichus, Flueggia. microcarpa, Sebastiana
Chamaelea, Hydrilla verticillata, Zeuxine sulcata, Cyanotis cristata,
Pandanus fascicularis, Pycreus nitens, Juncellus alopecuroides,
Cyperus difformis, C. Iria, Mariscus microcephalus, Fimbristylis dip”
otoma, F. quinqueagularis, Scirpus articulatus, S. Mi-
chelianus, Paspalum longiflorum, Pan i cum flavidum, Perotis latifolia,
Ischaemum laxum, Rottboellia exaltata, Andropogon squarrosus,
A. caricosus, A 1 annulatus, Anthistiria imberbis, Elusine indica,
E.ae gyptica, Phragmitis Karka, Eragrostis interrupta.

(16) Distributed to India.

Tinospora cordifolia, Hibiscus ficulneus, Psoralea corylifolia, Aly-
sicarpus rugosus VAR. styracifolia, Acacia catechuoides, Acacia con-
cinna VAR, rugata, Conyza semi-pinnatifida, Xanthium Strumarium,
Launea asplenifolia, Heliotropium strigosum, Lindenbergia urticae-
folia, Hygrophila spinosa, Leucas mollissima, Rumex dentatus, Aris-
tolochia indica.

(17) Distributed to Africa and India.

Cocculus villosus, Polygala erioptera, Hibiscus micranthus, Hibis-
cus Solandra, Indigofera pentaphylla, Tephrosia villosa, Triantheraa
crystalliria, Gisekia pharnaceoides, Laggera aurita, Gnaphalium pulvi-
natum, Heliotropium supinum, Trichodesma indicum, Blepharis bcer-
haavifolia, Peristrophe bicalyculata, Priva leptostachya, Not-hosserua

I<

13°

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

brachiata, Polygonum limbatum, Ty'pha elephantina, Limnophy-
turn obtusifolium, Pennisetum typhoideum, Andropogon Schoenan-
thus, Aristida funiculata, Sporobolus coromandelianus, Arundo
Donax, Eragrostis cynosuroides.

(18) Distributed throughout the tropics.

Argemone mexicana, Sida veronicaefolia, Tribulus terrestris,
Indigofera hirsuta, Rhynchosia minima, Tephrcsia purpurea, Zornia
diphylla, Abrus precatorius, Teramnus labialis, Parkinsonia aculeata,
Cassia occidentalis, C. Sophera, C. Tora, C. alata, C. mimosoides,
Tamarindus indica, Neptunia oleracea, Leucsena glauca, Acacia,
Farnesiana, Jussieua repens, J. suffruticosa, Passiflora foetida, Opun-
tia monacantha, Mollugo hirta, Ageratum conyzoides, Eclipta alba,
Spilanthes Acmella, Bidens pilosa, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Mimusops
Elengij Coldenia procumbens, Heliotropium indicum, Solanum nigrurn?
S. torvum, Nicotiana Tabacum, Herpestis Monniera, Lippia nodiflora,
Stacbytarpheta indica, Boerhaavia repens, Amarantus spinosus?
A. viridis, A. Blitum, Acbyranthes aspera, Alternanthera sessilis,
Chenopodium album, Polygonum glabrum, P. lapathifolium, Rumex
maritimus, Euphorbia hypericifolia, E. pilulifera, E. tbymifolia, Jatro-
pha gossypifolia, J. Curcas, Ricinus communis, Ceratophyllum demer-
sum, Vallisneria spiralis, Fistia Stratiotes, Lemna polyrhiza, Wolflia
arrhiza, Potamogeton crispus, Juncellus pygmseus, Cyperus articulatus,
C. corymbosus, C. rotund us, C. radiatus, C. digitatus, Eleocharis capi-
tata, Fimbristylis miliacea, Bulbostylis barbata, Paspalum sanguinale,
Panicum Crus-galli, P. colonum, P. prostratum, P. miliaceum, P. mi-
bare, P. repens, P. p.roliferum, Setaria verticillata, Tragus racemosus,
Imperata arundinacca, Manisuris granularis, Andropogon contortus,
Cynodon dactylon, Chloris barbata.

(19) Distributed to Western Asia and Europe.

Melilotus alba, Chrozophora plicata, also to Africa .

(20) Distributed from Europe to Malaya.

Vandellia erecta.

(21) Distributed to N. Asia, Europe, N. America.

Ranunculus sceleratus.

III.— DESERT ZONE.

(1) Endemic to Upper Burma.

Boscia variabilis, B. pvunoides, Capparis burmanica, C. orbiculata,
C. polymorpha, Buchanania sp., Tephrosia Grabami, Acacia Kingii,
Combretum apetalum, Vernonia gymnoclada, Diospyros burmanica,
Atberolepis Wallichii, Lygisma angustifolia, Coelodiscus lappaceus.

MlNBU IN UPPER BURMA

* 34

(2) Distributed to China.

Capparis flavicans, C. hastigera, Streptocaulon tomentosum,
Phoenix humilis VAR. Loureirii.

(3) Distributed to the Deccan*

Capparis grandis, Melhania Hamiltoniana, Grewia hirsuta, Trium-
fetta rotundifolia, Zizyphus glabra, Mezoneurum hymenocarpum,
Sarcostemma Brunonianum, Boucerosia umbellata, Premna latifolia,
Boerhaavia repanda, Euphorbia antiquorum.

(4) Distributed to Africa and India.

Crataeva religiosa, Pavonia oiorata, P. glechomifolia, Hibiscus
lunariifolius, Acacia arabica, Calotropis procera, Withania somnifera,
Euphorbia granulata.

(5) Distributed to India and Malaya.

Capparis horrida, Grewia abutilifolia, Acacia leucophlcea, Carissa
Carandas, Leptadenia reticulata.

(6) Distributed from India to Australia.

Zizyphus CEnoplia, Cansjera Rheedii, Dichrostachys cinerea.

(7) Distributed from Africa to Malaya or Australia.

Corchorus fascicularis, Zizyphus Jujuba, Barleria Prionitis, Glo-
riosa superba.

(8) Distributed from India to China.

Adina cordifolia.

(9) Distributed to India.

Gardenia turgida, Vallaris Heynei, Pergularia pallida, Androgra-
phis echioides, Loranthus pulverulentus.

(10) Distributed to tropical Asia and Australia.

Solanum xanthocarpum, Viscum orientale.

(11) Distributed throughout the tropics.

Corchorus acutangulus, Martynia diandra.

CHAPTER V. — ECONOMIC AND MEDICINA

Cereal crops,

The principal cereal crops on the alluvial belts of the Irawaddy
and its tributaries, on the islands left bare by the Irawaddy when
its level falls after the rains cease, and on the irrigated areas are
rice and maize. There are innumerable varieties of the former, but

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

132

according to Mr. Parsons they may roughly be divided into four
classes—

(1) Kaukgyi , grown chiefly in the irrigated areas.

(2) Kauklat , grown chiefly on the alluvial belt.

(3) Kaukyin , grown on irrigated areas and the tail-ends of

irrigated areas, and almost entirely dependant on rain-
fall for their wat^r-supply.

(4) Mayin) grown in the beds of lakes, tanks and marshes, and

irrigated.

Kaukgyi rice is reaped in December and January, kauklat in
December, kaukyin in November. Mayin is planted in February and
March and reaped in June. R’ce is usually transplanted, only occa-
sionally sown broad-cast on lands flooded late in the season by the
Irawaddy.

Maize, Burm. Pyaung-bu, is a common crop on the alluvial belt
and wheat is also not uncommon, the latter sown in November
and reaped in April. It is much liable to be attacked by rust.
Pailicum miliaceum (Burmese Lu ) is a millet not infrequently culti-
vated along the bank of the Irawaddy).

In the desert zone the chief cereal is Aildropogoil Sorghum,
{Jowar) or Andropogon halepense. Setaria italica ( Burmese Sat)
is also cultivated in the desert zone.

These millets are cultivated chiefly as fodder for cattle. Jowar
is sown in August or September and reaped in January and
February .

Leguminous crops.

These are cultivated on the alluvial belt and irrigated areas, and
are known as Kaing crops. They are usually sown in November or
December and gathered in March and April.

The following are the more important species with their Burmese
names where known.

Phaseolus lunatus Linn. Burm. Pe~talok) “ Chinese pea ”.
Phaseolus Mungo L. Burm. Pe-nauk.

Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. Burm. P e-yin*

Phaseolus trilobus Ait.

Dolichos Lablab L. Many varieties distinguished by different
Burmese names, such as Pbbya} Pe-bazon} Pe-lun , Pe-gyi3 etc.
Dolichos biflorus L. Burm. Pe-ngapi.

Cajanus indicus Spreng. Burm. Pe-singon .

Canavalia ensiformis DC. Burm. Pe-dalet .

Cicer arietinum L. Burm. Kala-be} imported only a few years ago
and now much cultivated.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

133

Cucurbitaceous crops.

These are also very common in the alluvial belt and irrigated

areas. The more common species are : —

Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Bucm. Bu-thee .

Luff a aegyptiaca Mill.

Luffa acutangula Roxb.

Benincasa cerifera Savi.

Momordica Cliarantia L. Burm. Kyet-hinga*

Cucumis melo L. Burm. Tha-khwa-thee.

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Burm. Paye-thee .

Cucurbita maxima Duch. Burm. Payon-thee .

Edible tubers.

The plants cultivated for their tubers are chie fly: —

Ipomoea Batatas. Burm. Kasun-u , the sweet potato.

Bioscorea alata. A yam with several varieties distinguished by the
Burmese names m yauk-pyu, my auk- gy in, my a uk-kyw e-gyo.

At Sinbok an enterprising peasant had started cultivating the

ordinary potato under Mr. Aubert’s advice, quite successfully.

Plants with edible fruits.

Anona squivnosa L. The custard apple, cultivaied on alluvial soil.

Hibiscus esculentus L. Commonly cultivated. Its fruits used as a
Vegetable.

Citrus medica L. Lime, commonly cultivated.

JEgle Marmelos Corr. The Bael, commonly cultivated.

Bangifera indica L. “ The mango, commonly cultivated. The various
varieties in the district are grouped into two main classes, manaw
and loubu) of which the former is the more valuable.” So
Mr. Parsons in his report.

Psidium Guyava L, Burm. Mankala-bin , commonly cultivated.

Punica Granatum L. Burm. Tale-bin , the Pomegranate, cultivated.

Carica Papaya L. The Papaya, commonly cultivated.

Vaccinium bancanum Miq. Wild on the Arracan Yomahs, fruit
eaten by the Chins.

Diospyros burmanica Kurz. Barm. Te-thee. Wild in the desert
zone.

Solatium Melongena L. Burm. Khayan thee . The brinjal, com-
monly cultivated, fruit used as a vegetable.

Lycopersicum esculentum Miller. Burm. Khay an-gin-thee . The
Tomato, commonly cultivated. The common Burmese tomato is
quite a small thing, the large one being imported from India.

*34

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

Baccaurea sapida Muell. Burm. Kanazo , wild.

Artocarpus integrifolia Linn. f. The Jack fruit, commonly culti-
vated.

Musa sapientium L. The plantain. There are two varieties culti-
vated known as yakaing and pigyan .

Cocos llUCifera L. The coco-nut, abundantly cultivated in the allu-
vial belt and river valleys.

Plants occasionally eaten or used in times of scarcity.

iVympksea stellata Willd. Burm. Kya-u. Tubers, boiled and eaten
in times of scarcity.

Capparis burmanica Kurz. Burm. Kauk*kwe-za . Fruit eaten in
times of scarcity.

Zizyplius Jujuba Lamk. Burm. Zi-bin. Fruit eaten in times of
scarcity.

Buchanania (?) glabra Wall. Burm. Lun-bin . The kernel of the
fruit is roasted and eaten. The flavour is quite pleasant.

Cicsalpinia digyna Rottl. Burm. Sun-lethet-thee. Seeds roasted
and eaten, quite palatable.

Pioscorea dtcinona Roxb. Burm. Kywe-ut Wild yam. Eaten in
times of scarcity.

IMoscorea bulbifera L. Burm. Khadu . Also a wild edible yam.

Eleusine tegyptica Desf. Burm. Legwa . Eaten in times of scarcity.
Mr. Parsons mentions the Burmese names of several other plants
used as food in famine times, but the writer unfortunately did
not meet with them, so is unable here to give their botanical
identifications.

Plants used in curries, etc.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. Burm. Tanga-ngayok , used in curries.

Brassica juncea Hook. f. & T. Commonly cultivated.

Lepidium sativum L. Burm. Samon-hpwe. Commonly cultivated.

Raplianus sativus L. Commonly cultivated.

Capparis flavicans Wall. Leaves eaten in curries.

Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Burm. Dandalon-bin. Leaves and
fruit eaten in curries.

Sesbania segyptiaca Pers. Burm. Ye-tha-gyee. Young leaves, flowers
and fruit eaten in curries.

Sesbania grandiflora Pers. Burm. Pauk-pan-bya-bin. Young leaves,
flowers and fruit eaten in curries.

Cassia glauca Lamk. Burm. Pyi-ban-nyo, Tender leaves and
flowers eaten in curries.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA

*35

Acacia concimia DC. Young leaves and flowers eaten in curries.
Fceniculum vulgare L. Burm, Sa meit. Used as a condiment.
Cotiandrum sativum L. Burm. Nan-nan-bin. Used as a condiment.
Cartliamus tiactorius L. Burm. Su-pan, Young leaves eaten in
curries.

Cordia Myxa U* Burm. Thanat-pin. Young leaves and young
fruits eaten in curries.

Solanum torvum Sw. Burm. Khayan-kasaw , Fruit used as a con-
diment.

Capsicum frutesceus L. Commonly cultivated.

Ocimum canum Sims. Burm. Pin-zein . Used as a condiment.
Pliyllanthus disticlius Muell. Arg. Young leaves eaten in curries,
zingiber sp. Cultivated by the Chins on the Arracan Yomahs.
Allium Cepa L. Onions are largely grown in the cold weather }
sown in December or January and dug up in March or April.
Borassus flabellifer L. The rootlet of the embryo palm is con-
sidered a great delicacy, and the seeds are often sown expressly
to obtain it.

Dye Plants.

Zizyplius Jujuba is not itself a dye plant, but it is one of the plants
on which lac is deposited, and hence may be mentioned here.

Indigofera sumatrana Gaertn. and Indigofera suffruticosa Mill (I
anil L.) , are both cultivated, and appear to be both called me -
bin . Sown in June and cut in Octjber. Earthenware pots are
used as vats and lime is added to precipitate the dye.

Parkinsonia aculeata L. Burm. Kwunya-zi-bin.

The leaves and young pods of this species are used by the country
people to produce a greenish yellow dye, which, however, is not very
fast.

Butca frondosa Roxb. Flowers used to produce an ( old gold'
colour.

Combretum trifoliatum Vent. Burm. Hsauk-bin.

A decoction of the leaves of this plant is used to dye cloth a dirty
brown colour, which on soaking the cloth in mud for several days
changes into a permanent black.

Anogeissus acuminata Wall. var. lanceolata.

The bark is cut into chips and boiled in water. The solution
resulting dyes cotton yarn or cloth a brownish colour, which deepens
to black after soaking in the mud of pools.

Cartliamus tinctorius L. Burm. Su-pan .

A decoction of. the flowers is used by the Burmese to dye cotton
yarn a golden yellow colour.

?3©

1 HE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

Morinda tinctoria and M. persicaefolia appear both to be used as
dye plants, the latter by the Chins.

Artocarpus integrifolia Burn*. Peik-hne-bin. This plant gives the
yellow dye of the Buddhist monies robes. The wood is cut into
chips which are then soaked in water and boiled several times. The
cloth is then soaked in the water until properly stained. A vegetable
mordant is afterwards used to fix the dye, but the plant yielding
it was not met with, at least not recognised as such.

Fibre Plants.

Gossypium sp. Cotton, though not a fibre, may most conveniently
be mentioned here. It is cultivated to a small extent in the
desert zone and by the Chins.

Bauhinia racemosa Lamk., yields a fibre from its bark, which is
employed to make ropes.

Crotalaria retusa L. Burm. Paik-san-bin .

This species is cultivated in patches all over the alluvial belt for
its fibre from which nets and ropes are made.

Agave sp. Burm. Tazaung~let-paty a wild species from which fibre is
extracted for manufacture of thread and ropes. V

Oil Plants..

Sesanmm indicum DC. is, along with Andropogon Sorghum , the
chief crop of the desert zones. There are two varieties, an
early ( hnanyin ) which is sown in June and reaped in Septem-
ber, and a late (hnangyi) which is sown in September and
reaped in January or February. The oil is extracted in a
primitive and wasteful manner in a huge wooden mortar with a
correspondingly large wooden pestle, which is worked by a
mechanism driven by ox-power.

Tobacco.

Tobacco is cultivated on the richest lands. The Burman peasant
smokes two kinds of cheroots, one of gigantic proportions, the
outer wrapping of which is made of the bracts surrounding the female
infloresence of the maize, the other about the size of an ordinary
cigar with a green outer wrapping made from the leaves of Cordia
Myxa .

Betel.

Piper sp. is cultivated here and there in the district : the betel vine-
yards seldom exceed half an acre in extent, and are irrigated
from wells.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA,

IS?

Liquor.

The ordinary country fermented liquor of the district is obtained
from the Toddy palm, Borassus flabel lifer, (Burm. H tan-bin ),
which is so abundant about villages in the alluvial belt. The juice
extracted is to a great extent employed to make ‘jaggery, 3 a
brownish coloured somewhat toffy-flavoured sweetmeat.

The Chins concoct a most potent nectar, called Khaung , for which
there are two recipes, in neither of which the writer regrets he can
give all the ingredients correctly identified. However they are set
down here incomplete as they are,

1ST RECIPE.

(1) Leaf and fruit of Solanum verbascifolium.

(2) Bark of Aporosa oblonga.

(3) Leaf of an unknown climber.

(4) Pounded rice-flowers.

2ND RECIPE.

(1) Fruit of Solanum indicum.

(2) Bark of Thit-cho-bin , a sapotaceous tree not identified.

(3) Pepper seed.

(4) Ginger rhizome ground down.

(5) Pounded rice flowers.

The second recipe is the more commonly used.

Plants with miscellaneous uses.

Ahrus precatorius L. Burm. Ywe-gate.

The seeds of this are occasionally used by goldsmiths as weights.
Gardenia turgida Roxb. The fruit.— Burm, Thamin-sa*kpyu-thee
— is pounded and used in water as a soap for cleansing clothes.
Artemisia pallens Wall, is cultivated for its perfume.
dErua javanica Juss. Burmi On-bwe% The flowers of this are used
for stuffing pillows.

Celosia cristata Linn. ^cultivated for its flowers, which are used by
the women to adorn their hair.

Gomphrena globosa L. cultivated like the last.

Cinnamomum Tamala Nees.

The Chin women undergo about the age of fourteen the ordeal
of having the whole face closely tatooed black, which gives them a
grotesquely hideous appearance. The legend runs that this curious
practice originated in the desire to render the Chin women repulsive

L

i38

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

to the Burmese officials who were wont to carry off the more comely
amongst the maidens to adorn their harems* Formerly the leaves of
Cinnamomum Tamala were pounded down and a solution made with
water, which was employed to produce this most uncosmetic effect*
Now-a-days the more prosaic lamp black is used.

Gloriosa superha L. Burmese women are said to partake of the
tubers of this plant as a means of committing suicide under
stress of blighted affections.

Imperata exaltata Brongn. Burm. Thetke: is used as thatching
material.

Saccliarum fuscum Roxb. Burm. Yin-bin .

The stems of this are used in making fishing nets or rather
enclosures for entrapping fish, and in making ‘ chicks. 1

Pkragmites Karka Trin. Burm. Kyu-bin .

The stems of this are split an d woven into mats.

Borassus flabellifer L. The old leaf bases of this palm are utilised
as bird scarers, being strung at intervals on strings stretched over
growing crops, They are deceptively like dead birds strung up.

Medicinal Plants.

In the following list the medicinal properties described are the
medicinal properties ascribed to the various plants by the peasantry
of the district, and nothing more.

C issampelos Pareira L. Burm. Kywet-nabaung .

A paste is made from all parts of the plant and used as a local
application in inflammatory conditions of the eye.

Capparis liastigera Hance. Burm, Namanee-thwyet-gyi*

A paste of the root is used as an application to sores.

Capparis flavicans Wall. Leaves are used as a galactagogue.

Taraktogenos Kurzii King. Burm. Kalaw-bin .

The oil from the s*eds of this plant is used in conjunction with
the oil obtained from the seeds of Semecarpus albescens Kurz, in
the treatment of Leprosy.

Limonia acidissima L. Burm. Thanakha .

The bark of this is powdered and made into a paste as a cos*
metic application to the face.

Ventilago calyculata Tul. Burm. Thwe det.

A paste of the root is employed as a local application to excite
granulation in wounds.

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

I^G

W

Semecarpus albescens Kurz. Burm. Chi-thee .

Seeds used in the treatment of leprosy as already mentioned
under Taraktogenos Kurzii .

Leucaena glauca Benth. Burm. Aseik-hpy e-bin.

A paste of the leaves used as an application to poisonous bites
or stings.

Acacia concinna DC. Ripe fruit used to clean the hair.

Acacia Farnesiana Willd. Burm. Naulongyaing .

A paste of the root is applied to the hoofs of cattle as a parasiti-
cide or as a preventive of the attacks of parasites.

Rosa involucrata Roxb. Burm. Myit-king .

A decoction of the root is used as a mouth wash in dental caries.

Elephantopus scaber L. A decoction of the stem and leaves is used
in menstrual disorders.

Spliaerantlius indicus L. A decoction of the whole plant pounded
down is employed as a tonic drink.

Spbaerantlius peguensis Kurz. Burm. Kodu-bin .

A paste of the leaves is used as a styptic, and is also used in hot
fomentations.

Xanthium Strumarium L. Burm. Si-hne .

A decoction of the whole plant is used as a tonic for cattle.

Ardisia liumilis Vabl. Burm. Shadwe.

All parts of the plant are used in the treatment of menstrual
disorders.

Buddleia asiatica Lour. A paste of the root is taken in rice water
by the Chins as a tonic.

Heliotropium indicum L. Burm. Hsin-hnamaung-bin .

A decoction of the whole plant used in treating Gonorrhoea.

Premna latifolia Roxb. Burm. Seiknan-gyi .

A paste of the root is used as a local application after parturition.

Oeimuili canurn. Sims. Burm. Pcnsein, used as a diuretic medi-
cine for horses.

JErua javanica Juss. Burm. On-bwe.

A paste of the root used as an application in acne-like conditions
of the face.

Chenopodium album L. Burm. Myu.

A paste of the root used in treating the diarrhoea of children.

i 4°

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

Aristolocliia indica L. Burm, Eikthaya*moolee .

A preparation of the root used externally and a decoction of the
leaves given internally in skin-eruptions of children.

Polygonum tomentosum Willd, Burm0 Wetkyien.

A decoction of the root used in the stomachic troubles of
children.

fiscum orientale Willd. Burm. Kyibaung<

A paste of the powdered leaves used as a local antiphlogistic
application.

Clirozopliora plicata A. Juss. Burm. Gyo-sagauk .

A decoction of the whole plant used in treating Gonorrhoea.

Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Burm. Thetyin-gyi ,

Leaves used in hot fomentations to allay inflammation, either
strained in a cloth or first made into a paste.

Euphorbia antiquorum L. Burm. Teinganeik-tazaung .

The branches are sliced, dried and powdered and administered
to check profuse lochial discharge.

Streblus asper Lour. Burm. On-hne-bin .

A decoction of the dried leaves is administered in dysentery.

Dioscorea bulbifera L. Burm. Khadu .

Used as a galactagogue.

Arundo Donax L. Root used as a diuretic.

Timber trees.

The following is rather a selective than an exhaustive list. The
names in brackets are the Burmese names, either obtained by the
writer on the spot or taken from Gamble’s Manual of Indian
timbers :*—

Mesua ferrea ( Gangaw ), Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ( Eng.),
Pentacme suavis ( Ingen or Ingyn), Bombax malabaricum ( Let pan ),
Sterculia colorata( Wetskaw), Cedrela Toona (Thitkado),Me lanorrhcea
usitata {T hit si), Odina Wodier ( Hnabe ), Millettia pendula ( Thinwin ),
Butea frondosa ( Pauk ), Dalbergia cultrata ( Yindaik ) Pterocarpus
macrocarpus ( Padauk ), Tamarindus indica ( Magyi ), Bauhinia pur-
purea ( M ahahlegani ), Bauhinia variegata ( Bwecheng ), Xylia dolabri-
formis (Pyingado), Adenanthera pavonina (Ywegyi), Acacia arabica,
Acacia leucophloea ( Tanaung ), Acacia catechuoides (Ska), Albizzia
Lebbek ( Kokko ), Albizzia procera (Sit), Terminalia Bellerica [Thit-
sein ), Terminalia tomentosa ( Taukkyan ), Anogeissus acuminata

MINBU IN UPPER BURMA.

I4I

(Yon), Lagerstrcemia parviflora ( Tsambelay ), Lagerstrcemia tomen-
tosa ( Leya), Duabanga sonneratioides ( Myauk-ngo , mau-lettanshe ),
Adina cordifolia ( Hnaw ), Mitragyna parvifolia ( Teinthe ), Hymenodic-
tyon excelsum (Kusan), Mimusops Elengi (Kaya, Chaya), Schrebera
swietenioides ( Thitswelwe ), Holarrhena antidysenterica ( Lettokkyi ,
letiokthein), Millingtonia hortensis ( Egayit ), Dolichandrone stipulata
(Mahlwa, paukkyan), Heterophragma sulfureum ( Thitlinda , Kyaung-
letto ), Heterophragma adenophyllum ( Petthan }, Stereospermum
chelonoides ( Singwe , thakutpo), Tectona grandis (Kyun), Tectona
Hamiltoniana (Dahat), Gmelina arborea ( Yamane ), Cinnamomum
obtusifolium ( Lulingyaw ), Bridelia retusa ( Seikchi ), Streblus asper
(Onhne), Castanopsis tribuloides (Kyausa) .

.

• • I ' •- - - •

. ' .... : . .

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: , * .' 1 ■■

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■

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. . ^ . .... - - - - . .

INDEX

Species described are in bold type.
Vernacular names in italics.

Page

Page

A

Abrus .

•

•

•

•

45

Abutilon .

•

•

•

27

Acacia

•

•

•

0

54

Achy ran thes

•

©

•

•

96

Adenanthera

•

•

•

•

53

Adhatoda .

•

•

•

•

go

Adina .

0

•

0

•

65

/Eginetia .

•

•

•

•

85

/Egle .

•

•

•

0

33

TErua .

•

•

•

•

95

/Eschynomene

•

•

0

•

43

Ageratum •

•

•

0

•

67

Albizzia «

•

•

0

•

55

Alectra •

•

•

•

8S

Alocasia •

•

•

•

•

1 1 1

Alsomitra .

•

•

C

©

63

Alternanthera

•

•

•

•

•

96

Alysicarpus

•

0

9

•

44

Amarantus .

•

©

05

Ammannia .

•

•

•

5S

Andrographis

•

•

«

•

89

An dropogon

•

•

•

•

119

Aniseia

•

•

•

80

Anisochilus

*

•

0

•

93

Anisomeles

•

•

•

•

93

Anogeissus

•

•

•

©

57

Anona

•

•

•

•

20

Anthistiria •

•

•

•

•

120

Antidesma 1.

•

•

0

•

100

Aporosa .

•

•

•

•

100

Ardisia •

•

•

0

©■

72

Argemone .

»

•

•

•

22

Argyreia •

$

•

78

Argyreia Burneyi

«

•

78

Aristida

•

•

•

•

l?o

Aristolochia

J

•

•

0

97

Artemisia

•

•

•

0

70

Arthraxon .

•

*

0

•

118

Artocarpus .

©

•

1 03

Arundineila

•

•

%

•

H5

Arundo

•

•

0

•

121

Aseik-hpye-bin

•

•

•

0

54

Atalantia •

•

•

0

•

33

Atherolepis .

0

•

#

•

74

Atylosia

0

•

•

•

48

Axonopus .

•

•

•

•

>i5

Azima

•

■0

•

•

73

Azolla

•

•

©

123

B

Baccaurea .

•

©

•

©

100

Balanites

•

•

•

33

Baliospermum

•

•

•

Io2

Barleria

•

•

©

8g

Barringtonia

* ^

•

•

58

Bauhinia

•

•

•

52

Benincasa .

•

•

•

61

Bergia

•

•

•

25

Bidens

•

•

•

70

Biophytum .

•

•

0

32

Blepharis

0

C

•

88

Blinkworthia

0

•

•

79

Blumea

•

•

•

68

Boehm eria .

•

0

•

103

Boerhaavia .

•

0

•

94

Bombax .

•

•

•

•

29

Bonnaya

•

•

•

85

Boottia

•

•

©

104

B orassus •

•

•

•

109

Boscia

•

•

•

23

Boscia prunoldes

•

•

23

Boucerosia •

•

•

•

76

Brassica .

«

•

•

22

Bridelia

©

•

•

99

Buchanania

©

0

•

37

Buchnera .

•

•

•

85

Buddleia

•

•

•

76

Bulbostylis .

•

•

>13

Butea

•

•

•

46

Bu-thee .

•

•

•*

6©

Bwicheng .

«

•

140

C

Csesalpinia . . o . So

Cajanus . . . • » 48

Calanthe , . . . • 45

Calonyction .... 79

Calophyllum .... 25

Calotropis • • . . • 75

Calycopteris . . • . 57

Canavalia . . • • 46

Canscora . . . • • 77

Cansjera ..... 35

Capparis ..... 23

(_;ap-icum ..... 83

11

INDEX

Cardiospermum

•

0

•

Page

37

C arex .

•

0

0

114

Carissa

©

0

0

73

Cartharaus .

9

0

0

7i

Cassia .

0

•

«

Si

Castanopsis

•

•

0

104

Cedrela

«

•

0

34

Celosia .

•

0

9

94

Celsia • .

•

•

0

83

Cephalandra

•

0

•

62

Ceratophyllum

•

0

0

104

Cereus •

•

0

•

63

Chaya •

0

0

0

1 41

Chenopodium

o

0

O

96

i^hickrassia

•

•

©

34

Chi-thee •

•

0

0

33

Chloris .

0

0

©

121

Chlorophytum

•

0

©

ioS

Chrozophora

•

•

•

101

Cicer .

•

0

0

45

Cinnamomum

0

•

•

98

Cissampelos

0

•

0

21

Citrullus .

a

0

o

62

Citrus •

•

o

33

Clematis •

0

0

0

20

Cleome .

•

9

22

Clerodendron

0

0

0

92

Clitoria

«

9

0

47

Cocos . •

0

0

1 10

Cocculus

0

•

0

21

Coelodiscus

6

•

0

101

Coldenia •

•

0

0

77

Colquhounia

«

0

0

93

Combretum

•

•

«

57

Commelina

0

0

0

109

Congea •

•

•

O

92

Conyza .

#

©

0

68

Corchorus .

9

0

•

3i

Cordia .

0

0

0

77

Coriandrum

0

0

*

64

Corypha •

0

o

0

109

Cosmos

•

©

0

7o

Crataeva

•

©

©

23

Crotalaria .

•

•

•

3S

Croton •

©

9

0

101

Cryptolepis

•

0

0

74

Cucumis

e

0

0

62

Cucurbita •

0

0

0

62

Curcuma

0

0

9

106

Curcuma parvula

0

0

106

Curcuma sessilis

0

0

0

io5

Cuscuta •

•

0

0

e

83

Cyanotis »

•

•

0

0

log

Cyathocline

•

0

0

e

68

Cylista

•

•

•

«

43

Cynodon

•

9

•

0

121

Cyperus

•

0

0

0

1 12

Cystacanthus

•

0

©

0

89

Page

Dsedalacanthus

«

D

0 0

. 88

D ahat-pin .

0

0 0

. 91, 141

Dalbergia .

0

• •

. 49

Dandalon-hin

•

« e

38

Datura

0

• 0

. • 83

Deeringia .

0

© 0

«. 94

Dendrobium

•

0 «

. 105

Dandrocalamus

0

0 ©

• -122

Dentella .

0

• 0

. 65

Derris

0

9 0

. 49

Derris pulchra

« •

49

Desmodium

0

0 •

. 44

Dichrostachys

0

® 0

. 53

Diclipiera .

0

• 0

. 90

DUok-bin .

9

• 0

. 29

Digera

0

0

94

Dioscorea .

0

0 0

. 107

Diospyros

0

0 •

72

Diplospora .

0

• •

. 66

Dipterocarpus

0

0 0

. 26

Dolichandrone

©

0

86

Dolichos

«

t 0

. 47

Dopatrium ,

0

a 0

. 84

Duabanga •

0

• 0

59

E

Eclipta

0

0

0

0

70

E ikthaya-moolee

0

•

0

97

Eleocharis •

0

0

0

e

M3

Elephantopus

0

0

0

0

67

Eleusine .

0

0

•

0

I2i

Emilia

•

0

0

0

7»

Eng

0

0

•

0

26

Engelhardtia

0

•

O

•

103

Enhydra .

0

e

0

0

70

Entada .

0

0

0

9

53

Eragrostis ‘ «

0

0

9

0

122

Eranthemum

0

0

0

0

89

Eremochloa

0

0

0

0

11S

Erianthus

0

©

9

0

117

Eriobotrya .

•

0

0

•

56

Erythrina .

0

0

0

0

46

Euphorbia .

0

0

F

•

4

99

Fagrsea •

0

0

0

O

77

Ficus .

#

*

i

0

102

Fimbristylis

0

•

0

0

113

Flemingia •

©

9

f*

«

49

iNDEft

*9 4

ill

Page

Flueggia .

•

c

6

IOO

Fceniculum *

•

a

•

64

G

Galactia • .

46

Gewgaw . .

140

Gardenia • •

66

Garuga * •

34

Gisekia

64

Gloriosa »

ioS

Glycosmis . «

32

Gmelina . •

9i

Gnaphalium

69

Gomphostemma .

94

Gomphrena .

96

Goniocaulon

7i

Gossypium .

29

Grargea . •

68

Gfewia .

3i

Gwe-bin .

38

Gymnema . .

75

Gymnopetalum .

60

Gynandropsis .

23

Gyo-sagauk

H

140

Habenaria .

•

10S

Habenaria yomensis

105

Harrisonia . .

33

Helicteres . •

30

Heliotropium

77

Hemigraphis

88

Herpestis t

84

Heterophragma .

86

Hibiscus • ,

27

Hiptage •

32

Hnale •

140

Hnaw • •

141

Hodgsonia •

60

Holarrhena

73

Holoptelea . •

102

Holostemma .

75

Homonoia . .

IOI

Hsauk-bin . .

57

Hsin-h namau ng-b i n

139

Htan-bin .

137

Hydrilla

S04

Hygrophila

87

Hymenodictyon .

65

Hymenopyra mis •

92

Ichnocarpus «

I

•

•

«

74

Impatiens •

•

•

•

32

j mperata

•

•

•

117

Indigofera .

•

• • •

Page

40

Indigofera minbuensis .

40

Ingen .

•

• • •

26

Ingyin

•

« • •

2,5

Inula . .

•

6 4 *

69

Ipornoea

•

• • •

80

Ipornoea Edlthae

• • •

81

Ischsernum

•

118

Iseilema •

•

• « •

1 20

Jacquemontia

e

J

• • •

82

Jasminum .

0

• • •

72

Jatropha

•

• • •

IOt

Jovtiar .

«

6 0 •

132

Juncellus •

•

• • t

1 12

Jussieua «

•

• O

59

Justicia •

•

• • •

go

K

Kaing .

132

Rala-be .

132

Kalanchos .

56

Kalaw-bin .

24

Kanazo

134

Kaukgyi 0

•

*32

Kauklat .

132

Kaukkweza

23

Kaukyin

*32

Kaya •

141

Kazun-u

80

Khadu

134

Khayan'gin thee

133

Khayan kasaw

*35

Khayan-thee

83

Knoxia •

66

Kodu-hin *

69

Kokko •

140

Kusan

14*

Kwunya-zi-bin

5i

Kya-u .

21, 134

Kyaungletto

145

Kyausa

141

Ky et-hinga

61

Kyi-baung

98

Kyu-bin

138

Kyun

. ,

141

Kywet-nabaung

21

Kywe-u .

L

134

Lagenaria •

•

a

0

0

60

Lagerstroemia

0

•

•

•

59

Laggera

•

•

•

0

68

•Index

iv

Page

Page

Launea .

•

0

0

7*

Mbyaing .

0

42

Lawsonia •

•

•

'©

58

Mezoneurum

0 0

50

Lcca • •

•

0

0

37

Micromelum

32

Legwa

0

©

0

l2l

Miliusa . .

• 0

20

Lemna •

•

0

0

in

Miliettia . •

0 •

41

Lepidagathis

©

'«

0

89

Millingtonia

0 ©

86

Lepidium

•

©

0

22

Mimosa .

• 0

54

Leptaderiia •

•

0

76

Mimusops . •

e 0

72

Leptochloa .

•

•

0

140

Mitragyna .

0 0

65

Leipan •

o

0

0

121

Mollugo . .

0 0

63

Lettokhyi .

•

0

0

141

Momordica • .

0 0

61

Lettokthein

®

0

•

*41

Momordica macrophylla

61

Lettsomia •

•

•

0

79

Monochoria »

© 0

109

Lettsomia campanuliflora

79

Morinda • •

0

66

Leucsena .

•

0

0

54

Moringa . •

0' 0

38

Leucas •

©

0

•

93

Moschosma •

0 0

92

Ligustrum .

•

0

0

73

Mucuna

0 0

45

Limnanthemum

•

0

•

77

Mukia . •

0 0

62

Limnophyton

•

0

0

HI

Myauk-gyin .

0 0

• 133

Limonia •

•

0

'«

33

My auk- kywe-gyo

0 e

133

Linaria •

•

•

0

84

Myauk-ngo

0 0

141

Lindenbergia

0

•

0

84

Myauk-pyu .

133

Lippia

•

•

0

90

Myit-king • »

0 0

5*5

Lophopetalum

•

0

0

35

Myriopteron •

0 0

74

Loranthus .

•

0

•

98

Myu . • •

• 0

96

Lourea •

0

0

0

43

Lu • •

•

•

«

132

Luffa •

•

0

0

60

N

Lulingaw •

ft

0

0

141

Lun-bin ,

0

0

0

37

Namanee-thanyet’gyi

0 0

. 24

Lycopersicum

0

0

0

83

Nan-nan’bin

0 ©

64

Lygisma •

•

•

0

76

Naravelia • •

0 0

. 20

Lygodium .

•

0

123

Nasturtium • *

O 0

• 22

Naulongyaing .

•

. *39

Nelsonia •

0 0

87

M

Nelumbium .

0 0

• 21

Neptunia •

0 0

. 53

Msesa •

•

e

0

0

72

Neuracanthus •

O 0

. 89

Magyi

0

e

•

0

140

Neyraudia •

0 0

• 1 21

Mahahlegani

•

•

D

0

140

Nicotiana . .

0 0

83

Mahl'wa .

•

0

0

•

141

Nomaphila .

0 •

. 87

Mallotus •

•

0

0

•

IOI

Nothosserua •

0 0

95

Mangifera •

•

0

0

0

37

Nymphsea .

t 0

. ‘ 21

Manisuris .

0

0

0

0

1 18

M ank ala-bin

•

0

0

0

58

Mariscus .

©

0

0

0

1 13

O

Marsdenia •

•

0

0

tj

75

Marsilea .

•

0

•

0

123

Ocimum .

• ©

. 92

Martynia

•

0

0

0

8 7

Odina . .

0 0

• ’ 38

Mau-lettanshe

•

0

0

0

141

Olax . •

0 #

• 34

May in •

•

0

0

0

132

Oldenlandia •

0 0

65

Me-hin

•

0

0.

•

41

On-bwe .

0 0

. *37

Melanorrhoea

•

•

0

0

38

On-hne-bin . •

0 ©

. 102

Melhania

•

0

c

0

30

Opuntia • »

0 ®

63

Melia . ,

•

0

0

34

Oroxylum .

0

. 86

Melilotus •

•

©

a

0

40

Orthosiphon •

0 0

93

Melochia

•

0

#

3o

Oryza .

« 0

. 116

Mesua „

,0

0

0

25

Oxystelma ,

0 ©

. 75

INDEX

v

Page

P

Padauk

•

49

Paik san-bin

«

41

39

Pandanus .

ft

•

•

no

Panicum •

ft.

ft.

9

ft

114

Parkinsonia

»

0

ft

5i

Paspalum .

ft.

•

•

114

Passi flora •

9

ft

m

«

6o

Pauk . .

140

Paukkyan .

•

•

9

ft

1 41

Pauk-pati>bya-bin

•

43

Pavetta «.

•

0

9

66

Pavonia

•

•

9

•

27

Payee -thee .

•

ft

»

ft

62

Pdyon-thee -

•

•

ft

62

Pe-bazon

©

9

ft

47

Pb-bya .

ft

•

9

9

47

Pe-dalet »

•

ft -

132

Pe-gyi .

•

•

47

Peik-hnb-bin

•

•

•

136

Pb-lun

•

ft

47

Pb-nauk

•

•

ft

47

Pb-ngapi

•

•

•

ft

47

Pennisetum .•

ft

ft'

ft

11 6

Pentacme .

•

•

• '

ft

26

Pergularia .

•

•

41

ft

76

Peristrophe

ft

•

ft]

•

QO

Perotis

•

•

•

•

Il6

P easing on .

•

o

ft

-ft

48

Pl-talok *

•

•

•

<1

47

Petthan

•

0

ft

ft

141

P byin

•

ft

ft

ft

47

Pharbitis

•

•

•

ft

80

Phaseolus .

•

•

ft

•

47

Phoenix

•

•

ft

ft

109

Pholidota .

•

•

•

ft

105

Phragmites

•

ft

•

ft

121

Phrynium ,

•

ft

•

107

Phyllanthus

•

•

•

•

99

Pimpinella .

•

ft

•

•

64

Pinzein .

•

•

•

ft

92

Piper . .

ft

•

•

ft

97

Pistia .

•

•

•

•

no

Pithecolobium

•

•

ft

•

55

Plectranthus

•

•

•

ft

93

Plumbago •

•

•

•

o

7i

Pogonatherum

ft

•

ft

ft

n 8

Pollinia

•

•

ft

ft

11 7

Polycar psea

•

•

•

ft

25

Polygala

•

•

ft

•

24

Polygonum .

•

•

•

•

96

Polypodium

•

•

•

123

Polytoca

•

•

ft

ft

11 6

Portulaca .

•

ft

ft

25

Potamogeton

•

ft.

ft

in

Pouzolzia .

ft

• e

Page

103

Premna *

ft

• ft

91

Priva

•

• «

91

Psidium

•

• ft

58

Psoralea «

ft

ft •

41

Pteris

•

ft «

122

Pterocarpus

»

A A

49

Pfcerocaulon

ft

ft ft

• 69

Pueraria

ft

• 9

46

Punica

•

ft ft

59

Pupalia •

ft

ft ft

95

Putranjiva .

ft

ft ft

loo

Pyeiung-bu

ft ft

132

Pycreus

• 0

ri2

Pygeum

•

55

Pyi-ban-ny 0

•

ft ft

52

Pyingado .

ft

ft- •

140

Quamoc'it . .

Q

•

« ft

80

Quercus . .

•

• 0

104

Quisqualis . .

' m

9' ft

58

V:-*' c.

Randia .

R

•

ft »

65

Ranunculus

•

ft ®

20

Raphanus •

•

ft ft

22

Raphistemma

ft

ft ft

75

Rhinacanthus

•

ft ft

9°

Rhus .

ft

ft ft

37

Rhynchosia

•

• 9

48

Ricinus •

•

A •

IOI

Rosa . .

•

ft ft

56

Rottboellia .

ft '

• ft

1 18

Rubia . .

. •

ft ft

67

Ruellia .

•

ft O

88

Rumex

•

ft ft

9 7

S

■

Saccharum .

e

• ft

ii7

Sa-meit ,

•

ft ft

64

Samon-hpwe '

• •,

22

Sansevieria .

•

1 07

Sapindus .

• •

37

Sarcocephaluts

..

ft ft ..

64

Sarcochlamys

•

103

Sarcostemma

•

ft ft.

75

Sat . ..

ft ft

132

Schrebera .

ft

73

Scirpus

«.

ft ft

114

Sebastiana .

ft

ft •

102

S elk chi .

ft ft

141

Seiknan-gyi

ft

ft ft

' 9*

Selaginella ..

•*-

ft“ O

123

vi

INDEX

Page

Page

Semecarpus

0

0

a

•

38

Thevefcia *

4

«

0

0

74

Sesamum •

•

C

•

0

87

Thinwin .

•

0

0

O

140

Sesbania •

•

0

•

•

42

Thit-cho'bin

e

0

0

0

137

Setaria

o

0

•

•

116

Thit-kado .

0

0

0

140

Sha-bin .

•

•

•

e

54

Thitlinda •

•

C

0

0

141

Shad'ml .

•

•

0

0

139

T hit si .

•

0

•

4

140

Sida •

•

•

0

26

Thitsein .

•

fi

0

0

14a

Singws .

•

•

•

•

141

Thitswelwe

•

0

0

0

141

Si-hne

0

•

•

0

139

Thladiantha

•

0

0

0

63

Sit • «

•

9

•

•

140

Thunbergia

•

•

0

0

87

Solanum .

•

•

9

•

82

Thwe-det .

0

0

0

0

138

Spatholobus

0

•

0

0

46

Thysanolaena

•

0

«

0

11S

Sphaeranthus

e

«

0

•

69

Tiliacora .

0

•

0

0

21

Sphenoclea

0

•

0

•

7i

Tinospora •

•

0

0

0

20

Spilanthes •

•

•

•

m

70

Torenia •

•

0

0

0

84

Spondias .

o

•

•

0

38

Tragus

0

0

0

0

116

Sporobolus .

e

0

•

•

120

Trianthema

0

0

•

0

63

Stachytarpheta

•

•

0

0

9i

Tribulus •

0

•

0

0

32

Stemona

«

•

0

0

108

Trichodesma

•

•

•

0

78

Stercnlia .

•

•

•

•

30

Trlchosanthes

0

0

0

0

60

Stereospermum

•

•

•

•

87

Triticum

•

0

0

0

122

Streblus

•

•

•

0

102

Triumfetta •

0

•

0

*

3i

Streptocaulon

•

•

0

•

74

Tsambelay .

0

0

0

0

141

Striga .

•

•

•

0

85

Tupidanthus

0

0

0

0

64

Strobilantbes

•

0

•

9

88

Tylopnora •

0

0

0

0

76

Sun-lethet-thee

•

«

•

0

5o

Typha .

0

0

0

0

IIO

Su-pan

•

•

•

0

7i

Typhonium

0

0

0

•

no

Symphorema

0

•

0

•

93

Typhonium pedatlsectum

no

T

u

Tale-bin •

0

•

•

•

59

Uraria .

0

43

Tamarindus

•

•

o

0

52

Urena .

27

Tamarix .

•

•

•

0

25

Utricularia .

0

85

Tanga>ngayok

•

•

0

20

Taraktogenos

•

0

•

0

24

Tanaung «

•

•

•

•

140

V

Taukkyatt .

•

•

•

•

140

Tazaung-let-pat

0

•

•

•

136

Vaccinium .

0

0

•

71

Tazaung-pyathat

•

9

•

63

Vallaris

0

0

0

73

Te-bin

»

•

0

•

72

Vallisneria •

0

0

0

104

Tecoma •

•

•

•

0

86

Vandellia .

•

0

0

84

Tectona

•

•

«

0

91

Ventilaga .

0

0

0

35

Teinganeibtazaung

0

0

•

99

Vernonia .

0

0

0

67

T einthe •

•

•

0

0

141

Vicoa •

0

0

0

6 9

Tephrosia •

•

•

6

0

42

Vinca

0

0

73

Teramnus .

0

•

0

0

45

Viscum •

0

0

0

98

Terminalia •

•

•

0

0

56

Vitex . .

0

•

0

91

Te-thee •

•

0

•

0

133

Vitis .

0

0

36

Tha-kh'wa'thee

0

•

•

•

62

Vitis Aubertiana

0

0

36

Thakutpo

0

•

0

«

141

Thamin-sa-hpyadhee

•

•

0

66

Thanakha .

•

•

•

•

33

w

Thanat-bin

0

•

•

•

77

Thapan-thee

#

•

0

0

103

Walsura .

0

0

0

0

34

Thespesia .

•

•

•

•

29

Waltheria .

0

0

0

0

30

Thetke .

0

0

•

0

138

Wedelia .

0

0

0

0

70

Thetyin'gyi

0

0

0

0

IOI

Wetkyien .

•

0

0

0

I40

INDEX

vii

Page

Pag*

Wets haw .

•

•

•

140

Yin-bin

0

•

0

0

0

138

VVithania

•

•

•

•

83

Yin-daik

0

•

0

0

0

140

Wolffia .

•

•

•

•

hi

Yon •

•

•

•

0

•

141

Wrightia

•

•

c

a

74

Y we -gale

.

•

0

«

0

45

Ywe'gyi

•

•

0

0

0

140

X

Z

Xanthium 0

•

•

•

•

70

Xanthophyllum

•

•

•

•

24

Zea .

0

•

0

0

0

117

Xylia • •

•

•

0

0

53

Zehneria

•

•

0

0

0

62

;

Zeuxine

©

•

•

0

0

105

Zi-bin

•

•

0

0

0

35

Y

Zingiber

0

•

e

0

•

107

Zizyphus

•

•

0

0

0

35

Yamane

•

•

•

•

141

Zizyphus glabra

©

9

0

35

Yd4ha-gyi ,

*

•

0

0

42

Zornia

•

0

0

0

0

43

(pu8ft0(k& 8j> ,Jtui8ottf}\

Volume III.— No. 2.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF
HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNN AHS.

BY

D. PRAIN,

SSI °\5A
.1

$rtnfei> for f$e (Booernmenf of 3n5ta aE i$e d5ov>ernmenf OenftaE
(prtnfincj Office, 8, gjaeftngo jjlfreef, Calcutta.

1905.

Issued on 21st February 1005, JrriCC llo, 1- 9

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Volume III— No. 2.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF
HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

BY

D. PRAIN. '

CALCUTTA:

OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA

J9°5-

Agents fur the sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government

Printing , India , Calcutta.

In England.

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R. Friedlander& Sohn, 1 1, Carlstrasse, ] Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig.

Berlin, N. W. | Ernest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonaparte,

Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig. ! Paris.

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In I

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Map to illustrate the PLAINTS in the Districts of EOOG-HLY, HOWRAH, & 24-PARGANAS.

-No. S43, lj Lf iiotanuMj Surveys, — Dec. 04. — 600.

i-itho., S. I. O.. Calcutta.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF HUGHLI-
HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

By D. Prain.

4

I.— INTRODUCTION.

It has often been impressed upon the writer that a concise
list of the plants to be met with in the vicinity of Calcutta might be
useful to those whom duty or pleasure lead to reside in that city. The
present paper is an attempt to supply such a list.

This is by no means the first attempt to do what is required. It
appears probable from letters that have been consulted by the writer,
written between 1796 and 1828 by Dr. Francis Buchanan (afterwards
Hamilton), once Superintendent of the*Royal Botanic Garden, that in
its original form the Flora Indica of Roxburgh only consisted of the
brief diagnoses which accompany all the species, and that the long
and lucid descriptions which in the work, as we know it, are given
for many, but not all, of the plants dealt with, were intercalated
subsequently. It further appears that manuscript copies of the
original Flora were available for use as early as 1798 by at least some
of Roxburgh’s botanical friends. This, though it certainly covered a
wider field than the vicinity of Calcutta, or indeed than the Presidency
of Fort William, may be considered the first attempt to provide a list
such as is required.

The first serious attempt to provide exactly what is wanted was
made in 1839 by J. W. Masters on behalf of the members of the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, The title of Masters1
paper, Calcutta Flora , containing a Synopsis of Plants indigenous
to or cultivated in the vicinity of Calcutta, arranged according to their
natural families; with observations on the properties, and manner
of cultivating some of the most interesting ,l shows that the design of
the author was somewhat ambitious : it is not therefore surprising to

1 Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, vii.

39-85 (1840). The paper was re^d 12th June 1839.

B

144

THE VEGETATION OE THE DISTRICTS OF

find that he only succeeded in carrying his synopsis as far as the
Malvaceae , and although it appears that he had intended* to resume
the project at a later date he never did so.1 The portion actually
published was, as he himself explains, only a rough copy of a portion
of the projected work, and if one may judge from this portion it is
possible that it would have proved less useful than Masters anti-
cipated. The whole list, Masters says, was to have included 3,972
species.

It is probable that one reason why Masters never resumed his
Calcutta Flora was that about the same time Voigt was engaged in
preparing his well-known Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis , published
at Calcutta in 1845. J. O. Voigt, one of the most painstaking botanists
who has worked in India, was appointed Surgeon to the Danish
Colony of Seram pore in 1827, when 29 years of age. Under the
influence of the veteran Dr. Carey he gave much of his spare time to
botanical study, and in 1834, on Dr. Carey’s death, he took charge of
Dr. Carey’s garden at Serampore, and out of pious regard for Carey’s
memory set to work almost at once to put into permanent form the
results of Carey’s botanical and cultural work during the preceding
30 years.

The Serampore Garden, in Carey’s and Voigt’s day almost as im-
portant as the Botanic Garden at Shibpur, worked hand in hand with
the latter institution. Thus it was Dr. Carey, and not the Honour-
able Company, who in 1814 undertook the task of publishing Rox-
burgh’s Hortus Bengal ensisy in which are catalogued the 3,500
species in cultivation in the Royal Botanic Garden between 1786 and
1814. It is on this invaluable work which, but for the existence of
the Serampore Garden, we should never have possessed, that Voigt’s
larger one was based. Voigt’s Hortus , however, included the entries
in Carey’s Garden Receipt Book , so that it dealt with all plants that
had lived at Serampore, but had succumbed at Shibpur, and all
plants introduced at Serampore between 1814 and 1834. It included
besides, the catalogue drawn up by Masters to serve as the basis. of
that writer’s abandoned Calcutta Flora , showing all the plants intro-
duced into the Shibpur Garden between 1814 and 1836. It included
' too a list by Dr, Wallich of plants introduced to the Royal Botanic
Garden between 1836 and 1840, supplemented by a list made by
Voigt himself, while acting in 1842 for Wallich, up to 1843. Voigt’s

1 The paper concludes as follows ( Trans . Agvi.~Hort. Soc. India vii. 85) —

il Here l am obliged suddenly to break off being” engaged in more important
« matters ; the whole of my time is taken up with them, and I cannot devote any
44 more to this subject at present.-^*^. W. Masters 6 May 3> 1839”

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS. 145

superintendence at Serampore enabled him to include all the species
introduced there from 1834 to 1843*

The unfortunate illness and death of Voigt irt 1843 prevented the
issue of the work by the author. His manuscript, as it stood at the
end of 1841, was made over to the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society> and the printing of the work at the Society’s expense was
begun. After 16 pages had been printed, some hitch arose and the
printing was suspended. However, after Voigt’s death, Griffith, who
considered the Work very valuable, , arranged to see it through the
press. Before, however, the Indices Were commenced Indian Botany
had to lament Griffith’s untimely death, and Mack who, in consequence,
undertook their preparation also died before they were completed, so
that it was 1845 before the work was issued.

The scope of the work is hardly completely indicated by its title,
which is * Hortus Suburb anus Calcuttensis : A Catalogue of the
Plants which have been cultivated in the Hon . East India Company' s
Botanical Garden) Calcutta , and in the Serampore Botanical
Garden , generally known as Dr. Carey' s Garden , from the begin-
ning of both establishments (1786 and 1800) to the end of August ,
1841 : drawn up According to the Jussieuan arrangement , and mostly
in conformity with the second edition (1836) of Lindley's Natural
System of Botany .1

It contains remarks on each natural order, the names of the plants
enumerated, the Bengali names of those indigenous to or commonly
cultivated in Lower Bengal, the habit, time of flowering and the
flower of each individual species ; the habitat, properties and uses
of each. The number of natural families dealt with is 278, of genera
1,737, of species 5,515*

Of the great merit of the work it is hardly necessary to
speak. Yet the value of the Hortus Suburbanus has been found,
by those who have had to work with Indian plants elsewhere than
in Lower Bengal, to be comparatively small. Hooker and Thomson,
for example, have pointed out that the Hortus is “ not available as
a work of reference, nor can We refrain from expressing our regret
that talents of so high an order should have been devoted to a Work
of so little practical use.” This is in one sense perfectly true, for
Voigt’s references are not accompanied by adequate descriptions ;
and when Roxburgh, in whose Flora In die a a large proportion
of the species are described, has been cited, the subsequent
citation of Voigt is supererogatory. There is, however, a sense in
which the verdict just quoted is inapplicable. The work, when

1 Calcutta : Bishop’s College Press, 1845, i vol., large 8vo.

B 2

146 THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

employed as Voigt intended it to be, as a guide to the plants in
cultivation in gardens in and about Calcutta, is not only the best, but,
in the estimation of the native inhabitants of our districts, the only
guide that is of the slightest use. This, however, is less because of any
virtue in the arrangement or any merit in the scientific matter, than
because the native names given are not only selected with much
care and critical insight but are given in their original characters.

Perhaps the greatest defect in the work is that it goes too far
and deals not only, as its title implies, with the plants cultivated in
the two gardens at Calcutta and Serampore but includes, as Masters
in his venture proposed, the indigenous plants as well. Its chief
use is undoubtedly as a guide to the exotic plants cultivated in the
neighbourhood of Calcutta ; in this respect it still is, and will long
continue to be, invaluable. As a guide to the non-exotic plants of
the neighbourhood it is much less useful ; indeed, as Hooker and
Thomson say, it is not in this respect suitable as a work of
reference.

In 1862 an attempt was made to utilise the information regarding
the indigenous species enumerated in Voigt by R. Anderson in
a Catalogue of Plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Calcutta
with directions for the examination and preserving of plants -1 This
compilation consists of a bare list of the plants given by Voigt as
natives of Serampore with the names brought more or less up to date,
but the list is badly printed and abounds with uncorrected printer’s
errors. Moreover, it does not give the vernacular names so carefully
collected by Voigt, so that it is of no practical use except as a check
list. The only valuable part of the pamphlet is the portion dealing
with the examination and preservation of specimens which is taken
from the introduction to the Colonial Floras published by the authority
of Government. The number of natural families given is 86, of
genera 327, of species 738.

In the present paper an attempt is made to do more thoroughly
what was attempted by Anderson. It has not, however, appeared
feasible to define the neighbourhood of Calcutta more rigidly than
to consider this as including, to the east of the Hughli, the whole of
the 24-Pergunnahs in which Calcutta lies, and on the west of the
Hughli, the two districts of Howrah — where we have Shibpur and the
Royal Botanical Garden, and Hughli — which includes Serampore.
The list therefore enumerates all species hitherto collected within
these three districts. But the district of the 24-Pergunnahs includes the
Western Sundribuns where we have typical mangrove-swamp forests;

1 Calcutta : Bishop’s College Press : 1862.

HL'GHLI -HOWR AH AND THE 24- PER GUNN AHS.

*'47

at the same time the most westerly sub-division (Goghat) of the
Hughli district, lies beyond the Dwarkeswar river and outside the limits
of the deltaic alluvium on which Calcutta is built, so that its flora is to a
considerable extent that characteristic of drier districts like Bard wan
and Birbhum. On either side of the river Hughli therefore we find,
within the districts with which we have to deal, types of vegetation
that are very distinctive, each including a number of species that are
not to be met with in the immediate vicinity of Calcutta. But the
actual number of species of each class, as compared with the total
number of species in the list, is not very great and it is hardly worth
while, for the sake of excluding them, to have recourse to the
unnatural step of proposing arbitrary boundary lines for the * neigh-
bourhood ’ of Calcutta.

In drawing up the systematic list an enumeration has been made
of all the flowering plants hitherto collected in our districts and of all
the cryptogams, except the Fungi, of which named specimens are
preserved in the Calcutta herbarium. It is, however, certain that,
except as regards the Pteridophyta and Bryophyta, these crypto-
gamic lists are quite incomplete. As regards the Fungi, though the
Calcutta material is fairly extensive, it has been so inadequately
studied that a list of its named species would serve little useful
purpose.

In the case of the Phanerogams all plants that are certainly wild
in the districts are included. That a plant is wild in these districts
is, however, no indication that it is indigenous. There is a sense in
which, except perhaps in the Goghat sub-division of the Hughli
district, no species can be indigenous in our area ; the whole or
nearly the whole tract consists of Jand laid down by the great river
Ganges or its distributaries, and therefore all the plants growing
on its surface must be immigrants from elsewhere. Even, however,
if we admit this to be the case, the fact is not altered that a
considerable number of species, some of which have certainly
been originally deliberately introduced, (. Bryophyllum calycinumy
Turnera ulmifolia , Opuntia Dilleniil P assiflora suberosa are
examples), though not even originally natives of India, are now
absolutely established as wild plants in our area. But besides wdld
plants, whether native in the sense that they may have spread to these
alluvial tracts from the adjacent higher ground of West Bengal or
that they may have been brought by ocean currents, by rivers, by
winds, or by living creatures other than man, the list includes all the
crops cultivated in fields or gardens in the districts ; and such trees
or shrubs or herbs as are to be found in native gardeds, or in village-

148

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

shrubberies or by roadsides. Trees or shrubs or herbs that are
only to be found in large public gardens or are only to be met with,
as a rale, in the gardens of Europeans, are excluded except in the
few cases, such as those of Browallia elata , H ymenantherum
tenuifolium) Torenia Pournieri , and Helianthus argyrophyllus which
habitually, or such as those of Phlox Drummondi , Petunia nyctag «
inifolia, and Alysium maritintum which occasionally occur as self"
sown plants in garden plots or in waste corners where the soil is
good.

The question of showing whether a species is or is not wild, or
whether it is or is not native, by the use of distinctive types in the
systematic list, therefore appears neither to be practically useful nor
to be altogether possible. All that it has appeared advisable to do
has been to distinguish by means of an asterisk such species as may
be certainly deemed native in the sense that (1) they are not culti-
vated plants ; (2) they are thoroughly established plants ; (3) they
have been either introduced by other than human agency-, or, if they
have been introduced by man, the introduction has been inadver-
tent and they have been obviously introduced from some part of
South-Eastern Asia. On the other hand, plants that are not distin-
guished by an asterisk, and among phanerogams these are about as
numerous as plants of the preceding class, include species that cannot
be certainly deemed native, because ( v they are only to be found in
cultivation ; (2) they are weeds that only occur associated with
cold-weather crops, and that do not re-appear unless their seeds are
re-sown with these crops; (3) they are plants that, even if now
spontaneons, have clearly been originally purposely introduced by
man, or, if their original introduction was inadvertent, have as their
natural habitat some country other than India, Indo-China or Malaya.
With this class are necessarily included such species as have been
recorded from our area by previous botanical writers, such as
Roxburgh, Wallich, Griffith, and Voigt, but which have not been met
with in recent years. The omission of the distinguishing asterisk,
it is hardly necessary to remark, does not imply doubt as to the
accuracy of the record ; when there is a doubt as to this, the fact is
mentioned in the text. The probability is that, in most instances,
the old records which have not been repeated are records of species
which have appeared only as casuals in our area. A considerable
number of recent records belong obviously to the same class ; these
are similarly shown in the subjoined list without an asterisk.

As one of the uses to which it is hoped those who may employ it
will put the present List,, k the verification of some at least of these

HUGHL1-H0 WRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

former records the entries of all the species iii the Hortus Suburba*
nus Calcuttensis have been cited. At the same time, with a view
to assisting those who may employ the list in identifying the various
species, references are also given to the writer’s work entitled Bengdl
Plants in which will be found definitions of all the natural families
and genera, accompanied by a series of keys to the great majority of
the genera and species here enumerated. If in any case further
reference is required to full specific descriptions cr to figures, the
necessary information will be found either in Roxburgh’s Flora Indica
to which both the Hortus Subur bands and Bengal Plants will guide
the student ; or in Hooker’s Flora of British India and Beddome’s
Ferns of India add Ceylon, to which references are made in Bengdl
Plants .

The present list deals with 12O natural families of phanerogams
including 670 genera arid 1,316 species. Of these 1,316 species
about 120 are staple field or garden crops; 260 are plants that for
one reason or another have been deliberately introduced, and 21 are
species that have been certainly, though inadvertently* introduced
by h uman agericy. The rerriainirig species may be considered native
in a qualified sense ; they include about 7O0 species fairly widely
spread in South-Eastern Asia; 30 that are only to be found in the
extreme north-west portion of our area (the Goghat sub-division .of
Hughli) ; 85 that are either confined to the Sundribuns or only
extend a little way north from the Sundribuns into the Gangetic
delta; and about 100 that extend from the northern part of Our area
into the Sundribuns.

The cryptogamic portion of the list deals with 37 natural families*
including 92 genera and 175 species.

H. — TOPOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION.

The whole of the area included in the three districts around
Calcutta is, in appearance and almost in reality, a level plairi, though
there is* as a matter of fact, a very geritle and gradual rise from the
Srindribuns sea-face in the south-east of the 24-Pergunnahs to Goghat
in the north west of Hughli, and about Badanganj — the extreme
western portion of the Goghat sub-division--— a slight amount of natura
undulation in the ground is perceptible. Except this Goghat sub-di vi-
sion, which lies west of the Dwarkeswar river and as already explained
belongs really to West Bengal, the rest of the Hughli district and
the whole of the Howrah district belong to the rice swamp of Central

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

I50

Bengal. The same is true of a considerable portion of the 24-Per-
gunnahs from the river Hughli eastward and southward to a line
running roughly from Mud Point north-westward to Basirhat. The
large irregularly triangular slice of territory bounded on the west by
the Hughli from Saugor light-house to Mud Point and from Mud Point
to Basirhdt by the arbitrary line just mentioned, on the east by the
Raimangal river, and on the south by Bay of Bengal, which com-
pletes our area, forms the western portion of the Sundribuns.

The Hughli- Howrah districts, with the exception of the Goghat
sub-division west of the Dwarkeswar, and the non-Sundribun por-
tion of the 24-Pergunnahs may be taken together. They form part
of Central Bengal and are typically representative of the great
alluvial rice-plain of the Gangetic delta. The only natural high
ground is along the banks of the main streams, and the only other
high lands met with are the more or less artificial patches around
villages and towns and the obvious mounds and embankments thrown
up around ponds and along canals, or as means of communication by
road or rail.

The greater portion of the area is under cultivation, all the low
land being under rice-^cultivation. Along the banks of the chief
waterways where these are under tidal influence, we find a narrow
hedge, or scattered patches of species that are characteristic of the
Sundribun region, while on the mounds or embankments that have
been artificially raised, and in the immediate vicinity of most villages
and towns, we find groves and thickets of trees and shrubs, many of
them subspontaneous only, a large proportion of them more or less
economically useful, and a considerable number of them natives of
countries other than India.

There is nothing that could possibly be termed genuine forest in
the whole of this area, though in the north-eastern corner of Hughli
in the Balagarh thana there is a certain amount of jungle including
genuine forest trees as apart from the trees more characteristic of
village and suburban shrubberies. Along the Damodar river there
extends to the west a narrow strip, five or six miles wide, which is
heavily flooded during every rainy season and is mostly uncultivated.
This tract, which begins two or three miles west of the river bank,—
for a narrow band along the western bank of the Damodar is highly
cultivated during the cold weather — is under coarse grass and is
practically uninhabited. In a few localities, where places formerly
inhabited have been abandoned, as for instance, on the site of
Satgaon, a little jungle, approaching to a true forest in character and
appearance, may be met with.

HUGHL1-H0WR AH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

151

The Goghat sub-division which, as has been explained, belongs
to Western rather than Central Bengal, is as closely cultivated as the
main portion of our area. The village-shrubberies are, however, less
extensive and the species characteristic of roadsides and such waste
places as exist include not a few that are unknown elsewhere in our
area; Cissampelos Pareira, Polycarpsea corymbosa , Salomonia
oblongifolia , Ventilago maderaspatana , Desmodium heterophyllum)
Cassia Absus, Drosera Burmanni, W ' endlandia exserta> Morinda
citri folia, Cyathocline lyrata , Gnaphalium pulvinatum , Holarrhena
ant id y sen teric a, Mitrasacme alsinoides , Heliotropium ovalifolium ,
Striga lutea) Striga euphrasioides , Gmelina arbor ea^ Moschosma
polystachyum, Leucas mollissima, Commelina attenuata , Juncus pris-
matocarpus, Courtoida cyperoides, Fimbristylis argentea, Panicum
psilopodium, Digit aria pedicellaris , Tragus racemosus , Andropogon
brevifolius , A. pertusus , Iseilema laxum , Aristida Adscencionis,
Polypogon monspeliensiSy Arundinella Wallichii, Eragrostis coarc-
tata , Chloris virgata ; also as cultivated species, Papaver somni-
ferum , Guizotia abyssinica and Hordeum vulgare exhaust the list
of species that are only known from Goghat.

It has, however, to be remarked that a very considerable number
of species which are only certainly known to the wmiter to occur,
within our area, in Goghat west of the Dvvarkeswar river have been
reported from Serampore by Voigt. We know, however, from various
passages in Voigt’s Hortus that some at least of the plants he
records were obtained, not by Voigt but by native collectors sent
out by Carey or by himself, and it is, therefore, not improbable that
these collectors in their search for additional species at times visited
the corresponding country further south. This is rendered still more
probable from the fact that Voigt’s Serampore list includes not a
few plants that have not been obtained even in Goghat and that we
know to be strangers to or only casuals in the Gangetic delta.

A very noticeable feature in the list of these western, dry country
species from Goghat is the number of species of grasses to be found
there that do not grow on the mud of the delta. The vegetation
of Goghat is in fact that characteristic of South Behar or Western
Bengal, with which it is proposed to deal in a subsequent paper,
and is quite different from that of the Delta.

The Western Sundribuns, or the swamp forest region of the
24-Pergunnahs, is covered throughout with a rather low forest for
the most part unbroken, though here and there patches covered with
tall grasses are interspersed, and towards the sea-face there occur
at intervals considerable stretches of muddy shore sparingly wooded

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

ip

with mangroves and Occasionally with patches of salt- worts. At
other times the sea-face ends in a line of sand hills with a true dune
Vegetation.

The plants characteristic of the mangrove belt; or of these sand-
dunes do not extend into the central portion of oiir area; nor to any
considerable extent do the species that are characteristic of the in-
terior of the swamp forests. The species that throughout the Sundribun
region are characteristic of the banks of creeks and rivers do, however,,
in a rather marked degree continue along the banks of many nullahs
and along those of all the larger streams to the north and west of
the Sundribun area* On this account while we have, especially
to the west of the Hughli, a considerable number of species that
are truly wild in our districts which are really characteristic of the
drier western parts of India, we also have, especially to the east
of the Hughli, a considerable number of species that are truly wild
in our area which are realiy characteristic of the Sundribuns.

The majority of the Sundribun species, however, are peculiar
and are confined to that Region, and but for the accident that the
district of the ^g-Pergunnahs extends to the sea and so includes a
portion of the Sundribuns, they would find no place in this list*
The following list, corresponding to the similar list for Goghat,
includes all the species that are confined to the Sundribun portion
of our area : the Sundri itself, Heritiera minor, also Hibiscus
tortuosus , Brownlowia lanceolata , Amoora cUcullata , Carapa obovata ,
Salacia prinoides , Can a valid line aba, D albergid spinosa and Dt
iortai Desmodium umbelldtum, Csesdlpinia Nuga, Rhizophora mucro-
nata and Ah conjugal a, Ceriops Roxbiirghiana, Kan deli a Rheedei ,-
Bruguiera gymnorhiza and B. parviflora, Lumnitzera racemosa ,
Barringtonia racemosa , Sonnefatid acid a, Ses avium Portulacas-
frum, Plucked indie a, Launea pinnatijida , ALgi alibis rotundifolia y
/Egiceras majus , Cerbera Odollam , Pdrsonsia spiralis, Finlay sonid
obovata, Sarcolobus globosus and S. edrinatus , Merremia convolu -
lacea , Ipomoea Pes-caprse, Soldnum trilob a turn, Acanthus volubilis,
Avicennia officinalis, S use da maritima, Arthrocnemum indicum^
Salicornia brae hi at a, Sapiunt indicum, Nip a fruiicans , Phoenix
paludosa , Calamus tenuis, Mdriscus albescens , Elseocharis Spiralis ^
Fimbristylis halo phi l a and F. subbispicata , Scirpus trigueter and S.
lit tor alls, Oryza coarctatd, Myriostachya Wightiand, Nephrodiam
aridum . There are also a few species 'that are only wild in our area
because they occur as epiphytes on trees in the Western Sundribun
forests, such as Hoya parasitica , Dendrobium anceps and D.
Pierardi, Luisia brachystdehys, Sarcanthus insectifer, Polypodium

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

153

adnascens and Vittaria elongata. These, however, are in no way
distinctive of the Sundribuns ; their presence is due to the fact
that it is only in the Sundribun part of our area that the forest
conditions suitable for their growth are really to be found. A full
account of the Sundribun flora will be found in Vol. II of these
Records.

The rest of the species included in the list belong to four distinct
groups:— (1) Species that are common to the Gangetic delta north
of the Sundribuns and to the Sundribuns ; (2) Species that are com-
mon to the Gangetic delta and Western Bengal, but that do not go
into the Sundribuns; (3) Species that are neither to be found in the
Sundribun forests nor in Western Bengal or beyond ; and (4) a
residuum of species that are cultivated or are manifestly introduced
plants.

The species of the first group include plants that have either
been left behind as the conditions of our districts became altered
from their former swamp forest state, or that have, under the influence
of the tides which affect the various rivers and creeks, invaded our
area from the Sundribuns. They, however, include a few that on the
other hand have obviously invaded the Sundribuns from the north ;
these in some cases at least are common to Western Bengal and to
the deltaic area. Taking first the plants of this latter sub-group we
find that they include Naravelia zey tunica , Cratseva religiosa,
Capparis sepiaria, F la courtia sepiaria, Tamarix gallica, Vitis
quadrangularis , Vitis tri folia, Allophylus Cobbe, Odina JVodier ,
Crotalaria Saltiana, C. retusa and C. verrucosa , Derris scandens ,
Flemingia congesta , Csesalpinia Bonducella, Cassia Fistula and
C. Sophera, Acacia tomentosa and A. concinna, Barringtonia
■ acutangula, Zehneria umbellata, Randia dumetorum , Vangueria
spinosa , Ixora parviflora, Wedelia calendulacea , Diospyros Embryop -
ten's, Hemidesmus indicus) Calotropis gigantea, Dregea volubilis ,
Cordia Myxa, Ipomaea paniculata , Ipomoea sepiaria , Cuscuta rejlexa)
H ygrophila phlomoides , Lippia nodiflora> Vitex trijolia V.
Negundo Clerodendron Siphonanthus , Alternanthera sessilis, Aristo -
lochia indie a, Cassytha filifonnis, Loranthus Scurrula , L . longi flo-
ras and L globosus, Viscum monoicum , Bridelia stipu!aris) Breynia
rhamnoides, Croton oblongifolius and C. caudatus , Mallotus repandus,
Streblus asper , Ficus retusa , Saccolabium papillosum , Aneilema
nudiflorum, Pandanus foetidus , Typha elephant ina and T. angus -
tata) Cryptocoryne ciliata , Juncellus inundatus, Cyperus malaccen*
sis and C. exalt atus, Fimbristylis ferruginea , Scirpus grossus and S.
articulatusT Panicum repens) Oryza saliva,. Saccharum spontaneum ,

*54

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Sporobolus tremulus , Phragmites Karka , Ceralopteris thalictroides ,
Polypodium quercifolium yP. adnascens andP. irioides . The species
in this list are exclusively plants that have extended into the Sundri-
buns and are established in the swamp-forests or at the sea-face.
One or two of the species, such as Cor did Myxci and Diospyros
Embryopteris may be plants that were originally deliberately intro-
duced and that have persisted in abandoned clearings; all are,
however, truly wild species in the Sundribun region. The species
that occur as weeds or cultivated plants in existing Sundribun clearings
are here dealt with along with the other species of the Lower Gange-
tic plain.

The species that extend northward into the Central Bengal
rice-plain from the Sundribuns, especially along river banks, are less
numerous. They include Hibiscus tiliaceus , Thespesia populnea ,
Aphania Danuta, Erythrina indica , C anavalia turgida , Phaseolus
adenanthus , Vigna luteola, Pongamia glabray Derris uliginosat
Sonneratia apetala , Morinda bracteatay Blumea amplectens ,
Sphseranthus africanus , Wedelia scandens, Azima tetracanthay
Pentatropis microphylla , Tylophora tenuis , Stictocardia tilidefoliay
Acanthus ilicifolius, Premna integrifolia , Clerodendron inermey
Psilotrichum ferrugineum , Agyneia bacciformisy Trewia nudi flora
Excoecaria Agallocha, Ficus Rumphiiy Crinum asiaticumy Alpinia
Allughasy FI ao el l aria indica 3 Pandanus fascicularis , Ruppia
rostellata y Pycreus polystachyusy Cyperus scariosus , Scirpus
triqueter var., Paspalum distichum , Zoysia pungens , Acrostichum
palustre and A. aureum .

Turning now to the species that are common to Northern Bengal
or to Western Bengal, of which the somewhat outlying Goghat
sub-division of the Hughli district is an integral portion, or to the
drier parts of India further west still, and to the deltaic alluvial
portion of our area, but that do not enter the Sundribuns though
in many cases they extend eastward to Indo-China and Malaya, we
find that we have to deal with a considerable list, though it may be
remarked that a remarkable proportion of these are species recorded
as occurring near Serampore or Calcutta by Roxburgh, Carey, and
Voigt, but not seen from our districts, except from Goghat, and by
no means in all cases from that sub-division, since 1845. For this
there are two possible explanations. In some cases it is certain that
Voigt’s u Serampore plants were brought in by native collectors
who probably went sufficiently far west in their journeys to reach
the drier, and though still practically level, yet non-alluvial tract
just south of Goghat. In other cases the species were collected

HUGHLl-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PER GUNNAHS.

r55

at or near Serampore, not impossibly even in Dr. Carey’s garden,
but were only casuals in our area, accidentally sown with the seeds,
or brought in the soil about the roots, of purposely introduced
species. This remark applies equally to a very considerable number
of species seen by the writer, some indeed of these being species
not met with either by Roxburgh or by Voigt. In the list now
given all species of the kind are marked with an asterisk. The list
is as follows : — ■

*Nigella saliva , Ranunculus sceleratus , Cocculus villosus,

Tinospora tomentos'i and T. cordifolia) Tiliacora racemosa ,
Stephania hsrnandifolia , Fumaria parviflora , Nasturtium palustre
and N. indicum, * Card amine debilis , Cochlearia flava , *Capsella
Bursa-Pastoris , Cleome viscosa , Gynandropsis pentaphylla, Cap -
paris horrida and *C. zeylanica , Ionidium suffruticosum, Flacourtia
sapida) Poly gala chinensis , *Saponaria Vaccaria , *Stellaria media ,
* Spergula pentandra , Polycarpon Loeflingiae , Portulaca oleracea ,
and P, quadrifida, Tamar ix dioica) Bergia verticillata and B. am-
mannioides, Sida veroniceefolia , S. acuta , S, cor difolia, S. rhombir
folia and S. rhomboidea , Urena lob at a and U. sinuata , Abutilon
indicum and A. hirtum , Hibiscus ficulneus , *H. tetraphyllus, H .
vitifolius , *H. panduriformis , *H. hirtus and *//. Abelmoschus >
Bomb ax malabaricum , Helicteres Is or a, P entapetes phoenicea >
JUelochia corchorifolia , Waltheria indie a, * Grewia asiaiica , *G'
polygama , 6r. laevigata , *6r. multiflora and hirsuta , Triumfetta
rhomboidea t Corchorus acutangulus , *C. fascicular is, and *C. trilocu -
laris, *Hiptage Madablota', Tribulus cistoides and 7\ terrestris >
Oxalis corniculaia , Biophytum sensitivum, * Acronychia lauri-
folia , Glycosmis pentaphylla, Clausena Jieptaphylla, *Feronia
elephantum , AEgle M armelos, *Garuga pinnata , *Melia Azadi -
rachta, *Amoora Rohituka, Cedrela Toona, *Olax phcenicarp a,
Zizy phus CEnoplia, * Go nan i a leptostachya , FzZzV latifolia, V.
adnata, * V. lanata, V. repanda, * V. indica, V. pedata and
elongata, Leea macrophylla, L. crispa, L. robusta , L. aequata and
L. sambucina, C ardiospermum Halicacabum, *Erioglossum edule ,
Vicia hirsuta, *Lathyrus Aphaca , Abrus precatorius, *Crotalaria
quinquefolia, *C. laburnlfolia , medicaginea , alata , *£*•

sericea , C. mysorensis, calycina , C. prostrata and C. acicu -
laris, Cylista s carlo s a , Rhynchosia rufescens , Z?. viscosa , Z?#
sericea, Atylosia scarabasoides, Phaseolus trilobus and P.
sublobatus, Vigna pilosa , Teramnus labialis and 7*. debilis,
Canavalia virosa , Mucuha pruriens , *Butea frondosa, Sesbania
aculeata and 5,. uliginosa , Tephrosia Hooke riana and 7. purpurea ,

i56

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Dalbergia Sissoo, *D. lanceolaria and latifolia , Melilotus
indica and *M. alba , *Trigonella corniculata , Smithia sensitiva ,
Ur aria fid a and U. lagopoides , *Lourea vesper tilionis, 1 \)es -
modium triflorum) D. diffusum, *D. pulckellum) D. Cephalotes, D.
poiycarpum , D. gangeticuw D > gyrans , Alysicarpus vaginalis ,

/l. bupleurifolius and ^4. rugosus, Psoralea corylifolia , Indigofera
linifolia, /. trifoliata , /. viscosa and */. trita, * Cassia auriculata ,
C . Tor a, and mimosoides , *Bauhinia racemosa, *Ceesalpinia

Sappan and sepiaria, Mimosa rubricauiis, Acacia Suma, A .
catechuoides, *A. Farnesiana and *<4. arabicay Kalanchoe laciniala,
* Eugenia ca ryo p hy llijol ia , Ammannia rotundifoliay A . peploides y
A. pygmsea, A. pentandray A. bacciferay and ^4. multiflora, * Wood*
fordia flonbunday Jussiaea suffruticosay Ludwigia parvifloray
Trichosanthes cucumerina and T. pal7natay Gytnnopetalum cochin -
chinensey Luffa graveolens y and L. amara, Momordica dioica and
M. cochinchinensisy Cucumis trigonus , Cephalandra indica, Mukia
scabrella, Bryonia laciniosa , Trianthema monogynum , Mollugo
stricta , M. Spergula , and M. hirtay Hydrocotyle rotundifolia and
H . asiatica, CEnanthe stolonifera and CE. benghalensis, Seseli
indicu?n , Alangium Lamar ckiiy *Adina cordifolia, Stephegyne
parvifolia , Dentella repens , Oldenlandia crystal lina , 0. dijfusay O.
coryrrbosa , and 0. paniculata , * Randia uliginosay Hyptianthera
stricta , Pavetta indica , *Coffea bengalensis , Ixora undulatay
Pcederia fcetida, *Knoxia corymbosa , Spermacoca hispiday *Cen *
trantherum anlhelminticum , F ernonia cinerea f Elephantopus
scaber, Adenostemma viscosum, Grange a maderaspatana , Blumea
bifoliata , B, Wightiana , Bt glomerata, B. lacera , B< laciniata and
i?. membranacea , Laggera flava and Z. aurita , Spheeranthus
indicus , Athroisma laciniatum, Gnaphalium luteo-album and G.
indicum , Ccesulia axillaris , Emilia sonchifoliay Xanthium struma -
mm, Edipta alba , *Spilanthes Acmella, *Ga!insoga parviflora,
Cotula hemispherica, Centipeda orbicularis , Cnicus arvensis, Cretis
japonica and 0. acaulis , Sonchus asper, *5. oleraceus and
arvensis , Launea asplenifolia y * Lobelia trigona , Sphenoclea
zeylanica, Wahlenbergia gracilis, Stylidium tenellum, *Androsace
saxifragsefolia, *Anagallis arvensis, Ardisia humilis, Diospyros
cordifolia, Jasminum pubescens and *7. elongatum, *Carissa
spinarum, Rauwolfia serpentina, *Alstonia scholaris , Vallaris
Heynei, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Cryptolepis Buchanani, Oxystelma
esculenium, Calotropis gigantea, Cynanchum Callialata, Dae mi a
extensa, *Sarcostemma brevistigma, Gymnema hirsutum , Per -
gularia pallida and */*. wiWr, Tylophora asthmatica, Exacum

HUGHLl-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

157

tetragonum and E. pedunculatum , Erythrsea Roxburgkii , Hoppea
dichotoma, Canscora diffusa and C. decussata , * Enicostema littorals ,
Hydrolea 2eylanica , *Ehretia Isevis, Heliotropium strigosum and
//. indicum , Coldenia procumbens , Cymglossum lanceolatum , Tri-
chodesma indicum and *7\ zeylanicum , *Cuscuta chinensis) *C.
capitata and *C . europcea, Evolvulus alsinoides , *Hewittia bicolor,
Merremia viti folia, * Merremia tridentata , hastata , and d/.

emarginata , *Ipomcea hispida , /. Pes-tigridis , and /. obscura ,
nyction Bona- no x , *Rivea hypocrateriformis , Argyreia speciosa and
<4. argentea , Lcttsomia strigosa, Sola turn verbascifolium, S»
nigrum , ,9. fcrox , S. torvum , S, indicum and ,9. xanthocarpum ,
Physalis minima , *W/ithania somnifera , Celsia coromandeliana,
Linaria ramosissima. Mazus rugosus, Lindenbsrgia urtici folia,
*Limnophila Roxburgkii , £. confsrta , L. diffusa , L. heterophylla ,
L . gratissima , L. racemosa and L. gratioloides , Herpestis Mon -
and *//. H amiltoniana, Dopatrium junceum , *Torenia cordi -
folia and *7\ asiatica , Vandellia Crustacea , F. multiflora , F.
pedunculata , F. angustifolia, and F. pyxidaria , Ilysanthes parvi -
flora , */. hyssopoides and /. rot undifolia, Bonnaya b rachiata, B%
veronicdsfolia , Z?. tenuifolia and *5. oppositifolia , * Veronica

Anagallis and F. agrestis, Centr anther a hispida and C. humifusa,
^AEginetia pedunculata , Orobanche indica, * Utricularia racemosa
and £7. bifida , * Thunbergia ' grandifhra, Nelsonia campestris ,

Ebermaiera glutinosa, Cardanthera triflora , Hygrophila poly-
sperma, H. quadrivalvis and //. spinosa , Rue Ilia prostrata ,
Hemigraphis hirta , Phaylopsis parviflora, Andrographis paniculata,
* Barleria Prionitis and £?. cristata , Asystasia gangetica , Ecbolium
Linneanum , Justicia Gendarussa , y. quin que angular is and y.
simplex, Adhatoda Vasica , Peristrophe bicalyculata, Run gi a parvi-
flora, Dicliptera Roxburghiana , Verbena officinalis , Callicarpa
macro phylla and C. longifotia, Clerodendron infortunatum,* Ocimum
adscendens, Pogostemo n plectranthoides , Dysophylla veriicillata y
Anisomeles ovata, *Lconurus sibiricus , Lcucas as per a, L. linifolia ,
L. Cephalotes and L. procumbens, *Leonotis nepetifolia , Salvia
plebeja, Boerhaavia repens, *Pisonia aculeata , Deeringia celosioides ,
Digera arvensis} Amarantus spinosus, A. mangostanus , A. fasciatus,
A. viridis , /4. polygamus and ^4. tenuifolius, * Pupalia, atropurpurea ,
/Erua lanata and scandens , Achyrantkes aspera, Chenopodium
album, Polygonum plebejum , */\ l apathi folium, *P, tomentosum ,
*P- lanigerum, P. barbatum, P. orientale , P. glabrum, P. serrula -
turn, P. Hydropiper , and P. flaccidum , Rumex maritimus and Z?.
dentatus, *Piper longum , Litssea sebifera and L, polyantha ,

158

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Euphorbia antiquorum , *Zs. neriifolia, *E. Nivulia , E. dracun -
cut 0 ides, E. hypericifolia , E. piluliffera , E. thy mi folia and E. micro -
phylla , Bvidelia tomentosa , *Glochidion multiloculare , Flueggea
microcarpa , Phyllanthus reticulatus , *P. maderaspatensis , /\
Urinaria , jP. Nirurii a;id Z3. simplex , Antidesma Ghcesembhilla
and <4. diandrum, Chrozophora p lie at a, Ge Ionium multiflorum and
*G. lanceolatun , Baliosperrnum axillare, Acalypha indica and A .
ciliata , Tragia involucrata and *T. cannabina, Trema orient alis}
Fleurya interrupta , Pouzolzia indica , Ficus bengalensis , Z''.
giosa, F. infectoria, F. his pi da and Z^. glomerata , P achy stoma senile }
Eulophia graminea) Geodorum dilatatum and *G. purpureum ,
Vanda RoxburghiifCleisostoma micranthum , Didymoplexis pallens,
Pogonia plicata , P . j uliana and P% carinata , Zeuxina sulcata , Habe •
naria digitata, *H. commelinifolia , H. marginata and Z7. viridi -
flora) * Hedychium coronarium, Curcuma aromatica , *C. ceesia,

C. ferruginea and C. rubescens , Costus speciosus , Curculigo orchi-
oides, Crinum defixum and C. pratense , Dioscorea pentaphylla }

D. bulb if era, D. spinosa , D. anguina and ZZ. glabra , Asparagus
racemosus , Smilax prolifera and *5*. macro phylla- , Gloriosa superba ,
* Asphodelus tenuifoli is, Monocho^ia hasteefolia and d/. vaginalis ,
Xyris pa Lciflora, Commelina nudiflora, C. salicifolia , C. Hasskarlii y
C. bengalsnsis , C. obliqua and C. sujf ruticosa , Aneilema sqiratum
and ^4. vaginatum , *Cyanotis crist at a and C. axillaris , Calamus
viminalis , Typhonium trilobatum , 7". cuspidatum and *7". divarica -

Amorphophallus bulbifer , Plesmoni im margaritiferum ,
Alocasia fornicata , Colocasia nymphaei folia , Scindapsus officinalis ,
Lasia heterophylla , Alisma reniforme and /d. oligococcum , Limno-
phyton obtusifolium , Sagittaria sagitti folia and guayanensis ,

Butomopsis lanceolata , Erioczuion truncatum , E. Sieboldianum ,

E. luzulifolium , E. quinqueangu la re an 1 Z$. trilobum y Scleria

biflora and .S’, lithosperma, Kyllinga monocephala , K. brevifolia and
ZC triceps , Pycreus sanguinolentus and Z3i nitens , Juncellus
pygmeeus 3 Cyperus cuspidatus, *C, castaneus , C. flavidus , C. diffor-
mis , C. Haspan , C. niveus , C. compressus , C. aristatus , C. Zr/^
C. pilosus, C. procerus , distans, C. nutans , C. articulatus ,
C. tegetiformis , C. corymbosus, tegetum , C. rotundas , C. tuberosus ,

C. radiatus and *C . platyphy'Llus, Mariscus Dregeanus , /!/. squar-
rosus, M. paniceus, M. Sieberianus and J/. microcephalus . Eleo*
charts plantaginea , Zi. fistulosa , E. capiiata and ZT. palustris ,
Fimbristylis mmostachya , F. acuminata , F. schcenoides , F . squarrosa ,
A1, dichotoma, F. diphylla, F. aestivalis , F. tenera , F. globulosa ,

F. q ai nque angular is , Z^, miliacea and Z^1. complanata, Echinolytrum

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

159

dipsaceum , Bulbostylis barbata , Lipocarpha argentea , Fuirena
glomerata , Scirpus Mich elianus, S . squarrosus, S . supinus ,
*5. Isolepis , S. erectus and S. mucronat is, * Pennisetum setosum ,
Setaria glauca, S. intermedia and S. virticillata, *Isachne miliacea
Oplismenus compositus and O . B urmanni, Axonofius cimicinus,
Panic urn flavidum, P. punctatum , P. Crus-Galli , jP. stagninum ,

P. colonum , /*. prostratum , /\ javanicum. P. setigerum, P. dis~
tachyum, P. Kurzii , /*. myosuroides, P. indicum, P. trypheron ,

P. humile and */*. trigonum , Digitaria sanguinalis , Z?. tenuiflora
and puberula , Paspalum scrobiculatum, Eriochlotz polystachya ,

Perot is latifolia , *Dimeria ornithopodiy Imperata arundinacea ,
*Saccharum arundinaceum, Pollinia argentea , Manisuris granu -
laris, Rottboellia compressa , R. protensa and /?. exalt ata, Mnedthea
leevis, Apltida varia , * Ischeemum aristatum, /. rugosum , */. semis a- -
gittatum , */. conjugatum and */. ciliare, * Arthraxon m'crophyllusy
Andropogon intermedins , halepensis , ’M, squarrosus , A, acicu -

latus, *A. contortus, A. caricosus and d. annulatusy * Pseudanthis -
tiria heteroclita, * Ant hist iri a cilia t a and gigantea, Polytoca
barbata, Coix Lachryma-Jobi and gigantea, Sporobolas diander
and tremulusy Arundo Donax, * Eragrostis aspera, E. tenellay
E. interrupta , E. atnabilisf E. gangetica, E. stenop hylla, E. major ,

E, mimr , Z?. tremula, E. pilosa and Z£. cynosuroides , *Diplachne
fusca , Leptochloa filiformis and Z,. chinensis , Microchloa setacea}
Cynidon dactylon , Chloris barbata, Eleusine indica and Zs. segyp*
tiaca , * Davallia multiple r a, Adiantum lunulatum and can -

datum, P ter is longifolia , Neprodium unitum and /V. molle,

* Nephrolepis cordifolia , Polypodium proliferum, * D rymoglossum
piloselloides, H emionitis arifolia , *Ly podium jdexuosum and L.
japonicum, O phioglossum reticulation , Helminthos tacky s zeylanica,
Marsilea quadrifoliata and J/. mimta , * Lycopodium Phlegmaria ,
Selaginella proniflora, Fissidens bengalensis , Calymperes tenerum,
Barbula orientalis and 5. gangetica, Splachnobryum indicum ,
Physcomitrium cyathocarpum , Cyathodium albonitens , and possibly
Athalamia pinguis .

In the foregoing list are included all the species of drier places that
occur in Northern or Western Bengal or in parts of India further
west than West Bengal even when the species has not yet been
collected there. But besides these all the species of rice-fields and
marshy places which have an erect habit are also enumerated. There
are, however, a number of the submerged or floating aquatic plants
so characteristic of our area that also occur in rice-fields, ponds and
marshes throughout the regions to the west or north of our districts.

B

THE VEGETATION OE THE DISTRICTS OF

These it seems more satisfactory to enumerate separately ; they are
therefore given in the following list -.-—Nympkgea Lotus , N. rubra
and N. stellata, Nelumhium speciosum , Hydrocera triflora, /Eschy-
notnena indica and PE. aspera , Neptunia oleracea , Aldrovanda
vesiculosa , Myriophyllum tuberculatum and M,. indicum , Jussiaea
repens , 7 rapa bispinosa , Enhydra fluctuans , Limnanthemum crista -
and L. indicum , Ipomoea reptans , Ulrica lari a stellar is,
U. flexuosa, U .exoleta and *£/. reticulata , Ceratophyllum de me r sum
Hydrillaverticillata , Laga rosiphon Roxburghii , Vallisneria spiralis)
Blyxa Roxburghii , H ydrocharis cellulosa , O ttelia alismoides, Pistia
Stratiotes , Cryptocoryne spiralis , Lemna paucicostata , Z. trisulca , L .
polyrrhiza and L. oligorrhiza, Woljfla arrhiza and IT’. microscopica ,
Aponogeton monostachya , A. echinatum and /I. crispum , Potomo*
geton indicus, P. crispus and P. pectinat us, Najas indica, N. minors
N. foveolata and 77. graninea, Erio caulon Capillus-naiadis
Cyperus Cephalotes, Change r aphis spinescens , Panicum Myurus,
P . interr upturn and P. proliferum , Leersia kexan dra, Hygrorhiza
dristata , Coix aquatica, Salvinia cucullata , Azolla pinnata. Isoetes
coromandeliana . ■ !

The species that are not to be found to the west of the Gangetic
plain are strikingly few in number. Of those that are either plants
of dry places or, if they occur in or near ponds or marshes, are erect
we find the following 'Brassica agrestis , *Spondias mangifera ,
Rhynchosia bracteata, *Erythrina ovalifolia,Sesbania paludosa, Am -
mannia salicifolia, Blumea anplectens, Bothriospermum tenellum ,
Cressa cretica, Merremia chryseides, Operculina Turpethum, Lim*
nophila erecta, Lantand indica, Li'ppia geminata, Lit seed salicifolia,
Acalypha fallax , Pilea microphylla, Ficus heterophylla, Commelina
appenditulata, Typhonium Schottii, * Alocasia cucullata , * Cyperus
digitatus , Mariscus ferax, Scirpus affinis, * Sac char um fuscum ,
Pollinia conjugatd. The only floating or submerged aquatic species
which do not extend westward from our districts are Euryale ferox
and Chameeraphis spinescens), * :• ' • • ..

In considering the residual species it is most convenient to deal
separately with the staple crops .grown' in* the districts; with the
species that are systematically planted or that, have' been purposely-
introduced for various reasons ; and finally with the species that have
been accidentally or inadvertently introduced.

The crops cultivated are largely Indian, though a fair proportion
are originally of foreign origin. They include Brassica juncea, Rai,
probably originally Chinese, Brassica Rapa , the Turnip, probably
originally Central Asiatic; Brassica Sarson, the Indian Colza, prob-

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAFIS. l6l

ably ori ginally Indian ; Brassica dichotoma , Indian Rape, probably
originally Central Asian; Brassica olerncea , the Cabbage, originally
Mediterranean; Eruca sativa) possibly originally Central Asian;
Lepidium sativum., originally Mediterranean; Raphanus sativus ,
the Radish, originally Central Asian; Hibiscus cannabinus, native ;
Hibiscus Sabdariffa , originally African; Gossypium herbaceum ,
native; Abroma augusta, Indo-Chinese; Corchorus otitorius , Jute,
native; Corchorus capsularis, Jute, Chinese; Linum usitatissimum >
Flax, Mediterranean; Cicer arie tinum, Chick-pea, Mediterranean;
Vicia sat’vi , Tare, Mediterranean; esculenta , Lentil, Medi-

terranean; Lathyru* sativus , Vetch, Mediterranean ; Pisum sativum,
Pea, Mediterranean ; Pisum arvense, Field ; Pea, Western Asiatic ;
Crotalaria juncea , Sunn, native ; Cajanus indicus, Pigeon Pea,
African ; Phaseolus lunatus, Lima Bean, S. American ; Phaseolus
vulgaris , French Bean, Mediterranean; Phaseolus multiflorus^c.&xXzt
Runner, American; Phaseolus Mungo, native; Phaseolus radiatus ,
native; Vigna Catjang , Chinese ; Pachyrhizus angulatus, American;
Dolichos Lablab , African ; Dolichos biflorus , native ; Psophocarpus
tetragonolobis, American; Canavalia ensiformis , native; Mucuna
utilis , African ; Mucuna nivea, native ; Sesbania cannabina, native
Arachis hvpo^aea, American ; Trigonella Fee num-gr cecum, Mediter,
ranean ; Cyamopsis psoraloides, African; Trichosanthes dioica’i
native; Trichosanthes anguina , native; Lagenaria vulgaris *
native ; Luffa aegyptiaca, African; Luffa acutangula, native; Beni-
casa cerifera , native ; Momordica Charahtia, native ; M. muricatai
native ; Cucumis Melo, Mediterranean, Cucumis sativus, Mediter-
ranean; Citrullus vulgaris, Mediterranean; Cucurbita Pepo,
Mediterranean ; Cucurbita maxima, Mediterranean ; Cucurbita
moschata, Mediterranean ; Carum Roxburgh! anum, native ; Carum
copticum , native ; Foeniculum vulgare , Mediterranean ; Peucedanum
Sowa, native ; Coriandum sativum, Mediterranean; Daucus Carota,
Mediterranean ; Helianthus tuberosus , S. American ; Chrysanthe-
mum coronarium , Chinese ; Lactuca sativa, Mediterranean ; Cartha-
mus tinctorius, native ; Lycopersicum esculentum , American ;
Solanum tuberosum , American ; Solanum Melongena, native ; Capsi -
cmh annuum, American; Capsicum frutescens , American; Nicotiana
rustica, American; Nicotiana Tabacum , American; Sesamum
indicum, Western Asiatic ; Amarantus gangeticus , native ; Amaran -
tus tristis, native) Amarantus Blitum , native; Beta vulgaris ,
Central Asian; Spinacea oleracea, African; Basel la rubra , native ;
Rumex vesicarius, African ; Piper Chaba , Malayan ; Piper Betle ,,
Malayan ; Piper nigrum , native ; Rtcinus communis , African ; Bceh -
meria mvea) Chinese ; Kaempferia Galanga , Malayan ; Kaempferia

B 2

1 62

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OP

rotunda , Indo-Chinese ; Curcuma Zedoaria , native; Curcuma longa,
native; Curcuma Amada, native; Zingiber Zerumbet, Indo-Chinese ;
Zingiber Casumunar , native ; Zingiber officinale , native ; Maranta
arundmacea , American; Musa sapientum , native; Sanseviera
Roxhurgh'iana, doubtfully native ; S. trip as data, African; Dioscorea
fasciculata , native ; Dioscorea alata , native ; Allium Ascalonicum ,
Mediterranean; Allium Cepa , Mediterranean; Allium tuberosum >
native; Allium Ampeloprasum) Mediterranean; Allium sativum,
Mediterranean; Amorphophallus campanulatus} native; Alocasia
indica , native ; Alocasia macrorrkiza, Indo-Chinese ; Colocasia antiqu -
orum, native ; Pennisetum typhoideum , African ; Setaria italicaj
Mediterranean ; Panicum miliaceum, native ; Panicum miliare ,
native ; Panicum maximum , African ; Oryza saliva , native ; Saccha -
rzm Sara, native; Saccharum officinarum , native; Andropogon
Schoenanthus , native; Andropogon Nardus} native; Andropogon
Sorghum , native ; Eleusine Coracana , native ; Triticum vulgare ,
Central Asiatic ; Mays , American.

Of the crops grown in our districts about 50 are almost certainly
natives of I ndia itself, but of these four-fifths are croDs of the inon soon
season, only one-fifth are cold-weather crops. On the other hand,
35 crops or so are natives of Central or Western Asia or of the Medi-
terranean region ; with hardly an exception these are crops of great
antiquity in India and from the situation of their native countries it is
almost certain that they were originally brought with them to India
by early invaders from the north-west. In this case, with, perhaps^
one or two exceptions, the crops are crops of the cold weather
only. About 15 of our crops are of African origin and the majority
of these are introductions of later date, many of them not going
beyond the period of Mussalman invasions, A few of these African
crops, however, like Guizotia abyssinica , are very interesting because
their cultivation is as old as, or older than, that of the crops probably
introduced by Aryan invaders, and because their use is practically
confined to peoples of Central Indian affinity. Of these African
crops two-thirds are monsoon crops. Crops introduced from America,
and therefore mostly, if not wholly, introductions that date from the
discovery of the New World, are almost as numerous as the African
ones. In this case, however, two-thirds of the crops are cold season
ones. Some of the American crops like the Potato, and various
vegetables, have obviousiy been introduced by way of Europe.
Others, however, like the Tobaccos, the Chillies and Maize would
appear to have come by the Eastern route, and perhaps, by way of
China and independent of, if not prior to, European intercourse
with America. About a dozen crops have clearly come to India

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

163

by eastern and north-eastern channels from Malaya, Indo-China or
China. Of these, nearly one-half are Chinese and all of these are
cold-weather crops, the rest from Indo-China or Malaya are crops
of the rainy season.

Of the crops about 70 consist of vegetables of various kinds, half
of these being rains’ crops and half of them cold-weather ones. Of
the remaining 50 crops, 12 are cereals, as many are pulses, 11 are
fibre plants, 9 are oil-seed crops, the rest are food accessories,
dyes, etc. Of the cereals three-fourths are rains’ crops ; of the
pulses two-thirds are cold-weather crops ; the fibre plants are
almost all crops of the rainy season.

In considering the species that are not staple crops but that
have nevertheless been purposely introduced or planted for various
reasons we may most conveniently commence by considering those
shrubs and trees that are natives of South-Eastern Asia or Poly-
nesia. A very considerable number of these only occur as planted
trees or shrubs— others, however, are frequently self-sown and still
others are so thoroughly established that they may be looked on as
naturalized in our area. These last in the following list are marked
by an asterisk:—* Dillenia indica , Michelia Champaca , Artabotrys
odoratissimus, Cananga odorata, Polyalthia longi folia, P. cerasoides
and */\ suberosa , Calophyllum inophyllum , Garcinia Xanthochymus*
Hibiscus mutabilis, E riodendron anfr actuosum, Sterculia alata ,
S. colorata and S. fcetida, Kleinhovia Hospita , Pterosperum acsri -
folium , * Averrohoa Carambola and *A. Bilimbi, * Murray a exotica
and M. Koenigiiy Citrus decumana and C. tnedica , Elseodendron
glaucum , Zizyphus Jujuba , Sapindus trifoliatus and S. M ukorossi,
Nephelium Longana , M angifera indica, Spondias dulcis , Moringa
pterygosperma, Sesbania grandijlora , Cassia glauca and C. siamea ,
* Bauhinia acuminata , B. tomentosa , B. variegata and * B. pur-
purea, * Saraca indica , Ceesalpinia pulcherrima , Parkia biglandu-
losa , Albizzia Lebbek , A. procera and A. lucida , Rosa involucrata ,
Terminalia Catappa , Quisqualis indica , Eugenia malaccensis , E.
ja'oanica , E. Jamb os, E. sequea , and E. Jambolana , Lager strcemia
indica and L . Flos-Reginae , Panax fruticosum , * Anthocephalus
Cadamba , lxora coccinea, * Canthium parvifoliuMy * Mimusops
Elengiy Diospyros discolor , Jasminum auriculatum , Nyctanthes
Arbor-tristis, * Carissa Carandas , Kopsia fruticosa , * A/stonia
macrophylla , * T abernde montan a coronaria , Wrightia coccinea ,
V allans Pergulana , Beaumontia gv andiflora, Porana paniculata ,
Ipomcea Nil , Ipomoea Learn, Ipomcea pulchella , * Oroxylum
indicum f * Millingtonia hortensis , * Callicarpa cana , Tectona

1 64

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

grandis , Gmelina asiatica, Premna esculenta, Cinnamomum Tamala)
Bischofia javanica,) Phyllanthus Emblica and P. distichus, * Put -
ranjiva Roxburghii) * Aleurites moluccana , * Croton Tiglium%
Codiaeum variegatum , Mallotus philippinensis , * Morus indica>
Avtocarpus integrifolia and A. Lakoocha% * Ficus comosa , Casu*
arina equisetijoha , Corypha umbraculijera , C\ Talliera and C.elata ,
Phoenix sylvestris\ Cocos nuciferay Areca Catechu , Bambusa Tulda ,
Z?. vulgaris , Balcooa and * Z?. arundinacea .

Perhaps the most striking facts in connection with this list are
that, although the species as a class belong to plants that one would
expect to be readily naturalized in our area, hardly more than
20 per cent, readily reproduce themselves without human assistance ;
and that in spite of what is so often said to the contrary, over
50 per cent, of these species must have been introduced on purely
aesthetic grounds, as there is no obvious economic quality associated
with fully one-half of the plants in this list. About 25 per cent,
have edible fruits or foliage, other 25 per cent, have useful timbers
or are valuable as hedge-plants.

Herbaceous species, natives of South-Eastern Asia that have been
deliberately introduced, include the following:-—* Wissadula ros -
trata , Hibiscus radiatus, * Imp a tie ns Balsamina} * Clitoria Terna -
tea} * Bryophyllum calycinum} * Plumbago rosea and * P . zeylanicay

* Datura fastuosa , * Torenia Fournieri} Crossandra undulaefolia}
Justicia Betonica) Rhinacanthus communis} * Peristrophe tinctona>

* Ocimum sanctum , * O. gratissimum and * O. Basilicum , Coleus
aromaticus and C. scutellarioides , * Celosia argentea and *C. cris -
tata} * Globba sessiliflora) * Canna indica , Crinum latifolium ,

* Typhonium Roxburghii) * Selaginella tenera. The high propor-
tion of species in this list that readily reproduce themselves means
very little, because, as regards species of this kind, only those have
been admitted into the systematic census which show a tendency to
perpetuate themselves in our districts, or which are of economic
interest or both.

The number of species purposely introduced from China or Japan
is not very great ; it includes the following, those that show a tendency
to naturalise themselves being again distinguished by an asterisk ; in
this case it is not necessary to distinguish herbaceous from woody
plants :— •* Hibiscus Manihot and IT. Rosa-sinensis, * Triphasia
Aurantiola) Nephelium Litchi \ Rosa indica) Eriobotrya- japomca.
Gardenia fiori.da) lx or a. strict a ) Diospyros Kaki) Nemum odorum,

* Clerodendron fragrans , Cinnajnomum Camphor a, * Sapium sebi -
Brum, * B rous onetia papyrifera) Ficus pumila , Thuja onentahs, ,

HUGHLI-HO W RAH AND THE 24-Pi R GUNNAHS.

i'65

Cycas revoluta , Belamcanda chinensis, Hemerocallis fulva, Bambusa
Inana . Not very many of these Chinese species, which are all very
amiliar plants in Indian gardens and shrubberies, tend to reproduce
themselves unaided.

As might be expected, the number of perennial species, introduced
from Central or Western Asia or the Mediterranean littoral is
remarkably small. A considerable number of herbaceous species
from these regions are included among the plants sown annually
during the cold weather, but very few of them appear as self-sown
species and none of them do so regularly. The list is as follows: —
* Alyssum maritimum , very occasionally spontaneous; Hibiscus
syriacus ; Melia Azedarach, not common; Vitis vinifera , very
occasionally planted and practically only as a curiosity ; Parkinsonia
aculeata ; Rosa centifolia ; Lawsonia alba, as a hedge but thrives
very indifferently ; Silybum Marianum, practically only in European
gardens as an annual ; *Jasminum Sambac ; * Cannabis sativa,
Cupressus sempervirens.

The number of purposely introduced African species is not remark-
ably large. It includes the following Hibiscus sckizopetalus , Ses?_
bania aegyptiaca , Bauhinia monandra , * Tamarindus indica , Poin -
ciana regia, Colville a racemosa , Punica Gr ana turn , Vangueria edulis ,
Roupellia grata , Cryptostegia grandijlora , Jacquemontia coerulea ,

* Thunbergia alata , Ocimum viride , Meriandra bengalensis ,

* Euphorbia Tirucalli, # Borassus flabellifer, * Pennisetum borbo -
nicum * Panicum muticum%* Panicum Jlavescens, The percentage of
species in the list that have established themselves as an integral
part of the flora of the Gangetic delta is unexpectedly small.

When now we turn to the American species that have been
deliberately introduced we find a quite different state of affairs. The
list is here sufficiently long to render it advisable to separate
the herbaceous species from the trees and shrubs, which are as
follows :— •* Anona squamosa and * A. reticulata , * Bixa Orellana ,

* Malvastrum tricuspidatum and * M. spicatum , * Guazuma tomen -

tosa , *.M alpighia coccifera , Blighia sapida , Swietenia Mahagoni
and S.macrophylla, * Anacardium occidental, * Cassia bicapsularis,
Ceesalpmia coriaria , * Desmanthus virgatus, * Leucaena glauca,

* Pithecolobium dulce, * Enterolobium Saman , * Psidium Guyava,
*Carica Papaya , * Cere us pterogonus , * Opuntia Dillenii , * H amelia
patens , Achras Sapota , Allamanda cathartica, * Thevetia neriifolia ,
Plumeria acutifolia , Cordia Sebestena , *Lantana Camara , * Duranta
Plumien} Bougainvillea glabra and B. spectabilis, Aniigonon lepto -
pus , *Pedilanthus tithymaloides , *Jatropha multifida and
Curcas , * Agave Vera Cruz .

1 66

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Over 6o per cent, of the species in this list, which is largely
composed of plants introduced for economic reasons, have already
become so completely naturalised as to form an integral portion of
the wild vegetation of our districts In some cases it will be s^en
the species have become so familiar to the inhabitants that they
have received distinct vernacular names ; some of them, indeed, like
the Agave , one species at least of which was introduced over three
hundred years ag:>, and like Thevetia , which was introduced a century
ago, enjoy in otner parts of India, if not in our districts, the distinc-
tion and dignity of having had Sanscrit names evolved to designate
them !

But if the extent to which woody species that are natives of the
New World have acclimatised them?elves in Lower Bengal is very
striking, still more striking is the extent to which herbaceous species
have accommodated themselves to our deltaic conditions. The
' following list of American plants that are very familiar in the Calcutta
neighbourhood shows that out of 50 species, 80 per cent, have become
quite naturalised * Talinum paens, * Crotalaria Brownei and
*C,incana, * Phiseolus sjm>erectus, * Cassia alatay * Neptunia
plena , *Turnera ulmifoliay* P assiflora suberosa and * P . fcetiday
Eupatorium Ayapana and E. odoratum) * H ymenantherum tenui -
folium, * Tagefes patula and T. erect a, * Zinnia pauciflora , Tithonia
tagetiflora — this species is not self-sown but propagates itself by its
roststocks, Helianthus annuus and * H. argyrophyllus , * Cosmos sul -
fu reus , * Vinca rosea,* Asclepias Curassavica , * Phlox Drummondi
— only occasionally self-sown, * Merremia umbellata , Ipomoea purpu-
rea and /. tricolor , * Quamoclit phoenicea and Q. pinnatai * Solanum
glaucum and * S. sisymbriifoliu m, Physalis peruviana , * Petunia
nyctaginiflora — only occasionally, * Browallia elata} * Martynia
diandra , * Ruellia tuberosa , * Stachytarpheta indica , * Hyptis capi -
tata — only occasionally, * Salvia coccinea , *Mirabilis Jalap a) * Gom~
phrena globosa * Rivina humilis , Euphorbia pu:cherrima) * E. geni -
culata — only occasionally, and * E. heterophylla, * Ananassa saliva ,
* Ciput a paludosa, * Zephyranthes tubispatha — occasionally, Polian -
thes tuberosa , * Tradescantia discolor — occasionally, * Pteris cretica.

In addition, however, to these intentionally introduced species
there are a considerable number of inadvertently introduced plants
in our districts. To what extent the species in our districts which
are undoubtedly natives of Northern or Western Bengal belong to
this category is a matter that hardly repays speculation. Some
there certainly are, such as Andropogon contortus , Saponaria
Vaccaria) Cardamine debilis , Lathy r us Aphaca , Melilotus albay that

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

167

not only belong to this class but that only appear in our districts
-owing to repeated introductions, and could no more survive under
the conditions prevalent during the south-west monsoon that could
many of the cold-weather crops. But, as already explained, there is
one point of view from which every species growing on the deltaic
alluvium is an introduced species, and nothing can be learned from
an examination of the plants with reference to this question that
could not be better learned elsewhere and by other means. When,
however, it is a question of the species known to be natives of
countries other than India, a brief examination of these repays the
trouble. The list includes the following :—Argemone mexicana,
American; Senebiera pinnatifida, Mediterranean; Malachra
capitata, American ; Crotalaria patula, Indo-Chinese ; Cassia occi-
dentalism American ; Mimosa pudica, American ; Ageratum conyzoi -
desy American ; Xanthium spinosum, Mediterranean ; Lagascea
mollisy American; Synedrella nodiflora, American; Tridax procum-
bent, American ; Evolvulus nummular if oli us, American ; Nicotiana
plumbagini folia , American ; Herpestis chameedroides , American ;
Scoparia dulcis , American ; Peperomia pellucida , American ;
Euphorbia graminea, American ; Croton sparsiflorus , American ;
Jatropha gossypifolia , American ; Typhonium inopinatum , Indo-
Chinese ; Paspalum conjugatum , American.

Of these species one-tenth are of Mediterranean and one-tenth
of Indo-Chinese origin, while four-fifths are originally American ;
these American species include in Ageratum conyzoides , Tridax
procumbens. Cassia occidentalis , Scoparia dulcisy Peperomia pellu -
ciaa, some of the very commonest species in the neighbourhood of
Calcutta.

There is, however, another very interesting feature in connection
with these introduced weeds. Their presence indicates a process
that is steadily going on ; yeir by year new species become added
to the flora of the neighbourhood of Calcutta. Of the species in the
list we know that Argemone mexicana , Argeratum conyzoides , Cassia
occidentalisy Mimosa pudica , Tridax procumbens were already
members of the flora in 1795. But we also know that as late as
1814 none of the others were yet introduced and naturalised. By
1845, however, Scoparia dulcis , Senebiera pinnatifiday Lagascea
mollis , Malachra capitata , Nicotiana plumbagini folia had all
become established. By 1885 Evolvulus nu?nmularius) Crotalaria
patula , Jatropha gossypifolia , Peperomia pellucida, Paspalum
conjugatun, Synedr ella nodiflora and Euphorbia graminea had
become established as members of the Calcutta flora. The period

168

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

since 1885 has seen the introduction and thorough establishment of

Xanthium sfdnosum , Ty phonium i no pinat urn, Herpes tis chamxdroi -
des and Croton sparsiflorus .

III.— SYSTEMATIC CENSUS,

'i

BHANEROGAMIA

THALAMIFLOR^:.

.I.-RANUMmACEJ!;,

1. Naravelia DC.

* Naravelia zeylauica DC.; H. S. 2 ; B. P. 193.
v. Chagal‘batiymurcha.

Hedges, thickets ; everywhere.

2. Ranunculus Linn.

* Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. ; H. S. 3; B. P. 193.

Banks of nalas and rivers ; general,

3. Nigella Linn.

Nigella sativa Linn. ; H. S. 4 ; B. P. 194.
v.' Mugrela) kaljira .

A crop ; also a weed in fields ; native of S. Europe.

II. — DILLENIACEE,

4. Dillcnia Linn.

Dillenia indica Linn.; B. P. 195. D. speciosa H. S. 18.
v. Chalta) chalita.

Planted generally ; native of S. E. Asia.

III.— MAGNOLIACEiE.

5. Miclielia Linn.

Michelia Champaca Linn. ; H. S. 12; B. P. 197.

v. Champd) champaka.

Planted near villages and temples ; native of S. E. Asia.

IV.— 'ANONACEzE.

0. Artabotrys R. Br.

Artabotrys odoratissimus R. Br. ; H. S. 15 ; B. P. 202.

v. Kantali-champ .

Planted in gardens ; native of S. E. Asia.

HUGHLI- HOWRAH AND THE 2 q-PERGUNNAHS.

169

7, Cananga Rumph.

Cananga odorata H. f. & T. ; B. P. 202. Vvaria odorata H. S. 14.
Planted in avenues ; native of Malaya.

a Polyaltliia Bl.

Polyaltliia longifolia Bth. & Hk. f. ; B. P. 204. Guatteria longi -
folia H. S. 16.
v. Debddru ,

Planted, roadsides and avenues ; native of S. E. Asia.

Polyaltliia cerasoides Bth. & Hk. f. ; B. P.204, Guatteria cerasoides
H. S. 16.

In village-shrubberies, occasionally; native of India.

Polyaltliia suberosa Bth. & Hk. f. ; B. P. 204. Guatteria suberosa,
H. S. 16.
v. Bara chdli.

In village-shrubberies, frequent ; native of India.

9. Anona Linn.

Anona squamosa Linn. ; H. S. 14 ; B. P. 206.
v. Ata,

In village-shrubberies, common ; also cultivated ; native of
tropical America.

Anona reticulata Linn.; H. S. 14; B. P. 206.
v. Nona.

In village-shrubberies, self-sown, very common ; also cultivated ;
native of tropical America.

V. — MENISPE IUIACE/E.

10r Tinospora Miers.

* Tinospora tomentosa Miers; B. P. 209. Cocculus tomentosus H,

S. 33i.

v. Padma gulancha.

Hedges and thickets, general, but rather rare.

* Tinospora cordifolia Miers ; B. P. 209, Cocculus cordifolius H.
33°-

v. Gulancha .

Hedges and thickets, general and common.

I'JO

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

11. Tiliacora Colebr.

* Tiliacora racemosa Colebr. ; B. P. 210. Cocculus acuminatus H. S.

331-

v. Tiliacora , bhaga lata.

Hedges and shrubberies, general.

12. Cocculus DC.

* Cocculus villosus DC. ; H. S. 331 ; B. P. 210.

v. Huyer.

Waste places, Hughli district, rare.

13. Stephairia Lour.

* Stepliania her namli folia Walp. ; B. P. 208. Clypea hernandifolia

H. S. 330.

v. Akanadi nimukha .

Hedges and thickets, general.

14. Cissampelos Linn.

* Cissampelos Pareira Linn. ; B. P. 208. C. convolvulacea H. S. 330.

v. Ekleja.

Waste ground, Goghat (Western Hughli district).

VI.— V ¥ MPH JG ACE JS,

15. Nymphaea Linn.

* Nymphsea Lotus Linn.; B. P. 213. N. pubescens H. S. 8. W.

edulis H. S. 8.
v. Kambal.

Ponds and ditches, everywhere.

*Nympluea rubra Roxb. ; H. S. 8 ; B. P. 213.

v. Rakto kambal.

Ponds and ditches, general.

* Nympluea stellata Willd. ; H. S. 9 ; B. P. 213.

v. Nil padma.

Ponds and ditches, general.

var. * major Voigt ; H. S. 9 ; B. P. 213.

v. Bara nil padma.

Ponds and ditches, general.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS

*7r

16. Euryale Salisb.

* Euryale ferox Salisb,; H. S. 8; B. P. 214.

v. Makana.

Ponds and jhils, 24-Pergunnahs.

17, Nelumbiimi Juss.

* Nelumbium speciosum Willd.; H. S. 9 ; B. P. 214.

v. Padma .

Ponds, everywhere.

VII. — PAP AVERAGES.

18. Papaver Linn.

Papaver soinuifenim Linn.; H. S. 5; B. P. 215.
v. Posto.

In fields, Goghat (Western Hughli district).

19. Argemone Linn.

Argemone mexicana Linn.; H S. 6 ; B. P. 216.
v. Bara shil kanta .

Waste places, general ; native of West Indies.

VIII. — FU3IARIACEJG.

20. Fumaria Linn.

* Fumaria parviflora Lamk ; H. S. 7 ; B. P. 217.

v. Ban salpha .

A weed of cultivated ground in the cold weather, general,

IX. — CRUCIFER ;E.

21. Nasturtium R. Br.

* Nasturtium palustre DC. ; B. P. 219.

A field weed, 24-Pergunnahs ; rare.

* Nasturtium indicum DC. ; B. P. 219. Sinapis divaricata H. S 72.

A field weed, general.

var. * benglialense H. f. & T. ; B. P. 219.

v. Btl rat,

A field weed, everywhere.

22, Cardamiuc Linn.

Cardamine debilis Don ; B. P. 219.

A garden weed about Calcutta in cold weather, rare ; native of
most temperate countries.

172

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

,23. Brassica Linn.

Brassica jimcea H. f. & T. ; B. P. 220 Sinapis ramosa H. S.

71,

v. Rai sarisha, chanchi, jhuni.

A field crop of cold season, sometimes also an escape. Indian
mustard*

var. * agrestis ; B. P. 220. Sinapis patens H. S. 72.
v. Bit rai , keel rai.

Shady places and drier fields ; a rains' weed.

Brassica campestris Linn. var. Rapa. B. Rapa H. S. 71.
v. Shalg&rn.

Cultivated about Calcutta ; the Turnip.
var. Sarsou; B. P. 220.

v. Swet rai, swet sarisha , depo.

A field crop of cold season. Indian Colza or Sarson crop.

Brassica IVapus Linn, var, dicliotoma; B. P. 221. Sinapis
dichotoma H. S. 71.
v. Sarisha .

A field crop of cold season. : Indian Rape or Tori crop.

Brassica oleracea Linn. ; H. S. 70.
v. Kopi .

Cultivated especially near Calcutta. The Cabbage. The only
variety with a distinctive vernacular name is the Cauliflower, PhuL
kopi.

24. Eruca Linn.

Eruca sativa Lamk ; H. S. 72 ; B. P. 221.

v. Swet sarisha .

A cold-weather crop on a small scale about Hughli.

25. Cochiearia Linn.

*Coclilcaria flava Ham. ; B. P. 222.

Banks of river Hughli, very rare.

26. Alyssum Linn.

Alyssum maritimam Lina,; B. P. 222. Koniga maritiuaW. S.

68.

In gardens of Europeans in cold weather; occasionally subspon-
taneous on rubbish heaps towards close of rainy season ; native of
S. Europe.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

173

27. Capsella Linn.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris Moench ; H. S. 68 ; B. P. 222.

A garden weed of cold weather near Calcutta, very rare ; native
of most temperate countries.

28. Lepidium Linn.

Lepidium sativum Linn.; H. S. 70; B. P. 223.
v. Halim.

Occasionally cultivated in Hughli district ; native of the Orient.

29. Senebiera DC.

Senebiera pinnatifida DC.; H. S.69; B. P. 223.

A weed of garden ground and waysides ; very plentiful about
Port Canning ; native of S. Europe.

30. Raphanus Linn.

Raphanus sativus Linn. \ H. S. 72 ; B. P. 224.
v. Mu la.

A cold- weather crop. The Radish.

X, — C APP A RIDE J).

31. Cleome Linn.

*Cleome viscosa Linn.; B. P. 225. Polanisia icosandria H. S. 74.
v. Hurhuma.

Waste places, fields ; general.

32. Gynandropsis DC.

Gynandropsis pentapliylla DC. ; H. S, 73 ; B. P. 225.
v. Ansarisha, sada hurhuria.

In gardens, everywhere; also in waste places naturalised, general ;
cosmopolitan in the Tropics.

33. Capparis Linn.

# Capparis horrida Linn. f. ; H. S. 74 ; B. P. 226.

v. Asaria , bagnai.

Hedges and thickets, mostly west of river Hughli.

Capparis zsylanica Linn. ; B. P. 226. C. breoispina H. S. 74.
v. Kalu kera .

Recorded from Serampore by Voigt ; wants confirmation. The
species is in the Midnapore jungles and may occur in the western
part of the Hughli district.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

174

*Capparis sepiaria Linn,; H. S. 75 ; B. P. 227.

v. Kant a gur kamai ,

Hedges and thickets, everywhere ; Sundribuns, sea-face.

34. (Jratseva Linn.

Crataeva religiosa Forst. ; B. P. 227. C. Roxburghii H. S. 74.
v. Tikta sliak .

Village gardens and shrubberies, planted ; native of S. E. Asia.

XI. — VIOLACEJE.

35. Ionidium Vent.

* lonidum suffruticosum Ging. ; H. S. 77 ; B. P. 228.

v. N unbora.

Open grassy places, on drier ground, general.

XII. — BIXINE.E.

36. Bixa Linn.

Bixa Orellana Linn. ; H. 3 85 ; B. P. 230.

v. Latkan.

Cultivated generally, sometimes as if wild near villages ; native
of tropical America. The Anatto, Arnotto or Rocou.

37. Flacourtia Comm

* Flacourtia Ramontclii LTIerit. var. sapida; B. P. 231. F. sapida

H. S. 83.

v. Benchii katai tambat .

Hughli district.

* Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. ; H. S. 84 ; B. P. 231.

v. Bene hi.

Everywhere; extends into Northern Sundribuns.

XIII.— POLYGA LACE IE,

38. Salomonia Lour.

* Salomonia oblongifolia DC. ; B. P. 233.

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division, scarce.

39. Polygala Linn.

* Polygala cliinensis Linn. ; B. P. 235. P. ciliata H. S. 98.

v. Meradu.

Pasture-land and roadsides, general.

HUGHLl-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

175

XIV. — CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

40. Saponaria Linn.

Saponaria Yaccaria Linn. ; B. P. 237. Gypsophila Vaccaria H. S.
*75-

v. Sabuni .

In fields, a cold-weather weed, Hughli district, occasional ; east
of the Hughli, rare and casual.

41. Stellaria Linn.

Stellaria media Linn. ; H. S. 178 ; B. P. 237.

Occasionally in gardens near Calcutta as a cold-weather weed ;
does not persist and probably is always introduced with garden seeds
from Europe; native of Asiatic and northern temperate countries.

43. Spergula Linn.

Spergula pentandra Linn. ; H. S. 180 ; B. P. 238.

In gardens near Calcutta ; like the preceding species, but never
seen except by Roxburgh ; native of Europe.

43. Polycarpon Linn.

* Polycarpon Loeflingiae Bth. & Hk. f. ; B. P. 238. Hapaloiia

Loeflingias H. S. 180.
v. Ghuna .

Fields and waste places, general.

44. Polycarpaea Lamk.

* Polycarpaea corymbosa Lamk ; B. P. 239.

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division.

XV.-PORTULACACE E.

45. Portulaca Linn.

*Portulaca oleracea Linn. ; H. S. 173 ; B. P. 240.
v. Bara laniya .

Waste ground, everywhere.

* Portulaca quadrifida Linn. ; H. S. 173 ; B. P. 240. P. meridiana

H. S. 173.

v. Chhota laniya%

Waste ground, general but never very common.

C

tM SrMWkribtf OF THE dWriCTS OF*

ifa* talinum Adans.

Talinum patens Will d. ; B. P. 240. T. cunei folium H. S. 174, at
least in part.

In gafdeiis, yet y rarefy cultivated, i>ut near felclitta tiof
quent as a naturalised weed ; native of America. T. cuneifolium , a
native of Asia and wild in some parts of India, is also occasionally
Cultivated, but tliC writer Has never seen it occurring spontaneously.

XVI.— TAMARICACE/E.

4:7: Tanidrii Linn.

■ *.» t i if! av-jit its* * - >» •.» > - .

# Tamarix gallica Linn. ; H. S. 179; B. P. 242.
v. Jhaiiy ban jhctU) j aura.

Banks of rivers and edges of marshes.

f

* Tamarix dioica Roxb. ; H. 5. 179 j B. P. 242.
v. Lai jhau .

Banks of rivers and edges of marshes.

XVII.— ELATIXACEJE,

4&. Rfei’gii Linn.

#Bergia verticillata Willd. ; H. S. 99 ; B. P. 243.

v. Lai keshuriya .

Rice-fields and river-banks, general But not eorhttidn.

*Bei’gia anmaniiioides Roxb. ; H. S. 99; B. P. 243.
v. Lai keshuriya.

Rice-fields and river-banks, common and general.

XVIII.- GUTTIFERjE.

49. Calopliyllum Linn.

Calopkyllum inophyllum Linn. ; H. S/87 ; B. P. 246.
v. Kath champa , sUlfanh champ h r.

Planted occasionally about Calcutta; native trf 'coasts Of S'. K.
Asia. .. i/

50. Garci ilia Linn*

kf E.

CJarcinia Xanthocliymus Hook. f. ; B. P. 247. , ‘

v. DampeL , ,

Planted occas:6nalTy In 'native gardens ; native of S. IS.'Asia,

AND H| ^-PERGUN^AUS.

\7l

XI$.-MA|,y4CE^.

51. Malvastrum A. Gray.

ftfalvastrum tricuspidatum A. Gray ; B. P. 257. Malva americana
H. S. in.

Hedges and waste places, general ; native of America.

Malvastrum spicatuni A. Gray ; B. P. 257.

Waste places near Calcutta, occasional ; native of America.

52. Si da Linn.

IS. if *», i

*Sida veronicaefolia Lamk ; B. P. 258. S. humilis PL S. 3513.
v. Junka,

Waste places, everywhere.

* Sida cordifolia Linn. ; H. S. 1 13 ; B. P. 258.

v. Berela, bar} ala .

Waste ground, Goghat ; also reported from Serampore by Voigt.

* Sida acuta Burm. ; H. S. 113 ; B. P. 259.

v. Kureta.

Waste places, everywhere.

* Sida rhombi folia Linn. ; H. S. 1 1 3 ; B. P. 259.

v. Lai berela , lal barjala.

■s * j »

Fields and waste places, common, everywhere.

* Sida rhomboidea Roxb, ; H. S. 113. S. rhombifolia var.

rhomboidea B. P. 259.
v. Swet berela, swet barjala .

Fields and waste places, general but not common.

53. Abutilon Gsertn.

* AbutiJLou indicum.G. Don ; H. S. 114 ; B. P. 260. 4. fopulijfolium

JH. S. 1 1 4. asiaticum H. S. 114.

v. Petari jhampu

Waste places, everywhere.

* Abutilon hirtum G. Don ; B. P. 1271. A . graveolens H. S. 114,

v. Jhampi , kangam.

Waste places, general but not common.

5L Wissadula Medik.

Wissadula rostrata Planch. ; B. P. 260. Abutilon periplocifolium

H. S. 1 14.

Sometimes cultivated and often spontaneous ; native of Malaya.

■ V ' v- C A- * ^ ^ If

C2

178

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

55. Urena Linn.

* Urena lobata Linn. ; H. S. 112 ; B. P. 261.

v. Ban okra .

Waste places, everywhere.

* Urena sinuata Linn. ; H. S. 112 ; B. P. 261.

v. Kunguiya .

Waste places, western parts, rare.

56. Malachra Linn.

Malaclira capitata Linn. ; H. S. 112 ; B. P. 262.

v. Ban bhindi .

Waste places, everywhere ; native of West Indies.

57. Hibiscus Medik,

* Hibiscus ficulneus Linn.; B. P. 265. Abelmoschus ficulneus H.

S. 1 19.

v. Ban dher as , jangli bhindi.

Waste places, Hughli district, rare.

Hibiscus esculeutus Linn. ; B. P. 265. Abelmoschus esculentus
H. S. 118.
v. Bhindi , dher as.

In gardens ; cultivated throughout the Tropics.

Hibiscus Abelmoschus Linn. ; B. P. 265. Abelmoschus moschatus
H. S. 1 19.

v. Kalkastdri , mushak-dhana.

Near villages, very rare, perhaps only an escape; native of S. E.
Asia.

Hibiscus Manikot Linn. ; B. P. 266. Abelmoschus Manihot H, S.

120.

In gardens, also naturalised near Calcutta ; native of China.

Hibiscus tetrapkyllus Roxb. ; B. P. 266. Abelmoschus tetraphyllus
H. S. 119.

Thickets near Calcutta ; reported by Roxburgh but not met with
since ; wild in Concan and Canara.

Hibiscus hirtus Linn. ; H. S. 118 ; B. P. 266.

v. Lai surgumuni.

Waste places, occasionally ; probably almost always only as an
escape ; native of India.

* Hibiscus vitifolius Linn. ; H. S. 117 ; B. P. 267.

v. Ban kapds .

Margins of fields and village-shrubberies, everywhere.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

I?9

Hibiscus panduriformis Burm. ; H. S. 117 ; B. P. 267.

Serampore ; reported by Voigt, but not met with since ; wild in

India.

Hibiscus radiatus Willd., H. S. 1 16 ; B. P. 267.

In gardens, often ; native of Indo-China and Malaya.

Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. ; H. S. 117. B. P. 267.
v. Mesta pat} Ambya pat .

In fields, cultivated, but very seldom.

Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn. ; H. S. 118 ; B. P. 267.
v. Mesta .

In gardens, general; cultivated throughout the Tropics.

Hibiscus syriacus Linn. H. S. 117 ; B- P. 268.

v. Sada juva.

In gardens, everywhere : native of the Orient.

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis Linn. ; H. S. 116 ; B. P. 268.
v. Juva.

In gardens, everywhere ; native of China.

Hibiscus sckizopetalus Hook. f.

In gardens, general ; native of Africa.

Hibiscus mutabilis Linn. ; H. S. 1 18 ; B. P. 268.

v. Thalpadma .

In gardens, everywhere ; native of Malaya.

* Hibiscus tortuosus Wall. ; B. P. 268.

Estuary of the Hughli, collected by Wallich.

* Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. ; B. P. 269. Paritium t iliac eum H. S. 120,

P. tortuosum H. S. 120.
v. Bo la.

Sundribuns; also river banks as far north as Calcutta.

58. Gossypium Linn.

Gossypium herbaceum Linn. ; H. S. 121 ; B. P. 269.

v. Kapds , tula , rui.

Cultivated ; native of India.

59, Thespesia Corr.

* Tliespesia populuea Corr. ; H. S. 120 ; B. P. 270.

v. Pardst paras pipal.

Sundribuns ; also planted about Calcutta.

i8o

THE VEGETATION OF TH fe DISTRICTS OF

60. Bonibax Linn.

*Bombax malabaricum DC.; B. P. 271. Salmalia malabarica
H. S. 106.
v. Simal.

Wild and planted, everywhere.

61. Eriodendron DC.

Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. ; B. P. 271. Gossampinus Rumphii
H. S. 105.
v. Swet simal.

Planted and very occasionally spontaneous, near Calcutta chiefly ;
native of S. E. Asia.

XY.— STERCULIA CE AS#

63. Sterculia Linn.

Sterculia alata Roxb. ; B. P. 274. Pterygota Roxburghii H. S. 103.
v. Buddha ki narikel.

Planted in avenues ; native of Indo-Chiha.

Sterculia colorata Roxb.; B. P. 274. Erythroptis ‘Rdxh'urghiana
H. S. 104.
v, Samarri .

Planted occasionally near Calcutta; native of India.

*

Sterculia foetida Linn.; H. S. 108 ; B. P. 274.

v. Jangli baddm .

Planted, roadsides and near temples; native of S. E. Asia.

63. Heritiera Ait.

* Heritiera minor Roxb. ; H. S. 103 ; B. P. 274.

v. Sundri .

Sundribuns.

64. Rleinhovia Linn.

4 > . / f T f

Rleinhovia Hospita Linn. ; H. S. 109 ; B. P. 1272.

v. Bola.

Planted about Calcutta; native of S. E. Asia.

65. Helic teres Linn,

* llelicteres Isora Linn.; B. P. 275. Isora coryttfolia H. S. 102.
v. Atmora.

Hughli district, in the drier parts, not uncommon.

HUG BLlrH O \V;R A AND THE ^PERGUNNAHS.

Iv8l

it *

66. jPter^pwiunn Schub.

Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. ; ;!$. S. 107,; B. P. 276.
v. Kanak champa .

Planted
of S. E. As

67. Pentapetes Linn.

* Pentapetes phcenicea Linn. ; H. S. 107 ; B. P. 277.

v. K$t data , bandhuli.

Waste places and wet rice-fields, general.

* # * ' ‘ \

68. Melocliia Linn.

* Melochia corcliorifolia Linn. ; B. P. 277. Lochennia corchorifolia

H. S. iog.

v. Tiki okra, bvl pata.

Waste places, dry fields >and grassy glades, everywhere.

69. Waltlieria Linn.

* Waltlieria indica Linn. ; .H. S. no ; B. P. 278.

v. Khar dudhu

Waste places, general; but scarce.

70. Abroma Jacq.

Abroma augusta Linn. ; H. S. 108 ; B. P. 278.
v. Ulat kambal .

Occasionally cultivated, frequent as an escape ; native of Eastern
Asia.

71. Guazuma Plum.

Guazuma tonientosa Kunth: H. S. 108 ; B. P. .278.
v. Nipdl tunth.

Planted, but more often self-sown, everywhere, and very plentiful ;
native of tropical America.

XXI.— TILI ACE/E.

73. Brownlowia Roxb,

* Brownlowia lanceolata Be nth. ; * B.* P., 2 8 1 .

v. Bola sundriy kedar sundri ,

Sundribuns.

73. .Grewiar Linn.

I { •

Grewia asiatica Linn. ; H. S. 128; B. P. 283.

v. P ha Is a.

very often pnrroadsides and in native enclosures; jiative

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

182

Serampore, according to Voigt, but almost certainly only planted
as it occasionally is in native gardens elsewhere ; native of India.

Grewia polygama Roxb. ; H. S. 127,

Also stated by Voigt to occur at Serampore, but more certainly
only as a planted species ; native of India.

* Grcwia laevigata Vahl ; H. S. 127; B. P. 283.

v. Kath him la.

Vdlage shrubberies, west of the river Hughli, occasional.

Grewia multiflora Juss. ; B. P. 284. G . sepiaria H. S. 128.
v. Pani sara.

A favourite hedge-plant, sometimes also self-sown ; native of
India.

* Grewia liirsuta Vahl ; B. P. 284. G . trichodes H. S. 127.

Waste places in Goghat, Western Hughli district ; also at
Serampore, according to Voigt.

74. Triumfetta Linn.

* Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. ; B. P. 285. T. angulata H. S. 127.

T. trilocularis H. S. 127,
v. Ban okra .

Waste places, everywhere.

75. Corcliorus Linn.

* Corcliorus acutangulus Lamk ; H. S. 127 ; B. P. 286.

v. Tit a pat .

Waste places and dry fields, everywhere.

* Corcliorus fascicularis Lamk ; H. S. 126 ; B. P. 286.

v. Jangli pat, bil nalita.

Serampore, according to Voigt ; needs verification.

* Corcliorus trilocularis Linn. ; H. S. 126; B. P. 286.

Serampore, according to Voigt ; needs verification.

* Corcliorus olitorius Linn. ; H. S. 126; B. P. 286.

v. Pat.

An annual crop in the rains ; native of Bengal. Jute.

Corcliorus capsularis Linn. ; H. S. 127 ; B. P. 286.

v. Pat, ghi nalita pat.

An annual crop in the rains; native of China. Jute.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

I S3

XXII— LINACEJE.

76. Linum Linn.

Linum usitatissimum Linn, ; H. S. ioo ; B. P. 289.

v. Masina , tisi.

A cold-weather crop ; native of the Orient.

XXIII. -MALPIGHI ACEiE.

77. Malpighia Linn.

Malpighia coccifera Linn. ; H. S. 170.

Planted as a hedge, but sometimes also as if wild, eg. near
Rajapur ( Kurz ).

78. Hiptage Gaertn.

Iliptage Madablota Gaertn. ; H. S. 170 ; B. P. 290.
v. Basanti , mahadeo lata .

Planted frequently ; recorded by Voigt from Serampore, but almost
certainty only as a garden species ; native of S. E. Asia,

XXIV— ZYGOPHYLLACE.E.

79. Tribulus Linn.

Tribulus cistoides Linn. ; H. S. 184 ; B. P. 292.

Collected once near Calcutta by Edgeworth, most probably only a
garden escape ; native of the Tropics.

Tribulus terrestris Linn. ; B. P. 29 2. T. lanuginosus H. S. 184.
Serampore, according to Voigt ; needs confirmation.

XXV.-GERAXIACEE.

80. Oxalis Linn.

* Oxalis corniculata Linn. ; H. S. 191 ; B. P. 294.
v. Amrul , chuka-tripati.

Fields, gardens and waste places, everywhere.

81. Biopliytum DC.

*Biophytum sensitivum DC. ; H. S. 191 ; B. P. 295.

v. Ban naranga .

Fields, gardens and waste places, everywhere.

THE VEGETATION (OF THE DISTRICTS OF

T&4

82. Averrlioa Linn.

Averrlioa Carambola Linn. ; H. S. 191 ; B. P. 296.

v. Kamaranga , kamarak .

Near villages, often, cultivated ; occasionally as if wild ; native of
Malaya.

Averrlioa Bilimbi Linn. ; H. S. 191 ; B. P. 296.

v. Bi limbi.

Near villages, everywhere, cultivated ; often as if wild ; native of
Malaya.

83. Impatiens Lin n .

Impatiens Balsamina Linn. ; H. S. 189 ; B. P. 296.

v. Dupati.

In gardens, everywhere ; often also as an escape ; native of S. E.
Asia.

84r« Hydrocera Bl.

*Hydrocera triflora W. & A. ; H. S. 189 ; B. P. 297.

v. Domuti .

Ditches, 24-Pergunnahs,.rai:e.

XXVI.-RUTACEtE.

85. Acronychia Forst,

Acronychia laurifolia BL ; B. P. 300. Cyminosma pedunculata H.
S. 183. ’

In scrub jungles near Matla [KurzX)\ probably an escape from
cultivation ; native of Indo-China and Malaya,

86. Glycosmis Corr.

*Glycosmis pentapliylla Corr.; H. S. 139; B. P. 300.
v. Ashhoura .

Thickets and village-shrubberies, everywhere.

87. Clausena Burm.

*Clausena heptaphylla W. & A. ; H. S. 141 ; B. P. 301.

v. Karan phaL

Village-shrubberies^ general, but not plentiful.

88. Murraya Linn.

Murraya exotica Linn,; H. S. 139; B. P. 302. M. paniculate H. S.
140.

v. Kamini .

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE ia^PERGtJNNAHS.

A common hedge ; o'ften also in "village-shrubberies, but Neither
t:the shrubby nor the arboreous form truly wild 'in our districts ;
native of S. E. Asia.

Murraya Koenigii Spreng. ; B. P. 302. Berger a Kcenigii H. S. 139.
v. Barsanga.

Planted near villages. ^Gtirry leaf ; native of India and Indo-China.

89. Triphasia Lour.

Triphasia Aurantiola Lour, 4 B. P. 303. T. trifoliata H. S. 138.

v. Chini narungi .

In gardens, but also not infrequently as if wild in village*shrub-
beries ; native of China.

90. Feronia Gsertn.

Feronia Elepliantum Corr. ; H. S. 141 ; B. P. 305.

v. Kath beL

In village-shrubberies planted and occasionally self-sown ;
considered by Voigt wild at'Serampore ; native of drier parts of India.

91. iEgle Corr.

* dEgle Marmelos Corr. ; H. S. 141 ; B. P. 305.
v. Bel , vilva .

Near villages, everywhere ; ' often planted, but so frequently as if
wild that it may almost be considered native generally' ; is truly native
in Western Hughii district (Goghat).

92. Ci tTus Linn.

Citrus decumana Linn. ; H. S. 141; B. P. 307.

v. Batavi-nimbu .

Cultivated everywhere, but occasionally as if wild in village shrub-
beries ; native of Malaya and Polynesia.

Citrus medica Linn. ; B. P. 306. var. typica. C% medica H. S.

142.

v. Beg pura .

Occasionally cultivated. The Citron ; native of Eastern Asia.
var. Limonum- C, Limonum H. S. 142.

v. Karna-nimbu .

Cultivated fairly generally. The Lemon ; native of India.
var. acida. C. Bergamia H. S. *42.
v . P ati-n'iihbu / ft aggi-nimbu ,- gora+ni'rhbu kamarali*mmbu.

i86

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Cultivated everywhere in many varieties, the two chief forms being
the Pali or “ common, round ” and the Kaggi or “ long, small ” and
particularly the latter. The Acid Lime ; native of S. E. Asia.

XXVII.— BURSERACEvE.

93. Garuga Roxb.

Garuga pinnata Roxb. ; H. S. *50 ; B. P. 311.

v. Jum) turn kharpat , nil bhddi.

Planted occasionally and perhaps sometimes self-sown ; given by
Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but certainly not truly wild ; native
of India and Indo-China.

XXVIII. — MELI ACE iE.

94. Melia Linn.

Melia Azedaracli Linn. ; H. S. 133 ; B. P. 3.13.
v. Bakarjan, gora nim) maha nem .

Planted on roadsides and in avenues ; native of the Orient and
perhaps wild in Upper India.

* Melia Azadirackta Linn.; B. P. 314. Azadirachta indica H. S, 133.

v. Nim.

In village-shrubberies, everywhere ; so often spontaneous that it
may almost be considered native. The Margosa. Voigt is almost
certainly correct in considering that the Nim is not a Melia .

95. Amoora Roxb.

Amoora Rohituka W. & A. ; H. S. 134 ; B. P. 316.
v. Tikta-rdj.

Planted very often ; given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore,
but certainly not truly wild in our districts ; native of India and
Indo-China.

* Amoora cucullata Roxb. ; H. S. 134 ; B. P. 316.

v. Amtir latmi.

Sundribuns.

96. Carapa Aubl.

* Carapa obovata Bl. ; B. P. 318. Xylocarpus Granatum H. S. 136.

v. Dhundoly posher , pussur .

Sundribuns.

There is another species of Carapa to which the name Pussur
more properly belongs ; it is also met with in the Sundribuns, but it

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

187

is not certain that it occurs in the western or 24-Pergunnahs portion
of that region.

97. Swietenia Linn.

Swietenia Maliagoni Linn. ; H. S. 137 ; B. P. 319.

v. Mahagni (the American name).

Planted in avenues.

Swietenia macropliylla King; B. P. 319.

v. Bara mahagni .

Largely planted in avenues and on roadsides.

98. Cedrela Linn.

Cedrela Toona Roxb. ; H. S. 137 ; B. P. 320.
v. Tun .

Planted everywhere, and often self-sown near villages ; given by
Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but probably not truly wild in our
districts; native of India.

XXIX.— 0LAC1NEJE.

99. Olax Linn.

Olax plioenicarpa Roxb. ; H. S. 31.

v. Moicha .

Serampore, Voigt ; an altogether doubtful plant ; it may be a form
of Olax scandens which has not, however, been collected within our
districts, though it occurs both in the damp forests of the North-
Eastern Sundribuns and in the drier parts of Western Bengal and
Behar just beyond their borders : the plant ought, therefore, to be
carefully looked for.

XXX.— CELASTRIXEE.

100. Elseodendron Jacq.

ELeodendron glaucimi Pers. ; H. S. 167 ; B. P. 329.

Planted about Calcutta ; native of India.

101. Salacia Linn.

* Salacia prinoides DC. ; H. S. 168; B. P. 331.

V. Modhu phal%

Western Sundribuns.

1-8.3

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

xixi^mm\€EMr

103. Zizyphus Juss.

Zizyphus Jujuba Linn.; H. S. 145 ; B. P. 333.

v. Ber , kul gackk%

Planted, everywhere ; native of S. E. Asia.

* Zizyphus (Enoplia Mill. ; H. S. 145 ; B. P. 334.

v. ShiakoL

Village-shrubberies, everywhere.

103. Ventilago Gaertn.

* Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. j H. S. 146 ; B. P. 334.

v. Ruktu pita.

Western Hughli district, Goghat,

104. Gouanja Linn.

* Gouania leptostachya DC. ; H. S. 147 ; B. P. 335.

Serampore, according to Voigt ; not met with by others in our
districts.

XXXII.— AMP3ELIPE:E.

105. Vitis Linn.

* Vitis latjlfolia Roxb. ; H. S. 29 ; B. P. 337.

v. Govila.

Wpods and thickets, everywhere.

* Vitis wdrangulaHs Walk ; H. S, 27 ; B. P. 338.

v, Harjora.

Woods and thickets, general.

* Vitis adnata Wall. ; H. S. 38 ; B. P. 338.

Village-shrubberies, everywhere.

Vitis lanata Roxb.; H. S. 29.

Serampore, according to Voigt ; not impossibly, but needs verifi-
cation; is plentiful in West Bengal.

* Vitis repanda W. & A. ; B, P. 338. V. pallida, 1}. S. ;28, V -

glauca H. S. 28.

v. Goaliya lata , gar goaliya .

Hedges and thickets, Hughli district.

Vitis indica Linn. ; H. S. 29.
v. Amclouka .

HUGH&i-BOWRAH' AND TBE 24- PER G U N NA H S .

189

Serampore, according to! Voigt, needs verification. Probably
some other species is intended, V . indie a being apparently confined
to S. India.

Vitis vinifera Linn. ; H. S. 29.

v. Angur gachh*

Very occasionally cultivated in our districts.!

* Vitis trifolia Linn. ; B. P. 33S. V. carnosa H. S. 28.

v.1 Abtal lata , Sdfie kesar.

Thickets, hedges and forests, everywhere, is very plentiful in the
Western Sundribuns.

* Viti$ gedata Vahl ; H. S. 28 ; B. P* 339

v. Godli lata .

Hedges and thickets, general.

Vitis elong’ata Wall. ; H. S. 28,

Serampore, according to Voigt ; not impossibly, but needs verifi-
cation ; is plentiful in the submontane forests of Sikkim.

106. Leea Linn.

* Leea macrophylla Roxb. ; H. S. 29; B. P. 341.

v. Dhot samtidra, , ,

Village-shrubberies, general, but not plentiful.

* Leea ici’ispa Linn. ; H. S. 29 ; B. P. 340.

v. Ban chalita .

Village-shrubberies, rare.

* Leea robusta Roxb. <j H. S. 29 5 B> P. 340.

v. Haramada *

&

Village-shrubberies, rare.

* Leea ‘aequata Linn. ; B, P. 340. Z. hirta H. S. 30.

v. Kak jhanga.

Village-shrubberies, not uncommon, general.

* Leea sambucina Willd. ; B. P. 340. Z. Stapkylea H. S. 30.

v. Kukiir jhiwa:

Village-shrubberies, general. '

XXXIII— SAPODACE/E.

107, Cardiospermfim Linn.

* Cardiospermum Halicacabum Linn. ; H. S. 93 ; B. P, 342.

v. Shibjhuly nayaphutki.

Hedges, ithickets and waste places, everywhere.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

190

108. Allophylus Bl.

* Allophylus Cobhe Linn. var. serrata; B. P. 34 3. Schmiedelia

serrata H. S. 93.
v. Rakhal phul.

Village-shrubberies, general.

109. Sapindus Linn.

Sapindus trifoliatus Linn. ; B. P. 344. S. emarginatus H. S. 94.
v. Bor ritha .

Planted near villages ; native of India.

Sapindus Mukorossi Gaertn. ; B. P. 344, S. deter gens H. S. 94.
v. Ritha .

Planted near villages ; native of India.

110. Erioglossum Bl.

Erioglossum edule Bl. ; B. P. 344. Sapindus nibiginosus H. S. 94.

Village-shrubberies and about tanks, not very general, but usually
as if wild ; native of S. E. Asia.

111. Aphania Bl.

* Aphania Danura Radik. ; B. P. 345. Sapindus Danura H. S. 94.

v. Danura.

Western Sundribuns ; village-shrubberies south of Calcutta and
Howrah.

113, Blighia Keen.

Blighia sapida Keen. Cupania sapida H. S. 94.

In gardens near Calcutta, occasionally ; native of America.

113. Nephelium Linn.

Xephclium Eitchi Camb. ; H. S. 95 ; B. P. 346.
v. Litchi .

Planted generally ; native of China. The Lichi,

Nephelium Longana Camb. ; H. S. 95 ; B. P. 346.

v. Ashphal .

Planted occasionally ; native of Malaya. The Longan.

XXXIV.— AA AC ABBIACE.E.

114, Mangifera Linn.

Mangifera indica Linn. ; H. S. 272 ; B. P. 352.

v. Am, amb .

Planted everywhere ; native of Indo-China. The Mango.

HUGHLI'HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

IQ!

115. Anacardium Lino.

Anacardium occidental© Linn. ; H. S. 270 ; B. P. 354.

v. Hidgli baddm} kaju.

Planted occasionally ; native of America.

116. Odina Roxb.

* Odina Wodier Roxb. ; H. S. 275 ; B. P. 354.
v. Jiyal.

Village-shrubberies, everywhere.

117. Spondias Linn.

Spondias mangifera Willd.; H. S. 143 ; B. P. 356.

v. Amra.

In village-shrubberies, everywhere ; often planted, still ofteuei
self-sown ; native of S. E. Asia.

Spondias dulcis Willd. ; H. S. 144; B. P. 356.

v. Bilati amra.

Occasionally planted ; native of Polynesia.

XXXV. — MORIN G ACEiE.

118. Moringa Lamk.

Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. ; H. S. 78 ; B. P. 357.
v. Sajina.

Planted, everywhere, but often also self-sown near villages ;
cultivated throughout the Tropics.

CALYCIFLOR/E.

XXXVI. — LEOU31IIXOSAE.

119. Cicer Linn.

Cicer arietinum Linn. ; H. S. 226; B. P. 366.
v. Channa.

A cold-weather crop, not much grown in our districts; native of
countries bordering on the Mediterranean. The Chick-Pea.

139. Vicia Linn.

Vicia sativa Linn. ; H. S. 226 ; B. P. 366.

v. Ankari,

A cold-weather crop, rarely met with in our districts ; also in one
form, a cold-weather field weed, general ; native of Europe and the
Orient, The Tare.

D

192

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Yicia liirsuta Linn.; B, P. 367. Ervum hirsutum H. S. 226.

v. Masur-channa .

A cold-weather field weed, everywhere ; very occasionally also
a fodder crop.

81. Lens Gren. & Godr.

Lens esculenta Moench ; B. P. 367. Ervum Lens H. S. 226.
v. M astir, masuri .

A cold-weather field crop, mostly in Hughli district ; native of
Europe. The Lentil.

188. Lathyrus Linn.

Latliyrus Apliaca Linn. ; H. S. 227 ; B. P. 368.

v. Jangli mdtar, masur channa .

A cold-weather field weed, general, also often in grassy places
where cattle feed ; has no claim to be a native of our districts ; native
of Europe.

Latliyrus sativus Linn. ; H. S. 227 ; B. P. 368.

v. Kesdri , kassur .

A cold-weather field crop ; native of S. Europe. The Vetch.

183, Pisuin Linn.

Pisum sativum Linn. ; H. S. 226 ; B. P. 369.

v. Mdtar , kabuli mdtar .

In gardens about Calcutta and occasionally as a field crop in the
Hughli district; native, probably, of the Orient.

Pisum arvense Linn. ; B. P. 369. P. sativum VAR. quadratum H. S.
227.

v. Mdtar , chhoto mdtar .

A field crop of the cold weather, general ; native, probably, of
Western Asia.

184:* Abrus Linn.

* Abrus precatorius Linn. ; H. S. 228 ; B. P. 369.

v. Kunch , chun-hati .

Hedges and thickets, general.

185. Crotalaria Linn.

P-rotalaria quimiuefolia Linn., H. S. 208 ; B. P. 373.

Serampore, according to Voigt.; by no means impossible, but
needs verification; native of India and Indo-China.

HUGHL1-H0WRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

193

Crotalaria Brownei Bert. ; H. 3. 207 ; B. F. 373,

In gardens occasionally, and sometimes as an escape in the
neighbourhood of Calcutta, introduced from the West Indies.

Crotalaria incana Linn.; H. S. 207 ; B, P. 373.

In gardens occasionally, and frequent as an escape in the neigh-
bourhood of Calcutta ; introduced from the West Indies.

Crotalaria Saltiana Andr. ; B. P. 373. C. striata H. S. 207.

v. Ban gan.

Waysides and waste places, everywhere ; especially common in
Sundribuns cleanings. Though now one of our most plentiful weeds
this is not mentioned by Roxburgh and is probably an introduction
to Bengal of less than 100 years’ standing ; now cosmopolitan in the
Tropics ; probably originally native of Africa,

Crotalaria laburnifolia Linn. ; H. S. 207 ; B. P. 373,

v. Muna ,

Serampore, according to Voigt ; not improbably, as it is fairly
abundant in East Bengal, but needs verification for our districts ;
native of Eastern Asia.

Crotalaria medicaginea DC. ; B, P, 373. C. trijoliastrum H. S.
207.

Serampore, according to Voigt; not altogether impossible, as it is
plentiful in Chota Nagpur, but needs verification for pur districts ;
native of the drier parts of India,

Crotalaria alata Ham,; H, S. 205 ; B. P. 373,

Waste places near Calcutta and Howrah, but rare and certainly
introduced in our districts ; native of S. E. Asia.

* Crotalaria verrucosa Linn. ; H. S. 206 ; B. P. 373.

v. Ban gan*

Waste places and fairly dry fields, everywhere.

Crotalaria juncea Linn. ; H. S. 206 ; B. P. 374.

v. f an.

A field crop, everywhere. The Sunn or Indian Hemp; native of
S. E .Asia,

* Crotalaria retusa Linn. ; H. S. 206; B. P. 374.

v. Bhil jhanjhan .

Waste places, everywhere.

Crotalaria sericea Retz; H. S. 206; B. P. 374.

v. Pipali jhanjhan .

Waste places, but on ly about Calcutta, Howrah, Chinsura and
Serampore; hardly native in our districts; native pf S. E. Asia.

194

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Crotalaria mysorensis Roth ; B. P. 374.

Drier grassy glades and fields, west of the Hughli only, and not
very common.

Crotalaria nana Barm. var. patula B. P. 374.

Dry grassy glades about Shibpur, introduced ; native of Burma.
Crotalaria calycina Schrank ; B. P. 375. anthylloides H. S. 205.

Serampore, according to Voigt; not at all impossibly, but needs
verification for our districts ; native of S. E. and E. Asia.

* Crotalaria prostrata Roxb. ; H. S. 207*; B. P. 375.

v. Chhota jhanjhan »

Drier grassy glades and fields, everywhere.

* Crotalaria acicularis Ham.; B. P. 375.

v. Chhota jhanjhan*

Drier grassy glades and fields, general ; often confused with
C '. pro strata*

136. Flemingia Roxb.

* Flemingia conges ta Roxb. ; H. S. 229; B.P. 378.

v. Bara salphan , hhalia .

Sundribuns, Calcutta, Serampore, according both to Roxburgh
and Voigt, but evidently rare ; no example from our districts exists
in the Calcutta Herbarium, and the writer has never succeeded in
meeting with the plant : it is common in North Bengal.

137. Cylista Ait.

*€ylista scariosa Ait, ; H. S. 236 ; B. P. 379.

Hedges and thickets, but not very common.

• «.

138. Rhynchosia Lour,

* Rhyncliosia rufcsccns DC. ; B. P. 380.

Waste places, rare.

* Rhynchosia viscosa DC.; B. P. 380. Dolichos glutinosus H. S

231.

v. Shim bhatrdji .

Hedges and thickets, general, but not plentiful.

* Rhynchosia sericeaSpaq, ; B. P. 381.

Hedges and thickets, general, but not common.

* Rhynchosia bracteata Benth. ; B. P. 381.

Fledges and thickets, rare.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

*95

139* Atylosia W. & A.

* Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth. ; B. P. 383. Cantharospennum pau -

cijiorum H. S. 236.
v. Banur kalai.

Hedges and thickets, everywhere.

130. Cajanus DC.

Cajanus indicus Spreng. ; H. S. 236 ; B. P. 383.

v. Arhar.

A field crop, everywhere. The Pigeon Pea ; native possibly of
Africa ; certainly nowhere wild in India ; probably nowhere wild in
Asia.

131. Phaseolus Linn.

Pliaseolus semierectus Linn. ; H. S. 230 ; B. P. 386.

In village-shrubberies and waste places, near Calcutta and Howrah
only; introduced; native of America.

* Pliaseolus adenantlms G. F. Mey. ; B. P. 386. P. rostratus H, S.

230.

v. Ban barbati.

Western Sundribuns, on river banks ; banks of the Hughli as far
north as Serampore ; occasionally in village-shrubberies near the river
Hughli.

Phaseolus lunatus Linn. ; H. S. 250 ; B. P. 386.

In gardens, cultivated; native of S. Ameiica. The Lima Bean.
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. ; H. S. 229 ; B. P. 386.

In gardens, cultivated ; native of S. Europe and the Orient.
The French Bean.

Phaseolus multiflorus Willd. ; H. S. 230 ; B. P. 389.

In gardens of European residents, cultivated ; native of America.
The Scarlet Runner.

Phaseolus trilobus Ait. ; H. S. 231 ; B. P. 387.

v. Mugani*

Fields and waste places, everywhere.

* Phaseolus sublobatus Roxb. ; H, S. 230 ; B. P. 387.

v. Ghora mung .

Serampore, according to Voigt.; not impossibly, as it is plentiful
in Behar and Chota Nagpur, but it needs verification for our districts.

Phaseolus Mungo Linn. ; B. P, 387.

v. Tikuri kalai .

196 WE VEGETATION OP THE DISTRICTS oP

Cultivated, everywhere ; native of India.

There is some confusion in the H. S. as regards this plant; the
vernacular name Tikari is always applied to this plant, which has
yellow flowers, whereas Voigt associates the name with Dolichos
pilosus , which is a Vigna with blue flowrers : this plant is in fact
omitted by Voigt though it is the commonest of the five allied forms
cultivated in our districts. The confusion has, however, been shared
by the majority of those who have dealt with these pulses.

var. Roxburgliii B. P. 387* Phaseolus Roxburghii H. S. 221.
v. Mash kalai , urid ,

Cultivated, mainly in the Hughli district ; native of India.
Phaseolus radiatus Linn. ; B. P. 387. P . Mungo H. S. 230.

v. Mung , kali mung,

A field crop, everywhere ; native of India.
var. aurea B. P. 388. P . aureus H. S. 23 1*
v. Sona mung .

A field crop, about Calcutta; native of China.

VAR. grandis B. P. 388. P . Mungo VAR. melanosperma H. S. 230.
v. Krishna mung, kdla mung .

An occasional field crop ; native of China.

133. Vigna Savi.

* Vigna pilosa Bak. ; B. P. 389. Dolichos pilosus H. S. 232.

v. Jhikraiy malkonia.

Hedges and thickets, rare.

* Vigna luteola Benth.jB. P. 389. Dolichos gangeticus H. S. 232..

Western Sundribuns on river banks, banks of the Hughli as far
north as Uluberia.

Vigna Catjang Endl. ; B. P. 389. Dolichos sinensis VAR. orthocarpus
H. S. 232.
v. Barbati.

Cultivated everywhere; native of China.

var. sinensis B. P. 389. Dolichos sinensis var. eccremocarpus
H. S. 232.

Cultivated generally ; native of China.

133. Pacliyrkizus Rich.

Pachyrhizus angulatus Rich. ; H. S. 234 ; B. P. 390.

v. Sankalu.

Cultivated generally ; sometimes as if wild in village-shrubberies 1
native of America.

197

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AMD THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

134. DolicliOS Linn.

Doliclios Lablab Linn.; B. P. 391. Lablab cultratum H. S. 233.
v. Shim.

Cultivated everywhere, in many different races ; native of Africa.
var. lignosus B. P. 391. Lablab vulgar e H. S. 233.
v. Shim .

Cultivated everywhere, in several distinct races ; native of Africa.
Dolichos biflorus Linn. ; B. P. 391. D . uniflorus H. S. 232.
v. Kurti halai.

Cultivated sparingly in the Hughli district ; native of India.

135. Psophocarpus Neck.

Psopkocarpus tetragonolobus DC. ; H. S. 234 ; B. P. 391,

v, Chari kona shim .

In native gardens about Calcutta, occasionally ; native of Africa.

136, Teramnus Sw.

* Teramnus labialis Spreng. ; B. P. 393. Glycine labialis H. S. 214.

v. Ban kalai .

Hedges, thickets and waste places, everywhere.

* Teramnus debilis Prain ; B. P. 393. Glycine debilis H. S. 214.

v. Mashcini .

Hedges and thickets, general.

137. Canavalia DC.

Canavalia ensiformis DC. ; B. P. 394. C. glaaiata H. S. 234.

v, Makhan situ .

Cultivated, in several varieties, generally throughout the Tropics ;
nowhere really wild.

* Canavalia virosa W. & A. ; H. S. 235 ; B. P. 394.

v. Kath sim) kala sim.

Hedges and thickets, not common, and not met with in 24-Per-
gunnahs: if the fruits are not seen this is very easily mistaken for C.
obtusifolia.

* Canavalia lineata DC. ; B. P, 394. C . obtusifolia H. S. 235,

Western Sundribuns, sea-face in sandy places, rather rare.

* Canavalia obtusifolia DC. ; B. P. 394. C. turgida Grah.

Western Sundribuns, on river banks, very common ; also plentiful
on the banks of the river Hughli as far north as Calcutta. This is the
only wild Canavalia at all common in our districts ; in literature it is

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

very much confused with C . lineata , perhaps from the fact that both
are essentially sea-shore plants. In the field it is more often confused
with C. virosa owing to their great similarity except as regards fruit*
The name C. obtusijolia , though it belongs to this plant, is not parti-
cularly appropriate ; it would be much more convenient if it were
possible to employ Graham’s name C. turgida which is most suitable
to its pods. For C. lineata , on the other hand, the name C. obtusifolia
would, had its use been permissible, have been quite appropriate.

138. Erytlirina Linn.

* Erythrina indica Lamk ; H. S. 237 ; B. P. 398.

v. Palita mandar.

Western Sundribuns, along the sea-face, wild; not met with in
the swamp forests ; often elsewhere in our districts, but only planted
as a support for climbing vegetables or as a native hedge.

Erytlirina ovali folia Roxb. ; H. S. 237 ; B. P. 398.

v. Hari k&kra.

In village-shrubberies, especially to the south of Calcutta and
Howrah ; probably not wild in our districts; used by the inhabitants
as they do the preceding species ; native of S. E. Asia and
Polynesia.

139. Mucuna Adans.

* Mucuna pruriens DC. ; B. P. 400. M . pruritus H. S. 235.

v. Alkushi.

Hedges, thickets and village-shrubberies, everywhere.

The cowhage ; pods covered with intolerably stinging hairs.

Mucuna utilis Wall. ; H. S. 235 ; B. P. 400.

v. Alkushi , bilati alkushi , kala khamach.

In native gardens, often ; introduced from Africa ; most probably
derived originally from M. pruriens ; but pods only velvety and
devoid of stinging hairs.

Mucuna nivea DC. ; H. S. 236; B. P. 400.
v. Khamach .

In native gardens, everywhere ; also most probably derived
originally from M. pruriens , but evolved in India ; pods only velvety
and devoid of stinging hairs. In this plant the flowers are white, in
M. pruriens and M. utilis they are dark purple.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNN AHS

199

140. Butea Roxb.

Butea frondoga Roxb.; H. S. 238; P. B. 401.
v. Palas.

Planted occasionally on roadsides and in avenues; given by Voigt
as occurring at Serampore but'there almost certainly not wild ; native
of the drier parts of India and Indo-China.

141. Clitoria Linn.

Clitoria Ternatea Linn,; H. S. 213; B. P. 402.
v. Aparajita .

In gardens, everywhere, also often self-sown and spontaneous in
hedges and thickets ; introduced from Malaya.

142. Sesbania Pers.

Sesbania segyptiaca Pers.; B. P. 403. S, cegyptiaca H. S. 216.
v. Jainti .

Planted, but only occasionally ; native of Africa.

var. picta ; B. P. 403. S. cegyptiaca var. concolor H. S. 216.

Planted generally ; native of Africa.

var. bicolor W. & A. ; H. S. 216 ; B. P. 404.

Planted everywhere, and often spontaneous in village-shrubberies ;
native of Africa.

* Sesbania paludosa Prain ; B. P. 404. AZschynomene paludosa

H. S. 219.
v. Kath-sola.

In ditches and marshes, in deep water, during the rainy season
everywhere ; never cultivated.

Sesbania cannabina Pers. ; B. P. 404. S. aculeata H. S. 216.
v. Dhunchi .

A regular field crop in the rainy season, everywhere; not known
wild ; possibly evolved from S. aculeata .

* Sesbania aculeata Pers. ; B. P. 404. S. procumbens H. S. 216.

Edges of wet rice-fields, general. Voigt has confused this
species, which is not uncommon in our districts nominally with the
commonly cultivated S . cannabina , but really with the not very
dissimilar S. procumbens ; which he gives as occurring at Serampore
S. procumbens has never, however, been found anywhere except in
the Madras and Bombay Presidencies.

* Sesbania uliginosa Sweet; H.S. 216; B. P.404.

Wet fields, very rare.

200

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Both Roxburgh and Voigt have found this species in out-
districts ; from Roxburgh’s figure of the plant it is clearly very
different from S. aculeata ; no one has gathered it since Voigt wrote.
Mr. Baker, indeed, unites S, paludosa and S. uliginosa ; the latter
is, however, prostrate with stems that measure fewer inches than
those of the former, which is erect, do in feet.

Scsbania grandiflora Pers. ; B. P. 404. Agati grandiflora H. S.
216.

v. Agati , a gas t hi.

Planted everywhere, as a support for climbing vegetables ; native
of Malaya.

143. Teplirosia Pers.

* Teplirosia Hookeriana W. & A. ; B. P. 405. T. villosa H. S. 215.

Waste places and roadsides, rare.

* Teplirosia purpurea Pers. ; H. S. 215 ; B. P. 405.

v. S arphonka} ban nil.

Waste places and roadsides, general.

144. Poiigamia Vent.

* Poiigamia glabra Vent. ; H. S. 239 ; B. P. 407.

v. Karanja .

Western Sundribuns ; banks of Hughli as far north as Chinsura.

145, Perris Lour.

* Perris scandens Benth. ; B. Pc 408. Brachypterum scandens .

H. S. 240.

v. Noa lata.

Woods and thickets, everywhere.

* Perris uliginosa Benth.; B. P. 408. Pongamia uliginosa H. S. 239.

v. Pan lata.

Western Sundribuns ; banks of Hughli as far north as Chinsura.

146. Palbcrgia Linn. f.

Balbergia lanceolaria Linn. f. ; B. P. 411. D. frondosa H. S 241.
Planted on roadsides and in avenues occasionally.

Palbergia Sissoo Roxb. ; H. S. 241 ; B. P. 41 1.
v. Sis oo.

Roadsides and avenues, and near villages, often planted; given by
Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but not wild though sometimes self-
sown in our districts ; native of submontane (Himalayan) forests.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24*PERGUNNAHS.

201

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. ; H. S. 240 ; B. P. 41 f.
v. Swet sal , sit sdL

Occasionally planted on roadsides and in avenues, not infrequently
so near villages ; given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but
certainly not wild in our districts ; native of India.

* Dalbergia spinosa Roxb, ; H. S. 241 5 B. P. 41 1.

v. Amanta.

Western Sundribuns, very plentiful.

* Dalbergia torta Grah. D . candenatensis B. P. 411.

v. Panchioli.

Western Sundribuns.

147. Melilotus Linn.

* Melilotus indica All. ; B. P, 413. M. parviflora H. S. 209.

v. Ban meihi .

A field weed in the cold season, everywhere.

* Melilotus alba Lamk ; B. P. 413. M, leucantha H. S. 209.

v. Safed ban methi) ban firing .

A field weed in the cold season, general.

148, Trigonella Linn.

Trigonella Foenum-grsecum Linn. ; H. S. 209 ; B. P. 414.

v. Methi , bar a met hi.

In native gardens, occasionally ; native of S. Europe.

Trigonella corniculata Linn. ; H. S. 209 ; B. P. 414.
v. Pi r ing*

Sometimes cultivated, but usually in our districts only a cold-
weather field weed, rare and with no claim to be a native ; native of
Europe.

149. Aracliis Linn.

Arachis hypogeea Linn. ; H. S. 243 ; B. P. 415.

v. At ke kalai , mat kalai \ belati mung , chine badam) mung phuli .
In fields, but not at all commonly cultivated, and only near
Calcutta ; native of America.

150. SmitliiaAit.

*Smitliia sensitiva Aifc. ; H. S. 220; B. P. 417.

v. Nala kashina , kalkashonda ,

In waste places, general.

202

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

151. iEschynomcne Linn.

* /Eschynomene indica Linn. ; B. P. 418. A. Roxburghii H. S. 219.

v. Sola, bhdth sola.

In ditches and marshes, everywhere.

* JEschynomene aspera Linn. ; H. S. 219 ; B. P. 418.

v. Bhdth sola , phul sola.

In ditches and marshes, general.

152. Uraria Desv.

* Uraria picta Desv. ; H. S 220 ; B. P. 420.

v. Sankar jata.

In grassy glades and fields, general.

* Uraria lagopoides DC. ; B. P. 420. U . lagopodioides H. S. 220.

v. Golak chakuliya, gurkiya chakulia .

In grassy open spaces, general.

153. Lourea Neck.

Lourea vespertilionis Desv., H. S. 220; B. P. 421.
v. Cham chika.

Sometimes in gardens; occasionally in waste places in our
districts; given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but with little,
if any, claim to be native in our districts ; native of S. E. Asia.

154. Desmodium Desv.

* Desmodium triflorum DC.; H. S. 223 ; B. P. 424.

v. Kudaliya.

Grassy open places and roadsides, everywhere.

* Desmodium Iieteropliyllum DC. ; H. S. 223 ; B. P. 424.

Goghat, Western Hughli district; also Serampore, according to
Voigt.

* Desmodium diffusum DC.; B. P. 424. D. elongatum H. S. 222.

Grassy open places, very rare in our districts, and only west of
the river Hughli.

Desmodium pulchellum Benth. ; B. P. 424. Dicerma pulchellum
H. S. 223.
v. Juta salpani.

Given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore ; riot impossibly, but
requires verification ; native of S. E. Asia.

* Desmodium umbcllatum DC.; H. S. 221 ; B. P. 424.

Western Sundribuns.

HUGHU-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

203

* Desmodium Ceplialotes Wall. ; H. S. 221 ; B. ?. 424.

Village-shrubberies and hedges, rare in our districts.

* Desmodium polycarpum DC. ; H. S. 221 ; B. P. 425.

Waste places ; very rare in our districts.

* Desmodium gangeticum DC. ; H. S. 221 ; B. P. 425.

v. Salpani .

Open glades, dry grassy fields and waste places, everywhere.

* Desmodium gyrans DC. ; H. S. 222 ; B. P. 426.

v. Gora chand , ban charal .

Grassy glades and waste places, general but nowhere common.
The Semaphore Plant.

155. Alysicarpus Neck.

* Alysicarpus vaginalis DC.; H. S. 224; B. P. 428.

v. Kurila .

Drier grassy glades and fields, general,
var. * nummularifolia Bak. ; B. P. 428.
v. Kurila .

Drier grassy glades and fields, everywhere.

* Alysicarpus bupleurifolius DC.; H. S. 224 ; B. P. 428.

Drier grassy glades and fields, general.

Alysicarpus rugosus DC. ; B. P. 428.

Drier grassy glades and fields ; west of the river Hughli only
and not common.

var.* minor Prain ; B. P. 428.

Drier grassy glades; very rare in our districts.

156. Psoralea Linn.

* Psoralea corylifolia Linn. ; H. S. 21 1 ; B. P. 429.

v. Barachi , hakuchi .

Waste places, sides of fields, roadsides, everywhere.

157, Cyamopsis DC.

Cyamopsis psoraloides DC. ; H. S. 210; B. P. 429.

Occasionally cultivated in our districts, but not a general crop ;
native of Africa.

158. Indigofera Linn.

* Indigofera linifolia Retz ; H. S. 21 1 ; B. P. 431.

v. Bh&ngra .

204

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Drier grassy glades and fields, roadsides and waste places* every-
where.

* Indigofera trifoliata Linn, ; B. P, 431.

Waste places, not at all common in our districts, and only west
of the river Hughli.

* Indigofera viscosa Lamk ; H. S. 211 ; B. P. 432.

Grassy glades and waste places, west of the river Hughli ; rare
in our districts.

Indigofera trita Linn. f. ; H. S. 212 ; B. P. 432.

Given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but almost certainly
by mistake; the species occurs in Chota Nagpur but is rare even
there ; native of the drier parts of India.

159. Cassia Linn,

Cassia Fistula Linn.; B. P. 437. Cathartocarpus Fistula H. S. 247.
v. Amalias , soncilu , bandar lathi gach .

In village-shrubberies, planted and self-sown ; Western Sundri-
buns, but only in abandoned settlements ; given by Voigt as occurring
at Serampore, but hardly wild in our districts ; native of S. E. Asia.

Cassia glauca Lamk ; H. S. 249 ; B. P. 437,

In gardens generally; native of India and Indo-China.

Cassia occidentalis Linn. ; H. S. 250 ; B. P. 437,
v, Kalkashonda .

In waste places, everywhere ; native of America.

* Cassia Sophera Linn. ; H. S. 248 ; B. P. 438.

v. Kalkashonda .

In waste places, everywhere.

var. * purpurea Voigt; H. S. 248 ; B. P. 438.

v. Lai kalkashonda .

In waste places ; very rare.

Cassia bicapsularis Linn. ; H. S. 248 ; B. P. 438.

In village-shrubberies and waste places, mostly nearly Calcutta ;
native of America.

Cassia auriculata Linn. ; H. S. 250; B. P. 248.

In hedges often, sometimes in village-shrubberies ; native of drier
parts of India.

* Cassia Tora Linn. ; H. S. 250 ; B. P. 438.

v. Chakunda .

In waste places, everywhere.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS

205

Cassia alata Linn. ; H. S. 249 y B. P. 438.

v. Dad marddn .,

In waste places, occasional ; native of America,

Cassia siamea Lamk ; B. P. 438.

In avenues, planted everywhere ; native of Indo-China and
Malaya.

* Cassia mimosoides Linn.; B. P. 439. C. WallichianaYi . S. 251,

C, angustissima H. S. 251. C. Leschenciultiana H. S. 251. C,
tenella H. S, 251.

Serampore according to Voigt ; not collected by others.

* Cassia Absus Linn. ; H. S. 251 ; B. P. 438.

Goghat, Western Hughli district.

160. Bauhinia Linn.

Bauliinia acuminata Linn. ; H, S. 253 ; B. P. 441.

v. Kanchan .

Planted in gardens and elsewhere, but often in village-shrubberies
and neglected gardens as if wild ; native of S, E. Asia generally.

Bauliinia racemosa Lamk ; H. S. 253 ; B. P. 441.
v. Ban-raj.

Given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but almost certainly
only planted, and very rarely so, anywhere in our districts ; native
of the drier parts of S. E. Asia.

Bauliinia tomentosa Linn. ; H. S. ’253 ; B. P. 441.

A favourite shrub in gardens ; occasionally an escape ; native of
India,

Bauliinia variegata Linn.; H.S, 253; B. P. 442.

v. Rakto kamhary swet kanchany according to the colour of the
flowers, which vary a good deal but are never either entirely red or
wholly white: Swet kanchan is also termed kana raj ,

A favourite tree in gardens ; native of India, the Himalayas, and
Indo-China.

Bauliinia purpurea Linn.; H. S. 254; B. P, 442. B. triandra H.
S. 254.

v. Deva kanchan , koiral .

Often planted, but also very readily self-sown ; native of India
and Indo-China.

Bauliinia monaiidra Kurz ; B. P. 442.

Occasionally planted ; native of Madagascar,

2o6

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

161. Saraca l inn.

Saraca indica Linn. ; B. P. 444. Jonesia Asoca H. S. 246.
v. Asoka.

Planted in gardens and near temples ; occasionally self-sown 1
native of Indo-China.

Somewhat similar in appearance are Amherstia nobilis native
of Indo-China, and several species of Browne a, American, planted by
Europeans in gardens and on lawns, but not met with about villages
or near temples.

163. Tamarindns Linn.

Tamarindus indica Linn. ; H. S. 247 ; B. P. 444,

v. Tintuli , tinturi , tmli.

Planted everywhere about villages and on roadsides; often self-
sown ; native of Africa.

163. Parkinsonia Linn.

Parkinsonia acaleata Linn. ; H. S. 246; B. P. 446.

v. Belati kikar .

In native gardens and in village-shrubberies as if wild, every-
where.

161. Poinciana Linn.

Poinciaiia regia Boj. ; H. S. 245 ; B. P. 446.

Planted on roadsides and in avenues everywhere ; introduced
from Mauritius.

165. Colvillea Boj.

Colvillea racenxosa Boj.; H. S. 245; B. P. 447.

Planted occasionally in avenues ; introduced from Mauritius.

— + •

166. Caesalpinia Linn.

* Caesalpinia Bonducella Flem.; B. P. 449. Guilandma Bonduc H.

S. 244.

v. Nat a karanj .

Western Sundribuns ; village-shrubberies and hedges generally.

* Caesalpinia Nuga Ait. ; B. P. 449.

v. Natua shingri lata .

Western Sundribuns ; plentiful.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw. ; B. P. 449. Poinciana pulchernma H»
S. 245.

v. Krishna chura.

In gardens everywhere, also as if wild in neglected gardens and
village-shrubberies ; native of S. E. Asia.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

207

Oaesalpinia Sappan Linn.; H. S. 244; B. P. 449.

v. Bakarriy patang.

Planted occasionally in our districts; given by Voigt as occurring
at Serampore, but certainly not native ; native of S. E. Asia.

Caesalpinia coriaria Willd. ; H. S. 245.

v. Debi-dibi (from the American name).

Sometimes planted, but not on a large scale, in our districts ;
native of West Indies.

Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb,; H. S. 245 ; B. P, 449.

A favourite hedge-plant near villages, especially west of the river
Hughli ; now often quite naturalized ; native of the drier parts of
India and Indo-China.

167. Parkia R. Br.

Parkia biglandnlosa W. & A. ; H. S. 257 ; B. P. 451.

Planted in avenues ; native of S. E. Asia.

168. Neptunia Lour,

:

* Neptunia oleracea Lour. ; B, P. 454. Desmanthus natans H. S. 258.

v. Pant najak.

In marshes, general.

Neptunia plena Benth. ; B. P. 454. Desmanthus punctatus H. S.
259.

v. Belati pani najak .

In gardens, occasionally; on foreshores of river Hughli near
Calcutta and Howrah, naturalized, rare ; native of America.

169. Desmanthus Willd.

Desmanthus virgatus Willd. ; H. S. 258 ; B. P. 455.

In waste places about Calcutta, rather uncommon, but quite
naturalized ; native of America.

170. Mimosa Linn.

Mimosa pudica Linn. ; H. S. 257 ; B. P. 456.
v. Najak .

Roadsides and waste places, everywhere : looks as if a native,
but probably originally introduced from America.

* Mimosa rubricaulis Lamk ; H. S. 257 ; B. P. 456,

v. Kuchi kanta) shiah kanta.

Goghat, western part of Hughli district; also given by Voigt as
occurring at Serampore.

E

2o8

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

171, Acacia Wilid.

* Acacia Simla Ham, ; H. S. 260 ; B, P. 458.

v. Sau kanta ,, shai kanta .

Hughli district, in village shrubberies, occasional.

* Acacia catecliuoides Wall. B. P. 458. A Catechu H. S. 260. A •

Sundra H. S. 260,
v. Khayar .

In village-shrubberies, general.

Acacia Farnesiaiia Wilid. ; B. P. 458. Vachellia Farnesiana H. S.
264.

v. Guhiya babul .

Planted very generally; given by Voigt as occurring at Seram-
pore, but certainly not wild in our districts ; native of Western India
and the Orient.

* Acacia araMca Wilid. ; H. S. 262 ; B. P. 458.

v. Babul.

In fields and about villages, everywhere ; sometimes planted,

* Acacia tomentosa Wilid.; H. S. 262 ; B. P. 458.

v. Salsain babul .

In village-shrubberies, general.

Acacia concinna DC. ; B. P. 458. A. rugata H. S. 263.

v. Ban ritha) ritha.

Given by Voigt as occurring atSerampore; but probably only
planted, which it occasionally is near villages throughout our
districts ; native of S. E. Asia.

172. Albizzia Duraz.

Albizzia Lebbek Benth. ; B. P. 461. Acacia Sirissa H. S. 261.

v. Sirissa.

In avenues, on roadsides, and near villages ; everywhere planted ;
native of Sub-Himalay&n forests and of Indo-China.

Albizzia procera Benth. ; B. P. 4 61 .
v. Koroi.

Planted in avenues, now quite naturalized in village-shrubberies
near Calcutta; native of drier parts of India and Indo-China.

Albizzia liicida Benth.; B. P. 461.
v. Sil koroi .

Planted, but also often self-sown in village-shrubberies near
Calcutta ; native of lower Himalayan slopes and of moister parts of
Indo-China.

HUGH Li - HO W R AH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

2°.g

173. Leucsena Be nth,

Leucaena glauca Benth. ; B. P. 455. Mimosa glauca H. S. 262,

Hedges, river banks, thickets and village shrubberies, every-
where ; native of America.

In Voigt's time only planted in gardens; now one of the common-
est shrubs in the neighbourhood of Calcutta.

174. Pitkecolobium Mart.

Pithecolobium dulce Benth.; B. P. 462. Inga dulcis H. S. 257.

v. Belati amli) dekhani babul.

Planted everywhere, but also self-sown and very plentiful in
village-shrubberies ; native of America.

In Voigt’s time only cultivated ; now a very common denizen of
village woods, almost as plentiful as Guazuma tomentosa : introduced
to India by way of the Philippines and Malaya.

175. Enterolobium Mart.

Enterolobium Sain an Prain; B. P. 463,
v. Belati sirissa.

Planted in avenues and on roadsides, every where ; occasionally
self-sown ; native of America. The Rain Tree.

XXXVII. — ROSACE dE.

176. Rosa Linn.

Rosa involucrata Roxb. ; H. S. 194 ; B, P. 466.
v. Ban gulab.

In gardens, not common : not wild apparently within our districts,
but plentiful, wild, in marshes in North and East Bengal.

Rosa centifoiia Linn. ; H. S. 194 ; B. P. 467.
v. Basaraiya gulab .

In gardens, general ; native of Europe.

Rosa indica Linn. ; H. S. 194 ; B. P. 467.

v. Kanta gulab.

In gardens, everywhere ; native of China.

177. Eriobotrya Lindl,

Eriobotrya japonica Lindh.; H. S. 198 ; B. P. 468.

Cultivated, sparingly, in gardens ; native of China. The Loquat.
The Peach is also sparingly cultivated but does not produce fruit
so freely as the Loquat.

2 I O

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

XXX VIII, — CRA IJLACEzE.

178. ISiyophyllum Salisb.

Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. ; H. S. 268 ; B. P. 470.
v. Kop-pata*

In waste places and thickets, everywhere ; native of Moluccas,
first brought to Calcutta in 1799.

179. Kalanclioe Adans.

* Kalanclioe laciniata DC.; H. S. 268 ; B. P. 471.

v. Hem sagar .

Hughli district, in waste places, rare.

XXXIX, — DROSERACEiE.

189. ©rosera Linn.

* ©rosera Btirmanni Vahl ; H. S. 79; B, P. 472.

Goghat, Western Hughli district.

181. Aldrovanda Linn.

* Aldrovanda vesiculosa Linn. ; H. S. 79; B. P. 472.

v. Malacca jhangi.

Jhils south of Calcutta, very rare ; has been collected by Rox-
burgh, T. Thomson^ and Kurz.

XL.— HALORAGEjE.

183. Myriopliyllum Linn.

* Myriopliyllum tuberculatum Roxb. ; H. S. 35; B. P.474. M.

verticill at urn H. S. 35, not of Linn,
v. Jhangi .

In marshes east of the river Hughli, very common ; west of the
Hughli, very rare.

* Myriopliyllum indicum Willd. ; H. S. 35 ; B. P. 474. M. tetran -

drum H. S. 35.
v. Jhangi \

In marshes and ditches ; everywhere.

XLI. — RHIZOPHORACEiE,

183. Rkizophora Linn.

* Rliizopliora mucronata Lamk ; H.S. 41 ; B. P. 475.

v. Khamo) bhora.

Western Sundribuns.

HUGHLI* HOWRAH AND THE 24-PEgGUNNAHS.

211

* Bliizopliora conjugata Linn. ; H. S. 41 ; B. P. 475,

v. Khamo , bhora .

Western Sundribuns,

184* Ceriops Arn.

* Ceriops Raxbur^liiana Am. ; H. S. 41 ; B, P» 476.

v. Goran .

Western Sundribuns.

185. Siandelia W. & A.

* Kandelia mheedei W. & A. ; H. S. 41 ; B. P. 476.

v. Goria.

Western Sundribuns.

186. Bruguiera Lamk.

* Bragaiera gymnorhiza Lamk ; B. P. 477. B. Rheedei H. S. 41,

v. Kankra.

Western Sundribuns.

Bruguiera parviflora W. & A. ; H. S. 41.

Sundribuns, according to Roxburgh and Voigt, but needs con-
firmation ; native of other S. E. Asian shores.

XL1I. — COllBRETACEiE.

187. Terminal ia Linn.

Tenniaalia Oatappa Linn. ; H. S. 36 ; B. P. 4S1.

v. Deshi baddm.

Planted on roadsides and in avenues ; native of Malaya.

188. Lumnitzcra Willd.

Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. ; H. S. 39; B. P. 484.
v. Kripa.

Western Sundribuns.

189. Ruisqualis Linn.

Ruisqualis indica Linn. ; H. S. 39 ; B. P. 484.

In gardens, everywhere ; native of Malaya.

XLIIL — MYBTACE/E.

190, Psidium Linn.

Psidiiifm Ruyava Linn.; B. P. 487. Pa py rife rum H. S, 46. P.
pomifevum H. S. 46.
v. P iya r .

2 12

TffE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Planted, and semi-spontaneous iff village-shrubberies, every-
where ; native of America.

191. Eugenia Linn.

Eugenia inalaccensis Linn. ; £[. §. 47; S. P. 490.
v. Malacca jantritt .

In native gardens, frequent; native of Malaya.

Eugenia j a vanica Lamk. ; E. alba H. S. 48.
v. JamruL

In native girdans, frequent; native of Malaya. Voigt by an
oversight gives the vernacular name as Amrul , which is in our
districts, used only for Oxalls corniculat a,

Eugenia Jambos Linn.; H. S. 47 ; B. P. 490.

v. Golab jamb.

In native gardens, often ; native of India.

Eugenia aquea Roxb. ; H. S. 47 ; B. P. 490.
v. Jambo .

In gardens, often; native of Malaya.

Eugenia Jambolana Lamk ; H. S. 49; B. P. 491.

v. Kd la jamb , jamb ,

Planted generally, occasionally semi-spontaneous ; native of
India.

var. caryopliyllifolia B. P. 491. E caryophyllifolia H. S. 49.
v. Chhota jamb.

Given bv Voigt as occurring at Serampore, not impossibly, but
needs verification ; is plentiful to the west of our districts ; native
of India.

193. Barrington Forst

* Barringtonia raceniosa Bl. ; H. S. 51 ; B. P. 493.

v. Samundra .

Western Sundribuns.

* Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. ; H. S. 51 ; B. P. 493,

v. Hidjal.

Near river banks, general.

XtIV.— LYFHRAEEJS.

193. Ammannia Linn.

* Ammannia rotundifolia Ham.; B, P. 500, Ameletia rotundifolia

H. S. 130.

Edges of wet rice-fields, sides of ditches; very rare.

HUGHU-HOWRAH and THE 2 4'* P E R G U'NN A H 9'.

213

* Ammaimia peploides Spreng. ; B. P, 500* Ameletia indica H.

S. 130.

Edges of wet rice-fields, sides of ditches ; frequent.

*Ammannia pygmaea Kurz ; B. P. 500.

Damp paths and open waste places, general.

* Ajnmannia pentandra Roxb. ; B, P. 500. Rotala Roxburghiana,

H. S. 129.

A weed of wet places ; general.
var. * fimbriata Wight ; B. P. 500.

A weed of wet places ; general.

* Ammannia baccifera Linn. ; B, P. 500. A. vesicatoria H. S. 130.

A, indica H. S. 130.
v. Dad mari.

A weed of wet places ; everywhere.

* Ammannia salicifolia Monti; B. P. 501.

v. Ddd mari .

A weed of wet places ; 24-Pergunnahs only.

* Ammannia mnltiflora Roxh. ; H. S. 130; B. P. 501.

A weed of wet places, general.

194. YVoodfordia Salisb.

Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. ; B. P. 502. Grislea tomentosa H. S.
I3I-

v. Dhai phul, dhds} dhani .

Given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but there certainly
only planted ; it may occur in the extreme west of Hughli district ;
native of S. E. Asia.

195. Lawsonia Linn.

Lawsoniaalba Lamk; H. S. 131 ; B. P. 502.

v. Mehndi .

Planted in hedges, chiefly in Hughli district; native of the
Orient. The Henna.

196. Lagers troemia Linn.

Lagers treemia indica Linn.; H. S. 131 ; B. P. 504.

v. Telinga china .

In gardens everywhere, in hedges or on lawns ; native of S. 'E.
Asia.

Lagerstroemia Flos- Regime Relz ; B. P. 504. L. Regime H. S. 131.
v. JaruL

Planted on roadsides and in avenues ; native of Itido-China and
India.

214

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

197. Sonneratia Linn. f.

* Sonneratia apctala Ham- ; H. S. 50; B. P. 505.

v. Keora.

Western Sundribuns and banks of river and creeks as far north
as Uluberia and the Salt-lakes of Calcutta.

* Sonneratia acida Linn. f. ; H. S. 50; B. P. 505.

v. Ora .

Western Sundribuns.

198, Punica Linn.

Punica (*raiiatum Linn. ; H. S. 50; B. P. 505.
v. Dalim.

Occasionally in native gardens about Calcutta ; native of Africa.
The Pomegranate.

XLV.— 0NAGRACEJ3.

199. Jussiaea Linn.

* Jussiaea repens Linn.; H. S. 33 ; B. P. 507.

v. Kesara-dam.

Floating on ponds or ditches, or creeping on their muddy mar-
gins; everywhere.

* Jussiaea suffruticosa Linn. ; B. P. 507. J. villosa H. S. 33-

v. Ldl banlanga.

A weed of moist places ; general.

300, Ludwigia Linn.

* Ludwigia parviflora Roxb. ; H. S. 34 ; B. P. 507.

v. Banlanga.

A weed of wet rice-fields, Hughli district.

301, Trapa Linn.

* Trapa bispinosa Roxb. ; H. S. 35 ; B. P. 508.

v. Singhdra) pani phal.

Floating on ponds, everywhere. The Water Chestnut.

XLVI, — TURNER XCEdE.

303, Turner a Linn.

* Tuniera ulmi folia Linn.; B. P. 511. T, ulmifolia VAR, angusti -

folia H. S. 85.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUiNNAHS.

215

In waste places, everywhere ; originally an escape from gardens,
but now thoroughly established throughout our districts ; native of
America.

Voigt gives T. trioniflora as similarly domesticated about Seram*
pore, but though there are parts of India, e.g. Tenasserim, where
this species also is quite naturalized, the writer has never met with
it in a wild state in our districts.

XL VII. — PA SSIFLORACEdE.

203. Passiflora Linn.

Passiflora suberosa Linn.; H. S. So; B. P. 512.

In hedges and thickets throughout our districts ; thoroughly
naturalized everywhere ; native of America.

Passiflora foetida Linn.; H. S. 81 ; B. P, 512.

In hedges and thickets about Shibpur, Serampore, Chandernagore,
Hughli ; apparently quite naturalized ; native of America.

Both these species are originally escapes from gardens ; both
appear to have become domesticated since Voigt's time, but the
first of the two, which is now invading the Sundribuns, must certainly
be reckoned one of the wild plants of our area. Various other
species of Passiflora are cultivated ; at least two of them have been
found by the writer naturalized in hedges and thickets in Northern
Bengal and no doubt in time others wdll establish themselves in our
districts, and may, indeed, have already casually done so.

201. Carica Linn.

Carica Papaya Linn.; H. S. 83 ; B. P. 514.
v. Pippiya (from the American name).

Generally cultivated, but often also subspontaneous in village-
shrubberies. The Papaw.

XLVIII, — CUCURBITACEiE,

205, Tricliosanthes Linn.

Tricliosanthes dioica Roxb. ; H. S. 58 ; B. P. i. 517.
v. Pat a l .

Cultivated and occasionally as if wild in village-shrubberies;
native of India,

* Tricliosanthes cucnmerina Linn,; H. S, 57; B. P. i, 518. T ,
lobata H. S. 58.
v. Ban chichinga .

In hedges. and thickets ; sometimes also cultivated.

2l6

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Trichosauthes anguina Linn. ; H. S. 57 ; B. P. L 5 1 8-

v. Chi chin ga*

Cultivated everywhere; native of S. E. Asia.

* Trichosantlies palmata Roxb. ; B. P. i. 518. T. bracteata H. S. 58.

v. Makal.

In village-shrubberies and hedges, common.

206. Gymnopetalum Arn.

m Gysiinopetal 11111 coeliiuchineiise Kurz ; B. P. i. 518.

Hedges and thickets near Calcutta ; not common.

207, Lagenaria Ser.

Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. ; H. S. 57 ; B. P. i. 519.
v. Kaddu , kodu} lau .

Cultivated about villages; sometimes as if wild ; native of India.

208. Luffa Cav.

* Luffa graveolens Roxb. ; H. S. 57 ; B. P. i. 520,

North-Western Sundribuns, at Jatta.

Luffa segyptiaca Mill.; B. P. i. 520; L, pentandra H. S. 56. L.
clavata H. S. 57.
v. Dhundul .

Cultivated about villages, but often also as if wild ; native of
Eastern Hemisphere.

Luffa acutangula Roxb.; B. P. i. 520. L.foetida H. S. 56.

v. Jhinga .

Cultivated generally, near villages ; native of India.

* Luffa amara Roxb. ; H. S. 57 ; B. P. i. 520.

v. Tita-jhingai tit a dhundul .

Serampore, according to Voigt ; not improbably, but the record
needs confirmation.

209, Benincasa Savi.

Beniucasa cerifera Savi; H. S. 57; B. P. i. 521.

v. Chal kamra .

Cultivated generally, near villages ; native of S. E. Asia.

210, Momordica Linn.

Momordica Cliarantia Linn. ; H. S. 56 ; B. P. i. 521.

v. Karela .

Cultivated everywhere ; sometimes as if wild in village-shrubberies ;
native of S. E, Asia.

HUGHLI HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

217

var. muricata W. & A. ; H. S. 56.

v. (Jchhiya .

Cultivated everywhere ; much more plentiful than the karila ;
native of S. E. Asia.

*ilIomordica dioica Roxb, ; H. S. 56 ; B. P. i. 521.

In hedges and thickets, everywhere.

*Momordica cocliinciiineusis Sprang. ; H. S. 56 ; B. P. i. 522.
v. Gol kakra.

Hedges and thickets, especially about Calcutta.

311, Cucumis Linn.

* Cucumis trigonus Roxb. ; H. S. 59 ; B. P. i. 522. C. pubescens .
H. S. 59.
v. Ban-gamak.

Waste places, especially west of river Hughli.

Cucumis Melo Linn. ; H. S. 58 ; B. P. i. 522. C. utilissimus H. S. 58.

v. Karbdz ( C . Melo , the sweet) ; Kdkri (C. utilissimus , the vege-
table).

Cultivated everywhere ; native of the Orient.

Cucumis sativus Linn. ; H. S. 58 ; B. P. i. 523.

v. Khird .

Cultivated about Calcutta ; native of the Orient.

212, Citrullus Schrad.

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.; B. P. i. 523. C. cucurbita H. S. 55.
v. Tarbuz .

Cultivated about Calcutta ; native of the Orient.

313. Cephalandra Schrad.

* Cephalandra indica Naud. ; B. P. 1. 523. Coccinia grandis H.
S. 59.

v. Tela kuchat bhimba .

Hedges and thickets, everywhere.

314:. Cucurbita Linn.

Cucurbita Pepo DC. ; B. P. i. 524,

v. Kumra .

Cultivated occasionally ; native of the Orient.

Cucurbita maxima Duch, ; B. P. i. 524.

v. Mitha kaddu.

Cultivated occasionally; native of the Orient.

2l8

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Cucurbita moschata Dacb. ; B. P. i. 524. C . maxima H. S. 59.
v, Sajra kumra .

Cultivated fairly generally ; native of the Orient.

SI 5. Mulda Arn.

* MuMa scabrella Arn.; H. S. 55; B. P. i. 525.
v. Agu makhi) bildri.

Hedges, thickets and waste places, everywhere.

£16. Bryonia Linn.

* Bryonia laciniosa Linn. ; H. S. 55 ; B. P. i. 526.

v. Mala.

Village-shrubberies, not common.

£17. Zehneria End!.

* Zelineria umbellata Thev. ; B. P. i. 527, Karivia t^mbellata H. S.

55.

v. Kuddri , rakhal susa.

Hedges and thickets, general, but not very common.

XLIX.-CACTACEJ3.

£18. Cereus DC.

Cereiis pterogonus Lemaire.

Planted as a fence, especially in the Hughli district; occasionally
as if wild in waste places, e.g. in the Goghat sub-division ; native of
America.

£19. Opuntia Mill.

Opuntia Billenii Haw. ; H. S. 62; B. P. i. 531.
v. Nag phana.

In waste places and by roadsides, quite naturalised in many
places ; native of America.

Li — FICOfDEiE.

SSO, Sesuvinm Linn.

*Sesuvium Portnlacastriim Linn.; B. P. i. 532. S. repens H. S. 323.
Western Sundribuns, on muddy river banks, general.

SSI, Triautliema Linn.

* Trianthema moMOgynuni Linn.; B. P. i. 533. T. obcordatum
H. S. 173.

v. Sabuni ; gada-bani.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNN AHS.

2 19

Waste places and garden ground, general.

Voigt records also T. decandrum from Seram pore, but says it is
rare ; he restricts the name gada-bani to T. decandrum . The writer
has never found any 2-styled species of Trianthema in our area and
believes that the two vernacular names are applied to T. monogynum .
There is nothing, however, to prevent the occurrence of both
T, decandrum and T. pentandrum alongside of T. monogynum in
Lower Bengal and they should be looked for; they are quite like
T . monogynum but may be at once distinguished by their 2 styles,
T. monogynum having but 1 style.

Voigt further reports T. crystallinum from Serampore, but Clarke
in Hooker’s Flora of British India says that this species does not
occur in Bengal: in this it is almost certain that Clarke is right and
that Voigt’s supposed T . crystallinum was only a state of T. mono-
gynum.

223. Mollugo Linn.

* Mollugo stricta Linn.; B. P. i. 533. M. pentapkylla H. S. 180*
M. triphylla H. S. 180.
v. Khet papara) jul papara.

A weed of river-foreshores and sand-banks,

^Mollugo Spergula Linn.; H. S. 180; B. P. i. 533.

v. Ghimi shak .

A field weed ; everywhere, common.

* Mollugo hirta Thunb. ; B. P. i. 533. Glinus dictamnoides H. S. 65.

Waste places and dry fields, everywhere.

This appears to have no distinctive vernacular name in spite of
its being a common plant; both by Roxburgh and by Voigt, it is
quoted simply as Dusera-sag or Dusra-sak) “ another pot-herb.”

LI.— UM BELLI FERiE,

233. Hydrocotyle Linn.

* Hydrocotyle rotumlifolia Roxb. ; H. S. 20 ; B. P. i. 535.

A weed of gardens about Calcutta.

* Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.; H. S. 20; B. P. i. 535.

v. Brahma manduki) thalkuri .

Grassy glades and moist shady places, general.

231. Carum Linn.

Carum RoxburgMannm Benth. ; B. P. i. 536. Pimpinella involu-
crata H. S. 21.

v. Chanu) raj ant ) radhani.

Everywhere cultivated; native of India.

220

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Carum copticum Benth. ; B. P. i. 536. Ptychotis , Ajowan H. S. 21.
v. Jurani) buro-jowan.

Everywhere cultivated ; native of India.

225. Foeniculum Adans.

FoeniCttlum vulgare Gaertn. ; H. S. 22 ; B. P. i. 537. F. Panmori
H. S. 22.

v. Pan mohuri .

Sparingly cultivated, mostly in Hughli district ; native of the
Orient.

226. Seseli Linn.

* Seseli indicum W. & A,.; B. P. i. 538. Cnidium diffusum H. S. 22.

v. Ban jow&n.

A field weed, occasional only\

237. (Enantlie Linn.

* SEnantlie stolonifera Wall. ,* H. S. 21 ; B. P. i. 539.

v. Pan turasi .

In and around ponds and ditches, general.

* (Enantlie benglialensis Benth. ; B. P. i. 539. Dasyloma bengalense

H. S. 22,

Moist shady spots near water, common.

328. Peucedanum Linn.

Peucedaimin Sowa Kurz ; B. P. i. 540. Anethum Sowa H. S. 22.
v. Salpha) sowa .

Cultivated generally ; native of India.

229. Coriandrum Linn.

Coriandrum sativum Linn.; H. S. 23 ; B. P. i. 540.
v. Dhane.

Cultivated sparingly, especially in the Hughli district ; native of
the Orient.

230. Daucus Linn.

Daucus Carota Linn. ; H. S. 23 ; B. P. i. 541.

v. Gajar .

Cultivated occasionally; native of Europe and the Orient,

HUGHU-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNN AHS.

221

LIE— ARALIACE E.

231. PaiiaxLinn.

Panax fruticosum Linn. ; H. S. 24 ; B. P. i. 543.

In gardens generally ; native of Malaya.

EIII . — CORA ACEiE.

233. Alangium Lamk.

* Alangium Lamarckii Thw. ; B. P. i. 543. A. decapetalum H. S. 40.

v. Ankara.

In village-shrubberies, general.

CORO LLI FLO R/E.

LIV. — R UBI ACEiE.

233. Antlioceplialiis A. Rich.

Antliocephalus Cadamba Miq. ; B. P. i. 551. Nauclea Cadamba
H. S. 375.
v. Kadam .

Planted in avenues, on roadsides and near villages ; sometimes
spontaneous in village-shrubberies ; native of S. E. Asia.

234. Adina Salisb.

Adina cor difolia Hook. f. ; B. P. i. 552. Nauclea cordifolia H. S8
3 75-

v. Kali kadam , da kom , petpuria} bangka.

Planted occasionally on roadsides and about village tanks ; native
oi drier parts of India and Indo-China.

235. Stepkegyne Korth.

* Stepke^yne parvifolia Korth. ; B. P. i. 552. Nauclea parvifolia

H. S. 375.

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division, wild ; also reported by Voigt
from Serampore but there probably only planted, as it occasionally is
in other places west of the Hughli.

236. Weiidlandia Bartl.

* Weiidlandia exserta DC. ; H. S. 383 ; B. P. i. 554.

v. Chilkiya .

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division, wild.

222

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

237. Oentella Foist.

* Dentella repens Forst. ; H. S. 383; B. P. i. 555.

v. Bhumi pat*

Damp foot-paths and shady places, general,

238. Olde nla mil a Linn.

* Oldenlandia crystallina Roxb. ; B. P. i. 559. Hedyotis pumila

H. S. 384.

v. Panki.

Waste places, general.

* Oldenlandia diffusa Roxb.; B. P. i. 559. Hedyotis dichotoma

H. S. 384.

Waste places and thickets, general.

* Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn.; B. P. i. 559. Hedyotis Burman-

niana H. S. 384.
v. Khet papra.

Waste places, not uncommon.

* Oldenlandia paniculata Linn. ; B. P. i. 560. Hedyotis racemosa H.

S. 384.

v. Gandha bhaduli.

Edges of rice-fields and moist places, general.

239. Hamelia Jacq.

Mamelia patens Jacq. ; H. 3. 385 ; B. P. i. 563.

In gardens and on lawns; also now often sub-spontaneous near
villages about Calcutta ; native of America.

240. Gardenia Linn.

Gardenia florida Linn. ; H. S. 377 ; B. P. i. 565.

v. Gandha raj .

In gardens everywhere; native of China.

241. Randia Linn.

Randia nliginosa DC. ; H. S. 381 ; B. P. i. 566.

v. Piralo.

Planted occasionally ; given by Voigt as occurring at Serampore,
but almost certainly not wild anywhere in our districts ; native of
India and common in West Bengal beyond our limits.

* Randia dumetorum Lamk ; H. S. 381 ; B. P. i. 567.

©

v. Menphil , madan .

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division, wild ; Western Sundribuns,
in old cleanings, naturalized * sometimes also in native gardens, planted.

HUGHLI-HQWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

233

242. Hyptianthera W. & A.

* Hyptianthera stricta Wr. & A. ; H. S. 382 ; B. P. i. 568.

In thickets, west of the river Hughli ; rare,

243. Pavetta Linn.

Pavetta indica Linn. ; H. S. 391 ; B. P. i. 569.
v. Kukur chura.

Reported by Voigt as occurring at Serampore, but almost certainly
only planted, as it sometimes is elsewhere.

var. * tomentosa B. P. i. 570. Pavetta tomentosa H. S, 392.
v. Jut .

Hedges, village-shrubberies and waste places, general.

244. Ixora Linn.

* Ixora parviflora Vahl ; H S. 390; B. P. i. 571.

v. Gandhal rangan.

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division, in waste places ; elsewhere
general in village-shrubberies.

* Ixora midulata Roxb. ; H. S. 390; B. P. i. 571.

v. Palaka jui .

In village-shrubberies, general.

Ixora coccinea Linn. var. Bandhuca ; B. P, i. 371. /. Bandhuca H.

S. 3S9

v. Rangan.

In gardens and on lawns, everywhere; native of India and lndo„
China.

Ixora stricta Roxb.; H. S. 389 ; B. P. i. 571.

In gardens, generally ; native of China.

245. Coffea Linn,

Coffea bengalensis Roxb. ; H. S. 392 ; B. P. i. 572.

Recorded by Voigt from Serampore, but almost certainly not wild
in our districts ; plentiful in Chota Nagpur.

24@, Morinda Linn.

* Morinda bracteata Roxb.; H. S. 386; B. P. i. 573. M.exserta H.

S. 386.

v. Haldi kunch) ronch) hardi , ban ach.

Western Sundribuns and along the banks of the Hughli as far
north as Calcutta; occasionally also in village-shrubberies near the
river. F

224

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Morinda citrifolia Linn. ; H. S. 385 ; B. P. i. 573. M. tinctoria ?

H. S. 386.
v. Ach.

Gogbat sub-division, Hughli district. M. tinctoria is reported
by Voigt from Serampore, but this record is doubtful; possibly M-
citrifolia may have been the species seen ; in any case it was pro-
bably only planted.

217. Cantliium Lamk.

Canthiuin parvifolium Roxb. ; H. S. 388 ; B. P. i. 574.

Village-shrubberies, but only near Calcutta and only occasionally:
this was introduced from Chittagong in 1814 and had not flowered up
to 1845 > it is interesting to find it now becoming naturalized.

248. Vangaeria Juss.

Vangueria edulis Vahl; H. S. 386; B. P. i. 575.

Cultivated occasionally in native gardens ; introduced from Mada-
gascar.

* Vangueria spiuosa Roxb. ; H. S. 386; B. P. i. 575.

v. Moyena .

In village-shrubberies, not uncommon.

249. Paederia Linn.

* Psederia fietida Linn. ; H. S. 3 S8 ; B. P. i. 578.

v. Gandha bhadulia .

Hedges and thickets, general.

250. Knoxia Linn.

Knoxia corymbosa Willd. ; H. S. 395 ; B. P. i. 578.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt; the record requires verifica-
tion.

251. Spejfthacoce Linn.

* 8permacoce liispida Linn.; H. S. 394; B. P. i. 580.

Waste places, but only west of the Hughli river ; not uncommon.

LV— COMPOSITE.

252. Centratherum Cass.

* Centratherum anthelminticum O. Kuntze ; B. P. i. 589. Vernonia
anthelmintica H. S. 405.
v. Somraj .

Rubbish heaps, rare, possibly not truly native of our area ; plenti-
ful to the west of our districts.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

225

253, Vernonia Schreb.

* Vernonia cinerea Less. ; H. S. 405 ; B. P. i. 590.

v. Kok-shim, kdla jhira,

Helds, roadsides and waste places, everywhere.

254, Elephantopus Linn.

* Elephantopns scaher Linn. • H. S. 406 ; B. P. i. 590.

v. Samdulun.

Waste places, open glades and dry fields, general.

255, Adenostemma Forst.

* Adenostemma viscosum Forst. ; B. P. i. 591. A. leiocarpum H. S.

406.

v. Buro keshuti.

Waste places and rubbish heaps, occasional.

250. Ageratum Linn.

Ageratum conyzoides Linn. ; H. S. 406 ; B. P. i. 591.

v. Oochunti.

Helds, open glades, waste places, everywhere ; originally American,

257. Eupatorium Linn.

Eupatorium Ayapana Vent. ; B. P. i. 592. E. triplinerve H. S. 407.
v. Ayapana (from its American name).

Commonly cultivated in native gardens about Calcutta; native of
Brazil.

Eupatorium odoratum Linn. ; B. P. i. 592.

Occasionally in native gardens about Calcutta ; introduced from
West Indies.

258. Cyathocliue Cass.

* Cyathocline lyrata Cass. ; B. P. i. 593.

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division, in waste places.

250. Grangea Forsk.

* Grangea maderaspatana Poir. ; H. S. 409 ; B. P. i. 593,

v. N anuUi .

Roadsides, dry fields and waste places, general,

260. Blumea DC.

* Blumea amplectens DC. ; B. P. i. 597.

Moist fields east of the Hughli and south of Calcutta, also in
cleanings in the North-Western Sundribuns. F 2

226

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

^Blumea biMiata DC. ; H. S. 410; B. P. L 597.

Dry grassy places and hedges, mostly about Calcutta, Howrah, and
other towns near the Hughli.

* Blumea Wigktiana DC. ; B. P. i. 597.

Drier grassy glades, everywhere.

* Blumea glomerata DC. ; B. P. i. 598.

Waste places, occasional only and possibly not truly native in
our districts ; plentiful in most parts of Bengal.

* Blumea lacera DC. ; H. S. 410 ; B. P. i. 598.

v. Kukur sunga , bara koksing , buro kukshimy bara suksunga.
Drier grassy glades, general.

■^Blimiea laciniata DC. ; H. S. 410; B. P. i. 598,

Drier grassy glades, especially west of the river Hughli.

* Blumea membranacea DC. ; B. P. i. 598. Conyza diffusa H. S. 409.

Grassy places, everywhere.

861. Laggera Sch.-Bip.

*Laggera flava Benth. ; B. P. i. 599.

Dry grassy places, but only west of the Hughli river, and rare in

our districts.

* Laggera aurita Sch.-Bip. ; B. P. i. 599. Blumea aurita H. S. 410.

Dry fields, roadsides, hedges, general.

868. Plucliea Cass.

* Plucliea indica Less. ; H. S. 4IQ > B. P. i. 6oo.

v. Munjhu rukha} kukronda .

Western Sundribuns, plentiful.

863. Sphserantlms Linn.

* Spliseranthus africaniis Linn. ; B. P. i. 601. S . hirtus H. 8,409.

v. Mundi .

Swampy places and rice-fields especially south of Calcutta and
in cleanings in the North-Western Sundribuns ; very rare west of the
Hughli.

* Sphserantlius indicus Linn.; B. P. i. 601. S. mollis H. S. 409.
v. Chaggul nadi , gktik-nunii , murmur ia.

Dry rice-fields, very plentiful west of the river Hughli ; east of
the river rather rare.

864. Atliroisma DC,

* Atliroisma 1 acini at urn DC.; B. P. i. 6oie

Dry rice^fields, occasional.

HUGHLI-HQWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

^27

205. Gnaphalium Linn.

* Gnaphalium luteo-album Linn. var. pallidum B. P. i, 602.

Dry fields west of the Hughli and north of Calcutta.

* Gnaphalium indicum Linn.; H, S. 421 ; B. P. i. 602.

Dry fields, gardens, and places where water has lodged during
the rains, general.

* Gnaphalium pulvinatum DC. ; B. P. i. 603.

Hughli district, Goghat sub-division,

260. Caesulia Roxb.

*Caesulia axillaris Roxb. ; H. S. 41 1 ; B. P. i. 603,

Rice-fields and wet places, everywhere.

207. Emilia Cass.

* Emilia soncliifolia DC.; H. S. 421 ; B. P, i. 605.

v. Sadi modi .

Shady places, general.

268. Hymenantherum Cass.

Hymenantlierum tenuifolium Cass.

In gardens general, readily self-sown on dry paths and in dry
waste places ; native of Mexico.

209. Tagetes Linn.

Tagetes patula Linn. ; H. S. 416 ; B. P. i. 607,
v. Chhota genda.

In gardens everywhere, often also as an escape; native of Mexico.

Tagetes erecta Linn. ; H. S. 417.
v. Buro genda .

In gardens generally, sometimes also as an escape ; native of
Mexico*

270, Xanthium Linn.

*Xantkium strumarium Linn.; B. P. i, 607. X. orientate H. Sa

413*

v. Ban okra , chhota gokhru.

River banks, sides of ponds and ditches, waste places and
rubbish heaps, general.

Xantliium spinosum Linn. ; B. P. i. 608.

Waste places, occasional ; very abundant at Canning Town along
the Matla river; introduced from S. Europe

2-8

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

371. Lagascea Cav.

JLagascea mollis Cav. ; H. S. 406; B. P. i. 608.

Garden ground, waste places and river banks about Calcutta, a
very frequent weed; introduced from the West Indies.

373. Zinnia Linn.

Zinnia panciflora Linn. ; H. S. 413; B. P. i. 609.

In gardens everywhere ; sometimes also sub-spontaneous ; native
of Mexico.

Other species of Zinnia, and especially Z . ele^ans, are generally cultivated
in gardens both Native and European, but the writer has not observed this
tendency to become naturalised in any save Z. pauciflora .

373. Enkydra Lour.

*Enhydra fluctuans Lour.; B. P. i. 610. E . HingcTia H. S. 416.

v. Hinge ha.

Edges of ponds and ditches and sometimes partly floating;
everywhere.

374. Eclipta Linn.

* Eclipta alba Hassk. ; B. P. i. 610. E, erect a H. S. 41 1.

v. Kesariy keskuti .

Fields, roadsides; waste places everywhere,

375. Wedelia Jacq.

* Wedelia calendulacea Less.; H. S 414; B. P. i. 61 1.

v. Kesarajy bhimrdj .

Wet places, banks of ponds, ditches and khals ; general.

* Wedelia scandens Clarke ; B. P. i.612. Wollastonia scandens H.

S. 414.
v. Bhimrdj,

Western Sundribuns, climbing on bushes along river banks and at
sea-face, very common; extends along banks of Hughli almost to
Calcutta.

376. Titkonia Desf.

Tithonia tagetiflora Desf. ; B. P. i. 612.

In gardens and on lawns, general ; native of America.

377. Helianthus Linn.

Helianthus animus Linn.; H. S, 415 ; B. P. 613.

v. Suraj mukhiy shuriya mukti.

In gardens everywhere ; native of S, America.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

22Q

IMiantlms argyrophyllus Torr. & Gr.; B. P. i. 613.

v. Safed sura/ mukhi , swet shuriya mukti .

In gardens generally, and freely sab-spontaneous in cultivated
ground and waste places ; native of N. America.

Helianthus tuberosus Linn.; H. S. 415; B. P. i. 613,

v. Brahmokha .

In vegetable and market gardens, especially near Calcutta; native
of Brazil.

378, Guizotia Cass.

Guizotia abyssinica Cass. ; H. S. 414 ; B. P. i. 614,
v. Surguja , ram tila.

Afield crop in Goghat sub-division of Hughli district; native
of Africa.

379. Synedrella G^ertn.

Syhedrella nodiflora Gsertn. ; B. P. i. 615.

In cultivated ground and waste places about Calcutta ; occasional ;
native of tropical America.

389. Cosmos Cav.

Cosmos sulfnreus Cav.; H. S. 416; B. P. i. 616.

In gardens; also not infrequent as a weed in waste places near
Calcutta (quite naturalised in the drier districts to the west of
our area) ; native of Mexico.

381. Spilantlies Linn.

Spilanthes Acmella Linn.; H. S. 416; B. P. i. 614.

v. Mar hat a tig a.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record requires
verification ; the species occurs in Chota Nagpur, North Bengal, and
Chittagong, but is probably only a casual on the deltaic alluvium.

383. Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. ; B. P. i. 618.

A not uncommon weed in cultivated ground in the cold weather
but not persisting; probably always a casual introduction from the
Himalaya where it is abundant ; originally introduced from America.

383. Tridax Linn.

Tridax procumbens Linn. ; H. S. 417 ; B. P. i. 618.

Grassy glades, dry roadsides, old walls, everyw here ; native ct
Mexico.

230

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

284. Chrysanthemum Linn.

Chrysanthemum cor onariu m Linn. ; B. P„ i. 619, C. Roxburghii
H. S. 419.

v. Gul-dandi .

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but possibly only from Carey's
Garden ; it is a staple cold-weather crop in Northern Bengal and the
Assam Valley, but is not grown in Central Bengal ; native certainly
of China and, it is said, also of the Mediterranean region. Voigt
refers the vernacular name only to the garden Chrysanthemum ( C ,
indicum ) which is also a native of China, introduced to general
horticulture by way of Japan.

285. Co tula Linn.

* Cotula hemisphserica Wall. ; B. P. i. 620. Machlis hemispherica

H. S. 420.

A weed of cultivated ground and waste places, west of the river
Hughli.

286. Centipeda Lour.

* Centipeda orbicularis Lour. ; B. P. L 620. Myriogyne minuta VAR.

lanuginosa H» S. 420.
v. Mechicta} liachuti.

Damp ground, everywhere.

287. Cnicus Linn.

* Cilicus arveiisis Hoffn,; B. P. i. 622, Aplotaxis cirsioid'.s H.

S. 424.

v. Tikbhuma) silkanta.

Cultivated ground, everywhere.

288. Silybum Gsertn.

Silybum Marianum Gaertn. ; H. S. 425 ; B P. 1. 623.

In gardens, mostly, however, of European residents ; native of
the Mediterranean region, the Orient and the Western Himalaya.

289. Carthamus Linn.

Cartliamis tiuctorius Linn. ; H. S. 425 ; B. P. i. 625.
v. Rusumb .

A cold-weather field crop, general ; native of India.

296. Crepis Linn.

*Crepis japonica Benth. ; B. P. i. 627. Youngia procumbens H. S
432 (not Pr enanthes procumbens Roxb.)

Hedges, waste places, margins of partially dried ponds, general.

HUGHL1-H0VVRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

23I

* Cl’cpis acaulis Hook. f. ; B. P. i. 627. Youngia acaulis H. S. 432.

Y. linifolia H. S. 432.

Waste places, margins of paths, west of river Hughli, rare.

291, Lactuca Linn.

Lactuca sativa Linn. ; H.S. 430 ; B. P. i. 628.
v. Kahu ) salad.

In vegetable and market gardens about Calcutta and other towns.

292. Sonchus Linn.

* Sonclms asper Vill. ; B. P. i. 629. 5. ciliatus H. S. 432.

In fields and waste places, quite common.

Sonchus oleraceus Linn. ; B. P. i. 629.

In gardens an occasional weed; native of Europe.

Sonchus arvensis Linn.; B. P. i. 629. S. orixensis H. S 432.
v. Ban palang.

In gardens and waste places, rather rare. This in the writers
experience is the rarest of the three Sow-thistles that are to be met
with in our area ; it is common in various parts of India but can
hardly be considered a native of these districts.

293. Launea Cass.

* Launea aspleniifolia Hook. f. ; B. P. i. 630. Microrhynchus as -

plenifolius H. S. 431.
v. Tik-chana.

In grassy glades and open fields, everywhere.

* Launea pinnatifida Cass.; B. P. i. 630.

Western Sundribuns, creeping on sand at the sea-face.

LVII.— CAMPANLLACE/E.

294, Lobelia Linn,

Lobelia tl’igona Roxb. ; B. P. i. 633. L% triangulata H. S. 367.

Reported by Voigt from Seram pore ; quite possibly, but the
record requires confirmation ; native of India, common in wet
pastures in Western Bengal.

295. Sphenoclea Gaertn.

* Splienoclea zeylanica Gaertn.; B. P. i. 635. Pongatium indicum

H. S. 371.

v. Jhil mirich.

Edges of pools and ditches and rice-fields, general.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

232

396, Walilenbergia Schrad.

* Walilenbergia gracilis DC. ; B. P. i. 636. W. dehiscens H. S. 369.

Dry fields west of the river Hughli, general, but not anywhere
common ; has been collected near Shibpur (Kurz), Serampore
(Voigt), and Chandernagore (Prain).

LVI. — STYLIDEiE.

. it

297. Stylidium Sw.

* Stylidium tenellum Sw. ; H. S. 372 ; B. P. i. 631.

Ditches about Serampore (Voigt) ; should be looked for again
as it has not been collected, sinpe Voigt’s record, in our districts.

LVIII.— PLUMBAGOEdE.

298. ZEgialitis R. Br.

* zEgialitis rotundifolia Roxb. ; H. S. 439 ; B. P. i. 638.

v. Sdtari.

Western Sundribuns, plentiful.

299. Plumbago Linn.

Plumbago zeylanica Linn.; H. S. 438; B. P. i. 639.
v. Chita > chit r a.

In gardens ; also occasionally as a weed in waste places but with
no claim to be a native of our districts ; native of S. E. Asia.
Plumbago rosea Linn. ; H. S. 439 ; B. P. i. 639.

v. Rakto-chita , Rakto-chitra .

In gardens, generally, also sometimes as a weed in waste places ;
native of S. E. Asia.

LIX. — PRDIULACEJE.

300. Androsace Linn.

* Androsace saxifragaefolia Bunge; B. P.i. 640.

Sides of moat round Fort William.

This was once collected by Dr. T. Anderson, but has not been
met with again in our districts.

301. Anagallis Tournef.

Anagallis arvensis Linn. ; H. S. 335 ; B. P. i. 641.

A cold-weather weed of fields and gardens near Calcutta*
generally to be met with if looked for, but always very rare, and

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24*PERGUNNAHS.

233

apparently not persisting, so that it probably has no claims to be a
native of our districts. Only the blue-flowered form, characteristic
of Upper India, is to be found ; possibly it is annually re-introduced
with up-country seed.

LX.-MYRSIXE JE.

303. Ardisia Sw.

* Ardisia liumilis Vahl. ; H. S. 337 ; B. P. i. 645.

v. Ban jam .

Village shrubberies, chiefly east of the river Hughli.

*

303. dEgiceras Gaertn,

# JEgiceras niajiis Gsertn. ; B. P. i. 645. A. fra grans H. S. 336.

v. Halsi , k ha l si, koilsha.

Western Sundribuns, common ; salt-lakes near Calcutta.

o

LXI. — SAPOTACEiE.

304. Achras Linn.

Acliras Sapota Linn. ; H. S. 339 ; B. P. i. 648.
v. Sapota (the American name adapted).

Cultivated in orchards about Calcutta; native of S. America.

305. Mimusops Linn.

Mimusops Eleugi Linn. ; Id. S. 341 ; B. P. i. 649.
v. Bakul.

Planted generally near villages, occasionally also self-sown •
native of S. E. Asia.

LXII.-EBEXACEE.

* O’'

306. Diospyros Linn.

* Diospyros Embryopteris Pers. ; H. S. 345 ; B. P. i. 653.

v. Gab .

Village-shrubberies general ; also in Western Sundribuns, e.g. at
Jatta.

* Dio spyros cordifoliaRoxb. ; H. S. 344. D. Montana var. wr di-

folia B. P. i. 653.
v. Ban gab.

Village-shrubberies, general ; also in Western Sundribuns, e.g.
at Jatta.

234

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Diospyros Kalti Linn. f. ; H. S. 345 ; B. P. i. 653.

In gardens and orchards ; native of China.

Diospyros discolor Willd.; H. S. 345 ; B. P. i. 654.

In gardens, occasionally; native of the Philippines.

•*s

LXIII, — OLEACEiE.

307. Jasmiiium Linn.

* Jasmiiium pubescens Willd.; H. S. 550 ; B. P. i. 659.

v. Kunda.

Goghat sub-division, Hughli district ; also reported by Voigt from
Serampore, but this last record needs confirmation.

Jasminuiii Sambac Ait. ; H. S. 549 ; B. P. i. 659.

v. Bely ban mallika .

In gardens generally ; occasionally in village-shrubberies ; native
of the Orient.

Jasmiiium auriculatum Vahl; H. S. 551 ; B. P. i. 659.

v. July jut' hi.

In gardens occasionally ; native of India.

Jasmiiium elongatum Vahl; H. S. 550. J. Roxburghianum H. S. i.
658, partly.

Reported by Roxburgh from Hidguli, and reported by Voigt from
the Sundribuns ; is a plant that should be looked in the southern part
of our districts.

308. Nyctanthes Linn.

Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn. ; H. S. 552 ; B. P. i. 660.

v. Singhary septalika .

Sometimes planted about tanks and near villages; native of
India.

LXIV.— SALVADORACEdE.

309. Azima Lamk.

* Azima tetracantlia Lamk. ; B. P. i. 663. Monetia tetracantha H.
S. 348.

v. Trikanta gati.

Western Sundribuns ( Prain ) ; Serampore [Voigt) ; Chandernagore
and Hughli [Prain).

HUGHLl-HOWRAH AND THE 24* PER GUNN AHS.

235

LXV. — APOCYHACEiE,

310. Allamanda Linn.

Allamanda catliartica Linn. ; H. S. 528; B. P. ii. 667.
v. Har-kakra.

In gardens generally; introduced from Guiana.

311. Carissa Linn.

Carissa Carandas Linn. ; H. S. 529 ; B. P. ii. 668.
v. Karamcha.

In gardens, and sometimes sub-spontaneous in village-shrubberies;
native of S. E. Asia.

Carissa spinarum A. DC. ; B. P. ii. 669. C. diffusa H. S. 529.

Reported by Voigt from the Sundribuns, but this is very doubtful;
there are no specimens from our area at Calcutta; the species is
very common in the western parts of Bengal.

312. Tlievetia Juss.

Tlievetia lieriifolia Juss. ; H. S. 531 ; B. P. ii. 669.

v. Kokla phuly haldi korubi.

In gardens everywhere, but also often sub-spontaneous in village-
shrubberies and now occasionally found also in waste places ; has
been found as if wild even in the Goghat sub-division of the Hughli
district; native of tropical America.

313. Cerbera Linn.

* Cerbera Odollam Gaertn. ; H. S. 531 ; B. P. ii. 670.

v. Ddkur »

Western Sundribuns, on river banks, common.

314. Plumeria Linn.

Plumeria acutifolia Poir. B. P. ii. 670. P. acuminata H. S. 528.
v. Gorur champay goburiya champa.

Planted everywhere about villages and near temples but shows
little tendency to appear spontaneously ; native of S. America,

315. RauwoMa Linn.

* Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. ; B. P. ii. 671. Ophioxylon serpen -

tinum H. S. 532.
v. Chandra , chhota chand.

Shady groves, general j but doubtfully a native of our districts.

236

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Rauwolfia canescens Linn.; H. S. 532 ; B. P. ii. 671.

In gardens, also quite naturalized in village-shrubberies and, at
least about Calcutta, commoner than the preceding species; native o
the West Indies.

316. Ropsia Bh

Ropsia fruticosa A. DC. ; B, P. ii. 671. Calpicarpum Roxburghii
H. S. 531.

In gardens and on lawns, often ; native of Tenasserim and the
Andamans.

317. Yinca Linn.

Vinca rosea Linn. ; H. S. 526 ; B. P. ii. 672.
v. Gul feringhi .

In gardens and near shrines and temples everywhere ; also often
sub-spontaneous on rubbish heaps ; native of West Indies.

318. Alstonia R. Br.

p

Alstonia scholaris R. Br. ; H. S. 525 ; B. P. ii. 672.

v. Chhattin.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but in our districts is almost
certainly only planted; it is, however, wild in Western Bengal.

Alstonia macropliylla Wall.; H. S. 526.

Occasionally, planted, and about Calcutta and Howrah also
appearing spontaneously in village th ckets ; native of Malaya and
one of the few Malayan species that show a tendency to become
naturalized in Lower Bengal.

319. Tabernsemontana Linn.

Tabernaemontana coronaria R. Br. ; H. S. 527 ; B. P. ii. 673.

v. Vagur .

In gardens everywhere ; but sometimes also sub-spontaneous, e.g.
at Mdtla ; native of India.

320. Holarrliena R. Br.

* Holarrliena antidysenterica Wall. ; H. S. 524; B. P. ii. 674.
v. Rurchi .

Goghat, Western Hughli district.

321. Wriglitia R. Br.

Wrightia coccinea Sims; H. S. 526; B. P. ii. 674.

In gardens, general.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

237

333. Vallaris Burm.

* Vallaris Heynei Spreng. ; B. P. ii. 675. V. dichotoma H. S. 524.

v. Hapar mali.

Village-shrubberies; apparently quite entitled to be considered
native, though it is sometimes also found in gardens.

Vallaris Pergulana Burm.; H. S. 524; B. P. ii. 675.

In gardens, occasionally ; native of S. E. Asia,

333. Parsonsia R. Br.

* Parsonsia spiralis Wall.; H. S. 524; B. P. ii. 676.

Western Sundribuns.

334:. Vermin Linn.

Nerium odorum Soland. ; H. S. 524 ; B. P. ii. 676.

v. Karabi.

In gardens everywhere ; native of China.

335. Roupellia Wall.

Boupellia grata Wall.; B. P. ii. 677.

In gardens and on lawns, rather common ; native of Madagascar.

330. Beaumontia Wall.

Beauraontia grandiflora Wall. ; H. S. 524; B. P. ii. 678.

Grown on trellises and porches in gardens about Calcutta ; native
of Eastern Himalaya and Indo-China.

337. Iclmocarpus R. Br.

* Iclmocarpus frutescens R. Br. ; H. S. 523 ; B. P. ii. 680.

v, Siama lata .

Hedges, thickets and waste places, everywhere.

LXVI. — ASCLEPIADACEiE.

338. Cryptostegia R. Br,

Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. ; H. S. 544 ; B, P. ii. 684.

In gardens, general ; native of Madagascar.

339. Cryptolepis R. Br.

* Cryptolepis Buclianani R. & S. ; B. P. ii. 685, C, reticulata H, 3,
544-

v. Karanta.

Hedges and village-shrubberies, general.

238

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

380. Hemidesmus R. Br.

* Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. ; H. S. 544 ; B. P. ii. 686.

v. Ananta mul.

Hedges, thickets and waste places, everywhere.

331. Finlaysonia Wall.

* Finlaysonia obovata Wall. ; B. P. ii. 636. Gurua obovata H. S. 544.

v. Dudhi-lata .

Western Sundribuns.

333, ©xystelma R. Br.

* i

* Oxystelma escnlentum R. Br. ; H. S. 541 ; B. P. ii. 683.

v. Kirni.

Waste places, general but never common.

333. Calotropis R. Br.

* Calotropis gigantea R. Br. ; H. S. 540; B. P. ii. 683.

v. Akanda , gurtakand .

Roadsides and waste places, everywhere.

334. Asclepias Linn.

Asclepias Curassavica Linn* ; H. S. 539; B. P. ii. 689.

Waste places near villages, everywhere ; native of America.

335. Cynanclmm Linn.

* Cynanclmm Callialata Ham.; B. P. ii. 690. C. paucijlorum H S.

541*

v. Chagulbati.

Hedges and thickets, general.

336. Pentatropis R. Br.

* Pentatropis microphylla W. & A. ; H. S. 540 ; B. P. ii. 601.

Hedges and thickets or banks of khals and rivers, from Calcutta
salt-lakes southwards.

337, I) semi a R. Br.

* Dsemia extensa R. Br. ; H. S. 541; B. P. ii. 692.

v. ChaguUbati.

Hedges and thickets, everywhere.

338. Sarcostemma R Br.

Sarcostemma brevi stigma Wight; B. P. ii. 692. S. acida H. S. 542.
v. Soma lata .

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24 PERGUNN/ HS,

239

Reported by Voigt to have been once obtained by Dr. Carey at
Serampore; probably only a casual in our districts: it is wild in
South-West Chota Nagpur (Singbhum).

339. Sarcolobus R. Br.

* Sarcolobus globosus Wall. ; H. S. 538 ; B. P. ii. 693.

v. Baoli-lata .

Western Sundribuns.

* Sarcolobus carinatus Wall.; H. S. 538; B. P. ii. 693.

v. Baoli-lata .

Western Sundribuns.

340. Gymnema R. Br.

Gymnema kirsutum W. & A. ; B. P. ii. 694. G. sylvestre H. S.
538.

v. Chhoto dudhi lata.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore and should be looked for; it
is common in Behar and Chota Nagpur.

341. Pergularia Linn.

* Pergularia pallida W. & A. ; H. S. 538 ; B. P. ii. 696.

Goghat, Western Hughli district in low jungles; reported also by
Voigt from Serampore, this last recorded locality needs confirmation.

Pergularia minor Andr. ; H. S. 537 ; B. P. ii. 697. P. odoratissima
H. S. 537.

v. Kanja lata .

In gardens, generally; reported by Voigt from Serampore but
probably there only sub-spontaneous ; native of S. E. Asia.

342. Dregea E. Mey.

* Dregea volubilis Benth. ; B. P. ii. 697. Hoy a viridijlora H. S.

537-

v. Tita-kunga.

Hedges and thickets, general.

343. Tylopkora R. Br.

* Tylopkora tenuis Bl. ; B. P. ii. 698. T. tenuissima H. S. 539.

Hedges, thickets and banks of creeks, from salt-lakes near Calcutta
southwards. G

240 •' THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Tylopliora asthmatica W. & A. ; B. P. ii. 698. T, vomitoria H.

S. 539-

Vo Anta-maL

Waste places and hedges, general.

344. Hoya R. Br.

* Hoya parasitica Wall.; B. P. ii. 700. H . pallida H. S. 536.

v. Pargdtcha.

Western Sundribuns.

LXVII.— LOGAXIACEiE.

345. Mitrasacme Lab ill.

* Mitrasacme alsinoides R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 702.

Waste places, Goghat, Western Hughli.

LX VIII, — GEXTIANACEiE.

346. Exacum Linn.

* Exacum tetragonum Roxb. ; H. S. 520 ; B. P. ii. 706.

v. Kuchari .

Wet meadows, occasional.

Exacum pedunculatum Linn.; H. S. 520; 3. P. ii. 706.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record needs veri-
fication ; is found in Behar and Chota Nagpur.

347. Erythrsea L. C. Rich.

* Eryttaea Roxfourghii G. Don ; B. P. ii. 707. E. centaurioides H. S.

520.

v. Gima , girmi.

Grassy places, occasional.

348. Hoppea Willd.

* Ilpppea dicliotoma Willd.; B. P. ii. 707. Canscora ? pusilla H. S.

52°*

Damp meadows and drying rice-fields, everywhere.

349. Canscora Lamk.

* Canscora diffusa R. Br. ; H. S. 520; B. P. ii. 708.

Grassy places and sides of paths, everywhere.

* Canscora decussata R. & S. ; H. S. 520; B. P. ii. 708.

v. Ddnkuni .

Grassy places, paths and waste ground, everywhere.

H GHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

241

350. Enicostema Bl.

Enicostema littorale Bl. Slevogtia verticillata H. S. 520.
v. Ckhota-kirata.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore and should therefore be looked
for ; the record is not a very probable one, and no other botanist has
ever reported the species from Bengal.

351. Eimnanthenium S. P. Gmel.

* Limnaiitliemum cristatum Griseb. ; B. P, ii. 709. Villarsia

crist ata H. S. 521.

v. Pan-chuli, chand walla, chhota pan chuli .

Floating on ponds and jhils, everywhere.

* Limiiaiitliemum indicuin Thw. ; B. P. ii. 709. Villarsia indica

H. S. 321.

v. Pan-chuli , chand walla , bara pan chuli%

Floating on ponds and jhils, everywhere.

LXIX. — POLEHOXI A CEiE.

352. Plllox Linn.

Phlox Drummondi Hook.; B. P. ii. 710.

In gardens in the cold weather ; occasionally sub-spontaneous on
rubbishy places near Calcutta, but only the white-flowered kinds, so
far as the writer’s observations go, and not every year : native of
Texas. It may be noted that, though now so general a favourite, this
species, according to Voigt, had not been introduced up to 1845.

LXX. — HYDROPHYLLACEdE.

353. Hydrolea Linn.

* Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl. ; H. S. 366 ; B. P. ii. 7 1 1.

v. Kasschra or (fide Voigt) kankra .

Marshy places and edges of rice-fields, general.

LXXL-BORAGINEiE.

354. Cordia Linn.

* Cordia Myxa Linn. ; H. S. 440 ; B. P. ii. 714.

v. Bohnari , l as ho r a .

In hedges and village-shrubberies, but sometimes also planted.

Cordia Sebestena Linn. ; H. S. 440 ; B. P. ii. 714.

In gardens; native of West Indies. G 2

2^2

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

355. Eliretia Linn.

Eliretia l*«evis Roxb. ; H. S. 445 ; B. P. ii. 7 1 8^

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record seeds con-
firmation ; is common everywhere west of our districts.

356. Heliotropium Linn.

* Heliotropium ovalifolium Forsk. ; B. P. ii. 716. H. coromandelia -

num H. S. 444.
v. Naga phuli ,

Goghat, Western Hughli ; reported also from Serampore by
Voigt.

* Heliotropium strigosum Willd. var. brevifolia B. P. ii. 716. H .

brevifolium H.S. 445.
v. Chiti phuli.

Dry fields and waste places, principally west of the Hughli.

* Heliotropium ill dicum Linn. ; B. P. ii. 716. Tiaridium indicum

H. S. 445.

v. H ati sura .

Rubbish heaps and waste places, everywhere.

Voigt records H. curassavicum as naturalised about Serampore
prior to s 843, it does not appear to have persisted,

357. Coldenia Linn.

* Coldenia procumbens Linn. ; H. S. 445 ; B. P. ii. 718.

v. Triphunki . ' 1

Dry rice-fields, everywhere. , •

358. Bothriospermum Barge.

Botliriospermum tenellum F. & M. ; B. P. ii. 719. Cynoglossum
diffusum H. S. 443.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore ; quite possibly, but the
record needs confirmation ; plentiful in E. Bengal.

359. Cynoglossum Linn.

* Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. ; B. P. ii. 719. C. canescens

H.S. 443-

Waste places, especially about Calcutta.

i ‘ ’ • * * < ' '

360. Tricliodesma R. Br.

* Tricliodesma indicum R. Br. ; H.S. 444 ; B. P. ii. 720.

v. Chhoto kulpa • . *

Fields and waste places, everywhere. s

243

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNN AHS.

Trickodesina zeylanicum R. Br. ; H. S. 444 ; B. P. ii. 720.
v. Buro kulpa.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record needs confirm-
ation ; it is wild throughout the drier parts of India and Ceylon.

LXXII. — CON V ©L VUL ACEiE.

361. Cuscuta Linn.

* Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. ; H. S. 349 ; B. P. ii. 723.

v. Haldi algusi .

Parasitic on trees and shrubs, everywhere ; attaches itself to very
many species.

Cuscuta cliinensis Lamk. C. sulcata H. S. 349.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore ; also reported by Roxburgh
as occurring on Amarantus oleraceus) etc.; not at all improbably*
but the record needs verification ; occurs in Chota Nagpur.

Cuscuta capita ta Roxb. ; H. S. 349.
v. Algusi .

Reported by Roxburgh as occurring on Crotalaria juncea^ Iso by
Voigt as appearing at Serampore on the same species ; probably only
a casual introduced also with seed of £an from outside Bengal ;
occurs throughout the North-West Himalaya.

Cuscuta europaea Linn. C. aggregata H. S. 349.

Roxburgh records this as having once appeared on Flax the seeds
of which were imported from Bagdad ; no doubt a mere casual ;
native of the Orient, Central Asia, and Europe.

362. Porana Burm.

Porana paniculata Roxb. ; H. S. 363 ; B. P. ii. 724.

In gardens on trellises or on trees ; native of India.

363. Cressa Linn.

* Cressa cretica Linn. ; B. P. ii. 725. C. indica H. S. 363.

Salt-lakes near Calcutta, in dried up muddy places.

36L Evolvulus Linn.

* Evolvulus alsinoitles Linn. ; H. S. 363 ; B. P. ii. 725.

Dry grassy places west of the Hughli.

Evolvulus immmularius Linn. ; B. P. ii. 726.

Grassy glades around Calcutta, Howrah, etc., quite naturalised ;
a recent introduction from the West Indies.

244

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

365. Hewittia W. & A.

Hewittia bicolor W. & A. ; H. S. 362 ; B. P. ii. 727.

v. Jarad-kalmi .

Recorded from Seram pore by Voigt; quite possibly, but requires
to be verified ; native of India.

366. Jacquemontia Choisy.

Jacquemontia coerulea Choisy ; B. P. ii. 728.

In gardens generally ; native of Africa.

367. Merremia Dennst.

Merremia umbellata Hallier f. ; B. P„ ii. 730. Ipomoea platanifolia
H. S. 359-

A form of this species not distinguishable from the American
variety of the plant, VAR. occidentals, has been reported by Voigt
from Seram pore and met with by Kurz climbing on bushes on the
banks of the Hughli, near Calcutta, probably, however, only as an
escape from cultivation that has not persisted, for there is no recent
gathering of the plant ; the Indian variety, VAR. orieiltalis —Ipo moea
cymosa (H. S. 358) has not been found in our districts.

* Merremia vitifolia Hallier f.; B. P. ii. 730. Ipomoea vitifolia H.

S. 361.

Occasionally in village-shrubberies.

Merremia tridentata Hallier f. ; B. P. ii. 730. Ipomoea tridentata
H. S. 355.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record requires con-
firmation ; common in Western Bengal and Behar,

Merremia hastata Hallier f. ; B, P. ii. 730. Ipomoea filiformis
H. S. 356.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record is not very
probable ; nearest authentic locality Orissa.

* Merremia cliryseides Hallier, f. ; B. P. ii. 730. Ipomoea dent at a H.

S. 359-

Banks of the Hughli, below Calcutta, rare ; Serampore, according
to Voigt ; perhaps only an escape in our districts ; native of Eastern
Asia.

* Merremia convolvulacea Dennst. M. heaeracea B. P. ii. 730.

Sundribuns.

* Merremia emarginata Hallier f. ; B. P. ii. 730. Ipomoea gangetica

H. S. 356.
v. Bhui kamri .

In grassy glades and open sandy places, everywhere.

HUGHLI HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS

245

368. ©perculina Man so.

©perculina Tarpetlium Manso ; B. P. ii. 731, Ipomoea, Tuypethum
H. S. 357.

v. Tohri) dudh-kalmi.

Hedges, thickets and river banks, general.

869. Ipomoea Linn.

Ipomoea liispida R. & S. ; H. S. 357 ; B. P. ii. 734.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, and found by the writer at
Shibpur, but by the latter only in plots where seeds from Central or
Upper India had been sown ; the species is probably not entitled
to rank as a native of our districts ; it is not uncommon in the drier
parts of India.

* Ipomoea Pes-tigridis Linn. ; H. S. 361 ; B. P. ii. 734-

v. Kanguli lata .

Occasional in hedges and thickets.

Ipomoea Learii Paxt. ; B. P. ii. 734.

In gardens, on trellises, general.

Ipomoea Nil Roth. ; B. P. ii. 734. Pharbitis Nil H. S. 354.
v. Nil kalmi.

In gardens everywhere and occasionally in waste places as if wild ;
cosmopolitan now in the Tropics, but true native place uncertain.

Ipomoea purpurea Lamk. ; B. P. ii. 735. Pharbitis purpurea H. S.
354*

In gardens generally; native of S. America.

* Ipomoea pauiculata R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 735. Batatas paniculata

H. S. 353.

v. Bilai kand) bhui kumra .

Hedges and thickets everywhere.

Ipomoea Batatas Lamk ; B. P. ii. 735. Batatas edulis H. S. 353.
v. Mita alu , shakarkand.

Cultivated generally in gardens and market gardens ; native of
America.

* Ipomoea Pes-Caprae Sw. ; H. S. 356; B. P. ii. 736.

v. Chhagal kuri.

Western Sundribuns on sandy shores.

* Ipomoea reptans Poir. ; H. S. 355 ; B. P. ii. 736.

v. Kalmi sdk.

In ponds and marshes, everywhere.

246

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Ipomcea sepiaria Koen.; B. P. ii. 736. Ipomcea striata H. S. 358.

/. stipulacea H. S. 359.

v. Ban kalmi.

Hedges, thickets and waste places, everywhere, in two not very
distinct forms or varieties.

* Ipomcea obscura Ker ; H. S. 359 ; B. P. ii. 736.

Hedges, thickets and waste places, general.

Ipomcea tricolor Cav. ; B. P. ii. 736.

In gardens generally, on trellises ; native of Mexico,

Ipomcea pulchella Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 737. 7. heptaphylla H. S. 360.

In gardens on trellises, general ; native of India and Indo-China.

370. (juamoclit Mcench.

Quamoclit pkcenicea Choisy ; H. S. 353; B. P. ii. 737.

In waste places, general, sometimes also in gardens; originally
doubtless a garden escape but now completely naturalised ; native
of America.

Quamoclit pinnata Boj. ; H. S. 353 ; B- p- >'• 738-
v. Taru-lata, kan lata.

In gardens everywhere ; sometimes also in waste places as an
escape; native of America.

371. Calonyction Choisy.

* Calonyction Bona nox Boj. ; B. P. ii. 738. C. Roxburghii H. S. 355.

v. Dudh kalmi , dal kalmi .

In hedges and village-shrubberies, everywhere ; occasionally,
but very rarely, cultivated. This species is so general that it appears
to have a good claim to be considered a native.

372. Rivea Choisy.

Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy; B. P. ii. 739. R% Bona nox
H. S. 351.
v. Kalmi lata .

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record is not very
probable; nearest known locality Midnapore.

373. Stictocardia Hallier. f.

* Stictocardia tiliscfolia Hallier f. ; B. P. ii. 740. Rivea tilisefolia

H. S. 350

Banks of Hughli river, Salt-lakes, Sundribuns.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

247

374. Argyreia Lour.

* Argyreia speciosa Sw. ; H. S. 351 ; B. P. ii, 741.

v. Bich ta? aky guguli.

In village-shrubberies, occasional.

* Argyreia argehtea Choisy ; H. S. 352 ; B. P. ii. 741.

v. Chhota bich-tarak.

Serampore, Voigt ; Chandernagore, P rain's collector; Hughli,
Prain. Apparently very rare in our area.

375. Lettsomia Roxb.

* Lettsomia strigosa Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 742. A rgyreia capitata H. S.

352-

In village-shrubberies and hedges.

LXXIIf. — SOLANACEdE.

376. Lycopersicum Mill.

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.; H. S. 513 ; B. P. ii. 743.

v. Gur-bagun .

Cultivated and sometimes on rubbish heaps as an escape; native
of America.

377. Solanum Linn.

Solanum tuberosum Linn.; H. S. 510; B. P. ii. 745.

v. Bilati alu.

Cultivated, especially in Hughli district.

* Solatium nigrum Linn. ; B. P. ii. 745. 5. rub rum H. S. 51 1.

v. Gurkiy gurkamai.

Shady places, garden ground and waste spots ; general.

* Solanum verbascifolium Linn. ; H. S. 51 1 ; B. P. ii. 746.

v. Arasa.

Village-shrubberies, roadsides and waste places; general.

Solanum glaucum Dun.

Naturalised and very abundant at Canning Town; native of
America.

Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamk. ; B. P. ii. 746.

Occasionally as if wild about Shibpur and on the banks of the
river Hughli ; native of America.

* Solanum ferox Linn. ; H. S. 512 ; B. P. ii. 746.

v. Ram-begun.

Waste places, not very common.

248

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Solanum torviim Sw. ; H. S. 511 ; B. P. ii. 746.

v. Got a begun .

Village-shrubberies, roadsides and waste places ; everywhere*

* Solanum indicum Linn. ; H. S. 512 ; B. P. ii. 746.

v. Byakur.

Waste places near villages, general.

Solanum Melongena Linn. ; H. S. 512 ; B. P. ii. 746.

v. Begun.

In gardens and market gardens, everywhere.
var. esculenta H. S. 512; B. P. ii. 746.
v. Kuli begun .

In gardens and market gardens, everywhere.
var. insana H. S. 512; B. P. ii. 746.

In village-shrubberies and waste places, general* This is rather
a state of the cultivated Begun become general after escape than a
truly wild stock ; native of India.

* Solanum xantliocarpum Schr. & Wendl. ; B. P. ii. 746. S . Jac -

quint H. S. 513,
v. Kantee kari .

Waste places and dry fields, everywhere.

* Solanum trilobatum Linn. ; H. S. 513 ; B. P. ii. 747.

Western Sundribuns.

378. Capsicum Linn.

Capsicum annuum Linn. var. abbreviata; B. P. ii. 748. C. frutes -
cens H. S. 510.
v. Lanka mirich.

In fields and market gardens, everywhere ; native of America.
var. grossa B. P. ii. 748. C. grossum H. S. 510.
v. K dp kari mirich .

In gardens of natives and Europeans, general ; native of America.
Capsicum frutescens Linn. ; B. P. ii. 749. C, fastigiatum H. S
510*

v. Dhan mirich .

In gardens occasionally; as if wild in waste places, general ;
native of S. America.

379. Pliysalis Linn.

* Pliysalis minima Linn. ; H. S. 514; B. P. ii. 750,

v. Ban-tipariya .

A weed of garden ground, everywhere.

HUGH LI -HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

249

Pliysalis peruviana Linn. ; H. S. 514 ; B. P. ii. 750.

v. Tip arty a.

In gardens and market gardens, general ; native of S. America.

380. Witliania Paug.

Withania somnifera Dun. ; B. P. ii. 750. Phy salts somnifera H. S.
5*3-

v. Ashva gandha .

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, but almost certainly not
wild; it is cultivated in small gardens in Northern Bengal and may
perhaps be met with in our provinces in the gardens of native her-
balists ; native of Western India.

381. Datura Linn.

Datura fastuosa Linn. ; H. S. 515; B. P. ii. 751.
v. Kala Dhutra.

In gardens generally, sometimes as if wild ; native of India.
var. alba B. P. ii. 751. D . alba} H. S. 515.

v Dhutra .

In gardens everywhere, and in waste places, as iLwild, generally ;
native of India.

383. Petunia Juss.

Petunia nyctaginiflora Juss.; H. S. 516.

In gardens of Europeans ; occasionally sub-spontaneous in garden
beds and on rubbish heaps.

383. Nicotiana Linn.

Nicotiana rustica Linn. ; H. S. 516 ; B. P. ii. 752.

v. [Tamaku, angrezi tamaku .

Cultivated sparingly in fields; native of America.

Mcotiana Tabacum Linn.; H. S. 516 ; B. P. ii. 753.

v. Tamaku >

In fields, fairly generally ; native of America.

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. ; H. S. 516; B. P. ii. 752.

v. Ban tamaku .

A weed of shady places, general ; native of America.

384. Browallia Linn.

Browallia elata Linn. ; H. S, 500 ; B. P. ii. 753,

In gardens of Europeans, general, but often also occurring spon-
taneously in garden beds and on rubbish heaps.

250

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

LXXIV.-SCROPHIJLARINEdE.

385, Celsia Linn.

* Celsia coromandeliana Vahl. ; H. S. 497 ; B. P. ii. 757.

v. Koksima .

A weed of fields and gardens, general.

386, Linaria Ju s

* Linaria ramosissima Wall. ; H. S. 498 ; B. P. ii. 757.

Waste places, west of the Hughli, rare.

387, Mazus Lour.

* Mazus l’ugosus Lour. ; B. P. ii. 759.

In grassy glades and on garden paths about Calcutta, not very
common, and possibly an introduction from elsewhere, not recorded
by Voigt though it was known previously to Roxburgh.

388, Lindenbergia Lehm.

* Lindenbergia urfcicifolia Lehm. ; B. P. ii. 760. L% ruderalis H. S,

501*

v. Haldi basanta.

Old walls and sloping banks, everywhere.

389, Limnopliila R. Br.

Limnophila Roxburgliii G. Don. ; H. S. 502 ; B. P. ii. 763.

v. Kala karpur .

In native gardens occasionally ; recorded from Serampore by
Voigt but very doubtfully wild in our area; is wild in Chota Nagpur
and North Bengal.

* Limnophila conferta Benth. ; B. P. ii. 764.

Damp places, occasional.

Limnophila diffusa Benth. ; B. P. ii, 764. L. albiflora H. S. 502.
Damp places, occasional.

* Limnophila erecta Benth.

Serampore, Griffith. Not referrel to either by Roxburgh or
by Voigt, but once collected at Serampore by Griffith. The species
is plentiful in Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula, and it may have
been only as a casual, introduced with plants from Southern Burma
or Malaya to Dr. Carey's garden, that Griffith met with it.

* Limnophila heteropliylla Benth ; H. S. 502 ; B. P. ii. 764.
Rice-fields and swampy places, general.

HUGHLI HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

251

* Linmopliila gratissima BI. ; B P. ii. 764.

Western Sundribuns at Jatta, in a sweet water tank.

* Linmopliila racemosa Benth. ; H. S'. 502 ; B. P. ii. 764.

Rice-fields and swamps, occasional.

* Linmopliila gratioloides R. Br. ; H. S. 502 ; B. P. ii. 764. L . gratio -

loides VAR. myriophylloides H. S. 502.
v. Karpur .

Rice-fields, swamps and damp places everywhere.

390. Herpestis Gsertn. f.

* Herpestis Honnieria H. B. & K. ; H. S. 502 ; B. P. ii. 765.

v. Adha birnt.

Marshes, rice-field borders, and wet places everywhere.

Herpestis ctiamsedroides Linn. ; B. P. ii. 765.

A fairly common weed of garden paths about Calcutta ; a quite
recent introduction from America.

Herpestis Hamiltoni ana Benth,; B. P. ii. 765. H. sessiliflora H.S.
502.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, quite a probable record as
the species occurs both to the west and to the east of our districts;
the record for this area, however, requires verification.

391, Dopatrium Ham.

* Dopatrium junceum Ham.; (H. S. 503) ; B. P. 766. D. nudicaule

H. S. 503.

Rice-fields and swamps, mostly west of the Hughli.

Voigt in H. S. appears to have reversed the incidence of the two
names cited confining D . junceum to Coromandel and recording
D , nudicaule from Bengal. The experience of all subsequent collectors
has been that it is D. junceum which occurs in our districts.

393. Torenia Linn.

Torenia cordifolia Roxb. ; H. S. 505 ; B. P. ii. 767.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, but certainly not a native of
our districts, though it may quite possibly have been met with by
him as a casual, introduced with seeds from other parts of India ;
native of the higher parts of India and of the lower Himalayan
spurs.

Torenia asiatica Linn. ; H. S. 505.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, but certainly not a native of
our districts. From his citations it would appear that Voigt refers to

252

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

two other species, T. vagans and T. peduncularis and not to the
true T. asiatica at all. But in any case the plant he refers to can
only have occurred as an escape from cultivation (if he means the
true T. asiatica ) or as possibly a casual (if he means either of the
others). All three occur both in India and in Malaya.

Torenia Fournieri Linden ; B. P. ii. 767.

In gardens of European residents, general ; but also coming up
spontaneously on rubbish heaps and in waste ground ; native of
Cochin-China.

This plant shows every sign of becoming quite domesticated in
our districts ; none of the Indian or Malayan species.

393. Vandellia Linn.

* Vandellia Crustacea Benth. ; H. S. 504 ; B. P. ii. 768. V . varians

H. S. 505.

Fields, gardens and paths, everywhere.

* Vandellia multiflora G. Don ; B. P. ii. 768.

A field and garden weed, general.

* Vandellia pedunculata Benth.; B. P. ii. 769. V. Roxburghii H. S.

504-

Damp places and rice-fields, occasional.

* Vandellia angustifolia Benth. ; B. P. ii. 769.

Rice-fields in Western Hughli district, rare.

* Vandellia pyxidaria Maxim.; B. P. ii. 769. Bonnaya integrifolia

H. S. 504.

Gardens, fields and path-ways, everywhere.

394. Ilysanthes Raf.

* Ilysanthes parviflora Benth. ; B. P. ii. 769. Bonnaya pavviflora H.

S. 504.

Rice-fields, west of the Hughli, occasional.

Ilysanthes hyssopoides Benth. ; B. P. ii. 1277. Bonnaya hyssopoides

H. S. 504.

Recorded by Voigt from Serampore, but not a likely record ;
the nearest known localities ate Silhet and Southern Chota Nagpur ;
possibly it was the preceding species that Voigt met with.

Ilysanthes rotundifolia Benth. Bonnaya rotundi folia H. S. 504.

Recorded by Voigt from Serampore, but a less likely record
than the preceding, as the species is apparently confined to Southern
India and Ceylon, Mauritius and Madagascar.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

253

Voigt does not report /. parviflora from Bengal though that species
does certainly occur in our area.

395. Bonnaya Link & Otto.

* Bonnaya brachiata Link & Otto ; B. P. ii. 770. B . serrata H. S.

5°3‘

v. Bhumi ninu

A weed of fields, gardens and path-ways.

* Bonnaya veronicsefolia Spreng. ; H. S. 503 ; B. P. ii. 770.

Wet places, everywhere.

var. * verbenaefolia B. P. ii. 770. B . verbensefolia H. S. 503.
Wet places, general.

var. * grandiflora B. P. ii. 771. B. grandiflora H. S. 504.
Fields, gardens and path-ways, everywhere.

* Bonnaya tenuifolia Spreng. ; H. S. 504 ; B. P. ii. 771.

Wet places, occasional.

Bonnaya oppositifolia Spreng. ; H. S. 504.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record is very doubt-
ful, since the species is apparently confined to the Deccan.

390. Scoparia Linn.

Scoparia dulcis Linn. ; H. S. 507 ; B. P. ii. 772.

Fields, paths and waste places everywhere; not mentioned by
Roxburgh though now one of the commonest and most trouble-
some of weeds ; native of America.

397. Veronica Linn.

Veronica Anagallis Linn.; H. S. 507 ; B. P. ii. 773.

Reported from the banks of the Hughli about Serampore by Voigt >
a very probable record but one that should be confirmed ; the species
is quite plentiful in North Bengal.

Veronica agrestis Linn.; H. S. 507 ; B. P. ii. 773.

An occasional weed in gardens about Calcutta in the cold season ;
probably, however, only a casual and always reintroduced with seed
from Upper India or from Europe.

398. Striga Lour.

* Striga lutea Lour. ; H. S. 505 ; B. P. ii. 775.

Goghat, Western Hughli district.

* Striga euphrasioides Benth. ; H. S. 506 ; B. P. ii. 775.

Goghat, Western Hughli district.

254

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

399, Centranthera R. Br.

* Centranthera hispida R, Br. ; H. S. 507 ; B. P. ii. 776.

Goghat, Western Hughli district ; also recorded by Voigt from
Serampore.

* Centranthera liumifusa Wall. ; H. S. 508 ; B. P. ii. 776.

Goghat, Western Hughli district ; also recorded by Voigt from
Serampore.

LXXV, — 0R0BA1YCI1 ACEE.

400. iEginetia Linn.

* AGginetia pedunculata Wall. ; H. S. 496; B. P. ii. 778. Orobanche

acaulis H. S. 496.

On roots of grasses at Shibpur ( Roxburgh ) and Serampore
(Voigt) ; probably, however, only casual in our area: is common in
Northern Bengal.

401. Orobanche Tournef.

* Orobanche indica Ham. ; H. S. 496 ; B. P. ii. 779.

On roots of Brassica, occasional.

LXXVI. — LENTIBULARIACEiE.

402, Utricularia Linn.

* Utricularia stellaris Linn. f. ; H. S. 49 4 ; B. P. ii. 780.

v. Jhangi

Floating in pools and marshes, general.
var. reflexa B. P. ii. 780.

Floating in pools and marshes, general.

* Utricularia flexuosa Vahl ; B. P. ii. 780. U. fasciculata H. S. 494.

v. Jhangi .

Floating in pools and marshes, everywhere.

* Utricularia exoleta R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 781. Li. diantka H. S, 494.

v. Chhota jhangi.

Marshes, ditches and wet places, occasional,

Utricularia reticulata Sw. var. uliginosa B P. ii. 781. U. reti-
culata H. S. 494,
v. Nil jhangi.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore ; the record needs confirm"
ation but is a quite probable one ; the species occurs in Burdwan.

Utricularia racemosa Wall. ; B. P. ii. 781. U . nivea also U. nivea
var. coerulea H. S. 494.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

255

Both varieties of this species are recorded from Serampore by
Voigt, but both records need verification; the blue-flowered variety
is common in Chota Nagpur and West Bengal, the white flowered
one also occurs there.

* Utrieularia bifida Linn.; B. P. ii. 781.

v. Chhota jhangi.

Rice-fields near Hughli, and possibly elsewhere.

XXVII.— BIGNOXIACEJB.

403. Oroxylum Vent.

Oroxylum imlicmu Vent. ; B. P. ii. 787. Calosanthes indie a H. S.
477-

Occasionally planted and sometimes self-sown about Calcutta ;
native of India.

404. Millingtonia Linn. f.

Millin^tonia horteiiiis Linn. f. ; B. P. ii. 78 $. Bignonia suberosa
H. S. 476.

In avenue^ general, sometimes sub-spontaneous ; native of Burma.

LXmiI.~-PEDALINEdB.

405. Martynia Linn.

Marty aia diaulra Glox. ; H. S. 4/5 ; B. P. ii. 791.

v. Bagh noki .

In waste places and on rubbish heaps not uncommon ; native of
America.

406. Sesaimmi Linn.

Sesamum indicum. DC. ; H. S 475 ; B. P ii 792.
v. Til.

A held crop ; probably native of Asia.

LXXIX* — ACAXTM AC EM.

407. Tliuubergia Linn. f.

Tliunbergia alata Boj. ; H. S. 481 ; B. P. ii. 795.

In gardens, but occasionally as if wild on rubbish heaps near
Calcutta.

Tliuaber^ia ^raulifiora Roxb. ; H. S. 481 ; B. P. ii. 796.
v. Nil lata .

Recorded by Voigt from Serampore; occasionally as if wild in
village-shrubberies near Calcutta, but probably only as an escape

H

256

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

from gardens in our area; often grown on trellises; nearest locality
where wild, Western Bengal.

408. Nelsonia R. Br.

* Nelsonia campestris R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 797. N. tomentosa H. S. 482.

v. Paramul .

Grassy glades, general.

409. Ebermaiera Nees.

* Ebermaiera glutinosa Wall. ; B. P. ii. 798.

A weed of rice-fields, general.

410. Cardanthera Ham.

* Cardanthera triflora Ham. ; H. S. 482 ; B. P. ii. 799.

v. Kala.

A weed of wet places and margin of ponds and ditches, general.

411. Acanthus Linn.

* Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. ; B. P. ii. 800. Dilivaria ilicifolia H. S3

487.

v. Harkuch kantay hurgoza

Sundribuns, and banks of Hughli as far north as Calcutta.

* Acanthus volubilis Wall. ; B. P. ii. 800.

Western Sundribuns.

412. Hygrophila R. Br.

* Hygropliila polysperina T. And.; B. P. ii. 801. Hemiadelphia poly -

sperma H. S. 483.
v. Chhota mechitta .

Dampish spots, general.

* Hygrophila quadrivalvis Nees ; B. P. ii. 802.

Moist places, general.

* Hygrophila phlomoides Nees var Uoxburgliii B. P. ii. 802. H .

obovata H S. 483.

Western Sundribuns, in wet swampy places in cleanings, rare
elsewhere.

* Hygrophila spinosa T. And. ; B. P. ii. 802. Asteracantha longifolia

H.S. 485.

v. Kanta kalika , hiliakhara.

Wet or swampy places, everywhere.

HUGHLI- HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS,

257

413. Ruellia Linn.

* Ruellia prostrata Lamk. var. dejecta B, P. ii. 803. Dipter acanthus

dejectus H. S. 483.
v. Burigopana.

Waste places ; general.

Ruellia tuberosa Linn. ; B. P. ii. 803.

In gardens and of en as an escape ; not yet introduced in 1845 ;
native of America.

414. Hemigrapliis Nees,

* Heinigrapliis liirta T. And. ; B. P. ii. 805. Ruellia sarmentosa

H. S. 484.

Grassy glades, occasional.

415. Phaylopsis Willd.

* Phaylopsis parviflora Willd. ; B. P. ii. 806. /Etheilema reniforme

H. S. 486.

Grassy glades, general.

410. Audrograpliis Wall.

* Andro^rapliis paniculata Nees. ; H. S. 493 ; B. P. ii. 809.

v. Mahatita , kdtmegh.

Roadsides and waste places, everywhere.

417. Crossandra Salisb.

* Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb. ; B. P. ii. 81 1.

In gardens, generally ; native of India.

418. Barleria Linn.

Barleria Prionitis Linn. ; H. S. 486 ; B. P. ii. 812.
v. Kant a jdti.

A common hedge plant ; reported by Voigt from Serampore ; it
is wild in West Bengal, but can hardly be claim ed as wild in our
area.

* Barleria cristata Linn. ; H. S. 485 ; B. P. ii. 812,

v. Jdti .

Hedges and thickets, occasional.

var. * dichotoma B. P. ii. 812. B . dichotoma H. S. 485.
v. Sadi jdti .

Hedges and thickets, general. H 2

258

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

419. Asystasia Bl.

* Asystasia gangetica T. And.; B. P. ii. 813. A. coromandeliana

H. S- 484.

River banks and hedges, occasional.

420. Ecbolium Kurz.

* Ecbolium Liimeanum Ku z var. dentata ; B. P. ii. 816. Justxia

dentaia H. S. 490.
v. Udujati.

Hedges and thickets, general.

421. Justicia Linn.

JliSticia BetOliica Linn. ; B. P. ii. 817. Adhatcda Betomca H. S.
488.

In gardens, general ; native of India.

* Justicia Gendarussa Linn. f. ; B. P. ii. 818. Gendarussa vulgaris

H. S. 489.

v. Jagat madun , gandho-rusa.

Hedges and thickets, everywhere, as an escape from cultivation ;
often also cultivated, but it may perhaps be accepted as wild in our
area.

* Justicia quinqueangularis Koen. ; B. P. ii. 818. Rostellularia

quinqueangularis H. S. 488.

Goghat sub-division, Hughli district; also reported by Voigt from
Serampore.

var. * peploides B. P. ?i. 818. Rostellularia glaberrima H. S.
488.

Damp waste places, general.

* Justicia simplex D. Don ; B. P. ii. 818. Rostellularia moliisslma

H. S. 488.

Grassy glades, everywhere.

422. Adhatoda Nees,

* AdSiatoda Vasica Nees ; H. S. 488 ; B. P. ii. 819.

v. Bakds, Vasaka.

Hedges and village-shrubberies, ever) where.

423. Rliinacantlius Nees.

Rliiuacanthus communis Nees ; H. S. 490 ; B. P. ii. 819.
v. Palak jui) jui pana.

In gardens generally ; native of India.

HUGHM-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

259

434. Peris tropke Nees.

* Peristropke biealyculata Ness; H. S. 492 ; B. P. ii. 820.

va Nasa bhaga.

Dry waste places and fields, west of the river Hugh!! only.

* Peris troplie tinctoria Nees ; H. S. 492 ; B. P. ii. 820.

v. Bet rangl chaHa rang.

Village-shrubberies near Calcutta; occasionally also in native
gardens, cultivated ; no doubt originally an introduced plant, but
where truly wild is not now known.

435. Ruikgia Nees.

* Rungia parviflora Nees. var. pectinata ; H. S. 491 ; B. P. ii. 821.

Drier sloping banks, earth weels and waste places, general.

436. Bicliptera Juss.

* Picliptera Roxbnrgkiana Nees ; H. S. 492 ; B. P. ii. 822.

Waste places about Calcutta, occasional ; probably not truly
wild in our area; it is plentiful in Northern and Eistern Bengal.

LXYX.-VERBEXACEE.

437. Lantana Linn.

* Lantana indica Roxb. ; H. S. 472 ; B. P. ii. 824. L. gogchana H. S.

472.

B inks' of river and ndl&s everywhere.

Lantana Camara Linn. ; B. P. ii. 825. L. acute at a H. S. 472.

Village-shrubberies and hedges, general ; native of Central America.

438. Lippia Linn.

* Lippia nodiflora Rich. ; B. P. ii. 825. Zapan'a no diflora H- S. 472.

v. Bhui-okra , chhota oh> a.

Wet places, everywhere.

Lippia geminata H. B. & K. ; B. P. ii. 825.

■>

Banks of river and nalas, general; native of America.

4-30. Stacliytarpketa Vahl.

Stackytarpheta indica Vahl ; B. P. ii. 826, S. jamaicensis H. S. 471.

In native gar lens ; also sometimes as an escape; seems wild in
many parts of India but probably was originally introduced from
America.

26o

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

430. Verbena Linn.

* Verbena officinalis Linn. ; H. S. 471 ; B. P. ii. 826*

A weed in gardens and waste places, frequent.

Though not claimed by Voigt as being wild in our area, it has
quite as much right to be so considered as many of the other common
weeds.

431. Duranta Jacq.

Duranta Plumieri Jacq. ; H. S. 471 ; B. P. ii. 827.

Planted in hedges and on lawns ; also sometimes sub-spontaneous
in abandoned gardens and, rarely, in village-shrubberies.

433. Callicarpa Linn.

Callicarpa cana Linn. ; H. S. 467; B. P. ii. 828.
v. Arusha .

Often planted in native gardens; sometimes as if wild in village-
shrubberies ; native of Maiaya.

* Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. ; B. P. ii. 828. C. incana H. S. 467.

v. Mathara .

Village-shrubberies and roadsides, general.

* Callicarpa longifolia Lamk. var. lanceolaria; B. P. ii. 828.

C. lanceolaria H. S. 467.

Village-shrubberies and roadsides, rare.

433, Tectona Linn. f.

Tectona grandis Linn. f. ; H. S. 470; B. P. ii. 828.
v. Sagun .

Planted occasionally in avenues ; native of drier parts of India
and Indo-China.

434. Gmelina Linn.

* Gmelina arborea Roxb. : H. S. 470 ; B. P. ii. 829.

v. Gambar .

Goghat sub-division of Hughli district; elsewhere often planted
or semi-wild in village-shrubberies.

Gmelina asiatica Linn. ; H. S. 470 ; B. P. ii. 829.

v. Badhara.

In gardens generally ; native of India.

HUGHLI -HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

261

435. Premna Linn.

* Premna integrifolia Linn. ; B. P. ii. 830. P. barbata H. S. 468.

P. spinosa H. S. 468. P. hircina H. S, 468.
v. Bhut biravi , goniari.

Banks of rivers and village-shrubberies, especially plentiful in the
Sundribuns.

Premna esculenta Roxb. ; H. S. 467 ; B. P. ii. 831.

Cultivated near villages.

430. Vitex Linn.

* Vitex trifolia Linn. ; H. S. 468 ; B. P. ii. 833.

v. Pani sanbhaki.

Hedges and thickets, general.

* Vitex Aegundo Linn. ; H. S. 469; B. P. ii. 833.

v. Sanbhaluy nishinda.

Hedges and thickets, general ; Western Sundribuns, common.

437. Clerodendron Linn.

* Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. ; H. S. 465; B. P. ii. 835.

v. Ban jaij ban jumat, bat raj.

Western Sundribuns ; salt-lakes near Calcutta.

* Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn. ; B. P. ii. 835. C. viscosum

H, S. 465.

v. Bhdnt.

Roadsides, waste places, village-shrubberies ; everywhere.

Clerodendron fragrans Vent. ; H. S. 466; B. P. ii. 835.

In gardens everywhere, but often as an escape ; native of China.

* Clerodendron Siplionanthus R. Br. ; H. S. 465 ; B. P. ii. 836.

v. Bamun-hatti .

Waste places, everywhere.

438, Avicennia Linn.

* Avicennia officinalis Linn.; B. P. 11. 838. A. tomentosa H. S. 473.

v. Bden , Bina%

Western Sundribuns, very common.

LXXXI.— LABIATJS.

439, Ocimum Linn.

Ocimum sanctum Linn. ; H. S. 448 ; B. P. ii. 843.
v. Tulsi , kala tulsi) krishna iulsi .

262

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Near temples and shrines everywhere, planted or as an escape ;
native of India.

Ocimum gratissimum Linn. ; H. S. 448 ; B. P. ii. 843.
v. Ram tulsi.

In gardens and sometimes as an escape ; native of S. E. Asia

Ocimum Basilicum Linn.; H. S. 447 ; B. P. ii. 843.
v. Babui tulsi , gulal tulsi .

In gardens and also in waste places as if wild ; native of S. E.
Asia.

Ocimum viride Willd.

v. Belati Tulsi .

In gardens, recently introd uced owing to its reputed property of
keeping off mosquitoes; native of Africa.

Ocimum adsceitdens Willd.; H. S. 448.
v. Ban tulsi.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, not at all a likely record as
the species seems naturally confined to the Deccan and C. India;
examples may of course have been met with at Serampore ; but, if so.
they are almost certain to have been casuals introduced with seed of
other plants from the drier parts of India.

MO. Moscliosma Reichb.

* Moscliosma polystacliyum Reichb.; H. S. 449 ; B. P. ii. 845.

Goghat sub-division, Hughli district.

Ml. Coleus Lour.

Coleus aromaticus Benth. ; B. P. ii. 847. C. amboinicus H. S. 450.
v. Pathorchur,

In gardens everywhere.

Coleus scutellarioides Benth. ; H. S, 450; B. P. ii. 847.

In gardens generally.

M3. Hyptis Jacq.

Ilyptis capitata Jacq. ; B. P. ii. 848.

In gardens, and sometimes self-sown.

413. Pogostemon Desf.

* Pogostemon plectrantlioides Desf. ; H. S. 451 ; B. P. ii. 849.

v. Jui lata , bil lata .

Hedges and thickets, general.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

263

444. Dysophylla Bl.

* By sop li y Ha verticillata Bentb.; H. S. 452; B P. ii. 831.

v. Pani kala.

Rice-fields and ditches, general.

445. Anisomeles R. Br.

* Anisomeles ovata R. Br. ; H. S. 460; B. P. ii. 853.

v. Gobura .

Hedges, thickets and waste places, everywhere.

446. Leonurus Linn.

Leonurus sibiricus Linn.; H. S. 460 ; B. P. ii. 854.
v. Guma .

A weed of roadsides and waste places, and one of the commonest
plants in such localities, but obviously only naturalised ; native of
temperate Asia.

447. Leucas R. Br.

* Leucas aspera Spreng. ; H. S. 461 ; B. P. ii. 855.

v. Chhota halkusa .

A weed of fields and waste places, general.

* Leucas linifolia Spreng ; H. S. 462 ; B. P. ii. 856.

v. Halkusa .

A weed of fields and waste places, everywhere.

* Leucas Ceplialotes Spreng. ; H. S. 461 ; B. P. ii. 856.

v. Ba*a halkusa.

A weed of field and waste places, fairly general.

* Leucas mollissiina Wall. ; H. S. 461 ; B. P. ii. 836.

Goghat sub-division, Hughli district.

* Leucas procumbens Desf. ; H. S. 461 ; B. P. ii. 857.

v. Basanta .

A weed of gardens, fields and grassy glades, general.

448. Leonotis R. Br.

Leon at is nepetifolia R. Br. ; H. S. 462 ; B. P. ii. 857.

v. Khajur churl , hejurchi .

Roadsides and waste places, general; associated with but always
less common than Leonurus sibiricus, and like the Leonurus doubtless
only a naturalised species anywhere in India ; native of Africa.

2t>4

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

449. Meriandra Benth.

Meriandra bengalensis Benth. ; H. S. 453 ; B. P. ii. 858.

v. Kafur-ka-pat.

In native gardens, generally ; native of Africa.

450. Salvia Linn.

* Salvia plebeja R. Br.; H. S. 455 ; B. P. ii. 859.

v. Koka buradl, bhu-tulsi.

In fields and gardens, a general weed.

Salvia coccinea Linn. ; H. S. 455 ; B. P. ii. 859.

In gardens, generally : sometimes also self-sown.

INCOMPLETE.

LXXXII.— N YCT AG 1% E ;E.

451. Mirabilis Linn.

Mirabilis Jalapa Linn.; H. S. 328 ; B. P. ii. 862.
v. Krishno kali.

In gardens everywhere, and often as an escape ; native of S.
America.

452. Boerliaavia Linn.

* Boerliaavia repens Linn. var. procumbens B. P. ii. 863. B% erccta

H. S. 328.

v. Purna .

Waste places, fields and roadsides, everywhere.

453. Bougainvillea Comm.

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy ; B. P. ii. 863.

In gardens generally ; native of Brazil.

Bougainvillea spec tabilisWi lid. ; H. S. 329 ; B. P. ii. 864.

In gardens, often ; native of Brazil.

454. Pisonia Linn.

ve

Pisonia aculeata Linn.; B. P. ii. 864. P. villosa H. S. 328.
v. Baghachura.

Recorded by Voigt from Serampore ; it is occasionally used as a
hedge in our area but is not with us a wild plant; native of India and

Indo-China.

HUGHLI -HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

265

LXXXIIL— AMARAXTACm

455, Deeringia R. Br.

* Deeringia celosioides R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 865. D. indica H. S. 315.

v. Go la mo ham.

Hedges and thickets, occasional.

450. Celosia Linn.

Celosia argentea Linn. ; H. S. 318 ; B. P. ii. 867. •

v. Swet murgha phul.

In gardens, also self-sown, everywhere ; native of S. E. Asia.
Celosia cristata Linn. ; H. S. 318; B. P. ii. 869.
v. Lalmurgha phul.

In gardens, generally, occasionally also as an escape ; native of
S. E. Asia.

457. Digera Forsk.

* Digera arvensis Forsk.; B. P. ii. 858. D. muricata H. S. 314.

v. Luta mahauria, gungatiya.

Fields and roadsides, everywhere.

458. Amarantus Linn.

* Amarantus spinosus Linn ; H S. 317 ; B. P. ii. 869.

v. Kant a nuti , kanta minis.

Fields and roadsides, everywhere.

* Amarantus gangeticus Linn. ; H. S. 316 ; B. P. ii. 870.

v. Lai shaft, rakna shaft.

Cultivated in many races and varieties, the chief of these, apart
from the type, being the bans pati nati M. lanceolatus ) ; the lal
bans pati nati ( A . atropurpureus) ; and the go bur a nati [A. lividus ).

* Amarantus tristis Linn.; H. S. 315. A. gangeticus var. tristis ;

B. P. ii. 87O0 A. polygamus H. S. 870.
v. Champa nati.

Cultivated in many races and varieties.

* Amarantus mangostanus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 871.

v. Shaft .

A weed of fields and gardens, everywhere.

* Amarantus viridis Linn. ; H. S. 316 ; B. P. ii. 871.

v. Ban nati .

A weed of fields and gardens, general.

266

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Amarantus fasciatus Roxb. : H. S. 316- A. viridis v ar. fasciata

B. P. ii. 871.

v. T un-tuni. nati,

A weed of fields and gardens, general.

* Amarantus Illitum Linn, var. ol'eracea ; B. P. ii.871. A. oleraceus

VAR. alba H. S. 316.
v. Sadi nati.

Cultivated generally.

* Amarantus polygamus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 871. A . poiygonoides H. S.

3I5‘

v. Chivu nati.

A weed of fields and gardens, general.

* Amarantus tenuifolius Willd. ; H. S. 315 ; B. P. ii. 871.

v. Ghenti nati , jelchumli .

A weed of roadsides, waste places and fields, everywhere.

459. 'Pupalia Juss.

Pupalia atropurpurea Moq. ; B. P. ii. 872. Desmochseta atropurpurea
H. S. 319.

v. Duya kuya) kuya duya.

Recorded by Voigt from Serampo re, a quite probable record, as
the species is plentiful in districts to the west of our area.

460. Psilotriclium Moq.

* Psilotriclium ferrugineum Moq. ; H. S. 318 ; B. P. ii. 873.

v. Rakto sirinchi, lal sirinchi •

A weed of fields and wet places, mostly to the east of the Hughli.

461, vErua Forsk.

* A Erua lanata Juss. ; H. S. 317 ; B. P. ii. 874.

v. Chaya.

Waste places and thickets, not uncommon.

AErua scandcns Mart. ; H. S. 317 ; B. P. ii. 874.
v. Nuriya.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore; the record is possible but
needs confirmation ; the species in common in districts to the west
of our area.

463. Acliyrailtlics Linn.

* Acliyranthes aspera Linn.; H. S. 318; B. P. ii. 875.

v, A pang.

Waste places and roadsides, everywhere.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

267

463, Alteniahthera Forsk.

* Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. ; H. S. 318 ; B. P. ii. 875.

v. Chanchi.

Waste places, roadsides and fields, everywhere.

464, Gomplirena Linn,

Gomplirena globosa Linn. ; H. S. 318; B. P. ii. 876.
v. Gut makhmal .

In gardens, and in waste places as an escape, general ; probably
originally introduced from America.

LXXXf V . — CHEi\ OPODI ACEJE.

465. Simla Linn.

* Siraeda maritima Dumort. ; B. P. ii. 878. Salsola tndica H. S. 322.

Western Sundribuns.

466. Clienopodium Linn.

* Chenopodium album Linn. H. S. 321 ; B. P. ii. 879. C. laciniatum

H. S. 322.

v. Chandan b3iuy betu shak.

In gardens and also as a weed, everywhere.

Clieiiopodluiii ambrosioides Linn, j H. S. 321 ; B. P. ii. 879.

In waste places, naturalised, general ; originally American.

467. Beta Linn.

Beta vulgaris Linn.; H. S. 320; B. P. ii. 879. B, bengalensis H. S.
321 •

v. Pa tang shak.

In native gardens, general; nitive of Europe and temperate
Asia.

468. Spinacia Linn.

Spinacia oleracea Linn.; H. S. 320 ; B. P. ii. 880. S. tetrandrci H. S,
320.

v. Patting , pinis.

In gardens, general; native of Africa.

460. Artlirocnemuiu Moq.

* Artlirocnemuiu indicum Moq.; B. P. ii. 88 r. Sali^ornia indie a H.

S. 320.

v. Jadu palang.

Western Sundribuns.

268

* THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

470. Salicornia Linn.

* Salicornia brachiata Roxb. ; H. S. 329; B. P. ii. 881.

Western Sundribuns.

471. Basella Linn.

* Basella rubra Linn. ; B. P. ii. 882. Bt alba H. S. 322. B. cordifolia

H. S. 322.

v. Pot, ban foi.

In gardens, cultivated ; also in hedges and thickets, everywhere.

LXXXV. — PIIYTOLACCACEJS.

472. Rivna Linn.

Rivina lmmilis Linn.; B. P. ii. 883. R. lasvis H. S. 323.

In village-shrubberies, naturalised, not uncommon ; native of
America.

LXXXVI, — POLYGOXACEiE.

473. Polygonum Linn.

* Polygonum plebejum R. Br. var. effusa; B. P. ii. 886.

In damp places, everywhere.
var. * brevifolia; B. P. ii. 886.

In dry places, west of river Hughli.

var. * elegans ; B. P ii. 885. P. herniarioides H. S. 325.

In dry uncultivated or waste places, everywhere.

* Polygonum orientale Linn. ; H. S. 324 ; B. P. ii. 886,

v. Bara pani mirich .

In damp places, general.

Polygonum tomentosum Willd. ; H. S. 324 ; B. P. ii. 886.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore ; not improbably, but the
record needs confirmation.

Polygonum lanigerum R. Br. ; H. S. 325. var. effusa ; B. P. ii. 886.

v. Swet pani mirich*

Reported by Voigt from Serampore ; quite possibly, but the record
needs confirmation.

* Polygonum glabrum Willd. ; H. S. 325 ; B. P. ii. 886.

In ditches and swamps, general.

Polygonum lapatliifolium Linn.; B. P. ii. 325. P. nutans H. S.

324-

Once collected by Kurz near Shibpur, probably, however, only
as an escape from the Botanic garden where it occurs as a casual

HUGHLl-HOWRAH AND THE 24- PER GUNN A HS.

269

immigrant. It is a common species in Eastern Bengal and Assam.
P. stagninum is a species to be looked for in our areas as it is
common both to the west and the north-east of our districts, though
it has not been recorded by Voigt or by any subsequent collector.

* Polygonum barbatum Linn. ; B. P. ii. 887, not of H. S. P . rivulare

H. S. 325.
v. Bikh anjubaz.

In damp places, general.

* Polygonum serrulatum Lagasc. ; B. P. ii. 88 7. P.flacczdum H. S.

325‘

v. Pam mirich.

In ditches and swampy places, general.

* Polygonum Hydropiper Linn. ; B. P. ii. 887.

v. Pakurmal .

In ditches and beside ponds, not infrequent.

* Polygonum flaccidum Meisn. ; B. P. ii. 887, not of H. S. P. tenellum

H.S. 325.

In swamps and ditches, occasional.

474. Rumex Linn.

* Rumex maritimus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 888. R. Wallichianus H. S. 326.

v Ban palang .

In marshy spots, general.

* Rumex dentatus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 889.

In waste places, general.

Rumex vesicarius Linn.; H. S. 326; B. P. ii. 889.
v. Chuka palang . Country Sorrel.

In native gardens, occasionally; native of Africa.

475. Antigonon Endl.

Antigonon leptopus Endl. ; B. P. ii. 889.

Sandwich Island creeper.

In gardens, general; growing on trellises and fences.

LXXXVII.— ARISTOLOCHIACEiE.

476. Aristolochia Linn.

* Aristolocliia indica Linn. ; H. S. 313 ; B. P. ii. 891.

v. IsharmaL

Hedges, roadsides and waste places, general.

270

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

LXXXVIIL— PIPER1CEJS.

477. Piper Linn.

Piper Cliafoa Hunter ; H. S. 299 ; B. P. ii. 893.
v. Choi.

Cultivated generally; native of Malaya,

Piper Betle Linn. ; H. S. 299 ; B. P. ii. 893.
v. Pan , tamhuli. Betle-leaf.

Cultivated generally ; native of S. E. Asia.

* Piper Ionium Linn.; H, S. 299; B. P. ii. 893.
v. Pipla , pipla-mal, Long Pepper.

In hedges and thickets, general, but possibly not truly wild in our
area ; native of India,

Piper nigrum Linn. ; H. S. 299; B. P. ii. 893.

v. Gulmirichi kala mirich. Black Pepper.

Cultivated generally.

478. Peperomia Ruiz & Pav.

Peperomia pellucida Kunth ; B. P. ii. 894.

Paths, roadsides, waste places, open glades, everywhere ; intro-
duced since 1845; native of America. Now one of the most plenti-
ful of our annual weeds.

LXXXI X. — L X U HI \T E E.

470. Cinnamomum Bl.

Cinnamomum Tamala Fr. Nees ; B. P. ii. 899. C. alhiftorum H. S.
308.

v. Tezpat .

Often planted in native gardens; native of E. Himalaya and In do-
Cbina.

Cinnamomum Camphora Fr. Nees; B. P. ii. 899. Camphora oflici-
narum H. S.*3oS.
v. Kaphur.

Occasionally planted in native gardens; native of China.

480. Litssea Lamk.

* Eitsaea sebifera Pers. ; B. P. ii. 902. Tetr anther a Roxhurghii var.
apetala H. S. 309.
v. Kukur chita.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

271

Thickets and village-shrubberies, everywhere,

VAR. * glabraria Hook. f. ; B. P. ii. 902. Tetranthera laurifolia
H. S. 310.

Hedges, thickets and village-shrubberies ; less common than the
preceding and chiefly west of the river Hughli,

* Litsfiea polyantha Juss. ; B. P. ii. 903. Tetranthera monopetala

H. S. 310.

v. Bara kukur chita .

Thickets and village-shrubberies, general.

* Litsaea salicifolia Hook. f. var. laurifolia Hook. f. ; B. P. ii. 903.

v. Sum,

Thickets, east of the river Hughli, occasional.

481. Cassytlia Linn.

Cassytlia filiformis Linn. ; H. S. 312 ; B. P. ii. 904.

v. Akas-bel.

Parasitic in hedges and thickets, general but not plentiful.

XC.— LORANTHACEzE.

483. Lo ran thus Linn.

* Loranthus Scurrula Linn. var. bengalensis ; B. P. ii. 91 1.

v. Manda.

Parasitic on trees, general.

* Loranthus lon^iflorus Desr. ; H. S. 54 ; B. P. ii. 91 1.

v. Bara manda.

Parasitic on trees, everywhere.

* Loranthus globosus R^xb. ; H. S. 54; B. P. ii. 912.

v. Chhota manda .

Parasitic on trees, everywhere.

483. Vi scum Linn.

* Viscum ntonoicum Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 912.

v. Manda , banda.

Parasitic on trees in the Western Sundribuns, less often near
Calcutta.

XCI.-ElfPMORBIACEiE.

484, Euphorbia Linn.

Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. ; H. S. 162; B. P. ii. 923.

v. Bajvaran , tikata sij.

In hedges generally ; native of drier parts of India.

* I

272

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. ; EL P. ii. 923, E . ligularia H. S. 16 1.

v. Mansa sij.

In hedges occasionally ; native of drier parts of India.

Euphorbia Mvulia Ham. ; H. S. 162; B. P. ii. 923.
v. Sij.

Hedges and village-shrubberies everywhere ; native of drier
parts of India.

Euphorbia Tirucalli Linn.; H. S. 162; B. P. ii. 924.

v. Lanka sij .

Hedges generally ; native of Africa.

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd ; B. P. ii. 924. Poinsettia fulcher -
rim a H. S. 164.

Gardens and lawns, general ; native of America.

Euphorbia geniculata Ortega; B. P. ii. 924. E. pr unifolia H. S.
163.

In gardens occasionally, sometimes also self-sown on rubbish
heaps and in waste places ; native of S. America.

Euphorbia lieterophylla Linn. ; B. P. ii. 924.

In gardens generally, also naturalized in waste places about
Calcutta ; native of America.

* Euphorbia dracuuculoides Lamk ; H. S. 164; B. P. ii. 924.

v. Jychi) chhagal puputi .

A field weed, west of the river Hughli only.

Euphorbia graminea Jacq. ; B. P. ii. 924.

A weed of waste places about Calcutta; recently introduced •
native of America.

* Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn. var. indica; B. P. ii. 924. E .

uniflora H. S. 163.

Fields and waste places, general.

var. pamflora ; B. P. ii. 924. E. parviflora H. S. 163.

Fields and waste places, west of the Hughli.

* Euphorbia pilulifera Linn. ; B. P. ii. 925. E. hirta H. S. 163.

v. Bara kerui.

A weed of fields, gardens, waste places and roadsides, everywhere.

* Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. ; H. S. 163 ; B P. ii. 925.

v. Swet kerui.

A weed of fields, gardens and paths, everywhere.

HUGHLUHOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

273

* Euphorbia microphylla Heyne; B. P. ii. 925. E . Chamxsyce H.

S. 163.

v. Chhota kerui.

A weed of waste places, west of the Hughli, rare.

485. Pedilanthus Neck.

Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit. ; H. S. 164 ; B. P. ii. 925.
v. Belati sij.

A hedge plant everywhere, sometimes also naturalized in village-
shrubberies ; native of America.

486. Bischofia Bl.

Bi, scholia javanica Bl. j, B. P. ii. 926. Stylodiscus trifoliatus H. S.
160.

Planted in avenues and occasionally on roadsides ; native of
India, Indo-China and Malaya.

487. Bridelia Willd.

* Bridelia stipulates Bl. ; B. P. ii. 928. B% scandens H. S. 156.

v. Harin hara.

Village-shrubberies, also Western Sundribuns.

* Bridelia tomentosa Bl. ; B. P. ii. 928. B. lanceaefolia H. S. 156.

v. Mindri , sirai.

Village-shrubberies, occasional.

488. Glochidion Forst.

Glochidion multiloculare Voigt; H. S. 152 ; B. P. ii. 930. Agyneia
puber H. S. 155.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, a quite possible record, but
one that needs confirmation ; the shrub may be looked for in village-
shrubberies ; it is common in most other parts of Bengal.

489. Flueggea Willd.

* Flueggea microcarpa Bl. ; B. P. ii. 931. F. retusa H. S. 152. F \

virosa H. S. 152.

Village-shrubberies, hedges, waysides and river banks, general.

490. Agyneia Vent.

* Agyneia bacciformis A. Juss. ; B. P. ii. 932. Phylianthus bacci-

formis H. S. 154.

Damp fields in 24-Pergunnahs, south-east of Calcutta, also in the
North-Western Sundribuns.

214

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

491. Breynia Forst.

* Breynia rliamnoidcs Muell.-Arg. ; B. P. ii. 933. Phyllanthus
. reticulatus H. S. 154.

v. Kali sitki) hamkatoguli .

Hedges and thickets, general.

493. Pliyllanthus Linn.

* Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. ; B. P. ii. 935. P. multiflorus H.

S. 154.

v. Panjuli.

Hedges and thickets, everywhere.

Phyllanthus Emblica Linn. ; B. P. ii. 935. Emblica officinalis
H. S. 153.
v. Am la.

In gardens, occasionally ; native of drier parts of India.

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn, ; H. S. 153; B. P. ii. 935.
P. obcordatus H. S. 154.

Both the decumbent form (P. maderaspatensis proper) and the
tall slender form (P. obcordatus') of this species are reported from
Serampore by Voigt, but both records are somewhat unlikely and
both need confirmation; the species is common in the drier parts of
India, but there are no specimens of any of its varieties from our area
in the Calcutta herbarium.

* Phyllanthus urinaria Linn.; H. S. 154; B. P. ii. 935.

v. Hazar mani .

In waste shady places, general.

* Phyllanthus simplex Retz ; H. S. 153 ; B. P. ii 936.

A weed in cultivated ground, mostly west of the river Hughli.

* Phyllanthus Niruri Linn.; H. S. 154; B. P. ii. 936.

v. Bhui amla) sada hazar mani .

A weed of cultivated ground, everywhere.

Phyllanthus distichus Muell.-Arg. ; B, P. ii. 936. Cicca dislicha
H. S. 153.

v. Noariy nubari , today hariphul.

In native gardens, general ; native place uncertain,,

493. Putranjiva Wall.

Putranjiva Roxburgh]! Wall. ; H. S. 296; B. P. ii. 936.

v. Jia pat ay putranjiva .

In avenues and on roadsides, also often spontaneously in village-
shrubberies ; native of India.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNN AHS.

275

494. Antidesma Linn.

* Antidesma Cliaesembliilla Gaertn. ; B. P. ii. 938.

v. Khudi jamb, tim to a.

In village-shrubberies, general.

* Antidesma diandrum Roth.; B. P. ii. 938.

v. M ulta.

In village-shrubberies, occasional,

495. Jatropha Linn.

Jatroplia multifida Linn. ; H. S. 159 ; B. P. ii. 941.

In native and other gardens, and near temples and shrines, culti-
vated ; also occasionally self-sown in waste places ; native of America.

Jatroplia gossypifolia Linn. ; B. P. ii. 941.

v. Lai bherenda .

Waste places, roadsides, village-shrubberies everywhere, never
cultivated ; native of America. Though now one of the commonest
and most striking of the shrubby weeds of our area, this species is
not included in Voigt’s list, published so recently as 1845.

Jatroplia Curcas Linn. ; H. S. 158; B. P. ii. 941.

v. Bagh bherenda .

In native gardens and hedges everywhere, and sometimes sub-
spontaneous in village-shrubberies.

499. Aleurites Forst,

Aleurites moluccana Willd. ; B. P. ii. 942. A. triloba H. S. 159.
v. Akrot .

Planted generally; Voigt even records it from Serampore as wild,
and it does sometimes occur sub-spontaneously, but it has no claim to
he indigenous ; native of Papuasia.

497. Croton Linn.

* Croton oblongifolius Roxb. ; H. S. 156 ; B. P. ii. 943.

v. Chucka , bara gachh.

Village-shrubberies, everywhere.

* Croton eaudatus Geisel.; B. P. ii. 943. C. drupaceus H. S. 156.

v. Nan bhantur.

Village-shrubberies and thickets on river banks, chiefly east of the
river Hughli ; also in the North-Western Sundribuns.

* Croton Tiglium Linn.; H. S. 156; B. P. ii. 943.

v. Jayapala , jeypal%

276

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

In hedges near villages everywhere, also often self-sown in village
thickets ; native of S. E. Asia.

Croton sparsiflorus Morong.

Abundant in waste places to the south of Calcutta, particularly
about Diamond Harbour, a recently introduced weed ; native of
Paraguay.

498. Codiseum Juss.

Codiseum variegatum Bl. ; B. P. ii. 944. C. chrysosticta H. S. 157.

In gardens everywhere : the “ Croton }) of English denizens!
native of the Moluccas.

499. Clirozopliora Neck.

* Clirozophora plicata A. Juss. ; H. S. 156 ; B. P. ii. 944.

v. Khudi okra .

Waste ground and dry fields, everywhere.

500. Gelonium Roxb.

* Gelonium multiflorum A. Juss. ; B. P. ii. 945. G.fasciculatum

H. S. 158,
v. Ban naranga .

In village-shrubberies, general.

Voigt also reports G. lanceolatumy a native of S. India and
Ceylon, from Serampore, but if the species did exist there in 1845, it
can only have been as a planted tree.

501. Baliospermum Bl.

* Baliospermum axillare Bl. ; B. P. ii. 946. Croton polyandrum H.

S. 156.

v. Ddnti , hakun .

Waste places and fields in Gogbat sub-division ; also reported by
Voigt from Serampore.

502. Acalyplia Linn.

* Acalyplia fallax MuelL-Arg. ; B. P. ii. 947.

Fields, gardens and waste places about Calcutta, very common.

* Acalyplia indica Linn. ; H. S. 160; B. P. ii. 948.

v. Makta juri, koklu

Fields, gardens and waste places, general.

Acalyplia ciliata Forsk. ; H. S. 159 ; B. P. ii. 948.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, but the record needs confirma-
tion ; the species is found in Behar and westward to Arabia and
Africa.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

277

503. Trewia Linn.

* Trewia nudiflora Linn. ; H. S. 279 ; B. P. ii. 948.

v. Pitali.

River banks, everywhere.

504. Mallotus Lour.

* Mallotus repandus Muell. Arg. ; B. P. ii. 949. Rottlera laccifera

H. S. 157.

v. Akfist nun bhanttir .

Village-shrubberies and hedges, general.

Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg. ; B. P. ii. 950. Rottlera tine -
toria H. S. 157.
v. Kamala .

Sometimes planted about villages ; native of the drier parts of
India. Voigt records this as not having flowered in the Royal Botanic
Garden between 1797, when it was first introduced, and 1814 ; and
adds# that at Serampore it had not flowered up to 1845. some
years at least it flowers freely, and occasionally self-sown young
plants are to be met with in the Royal Botanic Garden.

505. Ricinus Linn.

Ricinus communis Linn. ; H. S. 158 ; B. P. ii. 952.
v. Bherenda .

Cultivated everywhere in gardens and fields, and very common
spontaneously in village shrubberies ; native of Africa.

506. Tragia Linn.

* Tragia involucrata Linn.; H. S. 160; B. P. ii. 952.

v. Bichchati.

Hedges, everywhere. Voigt also records the narrowly 3-partite
leaved variety (VAR. cannabina = T. cannabina Linn.) from Seram-
pore ; this is a quite possible record, but it needs to be confirmed.

501?. Sapium P. Br,

* Sapium indicum Willd. ; H. S. 161 ; B. P. ii* 954.

v. Hurna batul.

Western Sundribuns,

Sapium sebiferum Roxb.; B. P. ii. 954. Stillingia sebifefa H. S.

l6l.

v. M6m china .

In village-shrubberies, general ; native of China.

278

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

508. Exccecaria Linn.

* Exccecaria Agallocha Linn.; H. S. 161 ; B. P. ii. 955.

v. Ge'ngwa, geo, gheria.

Western Sundribuns ; salt lakes near Calcutta and banks of Hughli
as far north as Uluberia.

xcil—urticace^

500, Trema Lour.

* Trema oricntalis Bl. ; B. P. ii. 960. Sponia orient alts H. S. 294.

v. Jilun , chikun .

Village-shrubberies, hedges and waste places, everywhere.

510. Cannabis Linn.

Cannabis saliva Linn.; H. S. 282 ; B. P. ii. 960.
v. Ganja. The Hemp Plant.

A prohibited plant in our area, but occasionally occurring as a
roadside weed ; native of Siberia.

511. Fleurya Gaud.

* Flenrya interrnpta Gaud, ; B. P. ii. 961. Boehmeria interrupt a
H. S. 281.

v. Lai bichchitt.

Waste places and roadsides, general.

512. Pilea Lindl.

* Pilea microphylla Liebn. ; B. P. ii. 962.

Damp paths, old walls, rubbishy places ; everywhere.

518, Boehmeria Jacq.

Boehmeria nivea Hook, & Arn. ; B. P. ii. 964. LJrtica nivea H. S.

280.

v. Kankhfira,

Occasionally cultivated, but not by natives, near Calcutta.

514, Pouzolzia Gaud.

* Pouzolzia indica Gaud.; B. P. ii. 965.

Waste places, roadsides and fields, west of the river Hughli only,
and always rare.

VAR. * alienata Wedd. ; B, P. ii. 965. LJrtica tuberosa H. S. 280
(not U. tuberosa Roxb.)»
v. Chandar muli.

Waste places, roadsides and fields, everywhere.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAH:". 279

515. Broussonetia Vent.

Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. ; H. S. 284; B. P. ii. 967.

Occasionally planted and wherever this is the case readily spring-
ing up spontaneously : native of Eastern Asia.

516. Morus Linn.

Morus indica Linn. ; H. S. 283 ; B. P. ii. 968.
v. Tut , tutri.

Cultivated, but very rarely so in our area ; native of the Himalaya.

517. Streblus Lour.

* Streblus asper Lour.; B. P. ii. 969. Tropkis aspera H. S. 291.

v. Shiora .

Hedges and village-shrubberies, everywhere.

518. Artocarpus Forst.

Artocarpus integrifolia Linn.f. ; H. S. 289; B. P. ii. 971.
v. Kathdl . The Jack Fruit.

Planted everywhere ; sometimes as if wild in village-shrubberies ;
native of India.

Artocarpus Lakooclia Roxb. ; H. S. 290; B. P. ii. 971.

v. Dephul , lakuch .

In gardens, frequent ; occasionally as if wild in village-shrub-
beries ; native of India.

In one or two compounds within the city of Calcutta, but not
elsewhere, examples of the Bread Fruit tree [Artocarpus incisa) are
to be met with. Though it can be made to live in the vicinity of
buildings in the town, it does not survive when planted in suburban
gardens.

519. Ficus Linn.

Ficus Benjamina Linn. var. comosa Kurz; B. P. ii. 979.

Planted in avenues ; native of S. E. Asia.

* Ficus bengalensis Linn. ; B. P. ii. 979. F, indica H. S. 286.

v. Bar , but .

Planted, but also wild or at least self-sown on tombs and trees;
native of India.

* Ficus retusa Linn. var. nitida King ; B. P. ii. 980. F. Benja-

mina H. S. 289.
v. Jir) zir.

In village-shrubberies and in Sundribuns forests.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

280

* Ficus relig’iosa Linn. ; H. S. 287 ; B. P. ii. 980.

v. Asvattha , pipal .

In village-shrubberies and on old buildings, everywhere.

* Ficus Rumphii Bl. ; H. S. 287 ; B. P. ii. 980.

v. Gaiasvattha .

In village-shrubberies and on river banks ; also Sundribuns.

* Ficus infectoria Roxb* ; B* P*. ii. 98 u F. venosa H, S, 287.

v, Pakur.

Village-shrubberies, general.

* Ficus heterophylla Linn. ; B. P. ii. 981. F. rubescens H. S. 285.

v. Gaori sheora) ghoti seora*

In damp places, occasional.

VAR. * l’epens King ; B. P. ii. 981. F. repens H. S. 285.
v. Bhui dumar .

Edges of ponds and ditches, general.

* Ficus liispida Linn. f, ; B. P. ii. 981. F. oppositifolia H. S. 288.

v. Dumar , kdk dumar .

Hedges and thickets, everywhere.

Ficus puntila Linn.; B. P. ii. 982.

Grown generally on walls as a substitute for Ivy.

* Ficus glomerata Roxb. ; H. S. 288 ; B. P. ii. 983.

v. Jagya dumar) yajna dumar .

In village-shrubberies, occasional.

XCIIL—C ASU ARINEiE.

520. Casuarina Forst.

Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. ; B. P. ii. 985. C. muricata H. S.
297.

v. Belati jhau.

Avenues and roadsides, but also very commonly self-sown ; native
of sea coasts from Polynesia to Chittagong.

XCIV.— CERATOPHYLLEdE.

521. Ceratopliyllum Linn.

* Ceratopliyllum demersum Linn. ; B. P. ii. 990. C. verticillatum .

H. S. 293.
v. Jhangi .

In ponds and ditches, everywhere.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNN VHS.

281

GYMNOSPERME^E.

XCV.— CONIFER E.

532. Thuya Linn.

Thuya orientalis Linn. ; H. S. 557 ; B. P. ii. 992.

In gardens and on lawns about Calcutta; native of China.

533. Cupressus Tournef.

Cupressus sempervirens Linn. ; H. S. 558.
v. Saras. *

In gardens, occasionally ; native of the Orient.

XCVI— CYCABACEE.

524. Cycas Linn.

Cycas revoluta Thu nb. ; H. S. 555 ; B. P. ii. 993.

In gardens and on lawns about Calcutta ; native of Japan.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

XCVII. — IIYDROCHARIDE/E.

535, Hy dr ilia Rich.

* Hydrilla verticillata Casp. ; H. S. 617 ; B. P. ii. 995.

v. Jhangi kurali .

In ponds, everywhere.

526. Lagarosiphon Harv.

* Lagarosiphon Roxburghii Benth. ; B. P. ii. 995. Vallisneria

alternjfolia H. S. 618.
v. Rasna jhangi.

In ponds, general.

537. Vallisneria Linn.

* Vallisueria spiralis Linn. ; H. S. 617 ; B. P, ii. 996.

v. Syala .

In ponds, everywhere.

528. Blyxa Thouars.

* Blyxa Roxburgliii Rich. ; B. P. ii. 996. B. octandra H. S. 618.

v. Pata syala.

In ponds, general.

28 2

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

529. Hydrocharis Linn.

* Hydrocharis cellulosa Ham. ; B. P. ii. 997.

In ponds, north-east of Calcutta, rather rare.

530. Ottelia Pers.

* Ottelia alismoides Pers ; H. S. 618 ; B. P. ii. 997.

v. Par mi kalla , pani kalla.

In ponds, everywhere.

XC VIII. — ORCHID A CE/E.

531. Pendrobium Ssv.

* Beiulrobium anceps Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1009. Aporum ancep; H. S.

623.

Western Sundribuns.

* Deiidrobium Pierardi Roxb. ; H. S. 623 ; B. P. ii. 1009.

Western Sundribuns.

532. Pacliystoma Lindl.

* Pacliystoma senile Reichb. f. ; B. P. ii. 1014. Geodorum ramenta-

ceum H. S. 628.

In grassy places, rare.

533. Eulopliia R. Br.

* Eulopliia graminea Lindl.; B. P. ii. ioiG. E. virens H. S. 629

(the Bengal plant),
v. Badbari.

In dry grassy places, west of the Hughli, rare.

534. (Geodorum Jacks.

* Geodorum dilatatum R. Br. ; H. S. 628 ; B. P. ii. 1017.

In grassy glades, not uncommon.

Geodorum purpureum R. Br. ; H. S. 628.

Recorded by Voigt from Serampore, quite a possible record, but
requires confirmation ; native of India.

535, Luisia Gaud.

* Euisia bracliystacliys Bl. ; B. P. ii. 1019. Cymbidium triste H. S.

627 partly.

Western Sundribuns, common.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

283

536. Vanda R. Br.

* Vanda Roxburghii R. Br. ; H. S. 629 ; B. P. ii. 1021.

v. Ndt, rasnay banda.

On trees, everywhere.

#

537. Saccolabium Bl.

* Saccolabium papillosum Lindl.; H. S. 630; B. P. ii. 1022.

On trees, rare to north of the Sundribuns, not infrequent in
Sundribun forests.

538. Cleisostoma Bl.

Cleisostoma micrantlmm K. & P. ; B. P. ii. 1023. Saccolabium mi -
cranthu™ H. S, 630.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, a quite possible record, but
it needs confirmation.

536. Sarcanthus Lindl.

* Sarcantlms insectifer Reichb. f. ; B. P. ii. 1023.

Western Sundribuns, on trees, very common.

540. IMdymoplcxis Griff.

* Didymoplexis pallcns Grid.; B. P. ii. 1025.

In shady thickets, general.

541. Pogonia Juss.

* Pogonia plicata Lndl. ; H. S. 632; B. P. ii. ro26.

In shady thickets, general.

* Pogonia juliana Wall.; H. S. 632 ; B. P. ii. 1026.

In shady thickets, rare.

* Pogonia carina ta Lindl.; H. S. 632; B. P. ii. 1026.

In shady thickets, general.

543. Zeuxine Lindl.

* Zeuxine sulcata Lindl. ; H. S. 633 ; B. P. ii. 1029.

v. Swet huli. .

In grassy open spaces, general.

543. Habenaria Willd.

* Habenaria digitata Lindl. ; B. P. ii. 1032.

Grassy places, very rare.

Habenaria commelinifolia Wall.; H. S. 632; B. P. ii. 1033.

284

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, the record needs con-
firmation.

* Habenaria marginata Colebr. ; H. S. 632 ; B. P. ii. 1033.

Grassy places, very rare.

* Habenaria viridiflora R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1033. H. tenuis H. S. 632.

Grassy places, very rare.

XCIX. —SCITAMINEiE.

644. Globba Linn.

Globba sessiliflora Sims.

In gardens, drops its bulbils freely and thereby readily comes up
spontaneously in garden borders and in shady grassy places ; native
of Burma.

645. Kaempferia Linn.

Kaempferia Galanga Linn. ; H. S. 566 ; B. P. ii. 1038.
v. Chandu mula , hnmula.

In gardens, general : native of S. E. Asia.

Kaempferia rotunda Linn.; H. S. 566; B. P. ii. 1038.

v. Bhui champa *

In gardens, occasional ; native of S. E. Asia.

546. Hedycliium Koen.

Hedy chium cor onarium Koen ; H. S. 568; B. P. ii. 1039.
v. Gorakh natha> dulala champa .

In gardens and also sometimes in village-shrubberies, but though
reported by Voigt from Serampore (as wild) is probably always an
escape in our area; native of S. E. Asia.

547. Curcuma Linn.

* Curcuma aromatica Salisb. ; H. S. 563; B. P. ii. 1042.

v. Jangli haldi , ban haldi .

In village-shrubberies about Calcutta and elsewhere in our dis-
tricts.

Curcuma Zedoaria Roscoe; H. S. 564 ; B. P. ii. 1042.

v Kachura .

Cultivated pretty generally.

Curcuma caesia Roxb. ; H. S. 563 ; B. P. ii. 1042.

v. Kala haldi .

Reported by Voigt from Serampore ; a possible record, since the
species is common immediately to the west of our area, but one that
needs confirmation.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

285

* Curcuma ferruginea Roxb. ; H. S. 563 ; B. P. ii. 1042.

Village^thickets near Shibpur.

* Curcuma rubescens Roxb. ; H., S. 564 ; B. P. ii. 1042.

Village-shrubberies, general.

Curcuma longa Linn. : H. S. 565 ; B. P. ii. 1042.

v. Haldt.

Cultivated generally.

Curcuma Amada Roxb. ; H. S. 564 ; B. P. ii. 1042.
v. Am ad a.

Cultivated generally.

548. Zingiber Adans.

Zingiber Zerumbet Sm. ; H. S. 562 ; B. P. ii. 1045.

v. Maha bar bach , nar kachur .

Cultivated and as if wild in village-shrubberies, native of S. E.
Asia.

Zingiber Casumunar Roxb. ; H. S. 562; B* P. ii. 1045.

v. Ban-ada.

Cultivated and as if wild in village-shrubberies and on abandoned
sites in the Sundribuns ; native of India.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe ; H. S. 561 ; B. P. ii. 1045.
v. Adrak , ad a.

Cultivated sparingly; native of S. E. Asia.

549. Costus Linn.

* Costus speciosus Sm. ; H. S. 572; B. P. ii. 1045.

v. Kust , keu.

In village-shrubberies and shady waste places.

550. Alpinia Linn.

Alpinia Galanga Sw. ; H. S. 570; B. P. ii. 1047.

v. Kulanj an.

In gardens, occasionally.

* Alpinia Allugkas Roscoe ; H. S. 570 ; B. P. ii. 1047.

v. Taro} taruko .

Muddy river banks, general.

551. Canna Linn.

Canna indica Linn.; H. S. 576. var. oricntalis B. P. ii. 1047.
v. Sbha jaya} sarba jay a.

286

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

In gardens everywhere, but also very general in waste places as*
an escape : native of Eastern Asia.

552. Maranta Linn,

Maranta arundinacea Linn. ; H. S. 575 ; B. P. ii. 1048.
v. Tikhur . Arrowroot.

Cultivated occasionally about Calcutta; native of the West
Indies.

The name Tikhur is applied to and was probably originally res-
tricted to various species of Curcuma .

553. Musa Linn.

Musa sapieiltum Linn.; B. P. ii. 1050. M . paradisaica H. S. 1050.
v. Ram kela , kantali kela , kach kela. Plantain.

Cultivated in numerous races, and also occurring in village-shrub-
beries as if wild: native of India. The vernacular name for all the
forms is kela. The ram kela is the form with numerous black seeds
that is occasionally found about villages; it does not, however, quite
agree with the wild form of the species that occurs in the forests of
Chota Nagpur and Chittagong, but is rather a form, feral by reversion,
of the kantali kela or Cooking Plantain which is to be found in several
races most of which may have been locally evolved. The numerous
races, of kach kela or Dessert Plantain, on the other hand, would
appear to be in no case of local origin, but to have been introduced
from Southern India, Malaya, and possibly elsewhere.

C.~~ BROMELIACE E.

554. Ananassa Adans.

Ananassa sativa Linn. ; B. P. ii, 1052. Ananas sativus H. S. 614.
v. Ananas , from the American name. Pine apple.

Sparingly cultivated about Calcutta ; introduced to Asia from
the West Indies.

Cl. — H/EMODORACEiE.

555. Sanse viera Thunb.

Sanseviera Roxbnrgliiana Schult. f. ; H. S. 556; B. P. ii. 1054.

v. Murva) murba . Bowstring Hemp.

Cultivated and sometimes as if wild in village-shrubberies ;
reported by Voigt from Serampore but certainly not wild in our area
it is indeed doubtful whether the species is really indigenous in India

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

287

at all ; if so, it is the only species of the genus that seems to be so ;
the other species are African.

San se viera trifascia ta Hort. ; B. P. ii. 1054.

Cultivated, but also sometimes in village-shrubberies ; probably
native of West Africa, but appears to have reached India from America
where it is sometimes grown as S. guineensis , the West African
Bowstring Hemp which is not naturalized and is hardly known even
in cultivation, in India.

CII. — IRIDEJE.

556. Cipura Aubl.

Cipura paludosa Aubl.; H. S. 601 ; B. P. ii. 1055.

Naturalized in thickets near Calcutta among grass; native of
America.

557, Belamcanda Adans.

Belamcanda chinensis Leman ; B. P. ii. 1056. Pardanthus chinensis
H. S. 605.

v. Dasbahu, dasbachandi.

In gardens, everywhere; native of China.

CIII. — AMARYLLIBACEiE.

558, Agave Linn.

Agave VeraCruz Mill. A, cantula B. P. ii. 1057.
v. Kant ala, bilati ananas .

A hedge near villages ; native of America.

Other species of Agave are occasi jnally grown as hedges.

559. Curculigo Gaertn.

* Curculigo orcliioides Gaertn. ; H. S. 580 ; B. P.ii. 1059.

v. Tal muli, tal lura .

Grassy places west of the river Hughli.

560. Zepliyrantlies Herb.

Zephyrantlies tubispatlia Herb.; H. S. 582; B. P. ii. 1060.

In gardens, but also sometimes appearing spontaneously in grassy
places; native of Peru.

561. Crinum Linn.

* Crinum asiaticum Linn.; H. S. 588; B. P. ii. 1061,

v. Bara kanur .

Sundribuns, wild, plentiful ; often also in gardens in our area.

K

288

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Crinum defixum Ker; H. S. 590; B. P. ii. 1061.

v. Sukk darshan.

Banks of ponds and ditches, common.

* Crinum pratense Herb. ; H. S. 580 ; B. P. ii. 1061.

Wet places, rare.

Crinum latifoliutu Linn,; B. P. ii0 1061. C.ornatum var. lati-
folium H. S. 591.

In gardens, generally; wild in Orissa.

var. zeylaiiica B. P. ii. 1061. C. ornatum VAR zeylanicum
H. S. 591.

In gardens ; wild in Orissa.

CS V. — DIOSCOR E ACE JE.

56.3. Dioscorea Linn-

* Dioscorea pentapliylla Linn.; H. S. 653; B. P. ii. 1066.

v. Kanta alu .

Hedges and thickets, general.

* Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1066. D. crisp at a H. S. 652.

v. Rat alu .

Hedges and thickets, general.

Dioscorea fasciculata Roxb. ; H. S. 652; B. P. ii, 1066.
v. Susni alu.

Cultivated only.

var. spiiiosa B. P. ii. 1066. D. aculeata H. S. 652.

v. Mou alu'.

Thickets and village-shrubberies, general.

* Dioscorea ang|dna Roxb. ; H. S. 652 ; B. P. ii. 1066.

v. Kukur alu.

Hedges and thickets, rare.

* Dioscorea glabra Roxb. ; H. S-. 653. D. nummularia B. P. ii.

1067.

v. Shora alu.

Hedges, thickets and village-shrubberies, general.

Dioscorea alata Linn.; H. S. 652; B. P. ii. 1067.
v. Kham , kham alu.

Generally cultivated.

VAR. globosa B. P. ii. 1067. D. globosa H. S. 652,
v. Chupri alu.

Generally cultivated.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

289

var. rubella B. P. ii, 1067. rubella H, S. 652.
v. Guraniya alu.

Generally cultivated.

var. purpurea B. P. ii. 1067. D. purpurea H. S. 652.
v. Rakto guraniya aluy lal guraniya .

Generally cultivated.

CY.-LSLIACEiE.

563. Asparagus Linn.

* Asparagus racemosus Willd. ; H. S. 674 ; B. P. ii. 1070,

v. Sata mult.

Hedges and thickets, occasional.

564. Smilax Linn.

* Smilax prolifera Roxb.; H. S. 648; B. P. ii. 1071.

v. Kumarika,

Hedges and thickets, general.

Smilax macropliylla Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1071. S, ovalifolia H. S. 648.
v. Kumarika,

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, a quite probable record but
one that needs confirmation; the species is commDn in West Bengal*

565, Clloriosa Linn.

* Gloriosa superba Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1073. Methonica superha H. S3

655-

v. Ulat chandal.

Hedges, generally.

566. Poliaiithes Linn.

Polianthes tuberosa Linn. ; H. S. 656.
v. Raj am gandha . The Tuberose.

In native gardens, general ; native of S. America.

567. Allium Linn.

Allium ascalonicuni Linn.; H. S. 668; B. P. ii. 1075.

v. Gandhan, The Shalot.

In gardens everywhere, cultivated ; native of the Orient-

Allium Cepa Linn.; H. S. 668; B. P. ii, 1075,
v. Piyaj. The Onion.

Cultivated generally; native of the Oriental and Mediterranean
regions. K 2

290

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Allium tuberosum Roxb. ; H. S. 669 ; B. P. ii. 1076.

v. Ranga gandhina. Indian Leek.

Recorded by Roxburgh as cultivated about Calcutta, but unknown
to Voigt and not met with in our area as a crop by the writer : the
species has, however, been raised from seeds received from Behar
and the resulting plants compared and found to agree exactly with
Roxburgh’s drawing. It is just possible that it may be met with in
gardens in the western part of Hughli district.

Allium ampcloprasum Linn.; H. S. 668 ; B. P, ii. 1076. A. Porrum
H. S. 668.

v. Paru , gandhina. The Leek,

In gardens, generally ; native of'the Mediterranean and Oriental
regions.

Allium sativum Linn.; H. S. 667 ; B. P. ii. 1076.
v. Lasun , rashun. Garlic.

Cultivated generally ; native of the Mediterranean region.

568. Aspliodelus Linn.

* Aspliodelus teimifolius Cav. ; B. P. ii. 1076. A . clavatus H. S.

670.

In fields in the cold weather, but probably always a casual and
introduced with seed sent from western provinces, where it is
common.

569. Hemerocallis Linn.

Hemcrocallis fulva Linn.; H. S. 670; B. P. ii. 1078.

v. Gul nargis.

In gardens, generally; native of China.

CVI, — PONTE DERI ACE J2,

570. Monoclioria Presl.

* Monoclioria liastaefolia Presl ; B. P. ii. 1079. Ponte deria hastata

H. S. 645.
v. Nukha.

In ditches and rice-fields, general.

Monoclioria vaginalis Presl; B. P. ii. 1079. Pontederia vaginalis
H. S. 645.
v. Nukha .

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, and may quite possibly occur,
because the species is plentiful in the Gangetic Plain to the north
and also to the east of our districts; the record, however, needs con-
firmation.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

2gl

var. * plan taginea Solms-Lanbach; B. P. ii. 1079. Pontederia
plantaginea H. S. 645.
v. Nukha.

Ditches, ponds and rice-fields, everywhere.

CVII.— XYRIDE/E.

571. Xyris.

* Xyris pauciflora Willd. ; B. P. ii. 1080 ; X. indica H. S. 731, pos-

sibly.

v. Dabi-duba .

In wet places, about Serampore, Chandernagore and Jahanabad
not seen from east of the Hughli in our area.

The species in our districts that alone is represented in the
Calcutta Herbarium from our region is X. pauciflora. Voigt, how-
ever, gives X. indica as occurring at Serampore and notes X. paucu
flora as a species that might be, but that up to 1845 had not yet been,
introduced either to the Botanic Garden at Shibpur or to Dr. Carey's
Garden at Serampore. Frcrm this it seems clear that only one species
was present in our area in Voigt’s time, and it is therefore possible
that the specific names used by Voigt were misplaced. At the same
time the occurrence of X . indica is not at all impossible since it
occurs in Northern Bengal as well as in Orissa.

CVIII.— COMMELIMCE JB.

573. Commelina Linn.

* Coiumelina nudiflora Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1082. C. c&spitosa H. S.

677.

Goghat, western parts of Hughli district ; also reported by Voigt
from Serampore.

* Commelina salicifolia Roxb, ; H. S. 67 5 ; B. P. ii. 1082.

v. Pani kanchira .

Fields and damp waste places, general.

* Commelina Hasskarlii Clarke ; B. P. ii. 1082.

v. Kanchira.

Shady places, general.

* Commelina bengalensis Linn. ; H. S. 676; B. Pf ii. 1082.

v. Kanchira .

Shady places, everywhere.

* Commelina attenuata Koenig; B. P. ii. 1083.

Goghat, Western Hughli district.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

2g2

* Comtnelina oblityua Ham. ; B. P. ii. 1083, C. communis H. S. 677.

v„ Jut a kanchira .

Shady places, general.

* Commelina appendiculata Clarke ; B. P. ii. 1083.

Shady places, east of river Hughli, rare.

* Commelina suffrnticosa Bl. ; B. P. ii. 1083.

Waste places, rare.

573, Aneilema R. Br.

* Aneilema spiratnm R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1084. A. nanum H. S. 677.

In fields and waste placeSj everywhere.

* Aneilema nudiflorum R. Br. ; H. S. 677 ; B. P. ii. 1084.

v. Kanduli .

Waste places, general.

* Aneilema vaginatum R. Br. ; H. S. 677 ; B. P. ii. 1084.

Wet places, general,

574, Tradescantfa Linn.

Tradescantia discolor L'Herit. ; H. S. 678.

In gardens and also as an escape.

575. Cyanotis Den.

Cyanotis cristata Schult. f. ; H. S. 678 ; B. P. ii. 1085.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, the record requires verifica-
tion. The species is common in Chota Nagpur.

* Cyanotis axillaris Rcem.; and Schult.; H. S. 678; B. P. ii. 1085.

v. Baghanula .

Fields and roadsides, general.

CIX.~-FLA€}ELLARIEJS.

57(1, Flagellaria Linn.

* Flagellaria indica Linn.; H. S. 681 ; B. P. ii. 1087,

v. Ban chanda .

Sundribuns, common ; also reported by Voigt from Serampore,
but probably not there truly wild.

CX.— JCXCACE/E.

577, Junciis Linn.

* Juncus prismatocarpus R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1088.

Goghat, Western Hughii district, in wet places.

HUGH Ll-HOW RAH AND THE 24-PERGUiSNAHS.

2U3

CXI. — PAOIEJE.

578. Corypha Linn.

Corypha umbraculifera Linn. ; H. S. 640 ; B. P. il 1090 in part,
v. Tali .

In gardens and on lawns ; introduced from Ceylon, doubtfully
wild there and in Travancore.

Corypha Talliera Roxb. ; H. S. 641. C. umbraculifera B. P. ii. 1090.
in part,
v. Tara .

In gardens and on lawns; supposed to be wild in Bengal.

Corypha elata Roxb.; H, S. 641 ; B. P. ii. 1090.
v. Bajur .

In gardens and on lawns ; supposed to be wild in Bengal.

579. Borassus Linn.

Borassus flabellifer Linn,; B. P. ii ; 1092. B. flabelliformis H. S.
640.

v. Tal gachh) tari. The Palmyra tree.

In village-shrubberies, as if wild, everywhere ; probably not,
however, a native of India, certainly not indigenous in our area.

580. Xipa Wurmb.

* Xipa fruticans Wurmb. ; H. S. 684; B. P. ii 1094.

v, Golpatta) gabua , gulga.

Sundribuns.

581. Cocos Linn.

Cocos nucifera Linn.; H. S. 643; B. P. ii. 1095.
v. Narikel .

Planted generally; native of Polynesian coasts.

583. Phoenix Linn.

Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. ; H. S. 642 ; B. P. ii. 1096,

v. Khajur.

Planted generally, sometimes sub-spontaneous; native of the
Punjab.

* Phoenix paluclosa Roxb. ; H. S. 643 ; B. P, ii. 1096.
v. HitaL
Sundribuns.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

294

583. Areca Linn.

Areca Catechu Linn, ; H. S. 637 ; B. P. ii. 1097*
v. Gua, supdri. Betel- nut Palm.

Cultivated generally; native of S. E. Asia.

584. Calamus Linn.

* Calamus viminalis Willd. var. fasciculata B. P. ii. 1099. C.

Jasciculatus H. S. 639.
v. Bara bet.

Village-shrubberies, general.

* Calamus tenuis Roxb. ; H. S. 639 ; B. P. ii. 1099. C. Rotang

H. S. 639, not of Linn,
v- Sanchi bet.

Sundribuns.

CXIL— PANDAXACEJE.

585. Pandanus Linn, f.

Pandanus foetidus Roxb. ; H. S. 683 ; B. P. ii. 1101.
v. Keiya kanta , kotki kanta.

In hedges, planted, generally ; native of India.

* Pandanus fascicularis Lamk. ; B. P. ii. 1101. P. odoratissimus

H. S. 682.
v. Keiya, keori.

Sundribuns, common ; elsewhere planted.

CXIII. — TYPHACEiE.

586. Typha Linn.

* Typha elephantina Roxb, ; H. S. 693 ; B. P. ii. 1 102.

v. Hogla .

Margins of ponds and streams, very rare.

* Typha angustata Chamb. & Bory ; B. P. ii. 1102. T. angustifolia

H. S. 693.

v. Ram hogla.

Margins of ponds and streams, common.

CXIV, — AROIDEiE,

587. Pistia Linn.

* Pistia Stratiotes Linn. ; H. S. 684; B. P. ii. 1105.

v. Takapana.

In ponds, everywhere.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

295

588. Cryptocoryne Fisch.

* Cryptocoryne ciliata Fisch. ; H. S. 685 ; B. P. ii. 1 105.

v. Kerali.

In muddy creeks and ditches, general.

* Cryptocoryne spiralis Fisch. ; H. S. 685 ; B. P. ii. 1106.

Edges of ponds, general.

589. Typkonium Schott.

* Typkonium trilobatum Schott ; B. P. ii. 1 107. T . orixense H. S. 686.

v. Ghat kachu) ghekuL

In thickets among grass ; doubtfully native.

* Typkonium Sckottii Prain. ; B. P. ii. 1 108.

In grassy glades, with the preceding of which it is possibly a
variety.

Typkonium inopinatum Prain ; B. P. ii. 1 108.

In garden ground and among grass in open glades, introduced
but common ; native of Indo-China.

Typkonium Roxburgkii Schott; B. P. ii. 1108. T% trilobatum H. S.

686.

In grassy glades, introduced and very rare ; native of Malaya.

* Typkonium cuspidatum Bl. ; B. P. ii. 1 108. T.flagelliforme H. S#
685. Arum cuspidatum H. S. 690.

In grassy glades, general.

Voigt also records, but doubtfully, as to the identification, T. diva -
ricatum from Serampore. The record is not improbable but needs
confirmation and the species intended may be one of the foregoing.

590. Amorpkopkallus Bl.

* Amorpkopkallus campanulatus Bl.; H. S. 686 ; B. P. ii. 1109,

v. 6/.

Cultivated everywhere and also wild in all village thickets.

* Amorpkopkallus bulkifer Bl. ; B. P. ii. mo. Pythonium bulbi*
ferus H. S. 686.

v. Amla-bela„

In village-shrubberies, general.

591. Plesmonium Schott.

* Plesmonium margaritiferum Schott ; B. P. ii. 1110. Arum mar -
garitiferum H. S. 690.

Village shrubberies, general.

2 q6

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

593, Alocasia Schott.

Alocasia cucullata Schott ; B. P. ii. mi. Colocasia cucullata H. S.
687.

v. Bishman.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, but almost certainly only a
cultivated plant in our area) native of Indo-China.

Alocasia imlica Schott) B, P. ii. mi. Colocasia indica H. S. 687 .
v. Man kachu , man giri.

Cultivated about villages, everywhere ; native of India.

Alocasia macrorrliiza Schott ) B. P. ii. mi. Colocasia odoraYi.S.
687.

Cultivated about villages, general ; native of Indo-China*

* Alocasia fornicata Schott ) B, P. ii. 1 1 1 1. Colocasia fornicata H. S.
687.

v. Salo kachu .

Village-shrubberies and thickets, general.

593. Colocasia Linn.

* Colocasia iiyinpliaeifolia Kunth; H. S. 687 ; B. P. ii. 1112.

v. Sar kachu.

Grassy glades and village shrubberies, general.

* Colocasia autiqnorum Schott ) H. S. 686) B. P. ii. 1112.

v. Kachu .

Everywhere cultivated and also everywhere wild in grassy glades
and village-shrubberies.

594. Scindapsus Schott.

* Seindapsus officinalis Schott ; H. S. 688 ; B. P. ii. 1114.

v, Gaj pi pal.

Epiphytic in orchards and village-shrubberies; sometimes culti-
vated.

595. JLasia Lour.

* Lasia lieteropuylla Schott) H. S. 689) B. P. ii. 11x6. L. Lour e hit
H. S. 689.

v. Kant a kachu) kanta man.

Swampy places, general.

CXV.— LEHNACEiE.

596. Lenina Linn,

* Lenina paucieostata Hegelm. • B. P. ii, 1x17.

In stagnant water, floating, general.

HUGHLI-HOWR AH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

297

* Lenina trisulca Linn . ; B. P. ii. 11x7. L . cruciata H. S. 692.

In stagnant water, forming tangled masses below the sumace,
rare.

* Lenina polyrliiza Linn. • B. P. ii. 1 1 17. L, orbiculcita H. S. 692-.

In stagnant water, floating; everywhere,

* Lenina oligorliiza Kurz. ; B, P. ii. 1117.

In stagnant water, floating; rare.

597. Wolffia Hook.

* Wolffia aiThiza Wimm. ; B. P. ii. 1117. Grantia globosa H. S. 692.
In stagnant water, floating, general.

* Wolffia microscopica Kurz; B. P. ii. 1117. Grantia microscopica
H. S. 692.

In stagnant water, floating.

CXVI,— ALISMACEJ3.

1

598. Alisma Linn.

* Alisma reniforme Don ; B. P. ii. 1119. A. intermedium H. S. 63o.

In pools and marshes, general.

A. intermedium is doubtfully referred by Sir J. D. Hooker in the
Flora of British India to A. Plant ago ; the chief arguments against
the suggestion are (1) that Griffith was very unlikely to have made
any mistake as to the identity of A. Plantago ; and (2) that A*
Plantago has not so far been met with in the Gangetic delta.

* Alisma oligococcum F. Muell. ; B. P. ii. 1119.

In pools and marshes, very rare.

599. Limnopliyton Miq.

* Limnopliyton obtusifolium Miq., B. P. ii. 1 1 19. Sagittaria obtusifo -

lia H. S. 680.
v. Bara kat.

In pools and marshes, general.

600. Sagittaria Linn.

* Sagittaria sagitti folia Linn.; H, S. 680; B. P. ii. 1120.

v. Muya-muya , chota hat .

Sides of ponds and ditches, general.

* Sagittaria guayauensis H. B. & K. ; B, P. ii. 1120. S. cor difolia
H. S. 680.

In pools and marshes, everywhere.

298

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

601. Butomopsis Kunth.

* Butomopsis lanceolata Kunth'; B. P. ii. 1120. Butomus lanceolatus
H. S. 679.

Wet places and rice-fields, west of river Hughli, rare.

CXVII,— NAIAD ACEiE.

60S. Aponogeton Thunb.

* Aponogeton monostacliyum Linn, f.; B. P. ii. 1122. Spathium chin -
ense H. S. 694.

v. Ghachu.

In standing water, general.

* Aponogeton ecliinatum Roxb.; B. P. ii. 1122.

In standing water, west of river Hughli, rare.

* Aponogeton crispum Thunb. ; B. P, ii. 1122. Spathium undulatum
H. S. 694.

In standing water, general.

603, Potamogeton Linn.

* Potamogeton indicus Roxb. ; H. S. 694 ; B. P. ii. 1123.

In ponds and ditches, everywhere.

* Potamogeton crispus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1123. P. tuberosus H. S. 694.

In ponds and ditches, everywhere.

* Potamogeton pectinatus Linn.; B. P. ii. 1 123.

Salt-lakes near Calcutta.

604. Ruppia Linn.

* Ruppia rostellata Koch ; B. P. ii. 1124.

Salt-lakes near Calcutta; Sundribuns.

605. Najas Linn.

* Najas indica Cham. ; H. S. 694 ; B. P. ii. 1125.

In deep standing water, everywhere.

Najas minor AH.; B. P. ii. 1125. N.dichotoma H. S. 69/, A.
heteromorpha H. S. 694.

In deep standing water, everywhere.

* Najas foveolata A. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1 125.

In deep standing water, general.

* Najas graminea Del. ; B. P. ii. 1125. N. seminuda H |S. 694.

In deep standing water, everywhere.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

299

Two other species, Najas l ace r a ta Rendle and Najas rigida Griff,
should be kept in view and looked for. The former is apparently
plentiful in deep pools of standing water in the neighbouring district
of Jessore. The latter was collected by Griffith at Serampore ; it is
a doubtful species, with fleshy rigid leaves, of which the original
examples are not now to be found ; if it be really a Najas it differs
from all the known species in having alternate leaves.

CXVIII. — ERIOCAULEvE.

606, Eriocaulon.

* Eriocaulon Capillus-Naiadis Hook. f. ; B. P. ii. 1127. E. setaceum.

H. S. 730 in part.

Serampore, [Griffith, Voigt), in deep standing water.

* Eriocaulon truncatum Ham. ; B. P. ii. 1127. E. sexangulare H. S.

730.

Wet fields, west of the Hughli river.

* Eriocaulon Sieboldianum Sieb. & Zucc. ; B. P. ii. 1127. E, mela-

leucum H. S. 731.

Wet fields and marshy places, general.

* Eriocaulon luzulifolium Mart. ; B. P. ii. 1127.

Wet fields and marshy places, west of the Hughli river.

* Eriocaulon ffuinqueangulare Linn. ; H. S. 730; B. P. ii. 1127.

v. Guri .

Wet fields^and marshy places, everywhere.

* Eriocaulon trilobum Ham. ; B. P. ii. 1127, E. argenteum H. S. 730.

Wet fields and marshy places, west of the river Hughli.

Voigt states (H. S. 731) that in addition to the five which he
enumerates, seven other species were collected in the neighbourhood
of Serampore by the native gardeners attached to the garden of
which he had charge. The species of this genus therefore deserve
to be carefully collected and examined. One of Voigt's seven doubt-
less was E. luzulifolium ; what the others may have been it is im-
possible to conjecture.

CXIX.— CYPERACEJS.

607. Scleria Berg.

* Scleria biflora Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1 133. S. tessellata H. S. 728.

Waste places, general.

* Scleria lithosperma Sw. ; H. S. 728 ; B. P. ii. 1132.

Waste places, west of the river Hughli.

300

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

608. Kyllinga Rottb.

* Kyllinga monocepliala Rottb. ; H. S. 724 ; B. P. ( sphalmate micro-

cephala) ii. 1135.

v. Swet gothubi.

Waste places and fields, everywhere.

* Ityjlinga brevifolia Rottb ; B. P. ii. 1135. Cyperus dubius H, S.

723 partly.

Waste places, everywhere.

* Kyllinga triceps Rottb. ; H. S. 724; B. P. ii. 1135.

Waste places, general.

609. Pycreus Beauv.

*Pycreus sanguinolentus Nees. ; B. P. ii. 1137. Cyperus sanguinolen-
tus H. S. 721.

Wet places, general.

* Pycreus nitens Xees ; B. P. ii. 1137. Cyperus pulvinatus H. S. 721-

Wet places, everywhere.

* Pycreus polys tacliyus Beauv.; B. P. ii. 1137.

Wet places south of Calcutta; Sundribuns.

010. Juncelliis Clarke.

* Juncelliis inmulatus Clarke -3 B. P. ii. 1 138. Cyperus inundatus H.

S. 721.
v. Pati .

Wet places chiefly east of river Hughli; Sundribuns.

* Juncellns pyginseus Clarke ; B. P. ii. 1 138. Cyperus pygmseus H. S.

721 partly,
v. Jalmuti .

Damp places, everywhere,

611. Cyperus Linn.

* Cyperus Ceplialotes Vahl ; B. P. ii. 1 141. Anosporum monocephalum

H. S. 725.

v. Gothubiy nirtroba.

Floating on tanks, rare in our area.

* Cyperus cuspidatus H. B. K. ; B. P. ii. 1141, C. angusiifolius H. S,

722.

In damp waste places, general.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

301

Cyperus eastaneus Willd. ; H. S. 722.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore ; this record needs confirma-
tion and is not very probable ; the species is widespread in India?
but is always rare and there are no specimens from Bengal in the
Calcutta Herbarium. It is possible that the plant intended by Voigt
is not true C. castaneus but the form of C, cuspidatus with chestnut-
coloured fruits.

* Cyperus flavidus Retz ; B. P. ii. 1 J42.

A weed of rice-fields, general.

* Cyperus difformis Linn.; H. S. 723 ; B. P. ii. 1142.

v. Behua .

A weed of rice-fields, general.

* Cyperus Haspan Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1142.

A weed of rice-fields in the western parts of the Hughli district.

* Cyperus niveus Retz ; H. S. 722 ; B. P. ii. 1142.

A weed of fields, w7est of the Hughli river.

* Cyperus compressus Linn. ; H. S. 711 ; B. P. ii, 1143.

v. Chuncha.

A field wreed, chiefly w^est of the river Hughli.

* Cyperus aristatus Rottb. ; H. S. 722 ; B. P. ii. 1143.

A weed of fields and paths, general.

* Cyperus Iria Linn. ; H. S. 723 ; B. P. ii. 1 143.

v. Bara chuncha .

A weed of rice-fields, general.

* Cyperus pilosus Vahl; B. P. ii. 1 143.

A common weed.

* Cyperus procerus Rottb. ; B. P. ii. 1143.

A sedge on banks of nalas and rivers, general.

* Cyperus distaiis Linn. ff. ; H. S. 723 ; B. P. ii. 1143,,

v, Pani malanga .

A sedge on banks of ditches and rivers, chiefly east by the river
Hughli,

* Cyperus nutans Vahl ; B. P. ii. 1144,

A sedge of wet places, general.

* Cyperus malaccen Lamk ; B. P. ii. 1144. Papyrus dehiscent H. S.

724.

v. Chum at i pati.

A tall sedge of river banks, everywhere.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

3 02

* Cyperus scariosus R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1144. C. pertenuis H. S. 722.

v. N agar motha

A slender sedge of the Sundribuns, also reported by Voigt from
Serampore.

* Cyperus articulatus Linn. ; B. P. 1144. C. articulatus var. niloti-

cus H. S. 722.

A sedge of river banks, general.

* Cyperus tegetiformis Roxb. ; B. P. ii. n44. Papyrus tegetiformis

H. S. 724.

v. Kuchkuchiya , go la methi , halaiza.

A sedge of marshes and river banks, general. This species is
sometimes termed go/a methi} but that name is said by Voigt to be
applicable only to the following.

* Cyperus corymbosus Rottb. ; B. P. ii. 1 144. C, seminudus II. S. 722-

v. Gola methi,

A sedge of marshes and river banks, general.

Cyperus tegetum Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1144. Papyrus Pangorei H. S'
723*

v. Madar ketai.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, but this record needs con-
firmation, the species is common both west and north of our area.

* Cyperus rotuudus Linn. ; B P. ii. 1145. C. hexastachyus var.

communis H. S. 722.
v. Motha,

A weed of fields and grassy places, everywhere.

* Cyperus tuberosus Rottb.; B. P. ii. 1 145 C . hexastachyus VAR.

pendulus H. S. 722.

A weed of fields and grassy places, general.

* Cyperus radiatus Vahl; B. P. ii. 1145. C . verticillatus H. S. 723*

v. Burelhi .

River banks and marshes, everywhere.

*Cyperus exaltatus Retz ; H. S. 722 ; B. P. ii. 1145.

River banks and marshes, general.

Cyperus digitatus Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1145. C* racemosus H. S. 723.
C, venustus H. S. 723.

Reported, in two states, from Serampore by Voigt, but the records
require confirmation; the species is common in Eastern Bengal*

Cyperus platypliyllus R. & S. C. Roxburghii H. S. 723.
v. Gol-melanga,

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

3*>3

Reported, with a vernacular name, from Serampore by Voigt, but
the record is quite doubtful ; the species is apparently confined to
the Deccan and Ceylon.

613. Mariscus Vahl.

* Mariscus Dregeanus Kunth; B. P. ii. 1146 Cyperus dubius H. S.

723 partly.

About Calcutta ( Wallic/i ) and Serampore {Voigt), but very rare in
our area, and not impossibly a casual.

* Mariscus squarrosus Clarke ; B. P. ii. 1146.

In wet places, general.

* Mariscus paniceus Vahl ; B. P. ii. 1147.

In wet places, occasional.

* Mariscus Sieberianus Nees ; B. P. ii. 1247. M . cyperinus H. b. 724*

v. Bara got hub i.

In wet places, everywhere.

* Mariscus albescens Gaud. ; B. P. ii. 1147.

v. Halaiya.

Western Sundribuns, on muddy river banks.

* Mariscus microceplialus Presl ; B. P. ii. 1147. M. dilatus H. S.

724.

In wet places, general.

* Mariscus ferax Clarke ; B P. ii. 1147.

In wet places, east of Calcutta, rare.

613. Courtoisia Nees.

* Courtoisia cyperoides Mees; H. S. 724; B. P. ii. 1147.

Fields in Goghat, Western Hughli district.

614. Eleocliaris R. Br.

* Eleocliaris plantaginea R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1148. Limnochloa plan-

taginea H. S. 727. Z. tumida H. S. 727.
v. Chenchka .

In shallow ponds, general,

* Eleocliaris listulosa Schult. ; B. P. ii. 1 148. Limnochloa acutangula

H. S. 728.

In shallow ponds, general.

* Eleocharis spiralis R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1149.

In standing water, Western Sundribuns.

L

3°4

THE VEGETATION OP THE DISTRICTS OF

* Eleocliaris capitata R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1149. Eleogenus capiiatus H. S.

727*

In shallow ponds, general.

* Eleocharis palustris R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1149.

In shallow ponds, occasional.

©15. Fimbristylis Vahl.

* Fimbristylis monostachya Hassk. ; B. P. ii. 1152. Abildgaardia

Rottbolliana H. S. 725.
v. Marmari .

In damp ground, general.

* Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl; B. P. ii. 1153.

In damp ground, occasional.

* Fimbristylis polytriclioides Vahl ; B. P. ii. 1153.

v. Talnaru.

Wet fields mostly south of Calcutta and in the Northern Sundri-
bun clearings.

var,* halopMla Kurz ; B. P. ii. 1153. '

Wet open spaces in the Sundribuns, common.

* Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl; H. S. 725 ; B. P. ii. 1153.

v. Kesari malanga .

Wet places, general.

* Fimbristylis subbispicata Nees & Meyer; B. P. ii. 1153.

Sundribun sea-face, in sand.

* Fimbristylis sqnarrosa Vahl ; B. P. ii. 1153.

In damp places, occasional.

* Fimbristylis dichbtoma Vahl; B. P. ii. 1153. F. pallescens H. S.

725*

In wet fields, everywhere.

* Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl; B. P. ii. 1153. F. Royeniana H. S.

7250

v. Bara nirbishi .

In fields and waste places, everywhere.

* Fimbristylis aestivalis Vahl ; H. S. 725 ; B. P. ii. 1155.

In damp fields, everywhere.

* Fimbristylis ferrnginea Vahl ; H. S. 725 ; B. P, ii. 1154.

In fields and waste places, everywhere.

* Fimbristylis argentea Vahl; B, P. ii. 1154.

In fields, Goghat, Western Hughli district.

HUGHL1 -HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

305

* Fimbristylis tenera Roem. & Schult. ; B. P. ii. 1154. Trichelosty-

Is teneila H, S. 725.

In damp places, general.

* Fimbristylis gdobulosa Kunth; B. P. ii. 1154.

In damp places, occasional.

* Fimbristylis quiiiqueano’ularis Kunth ; B. P. ii. 1154. Trichelostylis

quinqueangularis H. S. 726.

In wet fields, general.

* JMmbristylis miliacea Vahl ; B. P. ii. 1155. Trichelostylis miliacea

H. S. 726. T. tetragona H. S. 726.
v. Bara j avani.

In fields and waste places, everywhere.

* Fiiubristylis complanata Link.; B. P. ii. 1155. Trichelostylis com -

planata H. S. 726.
v» Karatiya javani.

In damp places, everywhere.

616, Echinolytrum Desv.

* Echinolytrum dipsaceimi Desv. ; B. P. ii. 1155.

In damp soil, general.

617, Bulbostylis Kunth.

* Bulbostylis barbata Kunth.; B. P, ii, 1156.

In damp soil, general.

618. Lipocarpha R. Br.

* Lipocarpha argentea R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 1157.

In damp grassy places, occasional.

619. Fuirena Rottb.

* • . ' / -

* Fuirena glomcrata Lamk ; B, P. ii. 1158.

v. Band kola .

In grassy places, occasional.

630, Scirpus Linn.

* Scirpus Micheliaiilis Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1160. Cyperus pygmceus H. S.

721 partly,
v. Chhota gothubi.

In wet places, general.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

306

In Voigt’s Hortus suburbanus there is evidently a confusion
under Cyperus pygmeeus of this species and Juncellus pygm&us,
while under Cyperus dubius which, by his citation as identical of
the plants so named by Rottboell and Roxburgh respectively,
includes Kyllinga brevifolia and Mariscus Dregeanus he gives, as
the vernacular equivalent, the name usually associated with the
present plant.

* Scirpus squarrosus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1160. Isolepis squarrosa H. S.

726.

v. Guri) chancha mar mar u
In wet places, general.

* Scirpus grossus Linn, f ; B. P. ii. 1160. Hymenochaete grossa

H. S. 727.
v. Bara keshuria .

In wet places, west of the river Hughli.

VAR.-^ Kysoor Clarke ; B. P. ii. 1160. Scirpus Kysoor H. S* ^27.
v. Ke'sur.

In wet places, general.

*|§cirpus siipinus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1160. Isolepis supina H. S. 726.

In wet places, general.

Scirpus Isolepis Bceck. ; B. P. ii. 1160. Isolepis setacea H. S.
726, not of R. Br.

Reported by Voigt from Serampore, the record is not improbable
as the species has been collected in Lower Bengal by Griffith and is
occasionally met with in Behar and Chota Nagpur.

* Scirpus erectus Poir. ; B. P, ii. 1160. S. junciformis H. S. 727.

In wet places, general.

? • . • «

* Scirpus articulatus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1160. Isolepis prolongata H.

S 727. /. articulata H. S. 727. /. incurvata H. S. 727.

v. Pappati chickha .

In wet places, everywhere.

* Scirpus mucrouatus Linn.; B. P. ii. 1161.

In wet places, general.

* Scirpus maritimus Linn. var. affinis Roth; B. P. ii. 1161.

Wet places, east of the river Hughli.

* Scirpus triqueter Linn. var. segregata Clarke ; B. P. ii. 1161.

North-Western Sundribuns in swampy places,

* Scirpus littoralis Schrad. ; B. P. ii. 1161.

Western Sundiibuns.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS

3°7

CXX.— GB1HINEJS.

631. Pennisetum Pers.

Pennisetum typlioideum Rich. ; B. P. ii, 1169. Penicillaria spicata
H. S. 703.
v. Bajra.

Cultivated. The Kambu millet.

* Pennisetum setosum Rich.; B. P. ii. 1169. P, holcoides H. $.

7°3-

v. Shuti ghas .

Collected at Serampore by Griffith, but not cited by Voigt as
occurring there ; possibly only a casual in our area as it has not been
obtained again ; it is common to the west of our districts.

Pennisetum borbonicum Kunth. ; B. P. ii. 1169.

Collected about berampore by Carey and about Shibpur by Kurz
on the edges of fields, but probably an introduced grass only ; native
of Reunion.

633. Setaria Beauv.

Setaria italica Beauv. : B. P. ii. 1170. Panicum italicum Hf S.
702. P. macrochaetum H. S. 702.
v. Kangniy kangu .

Cultivated. The Italian millet.

* Setaria glauca Beauv.; B. P. ii. J170. Panicum helvolum H. S.

702.

v. Pingi n at chi.

In newly made pastures and dry fields, general.

* Setaria intermedia R. & S. ; B. P. ii. 1170.

v. Dora-byara .

In grassy glades, general, but never common.

* Setaria verticillata Beauv. ; B. P. ii. 1170. Panicum verticilla-

tum H. S. 702. P. tomentosum H. S. 702.
v. Dora-byara .

In grassy glades, general.

This and the preceding species are apparently not distinguished
from each other by the inhabitants of our area.

633. Clianneraphis R. Br.

* Cliamaerapliis spiaescens R. Br. var, Brunoniana Hook. f. ; B. P.

ii. 1 1 71.

Floating on ponds, general.

3o8

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Chamserapkis gracilis Hook. f. ; B. P. ii. 1171.

Floating on ponds, 24-Pergunnahs, south-east of Calcutta.

624:. Isackne R. Br.

Isacline miliacea Roth; B. P. ii. 1172. Panicum patens H. S.
700.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt but the record is doubtful ;
the grass occurs in North Bengal.

625. Oplismenus Beauv.

* Oplismenus compositus Beauv. ; B. P. ii. 1173. O . lanceolatus H.

So 702.

Grassy glades, general.

* Oplismenus Burmanni Beauv.; H. S. 702; B, P. ii. 1173.

Grassy glades, general.

626. Axonopus Beauv.

* Axonopus cimicinus Beauv.; B. P. ii. 1174. Coridochloa cimi-

cina H. S. 699.

Dry grassy places, in the western parts of the Hughli district.

627. Panicum Linn,

* Panicum fiavidum Retz; H. S. 700 ; B. P. ii. 1176.

Waste places, roadsides, meadows, everywhere.

* Panicum punctatum Burm.; B. P. ii. x 177. P. fluitans H. S. 700.

v. Peti nav.

Edges of ditches and wet places, everywhere.

* Panicum Crus Call! Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1177. P. Crus CorviH. S. 702.

P. hispidulum H. S. 702.
v. Bara shama .

In waste damp places, occasional.

var.* stagninum Trin.j B. P. ii. 1177. P% stagninum H S. 702.
v. Dal.

In marshy places, general.

VAR. frumentaceum Trin. ; B. P. ii. 1177. Oplismenus f rumen-
taceus H. S. 703.
v. Damra shama .

Cultivated.

* Panicum colonum Linn.; B. P. ii. 1177. Oplismenus colonus H, S,

7°3*

v. Shama.

In rich pasture land, general.

HUGHLhHOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

309

* Panicum prostratum Lamk; B0 P. ii. 1177. P. refens H. S. 7410.

v. Chhota jalganti,

la cultivated land and gardens, general.

In the Flora of British India Roxburgh’s P. repens is cited as
equivalent to P. villosum and possibly Roxburgh included P. villosum
and P. prostratum in one species. But that the P. repens which
Roxburgh knew in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, which is also
Voigi’s P. repens and is the grass known locally as chhota jalganti
is P, prostratum, and P. prostratum only, admits of no dispute.

Panicum muticnm Forsk. ; B. P. ii. 1177.
v. Nar dal .

Sometimes cultivated as a fodder grass about Calcutta, but now
quite general and well established in a wild state in ponds and
ditches , native of Africa. Evidently introduced since 1845.

* Panicum javanicum Poir. ; B. P. ii. 1177. P. Helopus H. S. 701.

v. Jalganti .

Edges of cultivated fields, general.

* Panicum setigerum Retz.; H. S. 702 ; B. P. ii. 1178.

v. Bara jalganti.

In glades and opener thickets and hedges, general.

* Panicum distachyum Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1178.

Grassy glades and borders of cultivated ground, general.

* Panicum Kurzii Hook. f. ; B. P. ii. 1178.

Grassy glades, general.

* Panicum My unis H. B. K. ; B. P. ii. 1178. P, serrulatum H. S.

701.

v. Damsiria .

In ponds and marshes, chiefly west of the Hughli.

* Panicum interruptum Willd ; H. S. 700 ; B. P. ii. 1178.

v. Nardula.

In ponds and marshes, chiefly south and east of Calcutta, but
reported also from Serampore by Voigt.

* Panicum myosuroides R. Br. ; B, P. ii. 1179. P, curve turn H. S.

700.

Margins of ponds and ditches, fairly general.

* Panicum indicum Linn. ; B. P. ii, 1178.

In open grassy places, west of the river Hughli only,

Panicum miliaceum Linn. ; H. S. 700 ; B. P. ii. 1179.
v. Cheena ,

Very sparingly cultivated in the Hughli district.

3 f°

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Panicum miliare Lamk. ; H. S. 700 ; B. P. ii. 1179.
v. Gendula .

Very sparingly cultivated in the western parts of the Hughli
district.

* Panicum psilopodium Trim. ; B. P. ii. 1179.

Open grassy places in the Goghat sub-division of the Hughli
district.

* Panicum trypheron Schult. ; B. P. ii. 1179. P. Roxburghii H. S.

01.

V. Jupi kanka.

In dry fields, west of the river Hughli only.

* Panicum kumile Nees ; B. P. ii. 1179.

v. Jupi kanka .

In dry fields, west of the river Hughli only. Appears not to
be distinguished by the inhabitants from P . trypheron , of which it
looks on casual observation much like a small form.

Panicum maximum Jacq. ; B. P. ii. 1179. P. jumentosum H. S. 700.
Guinea Grass. Cultivated occasionally about Calcutta.

* Panicum repens Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1179. P% uliginosum H. S. 700. .

v. Baranda .

Borders of rice-fields, river banks and other wet places, every-
where.

* Panicum proliferum Lamk,; B, P. ii. 1179. P. paludosum H. S.

700.

v. Dorati, kalas nar , dalakri ghas.

Floating on ponds and ditches, everywhere.

Panicum flavescens Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1180. P. costatum H. S. 701.
v. Bans pati ghas .

In open glades about Calcutta, very plentiful. Though now one
of the commonest of grasses about Calcutta this| species is not a
native of India; it was originally introduced from Mauritius. The
name given it by the inhabitants of our districts is that used else-
where to indicate the allied but much larger species P . plicatum,
which .does not occur in our area.

* Panicum trigonum Retz.; H. S. 700 ; B. P. ii. 1180.

About Serampore ( Voigt ) and also not uncommon about Shibpur.
Though fairly frequent this grass is probably only an introduced one
in our area for it has not been met with elsewhere in Bengal and
has no vernacular name with us. It is common in the Deccan and
occurs in Ceylon and Java.

HUGHL1-H0WRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

311

628. Digit aria Lamk.

* Digitaria sanguiualis Scop. var. ciliaris ; B. P. ii. 1181. Panicum

commutatum H. S. 701,
v . M a kar-j u li .

In hedges and meadows, general.

var.* extensa ; B. P. ii. 1181. Panicum segyptiacum H. S. 701.
P> filiforme H. S. 701.

In hedges and meadows, general.

var.* pruriens ; B. P. ii. i 18 1. Panicum or t hum H. S. 701.

In hedges and meadows, general.
var.* debilis; B. P. ii. 1 1 8 s .

Open grassy places, west of the river Hughli.
var* Rottleri B. P. ii. 1 1 8 1 .

Open grassy places, general.

* Digitaria tenuiflora Beauv. ; B. P. ii. 1181. Helcpus longiflorus

H. S. 699. H. filiculmis H. S. 699.
v. Ranka-juriya .

In open grassy places, everywhere.

* Digitaria puberula Link. D. Royleana B. P. ii. 1182.

In drier grassy places, general.

* Digitaria pedicellaris Prain; B. P. ii. 1182. Urochloa panicoides

H. S. 701.
v. Chitri chiriya .

Dry fields, Goghat.

629. Paspalum Linn.

* Paspalum scrobicalatuai Linn.; B. P. ii. 1182. P. stoloniferum

(n. 2) H. S. 699. Helopus longifolius H. S. 699.
v. Myna , kodu.

In damp places, everywhere.

Paspalum conjugatum Berg. ; B. P. ii. 1182.

In shai) grassy places, general. Though now a common grass
aboat Calcutta and Shibpur, this has all the appearance of being an
introduced species : it was apparently unknown to Roxburgh and to
Voigt: it probably came to India from tropical America.

* Paspalum disticlium Linn.; B. P. ii. 1183.

Sundribuns; banks of Hughli as far north as Calcutta.

630. Eriockloa H. B. K.

* Eriochloa polystacliya H. B. K. ; B. P. ii. 1183. Helopus annulatus

H. S. 699.
v. Chiriya ghas.

In damp places, general.

3t2

THE VEGETATION! OF THE DISTRICTS OF

631. Oryza Linn.

Oryza sativa Linn.; H. S. 71 1 ; B. P. ii. 1184.
v. Dhan. Rice.

Cultivated everywhere in several forms, some without awns, others
with awns of varying length : native of various parts of India.
var. * fatua ; B. P. ii. 1184.
v. Dhan. Wild Rice.

Occasionally met with in the Sundribuns, but it is possible that
the Sundribuns wild stock is only feral after escape and not truly
wild. It is apparently always long-awned.

* Oryza coarctata Roxb, ; B. P. ii. 1184.

v. Dhani) harakata .

Western Sundribuns, common.

633. Leersi'a Sw.

* Leersia hexandra Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1185. H ygrorhiza ciliata H. S.

710.

Floating on ponds and jhils, everywhere.

633. llygrorkiza Nees.

* Iffygrorhiza aristata Nees; B. P. ii. 1185. Potamochloa Retzii

H. S. 7 1 1 .
v. Jangli dal.

Floating on ponds and jhils, general.

634. Tragus Haller.

* Tragus racemosus Scop. ; B. P. ii. 1186.

Goghat, Western Hughli, in dry fields.

635. Perotis Ait.

* Perotis latifolia Ait. ; H. S. 710; B. P. ii. 1 f 85.

Dry fields, west of river Hughli, occasional.

636, Zoysia Willd.

* Zoysia puugeus Willd. ; H. S. 709 ; B. P. ii. 1186.

Western Sundribuns, common, also reported by Voigt from Seram-
pore. The latter record is not altogether impossible, but it is doubt-
ful if the conditions in the neighbourhood favour the existence of
the grass there now. It is particularly abundant in half-cultivated
ground about Canning Town.

HUGHLI-HO WRAH' AND THE 24-PPRGUNNAHS.

313

637. ©imeria R. Br.

©imeria ornitkopoda Trin. ; B. P. ii. 1187. Chrysopogon jilt -for mis
H. S. 704. Andropogon Roxburghianus H. S. 707.

Fields near Calcutta ( Roxburgh ) and Serampore ( Voigt ); the
records require confirmation ; the species is common to the west of
our area.

638. Imperata Cy rill.

* Imperata arundinacea Cy rill. ; B. P. ii. 1188. /. cylindrica H. S.

704.
v. Ulu*

Old stiff pasture land, everywhere.

639. Saccliarum Linn.

* Saccliarum spontaneum Linn. ; H. S. 705; B. P. ii. 1188. S.semi -

decumbens H. S. 705. S. canaliculatum H. S. 705.
v. Khasi , khuri) khakra .

River banks, hedges, etc., general.

Saccliarum arundinacenm Retz. ; B. P. ii. 1189. S. procerum H. S.
7° 5.

v. Teng.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt; the species is occasionally
planted in our area but its record in a wild state needs confirmation ;
it is plentiful in North Bengal and East Bengal.

Saccliarum Sara Roxb. ; H. S 705. S. arundinaceum var. ciliaris
B. P. ii. 1189.
v. Sara, Shar .

Occasionally cultivated in Hughli district, but not, I believe, wild
in our area, though reported from Serampore by Voigt ; it is common
in the Upper Gangetic plain.

Saccliarum officinarum Linn.; H. S. 705, B. P. ii 1189. sinense
H. S. 705.

v. Akh , kushiar , gauna. The pale forms are known as Poori
and kulloa ; the red as kajuli.

Cultivated generally ; probably native of tropical Asia,

Saccliarum fuscum Roxb.; H. S. 705; B. P. ii. 1189.
v. Khuri , pati khuri.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt; the record needs confirma-
tion however : the species is common in Eastern Bengal.

Voigt gives the name Kash as limited to the erect rigid form of
S, spontaneum and that of khuri to the semi-decumbent form of
that species ; he further indicates that the name for S, fuscum is pati

31 4

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

khuri. But apparently now-a-days the name khasi is applied to both
the forms of S. spontaneum , and so far as I can ascertain the name
khuri, without any qualifying epithet, is restricted to S . fuscum .

640. Pollinia Trin.

* Pollinia argentea Trin.; B. P. ii. 1190. Andropogon trispicatus

H. S. 707.

In new pasture land, occasional.

Pollinia conjugata. Andropogon conjugatus H. S. 707.

Serampore, according to Voigt.

This record is doubtful but deserves to be looked into. The
grass in question, described by Roxburgh as Andropogon conjugatus ,
is stated by its author to be a native of Bengal, though no precise
locality in Bengal is cited. He has left a coloured drawing of the
species, but there is not now in Herb. Calcutta, — and the same is
apparently true as regards Herb. Kew, — any specimen that agrees
exactly with this figure which is clearly that of an species of Pollinia .
Hackel suggests that the grass must be very closely allied to P. fim-
hriata , but it is clearly not that species as Hooker has shown, nor
from the known distribution of P . jimbriata is it likely to be a
form of it. There are examples of P . articulata) in Herb. Calcutta,
that closely resemble in externals Roxburgh’s figure of Andropogon
conjugatus , but the awnless condition of the second glume of the
sessile spikelets, as shown in Roxburgh's analysis, precludes the
possibility of his species being referred to P . articulata , apart
from the fact that P. articulata , though very common elsewhere in
Bengal, does not seem to have ever been met with in our area. It
is not impossible that Andropogon conjugatus may be a correspond-
ing reduced state of Pollinia argentea , but so far no examples of
that species, which was, moreover, well known to Roxburgh, have
been communicated to Herb. Calcutta, bearing the necessary super-
ficial resemblance to his drawing of Andropogon conjugatus .

641. Manisuris Sw.

* Manisuris granularis Linn. f. ; B. P. ii. 1191. Peltophorus granu~

laris H. S. 709.

Rather rare in dry meadows west of the river Hughli ; not
recorded from our area by Voigt and perhaps only a casual with us.

643. Rottboellia Linn. f.

* Rottboeliia compressa Linn. f. ; B. P. ii. 1192. R. glabra H. S.

709.

v. Baksa,

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

315

In pasture?, general.

VAR. * fasciculata Hack Hemarthria compressa H. S. 708.
v. Pani sham.

Edges of pools and ditches, general.

* Rottboellia protensa Hack.; B. P. ii. 1192.

v. Baksa ,

In pastures, general,

* Rottboellia exaltata Linn, f. ; H. S. 709 ; B. P. ii. 1 192.

v. Bara swati .

Waste places and near pools, general.

64$. Miiesitliea Kunth.

* Raesitliea Levis Kunth; B. P. ii. 1193. Thyridostachy am per-

foratum H. S. 708.
v. Karki.

Rich pastures, everywhere.

644. Apluda Linn.

* Apluda varia Hack, sub.-sp. mutica Hack. ; B. P. ii. 1194. A.

geniculata H. S. 708.

In hedges and on river banks, general.

sub.-sp. * aristata Hack. ; B. P, ii. 1194. A, aristata H. S. 708.
v. Chun karki.

In hedges and waste places, west of the river Hughli.

64:5. Isclisemum Linn.

* Iscliee mum arista turn Linn, sub-sp. imberbe Hack.; B. P. ii. 1196.

/. aristatum H. S. 708.
v. Melencha.

Waste places and hedges about Calcutta, general, but perhaps
only introduced in our area.

* Isclisemum rugosum Salisb. ; H. S. 708 ; B. P. ii. 1196.

v. Moraro.

Roadsides, waste places, hedges, everywhere.

Isclisemuiii semisagittatum Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1196. Spodiopogon
semisagittatus H. S. 706.

Near Calcutta ( Roxburgh ) and Serampore (Voigt) ; doubtless
both records are correct but there are no specimens of the grass
from cur area in Herb. Calcutta. The species is widespread in the
Deccan, but is probably only a casual in Lower Bengal.

3x6

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

Iscksemilill COMJ upturn Roxb. ; B. P. ii. ng6. Spodiopogon con -
jugatus H. S. 706.

Near Calcutta [Ro xburgh) and Serampore ( Voigt) ; again both
records are doubtless correct but are worth while verifying as there
is no Lower Bengxl specimen in Herb. Calcutta. Like the preceding
species this is a Deccan grass and is almost certainly only a casual in
the Gangetic delta; in Ceylon whence it has also been recorded,
Trimen thinks it is only naturalised.

* Isckieimnn ciliare Ret z; B. P. ii. 1196. Spodiopogon geniculatus

H. S. 706.

Western Hughli district in dry waste places, rare.

646. Artkraxon Beauv.

Arthraxon microphyllus Hochst. ; B. P. ii. 1 199.

Not uncommon in new pastures and in open grassy glades about
Shibpur and Calcutta, but probably not indigenous in our area
though plentiful in most parts of India, and possibly a recent intro-
duction since it is not described by Roxburgh and is not recorded
by Voigt.

647, Aiidropogon Linn.

Andropogon Schoenantlms Linn.; B. P. ii. 1203. A, Martini H. S.

7°7*

v. Agya ghas , Rusa ghas.

Cultivated in native gardens; native of India.

Alldropogoil liardus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1203. A. Schoenanthus H. S.
706.

v. Gandha bena .

Cultivated in native gardens; native of India.

* Androppgon brpvifolius Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1203.

Western Hughli district, rare.

* Aiidropogon pertimis Willd. ; H. S. 707 ; B. P. ii. 1204.

Western Hughli district, common.

* Aiulropogoii intermedins R. Br. var. punctatus Hook. f. ; B.P.

ii. 1204. A. punctatus H, S. 707.
v. Gandha gurana.

Banks of rivers and ponds, chiefly east of the river Hughli.

Andropogon Sorghum Brot.; B. P. ii. 1204. var. vulgaris Hack.
Sorghum vulgare H. §. 704.
v. Juar,

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

317

Cultivated; native of S. E. Asia.

var. bicolor Hr.ck. Sorghum bicolor H. S. 704.

v. Kala deodhan .

Cultivated ; native of India.

VAR. Roxburgh!! Hack. Sorghum saccharatum H. S. 704.
v. Sada deodhan ,

Cultivated ; native of India.

* Andropogon halepensis Brot. ; B. P. ii. 1204. A. miliformis H. S.

708.

v. Kala mucha.

Hedges, river banks and waste places, occasional ; perhaps only
a casual in our area.

* Andropogon s^uarrosus Linn, f, ; B. P. ii. 1204. A. muricatus

H. S. 706.

v. Bena) khas khas.

In low moist ground, general ; sometimes planted deliberately in
our area, e.g. in cleanings in the North-Western Sundribuns.

* Andropogon aciculatus Retz ; B. P. ii. 1205. Chrysopogon acicu -

laris H. S. 704.
v. Chora kanta.

In barren ground, everywhere.

Andropogon coiltortus Linn.; B. P. ii. 1205. Heteropogon contortus
H. S. 706.

In newly laid down pastures about Calcutta, very rare, This
species, though so common in most of the dry parts of India, is not
recorded from our area by Voigt ; the writer has only met with it
on three or four occasions, always among the grasses that appear on
plots of land that have been dug over and then left bare. It rarely
persists for more than a couple of seasons and is undoubtedly only a
casual in our area.

* Andropogon caricosus Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1205. Lipeocercis serrata H,

S. 705. Heteropogon tenellus H. S. 706. Andropogon binatus
H. S. 708.
v. Detara) detta .

In the drier parts of the Hughli district and also in sandy places
in the North-Western Sundribuns about Canning Town, but always
rare.

* Andropogon ammlatns Forsk. ; B. P. ii. 1205.

A. scandens H, S. 707.
v. Loari.

3*8

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

In grassy glades and meadows, general but not common.

VAR. * Bladllii H)ok. f. ; B. P. ii. 1206. A. Bladhii H. S. 707.
v. Loari.

In grassy glades and meadows, everywhere.

648, Pseudanthistiria Hook. f.

Pseudanthistiria heteroelita Hook. f. ; B. P. ii. 1206. Anthistiria
heteroclita H. S. 708.

Pastures about Calcutta, according to Roxburgh, also at Seram-
pore, according to Voigt ; the record is doubtless accurate, but it is
worth confirming, because there are no examples of the grass from
our area in Herb., Calcutta. The species is a native of the Concan
and Canara and it is very probably only a casual in Lower Bengal.

649. Anthistiria Linn.

Anthistiria ciliata Linn. f. ; B. P. ii. 1207. A . scandens H. S.
708.

Serampore, according to Voigt, quite possibly, but the record needs
confirmation; the species is common immediately to the west of our
area.

Anthistiria gigantea Cav. var. aruudiuacea Hack. ; B. P. ii. 1207.
Andropogon arundinaceus H. S. 706.

Serampore, according to Voigt; a record that needs confirmation ;
the species is common in North Bengal and in East Bengal, but if it
formerly existed in our area it would now seem to have disappeared.

650. Iseilema Hack.

* Iseilema laxum Hack. ; B. P. ii. 1208.

Goghat, Western Hughli district in dry pastures.

651. Zea L inn.

Zea Mays Linn. ; H. S. 709 ; B. P. ii. 1209.

v. Makai , bhut .

Cultivated ; native of America.

653. Polytoca R. Br.

* Polytoca barbata Stapf ; B. P. ii. 1209. Coix barbata H. S. 710.

v. Kant a gurgar , gurgar.

Rice-fields and sides of ditches, general.

HUGHLI^HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGJJNNAHS.

3T9

653. Coix Linn.

* Coix Lachryma-Jobi Linn.; B. P. ii. 1210. Coix Lacrima H. S.
709.

v. Ranch gur gar, gur gar.

Rice-fields and sides of ditches, general.

Coix gigantea Koenig ; H. S. 710 ; B. P. ii. 1210.

v. Dangagurgar.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt ; the record needs confirm-
ation : the species is common in Chota Nagpur.

* Coix aquaticH Roxb. ; H. S, 710 ; B. P. ii. 1210.

v. Jab’gurgar.

Floating in wet marshes and ponds, general.

654. Aristida Linn.

* Aristida Adscenscionis Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1211.

(joghat, in dry pastures.

655. Polypogon Desf.

£ Polypogon monspeliensis H. S. 710 ; B. P. ii. 1212.

Goghat, sandy river beds; not recorded from our area pre-
viously.

656. Sporobolus R. Br.

fiSporobolus diapder Beauv. ; If. S. 71 1 ; B. P. ii. 1213.

v. Bena joni.

In moist pasture land, general.

* Sporobolus tremulus Kqnth; B. P. ii. 1213. S. tenacissimus H.

S. 711.

v. Pani durba.

In moist pasture land, everywhere.

657. Arundinella Raddi.

f Arundinella Wallichii Nees; B. P. ii. 1216. Oplismenus strictus
H. S. 703.
v. Ganga bena.

Goghat, Western Hughli district, in dry grassy places.

658. Arundo Linn.

Al'undo Donax Linn, ; B. P. ii. 1218. Donax arundinaceus VAR.
versicolor H. S. 713. Amphidonax bengalensis H. S. 714. A .
bifaria H. S. 714.

v. Gab a nal , Unal, Gardeners’ garters. M

. > i

320

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

In ditches in the vicinity of Calcutta chiefly.

The form of this grass with variagated leaves, rather a favourite
plant in gardens about Calcutta, is an introduction from Europe and is
a form of the European variety of this species. Voigt gives two Indian
forms as occurring in our area ; the first is the Gaba nal ( Arundo
hengalensis ) which is the Bengal form of the European Arundo Donax ;
the second which Voigt terms Unal is the form of Arundo Donax
characteristic of the Circar Mountains (Eastern Ghats), Roxburgh's A.
bijaria . It is doubtful if the latter be really indigenous in our area.
The difference between the two grasses is chiefly in habit, the in-
florescence in A. hengalensis being more lax, in A . hi f aria more
compact ; the distinction between the two is much like the distinction
between the Teng [S accharum arundinaceum) and the Shur ( Saccham
rum Sara), but is less pronounced.

659. Phragmites Trin.

* Pliragmites Karka Trin.; B. P. ii. 1209. Ampkidonax Karka

H. S. 714.
v. Nal , durma.

Ditches and river banks, general.

660. Eragrostis Beauv.

* Eragrostis coarctata Stapf ; B. P. ii. 1221.

Goghat, Western Hughli district, in poor dry soil.

Eragrostis aspera Nees, Poa paniculata H. S. 716.

Reported from Serampore by Voigt, but the record is most im*
probable, as the species is confined, so far as is known, to Southern
and Western India. Probably some other species is intended but
there is no clue as to which.

*Eragrostis tenella R. & S. var. plumosa Stapf; B. P. ii. 1221.
Poa plumosa H. S. 715.

Grassy places and roadsides everywhere.

var. * viscosa Stapf; B. P. ii. 1222. Poa viscosa H. S. 715.

Dry grassy places, general.

var. * breviculmis Stapf ; B. P. ii. 1222.

Dry grassy places, occasional.

Eragrostis internipta Beauv. var. Koenigii Stapf; B. P. ii. 1222.
Poa nutans H. S. 715.

In moist fields, everywhere.

var. * cliarrliena Stapf ; B. P. ii. 1222 ; Poa diary hena H. S. 715.
In moist fields, general.

HUGHU-BOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

321

var. tenuissima Staof ; B. P. ii. 1222* Poa tenella H.S. 7:6.
In pasture land, general.

* Eragrostis amabilis W. & A. ; B. P. ii. 1222. Poa unioloid.es H.

S. 716.

v. Koni.

Dry grassy places, general.

* Eragrostis gangetica Steud. ; B. P. ii. 1222. Poa gangetica H. S.

716.

River banks and moist pastures, general.

* Eragrostis stenophylla Hochst. ; B. P. ii. 1222. Poa elegantula H.

S. 715-

Moisture pastures, general.

* Eragrostis major Host; B. P. ii. 1223. Poa Roxburghiana H. S.

716.

Dry banks, old walls and waste ground ; west of the river Hughli.

* Eragrostis minor Host ; B. P. ii. 1223.

Waste places, occasional.

* Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ; B. P. ii. 1223. Poa multiflora H. S.

716.

Goghat, in Western Hughli district ; also at Serampore accord-
ing to Voigt.

* Eragrostis pilosa Beauv.; B. P. ii. 1223. Poa punctata H. S. 716.

v. Tanajiniya .

In grassy places, chiefly west of the river Hughli.

* Eragrostis cynosuroides Beauv. ; B, P. ii. 1223. Poa cynosuroides

H. S. 716.
v. Kusha .

In dry grassy places, general.

661. Myriostachya Hook. f.

* illyriostaehy a Wightiana Hook. f. ; B. P. ii. 1224.

v. Nairn \

Western Sundribuns, on margins of creeks.

663. Diplachne Beauv.

Diplaclme fusca Beauv. ; B. P. ii. 1225.

In swampy fields to the south-east of Calcutta and in the clean-
ings of the North-Western Sundribuns, occasional ; almost certainly
only a casual in our area, though a common grass in usar lands in
the Upper Gangetic Plain. M 2

* *

' O > : ' ' •, . / T ; r- /- -

32a THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

663. Leptochloa Beauv.

* Leptochloa filiformis R. & S. ; B. P. ii. 1225. Cynodon filiformis

H. S. 712.

v. Chhota pint nati .

Moist grassy places, general.

* Leptochloa chinensis Nees ; B. P. ii. 1225. Poa chinensis H.S,

716.

v. Bara pini nati.

Moist grassy places, general.

. / . ' »

664. Microchloa R. Br.

* . .

* Microchloa setacea R. Br. ; H. S, 712 ; B. P. ii. 1226.

Dry banks and old walls, rare.

*

665. Cynodon Pers.

( ■ * ; \ (. ! _ i

Cynodon dactylon Pers. ; H. S. 712 ; B. P. ii. 1227.
v. Duhh , Durba .

Roadsides and dry grass lands, general.

666, Chloris Sw.

£f>

* Chloris virgata Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1228.

Goghat, Western Hughli district, in dry grassy places.

* Chloris barbata Sw.; H. S. 71 1 ; B. P. ii. 1228.

In waste grassy places, everywhere.

667. Eleusine Gaertn.

* Eleusine indica Gaertn.; H. S. 713.; B. P. ii. 1229,

v. Mai ankura .

In fields and waste places, everywhere.

Eleusine Coracana Gaertn.; H. S. 712 ; B. P. ii. 1229.

v. Marua.

Cultivated ; a native of India.

, - • • ' • '

Eleusine segyptiaca Desf.; B. P. ii. 1230. Dactyloctenuim dsgyptid -

cum H. S. 7 1 2.

y. Makra , makar juli .

Waste places, roadsides, fields , everywhere.

668. Triticum Linn.

r* ' ' .* 1 * 1 t t

Triticum vulgare Linn.; H. S. 715 ; B. P. ii. 1231.

v. Gehum . Wheat.

\ •' , ■ • • . _ •

Very occasionally sown in our area.

rHOGHLl-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAH3.

?23

669. Hordeum Linn.

^Hordeum vulgare Linn.; B. P, ii. 1231. H . hexa$tichon H. S, 714.
v. Jao)jab) javo . Barley.

Very occasionally sown in our area.

670, Bambusa Linn.

• Bambusa nana Roxb. ; H. S. 719 ; B. P. ii. 1232.
v. Chhoia bans.

Cultivated as a hedge plant; native of China.

Bambusa Tulda Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1232. Dendrocalamus Tulda JH,
S. 718.

v. Tulda bans , matela bans) piah bans .

Cultivated ; native of Eastern India.

r Bambusa Balcooa Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1233. Dendrocalamus Balcooa
H. S. 718/ ' ' ' ' ’ ' ' "03t

v. Balku bans , dhuli bans> palu bans .

Cultivated; native of Eastern India.

v . i 1

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ; B. P. ii. 1233. ^Dendrocalamus Tul, da
VAR. y. H. S. 718.
v. Bashini bans.

Cultivated ; native fof Malaya.

r Bambusa arundinacea Willd. ; H. S. 719; B. P. ii. 1233. B . spinosa
H. S. 719. ' : ; '' ■ '7

v. Bans) Behar bans.

, Cultivated ; native of the Circars and Orissa.

v • • • - , • . . . • i 1

c CRYPTOGAMIA.

PTERIDOPHYTA.

CXXI.— P0LYP0DIACEJ3.

; ’ w 9

671. Davallia Sm.

, *. 1 1 .

r Davallia multiflora Roxb. ; B. P. ii. 1241. D. parallelaM. , S. 735
. Serampore, according to Voigt, but an improbable record ; tie
species is to be found in Chota Nagpur but is not at ! all. likely cto

occur in our area.

672, Adiantum Linn.

Adiantum lunulatum Burm. ; H. S. 735; B. P. ii. 1243.

v. Kali jhamp1 kali jhant, . > ' ~

, Old walls, throughout our area, everywhere,

324 THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

* Adi ant mu caudatum Linn. ; H, S. 735 ; B. P. ii. 1243.

On old walls about Calcutta, Chandernagore, Shibpur and else-
where, rare.

This species is not cited by Voigt as occurring in our area and is
recorded by Roxburgh as having been introduced to the Calcutta
garden by H. T. Colebrooke. There is a manuscript note in Herb.,
Calcutta, by Kurz, to the effect that though it had been collected near
Shibpur by Mr. John Scott, Kurz had never met with it himself.
Besides Scott's Shibpur record, however, the writer is able to add one
or two from Calcutta and one from Chandernagore. There is,
however, little doubt that the species should be considered in our area
only an introduced or at most a casual species.

673. Pteris Linn.

*Pteris longifolia Linn.; B. P. ii. 1245. P. amplectens H. S. 735.
Waste places, general.

Pteris cretica Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1245.

Cultivated and sometimes in abandoned gardens as if wild,

674. Ceratopteris Brogn.

* Ceratopteris thalictroides Brogn.; H. S. 736; B. P. ii. 1246,

v. Jangli jhao .

In wet places and marshes, general.

675. Nephrodium Rich.

* Mephrodium miitum Sieb. ; B. P. ii. 1252. Aspidium unitum

H. S. 734.

v. Panka krul.

In swampy ground, general.

* Neplirodium aridum Bak.; B. P. ii. 1253. Polypodium semisa -

gift alum H. S. 734,

Western Sundribuns.

* Neplirodium molle Desv. ; B. P. ii. 1253.

Waste places, occasional.

676. Nephrolepis Schott.

Neplirolepis cordifolia Presl.; B, P. ii. 1255. Aspidium jlagelli -
ferum H. S. 734.

Waste places, west of the river Hughli, occasional; possibly in
our area only an escape.

HUGHLI HOWRAH °AND THE 2 4 -PE RGU N N AHS •

325

677* Polypodium Linn*

* Polypodium proliferum Roxb. ; H. S. 734; B. P. Ii. 1257.

v. Daput

Grassy moist places and sides of ditches, general.

* Polypodium adnascens Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1257. P, pertusumVi.. S.

734-

On trees in the Western Sundribun forests.

* Polypodium irioides Lamk ; B. P. ii. 1258. P, glabrum H. S. 734.

v. Chittea bora .

On trees in village-shrubberies, general.

* Polypodium quercifolium Linn. ; H. S. 734 ; B. P. ii. 1258.

v. Gurur .

On trees in village-shrubberies, general.

678. Vittaria Sw.

*Vittaria elongata Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1259. Pteris angustifoliaY{*§>
735-

On trees in the Sundribuns.

679. Drymoglossum Presl.

Drymoglossum piloselloides Presl; B. P. ii. 1259. A lotholaena
piloselloides H. S. 734.

Serampore, according to Voigt ; the record is not impossible as
the species is not uncommon on trees in the forests of the Eastern
Sundribuns. It has not, however, been collected in the Western
Sundribuns nor, since Voigt's day, has it been recorded from elsewhere
in our area.

680. Hemionitis Linn.

* Hemionitis arifolia Bedd. ; B. P. ii. 1259. H. cordifolia H, S.

734*

v. Chakuliya.

In shady groves, not uncommon.

681. Acrostichum Linn.

* Acrosticlmm palustre Bedd.; B. P. ii. 1260. Lomaria scandens H.
S. 735-

North-Western Sundribuns, and marshy places south-east of
Calcutta, climbing on trees.

* Acrostichum aureum Linn.; B. P. ii. 1261. A. emarginatum H.

S. 734-

326

THE VEGETATION OF THE' DISTRICTS OF

In tidal marshes south-west of Calcutta and throughout the
Western Sundribuns.

CXXIL-SCHIZASACEdE.

682. Lygodium Sw.

Lygodium flexuosum Sw. ; H. S. 737 ; B. P. ii. 1262.

v. B hut-raj.

Recorded from Seram pore by Voigt ; the record is quite probable
as the species is com mon to the west of our area.

* Lygodium japonicum Sw. ; B. P. ii. 1262. Ophioglossum filiforme

II- S. 737- . /

Hedges and thickets, general.

CXXIII,— OPHIOGLOSSACEJ5.

683. Ophioglossum Linn.

* Ophioglossum reticulatum Linn.; H. S. 737; B. P. ii, 1264.

v. Ektir .

In grassy glades, general but never common.

684:. Helminthostacliys Kaulf.

* Helminthostacliys zeylanica Hook.; B. P. ii. 1264. H: lactniaia

H. S. 737.

v. Ekbir,

In shady places, general.

RHIZOCARPEiE.

CXXIV,— SALVINIACEjE.

685. Salvinia Schub.

* Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ; H. S. 740; B. P. ii. 1265.

v. Indur kana pana , Inclurni paria.

Floating on ponds, general.

S. natans Hoffm. ( Ulki pana or Juga pana) should also be looked
for, though it has not yet been definitely recorded from our area.

686. Azolla Lamk.

* Azolla piniiata R. Br. ; B. P. ii. 12 66. Salvinia imbricata H. S.

740.

; v. Pana.

~ <.*

Rice swamps and ponds, everywhere.

HUGkLI-HOWRAH AND THE 2 4- P ERG UN N A HS. 327

CXXV.-M ARSILE AC A M.

687. Marsilea Linn.

* Marsilea quadrifoliata Linn. ; H. S. 739; B. P. ii. 1266.

v. Susni shak.

Edges of ponds and ditches, everywhere.

* Marsilea minuta Linn. ; B. P. ii. 1266.

Edges of pdnds and ditches, general.

CXXVI.— IS0ETACE2E.

688. Isoetes Linn.

* Isoetes coromandeliana Linn. I. capsularis H. S. 738.

Serampore, Griffith , Voigt .

The specimens collected at Serampore by Griffith have been found
by Mr. Baker to belong to /. coromandeliana .

CXXVII.— -LYCOPODIACEJB.

689. Lycopodium Linn.

* Lycopodium Plilegmaria Linn. ; H. S. 738; B. P. ii. 1269.

' v. Sitahar .

On trees in the Sundribuns, also reported by Voigt from Seram-
1 pore, but the latter record requires confirmation.

CXXVIII.-SELAGINELLACE,E.

690. Selaginella Spring.

* Selaginella 5 proniflora Bak. ; B. P. ii. 1270. Lycopodium imbri -

catum H. S. 738.
v. H at aj her a.

On damp paths, general.

Selaginella tenera Spring.

Cultivated and at times also sub-spontaneous in damp shady
; places near P. suburban gardens, about Chandernagore and Shibpur.

BRYOPHYTA.

CXXIX.— FISSIDEXTACEiE,

691, Fissidens Hedw.

* Fissidens bengalensis Hampe. F. bryoides H. S. 741.

Heavy soil, general.

328

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

CXXX. — CALXMPERACEY2.

693. Calymperes Sw.

* Calymperes tenerum C. Mu ell.

On tree trunks, general.

CXXXL— POTTIACm
693. Barbula Hedw.

* Barbula orientalis Willd. B. indica H. S. 741.

On damp soil, general.

* Barbula gangetica C. Muell.

On damp soil, occasional.

694. Splachnobryum C. Muell.

* Splachnobryum indicum C. Muell.

On old walls, especially on the lime courses between the bricks,
everywhere.

CXXXII.— FUXARIACEJE.

695. Physcomitrium Fuern.

* Physcomitrium cyathocarpum Mitten.

Damp soil, general.

CXXXIII.— MARCH AXTIACEiE.

696. Cyathodium Kunze.

* Cyathodium albouitens Schiffn.

On damp soil in gardens, general.

697. Athalamia Falc.

* Athalamia piuguis Falc.

On damp soil.

ALG/E.

CXXXIV.— ZYGNEMACEJ3.

698. Spirogyra Link.

* Spirogyra elongata Kg.

In rice-fields, general.

* Spirogyra nitida Lk.

Howrah district.

HUGH LI-HOW RAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

329

* Spirogyra Heeriana Ngegeli.

Calcutta.

CXXXV.— MESOCARPACEJE.

699. Mougeotia Wittr.

*Mougeotia affinis Kg.

Matla, in brackish water.

CXXXVI.—PROTOCOCCACEJE.

700. Stomatochytrium Cunningh.

* Stomatochytrium Limnanthemum Cunningh.

Endophytic in leaves of Limnanthenum indicum .

701. Protococcus A g.

* Protococcus coliaerens Kg.

Damp walls.

CXXXVII. — FLY ACEiE.

702. Enteromorpha Harv.

* Enteromorpha intestinalis Lk.

Salt-lakes near Calcutta.

CXXXYIII. — ULOTHRXCACEiE,

703. XJlothrix Kg.

* Ulothrix pectinalis Kg.

Ponds and marshes, Howrah district.

704:. Conferva Lager h.

* Conferva bombycina Wille.

River Hughli near Kidderpore ; Botanic Garden, Shibpur, in
ponds (VAR. 1 3. crassior Mart).

* Conferva antillarum Kg.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

CXXXIX. — CILOTOPIIORACEiE.

705. Chaetophora Schrank.

* Chaetophora chlorotica Kg.

Salt-lakes, near Calcutta.

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

330

CXL. — MYCOIDEACEiE.

; ?06. Mycoidea Cunningh.

* Mycoidea parasitica Cunningh.

Parasitic, on leaves of Citrus , Michelia} Orchidacese, etc.

CXLI.— <ED0G0XIACEdE.

: 707. (Edogonium Link.

* lEdogonium scutatum Kg.

. Ponds, Howrah. district.

CXLII.— CLADOPHORACEiE.

708. Rliizoclonium Kg.

: * Rliizoclonium antillarunt Kg.

Matla, in brackish water.

709. Cladopliora Kg.

* Cladopliora bengalensis Mart.

Barrackpore.

* Cladopliora Rottleri Kg.

Howrah.

* Cladopliora simpliciuscula Kg.

Kidderpore, on walls submerged at high tide.

CXLIJI.— CHARACEJS.

710. Xitella Ag.

*Mtella oligospira A. Br.

Ponds, general.

*Nitella hyalinaAg.

Ponds, everywhere.

*Xitella Roxburghii A. Br.

Ponds, general.

711. Chaja^ Linn.

* Cliara flaccida A. Br.

Ponds, everywhere.

* Chara zeylanica Willd.

Marshes at Matla.

* Cbara foetida A. Br.

Ponds, general.

HUGHU-HOWRAH AND THE 24‘PERGUNNAHS.

331

* Ohara verticillata Roxb.

Ponds, general.

CXLIV— ENCIELIACEE.

713. Enceelium, Kg.

* Enccelium vesicatum Kg,

Batiks of canal near Salt-lakes, Calcutta!

CXLV.— COMPSOPOGOXACE.E.

713. Compsopogon Montagne.

* Compsopogon Hookeri Montagne.

Caiial barlks near Calcutta salt* lakes ; marshes at Matla.

cxlvi.-rhdPophyllidaceje.

714. Catanella Grev.

* Catanella Opuntia Grev.

Salt-lakes near Calcutta ; banks of river Hughli.

CXLVlI.— DELESSERIACEJ3.

715. Caloglossa J A g.

^Caloglossa Leprieurii J. Ag.

Salt-lakes near Calcutta; Kidderpore on walls covered at high tide.

716. Delesseria Lamouroux.

* Delesseria bengalensis Martens (sub Hypoglossum).

Matla, in tidal pools.

^Delesseria pygmtea Martens (sub Hypoglossum ).

Salt-lakes; Calcutta; Baliaghat Canal.

CXLVIII. — RHODOMELACEzE.

717. Polysiphonia Grev.

* Polysiphonia rufo-lanosa Harv.

Submerged branches in river Hughli*

* Polysiphonia angustissima Kg.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

* Polysiphonia poly chroma Mart.

Salt-lakes; Calcutta.

332

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

718. Bostrychia Montague.

* Bostrychia rivularis Harv.

Salt-lakes, near Calcutta.

CXLIX*-CERAMIACEE.

719. Hormoceras Kg.

* Hormoceras flaccidum A g.

Salt-lakes, near Calcutta.

CL.— CHROOCOCCACEE.

730. Gloeocapsa Kg.

* Gloeocapsa Rurziana Mart.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Gloeocapsa rupestris Kg.

On submerged branches, river Hughli.

731* Microcystis Kg.

* Microcystis aeruginosa Kg.

Tanks at Shibpur.

CLL— OSCILLATORIACE E.

733. Oscillatoria Vauch.

* Oscillatoria amphibia Ag.

On masonry steps of ghats both below and above the water line.

* Oscillatoria antliaria Mart.

Muddy river banks.

* Oscillatoria Cortiana Menengh.

In tanks.

* Oscillatoria Froelichii Kg.

Floating in ponds.

* Oscillatoria Grateloupii Bory.

Wet rice-fields.

* Oscillatoria interrupta Mart.

Mud of dried up ponds.

* Oscillatoria Juliana Menengh.

Sealdah, in drains.

HUGHL! HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

333

* Oscillatoria Kurziana Mart.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur, in water in flowerpots.

* Oscillatoria linmosa A g.

In tanks.

* Oscillatoria tenerrima Kg.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

* Oscillatoria tenuis Lyngb.

In ponds.

* Oscillatoria versicolor Mart.

Sali-lakes.

723. Spirulina Turp.

* Spirulina oscillarioides Turp.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

721. Phormidium Kg.

* Phormidium oryzetorum Mart.

Rice-fields ; the commonest Alga in Lower Bengal.

* Phormidium Lyngbyaceum Kg.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

725. Lyngbya C. A. Ag.

* Lyngbya crispa Kg.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

* Lyngbya circinnata Kg.

Swamps and ponds, general.

* Lyngbya cinerascens Kg.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

* Lyngbya solitaris Kg.

Ponds, general.

726. Leibleinia End!.

* Leibleinia Juliana Kg.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

727. Hypheotlirix Kg.

* llypheothrix tenax Mart.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

334

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF'

728. Hydrocoleum Kg.

* Hydrocoleum Rurzii Mart.

Muddy banks of canals, also salt-lakes.

* Hydrocoleum Lenormandi Mart.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

720. Microcoleus Desmaz..

* Microcoleus salinus (Kg.).

Kidderpore near Calcutta..

* Microcoleus Lyngbyei Kg.

Calcutta, salt-lakes.

730. Leptothrix Kg.

* Lepottlirix subtillissima Kg.

Damp walls, general.

* Leptothrix mamillosa Menengh.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

731. Dictyonema Ag,

* Dictyonema fuscescens Mart.

Stagnant pools, about Calcutta.

CLII.-AOSTOCACEdE,

. 732. Nostoc Vauch,

*Nostoc gregarium Thuret.

Submerged in ponds.

733. Anabsena Bory.

* Anabsena mollis Kg.

Muddy edges of ponds, also in water.

734. Cylindrospermum Kg.

* Cylindrospermum spirale Kg.

Floating in ponds.

735. Hormosiphon Kg.

* Hormosiphon ooriaceus Kg.

Banks of the river Hughli at Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

335

CLIII. — SCYTOAEMATAOEJE.

730. Scytonema J. A. A g.

* Scytonema aerugineo-cinereum Kg.

Walls about Calcutta, common.

* Scytonema aureum Meneng .

Mud-banks of Hughli river.

* Scytonema granulatum Mart.

Salt-lakes, Calcutta.

* Scytonema palmarum Mart.

Within sheaths of palms, Botanic Garden.

* Scytonema tomentosum Kg.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur,

* Scytonema Veillardi Mart.

On walls, general.

CLIV. — STIGOYEM ATACE JR.

737. Fisclieria Kg.

* Fisclieria tenuis Mart.

Damp walls with northern exposure.

CLV. — RIVULARSACEjE,

738. Mastichonema Schwab e.

* Mastichonema granulatum Mart.

Stems of grasses in ponds and ditches.

* Mastichonema caespitosum Kg.

Stems of Sesbania in ponds and ditches.

739. Rivularia C. A. Ag.

* Rivularia Lens Meneng.

In tanks, on V allisneria leaves.

CLVI.— BACILLARIACEiE.

740. Navicula Bory.

*Navicula velox Kg.

Matla in marshes.

*Navicula cryptocephala Kg.

Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

N

336

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

741. Nitzscliia Hassal.

* Mtzscliia dissipata Grun.

Matla, in marshes.

743. Gloeotila Kg.

* Gloeotila concatenata Kg.

Tanks and pools about Shibpur.

LICHENES.

743. Pyrgidium Nyl.

* Pyrgidium bengalense Nyl.

Botanic Gardens, on an old Ravenala mad as cariensis} only once
met with.

744. Ramalina Fries.

* Ramalina angulosa Laus.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Ramalina calicaris Ach.

On trees, general.

745. Parmelia Fries.

* Parmelia perlata Ach.

Trees, general; especially on mangoes.

746. Pliyscia DC.

* Pliyscia picta Sw.

Trees, everywhere.

747. Pyxine Fries.

* Pyxine Cocaes Nyl.

On trees, general, especially on palms,

* Pyxine Meissneri Tuck.

On trees, general.

748. Lecanora Ach.

*Lecanora aurantiaca Lightf.

General.

*#Lccanora Enceplialarti Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur, on Encephalartes only.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

337

* Lecanora colubrina Ach.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Lecanora subfusca var. distans Ach.

General.

* Lecanora sarcopis var. subeffusa Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Lecanora granifera Ach.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

749. Gyrostomum Fries.

* Gyrostomum scyphuliferum Ach.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

750. Lecidea Fries.

* Lecidea carneo-lutea Turn.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Lecidea medialis Tuck.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur, on Cycas Rumphii .

* Lecidea propinquella Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Lecidea spadicea Tuck.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Lecidea patellarioides Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Lecidea tripkragma Nyl.

General.

* Lecidea prenmea var. malargyra Nyl.

General.

751. Opegraplia Humb.

* Opegrapka Martii Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Opegraplia varia var. pulicaris Hoffm.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Opegrapka vulgata Ach.

General.

* Opegrapka intequalis Fee.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

33§

THE VEGETATION OF THE DISTRICTS OF

7525. Platygrapha Nyl.

* Platygrapha pallidella Nyl.

General, especially on palm trees.

* Platygrapha glaucomoides Nyl.

General, on trees.

9 t>

* Platygrapha stigma tica Krempelh.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

753. Stigma tidium Meyer.

* Stigmatidium microcephalum Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur, on dicotyledonous trees.

* Stigmatidium melastigma Nyl-

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

754. Artlironia Eschw.

* Artlironia cinnabarina Nyl.

On trees with coarse bare branches, general.

* Artlironia antillarum Fee.

On dicotyledonous trees, general.

* Artlironia impolitella Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Artlironia abnormis Ach.

On dicotyledonous trees, general.

* Artlironia eircumalbicans Nyl.

On Pandanus stems, occasional.

Artlironia astroidea var. Swartziana Ach.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

755. Chiodecton Ach.

* Chiodecton heterotropum Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

756, Graphis Ach.

* Graphis scripta Ach.

Frequent on bark of decayed Pandanus,

Two varieties var. pulverulenta Nyl. and var. subvirginea Nyl
occur along with the typical form.

* Graphis obtecta Nyl.

General, on branches of various shrubs.

HUGHLI-HOWRAH AND THE 24-PERGUNNAHS.

339

757, Glypliis Ach.

* Glypliis cicatricosa Ach.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.
var. * favulosa Ach.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

758. Verrucaria Pers,

* Verrucaria nitida Schrad.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Verrucaria libricola Fee.

General, on trees, especially on Bombax .

* Verrucaria tropica Ach.

On dicotyledonous trees, general.

* Verrucaria diluta F de.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Verrucaria albo-atra Krempelh.

On dicotyledonous trees, general,

* Verrucaria majuscula Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

750. Thelopsis Nyl.

* Thelopsis inordinata Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur,

760. Melano theca Nyl,

* Melanotheca indica Nyl.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur, on Pandanus .

7ol. Trypetlielium Ach,

* Trypethelium Sprengelii Ach.

On dicotyledonous trees, general.

* Trypetheliun pallescens Fee.

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

* Trypethelium leucotrypum Nyl,

Botanic Garden, Shibpur.

763. Lepraria Ach.

* Lepraria flava Ach.

On trees, general, especially on palms, such as Arecai Arenga> etc

G. I. C. P. O.-No, 2639 D. B. S. I.— 31.12-1904.— 450.— P. M. M.& B. N. D

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5

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.

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INDEX TO GENERA.

■ 4- —

PAGE.

Abioma
Abrus
Abutilon
Acacia
Acalypha
Acanthus
Achras
Achyranthes
Acronychia
Acrostichum
Adenostemma
Adhatoda
Adiantum
Adina
/Egiceras
./Egialitis
/Eginetia

Alstonia

Alternanthera

Alysicarpus

Alyssum

Amarantus

Ammannia

Amoora

Amorphophall

Anabsena

Anacardiurr.

Anagallis

Ananassa

Andrographis

Andropogon

Androsace

Aneilema

1 8 1
192
177
208
276 |
256
233
26 C
184

325

225

258

323

221

238

232

Anisomeles

Anona ...

Anthistiria

Anthocephalus

Antidesma

Antigonon ...

Apbania

Apluda

Aponogeton

Arachis

Ardisia

Areca

Argemone

Argyreia

Aristida

Aristolochia

Artabotrys

Arthraxon

Arthrocnemnm

23b
267
203
172
265
212
186
295
334
191
232
286
257
316
232
292

B

Baliospermum
Rambusa
liarbula
Barleria
Barrington ia
Basella
Baubinia
Beaumontia
Belamcanua
Benincasa
Bergia
Beta

Biophytum

PAGE.

. 263

. 169

. 3lS

,. 221
• 275

,. 269

.. lQO

.. 3 1 5

.. 298

.. 201

•• 233

.. 294

.. 171
.. 247

.. 3*9

.. 269

168
... 31b

... 267

/Egle

• •0

000

185

Arthronia

...

0 0 0

338

/Erua

• 00

0 0 0

266

Artocarpus

000

000

279

/Eschynomene

000

0 0 0

202

Arundinella

...

00 0

3*9

Agave

0 0 0

287

Arundo

000

319

Ageratum

000

225

Asclepias

000

...

238

Agyneia

• 00

273

Asparagus

000

000

289

Alangium

0 0 0

221

Asphodelus

0 0 0

Ml'

290

Albizzia

20S

Asystasia

000

0 00

258

Aldrovanda

0 0 0

210

Athalamia

0 00

000

328

Aleurites

000

275

Aihroisma

000

0 00

226

Alisma

0 0 0

297

I Atylosia

0 00

000

195

Allamanda

000

235

Averrhoa

• M

0.0

.84

Allium

289

Avicennia

000

000

261

AUophylus

000

...

190

Axonopus

000

000

308

Alocasia

...

296

Azima ...

000

0 0 0

234

Alpinia

000

000

285

j Azolla

00 0

000

32b

• it

• 00

27b

323

328

257

212

268

205

237

287

216

176

26;

183

Bischofia ...

Bixa ...

Blighia ...

Blurnea ...

Blyxa

Boehmeria

Boerhaavia

Bcmbax

Bonnaya

Borasstis

Bostrychia

Bothriospermum

Bougainvillea ...

Brassica

Breynia

Bridelia ...

Broussonetia ...

Brovvallia

Brownlowia

Bruguiera

Bryonia

Bryophyllum ...
Bulbostylis ...
Butea

Butomopsis ...

Csesalpinia
Csesulia
Cajanus
Calamus
Callicarpa
Caloglossa
Calonyction
Calophyllum
Calotropis
Calymperes
Cananga
Canavalia
Canna
Cannabis
Canscora
Canthium
Capparis
Capsella
Capsicum
Carapa
Cardamine
Cardanthera
Cardiospermum

PAGE.

. 273
.. 174

.. 1 9°

.. 225

.. 281
.. 278
.. 2b4

.. 180

.. 253

.. 293

.. 332

... 242

,.. 264

172
... 274

... 273

• 00 279

.0. 249

... 181

... 211

... 218

... 210
... 3®5

... 199

... 298

206

227

195

294

260

33*

246

176

338

328

169

197

285

278

240

224

173

173

248

186

I7i

25b

189

INDEX

, {

06

11

Carica

• ••

PAGE.

... 215

Carissa

• ••

• M

235

Carthamus

230

Carum

• ••

210

Cassia

204

Cassytha

• ••

271

Casuarina

• ••

280

Catanella

• ••

33 1

Cedrela

187

Celosia

265

Celsia

250

Centipeda

230

Centi'anthera

• • •

23 4

Centratherum

• 99

224

Gephalandra

• • •

217

Ceratophyllum

280

Ceratopteris

• • •

• • •

324

Cerbera

235

Cereus

Ml

...

218

Ceriops

• • e

21 1

Chsetophora

Ml

329

Chamseraphis

Ml

307

Chara

• • •

33o

Chenopodium

26 7

Chiodecton

• 9 9

338

Chloris

• 99

Ml

322

Chrozophora

Ml

276

Chrysanthemum

...

230

Cicer

• • •

191

Cinnamomum

270

Cipura

• • e

• » 0

287

Cissampelos

• ••

170

Citrullus

• ••

217

Citrus

185

Cladophora,

in

• 99

330

Clause na

III

184

Cleisostoma

• • •

...

283

Cleome

...

1 73

Clerodendron

• 9 9

261

Clitoria

...

• • 9

199

Cnicus

230

Coccplus

170

Cochlearia

• • •

M.

172

Cocos

29.I

Codiseum

• • •

276

Coffea

• ••

223

Coix^

3i9

Coldenia

242

Coleus

262

Colocasia

• 0 •

296

Colvijlea

• o •

206

Commelina

...

29 j

Compsopogon

33i

Conferva

• ••

329

Corchorus

• ••

• •0

182

Cordia

• • •

241

Coriandrum

220

Corypha

699

060

293

Cosmos

000

PAGE.

220

Costus

Ml

•••

285

Cotula

Ml

• M

230

Courtoisia

• «0

• M

303

Cratseva

Ml

000

174

Crepis

• ••

Ml

230

Cressa

• 99

III

243

Crinum

099

c«c

287

Crossandra

• ••

2 57

Crotalaria

• ••

• ••

192

Croton

• • 9

Ml

275

Cryptccoryne

• • •

Ml

295

Cryptolepis

• • •

• 9 9

237

Cryptostegia

• • •

• 99

237

Cucumis

• • •

• • 9

217

Cucurbita

• 9 •

999

217

Cupressus

• • 0

• 9 9

281

Curculigo

• ••

9 9 9

287

Curcuma

• • •

9 9 9

284

Cuscuta

Ml

9 9 9

243

Cyamcpsis

• • •

999

203

Cyanotis

• ••

• 99

2Q2

Cyathocline

• ••

• 99

225

Cyathodium

Ml

999

328

Cycas

• 9 •

999

28l

Cylindrospermum

99 9

334

Cylista

Ml

999

194

Cy nan chum

• 9 •

999

238

Cynodon

• 9 9

99 9

322

Cynoglossum

. 900

000

242

Cyperus

Ml

09*

300

Daemia

D

• • •

90S

238

Dalbergia

9 99

200

Datura

• • •

999

249

Daucus

• • •

0*0

220

Davallia

909

323

Deeringia

« • •

999

265

Delesseria

999

331

Dendrobium

in

9 9 9

282

Dentella

999

222

Derris

999

200

Desmanthus

• •0

099

207

Desmodiurn

909

202

Dicliptera

• tt

099

259

Dictyonema

• • 0

900

334

Didymoplexis

999

283

Digera

999

265

Digitaria

900

3ii

Dillenia

• ••

909

168

Dimeria

„•

• 99

313

Dioscorea

099

288

Diospyros

990

233

Diplachne

099

321

Dolichos

000

996

197

Dopatrium

999

25*

Dregea

coo

999

239

PAGE.

Drosera

Ml

099

210

Drymoglossum

660

325

Duranta

191

000

260

Dysophylla

000

990

263

1

E

Ebermaiera

999

• 06

256

Ecbolium

999

999

258

Echinolytrum

099

• 69

305

Eclipta

999

090

223

Ehretia

999

990

242

Elaeodendron

090

999

187

Eleocharis

900

• 09

303

Elephantopus

990

690

225

Eleusine

000

690

322

Emilia

009

990

227

Encoelium

900

099

331

Enhydra

009

990

228

Enicostema

009

999

241

Enterolobium

090

• 96

209

Enteromorpha

0 09

• 99

329

Eragrostis

999

• 99

320

Eriobotrya

000

000

209

Eriocaulon

000

060

299

Eriochloa

099

906

311

Eriodendron

909

• •»

180

Erioglossum

«%•

969

I go

Eruca

90*

690

172

Erythrsea

000

699

240

Erythrina

990

• 90

198

Eugenia

069

999

212

Eulophia

009

099

282

Eupatorium

600

909

225

Euphorbia

669

960

271

Euryale

099

• 90

17*

Evolvulus

699

606

243

Exacum

006

990

240

Excoecaria

999

009

278

F

Feronia

999

990

1S5

Ficus

000

@90

279

Fimbristylis

909

090

304

Fin lay sonia

990

990

238

Fischeria

000

090

335

Fissidens

060

009

327

Flacourtia

900

009

*74

Flagellaria

099

600

292

Flemingia

090

660

194

Fleurya ...

990

• 00

278

Flueggea

900

999

273

Fceniculum

90 0

690

220

Fuirena ...

990

990

305

Fumaria ...

906

6*0

171

G

Galinsoga

999

1 • I

229

Garcinia ...

090

90S

176

INDEX

• • •

1U

Gardenia

• ••

PAGE.

... 222

Garuga

Ml

III

1 86

Ge Ionium

Ml

Ml

276

Geodorum

Ml

III

282

Globba

Ml

Ml

284

Glochidion

• it

• It

273

Gloeocapsa

III

ttl

332

Glceotila

• ••

III

336

Gloriosa

• • •

III

289

Glycosmis

• ••

• * I

184

Glypbis

• ••

339

Gmelina

Ml

• ••

260

Gnaphalium

• ••

• It

227

Gomphrena

• tt

• It

267

Gossypium

Ml

• M

179

Gouania

Ml

III

188

Grangea

• ••

• II

225

Graphis

• ••

• II

328

Grewia

• ••

III

181

Guazuma

III

• It

181

Guizotia

• ••

It®

229

Gymnema

• ft

• ••

239

Gymnopetalum

III

216

Gynandropsis

Ml

Ml

173

Gyrostomum

Ml

• ••

337

H

Habenaria

• It

283

Hamelia

• ••

222

Hedychium

III

• ••

284

Helianthus

• ••

• ••

228

Helicteres

• ••

III

l8o

Heliotropium

• ••

• ••

242

Helminthostachys

Ml

326

Hemerocallis

• ••

• ••

290

Hemidesmus

Ml

• «•

238

Hemigraphis

Ml

Ml

2 57

Hemionitis

Ml

Ml

325

Heritiera

• ••

• ••

180

Herpestis

III

ttt

251

Hewittia

Ml

• ••

244

Hibiscus

Ml

• ••

178

Hiptage

• ••

ttt

183

Holarrhena

• ••

• ••

236

Hop pea

• M

• ••

240

Hordeum

• ••

• ••

323

Hormoceras

III

• ••

332

Hormosiphon

• ••

III

334

Hoy a

• I#

«••

240

Hydrilla

Ml

III

281

Hydrocera

III

• ••

184

Hydrocharis

Ml

• ••

282

Hydrocoleum

• ••

• ••

334

Hydrocotyle

Ml

• It

219

Hydrolea

Ml

III

241

Hygrophila

III

• ••

256

Hygrorhiza

• ••

• ••

312

Hymenantherum

• tft

237

Hypheothrix

• ••

PAGE.

... 333

Hyptianthera

tti

m

223

Hyptis

• ••

i

• ••

262

Ichnocarpus

Ml

237

Ilysanthes

252

Impatiens

111

184

Imperata

• • •

313

Indigofera

203

Ionidium

...

174

Ipomcea

• ••

245

Isachne

» • •

• • •

308

Ischaemum

• ••

315

Iseilema

ttt

318

Isoetes

327

Ixora

• 11

• ••

223

Jacquemontia

J

in

III

244

Jasminum

in

tit

234

Jatropha

111

III

275

luncellus

• ••

III

300

J uncus

• ••

292

Jussisea

• ••

III

214

Justicia

«••

III

258

K

Kaempferia

• ••

• ••

284

Kalanchoe

• II

210

Kandelia

• tt

2 1 1

Kleinhovia

It!

180

Knoxia

• ••

• M

224

Kopsia

III

236

Kyllinga

• ••

ttl

3°°

L

4

Lactuca

III

• II

231

Lagarosiphon

III

• ••

281

Lagascea

• II

• ••

228

Lagenaria

• ••

III

216

Lagerstroemia

Ml

ill

213

Laggera

Ml

III

226

Lantana

Ml

III

259

Lasia

III

• ••

296

Lathyrus

til

til

192

Launea

• ••

III

231

Lawsonia

• ••

ttl

2*3

Lecanora

• ••

ttl

336

Lecidea

• ••

III

337

Leea

«••

ttl

189

Leersia

• ••

ttl

312

Leibleinia

• M

• ••

333

Lemna

Ml

ttl

296

Lens

• ••

III

192

Leonotis

• ••

t 4 t

263

Leonurus

lit

ttl

263

PAGE.

Lepidium ...

• M

173

Lepraria ...

III

339

Leptochloa

III

322

Leptothrix

ttt

334

Lettsomia

ttl

247

Leucaena

• ••

209

Leucas

ttl

263

Limnanthemum

241

Limnophila

ttt

250

Limnophyton ...

ttt

397

Linaria

ttt

250

Lindenbergia ...

tft

250

Linum ...

ttt

183

Lipocarpha ...

ttl

305

Lippia - ...

III

259

Litsaea

III

270

Lobelia

• It

231

Loranthus ...

til

27I

Lourea

III

202

Ludwigia

ttt

214

Luffa ...

It#

216

Luisia

III

282

Lumnitzera ...

til

21 1

Lycopersicum ...

til

247

Lycopodium

III

327

Lygodium

• tl

326

Lyngbya

Ill

333

M

Malachra

III

178

Mallotus ...

III

2 77

Malpighia ...

III

183

Malvastrum ...

ttt

177

Mangifera

tto

190

Manisuris

ttl

314

Maranta

ttl

286

Mariscus

• 1 1

303

Marsilea

III

327

Martynia

• It

255

Mastichonema ...

til

335

Mazus

til

250

Melanotheca ...

ttl

339

Melia ...

til

186

Melilotus

ttl

201

Melochia ...

III

181

Meriandra

III

264

Merremia

III

244

Michelia

III

168

Microchloa

til

322

Microcoleus

til

334

Microcystis ...

• II

332

Millingtonia

III

255

Mimosa ...

Ml

207

Mimusops

III

233

Mirabilis

• ••

264

Mitrasacme ...

III

240

Mnesithea

• ••

315

Mollugo

Ml

2!<9

IV

INDEX,

Mcmordica

• ••

PAGE.

... 216

Monochoria

• ••

• 00

290

Morinda

IM

000

223

Moringa

• a*

• 0#

191

Morus

• ••

©••

279

Moschosma

• ••

• 00

262

Mougeotia

• ••

• 00

329

Mucuna

• oo

• ••

198

Mukia

000

• 00

218

Murraya

• ••

• 00

184

Musa

000

000

286

Mycoidea

• 00

• 00

330

Myriophyllum

• •I

• 00

210

Myriostachya

000

000

321

N

Najas

• ••

• •0

298

Naravelia

• •*

• 00

168

Nasturtium

• §0

000

171

Navicula

• ••

• 00

335

Nelsonia

• ••

256

Nelumbium

• 00

I71

Nephelium

• ••

• 00

190

Nephrodium

• ••

• 00

324

Nephrolepis

• M

• ••

324

Neptunia

00#

• 00

207

Nerium

• ••

• 00

237

Nicotiana

• ••

• 00

249

Nigella

• ••

• ••

168

Nipa

• ••

• •0

293

Nitella

• ••

330

Nitzschia

• ••

• ••

336

Nostoc

• ••

000

334

Nyctanthes

• ••

•••

234

Nymphaea

• 9#

• 00

170

O

Ocimum ...

• ••

261

Odina

• ••

191

CEdogonium

• •0

330

CEnanthe

00#

• ••

220

Olax

• •0

• 00

187

Oldenlandia

• 00

222

Opegrapha

• ••

337

Operculina

• 00

245

Ophioglossum

• ••

326

Oplismenus

• ••

• 00

308

Opuntia

• 00

218

Orobanche

• *»

• 00

254

Oroxylum

• 00

255

Oryza

Ml

• 00

312

Oscillatoria

• 00

332

Ottelia

• M

• •«

282

Oxalis

• 00

183

Oxystelma

00®

238

Pachyrhizus

Pachystoma .

Psederia

Panax

Pandanus

Panicum

Papaver

Parkia

Parkinsonia

Parmelia

Parsonsia

Paspalum .

Passiflora

Pavetta ,

Pedilanthus

Pennisetum

Pentapetes

Pentatropis

Peperotnia

Pergularia

Peristrophe

Perotis .

Petunia •

Peucedanum .

Phaseolus .

Phaylopsis

Phlox

Phoenix

Phormidium

Phragmites

Phyllanthus

Physalis

Physcia

Physcomitrium

Pilea

Piper

Pisonia

Pistia

Pisum

Pithecolobium ,

Platygrapha

Plesmonium .

Pluchea

Plumbago

Plumeria

Pogonia

Pogostemon

Poinciana

Polianthes

Pollinia

Polyalthia

Polycarpaea

Polycarpon

Polygala

Polygonum

PAGE.

196

282
224
221

294
308
171
207
206
336
237
3U

215

223

273
30 7
181
23S
270
239
259
312

249

220

i95

257

241

293

333

320

274
248
336
32S
278
270
264

204
192
209
338

295
226
232
235

283
262

205
289

314

169
j 75
* 75
174

268

Polypodium

Polypogon

Polysiphonia ...

Polytoca

Pongamia

Porana

Portulaca

Potamogeton

Pouzolzia ...

Premna

Protococcus

Pseudanthistiria

• ••

• ••

PAGE.

325
3*9
33*
318
200
243
175
298
278
26 s
329
31S

Psidium

000

000

2 1 1

Psilotrichum

• ••

• 00

266

Psophocarpus

• 00

000

197

Psoralea

000

000

203

Pteris

• ••

0«0

324

Pterospermum

0 0 •

000

181

Punica

000

• 00

214

Pupalia

000

• ••

266

Putranjiva

000

000

274

Pycreus

• 0 0

oo«

300

Pyrgidium

000

• 00

336

Pyxme

000

• 00

336

Q

Quamoclit

• ••

000

246

Quisqualis

• ••

OM

21 I

R

Ramalina

• •0

• •0

336

Randia

000

222

Ranunculus

000

168

Raphanus

00 0

000

*73

Rauwolfia

0 00

0 0 0

235

Rhinacanthus

00«

258

Rhizoclonium

«»•

• •0

330

Rhizophora

00*

210

Rhynchosia

000

194

Ricinus

• 00

• ••

2 77

Rivea

000

• ••

246

Rivina

• ••

26S

Rivularia

• «•

00«

335

Rosa

• ••

209

Rottboellia

•••

0«0

314

Roupellia

• ••

Olt

2 37

Rueliia

• ••

25;

Rumex

•••

269

Rungia

•••

259

Ruppia

• ••

• ••

298

S

Saccharum

• ••

• ••

313

Saccolabium

• •#

• 00

283

Sagittaria

0«I

001

297

Salacia

• «•

•M

187

INDEX

¥

Salicornia

Salomonia

Salvia

Salvinia

Sanseviera

Sapindus

Sapium

Saponaria

Saraca

Sarcanthus

Sarcolobus

Sarcostemma ...

Scindapsus

Scirpus

Scleria

Scoparia

Scytonema

Selaginella

Senebiera

Sesamum

Sesbania

Seseli

Sesuvium

Setaria

Sida

Silybum

Smilax

Smithia

Solan um

Sonchus

Sonneratia

Spergula

Spermacoce

Sphaeranthus ...

Sphenoclea

Spilanthes

Spinacia

Spirogyra

Spirulina

Splachnobryum

Spondias

Sporobolus

Stachytarpheta...

Stellaria

Stephania

Stcphegyne ...

Sterculia

Stictocardia

PAGE.

• •• 268
... 174

... 264
... 326
... 286
... IQO

... 277
... 175

... 2o6

... 283
... 239

... 238

... 2C»6

... 305

... 299

... 253

••• 335

... 327
... 173

- 255

... 199

... 220

... 218
... 307
... 177

... 230
... 289

... 2oi
... 247

... 231

... 214
... I75

... 224

... 226
••• 231

... 229

... 267
... 328

— 333

... 328

... 191

... 319

... 259

... 175

... no
... 221

... 180

... 246

PAGE.

,0

PAGE.

Stigmatidium ...

006

338

U

StorriStochytrium

««»

329

Uiothrix

e « 0

000

329

Streblus

s » 0

279

Uraria

• 00

* • 0

202

Striga

0 * •

253

Urena

600

0 0 6

178

Stylidium

«• 0

232

Utricularia

0

0*0

254

Suseda

0«t

267

Swietenia ...

0 00

187

V

Synedrella

000

229

Vallaris

§00

237

Vallisneria

*0 0

28l

T

Vanda

...

.19

283

*

Vandeliia

252

Tabernaemontana

90S

236

Vangueria

000

« • 0

824

Tagetes

227

Ventilago

00 0

000

188

Talinum

176

Verbena

0 0 0

0 «••

260

Tamarindus

206

Vernonia

000

00 •

225

Tamarix

176

Veronica

• 00

25S

Tectona

260

Verrucaria

...

339

Tephrosia

80S

200

Vicia

0 0 0

191 9

Teramnus

197

Vigna

...

196

Terminalia

211

Vinca

...

• 00

236

Thelopsis

339

Viscum

...

27 s

Thespesia

179

Vitex

• 0 0

261

Thevetia

235

Vitis

...

188

Thunbergia

255

Vittaria

...

6 0 0

325

Thuya

28l

Tiliacora

170

w

Tinospora

!6g

Wahlenbergia ...

900

33s

Tithonia

228

Waltheria

0 0 0

090

181

Torenia

251

Wedelia

006

228

Tradescantia ...

292

Wendlandia

0 00

0 00

231

Tragia

« • 0

277

Wissadula

096

1 77

Tragus

• 00

312

Withania

• e»

660

249

Trapa

000

214

Wolffia

0 90

0 6 0

297

Trema

000

278

Woodfordia

0 0 9

040

313

Trewia

0 00

277

Wrightia

...

660

236

Trianthema

• 00

218

Tribulus

0 0 0

183

X

Trichodesma ...

0 0 0

242

Xanthium

000

000

237

Trichosanthes ...

0 0 0

215

Xyris

6 9 0

9-00

291

Tridax

0 e •

229

Trigonella

«*0

201

z

Triphasia

000

185

Zea

c «0

000

318

Triticum

• ••

322

Zehneria

000

218

Triumfetta

0*0

182

Zephyranthes

• 00

«00

2 87

Trypethelium ...

0«#

339

Zeuxine

0 0 0

283

Turnera

« • 0

214

Zingiber

4 9 0

285

Tylophora

«M

239

Zinnia

000

228

Typha

000

294

Zizyphus

660

188

Typhonium

...

2Q5

Zoysia

eee

• 60

312

G. I, C. P. O.— No. 3920 D. B. S. I.— 1 6-2- 1 9 05.-450.— B. N. D.

N

f "

(Record

of tfc

Bofanicaf Purvey of JttUa.

(pwfifte^eO 6p dRufflotnfg.

Volume III. — No. 3.

SAPINDACE/E NOV/E INDIGO ET MALAiCvC
EX HERBARIO CALOUTTENSI.

AUOTORE

L. RADLKOFER.

Mnfefc for ttye (Bfovernmenf of 3nMa of f$e (Botfcmmenf Oenfral’
(printing Office, 8, jEjaeftnge ^fvccf, Cafcwffa.

1907.

&

rssued on loth June 1907 * Frice Annas 2 or 3d*

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Volume III— No. 3.

SAPINDACE^E NOV/E INDIC/E ET MALA! C/E
EX HERBARIO CALCUTTENSI.

AUCTORE

L. RADLKOFER.

CALCUTTA :

OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1907,

Agents for the sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government

Printing, India , Calcutta.

In England.

E. Arnold, 41 & 43, Maddox Street,
Bond Street, W., London.

Constable & £o<, 16, James Street,
Haymarket, W., London.

Bernard Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly, W.
Deighton, Bell & Co., Cambridge.

H. S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill, &
9, Pall Mall, London.

P. S. King & Son, 2 & 4, Great
Smith Street, Westminster, S. W.

Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament Street,
London, S. W.

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Broad Street, Oxford.

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*

On the Continent.

R. Friedlander & Sohn, 11, Carlstrasse,
Berlin, N. W.

Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig.

Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig.

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Paris.

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In India.

Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.

Newman & Co., Calcutta.

S. K. Lahiri & Co., Calcutta.

R. Cambray & Co., Calcutta.

Thacker & Co., Ld., Bombay.

D. B. Taraporevala, Sons & Co.,
Bombay.

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Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon, Bombay.
A. M. & J. Ferguson, Ceylon.

Sunder Pandurang, Bombay.

V. Kalyanarama Aiyar & Co., Madras.
G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras.
Higginbotham & Co., Madras.

Superintendent, American Baptist
Mission Press, Rangoon.

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Mufid-i-Am Press, Lahore.

Thompson & Co., Madras.

S. Murthv & Co., Madras.

Temple & Co., Madras.

Combridge & Co., Madras.

P. R. Rama Iyer & Co., Madras.

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N. B. Mathur, Superintendent, Nazair
Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad.

INDEX

Page.

Allophylus . . . . .

•

•

341

Sobbe . . o .

•

o

34i

serrulatus Radik. • .

0

0

34i

subfalcatus Radik. . •

0

9

342

Cardiospermum Schmidelia , •

•

e

341

Euphoria

• • o • •

•

0

347

55

echinulata Radik. • t

•

•

347

55

setosa Radik. . . .

•

0

347

Guioa

• • • « • •

t

•

354

, „ microphylla Radik. .

•

•

354

Lepisanthes assamica Radik .

•

•

343

55

Casicardia Radik. • - •

•

0

345

55

granulata Radik. . ,

0

•

344

55

Lamponga Radik . .

•

0

345

55

Listeri King MSS. . •

•

•

344

Nephelium

• • • •

•

0

35i

55

chryseum ? . . ,

•

0

35i

55

dasyneurum Radik. .

0

0

353

55

obliquinerve Radik. .

c

•

354

55

pallens Radik.

0

0

35*

55

subfalcatum Radik. • . '

p

0

353

55

tuberculatum Radik.

e

0

352

Otophora

0 • • • O

•

0

346

55

resecta Radik .

•

0

346

Schmidelia Cobbe , • • .

0

9

34i

55

glabra . . « •

•

•

342

55

serrata ....

•

•

34i

Xerospermum ....

•

0

348

5>

brachyphyllum Radik. .

0

• .

•

348

5J

cylindrocarpum Radik. ,

9

348

J)

echinulatum Radik. •

•

O

350

3)

intermedium Radik. .

0

Q

349

>3

muricatum . , <

0

349,

350

33

Noronhianum • *

o

0

349

3»

unijugum Radik. . .

«

0

35*

34 i

' SAPINDACE/E NO WE INDICT ET MALAIC./E EX

HERBARIO CALCUTTENSI.

_ — ^ —

Auctore L. Radlkofer.

I.— ALLOPHYLUS L.

1. A. serrulatus Radik.

Schmidelia serrata (non 1 DC/) Wight Catal. autogr. (1833) p.
23 part., praesert. Nos. 374! 376!; Wight et Arn. Prodr.
i (1834) p. no part.; Hook. f. et Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or.
(circa 1850) part. ! (i.e., specimina e mont. Nilagir. et
Kurg) ; Miq. in Hohenack. PI. Ind. Or. (1851) No. 1066 ! ;
Cat. Kew. Herb. Wight (1869-1870) p. 7 No. 533 !.

Schmidelia Cobhe (non ‘ DC/) Wight Ic. iii, (circa. 1846) t. 964
bis.

? Cardios permum Schmidelia Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. (1861) p. 34,
excl. cit. ( Rheede Hort. Mai. v, t. 25’ (ex descr. ; perperam
ab Hiern ad * A. Cobbe f. villos/ cit. in Hook. FI. Brit.
Ind. i, p. 670).

A. Cobbe (non ( BI/) Cooke FI. Presid. Bomb, i, Part II (1902)
p. 265, quoad syn. Dalz. & Gibs, antec. ? ; Trimen Hand-
book FI. Ceylon, i, (1903) p. 303, solummodo quoad cit.
‘ Wight Ic. t. 964 bis/

• Frutex?; rami teretes, juveniles petioli thyfsique nunc suffer-
rugineo-tomentelli, nunc subglabri, adultiores cortice fusco lenticel-
loso-punctato ; folia 3-foliolata, mediocria, longe petiolata ; foliola
intermedia e rhombeo subobovata, basi subcuneata, lateralia ovalia vel
subovata, basi obtusa inaequalia, omnia breviter acuminata, longius-
cule petiolulata, mucronulato-serrulata, membranaceo-chartacea, nervis
lateralibus approximatis oblique erectis rubentibus insignia, supra
fuscescentia, subtus rubicunda, rarius virentia, opaca vel nitidula,
praeter nervorum axillas barbatas glabra vel ad nervos pil is adpressis
± pubescentia, novella saepius pilis flavescentibus adpressis vestita,

342

SAP1NDA CEAS NOV/E INDICT ET

[ Allophylus

glandulis crystallophoris ornata ; thyrsi simplices, interdum ad rha-
cheos basin ramulo aucti, folia subaequantes vel quodammodo super-
antes, sat pedunculati, sat densiflori ; flores mediocres, basi hispiduli,
breviter pedicellati ; fructus cocci subglobosi, mediocres, glabrati.

Rami 3—5 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 2 — 10 cm. longo adjecto 7—28 cm. longa ;
foliola intermedia cum petiolulo 0*5 — 2 cm. longo 5 — 18 cm. longa, 2*5—8 cm. lata,
lateralia minora, petiolulis 2— 5 mm. longis. Thyrsi 5 — 28 cm. longi, pedunculo
1*5— 6 cm. longo. Alabastra diametro 2 mm. Sepala basi pilis subsetaceis flavi-
dulis adspersa ; petala spathulata, squama sordide villosa; discus glabriusculus ;
stamina glabra; germen parce setuloso-pilosum. Fructus cocci 6 mm. longi, 5
mm. crassi.

In Indiae orientalis provincia Madras et ? Bombay, praesertim in
montibus Nilagiricis; Wight Hb. propr. Nos. 374! 376! (‘ Penins.

Ind. or. \ ca. 1832, fl. et fr. ; Hb. varia) ; Hugel No. 3400 ! (c Asia ca.
1 835, fl. ; Hb. Vindob.) ; Perottet Nos. 160! 219! (‘ N ilgherries, '

1837-38, fl. ; Hb. Deless., Boiss., Vind.) ; Wight (quoad specim. in Ic.
t. 964 bis ca. 1846 depict., c. indie. s Malabar et Courtallum ') ; Wight
Hb., distrib. Kew. No. 533 ! (‘ Anamallay forests ’ m. Oct- 1851, fl., Hb.
Vindob. ; ‘ Koathagerry ’ m. Aug. 1852, fl., Hb. Boiss.; sine loci indie,
exstat in Hb. Ber., Mon., Havn.) ; Hook . /. et Thoms . Hb. Ind. or. !
(‘ mont. Nilghiri et Kurg fl. ; Hb. varia); Metz PI. Ind. or. ed.
Hohenacker a. 1851, n. 1066 ! (* in montibus Nilagiri ’, fl. ; Hb. varia) ;
Clarke No. 10715 D ! (‘ Conoor, Nilgherries’ alt. 7000 ped., m. Mart.
1873, fl. et fr.) in prov. Bombay: Dalzelll (( Meera Hills near
Penn \ 1„ c.).

3. A. subfalcatus Radik.

Schmidelia glabra (non Roxb.) Hook f. et Thoms. Hb. Ind.
or. (ca. 1850) e Kliasia (nec alia specim.) ; — non ‘ Steud.',
Cat. Kew. Hb. Griff, etc. (1865) p. 9 No. 979 ; non alior.

Frutex (?) ; rami teretes petiolique glabri, cortice albicante
lenticelioso-punctato ; folia 3-foliolata, mediocria, longe petiolata,
petiolis plerumque gracilibus ; foliola elongate lanceolata, plerumque
in acumen longiusculum falcatum protracta, basi lateralia valde
inaequalia intermedia cuneata, omnia conspicue petiolulata, remote
serrato-dentata, chartacea, nervis lateralibus remotiusculis oblique
procurvis, venarum copia e nervo mediano (lateralib usque) emer-
gentium insignia, subtus arete reticulato-venosa, subfusca, subtus
pallidiora, nitida, glabra ; thyrsi simplices, cincinnis infimis interdum

Lepisanthes ] MALAICM EX HER BAR 10 CALCUTTENSL

343

in ramulos breves paten tes evolutis, soiitarii, interdum deflexi,
petiolos superantes, rarissime folia ipsa subaequantes, niinutim
sordide puberuli, sat densiflori ; flores mediocres vel majusculi,
subglabri ; fructus cocci clavato-ellipsoidei, majores, glabri.— Forsan
A. distachyos forma tantum montana, monostachya.

Rami 3—4 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 3 — 9 cm. Iongo adjecto 12 — 33 cm. Ionga ;
foliola intermedia cum petiolulo 0*3 — 1 cm. Iongo 9—24 cm. longa, 2*5 — 6 cm. lata,
lateralia saepius vix minora. Thyrsi 5—15 cm. longi. Alabastra diametro
i'S -2‘5 mm. Sepala glabriuscula ; petala cuneata, squama sordide villosa ; discus
puberulus ; stamina interne pilosula ; germen laxe pilosum. Fructus cocci 1 cm.
longi, o’ 5 cm. crassi.

In Assam, Khasia et Bengaliae parte orientali : Simons ! (Assam ;
ex Herb. Calcutt. comm. c. Hb. Monac. et Hb. Rheno-Traj.) ;
G. Mann ! (Assam) ; Kurz. Nos. 11 !, 17 [ (Assam, Khasia Hills, m.
Apr. 1877, fruct* J ex Hb. Calcutt. comm. c. Hb. DC.) ; Griffith !
(Khasia ; Hb. Berol.) ; id. !, (a. 1843 comm. c. Hb. Zuccar.) ; id. No.
513 ! (Hb. van Heurck) , Hook. f. et Thoms. Hb. Ind. or. ! (Mont.
Khasia, alt. 3000 — 4000 ped., regio trop., m. Jul. — Aug. 1850, fl. et fr. ;
Hb. varia) ; Native collectors ! (Khasia Hills, fl. ; ex Hb. Calcutt.
comm. c. Hb. Monac.) ; Griffith Hb., distrib. Kew. No" 979 ! ( 1 East
Bengal ’, fl. ; Hb. varia) ; Hook. f. et Thoms. Hb. Ind. or. No. 505 !
(Chittagong, Sept. 1852, fruct. ; Hb. Kew.) ; Mokim ! (Chittagong,
m. Nov. 1898, fl. ; ex Hb. Calcutt. comm c. Hb. Monac.)

II.— LEPISANTHES Bl.

1. L. assamica Radik.

Rami teretes, lenticelloso-verrucosi, pallidi, glabrati, innovationibus
flavescenti-tomentosis ; folia 4 — 6-juga, petiolo substriato ; foliola
subopposita, lanceolato-oblonga, sensim acuminata, petiolulis superne
canaliculatis insidentia, subcoriacea, nervis lateralibus numerosis
patulis, reti venarum subtus prominulo, livida, utrinque glabra, glan*
dulis immersis rarioribus ornata ; thyrsi axillares, fasciculati, dense
cincinnigeri, cincinnis subsessilibus, petiolos aequantes, cano-tomen-
telli ; alabastra subglobosa ; flores sat magtii, breviter pedicellati ;
sepala 5, exteriora tomentella, interiora sericea ; petala 5, ate spathu-
lata, extus infra medium dorsum villosa, intus squama biloba crista
fimbriata instructa aucta ; discus regularis, glaber ; stamina 11—12,
superne albido-villosa, in alabastro bis gfenuflexa, antherae glabrae
vel connectivi lati dorso pilo^ellb ; germitiis rudimc.ntum triloculare,
trisulcatum, villosum.

344

SAPINDACEEE NOV EE INDICEE ET

[ Lepisanthes

Frutex ? ramis I cm. crassis. Folia petiolo ca. 5 cm. longo adjecto 25—32 cm.
longa ; foliola superiora (majora) 14 — 18 cm. longa, 3—4 cm. lata, inferiora 6—7 cm.
longa, 2 — 2*5 cm. lata. Thyrsi 3 — 8 cm. longi ; bracteae bracteolaeque 2—3 mm.
longae, subulatae, tomentellae. Pedicelli 2 — 3 mm. longi. Alabastra diametro
4-5 mm.

In Assam : A. T. Gage No. 185! (‘South Lushai Hills, near Fort
Lungleh/ alt. 3000 — 4000 ped., m. Apr. 1899, alab.; comm, ex Hb.
Calcutt.)

(Affinis L. angustifoliae Bl., Sumatrae incolae.)

2, L. Listeri King Mss.

Frutex?; rami teretes, lenticellis oblongis bilabiatis instructi
petiolique striati, hirtelli ; folia 4-juga ; foliola subopposita, obovato-
oblonga, breviter acuminata, basi angustiore obtusa petiolulis longi-
usculis incrassatis insidentia, membranacea, nervo mediano supra vix,
subtus valde prominente, utrinque nervisque lateralibus subtus hirtellis,
supra sublaevia, nitidula, subtus reticulato-venosa, opaca, glandulis
immersis ornata, cellulis secretoriis instructa ; thyrsi supra-axillares,
(bini vel terni) fasciculati, laxe cincinnigeri, cinciunis subsessilibus ;
Acres non visi nisi partes sub fructu pedicellato relictae : sepala 5,
sufferrugineo-tomentella ; petala 5 (?), in unguem attenuata, extus
sericeo-tomentella, squama — ? ; discus regularis, glaber ; stamina e
basi complanata filiformia, superne subviilosa ; fructus breviter
ellipsoideus, 3-locularis, loculis compressis, extus adpresse suffer-
rugineo-tomentosis, intus glabris, pericarpio carnoso cellulis saponini-
geris instructo ; semen ellipticum, hilo longo affixum, glabrum; embryo
rectiusculus, cotyledonibus lateraliter juxtapositis, radicula basilari
crassiuscula obtusa paullulum incurva.

Rami 1 cm. crassi. Folia petiolo 22 cm. longo adjecto ca. 70 cm. longa; foliola
superiora (majora) cum petiolulo 1 — centimetrali oa. 30 cm. longa, 14 cm. lata,
inferiora 17 cm. longa, 6 cm lata. Thyrsi 6 -7 cm. longi, bracteae bracteolaeque
subulatae 2 — 3 mm. longae. Fructus (immaturus) 25 mm. longus, 18 mm. latus,
pedicello 12 mm. longo basi articulato suffultus.

In Assam : J. L. Lister ! (Duphla Hills, Dikrung valley, a. 1874 ;
comm, ex Hb. Calcutt.)

(Affinis L. Brownianae Hiern.)

3, L. graimlata Radik.

Arbor? ; rami teretes, cortice cano lenticelloso-punctato, juveniles
thyrsique dense sordide puberuli ; folia 4-juga, petiolo leviter striato ;
foliola opposita, oblonga, superiora elongata, omnia utrinque subacuta,

Lbpisanthes] MALAICM EX HERB ARID CALCUTTENSI.

345

conspicue petiolulata, membranaceo-chartacea, nervis lateralibus
(utrinque 8 — 10) oblique procurvis, laxe reticulato-venosa, glabra,
glandulis profunde immersis ornata ; thyrsi dense cymulas paucifloras
brevissime stipitatas gerentes ; flores — ? ; discus (sub fructu relictus)
semilunaris, glaber ; fructus mediocris subglobosus, obscure 3-sulcatus
3-locularis, extus sordide tomentellus, intus parce pilosus, siccus
cellularum sclerenchymaticarum congregationibus crassioribus pro-
minulis leviter granulatus, cellulis secretoriis null is.

Rami ca. 8 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 8 cm. longo adjecto ca. 40 cm. longa ;
foliola cum petiolulis ca. 8 mm longis 10-20 cm. longa, 3*5—5 cm. lata. Fructus
diametro r8 — 2 cm.

In Burma superiore : J. C. Prazer ! (a. 1894 ; ex. Hb. Calcutt.
comm. c. Hb. DC.).

(AffinisZ. Kunstleri K.'mg)

4. I. basicardia Radik.

Arbor ? ; rami petiolique sordide puberuli ; folia ca. 6-juga, petiolo
striato, rhachi supra profunde 2- sulcata; foliola subopposita, elongate
oblonga, acuta vel subacuminata, basin versus angustata, basi ipsa
oblique cordata, petiolulis brevissimis suffulta, chartacea, nervis
lateralibus (utrinque ca. 15) obliquis ante marginem adscendentibus,
utrinque reticulato-venosa, subtus ad nervos puberula, opaca, glandulis
profunde immersis ornata, diachymate crystallis singulis crebris
persito ; paniculse pauciramosse, breviter pedunculatse, dense cymulas
paucifloras brevissime stipitatas gerentes, tomentellae ; alabastra
subglobosa ; flores mediocres, pedicellati ; sepala puberula ; petala 4,
ex obovato unguiculata, intus squama singula deflexa obovato-cristata
aucta, ungue villoso ; discus semilunaris, margine puberulus, supra
glabriusculus ; stamina 8, filamentis villosis ; fructus — (non visus).

Rami ca. 1 cm. crassi. Folia petiolo ca. 15 cm longo adjecto ca. 60 cm.
longa; foliola 20 — 25 cm. longa, 5 cm. lata. Paniculae ca. 12 cm. longre
Alabastra diametro 2—2*5 mm.; pedicelli 2 — 3 mm. longi.

In Burma superiore : Shaik Mokim ! (( Kachin Hills,’ a. 1897, fl. ;
ex Hb. Calcutt. comm c. Hb. DC.).

(Affinis L. Burmanicx Kurz.)

5. L. Lamponga Radik.

Arbor mediocris, glabra; folia petiolata, 4 — 5 ?-juga ; foliola
maxima, subopposita, superiora ex obovato cuneata intermedia late

SAP INDACE AS NOVAS INDICT ET

[ Otophora

oblonga, infima obovata, breviter acuminata vel infima obtusa,
chartacea, nervis lateral ibus ante marginem evanescentibus, utrinque
glabra, supra laeviuscula livescentia, subtus laxe reticulatovenosa
pallide subfusca, glandulis sat immersis utrinque ornata, cellulis
secretoriis per diachyma sparsis instructa, epidermide paginae-
inferioris sparsim (in cellulis minoribus saepius geminatis) crystallo-
rum concretiones gerente ; thyrsi cincinnigeri albide puberuli
(fragmentum tantum visum) ; alabastra subglobosa ; flores mediocres,
sat pedicellati ; sepala dense tomento brevi sordide albido
induta ; petala 4 (alabastri tantum visa), extus interne sericea, intus
squama deflexa brevi cristata subtus villosa vel subglabra (petalorum
lateralium obliqua) aucta ; discus semilunaris, glaber, nec nisi mar-
gine inter petalorum insertiones sericeus ; stamina 8,lanosa, antherae
subglabrae ; germinis rudimentum 3-gonum, dense hirsuto-tomentosum.
fructus (t. Forbes) pallide viridis, tomentosus.

Arbor 30-pedalis. Folia, ut videtur, ultra 1 m. longa ; foliola superiora
(majora) cum petiolulis 1*5 cm. longis crassis glabris rubescentibus 45 cm. longa,
15 cm. lata. Alabastra diametro 4 mm. ; pedicelli 4 mm. longi.

In Sumatra, prov. Lampong: H. O. Forbes [No. 1708!
(Penangoengan in silva magna, m. Sept. 1880, flor. ; comm, ex Hb.
Calcutt. ; Hb. Berol.).

(\ffinis Z. andatnanicee King.)

III. — OTOPHORA BI.

1. 0. resecta Radik.

Arbor parva ; rami teretes, subtiliter striati, glabri ; folia (mutila-
turn tantum visum) 10-juga, rachi tereti superne a lateribus compres-
siuscula striata glabra ; foliola subsessilia, subopposita, refracta,
linearia, sensim acuminata, basi inaequaliter subacuta, i.e, intus oblique
truncata, quasi resecta extus sensim arcuato-angustata, petiolulis
brevissimis tumidis, membranaceo-chartacea, nervis lateralibus
subtilibus remotiusculis e basi patula procurvis utrinque prominulis,
reticulato-venosa, nitidula, glabra, supra livescentia, subtus pallide
subfusca, epidermidis paginae inferioris cellulis hie illic singulis vel
binis vicinis pachydermicis subreticulato-punctatis, utrinque glandulis
profunde immersis ornata, infima (stipuliformia) mediocria, suborbi-
cularia, sessilia ; panicula elongata, glabra, ramis thyrsoideis patentibus
vel refractis cincinnos sessiles gerentibus, rachi subangulosa ;
alabastra subglobosa, pedicellata ; flores rubri ; sepala 5( — 4), ovata,
glabra; petala 5(— 4), elliptica, vix uaguiculata, sepalis multo

Euphoria ]

MALAICM EX HER BAR 10 CALC UTTENSI.

34 7

minora, margine ciliolata, extus basi pilosula, infcus squama minima
emarginata pilosula aucta ; stamina 8, filamenta villosa, antherse
glabrae ; germinis rudimentum 2-merum, glabrum.

Rami ca. i cm. crassi. Folium (mutilatum) 75 cm. longum ; foliola 20 — 22 cm.
Ionga, ca. 3 cm. lata. Panicula ca. 35 cm. Ionga, ramis thyrsoideis 2— 14 cm.
longis. Pedicelli 5—6 mm. longi, basi articulati. Alabastra diametro ca.3 mm.

In insula malaccensi Pulu Penang : Ridley No. 6948 ! (Penara
Bukit, m. Dec. 1895, flor. ; Hb. Calcutt.).

(Affinis O. sessili King, distincta foliolis linearibus.)

IV.— EUPHORIA Commers. ed. Juss.

1. E. eckinulata Radik.

Arbor?; rami teretes, juveniles ut et petioli inflorescentiaeque
pilis fasciculato-stellatis pulverulento-puberuli, denique glabrati, cortice
subfusco ; folia 2 — 3-juga ; foliola subopposita, lanceolata, acuta vel
in acumen longiusculum protracta, basi interdum subcuneata, breviter
petiolulata, integerrima, subcoriacea, nervo mediano supra prominulo,
nervis lateralibus approximatis oblique procurvis subtus prominen-
tibus, subtiliter clathrato-venosa, supra glabra nitidula, subtus ad
nervos pilis laxe adspersa papillosa glaucescentKopaca ; paniculae
terminales, ramis thyrsoideis cymulas subsessiles gerentibus ; flores
— (non suppetebant) ; fructus cocci processibus brevibus conic is
echinulati, glabrati.

Rami 3 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 5— 6 cm. longo adjecto 15 — 20 cm. Ionga ;
foliola cum petiolulis 3—5 mm. longis 8 — 15 cm. Ionga, 2*5—4 cm- lata. Fructus
cocci diametro 2*5 cm.

In peninsula malaica : Scortechini No. 4 ! (Perak ; ex Hb. Cal-
cutt. comm. c. Hb. Monac.).

(Affinis E. Longana Lam., distincta fructu echinulato.)

2. E. setosa Radik.

Arbor ; rami teretes, ut et inflorescentiae petioli subtusque foliola
in nervis prseter pubem stellatam setis crebris sat longis obsiti ;
folia 4-juga ; foliola subopposita vel alterna, oblongo-lanceolata,
breviter acuminata, basi obtusa, breviter petiolulata, integerrima,
chartaceo-coriacea, nervo mediano supra impresso, nervis lateralibus
approximatis patulis ante marginem adscendentibus, clathrato-venosa,
supra glabra nitidula, subtus praeter nervos glabriuscula glaucescenti-
opaca ; paniculae terminales, ramis elongatis subsimplicibus laxe
cymulas sessiles gerentibus ; flores brevissime pedicellati ; calycis

34§

SAPINDACEAE NOVjE INDICES ET [ Xerospermum

segmenta cbtusa, extus pilis fasciculato-stellatis tomentella, intus
pilis simplieibus puberula ; petala anguste spathulata, acuta, calyce
sesquilongiora, intus strigoso-villosa ; discus pilis fasciculatis
latioribus obtusiusculis obsitus ; stamina laxe pilosa ; germen pilis
subsimplicibus obtusis birsutum ; fructus— (non suppetebat).

Arbor 40—60 pedes alta. Rami ca. 6 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 4 — 6 cm. longo
adjecto 18 — 24 cm. longa ; foliola cum petiolulis 2—4 mm. longis 5—10 cm.
longa, 2'5 — 4 cm. lata. Paniculse ad 30 cm. longse, ramis 12 cm. et ultra longis.

In peninsula malaica : King’s collector No. 7677 ! (Perak, lal t.
500-2000 ped., m. Maj. 1885, fl. ; ex Hb. Calcutt. comm. c. Hb.
Monac.).

(Affinis E. malaiensi Radik., distincta ramis petiolis etc. setis
crebris obsitis.)

V.— XEROSPERMUM Bl.

1. X. cylindrocarpum Radik.

Arbor ? ; rami, thyrsi petiolique pulverulento-puberuli ; folia
2-juga ; foliola ex oblongo lanceolata, in acumen acutum protracta,
petiolulata, chartacea, utrinque arete reticulata, cellulis secretoriis
destituta, pilis obverse clavelliformibus utrinque ornata ; thyrsi
racemiformes, solitarii vel fasciculati ; flores (e partibus sub fructu
relictis) 4-sepali ; fructus cocci elongati, subcylindrici, mediocres,
sat acute tuberculati, tuberculis a lateribus compressis, pericarpio
cotyledonibusque (seminis submaturi) cellulis secretoriis destitutis.

Rami subfusci, thyrsigeri 2— 3 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 2 -4 cm. longo ad-
jecto usque 24cm. longa; foliola cum petiolulis 3 — 4 mm. longis io— 18 cm. longa,
3*5 — 6 cm. lata. Thyrsi 2—8 cm. longi. Fructus cocci 2 5 cm. longi, V2 cm.
crassi. Semen acutum, 1*5 cm. longum.

In Sumatra: H . O. Forbes No. 2715 ! (a. 1880; Hb. Ber.).

(Inter sp. affines insigne fructus forma.)

2. X, bracliyphyllum Radik.

Arbor ; rami juniores pulverulento-puberuli, mox glabrati ; folia
2-juga ; foliola minora, ovata, breviter acuminata, basi in petiolulos
contracta, subcoriacea, nervis lateralibus (utrinque 8) approximatis
patule procurvis, utrinque arete reticulata, cellulis secretoriis destituta,
pilis obverse clavelliformibus praesertim subtus ornata : thyrsi
perbreves, racemiformes ; flores (e partibus sub fructu relictis)
4-sepali; fructus cocci e breviter ellipsoideo subglobosi, minorts*

Xerospermum ] MALAICJE EX HERBARIO CALCUTTEXSI.

349

humillime tuberculati, tuberculis subpyramidatis quasi in areolas
expansis, pericarpio cotyledonibusque cellulis secretoriis destitutis.

Rami subfusci, thyrsigeri 2— 3[nirrs. crassi. Folia petiolo ca. 2*5 cm. longo adjecto
ca. 12 cm. longa; foliola cum petiolulis 3 — 4 mm- longis 8 — 10 cm. longa, 3*5 4
cm. lata. Thyrsi 1 — 2 cm. longi. Fructus cocci 2 cm. longi, i*6 cm. crassi. Semen
ellipsoideum, obtusum. Embryonis cotyledones minutissime albo-maculatse.

In Javae prov. Bantam : H. O . Forbes No, 452 l (m* Dec 1879
fruct. ; ex Hb. Calcutt. comm. c. Hb. DC.).

(Inter sp. affines insigne foliolis breviter ovatis.)

3. X. intermedium Radik.

X. spec. Cat. Kew. Hb. Griff., Heifer etc. (1865) p 9, Nos. 1005 !,
1006 ! (Hb. Heifer). —

X. Noronhianum fnon Bl.) Hiern in Hook. FI. Brit. Ind. i,
(1875) P- 686, quoad locum Tenasserim (i. e. Hb.
Heifer Nos. 1005, 1006) ; ? Kurz Pegu Report (1875)
Append. A, p. 39 No 292, Append. B, p. 40 ; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal xliv, 2, (1875) P* *86 (‘Heifer
1006’) ; Kurz Forest FI. Brit. Burma, i, (1877) p. 295 ; ?
Ridley FI. East Coast Malay Penins. in Transact. Linn.
Soc., 2. ser., iii (1893) p. 289, quoad 1 formam typicam
vulgo ‘ Rambutan Pacbat \ —

X. muricatum (non Radik.) King Materials- etc. (1896) p. 431
432, solummodo quoad syn. f X Noronh . Kurz Forest
FI. Br. Burma, i, 295’. — Vulgo? ‘Rambutan PachaP, cf.
supra sub Ridley, quod nomen P Ramboutan patjat ’
scriptum) in Herb. Horent. a Kehding adject um inveni-
tur specimini manco verisimiliter hue recensendo et
X. unijugo Radik, (nec non Nephelio chryseo Bl., coll.
Goodenough No. 1897 e Malacca, in Hb. Calcutt.).

Arbor magna (Curtis in scheda) ; rami glabri ; folia 2 — i-juga,
raro3-juga; foliola nunc late elliptica, nunc oblongo-lanceolata vel
inferiora basi subovata, ± acuminata, petiolulata, subcoriacea, utrinque
arete reticulata, subopaca, cellulis secretoriis rarioribus instructa, piiis
obverse clavelliformibus ornata ; thyrsi racemiformes, saepe fasciculati,
minutim puberuli ; flores perbreviter pedicellati, 4-sepali ; fructus
juvenilis cocci ellipsoidei, nunc obtuse (Heifer 1005), nunc acutiuscule
(Curtis 3436) tuberculati, pericarpio cellulis secretoriis destituto
(cotyledones non suppetebant).

Rami cortice fusco, thyrsigeri 2 — 4 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 2 — 5 cm. longo
adjecto 20 — 40 cm. longa; foliola cum petiolulis 3 — 10 mm. longis 12—* 30 cm.
longa, 3 — 9 cm. lata. Thyrsi 2 — 12 cm. longi. cincinnos sessilesbasi remotiusculos

350

SAP INDACEAE NOVAE INDICAZ ET [ Xerospbrmum

apice confertos gerentes, bracteis bracteolisque minutis, vix i mm. longis, deltoi-
deis, praesertim margine puberulis ; pedicelli, ut alabastra globosa, i mm. vix
superantes. Sepala orbicularia, sparsim puberula, ciliata. Petala sepala paullo
superantia, spathulata, extus puberula, intus et margine dense rufescenti-villosa.
Stamina germen subaeqantia, pilosula. Germen obcordatum, adpresse setuloso*
pilosulum.

In Burma etin peninsula malaica : Heifer , Distrib. Kew. Nos. 1005 !
ioc6! (Tenasserim ; flor. et in ramulis ad No. 1005 adjectis fr. juv. ;
Hb. var.) ; Kehding\ (Peninsula malaica, ad Klang ; Hb. Florent.) ;
? Ridley (cf. lit.; fTahan woods’) ; Curtis No. 3436! (Penins. malaica
Dindings Lamut, m. Jul. 1900, fruct. juv. ; Hb. Calcutt.).

(A X. muricato Radik, distinctum foliolis cellulis secretoriis
instructis.)

4. X. echinulatum Radik.

X. muricatum (non Radik.) King Materials etc. (1896)
p. 432, solummodo quoad specimina Perakensia ( King’s
collector ’ No. 8637 !, ‘ Scortechini No. 2104 !

Arbor sat alta, ramis expansis ; rami juniores, thyrsi petiolique
pulverulento-puberuli ; folia i-juga; foliola elliptico-lanceolata, breviter
acuminata, basi acuta, petiolulata, coriacea, utrinque reticulata, supra
nitentia, cellulis secretoriis instructa, pilis obverse clavelliformibus
utrinque ornata ; thyrsi racemiformes, breves ; flores subsessiles, 4-
sepali; fructus cocci (breviter) ellipsoidei, minores, acutissime tuber-
culati, (sicei) pungentes, pericarpio cellulis secretoriis instructo, non
vero cotyledonibus.

Arbor 30 — 70 pedes alta. Rami cortice nigro-fusco, thyrsigeri 3 mm. crassi.
Folia petiolo 15— 3’5 cm. longo adjecto 12 — 18 cm. longa ; foliola cum petioluls
5—8 mm. longis 10 — 15 cm. longa, 4—5*5 cm. lata. Thyrsi 1 — 3 cm. longi. Sepala
(alabastri) glabra, margine ciliolata. Petala utrinque dense sufferrugineo-villosa-
Stamina villosa. Germinis rudimentum pubescens. Fructus pedicellis incrassatis
2 mm. longis et crassis insidentes abortu monococci, coccis (siccis) 2 cm. longis, 1*4
cm. crassis. Semen ellipsoideum, 1*5 cm. longum. Embryo curvatus, cotyledonibus
minutim albo-maculatis, inferiore basi transversim replicata.

In peninsula malaica prope Perak : King's collector No. 8637 !
(alt. 500 — 800 ped., m. Mart. 1886, fruct.; Hb. DC.); Scortechini
No. 2104! (alabastra ; Hb. DC.).

(Inter sp. affines insigne fructus sicci tuberculis acutissimis pungen-
tibus,)

Nephelium ] MALAICJE EX HERBARIO CALCUTTENSL

351

5. X. unijug'um Radik.— Vulgo f Ramboutan-patjat J t. Kehding in
Hb. Florent. (of. X. intermedium.)

Arbor pulchra, magna, glabra; folia i-juga; foliola ex elliptico vel
oblongo lanceolata, acuta vel acuminata, margine subundulata, basi in
petiolulos attenuata, coriacea, reticulata vel supra sublaevigata, nitida,
cellulis secretoriis, ut et pericarpium et cotyledones, instructa, glaber-
rima ; thyrsi paniculiformes, fasciculati, rhachi ramisque angulosis
sulcatis glabris ; flores conspicue pedicellati, 5-sepali ; fructus cocci
breviter ellipsoidei, mediocres, acute tuberculati.

Arbor 60— 80 ped. alta. Rami fusci, glabri, thyrsigeri 2—3 mm. crassi. Folia
petiolo 1-2 cm. longo adjecto 10 — 16 cm. longa ; foliola cum petiolulis ca. 5 mm*
longis 9—14 cm. longa, 3'5— 5*5 cm. lata. Thyrsi 3—12 cm. longi ; pedicelli 3 mm.
longi, ad medium articulati, flores delapsi inde ramulos scopuliformes relinquentes
Sepala glabra. Petala (5) spathulata, extus et prsesertim intus dense villosa
Stamina praeter apicem villosa; antherae subrotundae, glabrae. Germinis rudi-
mentum villosum. Fructus cocci (submaturi) 2 cm. longi, 1*3 cm. crassi; cotyle-
dones albido-maculati, cellulis secretoriis crebris.

In Indiae orientalis peninsula malaica: Kehding \ (in silvis ad
Klang, m. Febr. 1879, fruct. ( edules ’ ; Hb. Florent.). — Hue quoque
recensendum, ut videtur: King’s collector No. 7267 ! (Perak, alt. 100
ped. m. Febr. 1885, flor. 1 albi sub alio genere alius tribus comm. c.
Hb. DC., in King Mater, praeterit.).

(Sp. Sectionis II, inter affines insignis foliolis pericarpio et cotyle-
donibus cellulis secretoriis instruct is.)

VI. NEPHELIUM L.

1. N. Fallens Radik.

N. mutabile var. ? pallens Hiern in Hook. FI. Brit. Ind.
i, (1 875) p.687, quoad coll. Maingay ! (No. 454 part.)
i. e. Hb. n. 1527 fide Hb. Kew.).

N. chryseum? (non Bl.) Radik, in Sap. Holl.-Ind. (1877-78)
solummodo quoad p. 75 (226), coll. Maingay. — Vulgo
‘ Rambutan Bukit 1 fid. Holmberg in scheda.

Arbor sat alta ; rami teretes, striati, glabri, fuscescentes ; folia
2 — 3-juga; foliola oblonga, superiora utrinque subacuta, breviter
petiolulata, subcoriacea, nervis utrinque 7—9 oblique adscendentibus
subtus prominulis, laxius subtiliter reticulato-venosa, interdum trans-
euntia in clathrato-venosa, glabra, flavescenti-viridia, supra nitida,
subtus pallida, opaca, cellulis secretoriis numerosis instructa, epider-
mide non mucigera; paniculae axillares vel terminales, foliis breviores*

352

SAPINDACEAE NOVAE INDICsE ET

[ Nf.pheliitm

laxe pulverulento-puberulae ; flores apetali, sat pedicellati ; discus
lobatus, subglaber vel puberulus ; fructus cocci muricati, processibus
mediocribus (siccis) rigidis.

Arbor 50 — 60-pedalis. Folia petiolo 4—6 cm. longo adjecto 15—25 cm. longa
foliola cum petiolulis 3 mm. longis 8—12 cm. longa, 3—4 cm. lata. Paniculaj 9 —
16 cm. longse. Calyx 5-fidus, puberulus. Staminal exserta, basi villosiuscula
Gerinen 2 — 3-coccum, verruculosum, ferrugineo-pubescens ; stylus breviter 2 — 3-
cruris. Fructus processus ca. 8 mm. longi.

In Malacca: Maingay Nos. 454 ! part (i. e. Herb. No. 1527, m. Jan.
1865-66, flor.), 449! part. (i.e. Hb. No- 1629, fruct.) ; King' s collector
No. 5505! (* Larut Perak, open jungle, hilly locality', alt. 500 — 800
ped,, m. Febr* 1884, fl. & ; ex. Hb. Calc. comm. c. Hb. Monac.),
No. 5534 ! (ibidem, fl. $ ; ead. Herb.) ; Holmberg No. 749 ! (Penang,
Sungei Udang, m. Apr. 1891, fl. ? ; Hb. Calcutt.).

(Nephelio chryseo Bl. potius quam N. mutabili RI. affine, distinct-
turn disco subglabro, foliolis flavescenti-viridibus subtus pallidis.)

2. N. tuberculatum Radik.

Arbor alta, ramis patentibus ; rami juveniles e triangulari sub-
teretes vel compressi, sulcati, ut et paniculae petiolique sordide
puberuli, innovationibus subfusco-tomentosis ; folia 2 — 3-juga;
foliola alterna vel subopposita, oblonga subacuta, basi obtusa,
chartacea, nervis utrinque 14 — 18 oblique patulis subtus acute
prominentibus, subclathrato-venosa et laxe reticulata, supra glabra,
ex olivaceo fuscescentia, vix nitidula, subtus ad nervos pi! is teneris
patulis decoloribus adspersa, ceterum glabrata, glaucescenti-opaca,
cellulis secretoriis instructa, epidermide non mucigera ; paniculae ad
apices ramorum axillares, foliis breviores, rhachi ramisque angulosis
dense glomeruligeris ; flores apetali, sat pedicellati, nutantes ; discus
subcupularis, + in glandulas fissus, hirsutus ; fructus (semimaturi)
cocci elongate ellipsoidei (subcylindrici), tuberculati, tubercuris
breviter pyramidalibus obtusis subcontiguis glabris ; seminis micropyle
apicalis. *

Arbor 60 — 80 pedes alta, trunco diametro 2 — 3 pedum. Rami paniculigeri 5—8
mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 3 — 8 cm. longo adjecto 18 — 40 cm. longa ; foliola cum
petiolulis 5 mm. longis 2 mm. latis 12 — 20 cm. longa, 4 — 8 cm. lata Paniculae ca.
15 cm. longse. Calyx cupularis, 5-fidus, lobis obtusis, extus laxius, margine et
intus dense canescenti-pubescens, 2 mm. altus, pedicello aequilongo suffultus.
Stamina filiformia, ultra medium villosiuscula ; antherae oblongae, glabriusculae ;
germinis rudimentum (floris $) tomentosum. Fructus cocci (t. collectore) maximi
2’5-^5 cm. longi, diametro 1*5— 2 cm., laete vi rides, pruinosi (sicci semimaturi
nigricantes), tuberculis 3 mm. altis, pericarpio substantia fuscatannino affini aqua
agitata spumamefficiente foeto.

Nephelium] MALAICAE EX HERBARIO CALCUTTENSI.

353

In peninsula malaica ad Perak: Scortechini No. 1767! (m. Febr.
1885, flor. £ ; ex Hb. Calcutt. comm. c. Hb. Monac.) ; King s col«
lector No. 7903! (m. Jul. 1885, fruct. semimat. ; ex eodem Herb,
comm.).

(Affine Nephelio juglandifolio Bl., distinctum foliolis non adeo
elongatis, disco hirsute ± in glandulas fisso.)

3. N. snbfalcatnm Radik.

Arbor larga, glabra ; rami teretes ; folia i — 3-juga; foliola lanceo-
lata, prsesertim superiora subfalcata, in acumen obtusum angustata,
basi subacuta et prsesertim superiora insequilatera, latere interiore
latiore, gracilius petiolulata, subcoriacea, nervis lateralibus subtilibus
vix prominulis, oblique reticulato-venosa, subfusca, supra nitida, subtus
opaca et maculis lsevibus notata, cellulis secretoriis nullis, epidermide
mucigera ; paniculse axillares et terminales, breves, pauciramosse
pulverulento-puberulse ; flores, ut ex partibus sub fructu immaturo
relictis patet, petaligeri ; discus hirtellus vel glabratus; fructus
immaturi cocci globosi, dense muricati, processibus sat longis com-
pressis striatis procurve hamatis glabris nitidis.

Rami paniculigeri 2—3 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 3 — 4. cm. longo adjecto
5 — 18 cm. longa; foliola cum petiolulis 8 mm. longis 8 — 11 cm. longa, 2—3 cm.
lata. Paniculse 5-12 cm. longse.

In Sumatra: Forbes No. 3092! (‘River Rawas ’, alt. 1500 ped.
a. 1881 ; Hb. Berol., Monac.).

(Affine Nephelio laurino Bl., distinctum foliolis subfalcatis et
fructus processibus longioribus.)

4. N. dasyneurum Radik.

Arbor ? ; rami teretiusculi, striati thyrsique dense ferrugineo-
tomentosi ; folia 4 — 6-juga, rhachi petioloque fulvo-velutinis ; foliola
subopposita, oblongo-lanceolata, cuspidata, basi insequaliter acutata,
latere interiore breviore, sat petiolulata, tenuius chartacea, nervis
lateralibus numerosis oblique adscendentibus subtus prominentibus
nervoque mediano prsesertim foliorum juniorum fulvo-velutinis,
clathrato-vencsa et tenuissime reticulata, supra praeter nervum
medianum puberulum glabra nitida subfusca, subtus inter nervos pilis
adpressis adspersa, venarum reti papilloso incluso glaucescenti opaca
cellulis secretoriis nullis, epidermide non mucigera ; thyrsi axillares5
breves, ad apices ramorum dense conferti, + ramosi, densiflori ; flores
petaligeri; discus crenatus, glaber; fructus — (non suppetebat).

354

SAPINDACEA NOVA INDICA ET

[ Nephelium

Rami thyrsigeri 5 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo ca. 8 mm. longo adjecto ca. 30 cm.
longa; foliola cum petiolulis ca. 6 mm. longis 8—12 cm. longa, 2*5 — 3*2 cm.
lata. Thyrsi 5 — 8 cm. longi. Flores breviter pedicellati. Calyx 5-fidus, extus
ferrugineo-, intus canescenti-tomentosus. Petala anguste spathulata, brevia, prseter
apicem villosa. Stamina 8, prseter apicem pilosula ; antherse breves, puberulae.
Germinis (in fl. ) rudimentum dense ferrugineo-tomentosum.

In Sumatra: Forbes No. 2842 ! (a. 1880; Hb. Berol.).

(Affine Nephelio cuspidato Bl., distinctum nervis foliolorum later-
alibus oblique adscendentibus, nec patentibus, iisque subtus fulvo-
velutinis.)

5. N. obliqwinerve Radik.*— Vulgo ‘ Rambutan hutan ’ t. Goodenough
sub No, 1304 ; i Sunggol lotong’ t. eod. sub No. 1782.

Arbor ; rami subteretes, sulcati, ut et thyrsi petioli et foliorum
rhaches subhirsute ferrugineo-tomentosi ; folia 4— 6-juga; foliola
alterna vel opposita, elongate oblonga, brevius longiusve acyminata,
basi subacuta, crassiuscule petiolulata, chartacea, nervis lateralibus
sat numerosis oblique adscendentibus nervoque mediano subtus pro-
minentibus, clathrato-venosa et tenuiter reticulata, supra praeter nervum
medianum puberulum glabra nitida fuscescentia, subtus praesertim ad
nervos puberula, venarum reti papilloso incluso glaucescenti-opaca,
cellulis secretoriis crebris instructa, epidermide non mucigera ; thyrsi
axillares, elongati, basi ramo uno alterove instructi ; flores— -(non sup-
petebant) ; fructus cocci breviter ellipsoidei, dense muricati, processibus
sat longis tenuibus striatis apice procurvis glabris.

Rami thyrsigeri 6 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 10 cm. longo adjecto ca. 40 cm.
longa; foliola cum petiolulis basi incrassatis ca. 6 mm. longis 10— 18 cm. longa,
2*5 — 5 cm. lata. Thyrsi 10— 15 cm. longi. Fructus cocci 2*5 cm. longi, r8 cm.
lati, processibus ca. 8 mm. longis.

In Malacca: Goodenough No. 1304! (ad Kesang m. Jul. 1893,
fruct.), 1782 ! (ibid., m. Mart. 1894, infloresc. floribus denud. ; ex Hb.
Calcutt. miss.). Hue quoque, ni memoria me fallit, recensend. videtur
Maingay No. 450! part., i.e. Hb. No. 1628 A, m. Mart. 1867, fruct.
juven. petalorum reliquias exhibent., Hb. Kew.

(Affine Nephelio dasyneuro Radik., a quo inter alia differt foliolis
cellulis secretoriis instructis.)

VII.— GUIOA Cav.

1. G. micropliylla Radik.

Rami teretes, apice petiolique hirsuti ; folia abrupte pinnata ; foliola

Guioa]

MALAICJE EX HERBARIO CALCUTTENSI.

355

ca. 14, parva, subopposita vel prsesertim superiora alterna, lanceolata,
inferiorafalcata, superiora leviter sigmoideo-curvata, sensim acuminata,
basi in petiolulum brevem attenuata, integerrima vel apicem versus
levissime denticulata, subcoriacea, praeter nervum medianum supra
hirtellum subtus pilis setaceis adspersum glabra, utrinque lsevia,
impunctata, attamen cellulis secretoriis parvis instructa, subtus obscure
1 — 2-foveolata ; rhachis foliorum nuda ; inflorescentia axillaris brevis
(thyrsus eramosus), subhirsuta; sepala late imbricata, exteriora ovata,
interiora suborbicularia ; discus annularis, aequalis, glaber ; stamina
infra medium villosa ; germen ad angulos pilis setaceis laxe adspersum.

Rami foliigeri 3 mm. crassi. Folia petiolo 2 cm. longo adjecto 10 — 14 cm.
longa, 8 cm. lata ; foliola ca. 4 cm. longa, 12 mm. lata, sicca nigro-fusca, margine
subrevoluta, nervis lateralibus patulis ante marginem arcuato-anastomosantibus.
Inflorescentia 4 cm. longa ; cincinni breviter stipitati ; pedicelli 2 mm. longi, basi
articulati.

In Peninsula malaica : C. Curtis No. 1346! (Perak, ‘Hermitage
Hill alt . 2000 ped., m. Dec. 1887, fl. ; Plb, Calcutt.).

(Affinis Guio33 venustae Radik, in Borneo indigenae, a qua inter
alia differt rhachi foliorum nuda, nec alato-marginata.)

G. I. C. P. O.-No. 5 t), B. S. I.— 13.6.1907.— -J50.—C. T.

■

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Volume

No. 4.

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES

OF CEDRELA.

BY

O. DE CANDOLLE.

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Issued on 7th January 1908 .

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Volume III. — No. 4

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES OF

CEDRELA

4 ' \ ' f ‘ ' r ' '

BY

C. DE CANDOLLE

CALCUTTA

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357

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES OF

CEDRELA.

-+•

By

C. de Candolle.

4

INTRODUCTION.

The genus Cedrela was first founded by Linnaeus on Cedrela odorata,
a West-Indian species in which the receptacle of the flower is very
much elongated and which has seeds winged at their lower end only.
An Indian and a Javanese species having a much shorter receptacle
and seeds] winged at both ends were afterwards added to the genus by
Roxburgh and Blume. Then A. de Jussieu and Royle again added to
it two Asiatic species having also a Relatively short receptacle but the
seeds of which have afterwards been found to be winged only at their
upper end. Later on Roemer 1 detached all the species with a short
receptacle from the Cedrelas and formed with them his genus Toona.
The subsequent writers, however, continued to include them in genus
Cedrela, an arrangement which I adopted in my monograph of the
Meliaceae, published in 1878. On the contrary, Harms 2 has recently
reverted to Roemer’s classification.

Such was the state of things when I undertook the present revision
with the help of the materials of the Calcutta herbarium which had
been put at my disposal for that work. It was of course impossible for
me to carry it out without examining anew the characters distinguishing
the West-Indian and American from the Indian species, since on my
opinion of the importance of these characters depended the generic
v name to be adopted for the latter. Thus I was led to extend my revi-
sion to the whole genus, and I must say that this study has confirmed me
in the idea that there is such a close affinity between the species of the
two groups, that it is quite natural to keep them together in the same

1 Synopses monographicse, fasc. 1, p. 131.

2 Engler und Prantl. die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, iii, iv, p. 267*

35S

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN

genus. In that respect the striking elongation of their floral receptacle
particularly deserves to fix the attention. It constitutes a thick column
along which the petals are attached by means of a prominent ridge.
It has been variously called by the authors : a disk, a stipes, a gynandro-
phore, a gynophore, — but none of these terms is really appropriate to it.
In the first place that elongated receptacle is not homologous with the
organs habitually designated as disks, for they are of appendicular
nature, and, secondly, the fact of its being concrescent with the petals
excludes the other denominations just mentioned. So a new term was
to be found for it, and I, long ago, adopted that of column , suggested
to me by the expression “ Receptaculum columnare ” formerly applied
by Patrick Brown1 to that special structure characterizing the flowers
of all Cedrelas. It is true that the column is much shorter in the Asiatic
and Malayan species than in the others. But such a vague character
as the relative length of an organ cannot, in my opinion, be looked upon
as having the value of a generic character.

Now there is in the structure of the column itself a detail to which
sufficient attention has not been paid yet. It consists in a curious con-
crescence of the top of that organ with the base of the carpels ; the
consequence of that concrescence being that the cells of the ovary get
prolonged inside the column, so far down as to a little below the
insertion of the stamens ; this character has first been noticed by
Harms2 in Toonas, and I have since ascertained that it exists in all
Cedrelas without an exception. In other words, it can be said that in
all of them the ovary is partially inferous. That being so, it now
seems more natural to compare the length of the column to that of the
cells than with that of the visible part of the ovary, and I shall do so
henceforth in my descriptions.

It is to be remarked that in almost all the species the ovules are all
inserted in the upper part of the cells, that is to say, outside the column.
In only three of them, of which one is American (C. bogotensis) and
the others Indian (C. Toona var. Pealii ; C. Mannii)) did I find that
the lowest ovules are inserted in the inferous portion of the ovary. But
in these species, as in all the others, that portion remains rudimentary
during the evolution of the fruit, the capsule being entirely formed by
the magnified free portion of the ovary. On the other hand the pro-
longation of the cells into the column, although so very slightly marked
and apparently useless, gains a systematic importance from the fact of
its being a character common to all the species.

1 History of Jamaica, p. 158.

2 h c., p. 369,

SPECIES OF CEDRELA .

359

As above stated, the present revision is principally based on a study
of the specimens preserved in the Calcutta herbarium. But although I
have thus had at my command the best materials at present available,
it has unfortunately not been possible for me to settle; as fully as I
hoped to be able to do, many points concerning the Indian Cedrelas.
There are, for instance, in that rich collection several specimens which
I should certainly have considered as specifically distinct from C. Toona,
were it not that there are also various form's intermediate between them
and the latter species. Moreover, some of these specimens are incom-
plete and they seldom correspond to the same phases of vegetation.
All this has greatly puzzled me for a long time, and I finally adopted the
plan of adding to the type of C. Teona a rather lengthy series of varie-
ties, instead of creating new species which would unavoidably have been
founded on insufficient characters. Among the few new species described
in this paper Cedrela Hainesii deserves a special mention on account of
the presence of staminodes in its flowers. It is greatly to be desired that
fruiting specimens of that species should be obtained, for it would be
interesting to know if its seeds are winged at their upper end only as
it is the case in C. sinensis and in C. serrata , the only other two
Cedrelas the flowers of which are also provided with staminodes.

a

Key to the Indo-Malayan species .

A. Flower containing 5 staminodes besides the 5 stamens.

/. Column and ovary glabrous, calyx cupulate .

t Leaflets of the adult tree entire or very
sparingly denticulate at the edge —

Adult leaflets glabrous on both

surfaces . . . . i. j Unensis A. Juss.

tt Leaflets of the adult tree serrate at the
edge

Adult leaflets glabrous on both surfaces.

Anthers cordate at the base . 2. serrata Royle.

Adult leaflets shortly hairy underneath.

Anthers sagittate at the base serrata var. puberula

C. DC.

II. Column and ovary hirsute , calyx dialy -
sepalous — ■

Adult leaflets glabrous on both sur-
faces; entire at the edge . 3 Hainesii C. DC.

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALA YAN

360

B. Flower containing no staminodes —

(Leaflets entire at the edge in all the
species except in No. 4 var. v and in
No.. 9.)

a. Calyx dialysepalous, column hirsute.

Adult leaflets quite glabrous on both
surfaces or pubescent only on the
nerves —

Pedicels and calyx puberulous or

glabrous . . . .4. Toon a Roxb. and vars.

Pedicels and calyx densely hirtel-

lous . . . . .5. microcarpa C. DC.

Adult leaflets pubescent on both surfaces
and more densely so underneath —

Base of leaflets tapering on both sides 6. Kingii C. DC.

b . Calyx cupulate , dentate.

/°. Column and ovary hirsute —

Leaflets moderately petiolulate, ovate-
lanceolate, the base tapering below,
rounded above . . .7. febrifuga Bl. and vars.

Leaflets very shortly petiolulate,
oblong ; the base rounded on both
sides , . , . .8. Mannii C. DC.

20 . Column and ovary glabrous —

Leaflets subremotely serrulate at the
edge, the base tapering on both
sides . . . . .9. longifolia Wall.

1. C. sincwsis A. fuss.; Mem. Mel., 142.

Leaflets 5-6 on each side, opposite or alternate, petiolulate, ovate-
oblong, acutely acuminate, entire or remotely serrulate at the edge, the
base tapering below, rounded and longer above, both surfaces glabrous ;
rhachis puberulous ; panicles as long or longer than the leaves, pendu-
lous, densely puberulous ; flowers shortly pedicellate ; calyx cupulate,
sinuate-crenate when adult, glabrous outside, appressedly puberulous
inside, ciliolate at the edge ; petals ovate-oblong, rounded at the base,
obtuse at the top, glabrous ; filaments glabrous ; anthers shorter than
the filaments, elliptic, cordate at the base, connective apiculate ;

N.B. — C. multijuga Kurz For. FI. = Draconlomelum multijugum Radik, in litt.

SPECIES OF CEDRELA. 361

staminodes 5, filamentose ; column and ovary glabrous ; seeds with a wing
at the upper end only. — -Decaisn. in Compte-rend. 83, p. 266 ; C. DC.
in Mon. Phan. 1, p. 743. — ■ Toona sinensis Roem. Syn., fasc. 1, p. 138;
Harms in Engl. Pr. Pflanzenf., iii, iv, p. 269.

A tree, wood reddish, branchlets glabrous, dark-reddish with pale
lenticels when dry. Leaves impari-pinnate in seedlings, afterwards
pari-pinnate, up to 50 cm. long. Leaflets firm, smelling of garlic when
crushed, up to 1 3^5 cm. long, 3‘5 cm. wide, upper and lower ones gra-
dually smaller, those at the base oval ; secondary nerves subspreading
substraight, about 18 on each side. Petiolules 7-10 mm. long. Rhachis
terete. Petiole terete, 7 cm. long. Lower branches of the panicle up
to 20 cm. long, alternate, upper ones opposite. Pedicels up to 75 mm.
long. Calyx membranous, 1 mm. long. Petals 4-5 mm. long, 2-2 ’25
mm. wide. Filaments 2-2’5 mm long. Anthers 75 — 1*25 mm. long.
Column shorter than the cells of the ovary. Ovary 5-celled or some-
times 4-celled, cells 8-ovulate. Panicle when fruiting black-reddish
with pale lenticels. Capsule about 2 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, black-
reddish with minute pale lenticels. Seeds about 12 mm. long, wing 10
mm. long, 5 mm. wide.

China, near Peking ( Dinkarville , h. Juss. ; Bunge, h. Cand. ; David ,
h. Berol. ; Skatschkoff, h. Calcutt., Petrop., Berol., Boiss. ; Bretsch-
neider , h. Berol.) ; Cima del Tui-Kio-fan in Chen-Si septentrionali ( G .
Giraldi n. 4351, ibid.) ; central China, prov. Szech’uan, Wanch’uan ( v .
Rothorn n. 910, ibid.) ; Japonia, ( Osumi , h. Boiss.).

Prov. Yunnan, Szemao, alt. 4,000 ft. ( A . Henry n. 12807, h.
Calcutt., h. Kew).

b. Hupehana. n. var. ; calyx inside more hirsute, petals oblong,
only i*5 mm. wide.

Prov. Hupeh (A. Henry n. 3657, h. Calcutt.).

C. Scliensiana, n. var. ; leaflets pubescent on both surfaces, the
hairs longer and more dense on the nerves underneath ; ripe panicle
puberulous.

Schensi septr. dalla falda alia met& del Toe-pei-san ( G . Giraldi n.
4352, h- Berol.).

2. C. serrata Royle ; III., p. 144, tab. 25.

Adult leaves glabrous; leaflets 1 1-14-jugate, opposite, petiolulate,
oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acutely and rather long acuminate,
serrate at the edge ; the base tapering on both sides, longer and wider
above ; panicle longer than the leaves, long branched, ultimate branches
hirtellous ; flowers pedicellate ; calyx cupulate, dentate, glabrous out-
side, appressedly puberulous inside, the lobes rounded, obtuse or subacute

362

A REVISION. OF THE INDO-MALAVAN

*• ■ ■ •* *1- ‘ “ ' • “ ' *

quite at the top, ciliolate at the edges ; petals elliptic-oblong, truncate
at the base, obtuse at the top, glabrous ; filaments glabrous, anthers
shorter than filaments, oblong, emarginate at the base, the connective
apiculate ; staminodes 5, filamentose ; column and oyary glabrous ; seed
with a wing at the upper end only. — Brandis For. FI., p, 73; Ind. Tr.,
p. 145 ; C. DC. Monog. Phan. 1, p. 742 ; Koord. et Val. Bijdr. 3,
p. 205 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb., p. 160. C. serrulata Miq. Flpr. Iud.

Bat., supp., pp. 198 et 508 ; Ann. Mus. Bot. iv, p. 64 ; C. DC. 1. c.
p. 746. C. Toona Hiern FI. Brit. Ind. 1, p. 568 in p .-~Topftfr serrata,
Roem. Syn., fasc, 1, p. 139.

A tall tree, bark dark- grey (Gamble 1. c.), branchlets glabrous,
dark-reddish when dry, with few and pale lenticels or elenticeliate.
Leaves impari-or-abruptly-pinnate, up to 50 cm. long. Leaflets mem-
branous, intensely dark-green (Koord. et Val. 1. c.), about 13 cm. long
and 4 cm. wide ; secondary nerves subspreading, straight, about 25 on,
each side. Petiolules 5 mm. long. Rhacfiis terete. Petiole terete, 9>
cm. long. Panicle up to 1*25 m. (Koord 1. c.) long, the lower branches up
to 16 cm. long, close from the base, remotely ramulose. Pedicels gla-
brous up to 1 mm. long. Calyx 1 mm. long. Petals 5-5*5 mm. long,

1*5-2 mm. wide. Stamens occasionally 6 (Brandis 1. c.), filaments 2
mm., anthers 1*25 mm. long. Column shorter than the cells of the ovary.
Ovary 5-celled, cells 8-ovulate. Capsule obovate-fusiform, about 2-5 cm.
long, glabrous, smooth, nigrescent when dry, with few pale lenticels.
Seeds about 16 mm. long.

“ The great clusters of flowers appear in May and June, and the
seed ripens in August, has on the Sutlej the smell of the pencil-cedar
when fresh cut, at times said to have a strong fetid smell. The wood
is lighter-coloured and more open in the grain than that of the Toona,
but much like it in appearance. The hoops of sieves are made of it, it
is also used for bridges. Shoots and leaves are lopped for cattle-
fodder.” (Brandis 1. c.)

India (. Royle , h. Petrop.) ; North-West India (h. Royle , in h.
Calcutt.) ; valleys of the Himalaya, extending to the Indus, and ascend-
ing to 8,000 ft., in moist, shady places ( Brandis 1. c.) ; Simla, Gowai,
alt. 5,500 ft., Annandale, alt. 7,000 ft. (J. S. Gamble n. 569, 25535, h. /
Calcutt); prope Mussourie N. W. Himalaya [G. King , ibid.); Sao
Valley, alt, 5,000 ft. [Lace n. 961, 1707, ibid.); Tamsa, Chakrata, alt.

7,000 ft., flowering in June ( Gamble n. 27070, ibid.) ; Almorah [G.

Kingy ibid.) ; Kumaon, Baramula pass (R. Strachey et J. E. Winter -
bottom , ibid.) ; prope Chergaon in Kunajyar ( Brandis 1. c., p. 573) ;
Manipoor, Jaccoma, alt. 4-6,000 ft., fructifying in May [G. Watt n.

SPECIES OF CEDRELA .

363

7243, h. Calcutt.) ; upper Burma, on the hill east of Maymyo. January
fruiting (y. C. Prazer , ibid.) ; Hort. Bogor. culta (n. 384, h. Berol. ex
h. Lugd. bat.) ; Java, Gede, alt. 520 ft. (//. O. Forbes, ‘h. Calcutt.,
Berol.) ; Sumatra, Lobualang ( Teysm ., h. Calcutt. ex h. Lugd. bat.,
H ; O. Forbes n. 1209, h. Berol.) ; Hort. Bogor, e Sumatra ( Uochr . PL
Bogor-exsicc. n. 158, a and b).

(3, puberula n. var.

Leaflets puberulous underneath, mainly on the nerves ; petiolules and
rhachis puberulous ; panicles puberulous when young, afterwards nearly
glabrous even on the ultimate branchlets ; lobes of the calyx subacute
or acute ; anthers about as long as the filaments, oblong, sagittate at
the base, the connective hardly apiculate.

Petals 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Filaments 15 mm., anthers 2 mm.
long. Ovary 5-celled or sometimes 4-celled, cells 6-ovulate.

N. W. Himalaya, Sains-Givi ( D . Brandis n. 875, h. Cand.) ; Ganges
Valley below Dangulla, 7-8,000 ft. (JL F. Duthie n. 1102, h. Boiss.).

3. C, Hainesii n. sp.

Leaflets 11 -jugate, opposite or subopposite, petiolulate, lanceolate,
somewhat long and acutely acuminate, entire at the edge ; the base
acute and of same length on both sides, a little wider above ; both
surfaces puberulous principally along the central nerve when young,
afterwards glabrous ; petiolules and rhachis puberulous when young,
afterwards glabrous ; panicles shorter than the leaves, puberulous,
pedunculate, loosely pyramidically branched ; branchlets loosely flori-
ferous ; flowers pedicellate, pedicels glabrous ; sepals rounded, puberu-
lous outside, ciliolate at the edge, petals oblong-elliptic, obtuse at both
ends ; filaments glabrous ; anthers shorter than the filaments, oblong-
elliptic, cordate at the base, the connective shortly apiculate ; column
and ovary hirsute ; style glabrous.

Branchlets sparingly hirtellous, reddish when young, elenticellate.
Leaves about 50 cm. long. Leaflets up to about 10 cm. long and 3 cm.
wide, the point 1-5 cm. long ; secondary nerves spreading-subascendent,
thin, about 15 on each side. Petiolules nearly 7 mm. long. Rhachis
terete. Petiole terete, 1 1 5 cm. long. Panicle branched from nearly 3
cm. above its base; the lower branches about 14 cm. long. Pedicels 1
mm. and sepals about 1*25 mm. long. Petals 4-4 ‘5 mm. long, 2-5 mm.
wide. Filaments i’25 mm., anthers ’75 mm. long. Staminodes 5, fila-
mentose. Ovary 5-celled, cells 6-ovulate.

Singbhum ( Haines n. 189, 357, h. Calcutt.).

364

A REVISION OF THE 1ND0-MALAYAN

4. C. Toona Roxb. ex Rottl. et Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue
Schr ., iv, p. 198.

Leaflets 6-12-jugate, opposite or subopposite or even sometimes
alternate, somewhat long-petiolulate, lanceolate or ovate-or-oblong-
lanceolate, acutely acuminate, entire at the edge ; the base a little
longer above, tapering on both sides or subrounded above ; upper surface
glabrous, the lower pilose in the axils of the secondary nerves only ;
petiolules, rhachis and petiole glabrous ; panicle about as long as
the leaves, shortly pedunculate or nearly epedunculate, somewhat
loosely and moderately long branched, puberulous ; flowers shortly
pedicellate, pedicels puberulous ; sepals rounded-ovate, subacute at the
top, puberulous outside, ciliate at the edge ; petals ovate-oblong or
oblong, obtuse at the base, subacute at the top, glabrous on both
surfaces, ciliate at the edge ; filaments glabrous ; anthers shorter than
the filaments, oblong, cordate at the base, the connective apiculate ;
column and o^ary densely hirsute, style glabrous ; capsule elliptic-
oblong, elenticellate, seeds winged at both ends. — Roxb. PL Cor. iii,
p. 34, tab. 238, FI. Ind. 1, p. 635 ; Wight et Arn., p. 124 ; Wight Ic., tab.
16 1 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv., tab. 10 ; A. Juss. Mem. Mel., p. 103?; Hiern. FI.
Brit. Ind. 1, p. 568 in p. ; Brandis For. FI., p. 72, 111. tab. 14, Ind. Tr.,
p. 145; Kurz For. FI. 1, p. 228; C. DC. Mon. Phan. 1, p. 745 (syn. A.
Juss. et Forst. excluded) ; Grah. Cat., p. 246 ; Dalz. etGibs., p. 38 ; Talb.
Trees of Bomb., p. 43 (f. Cooke 1. c.) ; Cooke FI. Pres. Bomb, ii, p. 217 ;
Gamble Man., p. 157. — Toona ciliata Roem. Syn., fasc. i, p. 139 ; Harms
in Engl. Prantl. Pflanzf. iii, iv, p. 270. C. hexandra Wall. — Surenus
Toona O. Ktz. Rev. i, p. iii.

A deciduous or nearly evergreen (Brandis 1. c.) tree, 60-70 ped.
high; bark thin, dark grey (Brandis 1. c.). Branchlets puberulous when
young, then glabrous, reddish when dry, sparingly lenticellose. Leaves
up to 38 cm. long. Leaflets 11-12 cm. long, 3*5-4 cm. wide ; secondary
nerves thin, spreading-ascendent, about 18 on each side. Petiolules
8-12 mm. long. Rhachis terete. Petiole terete, 6 cm. long. Lower
branches of the panicle up to 12 cm. long. Pedicles 1 mm., sepals about
*8 mm. long. Petals 3*5 — 4*5 mm. long, 2-2*5 mm- wide. Filaments 1*5
mm., anthers *75 mm. long. Staminodes o. Column shorter than the
cells of the ovary. Ovary 5-celled, cells 8-io-ovulate. Capsule about 2
cm. long, blackish when dry. Seeds 15 mm. long, both wings oblong-
ovate obtuse or bubacute at the top, the upper one a little shorter than
the other.

North-Western Himalaya ( Royle , h. Calcutt.) ; Chamba to Raleh
(J. H. Lace n. 1410, h. Calcutt.) ; East India (R. Wight , h. Berl.) ;

SPECIES OF CEDRELA.

365

Belaspoor ( Stoliczka , h. Calcutt,). Simla, alt. 3,000 ft. (J. S. Gamble
n. 568, ibid.); Nepaul (Wall. n. 1272, h. Deless ; 1272E, 1272-1, h.
Calcutt.) ; East Himalaya (Griffith n. 1030-1, h. Calcutt., h. Monac.,
h. Holm.); Summit Paras nath (h. Calcutt.) ; Sikkim (G. King , ibid.) ;
Khasia, alt. 2-3,000 ft. (Hook.f., Thoms ., ibid., h. Cand.) ; outer Khasia
hills below Chirung (h. Calcutt.) ; Sylhet (C. B. Clarke n. 7172, ibid.) ;
Prov. Bombay ( O . Hoffmann , h. Berk, with capsules only 2 cm. long.) ;
hort. bot. Calcutt. ( Kurz , ibid.) ; Ganja Mahal (D. Prain) ibid.) ; Rajpore
(S. Kurz, ibid.) ; Ghat (J. S. Gamble, ibid.) ; Nilgiris, Carnon, alt. 3,000
ft.; Assam, Goalpara (C. B. Clarke n. 43149 B., ibid., n. 43149A, h.
Berol, Cand., Boiss.) ; Assam (Jenkins ) h. Calcutt.) ; Jeypore (D. Prain)
ibid.); Dukkinishur (Clarke n. 34531, h. Boiss.); Chittagong, a tree
90-100 ft. high (Dr. King's collect ., ibid. ; J. S. Gamble , ibid.) ; Tenas-
serim circle (ibid.). Java ( Horsefield , ibid.).

Largely cultivated in India, cultivated also in Mauritius (Bojer, h.
Cand.). The following varieties are to be distinguished from the type.

A. — Branclilcts and adult leaves as in the type.

(a) Column and ovary hirsute.

1. F ilaments glabrous.

j8. nepalensis n. var.

Sepals a little longer than in the type ; petals up to 5 mm. long and
up to 3 mm. wide; capsule smaller than in the type, about 1*5 cm.
long. — C. hexandra Wall, in Roxb. FI. ed. Car., p. 225.

Nepaul, 1821 and 1823 (Wall. n. 1272, h. Deless., spec, florif. et
spec, fructif. ; 1272, A. h. Mus. Par.).

y. pilistila n. var.

Leaflets obliquely oblong-elliptic, acutely acuminate, the base taper-
ing and of same length on both sides ; panicle shorter than the leaves,
subglabrous, somewhat densely branched from near the base ; sepals
glabrous, ciliate at the edge ; style sparingly hirsute nearly up to the
top.

Shevaroi hills (Perrottet n. 239, 240 (or 89?), h. Calcutt.).

8. latifolia Miq. in Hohen. Exsicc ., n. 1539.

Leaflets ovate, up to 6 cm. wide, acutely acuminate, rounded
towards the base on both sides, or subattenuate at the base below,
extreme base acute and of same length on both sides ; petals up to
5*5 mm. long, and to 2*5 mm. wide; filaments up to 2*5 mm., anthers
up to 1*5 mm. long.— C. Toona C. DC. Mon. Phan. 1. c.

366

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN

Mount Nilagiri, prope Melur, incolis Kilichin-Mara ( H often n.
r539> h. Cand., and the leaf only in h. Berol.) ; Nilghary hill (T. Kist.
Naidoo , h. Calcutt.); Bangalore (ibid.); East India ( Wight n, 422,
ibid.) ; Nilgiris, Coonoor, alt. 9,000 ft. (J. S. Gamble n. 16241, with
lowest leaflet obtusely dentate, ibid.).

2. Filaments pilose.

£. yuimanensig n. var.

Leaflets opposite or alternate, up to 10 cm. long and to 4 cm. wide,
the lower ones ovate, acutely acuminate and nearly equally rounded on
both sides at the base ; the others ovate-lanceolate, the base of same
length on both sides, tapering or rounded below, rounded and wider
above ; petiolules up to 1 1 mm. long ; petals 5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide.

Yunnan, Szemao Mounts (Aug. Henry n. 13001, h. Calcutt; BerL).

£. pilistaminea n. var.

Leaflets as in the type ; capsule smaller, 2 cm. long, 9 mm, wide,
black when dry, with minute lenticels. — C. febrifuga , forma timorensis
et forma ternatensis Miq. Ann. Mus. 4, p. 63.

Flowering specimens : Salsette, Bombay (Law, h. Dalzell in h.
Calcutt.); Himalaya (h. Calcutt.); Dehra Dun (B. Birbal, ibid.) ;
Kumaon (G. King , ibid.) ; Bilghy, Soonda (ibid.) ; Dinajpoor (ibid.) ;
Jessore (C. B. Clarke n. 8369, ibid.) ; Shevaroi hills (Perrottet n. 113,
238, ibid.) ; Khasia, Cachar ( Mann , ibid.) ; Chittagong (King, ibid.) ;
Manipur and lower hills, alt. 2-4,000 ft. (G. Watt, ibid.) ; Pegu, Toukge-
ghat (Kurz n. 1384, h. Calcutt.) ; Penang, Government hill (C. Curtis,
h. Calcutt.) ; Java, Preanger (Warburg n. 3166, h. Berk); Java (h. Holm.,
h. Calcutt.).

Flowering and fruiting specimens. Ind. Bor. occ. (Hook. & Thom.,
h. Berk). Timor (Spanoghe, h. Calcutt. ex h. Lugd. Bat.) ; Ternate
(Tey smart, h. Calcutt.).

Yj. deeeana n. var.

Leaflets as in the type, only longer acuminate, sepals rounded,
glabrous, ciliate at the edge ; petals obtuse at the top, 5 mm. long, 3*5
mm. wide, subcoriaceous when dry; Deccan (T. Cooke n* 179, h.
Calcutt.).

0. Cuspidata n. var.

Leaflets- opposite or alternate, up to 14 cm. long, and to 4 cm.
wide, subfalcate-lanceolate, long and acutely acuminate ; the base
tapering on both sides, longer and wider above ; panicle nearly as
long as the leaves, sparingly hirtellous, pyramidically branched ; sepals

SPECIES OF CEDRELA,

367

rounded-ovate, acute at the top ; petals oblong-elliptic, acute at the
top ; capsule oblong-obovate, about 3-5 cm. long, sparingly lenticellate ;
upper wing of the seed shorter than the lower.

Upper Burma, Myitkyina ( Shaik Mokim n. 29, h. Calcutt., h. Cand.,
floriferous specimens); India? [Ritchie n. 1660, h. Boiss, fructiferous
specimen).

i. Stracheyi n. var.

Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base tapering
and of same length on both sides, 16 cm. long, 5 cm. wide; panicle
minutely puberulous ; sepals rounded, puberulous outside, ciliolate at
the edge ; petals ovate-oblong, obtuse at the top, very sparingly pilose
on both surfaces.

Kurnaon in Sarja valley, alt. 3,500 ft. [R. Strachey , J, E. Winter-
bottom , n. 1, h. Calcutt., specimen with only one leaf and a branch of
the panicle).

x. pilipetala n. var.

Leaflets up to 10 cm. long and 38 mm. wide, ovate-oblong, acutely
acuminate, the base tapering below, rounded above, nearly of same
length on both sides ; panicle puberulous, dark reddish with pale lenticels
when dry ; sepals rounded, sparingly puberulous outside, ciliate at the
edge ; petals subovate-oblong, subacute at the top, pilose on the inner
surface ; style hirsute.

Nilghiris [B. Schmid) h. Calcutt. ex h. Kew.) ; Salsette, Bombay
[N. Dalzell , h. Calcutt.).

(b) Column hirsute, ovary glabrous.

1. Filaments glabrous,

a. Gamble! n. var.

Leaflets up to 9-5 cm. long and to 3-5 cm. wide, lanceolate, acutely
acuminate, the base tapering on both sides, longer above, petiolules
about 8 mm. long on the upper side ; panicle shorter than the leaves,
branched from the base, racemose above, puberulous ; sepals rounded
glabrous, ciliate at the edge ; petals obovate-oblong ; filaments glabrous ;
ovary and style glabrous.

North-West Prov., Dharmigadh, Jaunsar district, alt. 4,000 ft.,
flowering in May [J. S. G amble , h. Calcutt.),

2. Filaments pilose,

p. Talbot! i n. var.

368

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN

Leaflets 4-jugate, up to 12 cm. long, up to 5 cm. wide, subobliquely
oblong-ovate, long-acuminate, the point subulate-; the base attenuate
below, rounded, wider and a little longer above ; panicle as long as the
leaves, loosely branched, glabrous ; petals oblong, obtuse at both ends,
4*5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide ; the connective sometimes long acuminate,
ovary hirsute at the base only.

Northern Canara ( Talbot . n. 325, h. Calcutt.).

v. australis n. var.

Leaflets up to I2’5 cm. long and up to 5 cm. wide, subobliquely
oblong-ovate, acutely acuminate, the base tapering below, rounded and
a little longer above ; panicle as long as the leaves, loosely and shortly
branched, glabrous ; sepals rounded, glabrous, ciliate at the edge ;
petals elliptic, obtuse at both ends ; filaments pilose ; ovary and
style glabrous ; capsule obovate-oblong, fuscescent when dry ; nearly
elenticellate ; seed as in the type. — C. Australis F. Muell. Fragm. 1,
p. 4 ; C. DC. Mon. Phan. 1, p. 743, tab. ix, fig. 5 (with filaments
erroneously glabrous). C. 1 oona Benth. FI. Austr. 1, p. 387. Red Cedar
of the colonists.

Littoral forests of eastern Australia [F. Muell. 1. c.) ; Moreton
Bay ; Mackenzie’s station [Benth. 1. c.) ; Rockingham Bay [Dallachy,
h. Calcutt.) ; Ipswich in Queensland [Bedel, ibid.) ; Brisbane [War-
burg n. 19213, h. Berl.) ; Patterson river [B. Brown , ibid.) ; Hunter’s
river ( Cunningham , h. Deless.).

J. parviflora Benth, 1. c.

Leaflets up to 6 cm. long and to 28 mm. wide, ovate-lanceolate,
acutely acuminate ; the base tapering on both sides, longer and wider
above ; panicle about as long as the leaves, shortly pedunculate, loosely
and shortly branched, nearly glabrous except on the ultimate branchlets ;
sepals ovate, acute at the top, glabrous, ciliate at the edge ; petals
oblong-elliptic, obtuse at both ends ; filaments pilose.

New South Wales, Vicary ( Maitland , h. Calcutt.) ; Hastings river
(h. Berol.) ; Hunter’s river ( Cunningham , h. Deless.).

B.— Branchlets as well as the petioles rhachis and petiolules of the
adult leaves pubescent. Column and ovary as in the type.

1. Filaments glabrous.

0. pubinervis n. var.

Leaflets alternate, 5 (or more?) on each side ; up to 15-5 cm. long,
and nearly to 6 cm. wide ; oblong-ovate, acutely acuminate ; the base

SPECIES OF CEDE EL A.

369

nearly of same length on both sides, tapering below, rounded above,
both surfaces puberulous on the nerves ; petals ovate-elliptic, obtuse
at the top, about 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide.

Himalaya (h. Calcutt.).

2. Filaments pilose.

7T. puberula n. var.

Leaflets alternate or opposite, 5-10 on each side, 12-14 cm. long,
4*5-5 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate acutely acuminate ; the base tapering
below, subtapering or rounded above; petiolules about 15 mm. long,
petals oblong-elliptic, rounded at the top, 4*5 mm. long, 2*5 mm. wide ;
filaments sparingly pilose.

Kachin hills (E. Pottinger , Shaik Mokim ; h. Calcutt., h. Monac.).

p. Henryi n. var.

Leaflets 12 cm. long, 4*5 cm. wide ; upper surface puberulous on the
central nerve, the lower as in the type ; the base tapering on both
sides, wider and a little longer above; petiolules 12 mm. long;
flowering panicle much shorter than the leaves, loosely branched nearly
from the base; petals elliptic, rounded at both ends, 4*5 mm. long, 2*5
mm. wide ; filaments sparingly pilose. A tree 20 feet high.

China, prov. Yunnan, Szemao Mounts, alt. 5,000 ft.

(A. Henry n. 11963, h. Calcutt.)

o\ pubesceiis F ranch. PI. Delav ., p. 126;

Leaflets pubescent on both surfaces when young, afterwards glabrous
except in the axils of the secondary nerves, about 9 cm. long, up to 3
cm. wide, oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base tapering and of
the same length on both sides ; petiolules up to 9 mm. long ; petals
subovate- oblong, subacute at the top, 4*5 mm. long, 1*5 mm. wide;
filaments sparingly pilose ; style hirsute. A tree 20 ft. high.

China, Prov. Yunnan, Szemao Mounts, in the forest, alt. 5,000 ft.
(A. Henry n. 11963A, h. Calcutt., h. Berol.) ; forests Tapintze ( Delavey ,
h. Berol., h. Mus. Par.).

r. sublaxiflora n. var.

Leaflets opposite or alternate, up to 13 cm. long and to 3*5 cm.
wide, oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base tapering and of
same length on both sides; upper surface puberulous on the main nerve,
under surface as in the type ; petiolules about 8 mm. long ; rather densely

370

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYArf

pubescent as well as the rhachis, the petiole and the branchlets ; petals
oblong, subacute at the top, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide ; filaments sparingly
pilose.

China, Prov. Yunnan, alt. 4,600 ft. (A. Henry n. 9486A, h. Calcutt.,
h. Berol.).

«

C.— Flower unknown, seed as in tlie type,
u. Listerii n. var.

Branchlets and leaves as in the type, except that the lowest leaflets
are remotely and acutely dentate at the edge ; capsule only 2 cm.

long'

Kasalong (J. L. Lister , h. Calcutt.).

D.— Flower and fruit unknown.

4. Warbirfgii n. var. ?

Leaflets opposite, petiolulate, up to 18 cm. long and to 7 cm. wide,
oblong-elliptic, linear-acuminate at the top ; the base tapering below,
subrounded above ; nerves hirtellous on both sides ; as well as the
petiolules and rhachis. — Vern. name ( Suren /

Java, Preanger, Tjilakei bei Pengalengan, alt. 1,300 m. (Warburg
n. 3167, 3168, h. Berol.).

5. C. microcarpa C . DC . Mon . Phan., I, p. 745.

Leaves glabrous ; leaflets 9-jugate, opposite, petiolulate, more or less
obliquely oblong-ovate, acutely acuminate, entire at the edge, the base
tapering below, rounded wider and a little longer above ; panicle a little
shorter than the leaves, pedunculate, shortly branched, elongated,
hirtellous ; flowers pedicellate, pedicels densely hirtellous ; sepals
rounded, densely hirtellous outside, ciliate at the edge ; petals oblong-
obovate, subacute at the base, rounded and somewhat cucullate at
the top, glabrous, ciliate at the edge ; filaments densely pilose ; anthers
shorter than the filaments, oblong, cordate at the base, the connec-
tive apiculate ; column and ovary densely hirsute, style glabrous ; capsule
elenticellate ; seeds winged at both ends.— Gamble Man. of Ind. Timb.,
p. 159. C. Toona 16. grandiflora C. DC. 1. c. Toona microcarpa
Harms in Engl. Pr. Pflanzf. iii, p. 270.

A large evergreen tree (Gamble 1. c.), branchlets puberulous and
brown when young, later on dark-rubescent and glabrous. Leaves
abruptly pinnate, up to 50 cm. long. Leaflets firm when dry, up to

SPECIES OF CEDRELA.

371

12 cm. long, 4-5-5 cm. wide ; the secondary nerves spreadingly-ascendent,
subarcuate, about 12 on each side. Petiolules nearly 5 mm. long.
Rhachis terete. Petiole 15 cm. long, terete. Peduncle of the panicle
4*5 cm. long; the lower branches of the panicle about 5 cm. long.
Pedicels 1*5 mm., sepals 1 mm. long. Petals 6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide.
Filaments 3 mm., anthers 1*75 mm. long. Staminodes o. Column
shorter than the cells of the ovary. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule elliptic,
2 cm. long, blackish when dry, the valves thin. Nepaul ( Wall . n. 9041,
h. Calcutt.) ; Sikkim, alt. 4,000-5,000 ped. ( Hook ., Thoms. , h. Cand.,
florif. specim. and ripe fruits, h. Calcutt., h. Monac., h. Berol., florif.
specim. and unripe fruits, h. Monac., fruit only) ; W. Burma, vern.
{yetana 1 (J. B. Dickinson , h. Calcutt.) ; Australia where most likely not
spontaneous (h. Deless.).

/3. grandifoliola n. var.

Leaflets alternate or opposite, 7-8 on each side, up to 18 cm. long
and to 7 cm. wide, oblong-ovate, acutely and rather long acuminate ;
the base as in the type ; panicle loosely branched, puberulous ; sepals
rounded, nearly glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate at the edge ; petals
oblong obtuse at the top, 5 mm. long, 2 '5 mm. wdde, sparingly
puberulous at the base ; filaments pilose, 2‘5 mm. long ; anthers 1 mm.
long, the connective not apiculate ; column and ovary as in the type ;
lower part ©f the style hirsute ; fruit unknown.

Punkabari, Sikkim (h. Calcutt.).

6, C. Iiiiigii n. sp.

Leaflets 4-6-jugate, opposite or subalternate, somewhat long
petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, entire and ciliate at
the edge, the base tapering on both sides, wider and a little longer
above, upper surface hirtellous above on the nerves, under surface
densely hirsute; petiolules rhachis and petiole densely hirsute ; panicle
about as long as the leaves, branched from near the base, velvetty-
hirtellous ; flowers somewhat long pedicellate, pedicels hirtellous ;
sepals rotundate-ovate, subacute at the top, hirsute outside and ciliate
at the edge ; petals oblong-obovate or obovate, obtuse at the base,
rounded at the top, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate at the edge ;
filaments sparingly pilose, anthers shorter than the filaments, elliptic,
cordate at the base, the connective apiculate; column and ovary hir-
sute ; style glabrous.

Branchlets hirsute, fulvescent when dry. Leaves abruptly pinnate,
about 30 cm. long. Leaflets brown when dry, about 10*5 cm. long, 3*5

372

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN

cm. wide, secondary nerves spreading-subascendent, straight, about 14
on each side. Petiolules 7 mm. long. Rhachis terete. Petiole terete,
5*5 cm. long. Lower branches of the panicle up to 18 cm. long. Pedi-
cels 1*5 mm., sepals *75 mm. long. Petals 4^5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide.
Filaments 1*5 mm., anthers -75 mm. long. Staminodes o. Column
shorter than the cells of the ovary. Ovary 5-celled, cells 6-ovulate ;
unripe seeds winged at both ends.

Sikkim Himalaya ( G . King, h. Calcutt, flowering specimen) ; Lahore
distr., only one leaf 62 cm. long, less hairy, from a young tree having a
greenish grey and very smooth bark (jf. S. Gamble n. 23384, h.
Calcutt.).

d. birmanica.

Leaflets 5-9-jugate, oblong-lanceolate, up to 11 cm. long and
up to 4 cm. wide; petiolules up to 12 mm. long; flower unknown ;
capsule oblong-obovate, rather slender, black when dry, with
minute and paler lenticels, 2 cm. long, the valves only 5 mm. wide;
seed winged at both ends, upper wing shorter and obtuse, the lower
acute. — C. Toona Kurz ; For. FI., p. 228, p. p. ‘ Thit Kador' of the
Burmese. (Kurz Sp. quoted below.)

Upper Burma, Kachin hills ( Shaik Mokim , h. Calcutt.) ; Pegu (Kurz,
h. Calcutt.).

7. C. febrifuga Bl. Bijdr., i, p. 180.

Leaflets 6-12-jugate, opposite or subopposite, petiolulate, ovate-
oblong, subobliquely acutely and rather long acuminate, entire at the
edge ; the base tapering below, rounded or subrounded and a little
longer above ; upper surface minutely puberulous on the main nerve
only, lower surface sparingly pilose in the axils of the secondary
nerves only ; petiolules and rhachis minutely puberulous ; panicles
as long as the leaves, pyramidically branched, densely puberulous ;
flowers pedicellate, pedicels puberulous ; calyx cupulate, bluntly
5-dentate, rather densely puberulous outside, nearly glabrous inside,
ciliolate at the edge ; petals oblong-ovate, subattenuate-obtuse at both
ends, hirsute on both surfaces, especially near the middle, ciliate
at the edge ; filaments pilose ; anthers shorter than the filaments, elliptic,
the connective obtuse or very shortly apiculate ; column and ovary
densely hirsute ; style glabrous ; capsule obovate-fusiform, lenticellate ;
seed equally or nearly equally winged at both ends. — Surenus Rumph.
Amb. iii, tab. 39; S.febrifuga O. Ktz. Rev. i, p. 111 Swietenia Surenz

SPECIES OF CEDRELA.

373

Bl. Cat. Hort. Buit. (f. Roemer). Toona febnfuga Roem. Syn. i, p. 139;
Pierre FL For. 23 ; Cedrela febrifuga , A. Juss. Mem. Mel., p. 103 ; Don.
Gen. Syst. i, p. 687; Forsten Diss., p. 16 cum icone ; Hassk. Cat. Hort.
Bogor, p. 129; Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. 4, p. 63; C. DC. Mon. Phan, i,
p. 744; King Mat. Mai. 7, p. 577; Koord et Val. Bijdr. 3, p. 202. C.
Toona Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i, pars 2, p. 548, p. p. ; Hiern FI. Brit. Ind. i,
p. 569, p. p. ; non C. Toona C. DC. 1. c. p. 745 ; C. Teysmanni Hassk.
Hort. Bogor. i, p. 135; C. odorata Blanco. Flor^Phil., ed. I, p. 184.

A tree up to 180 ft. high; branchlets densely pubescent when young,
afterwards glabrous, dark-reddish with pale lenticels when dry. Leaves
abruptly pinnate, 30-50 cm. long. Leaflets 11*5-20 cm. long, 4*5“7’5 cm.
wide; secondary nerves spreading-subascending, arcuate, about 12-15
on each side. Petiolules about 6 mm. long. Rhachis subterete. Petiole
terete, up to 10*5 cm. long. Lower branches of the panicle 25-30 cm.
long; branchlets floriferous nearly from the base. Pedicels about 1
mm. long. Calyx 1 mm. long, the lobes rounded. Petals about 4 mm.
long, 1*5 mm. wide. Filaments 1*5 mm., anthers 1 mm. long. Staminodes
0. Column shorter than the cells of the ovary. Ovary 5-celled, cells
6-ovulate. Capsule 25-30 mm., seeds 18-22 mm. long.

Perak, dense jungle, alt. 400-600 ft. [King' s collector n. 10403,
h. Calcutt., h. Berl.) ; Penang [Curtis n. 826 fide. King 1. c.).

Java (h. Cand., Petrop., Holm, ex h. Lugd. bat. ; Junghuhn n. 50, h.
Calcutt.; Koord et Val. n. 4825 (3, 4835 (3, 14575 /3, h. Calcutt., n.
4835, h. Cand.); Banjoevangie [Teysm.y h. Calcutt.).

Philippines, Polo Mindoro [D. Merrill n. 2372, h. Berl.) ? ; Luzon
(G.P. Mann n. 73, h. Berol.) ?.

/3. glabrior C. DC. 1. c.

Leaflets quite glabrous except underneath in the axils of the second-
ary nerves ; the base acute or subacute on both sides, a little longer
above ; petals less pubescent than in the type or even glabrous, the
connective shortly apiculate.

Java [Zollinger n. 946, h. Cand., h. Berol. not n. 9467 as in
C. DC. Mon. Phan.).

y. inodora n. var.

Leaflets quite glabrous except underneath in the axils of the second-
ary nerves ; petiolules and rhachis glabrous ; flowers unknown ; wood
whitish, inodorous. — C. inodora Hassk. Hort. Bog., p. 13 1 ; Hochr. PI.
Bogor-exsic. n. 157, Hort. Bogor. e Sumatra? (Hochr. 1. c.).

5. assamensis n. var.

374

A REVISION OF THE INDO-MALA VAN

Leaflets up to 13 cm. long and to 4*5 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate,
rather long and acutely acuminate ; the base subacute on both sides,
a little longer above ; secondary nerves subspreading substraight ; petals
5 mm. long, 2*5 mm. wide, oblong-elliptic, obtuse at both ends,
minutely puberulous on both surfaces ; capsule obovate-fusiform, reddish
when dry, up to 4 cm. long ; seed winged at both ends, upper wing
shorter than the lower. Vernacular name “ Fata PomaP

Branchlets glabrous, pale reddish when dry, with a few pale brown
lenticels.

Sibsagor (G. E. Peal , h. Calcutt.).

6. Pealii n. var.

1 * . .

Leaflets up to 10*5 cm. long and to 5 cm. wide; ovate, subacutely
acuminate, the base tapering below, rounded and a little longer above ;
secondary nerves spreading, subarcuate ; calyx glabrous, rugulose
outside; petals oblong-elliptic, obtuse at both ends, glabrous outside,
sparingly pilose inside; lower ovules, inserted within the column. Fruit
unknown. Vernacular name “ Fata Poma.-”

Branchlets glabrous, pale reddish when dry, elenticellate.

Sibsagor [G. E. Peal n. 275, h. Calcutt.).

£. Cocliinchinensis

Leaflets and petals as in the preceding ; upper wing of the seed a
little shorter than the lower. Toona febnfuga, var. cochinchinensis
Pierre 1. c., tab. 388A.

Cochinchina, prov. Bian Hoa (Pierre, h. Cand.).

Yi. verrucosa n. var.

1 s -

Leaves glabrous ; rhachis and petiole together with the branchlets of
the panicle and the capsules covered with verrucose lenticels ; upper
wing of the seed rather shorter than the lower.

Bhutan Himalaya (h. Calcutt.) ; Sikkim, alt. 5,000-6,000 ft. ( S . A.
Gammie , h, Calcutt., h. Cand.) ; Darjeeling, alt. 5,000 ft. {J. S. Gamble
n, 9618, h. Calcutt.) ;. upper Burma, Kachin hills, alt. 5,500 ft., Sima
road ( Shaik Mokim) h. Calcutt., h. Cand.).

Sumatra forest on Mount Kaba, alt. 3,500 ft. ( H . O. Forbes , h.
Calcutt.; n. 2881, h. Berk).

8. C. Mannii n. sp.

Leaflets 6-?-jugate, opposite or subopposite, very shortly petiolulate,
oblong or the lower ones ovate-oblong, somewhat obtusely acuminate,
the edges entire, the base subequally rounded on both sides, the
upper surface minutely puberulous on the main nerve only, the under
surface quite glabrous ; rhachis and petiole minutely puberulous ;

SPECIES OF CEDRELA.

375

panicles minutely puberulous ; flowers pedicellate ; pedicels puberulous ;
calyx bluntly. 5-dentate, puberulous outside, ciliolate at the edges ;
petals oblong, obtuse at both ends, glabrous, ciliate at the edges,
filaments densely pilose; anthers much shorter than the filaments*
elliptic, cordate at the base, the connective blunt ; column and ovary
hirsute ; the ovules partly inside the column ; style glabrous.

Leaves more than 33 cm. long. Leaflets up to 11 cm. long and to
42 mm. wide ; secondary nerves spreading, nearly straight, about 20
on each side. Petiolules 2 mm. long. Rhachis and petiole terete.
Lower branches of the panicle up to 20 cm. long. Pedicels 1*5 mim
long. Calyx 1 mm. long, the teeth rounded. Petals 5 mm. long,

2 mm. wide. Filaments 2 mm., anthers *75 mm. long. Staminodes o.
Column shorter than the cells of the ovary. Ovary 3-celled, lower
ovules within the column.

Khasia ( G . Mann., h. Cand.).

9. C. longifolia Wall. Cat.n. 1273.

Leaflets 1 1-12-jugate, opposite, subsessile or the lower ones very
shortly petiolulate, oblong-lanceolate, long and acutely acuminate,
subremotely serrulate, the base tapering on both sides equal or un-
equal in the lower leaflets, upper surface glabrous, under surface
sparingly pilose in the axils of the secondary nerves only ; panicles
densely pubescent ; flowers shortly pedicellate, pedicels puberulous ;
calyx cupulate, subacutely 5-dentate, glabrous outside, appressedly
puberulous inside, ciliate at the edge ; petals elliptic-oblong, obtuse
at both ends, glabrous outside, with a few hairs at the base inside, not
ciliate at the edges ; filaments glabrous ; anthers shorter than the
filaments, oblong, cordate at the base, the connective subapiculate ;
column and ovary glabrous. — C. Toona Wall. Cat. p. p. ; DC. Prodr. 1,
p. 624; A. Juss. Mem. Mel., p. 103. C. glabra C. DC. Mon. Phan. 1,
p. 742. — Toona longifolia Roem. Syn., fasc. i, p. 140. T. glabra Harms
in Engl. Pr. Pfanzf. iii, 4, p. 269.

A tree ; branchlets glabrous, dark-reddish when dry, with few pale
lenticels. Leaves abruptly pinnate, up to 70 cm. long. Leaflets about
i2’5 cm. long, 3*5 cm. wide, denticles obtuse or subobtuse ; secondary
nerves subspreading, nearly straight, about 14 on each side. Petiolules
up to 2 mm. long. Rhachis subterete, petiole terete 7 cm. long, both
puberulous when young, afterwards nearly quite glabrous. Pedicels
•75 mm. long. Calyx nearly 1*5 mm. long. Petals 5 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide. Filaments 2*5 mm., anthers 1*5 mm. long. Staminodes o.
Column shorter than the cells of the ovary. Ovary 5-celled, the cells

376 A REVISION OF TEE INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES OF CEDRELA.

6-8- ovulate. Capsule about 2*5 cm. long, blackish elenticellate. Seed
unknown.

Napalia ( Wall . 1821, sine n., h. DC.) ; Ava? ( Wall . n. 1273, h.
DC. Mon. Phan., h. Calcutt. sub C. longifolid).

6. kumaona n. var.

Leaflets loosely pilose underneath on the nerves ; panicles sub-
glabrous ; lobes of the calyx rounded, obtuse or subacute at the top ;
the connective obtuse or subobtuse, seeds winged at the upper end only,
15 mm. long, wing oblong, obtuse. A tall tree.

Kumaon, upper Tola, alt. 6,400 ft. (/?. Strachey et J. E. Winter -
bottom h. Calcutt.) ; Hazara ( Stewart , h. Calcutt.).

G. 1. C. P. O.— No. 1 D. B. S. I.— 4-1-1 908.— 4o<w B. N. D,

IN DEX

New species or varieties are in bold type.

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

Page*

Cedrela Australis F, Muell, . . 3^8

Cedrela febrifuga Bl. - 36o, 372

var. assamen8is 373

„ cochinchinensis 374

„ glabrior . . 373

„ inodora . 373

„ Peal i I . * 374

„ verrucosa . 374

Cedrela febrifuga A. Juss. . • 373

„ „ Miq. . * . 366

glabra C. DC. . . • 375

Cedrela Hainesil • * . . 359, 363

Cedrela hexandra Wall. . . . 364, 365

„ inodora Hassk, . • . 373

Cedrela Kingii .... 360, 37 i

„ var. birmanica . 372

longifolia Wall . . . . 360, 375

„ „ var. kumaona 376

Mannfl . . . .360,374

microcarpa C. DC. . . 360, 370

„ var. grandi- 371

foliola.

Cedrela odorata Blanco .

Cedrela serrata Royle

Page.

99

99

99

99

99

373
359, 36i

Cedrela serrulata Miq.

var> puberula 359,363
362

Cedrela Toona Roxb . var. LIsteri ,

» ,, ,, ,» nepalensis

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

Cedrela Toona Benth.

C. DC.
Hiern
Kurz
Miq.
Wall.

,,

„

M

„

370
3<55

parvi flora . 368

pllipetala 367
pilistamlnea 366
pilistlla. 365
puberula 369
pubescens 369

publrservls 368
Stracheyl 367
sublaxlflora 369
Talbotil . 367

Warburgll 370
,i yunnanensis 3 66
. 368

* 365, 3 7o

. 362

* 372
373
375

Surenus Rumph ,

„ febrifuga O. Ktz.

„ Toona O. Ktz. .

Swietenia Sureni Bl.

372

372

304

372

Cedrela

sinensis

A. fuss.

359, 360

'

99

99

var. Hupehana .

361

T

,'99

99

99

Schensiana

361

Cedrela Teysmanni Hassk- . ,

373

Toona ciliata Roem* .

•

364

Cedrela Toona Roxb. . . ,

360, 364

„ febrifuga Roem. .

'373

99

99

99

var. australis

368

„ „ var. cochinchinensis

374

99

99

99

,, cuspidata

366

„ glabra Harms .

•

375

99

99

99

„ deccana

366

„ longifolia Roem .

•

375

99

99

99

„ Gsmblei

367

„ microcarpa Harms

•

37o

99

99

99

„ Henryi

369

„ serrata Roem.

•

362

99

99

99

„ latifolia

365

„ sinensis Roem.

•

361

I

/

s

\

X

/•'

I

(Kecorfcu

of fgo

umg of

(puBftelfcd 6j> dRu^ortfj).

Volume

No. 5.

INDEX.

I ued on

^1.^54

I 3^

CALCUTTA

SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA

1908

9th June 1908.

Price 3 annas or 3d.

i

INDEX.

New species or varieties are in bold type .

[ Synonyms and vernacular names in italics. ]

Page.

Page.

Alstonia .

0

•

0

236

A

Alternanthera .

0

tf

0

96, 267

Alysicarpus

0

44, 203

Abroma ....

181

Alyssum

172

Abrus

45, 192

Amarantus

95, 265

Abutilon ....

27, *77

Ammannia

58, 212

Acacia

54, 208

Amoora .

186

Acalypha ....

276

Amorphophallus

295

Acanthus ....

256

Anabaena

334

Achras .....

233

Anacardium

191

Achyranthes ....

96, 266

Anagallis

232

Acronychia ....

184

Ananassa

2S6

Acrostichum ....

325

Andrographis .

89, 257

Adenanthera ....

53

Andropogon

1 19, 316

Adenostemma ....

225

Androsace

232

Adhatoda .

90, 258

Aneilema

292

Adiantum ....

323

Aniseia

80

Adina .....

65, 221

Anisochilus

93

/Egiceras ....

233

Anisomeles

93, 263

TEgialitis ....

232

Anogeissus

57

TEginetia ....

So, 254

Anona

20, 169

TEgle .....

33, 185

Anthistiria

120, 318

TRrua .....

95, 266

Anthocephalus

221

/Eschynomene

43, 202

Antidesma

ioo, 275

Agave .....

287

Antigonon

269

Ageratum ....

67, 225

Aphania

190

Agyneia ....

273

Apluda

315

Alangium ....

221

Aponogeton

298

Albizzia ....

55, 208

A porosa

100

Aldrovanda ....

210

Arachis .

201

Alectra

85

Ardisia

72, 233

Aleurites ....

275

Areca

294

Alisma .....

297

Argemone

22, I71

Allamanda ....

235

Argyreia

78, 247

Allium .....

289

Argyreia Burnoyi

78

Allophylus

190, 341

Aristida

120, 319

Allophylus Cobbe

341

Aristolochia

97, 269

Allophylus serrulatus

34i

Artabotrys

168

Radik.

Artemisia

70

Allophylus subfalcatus

342

Arthraxon

1 18, 316

Radik.

Arthrocnemum

267

Alocasia

1 1 1, 296

Arthronia

338

Alpinia

285

Artocarpus

103, 279

Alsomitra . . f

63

Arundinella

"5* 3i <5

INDEX,

Arundo

•

0 e

0

Page.

*21, 3*9

4

Breynia .

«

Asclepias

•

e 0

0

238

Bridelia .

•

Aseik-hpy e-bin

• •

9

54

Broussonetia

e

Asparagus

©

0 0

9

289

Browallia

9

Asphodelus

0

9 9

0

290

Brownlowia

9

Asystasia

9

9 0

•

258

Bruguiera

•

Atalantia

0

0 0

9

33

Bryonia „

0

Athalamia

9

9 9

•

328

Bryophyllum

•

Atherolepis

0

• •

9

74

Buchanania

0

Athroisma

•

• 9

9

226

Buchnera

e

Atylosia

9

9 0

9

48, *95

Buddleia .

•

Averrhoa

9

9 9

.

184

Bulbostylis

©

Avicennia

9

0 •

9

261

Butea

©

Axonopus

9

0

9

i*5- 3o8

Butomopsis

•

Azima •
Azolla

9

• •

0 •

9

•

73, 234
123, 326

Bu-thee .
Bwecheng

9

•

•

Baccaurea

Balanites

B

100

33

Caesalpinia

c

Baliospermum

102, 276

Caesulia .

Bambusa

323

Cajanus .

Barbula

328

Calamus .

Barleria

89, 257

Cal an the .

Barringtonia

58, 212

Callicarpa

Basella

268

Caloglossa

Bauhinia

52, 205

Calonyction

Beaumontia

237

Calophyllum

Belamcanda

287

Calotropis

Benincasa

61, 216

Calycopteris

Bergia

25, *7b

Calymperes

Beta

267

Cananga

Bidens

70

Canavalia

Biophytum

32, 183

Canna

°Bischofia

273

Cannabis

Bixa

*74

Canscora

Blepharis

88

Cansjera .

Blighia

190

Canthium

Blinkvvorthia

79

Capparis .

Blumea

68, 225

Capsella .

Blyxa

281

Capsicum

Boehmeria

103, 278

Carapa .

Boerhaavia

94, 264

Cardamine

Bombax

29, 180

Cardan thera

Bonnaya

85, 253

Cardiospermum

Boottia

104

Cardiospermum Schmidelia

Borassus

109, 293

Carex

•

Boscia

23

Carica

c

Boscia prunoides

23

Carissa

•

Bostrychia

332

Carthamus

.

Bothriospermum

242

Carum

Boucerosia

76

Cassia

.

Bougainvillea

264

Cassytha

Brassica f

22, 172

Castanopsis

e

Page,

274

99, 273
279
249
181
21J

218

210

37

85

76

1 1 3, 305
46, 199
298
60
140

50, 206
227
48, 195
294
45
260
33i
79, 246

25, 1/6
75, 238

57
328
169
46, 19/
285
278
77, 240

35

224

23, 173

173
83, 248
186
171
236
37, 189
34*

**4
215
73, 235
71, 230
210
5b 204
271
104

INDEX.

« » 6 •»

111.

Page.

Casuarma . , , . 280

Catanella . , . 33 1

Cedrela 34s *87

Cedrela australis F. Muell , 368

Cedrela febrifuga Bl. . , 360, 372

Cedrela febrifuga var. assamensis 373

Cedi ela febrifuga war. cochinchinensis 374

Cedrela febrifuga var. glabrior . 373

Cedrela febrifuga var. inodora 373

Cedrela febrifuga var. Pealli . 374

Cedrela febrifuga var. verrucosa 374

Cedrela febrifuga A. Juss. . 373

Cedrela febrifuga Miq. . . 366

Cedrela glabra C. UC. , . 375

Cedrela Hainesii . * * 359* 363

Cedrela hexandra Wall. , • 364* 3^5

Cedrela inodora Hassk. , . 373

Cedrela Kingii . . . 360,371

Cedrela Kingii var. birmanica 372

Cedrela longifolia Wall. . . 360, 375

Cedrela longifolia Wall, var. kumaona 376
Cedrela iVlannii . . * . 360, 374

Cedrela microcarpa C. DC. . 360,37°

Cedrela microcarpa C. DC. var .

grandifoliola. ... 37 1

Cedrela odorata Blanco . . 373

Cedrela serrata Royle . . - 359* 36 1

Cedrela serrata Royle var . puberula 339* 363
Cedrela serrulata Miq. . . 362

Cedrela sinensis A. Juss. . . 3f

Cedrela sinensis var. Hupehana
Cedrela sinensis var. Schensiana
Cedrela Teysmanni Hassk.

Cedrela Toona Roxb. . . 3^

Cedrela i oona Roxb. var. australis
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var » cuspid at a
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. deccana
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. Gamble!

Cedrela Toona Roxb, var. Henry!

Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. latifolia
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. Llsteri
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. nepalensls
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. parviflora
Cedrela Toona Roxb var, pillpstala
Cedrela Toona Roxb . var. pllistaminea 366
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. pi list! la
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. puberula
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. pubescens
Cedrela Toona Roxb, var. pubinerVlS
Cedrela Toona Roxb, var. Strachey i
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. sublaxiflora
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. Talcotil
Cedrela Toona Roxb. var, W arborgl!

Cedrela Toona Roxb. var. yunnanensis 366

Cedrela Toona Benth.
Cedrela Toona C. DC.
Cedrela Toona H iern
Cedrela Toona Kurz
Cedrela Toona Miq.
Cedrela Toona Wall
Celosia »

Celsia »

Centipeda
Centranthera
Centratherum
Cephalandra
Ceratophyllum
Ceratopteris
Cerbera .

Cereus
Ceriops ,
Chaetophora
Chamaeraphis
Chara
Chaya

Chenopodium
Chickrassia
Chiodecton
Chi-thee .

Chloris

Chlorophytum
Chrozophora
Chrysanthemun

Colqwhounia

360

Cicer

45* *9*

361

Cinnamornum

98, 270

361

Cipura

287

373

Cissampelos

21, KJO

364

Citrullus .

62. 217

368

Citrus

33* *85

366

Cladophora

330

366

Clausena .

184

367

Cleiso^toma

283

369

Clematis .

20

365

Cleome »

*22, 1 73

370

Clerodendron

92/261

363

Clitoria *

47* *99

368

Cmcus

230

367

Cocculus .

21, 170

366

Cochlearia

172

365

Cocos ,

1 10, 293

369

Codiaeum .

276

369

Coslodiscus

V

lor

368

Coffea

223

367

Coix •

3*9

369

Coldenia .

77* 242

367

Coleus 0

262

370

Colocasia ,

2q6

Page.
36S
365* 37°
362
373
373
375
94, 265

83* 250
230

254
224
62, 217
104, 280

324

235

63,218

211

329
307

330

141

96, 267
34
338
38

121,322
108
101, 276
1 230

03

iv

INDEX

Colvillea .
Combretum
Commelina
Compsopogon
Conferva
Congea .

Conyza
Corchorus
Cordia
Coriandrum
Corypha .

Cosmos
Costus «

Cotula
Courtoisia
Crataeva »

Crepis .

Cressa
Crinum .

Crossandra
Crotalaria
Croton
Cryptocoryne
Cryptolepis
Cryptostegia
Cucumis .

Cucurbita
Cupressus
Curculigo
Curcuma .
Curcuma parvula
Curcuma sessllis
Cuscuta .

Cyamopsis
Cyanotis .

Cyathocline
Cyathodium
Cycas

Cylindrospermum
Cylista
Cynanchum
Cynodon .
Cynoglossum
Cyperus .
Cystacanfchus

Caedalacanthus
Daemia .
Dahat-pin
Dalbergia
D&ndalon*bin .
Datura

Page.

206

Daucus .

Page.

220

57

Davallia .

323

log, 291

Deeringia

94) 265

33i

D elesseria

33!

329

Dendrobium

105, 282

92

Dendrocalamus

122

68

Dentella .

65, 222

31, 182

Derris

49, 200

77) 24i

Derris puichra

49

64, 220

Desmanthus ,

207

109,293

Desmodium

44, 202

70, 2 29

Dichrostachys .

53

283

Dicliptera

90, 259

230

Dictyonema

334

303

Didok-bin c

29

23) *74

Didymoplexis ' •

283

230

Digera .

94, 265

243

Digitaria 8

3i >

287

Dillenia .

168

2 57

! Dimeria .

3*3

3S, 192

Dioscorea

107, 288

101, 275

Diospyros

72, 233

295

Diplachne

321

74> 237

Diplospora

66

237

Dipterocarpus .

26

62, 217

Dolichandi one .

86

62, 2 1 7

Dolichos .

47) *97

281

Dopatrium .

84, 251

287

Dregea .

239

106, 284

Drosera .

210

106

Drymoglossum

325

106

Duabanga ,

59

82, 243

Duranta .

260

203

Dysophylla

263

1 09, 292
68, 225
328
281

Ebermaiera .

E

256

334

Ecbolium

258

48, 1Q4

Echinolytrum .

305

238

Eclipta .

70, 228

12!, 322

Ehretia .

242

242

Eikthaya-moolee

97

112, 300

Elaeodendron .

i8f

89

Eleocharis

ns, 303

88

Elephantopus «
Eleusine «

Emilia

Encoelium .

67, 2 25
121, 322
7b 227
33i

238

Eng . .

26

91, 141

Engelhardtia .

103

49, 200

Enliydra . .

70, 228

3S

Enicostema

•

241

S3, 249 j

Entada .

6

53

INDEX,

Page.

Enterolobiutn .

209

Enteromorpha .

329

Eragrostis

122,320

Erantlipmum ,

89

Eremochloa

118

Erianthus

117

Eriobotrya .

56, 209

Eriocaulon

299

Eriochloa

3*i

Eriodendron

180

Erioglossum

190

Eruca .

172

Erythrsea

240

Erythrina

46, 198

Eugenia .

212

Eulophia • ,

282

Eupatorium

225

Euphorbia

99, 271

Euphoria

» •

347

Euphoria echinulata Radik.

347

Euphoria setosa Radik.

347

Eury ile .

• 9

*7i

Evolvulus •

, •

243

Exacum .

• •

240

Exccecaria

•

278

F

Fagrsea ,

77

Feionia .

. .

•

185

Ficus

102, 279

Fimbristylis

*13,304

Finlaysonia

238

Fischeria

.

335

Fissidens

327

Flacourtia

>74

FlagJiaria

292

Flemingia

49, *94

Flenrya .

278

Flueggea

100,273

Fceniculum

64, 220

Fuirena «

3°5

Fumaria .

171

G

Galactia .....

46

Galinsoga ....

229

Garcinia .....

176

Gangaw ....

140

Gardenia .....

66, 222

Garuga

34, >86

Gelonium ....

276

Ge-odorum ....

28s

Gisekia .

Globba .

Glochidion
Gloeocapsa
Glceotila .

Gloriosa .

Glycosmis
Glyphis
Gmelina .

Gnaphalium
Gomphostemma
Gomphrena
Goniocaulon
Gossypium
Gouania »

Grangea .

Graphis .

Grewia *

Guazuma
Guioa .

Gufoa microphylla Radik.
Guizotia .

Gwe-bin .

Gymnema
Gymnopetalum
Gynandropsis
Gyo-sagauk
Gyrostomum

H

Habenaria • *

Habenaria yomensls
Hamelia .

Harrisonia
Hedychium
Helianthus
Helicteres
Heliotropium
Helminthostachys
Hemerocallis
Hemidesmus
Hemigraphis
Hemionitis
Heritiera .

Herpestis
Heterophragma
Hewittia .

Hibiscus .

Hiptage .

Hnabe
Hnaw
Hodgsonia
Holarrhena

Page.

64

284

273

332

336
108, 289

32, 184

339
91, 260
69, 227
94

96, 267
7l

29, 179
188
68, 225
328
3i, 181
181
354
354
229

38

75, 239
60, 216
23, *73
140

337

105, 283
105

222

33
2S4
228
30, 180
77, 242
326
290
238
88, 2 57
325
x8o
84, 251
86
244
27, 178
32, 183

140

141
60

73^36

VI

INDEX,

Page.

Page.

Holoptelea . .

102

Holostemma .

75

H.omonoia

101

Hoppea .

240

Hordeum . . .

323

Hormoceras

S33

Hormosiphon . .

334

Hoya

240

Hsauk-bin

57

Hsin-hnamaung-bin

139

Htan-bin

137

Hydrilla * .

104,281

Hydrocera

184

Hydrocharis .

282

Hydrocoleum

334

Hydrocotyle .

219

Hydrolea . .

241

Hygrophila

87, 256

Hygrorhiza . •

312

Hymenantherum

227

Hymenodictyon

65

Hymenopyramis

02

Hypheothrix

333

Hyptianthera .

223

Hyptis

262

I

Ichnocarpus

• •

74> 237

Ilysanthes

• •

252

Impatiens

• •

32, 184

Imperata ,

n7>3i3

Indigofera

• •

40, 203

Indigofera mlnbuensis .

40

Ingen

• •

26

Ingyin

• •

*

26

Inula

0 •

69

Ionidiuni .

• «

*74

Ipomcea .

§ •

So, 245

Ipomcea Edithse

81

Isachne

• •

308

Ischaemum ,

• •

118,315

Iseilema .

• #

• *

120,318

Isoetes .

€ •

327

Ixora

9 •

223

Jacquemontia
Jasminum
Jatropha .
Jo'war
Juncellus o

J

. 82, 244

72, 234
101,275
132

. 1 i s, 500

Juncus
Jussieua .
Justicia

292
S9> 214
9o, 258

K

Kaempferia

Kaing

Kala-be . .

6

2S4

132

133

Kalanchoe

•

56# 210

Kalaw-bin

24

Kanazo .

134

Kandelia .

21 1

Kaukgyi ,

132

Kauklat . •

132

Kaukkweza

*3

Kaukyin .

132

Kaya

141

Kazun-u .

80

Khadu

134

K hayan-gin-thee

133

Khayan kasaw

135

Khayan-thee

83

Kleinhovia

1 So

Knoxia

66, 224

Kodu-bin .

69

Kokko

140

Kopsia

236

Kusan

141

Kwunya-zi-bin

5i

Kya-u

21, 134

Kyaungletto

141

Kyausa .

141

Kyet-hinga

61

Kyi-baung

QS

Kyllinga .

300

Kyu-bin .

138

Kyun

141

Kywet-nabaung

21

Kywe-u .

134

L

Lactuca .....

231

Lagarosiphon ....

281

Lagascea .....

228

Lagenaria ....

60,

216

Lagerstroemia ....

59,

213

Laggera .....

68,

226

Lantana

259

Lasia .....

2.95

Lathyrus .....

I Q3

Launea .....

7h

23 1;

INDEX,

vn

Page.

' ,

Page.

Lawsonia » .

4 • .

©

• ,

58, 213

Lumnitzera .

©

• -

211

Lecanora » ,

•

•

• ,

33^

Lun-bin . »

0

0

37

Lecidea , ,

•

e

•

337

Lycopersicum „

,,

9k

83, 247

Leea . ,

•

•

e

37, 189

Lycopodium

9

c

327

Leersia , ,

t

•

312

Lygisma . .

0

9

0

76

Leg'wa , .

9

•

9

121

Lygodium

&

0

•

123, 326

Leibleinia .

9

9

9

333

Lyngbya , •

9

9

9

333

Lemna , .

0

•

9

1 1 1, 296

Lens o ,

9

9

9

192

M

.

Leonotis . ,

©

9

0

263

Leonurus . «

•

0

•

263

Msesa . .

72

Lepidagathis

0

9

9

89

Magyi . »

9 >

I40

Lepidium . ,

•

•

•

22,173

Mahahlegani ,

140

Leplsanthes assamlca

Mahlwa , ,

141

Radik.

•

343

Malachra

178

Leplsanthes Qaslcardla

Mallotus .

101, 277

Radik.

•

345

Malpighia ,

183

Leplsanthes granulata

Malvastrum .

1 77

Radik.

t

' 344

Mangifera

37, 190

Leplsanthes Lamponga

Manisuris

118, 314

Radik.

4

345

M ankala-bin

58

Leplsanthes LIsteri

Maranta .

286

King MSS.

#

344

Mariscus ,

I *3, 303

Leptadenia ,

#

76

Marsdenia

75

Lepraria . ,

0

339

Marsilea .

!23, 327

Leptochloa

#

140, 322

Marty nia

87, 255

Leptothrix

•

334

Mastichonema .

335

Letpan .

%

#

121

Mau-lettanshe

141

Lettokkyi .

141

Mayin

132

Lettokthein

14 1

Vlazus

#

2^0

Lettsomia

•

70, 247

M e-bin

41

Lettsomia campanullflora

79

Melanorrhcea .

38

Leucjena .

•

34, 209

Melanotheca

339

Leucas

93, 263

Melhania .

30

Ligustrum

•

73

Melia

34, 186

Limnanthemum

•

77, 241

Melilotus ,

40, 201

Limnophila

250

Melochia .

30, 181

Limnophyton .

in, 297

Meriandra

264

Limonia .

•

33

Merremia

244

Linaria

•

84, 250

Mesua

25

Lindenbergia

*

84, 250

Me-yaing

42

Linum . ,

183

Mezoneurum

5o

Lipocarpha

•

305

Michelia .

168

Lippia

#

90, 259

Microchloa

322

Litsaea

270

Microcoleus

• ,

334

Lobelia

#

231

Microcystis ,

332

Lophopetalum .

35

Micromelum

32

Loranthus

•

98, 271

Miliusa . ,

20

Lourea ,

•

43, 202

Millettia . , .

4i

Lu .

•

132

Millingtonia

86, 255

Ludwigia .

•

214

Mimosa . ,

54, 207

Luffa

60, 216

Mimusops

72, 233

Luisia ,

282

Klirabilis .

264

Lulingaw

•

J41

Mitragyna

65

INDEX,

OP f

Vlll

Mitrasacme
Mnesithea
Mollugo
Momordica
Momordlca
Monochoria
Morinda
Moringa
Morus .
Moschosma
Mougeotia
Mucuna
Mukia
Murraya
Musa

Myauk-gyin
My auk - kywe-gyo
Myauk-ngo
Myauk-pyu
My coidea
Myit-king
Myriophyllum
Myriopteron
Myriostachya
Myu

macrophylla

N

Najas

N amanee-thanyet-gyi
Nan-nan-bin .

Naravelia .

Nasturtium .

Naulongyaing
Navicula .

Nelsonia .

Nelumbium . . . .

Nephelium ,

Nephelium chryseum ?
Nephelium dasyneurum
Radik. , . , ,

Nephelium obliquinerve
Radik. ,

Nephelium pallens Radik,
Nephelium subfalcatum
Radik, . o . «

Nephelium tuberculatum
Radik. . . . .

Nephrodium . . . «

Nephrolepis . . , ,

Neptunia . , , •

Nerium

Neuracanthus ,

Neyraudia . ,

Page.

240

Nicotiana

0

0

Page.

83

3*5

Nigella

0

0 •

0

168

63, 219

Nipa

©

0 0

0

293

6 1, 216

Nitella .

0

0 •' 0

0

330

61

Nitzschia

e

• . 0

0

336

109, 290

Nomaphila

§

• •

•

87

66, 223

Nostoc

0

• •

0

334

38, 191

Nothosserua

0

0 0

0

95

279

Nyctanthes

0

0 •

0

234

92, 262

Nymphsea

•

9 9

©

21, 170

329
45, 198
62, 218
184

Ocimum

O

0

92, 261

286

Odina .

38, 19*

• 133

(Edogonium

330

133

CEnanthe

220

141

Olax

34, 187

i33

Oldenlandia

65, 222

330

On-bine

137

56

On-hne-bin

102

210

Opegrapha

337

74

Operculina

245

321

Ophioglossum

326

96

Oplismenus

3o3

Opuntia .

63, 218

Orobanche

254

Oroxylum

86, 255

298

24

64

20, 168

Orthosiphon

93

' Oryza

116, 312

Oscillatoria

332

Otophora

346

Otophora resecte Radik.

346

22, 171

Ottelia

282

139

Oxalis

183

335

87 , 256

Oxystelma

75, 238

21, IJI

190

351

Pachyrhizus

P

196

353

Pachystoma

282

Padauk

49

354

Psederia

224

35*

Paik san-bin

39

Panax

221

353

Pandanus

1 10, 294

Panicum

1 14, 308

352

Papaver

171

324

Parkia .

207

324

Parkinsonia

51, 206

53, 207

Parmelia

336

237

Parsonsia

237

89

Paspalum

114. 3*i

121, 249

Passiflora

•

• «

6oj_2i 5

INDEX.

Pauk

Page.

140

Paukkyan

141

P au k-pan-bya-bin

43

Pavetta .

66, 223

Pavonia .

27

Payee-thee

62

Payon-thee

62

Pe-bazon

47

Pi-bya

47

Pi-dalet .

•

132

Pedilanthus

273

Pbgyi ' .

47

Peik-hne-bin

136

Pi-lun

47

Pi-nauk

47

Pl-ngapi .

47

Pennisetum

«

1 16, 307

Pentacme

26

Pentapetes

181

Pentatropis

238

Peperomia

270

Pergularia

76,239

Peristrophe

90, 259

Perotis

116,312

Pl-singon

48

Pl-talok .

47

Petthan .

141

Petunia .

249

Peucedanum

220

Pi-yin

47

Pharbitis .

80

Phaseolus

47> 195

Phaylopsis

257

Phlox

241

Phoenix .

109, 293

Pholidota

105

Phormidium

333

Phragmites

121,320

Phrynium

10 7

Phyllanthus

99, 274

Physalis .

248

Physcia .

336

Physcomitrium

328

Pilea

278

Pimpinella

<0

64

Pin-eein .

92

Piper

97, 270

Pisonia

264

Pistia

110,294

Pisum

192

Pithecolobium

55> 209

Platygrapha

338

Plectranthus

93

Plesmoniuxn

295

Pluchea .

9

•

226

Plumbago

Page.

71,232

Plumeria .

235

Pogonatherum

118

Pogonia .

283

Pogostemon

262

Poinciana

• ®

206

Polianthes

289

Pollinia

*17,314

Polyalthia

169

Polycarpsea

25,175

Polycarpon

*75

Polygala .

24,174

Polygonum

96, 268

Polypodium

123,325

Polypogon

319

Polysiphonia

33t

Polytoca .

116,318

Pongamia

200

Porana

243

Portulaca

25, *75

Potamogeton

1 1 1, 298

Pouzolzia

103,278

Premna .

91,261

Priva

9*

Protococcus

329

Pseudanthistiria

318

Psidium .

58,211

Psilotrichum

266

Psophocarpus

197

Psoralea .

41, 203

Pteris

122,324

Pterocarpus

49

Pterocaulon

69

Pterospermum

181

Pueraria .

46

Punica

59,214

Pupalia .

95, 266

Putranjiva

100,274

Pyaung-bu

132

Pycreus •

112, 300

Pygeum .

55

Pyi-ban-nyo

52

Pyingado

140

Pyrgidium

336

Pyxine

33$

Quamoclit

e

Q

• 9

9

80,246

Quercus .

•

• •

•

104

Quisqualis

•

• 9

•

58,211

Ramalina

0

R

9 «

e

33$

Randia .

0

® #

9

65, 22s

X

INDEX,

Ranunculus

Page.

20, 168

Raphanus

22,173

Raphistemma .

75

Rauwolfia

235

Rhinacanthus .

90, 258

Rhizoclonium .

33o

Rhizophora

210

Rhus

37

Rhynchosia

48, 194

Ricinus

201, 277

Rivea

246

Rivina

268

Rivularia .

335

Rosa"

56, 209

Rottboellia

118,3*4

Roupellia .

237

Rubia

67

Ruellia

88, 257

Rumex

97, 269

Rungia

259

Ruppia . . •

298

Saccharum .

S

*17.3*3

Saccolabium .

283

Sagittaria

297

Salacia

187

Salicornia

268

Salomonia

*74

Salvia

264

Salvinia .

326

Sa-meit

64

Samon-hp'we

22

Sansevieria

s

807, 286

Sapindus .

37. *90

Sapium

2 77

Saponaria

*75

Saraca

206

Sarcanthus

283

Sarcocephalus .

64

Sarcochlamys .

A

103

Sarcolobus

239

Sarcostemma .

75. 238

5* at * « •

*33

Schmidelia Cobbe

34i

Schmid' lia glabra

342

Schmidela serrata

34*

Schrebera

73

Scindapsus

296

Scirpus

**4. 305

Scleria

299

Scoparia .

253

Scytonema .

335

Sebastiana

9

102

Seikchi • .

c

9

9

14*

Seiknan-gyi

Selaginella

Semecarpus

Senebiera

Sesarnum

Sesbania .

Seseli

Sesuvium .

Setaria
Sha-bin
Shadws
Sid a

Silybum .

Singwe

Si-hne

Sit .

Smilax
Smithia
Solanum
Sonchus
Sonneratia
Spatholobus
Spergula .

Spermacoce
Sphaeranthus .
Sphenoclea
Spilanthes
Spinacia . •

Spirog-yra
Spiruiina
Splachnobryum
Spondias
Sporobolus
Stachytarpheta
Stellaria •

Stemona .

Stephania .
Stephegyne •

Sterculia .
Stereospermum
Stictocardia
Stigmatidium .
Stomatochytrium
Streblus .

Streptocaulon .

Striga

Strobilanthes
Stylidium
Suaeda . •

Sun-lethet-thee
Su-pan

Surenus Rumph
Surenus febrifuga O. Kt
Surenus Toona O. Ktz.
Swietenia

Page.

9*

123, 327
38
*73

87, 255
42, 199

320
218
I l6, 307

54

139
26, 177

230
141
139
£40
289
201

82, 247

231
214

46

*75

224

69, 226
7*. 231

70, 229
267
328

333

328

38, 1 91
120, 319
9*. 259

*75
108
170
221
30, 180

87
246
338

329
102, 279

74

85, 253

88

232
267

50

7*

372

372

3'J4

137

INDEX.

XI

Page.

Swietenia Sureni Bl.

•

•

372

Symphorema .

•

•

92

Synedrella .

•

•

229

T

Tabernaemontana

•

236

Tagetes .

227

Tale-biri . . .

59

Talinum .

176

Tamarindus

52, 206

Tamarix .

25, I76

Tanga-ngayok .

20

Taraktogenos .

24

7 anaung . .

140

Taukkyan . . •

140

Tazaung-let-pat .

136

lazaung-pyathat

63

T e-bin

72

Tecoma

86

Tectona .

91, 260

Teingcineik-tazaung

99

Teinthe .

141

Tephrosia

42, 200

Teraranus

45, 197

Terminalia

56, 211

Te-thee

133

Tha-khwa-thee ,

62

Thakutpo . .

14 1

T hamin-sa-hpya-thee

66

Thanakha

33

Thanat-bin . ,

77

Thapan-thee

103

Thelopsis .

339

Thespesia • •

29, 179

Thetke . . .

138

Thetyin-gyi

IOI

Thevetia .

74, 235

Thinwin . . .

140

Thit-cho-bin

137

Thit-kado . •

140

Jhitlinda . «

141

T hit si .

140

Thitsein ...

140

Thitswelwe ,

141

Thladiantha

63

Thunbergia . •

87, 255

Thuya . • .

281

Thwb-det •

138

Thysanolaena .

1*5

Tiliacora .

21, 170

Tinospora . •

20, 169

Tithonia . •

228

Toona ciliata Roem.

364

Toona febrifuga Roem,

•

373

Page.

Toona febrifuga var. cochin

chinensis . . .

374

T oona glabra Harms

375

Toona longifolia Roem.

375

Toona microcarpa Harms

370

Toona serrata Roem. »

362

Toona sinensis Roem.

361

Torenia ....

84, 251

Tradescantia .

292

Tragia ....

277

Tragus ....

Si6, 312

Trapa . . . .

214

Trema ....

278

Trewia ....

2 77

Trianthema . . .

f3, 218

Tribulus ....

32, 183

Trichodesma . . .

78, 242

Trichosanthes . . .

60, 215

Tridax «...

229

Trigonella . . .

201

Triphasia , .

185

Triticum ....

I22, 322

Triumfetta

31, 182

Trypethelium . ,

339

Tsambelay ,

141

Tupidanthus . . .

64

Turnera . , , ;

214

Tylophora . .

76, 239

Typha ....

no, 294

Typhonium ,

no, 295

Typhonium pedatisectum *

no

U

•

Ulothrix ....

329

IJraria ....

•

43. 202

Urena ....

•

27, 178

Utricularia .

•

85* 254

Vaccinium

•

•

z

71

Vallaris

•

73, 23 7

Vallisneria

0

•

104, 281

Vanda

•

•

283

Vandellia

•

•

84, 252

Vangueria

•

•

224

Ventilago

•

35, 188

Verbena .

•

•

260

Vernonia .

•

•

67, 225

Veronica .

•

•

253

Verrucaria

r

•

•

339

Vicia

•

•

191

Vicoa •

•

•

•

69

Vigna

•

•

0

190

INDEX,

o o

XU

Page.

Page

Vinca , »

• 0

•

73, 236

Xerospermum echinulatum

Viscum

o 9

•

98, 271

Radik.

•

35®

Vitex

• o

•

91, 261

Xerospermum intermedium

Vitis .

6 O

e

36, 188

Radik.

*

349

Vitis Aubortiana

•

3<5

Xerospermum muricatum

349, 35o

Vittaria . .

o 0

m

325

Xerospermum Noronhianum

349

Xerospermum unljugum Radik . 3511

Xylia .

•

9 a

a

53

w

Xyris

9

0 •

•

291

Wahlenbergia .

232

Y

Walsura • .

34

Waltheria .

30, 18 1

Yamanl .

a

6 •

O

141

Wedelia . ,

70, 228

Ye-tha-gyi

a

• ©

©

43

Wendlandia *

• ®

221

Yin-bin

•

a e

138

Wetkyien

140

Yin-daik .

•

a •

140

Wets haw

I40

Yon

•

•

141

Wissadula

177

YwS-galS

•

• •

45

Withania

83, 249

Ywegyi

a

.

140

Wolffia .

*11,297

Woodfordia

• •

213

z

Wrightia .

74, 236

Zea .

a

c •

117, 3*6

Zehneria .

9

• a

62, 218

X

Zephyranthes

0

6 9

287

Zeuxine .

0

a «

3 05, 283

Xanthium .

o o

e

70, 227

Z i-bin .

•

• 0

35

Xanthophyllum

0 0

0

24

Zingiber •

9

• 0

so7, 285

Xerospermum

• •

•

348

Zinnia .

0

• 0

228

Xerospermum brachyphyilum

Zizyphus .

• 0

•

35 188

Radik.

.

348

Zizyphus glabra

0

35

Xerospermum cylindrocarpum

Zornia

a

e •

•

43

o

Radik .

.

348

Zoysia .

•

• 6

0

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